' ft Mm! f Hill i> 1 PlWl! I H ii'i' I'M " V III m ' 'I in I I Ii , I I .( Ill; Huntington Free Library Native American Collection CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 097 761 294 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY Phillips Academy, Anuover, Massachusetts. A REPORT ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF MAINE BEING A NARRATIVE OF EXPLORATIONS IN THAT STATE TOGETHER WITH WORK AT LAKE CHAMPLAIN 1917 BY WARKEN K. MOOREHEAD Field Directoh.. Akchaeological Survey OF New England 1922 THE ANDOVER press ANDOVER, MASS. P Copyright 1922 By Phillips Academy TABLE OF CONTENTS PAirj' I Preface ... . Gener,\l Account of Expeditions . PART II THE RED PAINT PEOPLE Descriptions of Explorations. — Cemeteries. bucksport, 1912 . . - . , Ohland, 191-2 , , . . HLa-rtfords Cemetery, 1912 . ... Lake Alamoosook, 1912 The Emerson Cemetery, 1912 ...,._. The Mason Cemetery, 1912 ... Passadumkeag. August 1912 . . . , Hathaway's Cemetery, 1912 , , . Blue Hill-Haskell's Cemetery, 191.'3 Sullivan Falls Cemetery, 1913 Georges River, 1915 . - , , IL^rt's Falls Cemetery, 191.5 . . Tarr Cemetery, 1915 .,..,- Steaens Cemetery, 1915 ... Oldtown — Godfrey's Cemetery, 1918 WiNSLOw — The Lancaster Cemetery, 1919 Oakland — Wentasorth's Cemetery. 1920 Detailed Study of Objects , ... Alamoosook Unit The Ellsworth Unit The Bangor Unit , , . - The St. George River L'nit ... The Kennebec L'nit ... . , Review and Conclu.sions Indian Village Site near Bangor , , , Cremation Pits - . . Objects Found in Cremation Pits Red Paint Gra\es Objects Found in Red Paint Graves Red Paint People and Algonkin,s Modern Indian Burial at Sargent\'ille The Red Paint People and the Shell Heaps The Beothuk Theory Pace 9 .12 20 20 21 3.1 42 50 50 67 76 87 87 93 95 101 102 lO."? 114 115 121 124 125 134 135 136 139 141 143 145 149 150 M A I N E A R (' H A E O L O G Y PARI' III rilK SIIKLL IIKAI'S OF MAIN A. Kxi'l.dHATKINS FuioNi'ii\r\N's IV\ V SUDJXAN I''a|,I.S Slll':l,L IIeai' (.'WA' 1hL\N'U Si1H],L IllOAl' Stovkhs Shell IIeai' ISoynton'm Shell IIjoap Castine Wheelicu's ('ii\ k SiielIj IIeai' Von Mach's Shell IIeai' B. Material fkom the Shei-l IIeai (iiiDUM) Stone Chipped Stone . Pottery Bones . . . , Bone Implements Teeth of Animals Large Bones . Bone Handles A« LS and Needles Harpoons C. Conclusions PART I\- INTERIOR VILLACE SITES AND OTHER REMAIN The Sebago Region The Androscoggin Region The Kennebec Valley MoosEHEAD Lake The PENOBscf)T \\'aters Olamon Stream Passadumkeag The Piscataquis , Lake Sebec Region The Mattawamkeag Ri\er Pittston The St. John Valley The St. C'roix Waters East Machias . . The Damauisco'I'ta R;o(iH)N The Lake Chamim^ain Survey ok 11)17 PART V (JoNCLUIIINCi R KMARKS ... Roster of Men V\ jjo Seh\ k\> on ime Seneral Expedition Bibliography Index , •209 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 View of the Narramissic River near Orland, Maine. 2 Camp scene, season of 1913. 3 Grave 2, Hartford's Cemetery. 4 Grave 3, Hartford's Cemetery. 5 Close view of a grave at Hartford's. Scale about 1-6. 6 interior of Captain Hartford's barn after the graves had been examined. 7 Grave 18. Hartford's Cemetery. 8 Grave 31, Hartford's Cemetery. A few objects under the bank are not seen. 9 Grave containing large gouges anil adze blades, Hartford's Cemetery. 10 Types of square-edged hatchets and small edged tools; also some plummets and chipped objects. Emerson and Hartford Sites. 11 Elevation on which Emerson Cemetery was located. " 12 Finding the first grave at Emerson's. 13 View of Lake Alamoosook. Staking off the Emerson site. 1-1 The trench begun at Emerson's. " 1 5 Grave 7-i, Emerson's. " 10 Two large gouges from Hartford's and Hathaway 's. 17 Two specialized gouges from Hathaway's and Hartford's. 18 Cross section of two graves in the gravel pit north of Hartford's. " 19 Four gouges. " 20 Three gouges from Mason, Emerson and Hartford sites. " 21 Grave 64 at the Emerson site. " 22 Grave 62, the Emerson site. • " 23 A burial beside a rock. Grave 61. The Emerson site. " 24 The long spear in position at Emerson's. " 2.5 Grave 90, the Emerson site. " 26 Grave 101, the Emerson site. 27 Problematical forms from Hartford and Mason sites. " 28 The fragment of human femur and the two cylinders from graves 116 and 117 at Mason's. " 29 The outcrop of powdered hematite at Katahdin Iron Works. " 30 The knoll on which Hathaway's cemetery was located. " 31 Grave 142 at the Hathaway site. " 32 Grave 143 at the Hathaway site. " 33 Grave 141 at the Hathaway site. 34 A grave partially uncovered at Hathaway's. t " 35 The long, perforated olijects from Hathaway's. " 36 A grave at the Hathaway site. " 37 The bear effigy from the Haskell site. " 38 Group of broken slate spears from grave 167, Haskell's site. MAIN E A R C H A E O L O G Y .'!!) (iroiip iif i'ffif,'ic.s I'rorii variii\is i-cnictcTics. 40 'V\\v ci^lil Ictn^^ spciiTs fr(ini ^ravc Ki.'J, in position as Mr. Suf^finn found them. Haskell'.s site. 41 The Sonne — adze blades I'roiii Krnerson's; also t\so other fine objeets. 4'-^ Ei^ld ol)jeels from various sites, 43 The large ash pil al Sullivan Kalis. 44 (irave '214 at SIcncus cemetery. This was surroundi'd iiy large boulders. 45 Working under diHienlties. The saw-mill al Lancaster's. Mo.st of the graves lay beneath these timbers. 4(i The long, slate spears from Lancaster's (emetery, grave ;i'2!). 47 Large adze bhide, Lanca.ster s Cemetery, grave .'^20. 4S Projectile points of the clear r|uartzite or Labrador stone, from various Red Paint f'emetcries. 4!) Large knife and projectile from various Red Paint Cemeteries. .')() The knot)l)ed gouge from Emerson's and a small gouge from SteveiLs' cemetery. .51 Profile of hump-backed adze blades from Haskell's and Emerson's. 5*2 T\'pes of plummets from the various cemeteries, 53 Two large plummets, one perforated at the base. The one to the right from Stevens', the left one from Hartford's. 54 Six various objects from the graves. 55 Three small, thin, sandstone ornaments and long needle-shaped object. 5() Four long slate spears. 57 Nine smaller slate projectile points. 58 Specialized, slate spear points, a crescent and prol)lematieal form. 59 Specialized plummets from the several cemeteries. (>() Full sized drawing showing the lines cut on the plummet from Haskell's site. 61 Two flaring gouges, and specialized gouge from Hatha way's cemetery. C2 Two long dagger-like objects. One from Hart's Falls site and the other from Holway'.'. (Or- land.) 63 Four problematical forms from various cemeteries. 64 (_"ross section of terrace on which Mr. Smith found a village site and cemetery. 65 Face and side view of long chipped, drill-like oljject. 66 Blades from the site above Bangor (Mr. Smith). 67 (iround Plan of graves and fire pits, site above Bangor. 68 Cross Section through cremation pit and Red Paint People grave, Bangor site. 69 Remains of fire-making outfits, site above Bangor. 70 The four forms of plummets from the Red Paint People graves 71 The men at work trenching the Calf Island Shell Heap. 72 Cross Section f)f Bo,>'iiton's shell heap, 73 IJoynton's shell heap and the trenches. 74 The masses of shells at IJoyiilon's. 75 Teeth of various animals. The beaver leelh li:i\'e been artificially sharpened and used as chisels. 76 Wheeler's shell heap at Caslirie. 77 (Iround plan of pils in Wheeler's shell he.ip, Casline. 78 Cross seeli(jri of Von Mach's shell heap. Casline. 79 Fragments of decorated pollery from \'on Maeh's shell heap. 80 Fragments of deeoraleil |)ollery from \'on Maeh's shell heap LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 7 Fig, 81 Three large stone celts, Boynton's shell heap. 82 Small stone celts from Stover's, Wardwell's and Boynton's. 83 Celts of the smallest forms from Sullivan Falls, Boynton and Stover shell heaps. S-t Large tools for grinding and polishing. Stover's site. 85 Series of hammer stones from Boynton's shell heap. 86 The split human tibiae and ornaments from the shell heaps. 87 Oval or primary forms in chipped tools from the shell heaps. 88 Eleven finished and unfinished knife forms from shell heaps. 89 The type of knives most common in shell heaps. These are a trifle larger than most of our finds, yet the forms are identical with these. 90 Above, slender knives; below broad knives from Von Mach's shell heap. More of these forms were found at Von Mach's than elsewhere. 91 Short knife, elongated scraper and one of the heavy flake knives. Boynton's shell heap. 92 Specialized knives from Boynton's and Von Mach's shell heaps. Not many of these types occur. 93 A series of scrapers. Calf Island, Stover's, Boynton's and Butler's heaps. 9-t Small, slender knives and triangular arrow-points from the shell heaps. 95 Tj-pical arrow-points and spear-heads from the shell heaps. 96 Five hafted, chipped objects from Boynton's, Butler's, and Von Mach's. Usually the forms from shell heaps are more simple than this. 97 Antler-ends, worked into implements. Butler's, Hodgkins', Boynton's sites. 98 Bone handles for tools. Some may be flaking tools. Boynton's. 99 Two large awls, two bone handles, broken harpoon, two heavy bones deeply incised, (many of these have been found.) Natives seem to have made their harpoons and arrow-points from heavy bones of the moose, deer and caribou. 100 Typical arrow-points and fish hooks of which several thousand have been found. From shell heaps. 101 Series of awls or perforators. 102 Series of harpoons, from Boynton's, Butler's, Von Mach's and Stover's shell heaps. 103 Series of harpoons, from Boynton's, Butler's, Von Mach's and Stover's shell heaps. 104 The largest harpoons, some of which are perforated. 105 Specialized objects. A large spearhead of bone with incised lines or decorations. It is 12)^ centimeters in length. A small object of bone — projectile point. These are the only two bone spearheads found in the shell heaps. A decorated bone is shown at the top. The others may be specialized harpoons. 106 Two bone handles, three broken pipes and an unknown object in the center. 107 A thin stone slab, smooth and slightly hollowed out. 108 Gouges and a problematical form from the Rollins site. 109 Polished slate knife from Panther Pond, Sebago region. 110 Mount Kineo. 111 Ash pit at Shad Pond. 112 Leaf shaped implement and unfinished blade. 113 Three unfinished objects of felsite. 114 Dragging the canoes up the North Branch of the West Branch, Penobscot. 115 A beaver house and dam on the upper St. John. 116 Long, pointed object and ornament. 117 Running the rapids below Shad Pond, West Branch Penobscot river. 8 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY Fig. lis Tul)i' jiiitl |)!ii;j; IVinn SwaTiUm grave. " 119 A Swaiiloii lulu' ill the Siiiitlisuniaii colluclion. 1'2<) S[)e('inu'iis I'ruin University ol" N'miioiit cdllrcUons. 1*21 A peculiar pr<)l>leinalieal form. l^^ Types of Algonkiaii axes Croin Maine. I'^S TyiX'S of grooved enttiiig tools from M;iine. J. 1ST OF ]\IAPS AND PLAXS I. Oulliiio map (if Maine sliciwiiig routes of e\peiliti(jn.s. II. Plan of Hartford's < 'eineterv. Orland. III. Plan of Lake Alanioosook, Orlanii. IV. Plan of Emerson's ('emetery, Orland. V. Plan of Mason's Cemetery, Orlantl. VI. Plan of Hathaway s Cemetery, Passadumkeag. VII. Location of cemetery and shell heaps at Sullivan Falls. VIII. Ground plan of graves, Stevens's Cemetery and Cro.ss sections of Stevens's Cemetery. IX. Ground plan of Lancaster's Cemetery, Winslow. X. Outline map showing sites about Frenchman's Bay. Hancock County. XI. Outline map of the lower part of Hancock County. XII. Shell heaps near Eggemoggin Reach. Xni. Map of Sebago Lake. XIV. Outline map of Kennebec County (Waterville, etc.). XV. Sites in lower part of Penobscot County. XVI. Shop sites at Pittston, fork of West Branch of Penobscot. XVII. Sites in Piscataquis County XVIII. Sites in Aroostook County. XIX. Lake Champlain. XXX. Sites in Lincoln and Sagadahoc Comities. XI. Sites in Knox County, Vinal and North Haven. PREFACE It is a pleasure to express gratitude to the many persons who have cooperated witli us and thus contributed to tlie success of the several ex- peditions upon which the present report is based. Four men who rendered the expeditions good service have since died. They are: Arthur E. Marks of Yarmouth, Maine, wlio frecjuently left his business during the years 191'-2 and 1913 to take trips with us and was able to furnish valuable information; Charles A. Perkins of Wakefield, Massachu- setts, who served with us for parts of two or three years and travelled through Maine and New Hampshire to secure data; Donald F. Eldridge of Orland, Maine, a member of the expedition of 191*2 and later one of our regular work- men, who enlisted in the Navy and died off the coast of France while in the service of his country; and William Hutchings, Jr., also of Orland, one of our workmen, who died while with the American Expeditionary force in Ger- many. To Charles C. Willoughby, Director of the Peabody Museum of Amer- ican Archaeology and Ethnology of Harvard University, special thanks are due for the privilege of consulting his wide experience in New England ar- chaeology. Dr. E. A. Hooton of Harvard University has kindly identified bones from the Red Paint Peoj)le cemeteries, and Dr. Glover M. Allen, of the Agassiz Museum and Boston Society of Natural History, has given generous help in the identification of bones from the shell heaps. I am indebted to Dr. A. V. Kidder of the Department of Archaeology, Phillips Academy for his kindness in permitting Mr. R. Weber to photo- graph certain of our specimens. Francis B. Manning, while a Harvard student, was assistant to the Field Director and rendered very valuable service. Ernest O. Sugden of Orland, Maine, served as surveyor on each expedition except the first and during recent years has acted as assistant to the Field Director. Walter B. Smith of Brewer, Maine, formerly of the U. S. Geological Survey, has sever- al times accompanied us as a volunteer, and his knowledge of geology and archaeology has been of great assistance. Professor George H. Perkins of the University of Vermont, State Geologist, lias assisted us on several trips in the Lake Champlain region. The Trustees of Phillips Academy have supported the work liberally, and Dr. Charles Peabody, Director of the Department of Archaeology, has frequently visited the scene of our explorations and at times taken part in the work. I especially thank Dr. A. E.Stearns, Principal, and James C. Sawyer, Esq., treasurer of the Academy for advice and support ; also Dr. C. M. Fuess 10 MAT N E A R C H A E ( ) T> O G Y for su^'f^cslions as lo I he iiiiuiuscrii)!. I licr('l)y acknowledge indebtedness to Professor J. H. Ropes and Alfred Ripley, Es(j., of the Trustees Archae- ological Connnittec^ and lo Judge John Adams Aiken for his interest in my work. Marshall C Allahen of New ^'ork, a si iideni in the Academy, has given volunteer assistance in the lield and helped in assembling the specimens for this re])ort. Other studenis who have gi\'en assistance in the field or in the museum are John Marline/,, Uoberl IJisiiop, i). K. Wright, Donald Apple- ton, James Brewster, Fred H. Lund, Jr., and George Valliant. My sons, L. K. Moorehead and S. P Moorehead, have also served on several of the expetlitions. A roster of all who accomi)anied the various expeditions will be found at the end of this volume. In the course of his work as an archaecjiogist the writer has carried on explorations in more than twenty states, })ut nowhere has permission to excavate or to make observations been more freely accorded than by the hundreds of ])ersons to whom we have had occasion to apply in the State of ^Nlaine. To the following j)ersons on whose premises explorations were made our thanks are due, and eciually cordial thanks should be expressed to a much larger number who freely gave us the desired permission but on whose land exploration was not actually undertaken. Boyd Bartlett, Castine L. C. Bateman, Lewiston Fred and Benjamin Blodgett, Bucks])ort Nathan Boynton, owner of shell-heaj) at Lamoine Hugh Brown, Sargentville George Budge, Mattawanikeag The Butler heirs, Egyi)t Bay H. Vj. Capens, Moosehead Lake Zachariah Chafee, owner of Bean's Islantl Gai^tain I. L. Crabtree, Mount Desert Ferry Ebenezer Eldridge, Orland Fred Godfrey, Oldtown (ieorge H. Grant, Ellsworth (ireat Northern Paper Company, ^L'llinoeket Mrs. Haines, Phila(lel])hia Captain S. N. Hartford, Orland r«,burn Haskell, Blue Hill S. FL Hathaway, I'assadnndceag Dr. J. Howard Wilson, Casline IVL's. Flill, owner ol' Hog Island, Penobscot Bay Mrs. VV. S. Hodgkins, Lamoine Hollingsworth-W'hitney ('omi)aiiy, i\L>oseliead Lake Fred J. Holwav, Orlaiid PREFACE 11 The Huggins Estate, Castine Setli R. Hatchings, OrUind Jones Brothers, St. Francis, N. B. E. A. Kennard, North Windham Fred Lancaster, Winslow Professor F. B. Loomis, Amherst, Mass. Maine Central R. R. at SuUivan Falls Thomas and F. Augustus Mason, East Orland Allison McCain, Mattawamkeag John McCain, INIattawamkeag Albert J. Phelps, Damariscotta Frank Pierce, owner of Emerson Point, Lake Alamoosook James A. Pulsifer, Auburn William A. Richards, Waldoboro Riker and Company, Kineo Hotel, Mount Kineo Montgomery Rollins, Boston, Mass. C. M. Sawyer, Freeport Mrs. Guy H. Scull, North East Harbor William Shaw, Greenville Dennis R. Soper, Orland Parker Spofford, Bucksport John F. Sprague, Dover George Stevens, Warren Mrs. Louise Stover, owner of shell-heap at Sorrento Charles Stratton, owner of Burying Island Milton W'. Stratton, Bar Harbor Samuel Tarr, Warren Mrs. Teagle, New York George Truax, St. Albans, Vermont E. Von Mach, Castine P. H. Vose, Bangor Charles H. Wentworth, Oakland E. T. Wing, South Portland J. E. Witham and Bob and John Soper, Lake Alamoosook Dr. George A. Wheeler of Castine who, in 1875 wrote a "History of Castine," gave us much valuable information. I also acknowledge with gratitude the cooperation of Hon. H. E. Dun- nack, State Librarian, Augusta; Dr. W. S. Hill, Augusta; E. M. Blanding, Secretary of the Bangor Historical Society; the late Hon. James P. Baxter, President of the Maine Historical Society, whose official letter commending our researches of the people of Maine was of noteworthy assistance; and His Excellency, Percival Baxter, now Governor of the State of Maine. n MAIN E A R ( ! H A E O L G Y Students of New Eni^land arc-liacology and anthropology are asked to note that the lal)ulalioii of gra\'e eonleiils and si)eeiniens, whieli are not publislied in Ihis reixirl, are |)i-eser\cd in I lie Archaeological Museum at Andover and are a\'aihd)le for I heir- shid\- I here. W. K. M. GENEIUL A("( Ol N'l^ OF KXPEDITIONS The archaeology of New England has heen singularly neglected in coin- pa I'ison with that of othei' i)arts of oin- cc^unlry. Much less lime and money have been devoted to its study and nnich less literature exists on the sub- ject than on tlie anticinities of eithersueh comparatively unexj)lored states as Wisconsin or Arkansas. Oui- colonists confined their oV)servations to in- hal)ited Indian villages, graveyards of the i)eriod, crudely constructed Indian forts, and other evidences of Indian occujiation in historic times. Although we have in New England scores of publications dealing with early Indian history, Indian wars, and related subjects, we search the lil)raries in vain for a volume devoted exclusively to the archaeology of the New Eng- land States. This seems to the writer to he due to the fact that there are in New England no conspicuous archaeological monuments, no mounds or earth- works, cliff houses or ruined buildings; while in other sections of the country ancient mounds, ruins, and other remains, of both stone and earth, stand t)ut ]n-ominently as landmarks and at once attract attention, even from a dis- tance. ^Jliere are some small earthworks near Coneortl. Millis, and .Vn(lo\"er. Massachusetts, and doubtless in other ])laces in New England, l)ut they are not to be compared with those of the Ohio A'alley. Except the village sites, which are smaller here than elsewhere, we have ))ractically no surface intli- cations of aboriginal occu])ation. While it is comi)aratively easy to locate shell heaps in cruising along the coast, to find cemeteries or interior village sites we are compelled to depend upon the use of spade and testing rod. A remark of the late Dr. Thomas Wilson of the Smithsonian Institution, that evidences of prehistoric occupation of a given area are found in i>ro])ortion as men search, and not according to tlu> ratio in wliich they exi>t, is ])eculiarly a])plicable to New England. In the early years of the l)e])arliueut of .Vi-chacology of Phillips Acad- emy* some observations were nuule in that part of Essex county lying nearest to Andover, and a scouting expedition was nuule through the ^ler- rimac valley and on Cajjc Cod. .\ eolleeliou of sloiu' iin])lenu>nts was known to have been made l)y a Mi'. 'I\'W about the ponds iu the region of Hanson, Massachusetts. These and oilier obser\ al ions led to the conelusion that * Kslulilish.-il ill 1!»0I. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF EXPEDITIONS 13 there was much archaeological material to be found in New England ; but the active field work was for some years devoted to other parts of the country, such as the caverns of the Ozarks. The success of expeditions working in Ohio, New Mexico, etc., and composed of large crews suggested that similar results might be obtained in New England, and that, if the material for study there seemed scanty, there was the more neetl of regular surveys and extensive research. A study of published material indicated that more or less archaeological work had been done in Connecticut, along the lower Penobscot, on Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, and Cape Cod, and by Professor Perkins about Lake Cham- plain*; but on the whole the State of Maine seemed to offer the most prom- ising held for scientific exploration. Especially the splendid exhibits in the Peabody Museum, made by Mr. Willoughby in the early nineties from four cemeteries of the so-called Red PaintPeople of Maine**, opened the question of the extent of territory occupied by this people and the possibility of cor- relating their peculiar culture with others.*** Important archaeological work had also been done at Moosehead by J. D. McGuire and by Mr. Willoughby; among the shell heaps on the coast by F. H. Cushing, by Professor F. W. Putnam especially at Damariscotta, by Professor F. B. Loomis and Mr. D. B. Young for Amherst College in 1909, and by Professor Arlo Bates; and in other excavations bj^ various l)ersons.t Much of this work has been published, chiefly in scientific peri- odicals, and much of the material gathered was on exhiljition in various museums, but no comprehensive survey of the archaeological resources of Maine had been attempted. This our Department imdertook to make, with funds granted by the Trustees, and the first expedition was organized in 1912. ft In March of that year Mr. Charles H. Perkins of Wakefield, Mass., was employed to visit all known collectors of archaeological specimens living in Maine. He trav- elled extensively over the state, and upon such maps as were available he entered the Indian village sites and burial places, so far as knowledge of * See Reports of the State Geologist of Vermont. ** See Peabody Museum Papers Vol. 1, No. 0, "Prehi.storie Burial Places in Maine." Camltridge 1898. *** The name, apparently first used liy Professor Arlo Bates, was given llieni lieeause of tiie great quantities of red ocher or powdered hematite found in all their burial places. This is not the only fea- ture, however, which distinguishes them from the ordinary Indian of history and tradition. They have also their peculiar types of stone artifacts. t The shell heaps of Maine are mentioncfl in the Handbook of .\merican hulians. Part i, pp. oi'i and 937. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 30, Washington, 1910. For other references, see Bibliogra- phy, pp . 265-268. tfThe work of the first two years, 1912 and 1913. was done^ith larger a])propriations and larger crews, twelve or fifteen men each summer, and the results were correspondingly more important than in subsequent years. "• PLAN I MAP OF MAINE SHOWING ROUTES or THE EXPEDITIONS D ff A W N BY E SuGDEN |9 S GENERAL ACCOUNT OF EXPEDITIONS 15 them was at that time accessible. The study of this material revealed many sites along the Maine coast and through the valleys of the Penobscot, Kenne- bec, and other rivers. Of Indian sites in the interior of the State little was known. It had been suggested that felsite from Mt. Kineo, which the In- dians worked extensively and carried to various parts of the State, might have been taken from Moosehead down the Allegash to the St. John River, and Indian sites had been reported on Chamberlain, Chesuncook, and other lakes lying about the head of the Allegash. Accordingly I went to Moosehead Lake early in May, and with Frank Capino, a Penobscot In- dian, as guide, journeyed by canoe from Northeast Carry through the West Branch of the Penobscot, Lakes Chesuncook . and Chamberlain, Eagle Pond and Long Pond, down the Allegash to the St. John, and down the St. John to Fort Kent, at the mouth of the Fish River, a distance of some three hun- dred and fifty kilometers. Many sportsmen and pleasure seekers have taken the Allegash trip, but no one seems to have looked at the banks of these rivers and lakes with a view to recording aboriginal sites. We discovered about fifteen small sites. The water being unusually high, many places at which guides reported that arrow heads and chips of the Kineo flint had been found, were inaccessible.* We attempted no explorations at this tinie. The trip was merely a reconnoissance. Our regular exploring expedition occupied the summers from 1912 to 1920, omitting 1916, which was devoted by the Director to a Susquehanna exploration not under Phillips Academy jurisdiction but for the Museum of the American Indian, New York, and to the Connecticut River survey of 1919, the report on which will be published later. The number of men in the party varied greatly from year to year, but we usually had enough to divide into several groups, so that more than one spot was being excavated, or more than one route was being followed, at the same time. The Survey has traversed a large part of the State of Maine in canoes and has made many trips by motor-boat or horse-drawn vehicle or on foot. Travel by canoe is in general by far the best method of exploration in New England, for the Indians travelled by canoe and we can move over the same thoroughfare that they traversed. On the roads, often remote from the stream, it is difficult to observe the river banks. Although travel by river has disadvantages in a thickly settled district such as that bordering * The obliteration of archaeological sites in Maine by the erection of modern dams requires mention. On the upper waters and lakes discharging into the Penobscot.. Kennebec, Allegash, and other waterways, dams ranging from four to fifteen meters in height have been built in recent years by lumber companies, and in consequence the lake levels have been raised many meters. At Lake Chesuncook, where between 1890 and 190.5 Mr. Marks found many interesting specimens, a large dam has so raised the level of the lake that most of the Indian sites are now flooded. Since 1912 the lumber companies have stored even more water and it will probably never be possible to carry out archaeological researches on Lake Chesun- cook or Lake Chamberlain. 16 Mx\INE ARCHAEOLOGY on tlic Connocliout River from '^riirncr's Falls down, in Maine it lias proved iniicli more salisfaeloi'v llian any (jtlier method.* Onr cuslom has hcen lo ^d firsi lo llie iiead of a river, shipping our canoes and eamp oullil Ihere, and lo slarl down stream. P^or tlie first hun- dred kilomelers or moi'e, while I he river is narrow, hotli Ijanks can easily be obser\'eil from I lie canoes, and I he e\|)edil ion keeps well together. When the ri^'er ln-comes a hundT-ed melers or mcjre wide, the canoes separate, two fol- lowing the i-ighl l)aid< and two or tlu-ce the left, "i'he men are continually landing lo examine the hanks; often I hey jjaddle ui> small triljulary streams as far as the canoe can he dri\'en. In the broken river banks at A'arious dis- tances below the to]), specimens, fire jjits, and other indications of wigwam sites are often discovered. p]x])erience in the field teaches the archaeologist to select readily the places at which Indian remains are likely to l)e found. These sites are usually near the mouth of a tributary stream or upon a lake. A site which appeals to the camper of today was likewise attractive to the Indian, and we fre- quently find modern camp sites placed upon Indian camping grounds. In the following summary of the territory covered, travel by automo- bile, train, or steamer is not included. The mileage given is the total cov- ered by the ])arty whether entire or in sections.** In addition to the trips noted l)elow, a number of short ones were made by various members of the expedition, from one ])oint to another, ranging from forty to two hundred and forty kilometers, so that it is safe to assume that at least eighty-eight hundred kilometers, or fifty-five hundred miles were covered by these sur- veys and expeditions. 1912 May. Preliminary tour of observation. M(josehead Lake and West Branch of ;?00 miles Penobscot, Chesuncook and Chamberlain Lakes, or Allegash and St. John Rivers at Fort Kent. oOU kilometers. Jinie to Si'j)fnnher. Twelve to fifteen men. Bucks]Jort. Orland, Lake Alamoosook, HOC) miles Lower Penobscot, Sargent ville, U)l'-2 or 1!)1.') or IMoosehead Lake, Tapper Penobseol. 1000 kilomelers. ]\Ldtavvandi-| li\ , Two (if tin III liavr ((ivcrod a ilis- hiiici' nl' li\c 1 1 1(11 isa I II I miles ill nine Slalcs .mkI \'rn\ iiin-s. I'll in I llir SI. .lull II KiMT to till' SuiqiK'hiUina, ami all' .si ill in nciocl roiiilll ion. all lioiij^li iiiiir Mars olil. 'l'lir\ liaM' all I iron fjivru Imliaii names; Tc- riimsrli, l{c(l Cloud, Silling Bull, ami Kiiif; I'liilip. l'',aili will rarr.x llirri> ])orsons and tliree liuudred pouiiil.s of hufi>CiiK<'. Wlirii so lo.iilid I lir.N draw nol o\ri rii;lil im lirs of w atcr. With t\\ o men and or- dinary liiHguge, .six imiir.s. **[f i.s of roiirse iiiiirli j.;realrr lliaii llie dislaiiee ou llie nuiii from point to point. ,Fi\'(iuentl\' in tlie area of a lake nol iiiori- than eif,'ht or ten jcilometcrs Umg, since we are compelled to follow the entire .shore line ami also to work up l.rilinlary streams, we may travel sixty or seventy kilometers or even more, in order to make an i.il)ser\'ation eomplete. -o 2 18 MAIN E A R C H A E L G Y 1913 SOO miles or 500 kilometers. 700 miles or 1100 kilometers. 11 00 miles or 1760 kilometers. April and May. Small ('X])('(lilioii for H\e weeks on Sebago Lake. June to S('])fcinl)er. 'l\velve men. Toddy Tond, Blue Mill, Hancock Point, Sullivan Falls, Lamoine, Union River, Frenchman's Bay, coast and islands from East of Bar Harbor to Pyllsworth, Mt. Desert and adjacent islands. It) 14 June to September. Twelve or thirteen men. Moosehead Lake, West Branch of Penobscot, St. John River and tributary streams. East Branch of St. Croix River, Grand and Schoodic Lakes, West Branch of St. Croix River, Machias, Bucksport, Sandy Point. 1915 June to September. Fourteen men. Castine region, coast and islands, Eggemoggin Reach, Orland, Mattawamkeag River. 800 miles Piscataciuis River, Katahdin Iron Works. Penobscot from Passadumkeag to Castine, Georges River. 1917 May to September. Six men. Saco River, Salmon Flails, The Weirs, Lake Champlain, cooperating with the University of Vermont. 191S May and June. Four men. Coast and islands from (Jeorges River to Kenneltee. 400 miles Waldoljoro and Medomac River. or Pemacpiid Pond, Damariscott a River and Lake. (iOO kilometers. Small expedition on Kennebec River from '2(H) miles or below Moosehead to AVaterxille. ;U)0 kilometers. 191'.) June to AiKju.sl. Sexeii men. Connecticut River Sur\ey. September. Lancaster's cemetery at Winslow, for the Bangor His- torical Society. or 1300 kilometers. 600 miles or 1000 kilometers. GENERAL ACCOUNT OE EXPEDITIONS 19 19'£0 June to September. Eight men. Sebasticook River and China Lake, 410 miles Kennebec and Androscoggin Rivers, or East Brancli of Penobscot, 650 kilometers. Belgrade Lakes, Wayne-Auburn region. 19S1 July to Auyu.'it. No ex])edition. Ciu'ator visited Castine region and lakes near Mount Katahdin. PAirr II rilK ItEJM'AIXri'KOPLE DeSCHIPTIONS of Kxi'l.OHATIONH — {'f:metekiI':s .1. BU(K,SP(JKT. 1!)1"2.* Early in June, 191'2, the first expedition established lieadcjuarters in Bueksport, about thirty kilometers below Bangor on the east bank of the Penobscot. Here we first inspected the sandy knoll north of the town near the tannery, on land owned by Messrs. Fred and Benjamin Blodgett. ]\Ir. Willoughby had explored this site in 1892 and removed all the objects that he could discover.** Previous to his investigation, laborers hauling sand and gravel from the ridge had uncovered a number of graves, Init most of the objects removed at that time had been lost. We made a number of excavations in another knoll near the tannery and also dug on bluffs on the Penobscot river above the Blodgett estate and on land owned by Mr. Parker Spofford, V)ut without result. There is a fine spring about half a kilometer up the river from the tannery, and tradition averred that the Indians formerly used to camp at this place, but a number of pits sunk by our party failed to reveal any traces of burials or \'illage here. Some of our men were sent uj) the river from Bueksport, and they ex- amined both the east and west banks near Winterport and also at points as far as ten kilometers above that village. Evidences of ordinary camp sites were discovered, but no large village site and no biu'ial ]ilaee could be found. There are no surface indications, and in order to determine positively whether there are cemeteries of the Red Paint Peojile between Bueksport and Bangor it would be necessary to dig upon every estate bordering the river for the entire distance. This is true of all sections of southern Elaine. It was stated by several older residents of Bueksport that when the foundations were dug for a ninnl)er of houses along ]\Iaiu street, sixty or seventy years ago, great (|uanlilies of red oclier and tiie gouges, i)lnmniets, celts, and other objects usually found iu \{v(\ Paint eemeieries were lui- covered. 'Hiere are a Tunnber of witnesses to these discoveries living at the present time in Bueksport. *Sft> Plans I and \ll. **See Pcaliody Mnsciiiii I'.-ipir 1, (>, pp. 17-;_!0. Caniliridgc, 1808, RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 21 Orland. 1912 After some observations at Biicksport, the survey moved to Orland, a village situated about four kilometers south of Bucksport, at the head of tide water on Narramissic stream, called by some Orland river. The Narramis- sic is fed by Lake Alamoosook, a beautiful pond of fresh water some five kilometers east of the village of Orland. On the shores of this lake occur three cemeteries at distances of not more than two kilometers from one an- other. At Orland we found the Narramissic flowing in apicturesque little valley. There is a dam here which furnishes power for a saw mill and a grist mill. Above the dam the water is fresh; below, it is salt, and small schooners tie up at the wharf below the dam. In Inc'ovorc(l olijects wtiich were entered on our field notes a.s "strays." How ever, after fjoinj; over the notes very carefully and studying the collcetions, I am of the opinion that these an' not all strays, lint that some were originally in the graves of the Kcd Paint I*eo|)le an or private collection, is of sandstone. It is forty-tluce ceiilinirlcrs long. The Red Paint People are characleri/.ed l>y their gouges, which rank as good examples of sLone-age art in Ihe manuriiclui-e of ini])lements. The edges of many of these gouges are not only nciv shnrp, but beautifully worked. Indeed they are made as lliin and sliar]) as il is possible lo work stone. The edges are rT-e(|U(Milly eurxed gracefully, as is indicated in fig. 17, the * Sl'c Pciilioily Mnscuiii I'iiprrs, I, 0, pp. ^0 ff. PLAN II Harttord's Farm Op.land. Maine JuNaZz-Z^ also Aut anluept., I III. RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 29 one to the left in 19 and the central one in W. Several types are to be ob- served : the ordinary gouge with groove rectangular in outline, the gouge in which the depression is drawn to a point one third of the distance from the cutting end, and other specialized forms. The two in fig. 17 have rectangular grooves, but the interesting feature lies in the graceful curve of the cutting edges. A few ornamental stones and one or two that apparently are effigies were discovered in the Hartford site. In one of the graves we found the outer surface of an ordinary concretion, worked hollow and used, I sup- pose, as a cuj). It was found filled with red paint. In or near Graves 3S and 34 were two flat sandstone slabs, thirty and forty centimeters in diameter and about two centimeters thick, with surfaces apparently polished or worn. They seem too thin to serve as mortars. Pos- sibly paint was worked on them, but their use is not certain. Our field notes on Grave 18 are inserted here, to give an idea of the general character of observations in the field. "Grave 18. This was 68 cm. down in sand and immediately north of the barn. (See Plan II and Fig. 7). Fully a quart of bright red ocher was taken out and there was much more mixed with the sand. 68 cm. east of the main deposit and 35 cm. higher up occurred two large plummets, one badly decayed, associated with a quantity of ocher. This was probably a second burial, but was classed with grave 18. The objects were as follows: Two large gouges, well made, 33 cm. and 21 cm. long; lay N. E. and S. W., bits to the N. E. About 33 cm. east lay four other gouges and celts at right angles to the first two. One of these celts was badly decayed by a lump of pyrites which lay at its smaller end. The bits of these four objects were turned toward the first two and practicallyin contact with them. All except the largest gouge were surrounded by the ocher. There were three lumps of pyrites and numerous small fragments of the same, but no hammer stones." "The barn was tunnelled under about five meters in from the east wall and the trench was mushroomed at the end. Several large masses of ocher, spread in layers, were encountered 70 cm. down, which contained no relics." "On the original surface where the barns are, were evidences of an Indian camp site — cores, chips, and 'turtlebacks'; also some ashes and charcoal." Three years later, on June 14, 1915, we returned to Orland from Cas- tine because we learned that men engaged in hauling gravel from the bank before mentioned, had discovered some red ocher at a point beyond the school house, where we had previously made tests. 0^ _d 5 I' 5 ^ -Si ' t; "rt ^. 3 O RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 31 We worked tlie bank back some three meters, following the red paint layer to the end, and as the bank had been worked down by the gravel haulers, we were able to get a clear vertical face for some distance. This enabled me to determine that a layer of paint had been laid down by the Indians, some nine meters across at this point. As we worked into the bank this narrowed, and after three and one half meters it disappeared. As the camera would not show these faint strata to advantage, my son drew them carefully, employing colors to show the differences. I observed that the paint layer was about two-thirds of a meter below the surface where we first encountered it but sloped gradually upward. When grave "209 had been taken out and we had worked two meters further, to the ])oint where the red streak ran out, it was less than a quarter of a meter from the surface. Possibly some of the top of the bank had been re- moved at this point in previous years. So far as I could determine, the burials had been placed upon the layer of ocher. Certainly we observed the outlines of two graves, one of which the workmen had removed. Extending from the surface downward to the bottom of the red layer were two places where the strata of sand and gravel had been broken. These pits were about one meter wide, but the length could not be determined, for the reason that the graves or deposits were so old and the difference between the natural and the disturbed soil so nearly obliterated, that we could not easily distinguish them when digging directly down. We cannot always tell where a grave begins and ends, but when the section appears in a straight gravel bank with exposed perpendicular face, the slight difference is noted. A view is presented in Fig. 18. Here as elsewhere the paint was brighter under the deposits and fainter in the area outside of them. Either the layer of ocher was first spread over the base of a rather extended area, then the interments placed upon it and more ocher added about each deposit, or else the graves may have been dug separately and so much ocher put into each one that water penetrating through the gravel distributed enough of it to discolor the soil for some me- ters in various directions.* While we felt certain that we could see the two grave outlines, as stated, yet we were unable positively to trace disturbed strata between the two graves, although very careful work was done with the hand trowel. It does not seem j^ossible that the layer could have been placed there first, the sand and gravel placed carefully upon it, and the graves dug in subsecpient years. Possibly the explanation lies in the suggestion that water carried the ocher along upon a general level or horizontal plane; but if this is true, why has not the same condition been more often observed in other cemeteries? * For similar observations made at the Hathaway and Lancaster cemeteries, see pp. 5.3 and 100. RED PAINT PEOPLE CEME'J'ERIES 33 If we could liave found graves in the edge of the gravel pit before the team- sters began work, we might have solved an interesting problem. Lake xA.lamoosook. 191'-2. Lake Alamoosook, which lies within the town of Orland and five kilo- meters east of the village, as has been noted, is about four kilometers long and two kilometers broad. The outlet which forms the Narramissic river is at the northwest corner. See plan III. Several of us visted this region in June, 191 '2. while the other men were digging at Orland, and late in the month we rented a cottage conveniently situated at the outlet of the lake and just across from the property owned by Mr. Frank Pierce, known as the Elijah Emerson estate. We spent three weeks in exjiloration of this cemetery, employing local labor in addition to our own force. After a trip to Moosehead and the West Branch of the Penobscot and on completion of our journey down the main river including the exploration of Hathaway's cemetery at Passadumkeag (see pp. 50, .55), we returned to Lake Alamoosook in August and spent three weeks more, continuing the explorations of the Emerson and Mason cemeteries. At this time we rented a more commodious cottage about half a kilometer from the Emerson ceme- tery and two kilometers from Mason's Landing. In this report I shall treat the work at the Mason and Emerson ceme- teries as a whole, although there were these two periods of work with the northern trip intervening. The map presented in plan III is by Mr. Sugden, who spent part of the month of October of that year in making a careful survey of the shores of the lake. The six weeks spent at Lake Alamoosook resulted in the identification and exploration of five or six sites, two of which were the large cemeteries mentioned. There were numerous small camp sites, which are indicated on the map, but nothing of consequence was found at the points where they are located. To the northeast of Lake Alamoosook and emptying into it is a long body of sluggish water known as Dead River, with a brook entering it five kilometers from the lake and another smaller lake or pond about three kilo- meters up the brook. No evidences of a considerable Indian poi)ulation could be discovered, either around the shores of this pond or along the brook. In the following summer we examined the shore of Toddy Pond, four- teen kilometers long, which is nearby and to the southeast of Lake Alamoo- sook. This larger body drains into Alamoosook, and the natural supposi- tion was that more evidences of the Red Paint culture would be found here. My field notes on Toddy Pond, however, indicate no occupation of that site by any considerable number of aborigines. 34 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY The water of Lake Alaniooscxjk lias l)t'en raised al)ovit two meters by the huikling of a (kiin two meters and a half high at the foot of the lake, where there is a saw-mill now owned by Messrs. Witham and Soper. Old residents of the neighboriiood informed me that previous to the erection of this dam, when the lake was at llie same lc\ el as in Indian times, heaps of chips, spalls, rejects, hammersloncs, and other material denoting the manufacture of im- ])lements, la>' about I lie slioreat the points indicated by the letter E on Plan III. This particular!) api)lics lo I lie outlet and to the bays on the north .side between the outlet and Dead liivcr, where these indications of Indian work- sho])s are most numerous. Mr. Robert Soper, whose father assisted Mr. Willoughby in IH'.H in the exploration of the mound indicated by the letter C on the ma]), informs me thai both he and his father, when the water was very low in the lake, have (lisco\'ei'cd large numbers of chipped implements, some broken slate points, and a few celts and plummets. We examined all the shore of the lake but made formal excavations only at the two important bur- ial sites. The Emerson Cemeteky Many years ago Ca])tain Elijah Emerson built a cottage on a charming point of land at the north end of Lake Alamoosook, with the river or outlet flowing along the western edge of his property. The stream is but forty meters wide at the present time. There is a dam and a saw-mill at this point but formerly there were falls flanking the Emerson lot and there is a tradi- tion that at these falls the Indians caught great numbers of fish. It is related of Captain I^merson that he entertained many guests at his cottage but he would never permit exploration on his land, although it was known that numbers of stone im])lements had been ])icked up there. He ap- pears to have made one exception however. Dr. Augustus C. Hamlin of Bangor, who was active in organizing the Bangor Historical Society, visited Alamoosook and a.sked Mr. Foster Soper, who knew the Captain well, to intercede for him. At last they were permitted to examine the land for a period limited to one day, and Mr. Robert Soper has informed me that his father and Dr. Hamlin hitched an ox team to a heavy jilowand sjient theday in plowing over the Emerson land to the deiith of two furrows. According to Mr. Prescott H. Vose of Biingor, Dr. Hamlin lirouglit back a large number of stone, chert, anfl .slate objects lo Bangor in a s])ring \vagx)n; anil Dr. Handin him.self told Mr. Willoughby that ninety-nine iini)lcmeuts of various kinds were .secured during the day's work. .Vflcr the plowing was comiileted and a heavy rain rendered the Held suitable for searching, Mr. Marks collected twenty or thirty more imiilements h\m\ the surface, which are now in the Andover colh'ction. Mr. Frank Pierce, the i)re,sent owner of the i)roperty, kindly permitted us to explore it completely and we uncovered the gra^'es shown in plan IV. Fig. 7. Grave 18. Hartford's. Not all the objects are shown here. Others were underneath these adze blades and gouges. ;;(; M A I N K A R C H A E L () G Y The silc w ;is I'oiind lo lie more disl ni'hcil lliaii ('a])l;iiii Hartford's, all graves lyin^ witliin lorl^- cciiliiiiclcrs ol' llic siirfact' having been destroyed, so far as scienlilie ohseixalious arc concerned, by llic heavy ])lo\ving referred to. Only lln'gra\'cs lying deeix'r a])|)eared to be in I heir original condititjn. The C'cnielcry oceu|iie(l a space nl' aboni scxcnleeii by twenty meters. The soil is a htose, sandy h)ani, in which I he Indian did not find digging difficult. AN'e slaked the lield from Ihe edge of the slope bordering the lake Ijack toward Ihe house for eigiil y lucl ei's.and numerous holes were jint (hjwn along the higii land o\'erlookiug Ihe oulh'l. bul no gra\'e eouhl be found save in the s])ot indicated on ])lau 111. On our second \'isil we extended I wo huig I reiu'lies fi'om near the wafer line to a ])oint fifteen meti'rs heyond where (he last gra\'e was disco\'ered and numerous ])its were dug hfly or more meters in all directions out from the cemetery, l)ul absolutely nothing more was found. While Mr. Pierce kindly ])ernn'tted excavations at th.e jujinf named, lie did not wish us to dig in the lawn directly in front of his cottage. I sunk our steel sounding rod, however, in a nnml'cr of i)laces here, and as I fonnrl the soil comj)osed of heavy clay or gravel, with considerable stone in it, I ven- ture the oi)inion that no burials were made on this ])art of the knoll. North of Mr. Pierce's cottage we sunk fifteen or twenty ])its and found a large Indian village or camp site, with ([nantifies of pottery fragments, chips of Kineo stone, chert, etc., and four or five gouges and ])lummefs which were given to the owner. This was not a village of the Red Paint People, liowever, and no graves were found there. All considered, there must have been at least two hundred Imrials made upon Mr. Pierce's property in ])rehistoric times.* It is unfortunate that such a place could not have been thoroughly examined before it was disturbed. If there were any fire pits near the surface, they cannot be traced at the pres- ent time. One fire pit was discovered at the south entl of the slope, as is marked on the ])lan, but nothing was found either in it or below it. Xeifher at Emerson's nor at, Hartford's did we discover fire pits of tin- same charac- ter as those found by Mr. Willonghby in Ihe mound further east. Where a few superimposed graves occurred. Ihe Indians had dug down below the loam into the hard grey clay known as ""hai-d i)au"" This lay on the average forty-five ceniimelers below Ihe grave A few of the deeper graves were dug inio Ihis hard layer, and jiisl l)eyoud Ihe lire pil a layer of burnt earth was eucounlei'ed Iwenly-eighl t-enlimeters down. E\cei)t for this, no traces of ash pits wei-e foimd in I he eulire excavations. A study of our Held uoles indicates Ihal Ihe largest number of ol))ecfs found in any one de|>osil was Iwculy-oue, i)ul Ihal gra\'es conlainiu"' one, two, or four objeels predominale. More I'cd ocher was b)und here than at *J''if;s- 11. l'-^. !■> iuiil 1 I. iin-Miil xicHs nT (lie KiiuTsoii sile. ^i 38 MAINE ARriTAEOLOGY Hartford's. TIutc wt'ix' sixty or more (lejjosits of ocher or of soil discolored red, but as few or no iini)li"inents were found in them, they were probably the graves thai Dr. HaniHn ])lowed out. The deeper graves contained the same average number of specimens as were found in Mason's and Hartford's cemeteries and in Hathaway's at Passadumkeag. As was observed at Cap- tain Hartford's, not a single trace of a Iniman skeleton was to be discovered in any of these graves. Although the work was very carefully done, hand trowels being used quite as mucii as the larger tools, no uniformity of po.sition of artifacts is to be noted. On the contrary, as at Hartford's even in the deep graves, al- though the objects are lying liorizontally, they are not placed in the same order. That is, the celts, the plummets, the gouges, or the problematical forms are not always to the right or to the left, nor are they grouped; and while the objects in one grave may lie northeast and southwest, in another grave they may lie east and west, or northwest and southeast. Whether some of the tools were detached from their original handles when buried, cannot be determined positively, Init it is the general opinion that when the objects are bunched together, they were already detached from the handles when so ])laced, but that where objects are five to fifteen centimeters apart, they were buried in their original haftings. In some of the dee])er graves large stones had been placed beside the interment or over it. See fig. '-28. Frequently objects were placed at the base of a large stone, but the upper portion of these stones do not appear to have been discolored by the ocher. From the fact that only the side of the stone next the im]:)lements presented a red ap])earance, we would infer that the stones were placed beside the grave, or that the large stones found in the ground by the aborigines when they were digging a grave, were left there and the interment was placed at the side of the obstruction. No such stones were in the Hartford cemetery. A field note on grave 64 is here inserted. "This was a cache rather than a grave, twenty-one celts and gouges occurring in one confused pile. Two gouges lying about 4o cm. west were counted as belonging [o this cache. Contents: Four gouges somewhat small, with narrow cutting edges, but widened at the middles. Five large gouges of the broad-eilged type, all but one with bits so broken as lo be useless; the liit of one seems to show distinct signs of altera I ion. 'I'eu cells of varying sizes, but all of the same tyj)e except one, and thai one, heavy and thick. These celts are all utility tools. Most of the edges are in fit conilition, but three are chiijjx'd and worn. In I lie c^ise (if the gouges, it would seem that the br()ken-])oinle(l jjioad ones iiad been brought together to be re-sharpened, tlu' jjroct'ss necessarily producing a narrow- o PLAN III E N C E G E S I T E 3 5H0P ^ITES TAGE SiTei ft a o 42 M A I N E A R C H A E O L O G Y bitted gouf^c, lliougli not afi'ccling tlic size of llic body. With the celts it would api)ear to be the same — I lie edges are either chipjjed and dull or smooth and sharj). ^Flie bits of the re-sharpened ones are not narrower than I he dull ones, as the process did not affect the widlii, any more llian sharpening an ;i\c lessens the width. It would ai)])ear, llicrcforc that this was a caclif of tools in the pro- cess of re-sharpening." 'I'his gra\'e is shown in fig. ^21. 'V]\K Mahon ("kmkteky On the southeast side of Lake Alamoosook is a low stretch of land owned by Messrs. Tom and Augustus ]Mason, who reside in J^ast Orland. The shores of the lake for a certain distance from the edge are controlled by Mr. AYilliam Shaw of Greenville, who owns the water rights. Both the Messrs. IVIason and Mr. Shaw gave us permission to dig on their land, and we examined various places about this end of the lake Init discovered noth- ing of importance until on the Mason land, about a hundred meters liack from the shore at the point marked B on plan III, we foimd a large cemetery more or less disturbed. The owners and Mr. George F. Johnson of Boston had dug on this site many years before, and as the place is overgrown with bushes and has never been plowed, it is easy to trace this former digging. About thirty pits seem to have been put down in past years Since this report was written, I visited Mr. Johnson at his home in Boston and inspected his collection. He has some 85 or 90 gouges, plummets and adze blades all from the Mason site. They are of the long, slentler forms such as we found. After insjjection of Mason's land, we oliserved that the pits sunk by Mr. Johnson lay, for the most j^art, along a little sand ridge, not more than a meter above the level of the lake, which runs from the edge of the water parallel with the ])resent outlet of Toddy Pond, antl has an old lumlter roatl running along its top. We supposed that the road was in use at the time of the former excavations, as the pits were not dug in the road. We carried a long trench for a distance of twenty meters southeast, following the road from a point on to]) of this ridge, and openetl several graves. We then extended the trench for about forty nu'ters to the right or west, and opened more graves, making a total t>f twenty-eight. A few of those near the surface appeared to have l)eeu disturbed, l>ut many were found in their original condition. Lilllc red ocher was found with the bur- ials for the reason that at liigh watei' s(H'])age is cousith'rable, and even at the ordinary stage of water, tlie im|)lemcnts in liie (K'ei)er graves lie several cm. below the water line. If we dug deei)er than one meter, the water en- tered our i>its, and interft-red with further ex])loralions. From indications we assume that the cemetery extends to the north along the sand ridge and RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 43 that many graves are now covered with water. Indeed the Mason brothers told me that previous to the building of the dam at the outlet, the ceme- tery on their property extended along the sand knoll at least one hundred meters further toward the northwest. Some of this space is now covered with water a meter in depth, and it would be impossible to examine the graves. About eighty meters out from the present shore line, at a spot where there is now half a meter of water, when the elder Mr. Mason was a boy, an Indian skeleton was discovered, wrapped in birch bark and buried in the sand. With this skeleton was a buckskin bag filled with large leaden slugs, and a number of other articles. This was of course a burial of the early his- toric period. To complete our investigation it would be necessary to have the water in the lake lowered a meter or more for a few days, and we got permission from the owner of the water rights to have this done, but the plan was not carried out because of opposition from two owners of shore-property.* One of these men caused us some trouble. He was one of the few men in all our years of research who deliberately blocked our investigations. We examined the ground for some distance south, or back from the lake, on the Mason land. There appears to be an extensive village site here, extending to the foot of some low hills three hundred meters distant. Bushes and grass cover the surface, and although a number of pits were put down, the place was not examined thoroughly. We observed that quanti- ties of flint chips and rejects of the usual character and of Kineo material predominated. This was a village of the usual type, and did not have any of the peculiar kind of artifacts that are found in the Red Paint graves. As in the case of the Hartford and Emerson sites, the graves at Mason's are placed close together, as one would naturally suppose that Indians would bury. On our plan they do not appear to be near to each other, but that is because those opened in former years by Mr. Johnson are not shown. They range in depth from forty centimeters to one meter. On opening the graves we observed that the sand was discolored by ocher but because of the presence of water the paint was washed out and it was impossible to save it in any quantity. No large stones were discovered as at Emerson's, and the outlines of the graves could not be traced. The sand was yellow and very pure, containing only such stones as the Indians had placed in the graves. The implements themselves did not differ from those of the Hartford and Emerson sites save that there were more plummets than either gouges or celts. Only one or two large chipped objects were found. Slate spear points were rare and no slate arrow-heads were found. One or two flat, ornamental *It is to be hoped that conditions may be more favorable at some future time. No damage would be done to property, for the brook tributary to Dead river and the canal from Toddy pond would furnish water enough to restore the present level of the lake in four or five days. t , 1 ' ' 1 1, Vi t I K 46 mainp: archaeology stones were taken ont, l)iit ornaments were not common. There was one re- markable winged ])rohlematical form (lower object in fig. 27) worked out gracefully from black sialc. 1 have seldom seen a finer specimen. Fewer of the thin hatchet-like blades occurred at Mason's, and they were short and slender, or chisel-shajx'd, while those at Emerson's were compara- tively thick. The gouges from Mason's cenu'tery were long and slender, com- pared with those from Emerson's or Hartford's, and did not appear to have been actiuilly in use. Few of them had the battered top that would be caused by driving into wood, and the edges did not appear scratched or worn but were delicately sharpened, with grooves very well defined. This peculiarity was noticed by my assistant, Mr. Francis A. Manning, who studied the goug- es as they were removed from the graves in each of the cemeteries. He said that the Mason gouges were sharper and thinner and two or three of them exhibited very long slender grooves. He writes in the field notes : "From the view point of practical carpenters, this extent of groove was not only of no use, but even weakened the cutting end. In a way it might have facilitated re-sharpening, but an examina- tion of the bit makes it hard to believe that it was ever used in work. The thought suggests itself that these finer gouges may have been made expressly as offerings to the dead." Typical specimens of gouges from the three cemeteries are shown side by side in fig. 20, in lialf size. Three interesting and unusual graves were found extending below the water level, and it was only with great difficulty that they could be care- fully examined. It is my opinion that they all represent intrusive burials of later Indians. They are marked 116, 117 and LS.S on plan V. At a tlepth of about seventy centimeters in each of them, there was a layer of charcoal twelve to fifteen centimeters thick, comi)osed of sticks from one to six centi- meters in thickness, which had been completely burned. On this hard layer in each grave we suppose a human body had been ])laced, as we found jKirt of a human femur in grave i;?3 and traces of bone in grave 117. (irave 117 was foimd first, lying above a hard l)ed of burnt sand about two meters in length. It contained a cylinder of dark samlstone with a large opening at one end and a snudler one at the other, akso fragnuMits of bvick.skin and birch bark, .some minute co|)per beads, and what ap])eared to be decayed bone covered with traces of copjjcr. There were also minute scales of red paint apparently different from our ordinary ocher, ant! great quantities of char- coal. In grave 1 16 tlicre was some decayed buckskin and a few copperheads, together with a nuiss of coal-black earth. Evidently this black mass is the result of decay of some unknown substance, whether hides or fiber, or coarse F[G. 14. The trencli begun at Emerson's Xi^:r\ ■■■■ ■-■i*^'. j'*-' ' \',4^>^ •.■..••v ,^ ^.--i^ -''li-r-n;-- ^^X3^^ RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 49 cloth, I am unable to state. In this grave occurred a cylinder of reddish sandstone about sixteen centimeters in length, which is shown in fig. .30. There was also a large, fine knife of black flint, a material foreign to Maine, so far as I can judge. This is about thirteen centimeters in length. Associated with these objects were two rough pebbles which, but for their being in the grave, one would not suppose to have been used by primitive man. There were traces of decayed bones embedded in the black mass, also a few scales of some grayish substance. A few bits of brilliant red pigment were taken out, which was not the red paint common in otlier graves, but a different substance. The copper beads number possibly thirty or forty, and there were some minute fragments or scales of oxidized copper. It is quite prob- able that a greater number of beads were ])laced with the interment than we discovered. Some buckskin, badly decayed, was taken out. These two graves contained no objects of the Red Paint People type, and no deposits of powdered hematite. Although the ground was very care- fully searched for some distance about these graves, and the muck and de- cayed charcoal was sorted over by hand, nothing more was discovered here. On the last two days that we worked at Mason's we employed a force of thirteen men, but were unable to find graves in the large space noted on the plan between graves 121 and 122, and 119 and 128. For a distance of three by eight meters the ground had been almost completely dug out by Mr. Johnson, many years before. There was one undisturbed spot in the cen- ter, however, when the men abandoned work in this area and continued ex- plorations elsewhere. My son, Singleton Moorehead, was interested in our work, and although at that time quite young he dug industriously and spent most of the day in sinking a pit . Presently he announced that he had dis- covered a thick layer of charcoal, and I sent two laborers to assist him. Just above the water line, something more than a meter below the sur- face, was an unusually heavy layer of charcoal, extending horizontally at least two meters in all directions. Wood had been burned on the spot, as the sand beneath was baked quite hard. A human body had been laid on the charcoal, and of the skeleton we secured a fragment of femur nearly twenty centimeters in length. There were traces of other bones, but none of them could be removed save in fragments. A large quantity of buckskin accompa- nied this interment and pieces eight to fifteen centimeters in diameter were secured. With the buckskin forty or fifty small copper beads, five to ten millimeters in diameter and all very badly corroded, were removed. As in the case of graves 116 and 117 we shoveled out great quantities of muck, sand, charcoal and mud, and spent hours in working over the material, but were unable to discover any implements. 50 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY Passadumkeag. August, 1912 At the town of Passadumkeag, about forty kilometers above Bangor, the stream of tlie same name enters the Penobseot from the east, and at this point, so the river men say, the river is as wide as at any point above OI(ltt)wn. 'I'lial llic phicc was inhal)ited by Indians in historic times is well known. There are numerous indications of this occuj)ation about the village. Down stream on the west l)ank about two kihjmeters below the town there was a large camping place, where much jjottery and many chipped stone implements have been discovered. This site may or may not have been of Algonkian culture; we did not examine it thoroughly, but confined our exploration to cultures manifestly belonging to the Red Paint People. A number of graves had been ojjened in former times on the flat occu- pied by the village of Passadumkeag, and the i:)eople told us that red paint and specimens were often found there, but we were unable to discover any cemetery, although we dug in a number of places in gardens and fields. Hathaway's Cemetery Four kilometers up the Passadumkeag on the left ijank is the farm of Mr. S. H. Hathaway. His home is situated on a beautiful knoll twenty me- ters above the river and commands a view of the surrounding county. To the east and northeast is an immense tract of low land, almost a swamj), which was in early days a great resort for moose. The guides Alonzo Spearin and George McCain, who were familiar with this region fifty years ago, said that some of the best hunting in the State of ^Nlaine, years ago, was to be had on Passadumkeag stream. About thirty meters south of INIr. Hathaway's residence, just aliove the slojie of the hill toward the river, we found an interesting cemetery of the Red Paint Peo])le. It occupied a space fifteen meters square with one grave eleven meters farther. south, as shown on ])lan VT. There were no biu'ials, so far as we could ascertain, on any other ]H>rti(ui of the Hathaway farm. We dug extensively but found nothing. Except for surface plowing sufficient for j)lanting a garden, the groiuid of the cemetery was in its original condition, hence we were able to carry out a proper research. We examined a total of seventeen graves, all but one or two of them being within the fifteen-meler scjuare, and we removed some- thing like ninety objects. 'I'hese were larger than the objects foiuid about Lake Alamoosook and at Orland and the average number in a grave was considerably higher, this being additional indication that the graves had not been disturbed. I'he largest grave contained eighteen objects, one of which Fig. 16. To the left, front and side view of long gouge from Hartford's site. To the right, front and side view of gouge from Hathaway's. Size 1-3. iii' •* Fig. 17. To left, gouge from Hathaway's site. The narrow edge or l>it ami Haring center are charae- teristic of Red Paint People gouges. S. 1-2. To right. Gouge from Hartford's cemetery. The eon\ex cutting edge is referred to on page 107. S. l-^. RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 53 ^ SOALC OF lie TCirS Fig. Is. Cross seciion of two graves in the gravel pit north of Hartford's. was presented to Mr. Hathaway. Of the entire number of specimens found, five or six were given to him, and he promised to preserve them carefuHy. The soil in which the burials were made was a mixture of sand and gra- vel. The red paint was found in greater quantities here than at the other sites, and it was much brighter. The entire space occupied by the graves was plainly discolored, about half a meter below the surface, by this great bed of ocher. Originally the amount placed in this cemetery must have been at least five or six bushels. We boxed and shipped to Andover upwards of a bushel of the bright pigment. This cemetery differed from the others in having the graves practically all on one level. It is possible that one general pit was excavated and a heavy layer of the powdered hematite or ocher spread upon the floor and then the bodies laid side by side upon this layer, with the implements placed either at the head or the foot or upon the body in each case. To account for so many burials being made at one time, it is suggested that in northern Maine the frost penetrates the ground in winter to a depth of one or two meters, according to the severity of the season, and in a large camp there might be many deaths in a winter when it was impossible for the Indians to dig graves because of the frozen ground; hence the bodies would be kept until spring and then interred with due ceremony in a common grave. The same lack of uniformity in the placing of the objects was noticed here as in the other cemeteries. Except in grave 143, where the eighteen objects were found lying in a mass and close together, we may assume that most of the implements were interred in their original handles or fastenings; but these eighteen specimens must have been buried as unmounted blades, for they could not have been placed so compactly had they been in handles. Why this was done, we do not know. The graves themselves are 54 MAINEARCHAEOLOGY not very near logelher, aiul if each grave represents one human buriah there was space enough without crowding the interments. In some cemeteries groups of graves are placed so close together that observers have questioned whether they were graves and suggested lliat they were rather deposits of offerings. Most of the im])lenuMits ranged from twenty to thirty centimeters in length. The gouges were not only finely made, but most of them were of considerable size. None were found as long as the two longest discovered in the Hartford cemetery, but the average exceeded those from other sites. The ])hnnnu'ts were es])ecially well made, no rough ones occurring in the de- ])osit. Beside several of the winged stones or bijjennate problematical forms, there were buried along with the tools curious oval problematical forms such as are shown in fig. ,'3.5. Sometimes two or more were found in a grave. In- cluding the broken ones we found, I should judge, fourteen or fifteen of them at Hathaway's site. They are all jjerforated and most of the holes show traces of wear, plainly indicating that thongs were passed through them. The largest of these objects shown in fig. 35 is forty-three centimeters in length, and others range from twenty to thirty-five centimeters. The weight varies from six or seven ounces to a pound and a half. They are too slender to have served as weapons, too delicate to be considered pestles or grinding stones; their edges are not sharp, and they would be of no use as cutting tools. They may be classed provisionally as pendants or ornaments, though their weight and size seem to preclude the possibility of actual use as such. Just what they are and what purpose they served must remain, for the present at least, one of our archaeological prolilems. With the deposits were the usual fire stones, the small pebbles or "lucky stones," and frequently a larger smooth stone which may have ]>een used for grinding ]>aint, or for some other purpose. From the i^resence of these larger stones at both the Emerson and the Hathaway site, one might infer that the small ])el)bles which we frequently fomul were not paint grinders. As several of them are of bright red or bright yellow material, and as they do not appear different in general from the ordinary small pebbles found on the shores of the lake, it seems to me jirobable that they were selected be- cause of their color.* * See p. 20. o PLAN IV o NORTH l^ «- ■^ ■ 92 'jo a 8Sa gla ■ /09 ae6 b=. SSu .87 s' .23 ■ 77 7?. .78 m 7V 7/ ■ ?0 lOlu 75. 7J. 4?. ■ .70 4?. ■67 ^ ■ 66 -4/ ■^'^ 60* • V/ ■ VO rn I'l mS-3 .96 .5-/ 5-5". SO m ■ mIOH Him ■ 57 ■ 62 .9^ a Co ■?7 101 mioo ml03 3? ■ 3g ■ '?V ■ 9i - FifiE X PIT L ) i i meters < 1 1 Z 1 i" . / s' 5, / V i 3. 7 J t/MERSON l.E'WETeRY SOUTH July 1-8-, /?/i Ai;m this site are considerably above those from olhcr ])laces in excellence of wt)rkmanship RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 75 and in fine finish. A possible exception is Hathaway's cemetery at Passa- dumkeag, but there we found none of the slender slate spears and no effigies. In one particular the Red Paint People as a whole surpassed all other tribes, ancient or modern, living north of Mexico. From a study of all the material from their graves in the several museums, it would seem that this people excelled in the manufacture of stone gouges. While some of the gouges are rough or crude, others present a symmetry of outline that is ex- ceedingly graceful, and many have edges grovmd as sharp as stone can be worked. In this art the natives were very expert, but their artistic sense was not developed and their stone effigies are very crude. Among those found at Haskell's was an effigy of a bear (fig. 37) and several small objects one of which may represent a duck (fig. 39), and another a quadruped. The plum- mets were also sometimes ornamented or fashioned as effigies. In fig. 39 there is a whale plummet found at Hartford's; next is a por- poise effigy plummet at the top from Emerson's; below the duck effigy re- ferred to, from Haskell's, and next a remarkable little porpoise effigy of red sandstone from Hart's Falls cemetery, St. Georges river. In the lower cor- ner, to the left, is an effigy (probably a bear) from Haskell's, and a flat per- forated stone in the right hand corner from Haskell's. If the plate is turned to the right, the object appears not unlike the head of a codfish. The Red Paint People seem to have prized slate spears highly. Many of them have been found, not only at Haskell's but in other cemeteries. It is rare to find broken gouges or adze blades in the ocher deposits; hence the presence of broken slate spears and sometimes of fragments of these objects not more than six or seven centimeters in length indicates that even the bro- ken ones were valued. See fig. 38. A grave containing eight of the slate points was fortunately discovered by Mr. Sugden and not by the workmen, for otherwise these fine objects would have been scattered and many of them doubtless lost. See fig. 40. Attention is called to the very fine wide-bladed adze of green slate and also to one or two of the other adze blades shown in figs. 41 and 42. The paint at Haskell's was not so bright as at Emerson's and the other cemeteries. This was probably due to the fact that the burials were in fine sand, and as it was easy for water to penetrate to the deposits, the paint became dissolved and disappeared. It is most unfortunate that the Haskell cemetery was not found before the building of the residence on Parker's Point, as in that case it would have been possible to record all of the deposits properly. I insert herewith the field notes on two of the few graves concerning which complete notes could be taken. " Grave 167. Forty-five cm. down. Considerable quantity of faint ocher. Contained the remains of five long slate spear heads, 76 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY only one of which could l)e reconstructed entire. The broken sur- faces of the others all ai)i)t-ar ancient . The largest head when whole had a length of about "25 cm. They are all of the usual type — flatly hexagonal in cross section near the stem, diamond shaped nearer the point. Tlie spear-heads lay in a com])act cluster, paral- lel, with bulls down and jioints uj) at a steep angle, pointing due norlii. At some tlislan gently from an arm of I he sea until it reaches a height of twenty or tweiily-five meters. About thirty years ago liie Maine Central Railroad built a sjjur rail- road to the steamboat landing here, and during the dee]iening of a cut in order to lay the tra<-ks gi-a\'es were disco\'ered and most of them were de- stroyed at that time. Mr. Millon Si rat ton, an architect of Bar Harbor, was j)resent during the excavation by the railroad authorities, and he informed me that a great niany fine objects were then taken out and carried away by workmen and others. He mentioned one in particular, a double gouge or Fig 37. The bear efBgy from Haskell's site Size 1-2. Fig. 38. Grave 167. Group of broken slate spears. Haskell's Cemetery. FiQ. .'31). Clroiij) of oflfigios from various (vnioterics. S. 1-1. Fig. 40. Drawing of the position of the eight long spears found in Grave 163, Haskell's Cemetery. S. about 3-8. Fig. +1. Left, 50S07, fine goiigo from Ilathaway's. Middle, face and hack of tlie goufro-adzc object .506"i5 from Emerson's. Found in grave 1 0(1. Right, l)aek of large green stone lilade from Haskell's. The face of this is .shown in the second ol.jeel Irom I lie left in I'ig. i'i. Size aliont l-l. Fig. 42. Group of objects from the Haskell and Emerson Cemeteries illustrating the difference of stone objects. Left to right: gouge, long hatchet blade, adze blade, adze blade, gouge, adze (profile), slate spear, hoe or digging tool. S. about 1-6. KiG. 4;5. The large ash pit at SuUivaii Fall -I u _J z < < >- h z o o o o o z < I CL < 2 84 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY long iiuplenient, wliicli he tlioughi must have been at least fifty centimeters in length. Near the blacksmith's shop there was a large tub, and the stone tools taken from the graves were thrown into this. He said that once or twice he noticed the receptacle iialf full of fine gouges, adze blades, spear heads, etc. A few of these objects were recovered and are in the Peabody Museum at Harvard, l)ut most of them are lost forever. In this respect the site resembles thai at Parker's Point, and our observations could not be complete for similar reasons. We staked off the ground and ojM'ned about twenty graves, the ma- terial from which proved to be somewhat inferior in character to the arti- facts found in other Red Paint People cemeteries. Much of the sand and gravel from the original excavation had been thrown over the edge of the bank at Sullivan Falls, and the workmen had also made a large "fill" in or- der to widen the road over a narrow neck of land. Some of this earth remains there at the present time. Five men were put to work with shovels on the talus at these two places, and they dug out four or five adze blades and gouges and one or two plummets beside consideraljle red paint. Mr. Stratton was of the opinion that the graves were originally in two long parallel rows, and the twenty or more which we opened were so placed that we concluded his statement to be correct. Between the rows we found there was a space five meters in width in which no graves occurred, and to the north of our large trench we found no graves for a distance of twenty-two meters. There were patches of ocher here and there probably indicating that graves had been opened by persons in search of sjjecimens. and a num- ber of ash pits were discovered which Mr. Manning noted on his field map. We worked for a number of days at Sullivan Falls extending the trenches and pits, but could find no more burials or deposits. No graves were found in the ash pits except in one instance. Of this the notes state: "Grave 195 was 48 cm. down, immediately west of the central part of the fire pit. Pyrites and an 11 cm. hatchet blade and a 13 cm. adze blade were found. No ocher noted. The l)lack layer at the base of the fire pit was 10 cm. below the grave, showing that the fire ])it was made earlier." We worked out the deposits of ashes carefully, but no flint chii)s or signs of artifacts of any kind were to be obser\'ed. The pur]30se of the jiits must therefore re- main unknown. They were large enough to lia\e serxetl for the storage of corn or other food, but we have never in any other i)lace founil such caches filled with ashes. We also excavated the shell hca]>s at Sullivan Falls carefully, thinking to obtain information upon a i)ossible c-onnection between the occupants of the shell heai) villages and those who buried in the cemetery nearby; but the heaps did not differ from others. They are described on p. 156. Plan VII shows the situation of the shell heajjs and the cemetery, but we RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 85 present no detailed plan of the latter because it had been so much disturbed that few deposits of objects remained. The following extract from the field notes gives details of two graves: "Grave 181. 30 cm. down. The first objects encountered, a celt in two pieces several cm. apart and a smooth pebble, were separated by a space of about 30 cm. from a second group of objects, closely packed and at the same level, consisting of a crescent and two other pebbles. The crescent, with a large central perforation, lay on end. At the same level but 35 cm. south occurred five plum- mets. Two large and unusually well wrought ones lay with axes in a straight line north and south, the northern one with its knobs north, the southern one, knob south. At right angles and 5 cm. east of southern one lay a third large plummet, with knob west. These three all lay flat. In the angle of these lay a small flat plum- met rudely chipped from red jasper, perforated instead of knobbed. It was nearly on end, perforation up. Due north was the fifth plummet, of ordinary type but smaller than the first three. It was on end, knob up. Another small plummet found in this grave near the crescent group was remarkable for having a double groove around the knob." " Grave 183. 35 cm. down. The objects were closely grouped. A gouge 17 cm. long with about 1-4 or 1-3 of its length broken sharply ofi^, lay groove up, north west by south east, bit north west and higher than butt. Nearly parallel was a smaller gouge-adze 14 cm. long, distant 10 cm. to the south west, bit in opposite direction from first gouge. A deeply notched slate point 9.5 cm. long, point north west and flush with ends of gouges, lay between these two. A grooved pebble, groove down, lay a few cm. southwest. Much staining of soil by pyrites, northeast by east of cluster, distant 15 cm. A very remarkable plummet with a perforation at either end and with four rough faces having longitudinal rows of small, irregular depressions, lay flat, 'io cm. north of group. A small gouge apparently fragmentary, and a small perforated pebble lay with first group. Under these objects occurred a gouge 17 cm. long, with an unusually broad and very finely wrought cutting edge, some- what worn. It was much caked with pyrites, the iron having cemented it with the earth and pebbles. There also occurred under these objects two very large masses of badly disintegrated pyrites, one nearly spherical and measuring 11 cm. in greatest diameter. The sand and stones around and under these lumps were colored yellow and cemented into a compact mass in a radius of 15 to 20 cm. There were also some hammer stones and pebbles." 86 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY The details of tlie two ash pits are also presented herewith. Fig. 43 shows the larger one.* That they were contemijorary with the Red Paint graves is probable, but we eoidd not find a close connection as did Willough- by at Ellsworth. "T^argc fire pit (this is shown in fig. 43). The heavy white layer (of ashes) in this ]nl was ''2. '-2,5 meters across on its long- est axis north west by south east. Below this white layer were two strata of black earth, 5-8 cm. thick and at a distance from each other varying from 10 to 30 cm. The upper layer of black earth averaged 1.75 meters below surface. The gravel was very much caked all about and under the white layer. The two black strata were deepest down near the center of this ]}it, fjut were on the whole irregular." "The fire pit just north of grave 187 presents the usual fea- tures. The caked gravel at its deepest extended 1 meter below the surface. A section across the workings, parallel to base line, north west and south east, 10 m. long and 1 m. deep, shows these features. From the south east end fine gravel for 1.5 m.; coarse gravel, commencing at bottom of trench and reaching surface, 2.5 m.; very small ash pit 1.5 m. from south east end; at 5.5 m., in coarse gravel, ash pit 60 cm. across, 30 cm. down; at 7 m. a still smaller ash pit; from here the coarse or intermediate gravel extends to north west end of trench. The gradation and bedding of the gravel seem all to be of natural origin." GEORGES RIVER. Hart's Falls Cemetery While we were at Castine in 1915, Mr. Sugden and !Mr. Taylor visited the Georges River, or St. (Jeorge's River, between Rockland and Warren in Knox County, and re])orted that there were several collections in that re- gion which contained implements of the Red Paint People types. Accord- ingly on the 8th of August I went over there with some of the men and we found, on a high ridge overlooking Hart's Falls on the Georges River, a dis- turbed cemetery. We i)ut down thirty or forty i)its here but found nothing excej)t a few plununets and a gouge. 'I'iie graves appearetl to l)e one to two thirds of a meter dei'p, l)ul it was impossible to make proper observa- tions, as the place had been thoroughly ransaeketl. The formation is pe- culiar, as the hill is covered with large bouUlers from one to two meters in diameter. * Dr. Priihos were found, although we searched diligently with hand trowels. The objects found were of the same tyjje as in other Red Paint cemel cries except that there were fewer of the long slender slate spears or daggers. There were a few plummets hut not many chipy)ed implements. The adze bhules were large and hue and there was a considerable number both of the long, ])erforated and of the bipennate or double-winged prob- lematical forms. Mr. (Jodfrey had found more of the oblong rubbing stones, or tool sharpeners as he called them, than occur in other cemeteries. There were a few pieces of iron pyrites. The red paint was not so brilliant as has been found elsewhere. Beyond question there is also a Red Paint Peojjle cemetery on Indian Island, belonging to the Penob.scot Indians, for numbers of the persistent types have been found by the Indians when they made excavations for fences or buildings, but they control the whole island and will permit no excavations by outsiders; so I was informed bj' the leading Indians when I recjuested authority to examine this island. The Indians took an interest in our work, and several of the older ones visited Godfrey's while we were there. I include here observations on two of the graves on Mr. Godfrey's farm that were first opened by our party. "Grave 279. This lies on top of the subsoil just Vjelow the sur- face of the present wagon road. Apparently many graves were de- stroyed when the road was built or filled in to a depth of 20 cm., but this one lay a little deeper. The red paint, which was a little faint in color, was about 2 cm. thick and extended something over a meter in each direction. On top of it in the center was a very large scraper or small hoe, about 11 cm. in length. There were also four roughly chipped knives of chert, one large flake knife with serrated edge, and a tube slightly flattened on one side, worked out from a narrow piece of banded slate, one half being dark and the other light. Heavy boulders lay scattered about. "Grave 276. This lay east and west, extending for almost 2 meters. There were eleven rocks or waterworn boulders siu'roiunl- ing the objects or placed in two irregular rows beside them, with their tops .'55 cm. or 40 cm. below the surface. The sjiace between the two rows of boulders was about 47 cm. at the east end anil (iO cm. at the wesi end. There was considerable red paint. Near the west cTid was a gouge aboul 12 cm. long, jilaced in a slo])ing jiosi- lion. There was a broken ornament on edge; also in a sloping posi- tion a long gouge lying in the red paint with l)lade west; and a curved adze })la(le, ])oiTit west. Below this grave and extending down lo a de|)th of aboul 80 cm. were five or six large rocks, col- ored red by the ocher. These were sloping and from 20 cm. to 30 RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 95 cm. apart, occupying a square space 1.5 meters in diameter. Be- tween these in the red paint was a white quartz arrow point 5 cm. or 6 cm. in length, a large adze blade and a gouge. The rocks and ocher beneath grave '276 may indicate a separate deposit, and there seem to be enough objects in the two deposits to constitute two graves, but the position was such that it was impossible for me to determine whether we should consider that there were two graves or one." WiNSLO"\v — The Lancaster Cemetery. 1919 In the town of Winslow, which is on the east bank of the Kennebec op- posite Waterville, Mr. Fred Lancaster had erected a saw mill on his farm and in the summer of 1919, when he dug the pit for a large circular saw, he opened one or two Red Paint graves. A Mr. Kelliher, engaged in the clothing business in Waterville and owner of a collection of Indian speci- mens, went out to the site and was joined there by Mr. William W. Taylor of Boston, who had accompanied me on two or three of my expeditions, and b.y a Mr. Denton, also of Boston. Mr. Taylor persuaded the other two to telegraph to me to come and take charge of the cemetery, and I received their telegram and a letter on the day in September when the Connecticut River Archaeological Survey, which I had been carrying on, had ended its labors just below Springfield, Mass. I went immediately to Winslow and on my arrival the site was turned over to me. About eight graves had already been oj)ened. I put ten men at work in the interests of the Bangor Historical Society, since the Phillips Academy fund was exhausted. All the specimens found were first studied at Andover and then shipped to Bangor, where they are now on exhibition in the fireproof building of the Public Library and can be seen there by vis- itors. The cemetery occupied a space about thirteen by seventeen meters on a knoll one hundred meters from the Sebasticook River and not more than seven meters above the level of the water. The ground was very hard and stony. We opened some thirty graves, of which twenty were under the saw mill. As the mill is about thirty meters long and very heavy, it was impos- sible to move it, and it was necessary to place blocks on solid stone founda- tions under it, before we could excavate. Then the men had to do most of the digging either sitting down or lying on their sides, so that the work was accomplished under difficulties. There may be a few graves left under the gasoline engine or heavy parts of the machinery which it was not advisable to undermine because of danger to the men. The graves did not differ essentially from those of other cemeteries but they seemed to be nearer the surface, and the red ocher was to an unusual extent spread at a uniform depth. Thus on one side of the cemetery it /OS /«? /// /fl. 113 //» //^ 3jy lOS lOf lOl /m /li m 79 'f n »t U «T n «? ?o 9i ?z ■>! ?v f? ^^^Of Pojif is il 83 82 «/ 'to 7? 7i 77 76 A ____- — ^- ^N^ ->•' — -- \ i.(, (.7 ^-'"''^ 6» 6y 7o 7/ \72 73 7* 7J- / 3JZ \ I 331 I 6S /■ J70 ■■ 6'/ 63 tJ 6f 6" S9 \ JJ :t7 « 335 — • '-'"'" \ \ »S V» 5'o J-l J-J s-3 \ SV j-r 3Xf 339 a \ HI 32S Vf w m n 1 / 11 70 B 327 ■ 326 \ \ "I^ ^7 -?y ?J- 36 37 1 33 r* V 31 ■\ 30 a? Z? 1 32S- 2.< J'8 / n iJ 2/ 22 13 S« / ■i 1 'J 3 Zl I ■ 320 32X It n '€ IS -"A •.? 316 ■ 3X-3 I 7 i 9 /p II ;q ■ ■" ■1 ,AN E I t. J ,^ 3 , , LANCASTER CEMETERY, WINSLOW, MAINE the: LINT AA, INUKATF.'; rHflrVvl^"iNTHkS AKETA THU RFD PAINT 5ECMED TO HAVE BECM SrK^A.D EVLMLV T M t .square:^ are. 3 u a f>' e meters DRAWN BY tOSUCDEN.NOV. I?;?, RED PAINT PEOPLE CEMETERIES 97 seemed to extend in a regular layer for a distance of seven or eight meters and then there was a clear break, or what would be called in geology a fault, before it was resumed. My attention was called to this by Mr. W. B. Smith, formerly of the United States Geological Survey and much interested in ar- chaeological matters. He examined the break carefully and said that it in- dicated a shifting of the land and was not recent; that it was not due to any excavating done by the Indians but might have been caused by a landslide or by an earthquake. I frequently discussed with Mr. Smith the difference between the Red Paint graves and later Indian interments. In the former there is a noticeable re-stratification ; the graves are so old that a re-forming of gravel layers has set in and it is difficult to trace the outlines of the exca- vations; while in Algonkian graves the lines of disturbance are very plain. The regularity of the depth of the ocher layer in certain places through- out this cemetery suggested the possibility that a certain area was dug out and cleared and the layer of ocher laid down uniformly before the burials were placed upon it, as it is not reasonable to suppose that the Indians would dig so many graves separately, all to exactly the same depth. This method may have been adopted, as suggested on p. 53 in discussing Hathaway's cemetery at Passadumkeag, when the remains of those who died in the winter were kept until the ground thawed in the spring. The contents of the graves showed some minor peculiarities. There were few plummets, only six or seven occurring in the whole cemetery, and there were few of the long fine gouges, while no effigies or crescents were discovered. Not many hammer stones were found, and iron pyrites or fire stones occurred in only three graves. The adze blades and hatchet blades were with two exceptions smaller and shorter than those found elsewhere. There were a number of chipped spear heads of the dark flint and red flint which sometimes occur, but none of felsite, the so-called Kineo stone. There were numbers of the beautiful, long slate daggers or spears, seven being found in grave 329 and a single one in another. I present illustrations of these in fig. 46, made from Mr. Sugden's drawings. One is a trifle over forty- five centimeters in length, and is the longest one ever found in a Red Paint grave. We took from the graves also a number of spear heads of translucent quartzite, that peculiar unidentified material which is common in Labrador but has never been found in a natural state, a ledge or boulder, in the State of Maine. We obtained six or seven of these translucent spear heads, some of them large but one or two small enough to be classed as arrow heads. In all of the cemeteries careful search has been made for fragments of bones. A few scales were discovered at Hathaway's and at Emerson's, but they were so small that they could not be identified. It was therefore grati- fying to find in grave 318, in the Lancaster cemetery, at a depth of thirty- five centimeters, burnt bones and fragments of unburned bones. One or two of the larger fragments seemed to us to be portions of a human skull. '-3 ii If ("iiiif w J ^0 /X 10 C M. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I T I I I I Fig. 46. Five slate spears from Lancaster's cemetery. Size shown.. 100 ISl A I N E ARCHAEOLOGY n. L;irKi' iiilzc l)l;Hlr. I,:iiir;istcr's ('ijiictrn', Crave ;j-2fi. S. 1-3. They were exiiinined by Mr. WillougJiby, who also tliou^lit tliey were hu- man, and at his .sngy ditt'erenl |)ersons. This nnist originally ha\'e been a large and imjjortant cemetery. We did not excavate all llic graves becansc Mr. Wentworth had corn and beans planted on the west i)art of the lan<] and did not wish us to dig there, al- though lln'i'c i)i-ol)al)ly are graves extending under the corn. Tht deeper graves that we o])ene(i contained from eight to fifteen objects each. It would be im])ossible to stale an accurate average, but I would estimate that if the graves all contained from eight to ten objects each, there were originally some five hundred and fifty stone tools placed in the ground by the Indians, of which we recovered a trifle over two hundred. The cemetery is interesting from the fact that it is not continuous. Be- ginning somewhat down from the crest of the hill and working up, we found graves at regular intervals for ten or twelve meters; then there was a space of fifteen meters in which there were but one or two graves. The burials began again to the east of this vacant part and extended about twenty me- ters farther to the south east. Twelve of the graves in this part of the ceme- tery were on the adjoining property owned by Mr. P. H. Russell. West from the extension on the Russell estate there were more graves. Whether objects were found when the foundations were dug for the house and barn fifty or sixty meters southwest from Russell's cemetery, we were unaV^le to ascertain. It is not necessary to show any of the objects taken from this ceme- tery. In grave 326 was an unusually large and fine adze blade. The edge was very thin and sharp. It is worked out very carefully, the sides beveled and oneof the finest examples of art in stone from any of the Red Paint People cemeteries. Excepting this adze blade, the gouges, celts, and other tools were smaller than those from the Penobscot Valley sites. There was only one slate spear head and this was difi'erent from the long ones found in other cemeteries being flat and thin insteail of hexagonal in cross section. Six or seven implements chi])ped from translucent ([uartzite or Labrador stone oc- curred, two of which are shown in fig. 48. Hammer stones were not common and in some graves tliere were no fire stones. The red ])aint was not es- ]jecially bright. B. Dktaij.ku Study okOuj^cts Eoiino in Red P.mnt Gkaves In the prece(hng pages we have descrilied the Red Paint Cemeteries ex- l)lored by the PhilMi)s Academy expeditions and ha\'e referred to a number of sites investigated by others, notably l)\' Mr. Charles (\ AVillonghby, Direc- tor of the Peabody Mu.seuin of Harvard University.! ■f See note 2, ]>. 13. THE ALAMOOSOOK UNIT 103 Before drawing our conclusions as to the Red Paint People's culture, we must make a careful study of the implements, ornaments, and other ob- jects found in the ocher deposits, since with the possible exception of the vil- lage site near Bangor explored by W B. Smith,* the cemeteries and the ob- jects found in them are our only source of information about the Red Paint People, and it is only by having a complete analysis of the types found, that we can make use of our knowledge.** The stone implements may be roughly classified as follows : Ganges. Large with oblong or angular groove Large with V-shaped groove Slender or chisel-shaped Adze blades. Triangular or ridge-backed Ordinary or almost flat Knobbed Plummets. Oval Elongated oval EfBgy Ornaments. Long pendants Small perforated stones Problematical. Bipennate, short wings Crescents Slate spears or daggers. Large, hexagonal Small, flat Chipped objects. Spear heads Arrow heads Knives We shall discuss these classes of implements as found in the different cemeteries, grouping the latter in units according to locality. The Alamoosook Unit The Hartford, Emerson and Mason cemeteries may be considered to- gether because of their proximity.! The three present some characteristics * As this village site is at least partially Algonkian, the description of it is given on pp. 134-143, just before our discussion of the relation between the Red Paint People and Algonkians. ** Tables have been prepared which show all the dimensions of the stone tools or artifacts from the graves, and the cards are available for students of implement technology. Such detailed records are too lengthy to be inserted in this report, but they are the basis of the statements in the follow- ing pages. t The objects found by Mr. Willoughby in excavating graves in the Soper's Knoll on the north side of Lake Alamoosook in 189£, are on exhibition in the Peabody Museum at Cambridge. They present essentially the same types in stone as those found by us in the same region, except that there are no crescents and not such a preponderance of plummets. The adze blades are large and of fine workmanship, but there are no specialized gouges, adzes or plummets. 104 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY in common, cliicl' of wliicli is the occurrence of specialized or double gouges, more of these having been found at Emerson's and Hartford's than else- where. Gouges. 'V\\v average gouge from llie cemeteries in general is quite different from forms found on Algonkian village sites, being slender rather than broad, willi tlie liollow or gouge depression short and frecjuently angu- lar or oblong in outline, but sometinu-s V-shai)ed or tapering to a sharp groove five to twelve centimeters from the cutting edge. The second one in fig. 41 shows this peculiarity of the Red Paint People gouges. A small gouge in tig. 50 was fouTid at Stevens cemetery and it is more nearly like the common Algonkian form. The latter are rather broad; the groove is car- ried further u]) — sometimes three fourths of the stone's length — and is seldom of an angular shape. The number of narrow chisel-like gouges found at Emerson's and Hartford's is surjjrising. Some of them are worked down to an end one centimeter in diameter, and in one case even less than one centimeter across the blade. An interesting narrow gouge is no. 50276, which is 12.5 cm. long, 3 cm. wide at center, 2 cm. thick, cutting edge 11 mm. wide. This specimen was broken, scales having been knocked oflF the back for a distance of 8 cm., over one half the length of the stone. The natives had re-ground the gouge, removing the rough edges due to the break. The top is battered. The longest gouge found in the eastern TTnited States up to October, 1921, is no. 5026(5, from grave 15 of Hartford's cemetery. See fig. 16, left. Its measurements are: 37.5 cm. long, 4 cm. wide, 4 cm. thick. Another long gouge, no. 53061, was found at the same site during the second exploration. It is slightly shorter than the one described but of the same form. The tojis or polls of most of the larger and finer gouges are not battered, whereas the more ordinary tools have battered tops, indicating that when in use tliey were hammered, prol)ably with a wooden mallet. Several small gouges were taken from the three Alamoosook sites. One which is both thin and small measures 5.15 cm. long, 2.75 cm. wide, and 9 mm. thick. It was in an unusmil dej^osit, in gi'a\e 17 of Hartft»rd"s ceme- tery, with an effigy plummet, a hollow coiu'relionary formation tilled with red paint and other objects. Other small gouges are shorter and thicker. A few of the gouges wi're " luuui)-l)acke(l," that is, haxing a i)rotile sim- ilar to the adzt' blade sIiowti at the lo|) in tig 51 . Atterrtiou has beeu called to llu' \ery tine edges observetl on the gouges from Mason's cenu'tery. The same is true of a number of specimens from Hartford's. Se\'eral of the unusually well made gouges from Mason's are so identical in foi-m as to suggest that they are the ])roduct of one intlividmd. These are slightly convex in outline at the center of the cutting edge. Ob- serve the middle gouge iu Hg. 20, slightly s(|uared at either side of the blade, rounded out in the center. 'I'he groove does not extend to the edge of the t. Fir.. 48. Projectile point.s of the clear quartzite or Labrador stone, from various Red Paint Ceme- teries. Size 1-2. •^-\ A^> Fia. V.) Lai'HC knife aiiil iinjjcililr iioiiils rroiii vaiMiiiis Hrd I'iiiiil ( \'iiu'U'ries. Sizo about l-i. THE ALAMOOSOOK TTNIT 107 stone but occupies the middle portion, while a part of the original surface of the stone remains on either side of the groove or gouge depression. The same peculiarity of outline is found in many smaller gouges from Stevens's, Tarr's and other sites. Two very unusual specimens were found in disturbed graves at Em- erson's cemetery, one of which, the knobbed gouge shown in fig. 50, is unique, no other gouge like it having been found anywhere in the United States. It is no. 50507 and came from grave 68. It lay twenty-five centimeters below the surface, but we did not find it in its original position and there was no ocher near. Probably the other objects in this grave were scattered at the time Dr. Hamlin and Mr. Soper did the plowing referred to before, and this specimen was overlooked at that time. It measures : length, 21 cm., thickness 4 cm., greatest width, 4.5 cm., width at cutting edge 3 cm., width at top 2 cm. Its peculiarity is the eight knobs or projections worked in high relief. The top is slightly injured and the face at the top projects slightly, not in a well-defined ridge but as if a slight depression or groove had been started across the stone just below the top. The lower part is polished for a distance of six centimeters from the bit or edge, and from this point to the top of the speciinen the surface is pecked but not polished or even ground. The gouge-groove is rather shallow. The other unusual specimen from Emerson's cemetery is the combina- tion tool, gouge at one end and adze blade at the other, shown in fig. 41. It was found in grave 100 and is no. 50625 in Phillips Academy catalogue. It is made from a slab of hard green slate and is very highly polished. It meas- ures: length 32.5 cm., width of back at center 5 cm., width of gouge end 5.3 cm., width of adze end 3.6 cm. The front is flat, along the back is a flat ridge, 1 cm. to 1.5 cm. wide, extending 20 cm., and it is beautifully bevelled from this angular elevated back down to either side. The top or adze end is bevelled down to an angular cutting edge. The left-hand view shows the groove, gracefully tapering and extending half the length of the tool. As this implement did not conveniently lend itself to fastening in a handle, it must have been used unmounted. The only similar tool recorded is the one mentioned on page 76 as found at Sullivan Falls many years ago and ob- served by Mr. Stratton. Mr. Stratton says the tool he saw was nearly double the size of the one here described. Originally our specimen must have lain in a heavj^ deposit of ocher and pyrites, as it is much discolored, but it had been disturbed by the plow and it lay above the ocher and about 34 cm. to one side. Adze and Hatchet Blades. Figure 42 illustrates the difference between the forms in our classification of stone tools. It shows a group of eight ob- jects: three adze blades, one in profile; a wide hatchet or celt-like imple- ment; two gouges; a slate spear and a hoe or digging tool. Fig. 51 presents a profile view of four adze blades from the Emerson and Haskell sites. Most 108 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY adze hliuk's are angular in jjrofile and some are ridged or bevelled from end to end, while a lew luu'e a knoh or projection on the l)ack. The one below in Fig. 51 is a typical angnlai' or bevelled shape; the one at the top is knol)bed or "hnnipbacked. " Others are highly s|)ecialized, sncli as the un- usual specimen shown in fig. 47, which was found in Lancaster's cemetery and is one of tlu- best examples of work in stone by the Red Paint People. It is .S'-2 cm. long, (i.'2 cm. wide across the blad<' and ().(!(! cm. wide across the toj). These heavy, angular objects have been classified by ]\L-. Willoughby antl others as aly the .second one from the left in fig. 42, from Haskell's cemetery, which is about 30 cm. in length, but thin. It is made of banded slate and is highly polished. Many of the hatchets and adze blades show high })olish and considerafile use, and as in the case of the gouges, the tops or polls of the rougher ones are battered owing to ham- mering, while the specimens exhibiting better workmanship are seldom bro- ken at the top. The hatchet blades vary from the large ones described above down to those only 10 cm. in length. One small, narrow, chisel-like object, 7 cm. long and onlj' 7 mm. wide, was found in the earth thrown out during the excavation of Hartford's cemetery. It probably had been in a grave. It is the smallest object found by us in the four hundred and forty graves opened, and will compare with the small chisel or celt blades found in shell heaps along the coast. The true celt, the thick, oval form common on Algon- kin Indian village sites, has never to my knowledge been found in any Red Paint grave. There are a few tools that approach that type, but they are not exactly of the well known celt form. In fig. 10 is a group of objects showing chiefly the aA^erage hat diet blades from the graves. Attention is called to the fact that nearly all the cutting edges are square or angular. After once studying these Reil Paint People artifacts, one can affirm with certainty that they do not. as a class, occur elsewhere in the United States. Plummets. Many plununets were found in the cemeti-ries of the Ala- moosook imit, some graves containing as numy of these objects as of tools. Mr. Willoughby also foimd them in numbers in the nu>und which he ex- amined near I^merson's location. The ordinary forms of plummets from va- rious sites are shown in Hg. .')'■>, I'ourof thest' si)ccinu'ns being from Hartford's and Emerson's and four from Haskell's and Sidlixan Falls. Beside the com- mon ])hunniets, some si)eciaii/.ed forms were fonnd at Hartford's. Of this class is tlu' whale-like specimen, no. .')0'-277, shown in tig. S!), which should not be classed as an ordinary plnnnnet. Its measurenu'uts ai-e: length ().75 cm., * See "Tlie .\(lzi' and Uir 1 'iif;riHi\'i(l A\i' iif tlie Xc-\v Ki>f;hiiiil liicliaiis," Aiiiir. Aiitliri)])., Vol. IX, 1907. p. 29G. Fig. 50. Front and side view of knobbed gonge (.50507) from grave 68 at Emer.son's. Size aljout l-'i. Gouge from Stevens' Cemetery (Scale about 3-5). Introduced tor comparison. See page 107. Via 51. Profiles of liump-backcd ad/.e hltulfs from Eniorson's ami Haskell's. S. about 3 7. THE ALAMOOSOOK UNIT 111 width 3.75 cm, thickness 2M5 cm. This and the other shapes in fig. 39 may be classed as effigies rather than plummets. The Red Paint People did not make very clever effigies and these objects seem to mark the extent of their artistic ability. Several plummets of considerable size were taken from the Alamoosook sites, some of which are in the Andover collection. When stud- ied these are seen to have one side intentionally flattened, so that they rest in one position, while the ordinary round plummet will roll about. The same feature is found in several of the larger ])lummets 12 to 17 cm. in length, in the collections at Salem antl Cambridge, which are not from Red Paint graves. This flattening of one side gives us some light on the possible use of these objects. It would add nothing to their usefulness as sinkers, but if they were so worked in order that they might be set in a certain position, the charm, effigy, or problematical theory of their purpose seems to be more correct. Two of these large ones are presented in fig. 53. Problematical Forms and Pendants. In the three cemeteries composing the Alamoosook unit there were none of the long, perforated pendants or problematical forms, such as occur at (iodfrey's and Hathaway's sites, but we did find two or three of the bipennate stones and several shorter orna- ments of the Hathaway types. One of the bipennates shown in fig. 54 is practically of the same character as several found in the two cemeteries just mentioned. Two of the slender pendants are shown in fig. 55. The Red Paint People made use of very crude as well as finely finished ornamental stones, and one of those shown in the above figure is from the Sullivan Falls cemetery. They are ordinary thin sandstone slabs, crudely fashioned and perforated. Crescents have been found in most of the cemeteries with the exception of Wentworth's and Lancaster's, and they form a most interesting series. Two are shown in fig. 27, two others in fig. 54, and one in fig. 58, is from grave 121 of Sullivan Falls. A careful consideration of the problematical forms from these graves has led to the conclusion that the bipennate, crescent, and long pendants are very old forms of ornament in stone.* Chipped Objects. Numbers of chipped stone objects were found in the Alamoosook unit, some small but most of them too large for use as arrow heads. Figs. 48 and 49 present some of these artifacts from the Alamoosook and other sites. There are no marked local differences in the shapes. The majority are projectile points with barbed or shouldered tops, for use as arrow or spear heads. The points are generally narrow and the shoulders not pronounced, the simpler stemmed forms predominating, although three barbed specimens are among those shown. It is seldom that a knife is found, but one such exception is shown in the large object in the center of fig. 49. ■ See "Stone Ornaments," etc., by W. K. Moorehead. Andover, 1918. 1 1^2 M A 1 N E A R C II A E L G Y This is 25cm. long, G.S cm. wide at the base, 8 cm. across the middle, and 7 mm. thick in the middle, and is worked out of a block of Kineo felsite. It was found by Mr. Soper, together with two other similar blades, in a large (juantity of red ])aint about three hundred meters north east of the outlet of Lake Alamoosook. 'I'liiswiis not ;i cemelerv l)ut an isolated grave. We dug pits for some distance about llies|)()l l)iil could find no other deposit. Next to this knife, the largest chipped object found, a spear head, occurred in grave 74 and is numbered 5()5'.i5. Il measures 17 cm. in length, and 5 cm. in width. It is unusual to find more than one or two chipjjed objects in the same deposit, but in grave 14 at Hartford's three long chipped projectile points lay in the ocher. They are nos. 5i)W\, 50262, and 50263, and measure respectively: 19 cm. x 3.9 cm. x 11 mm.; 12.9 cm. x 3.3 cm. x 13 mm.; 11.8 cm. x 3.5 cm. x 9 mm. In fig. 48, all the specimens are made of a variety of translucent C[uartzite which is known to exist in Labrador but at present writing has not been found in situ in the State of Maine. The geologist, Mr. W. B. Smith, has searched in Maine for a deposit but has been unable to find one. Polished Slate Spears. The Alamoosook unit i)roduced very few of the long slender slate spears or daggers. The one shown in fig. 24, in position in a grave at Emerson's, is the only one found intact, although there were some fragments. As there were long slender spear points taken from the graves at Bucksport, Ellsworth, and Blue Hill, by Mr. Willoughby, ^Nlr. Woodcock, Mr. Haskell, and others, it seems strange that, with four Red Paint cemeter- ies on the shores of or near to Lake Alamoosook, practically none of these ob- jects were placed in the graves there. However, there were many short spear points, most of them exceedingly well wrought and highly polished. In figs. 57 and 58 a number of these objects from several different cemeteries are shown together, as the types are the same everywhere. Of the twelve shown, five are from Emerson's cemetery, three from Stevens's, and one each from Sullivan Falls, Hartford's, Wentworth's and Haskell's. The narrow, thin forms in fig. 57 came, two from Emerson's and one each from Haskell's and Sullivan Falls. There a]:)]>ear to lie few if any of these objects from the graves in (iodfrey's and Hathaway's cemeteries, up the Penolvscot. The small spear heads are broad and flat, the longer ones narrow and usiudly hexag- onal in cross section, seldom flat. With few exce]itit)ns all the slate sjiear heads are delicately worked out, great care being exert'ised in their manu- facture. The larger ones are wrought oul of liu' best riblnm slate. Fig. 58 shows the finest s])ecinu'ns taken from the gra\es, except one foinid at Winslow in the Lancaslcr (•(Muetery, which is now in the collection of the Bangor Historical Sociely. The specinu-u shown in llu' U])])er left corner in fig. 58 has a grooved and nolciu'd lop, such as lias iu)t been observed in other exaiuj)les. Stones, Pebbles, Urituling Tools, etc Reference has been matle a number Fig. 52- Series of plvimmets from the cemeteries. S. about 2-3. See page IC 114 MAINE ARC HAJ:0L0GY of limes to the large stones lliat soiiietimes occur l^eside the grave or deposit One of these is sliown in hg. 2'.\, which represents grave 61 of Emerson's cem- etery, as it was I'oinKL 'I'wo siih-s of Ihis rock were stained red by the ocher. In pro|)()rlion lo I he numher of gra\'es found at Mason's, the bright coU)red ])ebbh's Iwo or Ihree cenlinielers in diameter, the so-called "lucky stones,"" wei'e i-alher nuniei'ous. As I hey show no signs of artificial fashion- ing Ihey were- apparciilly picked up by Ihe rnitives along the beach because the color attracted I hem. Similar j)ebbles found at (iodfrey's cemeterj' showed signs of abrasion, liul the Emerson and Mason stones did not. In llarUV)rd"s site were several of the thin flat sandstone or shale rub- bing or smoothing stones and also a few larger and thicker stone slal>s. Some of these are perhaps large enough to have been used to grind corn on. In this cemetery as well as at Emerson's, V)ut not at ]\Iason's, there were a number of very rude and rough objects of stone. These have been observed in other cemeteries, ])articularly at the Tarr site on Georges River. In the same cemetery there would occur graves containing objects carefully wrought and polished and also interments with which there were very few implements and these of coarse and crude manufacture. From the taliulation of the details of all these objects little more was learned than from a general study of the collection. The exact use of many of the specimens perhaps will never be known, as no one has seen them hafted and in the hands of their Indian owners. Experiments shoidd however be made at some future time, with these tools inserted in various kinds of handles. From such a study many details of interest and value to science might be obtained. The Ellsworth I^nit The cemeteries at Sullivan Falls and Blue Hill (Haskell's) and the Ellsworth site explored about thirty years ago by ]Mr. Willoughby may be taken together as forming the Ellsworth unit. The last named is ajjproxi- mately the same distance from Lake Alamoosook as from Blue Hill, but the presence of slate spears seem to relate this site culturally more closely with the latter. Sullivan Falls seems somewhat different from the others, but as at least four fifths of it had been dug out during the railroad operations re- ferred to above, our comparisons cannot in any case be exact. We found there no long slate .spears and no large objects, no perforated stones or I)roblemalic;d forms, while only one or two crescents were secvu'ed. Our field records of Haskell's cemetery are greatly inferior to ■Nlr. AYilloughby's at Alamoosook, because, as ex])lained on jiage "28, it was not possilile for us to make detailed obsei-\'alions. We will confine t)ur lex! and illustrations here lo noting the difl'crenc-es between these Ihree sites in general and other areas and sites, the reader taking it for granted that the ordinary types found at xVlamoostjok occur here also. THE ELLSWORTH UNIT 115 The Sullivan Falls specimens are stained by yellow ocher, which pre- dominated there. Much of the decayed pyrites, of which there was a great deal in all the Sullivan Falls graves, was also a bright yellow. Some of our graves at Orland and one of the Ellsworth graves show the ]>resence of yellow ocher instead of red, and Mr. Willoughby has expressed the opinion that this yellow powder may be due to decay of iron pyrites. Many of the pebbles containing iron are yellow or have turned yellow upon disintegra- tion. The striking feature of Haskell's cemetery was the number of long dagger-like slate points. We have on exhibition at Andover eleven per- fect ones, six half lengths, and three broken ones of which a third of the length remains. The Bangor Historical Society has a perfect one. Mr. Haskell had at the time of our exploration some three or four, the workmen two or three, and Mr. Smith has recovered several, hence we may assume that the Haskell cemetery originally contained as many as thirty and per- haps more of these delicate objects. Next to the slate points, the size and symmetry of the adze and hatchet blades should be noted. Some of these have been shown in comiection with the Alamoosook specimens in figs. 42 and 51. The Ellsworth vmit produced not a few interesting j)lummets. Four of the more ordinary shapes from Haskell's and Sullivan Falls are shown in figs. 52 (nos. 52378^ 52460, 52524, 52531) and ah speciahzed plummets in figs. 59 and 60. The one on the lower left (fig. 54), from Sullivan Falls, sug- gests a human trunk.* Dotted lines and grooves seem to have been the fav- orite decorations at Sullivan Falls. At Haskell's there were doubly grooved plummets and also the globular form shown in fig. 52 at the top. A peculiarity was noted in the Hathaway plummets, the groove or neck being unusually wide, whereas in most plummets it is a deep, narrow cut or line. Inspection of the figures scattered through this report will show that the objects classed as plummets and effigies might be arranged in a single series with no sharp line of demarcation, although the extremes would be clearly differentiated. The same is true of certain other types or artifacts. A graduated series of objects, carefully selected, may begin with one well- established type and end with another. Hence one observer will classify a grooved or notched stone as a plummet and another student consider it a small j)endant or effigy. The Bangor Unit Under this head we include Godfrey's cemetery at Oldtown, the W. B. Smith village-cemetery site above Bangor, and two sites on the Passadum- * Probably tht' workmen at lioth these sites discarded many plummets and natural concretions, thinking them to be ordinary stones. Fig. 53. Two large [)lumm('t.s. ( )in' In lln- nglil Ironi SI('\in'plish-ljrown ashes and baked earth, and proved clearly that the contents of the pit had been bundled up and burned in the hole. Broken arrow points and spear heads were numerous, mostly lying on top of the Ijones or mixed with them in the upper part of the ])its. Objects Found in the Cremation Pits Perforators and Drills. So-called perforators or pieces representing them were found in every pit but one — from two to six or eight in each. These are the most characteristic objects of the deposits. No more careful or delicate chipping is known than that exhibited by some of these relics. A very few are entire, a few others though badly broken have been restored by cementing the pieces together, but the majority were so badly shattered by fire that they are irretrievably lost. Fig. 65 shows the longest one found, complete except for point. Its cross section is nearly square. Perforators and drills are rare on the Penobscot and it is sur])rising to find so many in these pits. Judging by the pieces found, no fewer than forty were buried here. Spearheads and Arroio points. It was plainly seen that nearly all the chiyjped blades — arrow points ami spear heads — were very thin and re- markably well made, but they formed such a jumble of fragments, some fee- ing j>artly fused by fire, that it was found hopeless to fit a majority of them together. A few had escaped breakage; these and the ones that could be fitted together make a total of forty-five comi)lete or nearly complete exam- ples saved, of a total of ])robal)ly one lumdred and fifty that were originally Vjuried. Some of these are spear heads, others are imdoubtedly arrow jioints, but the majority are of that int'ermediate size which is diificidt to classify. The largest blades .seem to l)e the most badly broken; the pieces found W. B. SMITH PAPER 137 indicate a total length of 12.4 cm. to 14 cm. for a few, while the longest complete one is a little under 10 cm. But whether large or small, they are, with few exceptions, remarkable for their thinness and uniformity of shape and their decided flare at the shoulders. Fig. 66 shows the outlines of a few average examples correctly, but fails to do justice to the excellence of the chipping. Knii'ea. Some of the above objects maj^ have been used as knives. Among the other fragments are pieces representing about half a dozen lilades with a plano-convex cross-section, that almost certainly were knives. Not enough material was recovered, however, to complete any single speci- men. Scrapers. Two scrapers were found. They are made of milky quartz and both were broken. They are without stems and are of the ordinary types found so plentifully hereabouts. A variety of minerals and rocks are represented by these chipped ar- ticles. Among them the Mt. Kineo quartz porphyry is rather prominent. In some of it the ground mass is changed to a purple color, some is in spots coated with glass from partial fusion, and much is broken into small, jagged, angular fragments defying re-assemblage, although showing surfaces of the original painstaking chipping. A small percentage of well-made blades were of ordinary milkj^ quartz but none of these remain entire. Perhaps the majority are made of a dense, unidentified rock, showing a favorable working conchoidal fracture and at present a light gray color. Some are of igneous types not easily recognized and not found heretofore, as far as I am aware, on this river. Not a single article of flint was found. Gouges. No complete gouges were recovered but pieces of at least four individual gouges were found. As far as observable they closely resemble those from Red Paint finds, but none are of the sanie materials as the Red Paint types. Celts. The remnants of at least sixteen of these tools were found in all, but with few exceptions they were too badly broken for restoration. Many of the pieces showed a rounding of the angles analogous to spheroidal weathering. Bone Tools. So many bits of calcined bone were found, too small for identification, that little care was taken at first to save much of this ma- terial or even to examine it as closely as should have been done. Thus it is not improbable that some interesting remnants were overlooked. But when we had once happened to notice that a small fragment of bone had apparent- ly been worked, a sharper watch was kept afterwards and pieces of bone chisels, gouges and awls were found, beside a few examples with diamond shaped points which appear to have been bone counterparts of the stone perforators. Human Bones. As stated above, small bone fragments were numerous Penobscot R. Village 5ite Cemetery Fig. 64. Cross section of terrace on which Mr. Smith found a village site and cemetery. W. B. SMITH PAPER 139 They had been badly burned, crumpled easily and were hard to save. It was of course suspected that they were human. A small lot was kindly examined by Dr. William C. Mason of Bangor, who identified several as positively not human; others he said might be human but they were too small for him to be certain about them. A few rather larger pieces were found in a pit discovered later and these have recently been sent to Mr. Moorehead at Andover. He took them to Dr. Hooton of the Anthropologi- cal Section of the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, who recognized them as human and identified bj^ name the various parts. Dr. Allen of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy concurred with the opinion of Dr. Hoo- ton. The doctors found in the lot, in addition to the human bones, a couple of bones probably belonging to a large fish. Thus we have fragments of human bones, animal bones, bone tools, and a surprisingly large number of stone relics, badly mixed together and mingled with the ashes of miscellaneous substances, in these fire pits, which were without doubt primarily intended as graves for human beings. If any definite arrangement of the contents of these graves was originally made, the destructive fires would necessarily have obscured it. Yet as the digging proceeded it was noticed that spear heads, arrow points, perforators, and the few scrapers occurred near the top of the deposit mixed with bone frag- ments, and that the stone celts and gouges were invariably found at the bottom beneath the bones.* In the upper part of one grave close to its northern edge four small spear heads were found in contact, in parallel orientation pointing north. One was nearly perfect but the others were fire-cracked and fell to pieces upon being removed. Directly south on the opposite side of the grave, a dis- colored brown streak projected out and slightly upward, like the handle of a frying pan, till cut off by the top soil. Apparently four spears with wooden shafts had been placed across the grave pointing north, the grave had been covered with soil and the spaces between the spear shafts created a draught conducting smoke from the smouldering fire beneath. Red Paint Graves Before the cremation pits were entirely worked out, Red Paint graves were discovered at a greater depth, indirectly underlying these pits but spreading out over a larger area. In all, eighteen graves containing ocher were excavated. The accompanying plan, fig. 67, and the cross section, fig. 68, show the location of graves and pits and their relation to each other.* These graves have no discernible outlines and their original size is judged * Mr. Smith describes adzes, celts and other stone objects which are not Red Paint types. A. fev whole ones were found in the pits, together with many fragments of broken stone tools. * The Red Paint graves are lettered, the cremation pits numbered. Fu!. (i5. Fair and siili- view of loiif,' uhippcd, drill-lib- ohjcct. Walti-r I!. Smith site. S. 1-2. Fig. 6G. Chipped, shoiJldered spear from tlio Walter H. Sniitli site. See pp. 136, 137. S. 1-2. OBJECTS FOUND IN RED PAINT GRAVES 141 only by the extent of the ocher deposits and the occasional relics fonnd just outside. The soil is a fine loamy sand near the top, with yellowish or gray- ish sand extending to the depth of the grave. The ocher was as a rule de- posited on coarse grajdsh sand which gave excellent drainage. In some graves boulders were found, and in one case the red ocher had been deposited directly on top of a large boulder. The whole formation is glacial, varying in material in different parts from clay to sand, gravel and boulders. The graves lay between eighty-five centimeters and one meter deep and the deposit of ocher at the bottom varied in different graves from about two thirds of a meter to a little more than a meter and a third in greatest diame- ter. All but two contained relics. No new types were found, but several kinds occurring elsewhere were absent. Objects Found in Red Paint Graves Human Bones. Perhaps the most important discovery made here was the finding of small fragments of bones closely bunched and completely im- bedded in a dense mass of red ocher about one meter from the surface in grave H. These also were submitted to Dr. Hooton and Dr. Allen for ex- amination and were reported to be calcined human bones. Although none of these fragments exceed twenty-eight millimeters in length, the doctor was able to identify five of the various parts by name. The only stone relics occurring in the ocher with the bones are two chipped blades made of mate- rial closely resembling the Mt. Kineo quartz-porphyry. The red ocher had a maximum thickness of 1.9 cm. and thinned out in an irregvdar oblong area two thirds of a meter by one meter. It was unusually firm and probably could have been removed almost as a solid cake, A small mass of limonite,* all that was left of a fire-making set, was found in the ocher near the V>ones. The presence of human bones in red ocher — and these are the first to be positively identified as such — is good evidence that these places are really graves and not deposits of votive offerings. It is soniewhat surprising to find the bones showing evidence of calcination, as no traces of fire are seen below the top soil in any of these graves. Therefore it seems the burn- ing must have been done before the burial, unless it be possible that suffi- cient heat to produce this calcining was developed by the decomposition of pyrite fire stones. Fire Making Outfits. A j^articularly interesting feature of these de- posits was the care with which they had been su])plied with the means for producing fire; nearly every grave contained two or three flattened ovate or clam-shaped masses of limonite — about 6 cm. to 11.2 cm. across and 4 cm. through, coated with rather loosely adhering iron-stained sand which could be for the most part easily brushed off. The majority of these objects * Limonite or bog-ore is yellow or browu iron ore wliieh occurs in wet places. 3 1-4 motors Fig. 67. Plan of gravos and firo pits of tlio Walter 15. Smith site. RED PAINT PEOPLE AND ALGONKINS 143 are hollow and some contained yellow ocher and a greenish -colored powder. The sides of the hollow ones are thin, smooth and usually somewhat broken. In one case they had almost completely disappeared, leaving only a dough- nut shaped ring of rough limonite. These thin sides either show an impres- sion of birch bark or are themselves fossilized birch bark — limonite pseu- domorphs. x\n attempt has been made to show some of these in fig. 69. The original substance of the limonite and yellow ocher may have been pyrite but in this cemetery its decomposition product resembles that of the hard, impure nodules of phyrrotite from Katahdin Iron Works. In one in- stance a small hammer stone of quartz-porphyry was found firmly attached by iron rust to a small mass of limonite. It is evident that two pieces of pyrite or other hard ore or one of pyrite and one of a flint-like stone were care- fully wrapped in birch bark and placed in the grave, that material for kind- ling a fire might be at hand when needed. This is clear proof of the Red Paint People's method of making fire, as well as of their belief in a future existence. The birch bark may have been intended for kindling or used only to protect the objects which it enclosed. The shape of some of these limon- ite masses suggests that the fire-making outfits may have been enclosed in large clam or scallop shells. It seems certain that articles other than stone were at least in some cases placed in this red paint — perishable objects that now show only as rounded sections and long streaks without sharp boundaries or definite shapes, and observable only by the contrast in color between their ashes and the red ocher. A microscopical examination of this gray dust or ash re- vealed in several instances a few minute scales of charcoal. This indicates that the articles buried may have been fire-smoothed shapes of wood and their rod-like shapes and half-round sections suggest bows, arrowshafts and spear handles. But these dust forms are but gray ghosts of the original ob- jects and are far too intangible for identification. RED PAINT PEOPLE AND ALGONKINS Various theories have been advanced as to the identity of the Red Paint People. The most obvious question is, naturally, whether they were the same people as the Indians who inhabited New England at the time Europeans first came here and whose descendants still survive, namely the Algonkins. For light on this point we should make some comparisons be- tween the Algonkin types of artifacts common on the village sites and in the shell heaps of Maine and the rest of New England, and the contents of the Red Paint graves. Up to the present time not a single piece of pottery nor any grooved axe, no tablet-shaped ornament, stone pipe, bone or shell ornament, scraper, grooved hammer or thick, oval celt, has been found in any of their graves. These contain more spear points than arrow points and the slate points are A Cremation Pit 8 Red- paint QpcK^e H B ''C'. z-^^ z'/y/"//''/, ■,„.,.; 7- '/X'y'"//.' ^'-'-, ^^ Fiv S8' Verlical cross sectiorv A, B, iKrou^K Cremation Pif^S and Red-paint Grave -H, C Cultivated soil, DD. Dii>- turbed sand. E Lampblack-like mass w'ltii mavv/ tire-broKen relics arwJ calcined bone- frdg,merit5. f. Red ochre witii a few relics. G,0. Undisturbed sand. Ho definite oot\\r\e5 for awy of lbe v&A pEvinl burisl? could be determined but tin occ^.s^or^e.^ flit\t chip or o bt of cKarcoal ^r\d pstches of darker colored s^nd were sul- ficient evidence of soil disturbance wi\V\out ibe condusiife jiroo? furm^hed b/ larg,e c|u&ntilies of red ocbre wit(v stone relics found ai itie bottoms o< fbe g^,r^\/£^). The cremation pits- du^, rnuch later-showed welldefineci bound- aries and ijie dislurbed Soil wjv'd son^evvf^^t d^rHer colored Throughout 1f\e.n 1hal of "rf\e red-p^nt graves. MODERN INDIAN BURIAL 145 common, wliereas on ordinary village sites they are absent or very rare, and I do not know of one being found in a shell heap. Chipped knives are also very rare. A comparison of the gouges and adze blades with those of known Algonkin manufacture indicates that they are not made by the same people. The writer agrees with the opinion expressed by Mr. Willoughby and Professor Bates, who visited Emerson's cemetery during the course of our ex- plorations, to the effect that the grooved axe was introduced from the west; being found serviceable there it probably came into New England somewhat later. On the other hand the celt-gouge and double gouge forms of the Red Paint People were not used by the western aborigines, at least not in the Mississippi valley. That the Red Paint People did not copy the grooved axe and that their own most characteristic forms were unknown to other American Indians, together with the evident great antiquity of their cul- ture seems to justify the inference that it existed before the general Algonkian development, although no such argument should be considered conclusive, in the light of our present knowledge. MODERN INDIAN BURIAL AT SARGENTVILLE It has been claimed by some that the prehistoric graves we have opened in so many places are identical with modern Indian interments. These state- ments are not made by those who have actually excavated in Maine, but by persons not familiar with Maine archaeology. In view of a recent publi- cation of the Bureau of Ethnology*, the following detailed study of a modern burial is presented. Readers are requested to compare this grave with those of the Red Paint People previously described. In 1912 some members of our expedition went to Sargentville in the town of Sedgwick and explored the shores of Walker's pond. Test pits were sunk on a knoll and an upland slope in the field of Mr. Hugh Brown, on the west shore of the pond. These revealed nothing. A search of such beach as lay bare yielded a few Kineo felsite chips. The supposed large camp site was said to be at the northern end of the pond, in Brooksville. On July 9th pits were sunk on a knoll twenty meters from the lake on the land of Mr. Grindel. The place is called "the Indian burying ground." On the very top of this knoll, in dry, stony soil, were found the remains of a single skele- ton, accompanied by copper and shell beads. Only such bones were left as were preserved by the copper. Of the skull, only the lower jaw and teeth remained. At the neck were found two rolled copper cylinders about eight centimeters long, still strung together on a piece of thong. The remains of a third cylinder were also found. Resting upon what had been the chest of the body was a rectangular copper plate, about twenty-two by five centimeters, containing three small, irregular perforations along the middle line. Be- * Bulletin 71, "Native Cemeteries and Forms of Burial East of the Mississippi," Washington, 1920, by D. I. Bushnell, Jr. LEGEND A V/LLACE SITE A CEMETFRY A/^.P Red paint cenbtery X XX SHELL HEAf l'i:g.4'5 Parts oT prel\i5loric tli't'-niivKm^ oulfils, Limonitt rvodules pseujomorph after pynte v\iith fo35(l birch brvrk covcriiu', FRANKLIN e V N TO N'S; SULLIVAN PLAN X SITES ABOUT FRENCHMAIMS BAY MODERN INDIAN BURIALS 147 neath this was a well-preserved sheet of hide, of leatliery texture. Upon this being carefully removed, a layer of white and black shell beads, still in order, was disclosed. They consisted of one long string and many shorter ones at right angles to this. These all rested upon another fold of hide. About them occurred shreds and lumps of bark or matting. Five or six of the cervical vertebrae, all stained green, were j)reserved. Some of the smaller ribs were likewise preserved. Apparently some copper object had rested under the body, as several sjjlinters of copper were wedged among the vertebrae. Parts of the scai)ella and humerus remained. The white beads were comparatively thick and probably of clam shell (venii.s- merceiiaria?) while the black or more properly purple beads were very thin and were some- times strung double. A nimiber of loose beads were found, and all the earth coming from the grave was sifted through the fingers before being thrown aside. In working out the grave beyond where the objects occurred it was sometimes possible to trace discolorations in the clayey soil, marking the de- cay of the larger bones or of the bark or matting wrapping. No stone ob- jects were found with this burial, nor any trace whatever of other metal than copper. The body was about thirty-three centimeters below the surface, and as nearly as could be determined lay north and south at full length and with the head to the south, and the bones were those of a young person. Subsequent pitting on this knoll and adjacent areas revealed nothing fur- ther. An analysis of the copper proves it to be European rather than native American, as is shown by the following statement contained in a letter from Professor C. H. White of the Mining School of Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts, July 14, 1913 Dear Mr. Manning: — At last I have as nearly completed the analysis of the copper you gave me from the Indian grave in Maine, as the size of the sample will permit. I find the following percentages of metals present: Copper . 95 . 89 Tin 0.38 Lead. . 0.55 Iron 0.14 The metal also contains arsenic and antimony, but I was not able to determine the amounts of these metals, owing to the small sample that I had to work upon. On account of the corroded condition of the metal I found it impossible to obtain a sample absolutely free from oxides. "T" T" -I^ '?^ 'T* I am sorry not to be able to report the arsenic and antimony; but the results that I have been able to obtain will probably enable you to de- termine the origin of the metal. Yours very sincerely, (Signed) Charles H. White p a; THESHELLHEAPS 149 Dr. R. B. Orr, Director, Provincial Museum, Canada, in a letter dated August 11, 1921, called my attention to the discovery of seven or eight skel- etons on the north shore of Lake Ontario, immediately west of the city of Toronto. The burials were accompanied by a quantity of red ocher, appar- ently soft hematite but not very brilliant. In the State University Museum at Columbus, Ohio, I was shown some bones colored brilliant red by contact with powdered hematite. These were found in a gravel knoll, or glacial kame burial. Clarence B. Moore, Esq., has reported quantities of powdered hematite found with skeletons in one of the mounds explored by him. In all these instances the powdered hema- tite was present, but the eight well known Red Paint People types are ab- sent — as they are everywhere save where the Red Paint culture area ex- tends in Maine. Although both Mr. Willoughby and myself have called attention to the fallacy of Mr. Bushnell's argument to the effect that all burials containing powdered hematite are practically the same culture, yet according to this latest publication, he* seems to persist, notwithstanding the evidence of several hundred graves to the contrary. THE RED PAINT PEOPLE AND THE SHELL HEAPS One feels safe in suggesting that the Red Paint People did not live at the shell heaps or at least that they did not accumulate shell heaps. It is perhaps impossible to prove this statement absolutely, as it is impossible to prove many other generally accepted statements in American archaeology; but it is an opinion based upon many months of work among the shell heaps along the Maine coast. In the heaps themselves no broken slate spears, unfinished gouges, crescents, or other forms included under the list of persistent types are found, with the sole exception of some rude plummets, but plummets occur everywhere, as is well known. I do not af- firm that the Red Paint People did not visit the coast, but only that no vil- lage of theirs upon the coast has been identified. They have left few of any of their characteristic objects on the surface near salt water, although curiously enough there are five known cemeteries on shores facing salt water. One would naturally suppose that they would occasionally lose an adze or hatchet blade, part of a slate spear, a chunk of iron pyrites, a crescent, a long pendant, or some other object, in places where they were living. We find none of these things in the shell heaps, although we have hand-trowelled an area equal to hundreds of square meters; but on the contrary we discover great quantities of broken pottery and bone implements, hammer stones, etc., of which the Red Paint People made no use, so far as can be determined. * "Native C'emeteries and Forms of Burial East of the Mississippi." Bureau of American Ethnology, Bui. 71, p. 15. 150 ■ M A I N E ARCH A E L O G Y In tlu' AnuTicaii Aiillir<)i)()l()f,nst for T915,* Mr. Willoiighby published a ])a])er on llic Red I'ainI People, in reply to a recent contention of Mr. Dav- id I. Buslinell of the Bnreau of American P^thnology, that there was no es- l)eeial difference helween llie Red I'aint enlture and that of other Indians.** In this paper lie refers jjarl ieularly lo (he adze blade, a subject in which he is nnich inleresled and upon vvliicli he lias already |)resented a paper in the same journal. f lieaders will find I liese I wo ])a|)ers of use when seeking know- ledge concerning the use of slone artifacts by New England Indians. In the concluding sentence of the later jiaper, the author, always conservative, says: "A careful study of availabh- data seems lo indicate that they [the Red Paint I'eople] were not contem])orary with the Algonkian tribes whose refuse piles form most of the shell heajjs along the New England coast." We nuiy add that, were they of the "shell-heaj) culture," they certainly would have placed some of the characteristic shell-hea]) tools in at least a few of the four hundred and forty graves that we have explored. The utter absence of forms common to Indian graves elsewhere in the United States is characteristic of the graves. This is our strongest evidence that they are not to be classed with Iroquoian or Algonkian, and brings us to our final observation, that the Red Paint People lived before the construc- tion of shell heaps and before the i\lgonkian development in Elaine. THE BEOTHUK THEORY. In 1915 the University Press of Uambridge, England, published a large volume by James P. Howley, Esq. entitled "The Beothuks, or Red Indians, the Aboriginal Inhabitants of Newfoundland." This scholarly work was hailed by some as presenting a solution of the Red Paint Peoi)le jjroblem. The writer of this report has made a careful comjiarison between the ob- jects taken from Red Paint graves by our surveys and those illustrated by Howley at the end of his volume. He jjresents a large number of bone im- plements, many of which are worked into fanciful designs similar to some found in the Iroc|uois graves of the INIohawk Valley, but the stone gouges. hatchet blades, spear and arrow points and chi])])i'd objects bear little re- semblance to the ty])es found in Maine. There are no long, slender sjjears or daggers, none of the ci'escents oi- little effigies such as are found in the Red Paint graves; and above all, the red i)ainl is missing frcuu their l)urials. If the Beothuks aiul llu' Wed Paint l\'o])le are one and the same, there is little indication of tlie identity in a cultural similarity. It is the ojiinion of the writer that the Red Indians of Newfoundland are not descendants of the people to whom we liax'c dexoted so nuich spact' in this book. It seems incredible that they should \\:\yr so changed tlu'ir art in tra\elling so short * Vol. XVll, pp. -|.0(i-1.0!l. " * Op, c-il. V(,l. XVII, pp. '.'()7-J(l!l. t Op. (it. Vol, IX, i!(()7, pp, '.'!)(i-;ii)(;. THE BEOTHTTK THEORY 151 a distance as from Maine to Newl'onndland. The literature on this subject is not extensive, however, as no field work has been projected by other insti- tutions than Phillips x\cadeniy. The conclusion to be drawn from all these comparisons seems clearly to be that the Red Paint People did not merge with any other known culture to the east, the west, the north, or the south; that they are absolutely dis- tinct and very ancient. Whether, as has been suggested, we might find a change or a merging into another culture in Nova Scotia, cannot be fully de- termined until explorations are carried into that quarter. If there is a similarity to be noted with the culture of any tribe known to history, it would perhaps be with the Eskimo. Some implements in use among this people suggest Red Paint influence. Hence if the writer were to theorize at all upon the question of what became of the Red Paint People, he would offer the suggestion that they moved northward and later became the Eskimo. As to the antiquity of these people stated in years, no one is able to set even approximate dates. In comparison with aboriginal interments in more than twenty other states where the author has explored, they appear very old. They have begun to fit into their geologic surroundings and do not ap- pear modern in any sense of the word. No other graves have just such an ap- pearance. PART III. THE SHELL HEAPS OF MAINE A. EXPJ.ORATIONS During llu' last twenty or thirty years a nuniher of pamphlets and articles in seienlifie ])eriodicals have l)een devoted to the shell heaps of the iil>{)er Atlantic coast, among which those at Damariscotta, ]VIaine, are es- pecially noted.* It is not surj)rising that such remains should receive more attention from observers than interior village sites or Red Paint cemeteries, for they are usually visible from the water and jjersons voyaging along the coast often land and examine them. Maine shell heaps are usually composed of clam shells with an admix- ture of mussel shells. Clams predominate and mussels seem only to have been eaten when the natives were short of other food. The heaps range in size from those four or five meters broad, such as mark the site of a wigwam for a few seasons, to the great oyster shell heaps at Damariscotta, some of which are a hundred meters or more in length and even at this late day over seven meters high. They are always near a good clam-flat, never upon a bold, rocky shore. Often they occupy a long point, occasionally a sheltered cove, and sometimes they are just back from a straight shore-line. They are seldom located more than five meters above high tide. The surface has often been plowed and used for raising crops, as the buried shells make a wonderfully rich and productive soil. Our surveys examined some of these heaps during the years that we were along the coast hunting for village sites and cemeteries. In 191 '•2 none were excavated, but in succeeding years many were inspected and explored, our most extensive work being done in Frenchman's Bay in 1913 and at Castine in 1915. No one knows the exact number of these accumulations of shell, which are scattered all along the Maine coast from the New Hampshire line to Calais. Professor Bates located many of them upon his maps and we were permitted to copy these entries u])on our own maps. The total thus known is something like two hundred and fifty.** Careful work about the shores of everv inlet, bav and island along the coast would add at least three huntlred * Sec Bit)lionr:i|)liy lunlrr ( 'iisliiiif,', I'ulM.iiii, Morsi'. I.ocinii.s, :iiiil \ (luus. ** About 00 liy liiitrs; 1!)0 by I'liillips .Vcadciiiy. I'rotVssor Katos had otlior maps, it is said, l)ut these are not available at preN<'nt. Our maps do not show heaps less than 20 meters in diameter and em. to 8 cm. thick. Fin. 71. The men at work trenching the Calf Island shell heap. See p. 158. REFERENCE ■ A. SoJ Li», B. Bi-oKgh Shell* C. Decoyed Vegetation Layep- 0. U.JistortfJ Stratum E. Hassts 0;f CItan Shells F. Decoyed Veyetotron Layir G. U„d,stui-beci St.-otum H. ffoclCs, Charcoal and Ashes B -v^ IsiSf'in lilii CROSS SECTION OF B Y N T N'S SHEL HEAP. LAMOINE, MAINE. Fig. 72 154 M A I N E A R C H A E O L O G Y more, as those who are famihar with the Maine ocean border contend. Mnch of the coast hne has not been intensively worked, for the reason that, hirge as were onr parties, we (hd not iiave time to cover all of this great region, esi)ecially as we were primarily' searching for cemeteries and village sites. Shell heaps are very nuicli alike, and wlien one has examined thirty or forty of them and found little or no difl'erence in the culture of the makers, he turns his researches in other directions. A [)art of our crew was usually kept on shell-hea]) work while others searc'hed for cemeteries. In the lower layers of the heavier hea])s tluTc is much fine black earth and soot which seems to have a l)ad effect upon the hands, cracking the skin and causing sores if the men continue hand-trowelling for more than two weeks together. We therefore changed frequently frcnn this to the other form of exploration in order to rest the men. In most heaps we find many pits a half meter to several meters in ex- tent, which have been dug by seekers after bone and stone objects. It has invariably been our custom to fill up our own excavations, fjut irresponsible persons leave theirs open. Owners complain that, as those who dig under- mine the banks, high tides wash away the land thus exposed and damage results. One advantage, however, accrues to the thorough worker from this "pot-hunting", for the unfilled pits indicate to him how much work has al- ready been done and whether enough of the heap remains to justify proper explorations. In all the shell accumulations, village sites, or kitchen middens examined by our party at any time, neitlier regularity of form of the heap itself nor intelligent, orderly disposition of objects was to be observed. To make an intelligible map of any shell heap would be impossible, and the same is true of any series of measurements. It is sufficient to say that the heap is so long and of such depth and breadtli. The specimens of stone, bone, clay, and chert are scattered all through the mass. They may lie near the surface or be at the bottom, but fewer are found near tlie top of the hea]3. Plowing or any disturbance would cause the heavier objects to settle, since the upper shells are loosely packed. The artifacts lie among the shells, in black earth, in ashes, or wedged between rocks, or at the very base. Frenchman's Bay In July, 191.'5, after our work upon the Wvd Paint cemetery on Parker's Point, Blue Hill, we located at Hancock Pt)iul, o])posite Bar Harl)or. This region lies at the heart of the shell-hea]) culture, although it includes also the Sullivan Falls cemetery of the \ivd Paint People, u])on which we spent j^art of our time.* We dug out several small heaps near our base, collecting vari- * Tliere iirc inori' tluui sixLy shell limps, \:ir'^r Mini sniiill, witliin twrnty Iciloiueters of Mount Desert I^'erry. Fig. 73. Above, point on which Boynton's .shell heap is located. Mt. Desert in the distance. Below, trenches at Boynton's shell heap the second day. These were later made into one large pit or excavation. 156 M A I N E ARCH A E L O G Y ous implements of the forms common in shell heaps, and as we had volun- teers, we were able to work out many meters of earth and shells in a single day. The shell hea])s in this region are almost entirely composed of clam valves. A few larger quahog, mussel and scallop shells are to l^e seen, but clams are at least ninety-seven percent of the whole. The clams appear to have been roasted on hot stones, (ireal numbers of stones from ten to twenty-five centimeters in diameter, blackened or burnt red, occur in all the heajxs. The shells themselves often exhibit traces of fire and are some times even charred, but they are clean and clear when no burnt stones or charcoal are near. All the heai)s contain larger clams than the average dug up by modern clam hunters. Sullivan Falls Shell Heap. Two lumdred meters below the Sullivan Falls cemetery, on a point of land just opjiosite the clam flat, is a heap meas- uring about thirty-five meters north and south by forty meters east and west. It is marked B on plan VII. Our excavations here were extensive for the reason that it lay so near the Red Paint cemetery and we hoped to learn something new — possibly that the Red Paint People had lived on this site. We dug out practically the whole of it, but excejit three plummets in the bot- tom layer, nothing was found different from the forms of shell-heap artifacts elsewhere. The list of finds is: Plummets 3 Broken and whole arrow heads 24 Spear heads 4 Hammer stones 3 ITnfinished implements 47 Bones "7 boxes Scrapers 5 Rubbing stones 3 Knives "i Celts 8 Worked antler 1 Pottery 3 boxes Awls 6 Perforated shell 1 Broken gouge 1 Drilled bear teeth ' '2 Broken objects 40 Worked bones '2 Chips 5 boxes Total 167 Fig. 74. The mass of shells at Boynton's. The central part of this picture is about one halt meter from the surface. Fig. 75. Teeth of moose, bear, panther, wolf, lynx, and beaver from Stover's, Sullivan Falls, Ward- well's and Butler's sites. S. 2-5. 158 M A I N E A R C H A E L O G Y Tlie less importiuit slid! licaps whicli we examined may be mentioned briefly as follows: One kilometer nortii ol' Sullivan Falls on llie west side of the channel is a heap which we dug out ralher thorcjughly. It measnres 25 m. by 15 m. and is ;?() cm. to 40 cm. thick. Little was found. Several others were .still further nj) toward I he norlh wesi, near P^gypt Bay. On the .south end of Burying Island, four kilometers above the F;dls, is a long heap following the outline of a cove, in which we made partial excavations. It is 100 m. long in a semi-circle, 10 m. to 15 m. wide, and 20 cm. to (iO cm. deej). On Butler's Point, one and a half kilometers north of Burying Island, is a heap 100 m. long from east to west, 15 m. to 20 m. wide, and 30 cm. to 1 m. in depth which is rich in bone objects. We excavated extensively but could not com- plete the work, as the owner decided to retain the place for "summer guests " to explore. Sufficient information was secured, however, to indicate that it is an important site. We recovered 533 objects in three days, of which 147 were bone tools. Some interesting specimens were secured by digging in a shell heap be- longing to Mr. W^ardwell, on the shore near Mount Desert Ferry, between Sullivan Falls and Hancock Point. Ingalls Island, opposite Mount Desert Ferry, has shell heaps at both north and south ends, which are about 30 m. long, 10 m. to 20 m. wide, and .30 cm. to 60 cm. deep. They had been greatly disturbed bj^ relic hunters and our force did not do much digging. On Bean's Island, two kilometers south of the Ferry, are two heaps. A small one at the east end, 20m. by 10 m. and 40 cm. deep, was excavated in part. Near the west end is one which extends along the south shore for 30 m. and back from the shore 10 m., and is 15 cm. to 35 cm. deep. This was well excavated. The shell heaps in this region contain very few mussel or scallop shells, whereas near Castine there is a considerable proportion of shells other than those of clams. Calf Island tihell Heap. While we were in the JNIount Desert region. Dr. Peabody joined us for some time and he proposed that some one shell heap should be carefully hand-trowelled out in order to ascertain all possible facts. Although shell heaps are refuse piles, (luite different from cemeteries and not much more could be learned from intensive digging than by means of the larger tools, yet he thought that the ex])eriment should be tried. Ac- cordingly most of Ihe crew of twelve men were assigned to him and he put them to work on Calf Island, at the entrance of Frenchman"sBay, which be- longs to Colonel Morrell of Philadelphia. They excavated from the center outward until the "feather edge" was ri'ached and nothing more was to be found. Fig. 71 ])resents the crew at work trenching the heap. Dr. Peabody's notes are here insei'ted: "On August 22, l!)i;5, excavations were started on Calf Island, Frenchman's Bay. Trenches were excavated as follows, beginning on the SHELL HEAPS OF MAINE 159 bluff of the south shore at a point about midway between the east end of the island and the rise of ground in front of the house of the owner of the island, Colonel INIorrell, of Philadelphia. Trench A — 8 meters north and south, 4 meters east and west. Trench B — (5 meters north and south, 6 meters east and west. (Trench B lay 2 meters west of trench A.) Trench C — 6 meters west-south-west and east-north-east, 2 meters north-north-west, and south-south-east. (Trencli C lay 7 meters to the east of trench A.) Trench D — 4 meters north and south, 3 meters east and west. (Trench D lay 17 meters east of the east end of trench C.) Trencli E — 6 meters north and south, about the same east and west. (Trench E lay 10 meters west of trench B.) Trench F — 4 meters north and south, 4 meters east and west. (Trench F lay 1 meter 50 cm. north of trench A.) Trench G — 3 meters north-east and south-west, 1 meter 50 cm. north-west and south-east. (Trench G lay 1 meter 50 cm. east of the north-east corner of trench A.) "The entire shell heap has a length of 67 meters with a maximum breadth of 31 meters. The depth of shells varies from a few centimeters to 40 cm.; the amount seems to depend on the original inequalities of the surface. There was little evidence of stratification. "As a result of the excavations the following specimens were col- lected : Projectile points 2 Broken projectile points 1 Scrapers, red jasper 2 Scrapers, white quartz 4 Scrapers, dark chert 1 Scrapers, unfinished 1 Projectile points or rejectsor unfinished points 10 Perforator (?) 1 Grooved axe 20 cm. x 11 cm. x 6 cm. 1 "Turtlebacks" 2 Celts, thick 3 Celts, thin 3 Adzes, broken or unfinished 2 Nuclei 7 Chips 240 Chips, red jasper 6 Chips, quartz 5 Fia. 76. Wheeler's Cove shell heap, near Castine. Before exploration. Less than a third appears in the picture. P 1 T B P I T C i EXCAVATIONS IN WHEELER'S SHELL HEAP, NEAR CASTINE. Fig. 77. PLAM U OUTLINE MAP Of THE LOWER PART OF HANCOCK COUNTY -* FALLS 102 MAINE AR( HAE()L()(iY IlimiHKM' stones 14 Frii^7iu'ii[ of "mill " 1 Iron "liaiidlc" 1 (On surface) Bone i)oinls iin lione poinis and fra^inenls, nnmd 1 1 lione (isli lidoks and frafjnieids 12 lione harpdons S Polter>' fraf^nienls (iar<^'esl (i em. x .'> em. x 5 mm.) 122 'l\)lal 463 "Animal hones were found re])resentirf^ the following' s])eeies: moose (very numerous), hoheat, Indian dof^, hea\er. otter, grey seal, l)irds, and shells of the razor clam. 1 hese identifications were made hy Dr. (ilover M. Allen of Harvard University, who kindly examined all the shell-heaj) materials." It was not known at the time that Professor Loomis and Mr. Young of Amherst had jireviously explored a part of Calf Island heap. In their re- port in the American Journal of Science"' they list fifty-eight im])lements of various kinds and bones of thirty-nine birds, animals and fish, which shouhl be added to Dr. Peabody's total. The heap had been considerably dis- turbed by excavators and also plowed over a mmiber of times; hence many objects had doubtless been carried away by previous visitors. Stover's Shell Heap. Near Sorrento, on the east side of Frenchman's Bay opposite Hancock Point, is a shell heap on the estate of ^Nlrs. Louise Stover. It lies nearly north and south along the shore for 82 meters and var- ies from 10 to 12 meters in width. Three or four meters of the width have been washed away by the tides. The depth was from a f[uarter of a meter to one meter. The site had not been disturbed by previous investigation, but we ex- cavated only about half of the heap, as the oce;in was undermining the liank and the owner did not wish it dug down. There were no strata or periods of occupancy to be observed, all indications jiointing to a gradual and steady accumulation of the matei-ial. Human relics wert' uunu'i-ous but there were no iny fire. Some two hundred objects of inleresi were recoN'cred, iucludiug har])oons, a jiipe, an efligy, Hsh hoohs, elc 'I'he jjosilion of the obji'cts was tlu' same as elsewhere. * Vol. xxxiv, .jiii.v, wvi, \ones lay next to this also. These dejjosits were kept separate in our packing boxes. Similar finds at Boynton's and elsewhere bring u\) the question of cannibali.sm among the shell-heaj) people, which will be discussed in our Conclusions. There were numerous small fragments of i)ottery scattered through this heaj), and a))out a bushel of bones, flint chijjs, broken imi)lements, etc. were saved. The shell heap on Ludlow's Point is situated less than two kilometers u]) the Bagaduce River from Leech's Narrows. The site here is small, be- ing not more than twenty meters in length by twelve meters in width. The shells are not thick, but there is a great deal of black earth, charcoal and ashes. The deposit varies from fifteen to thirty centimeters in dej^th. For the size of the ground, this place yielded more oljjects than any other in which we have dug. The men found about seventy chip])ed im])lements, one hundred worked bones, and one hundred pottery fragments, celts, etc. within this small space. Also the average of specimens foimd on this site was better than of those from other places, the objects exhibiting a finer finish. Ludlow's Point may be considered the site of a small village rather than a refuse shell heap of the usual character, since in such heajis the art is crude and few well-made specimens are found in jirojiortion to the whole mimber of objects. Wheeler'. -i Cove Shell Heap. While the men were working at Ludlow's Point, the boys and I spent our time on a shell heap lying on the south side of High Head, at a i)lace which we named Wheeler's Cove, in honor of Dr. George A. Wheeler,* who has given us nuich infornuition concerning this re- gion. This heap was over one hundred meters long and from one-fifth to two-thirds of a meter in depth. Work was clone lu're on June '2(k '•2S, ;>0. auil July ]-.'5. Four or five test ])its were smd-: and these wei'c gradually extended until they joined in the form of one large trench, the area dug out being about forty l)y twenty meters. We i-eco\-ered 1111. obji-ets, of whit-h lil!) were ])ot- tery fragments and the remainder bone and stone, but the })ercentage of worked bones and stones was not In'gli. Although so near Fort Pentagoet, only three or four objects (U'uotiug contact with Furo])e;uis were discovered. On the last day of work ;i skeleton, fairly well ])reserved, was found, the heatl lying a few cenlinieleT-s down in the shells. (See tig. 77.) * Autlior of "Cii.stiiic, I'a.sL .■ind I'rcsrnl." HosLoii, lHI)(i. SHELL HEAPS OF MAINE 169 The shore here is rather rough and rocky, although there is still a large clam flat in front of it. We concluded that the Indians came here only to eat clams and that there were no cabins or wigwams on the site. It was a short distance by canoe from better beaches, and Nautilus Island or Henry's Point were better suited for habitation. As the extent of our excavations was such that we had given the heap a good test, the results did not seem to justify further work here. LoH Mach'fi Shell Heap. The largest shell heap near Castine is on the estate of Professor Edmund Von Mach, who owns the land known as Henry's Point, lying about two kilometers east of Castine, across the mouth of the Bagaduce River. This heap is two hundred meters long or more, and lies nearly east and west, following a slight curve of the shore line. The bank on which it is situated is four or five meters above high tide. The location is ideal for an Indian camp, being rather level, with a gentle upward slope toward the north. Professor Von Mach kindly gave permission for unlimited exploration and we decided to make a thorough excavation, as this large heap might give us data on the culture of the Castine Indians. There was no more promising site in the neighborhood and diligent Search had failed to reveal any interior village site. Again, as it was some distance from Boynton's and still further from the Mount Desert heaps, some difference in local culture might be ob- served. Accordingly we decided to put a crew of three or four men at work here, who would change places with a second crew for the reasons stated (p. 154) keeping the work continuous. Work was begun on July 14, and for two months, from two to six men labored on this heap. Our total excava- tions are estimated to equal one hundred meters in length and forty in width. The heap varies from one third of a meter to one and one half meters in depth and near the center of the deposit the shells extend back toward the north for at least thirty meters. It is said that five or six meters of the bank next to the sea have been washed away during storms. The test pits devel- oped the fact that a thin layer of shells extends nearly two hundred meters toward the east from the center or thickest part of the heap. If one counted to the end of this layer, the heap would extend to the shore line opposite Professor Von Mach's residence and be more than three hundred meters long, but we began measuring from the sunken road leading from his mead- ow down to the ocean, and consider the main part of the heap to be about two hundred meters, as stated. The central portion of the heap was, roughly, one hundred meters by twenty-five meters and varied from two thirds to one and a half meters in thickness. Our first trench was twenty-seven meters in length and twelve in width. Very little was found in the upper layer, most of the bone and stone objects being near the bottom. Much of the heap was dug out with hand trowels, although the ordinary tools were used for the heavy work. We frequently Wrtffff'^*"'^'^ ct-rti::r««f',? Fig. 79. At top, fragment of decorated pottery, later Algonquiaii; below, two fraKment.s of decorated pottery. Archaic Algonquiaii. S. 1-2. Von Macli's. l''i(;, HI). I''rag ills of ilecoraird pol h-ry, Anliaic Ali;(iiii|iii,iii. S. 1--2. Von Mach' SHELL HEAPS OE MAINE 171 found areas of two or three meters where there were very few objects. In such places four or five men would shovel the shells and debris back of them and five students or boys would look over this material with hand trowels. This hand-trowel work resulted in the finding of more objects than were re- covered when we used other tools. We did not explore all of the heap, for the reason that our finds were duplications of ])revious accjuisitions and we need- ed the men for other work. A number of drawings were made by my son, since the photographs did not come out clearly. Nothing very remarkable was learned from a detailed study of the shell heap itself. There were several depressions due to the natural irregularities of the surface or possibly to fire places dug into the ground when the first wigwams were built. In all shell heaps the ashes are thickest and the most objects are found where these depressions occur. The surface of the heap is quite regular, sloping gently toward the sea, and the irregularities are there- fore at the base line, not on the surface. Fig. 81. Large, stone celt or hatchet blade.s. Boynton's shell heap. S. about 1-4. Fig. 82. Small, stone celts from Roynton, Stover and Wardwell shell heaps. S. 1-3. I Fig. 83. Stone celts of the smallest forms. From Boynton, Stover, Sullivan Falls shell heaps. S. about 1-2. 174 M A I N E A R C H A E () L G Y Tl is cvidt'iil that this lieaj) was a long time in forming. There were numerous layers, wliich were most nolieea})le in the thiekest portion of the lieaj), l)ul at no point were moi-e than four in evidence.* These did not ex- tend more than ten meters continuously in any place. Frequently they ran six or seven meters and then l)ecame irregidar. These layers are due to tliti'erent |)eriods of occupalion liul il is not prol)al)le that the entire surface was cA'enly occu])ied at one lime. Rather, there must have been first a cluster of a few wigwams at one s|)ol ; I lien })ossil)ly years elap.sed and the mound of shells, fire stones, etc., left hy the id>origines became covered with grass or other growth; then other Indians visited the spot and built; their structures went uj) on the former site, and thus the heap accumulated. All the shells from top to bottom are apparently of the same species as the clams fonntl today about Castine, although the average size is much lar- ger. Some of them were saved for examination. In many places the shells were burnt. There are not so many shells at the base as higher up, the lower stratum consisting chiefly of charcoal and ashes, with more large burnt rocks than are found in the middle layers. These boulders must havebeen upon the original surface of the ground. It seems possible that Indians lived here before they began to eat clams, although the absence of shells in the bottom layer (see fig. 78) may be due to their having decayed, as they must of neces- * See fig. 78, from a drawing. The pliotograph did not show the layers, which were apparent to the eye but not sufficiently clear as to colors or shades to affect the lens. I''if;. Sk Large lools for grinding, |i(ilishiiig. etc.. Shiver's site. S. aliout ^-i. SHELL HEAPS OF MAINE 175 sity be very old. At one point we found twelve or fifteen large fire stones lying in a rough cireular depression, which may have constituted an Indian hearth or fire i)lace.* Near the western end of our trench there was a very heavy growth of thorn bushes along the ocean front, which the men cut back some twelve meters in order to dig under them. In the middle of these bushes was a pile of heavy stones which had been hauled out by farmers and dumped over the edge of the bank and had not been moved for forty or fifty years, according to the testimony of old residents. I mention this particularly because sev- eral persons told me that Von Mach's heap had been previously explored. I am not aware, nor can I find any record, that scientific exploration of shell heaps had been made previous to 1880, in the State of Maine; certainly no one had ever explored under the large stone heap which we moved. We worked very carefully under it, but could find no more objects there than at other points in the heap, which seems to prove that the rest of the heap was also in an undisturbed condition. Just west of our main pits and running from the face of the bluff toward the ocean we found two small trenches, three and five meters long and now overgrown with small bushes, which must have been dug eight or ten years before. These were the only traces of pre- vious work. Something over twenty-four hundred artifacts were taken from Von Mach's shell heap, 537 being pottery fragments and the bone implements (awls, fish hooks and harjjoons) numbering 1074. There were several bone gouges, one long slender one measuring twenty centimeters. At a number of points we found hammer stones, discs, or turtlebacks, and a great quantity of small chips and spalls. This was where the ancient implement maker fash- ioned his tools. We saved such dejiosits carefully, entire, as they usually occurred within a space one third to one meter in extent. Numerous flat, slightly hollowed stones, known as anvils, were taken out. These too were usually surrounded by numbers of the flint chips, spalls, etc. of a workshop site. The best pottery was found one half meter to one meter below the sur- face. Some of the fragments fitted together, but it is my opinion that it would be impossible to restore more than one-third of any single clay vessel. Some very fine decorated pottery, shown in figs. 79 and 80, was found by Mr. Sugden at the base line near the eastern end of our trench, but he was unable to secure pieces enough to restore an entire jar or bowl, although he worked with a hand trowel for a distance of three meters in every direction. The decorations and form indicate one of the finest pottery vessels ever dis- covered on the New England coast. * The stones were carefully removed and transported by Dr. Philbritk to his residence in Castine where they were built into an open-air fireplace on his lawn. 176 M A I N E A R C II A E L O G Y Careful study failed lo reveal any European objects in either upper or lower layers. In fael, in all our (lif,'(;inos in this neighborhood no objects of French, Dutch, or English origin were discovered except a few in Wheeler's Cove hea]) and now and Mien one in the shell lieaj)s on tjie Bagaduce River. Some fragments ol' inunan skeletons were found, notably the heads of fem- urs. Why the head of the fcnnu' should lie i)reser\'ed ralher than (jtlier bones, I do not understand. Whether the site was inhabited by the so-called Red Paint People, I cannot determine, but my opinion is that it was not so inhaljited, although it is a|)parently i)rehistoric. It seems to belong lo the general shell-heap culture. The surprising thing in connection with the two largest shell heaps near Castine — Wheeler's Cove and Von Mach's — is that, although the area of either one almost equals that of Boynton's at Lamoine, the number of speci- mens fovmd is by no means so large. Indeed, three smaller heaps in this re- gion yielded many more objects in pro]Jortion to their size than the large ones. This cannot be due to previous exi)loration so much as to the fact tliat the Indians on these larger sites did not leave any considerable number of tools. While the men were digging at Von Mach's, I took a few of the boys and visited Hog Island, ten kilometers south of Castine, and looked at the shell heap there, which is larger than any of those located nearer Castine. We al- so dug several pits on the shell heaf) situated on the adjoining island, known as Pond Island. The largest of these heaps is at one point nearly two meters deep, but it has been greatly disturbed and we did not do much digging. We found very large (luahogs and clam shells, some of them twenty-three cen- timeters in diameter, which we saved; also a beautiful j)in or hair ornament about thirty centimeters long and carved from solid lione. This is the larg- est bone implement I ever saw taken from a shell heap. The work about Castine was completed by inspecting some of the sliell heaps about the eastern part of Penobscot Bay and on Eggemoggin Reach. We ran a trench through the large heap on Dr. J. Howartl Wilson's estate on Nautilus Island, but the objects found indicate the same type as those dis- covered at Von Mach's. Further research in the shell heaps of Castine may yield more objects, but we assume that they will be of the same general char- acter and will add little to our present sum of knowledge. MATERIAL FROM THE SHELL HEAPS 177 Fig. 85. Series of hammer-stones. Boynton's shell heap. S. about 2-5. B. Material from the Shell Heaps During several years of explorations in the State of Maine, we dug in some thirty-five or forty shell heaps. In those heaps in which very little pottery or few bone or stone implements occurred, we stopped work after opening four or five pits. A large crew was taken along and therefore it was possible in one day, with an average of ten men and boys, to excavate an area 8 m. in length, 6 m. in width and 1 m. deep. Therefore if a day's work in a shell heap resulted in finding less than fifty or sixty objects, the heap was abandoned and we got aboard our boats and moved to another site. Of the shell heaps examined, there were ten or twelve in which con- siderable work was done, and since these have been mentioned, no further general description of them is reciuired. In these heaps there was no vmi- form amount of material to be found in each scjuare meter. One small sec- tion would contain ten to fifty chips, spalls, bones, tools, etc. while an- other in the same site yielded up very few artifacts or little refuse. The places where we found the most debris were undoubtedly wigwam floors and those marked by masses of clean shells were where the natives ate their clams out of doors in good weather and threw the shells down near where they sat. Where the traces of fires were heaviest, we found the most other indications of human occupancy. This would be the case on sites occupied in the early spring or through the winter, when shelter was necessary. The Boynton, Stover, Von Mach and Butler sites seem to have been such per- manent camps, for so much material would not occur in small spots, about mere late spring or summer residences. It would be more scattered and have less kitchen-midden accuinulation. L»;*- M a' 1 Fig. 80. Tlie split huiniiTi tibiae, ornaments and pipe from the sliell heaps. S. 4-5. f Fig. 87. Oval or primary forms of chipped objects. Stevens', Boynton's, and Wardwell's sites. S. 1-2. -.m Fig. 88. Eleven finished and unfinished knife forms. Some of these might be worked into arrow- » points. S. about 1-3. 180 M A I N E A R (' H A E (J L O G Y Tlu' implc'ineiits round in the .shell heaps are mostly service tools of one kind or another and are to he shari)ly distingvushed from artifacts accom- panying hnrials. "Nothing common or unclean" will apply to the average mortuary offerings of Indians; the reverse is true of kitchen-midden and shell-hea]) finds. Here we have the work-tools, vessels and other objects used in daily life ahoul I lie canijis or wigwam.s. The finer i)ersonal posses- sions and lools are ahseni, so much so lliat it is an almost dail\' remark on the i)arl of liie survey cori)s, thai nolliing really fine or artistic in the way of implement is discovered in lliese places. We shall illustrate later a few spe- cialized l)oni> lools and |)erhaps two or three ornamental stones, but compar- ing the hundreds of s(|uare meters of excavations in shell heaj)s with the amount of digging in cemeteries, the i)roportion of well-wrought artifacts in tlie hea])s is j^ractically a negligil)le cjuantity. A general sub-title, therefore, for all .shell-heap finds except the shells and broken animal l>ones should be utility or service tools. Under this head we might group them tentatively as follows:* Sto7ie Celts Ground Pecked or Battered Hatchets Rubbing stones Plummets Axes Pipes Hammer stones Pestles Cliipped Unfinished Chipped Finished Bone Unfinisliefl Cut or ground l)ones Awls Handles Jaws Long ))<)nes Finished ( 'la// Pottery Pii)es Turtlebacks Discs Blanks Blades Hammer stones Spear heads Arrow heads Scrapers Knives Drills Flake knives Awls, single Awls, double Arrow points Fish hooks Ornaments Handles Decorated bones Harpoons Beaver-tooth chisels Flaking tools * At .sdiiii- hiliirr time llils cliissiliriilidn sliould lir cxpundod and worked out in ilotail, since tliere i.s abundant rri.-ilrrial tor a rnotio^riipli on this .single feature of preliistorie life in New England. GROUND STONE 181 Ground Stone The majority of the ground stone objects are rude rubbing stones and oval stones varying from eleven to twenty -two centimeters in length, which appear to be on the border line between the celt-hatchet form and the or- dinary rubbing stone. Pebbles of various materials in suitable sizes oc- curred along the shore-line. Natives selected those most nearly of the de- sired form, transported them to the village and ground them to sharp edges for hatchets or celt blades. They knocked fragments from either side along the edges of others and used them probably as short hand clubs. Fig. 81 presents three of the large celt-like forms with fairly sharp edges, from Boyn- ton's shell heap. The originals of these are about eighteen centimeters in length. They are made of granite, while others are of trap and heavy slate. These forms are rather oval in cross section and do not differ from the ordi- nary celts such as occur on Algonkian sites throughout New England. Smal- ler celts or hatchet blades are shown in fig. 82. These are from Wardwell's, Stover's, and Boynton's shell heaps. All of them are blackened by contact with charcoal and ashes. Fig. 83 illustrates the very small chisel-like blades common in the heaps, which range from six to twelve centimeters in length. None of these tools show any specialization and they were probably used in removing hides from animals and scraping hides to reduce them to proper thinness for robes or clothing. In our collections there are at least four hundred hatchets, celts and rough stones which might be classed either as unfinished hatchets or as stone clubs. Fig. 84 is a series of four large stone tools found in Stover's shell heap, similar to those from Boynton's and elsewhere, ranging from twelve to twenty -two centimeters in length. They are not edged and there- fore can not be classed as hatchets or celts, but all show marks of abrasion. Whether these were used for breaking bones in order to extract marrow, or served as general hand weapons, the writer is unable to state. One thing is certain, they are not edged tools. They might be rude pestles. It is a simple matter to arrange a continuous series beginning with the well-defined celt or hatchet and ending in the elongated, club-like stone object. At some future time, when some one makes a detailed study of all the thousands of implements from the shell heaps, in the Peabody, Bangor, Andover and oth- er museums, we may be able to assign specific uses to such objects. Space forbids further discussion here. So few plummets were found that we may pass to the axes, of which we have but two or three. They are large, rough and grooved, and do not differ from ordinary Algonkian forms of the hafted axe. No Red Paint People forms of adze blades were found by our surveys in the shell heaps. This seems significant and should be the subject of careful research in the future. Under the term pecked or battered stones are the hammer stones, seven 1 se MAIN E A H C H A P: O L O G Y of which are sliown in fig. 85, from Boynton's shell heap. These are very common and may he the ground, carefully worked hammer, or the irregular fjuartz, granite or tra])-r()ck hand hammer, 'iliey do not differ essentially from hammer slones IoutkI elsewhere in I lie United States. Two ornaments of fine-grained sandstone were discovered in Stover's shell hea]) and these art' shown full size in fig. 8(1. I5(_)th were down near the bottom and lay in a (le])i)sil of decayed siiclis and animal hones. The effigy pentlant is moi-e ncai'ly like Red Paint forms than anything else we found, but the flat, incised ornameid is rather different. Chipped Stone Out' wovdd naturally sup])ose that next to Ixjne inifjlements and tools, the usual chi])])e(l knives, scrapers, proji-ctile i)(jintsand flint rejects would be most conunon in the shell heaps. 'I'liis supjxjsition is entirely correct. Great cjuantities of felsite, quartz, quartzite and occasionally dark flint artifacts occurred in the heaps. It is not difficult to classify them, for most of the finished ones are simple forms. By far the greatest (jnantity of chipjjctl material, howe^'er, consists of large flakes and s])alls, which, if found elsewhere than in shell heaps, might be classified as rejects. Considering the sim])licity of shell-heap tools, it is more likely that many such fragments of felsite, quartzite and kindred ma- terial, from five to fourteen centimeters in length, were used as tools in open- ing clams and splitting bones, sawing bones into sections, etc. In fact, a skilful blow with a stone hammer on a block of Kineo felsite would i)roduce a large flake with a very sharp, thin edge, which might well serve as a knife. It is not to be supposed that the shell-heaj) dwellers would resort to the trouble of working out a complete knife when a flake woidd serve the i:)ur ])ose just as well. It is now known that the dwellers in p]iu'opean caves, prior to the higher (levelo])ment of stone-age art, matle use of large flakes as knives. Many hundreds of such flakes have fieen ftnnul in our shell heaps, and probably several thousand at Boynton's alone. One is shown on the right in fig. 91. Although our sin-\'ey retained large numbers of them, a great many were not ])reserved. Had they been, our total of 7, '•200 specimens of human handiwork from Boynton's wt)uld Inne been considerably augmentetl. The finished specimens, in the order of rrequeney. are; (!) Forms with- out stem, either ovaf (leaf-shaped) or triangular. C-i) With stem (shoul- dered) l)ut not l);irl)elo!;ist, .lan.-NFar. l!l()!), pp. ll(i-118; or "Stono Atfe in North Aniirica," W. K. M., pp. 23 tf. CHIPPED STONE 183 The nine shown came from Stover's, Boynton's, and Wardwell's sites. Fig. 88 ilhistrates eleven simpler, not specialized forms, in which it will be ob- served that there is little or no secondary chipping. Fig. 92 represents four knives, two from Von Mach's shell heap and two from Boynton's, of more specialized form than is usual in shell heaps. Fig. 90 illustrates four chipped objects from Von Mach's and Boynton's. Attention is called to the con- trast between the two slender knives and the rather thick, oval forms, which are the most common. Fig. 89 sho\A?s five typical shell-heap knives from Von Mach's and Boynton's sites. They are of felsite and well wrought and for the most part have straight bases. Fig. 91 illustrates on the left a sharp knife, one end rather straight, the other rounded, which is also a common arti- fact. In the center is a heavy flake, chipped along the side; it might be termed an elongated scraper. These are rather common. To the right is a heavy flake-knife of the kind described on the preceding page. There are few if any large spears or knives, and it is probable that the shell-heap people usually Contented themselves with making rather small chipped objects. Fig. 93 is a series of scrapers. We seldom find the specialized, spoon- shaped scraper or the notched scraper, nearly all ours being of the ordina- ry oval forms shown here. The natives in the west re-chipped the edge of a broken arrow head to convert it into a scraper, but this practice does not ap- pear along the Maine coast. Most of the scrapers here are wrought from flakes, but occasionally from broken knives. The nearest approach to the drill form is seen in the second from the right in fig. 94. These objects are probably small, slender knives, rather than perforators. The arrow points and spear heads are of the long, .slender forms shown in fig. 95. These specimens are from Stover's, Wardwell's, and Boyn- ton's shell heaps but are also typical of finds in chipped objects from the Castine region. We spoke of the rarity of fine workmanship in the chipped objects. Fig. 96 shows the best of the larger forms we found. The longest spear head is bevelled and almost rotary, which is not usual in Maine. The broad, al- most "pennate" spear head was originally longer, but became broken, was re-chipped and made serviceable. The two deeply barbed points are above average workmanship. Such projectiles are not types but either mark occasional ability of shell-heap dwellers to do unusually good work or they may have been acquired by aboriginal trade from elsewhere. As will be ob- served later in this volume, much finer art in chipped stone is found on the in- terior village sites than in the shell heaps. In speaking of the materials, we use the term " Kineo felsite, " but there are many boulders of this same material along the Maine coast and it is quite likely that local material, as well as that from Kineo, was used. Fig. 89. Typical shell heap knives from Von Mach's and Boynton's. S. 3-5. 'i'j I] Fici. 90. Slendrr and hrojid knivrs from Von Macli's nm] Hoynton's slioll lieaps. S. 1-2. Fig. 91. Short knife and elongated scrapes, and one of the heavy flake knives; Boynton's. S. 1-2, t4 .^. I'' Fig. 92. Knives of more specialized forms, from Von Macli's and Boynton's shell heaps. S. 1-2. 1 S6 MAIN E A R C H A E () T. O G Y Pottery As stated before, we liave l)een unable to restore any entire vessel from the pottery found in the siiell heaps. In figs. 79 and 80 some of the frag- ments of deeoraled i)ottery are shown. They are of the types called archaic Algonkian and later Algonkian by Mr. AVillougld)y in his study of the pot- tery of the New England Indians in the rutnam Anniversary Volume.* A comparison of the large ininiber of fragments found in our shell heaps with his text and illustrations indicates that what he terms archaic Algonkian pot- tery is most common here. We find some fragments of later Algonkian, particularly at Von Mach's (u])])er object in fig. 79) and elsewhere about Castine, but it is not common in the heaps. Careful study of the Phillips Academy collection might reveal some Irof|uoian, but the writer has ol)- served none of it. Some comments in the article cited on the pottery from the great oyster- shell mounds at Damariscotta are of interest. Professor Putnam placed an observer on the spot at the time one of the larger mounds, known as the Whaleback, was levelled in ortler that the shells might be ground for com- mercial purposes. Pottery was found scattered throughout the heap, and some archaic Algonkian was at a depth of nearly five meters. A decoration of broad vertical bands of incised or indented ornament, which Mr. Wil- loughby calls an unusual arrangement seen only in very old specimens from the lowest layer at Damariscotta, occur also on some fragments from the shell heaps examined by our surveys. Mr. Willoughby states:** "It seems that the art of pottery-making was not indigenous to these states, but was brought to this region at a period nearly approaching the time when shell-fish were first used for food along our coast. Moreover, but little if any atlvance was made in this art during the long period necessary for the accunuilation of most of the shell heaps, pottery from the lower layers showing the same general characteris- tics in com})osition of j)aste, in form, and in decoration, as that from the up- per layers." 1 N<'W York, 1!)()!), pp. Sy-lUl. ** Loc. cil., p. 88. Fig. 93. A series of scrapers. Calf Island, Stover's, Boynton's and Butler's. S. 3-4. 3 O S v.. k- .pv.- >^ BONES 189 The earliest jjottery was apparently of the pointed-base type. Later this was modified, especially after contact with the Iroquois, and the bases became more rounded, but in strictly prehistoric sites more of the ])ointed- base type is found than of the later Algonkian. Iroquoian potters seem to have been more skilled than the Indians of New England. The natives of Maine were not skilled potters and tliey used ordinary crushed shells or i)ow- dered conglomerate for tempering, in the place of lime. Willoughby has expressed the opinion that perhaps their clay was not carefully selected. Possibly our Indians might have develojjed a higher ceramic art had they used better materials. It is suggested that when the next large, undisturbed shell heap is ex- plored, the entire structure be hand-trowelled and all pottery fragments found within an area of four or five meters kept together. Such a procedure would be very expensive but by such means it might be possible to secure enough related fragments to restore, or partly restore, some entire vessels. The exhaustive study of New England Indian j^ottery recommended by Mr. Willoughby, might well be deferred until more original exploration or field work has been carried on throughout the country east of the Hudson River. Bones Doctor Allen, in his examination of the skeletal material from the heaps, has stated that there were more deer bones present than those of any other animal. Messrs. Loomis and Young, in their report on the several shell heaps investigated,* state that not only is every long bone split or crushed, but that small bones such as the toes are also broken to secure the marrow. As the condition of the deer crania which they found may have a bearing among other things upon the time of year at which the shell-heap sites were occupied, I quotefrom their report on Sawyer's Island shell heap as follows:** "There were 5.3 crania preserved, of which 52 belonged to males and only one to a female. Mills concludes*** from a similar state of affairs in the Baum Village Site, that the Indians showed a foresight for perpetuating the deer in advance of that now exercised by man generally. However, from studying the small fragments of other crania, we feel that the explanation is to be sought in another direction. The crania were always broken open to get out the brain. In the case of males with the heavy frontals, strengthened to support the antlers, the smashing of the brain case was done in the parietal region, the thickened frontals remaining intact; while in the case of females, the frontal bones being thin, the cranium was broken through this region, or they were at least also broken in getting the brain out. So only in males are the front parts of the cranium preserved intact. * See p. 119, foot note. * * hoc. dt., p. 23. •Ohio Arch, and Hist. Soc. Quart. XV, p. 79. 1900. ;i: * * 4 kf ? Via. 95. Typical urrow-poiiils und .spcar-lniuls from the shell heaps. S. i-S. BONE I M P L E M E N T S 191 '■111 - '*- Fig. 96. Fire halted, chipped objects from Boynton'.s, Butler's and Von Mach's. Usually the forms from shell heaps are more simple than this. S. 1-2. "Another interesting feature of the crania is the fact that 52 of the 53 crania belonged to individuals who had recently shed their antlers and had not as yet grown new ones. In other words, these deer were killed in the spring. The absence of individuals with partly develojied or perfect antlers indicates, further, that the camps were simply spring camps, which also coincides with the best fishing season, and is the evidence that these heaps were made during periodic visits to the sites." As there were many caribou in Maine when the first settlements were established it is curious that so few caribou bones are found in the shell heaps. Either that animal came in, in comparatively recent times, or the caribou kept back from the coast. Old hunters inform the writer that there were still many caribou north of Bangor and particularly in the Mt. Katahdin region in their early days, but they were not to be found near the sea. This may account for the absence of caribou bones in the heaps. Bone Implements Willoughby's suggestion that the pottery of New England should be studied in detail applies also to the thousands of worked bone tools, bones in process of manufacture into implements, and broken bones, in the Salem, Cambridge, Andover, Portland, Castine, New York and other museums. A large volume could be prepared upon the technology of this wealth of ma- terial scattered throughout the museums. Bone was much more easily worked than stone. Moreover, it was al- ways obtainable. In the winter, when because of ice or snow it might be difficult or inconvenient to procure stone, there were always in the wigwam the bones of various animals which had been killed for food. It is quite natural that the Indians, having eaten the bird or the animal, would make 192 ]\I A I N E A R C H A E L (i Y Fig. 97. .\ntlcr-ends, worked into implements. Butler's, Hodgkins', Boynton's sites. S. 1-2. use of the material thus conveniently at hand. Even the ])roce.s.s of .splitting the larger bones to extract marrow, suggested the making of harpoons, ar- row ])oints, fish hooks, awls, ornaments or knife handles from the fragments. Teeth of Animals. When a large animal was killed and the sktill broken to extract the brain, the fancy of the savage was attracted by the teeth. He usually removed those of bears, panthers and wolves and drilled them for su.s- pension as ornaments, as is shown in fig. 15. We find in the heaps great cjuantities of teeth of large and small animals and our figure presents the animals named and in addition, the lynx, mink and l^eaver. These are all carnivora. The teeth of the moose, deer, beaver or raccoon were rarely perforated. Beaver teeth were sharpened and employed as chisels for work- ing wood. We have at Andover several hundreds, most of which have thus been treated. They were probably inserted in short handles and used on pine, spruce or soft maple, for the mantifacture and ])laning down of wooden objects or utensils. Large Boiie.s. The ends of antlers of deer and moose were sometimes used as awls, but more frequently, being l>lunt, as is shown in figs. 97 and 98 probably served as heads of clubs. The snudler deer prongs from southern and western \'illage siles are fre(iueutly pointed and wei'e used as awls. This custom did no! obtain to any extent among the dwellers of the shell heaps. A few hone gouges were found in Von Machs and Hoyut()n"s, luit they were not common. 'I'hey are usually made of moose antU-r for the reason that the moose horns were broader aiul hence more ser\'iceable as gouges than the deer antlers. 'I'he larger bones served also as handles for stone tools, but most of tlu'ni ai)|)ear to have been cut into lengths for harpoons and fish hooks, and many of them are probably chipping tools for working quartz, BONE IMPLEMENTS 193 chert and felsite. The femur, tibia and humerus were heavy, and much stronger or more substantial tools could be made from these bones than from smaller ones. Fig. 99 at bottom, shows a heavy moose bone partly cut. The native's design was to split it carefully, then probably to resplit the halves and make handles. We secured various bones of the deer, bear, and moose along which deep grooves have been cut, apparently with flint knives, for the purpose stated. These heavy bones having thus been divided, were worked down further until such forms as those illustrated in fig. 99 resulted. All are made from solid bones. These cut or grooved bones are numerous and vary from 5 to 15 cm. in length. Many of the cuttings indicate that the natives were working to secure sections of solid bones for short implements. More than fifteen hvmdred small, pointed polished objects were recovered in the two explorations of Boynton's shell heap. (See fig. 100.) These implements might be used as arrow heads or as fish hooks. Fish were very plentiful and it was comparatively easy for the Indians to go out in their canoes and catch cod, hake, haddock, and other fish a short distance off shore. For this purpose a straight hook was just as serviceable as a curved hook, which might break. Where cod are numerous, it is not diffi- cult to catch them even with such primitive tackle. An experiment has been tried by one or two members of the survey and resulted satisfactorily. Of the curved fish hook, the only one the writer has observed from Maine was found on the shore of Chesuncook Lake by Mr. Marks. It is unusually large and strong and served for catching lake trout or large brook trout. Curved hooks, barbed and notched for attachment to the line, are very common in village sites in the west and south but seem practically absent in Maine. Bone Handles. Reference has been made to handles for tools, made of bone. Three of these are shown in fig. 98. The one in the lower right hand corner is an unusual form, the others are common. Some of the poorer so- called handles were probably chipping tools and it is somewhat difficult to separate those that should be so classified from the tool handles. Fig. 106 presents two of the more carefully made handles. Awls and Needles. A great many slender awls and smaller pointed ob- jects, which may be needles, were found. Eleven of them are illustrated in fig. 101 . The two or three thinnest ones are made from large fish ribs, others from bones of birds and animals. These awls come from Von Mach's, Boynton's and Stover's shell heaps. There is nothing to distinguish them in form or manufacture from bone awls common in Indian sites. However, the one to the right is an exception. It is cut from a long, solid bone (per- haps moose) and is 26 cm. in length by 4 to 6 mm. wide. Found about one meter deep in shell heap. Neither is there anything special to remark with reference to the position of any of these bone tools. Two or three were tM Via. !J8. Bone handles and flaking tools. Boynton's. S. 3-5. PLAN sn SHELL HEAPS NEAR ECCEMOC&in REACH Fig. 99. Two large awls, two bone handles, broken harpoon, two heavy bones deeply incised, — (many of these have been found). Natives seem to have made their harpoons and arrow-points from heavy bones of the moose, deer and caribou. S. 3-4. ill ■m Fig. 101). Ty|)li'al arrow-poinls anil (isli liociks shell heaps. S. I-I. cif whirh .scNcral tlioii.saiid have liei'ii found. Froii k'::-^ I I 1 I: : Fig. 101. Series of awls or perforators. The one to the right, (.570G4) — Pond Island shell heap is iii cna. in length. S. 3-5. m iia. 102. Series of harpoons, rroiri lioyiiton's, Hullcr's, Von Mncli's and Stover's shell heaps. S. 3-i. BONE IMPLEMENTS 199 found within a few centimeters of each other, but so far as we are aware no group or cache of them has occurred. Harfoons. By far the most interesting series of bone implements con- sists of the speciahzed fishing tools, or harpoons. Fig. 104 shows several of the larger ones wrought from the heavy bones of large animals. They are from Boynton's shell heap. The larger object in the figure is about two cen- timeters in width and ten centimeters in length. Of the upper one, about one-third remains. These have seldom been found perfect. Fig. 103 por- trays twelve harpoons from Boynton's, Stover's and Butler's shell heaps, and illustrates the different forms, from the slender, single-barbed to those with several barbs. Specialized forms are shown in fig. 102. Fig 103 pre- sents three interesting harpoons. The upper left one is notched on one side, as are most of larger harpoons. Small ones are usually serrated on both sides. In fig. 99 is a broken harpoon of unknown length which is perforated in the center. Usually they are perforated at the end. Fig. 102 presents harpoons from Butler's and Boynton's shell heaps, those in the upper right and lower left corners having unusually small serrations. In all these figures we have thirty harpoons of various kinds from the shell heaps. The lower row in fig. 103 are the most common forms, especially the delicately shaped small ones, which are from five to eight centimeters in length. Of the longer ones, the originals are nine to twelve centimeters in length. The small ones, pointed at either end and carefully serrated, are as fine examples of aboriginal art in harpoon manufacture as any that we obtain from the shell-heaps. Fig. 105 presents, in two projectile points, a striking varia- tion from the established types that we have been describing. The larger one, which was found in Boynton's shell heap near the bottom, is probably made from the femur of a moose or deer, although at first it was thought to be worked from a human femur, is shown full size. It is rather thick and somewhat curved on the inner side, and is the only large spear head of bone found in the heaps, so far as we can ascertain. In this figure, at the top, is a portion of a long, decorated bone. Several of these were discovered, but always broken. A few slender perforated flat ribs, pointed at one end were also secured from the lower layers. In this fig. 105 are six tools, four of which are double-pointed and all cut from heavy bones. Most of them are gracefully tapered or angular. The one nearest the point of the bone spear head suggests a drill in bone. Wheth- er these are specialized awls or short harpoons, I am unable to state. C. Conclusions A number of interesting comments might be made as a result of the in- tensive work in these shell heaps. Messrs. Loomis and Young thought that the sites varied as to the predominating material found, whether of bone, or stone, or food remains. We have been unable to tabulate all the accumula- FiQ. 103. Scric-.a of tiarpoons, from MoyiiLon's, Hullor's, Von Maoh"s anil Stover's shell heaps. S. 1-1. I4 Fig. 104. The largest harpoons, some of which are perforated. S. 1 3. 202 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY tions of our years of work and therefore cannot present statistical tables, but after somewhat careful observation, the writer concludes that, although there are differences between the materials and life forms of one site as against another, these differences are not sufficiently marked to change the general character of our conclusions. In Fig. 86 is our most interesting specimen. It is part of ahuman tibia, shown 4-5 size, and was split, ai)parently purposely, as were the bones of deer and moose. This fragment of human fennir was found associated with other broken human bones in Boynton's heap, fjut there were not enough to account for even five percent of a human skeleton. Reference has been made in the text to other fragmentary human bones found in these shell heaps. The several broken human bones, such as the femur, tibia or the skull, have been found by us scattered through the heaps as were the bones of ordinary animals. It might be premature to state that this is evidence of cannibalism, yet considering the numbers of these broken human bones re- covered in relation to the amount of work done on the shell heaps, the writer is of that opinion. Numbers of dog bones were found in the various sites. In Dr. G. M. Allen's recent paper, "Dogs of the American Aborigines,"* in which he pre- sents illustrations and studies of the shell-heap dogs, he makes the state- ment that two or three kinds of dogs lived here at the time the shell heaps were accumulated. In answer to a question from the author of this report, he wrote under date Dec. 1, 1920: "The dogs were probably of two distinct, or more or less distinct, breeds. The major and common Indian dog I be- lieve were really one, the same that I called the 'Common Indian Dog.' The minor dog is a smaller breed, and I have considered it identical with the 'short legged Indian Dog', the same as described by Richardson in the Fauna Boreali-Americana." The extinct sea mink (mustela macrodon) may have been in existence when the first voyagers came along the Maine coast. Harbor seals are common now and their bones occur in large numbers in the heaps, together with those of the grey or Greenland seal, which has not 1>een observed along the Maine shores for many years. Careful search of the earth, ashes, and shells fails to reveal any consider- able number of beads. Since the ashes have a tendency to preserve such delicate objects as fish scales or fish ribs, i! bone or shell beads were in general use it is j)resumed that the Indians would ha\'e lost some of them about the heajjs and they would bi' found, (ireat quantities amounting to several quarts of beads or wampum were found l)y us in a burial groiuid of the his- toric period at Sandy Point on the Penobscot ; l)ut we found no beads of con- sequence, only two or three, in all our shell-heap work. It seems reasonable * Bulletin of llir Musiiiiii oF C'omparativr Zoology at ILirvuril CoUcgo, Vol. LXIII, Xo 9, Cambridge, 1920. Fig. 105. Specialized objects. A large spearhead of bone with incised lines or decorations. Tt is 12 1-2 centimeters in length. A smaller object of bone, projectile point. These are the only two bone spearheads found in the shell heaps. A decorated bone is shown at the top. The others may be special- ized harpoons. From Stover's, Boynton's, Von Mach's and Leech's shell heaps. S. .5-6. 204 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY to conclude therefore that the art of l)ea(l making, together with that of pipe manufacture, was almost unknown by the Indians who lived during the first few centuries of shell-lieap c-onstniction. T>ah'r tliey pro})al)]y had both beads and pipes. The lack of ornanienis in stone, l)ut two being found, brings up the in- teresting C|uestion whether oi-namentation l)y means of gorgets, etc., so common in western New England, was absent or nearly so among the shell- heap dwellers. There is the same question with reference to pipes and the custom of smoking. The ])resence of a few bone gouges and a lack of stone gouges is also to be observed. It would appear either that bone gouges l^receded those of stone, or that the natives did not make use of stone gouges about the shell-heap villages. The lack of [)hunmets, so common on ordinary sites back from the coast, is also significant. These factors indicate to the writer that possibly we have Indians of a jjoorer class, or less advanced, living along the coast. Otherwise, we must assume that those who did visit the coast for molluscs and fish brought none of their better arts with them, which it scarcely seems reasonable to suppose. The broken human bones previously referred to suggest cannibalism, perhaps a rite rather than a regular custom. This would further strengthen the suggestion that settle- ments along the coast present a type of Indians inferior to those of the in- terior, that is, those living further back on the Penobscot, the Kennebec and the lakes. The antiquity of the heaps cannot be exactly stated at present, although Loomis and Young ofi'er an interesting comment upon the age of shell- heaps.* Observations made at New York City, they say, show the rate of subsidence of the Atlantic coast at that point to be about half a meter a century, but they think it is nearly a meter per century in ]\Iaine, and cite the tide mills, which were in common use in early times and cannot be main- tained at the present time. Taking these and other factors into considera- tion, they conclude that the heaps had been not less than three hundred to five hundred years in accumulating before the advent of white men, now near- ly three centuries ago. The writer sees no valid reason for supposing that a few hundred years span the age of all shell heaps in ]\Iaine. Several of our larger clam-shell deposits may date back a tlu)usanil years, for aught we know to the contrary. *Ia)c. cil. p. 22. Fig. 100. Tno bone liandles, three broken pipes and an unknown object in the center. S, about 3-5. Fig. 107. A thin stone .slab, smootli and slightly hnllowed out, almo.st mortar-slia[H'd liut rather too small for food grinding. Po.s.sibly a stone on which meat was cooked. S. l-.'i. PART IV. INTERIOR VILLAGE SITES AND OTHER REMAINS. Our tei'm "interior village sites" is a general designation used to cover all sections of Maine and parts of the coast-line not previously described. We shall devote considerable space to this subject, since aside from the Kineo region, the investigators in the Maine field have confined their observations to sites near the ocean and to only a few of those. Our surveys spent much more time on long trips into the interior than we did upon the coast. It was thought advisable to explore the unknown regions of the state thoroughly, in order to ascertain the extent of the Red Paint People's culture, the rela- tionship between them and the shell-heap dwellers, the character of other sites, and if possible to obtain light upon a score of lesser problems which need not be set down on this page.* In fact, aside from the work done at Moosehead by McGuire and Willoughby, at Damariscotta by Putnam, and at Chesuncook by Marks who published no paper, there is nothing in the records to indicate that other observers have paid attention to the archae- ological remains in a region which is as large as Connecticut and Massa- chusetts combined. We shall follow our field notes, with certain changes and not in chrono- logical order. Beginning with south-western Maine and working northward and eastward, we shall treat of each river valley or region as a whole, regard- less of the year in which it was examined or the fact that two or three sur- veys may have been in the sector at various times. Western and south- western Maine are the only large parts of the state in which we did little work. This should be noted here, for in future years, if other observers ex- amine the country between the Androscoggin and the New Hampshire line, they will probably find some interesting sites not here noted in that region as well as in the Rangeley and Machias regions and others in which we did not attempt thorough explorations. The writer had looked over the Portland district before beginning our work, and fourd some shell heaps there, but as they appeared like those * In considering village sites or habitations of the Red Paint People, I have always thought that Lake Alamoosook might properly be considered the center of their culture, since there are three ceniet ries on the shores of the lake beside two at Orland village and two at Bucksport, making a total of seven ceme- teries within nine kilometers of the outlet of this lake. At Alamoosook and on both sides of the outlet were numerous signs of Indian camps, such as broken hatchets, chips, spalls, burnt stone, crude plum- mets, etc., but little or no pottery, to my knowledge, has been discovered. A large amount of trenching should be done about the shores of the outlet, for through such detailed work it might be possible to identify a settlement of the Red Paint People. 208 U yM N E A R C H A E O L O G Y further up tlic coasl, lie accc'])l('(l tlie (U',scri])tions furnished by Hon. James Phinney Baxter, President ol' the Maine Historical Society. The col- h'ctions of I lie Society con lain some nuiterial from these sites, and it was not thouf^hl necessary for us lo carry on further explorations there. When we conduct researches in I lie resl of New England, we may ascertain whether the INIaine WcA PainI ciillurc extended into New Hampshire and adja- cent region. Mr. James (' Sawyer, Treasurer of Phillips Academy, on several oc- ca-sions told the writer of this report about Indian sites near Durham and Dover, N. H. This is the regicjn drained by the Salmon Falls River and was famous in Colonial times because of many attacks by ]Maine Indians on the settlements here. In 1917 we spent two or three weeks in the Salmon Falls coimtry and also along the coast and found a numV)er of small shell heaps which are shown on our maj) of York County, Maine. This map, however, is not reproduccfl, since only a few sites were discovered. f)n Oyster River, not far from Mr. Sawyer's residence in Durfiam, New Hampshire, is a small shell heap composed exclusively of oyster shells. This had been so much dis- turbed by previous explorers that we were imable to find more than a few specimens. They do not differ from the ordinary shell-heaj) form.s. On a long point of land lying east of Dover, and between two branches of the Salmon Falls, the owner, Mr. Montgomery Rollins of Boston, had found several specimens. We ascertained that this ridge was chiefly composed of pure sand and we put down many test pits but were unable to find a ceme- tery. We did find one grave in the edge of a sand pit and took from it a nar- row gouge, two other gouges, and a i)roblematical drilled form similar to the wide tubes common in New York State and Ohio. There was a faint dis- coloration of the sand where these objects were found, but no de]:io.sit of red ocher. The specimens are reproduced in fig. 108. The grave at Rollins's place may or may not be of Red Paint cultnre. It is reasonable to suppose that the Red Paint natives went on war or ex])loring ex]ieditions west of the Kennebec, and this may give an ex])lanation of the single burial. The survey spent a week in the Ossii)ee region but fovuul little to indi- cate any i)ermanent Indian occn])ation. Al 'I'he Weirs, the oulU'l of Laki- AVinnei)esaukee, (ioxernor Winthrop reported a considerabh' Indian pojmlation at the time of iiis visit, two hun- dre O (1 Y I had visited 'i'lic Weirs years ago and ascertained that many speci- mens had been taken from this phice by private collectors and agents of nmseums. In 1917 we found a large camp site extending on both sides of the outlet and down the stream for some distance, but as the whole place is now occupied by summer collages it was difficult to secure permission for proper observations. The Boston & Maine Railroad, however, owns a considerable part of the site and tlie ofhcials kindly permitted exi)lorations. Some two hundred scrapers, projectile jjoints, and pottery fragments were secured dtiring the test-pit operations on their land. Later we should examine the Winnepesaukee region more thoroughly. The Saco valley also was scouted by two or three of our men but they found little, and we offer no observations other than that there are probably small villages on the Saco. More work should be done about the entire Saco valley, which is practically unknown. The Sebago Region In April and May, 1913, INIr. Sugden spent over five weeks about Lake Sebago in company with Mr. W. Scott Rolfe of Casco, looking for sites and studying the region. It is to be regretted that the large map he drew cannot be inserted here in full. Plan XIII, however, presents that part of Sebago and adjacent territory in which he found a number of sites. A large col- lection of Indian relics was made many years ago by ]Mr. Rolfe, and another by Mr. E. A. Kennard of North Windham, who lives at the outlet on the eastern side of the lake. The latter has some six hundred specimens, all of which were found about Sebago. W'ith few exceptions these appear to be the ordinary Algonkian forms common in New Hampshire and southwest- ern Maine. Neither Mr. Rolfe nor Mr. Kennard know of any cemetery, al- though one or two graves have been discovered. ^Nlost of the specimens have been found along sand beaches and about the outlet or on the sites in- dicated by the letters B, D, E. H, L of the map. A few are apparently Red Paint Peo])le types, such as portions of the long slate spears. Mr. Marks secured from Mr. Rolfe many years ago the polished slate knife shown in Fig. 109. This was drawn for our report by ^Ir. Wllloughby's secretary. Miss Gleason, and is reproiluced in full size. Few more carefully wrought specimens of Indian handiwork have occm-red in the New England area. This and other unusual objects were found by Mr. Rolfe many years ago at Panther Pond on a sand ridge which might have lieen a cemetery. It is probably under water at the present time, since tlu' le\el of Sebago Lake and its tributaries has been considerably raised by a new dam. There are many other objects from I lie Sebago region in the Maine Historical Societv collection at Portland and luinibcrs June been taken away by visitors and collectors. Taking into account the camp sites found by Mr. Sugden and the great Q> 6 a .a . o ^ a .a p^ a o 212 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY number of "Indian cellars", or caehe pits lound in the region, we may infer that this was a favorite j-esort, or rather the site of a large village. From Sebago one could travel to the coast in a day and the hunting here in early times was excellent. The cache pits vary from one or two meters to at least three meters in diameter. In I he pits is the usual charcoal and ashes and black earth, i)robably resulting from decayed corn and other foods. Letter (1 shows a peculiar narrow embankment on the east side of the outlet, which stands nearly a meter high, on a level .sandy stretch, a .short distance from the lake. Mr. Sugden investigated this and found that it ex- tended for about five hundred meters. Along the steep .side, where the ground slopes down to the bed of the gully, is what appears to be a well- worn path, which is still used by trampers. The river bed is rocky here and in former times there probal)ly were rapids. The path-like feature may have been a carrying place around those ra])ids. It looks like Indian work, al- though nothing else just like it is known in Maine. Mr. Sugden interviewed the owner of the property, who stated that old residents always claimed the embankment to be of Indian origin. There are fire pits just back of it, and the proprietor says that the land has never been ploughed. Mr. Kennard said that many years ago before the new dam was built several slate spears were found at the edge of the lake. These lay with the points in one direction. Mr. Sugden saw one of them in the possession of a local collector living at Raymond village and states that it is of the same form as the well-known Red Paint type. These, with the interesting knife from Panther Pond and some long, narrow gouges and a few hatchet blades, would indicate that the Red Paint People may have got as far west as Se- bago, but since Mr. Sugden's careful researches during the period of over a month resulted in finding no cemetery, we did not deem it advisable to con- tinue further work. It is suggested that some other oliserver in the future re- visit the Sebago region and s}:)end more time there. The Andkoscoggin Region Next to the Sebago region lies the great Androscoggin valley. When the Connecticut River survey was run in 1019, several of us visited the Me- gallaway and Diamond walt-rs, which are the ui>])cr reaches of the Aiulros- coggin, but did not find any Indian sites. In July. lO'iO, some of our i)arty made the tri]) down the main vWvv IVom Uerlin Mills in New Hamjishire as far as Auburn, and found some i-emaius. Along the u])])er iVndroscoggin are scx'cral small ^•illage sites, usually placed near the mouths of streams hibulary to the main river. Not far from Bethel is a rock shellcr in which occur ashes, charcoal and other signs (jf Indian occupation. i\t Mechanic Falls on the Little Androscoggin nianv stone implemenis have been I'ouiul, but as the modern village covers the Indian site, excavations cannot l)e satisfactorily carried on. I^ake Auburn THE KENNEBEC VALLEY 213 was once inhabited by numbers of Indians, and chips and burnt stones are still numerous on the beaches. On Androscoggin Pond, near Wayne, are many signs of small villages or camps, and several slender gouges and two long pendants have been found there but we could not discover a cemetery. All that we were able to ascertain by field operations and study of the collections was that the larger communities lay about Auburn and on Merry- meeting Bay, at tide-water. The region of the Rangeley Lakes, which feed the Androscoggin, has not been explored; there may be Indian sites there, but it seems rather too far north for villages of any size. Several large collections have been made in the Auburn district, Mr. Penny's in the Maine Historical Society's cases at Portland being one of the most extensive. The proportion of rough and crude material is unu- sually high. There are numbers of very rude celts and axes which are ap- parently finished objects but are so poorly manufactured that they seem useless as tools. These seem characteristic of the Androscoggin area. The Kennebec Valley At the main or eastern outlet of Moosehead Lake there is a large dam and timber operations have been extensively carried on there for more than fifty years; hence there is little Indian "sign" remiaining about the outlet. For some kilometers down the Kennebec from this point the stream is filled with boulders and ledges, making rapids and falls, and the Indians must have carried their canoes some distance from the lake before embarking again. We find traces of small camps here and there but there is no evidence of any large village until the mouth of the Spencer River is reached, where there appears to have been an encampment near the junction. Along the main stream to the mouth of Sandy River there are a few sites, and careful search of the knolls back of such spots might reveal an occasional cemetery. At Farmington, some distance up the Sandy, is another encampment. The map of Somerset County showing these sites is not reproduced in this re- port but is on file, like all other maps compiled by the expeditions. The first really large Indian site as one descends the Kennebec is that at Norridgewock. Here Father Rasles had his mission, and from this Indian town raids against the Massachusetts Bay Colony were organized. The village was destroyed by the colonists in 1724 and the heroic priest killed while defending his wards. That Norridgewock was the site of a still older town and probably inhabited by Algonkins in prehistoric times, seems quite evident. The burial grounds have been completely ransacked, and when our survey visited the spot in 1920 we found that someone had preceded us and that numerous pits had been dug for some distance up and down the river. In the Waterville sector, in addition to the Red Paint People cemeteries already described,* there are numerous indications of Indian villages. The *See p. 95. 214 M A I N E A R f H A E O L O G Y Sebasticook valley from Moose pond to Waterville was carefully examined and a number of camp sites located. Considerable pottery has been taken from the river bank a kilometer above Lancaster's farm. Two burials were discovered in Winslovv u]>on the ridge back of Lancaster's saw mill, one of which was opened by us and the other by Mr. Lancaster. Both skeletons were flexed; one had a necklace of small heads a}>out the neck, but the beads were few in number aiul of the ordinary shell-wampum type. No other bur- ials could be found along the river by our parties, although we are convinced that there are more. A number of wigwams once occupied the low meadow flanking the river below Mr. Lancaster's house and many rejects and chips, together with knives and one or two stone cutting tools, were secured by us. China Pond, some eight kilometers south east from Waterville, has low and sandy shores about the outlet. A considerable village was once situated here and local collectors have many specimens of the common Algonkian types. We dug in various places and found some large ash pits on the east side of the outlet on the Cates estate, with the usual bones, chips, etc. in the ash pits. We cruised the shores of China Pond but did not dis- cover a cemetery. The place should be more carefully examined at some future time. The entire region lying about Waterville is interesting, and it has been suggested that when the State of Maine archaeological survey begins opera- tions, it concentrate on this sector lying between Norridgewock and Au- gusta. A very large site occurs at Riverside in Vassalboro, near the mouth of Webber stream, which drains Webber Pond. About this pond many ob- jects have been found and there are several collections in the possession of cottage owners. Dr. W. S. Hill of Augusta, who accompanied us on two or three trips, lias in his large collection many objects from Webber Pond and the Riverside site. The Indian village at Riverside lies on the east side of the Kennebec, about twelve meters above the water, and must have ex- tended for nearly a kilometer north and south. There is a large sand ridge at the north end where it is said a cemetery existed in early times and local people took many skeletons from it. We campetl at Riverside for a week and put down hundreds of test ])its, finding nuiny fragmentary bones but no skeletons and few artifacts. The place seems to have been thoroughly ran- sacked by collectors from Waterville. There are large asli pits in the triangle between Webber stream, the railroail tiack, antl the high bluft' above. A force of six or eight men would be able to trench this area for two or three hundred meters, and examine the ash i)its carerully. ami thus the arts of the villagers could be reconstructed. Some one lias statetl that the Jesuits had a small mission on a high knoll near the residence of Mi'. Sturgis, the present owner of the land. OUTLINE MAP F KENNEBEC COU (MAINE DRAWN BY E.O S u & E H 191? MOOSEHEAD LAKE 215 MoosEiiEAD Lake In July, 1912, we visited this large and beautiful body of water and by means of motor boats examined about fifty places around the shores and ex- cavated at twenty-one different points. It would have been impossible to thoroughly explore so extensive a shore line in less than one full season, as it is stated that the circumference of the lake including all irregularities of shore line, is more than five hundred kilometers. The water at that time was unusually high. The dam at the outlet has raised the water three meters or more, so that all the low lands and favorite camping places of the aborigi- nes, either ancient or modern, are covered, and only those sites lying back from the lake or on knolls, are available for study. October and November, at low water stage, are the best months to visit Moosehead. We do not present a detailed map of the Moosehead region for the reason that our observations were not complete. From indications it is clear that there are a number of camp sites, rather than village sites, about the lake; one is at Spencer's narrows, another at Stevens' sporting camp, and there was a large village on the shore across from Mt. Kineo which has been described by Mr. McGuire in the passage cited below. Probably implements would be found near the mouth of Roach River, and on the shores of Lily Bay and on the mainland opposite the lower end of Sugar Island. On the western shore of Deer Island, at a point called "the Narrows," we found great cjuantities of the Kineo stone and a number of spear points, arrow heads and knives. Many of these were discovered in the edge of the lake in twenty centimeters or more of water. Where the Mount Kineo hotel is located there was a small prehistoric cemetery of the Red Paint People. Most of the graves were destroyed when tennis courts were constructed some years ago. The contents of several were on exhibition for some years in the lobby of the hotel ; a number were carried to Boston and a few are in the Peabody Museum. Our entire party spent some time inspecting the large talus around the base of Mt. Kineo. We dug several deep pits in the accumulated debris and found a number of turtlebacks, chips, flakes and spalls, but as McGuire and Willoughby had both investigated the Moosehead region in previous years and published the results of their studies* and as our observations led us to agree with the conclusions of both, we followed our custom not to carry on further researches where good work has already been accomplished, and the Survey moved elsewhere. A portion of McGuire's excellent paper is here inserted.** "Mt. Kineo rises 1700 feet above tide, and 1000 feet above the lake. The whole mass appears to be composed of a felsitic rhyolite, *C. C. Willoughby, American Naturalist, Mar. 1901, opp. 213-21G. 3 pis. J. D. McGuire. Amer- ican Anthropologist, n.s. X, 1908, pp. 549-557. **Loc. cit. p. 551 ff. 216 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY erratic bowlders of wliieli are widely distributed throughout Maine, New Brunswick, and even Ix-yond. Tlie name Kineo signifies 'great cajole' in the Al)naki hmguage, j)robabIy from some fancied resem- bhuice oF tlie mourdain ilsell', or of some part of it, to the bald eagle. On llie southern side the mountain is aVjout a mile in length, and has a talus from two hundred to tliree hundred feet in width, the slo])e of whicii is composed of .small fragments intermixed with larger masses of the rock that have fallen from above. On the ])reei])itous southern side of the mountain are seen numerous bald patches of the rhyolite in places where the cliff is too precipitous to support vegetation or where the frost has loosened the stone. "A visit extending over two months during last spring and sum- mer [1908] at the eastern outlet, offered unusual opportunities for archaeological investigation of local conditions, owing to an excep- tional period of drought. "During the latter part of May and in early June the water of the lake was at an unusually high stage, no beach being anywhere visible; in August and September, however, owing to the lack of rain, the depth of water was lowered as much as an inch a day. Due to the very gradual shelving of the bed of the lake, a rocky beach developed and finally attained an average width of a hun- dred feet or more. On the beach and in the immediately adjacent water numerous aboriginal implements in various stages of devel- opment were found. Of four hundred specimens picked uj), all but four are of rhyolite; associated with these were numerous fractured pieces, as well as bowlders, many of which latter had been purpose- ly broken in order to test their suitability for producing sjjalls for suVjsequent flaking into implements. The rhyolite bowlders are generally of small size when compared with the bowlders of pri- mary rocks, whicli occur in infinitely greater numbers, the former weighing tens and the latter hundreds of pounds. "The color of the rhyolite in the bed-rock is dark green, but along the shores of the lake and in the Kennebec river it has weathered until it is almost white. In a number of cases imple- ments taken from the water were light yellow on their upper surface whereas the imder-side was light gray or green, as though they had lain unmoved for centuries. The nundjer of rhyolite bowlders lying along the beach would indicate that erratic blocks have been more extensively employed for implement-making than has been suy)j)osed. "The specimen-yiehh'ng area is limited to a few hundred yards along the lake shore, beginning a hundred yards from the dam on both sides of the outlet; and to less than fiftv vards of the Fig. 110. The Felsite Clifi, at Mount Kineo, Moosehead Lake. ^18 MAINP] ARCHAEOLOGY beach at Squaw point, a mile from the outlet. The uniformity in material and workmanship })ein^' similar, the collection is treated as homogeneous. "On the beach southeast of the Outlet Hotel, and two hundred yards from the point where most of the implements were found on that side of the lake, and away from other pieces of the rhyolite, a cache of twenty-nine pieces was unearthed, the sj)ecimens ranging in color from almost white to a dark gray. The lighter color being upi)ermost, it aj^pears likely that the weathering is due to light rather than to chemical action of the water. "Practically all these specimens exhibit more or less artificial work. The largest one in the cache measures about seven inches in extreme length. The cache was situated within a natural circle of bowlders, and could have been found readily by the owner, who had piled the implements so neatly one upon another." McGuire describes his artifacts and rejects in detail. They are of the usual quarry forms, ranging from turtle-backs to completed blades and fin- ished spear and arrow points. He found quartz broken in angular frag- ments upon the beaches, but it was of a texture not suited to the manu- facture of implements. Having described the quarry and shop-site material, he turns his at- tention to the use of fetishes among the Maine Indians, and illustrates a natural concretion which has been artificially worked at the top. We found several similar stones at various places in Maine, larger than the one fig- ured by Mr. McGuire. From their appearance, or the circumstances un- der which they were discovered, we conclude that such stones were of value to the Indians. Two or three in our museum are sufficiently large to be considered idols or manitous. One in particular is 47 cm. in height, 35 cm. wide at the base and 15 cm. by 18 cm. at the top, and weighs about sixty pounds. It was found on the Passadumkeag village site at the mouth of Passadumkeag stream. McGuire says of these stones:* "Such fetishes were sometimes jiainted to strengthen some fancied resemblance to the owner's tutelary, or were otherwise marked by adding a mouth, an eye, or other feature. Schoolcraft describes certain 'image stones' which "the native tribes who occu- [)y the borders of the great lakes are very ingenious in converting to the uses of superstition, such nvasses of loose rock or bowlder stones as have been fretted by tiie action oi water into shaj^es re- sembling trunks of human l)odies, or other organic forms. There a]jpears to have l)een at all limes a ready dis]>osition to turn such masses of rude natural sculpture, so to vnW them, to an idolatrous use.' Of these tigm'cs Schoolcraft illustrates five specimens.' *Loc. cit. p. ij.'ili. '"I Tlir Indian in liis Wigwnni, ]). '21)11. ISJS " THE PENOBSCOT WATERS 219 "Lalemant, referring to Dreuillette's conversion of the Abnaki on the Kennebec, in the Jesuit Relation of 1647, says that one of the evidences that the Father obtained was that the Indians ' sliould throw away their manitou, or demons, or fantastic charms. There are few young men among the savages,' he says, 'who have not some stone, or other thing which thej' keep as a dependence upon the Demon, in order to be happy in the hunt, or in play, or in war. . . . Those who had some of these charms, or manitous, drew them from their pouches ; some cast them away, others brought them to the Father." The Penobscot Waters Omitting the mouth of the Penobscot, about which are small shell heaps and occasional village sites, and ascending the river to within eight kilo- meters of Bucksport, there is an Indian site of some size on the west bank of the river at a place known as Sandy Point. In August, 1914, the survey went down there from Bucksport and spent about a week in excavating along a sloping sand ridge. Eleven skeletons were discovered within a space ten meters in extent, but all were very much broken and decayed. They lay not more than thirty-five or forty centimeters below the surface. These were exceedingly interesting burials in that they seemed to mark contact between Indians of the stone age and Europeans. There were great quan- tities of ordinary shell wampum strewn over four of the bodies. The exact number of pieces has not been determined, but as there were several quarts and the beads are small, it may be assumed that there were originally be- tween 20,000 and 25,000 of these beads. From the position of some of them we conclude that they were strung on thongs and worn as necklaces and that others were used in fringing deerskin jackets or were woven on belts. A few large shell beads were found with the smallest skeleton, that of a child. W^ith one skeleton were two rude flint knives and a large, rough, iron axe weighing at least seven pounds. It seems too heavy to have seen service as a tomahawk and was probably a camp axe. Large iron kettles were placed over the heads of two of the burials and these have decayed except the han- dles and portions of the thicker upper parts. There were many cylinders of brass but no native copper. Two of the bodies had been wrapped in beaver and moose hides and there were traces of bear skin. Where the hair came in contact with the brass enough of it was preserved to permit identifica- tion. It is to be regretted that there are no photographs of these interest- ing burials. Our field camera was in Bucksport being repaired at the time. There was a summer school near Sandy Point and many persons gathered to witness the survey at work, including a teacher who claimed to be an ex- "i. .Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents, vol. XXXI, pp. 183-19.5." 2W M A I N E A R C H A E D L O G Y pert with the caiuera aiul took mimoroii.s photographs for us, but either his camera was defective or he was not famiUar with photography, for we were unabk' to secure any pictures from him. This is mentioned as one of the few instances in wliich il was impossil)le to secure good photographs of our expU)rations. As one ascends the river further Verona island, several kilometers in length, is passed. On the east side of this island the channel is narrow and the stream which drains Ahimoosook Lake enters oi)posite the head of the island. As has been stated on page 21, the village of Orland is located at the head of tide water on this stream, called the Orland or Narramissic river, and the spot was a favorite resort of the Indians, who had a consider- able village there at one time. Passing on up the river toward Bangor, one finds few sites until Bangor itself is reached. From all accounts, Bangor was prol)ably the Norumbega of the early voyagers. The city, covering as it does a considerable space, has obliterated all Indian traces except above the first dam on the Penobscot, where exists the famous Bangor Pool. This is head of tide water and has been a famous fishing-place for salmon from ear- liest times. When planting gardens in Bangor itself, many objects have been picked up by land-owners. From the pool up to the Penobscot Indian vil- lage at Oldtown, there are a number of sites, one of which belonging partly to the Red Paint culture has been descril^ed by Mr. Smith on pages 137 to 146 above. The Indian Island at Oldtown, on which is the village of the modern Penobscots, is a large tract of land. Numerous stone implements have been found there, among them Red Paint People types, and many of the In- dians have specimens which they have found in their gardens and fields, Init for some reason they will permit no explorations, although repeated at- temjjts have been made on the part of explorers to secure permission. The writer of this report interviewed the leading men of the trilH' and explained the nature of our work, but was unalile to move them from their former decision. These Penobscots are very tenacious of their tril^al rights and permit no white men to remain on Indian Island over night. Further up the river there are other sites, one of some size being located on the west bank at the mouth of a stream about two kilometers below Passa- dumkeag. Much poUery occurs here. Olamon Sthkam Some interesling inlormalion al)out liie meaning of Indian i>lace-uames is contained in a leller writ leu lo Ihc Rvv. ,]. Morse on Nov. 28, 1823, by Mr. Moses (ireeniea!, wiio was familiar with the Penobscot Indians. This letter, with Lhe title "Indian IMaee Names of the Penobscot and St. John Rivers," originally ai)peared \i\ lhe hrst "Re])orl of the American Society for Promoting Civilization and (ieneral Improvement of the Indian Tribes OLA M ON STREAM 221 of the United States" (New Haven, 1824), and has been re-printed l)y Mr. Edgar Crosby Smith in his "Moses Greenleaf, Maine's First Map-Maker" (Bangor, 1902, pp. 120-125). In our journey up the Penobscot we paid particular attention to ishinds, mouths of streams, and other features mentioned by Mr. Greenleaf. For instance: Bos-que-noo-sik Island, "Burying ground for Mohawks"; Ta-la- la-go-dis-sik (Webster's Island), "Painting place for squaws"; Bos-que-nu- guk (Broken Island), "Burying Ground"; and lastly Olam'man (Olamon) stream, "Place where paint is found." However, although we carried a crew of ten men, we were unable to find any traces of burials, either Algonkian or Mohawk, on the islands; but we were especially interested in Olamon Stream because we hoped to find there the source of the red paint or powdered hem- atite. A thorough search of the region was made, especially near a point some distance back from the main river, where falls occur. There is a ledge here in which are numerous depressions. The older residents of Olamon claim that in the early days a good deal of red paint was dug up along the ledge and taken away. Indeed we were told that a house and a boat had been painted with it. The Indians also may have carried off great quanti- ties of it in historic times. We carried on excavations here for several days and in places found areas two to four meters in diameter where the soil was quite red. Mr. Ralph Lord, one of my men who is experienced in timber work and wood- craft, is of the opinion that discoloration of the soil results from the burn- ing of very heavy white pine. In this particular place the virgin forest was composed of large white pine and the roots in burning would discolor the earth. Other tree roots do not have this peculiarity to the same extent as those of white pine, Mr. Lord contends. At first Mr. Smith and I were also of this opinion, but after considering the matter and finding that the red earth does not extend in narrow strips or downwards but is continuous, we thought it might be due to the presence of soft hematite. However, we found no earth that was bright enough to compare with the Katahdin paint or ocher. This illustrates how frequently popular traditions either are not re- liable or relate to what has long since disappeared. Passadumkeag Passadumkeag was a large Indian site in the historic period and is fre- cjuently mentioned by Francis Parkman and other writers. The colonial records also refer to expeditions from both Passadumkeag and Mattawam- keag organized by Indians and French against the white settlements of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Several of the citizens of this modern village have specimens found on the flat where the town is now located. Two or three of our expeditions stopped at Passadumkeag at various times when as- 222 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY cendiiig or descending the river. In addition to the Red Paint cemeteries already described,* we found indications of a large Indian viHage site at the nioutli of Passachunkeag stream. During the work of the first expedition, in 1912, a large fire pit ahout L.'J m. in diameter was discovered on the land of Mr. Leonard on toj) of a large hare knoll which commands a good view of the river. It contained charcoal and ashes, one layer of charcoal being over .5 cm. in thickness, and in the bottom of the y)it the charcoal was 11 cm. thick. The base of liie excavation of the fire jnt was soniewhat less than a meter below the surface of the knoll, and nearly a meter below the ash pit were fragments of a human .skull. We have never in any other of our explora- tions found a buriaf so far below the surface. No other large fragments of bones were found but there were traces of decayed fragments. The only objects accom]:)anying the burial were a small arrow point and a little ocher rather dull brown in color. Twenty-one pits were sunk in this knoll but no more burials or objects were discovered. Ashes and charcoal occurred fre- quently 20 to 40 cm. below the surface, as if the knoll had been greatly dis- turbed at some time. The Piscataquis At Howland, eight kilometers above Passadumkeag, the Piscataquis river comes into the Penobscot from the west and there is a large Indian site at the junction of these streams. Many objects are picked up there each year but our i)arty was unable to discover a burial ground. The Piscataquis river played an important part in the annals of Indian history in Maine. On the north branch, Pleasant river, is located Katahdin Iron Works, the source of the red paint. The south or larger branch drains Lake Sebec, the shores of which were thickly inhabited by Indians. In 1915 our expedition moved to the mouth of the Piscatacpus and worked up- stream. As the men proceeded with the canoes up the south branch, ]Mr. Smith and the writer decided to visit certain hematite outcroppings near Katahdin Iron Works, as neither of us had ever been at that place. Mr. Smith informed me that a French engineer a century ago reported that in Williamsburg township, which is the Katahdin of today, occurred soft i)owdered hematite of such fine character that it was used for paint without preparation, and that it is one of the few places in the world where such fine i)aint occurs. Several buildings at Katahdin Iron Works were painted with this red ocher thirty-two years ago and have not been repainted, and notwithstanding the severity of winters in northern Maine much of the original color remains. We foimd the outcrop of ])owdered hematite on the surface along the foot of a high elevation or long ridge al)out a kilometer from the small settlement of Katahdin Iron Works. (See Fig. 29). Earlv white travelers *Hatha\va,y'.s, pji 48-.5tl; .siuid pit, ]>. 88. LAKE SEB EC REGION 223 ill the region apparently found the Indian diggings and some observed the numerous iron nodules and boulders; hence Katahdin Iron Works sprung into existence and flourished until the Pittsburg and other western fields were developed. There are a dozen or more large furnaces still standing in the little valley along Pleasant river. Returning to our party with all that we could carry of both yellow and red ocher, we found that they had made several discoveries. At the mouth of Sebois stream, under a deposit of edgings and slabs from a saw mill, is a village site over one hundred by two hundred meters in extent. Here we recovered from a short distance below the grass roots two hundred chipped objects and some broken pottery. None of it occurred deeper than thirty- five centimeters from the surface. An unusual feature of this village was the fact that scrapers predominated. Fully half of all material found con- sisted of oval and flake scrapers, but none of the notched or hafted chipped scrapers were observed. Two or three years later three of us visited Katahdin Iron Works again and looked very carefully for Red Paint cemeteries in the vicinity, but the white people's operations have been extensive and all traces of Indian exca- vations have been obliterated. Mr. Smith and I had seen a collection in a drug store at Milo which came from the shores of Ebemee lake, a few kilo- meters from Katahdin Iron Works. The collection contained the Red Paint People type, but the owner of the site did not wish to have us carry on ex- cavations and so the cemetery is still unexplored. Lake Sebec Region In 1917 we visited the Sebec region, also drained by the Penobscot. The water was so high that we were unable to examine the sites which had been described to us by Mr. S. J. Guernsey of the Peabody Museum, but judging from the amount of archaeological material in the hands of local collectors, Sebec was one of the great Indian centers in the State of Maine. After a careful inspection of the Sebec country, we canre to the conclu- sion that the great quantities of powdered hematite brought from Katahdin Iron Works by the Indians, and also much of the fel.site from Mt. Kineo, were taken to the Penobscot through the Piscataquis region rather than down the Kennebec. As has been stated, there is very bad water for some distance below Moosehead in the Kennebec. We are of the opinion that the Indians loaded their canoes at Kineo with felsite, paddled to the south end of Moosehead, and then carried to Wilson Pond, a distance of about five kilo- meters. From thence through Trout Pond and Long Pond to Sebec Lake there are short portages and at certain seasons of the year very little carry- ing need be done. From Sebec Lake down Pleasant River and the Piscat- aquis to the Penobscot was an easy journey. The powdered hematite would have to be carried on the backs of the Indians down the trail along 224 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY Pleasant riviT to near I lie J'iscata(|ui,s Ijeforo it was possible to navigate in canoes. We do not think tlie Kineo felsite was transported down the West Brancli of the Penol)scot, as thai wouhl necessitate a long transportation at North East Carry and also portages around tlie many falls of the W^est Branch. TniO MATTAWAMKEA(i RlVEK In the laller lialf of July, 191.5, we went from Castine to Island Falls, at the head of jNIattawamkeag West Brancli Lake, where Mr. "Bill" Sewall has a large cam)). Mr. Sewall will he remembered as President Roosevelt's guide for many years in the Rocky Mountains and also in Maine. After examining the shores of the lake, we ])roceeded l)y canoe down the Matta- wamkeag River to its mouth. All along we found traces of Indian camp sites, with a few stone hatchets and celts but nothing indicating permanent occupation. Some distance above Kingman, at the junction of two branches of the river, was a rather extensive village site, but it was difficult for us to work there because a heavy growth of spruce and saplings covered the ground and our time was limited. While descending the last ten miles of the Mattawamkeag below Kingman we had great trouble to negotiate the gorge where occur the famous Gordon Falls, the Heath and Ledge Falls. River drivers are frequently drowned at this place and we found it necessary to lower our canoes with ropes. The outfit got through safely, however, and set up camp at Mattawamkeag, the famous Indian town at the junction of this river with the Penobscot. We had already visited and ex])lored this place in 1912, and we stopped there again in 1918, but no trace of Red Paint cemeteries or of other prehistoric burials were found by any of the expedi- tions. Only a number of graves of later Indians were discovered. Mattawamkeag is a delightful situation for an Indian town. The Pen- obscot flows southward with the Mattawamkeag entering from the south east. The water in both is pure and clear. South of the tributary stream and flanking the main river is a level bottom of rich soil and here the large Indian village was located, nearly half a kilometer in length. It was an ideal spot, as Mattawamkeag stream i)rotects the east and north anil the Penob- scot the west approaches. The modei'u village is on the slightly higher land a little further to the east. North of the junction and on the right bank of the Mattawamkeag is a high ridge or terrace wliich slopes down to a nar- row bottom of rich land bordering upon both streams. Here a smaller vil- lage was located. All burials seem to have been conflned to the high ridge above this site Our survey of 1912 spent ten days in work at Mattawamkeag. We dug many holes on the flats near the river, both a])ove and below where the Mat- tawamkeag enters the Penobscot, and also sinik numerous pits upon the ridge. The land where the larger historic village was situated and where . THE MATTAWAMKEA(i RIVER 225 there was probably occupation in more ancient times as well, is now a farm owned by Mr. George Budge. Debris covers the flat for, a distance of two hundred by three hundred meters. During the course of our work here we found ash pits but they contained little of consequence. We were able to secure over a hundred stone and chij)ped specimens, finished and unfinished, of the various kinds. They were all very much like the ordinary early Al- gonkian types. On the low meadow immediately bordering the water on the north or right bank of the stream at its mouth, numerous deep test pits were sunk. These revealed two and in some cases three layers of burnt earth, fire-cracked pebbles and charcoal. Between these layers were bands of clear sand, seem- ingly river-silt. Charcoal was found at one spot one and a half meters below the surface. About one hundred meters from the Penobscot the land rises abruptly, reaching a height of twenty or thirty meters. Here also we dug extensively. There is a tradition among the local people that one of the Jesuit priests, after laboring for many years among the Indians, died and was buried on a high sandy knoll on the north east side of Mattawamkeag stream, and that the chapel bell was buried with him, the mission having been burned by the English from Massachusetts Bay, some time before. Whether this tradition is true, I am not prepared to say, but there are graves on the ridge, on land now owned by Mr. John McCain. They are all of early historic Indians. Further work at Mattawamkeag did not shed additional light upon the question of occupancj^ The village site, while extensive, covers the surface merely and below the plow-line no artifacts have been discovered. Those found, as stated above, are in no sense of the types taken from the red paint deposits. In its technique the Mattawamkeag site does not differ from those found elsewhere along the Penobscot, so far as a careful investi- gation on our part indicates. Some extracts from the field notes follow: "One pit yielded a fine grooved hammer of granite and parts of a flint lock gun. "On the nearby bluff numerous pits and a short trench re- vealed graves. From the first of these were taken pyrites (?), a hammer stone and an iron grape shot. The place had been plowed. Further work revealed several batches of "color" but scarcely enough to class them as Red Paint People's graves. Two arrow points of polished slate were found, one connected with ocher and one apparently a stray. Positions : Point with rounded stem : E. 10° N., 50 cm. down, ocher 68 cm. down. Other point, N. 20° E., 50 cm. down. It is to be noted that both these points are of different type from any found at Orland. No large objects or unquestioned pyrites came to light. In one pit a handful of bone fragments ^^20 mainp: arc h ap:()L()(; y scatierecl over ii c'on.si(lc'rHl)lc' area in l)ro\vn and reddish earth was found. These ])rol>ably rejjresent cani])-site refuse and burnt earth. We found four iiilcrnienls. In two of these were fragments of luinian hones. 'I'herc was a nisi y flint lock in the edge of one of thest' gra\'cs liul \vc did not tln'nk tiiat tlie gun liad l)een buried, else more of I he baTTcl would lia\'e remained. Fragments of clay ])il)es of I lie caT-ly forms and one or two ItiiHets were found (hiring our exi)k)rations, also a ])ieee of rusty sword blade. In one grave wliere the skeleton had almost entirely disappeared, there was a slate s])ear head of a ditf'erent tyjje from any found in the graves of the Red Paint People, and a luitural formation, or water-worn stone, slia])ed sonu'what like an animal. At another place in the lower grom\ds we dug uj) a large grooved stone maul or hammer. No grooved tools have been found in the Red Paint People graves." Believing that no Red Paint People were luiried on the right bank of ISIattawamkeag stream, and not wishing to disturb the graves of the mis- sion Indians, we examined other lands along the river. In 1915 and again in 1918, when we were coming down the Penobscot, we stopped at Mattawamkeag and did more work; it was impossible, how- ever, to find any Red Paint People's cemetery. On the west bank of the Penobscot opposite the mouth of the Mattawamkeag River is a level bench or terrace about two himdred meters in length. Here we found two large wigwam sites. These were carefully hand-trowelled out and we were re- warded by finding several lumdred chips, small sera]>ers, arrow heads and broken objects, largely of jasper. ^Ye found no ])ottery and no large broken stone tools. There was considerable Inirnt earth but no fire stones. These two sites were a])parently where large cabins had been placed, and appeared to be about eight or nine meters in diameter. In 1918 we camped at the lower end of the large flat where the ]\latta- wamkeag Indian town was located, and here we found another wigwam site on which were large numbers of pieces of chipjied felsite and Kineo stone. It is interesting to note that on the west side, across the Penobscot, jasper pre- dominated, whereas on the east side there was no jasper, or \ery little. Thus the natives living on one side of I he rixcr used jas])er almost exclusively while Ihe finds on the other bank indicate the use of another material. On the islands near Maltawamki'ag or id)o\'e oi' below, we were able to find very little evidences of occnpalion. We are (old that ice and logs, in seasons when the river is uiuisnally high, lia\'e dnniaged or reduced the surface soil. This may account lor the scarcity of Indian '"signs'" on the low-lands. Contiiuu'ng up the Penobscot in 1915 we conn- to INIedway where the East Branch and AVest Branch of the Penobscot join. Here was a large Indian site and we secui-ed thirty or forty knives and spear and arrow jioints. THE MATTAWAMKEAG RIVER ^227 and some rude ))lummets and broken axes. There is also much pottery here and a number of ash pits. The place should be thoroughly examined. Proceeding up the West Branch we soon came to Shad Pond near the present "pulp town" of Millinocket. Here the Great Northern Paper Company has built an immense dam and turned practically all the water of the West Branch into power to run a pulp mill. The West Branch bed therefore is nearly dry for some kilometers and affords splendid opportunity for searching. Yet, although the entire party walked up the bed of the river, we found little or nothing. This is not surprising if one is familiar with the history of the West Branch falls. Formerly a large body of water poured through this little gorge. Millions of feet of timber from the upper lakes were run through the falls each spring. Often jams occurred at this place, and the West Branch falls were considered the most dangerous place between Bangor and Chesun- cook. The jams backed up the water for some distance, and when the jam finally broke, the force of the combination — tens of thousands of logs and perhaps a crest of four to six meters of water — swept everything before it. Sand, gravel, stones — the whole mass — went into the deeper waters be- yond. All Indian implements left along the shores of the West Branch falls except those dropped on higher land have long since been washed away. In fact the mill and forest owners in Maine have "changed the face of the earth". What Kipling said of the elephant Hathi is true of the Maine "timVjer king" — "And where Hathi gleans there is no need to follow." We established camp on the edge of Shad Pond where Millinocket stream enters, and spent several days in digging and searching up and down the West Branch. We found numerous indications of temporary camps such as great quantities of chips and spalls of Kineo stone, ashes of camp fires, hammer stones and a few broken celts; also some pits or caches in which pro- perty had been stored; but nothing indicating the presence of a great camp site or burial place could be discovered. Fig. Ill presents a large ash pit found on the banks of Shad Pond in which the layers of charcoal and ashes are unusually clear. It was more than one and one half meters in width and a meter deep but contained no objects and its purpose must remain a mys- tery. IJj) the West Branch between Millinockett and Chesuncook Lake are some encampments of Indian himters and fishermen, and upon the sandy shores of Chesuncook Lake are evidences of the largest interior village north of Bangor. Mr. Marks was fortunate in being able to examine the territory before the great dams were built, and he has given me some particulars con- cerning the extent of this site. There was also a large burial ground near the southern end of the lake and from it Mr. Marks secured many of the polished 228 M A I N E A R C H A E () I. (J Y im])lenu'iUs and ornaments now in the Andover collection. These are all Algonkian I'onn.s; there do not appear to be any Red Paint People types. A lar<^'e bone fisji hook, cnrved and barbed, was found by him on the beach. This is the only hook of Ihal |)atlern from northern Maine known to me. PiTT.STON From Clu'suneook we proceeded on uj) the West Branch to Pittston Farm, a su])i)ly de])ot of the Northern Paper Company, which is well over toward tlie western Canadian border of the state. Here the river forks again and each branch is quite small. Remains of aboriginal occupation occur on both sides of the main stream and on the point between the north and the south branches. It was an encamj)ment of some duration, for pottery is found, and we never obtain that on temporary lumting sites. There is, however, little evidence of any extended camp site proper; the place seems to have been rather a group of small shop sites for roughing out discs and "turtlebacks" from the "quarried" Kineo stone. It is but fair to state that the site showing most evidence of camp occupation could be but slightly ex- ])lored when we were there in 1914 because it was covered by a heavy crop of hay, and that commodity is very valuable, since Pittston is far from rail- way connections and farms. Plan XVI shows the Pittston sites. Site 1 . This was on the right bank of the main stream, the West Branch of the Penobscot, at the Forks, and occupies the highest land in the imme- diate vicinity. Here were found some triangular and leaf-shaped blanks in- cluding one which was thirty-five by thirteen centimeters, very evenly chip- ped. The left object in fig. 112. Thirteen of these blanks, whole or frag- mentary, were found at this site, all of them where the river bank, two me- ters high, had washed away leaving the gravel. One jasper perforator, two broken knives, and a broken arrow head were found, and also a few irregular Kineo blocks and numerous large chips. Immediately below the sod at one place was a layer of ash containing a few crumbs of bone ancl a little nest of pottery fragments. The large chip])ed implements are shown in figs. 11 2* and 113. Site '2. This was near liie westerly shore of the point between the Forks, next the so-called South branch. The finds consisted of a double handful of coarse Kineo chips occurring in a s])ace about ten meters across among a dozen or so of boulders weighing from twenty to fifty i)ounds each. One (|uarlz serajjcr was found but no other evidence of finished ob- jects nor of rejects. iS'v7r •)'. 'Hn's was on the left bank of the North branch not far from the junction. It was marked by a dei)osil t)f coars<> Kineo chips in a little pocket *NoTn: Tlio ioiiK Ical'-sliapcii liiiuli' to left in Kig. W'i is the largest recordt-d from New England. On examination I conclndc tliat it may be u finished object and not a blanlc as is stated in tlie text. PITTSTON 229 not more than three meters across immediately below the sod. There was no sign of any finished objects or of rejects. Site ^. This was on a flat-topped sand ridge about one hundred meters east of the bank of the West Branch proper and nearly parallel with it. The objects occurred immediately in the grass roots. It yielded six trian- gular Kineo scrapers, one chipped knife thirteen centimeters long, a broken celt, a small, square-end, broken chipped knife, and about two double hand- fuls of coarse Kineo chips. These objects were found in an area less than fifteen meters across. This whole sand ridge as well as the gravelly hill slope behind it was covered by an ash layer immediately below the sod. It was probably caused by a forest fire burning the wood mold, but this does not preclude the possibility that in some spots it may have been added to by camp fires. This ash layer has given a dark color to one side of most of the objects from sites 4 and 5. Site 5. This was farther south, and near the river bank. The chips here were noticeably smaller than at the other sites. About sixty chipped ob- jects were found, mostly broken scjuare-end knives. There were two notched arrow points, whole. Two deposits of pottery fragments occurred imme- diately among the grass roots. Theymore than filled a large cigar box, mostly in small pieces. It is the heavy, coarsely tempered, punch-decorated, ar- chaic x\lgonkian ware, similar to that found in the shell heaps at French- man's Bay. A small deposit of Kineo f elsite chips was found about half way between sites 5 and 6, in the tote road which follows the ridge mentioned above. The site as a whole is noticeable for the proportionately large number of broken small chipped objects and for the total absence of small rejects. The chips are markedly coarse. Local slate was used for chipping to a very slight extent. In June, 1914, an expedition composed of eleven men with equipment of six large canoes, four tents and complete camp-outfit, left Pittston Farm and ascended the small North Branch of the West Branch of the Penobscot. This was an exceedingly hard trip. Within five kilometers we reached the limit of paddling and were compelled to use poles. Soon afterwards all had to wade and drag the canoes. We proceeded slowly and carefully, since our canoes might be damaged on the sharp rocks and rendered useless. It is well to quote a few paragraphs from the field diary. "Thursday the 25th. Continued dragging the canoes up stream all day. The men became tired. Some fire wardens had preceded us and they raised gates of the Bog dam. But for this we could not have got up, there being very little water. Camped in old lumber shack. Friday, 26th, proceeded on up the stream through dead water for about 6 kilometers. The North Branch here was originally very small, but as it passes through low land the dam 2S0 1\I A I N E A R r IT A E O E O G Y has changed scveriil miles of land into a bo^' or muddy lake. At the head of this bog the stream passes through flat country with clay l)anks aTul high grass. Very crooked stream. Two kilometers of paddling ('((ualled llifce hundred meters in a straight distance. Four or h\'e kilomclers farlher, lia\'iug dragged the canoes uj) to a cli-aring, found a cabin occupied by two Frenchmen.* Here the sti'cam is uol more than two meters wide Eater they informed us a new trail had ln'cn cul over the hills lo S(. .J(jhn Pond. The dis- tance is eight kilomettTS and the trail very rough. We foimd the Frenchmen al)si'nt the afteriUKJU we arrived. Spent several hours himting for them. Walked to St. John l^ond and back. Searched shores, found nothing. The Frenchmen were found in the evening, and began making sleds to haul our canoes over the carry [to St. John Pond]. Saturday a. m. at S.OO, two sleds being completed, two canoes and baggage were haided over. Our men liad to help clear trail, cut trees, etc. Recjuired labor of six men four hours to take two canoes eight kilometers. Following our custom, the cook's outfit went first and camp was established. Two more canoes were brought over late Saturday afternoon and the last two, Sunday morning. The canoe bottoms were found to be badly scraped. "St. John's Pond was examined but no traces of Indian occu- pation foimd. Monday the '29th, startetl down St. John river [here called the Woboostook or Baker stream]. Small stream, heavily wooded. Water was cold and alive with trout. Great game country. Many deer seen. Our cook, James Rideout, without leaving hi^ fireplace, counted nineteen in three hours. The stream was very small, full of rocks and rapids. It was necessary to drag canoes nearly all the way to Baker Eake, thirty kilometers distant. Rained hard Tuesday the 30th and we remained in camp all day. " W'ednesday, July 1st, proceeded on down river, wading usually but poling canoes nowand then.* There were nosigns of Indian en- campments until we reached Baker Eake. No flint chips on the shores. Great quantities of duck, deer. Irout, etc. We came to dead water several kilometers al)ove Baker Eake and were able to paddle. All the men were glad of this because they had liecome chilled and tired wading in water. The elevation nuist be consid- erable as the nights are ((uite cold with frost. Spent half day at Baker's exanu'ning shores, l^'ound a camp site at the outlet; stone celt, scraper, chips, etc. That e\-euing reached Morrison's Depot Camj). Found no specimens. *Fig. ll'l illu.sU'ates how the c/inocs were lillcd ovii- nicks :iiiil sli:ill(i\vs. logs ami hoaver dams *Fig. ll.") sliows a lieavcT clam Tirar llic Si. .lolm. P I T T S T O N 231 "July 2nd. Ran down rapidly through swift water to a lumber camp where the Southwest branch and South branch or main St. John come together. Found a site, and as the river was much larger our troubles were over. Here were numbers of chips and spalls lying together as if there had been wigwam sites. [The material is a light, chalky rhj^olite and different from stone on sites down river. It is almost white in color and much weathered.] "From here to Seven Islands [July 4th] are several small sites**. Numbers of specimens have been discovered at Seven Islands and there is a village site here, but as it was planted in oats and timothy and this is the farthest up-river settlement with grain and hay high in price, the owner did not wish us to excavate. He had found a grooved axe, an iron tomahawk and some arrow heads. " The afternoon of July 4th we ran through some bad rapids to the Big Black [or Great Black] River, and camped there until the morning of the 9th. This stream was mentioned as being rich in Indian signs. We examined all points of land and shores thorough- ly, did much digging and sent an expedition up the Big Black 30 kilometers. Found two camp sites, only one important. It fur- nished a large stone ornament***, some knives, arrow heads, etc. This tablet is 18 cm. long, 6 cm. wide in the center. The top is decorated by notches. Material, granite; color, dark." At the junction of the North West branch and the main St. John river there is indication of Algonkian culture in the form of flint chips, arrow heads and broken stone hatchets. No pottery was discovered in any of these sites, and the conclusion is that the camps are those of hunters and were not occupied as permanent villages. Where Shield's brook, or the Metawakwansis stream, empties into the Great Black river was a reputed Indian burying ground. There is a field and sand ridge at this point, with a slight sand knoll on the edge of Shield's brook. The most curious feature is a group of little mounds, about two to two and a half meters long and a meter wide, scattered over the upper field. They exactly resemble the mounds with which modern graves are sometimes marked, but careful digging to a depth of two meters failed to reveal the slightest trace of any burials whatsoever, or any disturbance of the soil. Some at least of these mounds are palpably artificial and probably all are so. About one dozen were dug into without result in any case. A small ash layer, with one broken arrow head, was located on the slope of the sand ridge. The knoll in front of the forestry and fire wardens' cabins **Sites are shown on our map of Somerset County in the Department files, Init the map is not reproduced here. See plan XVIII, Aroostook County. ***This is shown helow in Fig. 116. It is not of Red Paint People type, but smaller and made of a dark granite, well polished. OUTLINE MAP OF T M E LOWER PART OF PENOBSCOT COUNTY, MAINE. DRAWN) BY E.O-SUGOEN 19 19 P I T T S T O N 233 was tested without result. A total of about one hundred and twenty-five test pits were dug. From the Big Black to St. Francis on the Canada line, some seventy kilometers, the country was examined but little was found. Although the forests are very heavy and the timber line extends to the water, we dug hun- dreds of pits on points of land at the junction of streams and on all favorable sites throughout this journey. This heavy growth makes work difficult and also prevents extensive excavations. When the country is cleared, sites may be found, yet I doubt if large sites will be discovered even when facili- ties for work are better. The reason that nothing of consequence was dis- covered on the upper waters is that the Indians never visited those regions in any considerable numbers, not that our work was either insufficient or careless. The notes continue: "We proceeded on down to St. Francis, mapping sites and on Saturday, July 11th, went up St. Francis river to Glasier Lake. The survey now consisted of twelve men. The tents were pitched at the head of the lake, 12 or 15 kilometers north of the St. John. "Monday the 13th. Broke camp at Glasier Lake, moved down to John's farm at the mouth of the St. Francis river. Here we found a good sized camp site and discovered many flint chips, bones, and knives. Spent the night there. "Tuesday the 14th. Worked in the morning, ran to Fort Kent, and camped at mouth of Fish river. "Wednesday the 15th. Sent expedition up Fish river, fifteen kilometers, but they found nothing. "Thursday the 16th. Went thirty kilometers down river to Edmonston, [mouth of the Madawaska, Canadian side] finding here an Indian village of the Malecites. Engaged a prominent Indian, Noel Bernard, and his brother, to go up to lake fifty kilometers up the Madawaska to search for quarry site, etc. Dug upon a flat near the Indian village. Negative results." From now on there were more indications of Indian occupation, but all pointed to Algonkian stock rather than Red Paint culture, and most of the sites were not very ancient. There are three Indian settlements in New Brunswick at various points along the river. At these the older Indians took an interest in our work and gave us much information. Every story or tradition was investigated, but all related to Indians of the past two hun- dred and fifty years. W'ith the exception of the old sub-chief, Noel Bernard, who told us of a site at the head of the Madawaska river, the Indians as well as the white people were of little or no benefit to our expedition. In two days Bernard and his brother returned in the canoe we had given them and reported a large quarry site, bringing back about a peck of material. This is a dark, almost black flint and seems to have been extensively worked 2:54 MAINE A R C II A E O L O G Y by the St. John Indians. It is jnst ])ossihle that the Madawa.ska stream, together witli the St. Francis and 'J'obiqne, were the three lines of travel by canoe between the St. Lawrence and the St. John. This is what the Malecite Indians claim. 'I'hese streams can be investigated some S[)ring bnt they are too snndl lo traverse in tlie snmnicr exce])t at the expense of great labor and the risk of damaging the canoes, Oti the l!)th, i()\\\ and "ilst, we went down to Grand Falls, in New Brunswick, s])ent a day there digging, })ut found nothing, and went on an- other thirty kilometers to tiie mouth of the ']\)}>i(iue. Here we spent some days investigating, and found that the modern Malecite Indian village was bnilt over a prehistoric site — an interesting discovery. No cemetery could be foimd, although several hundred j)its were sunk for a rav[\\ in the Peabody Mus- eum rej)orts.* Why there sliould be so III Ik- of signilieant I'emaius in accunudations more extensive than are found at any other i)lace north of Florida, is not evident.** It was always sn|)p<)se(l lli.il e^•idenees of a large village site would be found near the Damariscotta shell heai)s, but even when careful *Prof. F. W. rulniini, "iml Aniniiil Urpciil. lV;il]()dy Museum, Harvard Univ., pp. 1-19. *At the proHcut lime, after niueli of it tins lieen carted away, tlie largest heap at Damariscotta is still nearly nine meters in height. THE LAKE C H A M P L A I N SURVEY -241 surface searching was inaugurated, we could find no fields within several kilometers above or below the shell heaps or even back toward the hills, where there had been an Indian encampment of any considerable size. If the Indians camped at the shell heaps they left practically no village-site debris. This is remarkable when we consider the size of the heaj^s and that they must have required a long time for accumulating. The following ex- planation, however, suggests itself. At the present writing, the oyster beds opposite these heaps are not extensive. Old residents of Damariscotta vil- lage informed me that there were more oysters in earlier times but the beds were never large. If this condition existed in Indian times, fifty or sixty men working in the river at low tide for two or three days would greatly reduce the available supply of oysters. In order to secure another supply they might wait two or three years until the oysters increased. It would not be necessary for such a number of Indians to stay near the beds longer than two or three days. Then they would return to their villages. The nearest large village site is Pemaquid, distant some twelve or fifteen kilometers, and there are also other villages along the coast short distances to the westward. It seems to the writer that Indians might journey from Pema- quid to Damariscotta in a few hours, open shells, secure oysters and re- turn home all within a very short time. The entire Sheepscot valley and arms of the sea in the vicinity of Wis- casset were examined and some shell heaps were found and mapped but no Red Paint People burials could be discovered. The Lake Champlain Survey of 1917 ^ '-^-^ At the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of If " Science held in Portland, Maine, in August, 1873, Professor George H. Per- kins of the University of Vermont, who was also State Geologist, read a paper entitled "An Ancient Burial Ground in Swanton, Vermont."* This paper described a large nuinber of burials somewhat similar to those of the so-called Red Paint culture. Archaeologists had been much interested in the Maine explorations and at the meetings of the Anthropological Asso- ciation and elsewhere the writer of this report was frequently asked whether the Red Paint People culture of Maine could be correlated with that of any known tribe in the New England region. In order to get some light on this question it was decided to explore the Lake Champlain region and particu- larly the Swanton site. Accordingly, in June, 1917, the men motored from Bucksport, Maine, to Burlington, Vermont, examining various sites on the way, and with the cooperation of Professor Perkins, who was with us several *This and other papers of Professor Perkins's upon the archaeology of Lake Champlain and Ver- mont will be found in the American Anthropologist, n. s. vol. XI, 1909, pp. 607-623; vol. XIII, 1911, pp. 239-249; vol. XIV, 1912, pp. 72-80, 584; and in the Reports of the State Geologist of Vermont, y. THE LAKE CHAMPLAIN SURVEY 243 weeks during the summer, some three months were spent in careful search of the Lake Champlain territory. (See plan XIX.) Professor Perkins and our party first visited Colchester Point, about nine kilometers north of Burlington on the shore of Lake Champlain. This is a long, prominent point entirely composed of sand. Originally there was turf and a heavy growth of white pine upon it. Here was the site of an In- dian village which extended about five hundred meters. The quartz and chips are extremely thick and we picked up four or five different varieties of material used by the Indians. The ground is literally covered with thous- ands of small and large flakes, burnt stone, etc. Pottery is not common. Professor Perkins found a grooved, decorated stone, six or seven centimeters in length. It is shaped like a plummet and made of steatite. Mr. Sugden found twenty-five spear heads and arrow heads in a cache, which lay in a compact space about ten centimeters in diameter. We secured fifty speci- mens in all. They cover the usual Champlain types as described and illus- trated in Professor Perkins's published papers. Afterwards the field party went entirely around the shores of Lake Champlain, locating and mapping village sites. Mr. L. B. Truax of St. Albans, who had witnessed the early excavations in the S wanton graves about fifty years before, suggested that we examine the Mississiquoi River in Swanton, as many objects had been found along the bank. Accordingly we spent several days cruising in a motor boat up and down the river. Near the mouth we found what INIr. Truax thinks are three levels of occupation in the banks. They may be large camj) sites which were overflowed, as the river is sometimes over its banks. The banks are of clay, not gravel. Pro- fessor Perkins was not certain what caused these strata. The lowest layer, which is down a meter below the surface, furnished the rougher objects. More work will have to be done in that region. The men went also to Highgate Springs and worked there about two days observing small camp sites, and after the examination of the Mississi- quoi River we went to Isle la Motte where is a large site on a prominent sand point at the north end. Champlain visited this place and the Jesuits set up a mission there in early days. At the present time there is a Catholic shrine on the spot and we could not secure permission to excavate until the writer had interviewed Bishop Rice, who is in charge of the Burlington diocese. He permitted us to dig up to within ten meters of the shrine itself. In the sand, at a depth ranging from ten centimeters to one meter, much broken pottery was discovered from which we maybe able partially to restore some vessels. While the pottery in the upper layers appeared to be later but not Iroquoian in character, the lower layers contained fragments of ves- sels of the pointed base type, the archaic Algonkian form. The amount of debris left by the Indians at this place would suggest that, with the possible exception of Colchester Point, the Isle la Motte shrine marks the largest Pi5 iT A T A FLAN JM U T L I N C M . THE LAKE CHAMPLAIN SURVEY 245 Indian site upon Lake Champlain. It is natural that Champlain and the Fathers, when voyaging on Lake Champlain, would stop at the largest vil- lage and there set up the mission. At various points along the Mississiquoi river and upon Big and Little Otter Creeks are camp sites, and three large ash pits containing unio shells were found. At the outlet of Lake Champlain there are other sites, and a number of collections were observed and studied at Rouses Point. The re- gion between Rouses Point and the St. Lawrence river was not examined. Although we had letters from the Canadian Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Mr. Scott, and also from Professor Smith, Curator of the Ottawa Museum, it was thought inadvisable to take a party of strangers down the river, as Canada was at this time engaged in the World War and the border was heavily patrolled. The Canadian authorities will probably explore the re- gion between the foot of Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence at some fu- ture time. Having examined the Lake Champlain sector to some extent and en- tered the sites upon plan XX, we concentrated on the Swanton sector. Pro- fessor Perkins and Mr. Truax were with us the entire time we were there. About three kilometers north of the village of Swanton is a long, high ridge composed of fine sand. Here, about 1865 or 1866, when local people began cutting the heavy growth of first-growth white pine, the Swanton cemetery was discovered by accident, there being nothing on the surface to indicate the presence of graves. Professor Perkins's report and further conversation with Mr. Truax and Mr. John W. Brough, who were both present when the first graves were opened and from whom Professor Perkins had heard of the site, led us to believe that at least twenty-five and possibly thirty-five graves were discovered. They ranged about a meter below the surface. After the pines were removed, as Lake Champlain is subject to heavy winds, the sand began to blow and dunes were formed. Indeed it was due to the wind action that the first graves were discovered ; then digging was resorted to by local collectors. In some instances the sand was entirely blown away and the graves uncovered by the wind. As it has been impossible to find an- other cemetery in the region and no more graves could be discovered in this one, although we dug several hundred pits, and further in view of the importance to New England archaeology of the Swanton finds, it is well to reprint here a portion of Professor Perkins's report. Certain changes have been made with the author's consent and therefore quotation marks are omitted. The sand in which the Indians dug graves is of very light color but that immediately around and beneath the body was with two exceptions col- ored a dark red or reddish brown; in the exceptional cases it was black. This red sand was from ten to fifteen centimeters thick and the color was undoubtedly due to the presence of red iron oxide or red hematite, small THE LAKE CHAMPLAIN SURVEY 247 pieces of a compact, deep-red variety of that mineral having been found in several of the graves. These bits of ore might color water if powdered, but they were not soft enough to have caused discoloration of the sand by stain- ing such water as might have trickled through it. Thus the oxide must have been powdered and mixed with water or perhaps with the blood of some ani- mal, and poured into the graves as a part of the funeral rites. As nearly all of the objects taken from the graves are stained, as well as the sand, it is probable that the coloring material was poured over the body and objects after they were placed in the grave. The black color in the graves was prob- ably due to decomposition of organic matter, no coloring liquid having been poured into those graves. The skeletons in these graves were much decomposed, only two bones, a femur and a radius, being entire, with several others nearly whole. From one grave was taken nearly half of a skull, but most of the bones crumbled more or less on exposure to the air. Of the objects themselves, a number of smooth, water-worn pebbles of white quartz weighing about a pound each, were found. They averaged about ten centimeters in length, seven in width, and two and a half in thick- ness. In one grave was a piece of black shale resembling the Lorraine shales of New York, about fifteen centimeters long. This was not worked. In another was a large piece of dark red Potsdam sandstone, which occurs in formation near Highgate. This was rudely squared and smoothed. Eight or ten copper implements were found, several of the larger ones being chisel-shaped, long and slender. The surface was slightly convex and the corners beveled. There was a groove running along the sides of each copper tool. Some of these tools are quite sharp and all of them are of the native copper from Lake Superior. Fragments of wood occurred and numbers of shell beads and one or two entire specimens of the small inarginella conoidalis, common on the Florida coast, were found. These shells were drilled longitudinally through the spiral. There were about fifty small shell ornaments cut from the col- umellae of large shells, from four to seven centimeters in length. Most of these were perforated. Several stone ornaments, a bird stone, and a bicave or discoidal, are shown in fig. 120. It is unusual to find a bicave or discoidal stone in a grave. Some of the problematic fornis of dark veined slate are of the well-known perforated type, rectangular with one surface flat, the other convex. The most interesting of the objects from the graves were the masses of iron or iron nodules and the stone tubes. About a dozen of these tubes, similar to those shown in figs. 118 and 119 were taken out of the graves.* * The tube shown in fig. 118, now in the Andover collection, is 23} 2 era. long, 26 mm . wide at the open end, 24 mm. wide at the mouth piece, and about 35 mm. wide in the center. 248 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY Three or four of tliese are in tlie Stale of Vermont anci University of Ver- mont colleetioiis; Mr. Truax posst-sses one; Phillips Academy secured the one which Mr. Urou^h had kept in his possession for more than forty years; one is in the Smith.sonian Institution collection, another in a museum at Paris, one probably in the Museum of the American Indian, New York, and the others are scattered. They are much larger than the two tubes found by Phillips Academy siu'veys at Mason's Cemetery, Lake Alamoosook, both of which are shown in fig. '28 of this rei)ort. Professor Perkins's comments may be condensed as follows : All tubes showed great care in manufacture. Materials differ, some hard, others quite soft. The hardest can be scratched by a knife and all appear to be made of a kind of argillaceous sandstone, sand predominating in harder and clay in softer tubes. The surface is very smooth in most, and shows few marks of the tools by which they were wrought. One tube is especially interesting because on it are the only markings found on any object taken from the graves. They are near one end of the tube and consist of an outline drawing of some bird, with three characters below it. The objects are engraved or scratched on tube, scratches some- what irregular and neither wide nor deep, some very fine. The bird re- sembles a fish-hawk, 2.5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. broad across wings. The three characters below the bird are made up of straight lines and dots, about 5 mm. high and a little less in width. The color of the tubes is light drab except where stained by iron oxide. They are not uniform in size throughout the length, but largest at one end, and often both ends are larger than the middle. Three somewhat di- verse forms are found. One is contracted near one end and enlarges very gradually until near the opposite end, when it again contracts, the shape be- ing similar to an ordinary ball club. Another form has greatest diameter at one end, from which the tube contracts, first rapidly but soon gradually to the other end. Another has a raised rim at the mouthpiece and is then slight- ly contracted, with the body of even size. The tubes vary from l^ to 25 cm. in length. Tubes of the first form described are largest, those of the second smallest. Both ends of the tubes are cut off scpiarely. All are jjer- forated in the same manner, the hole numiug directly from end to end. being about twice as large at one end as at the other. In the largest tube found the bore is 2.25 cm. in diameter at one end and 1 cm. at the other. The larger end of the bore seems to have been scraped out (after the main portion of the hole was made), by some thin-eilged instrument. Through most of the length of Ihe lube Ihe walls are thicker than at the ends. In some tubes Ihe small perforation from Ihe mouthpiece inward does not strike the center but is to one side. In nearly every tube a stone plug was fotmd, fitted to the smaller orifice, but not well made. In Fig. 118 is in- pLANznn OUTLINE MAP r T H E NORTH WEST PART 'O F AROOSTOOK COUKJTY. MAINE, D R ft Vu N by' £ O^UODEN 19 I 9 =1 o W o ' a ^^ ss 3 S 4) ^ o S T3 fi o a be 4_> 1= 'S _o oT bO o ^ ctf •»-< ^ ^ &£ 250 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY chidod a stone plug wliicli was found in the tube we secured from Mr. Brougli. The i)resence of these tubes in the graves at Swanton marks a departure from the Red Paint Fe()])le culture. Similar stone tubes are on exhibition in the large collection in the Morgan Memorial Museum at Hartford. They have been found in graves in ('ormecticut, and this emphasizes the impor- tance of the Connecticut work recently projected and to be carried out in coming years. Until a number of cemeteries in that State are opened it may be premature to draw conclusions; however, we will state that the associa- tion in Vermont graves of Lake Superior prehistoric copper and early problematical forms with these tubes and iron nodules, and the presence of similar tubes from Lidian sites in Connecticut Museums, brings before us one of the most interesting and important problems in New England archaeol- ogy. The Swanton graves do not appear to be what is known as late Algon- kian. They are certainly not late Irocjuoian at all. They are not of the Red Paint People culture, for there are no gouges, adze blades, long slate spears or plummet effigies; but they represent American stone-age art of high type and may indicate a very early culture. Certainly they present forms well worth careful study and consideration. Professor Perkins has suggested that the tubes are similar to sev- eral found in the mounds of the Scioto Valley, Ohio, but tubes there are very rare, and while Squier and Davis found one or two, the writer found none in the great Hopewell group and he is not aware that Professor INlills has discov- ered any in the fifteen or more large mound-builder sites explored by him in the past twenty years. Furthermore, the few tubes found in the Ohio mounds, while associated with sonie copper, are not accompanied by such other objects as were found in the Swanton graves. It is to be regretted that a cemetery of the importance of Swanton can not be found by modern in- vestigators and properly hand-trowelled out. Let us ho])e that we may be able by diligent research to discover an undisturbed burying ground of simi- lar character elsewhere in New England. Finally, Professor Perkins appears to be correct in his contention that the Lake Champlain Valley was consitlered both by the Algonkins and Iroquois as "the enemy's country". After the formation of the Iroquois League about 1570, the villages of the Algonkin on T>ake (^hamplain appear to have been raided, and in early historic times and si\ortly after Chami)lain"s visit to Isle la Motte the Indians tlid iu)t li\e in any numbers on the lake shores but moved back on trilnitary streams. It woidd ai)i)ear therefore that the village near Swanton was not inhabited at the lime of Champlain's visit. How much earlier the cemetery is, it is impossible to state, but we are of the oj)inion that its antifjuity is consider.able. a PAR r V. CONCLTIDINC; REMARKS Tlu'so eight seasons s|)ent in llie Maine field and in extended study of material seenred from the graves, shell heajjs, and village sites, afford suffi- eienf data for some general observations. The author of this report has visited all the museums in whieh Maine artifacts are exJiibited, and includes in his summary, reports of otlier persons together with their collections. x\s one result of all our labors in the State of Maine, about twenty thousand ob- jects* have been taken from various sites. Nearly four thousand of these we have placed in museums in Maine. The first question which arises in the minds of many students is with reference to the total Indian population in Maine about the year 1600. It is impossible to give even an approximate estimate in figures, but in view of the large accumulation of village-site material along the coast, the writer is of the opinion that the present tendency to minimize Indian population in New England is not correct. We might secure light on the problem by means of a simple comparison. The village of the Norridgewocks, where Father Rasles met his heroic death contained a good many Indians who had probably been there for some time, yet when one inspects the surface of this site, very few implements, chips of flint, broken pottery, or other artifacts are to he found, in comparison with other sites which were unknown to either the earlier voyager or later ob- servers. Pemaquid also is frequently mentioned in the early narratives as containing a considerable Indian population, yet little is found at Pemaquid compared with Mattawamkeag, and the objects of bone, stone, shell, or clay are far less in number than those discovered about the shores of Sebec Lake or even at Moosehead. Castine was a rendezvous of the Indians at tlie time of the earliest French exploration, and Indians remained in the vicinity of Castine as late as 1750 or 17()0, yet an exploration of a dozen shell heaps within a radius of about eleven kilometers from Castine and of seven shell heaps within three kilometers of Count Castine's fort, reveals very few ob- jects of European nuuuifacture, and these are found in the upper layers of the heaj). There were many traders anil travelers, both French and Eng- lish, coming to the seltlemenf and bartering with tiie Indians; at one time more than four hundretl Indian warriors assembled to join the white inhabi- tants in an attack on the New England settlements; yet notwithstanding a long period of occujjancy by the Indians, traces of contact with Europeans are very slight about Castine. This is not mere opinion but the result of ex- * Tlirec thousand of those wore in the Marks eollection, whieh we purchased. PLAN BX SITES ABODT LAKECHAMPLAIN t)^. E ff O E N N E S. 254 M A I N 1-: ARCH A E O L G Y tended and caiTful cxploT-ation ol' many sites, not only H])on the coast but extending;' u]) tlie riA'ers far iiilo tlie interior. All Ihis seems lo tlie wi-iler (o he si^nifiearil. If we find so little ma- terial indiealiiig eoiilael willi l^^iiropcaiis on sites which are frequently men- tioned in our In'slorical uaTi-alivcs, and if we further know that there were larf^e numbers of IiKhaiis assembled at these ])laces and that the contact be- tween ihe whiles and llie Indians (•()\cred ;i ])eriod of time not less than 150 years, we are justified in drawinf^' tiie conclusion that the other Indian sites on which so nuu'h nuilt'rial has been found must have been occupied for a very considerable length of time by a large mmiber of Indians, and that for the most part such sites are ])rehistoric-. Small ])ox and other e])idemics are known to have carried off several thousand New England Indians in the sixteenth and early seventeenth cen- turies. Probably natives in Maine were affected as well as others. Be that as it may, it would seem within the bounds of reason to conclude that sev- eral thousand Indians were living along the Maine coast and in the interior about the year 1600. The reasons that so many large villages were found along tlie coast are not far to seek. Here the inhabitants were assured of a continuous supply of fish, seals, ducks, clams, and other food easily obtained from the sea and adjacent lands. They could make excursions of various durations into the interior and procure beaver, deer, bear, otter, moose, caribou, niuskrats, and other game. In case the himters of large villages exhausted the deer, moose, Ijeaver, and other game of one ])art of the country, parties could be made up and distant points in the interior visited. On such trips they would hunt for a certain period, then construct birch bark canoes and liring the skins and smoked meat back to the A'illages. They i)ref erred to do this because if the largest villages were located in the interior, scarcity of game woidd certainly cause the inhabitants of the villages to suffer. On fresh water ])onds it is difficult to secure fish in qiuuitities through the ice, and shoidd the beaver in a certain area become scarce and the deer and moose migrate as these ani- mals often do, suff'(>ring wovdd result in winter. On the sea-shore on the contrai-y, they might be restricted for a considerable length of time to sea food, but they were always certain of the means of supporting life. The large village al Bangor was sndicienlly near the coasl lo share this advantage. (yhesuiu-ook and MedncI ic, Sebec ami Abioschcad. arc I'xceplions, being far inland, yet here the aborigiiu's were in Ihe heart of a great game and fish country and it is not to be su|)pt)st'd ihal in ancient times there was any great amount of suffering. From IMeductic the Indian could reacli tide water on the lower St. John in aboul fom- days' travel. The inhabitants of Chesim- cook could canoe to Castine in six days, and Sebec Lake is within four days' easy journey of Castine. From the upper St. John and the upper Aroostook ^^,,!«^^, Tuha from Swanton Cra^c-, Verrr,ontr Pluj Fig. 118. Tube and plug from Swanton grave. Below to left, the opening at mouth; to right, the open end. P. 253. S. 1-2. Fig. 119. A Swanton tube in the Smithsonian collection. S. 1-2. 256 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY it would not however Ik- jjossihle to reach tlie ocean in less than eight or ten (lays' travel. l'r()l)alily many of the Indians from Chesuncook and Me- (luctic, as well as oilier inlerior sites, ciime down the river late in the fall and s])enl liie winter near the eoasl. I have referred to the ease of (ravel l)y water in the State of Maine. Although our expeditions covered great distances hy canoe, yet when one inspects all the routes that could he taken l)y water, it is seen that we have traversed less than ten ])ercent of the canoe mileage of that State. That Indians penetrated to every corner accessible hy canoe, is not to })e doubted. Probably they travelled on foot with light i)acks to the heads of rivers or lakes, constructed their birch bark crafts there and then made their way down. In travelling down stream the distance one may journey in a day depends on the water and the Jiours of la})or. For Indians to force their canoes fifty kilometers in one day would not t)e excessive. We have equalled that when we have not had head winds to fight'. At the proper stage of water it woidd be possible to journey from Moosehead Lake to Castine in one week, provided no stops were made for hunting or fishing. Notwithstanding very careful work, none of our expeditions were able positively to identify a village site of the Red Paint People. ]Mr. Smith was more fortunate, as has been observed. (See pages 134-143). No uniformity is to be observed in the relation of shell heaps to Red Paint cemeteries. On Mr. Haskell's estate. Blue Hill, where there was a large cemetery, there is no shell heap of great extent near. The reverse is true at Sullivan Falls, where there are large heaps within a few kilometers of the cemetery. From Boynton's shell-heap site to the cemetery at Ells- worth is about twelve kilometers. The nearest large heaps to Lake Alamoo- sook are those of Castine, probably twenty kilometers south. Although Alamoosook is considered the center of the Red Paint People culture because of the grouping of cemeteries about it, no really large village site w-as identified there, the numerous specimens that have been found about the outlet being chiefly Algonkian forms. It is not to be supposed that the Red Paint People would use a tliti'erent class of materials where their habi- tations were located, from those placed in the graves. Professor Mills of the Ohio Museum was able to solve many of the prob- lems concerning the Mound Builder cidtiu-e of that State by twenty years' intensive work in a small area. In the State of Maine also it is probable that should the state authorilies, as has been suggested, continue a survey in the field from May to October during the next twenty years, all these various (|uestions could be satisfactorily answiTcd. Labors in the Ohio field are, to be sure, much easier than in Maine; the mounds are prominent landmarks, the co\mtry is all cultivated, and there is no luibroken forest. These factors should be taken into account by the critical reader of our report on explora- tions. Fig. 120. Specimens from University of Vermont collections. Found m the Champlain region. S. 2-3. A. Champlain Valley. B. Hubbardton, Vt. C. From a grave at Swanton. D. From a grave at Swanton. E. From Champlain Valley. PLANIX u T L I N f: map F SAGADAHOC COUNTY MAINE R A W N B V t O SUGDEN IS 19 outline: map J LINCOLN COUNTY MAINE DRAWN B V E.O.SUGOEN 19 19 CONCLUDING REMARKS 259 It is unnecessary to recapitulate our evidence as to the lack of known Algonkian forms in the Red Paint graves or the total absence of Red Paint People types in the shell heaps. Figs. 122 and 123 are of well known Algon- kian types, found on the surface in Maine. Readers are requested to carefully compare these with the grave finds. The practical field archaeologist, if at all familiar with New England cultures, will concur in the suggestion that there was a very early culture oc- cupying an area in central and southern Maine, which was separate and dis- tinct from other and probably later cultures. Whether this subsequently be- came Algonkian is to be doubted, and we have already stated that it is un- like any other culture, save possibly that of the Eskimo. To a certain ex- tent the Swanton graves in Vermont indicate another very early culture similar to one which we shall probably find in Connecticut. Thus in Con- necticut as well as near Lake Champlain, there may be a tribe, if not a cul- ture, preceding the southern and northern New England Indians as we have known them in the last three centuries. The proposed archaeological survey of the rest of New England will probably determine just how many cultures obtained in the area outside of Maine. We know that certain well known tribes, such as the Podunk, Pequot, and Narragansett, had large villages and cemeteries of considerable extent. When these are carefully investigated we shall undoubtedly have assembled for the inspection of students a large fund of information. It may be pos- sible then to determine whether there were marked local or tribal dif- ferences between the art-forms used by these several divisions of Algonkian stock. Other cemeteries indicating the presence of a culture not Podunk or Pequot, or Narragansett may possibly be found. The presence in Con- necticut museums of a few tubes identical with those from Swanton neces- sitates careful search for cemeteries of all kinds, regardless of whether they relate to the historic or the prehistoric period. The problem of the origin of the Pequot, Podunk and Narragansett tribes is thus before us and should have our earnest consideration, since it may have a direct bearing upon our Maine cultures. It seems that we are dependent upon archaeology and above all on the tabulation and study of art-forms from the graves, if we are to form conclusions as to the origin and development of the several cul- tures or tribes in that interesting section of our country which lies east of the Hudson river. Finally, the author of this report considers the Red Paint People to be separate and distinct -from other tribes of the New England region. Their culture is peculiar and cannot be correlated with any known tribe either his- toric or prehistoric. Fig. 121. A peculiar problematical form found in Hoh\ay's cemetery, Orland about 18 years ago. Owned by Mr. Sugden for some years. Present location unknoivn. Drawn from memory by Mr. Sugden. Full size. Material, banded slate. Fig. 122. Tyjics of .Mgonkiai !i\cs fi-oiii Maiiu — for comparison witli Kcd Paint People tj'pes in culling tools. S. 1-5. If PLAN OUTLINE MAP F KNOX COUNTY, MAIM- DRAWN BY K 5UG-DEN J9I9 \'*- Via. 123 Typi's of grooved firUiiiK tools from ISraino; I'or comparison with lit'il I'luiil lVo|ik- typos. S. about 1-3. ROSTER OP MEN WHO SERVED ON THE SEVERAL EXPEDITIONS W. K. MOOREHEAD, Andover, Mass., Director ok all the Surveys 1912 Francis B. Manning, Harvard University. In charge of field notes and specimens. Arthur E. Marks, Yarmouth, Maine. .Assistant. Charles A. Perkins, Wakefield, Mass. Photog- rapher. John Martinez, New Mexico, LuDwiG K. Moorehe.\d, Andover, Mass. Elbert Porter. New York. Phillips Bradley, Harvard University. Sam Parks, Mattawamkeag, Maine. Riverman. Frank Hagar, Moosehead, Maine. Guide. Albert Staples, Orland, Maine. Cook. Charles Hdtchings, Orland, Maine. Ralph Lord, Bucksport, Maine. C. Valentine Soper, Orland, Maine. Donald F. Eld ridge, Orland, Maine. William Hutchings, Jr., Orland, Maine. William Hutchings, Sr., Orland, Maine. 1913 F. B. M.4.NNING. Assistant. E. O. Sugden, Orland, Maine. Surveyor. Capt. I. L. Cr.\btree, Maine. In charge of navigation. Charles Hutchings. Herbert Young, Connecticut. Ralph Lord. J. Martinez, New Mexico. L. K. Moorehead. Robert R. Bishop, Mass. Elijah Grant, Maine. W. W. Taylor, Mass. C. Valentine Soper, Maine. 1914 F. B. Manning. Assistant. E. O. Sugden. Surveyor. Sam Parks. Riverman. L. K. Moorehead. Photographer. Eli Badger, Maine. Guide. James Rideout, Maine. Cook. E. O. Sugden. Assistant. W. W. Taylor. Chauffeur. W. Hutchings, Sr. Ralph Lord, 1917 E. O. Sugden. Assistant. Ralph Lord. Guide. S. P. Moorehead. E. O. Sugden. Assistant. Ralph Dorr. Cook. Marshall Allaben, New York. Ralph Lord. Guide. Donald Appleton, Mass. Fred Lund, Mass. S. P. Moorehead. J. Martinez. R. Bishop. D. K. Wright. 1915 S. P. Moorehead. Warren Taylor, Ohio. Edward Selden. Frank Cowan. Cook. ' Walter B. Smith. Geologist (a few weeks). (Lake Champlain) Prop. George H. Perkins. Geologist (a few weeks) . W. Hutchings, Sr. 1918 Walter B. Smith, Maine, weeks) . Geologist (a few 264 n O S 1^ E R O F M E N E. O. SuGDEN'. Assislanl. VV. HuT('Hi.\(;s, Sii. Rai.I'II DdRU. Cdcik. OEdFiOE VAr.IilAMT, MllSS. E. O. SHODEN. Assislanl. Ralph Doru. (iiiidc NoRwoon Elduidue. S. P. MoOREHEAl). 1919 (Connecticut Valley) Norwood Eldridge, Maine. James Brewster, Mass. Fbed Stott. (A few weeks). Dr. C. M. Fuess. (A few weeks). At Waterville S. P. MoOBElIEAD. W. W. Taylor, fhaufffiir. 1920 Fr.\nk Dorr. VVm. W. 'I'ayloh. f 'liauffcur. MiLTON' Taylor. W. B. Smith. (.\ few weeks) SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY* OK THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND ETHNOLOGY OF MAINE Abbott, C. C. Primitive industry. Salem, Mass., 1881. Alger, A. L. A eollection of words and phrases taken from the Passamaquoddy tongue. (Proceedings of tlie American philosophical society, v.xxii, p. 240-255, 1885) Alger, A. L. The creation. A Penobscot Indian myth told by one of the tribe to Abby L. Alger. (Pop- ular science monthly, v. xliv, p. 195-196, 1893) Allen, G. M. Dogs of the American aborigines. (Bulletin of the Museum of comparative zoology, Harvard college, v. LXiii, p. 458-409, 1920) Baird, S. F. Notes on some aboriginal shell mounds on the coast of New Brunswick and of New Eng- land. (Proceedings of the United States national museum, v.iv, 1881, p. 292-297, 1882) B.^TES, O. & Winlock, H. E. Archaeological material from the Maine littoral with especial reference to the Bates collection. 2v., n.d. (Typewritten thesis for Anthropology 20, Harvard university) B.^XTER, J. P. The Abnakis and their ethnic relations (Collections and proceedings of the Maine his-, torical society, ser. 2. v. m, p. 13-40, 1892) Berry, G. S. The great shell mounds of Damariscotta. (New England magazine, n. s., v. xix, p. 178-188, 1898-99) Brinton, D. G. The Lenape and their legends. Philadelphia, 1885. Brown, (Mrs.) W. W. "Chief-making" among the Passamaquoddy Indians. (Journal of American folk-lore, v. v, p. 57-59, 1892) Brown, (Mrs.) W. W. Wa-ba-ba-nal, or northern lights. A VVabanaki legend. (.lournal of American folk-lore, v. in, p. 213-214, 1890J BushnellD. I., Jb. The "Red-paint People". (American anthropologist, n. s., v. xv, p. 707-710, 1913) Bushnell, D. I., Jr. The "Red-paint people" — ii. (American anthropologist, n. s., v. xvn,p. 207-209, 1915) Ch-^dbourne, H. P. Oyster shell deposit in Damariscotta. (Collections of the Maine historical society, V. VI, p. 345-351, 1859) Chadwick, J. An account of a journey from Fort Pownal, now Fort Point, up the Penobscot River to Quebec, in 1674. (Bangor historical magazine, v. iv, p. 141-148, 1888-89) CusHiNG, F. H. Exploration of ancient Key Dwellers' remains on the Gulf Coast of Florida. (American philosophical society. Proceedings, v. xxxv, p. 329-432, 1896) (Mentions studying sea-land remains on the coast of Maine, on p. 411) Denys, N. Description geographique et historique des eostes de I'Amerique Septentrionale. Paris, 1672. Dixon, R. B. The early migrations of the Indians of New England and the Maritime Provinces. (Pro- ceedings of the American antiquarian society, v. xxiv, p. 65-76, 1914) Fewkes, J. W. A contribution to Passamaquoddy folk-lore. (Journal of American folk-lore, v. in, p. 257-280, 1890) Godfrey, J. E. The ancient Penobscot or Panawanskek. (Collections of the Maine historical society, v. vn, p. 1-22, 1876) Gookin, D. Historical collections of the Indians in New England. (Collections of the Massachusetts historical society, v.i, p. 141-227, 1792) Gordon, G. B. Penobscot birch bark canoe. (University of Pennsylvania. Museum journal, v. i, p. 12-13, 1910) Greenleaf, M. Indian place names: Indian names of some of the streams, islands, etc., on the Penob- scot and St. John Rivers in Maine. Bangor, Me., 1903. Hardy, Manly. A shell heap near south end of Great Deer Isle, Penobscot Bay. A letter to Professor F. W. Putnam. (Reports of the Peabody museum. Harvard university, v. ii, 1876-79, p. 197-198, 1880) *Bibliography compiled by Miss Constance Ashendon of Peabody Museum, Harvard. 266 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY Harrington, M. R. An Abenaki "witcli-story." (Journal of American folk-lore, v, xiv, p. ]60, 1901) Haynes, H. W. Some new evidences of cannihalism amon(^ the Indians of New England from the island of Mt. Desert, Me. (Proceedings of the Hoston .society of natural history, v. xxii, p. 60-63, 1882) Hitchcock, C. H. General report upon the geology of Maine. (6th annual report of the secretary of the Maine board of agriculture, p. '2H0-29+, 1861) Hodge, F. W., ed. Handbook of .\merican Indians north of Mexico, 2 pts, 1907-10. (Hulletin .SO of the Bureau of Anu'rican ethnology) References to Kennebec, Mattawamkeag, Norridgewock, Old Town, Passadumkeag, I*assauia(jUoddy, Peninsular sliell mound. Shell-heaps, \\'halehack shell heap, etc. Holmes, W. H. .Mxiriginal ixitlery of the eastern United States. f'20th annual report of the Bureau of American ethnology, 1H98-99, p. 1-201, 190;i) HoWLEY. J. P. The lieothuks or Red Indians; the aboriginal inhabitants of .Newfoundland. Cam- bridge, 191.). Indian remains in Maine. (Science, n. s., v. xxxviii, no. 97.5, p. .'i26-;i27, 191.'}) Jackson, C. T. Third annual report on the geology of the state of Maine. Augusta, Me., 18.39. Jesuit relations and allied documents: travels and explorations of the .Jesuit missionaries in Xew France, 1610-1791. . ed. by Reuben (iold Thwaites. i.xxiii v. Cleveland, 1809-1901. Johnson, E. A history of New England. London, 16.54. Kellogg, E. Vocabulary of words in the language of the Quoddy Indians. (Collections of the Mas- sachusetts historical society, ser. 3, v. iii, p. 181-182, 1833) KiLBY, W. H., comp. Eastport and Passamaquoddy. Eastport, Me., 1888. LeL-\nd, C. G. Algonquin legends of Xew England. Boston, 1884. Lel-\nd, C. G. & Prince, J. I). Kuloskap, the master, and other Algonkin poems. New York, 1902. LooMis, F. B. A new mink from the shell heaps of Maine. (American journal of science, ser. 4, v.xxxi, p. 227-229, 1911) LooMis, F. B. & Young, D. B. On the shell heaps of Maine. (American journal of science, ser. 4, V. xxxiv, p. 17-42, 1912) McGdire, J. D. Ethnological and archaeological notes on Moosehead Lake, Maine, (.\merican anthro- pologist, 11. s., v.x, p. 549-5.57, 1908) Mallery, G. The fight with the giant witch. (American anthropologist, v.iii p. 65-70, 1890) Manning, P. C. Glacial pot-holes in Maine. (Proceeding of the Portland society of natural history, V. II, p. 185-200, 1901) Maurault, J. A. Histoire des Abenakis. Sorel, Que., 1806. Mercer, H. C. An exploration of aboriginal shell heaps revealing traces of cannibalism on York River, Maine. (Publications of the University of Penn.sylvania, series in philology, literature and archae- ology, V. VI, p. 111-1.37, 1897) Moore, C. B. The Red-paint people of Maine. (American anthropologist, n. s.. v xvi, p. 137-139, 1914) The "Red-paint people", — ii. (American anthropologist, n. s., v. xvii, p. 209. 1915) MooREHEAD, W. K. Prehistoric cultures in the sUite of Maine. (International congress of .\merican- ists, 19th session, Washington, 1915. Proceedings, Washington, 1917, p. 48-51) Prehistoric implements. Cincinnati, 1900. The problem of the red-paint people. (Holmes anniversary vohiine. Washington, 191(i. p. 359-363) "The Red-paint people", — A reply. (American anthropologist, n. ^.. v. xvi, p. 358-361. 1914) The red-paint people of Maine. (American anthropologist, n. a., v. xv, p. 33-47, 1913) The stone age in North America, 2 v. Boston, 1910. Stone ornaments of the American Indian. Andover, Mass.. 1917. Morse, E. S. (Evidences of great antiquity in the shell heaps at Goose Island^ (Proceedings of the Boston society of natural history, v. XI, p. 301-302, 18(iH) (Recent examination of shell heaps on Goo.se Island, in ( 'a.sio Bay, Me ) Proceedings of the Boston society of natural history v. xi, j). 2K8-2H9, I8(i8) Morton, T. The new English Canaan of Thomas Morton. Boston. 1S83. (Publications of the Prince society, Boston, v. xiv) Moses, T. F. Shell heaps on the coast of Maine. (l*rocccdiugs of Central Ohio scientific association of Urbana, Ohio, v. i, p. 70-76, 1878. Nauaillac, J. F. A. DU P. Prehistoric America. .N[ew York, 1884. BIBLIOGRAPHY 267 Nash, C. E. Indians of the Kennebec, 1893, Nicoi-AK, J. The Hfe and traditions of the red men. Bangor, Me., 189,'?. Orchahu, W. C. Notes on Penobscot houses. (American anthropologist, n. s., v. xi, p. 601-606, 1909) Palfrey, J. G. A compendious history of New England, from the discovery by Europeans to the first general congress of the Anglo-American colonies. Boston, 187:!. Parkman, F. Pioneers of France in the New World. Boston, 18G5. Peabody museum of American archaeology and ethnology. Annual reports, v. i-iir, Cambridge, 1868-86. (Brief references to the shell heaps of Maine are to be found in these reports) Powell, J. \Y. Indian linguistic families of America, north of Mexico. (7th annual report of the Bureau of ethnology. .1885-86. Washington, 1891, p. 47-51) Prentiss, D. W. Description of an extinct mink from the shell-heaps of the Maine coast. (Proceedings of the United States national museum, v. xxvi, p. 887-888, 190.'S) Prince, J. D. The differentiation between the Penobscot and the Canadian Abenaki dialects. (Ameri- can anthropologist, n. s., v. iv, p. 17-32, 190'-2) The morphology of the Passamaquoddy language of Maine. (Proceedings of the American phil- osophical society, v. liii, p. 92-117, 1914) Notes on Passamaquoddy literature. (.4nnals of the New York academy of science, v. xiii, p. 381- 386, 1901) Notes on the language of the eastern Algonkin tribes. (American journal of philology, v. ix, p. 310-316, 1888) A Passamaquoddy aviator. (American anthropologist, ii, XI. s., v. p. 628-650, 1909) A Passamaquoddy tobacco famine, finternational journal of American linguistics, v. i, p. 58-63, 1917-20) Passamaquoddy wampum records. (Proceedings of the American philosophical society, v. xxxvi, p. 479-495, 1897) The Penobscot language of Maine. (American anthropologist, n. s., v. xii, p. 183-208, 1910) Some Passamaquoddy documents. (Annuals of the New York academy of science, v. xi, p. 369- 377, 1898) Some Passamaquoddy witchcraft tales. (Proceedings of the American philosophical society, V. xxxviii, p. 181-189, 1899) (See also Leland, C. G. & Prince, J. D.) Putnam, F. \Y. & Wood. The Damariscotta shell-heaps. Who were the eaters of these countless oysters.' Were they Indians, or some earlier race? ("Advertiser" Portland, Me., Feb. 7, 1883.) Putnam, F. W. The kitchen middings of Maine. (Kansas review, v. vi, p. 52.3-526, 1882-3) (A re- port copied from the Boston Transcript) The Maine shell heaps. Remnants of barbaric oyster suppers. Rude pottery and implements of a prehistoric age. (Advertiser. Portland, Me. Dec. 23, 1882) Shellheaps on the coast of Maine. (Science, v. i, p. 319, 1883) R.asles, S. a dictionary of the Abnaki language in North America. (Memoirs of the American academy of arts and sciences, n. s., v. i, p. 370-574, 1833) Rau, Charles. Prehistoric fishing in Europe and North America. (Smithsonian contributions to knowledge, 509) Washington, 1884, p. 222-225, 335. Rosier, J. Narrative of Waymouth's voyage to the coast of Maine in 1605. Bath, Me., 1860. Schoolcraft, H. R. The Indian in his wigwam. New York, 1848. Sewall, R. K. Ancient dominions of Maine. Bath, Me., 1859. Ancient voyages to the Western continent, three phases of history on the coast of Maine. New York, 1895. Speck, F. G. The Eastern Algonkian Wabanaki confederacy. (American anthropologist, n. s., v. xvii, p. 492-508, 1915) European folk-tales among the Penobscot. (Journal of American folk-lore. v. xxvi, p. 81-84, 1913) The family hunting band as the basis of Algonkian social organization. (.American anthropologist, n. s., V. XVII, 289-305, 1915) Game totems among the northeastern Algonkians. (American anthropologist, n. s., v. xix, p. 9-18, 1917) Medicine practices of the northeastern Algonquians. (International congress of Americanists, 19th session, Washington, 1915. Proceedings. Washington, 1917. p. 303-321) 268 MAINE ARCHAEOLOGY Penobscot shamanism. (Memoirs of American anthropological association, v. vi, p. 237-288, 1919) Penobscot transformer talcs. Dictated by Newell Lion. (International journal of American lin- guistics, V. 1. p. 1H7-24+. 1917-20) Penobscot talcs. (Journal of American folk-lore. v. xxviii, p. 52-58, 1915) A visit to the Penobscot Indians. (University of Pennsylvania Museum journal, v.ii, p. 21-26, 1911) Stonk, (i. H. The glacial gravels of Maine and their associated deposits. Washington, 1889. (U. S. Geological survey. M(>riogra])h, .34) Sylvesteh, H. M. Indian wars of New Kngland. I! v., Boston, 1910. Vethomile, E. The Abnakis and their hisliiry. N'cw ^'ork, IHIill. Indian Good Hook. New York, 1850. Williamson, W. D. llislory of Ihe state of Maine. 2 v. IIallow<-ll, 1832. WiLLOUCJiiBY, C. C. The adze and tlie ungrooved axe of the New Kngland Indians, f American anthro- pologist, n. s., V. IX, p. 29C-3O0, 1907) Pottery of the New England Inilians. (Putnam anniversary volume. New York, 1909, p. 8.3-101) Prehistoric burial places in Maine. (Papers of the Peabody museum, Harvard university, v. i, p. 383-13(), 1898) Prehistoric workshops at Mt. Kineo, Maine. (American Naturalist, v. xxxv, p. 213-219, 1901) The "Red Paint People" of Maine. (American anthropologist, n. s., v. xvti, p. 406-409, 1915) Wilson, C. B. Indian relics and encampments in Maine. (American antiquarian and oriental journal. V. V, p. 181-183, 1883) WiNLOCK, H. E. (See Bates, O. & Winlock, H. E.) Wood, The Damariscotta shellheaps. Where were these long-shelled oysters taken .^ Reasons for believing that they were not eaten by Indians. (Advertiser, Portland, Me. Jan. 18, 1883) Wood. (See also Putnam, F. W. & Wood.) Wyman, J. An account of some kjoekkenmoeddings, or shell-heaps, in Maine and Massachusetts. (American naturalist, v. i, p. 501-584, 1868) (Animals discovered in the shell heaps of New England.) (Proceedings of the Boston society of natural history, v xi, p. 337-338, 1808) (Indian "shell heap" on one of the islands on the north side of Frenchman's Bay, near Mt. Desert, Maine.) (Proceedings of the Boston society of natural history, v. xi, p. 288, 18681 (Shell heaps upon Goose Island, in Casco Bay.) (Proceedings of the Boston society of natural history, v. xi, p. 301, 303, 1868) Young, D. B. (See Loomis, F. B. & Young, D. B.) INDEX Adze blades, 26, 42, 55, 75, 81, 84, 93, 94, 97, 100, 102, 107, 108, 110, 115, 121, 133, 149, 150, 159, 181, 238. Agassiz Museum, 9. Alamoosook Unit, 103, 111. 112. Alden, Dr. John, 87, 121. .\lgonkian graves, 97, 101. Algonkian forms, 210. Algonkin village sites, 108. Algonkins, 103, 143, 150, 186, 213. Maben, Marshall C, 10. Androscoggin Region, 212. Allen, Dr. Glover M., 100, 139, 141, 162, 165, 166, 189, 202. Antiquity of shell-heaps, 204. Antler ends, 192. Archaeological monuments, 12. Argillite, 21. Arrow points, 136, 150, 156. 163, 164, 165, 183, 188, 190, 193, 195, 196, 218, 222, 226, 228, 229, 231, 243. Artifacts, 154, 156, 175, 177, 252. Ashes, etc., 29, 86, 91, 139, 162, 164, 171, 202, 222, 227, 234. Ash pits, 82, 86, 214, 225, 227, 232, 245. Awls, 156, 163, 165, 175, 192, 193, 195, 197, 199. Axes. 21, 85, 159, 181, 21.3. 231, 260. Bangor Historical Society, 115. Bangor Unit, 115, 121. Bates, Prof. Arlo, 13, 152. Baxter, Hon. James P., 11, 208. Baxter, Percival, 11. Beads, 219. Beothuk Theory, 150. Bibliography. 152, 265-268. Bicave, 247. Birch bark, 46. Bird stone, 247. Blanding, E. M., 11. Blue Hill, 67, 114, 120, 121, 1.30, 256. Bone beads, 202. Bone implements, tools, or worker), 137, 139, 149, 150, 156, 158, 162, 164, 165, 167-169, 175, 176, 180, 191, 192, 199, 203. Bones, 49, 97, 100, 135, 139, 156, 162, 165, 166, 168, 177, 182, 189, 191, 192, 193, 195, 214, 225, 233, 240. Boulders, 89, 90, 92, 94, 1 4, 216, 228. Boynton, Nathan, 163. Boynton's shell-heap, 153, 155, 157, 163, 164, 165, 166, 171, 177, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 192, 193, 199, 202, 2.56. Broken objects, 156, 168, 226. Brough, John W., 245, 248, 250. Buckskin, 43, 46, 49, 67. Bushnell, D. I., Jr., 149, 150. Butler's shell-heap, 157, 165, 177, 187, 199. Cache. 57, 84, 212, 227. Calf Island shell heap, 153, 158, 162, 166, 187. Cannibalism, 168. Canoe travel, 15. Castine, 29, 158, 160, 166. 167, 168, 169, 174, 176, 252, 254, 256. Celts, 20, 21, 26, 28, 29, 34, 38, 58, 67, 76, 85, 102, 107, 121, 137, 156, 159, 165, 168, 171. 172, 173, 181, 213, 224, 227, 229, 230, 236. Chemical analysis, 133. Chert. 21. 36, 91, 193. Chipped implements, 34, 43, 94, 97, 111, 112, 133, 140, 150, 163, 168, 179, 183, 191, 223, 225, 236. Chipped stone, 182. Chips, 29, 34, 91. 156. 159, 168, 175, 177, 207, 214, 215, 226. 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 234. Circular depression, 175. Circular ridge, 91. Clams, 152, 156, 174. 177, 182. Clam shells, 164, 165, 204. Classifications, 103, 133, 180. Claw-.shaped object. 132. Clay objects, 165. Club, 67, 181, 192. Concluding remarks, 252. Conclusions, 199. Concretionary formation, 132. Connecticut River Archaeological Survey, 95. Contact of Stone Age Indians with Europeans, 219. Copper, 67, 145, 147, 165, 250. Copper beads, 46, 49, 145. Copper cylinders, 145. Copper implements, 247. Copper plate, 145. Cremation pits, 135, 136, 144. Cre-scent, 74, 85, 90. 97. Ill, 114, 117, 123, 124, 149. 150. Crockery, 91. Cushing, F. H., 13. Cutting tools, 262. 270 M x\ I N E A R C H A E O L O G Y Cylinders, 64. Cylinders, brass, 219. Dagger-like objects, Kil. Damariscotta region, 2SK, 240. Discs, 17.5. Drills, 136, 18.'!. Dnnnack, Hon. II. K., 11. Earthworks, 12. Effigies, 29, 67, 74, 7,5, 77, 7H, 97, 101, 111, 115, 121, 124, 150, 162. Eldridge, Donald E., 9. Ellsworth Cemetery, 130. Ellsworth Unit, 114, 115. Emerson cemetery, 26, 28, 33, 34, 36, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, .54, 59, 61, 62, 81, 90, 97, 103, 104, 107, 109, no, 114, 130, 132, 133. Eskimo, 151. European objects, 167, 176. Felsite, Kineo, 15, 21, 24, 36, 145, 163, 182, 183, 193, 217, 223, 224, 226, 229, 239. EVtishes, 218. Eire-making outfits, 141, 146. Fire pits, 16, 21, 28, 36, 86, 91, 92, 93, 134, 212, 222. E'ire stones, 28, 54, 97, 133, 163, 174, 175. Fish hooks, 162, 163, 165, 175, 193, 196, 228. Flaking tools, 194. Flint implements, 162. Fort Pentagoet, 166, 167, 168, 252. Frenchman's Bay, 76, 125, 130, 152, 154, 158, 162, 163, 229. Frequency of finished specimens, 182. Fuess, Dr. C. M., 9. General Account of Jjxpeditions, 12. Georges River, 86, 114, 121, 127, 238. Georges River Unit, 121. (Godfrey's Cemetery, 93, 114, 115. 120, 130. Godfrey, Fred, 93, 120, 130, 133. Gouges, 20, 23, 24, 26, 28, 29, 38. 42, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58, 67, 75, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85, 92, 93, 97, 101, 102, 104, 120, ,129, 1.33, 1,37, 156, 208,209, 212, 21.3, 236, 2,38. Graham, J. C., 133. Graves, 20, 21, 23, 24, 2(i, 28. 29, 31. 32, 36, 42, 43, 46, 4 , 50, 53, 54, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 111, 112, 120, 121, 127, 1.30, 139, 141, 143, 150, 151, 208, 210, 225, 238, 245, 247, 248, 259. Great Northern Paper ('ompany, 227, 228. Greenleaf, Moses, 220, 221 (irinding tools, 112, 174. Ground stone, 181. Guernsey, S. .J., 223, 236. Hamlin, Dr. Augu.stus C .34, 38, 74, 107, 125. Hammerstones, 34, 67, 85, 93, 97, 133, 149, 156, 162, 177, 181, 182, 225, 227. Handles to tools, .38, 53, 114, 124, 162. 192, 193, 194, 195, 205. Harpoons, 162, 165, 175, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201. Hartford Cemetery, 23, 25, 27, 29, .30, 35, 36, 37, 38, .39, 41, 4,3, 46, 51, 54, 75, 10.3, 104, 114, 130. Hartford, Capt. Seth N., 23. Harts' Falls Cemetery, 74, 75, 86, 121, 127. Haskell Cemetery, 67, 74, 75, 81, 107, 108, 110, 114, 115, 130, 256. Hatchets, 26, 84, 9,3, 97, 107, 108, 115, 124, 133, 149, 165, 171, 181, 207, 212, 224. 231. Hathaway's Cemetery, 31, 33, 50 51. 54, 66, 67, 68, 75, 87, 97, 111, 120, 1.30. Hematite, 65, 149, 165, 222. 245. Heye, Geo. G.. 165. Hill Dr. W. S., 11. Historic burial, 43, 238. Hoes, 81, 107, 117. Hog Island, 176, 240. Holway, Fred .J , 21. Holway site, 21, 131, 260. Hooton, Dr. E. A., 9, 139, 141. Hopewell group, 250. Howley, .Tames P., 150. Human bones, 46, 49, 64. 67. 100, 133, 137, 139, 141, 145, 165, 168, 178, 202, 222, 226, 247. Hutchings, .Jr., ^Yilliam. 9. Hutchings. Mr., 74, 90, 91. burying ground. 145. 231. burial places. 13. 36. 46. Xi. 54, 59, 145, 219, 227. camp sites. 16, 20, 29. 36, 207. 214. 215. 224 238, 243, 245. cellar. 212. dance grt>und. 91 . dog, 202 Fort, 12. history. 12, 222. Island, 94, 220. Place Names, 220, 221. times, 21, 34. <, 16, 20, 31, 34, 36, 46, 50, 53, 90, 92, 94, 97, 165, 166, 169, 174, 189, 193, 202, 204, 208, 218, 220-223, 233, 241, 250, 252, 254, 256. Village sites, 12, 13, 15, 21, 33, 43, 101, 134, 208, 213, 214, 219, 222, 224, 226, 231, 240, 245. wars, 12. Indian Indian 213, Indian 230, Inihan 52, Indian ,94, 204, Indian Indian Indian Inclian 38. 73, 102, 147, 250, Intlian Indian Indian 143, 213, Indian 163, 243, Indian INDEX 271 Interior Village sites and other remains, 207. Iron axe, 219. Iron kettles, 219. Iron nodules, 65, 228, 247, 2,50. Iroquois, 189, 250. Iroquois League, 250. Isle la Motte, 243, 250. Mortars, 29. Mounds, 26. Mount Kineo, 15, 21, 125, 127, 215, 217, 223. Narragansett, 259. Needles, 193. Jasper, 226, 236. Jesuits, 214, 219, 225, 234, 243. Johnson, George F., 42, 43, 49. Katahdin Iron Works, 65, 133, 143, 222, 223. Kennebec Unit, 124. Kennebec Valley, 213. Kidder, Dr. A. V, 9. Kineo stone, 97, 112, 145, 215, 227, 228. Knives, 137, 145, 156, 165, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 219, 226, 228, 229, 231, 233, 234. Knobbed gouge, 109. Labrador, 97. Lake Alamoosook, 33,34, 40, 50, 90, 112, 114, 121, 130, 207, 220, 256. Lake Champlain Survey of 1917, 241, 243, 245, 247, 248, 250, 253. Lake Sebec region, 223, 252. Lancaster cemetery, 31, 95, 97, 98, 99, 101, 108, 112, 124, 127, 133. Leach's Narrows, 167. Leaf-shaped implement, 2.37. Limonite, 141, 143. Lucky stones. See pebbles. Ludlows' Point shell heap, 168. Maguire, J. D., 13, 207, 215, 218. Maine Central Railroad, 76. Malecite Indians, 234, 236. Manning, PVancis B., 9, 46, 84, 147. Marks, A. E., 9, 15, 21, .34, 120, 130, 193, 207, 210, 227. Mason cemetery, 26, 33, 38, 42, 46, 49, 64, 103, 104, 114, 1.30, 132. Mason, Dr. William, 139. Materials u.sed, 28, 49. Mattawamkeag river, 224. 226. Meductic, 234, 256. Merrimac Valley, 12. Mills, W. C, 189, 250, 256. Moore, Clarence B., 149. Moosehead Lake, 13, 15, 33, 213, 215-219, 223, 252, 254, 2,56. Morrell, Col., 158, 159. Objects from Swanton graves, 247. Oakland, 101. Olamon stream, 220, 221 . Oldtown, 93. Orland, 29. Ornaments, 29, 46. 54, 94, 118, 120, 124, 133, 178, 182, 204, 228, 231, 249. Orr, Dr. R. B.. 149. Ox team, 34. Paint, 29, 75. Paint grinders, 26, 54, 133. Passadumkeag, 50, 75, 87, 97, 120, 130, 218, 221-2. Peabody, Dr. Charles, 9, 158. Peabody Mu.seum, 84, 102, 103, 124, 127, 130, 133, 139, 181, 215, 223, 236, 240. Pebbles or "Lucky Stones", 26, 28, 49, 54, 67, 85, 92, 112, 114, 133, 181. Pendants, 54, 67, 111, 121, 127, 165, 21,3, 238. Penobscot Indians, 94, 220. Penobscot Waters, 219, 220, 228, 242, 251. Pequot, 259. Perforated objects, 72. Perforators, 136, 159, 197, 228. Perkins, Charles A., 9, 13. Perkins, Prof. George H., 9, 13, 241, 243, 245, 248, 250. Pestles, 181. Pierce, Frank, 34, 36. Pipe, 162, 165, 178, 180, 205. Piscataquis, 222, 223, 244. Pittston. 228, 235, 2.37, 239. Plummets, 20, 21, 23, 26, 28, 29, 34, 38, 42, 58, 67, 75, 76, 84, 85, 92, 94, 97, 108, 111, 113, 115 116, 117, 124, 126. 128, 133, 148, 149, 150, 181, 204. 207, 243. Podunk, 259. Pottery fragments, 36, 91, 135, 149, 156, 162, 165, 168, 170, 175, 180, 186, 189, 214, 220, 223, 227, 228, 229, 236, 238, 240, 243. Problematical forms, 38, 46, 54, 63, 67, 94, 111, 117, 120, 123, 133, 208, 209, 247, 249, 250, 257, 260. Projectile points, 105, 106, 112, 159. Putnam, F. W. Prof., 13, 125, 186, 207, 240. Pyrites, 29, 67, 76, 84, 85, 133, 149, 225. Quartzite, translucent, 97, 105, 112. 272 MAIN E A R C^ H A E O L O G Y Raslcs, Father, i\S, i'li. Reasons for villapcs along coast, 254. Red Ochcr or paint, -iO, ■ii. •id. 20, 31, :!(i, IJH, 12, Ki, .53, 68, 7(1, 7."), 84, 02, 04, 0,5, 101, lOK 12.5, 133, 141, 140, 222, 223, 2.3(), 2,3H. Kcd Paint culture, 3,3, 103, 12:5, 134, 13.5, 1 M), 1.50, 207, 208, 2,33, 241, 250, 2r)(). Kcd I'aiut People, 13, 20, 21. 23, 24, 28, .50, .52, 75, 87, 103, 108, m, 125, 133, 134, 143, 145, 140, 150, 151, 207, 212, 215, 220, 250, 259. Red Paint People Cenieteries, 0, 20, 21, 23, 24, 50, 53, 67, 74, 84, 86, 00, 04, 101, 102, 105, 100, 112, 125, 127, 152, 154, 156, 213, 222, 223, 220, 240, 256. Red pigment, 49. Rejects, 34. Review and Conclu.sion, 125. Rhyolite. 216, 218. Ring-like object, 132. Ripley. Alfred L., 10. Rollins, Montgomery, 208. Ropes, Prof. J. H., 10. Roster of men, 263. 264. Rubbing .stones, 28, 92, 93, 156, 181. Sand, white, 74. Sands one cylinder, 46, 49. Sandstone slabs, 29. Sargent ville, 145. Sawyer, J. C, 9, 208. Scraper, 94, 137, 139, 156, l.;9, 183, 187, 223, 226, 228, 229, 230, 240. Sebago region, 210. Shelf beads, 145, 147, 202, 247. Shell-heaps, 12. 13, 84, 149, 150, 152-181, 202, 219, 240, 241, 2,52, 2;56, 259. Shell objects, 156, 162, 176. Shells, 1.59, 163, 164, 168, 176, 182. Skeleton,s, 28, 43, 49, 121, 145, 149, 214, 219, 226, 236, 247. Slabs, 28, 93, 206. Slate, 21. Slate daggers, 74. Slate knife, 210. 211. 212. Slate points, 34, 115, 122, 123, 124, 143, 225. Slate spearheads, 24, 4,3, 60, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 99, 107, 112, 119, 121, 124, 133. 149, 150, 238. Small pox, 254. Smith, Walter 15., 9, 74, 07, 10.3, 112, 115, 130, 134- 143, 222, 223, 256. SpalLs, 34, 175, 177, 207, 215, 227, 231. Spears, 21, 28, 84, 92, 97, 136, 14.3. 15(>, 161, 165, 183, 190, 215, 218, 226, 243. Squier and Davis, 250. State llniversity Miiseuni, Coluiiilms, 149. St. ( 'roix waters, 236, 238. Stearns, Dr. A. E., 9. Steven.s Cemetery, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 107, 109, 121, 124, 1.30, 132, 166, 179. Stevens, (ieorgc, 87. St. .John Pond or waters, 230, 236, 246, 2.54, Stone needle, 132. Stone objects or tools, 165, 167. 180, 214, 220, 225, Stone tubes, 247, 248, 250, 255, 259. Stover, Mrs. L 14 Ul -n^ i.lMM i[.Mj!n,iWifii mm. es mi' li'wll ^8 hifii/fp 'u"i>rr ,'f;!lii i,ij.)j w" w*[31- >1 ^1 4 a ^ ■ trl'*'! Ill mtf' p4 W i^n, m mfvm-, 111*1 IHi *■ itl ^If Srtfi '"V't A BiHfirf ■C32 P L#^^f?t^ ^ a" ^HtL»it,riaV6>M »1»B I'JsS tr-f ^H ft. *"-!■" t^ ^ jii" f / \ A, 1,1 I,' ,,' n iuT' (1 1 il^H,!, '''f'f' ^ l«'* 4iKLiiH: 11 t' «• I i,t^'/i'"h, .1/1 il, §• 1 .t[ Ml »(tPfi ,' ii » H 4 I Mil 1 ' N *'| 1 s v^-vi ^''I'i'n I I ff#f I' i