I ] -" '1 PS CORNELL UNIVERSITY ' LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. 14853 South Asia Collection KROCH LIBRARY 3 1924 073 804 779 DATE DUE "^Wr^ VWI " /tTTT" ^fti,ijaQ(ii/ QAYLORD PRINTED IN U.SA Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924073804779 In compliance with current copyright law, Cornell University' Library produced this replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Standard Z39. 48-1984 to replace "the irreparably deteriorated original. 199E THE AND W I'Ifi ^It m. J. p. STRATIOX kc-. K;c$t&eni. V/here Virtue is is Victoi^ Motto of Jayijur. iK^l^iu 1S85 CONTENTS. Pages. 1 Jaypur — City and State • • • 1 2 Clan of the Jaypur Family ... 2 o Early migrations — up to A. D. 275 • • • 3 4 Eeign in Gwaliar and Narwar up to 112£ > 4 5 To DHUNDHAE— About A,D. 1129 • • • 6 6 The Dhundhar Raj • • • 9 7 The Dhundhar Country • > • 10 8 The Minas ... • ■ • 12 9 The Leader into Dhundhar « • • 14 10 Gradual Conquest • • • 18 11 Jam loa Ramgarh • •« 20 12 AMBER captured— about 1150 • • • 22 13 Peace with the Amber Minas • • « 24 14 Tlh.Q Amber Raj • • • 25 15 PAJUN'S Reign and Death, about 1192 26 IB Uday Kara ... • • • 30 17 Prithi Raj • . • 31 18 Bhar Mai • • • 32 19 Narioar Again « • • 33 20 BHAGWAN DAS « ■ « 34 21 MAN SING • * « 35 22 Jagat Sing I • « • 37 23 JAY SING I, the Mirza R.ija 38 24 SAWAE JAY SING II 39 25 JAYPUR FOUiNDED A. D. 1728 44 26 The Jaypur State 46 27 The Triple Rajput alliunce 47 28 Isri Sing 49 29 Consequences of seeking Mahratta aid 51 30 Madho Sing I 52 31 Rinthamblior 54 32 Prithi Sing II and Partah Sing 57 33 Jagat Sing II 59 34 Treaties with the British Government 1803-18 60 35 Jay Sing III 63 36 Maharaja RAM SING II.— Minority 65 37 Do. Do. In Power 70 38 Maharaja MADHO SING 11,-1880 ... 74 39 The Jaypur Territory 76 40 Some measures of late Maharaja 80 Public Works 80 Medioal Institutions 83 Education 84 Science and Art 85 41 Some measures of present Maharaja 87 G-eneral Improvements 87 Public Works fi8 Science and Art 90 ^ Art Work of Jaypur 91 i^ Ja-y FUR— City and State. -h-X>^.-i- JAYPUR, the City of Yictory, so called after Maharaja Sawae Jay Singh IT, who found- ed it in A.D. 1728, is the modern capital of the State now known by the same name, though, formerly bearing those of DHUNDHAR and AMBER, the Ruling Family of which, with sundry variations of fortune and Territorial sway, and some changes also of Capital, has ruled in this part of Rajputana for the last eight centuries, — or nine, according to local annals, prior to which, again, it had long reigned farther to the East, in NARWAR and GWALIAR. -^ s&^v ■ I I LIJJ III.III III I I '" ' • • ' ' "" — n^ Clan of the Jaypur Family THE Jaypur Chief is the Head of the Kachh- ivaha or KusJiwalia Clan of Rajputs, which is one of the 36 Ro57al Races, and is of the Solar Line tracing descent from Kush one of the sons of Rama, the celebrated King of Ayodhya the capital of the Kosala country, corresponding with the modern Oudh. To this day th.e annual festival of the Sun, call- ed the Bhan-Saptami, held on the 7th of the light half of Magh month [January — February] is celebrat- ed with special magnificence at Jaypur. Brought down from the Temple of the Sun which crowns the Galta Pass over the Eastern Ridge, and through the Suraj-Pol or Sun-Gate of the city, the golden repre- sentation of the Sun God is placed in a chariot drawn by white horses, and taken thus in grand procession, joined by the Reigning Chief, through the central street to the fountain in the Amber Square of the Capital passing round which it is then similarly conducted back to its elevated Fane. ■Early Migration To GwALIAx\_ AND NaI^WAR. T' \HE descendants of Kush are said to have migrated first Southward across the Ganges to the Son River, overhanging which they founded the famous Hill fortress of Eohtasgarh, — and subse- quently "Westward to Lahar between the Sind and Pahuj Rivers, some distance above their junction South of the Jamna, where the district still bears their name, being known as Kachhwahagar ; — and thence about 50 miles farther west to Gwaliar in A.D. 275, and from it, as for South again, to Narwar, which latter, as Fort, City, and Capital of his King- dom, Raja Nal is said to have foimded in A.D. .295, -!-.X}^+- Reign in Gwaliapi and Narwar. THE story has it that a Hermit at Gwaliar had foretold the Kachhwaha Dynasty there would last as long as its chiefs adopted the surname of Pal. Possession for many generations however made them at last oblivious of the fated word, — when, according to the most prevalent version, in the time of Sodha Pal's son Tej Karn known com- monly as Dalha Eae, the Kingdom of Narwar and Gwaliar passed from their hands, — this event being reckoned by Tod, from Rajputana annals, as occur- ring in A. D. 967, by Cunningham from Gwaliar sources and other computations, in a. d. 1129 3 and, by Local chronologies now consulted, in various years, more nearly approaching the former than the latter. The date given by Cunningham should how- ever, from his later and wider means of information and critical comparison, be the more correct, — and it will be noticed that what is taken by this reckoning from the period of Kachhwaha rule in Eajputana is ^" added to its sway in Nai'war and Grwaliai", summing up in I'egard to which he remarks on — "the long duration of the Kachhwaha Sovereignty, which ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ most probably endured for a period of 854 years, or from a. d. 275 to 1129. -4")- ^- .. _ — — : -^ 5 To Dhundhar [in Rajputana." A' S in the date, so in the manner of leaving the iv'arwar-Gwaliar Kingdom there is some va- riety of legend, as the authorities quoted by Tod des- cribe Dulha Rae, as ousted in infancy by an uncle [about A. D. 967], and his being then brought up at Kho in the Hills 4 or 5 miles South East of the mo- dern city of Jaypur, over the Minas of which place the young Rajput, on attaining manhood, and being joined by some of his clansmen, soon established his mastery, whereon he, soon after, married the daughter of the Birgujar chief of Dosa about 35 miles South East of Jaypur, which chief, having no son of his own, subsequently made him his successor. On the other hand those quoted by Cunning- ham describe Tej Karn, known also as Dulha Rae being supplanted, when a young man within a couple of years of his accession [in A.D. 1127] bv his sister's son a Parihar Eajput, whom, during his pro- longed absence to marry the daughter of Raja Ran Mai of Dosa, he had left in charge at Gwaliar, but both accounts agree as to bis marrying this Princess ■o^— J- ^ ^ __ ;.^ ^'t ■» A |3hAF^ M.AL, A. D. J548—157'i. FTER a period of some 20 years, occupied by intestine feuds and brief tenures of power, Bbar Mai was the next distinguished Prince. Mean- while the power of the Musulman Emperors had been growing, and, situated as Amber was on the route between the seats of their power in Dehli and Agra on the North and East, and Musalman con- quests farther South, in Ajmere, Malwa aud Gujarat, Bbar Mai naturally felt the neccessity of acknowledg- ing the Emperors' supremacy. Attaching himself to Eaber's fortunes, he afterwards received from Huma- yun, before the Patban usurpation, the Mansab or Dignity of a Commander of 5000, as Raja of Amber, 0> ^ ^ :® 33 y ARWAR AGAIN. ff 'ERE, for a stort time, under a side ligbt, the old home of the Kachhwahas comes again into view, as a son of Bhim Sing, one of the young- er brothers of Bhar Mai, was, under the new relations with the Emperors, appointed, some time before A. D. 1600, Raja of Narwar, where this branch continued, with perhaps temporary interruption, until recent times. About A.D. 1696 the Fort appears to have been in the possession of the actual Ruler of Jaypur, the great Sawae Jey Sing II. Near the close of last century the Mahrattas, under Sindia, captured the Fort from the Raja Manohar Sing, after which, how- ever, his son Madho Sing stoutly kept up the strug- gle in guerrilla fashion, until at last settled down in the Estate of Paron, in which he was succeeded by his son Man Sing a man of some note in the stirring times of 1857 — 9, and a sturdy Rajput like his father. 34 Bhagwan Das. A.D. 2574—1590. BHAGWAN DAS, son of Bhar Mai succeed- ed. He was a friend of the great Akbar, to whose son Selim, afterwards the Emperor Jahangir, he gave, in A. D. 1586, a daughter in marriage, who became the mother of the ill fated Prince Khusru. Here may be mentioned the Kos-Minai' pillars of Akbar, which may be seen sti-eching across the country past Jaypur, marking the distance and route from Agra to Ajmere. The Kos here is about 2 miles, and the pillars, large and conical structures of massive masonry, have of late yeaz's been kept in repair by the Jaypur Government. -i"i~- ^^^ 35 Man S ING. A. D. 1590—1615. MAN SING nephew and successor of Bhagwan Das is described as one of the most brilliant characters, alike at the Emperor's Court, and in Indian Military History. He conquered Orissa for the Empire and made Assam tributary, and he held at various times the Groveminents of Bengal and Behar, the Dakhan and Kabul, in which latter country, then a dependency of India, he maintained, with his Rajputs, the Imperial autho- rity amid many and varied difficulties. Of that distant Viceroyalty interesting relics still exist at Jaypur [among other things] in a number of old Persian Carpets, brought back by him from Eabul, and which, after lying unconsidered or forgotten for more than a couple of centuries have, within the last few years, been brought out of the store-chambers of the palace, and are found of such beautiful design and tone, that they are of signal value as examples for modern art. Indeed, within a few days of writing this [November 1885] a fresh 36 find of carpetry, two centuries old, has just been discovered at Amber. During bis varied service in India proper, Man Sing obtained grants of land in several cities of tbe Empire, Benares &c., in wbicb be erected great structures, Palaces and Temples, still called, after him, by the name of Man Mandir. -+tyO^— i- Jagat Sing i. A.D. 1615-1622. The Jhalai branch. TAGAT Sing [Tod says Bliao Sing] succeeded ^ his father Man Sing, and may be mention- ed, as from a younger son of his, named Jhujhar Sing, who received the fief of Jhalai, is descended the branch which is considered the nearest now to the reigning family in case of failure of the direct line, as the conduct of Kirat Sing, a younger son of Jay Sing I, next to be mentioned, who received the Kama estate, and, in the ordinary course would have occupied that position was held to exclude his branch from all rights of succession to the Throne. •O-M-O- 38 Jay Sing i. the Mirza Raja. A. D. 1622—1668. SECOND after Jagat Sing, came Jay Sing 1, on whom the Title of Mirza Raja and a Mansab of 6000 were conferred by the Emperor. Like his predecessor just named he was a great Military Com- mander, and rendei'ed valuable service in that capaci- ty to Aurangzeb. He it was who brought the famous Sivaji, the Founder of the Mahratta Power, to Court under a pledge of safety from himself, but finding a risk of this not being respected, afterwards aided in his escape. So powerful was the Mirza Raja, with many thousand Rajput Cavalry under him, and numerous Chiefs at his command, that at last the Emperor Aurangzeb is said to have thought him too powerful, and so to have compassed his death. ¥^ jSawai Jaysing 11. A. D. 1700—1744. FOURTH after the Mirza Raja followed Jay Sing II, who is distinguished by the prefix Sawae. This word, meaning one and a quarter, or semething extra to the ordinary unit, was confeiTed by the Emperor as aptly signifying Jay Sing's super- iority over the common run of men, and it is still retained by his successors, and even applied to the State itself which is styled Sawae Jaypur. During the latter years of Aurangzeb's reign Jay Sing II served with distinction in the Dekhan, and, on that Emperor's death, supported Prince A^zam and his sons in the war of succession. When this ended in favor of Prince Muazzim, who assum- ed the title of Bahadur Shah or Shah Alam I, the latter wished to seize Amber and dispossess Jay Sing, who, however stood on his rights, as the Here- ditary Chief of the Country and Head of a numerous clan, and drove out the Imperial garrisons, after which he formed relations of friendship with Ajit Sing of Marwar, for mutual preservation against the now growing exactions of the Emperors. 40 Sawae Jay Sing was altogether a remarkable man, distinguished indeed as a soldier, but still more as a statesman and diplomatist, and most lastingly of all, as an Engineer, Mathematician, Astronomer and Patron of science generally. The period of his Rule for 44 years, extending from the last 6 of Aurungzeb's reign, through the troubled times which followed, and on to within 4 years of Stuhammud Shah's death, abounded in every variety of difficulty and danger, comprising repeated wars of succession and murders of Emperors, the Say37ad usurpation of power and nomination of puppet sovereigns, the rise of the manly Sikhs, and sturdy Mahrattas, and the devastations of Nadir Shah. Yet Sawai Jay Sing steered safely through all. He added to the power and prosperity of his own state, and, in the interests of his brother Hindus generally, he obtained, from the Emperor Muham- mad Shah, the final abolation of the Jizya or Poll Tax on Non-Musalmans, which had previously been remitted by Akbar, but was reimposed by Aurangzeb, and he was successively appointed Governor of the Provinces of Agra and Malwa under the Empire. 41 Amidst all this, however, he found time to work as a man of science. He had Sanscrit translations made of works on Geometry, Trigonometry and the then new system of Logarithms. He built observa- tories and supplied them with instruments largely of his own devising or improving, at Delhi, Mathura, Benares, Ujjain and in his new Capital Jaypur. The Dials and other lax'ger instruments are of ma- sonry and, some of them of brass, mostly of im- mense size, as, in those days, the want of delicacy ' in scientific apparatus had to be compensated as far as possible by magnitude, the gnomon of the great Dial at Jaypur, for instance, being 100 feet high to the top of the cupola which crowns it. The structures of the Observatory here, though ne^-lected for a century until quite recent years, re- main in considerable preservation,— and there are remains also of some of the other observatories, as at Benares, — but the one in the Mathura fort, was, according to Growse, broken up before the Mutiny year, and its materials carted away by a Govern- ment contractor. A number of his smaller instruments also have been preserved at Jaypur, though their use is now M 42 little known, as well as his terrestrial globe, which, amonng other points of interest, shows tho Red Sea open from Mediterranean to Indian Ocean. From his observations he calculated the latitude of Ujjain to be 23-10, Dr. W. Hunter in 1793 es- timated it to be 24 seconds more, — and in Dr. W. Hunter's Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1881, it is entered 23 -11 -10. Obtaining a copy of the astronomical Tables of De la Hire, published in 1702, he was able to make some corrections in them, — and from a long series of observations of his own, he prepared a set of Tables which, when completed in A. D. 1728, were named in honor of the then Emperor, Zij Muhammad Shahi, or the Tables of Muhammad Shah, and are still used b}' Indian astronomers in their computations, and in preparing the elaborate calendars needed for the many religious festivals of this country. The Jaypur Chiefs have still grants of land in various parts of India, dating mostly from Sawae Jay Sing's time [though some may have been obtain- ed in that of Man Sing] and now almost all called 43 Jay Sing Pura ; as e. g. at Benares, Allatabad, Agra, Delhi, Mathura, Bindraban, and Faizabad (close to the ancient Ayodhya) — Other grants also, of the same periods are held in the Dekhan and the Berars. The Emperor Farukhsir comferred on Jay Sing II the insignia of the Mahi Muratib or standard of the Fish and other Emblems in A. D. 1717-8, -and that Monarch's Successor Muhammad Shah bestowed the Title of Smvae a few years latpr. — »") — ^- -^ 44 The F OUNDING OF AYPUR. A. D. 1728. S' i AWAE Jay Sing was munificent in provid- ing Sarais or Rest houses for Travellers, and in other public works, — but that which keeps him most vividly in memory is his laying out the new Capital named after him Jajpiir, which he found- ed in Sambat 1784 or A. D. 1728. The Hill -girt valley of Amber was now too cramped, and the water of its wells, had, from the habitation of centuries, become unwholesome, so he left the valley, and moving 3 or 4 miles to the South chose a spot on the plain, in the mouth of the re- entering angle of the Southern bifurcation of the Am- ber Hills. There — in accordance with old Hindu precepts of Architecture, notable for their general neglect in other Indian cities, but also for their strange adaptation to the teachings of modern science, ha laid out his Capi- tal in an oblong rectangle of six great blocks of square form, at one end increased by a seventh, with straight 'W- 45 and broad streets, crossing at rigbt angles, and open- ing out into spacious squares at the intersections. Of the main divisions of the city, the Palace, with its gardens, temples and stables, the Observatory and other Courts, and the many subordinate build- ings, occupies one entire block. So good in its simiplicity is the plan of the city, that an idea has sometimes been started that a Eu- ropean may have a ided in the design. But no grounds actually appear for this idea, and there was plainly no need of such aid, as a scientific man like Sawae Jay Sing, must clearly have been equal to lay- ing out a geometric figure with straight lines and right angles, — while the necessity of removal from the cramped position, and crooked ways in the valley of the Amber Hills, must itself have suggested the correction of these inconvenience when a fresh start was being made on an open plain. An able man was sure to gather able assistants around him, and among these the name of Vidhyadhar, a learned Pandit, is still honorably remembered in connection with the scientific and other pursuits of the Prince. 46 The Jaypup^ jState. THIS State, hencefortli to be known by tbe name of its new Capital, Jaypur, reached the Zenith of its power and fame in the time of Sawae Jay Sing, from his being alike the Chief of an ancient Principality, a really great Man, and a high Officer of the Empire. After his death in A. D. 1744, troubled times, both without and within the State, long continued with but short intermissions, until the establishment of the British Paramountry in A. D- 1818 brought peace and prosperity in its train. -i-t-O^-*- ^ ^ t^ 47 The Triple Alliance. A y Udaypu7', Jaypiir, and Jodhpiir. glance at tlie general History of India, out- side the Jaypur State, is here necessary. The Musulman Empire of Delhi was now decaying, but ever since the wise policy of Akbar had been forsaken, it was tyrannical and capricious to the Na- tive States, and subject to intrigue and revolution within itself, while a new and ac^jirressive Power was growing up in the Dekhan and rapidly stretching to the North. Amid the dangers which surrounded them, the three leading States of Rajputana viz Udaypur, Jay- pur, and Jodhpur had formed an alliance for mutual defence and preservation. The Maha Ranas of Udaypur had never given daughters in marriage to the Emperors, and refused intermarriage between their family and those of Chiefs who had done so, as e. g. the Maharajas of Jaypur and Jodhpur &c., &c., while the practice continued. — One point in the new alliance was that intermarriage of the families should be resumed, but 5^, «- 48 the Muha-Rana stipulated that a son by an Udaypur Princess in any of them should succeed to his father's State, in supercession of any elder son there might be by the daughter of another House. The alliance was intelligible, but this stipulation, by upsetting the rule of primogeniture long establish- ed and recognised for the succession to chiefships, and thereby certainly inciting Family discord, proved fatal, especially to Udaypur and Jaypur^ — and, more esjiecially so, from the means by Tvhicb it was sought to be enforced. -o-n-o- r^ -'^ 49 JsRI jSlNG. A. D. 1744-1751. MAHAEAJA Sawae Jay Sing had a son, Isri Sing, already grown up, when he married an Udaypur I'rincess, by whom he had a son named Madho Sing. On Jay Sing's death, Isri Sing naturally suc- ceeded, but the Maha-Rana of Udaypur supported his nephew Madho Sing's claims with an army, which was strengthened by a contingent of Troops from Sindia. It is said that the Maharana's troops, led by his nobles did riot care to fight in such a cause ; which is possible enough, as Isri Sing was married to a daughter of the Rao of a Salumbar, a senior branch of the Udaypur Family, and the Premier noble of that State who himself, in his capacity of. Commander in Chief of the Mewar Troops, led them on the occasion. At any rate the Jay pur array defeated both them and Sindia's men. The Maharana, indignant at the -^^ 50 conduct of his nobles, sacrificed a considerable part of Mewar, and an enormous treasure, to induce the Mahratta leader Holkar to attack and depose Isri Sing.who succumbed, and presently died in A. D. 1751, being succeeded by Madho Sing. -*"i- 51 CoNSEqUENCES OF SeekiNG MahRATTA AID, rpHE immediate loss to Mevrar of territory -L and treasure, and the discomfiture of Isri Sing, were the least of the evils entailed by inviting Mahratta intervention in the Kajput quarrels, for the practice once begun was continued, and the Mahrattas, when they had come, generally etaid, and, with their allies the Pindaris, dominated and dispoil- ed all parties, until almost the whole of Rajputana was reduced to a dreadful state of anarchy and ruin, by their ruthless devastations, a condition of matters "which continued, more or less, until the entry of the British into the Province in the early part of the century. -i-<-Cr-^ 52 M.ADHO Sing T. A. D. 1751—1768. MAD HO Sing I. was a firm Prince avIio, with his allies of Marwar, might have held his own against the Mahrattas, had he not, about this time, been harrassed by a new enemy, that Jats, rising into power on the North. He inherited, in some degree the scientific tastes of his great father, Sawae Jay Sing, and was a liberal patron of learned men at his Court. He founded the town of Sawae Madhopur, named after himself, near the celebrated fortress of Rintham- bhor, which, as will presently be mentioned, came into the permanent possession of Jaypur in his reign, and that town was laid out in the same regular man- ner as Jaypur. In the last year of Madho Sing's reign, a great battle was fought with the Jats under Jawahir Mai at Maonda-Mandholi, between Nimlca Thana and Babai, 60 miles direct North of Jaypur and 15 Sq^th of Khetri. — In this fight Jaypur was victiorious, but lost so many of its cliief nobles, slain on tlie field, tluat the victory so gained was disastrous. — From this tiine Partab Sing Naruka, the Rao of Macheri then in Jaypur, began to aim at independence, and ere long succeeded, his descendants, being now the Chiefs of Alwar. Four days- after that fatal victory Madho Sing I died of Dy sentry. ■m .Q-M-O- ^.- 51 ^ INTHAMBHOR. ^HE great Fortress of Rinthambhor, construct- ed on a large and lofty isolated Hill, about 80 miles South East of Jaypur, in the Hilly country between the Banas and Chambul Rivers, has a history of its own. Beseiged unsuccessfully in A. D. 1291 by Jalal- ud-Din. the Khilji King of Delki, and again in 1299, by Alif Khan brother of his nephew and successor Ala-ud-Din accompanied by Nusrat Khan Wazir of A Uahabad, the latter of whom was there killed, — it was at length taken in A. D. 1300, by Ala-ud-Din in person, after a seige of more than a year, when the Raja, [named Humbur Deo in Brigg's Ferishta] and his family and garrison were all slain. Subsequently it was lost by the Delhi Kings, and in 1516 is mentioned as belonging to Malwa ; and then in Humayun's time, about 1555, to have been taken by the Raja of Bundi, from whom it was next captured in 1569 by Akbar. -^^ ;i^ 55 It then became the Head quarters of one of the Provinces of the Empire dominating the country to the South. In the decay of the Delhi Empire, in the times of Ahmad Shah and Alamgir II, when the Mahrattas were becoming all-powerful in Upper India, the Troops of Malhar Bao Holkar are, by a Jaypur account, said to have beseiged or invested the place for a dozen years. This Local account proceeds that the Imperial Officers, at that time in charge, were a Mirza and a Mehta, i. e. respectively a Musulman and a Hindu, and presumably the Military and Civil Governors. These, when they could hold out no longer, would not resign it to the Mahrattas, but agreed to make it over to the chief of the country, i. e. Jaypur. This was arranged through the medium of Anup Sing the Thakur of Pachewar, then Kiladar of Kandliar, a Jaypur Fort some 12 miles East of Rinthambhor. "When a Jaypur garrison was intro- duced, the Mahrattas withdrew, and sometime after- wards moved towards Jaypur, but, being met by ^ 58 a force from the latter place, wei'e defeated at Kakor between Uniara and Tonk in A, D. 1762. The acquisition thus of ESnthambhor was in the time of Madho Sing I, about A. D. 1759, the last year of Alamgir the second's reign. The Imperial officers were retained in their posts, and the hereditary dignity of the Kiladari or Command of the Fort was conferred on the Thakur of Pachewar and several of the leading Jaypur nobles, including those of Chaumu and Bagru &c. &c. who all supply contingents for its garrison. ~^} 57 Pr^THI jSiNG AND PaRTAB SiNG. A. D. 1768—1779—1863. AFTER Madho Sing's deatli his son Peithi Sing II, a minor succeeded, under the guardianship of the mother of his younger half- brother Partab Sing, but died while still a youn» man ; after nominally reigning 11 years from A. D. 1768 to 1779. Although Prithi Sing left an infant son, Man Sing, the queen Regent, mother of Partab Sing, a Lady known as the Chandrawatji, from being of the Chandrawat section of the Sisodia Rajputs, placed her own son Partab Sing, then still a minor on the throne, or Gadi (i, e. the cushion of state). The child Man Sing is said to have been taken first to his mother's home at Kishengurh, and after- wards to Gwaliar, where he grew up, but without developing qualities which would have fitted him for any exalted station. During Partab Sing's minorltj' and the Regency of his mother, the Rao of Macheri [now Alwar] 58 secured his independence — and the country was greatly impoverished by Mahratta exactions. On attaining manhood, Partab Sing proved himself a gallant Prince, but though, in conjunc- tion with Marwar allies, he inflicted a signal defeat on Madhoji Sindia and his Mahrattas at Tunga, about 30 miles South East of Jaypur in A. D. 1789 nothing could permanently keep the country free from the Mahratta and Pindari hordes, which made Rajputana their hunting ground and preyed on all parties, more especially after the unfortunate battle of Patan, in the Tuarawati District of the North- East of Jaypur, in which a want of unity between the Jaypur and Jodhpur armies led to a defeat by Sindia's trained battalions, which thus retrieved the disaster of Tunga not long after its occurrence, and broke up the Jaypur and Jodhpur alliance. Partab Sing's rule lasted for 24 years from A. D. 1779-1883. ■^ 69 Jagat Sing. TT. A. D. 1803—1878. JAGAT Sing II, Son of Partab Sing, succeed- ed his father and occupied the Gadi for 15 years, during which period nothing of good fortune for Jaypur has to be recorded, — except that Treaties [presently to be mentioned] were made with the British Government, which alliance by preserving the State from the progressive devastation and dis- ruption which, in later reigns had been sapping its strength, gave it a new start in peace and prosperity. During this Prince's time the resources of Jay- pur were unfortunately much dissipated, and great part even of Sawae Jay Sing's Library was dispers- ed, — a grievous loss in the interests of Indian His- tory and Science. — i-t«^*i— «f- 60 Treaties with the British )yernment. po^ A. D. 1803-1818. THE following account of our Treaties, then formed with Jaypur, is partly quoted, and partly summarised, from Aitcheson, " In pursuance of the general policy of the British Grovernment at the commencement of the Mahratta war," a Treaty of subsidiary alliance was concluded by the Marquis Wellesley in December 1803 with Maharaja Jagat Sing. At first the Chief fulfilled its obligations imper- fectly, and Lord Cornwallis, who resolved to aban- don the system of subsidiary alliances, declared the Treaty dissolved, but, before this could be communi- cated to the Maharaja, the latter had heartily co-ope- rated with Lord Lake, who assured him of continued support. " The policy of Lord Cornwallis, however, was adopted by Sir George Barlow, who, notwithstand- 61 ing the remonstrances of Lord Lake, made bolb on grounds of good policy and good faith, dissolved the alliance with Jaypur." " The expediency of the dissolution of this alli- ance was considered to be very questionable by the Home Grovernment, who, in 1813, directed that Jaypur should again be taken under protection if an opportunity offered." Owing, however, to sundry causes the measure had to be postponed till it could be adopted as part of a general scheme for the suppression of the Pindaris. In 1817, when negotiations were renewed, there was at first some hesitation on the part of Jaypur, but the value, and indeed necessity, of a Treaty for its own security, soon became apparent to it, and a Treaty was accordingly made on 2nd April 1881 in the time of the Marquis of Hartings, — whereby the protection of the British Government was extend- ed to the Maharaja (Jagat Sing II) who agreed to pay Tribute, and to the other conditions usual in such Treaties. ^ — ^ ^ ^ ^ 62 Here may be mentioned, also, the grant in De- cember 1803, by the British Government, of the Kot Puili District to the Jay pur Fendatory, Raja Abhi Sing, Chief of Khetri in Shaikhawati, for Mili- tary services rendered to Lord Lake, which grant was farther confirmed in 1806. The District is in the North East of Jaypur adjoining Khetri, and is still enjoyed by that Family. -1-1- ^ 0' 63 Jay Sing TIT. A. D. 1818—1835. ^N Jagat Sing's death without, as first thought, leaving a son, an attempt was made t3 bring in Mohan Sing, a boy from the Narwar offshoot of the family, to the prejudice of the nearer Jhalai branch ; but presently one of the Queens, known as the Bhatiyaniji, from being of the Bhati clan, was learnt to be enceinte, and her son. Jay Sing III, suc- ceeded under the guardianship of his mother. After the Treaty of 1818, one of the most ur- gent measures, for the recovery of Jaypur from the condition to which it had been reduced, was the establishment of proper relations bttween the State and its great nobles and Feudatories requiring their relinquishment of all lands improperly obtained during the minorities of Chiefs or the weakness other- wise of the Central authority, and ensuring their due subordination in future. — Agreements to this effect were arranged through the mediation of Sir David Ochterlony in May 1819, soon after Jay Sing's accession, whereby all the Thakurs bound them- 64 selves to the Bbatiyaniji Lady to be of good behavi- our during her son's minority. Jay Sing III lived only to 17'i years of age in A. D. 1835, leaving an infant son Ram Sing un- der the guardianship of his mother a Chandrawat Lady. -O-M-O- -^ 65 Ram jSiNG TT. Minority period A. D. 2835 — 18. ^'N tbe death of his father Jay Sing III, Maharaja Ram Sing II, an infant not then two years of age, succeeded under the guardianship of his mother the Chandrawatji Maji. 0' The latter word meaning Lady-mother, is ap- plied to the Dowager Maharanis, who are each dis- tinguished farther by the name of their parents' clan. Early deaths of Chiefs, from one cause or other, followed by minorities, and Regencies of Queen- mothers or Maj is, had of late years occurred several times in Jaypur, as instanced in the Regencies al- ready noticed, viz those of — The Chandraivatji Maji, widow of Madho Sing I, step-mother of the minor Prithi Sing II, and mother of the minor Partab Sing this Lady being thus twice Regent. The Bhatiyaniji Maji, widow of Jagat Sing II, and mother of the minor Jay Sing III. ^- 66 The Chandraicaiji Maji, -widow of Jay Sing III, and mother of the minor Ram Sicg II, [the lats Maharaja] These Ladies, living closely in the Zanana, and being unversed thus in the outer world, were evi- dently, as the results showed, not qualified for the Government of a State, more especially in difficult times, or even for exercising influence in State affairs. Communication between them and their Ministers could, according to Zanana rule, only be by inter- mediaries, often of an inferior class, and the uniform results in these cases were enrichment of the Majis, the officials, and the intermediaries, and undue usurpation of privileges by all three parties, together with corresponding disorder and impoverishment of the State. It would not here be convenient to quote from Tod, Brooke or Aitcheson particulars of the evils and commotions which abounded in the time of the Bhatyaniji Mnji, mother of the mirior Jay Sing III, up to her death in 1833, and, after this in the time also of the Chandrawatji Maji, until Government was obliged to intervene effectively, in the interests alike -«^ -m 67 of the young Maharaja Earn Sing, of the State, and ^ of public tranquility. The evils which had grown in the time of the Bhatyaniji, came to ahead in that of the Chandrawatji Maji, whose people, in order to throw discredit on of&cials striving for better Government, incited, on one occasion, an attempt on the life of the Grovernor General's Agent [ Colonel Alves] in which he was wounded, while in the riot ensuing, his Assistant [Mr. Blake] was murdered. The Government orders of 1st April 1839 to Colonel Sutherland, quoted by Brooke, remarked that "we had sufficient experience of the bad policy of yielding to the caprices of females claiming a right to interfere in the Government of Jay pur, and ths present was the time to decide whether it is consist- ent with the prosperity of the country that a Zanana influence shall be exercised for many years to come over all the affairs of State." The Zanana influence, thus referred to by Go- vernment, had in fact been long dominant, both in State and domestic affairs, and not for good in either, but traditions of power and privilege, however 68 irregularly acquired, die hard, and are long clung to by those who think they should inherit them. A Regency Council was appointed in 1839-40, composed of nobles of the State, with the Political Agent as referee in matters of importance, but, even after this, the Maji and her friends, in order to re- tain the Regency, more than once tried force and disturbance, requiring the use of Troops, and involv- ing bloodshed, while, for his connection with one of these disturbances by Afghan Vilayatis recently entertained by him, the Maji's brother was banished the Capital for eight years. The Chandrawatji Maji died in A. D. 1858. The Council did good service during the minori- ty, succeeding better, it was found, than was possi- ble for a single Minister. o Brooke remarks that " by adopting the plan of the Council, we got all the most powerful Chiefs on our side, which otherwise we should not have had." " Again, in no Native State in India had so many great and beneficial measures been inaugurated •m G9 in so short a time, as wera introduced by tlie Jaypur Council of Regency." * * * * "Not only did the Council of Regency, under Major Ludlow, issue the enactment against Sati, but they also made other laws against female infanticide, slavery, exactions of the Bhats, Charans &c."' Maharaja Ram Sing having been born in August or September 1832, was considered to have attained his majority in 1851, and was then invested with power. ■ o-n-o- ^- 70 Maharaja R.am JSing. Inpoioer, A. D. 1851— 1S78. AFTER passing through the difficulties and even dangers of his minority, the young ilaharaja gradually developed into a Ruler of singu- lar intelligence and enlightenment. He did good service in the mutinies, placing at the disposal of Government all his available Troops, which, marching beyond the North East Jaypur Frontier, punished a number of the plunder- ing Mewati villages, rescued several Europeans, and escorted them safely to Agra. ■At the Capital he kept order chiefly with the Nagas, a strong and sturdy body of Military celibates of a semi-religious order, who were as staunch and faith- ful to their Prince as obedient to their religious Chiefs, while in the lofty Nahrgarh or Tiger-fort ovorlook- ing the city, were safely housed some European Families. ~m 71 For bis services at this time he received from the British Government the District of Kot Kasim. Such service, he was, both as a Kajput, and the Heir of many gallant ancestors sure to render. — It is therefore even more to his credit that, as he grew older, he gave increasing attention to the improve- ment of the administration and internal condition of his State. Much was eflfected by the Regency Council during the minority, but this was merely the founda- tion of what was needed : — An immensity was next done hy the late Maharaja Eam Sing liimself, and, if even he could not accomplish all that is desirable, still a movement in the right direction was thorough- ly established, which has been carried on, and has every prospect of being continued, and farther pro- moted by his successor. The late Chief found the State in debt : — he left it wealthy, after liberal expenditure on every liberal measure and especially on public works. He receiv- ed charge, with the elements of respectable Govern- ment but recently established by the Council ; — at his death^ there was really a very complete mechan- -5^ z^ w ism of administration in every Department, liowever much improvement was still desirable in parts of the material and its working, while the Council had be- come a iully naturalised institution. Of the great qualities, acquirenvents or doings of the most gified of his predecessors, a list was current called •' Ek sau nao gun Sawae Jay Sing ke," which Tod renders as the "one hundred and nine actions of [Sawae] Jay Sing." It would be tedious to try and emulate, in num- ber, such a detail for the late Maharaja, nor is it necessary, for the brief summary to be presently given, of the more notable of his works and improve- ments, will sbow that he has left many monuments to witness for him, — and though one of the most valuable of these is the gift to a dry and thirsty country— both to city and field, for man, beast and crop, — of that element which is often deemed a fittino- emblem of instabilitj-, it may be hoped that, peren- nially renewed by Heaven as this gift is, it will prove, even more lasting of itself, as it certainly will be in the hearts of his people, than any brazen monument, such as the Ancients thought the very type of enduring permanence. S^-^' •y-Ai' 73 The late Maharaja was a Knight Grand Com- mander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India, — an Imperial Councillor and Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, and he was nlso a Member of the Legislative Council of India from 1869 to 1873. He died an 18th September 1880, after having selected a young relative to succeed hira. -O-M-O- 74 JVLaharaja Madho Sing n. The present Chief. THE Relative nominated by Maharaja Ram Sing on his death bed was Kaim Sing, of the Isarda division of the Jhalai Section of Raja- wats of the Jaypur Family. Rajaicat is the name taken by all the later off- shoots of the direct line of Prithi Raj, after his young- er sons, as mentioned in an earlier paragraph, had been severally grouped in "the twelve Kotris" with separate Estates assigned them, — and Jhalai is the principal Rajawat offshoot, as well as the one most nearly related to the ruling Chiefs of later years. Kaim Sing, accepted by all the Famil}?, and approved by Government, ascended the Gadi under the name of MADHO SING 11. He was then, [in September 1880] 19 or 20 years of age, and, to ensure his gradual initiation in the work of administration, this was entrusted to the Council under the joint presidency of the Resident and the young Chief. ^_ .^ ^S 75 In September 1882 he was invested with full powers, with the provisa that^ for some time, he should consult the Resident before altering any pro- ceedings of the minority, or making important changes in the administration. Succeeding as a minor to the Chiefship of Jaypur, in which memories of former minorities are still, in some quarters, cherished, the young Maharaja had many difficulties to contend with in his new position, — but these, it may be hoped, will yield in time to quiet perseverance in what is right and reasonable. He is fully resolved to maintain all the good measures introduced by the late Maharaja, and to carry them forward in the same direction of improve- ment. Various measures, begun by his predecessor, have in fact already received a decided expansion, and others, altogether new, have been started during the short time Madho Sing II has been on the Gadi. But instead of noting these here, it will be better to give them in a subsequent para : as a sequel to the works of his predecessor. t ^ .. —. _ =--^ 76 The Jaypur Territory, THE Jaypur Territory comprises an area of 15,250 square miles, with a population of 2,523,949 by the census of 1881. The total Revenues, if those of Fendatories and Jagirdars are included, are considerably over 100 Laks or a Million sterling, of which the State Revenue proper is nearly one half or some 53 Laks. Roughly speaking, the country is for the most part an open plam, with an elevated tract, of some 1500 feet above Sea level, traversing the centre near Jaypur, but falling away in every direction except the S. W. and N. E. The plain is however diversified by Hill, in ridges, ranges, groups and isolated heights. Looking first at the "West and North of the Territory, a series of undulating ranges or ridges, here and there interrupted, runs from the S. W- to N. E. in the former direction blocking, from es- cape to the West, the waters of the Sambhar Salt Lake, which belongs join tl}'^ to Jodhpur and Jaypur,— ( i farther Xorth permitting tlie Kantla River to pass through to the N. W. at Sonari to lose itself in the sands of Shaikhawati and Bikaner, — and still more to the North East joining the Khetri Hills. In the centre of the State, the Hills from Jaypur and Amber, though frequently interrupted, also run North to the Khetri Hills^ and North East to those of Alwar. In the East also, ranges from Lalsot run North East to the Frontier, letting the Bangunga River escape in the first named direction, by a gap near Mowah-Ramgarhj to the adjoining Bhartpur Teiri- tory, [as 50 miles farther back in its course, i. e. to the West, in the centre of Jaypur, it similarly emerges from the central ranges by a gap, near the Jamwa-Eamgarh already referred to]. To the South East, about Rinthambhor between the Banas and Chambal, are other ranges with the same general [North East] direction, — and in the South, at Rajmahal and the Banas, are Hills again. It is in these Southern parts that the best Garnet mines of the State are situated. ^' 78 It may, somewliat summarily, be said that Jaypur is on the V/aterparting of this part of India, or rather on the oommencemeat of the Eastern slope. In this position there are no great lowlands or valleys naturally stored with, or retentive of water. The Rainfall averages about 25 inches. The Soil varies from mere sand in the North and West [Shaikhawati] to a light sandy clay in the East, and a rich black Earth in the South, — but, in the greater part of the area, Sand predominates. Water is far from the surface (80 to 100 feet) in the Sandy tracts of Shaikhawati in which, how- ever, there are Oases of cultivation, and numerous walled towns with fine stone-built houses, the homes of Seths or Native Bankers and Merchants, who carry on business in all the great cities of India and even beyond it. In other parts water is reasonably near [20 to 40 feet], but every where the level seems to be sinking, whether this be from increasing denudation of the land, through clearance of Jungle and cutting ^"-- -% 70 of t^ees, — or from the Nallahs in Sandy ground gra- dually deepening their beds, and so draining the ground lower than formerly, or from some other less obvious cause. Trees grow well even in the sand, when tended for several years at first, and there are fine avenues thus reared at Jaypur, where [clear of the Hills] there is nothing but sand to any depth yet i-eached. The Hills, where preserved, hrve a moderate growth of small trees and Scrub Jungle, but consump- tion appears far beyond natural reproduction. Under the foregoing conditions of country, the vital necessity of Storage lakes for irrigation, as pro- moted by the late Maharaja, and of Forest Conser- vancy, novsr being started by the present Chief, will be apparent enough. i-^-i- '^ , ____ ™__ q^. ^z 80 Some M.easur.es of the Late Maharaja Ram, Sing ii. A' PART from general improvements in the ad- ministration, some special measui'es of the late Maharaja merit notice under the headings of Public Works, — Medical Institutions, — Education,— and Science and Art, Public Works. THIS Department "was started about 1860, under Colonel Price, and has, since 1867, been under Lieutenant Colonel S. S. Jacob, the Ex- ecutive Engineer of the State. Up to the death of the late Maharaja in Sep- tember 1880, some 49 Laks had been spent on Uoads, Tanks and Buildings, besides several Laks more un- der a separate Imarat or State Works Office. ^- 81 Of Roads constructed, the principal is the Agra and Ajmere Highway, now somewhat superseded by the Railway, which bisects the State, forking at Bandikui |or Agra and Delhi, and at Phalera for Ajmere ani^-Sambhar &c. Irrigation Works, including those constructed under the present Chief, number above 100, large and small, capable of irrigating some 32,000 acres. The Area in square miles of the larger Lakes is, of Tori just completed, 6^ — Kalak 2^ — Mora 2 — Khur If — and Buchara nearly finished 1|. — Projects are ready for still larger reserveirs on the Banganga at Jamwa Ramgarh, and the Banas on the Ajmere frontier. City Water Works, started in 1872 and opened in 1875. The Water is pamped by Steam Engines from the Amani Shah Stream into a high level Reservoir, whence it flows in pipes to the city with free taps in all the streets. City Gas Works. — Started in 1878 — Gas at first made from Castor, but now from Kerosine oU, in the manufacture from which sundry improvements have •^ 82 been made by Mr. S. J. Tellery in charge, under Colonel Jacob, — Streets and Mainroads lighted free. Albert Hall, in tie Public Gardens — Foundation laid by H. R. H. The Prince of Wales. Intended for Public Hall, Museum and Library. — A large and handsome structure, with much beautiful carved marble work, which Colonel Jacob has had designed and adapted from the finest examples of old Indian stone carving. — Not yet completed. — Will cost some 5 Laks. Mayo Hospital also in the gardens. Foundation laid by Lord Mayo. Mayo Statue in the gardens. Bronze by Forsyth, a duplicate of that at Cockermouth. Erected by late Maharaja in memory of his Friend. — Unveiled by Lord Northbrook. Ram Newas Public Gardens, — Area 76 acres. Site chosen by late Chief to be near the city and thus convenient to the people — Besides the Albert Hall, JMayo Hospital and Mayo Statue, — there are good Zoological collections of Beasts and Birds. 83 Medt^al Institutions. THE Medical Department of the. State was first started on a small scale in the time of the late Chiefs minority, since which it has gra- dually developed until now, when, including some new Dispensaries established under the j^resent Maharaja, it comprises one First class Institution, the Mayo Hospital at the Capital, and 21 other Dispen- saries and Hospitals throughout the Territory, of which latter class 6 are supported by Fendatories. Vaccination was started in 1870, and last year there were 53,173 children vaccinated. These institutions are under the Residency Sur- geon, Dr. T. H. Hendley, on whose care in mak- ing them popular, as well as on the Maharaja's liberality in supporting them, their success depends. — }-c«^^j- M ■^=- 8i Ed UCATION. THE Maharaja's College at Jaypur was found- ed in 1844. The languages taught are English, Hindi, Urdu and Persian. Teaches up to F. A. Standard of Calcutta University, and has over 1000 students. The Sanscrit College, founded in 1865. Number of students 217. The Rajput School for sons of Nobles. Found- ed in 1862, Scholars 33. The Girls^ School, with several branches. Founded in 1867. Scholars in all 556. Under the Misses Joyce. The State Schools in the Districts number 44, with over 1000 pupils, besides other aided and in- digenous Schools. The Public library and Reading Room. Esta- blished i;i 1866. ^ ^ .^ 85 jSciENCE AND .Ar.T. IVER, since the time of the Astronomer- Prince, Sawae Jay Sing, something of Science and Art has lingered at Jaypur, but this is now having a richer development. E The late Chief established a small Meteorological Ohservatoiy, but unfortunately under circumstances preventing full success, — and also a Natural History Museum, but, finding this not answer expectations, he abolished it. — The Observatory and Museum now existing date thus from the present Chiefs time as hereafter noticed. A School of Arts, was established by the late Chief in 1866, under Dr. De. Fabeclc, and for the last 10 years it has been under a native Principal. — Drawing, designing, and most sorts of Art work in metal and pottery &c. &c., are taught. Taste or ability in Art is inborn or bred by long training, and is not to be summarily created, — but there is no doubt the School has, in its time, done good work and diffused better knowledge among 86' workmen, so that articles, once a speciality of the School manufacture, are now made and sold in the ordinary bazar, while lads, after being versed in sim- ple drawing, become apt draughtsmen and designers when brought under the advanced practical training of Colonel Jacob's Architectural Department. ,— i-t-O^i^- -S 87 JSOME MEASURES OF ThE PrESENT M.AHAF\A.JA. THESE may be noticed in the same order al- ready talcen. GENERAL IMPROVEMENTS. Transit duties, remitted on grain by the late Maharaja, have now been entirely abolished on all articles except Opium and other intoxicants. A trained Native Judicial officer has been obtain- ed from the Panjab Government, to serve as Mem- ber of Council here. To learn District Work as conducted in our Pro- vinces, two students have been sent to the Panjab, supported by the Darbar. For Engineer Training, — arrangements are now in progress for getting students from Jaypur educat- ed at the Pturki College. ■ 5 <- 88 Similarly for Female Medical Work,two educat- ed native women have been sent at the cost of the Darbar to learn at the Female Medical School at Agra. Forest Conservancy has been taken up — Four Jay- pur Students are supported at the Dehra Dun Forest School. — A forest Ranarer has been obtained from Go- vernment for three years, and a skilled Forest Officer for the curi-ent season to draw up a scheme for this State, to be afterwards worked under Colonel Jacob. The Garnets found in this State are said to be the best in the world, but the Mines, though long known, were, owing to various circumstances, not worked of late years, except surreptitiously by individuals, until last year, 1884, when they were taken in hand by the Darbar, and found most pro- ductive. Public Worhs, — In the five years since the present Chief's accession, 37 Laks have been devoted to Public Works, including those under the previ- ously separate Imarat or State Works Office. In this period some of the largest Irrigation works, e. g. the Tori and Buchara Lakes have been undertaken. 89 Irrigation here pays the State a good percentage on its outlay, besides the still larger profit to the Cultivator on his labor ; so it is popular with all, — a result mainly due to the care of the Engineer for the interests of both parties, and his consideration also for the wishes and feelings of the people, by whom Colonel Jacob's name will long be remembered, with those of the late and present Maharajas, as bringing water to their thirsty fields. A Steam Hydraulic Cotton Press has just been erected at Jaypur for the convenience of the cotton trade. A preliminary Survey has been made for a Rail- way from Jaypur South-East to Sawae Madhopur and the Frontier of the grain-producing Teirritory of Kotah, and, if not prevented in any way, this line can readily be made economically by the Darbar in the same manner as the Jodhpur State Railway. -^•-0^— f. 90 jSclENCE AND ArT. The Meteorological Instruments provided by the late Maharaja were in 1881, at the suggestion of the Kesidency Surgeon, placed in a suitable position, and supplemented by others, with a staff of trained observers attached, under the supervision of the officer j ast named. The principal instrument in the original set was an Osler''s improved A7iemog7'aph, — but in 1882 was added a Van Rysselberghe's Meteorograph, a wonder- fully delicate, complex automatic instrument. It is one of two in this country, l)ut the only one as yet in regular working . The institution is now an Observatory of the first class, and sends daily telegrams to our Meteoro- logical Department, Though the old natural History Museum was abolished by its founder the late Chief — the need was soon felt of another of a different sort, vie an Economic and Industrial Museum ; and this also was started in 1881, at the suggestion of the Residency ^- 91 Surgeon, Dr. T. H. Hendley, who as Honorary Se- cretary has done so much to promote its utility. The Natives have thoroughly taken to it, more than 1;^ millions having visited it since its opening. In the beginning of 1883 an Industrial and Art Exhibition was held at Jaypur, supported by the liberality of His Highness the Maharaja. The visi- tors numbered over a quarter million. " Memorials of the Jaypur Exhibition" in four large and handsomely illustrated volumes by Dr. T. H. Hendley (who was the promoter of the Exhibi- tion itself) have since been? published at the cost of the Maharaja, and copies have been presented by His Highness through Government to many Public Ins- titutions. To the Calcutta Exhibition in 1884, Jaypur was a liberal contributor, — and the preparations now being made, under the Maharaja's sanction, for the London Exhibition of 1886, are on a scale only limited by the space allowed. Among the Art TFor^ of Jaypur may be mention- ed, — Enamelling on gold or silver, a speciality of this 92 place, — work in brass, marble, pottery and lacquared ware, — and in dying tbe innumerable patterns and tints of Sanganer Chintz, — while the finer felts of Malpura may also be classed with Art productions. The Extensive work in cutting and polishing garnets, mined in the State, and exported to Europe, also merits notice. The Wood Carving of Shaikhawati is something wonderful to be by common village carpenters, ordi- narily engaged in the roughest work, and with em- ployment hitherto for their art mei'ely in carving doors and windows for the rich Seths who have their houses there. This carved work will be seen in the handsome Teak wood screens being sent from Jay- pur to the London Exhibition. -^t-O'.-i- JEYPOEE,— Printed at the " Eaj" Press.