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THE JUNIOR STUDENT'S ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY, For the Use of Schools, founded on White and Riddle's large Latin-English Dictionary, Square 12mo. 5s. THE JUNIOR STUDENT'S COMPLETE LATIN-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-LATIN DICTIONARY. London: LONGMANS, GREEN", & CO. LIYY, Book XXII. PJIISTED BY dPOTTISWOODE AND CO., NEW-STREET SQUARE LONDON THE TWENTY-SECOND BOOK LIVY. WITH EXPLANATORY AND GRAMMATICAL NOTES AJ!D A VOCABULARY OF PROPER NAMES. Ey JOHN T. WHITE, D.D. Oxon. 2fmV EDITION. LONDON: I.ONaMANS, GREEN, AND CO- PEEFAGB, Tn compliance with several requests addressed to the- Piiblishers the present edition of Book XXII. of Livy has been prepared on the plan which the Editor adoptei for Book XXIIT. At the head of each chapter a succinct account of its contents is placed. The Notes are occupied with explanations of the several allusions which occur in the work, and also with information respecting various grammatical con- structions. Eeferences are largely made to the " Public Schools Latin Primer," as being the Grrammar now ordinarily used ; while occasionally, where needful, the rules laid down in the Grammars of Zumpt and Madvig have been supplied in substance. After the Notes a Vocabulary of Proper Names is given. Each article has been written for the elucida- tion of the Text, and to this point it is strictly confined. London: August 1875. TITI LIVII HISTOBIAEUM LIBER XXII. CHAPTER I. Hannibal quits ii's winter quarters. Fears assassination by the Gauls. Cn. Servilius enters on his Consulship. Eeyival of ill-will again&t C. Plaminius. Numerous Prodigies reported at Eome. Their ex- piation. — B.C. 217. 1. Jam ver appeteLat, atque Hannibal ex hibernis movit, et nequiquam ante conatus transcendere Apenni- num intolerandis frigoribus et cum ingenti periculo moratus ac metu. 2. Galli, quos prsedse population- unique conciverat spes, postquam pro eo, ut ipsi ex alieno agro raperent agerentque, suas terras sedem belli esse premique utriusque partis exercituum hibernis viderunt, verterunt retro in Hannibalem ab Eomanis odia ; 3. petitusque saspe principum insidiis, ipsorum inter se fraude, eadem levitate, qua consenserant, con- sensum indicantium, servatus erat; et mutando nunc vestem, nunc tegumenta capitis, errore etiam sese ab insidiis munierat. 4. Ceterum hie quoque ei timor causa fuit maturius movendi ex hibernis. 5. Per idem tempus Cn. Servilius consul Eomce Idibus Martiis magistratum iniit. Ibi quum de repub- lica retulisset, redintegrata in C. Flaminium invidia est : duos se consules creasse, unum habere. Quod enim illi justum imperium, quod auspicium esse ? 6. Magis- tratiis id a domo, publicis privatisque penatibus, Latinia 2 TITI LI\'1I HISTORIARUM feriis actis, sacrificio in monte perfecto, votis rite Ii Capitolio nuncupatis secum ferre; 7. nee privatun auspicia sequi, nee sine auspieiis profectum in extern( ea solo nova atque Integra eoncipere posse. 8. Augeban metum prodigia ex pluribus simul locis nuntiata : ii Sicilia militibus aliquot spieula, in Sardinia autem ii muro circnmeunti vigilias equiti scipionem, quern mam tenuerat, arsisse, et litora crebris ignibus fulsisse, 9. e scuta duo sanguine sudasse, et milites quosdam icto fulminibus, et solis orbem minui visum ; et Prsenesti ardentes lapides cceIo cecidisse ; et Arpis parmas ii coslo visas, pugnantemque cum luna solem ; 10. e Capense duas interdiu lunas ortas ; et aquas Cserete sanguine mixtas fluxisse, fontemque ipsum Herculi cruentis manasse sparsum maculis ; et Antii metentibu cruentas in corbem spicas eeeidisse; 11. et Falerii coelum findi velut magno biatu visum, quaque patueri ingens lumen efFulsisse ; sortes sua sponte attenuatas unamque excidisse ita scriptam, Mavoes telum sutjj concutit; 12. et per idem tempus Eomse signun Martis Appia via ad simulacra luporum sudasse; e Capuse speciem coeli ardentis fuisse, lunseque inte: imbrem cadentis. 13. Inde minoribus etiam dietu pro digiis fides babita : capras lanatas quibusdam faetas ; e gallinam in marem, gallum in feminam, sese vertisse 14. His, sieut erant nuntiata, expositis, auetoribusqui in curiam introductis, consul de religione patres con suluit. 15. Decretum, ut ea prodigia partim majoribu liostiis, partim lactentibus, procurarentur ; et uti sup plicatio per triduum ad omnia pulvinaria baberetur 16. cetera, quum decemviri libros inspexissent, ut its fierent, quern ad modum cordi esse divis carminibui prEefarentiu-. 17. Decemvirorum monitu decretum est Jovi primumdonum fulmen aureum pondo quinquagintf fieret; Junoni Minervseque ex argento dona darentur ; ei Junoni reginse in Aventino Junonique Sospitse Lanuvi: majoribus bostiis sacrificaretur ; matronseque, pecunii collata, 1 8. quantum conferre cuique conamodum esset donum Junoni reginae in Avenfcinum ferrent, lectistern- LIBER XXII. CAP. II. 3 iuiuque fieret ; quin et libertinse et ipsse, uncle Feroniffi donum dai-etur, pecuniam pro facultatibus suis con- ferrent. 19. Haec ubi facta, decemviri Ardese in foro majoribus hostiis sacrificarunt. Postrerao Decembri jam mense ad sedem Saturni Eomse immolatum est, lectisterniumque imperatum — et eum lectum senatores straverunt — et convivixim publicum ; 20. ac per uibem Saturnalia diem ac noctem clamata, populusque eum diem festum habere ac servare in perpetuum jussus. CHAPTER II. Hannibal marches towards Arretium. Disastrous passage of the Car thaginian Army through a marsh flooded by the Arnus. Hannibal loses the sight of one of his eyes. — ^b.c. 217. 1. DuM consul placandis Eomos dis habendoque delectu dat operam, Hannibal profectus ex bibernis, quia jam Flaminium consulem Arretium pervenisse fama erat, 2. qnum aliud longius, ceteriim commodius, ostenderetm- iter, propiorem viam per paludem petit, qua fluvius Arnus per eos dies solito magis inundaverat. 3. Hispanos et Afros — id omne veterani erat robur exercitus — admixtis ipsorum impedimentis, necubi con- sistere coactis necessaria ad usus deessent, primes ire jussit; sequi Gallos, ut id agminis medium esset; 4. novissimos ire equites ; Magonem inde cum expeditis Numidis cogere agmen, maximd Grallos, si taedio laboris longseque vise, ut est mollis ad talia gens, dilaberentur aut subsisterenfe, cohibentem. 5. Primi, qua modo prseirent duces, per prisaltas fluvii ac profundas vor- agines, hausti psene limo immergentesque se, tamen signa sequebantur. 6. Galli neque sustinere se prolapsi neque adsurgere ex voraginibus poterant ; nea aut corpora animis aut animos spe sustinebant ; 7. alii fessa segre trahentes membra, alii, ubi semel victis tsedio animis procubuissent, inter jumenta et ipsa jacentia passim, morientes ; maximeque omnium vigilise con- ficiebant per quadriduum jam et tres noctes toleratae. b8 4 TITI LIVII HISTORIAUUM 8. Quum omnia obtinentibus aquis nihil, iibi in sicci fessa sternerent corpora, inveniri posset, cumulatis ii aqua sarcinis insuper inciunbebant. 9. Jumentorun itinere toto prostratorum passim acervi tantum, quoc exstaret aqua, quaerentibus ad quietem parvi temporii necessarium cubile dabant. 10. Ipse Hannibal sege: oculis ex verna primum intemperie variante calorei frigoraque, elepbanto, qui unus superfuerat, quo altiu; ab aqua exstaret vectus, 11. vigiliis tamen et nocturne humore palustrique coelo gravante caput, et quia med endi nee locus nee tempus erat, altero oculo capitur. CHAPTEE 111. Hannibal learns, through his Scoirts, that I'laminius is encamped nea: Arretium. Marches towards Fsesulse. Lays waste with fire and swore a large tract of fertile Country. Indignation and anger of Flaminius Flaminius reftising to listen to prudent counsels, gives the signal fo: Marching and Fighting. When mounting his horse, it stumbles am he is thrown over its head. A Standard-bearer, though using his utmos efforts, unable to pull the Standard from the ground. Principal mei of the Roman army alarmed at these Omens. The Soldiery rejoice a the high spirit of their commander. — B.C. 217. 1. MuLTis liominibus jumentisque foede amissis quum tandem de paludibus emersisset, ubi primum ii sicco potuit, castra locat, certumque per prsemissoi exploratores habuit exercitum Eomanum circa Arreti moenia esse. 2. Consulis deinde consilia atque animun et situm regionum itineraque et copias ad commeatiii expediendos et cetera, quae cognosse in rem erat, summi omnia cura inquirendo exsequebatur. 3. Eegio erat ii primis ItaliiC fertilis, Etrusci campi, qui F^sulas inte: Arretiiomque jacent, frumenti ac pecoris et omniun copia rerum opulenti. 4. Consul ferox ab consulati priore et non modo legum aut patrum majestatis, sec ne deorum quidem satis metuens. Hanc insitam ingeni( ejus temeritatem fortuna prospero civilibus bellicisqu( rebus successu aluerat. 5. Itaque satis apparebat ne( deos nee homines consulentem ferociter omnia ac prsepvopere acturum. C. Qubque pronior esset in vitie LIBER XXII. CAP. ILL ft Eiia, agitare eum atque iiiitare Poenus parat, el, lacva relicto hoste, Fcesulas petens, medio EtruriEe agro prsedatum profectus, qiiantam maximam vastitatem potest, casdibus incendiisque consul! proctil ostendit. 7. Flaminius, qui ne quieto quidem hoste ipse quieturua erat, turn verb, postquam res sociorum ante oculos prope suos ferri agique vidit, suum id dedecus ratus, per mediam jam Italiam vagari Poenum atque, obsistente nuUo, ad ipsaEomana moenia ire oi^pugnanda, 8. ceteris omnibus in consilio salutaria magis, quam speciosa, suadentibus — coUegam exspectandum, ut conjunctis exercitibus, communi animo consilioque rem gererent, interim equitatu auxiliisque levium armorum ab effusa prsedandi licentia bostem cobibendum — 9. iratus se ex consilio proripuit, signumque simui itineris pugnseque proposuit. 10. " Immo Ai-retii ante mcenia sedeamus," inquit ; " hie enim patria et penates sunt. Hannibal emissus e manibus .perpopuletur Italiam, vastandoque et urendo omnia ad Eomana moenia perveniat, nee ant^ nos bine moverimus, quam, sicut olim Camillum ab Veiis, C. Flaminium ab Arretio patres acciverint." 11. Hsec simul increpans, quum ociiis signa convelli juberet et ipse in equum insiluisset, equus repente cor- ruit consulemque lapsum super caput effudit. 12. Terri- tis omnibus, qui circa erant, velut foedo omine incip- iendas rei, insuper nuntiatur signum, omni vi moliente signifero, convelli nequire. 13. Conversus ad nuntium, " Num literas quoque," inquit, " ab senatu affers, quaa rem gerere vetent ? Abi, nuntia, effodiant signum, si ad convellendum maniis prse metu obtorpuerint." 14. In- cedere inde agmen coepit, primoribus, super quam quod dissenserant ab consilio, territis etiam duplici prodigio; milite in vulgus Iffito ferocia, ducis, quum spem magis ipsam, quam causam spei, intueretur. TITI LIVIl HISTORIARUM CHAPTEE IV. Witli tlie view of drawing Plaminlus to an Engagement, Hanniba ravages the whole district lying between Cortona and Lake Trasimenui Selects a spot adapted for an ambush, where he awaits the approach c JTlaminius. Description of the place. Disposition of the Cartha ginian Forces. Flaminius having advanced without reconnoitring while a mist hung over the lower grounds, is suddenly attacked on al sides before the Romans can be drawn up. — B.C. 217. 1. Hannibal, quod agri est inter Cortonaui urben Trasimenumque lacum, omni clade belli pervastat, qui magis iram hosti ad vindicandas sociorum injuria acuat. 2. Et jam pervenerant ad loca nata insidiis ubi maxime montes Cortonenses Trasimenus subit Via tantum interest perangusta, velut ad id ipsun de industria relicto spatio ; deinde paulo latior patescii campus ; inde colles adsurgunt. 3. Ibi castra in apert( locat, ubi ipse cum Af ris modo Hispanisque consideret Baliares ceteramque levem armaturam post montei circumducit; equites ad ipsas fauces saltiis, tumulis apt^ tegentibus, locat, ut, ubi intrassent Eomani, objectc equitatu, clausa omnia lacu ac montibus essent. 4. Flaminius quum pridie solis occasu ad lacun pervenisset, inexplorato postero die vixdum satis certi luce angustiis superatis, postquam in patentiorem camp- urn pandi agmen coepit, id tantum hostium, quod ei adverso erat, conspexit ; ab tergo ac super caput decep- ere insidise. 5. Poenus ubi, id quod petierat, clausun] lacu ac montibus et circumfusum suis copiis habuii hostem, signum omnibus dat simul invadendi. 6. Qu: ubi qua cuique proximum fuit decucurrerunt, eo magii Eomanis subita atque inprovisa res fuit, quod orta ej lacu n^ula campo quam montibus densior sederat agminaque hostium ex pliuibus coUibus ipsa inter se satis conspecta eoque magis pariter decucurrerant. 7 Eomanus clamore prius undique orto, quam satis cerneret, se circumventum esse sensit ; et ant^ in front- em lateraque pugnari cceptum est, quam satis in- strueretur acies aut expediri arma stringique gladii X)os.;en!.. LIBER XXII. CAP. V. CHAPTER Y Description of the Battle. The Combatants do not feel the Shock of an Earthqxiate, -which occnrred during the Fight. — B.C. 217. 1. CoNsrL, perculsis omnibus ipse satis, ut in re trep- ida, impavidus, turbatos ordines, vertente se quoque ad dissonos clamores, instruit, nt tempus locusque patitur ; et, quacumque adire audirique potest, adliortatur, ao stare ac pugnare jubet: 2. nee enim inde votis aut imploratione deum, sed vi ac virtute evadendum esse. Per medias acies ferro viam fieri et, quo timoris minus sit, eo minus, ferme periculi esse. 3. Ceterum prce strepitu ac tumultu nee consilium nee imperium accipi poterat, tantvimque aberat, ut sua signa atque ordines et locum noscerent, ut vix ad arma capienda aptandaque pugnse conpeteret animus, opprimerenturque quidam onerati magis his, quam tecti ; 4. et erat in tanta caligine major us us aurium quam oculorum. Ad gemi- tus vulnerum ictiisque corporum aut armorum, et mixtos strepentium paventiumque clamores, circum- ferebant ora oculosque. 5. Alii fugientes pugnantium globo illati bserebant : alios redeuntes in pugTiam avertebat fugientium agmen. 6. Delude, ubi in omnes partes nequiquam impetiis capti, et ab lateribus montes ac lacus, a fronte et ab tergo liostium acies claudebat, apparuitque nuUam nisi in dextera ferroque salutis spem esse, 7. turn sibi quisque dux adhorta torque factus ad rem gerendam, et nova de integro exorta pugna est ; non ilia ordinata per principes hastatosque ac triarios, nee ut pro signis antesignani, post signa alia pugnaret acies, nee ut in sua legione miles aut cohorte aut manipulo esset, 8. Fors conglobat, et animus suus cuique ante aut post pugnandi ordinem dabat ; tantusque fuit ardor animorum, adeo intentus pugnse animus, ut eum motum terrse, qui multarum urbium Italioe magnas partes prostravit, avertitque cursu rapidos amnes, mare fluminibus invexit, montes lapsu ingenti proruit, nemo pugnantium senserit. TITI LIVII H15T0EIAEUM CHAPTER VI. After the battle has lasted for three hours, Flaniinius is killed byDucarius, an Insubrian Gaul. The Romans flee. Six thousand of them force Iheir way through the Enemy, and halt on rising ground, which, on the mists clearing away, they leave in haste. Maharbal pursues them throughout the night. On the following day they are induced to surrender by a promise, which however is not kept. They are thrown into chains. — B.C. 217. 1. Tees ferme lioras pugnatum est, et ubique atroci- ter. Circa consulem tamen acrior infestiorque pugna est. 2. Eum et robora virorum sequebantur, et ipse, qua- cumque in parte premi ac laborare senserat suos, im- pigre ferebat opem ; 3. insignemque armis et hostes summa vi petebant et tuebantiir cives, donee Insuber eques — Ducario nomen erat — facie quoque noscitans consulem, "En," in quit, " liic est," popularibus suis, "qui legiones nostras cecidit, agrosque et urbem est depopul- atus ! jam ego banc victimam Manibus peremptorum foede civium dabo ; " 4. subditisque calcaribus equo, per confertissimam bostium turbam impetum facit, obtruncatoque priCis armigero, qui se infesto venienti obviam objecerat, consulem lancea, transfixit. Spoliare cupientem triarii, objectis scutis, arcuere. 5. Magnaa partis fuga inde primum coepit ; et jam nee lacus nee montes pavori obstabant. Per omnia arta prseruptaquo velut cagci evadunt, armaque et viri super alium alii praecipitantur. 6. Pars magna, ubi locus fugse deest, per prima yada paludis in aquam progressi, quoad capit- ibus bumerisve exstare possrmt, sese immergunt. Fuere quos inconsultus pavor nando etiam capessere fugam impulerit. 7. Qusb ubi immensa ac sine spe erat, aut deficientibus animis bauriebantur gurgitibus, aut nequi- quam fessi vada retro aegerrime repetebant, atque ibi ab ingressis aquam hostium equitibus passim trucida- bantur. 8. Sex millia ferme primi agminis, per ad- versos hostes eruptione inpigre facta, ignari omnium, quae post se agerentur, ex saltu evasere ; et, quum in tumulo quodam constitissentj clamorem modo ac sonun> LIBER XXil. UAi-. vii. 9 armoruin audientes, quas fortuna pugnse esset, neque scire nee perspicere prae caligine poterant. 9. Inclinata denique re, quum incalescente sole dispulsa nebula aperuisset diem, turn liquida jam luce montes campique perditas res stratamqne ostendere fede Eomanam aciem. 10. Itaque, ne in conspectos procul immitte- retm' eques, sublatis raptim signis quam citatissimo poterant agmine sese abripuerunt. 11. Postero die, quum super cetera extrema fames etiam instaret, fidem dante Maharbale, qui cum omnibus equestribus copiis nocte consequutus erat, si arma tradidissent, abire cum singulis vestimentis passurum, sese dediderunt. 12. Quae Punica religione servata fides ab Hannibale est, atque in vincula omnes conjecit. CHAPTER VII. Losses of the Eomans and Carthaginians. Alarm and Terror at Eom&i M. Pomponius, the Prjetor, briefly announces the Defeat of the Eoman Army. Popular Eumours. Two "Women die from Joy at the Eetnrn of their Sons. Deliberations in the Senate. — RC. 217. 1 . Hmc est nobilis ad Trasimenum pugna, atque inter paucas memorata populi Romani clades. 2. Quindec- im millia Romanorum in acie csesa ; decern millia sparsa fuga per omuem Etruriam diversis itineribus urbem petiere. 3. Mille quingenti hostium in acie, multi postea utrimque ex vulneribus, periere. Multi- plex caedes utrimque facta traditur ab aliis. 4. Ego, prseterquam quod nihil liaustum ex vano velim, quo nimis inclinant ferme scribentium animi, Fabium, Eequalem temporibus hujusce belli, potissimiim auctor- em liabui. 5. Hannibal, captivorum qui Latini nomin- is essent, sine pretio dimissis, Eomanis in vincula datis, segregata ex hostium coacervatorum cumulis corp- ora suorum quum sepeliii jussisset, Flaminii quoque corpus funeris causa magna cum cura inquisitum non invenit. 6. Romas ad primum nuntium cladis ejus cum in- c 3 lU TUT LIVII HISTORIARUM genti terrore ac tumultu concursus in forum populi est factus. Matronse vagse per vias, quae repens cladea allata quseve fortuna exercitus esset, obvios percuncta- ntur. 7. Et quum frequentis concionis modo turba in comitium et curiam versa magistratiis vocaret, 8. tan- dem baud multo ante solis occasum M. Pomponius prsetor, "Pugna," inquit, "magna victi sumus ;" et quam- quam nihil certius ex eo auditum est, tamen alius ab alio impleti rumoribus domos referunt consulem cum magna parte copiarum csesum, 9. superesse paucos aut fuga passim per Etruriam sparsos aut captos ab hoste. 10. Quot casiis exercitiis victi fuerant, tot in curas dis- pertiti animi eorum erant, quorum propinqui sub C. Flaminio consule meruerant, ignorantium, quae cujus- que suorum fortuna esset ; nee quisquam satis certum babet, quid aut speret aut timeat. 11. Postero ac deinceps aliquot diebus ad portas major prope mulier- um, quam virorum, multitude stetit, aut suorum aliquem aut nuntios de iis opperiens ; circumfundeba- nturque obviis sciscitantes, neque avelli, utique ab notis, priusquam ordine omnia inquisissent, poterant. 12. Inde varios vultiis digredientium ab nuntiis cernere?, ut cuique Iseta aut tristia nuntiabantur ; gratulantesque aut consolantes redeuntibus domos circumfusos. Femin- arum praecipue et gaudia insignia erant et luctiis. 1 3. Unam in ipsa porta sospiti filio repents oblatam in conplexu ejus exspirasse ferunt ; alteram, cui mors filii falso nuntiata erat, maestam sedentem domi ad primum conspectum redeuntis filii gaudio nimio exanimatam. 14. Senatum praetores per dies aliquot ab orto usque ad occidentem solem in curia retinent consultantes, quonam duce aut copiis quibus resist! victoribus Pcenis posset. LIBER XXII. CAP. VIII. 11 CHAPTER VIII. Foil! thousand Cavalry under C. Centenius, the Propraetor, surprised by Hannibal. In the absence of the Consul the people appoint Q,. Fabiua Maximus Prodictator, and Minueius Eufus Master of the Horse. — B.C. 217. 1. Pkiusqtjam satis certa consilia essent, repens alia nuntiatur clades ; quatuor millia equitum cum C. Cen- tenio proprsetore missa ad coUegam ab Servilio con- sule in Umbria, quo post pugnam ad Trasimenum audi tarn averterant iter, ab Hannibale circumventa. a. Ejus rei famavarie homines adfecit. Pars, occupatis majore segritudine animis, levem ex comparatione prior- um ducere recentem equitum jacturam : 3. pars non id, quod acciderat, per se oestimare; sed, ut in affecto corpora quamvis levis causa magis, quam valido gravior, sentiretur, 4. ita turn segrse et afFectse civitati quod- cumque adversi inciderit, non rerum magnitudine, sed viribus extenuatis, quae nihil, quod adgravaret, pati possent, sestimandum esse. 5. Itaque ad remedium jam diu neque desideratum nee adhibitum, dictatorem dicendum, civitas confugit. Et quia et consul aberat, a quo uno dici posse videbatur, nee per occupatam armis Punicis Italiam facile erat aut nuntium aut literas mitti, neo dictatorem populus creare poterat, 6. quod nunquam ante earn diem factum erat, pro- dictatorem populus creavit Q. Fabinm Maximum, et magistrum equitum M. Minucium Eufum ; 7. bisque negotium ab senatu datum, ut muros turresque urbis firmarent et prsesidia disponerent, quibus locis vide- retur, pontesque rescinderent fluminum : pro urbe ac penatibus dimicandum esse, quando Italiam tueri ne- quissent. 12 TITI LIVIl HTSTORIAillJil CHAPTEE IX. Hannibal attacks Spolotum in Urabria. Is repulsed ■with great elaugliter. Proceeds into Piccnum. Uncamps and rests his troops. Advancing onwards lays waste the territories of the Prsetutii and of the city of Hadria in Picenum ; .of the Marsi, the Marrucini and the Peligni, in Samnium ; and tlio country around the cities of Arpi and Luceria in Apulia. Q. Fabius Maximus appointed Dictator a second time. Decemvirs consultthe Sybillinebooks. Their reports. M. JEmil- ius, the Praetor, ordered to act at once in accordance with it. — B.C. 217. 1. Hannibal recto itinere per Ilmbriam usque ad Spoletum venit. 2. Inde quum perpopulato agro urbem opptignare adortus esset,cuin magna C33de suorum repulsus, conjectans ex unius colonise haud nimis pro- spere tentatae viribus, quanta moles Eomanse urbis esset, 3. in agrum Picenum avertit iter, non copia solum omnis generis frttgum abundantem, sed refertum preeda, quam efifuse avidi atque egentes rapiebant. 4. Ibi per dies aliquot stativa babita, refectusque miles, bibernis itineribus ac palustrl via proelioque magis ad eventum secundo, quam levi aut facili, affectus. 5. Ubi satis quietis datum prseda ac populationibus magis, quam otio aut requie, gaudentibus, profectus Praetu- tianum Hadrianumque agrum Marsos inde Marruci- nosque at Pelignos devastat, circaque Arpos et Luceriam proximam Apulise regionem. 6. Cn. Servilius consul levibus proeliis cum Gallis factis et uno oppido ignobili expugnato, postquam de coUegas exercitiisque casde audivit, jam mcEnibus patriae metuens, ne abesset in discrimine extreme, ad urbem iter intendit. 7. Q. Fabius Maximus dictator iterum, quo die magistratum iniit, ^•ocato senatu, ab diis orsus, quum edocuisset patrcs, pltis negligentia cserimoniarum auspiciorumque, quam temeritate atque inscitia, pecca- turn a C. Flaminio consule esse, quseque piacula irte deiim essent ipsos deos consulendos esse, pervicit, 8. ut, quod non ferme decernitur, nisi quum taetra prodigia nuntiata sunt, decemviri libros Sibyllinos adire jube- rentur. Qui, inspectis fatalibus libris retulerunt patri- bus, [). quod ejus belli causa votum Marti foret, id nor LIBER XXII. CAP. X. 13 rite factum de integro atque amplius faciundum esse, 10. et Jovi ludos magnos et sedes Veneri Erycinse ae Menti vovendas esse, et supplicationem lectisterniumque habendum, et ver sacrum vovendum, si bellatum prospere esset resque publica in eodem, quo ante bellum fuisset, statu permansisset. 1 1. Senatus, quoniam Fabium belli cura occupatura esset, M. :^milium prsetorem ex coUegii pontificum sententia, omnia ea ut mature fiant, curare jubet. CHAPTER X. A Ver Sacrum proposed by the Pontifex Maximus, and agreed to by the People. Porm and conditions of vow. Various other tows and religions observances. — B.C. 217. 1. His senatiis consultis perfectis, L. Cornelius Lentulus pontifex maximus, consulente collegium prse- tore, omnium primilm populum consulendum de vere. sacro censet : injussu populi voveri non posse. 2. Rog atus in liajc verba populus : "Velitis jubeatisne hsec sic fieri ? si res publica populi Eomani Qairitium ad quinquennium proximum, ut velim eam, salva servata erit hisce duellis — quod duellum populo Eomano cum Carthaginiensi est, quseque duella cum Gallis sunt, qui cis Alpes sunt, — 3. datum donum duit populus Romanus Quiritium, quod ver attulerit ex suillo, ovillo, caprino, bovillo grege, quoeque profana erunt, Jovi fieri, ex qua die senatus populusquejusserit. 4. Qui faciet, quando volet quaque lege volet, facito ; quo modo faxit, probe factum esto. 5. Si id moritur, quod fieri oportebit, profanum esto, neque scelus esto. Si quis rumpet occidetve insciens, ne fraus esto. Si quis clepsit, ne populo scelus esto, neve cui cleptum erit. 6. Si atro die faxit insciens, probe factum esto. Si nocte sive luce, si servus sive liber faxit, prob6 factum esto. Si antidea senatus populusque jusserit fieri, ac faxit, eo IDopulus solutus liber esto." 7. Ejusdem rei caiisa ludi magui voti seris trecentis triginta tribus millibus trecentis triginta tribus triente : prajterea bubus Jovi 14 TITI LIVn HISTORIARUM trecenlis, multis aliis divis bubus albis atque ceteris hostiis. 8. Votis ritd nuncupatis supplicatio edicta; Bupplicatumque iere cum. conjugibuiS' ac liberis non urbana multitude tanttim, sed agrestium etiam, quos in aliqua sua fortuna publica quoque contingebat ciua. 9. Tum lectisternium per triduum babittim, decemviris sacrorum curantibus. Sex pulvinaria in conspectu fuerunt : Jovi ac Junoni unum, alterum Neptuno ac Minervse ; tertium Marti ac Veneri ; quartum ApoUini ac Dianee ; quintum Vulcano ac Vestse ; sextum Merc- uric et Cereri. 10. Tum sedes votfe. Veneri Erycinse Esdem Q. Fabius Maximus dictator vovit, quia ita ex fatalibus libris editum erat — ut is voveret, cujus maxi- mum imperium in civitate esset. Menti cedem T. Otacilius prsetor vovit CHAPTER XT. Forces assigned to Fabius. Fabius orders the inhabitants of the open country through which Hannibal is about to march, to destroy their crops, and to retreat to places of safety. The Consul Serrilius coming to meet the Dictator is ordered to approach Trithout Fasces. Deep im- pression hereby made on the soldiers of the dignity of the Dictator- ship. Eoman transports carrying supplies to Spain captured by the Carthaginian Fleet. The Consul ordered to embark at Ostia, to pur- sue the Enemy, and to protect the coast of Italy. Levy at Eome. — B.C. 217. 1. Ita rebus divinis peractis^ tum de bello reque de publica dictator retulit, quibus quotve legionibus victori hosti obviam eundum esse patres censerent. 2. Decre- tum, ut ab Cn. Servilio consule exercitum acciperet ; scriberet praeterea ex civibus sociisque quantum equitum ac peditum videretur ; cetera omnia ageret faceretque, ut e re publica duceret. 3. Fabius duas legiones se ad- jecturum ad Servilianum exercitum dixit. 4. His per magistrum equitum scriptis Tibur diem ad conveniendum edixit ; edictoque proposito, ut quibus oppida castella- que immunita essent, lit ii commigrarent in loca tuta ; ex agris qiioque demigrarent omnes regionis ejus, qua iturus Hannibal esset, 5. tectis prius incensis ac frugibus LIBER XXII. CAP. XII. 15 corruptis, ne cujus rei copia esset ; ipse, via Flaminia profectus obviam consuli exercituique, quum ad Tiberim circa Ocriculum prospexisset agmen cansulemque cum equitibus ad se progredientem, viator em misit, qui consuli iiuntiaretj ufc sine lictoribus ad dictatorem veniret. 6. Qui quum dicto paruisset, congressusque eorum ingentem specLem dictaturee apud oives sociosque, vetustate jam prope oblitos ejus imperii, fecisset, literse ab urbe allatse sunt, naves onerarias, commeatum ab Ostia in Hispaniam ad exercitum portantes, a classe Punica circa portum Cosanum captas esse. 7. Itaque extemplo consul Ostiam proficisci jussus, navibusque,qu8e ad urbem Eomanam aut Ostise essent, completis milite ae navalibus sociis, persequi hostium classem ac litora Italise tutari. 8. Magna vis hominum conscripta Eomse erat; libertini etiam, quibus liberi essent et setas militaris, in verba juraverant. 9. Ex hoc urbane exercitu qui minores quinque et triginta annis erant in naves impositi ; alii, ut urbi pr^siderent, relicti. CHAPTEE XII. Fabius advances towards Aipi, and encamps in sight of tlie enemy. Hannibal offers battle. Fabins remains quiet. Hannibal hereby rendered anxious. Tactics of Fabius. Character and conduct of the Master of the Horse.— B.C. 217. 1. DiCTATOE, exercitu consulis accepto a Fulvio Flacco legato, per agrum Sabinum Tibur, quo diem ad conveniendum edixerat novis militibus, venit. 2. Inde Prseneste ac transversis limitibus in viam Latinam est egressus, unde itineribus summa cum cura exploratis ad hostem ducit, nuUo loco, nisi quantum necessitas cogeret, fortunse se commissurus. 3. Quo primum die baud procul Arpis in conspectu hostium posuit castra, nulla mora facta, quin Pcenus educeret in aciem, copiamque pugnandi faceret. 4. Sed ubi quieta omnia apud hostes nee castra ullo tumultu mota videt, in- crepans quidem, victos tandem sues Martios animos 16 TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM Romanis, debellatumque, et concessum propalam de virtute ac gloria esse, in castra rediit : 5. ceterum tacita cura animum incensus, quod cum duce haudqua- quam Flaminio Sempronioque simili futura sihi res esset ; ac turn demum edocti malis Eomani parem Hannibali ducem qusesissent. 6. Et prudentiam quidem, non vim, dictatoris extemplo timuit. Constantiam haud dum expertus agitare ac tentare animimi movendo crebrb castra, populandoque in oculisejus agros sociorum, coepit : 7. et modo citato agmine ex conspectu abibat, modo repente in aliquo flexu viae, si excipere degressum in sequum posset, occultus subsistebat. 8. Fabius per loca alta agmen ducebat modico ab hoste intervallo, ut neque omitteret eum neque congrederetur. Castris, nisi quan tiim usus necessarii cogerent, tenebatur miles. Pabu- lum et ligna nee pauci petebant nee passim. 9. Equitum levisque armaturae statio composita instructaque in subitos tumultiis, et suo militi tuta omnia, et infesta effusis hostium populatoribus,prsebebat. Neque universo periculo summa rerum committebatur ; 10. et parva momenta levium certaminum ex tuto coeptorum,finitimo receptu, assuefaciebant territum pristinis cladibus militem miniis jam tandem aut virtutis aut fortunse pcEnitere suaj. 11. Sed non Hannibalem magis infestum tam sanis consiliis habebat, quam magistrum equitum , qui nihil aliud, quam quod impar erat imperio, moras ad rem publicam prtecipitandam habebat. 12. Ferox rapidusque in consiliis, ac lingua immodicus, primb inter paucos, dein propalam in vulgus, pro cunctatore segnem^ pro cauto timidum, aiEngens vicina virtutibus vitia, compellabat, premendoque superiorem — quae pessima ars nimis prosperis multorum successibus crevit — sese extollebat. LIBER XXII. CAP. Xiri, 17 CHAPTEE XIIL Earnii jal entering Samnium lays -vraste the Eenevcntan district, and takes Telesia. Endeavours to draw the Dictator into an engagement. Being induced by certain Campanians to try to get possession ol Capua, orders a march to Casimim. The guide misunderstanding him, leads him to Casilinum. Guide scourged and crucified. The country between Falernum and Sinuessa ravaged. The Eoman allies remain firm in their fidelity. — b.c. 217. 1. Hannibal ex Hirpinis in Samnium transit; Bene- ventanum depopnlatur agrum ; Telesiam urbem capit ; irritat etiam de industria ducem, si forte accensum tot indignitatibus cladibusque sociorum detrahere ad ajquum certamen possit. 2. Inter multitndinem socio- rum Italici generis, qui ad Trasimenum capti ab Han- nibale dimissique fuerant, tres Campani equites erant, inultis jam illecti donis promissisque Hannibalis ad conciliandos popularium animos. 3. Hi nuntiantes, gi in Campaniam exercitum admovisset, Capuse potienda3 copiam fore, quum res major quam auctores esset, dub- ium Hannibalem, alternisque fidentem ac dif&dentem, tamen, ut Campanos ex Samnio peteret, moverunt ; 4. monitos, ut etiam atque etiam proinissa rebus affirma- rent, jussosque cum pluribus et aliquibus principum redire ad se, dimisit. 5. Ipse imperat duci, ut se in agrum Casinatem ducat, edoctus a peritis regionum, si eum saltum occupasset, exitum Eomano ad opem feren- dam sociis interclusurum. 6. Sed Punicum abhorrens ab Latinorum nominum prolatione os pro Casino Casi- linum dux ut acciperet fecit ; aversusque ab suo itinere per Aliifanum Calatinumque et Calenum agi-um in campum Stellatem descendit ; 7. ubi quum montibus fluminibusque clausam regionem circumspexisset, voea- tum ducem percunctatur, ubi terrarum esset. 8. Quum is Casilini eo die mansurum eum dixisset, turn demum cognitus est error, et Casinum long^ inde alia regione esse ; 9. virgisque cseso duce et ad reliquorum terrorem in crucem sublato, castris communitis, Mabarbalem cum equitibus in agrum Falernum priKdatum dimisit. 18 TITI LIVII HISTOEIAEUM 10. Usque ad aquas Siuuessanas populatio ea perveuit. Ingentem cladem, fugam tamen terroremque latiiis Numidffi fecerunt. 11. Nee tamen is terror, quum omnia bello flagTarent, fide socios dimovit, videlicet quia justo et moderate regebantur imperio ; nee abnue- bant, quod unum vinculum fidei est, melioribus parere. CHAPTER XIV. From the ridges of Mount Massieus the Eoman Army sees the firing of the lovely country Tjelow. Seditious speech of Minucius. — B.C. 217. 1 . Ut vero, postquam ad Vulturnum flumen castra sunt posita, exurebatur amcenissimus Italise ager villseque passim incendiis fumabant per juga Massici mentis Fabio ducente, turn prope de integro seditio accensa: 2. quieverant enim per paucos dies, quia, quum celerius solito ductum agmen asset, festinari ad prohibendam populationibus Campaniam crediderant. 3. Ut vero in extrema juga Massici mentis ventum, et hostes sub oculis erant Falerni agri colonorumque Sinuessse tecta urentes, nee ulla erat mentio pugnee, 4. " Spectatumne hue," inqmt Minucius, " ut rem fruendam oculis, socio- rum csedes et incendia, venimus ? nee, si nullius alterius nos, ne civium quidem horum, pudet, quos Sinuessam colonos patres nostri miserunt, 5. ut ab Samnite hoste tuta hsec ora esset, quam nunc non vicinus Samnis urit, sed Poenus advena, ab extremis orbis terrarum terminis nostra cunctatione et socordia jam hue progressus ? 6. Tantum pro ! degeneramus a patribus nostris, ut prseter quam nuper oram illi Punicas vagari classes dedecus esse imperii sui duxerint, earn nunc plenam hostium Numidarumque ac Maurorum jam factam videamus ? 7. Qui modo Saguntum oppugnari ii^dign- ando non homines tantum sed foedera et deos ciebamus, scandentem moenia Eomanse colonic Hannibalem laeti spectamus, 8. Fumus ex incendiis villarum agrorum- que in oculos atque ora venit, strepunt aures clamoribus jlorantium sociorum, ssepius nos quam deorum invoc- LIBER XXII. CAP. XIV. 19 antium opem : nos hie pecorum modo per sestivos saltus deviasque calles exercitum ducimus conditi nubibus silvisque. 9. Si hoc modo peragrando cacumina sal- tusque M. Fiirius recipere a Gallis urbem voluisset, quo hie novus Camillus, nobis dictator unions in rebus adfectis qntesitus, Italiam ab Hannibale reeuperare parat, Gallorum Eoma esset ; 10. quam vereor, ne, sic cimetantibus nobis, Hannibali ac Poenis toties serva- verint majores nostri. 11. Sed vir, ac ver^ Eomanus, quo die dictatorem eum ex auctoritate patrum jussuque populi dictum Veios allatum est, quum esset satis altum Janieuliun, ubi sedens prospectaret hostem, descendit In sequum atque illo ipso die media in urbe, qua nunc busta Gralliea sunt, et postero die citra Gabios, eecidit Gallorum legiones. 12. Qiud? post multos annos quum ad Furculas Caudinas ab Samnite hoste sub jugum missi sumus, utriim tandem L. Papirius Cm-sor juga Samnii perlustrando, an Luceriam premendo obsiden- doque, et laeessendo victorem hostem, depulsiun ab Eomanis cervieibus jugum superbo Samniti imposuit ? 13. Modo C. Lutatio quae alia res quam eeleritas vietor- iam dedit, quod postero die, quam hostem vidit, classem gravem commeatibus, impeditam suomet ipsam instru- mento atque apparatu, oppressit ? 14. Stultitia est sedendo aut votis debellari credere posse : arma capias oportet et descendas in sequum et, vir cum viro, eongred- iaris : audendo atque agendo res Eomana crevit, non his segnibus consiliis, qua timidi cauta- vocant." 15. Haec velut eoneionanti Minucio eircumfundebatur trib- unorum equitumque Eomanorum multitudo, et ad aures quoque militum dicta feroeia evolvebantm- ; ac, si militaris suflfragii res esset, baud dubiS ferebant Minuc- ium Fabio duci prselaturos. 20 TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM CHAPTER XV. Fabius, unmoved by the opinion formed of him in the Camp and at Home, steadily adheres to his plan. Ascertains through Scouts that Hannibal is looldng out for winter-quarters. Occupies Mount Cal- licula and Casilinum. Sends L. Hostilius Mancinus with four hun- dred horse to reconnoitre. Mancinus disregarding his instnictionB falls upon some Kumidians, and pursues them almost up to tfceii camp. Carthalo, the commander of the Carthaginian cavalry, sallies out and pursues him. Mancinus and some picked men surrounded and slain. The remainder make their way back to Fabius. Minucius, who had been sent to take steps to hinder Hannibal from marching upon Eome, rejoins the Dictator. The Eoman forces descend into the read along which Hannibal is about to pass. The enemy about two miles from them. — B.C. 217. 1. Fabius, pariter in suos baud minus quam in liostes intentus, prius ab illis invictum animum prsestat. Quamquam probe scit non in castris modo suis, sed jam etiam Eomse infamem siiam cimctationem esse, obstinatus tamen tenore eodem consiliorum ajstatis reliquum. extraxit, 2. ut Hannibal, destitutus ab spe summopere petiti certaminis, jam hibernis locum cir- cumspectaret : quia ea regie prsesentis erat copise, noa perpetuse, arbusta vineseque et consita omnia magis amoenis, quam necessariis, fructibus. Hsec per explor- atores relata Fabio. 3. Quum satis sciret per easdem angustias, quibus intraverat Falernum agrum, reditu- rum, Calliculam montem et Casilinum occupat modicis praesidiis, quse tirbs Vulturno fliimine dirempta Falern- um a Campano agro dividit ; 4. ipse jugis isdem es- ercitum reducit, misso exploratum cum quadringentis equitibus sociorum L. Hostilio Mancino. 5. Qui, ex turba juvenum. audientium saepe ferociter concionantem magistrum equitum, progressus primo exploratoris modo, ut ex tuto specularetur hostem, ubi vagos passim per vicos Numidas vidit, per occasionem etiam paucos occidit. 6. Extemplo occupatus certamine est animus, excideruntque praecepta dictatoris, qui, quantum tuto posset, progressum priiis recipere sese jusserat, quam in conspectum hostium veniret. 7. Numidge alii atqua alii occursantes refugientesque ad castra prope ipsa eum LIBER XXII. CAP. XVI. 21 sum fatigatione equorum atque hominum pertrahere. 8. Inde Caithalo, penes quern summa equestris imperii ei-at, concitatis equis invectus, quum prius, quam ad conjectum teli veniret, avertisset hostes, quinque ferme millia continenti cursu sequutus est fugientes. 9. Man- cinus, postquam nee hostem desistere sequi nee spem vidit eflfugiendi esse, cohortatus suos in proelium rediit, omni parte virium impar. 10. Itaque ipse et delecti equitimi circumventi occiduntur ; ceteri effuso nirsus cursu Gales primum, inde prope inviis callibus ad dic- tatorem perfugermit. 11. Eo fortd die Minucius se conjunxerat Fabio, missus ad firmandum prsesidio saltum, qui super Tarra- cinam in artas coactus fauces imminet mari, ne ab Sinuessa Poenus Appise limite pervenire in agrum Eomanum posset. Conjunctis exercitibus dictator ac magister equitum castra in viam deferunt, qua Hannibal ducturus erat. Duo inde millia hostes aberant. CHAPTEE XVI. Hannibal, unable to adyanee, attempts to extricate himself from his dangerous position by a stratagem. — B.C. 217. 1 . PosTEEO die Pceni, quod vise inter bina castra erat, agmine complevere. 2. Quum Eomani sub ipso constit- issent vallo, baud dubi^ sequiore loco, successit tamen Poenus cum expeditis peditibus equitibusque ad lacess- endum bostem. Carptim Poeni et procursando recip- iendoque sese pugnavere. Eestitit suo loco Eomana acies. 3. Lenta pugna et ex dictatoris magis, quam Hannibalis, fuit voluntate. Ducenti ab Eomanis, octingenti hostium, cecidere. 4. Inclusus inde videri Hannibal, via ad Casilinum obsessa ; quum Capua et Samnium et tantum ab tergo divitum sociorum Eomanis commeatus subveberet ; Pcsnus inter Formiana saxa ae Literni arenas stagnaque et perborridas silvas hibema- turus esset. 5. Nee Hannibalem fefellit suis se artibus peti. Itaque qumn per Casilinum evadere non posset, 22 TITI LIVII HISTORIARmr petendique i:aontes et jugum Calliculoe superandum esset, uecubi Eomanus inclusum vallibus agmen aggre- deretur, 6. ludibrium oculorum, specie terribile, ad frustrandum liostem commentus, principio noctis furtim succedere ad montes statuit. 7. Fallacis consilii talis apparatus fuit : faces undique ex agris coUectse, fasces- que virgarum atqiie aridi sarmenti, prseligantiir cornibus bourn, quos domitos indomitosque mtdtos inter ceteram agrestem prsedam agebat. 8. Ad duo millia ferme bourn effecta, Hasdrubalique negotium datum, ut primis tenebris noctis id armentum, accensis cornibus, ad montes ageret, maxime, si posset, super saltus ab boste insessos. CHAPTER XVII Hannibal's stratagem proves successful. The Carthaginians, extricated from their perilous position, encamp in the district of AUifse. — B.C. 217. 1. Pbimis tenebris silentio mota castra ; boves ali- quanto ante signa acti. 2. Ubi ad radices montium viasque angustas ventum est, signum extemplo datur, ut, accensis cornibus, armenta in adversos concitentnr montes : et metus ipse relucentis fiammse ex capita, calorque jam ad vivum ad imaque cornuum adveniens, velut stimulatos furore agebat boves. 3. Quo repente discursu, baud secus quam silvis montibusque accensis, omnia circiim virgulta ardere ; capitumque irrita qtias- satio excitans flammam hominum passim discurrentium speciem prsebebat. 4. Qui ad transitum saltiis insiden- dum locati erant, ubi in summis montibus ac super se quosdam ignes conspexere, circumventos se esse rati, praesidio excessere ; qua minimi densse micabant flammse, velut tutissimum iter petentes summa mont- ium juga, tamen in quosdam boves palates a suis gregibus inciderunt. 5. Et prime, quum procul cerne- rent, veluti flammas spirantium miraculo xittoniti con- stiterunt; 6 deinde ut humana apparuit fraus, turn LIBER XXII. CAP. XVIII. 23 rero, insidias rati esse, cum majore tumultu concitant se in fugam. Levi quoque armaturEe hostium incurrere ; ceterum nox,sequato timore, neutros pugnam incipientes ad lucem tenuit. 7. Interea toto agmine Hannibal transducto per saltum, et quibusdam in ipso saltu host- ium oppressis, in agro Allifano posuit castra. . CHAPTEE XVIII. A trifling engagement between the Eomans and some of Hannibal's troops. Fabius encamps on higli ground above Allifse. Hannibal, making a feint of advancing upon Eome, returns into the country of the Peligni and ravages it. Ee-enters Apulia and advances to G-eronium, which is desej.s;jd by its inhabitants. Fabius fortifies a camp near Larinum. Eecalled to Eome. Enjoins and entreats Minucius to fol- low the course he had himself pursued. — B.C. 217. 1 . Hung tumultum sensit Fabius, Ceterum et insidias esse ratus, et ab nocturne utique abhorrens certamine, sues munimentis tenuit. 2. Luce prima sub jugo ment- is proelium fuit, quo interclusam ab suis levem arma- turam facile — etenim niimero aliquantum prsestabant — Eomani superassent, nisi Hispanorum cohors, ad id ipsum remissa ab Hannibale, pervenisset. 3. Ea as- suetior montibus, et ad concursandum inter saxa rupes- que aptior ac levior, quum velocitate corporum, turn armonun habitu, campestrem bostem, gravem armis statariumque, pugnsB genere facile elusit. 4. Ita baud-" quaquam pari certamine digressi, Hispani fere onmes incolumes, Eomani aliquot suis amissis, in castra con- tenderunt. 5. Fabius quoque movit castra; transgressusque saltum super AlUfas loco alto ac munito consedit. 6. Turn per Samnium Eomam se petere simulans Hannibal usque in Pelignos populabundus rediit : Fabius medius inter hostium agmen lurbemque Eomam jugis ducebat, nee absistens nee congrediens. 7. Ex Pelignis Pcenus flexit iter, retroque Apuliam repetens Geronium per- venit, urbem metu, quia coUapsa ruinis pars mcenium erat, ab suis desertam. Dictator in Larinate agro castra 2'1 Till LIVII HISTORIARUM comrauniit. 8. Inde sacrorum causa Eomam revocatus, non imperio modo, sed consilio etiam ac prop^ precibua agens cum magistro equitum, ut plus consilio quam fortunse confidat ; 9. et se potius duoem, quam Sem- pronium Flaminiumque, imitetur ; ne nihil actum censeret extracta prop6 ajstate per ludificationem hostis. Medicos quoque plus interdum quiete, quam movendo atque agendo, proficere. 1 0. Haud parvam rem esse ab toties victore hoste vinci desisse, et ab continuis cladi- bus respirasse — btec nequiquam prsemonito magistro equitum — Romam est profectus. CHAPTER XIX. In the early part of tlie summer, war begins in Spain both by sea and land. Cn. Scipio obtains information that the Carthaginian fleet of forty ships is at anchor near the mouth of the Iberus. Falls upon it unexpectedly. Takes two of the enemy's ships and sinks four. — b.o. 217. 1 . Pkincipio aestatis, qua haec gerebantur, in Hispania quoque, terra marique, cceptum bellum est. 2. Has- drubal ad eum navium numerum, quem a fratre instruc- lum paratumque acceperat, decem adjecit ; 3. quadra- ginta navium classem Himilconi tradit, atque ita Carthagine profectus navibus prope terram exercitum in litore ducebat, paratus confligere, quacumque parte copiarum hostis occurrisset. 4. Cn. Scipioni, postquam movisse ex hibernis hostem audivit, primo idem con- silii fuit ; deinde minizs terra propter ingentem famam novorum auxiliorum concurrere ausus, delecto milite ad naves imposito, quinque et triginta navium classe ire obviam hosti pergit. 5. Altero ab Tarracone die ad stationem, decem millia passuum distantem ab ostio Iberi amnis, pervenit. Inde duse Massiliensium specul- atorise prsemissse retulere classem Punicam stare in ostio fluminis, castraque in ripa posita. 6. Itaque ut inprovidos incautosque universo simul offuso terrore opprimeret, sublatis ancoris ad hostem vadit. Multas et locis altis positas turres Hispania habet, quibus et LIBER XXn. CAP. XIX. 25 speculis et propugnaculis adversus latrones iituntur. 7. Inde primb, conspectis liostium navibus, datum sig- num Hasdrubali est, tumultusque priiis in terra et castris, quam ad mare et ad naves, est ortus, nondum aut pulsu remorum strepituque alio nautico exaudito aut aperientibus classem promontoriis ; 8. quum rep- ente eqiies, alius super alium ab Hasdrubale missus, vagos in litore quietosque in tentoriis suis, nihil miniis quam hostem autproelium eo die exspectantes, conscend- ere naves propere atque arma capere jubet : classem. Eomanam jam baud procul portu esse. 9. Hoec equites dimissi passim imperabant. Mox Hasdrubal ipse cum omni exercitu aderat, varioque omnia tumultu strepunt. ruentibus in naves simul remigibus militibusque, fugi« entium. magis e terra, quam in pugnam euntium, modo. 10. Vixdum omnes conscenderant, quum alii, resolutis oris, in ancoras evebuntur ; alii, ne quid teneat, anc- oralia incidunt ; raptimque omnia proepropere agendo, railitumapparatunauticaministeriaimpediuntur,trepid- atione nautarum capere et aptare arma miles prohib- etur. 11. Et jam Eomanus non appropinquabat modo, sed direxerat etiam in pugnam naves. Itaque non ab hoste et prcelio magis Pcsni, quam suomet ipsi tumultu, turbati, tentata verius pugna, quam inita, in fugam averterunt classem. 12. Et quum adversi amnis os late agmini et tam multis simul venientibus baud sane intrabile esset, in litus passim naves egerunt ; ato^ue alii vadis, alii sicco litore, excepti, partim armati part- im inermes, ad instructam per litus aciem suorum perfugere. Duse tamen primo concursu captaj erant Punicae naves, quatuor suppressaj. CHAPTER XX. Scipio pursues the Carthaginian fleet up the Iberus. Captures all the ships that were not run ashore or disabled. Twenty-fiTe out of foity fall into his hands. The Komans masters of the sea. Scipio pro- ceeding to Onusa takes and plunders it. The country around Car- thago (Nora) is laid waste, and some buildings adjoining its wall C 26 TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM and gates aro fired. A large quantity of Spanish-broom Dtored at Longuntica for the use of the Carthaginian navy is seized, and what is not needed by the Eomans is burnt. Scipio proceeds to the island of Ebusns, and, after ineffectually besieging its chief town for two days, pillages the adjacent district, and burns several villages. Ambassa- dors from the Balearic islands sue for peace. Many of the Spanish peoples give hostages to Scipio. Scipio landing his troops marches towards the Forest of Castulo. Hasdrubal withdraws into Lusitania. — B.O. 217. 1. EoMANi, quamquam terra liostium erat, armatam- que aciem. toto prffitentam in litore cernebant, haud cunctanter insequuti trepidam liostium classem, naves omnes, 2. quae non aut perfregerant proras litori illisas, aut carinas fixerant vadis, religatas puppibus in altiim extraxere ; ad quinque et viginti naves e quadraginta cepere. 3. Neque id pulcherrimiim ejus victoria fuit, sed quod una levi pugna toto ejus or83 mari potiti erant. Itaque ad Onusam classe provecti ; escen-sio ab navibus in terram facta. 4. Quum urbem. vi cepissent captamque diripuissent, Carthaginem inde petunt, 5. atque omnem circa agrum depopulati postremb tecta quoque conjunctamuro portisqueincenderunt. 6. Inde iam praeda gravis ad Longunticam pervenit classis, ubi vis magna sparti ad rem nauticam congesta ab Hasdru- bale. Quod satis in usum fnit, sublato, ceterum omne incensum est. 7. Nee continentis modo projectas eras prastervecta, sed in Ebusum insulam transmissum Ibi urbe, quae caput insula} est, biduum nequiquam summo labore oppugnata, 8. ubi in spem irritam frustra teri tempus animadversum est, ad populationem agri versi, direptis aliquot incensisque vicis, 9. majors, quam ex continenti, praeda parta, quum in naves se recepissent, ex Baliaribus insulis legati pacem petentes ad Scipionem venerunt. 10. Inde flexa retro classis, reditumque in citeriora provincise, quo omnium populorum, qui Iberum accolunt, multorum et ultimse Hispanic legati concurr- erunt. 11. Sed qui ver6 ditionis imperiique Eomani facti sunt, obsidibus datis, populi, ampliiis fuerunt cen- tum viginti. 12. Igitur terrestribus quoque copiis satis fidens Eomanus usque ad saltum Castulonensem est pro- gressus. Hasdrubal in Lusitaniam ac propius Oceanura concessit. LIBER XXTI. CAP. XXI. 27 CHAPTER XXI. Mandonius and Indibilis make a marauding inciii'sior. into the lands of their countrymen allied to the Eomans. Eouted by ?. Military Tribune and some light troops sent against them by Scipio. Hasdrubal returns to protect his allies. Encamps in the territory of the Ilergavonenses. Scipio at H'ova Classis. The Celtiberi at Scipio's instigation fall upon the territory of Carthago (Nova), and storm three towns. Twice suc- cessfully encounter Hasdrubal, killing fifteen thousand of his men, and captiiring four thousand with several military standards. — B.C. 217. 1. QuiETUM inde fore videbatur reliquum jEstatis tempus, fuissetque per Pojnuni hostem ; 2. sed prsBter- quam quod ipsorum Hispanorum inquieta avidaque in novas res sunt ingenia, 3. Mandonius Indibilisque, qui antea Ilergetum regulus fuerat, postquam Eomani ab saltu recessere ad maritimam oram, concitis populari- bus, in agrum pacatum sociorum Eomanorum ad popul- andum venerunt. 4. Adversus eos tribunus militum cum espeditis auxiiiis a Scipione missi levi certamine, ut tumultuariam manum, fudere omnes; occisis quibus- dam captisque, magna pars armis exuta. 5. Hie tamen tumultus cedentem ad Oceanum Hasdrubalem cis Iberum ad socios tutandos retraxit. 6. Castra Punica in agro Ilergavonensium, castra Eomana ad Novam Classem erant, quum fama repens alio avertit bellum. 7. Celtiberi, qui principesregionis suaj legates raiserant obsidesque dederant Romanis, nuntio misso a Scipione exciti arma capiunt, provinciamque Carthagin- iensium valido exercitu invadunt ; tria oppida vi ex- pugnant. 8. Inde cum ipso Hasdrubale duobus proeliis egregi^ pugnant ; ad quindecim millia Lostium occide- runt, quatuor millia cum multis militaribus signis capiunt. CHAPTER XXII. p. Scipio sent to Spain with thirty ships of war, eight thousand soldiers, and abundant supplies. Enters the port of Tarraco to the great joy of its citizens and the allies. Joins Cn. Scipio. The two brotlicrs march on Sagnntum, where hostages from all parts of Spain are detained by Hannibal. Througli an artifice practised on Bostav, the c 2 28 TITI LIVII HISTOEIAllUM Carthaginian commander of the place, hy Abelux, a Spanish noble, the hostages fall into the hands of the Seipios, who restore them to their families. By unanimous consent of the Spaniards an imme- diate revolt from Hannibal is contemplated, and would have taken place but for the arrival of winter. Romans and Carthaginians go into quarters. — B.C. 217. 1. Hoc statu rerum in Hispania, P. Scipio in pro- vinciam venit, prorogato post consulatiun imperio, ab senatu missus, cum triginta longis navibus et octo millibus militum magnoque commeatu advecto. 2. Ea classis ingens agmine onerariarum procul visa cum magna lastitia civium sociorumque portum Tarraconis ex alto tenuit. 3. Ibi milite exposito, profectus Scipio fratri se conjimgit ; ac deinde conimuni anima consilioque gerebant bellum. 4. Occupatis igitur Carthaginiensibus Celtiberico bello baud cunctanter Iberum transgred- iuntur, nee ullo viso boste Saguntum pergunt ire, quod ibi obsides totius Hispanic custodiaetraditosabHannibale fama erat modico in arce custodiri praesidio. 5. Id unum pignus inclinatos ad Eomanam societatem omnium Hispanice populorum animos morabatur, ne sanguino 1 iberum suorum culpa defectionis lueretiu. 6. Eo vinc- ulo Hispaniam vir unus sollertia magis, quam fideli consilio, exsolvit. Abelux erat SaguntinobilisHispanus, fidus ant6 PcEnis, tum, qualia plerumque sunt barbar- orum ingenia, cum fortuna mutaverat fidem. 7. Ce- teriim transfugam sine magnse rei proditione venientem ad bostes nibil aliud quam unum vile atque infame corpus esse ratus, id agebat, ut quam maxumum emolu- mentum no vis sociis esset. 8. Circumspectis igitur omni- bus, quce fortuna potestatis ejus poterat facere, obsidibus potissimiim tradendis animum adjecit, earn unam rem maxime ratus conciliaturam Eomanis principum His- panias amicitiam. 9. Sed quum injussu Bostaris proefecti satis sciret nibil obsidum custodes facturos esse, Bostarem ipsum arte adgreditur. 1 0. Castra extra urbem in ipso litore babebat Bostar, ut aditum ea parte intercluderet Eomanis. Ibi eum in secretum abductum velut ignorantem monet, quo statu sit res : 11. metum eontinuisse ad earn diem Hispanorum animos, quia procul Eomani abessent ; nunc cis Iberum castra Eomana esse, arcem tutam perfugiumque novas volent- ibiis res : itaque quos metus non teneat, beneficio at gratia devinciendos esse. 12. Miranti Eostari per- cunctantique, quodnam id subitum tantse rei donum possit esse, 1 3. " Obsides," inquit, " in civitates remitte : id et privatim parentibus, quorum maxumum nomen in civitatibus est suis, et jjublic^ populis gratum erit. 14. Vult sibi quisque credi, et liabita fides ipsam plerumque obligat fidem. Ministerium restituendorum domos obsidum raihimet deposco ipse, ut opera quoque inpensa consilium adjuvem meum, et rei suapte natura gratse quantara insuper gratiam possira adjiciam." 15. Homini non ad ceLera ruuica ingenia cuUido nt persuasit, nocte clam progressus ad hostium stationes, conventis quibusdam auxiliaribus Hispanis, et ab his ad Scipionem perductus, quid adferret, expromit. 1 6. Fide accepts, dataque, ac loco et tempore constitute ad obsides tradendos, SagTintum redit. Diem insequentem ab- Bumpsit cum Bostare mandatis ad rem agendam acci- piendis. 17. Dimissus,quum se nocte iturum,ut custodias hostium falleret, constituisset, ad compositam cum iis horam excitatis custodibus puerorum profectus, veluti ignarus in prseparatas sua, fraude insidias ducit. 18. In castra Eomana perducti : cetera omnia de reddendis obsidibus, sicut cum Bostare constitutum erat, acta per eundem ordinem, quo si Carthaginiensium nomine sic ageretur. 19. Major aliquanto Eomanorum gratia fnit in re pari, quam quanta fatura Carthaginiensium fuerat. Illos enim, graves superbosque in rebus secundis ex- pertos, fortuna et timor mitigasse videri poterat ; 20. Eomanus primo adventu, incognitus ante, ab re dementi liberalique initium fecerat ; et Abelux, vir prudens, baud frustra videbatur socios mutasse. 21. Ita- que ingenti consensu defectionem omnes spectare ; armaque extemplo mota forent, ni hiems, quae Eomanos quoque et Carthaginienses concedere in tecta coegit, intervenisset. 30 TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM CHAPTEE XXIII. rUe tactics of Fabius looked upon with disfavour at Eome. Ham ibal, TTith a view of increasing the ill-will against Fabius, orders thai his estate be not pillaged. Money due to Hannibal for the restoration ci certain captives not being readily paid by the Senate, Fabius sells hij estate and sustains the Eoman honour. Hannibal in stationary camp before the walls of Geronium. — e.g. 217. 1 . Hjec in Hispania [quoque] secunda cestate Punici bella gesta, qunm in Italia paulum intervalli cladibus Eomanis soUers cimctatio Fabii fecisset : 2. qtise ut llannibalem non racdioi:ri sollieitiim cura Labebat, tandem eiim inilitite magistrum delegisse Eomanos cernentem, qui bellum ratione, non fortuna, gereret, 3. ita contempta erat inter cives armatos pariter toga- tosque, utique postquam, absente eo, temeritate magistri equitum l^to veriils dixerim, quam prospero, eventu pugnatum fuerat. 4. Accesserant dute res ad aiigendam invidiam dicta toris; unafraude ac dolo Hannibalis, quod, quum a perfugis ei monstratus ager dictatoris asset, omnibus circa solo isquatis ab uno eo ferrum igiiem.qu6 et vim omnem bostium abstineri jussit, ut occulti alicujus pact! ea merces videri posset : 5. altera ipsius facto, primb forsitan dubio, quia non exspectata in eo senatQs auctoritas est ; ad extremum baud ambigue in maximam laudem verso. 6. In permutandis captivis, quod sic primo Punico bello factum erat, convenerat inter duces Eomanum Pcsnumque, ut qu^ pars plures reciperet, quam daret, argenti pondo bina et selibras in militem prsestaret. 7. Ducentos quadraginta septem quum plures Eomanus, quam Pcenus, recepisset, argen- tumque pro eis debitum — sa3pe jactata in senatu re, quoniam non consuluisset patres — tardius erogaretur, 8. inviolatumabhoste agrum, misso Eomam Quinto filio, vendidit, fidemque publicam inpendio private exsolvit. 9. Hannibal pro Greronii mcenibus, cujus urbis capta3 atque iucensa? ab se in usum horreorum pauca reliquerat lecta, in stativis erat. 10. Inde frumentatum duaa LIBER XXII. CAP. XXIV. SI exercitus partes mittebat ; cum tertia ipse expedita in statione erat, simul castris praesidio, et circumspectans. necunde impetus ia frumentatores fieret. CHAPTEE XXIV The Eomang encamp near Larinum. Minucius gains some advant- age over Hannibal's forces. Sends the tidings to Eome in boastful terms. — e.g. 217. 1. EoMANtrs tunc exercitus in agro Larinati erat ; prseerat Minucius m agister equitum, profecto, sicut ante dictum est, ad uvbcm dictatore. 2, Ceterum castra, quaj in monte alto ac tuto loco posita fuerant, jam in planum deieruntm-; agitabanturque pro ingenio ducis consilia calidiora, ut impetus aut in frumentatores palatos, ant in castra relicta cum levi prsesidio, fieret. 3. Nee Hannibalem fefellit cum duce mutatam esse belli rationem, et ferocius, quam consultius, rem hoste? gestm-os. 4. Ipse autem — quod minimi quis crederet, quum liostis propius esset — tertiam partem militum frumentatum,duabus in castris retentis, dimisit; 5. dein castra ipsa propius bostem movit duo ferme a Greronio millia, in tumidum bosti conspectum; ut intentum sciret esse ad frumentatores, si qua vis fieret, tutandos. 6. Propior inde ei, atque ipsis imminens Eomanorum castris, tumulus apparuit ; ad quem capiendum, si luce palam iretur, quia baud dubie bostis breviore via prse- ventm-us erat, nocte clam missi Numidse ceperunt. 7. Quos tenentes locum, contempts, paucitate, Eomani postero die quum dejecissent, ipsi eo transferunt castra. 8. Tum utique exiguum spatii vallum a vallo aberat, et id ipsum totum prope compleverat Eomana acies ; simul et per aversa castra e castris Hannibalis equitatus, cum levi armatura omissus in frumentatores, late cisdem fugamque bostium palatorum fecit. 9. Nee acie certara Hannibal ausus, quia tanta piucitate vix castra, si oppugnarentui", tutari poterat. 10. Jamque artibua Fabii — pftrs exercitus aberat jam fame — sedendo et S2 TITI LIVII HISTORIAEUM c-anctando bellum gerebat, receperatque suos in priora castra, qua? pro Geroni moenibus erant. 1 1 . Justa quoque acie et collatis signis dimicatum quidam auctores sunt : primo concursu PcEnum usque ad castra fusum ; inde, eruptione facta, repente versum terrorem in Komanos; Numerii Decimii Samnitis deinde interventu proelium restitutum. 12. Hunc, principem genere ac divitiis non Boviani modo,unde erat,sedtoto Samnio,jussudictatorig octo millia peditum et equites qtiingentos adducentemin castra, ab tergo quum apparuisset Hannibali, speciem parti utrique prcebuisse novi pr^sidii cum Q. Fabio ab Eoma venientis. 13. Hannibalem insidiarum quoque aliquid tinaentem recepisse suos ; Eomanum inpequutum adjuvants Samnite, duo castella eo die expugnasse. 14. Sex millia hostium coesa, quinque admodum Eom- anorum : tamen in tarn pari prope clade famam egregise victoriae cum vanioribus Uteris magistri equitum Romam perlatam. CHAPTEE XXV. Speech of M. Metellus, a. Tribune of tlie people, against Fabius. M, Atilius Kcgulus created Consul. Cn. Terentius Varro. — B.C. 217. 1. De lis rebus persijepe et in senatu et in concione actum est. 2. Quum, laeta civitate, dictator unus nihil nee famas nee literis crederet et, ut vera omnia essent, secunda se magis, quam adversa, timere diceret, 3. tum M. Metellus, tribunus plebis, id enim ferendum esse negat : 4. non prresentem solum dictatorem obstit- isse rei bene gerendaj, sed absentem etiam gestae obstare ; et in ducendo bello sedulb tempus terere, quo diutiiis in magistratii sit, solusque et Eomse et in exerc- itu imperium habeat. 5. Quippe consulum alterum in acie cecidisse, alterum specie classis Punicas per- sequenda3 procul ab Italia ablegatum ; 6. duos prsetores Sicilia atque Sardinia, occupatos, quum neutra hoc tempore provincia prcetore egeat. ISl. IMinucium, magis- trum equitum, ne hostcm videret, ne quid rei bellicas gereret, prope in custodiam habitum. 7. Itaque her- cule non Samnium modo. quo jam, tamquam trans LIBER XXII. OAP. XXY. 33 Iberuin agro, Poenis concessum sit ; sed Campanum Calenumque et Falernum agrum pervastatos esse sed- ente Casilini dictatore, et legionibus populi Eomani agrum smim tutante. 8. Exercitum cupientem pugnare et magistrum equitum, clauses propd intra vallum, retentos ; tamquam hostibus captivis arma adempta 9. Tandem, ut abscesserit inde dictator, ut obsidione liberates, extra vallum egresses fudisse ac fugasse hostes. 10. Quas ob res, si antiquus animus plebi EomaniE esset, audaciter se laturum fuisse de abrogando Q. Fabii imperio : nunc modicam rogationem promulga- turum de ssquando magistri equitum et dictatoris jure. 1 1 . Nee tamen ne ita quidem prius mittendum ad exerc- itum Q. Fabium, quam consulem in locum C. Flaminii suffecisset. 12. Dictator concionibus se abstinuit in actione rainime popularis. Ne in senatu quidem satia aequis auribus audiebatur, tunc quum bostem verbis extoUeret, bienniique clades per temeritatem atque in- scientiani ducum acceptas referret: 13. miagistroque equitum, quod contra dictum suum pugnasset, rationem diceret reddendam esse. 14. Si penes se sumraa im- perii consiliique sit, prope diem effecturum, ut sciant homines, bono imperatore baud magni fortunam mo- menti esse ; mentem rationemque dominari. 15. Sein tempore et sine ignominia servasse exercitum, quam multa millia hostium occidisse, majorem gloriam esse. 1 6. Hujus generis orationibus frustra babitis et consule creato M. Atilio Eegulo, ne preesens de jure imperii dimicaret, pridid quam rogationis ferendae dies adesset, nocte ad exercitum abiit. 17. Luce orta, quum plebis concilium esset, magis tacita invidia dictatoris favorque magistri equitum animos versabat, quam satis audebant homines ad suadendum, quod vulgo placebat, prodire ; et, favore superante, auctoritas tamen rogationi deerat. 18. Unus inventus est suasor legis C. Terentius Varro, qui priore anno praetor fuerat, loco non humili soliim, sed etiam sordido, ortus. 19. Patrem lanium fuisse ferunt, ipsum institorem mercis, filioque hoc ipso in sei'vilia ejus artis ministeria usum. 34 TITI LIVII ILISTORIARUM CHAPTEE XXVr. Minucius placed on an equal footing 'nith Fabius.— B.C. 217. 1. Is juvenis, ut primum ex eo genere queestus pecunia a patre relicta animos ad spem liberalioris fortunsa fecit, togaque et forum placuere, 2. proclam- ando pro sordidis hominibus causisque adversus rem et famam bonorum, primum in iiotitiara populi, deinde ad honores, pervenit. 3. Qusstura qnoque et duabus isedilitaLibus, plebeia et curuli, postremo et prsetura perfunctus, jam ad consulatiis spem quum adtoUeret animos, 4. baud pariim callide auram favoris popul- aris ex dictatoriil invidia petiit, scitique plebis unus gvatiam tulit. 5. Omnes earn rogationem quique Eomse quique in exercitu erant, sequi atque iniqui, praeter ipsum dicta- torem, in contumeliam ejus latam acceperunt; 6. ipse, qua gravitate animi criminantes se ad multitudinem inimicos tulerat, eadem et populi in se saevientis in- juriam tulit; 7. acceptisque in ipso itinere literis senatiisque consulto de sequato imperio, satis fidens haudquaquam cum imperii jure artem imperandi sequa- tam, cum invicto a civibus hostibusque animo ad exerc- itum rediit. CHAPTER XXVII. Great toasting of Minucius. The Army divided hp*,ween Fabius and Minucius. — b.o. 217. 1. Minucius verb, quum jam ante vix tolerabilis fuisset secundis rebus ac favore volgi, 2. turn utique inmodic^ inmodesteque, non Hannibale magis victo ab se, quam Q. Fabio, gloriari : 3. ilium in rebus asperis unicum ducem ac parem qutesitum Hannibali ; maj- orem minori, dictatorem magistro equitum, quod nulla memoria habeat annalium, jussu populi eequatum in radem civitate, in qua magistri equitum virgas ac secures dictatoris tremere atque horrere soliti sint. 4. LIBER XXII. CAP. XXVIII. 33 In tantum suam felicitatem virtutemque enituisse. Ergo Bequuturum se fortunam suam, si dictator in cuncta- tione acsegnitie, deorumhominumquejudicio damnata, perstaret. 5. Itaque quo die primum congressus est cum Q. Fabio, statuendum omnium primum ait esse, quern ad modum imperio aaquato iitantur : 6. se optu- mum ducere, aut diebus alternis aut, si majora inter- valla placerent, partitis temporibus, alterius summum jus impeiiumque esse, 7. ut par hosti non consilio solum, sed viribus etiam esset, si quam occasionem rei gerendse habuisset. 8. Q. Fabio haudquaquam id placere : omnia enim forttmam habituva, qusecumque temeritas coUegae habiusset. Sibi communicatum cum alio, non adempttmi imperium esse. 9. Itaque ss nim- quam volentem parte, qua posset, reriun consilio geren- darmn cessurum ; nee se tempora aut dies imperii cum eo, exercitimi divisurum, suisque consiliis, quoniam omnia non liceret, quEe posset, servatm'um. 10. Ita obtintiit, ut legiones, sicut consulibus mos esset, inter se dividerent. Prima et quarta Minucio, secunda et tertia Fabio evenerimt ; 11. item equites pari numero, sociumque et Latini nominis auxilia, diviserunt ; castris quoque se separari magister equitum voluit. CHAPTEK XXVIII. Exultation of Hannibal, arising partly from his Imo-wledge of the rashness of Minuoius, and partly from seeing that the division of the Army would he a cause of weakness to the Eomans. Hannibal sets an ambush. Draws Minuoius into an engagement. Miuucius harJ pressed. — ^B.c. 217. 1. Duplex inde Hannibali gaudium fuit — aeque enim quicquam eorum, quae apud hostes agerentm-, eiun fallebat, et perfugis multa indicantibus, et per suos explorantem — 2. nam et liberam Minucii temeritat- em se suo modo captaturum et soUertise Fabii dimid- ium viriiun decessisse. 3. Tumulus erat inter castra Minucii et Pcenorum. Quem qui occupasset, baud dubid iniquiorem erat liosti locum factnrus. 4. Eum 36 TITl LIVII UISTORIAEUM non tarn capere sine certamine volebat Hannibal — : quamqnam id opersE pretium erat — quam causam cer- taminis cum Minucio, qnem procursurum ad obsisten- dum satis sciebat, contrahere. 5. Ager omnis mediiis erat prima specie imitilis insidiatori, quia non modo silvestre quicqiiam, sed ne vepribus qiiidem vestitnm liabebat ; 6. re ipsa natns tegendis insidiis, eb magi&, qnbd in nuda valle niiUa talis fraus timeri poterat ; et erant in anfractibns cavss rupes, lit qnsedam earum ducenos armatos possent capere. 7. In has latebras, quot quemque locum apt^ insidere poterant, quinque millia conduntur peditum equitumque. 8. Necubi tamen aut motus alicujus temere egressi aut fulgor armorum fraudem in valle tarn aperta detegeret, missis paucis prima luce ad capiendum, quem ante diximus, tumulum, avertit oculos hostium. 9. Primo statim corispectu contempta paucitas, ac sibi quisque deposc- ere pellendos inde liostes. Ad locum capiendum dux ipse inter stolidissimos ferocissimosque ad arma vocat, et vanis animis et minis increpat hostem. 10. Prin- cipio levem armaturam dimittit, deinde conferto agmine mittit equites ; postremo, quum hostibus quoque sub- sidia mitti videret, instructis legionibus procedit. 1 1. Et Hannibal laborantibus suis alia atque alia, crescente certamine, mittens auxilia peditum equitumque jam justam expleverat aciem, ac totis utrimque viribus certabatur. 12. Prima levis armatm-a Eomanorum, praaoccupatum inferiore loco succedens tumulum, pulsa detrusaque terrorem in succedentem intulit equitem, et ad signa legioniun refugit. 13. Peditum acies inter perculsos inpavida sola erat, videbaturque, si justa aut si recta pugna asset, haudquaquam inpar futura : tant um animorum fecerat prospere ante paucos dies res gesta. 14. Sed exorti repente insidiatores eum tumul tum terroremque in latera utrimque ab tergoque incur- santes fecerunt, ut neque animus ad pugnam, neque ad fugam spes, cuiquam superesset. libeh XXII. CAP. XXIX. 37 CHAPTEE XXIX. Faoiug conies to the rescue of Minucius and his Army. Hannibn,? retreats. Speech of Minucius to his soldiers. — B.C. 217. 1. Tn:\t Fabius primo clamore paventium audito, dein conspecta, procul turbata acie, " Ita est," inquit ; " non celerius quam timui deprendit fortima temerita- tem. 2. Fabius sequatiis imperio Hannibalem et vir- tnte et fortuna sviperiorem videt. Sed aliud jurgandi siiccensendique tempus erit : nunc signa extra vallum proferte. Victoriam hosti extorqueamus, confeHsionem erroris civibus." 3. Jam magna ex parte csesis aliis, aliis circumspectantibus fugam, Fabiana se acies rep- ente, velut coelo demissa ad auxilium, ostendit. 4. Itaqiie, priusquam ad conjectum teli veniret aut manum consereret, et suos a fuga effusa et ab nimis feroci pugTia hostes continuit. 5. Qui solutis ordini- bus vagd dissipati erant, xmdique confugervmt ad integ- ram aciem ; qui plures simul terga dederant, conversi in hostem volventesqvie orbem nunc sensim referre pedem, nunc conglobati restare. Ac jam prop6 una acies facta erat, victi atque integri exercitiis, infere- bantque signa in hostem, 6. quum Pceuus receptui cecinit, palam ferente Hannibale, ab se Minucium, se ab Fabio, victum. 7. Ita per variam fortunam diei majore parte exacta, quum in castra reditum esset, Minucius, convocatia militibus, 8. " Ssepe ego," inquit " audivi, milites, eum primum esse vii-um, qui ipse consulat quid in rem sit; secundum eum, qui bene monenti obediat ; qui nee ipse consulere nee alteri parere sciat, eum extremi ingenii esse. 9. Nobis quoniam prima animi ingeniique negata sors est, secundam ac mediam teneamus et, dum impe^ rare discimus, parere prudenti in animum inducamus. 10. Castra cum Fabio jungamus ; ad praetorium ejus signa quum tulerimus, ubi ego eum parentem appell- avero, quod beneficio ejus erga nos ac majestate ejus dignumest; 11. vos, milites. eos, quorum vos modo 38 TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM arma dextrseque texerunt, piitronos salutabitis ; et, si nihil aliud, gi-atorum certi nobis animorum gloriam dies hie dederit." CHAPTEE XXX. Minueius leads his Army back to the camp of Fabius. Salutes Fabiua as "Father," and his troops as "Patrons." Lays down- his separate command, and places himself and his whole force under the orders of the Dictator. Conduct of Fabius extolled both at Eome and by Hannibal. Saying of Hannibal as he returned from the fight. — is.o. 217. 1. SiGNO dato, conclamaturinde ut coUigantur vasa, Profeoti et agmine incedentes ad dictatoris castra in admirationem et ipsum, et omnes qui circa erant, con- verterunt. 2. Ut constitnta sunt ante tribunal signa, progressus ante alios magister equitum, quum patrem Fabium appellasset circumfusosque militum ejus totum agmen patronos consalutasset, 3. " Parentibus," inquit, " meis, dictator, quibus te modo nomine, quo fando possum, sequavi, vitam tantum debeo ; tibi quum meam salutem, turn omnium horum. 4. Itaque plebei scitum, quo oneratus magis, quam hohoratus sum, primus ant- iqiio abrogoque ; et, quod tibi mihique, quod exerciti- busque his tuis, servato ac conservatori, sit felix, sub imperium auspiciumque tuum redeo, et signa hsec legionesque restituo. 5. Tu, quseso, placatus me magisterium equitum, hos ordines suos quemque tenere jubeas." 6. Tum dextrisinteijunctse; militesque, con- cione dimissa, ab notis ignotisque benign^ atque hospit- aliter invitati ; laetusque dies ex admodum tristi paulo ante ac prop6 exsecrabili factus. 7. Eomse, ut est per- lata fama rei gestae, dein Uteris non magis ipsorum imperatorum, quam vulgo militum ex utroque exercitu, adfirmata, pro se quisque Maximum laudibus ad coelum ferre. 8. Par gloria apud Hannibalem hostesque Poenos erat ; ac turn demum sentire cum Eomanis atque in Italia bellum esse. 9. Nam biennio antd adeo et duces Eomanos et milites spreverant, ut vix cum eadem LIBER XXII. CAP. XXXI. 39 geate bellum esse crederent, cujus terribilem earn famam a patribus accepissent. 10. Hannibalem quoque ex acie redeuntem dixisse ferunt, tandem earn nubem, quae sedere in jugis montium solita sit, cum procella imbrem dedisse. CHAPTEK XXXI. The Consul Cn. Servilius Geminus sets sail(fi'om Ostia, see Chapter XI.) with a fleet of one hundred and twenty ships. Takes hostages from the Corsicans and Sardinians. Lays waste the island of Meninx. Keeeives ten talents of silver to spare the island of Cerciua. Landing on the Coast of Africa to plunder, is driven hack to his ships, with the loss of the Praetor, Sempronius Blsesus, and a thousand men. Hastily re-embarking proceeds to Sicily. At Lilyhseum hands over the fleet to the Praetor, T. Otacilius. Passes through Sicily on foot. Crosses over into Italy by the Strait (of Messana), being summoned together with his colleague, M. Atilius, !,o assume commaud of the Army of the Dictator, whose time of ofiice has nearly expired. Hoot point with ancient writers whether Fabius was Dictator or Pro-DiC" tator. — B.C. 217. 1. DuM bsec geruntur in Italia, Cn. Servilius Geminus consul cum classe centum viginti navium circumvectus Sardinise et Corsicse oram, et obsidibus utrimque ac- ceptis, in Africam transmisit; 2. et, priusquam in continentem exscensionem faceret, Meninge insula vas- tata, et ab incolentibus Cercinam,ne et ipsorum ureretur diripereturque ager, decem talentis argenti acceptis, ad litora Africae accessit copiasque exposuit. 3. Inde ad populandum agrum ducti milites navalesque socii juxta effusi, ac si in insulis cultorum egentibus prsedarentur. 4. Itaque in insidias temere illati, quum a frequentibus palantes et ignari ab locorum gnaris circumvenirentur, cum multa c^de ac fceda fuga retro ad naves compulsi simt. 5. Ad mille hominum, cum his Sempronio Blseso qusestore, amisso, classis ab litoribus hostium plenis trepidd soluta in Siciliam cursum tenuit; 6. tradita- que Lilybsei T. Otacilio prsetori, ut ab legato ejus P Sura Romam reduceretur. 7. Ipse per Siciliam pedibus profectus freto in Italiam trajecit, Uteris Q. Fabii accitus et ipse, et conlega ejus M. AtUius, ut exercitiis ab se, exacto jam prope semestri imperio, acciperent. 10 TITl LIVII mSTORIARUM 8. Omnium propS annales Fabium dictatorem ad- versus Hannibalem. rem gessisse tradunt, Coelius etiam sum primum a populo creatum dictatorem scribit. 9. Sed et Ccelium et ceteros fugit uni consuli Cn. Servilio, CLui tum procul in Gallia provincia aberat, jus fuisse dicendi dictatoris ; 10. quam moram quia exspectare territa jam clade civitas non poterat, eo decursum est, ut a populo crearetur, qui pro dictatore esset ; 11. res inde gestas, gloriamque insignem ducis, et augentes titu- lum imaginis posteros, ut, qui pro dictatore fuisset, dic- tator crederetur, facile obtinuisse. CHAPTEK XXXII, The Consuls conduc-t the war on the plan of Pabius, and in perfect accord with each other. Hannibal is reduced to great straits. Am- bassadors sent from Naples to Home with valuable presents. Theii speech in the Senate. Receive thanks. Only one golden bowl, and that the smallest, accepted. — e.g. 217. 1. CoNSULES, Atilius Fabiano, Geminus Servilius Minuciano, exercitu accepto, hibernaculis mature com- munitis — medium autumni erat — Fabii artibus cum summa inter se concordia bellum gesserunt. 2. Fru- mentatum exeunti Hannibali diversis locis opportuni aderant, carpentes agmen palatosque excipientes. In casum universse dimicationis, quam omnibus artibus petebat hostis, non veniebant : 3. adeoque inopia est coactus Hannibal, ut nisi cum fugse specie abeundum. timuisset, Galliam repetiturus fuerit, nulla relicta spe alendi exercitiis in eis locis, si insequentes consules eisdem artibus bellum gererent. 4. Quum ad Geronium jam bieme impediente con- stitisset bellum, Neapolitan! legati Eomam venere. Ab lis quadraginta paterae aures magni ponderis in curiam illatae atque ita verba facta, ut dicerent : 5. Scire sese Eomani populi ^rarium bello exhauriri; et, quum juxta pro urbibus agrisque sociorum, ac pro capite atque arce Italise, urbe Romana atque imperio geratur, 6. sequum censuisse Neapolitanos, quod auri sibi quum ad tera- LIBER XXn. CAP. XXXin. 41 plorum ornatum, turn ad subsidium fortunse a majoribus relictum foret, eo juvare populum Eomanum. 7. Si quam opem in sese crederetit, eodem studio fuisse obla- turos. Gratum sibi patres Eomanos populumque fac- turum, si omnes res Neapolitanorum suas duxissent ; 8. dignosque jndicaverint, ab quibus donum, animo ao voluntate eorum,' qui libentes darent, quam re majus ampliusque, acciperent. 9. Legatis gratiis actoe pro munifieentia curaque ; patera, quae ponderis minimi fujt, accepta. CHAPTER XXXTir. A Carthnginiau spy detected iuEome. Sent away after Ills hands aru cut off. Twenty-fire slaves form a conspiracy and are crucified. Eoman Ambassadors sent to Philip, King of Macedon, the Ligfires, and Pineus king of Illyria. Duumyirs appointed to take the steps necessary for btiilding the Temple of Concord, which had been voted two years before. The Consuls being unable to leave their Armies, a Dictator is appointed for the purpose of holding the Comitia. The election being faulty, the Dictator and the Master of the Horse, whom he had appointed, resign office. Interregnum. — e.g. 217. 1. Per eosdem dies speculator Carthaginiensis, qui per biennium fefellerat, Eomse deprensus, praecisisque manibus dimissus : 2. et servi quinque et viginti in crucem acti, quod in Campo.Martio conjm'assent ; indici data libertas et seris gravis viginti millia. 3. Legati et ad Philippum Macedonxim regem missi ad deposcendum Demetrium Pharium, qui bello victus ad eum fugisset ; 4. et alii in Ligures ad expostulandum, quod Poenum opibus auxiliisque suis juvissent, simul ad visendum ex propinquo, quae in Bois atque Insubribus gererentur. 5. Ad Pineum quoque regem in Illyrios legati missi ad stipendium, cujus dies exierat, poscendum, aut, si diem proferre vellet, obsides accipiendos. 6. Adeo, etsi bcUum ingens in cervicibus erat, nuUius usquam terra- rum rei cura Eomanos, ne longinqua quidem, effugiebat. 7. In religionem etiam venit tedem Concordise, quam per seditionem militarem biennio ante L. Manlius praetor in Gallia, vovisset, locatam ad id tempus non esse, 8. Itaque duumviri ad earn rem creati a M. 42 TITI LIVII HISTOEIABUM JImilio praefcore urbis, C. Pupius et Cseso Quinctius Flamininus, sedem in arce faciendam locaverunt. 9. Ab eodem prastore ex senatus consulto liters? ad consoles missse, ut, si iis videretur, alter eorum ad con- sules creandos Eomam veniret : se in earn diem, quam jussissent, comitia edicturum. 10. Ad haec a consiilibus rescriptum, sine detrimento rei publicse abscedi non posse ab hoste ; itaque per interregem comitia habenda esse potius, quam consul alter a bello avocaretur. 11. Patribus rectius visum est dictatorem. a consule dici comitiorum habendorum causa. Dictus L. Veturius Philo. M'. Pomponium Mathonem magistrum equitum dixit. 1 2. lis vitio crentis jussisque die qiiarto decimo se magistratu abdicare, ad interregnum res rediit. CHAPTER XXXIV. Tho Consuls have their command prolonged for another year, hiiemga appointed for holding the Comitia. 0. Terentius A'arro, a plebeian, seeks the Consulship. Supported by his kinsman, Q. Bsebius Hereii- nius, a tribune of the people. — E.o. 217. 1. CoNSULiBtrs prorogatiim in annum imperium. Interreges proditi sunt a patribus C. Claudius Appii iilius Cento, inde P. CorneliiLs Asina. In ejus inter- regno comitia babitamagno certaminepatrum ac plebis. 2. C. Terentio Varroni — quern, sui generis hominem, plebei insectatione principum popularibusque artibus conciliatum, ab Q. Fabii opibus et dictatorio imperio concusso aliena invidia splendentem, vulgus et extrabere ad consulatum nitebatur — patres summa ope obstabant, ne se insectando sibi sequari adsuescerent homines. 3. Q. Esebius Herennius tribunus plebis, cognatiis C. Terentii, criminando non senatum modo, sed etiani augures, quod dictatorem prohibuissent comitia perfic- ere, per invidiam eorum favorem candidate sue con- ciliabat : 4. Ab hominibus nobilibus per multos annos bellum qussrentibus Hannibalem in Italiam adductum ab isdem, quum debellari possit, fraude bellum trahi LIBEE, XXII. CAP. XXXV. .13 5. Cum quatuor militum legionibus universis piignar] posse apparuisse eo, quod M. Minucius, absente Fabio, prosper^ pugnasset ; 6. duas legiones liosti ad csDdem objectas, deinde ex ipsa casde ereptas, ut pater patro- nusque appellaretur, qui priiis vinceie prohibuisset Eomanos, quam vinci. 7. Consiiles deinde Fabianis artibus, qiium debellare possent, bellum traxisse. Id foedus inter omnes nobiles ictum, neo finem ant6 belli baMturos, quam consulem vere plebeiimi, id est homin- em novum, fecissent : 8. nam plebeios nobiles jam eisdem initiates esse sacris, et contemnere plebem, ex quo contemni pati'ihus desierint, coepisse. 9. Cui non apparere id actum ot quicsitum esse, ut interregnum iniretur, ut in patrum potestate comitia essent ? IQ. Id consules ambos ad exercitum morando qusesisse ; id postea, quia invitis iis dictator esset dictus comitiorum caiisa, expug-natum esse, ut vitiosus dictator per augures fieret. 11. Habere igitur interregntim eos. Consul- atum imiun certe plebis Eomanaa esse, et populum liberum liabiturum ac daturum ei, qui mature vincere, quam diii imperare, malit. CHAPTEE XXXV. C. Terentius (Varro) alone appointed Consul. Holds the Comitia at which M. .ffimilius Panlus is chosen as his Colleague. Comitia for the election of Praetors. M'. Pomponius Matho made Prsetor Urhanus ; P. Furius Philus, Prsetor Peregrinus ; M. Claudius Mar- cellus, Praetor for Sicily ; L. Postumius Albinus, Prsetor for OavJ.-^ B.C. 216. 1. Qtjtjm his orationibus accensa plebs esset, tribus patriciis petentibus, P. Cornelio Merenda, L. Manlio Vulsone, M. ^milio Lepido ; 2. duobus nobilibus jam familiarum plebei, C. Atilio Serrano et Q. -(Elio Pseto, quorrmi alter pontifex, alter augiir erat ; C. Terentius consul unus creatur, ut in manu ejus essent comitia rogando collegaD. 3. Tum experta nobilitas pariim fiiisse ■virium in competitoribus ejus, L. ^milium Pardum — qui cum M. Livio consul fuerat et damnatione 44 TITI LIVII HISTORIAHUM colleagae et sua prop^ ambustus evaserat — infestuns plebei, diu ac miiltum recusantem, ad petitionem com- pellit. 4. Is proximo comifciali die, concedentibua omnibus, qui cum Varrone certaverant, par magis in adversandum, quam collega, datur consiiii. 5. Inde pra3- torum comitia habita ; creati M'. Pomponius Matho et P. Furius Philus. Eomse juri dicundo urbana sors; Pomponio, inter cives Eomanos et peregrines P. Furio Philo evenit. 6. Additi duo prstores, M. Claudius Marcellus in Siciliam, L. Postumius Albinus in Gralliam. 7. Omnes absentes creati sunt, nee cuiquara eorum prajter Terentium consulem mandatus honos, quem non jam luilea gessisset, prKteritis aliquot fortibus ac strenuis viris, quia in tali tempore nuUi novus magistratus vide batur mandandus. CHAPTER XXXVI. The Roman forces augmented. Prodigies reported. Decemvirs inspect the Sibylline books. Expiatory offerings. Ambassadors come from Psestum with presents. The Ambassadors are thanked. The presents are declined. — B.C. 215. 1. ExBECiiiJs quoque multiplicati sunt. Quanta} autem copiae peditum equitumque additse sint, adeo et numero et genere copiarum variant auctores, ut vix (picquam satis certum adfirmare ausus sim. 2. Decern millia novorum militum alii scripta in supplementum ; alii novas quatuor legiones, ut octo legionibus rem gererent ; 3. numero quoque peditum equitumque leg- iones auctas, millibus peditum et centenis equitibus in singulas adjectis, ut quina millia peditum, treceni equites essent ; socii duplicem numerum equitum darent, pedites asquarent. 4. Septem et octoginta millia armat- orum et ducentos in castrisEomanis, quum pugnatum ad Cannas est, quidam auctores sunt. 5. lUud haudqua- quam discrepat, majore conatu atque impetu rem actam, quam prioribus annis, quia spem posse vinci hostem dictator praebuerat. 6. Ceterum priusquam signa ab urbe novce legiones LIBER XXII. CAP. XXXVII. 45 moverent, decemviri libros adire atque inspicere jussi propter territos vulgo homines novis prodigiis. 7. Nam et Eomse in Aventino et Aricise nuntiatum erat sub idem tempus lapidibus pluisse ; et multo cruore signa in yabinis sudasse ; aquasque e fonte calidas manasse 8. Id quidem etiam, quod seepius acciderat, magi a terrebat. Et in via Fornicata, quae ad Campum erat, aliquot homines de ccelo tacti exanimatique fuerant. 9 Ea prodigia ex Ubris procurata. Legati a Psesto pateras aureas Eomam adtulerunt. lis, sicut Neapolitanis, gratise actae ; aurum non acceptum. CHAPTER XXXVII. Hiero sends valuable presents to the Eomans. His Ambassadors re ceived by the Senate. Their speech. The reply of the Senate. Twenty-five quinqueremes are added to the fleet of T. Otaeilius, the Proprsetor of Sicily. Otaeilius is permitted to pass into Africa, should he deem it for the advantage of the State. — B.C. 216. I. Pee eosdem dies ab Hierone classis Ostiam cum magno commeatu accessit. '2. Legati in senatum intro- ducti nuntiarunt; CsedemC.Flaminii consulis exercitus- que adlatam adeo asgre tulisse regem Hieronem, ut nulla sua propria regnique sui clade moveri magis potuerit. 3. Itaque quamquam prob6 sciat magnitudinem populi Romani admirabiliorem prope adversis rebus, quam secundis, esse, 4. tamen se omnia, quibus a bonis fidel- ibusque sociis bella juvari soleant, misisse ; quse ne accipere abnuant, magno opere se Patres Conscript os orare. 5. Jam omnium primiim, ominis causa, Victoriam auream pondo ducentum ac viginti adferre sese : accip- erent earn tenerentque et haberent propriam et per- petuam. 6. Advexisse etiam trecenta millia modium tritici, ducenta hordei, ne commeatiis deessent ; et quantum praeterea opus esset, quo jussissent, subvec- turos. 7. Milite atque equite scire, nisi Eomano Latinique nominis, non uti populum Eomanum ; levium armoru n auxilia etiam externa vidisse in castris Eom- anis : 8. itaque misisse millc sagittariorum ac fundi- 4G TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM torum, aptam maniim adversiis Baliares ac Mauros pugnacesque alias missili telo gentes. 9. Ad ea dona consilmm qnoque addebant, ut prsetor, cui provincia Sicilia evenisset, classem in Africam trajiceret, ut et liostes in terra sua bellum haberent, minusque laxa- nienti daretur iis ad auxilia Hannibali submittenda. 10. Ab senatii ita responsum regi est: Virum bonum egregiumque socium. Hieronem esse, atque uno tenore, ex quo in amicitiam populi Eomani venerit, fidem coluisse, ac rem Eomanam omni tempore ac loco munifice adjuvisse. 11. Id, perinde ac deberet, gi'atum populo Eomano esse. Aurum. et a civitatibus quibusdam adlatum, gratia rei accepts, non accepisse populum Eomanum; 12. Victoriam omenque accipere, sedemque ei se divEe dare dicare Capitolium, templum Jovis optimi maximi. In ea arce urbis Eomante sacratam, volentem propitiamque, firmam ac stabilem fore populo Eomano. 13. Funditores sagittariique et frumentum traditum consulibus. Quinqueremes ad navium classem, qiiaB cmn T. Otacilio proprsetore in Sicilia erat, quinque et viginti additss ; permiasumque est, ut, si e re publica censeret esse, in Africam trajiceret. CHAPTEE XXXVIII. After the levy the Eoman soldiers are for the first time hound by oath to assemble at the command of the Consuls, and not to depart without orders. Nature of the agreement made formerly amongst themselves. Tencur of the numerous harangues of Varro, and the single one of PauUus. — B.C. 216. 1. Delectu perfect©, consules paucos morati dies, dum socii ab nomine Latino venirent. 2. Mili^^es tunc, quod nunquam antea factum erat, jure jurando ab tribunis militum adacti, jussu consulum con- venturos neque injussu abituros. 3. Nam ad eam diem nihil prgeter sacramentum fuerat ; et, ubi ad decuriatum aut centuriatum convenissent, sua volun- tate ipsi inter sese decuriati equites, centuriati pedites, conjurabar t, 4. sese fugfe atque formidinis ergo non LIBER XXII. CAP. XXXIX. 47 abituros, neqtie ex ordine recessuros, nisi teli sumencti aut petendi, et aut hostis feriendi aut civis servandi causa. 5. Id ex voltmtario inter ipsos foedere ad tribnnos ac legitimam jnris jiuandi adactionem trans- latum. 6. Conciones, priusquam ab urbe signa moverentur. consiilis Varronis multfe ac feroces fuere, denuntiantis, Bellum arcessitum in Italiam ab nobilibus mansuriun- qiie in visceribus rei publicae, 7. si plures Fabios imperatores haberet ; se, quo die hostem vidisset, per- fecturum. 8. CollegEe ejus Pauli una pridie, quam ab urbe proficisceretiu-, concio fuit verier, quam gratior populo, qua nihil inclementer in Varronem dictum, nisi id modo ; 9. Mirari se, quomodo quis dux, prius- quam aut suum aut hostimn exercitum, loconun situm, naturam regionis nosset, jam nimc togatiis in urbe sciret, quae sibi agenda armato forent, 10. et diem quoque prcedicere posset, qua cum hoste signis coUatis esset dimicatm'us. 11. Se, quas consilia magis res dent liominibus, quam homines rebus, ea ante tempus imma- tiu'a non prseceptunun. Optare, ut, quae caute ac consults gesta essent, satis prosper^ evenirent. 12. Temeritatem, prseterquam quod stulta sit, infelicem etiam ad id locorum fnisse. 1 3. Id sua sponte appare- batj tuta celeribus consiliis praepositiirum ; et, quo id constantiiis perseveraret, Q. Fabius Maximus sic eum profieiscentem adloquutus fertur : CHAPTEE XXXIX. Address of Q. Fabius Maximus to L. jEmilius (Paulus). 1. "Si aut collegam, id quod mallem, tui similem, L. Aemili haberes, aut tu coUegse tui esses similis, siipervacanea esset oratio mea ; 2. nam et duo boni consules, etiam me indicente, omnia e re publica fide vestra faceretis ; et mali nee mea verba auribus vestris, nee consilia animis, acciperetis. 3. Nunc et collegam tunm et te talem virum isituenti mihi tecum omnia 4^ a'lTI LIVII HISTOKIARUil oratio est : quern video neqiiiquam et virum bonum et civem fore. Si altera parte claudicet res publica, malis consiliis idem, ac bonis, juris etpotestatiserit. 4. Erras enim, L. Paide, si tibi minus certaminis cum C. Terentio, quam cum Hannibale futurum censes. Nescio an infestior hie adversarius, quam ille hostis, maneat. 5. Cum illo in aeie tantiim, cum hoc omnibus locis ac temporibus certaturus es ; et adversus Hannibalem legionesque ejus tuis equitibus ac peditibus pugnan- dum tibi est ; Varro dux tuis militibus te est oppugn- aturus. 6. Ominis etiam tibi causa absit C. Fiaminii memoria. Tamen ille consul demum, et in provincia et ad exercitum, ccepit furere ; hie, priusquam peteret consulatum, delude in petendo consulatu, nunc quoque consul, priusquam castra videat aut hostem, insanit. 7. Et qui tantas jam nunc procellas, proelia atque acies jactando, inter togatos ciet, quid inter armatam juven- tutem censes facturum, et ubi extemjDlo res verba sequittu- ? 8. Atqui si hie, quod facturum se denuntiat, extemplo pugnaverit, aut ego rem militarem, belli hoc genus, hostem himc ignore, aut nobilior alius Trasi- meno locus nostris cladibus erit. 9. Nee gloriandi tempus adversus unum est, et ego, contemnendo potius, quam adpetendo, gloriam, modiun excesserim ; sed ita res se habet : 10. ima ratio belli gerendi adversus Hannibalem est, qua ego gessi. Nee eventus modo hoc docet — stultorum iste magister est — sed eadem ratio, quae fuit futuraque, donee res eEedem manebunt, immut- abilis est. 11. In Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro. Omnia circa plena civium ac sociorum sunt. Armis, viris, equis, commeatibus juvantjuvabunt- que. 12. Idjamfidei dooumentum in adversis rebus nostris dederunt. Meliores, prudentiores, constantiores nos tempus diesque facit. 13. Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili, est terra, inter omnia inimica infesta- q-ie, procul ab domo, ab patria. Neque illi terra neque mari est pax ; nullfe eum turbes accipiunt, nulla moenia ; nihil usquam sui videt ; in diem rapto vivit. 14. Part- em vix tertiam exercitiis ejus habet, quern Iberum LIBER XXII. CAP. XL. 49 amnem trajecit; plui-es fame quam ferio absumpti ; nee his paucis jam victus suppeditat. 15. Dubitaa ergo, quin sedendo sxiperaturi simiis eum, qui senescat in dies ? non commeatus, non supplementum, non pecuniam habeat ? 16. Quam diu pro Geronii, castelli Apulias inopis, tamquam pro Carthaginis mcenibus ! 17. Sed ne ad versus te quidem eg-o gloriabor. Cn. Serv- ilius atque Atilius, proximi consules, vide, quern ad modum eum ludificati sint. Hsec una salutis est via, Ii. Paule, quam difl&cilem infestamque cives tibi magis, quam Lostes, facient. 18. Idem enim tui, quod host- ium milites, volent; idem Varro, consul Eomanus, quod Hannibal, Poenus imperator, cupiet* Duobus ducibus unus resistas oportet. Eesistes autem, adver- sus famam riunoresque hominum si satis iirmus steteris ; si te neque coUegee vana gloria, neque tua falsa infamia, moverit. 19. Veritatem laborare nimis ssepe aiunt, exstingui numquam : gloriam qui spreverit, veram habebit. 20. Sine, timidum pro cauto, tardum pro considerate, inbellem pro perito belli vocent. Malo, te sapiens hostis metuat, quam stulti cives laudent. -Omnia audentem contemnet Hannibal, nihil temere agentem metuet. 2 1 . Nee ego, ut nihil agatur, moneo ; sed ut agentem te ratio ducat, non fortuna ; tuae potest- atis semper tu tuaque omnia sint, armatus intentusque sis, neque occasion! tuoe desis neque suam occasionem hosti des. 22. Omnia non properanti clara certaque erunt, festinatio inprovida est et cseca." CHAPTEE XL. Eeply of Paulus to Q. Fabius Maximus. The Consuls set out from Eome. On their arrival at the Army two Camps are formed. Tha Consuls are in the larger. Geminus Servilius is placed i;" command, in the smaller. M. Atilius sent home. Hannibal reduced to great straits from want of supplies of food. — B.C. 216. 1. Ad VERSUS ea oratio consulis baud san6 Ise-ta fuit, magis fatentis ea, quse diceret, vera, quam facilia factu, esse. 2. Dictator! magistrum equitum intolerabilem D 50 TITI LIVII HISTOEIARUM fuisse: quid consul! adversus coUegam seditiosum ao temerariumviriuinatque auctoritatisfore? 3. Sepopul- are incendium priore consulatu semustum effugisse. Optare, ut omnia prosper^ evenirent ; at si quid adversi caderet, hostium se telis potius, quam suifragiis irat- orum civium, caput objecturum, 4. Ab hoc sermone profectum Paulum tradunt, prosequentibus primoribus patrum. Plebeium consulem sua plebes prosequuta, turba, quam dignitate, conspectior. 5. Ut in castra venerunt, permixto novo exercitu ac vetere, castris bifariam factis, ut nova minora essent propiiis Hannibalem, in veteribus major pars et omne robur virium esset, 6. consulum anni prioris M. Atilium, tetatem excusantem, Eomam miserimt ; Geminum Ser- vilium in minoribus castris legioni Eomanee, et socium peditiim equitumque duobus millibus, prseficiunt. 7. Hannibal quamquam parte dimidia auctas hostium copias cernebat, tamen adventu consulum mir^ gaudere. 8. Non solum enim nihil ex raptis in diem commeatibus Euperabat, sed ne imde raperet quidem quicquam reliqui erat, omni undique frumento, postquam ager parum tutus erat, in urbes munitas convecto ; 9. ut vix decern dierum — quod conpertum postea est — frumentum su- peresset, Hispanorumque ob inopiam transitio parata fuerit, si maturitas temporum exspectata forefc. CHAPTEE XLI. The Eomans gain an advantage over some foraging bands of the Car- thaginians. Paulus, who is in command, recalls his men from pursuit. Varro is indignant, and exclaims that, had this not heen done, the war might have been terminated. Hannibal's device for drawing the Eomans into an ambush. — e.g. 216. 1. Ceteeum temeritati consulis ac prsepropero in- genio materiam etiam fortunadedit; quod in prohibendis prsedatoribus tumultuario proelio, ac procursu magis militum, quam ex preeparato aut jussu imperatorum, orto, haudquaquam par PcBnis dimicatio fuit. 2. Ad mille et septingenti caesi, non plus centum Eomanorum LIBEK XXII. CAP. XLII 61 Bociorumque occisis. Ceterum victoribus effus^ sequent- ibus metu insidiarum obstitit Patilus consul, 3. cujus eo die — nam alternis imperitabant — imperiiun erat, Varrone indignante ac vociferante emissum hostem e manibus, debellarique, ni cessatum foret, pottiisse. 4. Hannibal id damnum baud segerrime pati ; quin potius credere, velut inescatam temeritatem ferocioris consulis ac novorum maximd militum esse. 5. Et omnia ei bostium baud secus, quam sua, nota erant : dissimiles discordesque imperitare : duas prope partes tironum militum inexercitu esse. 6. Itaque locum et tempus insidiis aptum se babere ratus, nocte proxima nihil prseter arma ferente secum milite, castra plena omnia fortunse pirblicae privatseque relinquit, 7. transque proximos montes laeva pedites instructos condit, dextra equites, impedimenta per convallem medium agmen traducit ; 8. ut diripiendis, velut desertis fuga domino- rum, castris occupatum inpeditrmique hostem opprimeret. 9. Crebri relicti in castris ignes, ut fides fieret, dimi ipsa longius spatium fuga prseciperet, falsa imagine castro- rimi, sicut Fabium priore anno frustratus esset, tenere in locis consules voluisse. CHAPTEE XLII. Hannibal is reported to have deserted his camp. Marlus Statilins sent to ascertain the state of affairs. His report. Varro gives the signal to march. Paulus sends -word that the Sacred Chickens give un- favourable auspices. Soldiers with difficulty brought back into camp. Two runaway slaves return to their masters and bring tidings of Hannibal being in ambush behind the adjacent mountains. — B.C. 216. 1. Ubi illuxit, subductse primo stationes, deinde propiiis adeuntibus insolitum silentium admirationem fecit. 2. Jam satis comperta solitudine, in castris con- cursus fit ad prsetoria consulum nuntiantium fugam hostium adeo trepidam, ut tabernaculis stantibus castra reUquerint ; qubque fuga obscurior esset, crebros etiam relictos ignes. 3. Clamor inde ortus, ut signa proferri iviberent ducerentque ad persequendos hostes ac protinus D 2 52 TITI LIVII H1ST0E.IAEUM castra diripienda. 4. Et consul alter velut unus tur- bae militaris erat; Paulus etiamatqueetiamdicereprovid- endum prsecavenduinque esse ; postremb, quum aliter neque seditionemneque ducem seditionis sustinere posset, Maritim Statilium prBefectum cnin turma Lucana ex- ploratmn mittit. 5. Qui ubi adequitavit portis, sub- sistere extra munimenta ceteris jussis, ipse cum duobus equitibus vallum intravit, speculatusque omnia cum cura renuntiat insidias profecto esse : 6. ignes in parte castrorum, quae vergat ad hostem, relictos ; tabemacula aperta et omnia cara in promptu relicta ; argentum quibusdam locis temerfe per vias velut objectum ad prsedam vidisse. 7. Quae ad deterrendos a cupiditate animos nuntiata erant, ea accenderunt, et clamore orto a militibus, ni signum detur, sine ducibus ituros, haud- quaquam dux defuit : nam extemplo Varro signum dedit proficiscendi. 8. Paulus, quum ei sua sponte cunctanti puUi quoque auspicio non addixissent, nuntiari jam efferent! porta signa collegse jussit. 9. Quod quamquam Varro segrd est passus, Flaminii tamen recens casus, Claudiique consulis primoPunico l)ello memorata navaUs clades, religionem animo incussit. 10. Di prope ipsi eo die magis distulere, quam prohibuere, imminentem pestem Eomanis. Nam forte ita evenit, ut, quum referri signa in castra jubenti consuli milites non parerent, 11. servi duo, Formiani unus, alter Sidicini equitis, qui, Servilio atque Atilio consulibus, inter pabulatores ■ excepti a Numidis fuerant, profugerent eo die ad dominos ; qui deduct! ad consules nuntiant omnem exercitum Hannibalis trans proximos monies sedere in insidiis. 12. Horum opportunus adventus consules im- . peri! potentes fecit, quum ambitio alterius suam primiim apud eos prava indulgentia majestatem solvisset. S3 CHAPTER XLIir. Hannibal returns to his camp. Pressed by his troops for pay, and being in great want of supplies, retreats and takes up an advantageous position near CanuEe. — e.g. 216. 1. Hannibal postquam motos magis inconsult^ Eomanos, quam ad ultimiim temere evectos,vidit, nequi- quam, detecta fraude, in castra rediit. 2. Ibi plures dies propter inopiam. frumenti manere nequit, novaque con- silia in dies non apud milites solum mixtos ex collu- vione omnium gentium, sed etiam apud ducem ipsum oriebantur. 3. Nam quum initio fremitus, deinde aperta vociferatio, fuisset exposcentium stipendium de- bitum. querentiumque annonam primb, postremb famem, et mercenaries milites, maximS Hispani generis, de transitione cepisse consilium fama esset, 4. ipse etiam interdum Hannibal de fuga in Gralliam dicitur agitasse, ita ut relicto peditatu omni cum equitibus se proriperet. 5. Quum haec consilia atque Mc habitus animorum esset in castris, movere inde statuit in calidiora, atque eb maturiora messibus, Apulise loca ; simul ut, quo longius ab hoste recessisset, transfugia inpeditiora levibus ingeniis essent. 6. Profectus est nocte ignibus similiter factis tabernaculisque paucis in speciem relictis, ut insidiarum par priori metus contineret Eomanos. 7. Sed, per eimdem. Lucanum Statilium omnibus ultra castra transque montes exploratis, quum relatum. esset visum procul hostium agmen : timi de insequendo eo consilia agitari coepta. 8. Quum utri usque consulis eadem, quas ante semper, fuisset sententia, ceterum Varroni fer^ omnes, Paulo nemo praster Servil- ium prioris anni consulem, adsentiretur, 9. majoris partis sententia ad nobilitandas clade Romana Oannas, m-gente fato, profecti sunt. 10. Prope eum viciun Hannibal castra posuerat aversa a Volturno vento, qui campis torridis siccitate nubes pulveris vehit. 11. Id qium ipsis castris percommodum fuit, tum. salutare prsecipue futurum erat, qutun aciem dirigerent, ipsi aversi, terga tantiiin adflante vento, in occsecatum pulvere offuso hostem pugnaturi. M TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM CHAPTEH XLIV. The Eomans follow Hannibal as far aa Cannae. Encamp near tha Aufidus in two divisions, one on each side of the river. Disagree- ment of the Consuls. — e.c. 216, 1. CoNSULES, satis exploratis itineribus, sequentes Pcenum, ut ventum ad Cannas est et in conspectu Pcen- \\m habebant, bina castra communiimt eodem ferme intervallo, quo ad Geronium, sicut antd copiis divisis. 2. Aufidius amnis, utrisque castris adfluens, aditum aquatoribus ex sua cujusque opportunitate baud sine certamine dabat. 3. Ex minoribus tamen castris, quae posita trans Aufidium erant, liberius aquabantur Eom- ani, quia ripa ulterior nullum habebat hostium prse- sidium. 4. Hannibal spem nanctus, locis natis ad equestrem pugnam — qua parte virium invictus erat — facturos copiam pugnandi consules, dirigit aeiem lacess- itque Numidarum procursatione bostes. 5. Inde rursus soUicitari seditione militari ac discordia consulum Eomana castra, quum Paulus Semproniique et Flaminii temeritatem Varroni, Varro speciosum timidis ac segni- bus ducibus exemplum Fabium objiceret ; 6. testare- turque deos bominesque bic ; NuUam penes se culpam esse, quod Hannibal jam velut usucepisset Italiam: se constrictum a coUega teneri, ferrum atque arma iratis et pugnare cupientibus adimi militibus ; 7. ille ; Si quid projectis ac proditis ad inconsultam atque inpro- vidam pugnam legionibus accideret, se omnis culpse exsortem, omnis eventiis participem fore, diceret. Videret, ut, quibus lingua prompta ac temeraria, seque in pugna vigerent maniis. LIBER XXII. CAP. XLV. 55 CHAPTER XLV. Hannibal sends some Numidians to fall on the water-carriers from the lesser Eoman camp. The Eomans wishing to attack the enemy arc restrained by Paulus, who holds command for the day. On the fol- lowing day Varro, having the command, crosses the river and draws up his forces for battle. — B.C. 216. 1. DuM altercationibus magis, quam consiliis, tem- pus teritur, Hannibal ex acie, quam ad multum diei tenuerat instructam, quum in castra ceteras reciperet copias, 2. Numidas ad invadendos ex minoribus castri? Eomanorum aquatores trans flumen mittit. 3. Quam inconditam turbara quum vixdum in ripam egressi clamors ac tumultu fugassent, in stationem quoque pro vallo locatam atque ipsas propd portas evecti sunt. 4. Id vero indignum visum, ab tumultu- ario auxilio jam etiam castra Eomana terreri ; ut ea modo una causa, ne extemplo transirent flumen dirigerentque aciem, tenuerit Eomanos, quod summa imperii eo die penes Paulum fuerit. 5. Itaque postero die Varro, cui sors ejus diei imperii erat, nihil consulto coUega, signum proposuit instructasque copias flumen traduxit, sequente Paulo ; quia magis non prob- are, quam non adjuvare, consilium poterat. 6. Trans- gressi flumen eas quoque, quas in castris minoribus habuerant, copias suis adjungunt atque ita instruunt aciem : in dextro cornu — id erat flumini propius — Eomanos equites locant, delude pedites ; 7. Isevum cornu extremi equites sociorum, intra pedites ad med- ium juneti legionibus Eomanis, tenuerunt ; jaculatores cum ceteris levium larmorum auxiliis prima acies facta. 8. Consules cornua tenuerunt, Terentius Isevum, /Emilius dextrum ; Gemino Servilio media pugna tuenda data. 50 TITT LIVII HISTOBIARUM CHAPTEK XLYI. Hannibal draws up his troops in order of battle. Position of the eon» tending armies. — B.C. 216. 1. Hannibal luce prima, Baliaribus levique alia armatura prEemissa, transgressus flumen, lit quosque traduxerat, ita in acie locabat : 2. Gallos Hispanosque equites prope ripam Issvo in cornn adversus Eomanum equitatum ; dextrum cornu Numidis eqiiitibus datum ; 3. media acie peditibus firmata, ita, lit Afrorum utraque cornua essent, interponerentur his medii Galli atque Hispani. 4. Afros Eomanam magna ex parte crederes aciem : ita armati erant armis et ad Tre|)iam, ceteriim magna ex parte ad Trasimennm, captis. 5. Gallis Ilispanisque scuta ejusdem formse fere erant ; dispares ac dissimiles gladii ; Gallis praelongi ac sine mucron- ibus ; Hispano, punctim magis quam csesim, adsueto petere hostem, brevitate habiles et cum mucronibus. San6 et alius habitus gentium harum tum magnitudine corporum, tum specie, terribilis erat. 6. Galli super umbilicum erant nudi ; Hispani linteis prsetextis pur- pura tunicis, candore miro fulgentibus, constiterant. Numerus omnium peditum, qui tum steterunt in acie, millium fuit quadraginta, decem equitum. 7. Duces cornibus prseerant: sinistro Hasdrubal, dextro Maharbal; mediam aciem Hannibal ipse cum fratre Magone tenuit. 8. Sol, seu de industria ita locatis, seu quod forte ita stetere, peropportun^ utrique parti obliquus erat, Eom- anis in meridiem, Pcenis in septemtrionem versis. 9. Ventus — Volturnum regionis incolse vocant — adversus Eomanis coortus multo pulvere in ipsa era volvendo pro- spectum ademit. CHAPTEE XLVII. The Battle of Cannae begins. 1. Clamoee sublato, procursum ab auxiliis, etpugna levibus primiim armis commissa ; deinde equitum Gall- LIBER XXII. CAP. XLVIII. 57 omm Hispauorumque laBVum cornu cum desfcro Romanc concurrit, minimi equestris more pugnse : 2. frontibus, enim adversis concurrendum erat, quia, nullo circa ad evagandum relicto spatio, hinc amnis, hinc peditiun acies claudebant in directum utrimque nitentes. 3. Stantibus ac confertis postremo turba equis, vir virum amplexus detrahebat equo. Pedestre magna jam ex parte certamen factum erat ; acriiis tamen, quam diutius, pugnatum est, pulsique Eomani equites terga vertunt. 4. Sub equestris finem certaminis coorta est peditum pugna. Primb et viribus et animis par, dum con- stabant ordines Grallis Hispanisque ; 5. tandem Eomani, diu ac saepe connisi, seqiia fronte acieque densa impulere- hostium cunemn nimis tenuem, eoque parum validnm, a cetera prominentem acie. 6. Inpulsis deinde ac trepide referentibus pedem insistere ; ac tenore uno- per prseceps pavore fugientium agmen in mediam pri- mum. aciem illati, postremo, nullo resistente, ad subsidia Afronun pervenerunt, 7. qui utrimque reductis alls constiterant, media, qua Galli Hispanique steterant, aliquantum prominente acie. 8. Qui cuneus ut pulsus sequavit frontem primum, dein cedendo etiam sinum in medio 4®dit, Afri circa jam cbrnua fecerant, irruenti- busque incaut^ in medium Eomanis circumdedere alas , mox, cornua extendendo, claiisere et ab tergo hostes. 9. Hinc Eomani defuncti nequiquam prcelio uno, omissis Gallis Hispanisque, quorum terga ceciderant, et adversus Afros integram pugnam ineunt, 10. non tantiim eo iniquam, quod inclusi adversus circumfusos, sed etiam quod fessi cum recentibus ac vegetis, pugnabant. CHAPTEE XLVIII. The Battle continues. 1. Jam et in sinistro cornu Eomanis, ubi sociorum equites adversus Numidas steterant, consertum prcelium erat, segne primb et a Punica cceptum fraude. 2. Quingenti ferme Numidse, praster solita arma telaqua D 3 58 TITI LIVII HISTOEIAEUM gladios occultos sub loricis habentes, specie transfug- arum quum ab suis parmas post terga habentes ad- equitassent, 3. repente ex equis desiliunt, parmisque et jaculis ante pedes hostium projectis, in mediam aciem accepti ductique ad idtimos considere ab tergo jubentur. Ac dum proelium ab omni parte conseritur, quietimanserunt; 4. postquamomniumanimosoculosque occupaverat certamen, turn arreptis scutis, quae passim inter acervos csesorum corporum strata erant, aversam adoriuntur Eomanam aciem, tergaque ferientes ac poplites cffidentes stragem ingentem, ac majorem ali- quanto pavorem. ac tumultmn, fecerunt. 5. Quum alibi terror ac fuga, alibi pertinax in mala jam spe proelium esset, Hasdrubal, qui ea parte prseerat, subductos ex media acie Numidas, qtda segnis eorum cum adversis pugna erat, ad persequendos passim fugientes mittit ; 6. Hispanos et Gallos equites Afris jam prope fessis Basde magis, quam pug-na, adjungit. CHAPTEE XLIX. The Eomans flee. Cn. Lentulus, a military tribune, wishes to placo the Consul, L. .Slmilius Paulus, who had been severely wounded, on his own horse. Paulus declines assistance, preferring to die on the field amongst his soldiers. Sends a message to the Senate and to Q. Fabius Maximua. Killed by the enemy. Escape of Lentulus. The other Consul, Varro, with a body of fifty horsemen, escapes to Venusia. Eoman losses. — B.C. 216. 1. Paete altera pugnse Paulus, quamquam primo Btatim proelio funda graviter ictus fuerat, 2. tamen et occurrit ssepe cum confertis Hannibali, et aliquot locis proelium restituit, protegentibus eum equitibus Eom- anis ; omissis postremo equis, quia consulem et ad regeudum equum vires deficiebant. 3. Tum denunt- ianti cuidam jussisse consulem ad pedes descendere equites, dixisse Hannibalem ferunt, " Quam mallem, viuctos mihi traderet ! " 4. Equitum pedestre proelium, quale jam baud dubia bostium victoria, fuit, quum victi mori in vestigio mallent quam fugere ; victores LIBER XXII. CAP. XLIX. 59 morantibus victoriam irati trucidarent, quos pellere non poterant. 5. Pepulerunttamen jam paucos super- antes, et labore ac nilneribus fessos. Inde dissipati omnes sunt, equosque ad fugam, qui poterant, repete- bant. 6. Cn. Lentulus tribunus militum, quum, prse- tervehens equo, sedentem in saxo cruore oppletum consulem vidisset. 7. "L. jEmili," inquit, "quern unum insontem culpae cladis hodiernse dei respicere debent, cape hunc equum ; dum et tibi virimn aliquid superest, comes ego te toll ere possum ac protegere. 8. Ne funestam banc pugnam morte consulis feceris : etiam sine hoc lacrimarum satis luctusque est." 9. Ad ea consul : " Tu quidem, Cn. Corneli, macte virtute esto : sed cave, frustra miserando exiguum tempus e manibus hostium evadendi absumas. 10. Abi, nuntia publico patribus, urbem Eomanam muniant ac, prius- quam bostis victor advenit, prsesidiis firment ; priva- " timque Q. Fabio, jEmilium prseceptorum ejus membrem et vixisse, et adhuc mori. 11. Memet in bac strage militum meorum patera exspirare, ne aut reus iterum e consulatu sim, aut accusator collegse exsistam, ut alieno crimine innocentiam meam protegam." 12. Hsec exigentes prius turba fugientium civium, deinde hostes, oppressere : consulem, ignorantes, qjtiis esset, obruerunt telis ; Lentrdum inter tumultum abripuit equus. 13. Tum undique effus^ fiigiunt. Septem millia hominum in minora castra, decem in majora, duo ferme in vicum ipsum Cannas perfugerunt: qui extemplo a Carthalone atque equitibus, nuUo /muni- mento tegente vicum, circumventi sunt. 14. Consul alter, seu forte seu consilio nuUi fugientium insertus agmini, cum quinquaginta fere equitibus Venusiaili perfugit. 15. Quadraginta quinque millia quingenti pedites, duo millia septingenti equites, et, tanta prop^ civium sociommque pars, csesi dicunturl 16. in bis ambo consulum qusestores, L. Atilius et L. Furius Bibaculus, unus et viginti tribuni militum, consulares quidam praetoriique et sedilicii — inter eos Cn. Servilium Greminum et M. Minucium numerant, qui magister 60 TITI LIVIl HIBTORIARUM equitum priore anno, aliquot annis ante consul fuerat — , 1 7. octoginta prjeterea aut senatores, aut qui eos magi- stratus gessissent, undo in senatum legi deberent, qiitim sua voluntate milites in legionibus facti essent. 18. Capta eo proelio tria millia peditum, et equites trecenti, dicuntur. CHAPTER L. About six timdred Eomans make their way from tlie smaller to the larger camp. Being joined by a large body of those whom they found there, they escape to Canusium. — B.C. 216. 1. H^c est pugna Cannensis, AUiensi cladi nobili- tate par ; 2. ceterilni ut illis, quae post pugnam accid- ere, levior, quia ab hoste est cessatum, sic strage exercitlis gravior fcediorque. 3. Fuga namque ad AUiam sicut urbem prodidit, ita exercitum servavit ; ad Cannas fugientem consulem vix quinquaginta sequuti sunt ; alterius morientis props totus exercitus fuit. 4. Binis in castris quum multitudo semiermis sine ducibus esset, nuntium, qui in majoribus erant, mittunt : Dum proelio, deinde ex laetitia epulis, fatigatos quies nocturna hostes premeret, ut ad se transirent : uno agmine Canusiiun abituros esse. Earn sententiam alii totam aspernari : 5. Cur enim illos, qui se arcessant, ipsos non venire, quum sequd conjungi possent ? quia videlicet plena hostium omnia in medio essent, et aliorum, quam sua, corpora tanto periculo mallent objicere. 6. Aliis non tam sententia displicere, quam animus deesse. P. Sempronius Tuditanus, tribtmus militum, " Capi ergo mavultis," inquit, " ab avarissimo et crudelissimo hoste, asstimarique capita vestra, et exquiri pretia ab interrogantibus, Eomanus civis sis an Latinus socius, ut ex tua contumelia et miseria alteri honos quaeratur? 7. Non tu; si quidem L. .^milii consulis, qui se ben^ mori, quam turpiter vivere, maluit, et tot fortissimorum virorum, qui circa LIBER XXn. CAP. LI. 61 eiTin cumulati jacent, cives estis. 8. Sed antequam opprimit lux majoraque hostiiun agmina obsaepiunt iter, per hos, qui inordinati atque incompositi obstrep- unt portis, erumpamus. 9. Ferro atque audacia via fit quamvis per confertos bostis. Cuneo quidem hoc laxum atque solutum agmen, ut si nihil obstet, disjicias. Itaque ite mecum, qui et vosmet ipsos et rem publicam salvam vultis." 10. H^c ubi dicta dedit, stringit glad- ium cuneoque facto per medios vadit hostes, 11. Et quum in latus dextrum, quod patebat, NumidEe jacvdarentur, translatis in dextrum scutis in majora castra ad sexcenti evaserunt, atque inde protinus, alio magno agmine adjuncto, Canusium incolumes per- veniunt. 12. Hsec apud victos magis impetu animo- rum, quos ingenium suum cuique aut fors dabat, quam ex consilio ipsorum aut imperio cujusquam agebantur CHAPTER LL Maharbal advises an immediate march upon Eome. When Hannibal tells him that the matter requires consideration, he replies that Han- nibal tnows how to gain, but not to use, a victory. Appearance of the battle-field on the next day.— b.c. 216. 1. Hannibali victori quum ceteri circumfusi gratu- [arentur, suaderentque, ut, tanto perfunctus bello, diei quod reliquum esset noctisque insequentis quietem et ipse sibi sumeret, et fessis daret militibus ; 2. Maharbal, prsefectus equitum, minime cessandum ratus, " Immo, lit, quid hac pugna sit actum, scias, die quinto," inquit, " victor in Capitolio epulaberis. Sequere : cum equite, ut prius venisse, quam venturum, sciant, prsecedam." 3. Hannibali nimis Iseta res est visa majorque, quam ut eam statim capere animo posset. Itaque voluntatem se laudare Maharbalis ait, ad consilium pensandum temporis opus esse. 4. Turn Maharbal : " Non omnia nimirimi eidem dii dedere : vincere scis, Hannibal, vic- toria uti nescis." Mora ejus diei satis creditur saluti fiiisse urbi atque imperio. 02 TITI LIVII HISTORIAEUM 5. Postero die, ubi primum illuxit, ad spolia legenda foedamque etiam hostibus speetandam stragem insistunt. 6. Jacebant tot Eomanorum millia, jtedites passim equitesque, ut quein cuique fors aut pugna junxerat aut fuga. Adsurgentes quidam ex strage Inedia cruenti, quos stricta matutino frigore excitaverant vulnera, ab lioste oppressi sunt. 7. Quosdam et jacentes vivos, succisis feminibus poplitibusque, invenerunt, nudantes cervicem jugulumque et reliquum sangtiiiiem jubentes haurire. 8. Inventi quidam sunt mersis in effossam terram capit- ibus, quos sibi ipsos fecisse foveas obruentesque ora superjecta humo interclusisse spiritum apparebat. 9. Prfficipu^ convertit omnes substratus Numida mortuo superincubanti Eomano vivus, naso auribusque laceratis ; quum, manibus ad capiendum telum inutilibus, in rabiem ira versa, laniando dentibus hostem exspirasset. CHAPTER LII. Hannibal collects the spoil. Surrender of the smaller Koman camp. Four thousand escape from the larger camp to Canusium. Surrender of the larger camp. Conditions of surrender the same for each of the camps. Liberality of Busa to the Eoman fugitives. 1. Spoliis ad multum diei lectis, Hannibal ad min- ora ducit castra oppugnanda, et om.nium primum, bracbio objecto, flumine eos excludit. 2. Ceteriim ab omnibus, labore, vigiliis, vulneribus etiam fessis, ma- tm'ior ipsius spe deditio est facta. 3. Pacti, ut arma atque equos traderent, in capita Eomana trecenis nummis quadrigatis, in socios ducenis, in servos centenis, et ut, eo pretio persoluto, cum singulis abirent vestimentis, in castra hostes acceperunt, traditique in custodiam omnes sunt, seorsum cives sociique. 4. Dum ibi tempus teritm-, inter ea quum ex majoribus castris, quibus satis virium et animi fait, ad quatuor millia hominum et ducenti equites, alii agmine, alii palati passim per agros, quod baud minus tutum erat, Canusium per- fugissent, castra ipsa ab sauciis timidisque eadem con- LIBER XXII. CAP. LIII. 63 ditione, qua altera, tradita hosti. 5w Prseda ingfens parta est, et' prseter eqiios Virosqiie' et si quid argenti — quod plurimum in phaleris equorUm erat, nam ad vescendum facto perexigvio, utique militantes, utebantui —omnis cetera prseda diripienda data est. 6. Turn se- peliendi causa conferri in unum corpora suorum jussit. Ad octo millia fuisse dicuntur fortissimorum virorum. Consulem quoque Romanum conquisitum sepultumque quidam auctores sunt. 7. Eos, qui Canusium perfugerant, mulier Apula, nomine Busa, genere clara ac divitiis, moenibus tantuni tectisque a Canusinis acceptos, frumento veste viatico etiam juvit ; pro qua ei munificentia postea, bello per- fecto, ab senatu honores habiti sunt. CHAPTER LIII, Chief command of the Eomans who had escaped to Canusium unanim- ously assigned to P. Cornelius Scipio and Ap. Claudius Pulcher. Plot formed by some young nobles to abandon their country. Crushed by Scipio. — ^e.c. 216. 1. Cetektjm quum ibi tribuni militum qtiatuor essent, 2. Fabius Maximus de legione prima, cujus pater prior e anno dictator fuerat, et de legione secunda L. Publicius Bibulus et P. Cornelius Scipio, et de legione tertia Ap. Claudius Pulcher, qui proximo sediHs fuerat, 3. omnium consensu ad P. Scipionem, admodimi adolescentem, et ad Ap. Claudium summa imperii delata est. 4. Quibus consultantibus inter paucos de siunma rerum nuntiat P. Furius Philus, consularis viri filius, nequiquam eos perditam spem fovere ; desperatam comploratamque rem esse publicam : 5. nobilesjuvenesquosdam, quorum principem L. Cfficilium Metellum, mare ac naves spectare, ut deserta Italia ad regum aliquem trans- fugiant. 6. Quod malum, prseterquam atrox, super tot clades etiam novum, quum stupore ac miraculo torpidos defixisset, qui aderant, et consiliimi advocandum de eo censerent, negat consilii rem esse Scipio juvenis, fatalia 64 TITI LIVII HISTOEIARUM dux hujusce belli. 7. Audendum atque agendum, non consultandum, ait, in tanto malo esse : irent secum ex- templo armati, qui rem publicam salvam vellent ; 8. nulla verius, quam ubi ea cogitentur, hostium castra esse. 9. Pergit ire sequentibus panels in hospitium Metelli et, quum concilium ibi juvenum, de quibus adlatnm erat, invenisset, stricto super capita consultant- ium gladio, 10. "Ex mei animi sententia," inquit^ "ut ego rem publicam populi Eomani non deseram, neque alium civem Eomanum deserere patiar ; 11. si sciens fallo, turn me Jupiter optime maxime, domum, familiam remque meam pessimo leto adficias. 12. In haec verba, L. Csecili, jures postulo, ceterique qui adestis; qui non juraverit, in se hunc gladium strictum esse sciat." 13. Haud secus pavidi, quam si victorem Hanni- balem cernerent, jurant omnes custodiendosque semet ipsos Scipioni tradunt. CHAPTEE LIV. Four thousand five hundred Romans who had been scattered over the country join the Consul (Varro) at Veuusia. Liberality of the Venusini. Varro joins his men to those at Canusium. Terror and confusion at Eome. — B.C. 216. 1. Eo tempore, quo hsec Canusii agebantur, Venusiam ad consulem ad quatuor millia et quingenti pedites eqiutesque, qui sparsi fuga per agros fuerant, pervenere. 2. Eos omnes Venusini per familias benign^ accipiendos curandosque quum divisissent, in singulos equites togas ■ et tunicas et quadrigatos nummos quinos vicenos, et pediti denos, et arma, quibus deerant, dederunt ; 3. ce- teraque publice ac privatim hospitaliter facta, certatum- que, ne a muliere Canusina populus Venusinus officiis vinceretur. 4. Sed gravius onus Biisee multitude faciebat, et jam ad decem millia hominum. erant ; 5. Appiusque et Scipio, postquam incolumem esse alterum consulem acceperunt, nuntium extemplo mittunt, quantae secum peditum equitumque copiffi essent, sciscitatumque simul, utrum Venusiam adduci exercitum, an manere, juberet, LIBER XXII. CAP. LV. 05 Canusii. 6. Varro ipse Canusium copias traduxit. Et jam aliqua species consularis exercitiis erat, mcBuibusque se certe, etsi non armis, ab hoste videbantur defensuri. 7. Eomam ne has quidem reliquias superesse civium sociorumque, sed occidione occisum cum duobus exerc- itibus consules, deletasqiie omnes copias adlatum fuerat. 8. Numquam salva urbe tantum pkvoris tumiil- tusque intra moenia Eomana fuit. Itaque succumbam. oneri, neque adgrediar narrare, quae edissertando minora vero faciam. 9. Consule exercituque ad Trasimenum priore anno amisso, non vulnus, sed multiplex clades, cum duobus consulibus duo consulares exercitiis amissi uuntiabantur, nee uUa jam castra Eomana nee ducem nee militem esse ; 10- Hannibalis Apuliam, Samnium, ac jam prop^ totam Italiam factam. Nulla profecto alia gens tanta mole cladis non obruta esset. 11. Compares cladem ad Agates insulas Carthaginiensium, prcelio navali acceptam, qua fracti Sicilia ac Sardinia cessere, inde vectigales ac stipendiaries fieri se passi sunt ; aut pugnam adversam in Africa, cui postea hie ipse Hannibal succubuit : nulla ex parte comparandse sunt, nisi quod ininore animo latse sunt. CHAPTEE LV. At Eome the Senate assemble to deliberate on the state of affairs. Advice of Q. Fabius Masdmus. — B.C. 216. 1. P. F0EIUS Philus et M'. Pomponius prsetores senatum in curiam Hostiliam vocaverunt, ut de urbis custodia consulerent : 2. neque enim dubitabant, deletis exercitibus, hostem ad oppugnandam Eomam, quod unum opus belli restaret, venturum. 3. Quum in mails sicuti ingentibus, ita ignotis, ne consilium quidem satis expedirent, obstreperetque clamor lamentantium mulierum, et, nondum palam facto, vivi mortuique per omnes psene domos promiscu^ complorarentur ; 4. tum Q. Fabius Maximus censuit ; Equites expedites et Appia et Latina via mittendos, qui obvi js percunctando 66 TITI LIVII HISTORIAEUM — aliquos profecto ex fuga passim dissipates fore — referant, quae fortuna consilium atque exercituum sit ; 5. et, si quid dii immortales, miseriti imperii, reliquum Eomaui nominis fecerint, ubi ese . copise sint ; quo se Hannibal post proelium contulerit, quid paret, qmd agat acturusque sit. 6. Heec exploranda noscendaque per inpigros juvenes esse; illud.per patres ipsos agendum, quoniam magistruum parum sit, ut tumultum ac tre- pidationem in tirbe tollant, matronas publico arceant, continerique intra suum quamque limen cogant; 7. com- ploratiis familiarum coerceant; silentium per urbem faciant ; nuntios rerum omnium ad praetores deducendos curent; suse quisque fortunae domi auctorem exspectent, 8. custodesque prseterea ad portas ponant, qui pro- hibeant quemquam egredi lu'bem, cogantque homines nuUam, nisi urbe ac moenibus salvis, salutem sperare. Ubi conticuerit tumultus, rect^ tum in curiam patres revocandos consulendumque de urbis custodia esse. CHAPTEE LVI. Advice of Q. FaHus Maximus followed. Letter from Varro. Annual rites of Ceres not celebrated. Hiero's kingdom ravaged by the Car- thaginians. T. Otacilius writes word that another fleet is needed for Sicily.— B.C. 216. 1. QuTjM in banc sententiam pedibus omnes issent, summotaque fore per magistratus turba patres diversi ad sedandos tumultus discessissent, tum demum literas a C. Terentio consule adlatee sunt : 2. L. .iEmilium con- sulem exercitumque caesum ; sese Canusii esse, reliquias tantse cladis velut ex naufragio coUigentem. Ad decem millia militum ferme esse inconpositorum inordinato- rumque. 3. Pcenum sedere ad Cannas, in captivorum pretiis praedaque alia, nee victoris animo nee mag-no ducis more, nundinantem. 4. Tum privatse quoque per domos clades vulgatse sunt, adeoque totam urbem opplevit luctus, ut sacrum anniversarium Cereris inter- missum sit, quia ne "! lugentibus id facere est fas, neo LIBER XXII. CAP. LVII. 67 ulla in ilia tempestate matrona expers luctus fuerat. £. Itaque, ne ob eandem causam alia quoque sacra publica aut privata desererentur, senatus consulto diebus triginta luctus est finitus. 6. Ceterum quum, sedato urbis tumultu, revocati in curiam patres essent, alise insuper ex Sicilia Hterse adlatse sunt ab T. Otacilio proprsetore ; EegmunHieronis classe Punicavastari; 7. cui quum opem inploranti ferre vellet, nuntiatum sibi esse aliam classem ad .iEgates insulas stare paratam instructamque, 8. ut, ubi se versum ad tuendam Syracusanam oram Pceni sensissent, Lilybsemn extemplo provinciamque aliam Romanam adgrederentur : itaque classe opus esse, si regem socium Siciliamque tueri vellent. CHAPTER LVII. M. Claudius, commanding the fleet at Ostia, ordered to proceed to Ca- nusium, and assume command of the forces. Varro summoned to Kome. Two Vestal Virgins violate their vow of chastity. One buried alive ; the other commits self-destruction. L. Cantilius, the paramour of one of them, scourged to death. Decemvirs inspect the Sibylline books. Q. Fabius Pictor sent to consult the Oracle at Delphi. Human victims. M. Claudius sets out for Cauusium, after sending one thousand five hundred men to defend the city. The Senate appoint M. Junius Dictator, and T. Sempronius Master of the Horse. Troops enlisted. Eight thousand slaves purchased and armed. — B.C. 216. 1. LiTEEis consulis prsetorisque lectis, censuerunt M. Claudiimi, qui classi ad Ostiam stanti praeesset, Canusium ad exercitum mittendum, scribendumque consuli, ut, quum prsetori exercitum tradidisset, primo quoque tempore, quantum per commodum rei publicae fieri posset Romam veniret. 2. Territi etiam super tantas clades quum ceteris prodigiis, tum quod duee Vestales eo anno, Opimia atque Floronia, stupri com- pertse, et altera sub terra, uti mos est, ad portam CoUinam necata fuerat, altera sibimet ipsa mortem consciverat. 3. L. Cantilius, scriba pontificis, quos nunc minores pontifices adpellant, qui cum Floronia stuprum fecerat, a pontifice maximo eo usque virgis in comitio caesus erat, ut inter verbera esspiraret, 4. Hoc 68 TITI LIVII HISTOEIAHUM nefas quum inter tot, ut fit, clades in prodigiiuu versum esset, 5. decemviri libros adire jussi simt, et Q. Fabius Pictor Delphos ad oraculiun missus est sciscitatum, qnibus precibus suppliciisque deos possent placare, et qusenam futura finis tantis cladibus foret. 6. Interim ex fatalibus libris sacrificia aliquot extraordinaria facta ; inter quse Gallus et Galla, Grrsecus et Grraaca, in foro boario sub terra vivi demissi sunt in locum saxo con- sseptum, jam ant6 hostiis humanis, minimi Eomano sacro, imbutum. 7. Placatis satis, ut rebantur, deis, M. Claudius Marcellus ab Ostia mille et quingentos milites, quos in classem scriptos habebat, Eomam, ut lubi prsesidio essent, mittit ; 8. ipse, legione classica — ea legio tertia erat — cum tribunis militum Teanran Sidicinum prae- missa, classe tradita P. Furio Pliilo collegse, paucos post dies Canusium magnis itineribus contendit. 9. Inde dictator ex auctoritate patrum dictus M. Junius, et Ti. Sempronius magister eqtutum, delecto edicto, juniores ab annis septemdecim et quosdam. prsetextatos scribunt. 10. Quatuor ex his legiones et mille equites effecti. Item ad socios Latinumque nomen ad milites ex formula accipiendos mittunt. Arma, tela, alia parari jubent, et Vetera spolia hostium detrabunt templis porticibusque. 11. Et aliam formam novi delectiis inopia liberorum capitum ac necessitas dedit : octo millia juvenum valid- orum ex servitiis, prius sciscitantes singulos, vellentne militare, empta public^ armaverunt. 12. Hie miles magis placuit, quum pretio minore redimere captivos copia fieret. CHAPTEE LVIII. Hannibal musters and separates his prisoners. Allows the Eoman Allies to depart. Addresses the Eomans and names the terms of their ransom. Ten men selected by the prisoners to proceed to Rome and to lay their case before the Senate. Take an oath that they will return. One of them, under some pretext, re-enters the camp, and before night rejoins his comrades. Carthalo, also, proceeds to Rome to conduct negotiations, should tlie Romans incline to peace. A lictor, sent by the Dictator, orders him to depart from the Roman territories before night. — B.C. 216. LIBER XXII. CAP. LIX. 69 1. Namque Hannibal, secundum tarn prosperam ad Oannas pugnam, victoris magis, quam bellum gerentis, inteutus curis, 2. quum, captivis productis segrega- tisque, socios, sicut ant^ ad Trebiam Trasimenumque lacum, benign^ adlocutus sine pretio dimisisset, Kom anos quoque vocatos — quod numquam alias antea — satis miti sermons adloquitur : Non internecivum sibi esse cimi Eomanis bellum ; de dignitate atque impeiio certare. 3. Et patres virtuti Eomanee cessisse, et se id adniti, ut suse in vicem simul felicitati et virtuti ced- atur. 4. Itaque redimendi se captivis copiam facere : pretium fore in capita equiti quingenos quadrigatos nimamos, trecenos pediti, servo centenos. 5. Quam- quam aliquantum adjiciebatur equitibus ad id pretium, quo pepigerant dedentes se, laeti tamen quamcumque conditionem paciscendi acceperunt. 6. Placuit suffragio ipsorum decern deligi, qui Eomam ad senatum irent, nee pignus aliud fidei, quam ut jurarent se redituros, acceptum. 7. Missus cum his Carthalo, nobilis Carthag- iniensis, qui, si forte ad pacem inclinaret animus, con- ditiones ferret. 8. Quum egressi castris essent, unus ex iis, minimi Komani ingenii homo, veluti aliquid oblitus, juris jurandi solvendi causa quum in castra redisset, ante noctem comites adsequitur. 9. Ubi Eom- am venire eos nuntiatum est, Carthaloni obviam lictor missus, qui dictatoris verbis nuntiaret, ut ante noctem excederet finibus Eomanis. CHAPTEE LIX. The delegates of the prisoners brought before the Senate. M. Junius, one of their number, is their spokesman. — B.C. 216. 1. LEaATis captivorum senatus ab dictatore datus est. Quorum princeps M. Jimius, " Patres conscripti," inquit, " nemo nostrum ignorat nulli unquam civitati viliores fuisse captives, quam nostrse ; 2. ceterum, nisi nobis plus justo nostra placet causa, non alii unquam min&s negligendi vobis, quam nos, in hostium potes- 70 TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM tatem venemnt. 3. Non enim in acie per timorem arma tradidimus, sed, quiun prop6 ad noctem superstantes cumtdis cgesorum corporum proelium extraxissemus, in castra recepimus nos ; 4. diei reliquum ac noctem in- sequentem, fessi labore ac vulneribus, vallum sumus tutati ; 5. postero die, quum circmnsessi ab exercitu victore aqua arceremur, nee ulla jam per confertos hostes erumpendi spes esset, nee esse nefas duceremus quinquaginta millibus hominum ex acie nostra trucid- atis aliquem ex Cannensi pugna Komanum militem restare : 6. tum demiun pacti sumus pretium, quo redempti dimitteremur ; arma, in quibus nihil jam auxilii erat, hosti tradidimus. 7. Majores quoque acceperamus se a Grallis auro redemisse, et patres vestros, asperrimos illos ad conditiones pacis, legatos tamen captivorum redimendorum gratia Tarentiun misisse. 8. Atqui et ad AUiam cum Gallis, et ad Heracleam cum Pyrrho, utraque non tam clade infamis, quam pavore et fuga, pugna fuit. Cannenses campos acervi Eomanorum corporum tegunt, nee supersumus pugnse, nisi in quibus trucidandis et ferrum et vires hostem defecerunt. P. Sunt etiam de nostris quidam, qui ne in acie quidem refugerunt ; sed prsesidio castris relicti, quum castra traderentur, in potestatem hostium venerunt. 10. Hand equidem uUius civiset commilit- onis fortunse aut conditioni invideo, nee premendo alium me extulisse velim : ne illi quidem — ^nisi per- nicitatis pedum et cursiis aliquod preemium est — qui plerique . inermes ex acie fugientes non prius, quam Venusise aut Canusii, constiterunt, se nobis merito prse- tulerint, gloriatique sint in se plus, quam in nobismet, prsesidii rei publicse esse. 11. Sed et illis bonis ac fortibus militibus utemini ; et nobis etiam promptiori- bus pro patria, quod beneficio vestro redempti atque in patriam restituti fuerimus. 12. Delectum ex omni aetate et fortuna habetis ; octo millia servorum audio armari. N"on minor numerus noster est, nee majore pretio redimi possumus, quam ii emuntm-. Nam si eonferam nos cum illis, injuriam nomini Eomano LIBER XXII. CAP. LX. 71 faciam. 13. lUud etiam in tali consilio animadvert- endum vobis censeam, patres conscripti — si jam duriores esse velitis, quod nullo nostra merito faciatis — cui nos hosti relictmi sitis. 14. Pyrrho videlicet, qui nos hospitum numero captivos habuit, an barbaro ac Poeno ? qui utrum avarior, an crudelior, sit, vix existimari potest. 15. Si videatis catenas, squalor em, deformitatem civium vestrorum, non mintis profectb vos ea species moveat, quam si ex altera parte cernatis stratas Cannensibus campis legiones vestras. 16. In- tueri potestis soUicitudinem et lacrimas in vestibulo curiae stantium cognatorum nostrorum exspectantium- que responsum vestrum. Quura ii pro nobis proque iis, qui absunt, ita stispensi ac soUiciti sint, quem censetis animum ipsorum esse, quorum in discrimine vita libertasque est? 17. Sed si, me dius fidius, ipse in nos mitis Hannibal contra naturam suam esse velit, nihil tamen nobis vita optis esse censeamus, qumn indigni, ut redimeremur a vobis, visi simus. 18, Rediere Romam quondam remissi a Pyrrho sine pretio capti; sed rediere cum legatis, primoribus civitatis, ad redimendos sese missis. Eedeam ego in patriam trecentis nummis non sestimatus civis? 19. Suum quisque habet animum, patres conscripti. Scio in discrimine esse vitam corpusque meum; magis me famse periculum movet, ne a vobis damnati ac repulsi abeamus : neque enim vos pretio pepercisse homines credent." CHAPTER LX. The multitude, with outcries and tears, entreat the Senate to ransom the captives. Speech of T. Manlius Torquatus. — B.C. 216. 1. Ubi is finem fecit, extemplo ab ea turba, qusa in comitio erat, clamor flebilis est sublatus, maniisque ad curiam tendebant orantes, ut sibi Uberos, fratres, oog-natos, redderent. 2. Feminas quoque metus ac necessitas in foro turbse virorum immiscuerat. Senatus, Bubmotis arbitris, consuli cceptus. 3. Ibi quum sen- r2 TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM tentiis variaretur, et alii redimendos de publico, alii millam public^ inpensam faciendam, nee prohibendos ex privato redimi ; 4. si quibus argentum in prsesentia deesset, dandam ex serario pecuniam mutuam, prsedi- busque ac prsediis cavendum populo, censerent;.5. turn T. Manlius Torquatus, priscse ac nimis durse, ut pleris- que videatur severitatis, interrogatus sententiam ita loquutus fertur. 6. " Si tantummodo postulassent legati pro iis, qui in hostium potestate sunt, ut redim- erentur, sine ullius insectatione eorum brevi senten- tiam peregissem : 7. quid enim aliud quam admonendi essetis, ut morem traditum a patribus necessario ad rem militarem exemplo servaretis. Nunc autem, quum prope gloriati sint, quod se hostibus dediderint, prae- ferrique non captis modo in acie ab hostibus, sed etiam iis, qui Venusiam Canusiumque pervenerunt, atque ipsi C. Terentio consuli, sequum censuerint, nihil vos eorum, patres conscripti, quae illic acta sunt, ignorare patiar. 8. Atque utinam hsec, quae apud vos acturus sum, Canusii apud ipsum exercitum ageism, optimum testem ignavias cujusque et virtutis ; aut imus hie saltem adesset P. Sempronius, quem si isti ducem sequuti essent, milites hodie in castris Eomanis, non captivi in hostium potestate essent. 9. Sed quum, fessis pugnando hostibus, turn victoria laetis, et ipsis pleris- que regressis in castra sua, noctem ad erumpendum liberam habuissent, et septem millia armatorum homin- um perrumpere etiam confertos hostes possent, neque per se ipsi id facere conati sunt neque alium sequi voluenmt. 10. Nocte prope tota P. Sempronius Tudit- anus non destitit monere, adhortari eos, dimi paucitas hostium circa castra, dum quies ac silentium, esset, dum nox inceptum tegere posset, se ducem sequeren- tur : ante lucem pervenire in tuta loca, in sociorum urbes posse. 11. Sicut avorum memoria P. Decius tribunus militum in Samnio ; sicut, nobis adolescenti- bus, priore Punico bello Calpurnius Flamma trecentis voluntariis, quum ad tumulum eos capiendum situm inter medios duceret hostes, dixit : Moriamu'^, milites, LIBER XXII. CAP. LX. 73 et morte nostra enpiamus ex obsidione circumventas legiones. 12. Si hoc P. Sempronius diceret, nee viros eqiiidem nee Eomanos vos ducerem, si nemo tantse virtutis exstitisset comes. 13. Viam non ad gloriam magis, quam ad salutem, ferentem demonstrat ; re- duces in patriam, ad parentes, ad conjiiges ac liberos, facit. 14. Ut servemini, deest vobis animus ? quid, si moriendum pro patria esset, faceretis ? quinquaginta millia civium sociorumque circa vos eo ipso die csesa jacent. Si tot exempla virtutis non movent, nihil unquam movebit; si tanta clades vilem vitam non fecit, nulla faciet. 15. Et liberi atque incolumes desiderate patriam, immo desiderate, dum patria est, dum cives ejus estis. Sero nunc desideratis, deminuti capite, abalienati jure civium, servi Carthaginiensium facti. 16. Pretio redituri estis eo, unde ignavia ac nequitia abistis ? P. Sempronium, civem vestrum, non audistis arma capere ac sequi se jubentem? Hannibalem post paulo audistis castra prodi, et arma tradi jubentem. 17. Quam ego ignaviam istorum accuso, qutmi scelus possim accusare. Non modo enim sequi recusarunt ben^ monentem, sed obsistere ae retinere conati sunt, ni strictis gladiis viri fortissimi inertes submovissent. 18. Priiis, inquam, P. Sempronio per civiiun agmen, quam per hostiimi, fuit erumpendum. Hos cives patria desideret ? Quoriun si ceteri similes fuissent, neminem hodie ex iis, qui ad Cannas pugnaverunt, civem haberet. 19. Ex millibus septem armatorum sexcenti exstiterunt, qui erumpere auderent, qui in patriam liberi atque armati redirent, neque iis quadraginta millia hostiimi obstitere. 20. Quam tutum iter duarum prope legionum agmini futurum censetis fuisse ? haberetis hodie viginti millia armatorum Canusii fortia, fidelia, patres con seripti. Nunc autem quern ad modimi hi boni fidelesque — nam fortes ne ipsi quidem dixerint — cives esse possimt ? 21. Nisi quis credere potest fuisse, ut erump- entibus, quin erumperent, obsistere conati sunt ; aut non invidere eos quum incolumitati turn glorife illorum per virtutem partae, quum sibi timorem ignaviamque E 74 TITI LIYII HISTOEIARTIM servitutis ignominiosEe causam esse sciant. 22. Mal- uerunt in tentoriis latentes simul lucem atqtie hostem exspectare, quum silentio noctis erumpendi occasio esset. At enim ad erumpendum e castris defuit animus, ad tutanda fortiter castra animum habuerunt. 23. Dies noctesque aliqiiot obsessi vallum armis, se ipsi tutati vallo sunt ; tandem ultima ausi passique, quum omnia subsidia vitse deessent, adfectisque fame viribus arma jam sustinere nequirent, necessitatibus magis humanis, quam armis, victi sunt. 24. Orto sole hostis ad vallum accessit ; ante secundam horam nullam fortimam certa- minis experti, tradideinuit arma ac se ipsos. 25. Hsec vobis istonun per bidiuun militia fuit. Quum in acie stare ac pugnare decuerat, tum in castra refugerunt ; quiun pro vallo pugnandum erat, castra tradiderunt, neque in acie neque in castris utiles. 26. Vos redimam ? quum erumpere castris oportet, cunctamini ac manetis ; quum manere, castra tutari armis, necesse est, et castra et arma et vos ipsos traditis hosti. 27. Ego non magis istos redimendos, patres conscripti, censeo, quam illos dedendos Hannibali, qui per medios hostes e castris eruperimt, ac per summam virtutem se patriae restit- uerimt." CHAPTEE LXr. The Senate determines not to ransom tlie captives. The delegate who had returned into Hannibal's camp under a false pretext, remains in Eome as if ho had fulfilled his oath. The Senate order him to be given up to Hannibal. Another account respecting the delegates. Defection of numerous allies. No mention, however, made of peace. On Varro's return to the city men of all ranks go out to meet him, and thanks are given him for not having despaired of the State.— B.C. 216. 1. PosTQUAM Manlius dixit, quamquam patrum quoque plerosque captivi cognatione attingebant, prae- ter exemplum civitatis minimi in captivos jam inde antiquitus indulgentis, 2. pecuniae quoque siunma homines movit, qua nee aerarium exhaurire — magna jam summa erogata in servos ad militiam emendos LIBER XXII. CAP. LXI. 75 armandosque — nee Hannibalem maxim^ hujusce rei, ut fama erat, egentem locupletari volebant. 3. Quum triste responsum, ' non redimi captives,' r.edditum esset, novusque super veterem luctustot jactura civium adjec- tus esset, quum magnis fletibus questibusque legates ad portam prosecuti sunt. 4. Unus ex iis domum abiit, quod fallaci reditu in castra jure jurando se exsolvisset. Quod ubi innotuit relatumque ad senatum est, omnes censuerunt conprehendendum et, custodibus public^ datis, deducendum ad Hannibalem esse. 5. Est et alia de captivis fama : decem primos venisse ; de eis quum dubitatum in senatu esset, ad- mi tterentur in urbem necne, ita admissos esse, ne tamen iis senatus daretur. 6. Morantibus deinde longius omniimi spe alios tres insuper legates venisse, L. Scribonium et C. Calpurniiun et L. Manlium; 7. turn demum ab cognato Scribonii, tribuno plebis, de redim- endis captivis relatum esse, nee censuisse redimendos Benatirai ; et novos legates tres ad Hannibalem revert- isse, 8. decem veteres remansisse, quod per causam recegnoscendi nemina captiverimi ad Hannibalem ex itinereregressi religionesese exselvissent; deiisdedendis magna cententione actum in senatu esse, victesque paucis sententiis, qui dedendes censuerint. 9. Ceterum proximis censeribus adeo omnibus notis ignominiisque confectos esse, ut quidam eomm mortem sibi ipsi extemplo con- sciverint, ceteri non foro solUm omni deinde vita, sed prope luce ac publico, caruerint. 10. Mirari magis adeo discrepare inter auctores, quam, quid veri sit, discernere queas. 11. Quanto autem major ea clades superioribus cladibus fuerit, vel ea res indicio est, quod qui sociorum ad earn diem iirmi steterant, tum labare coeperunt nulla, profecto alia de re, quam quod desperaverant de im- perio. 12. Defecere autem ad Poenos hi populi : Atellani,. Calatini, Hirpini, Apulorum pars, Samnites prseter Pen- tros, Bruttii omnes, Lucani; 13. prseter bos Sujrentini et Grsecorum omnis ferme ora, Tarentini, Metapontini, Crotonienses Locrique, et Cisalpini omnes Galli. 14. Nee E 2 76 TITI LIVII HISTORIARUM LIBER XXII. tamen ese clades defectionesque sociorum moverunt, ut pacis mnquam mentio apud Eomanos fieret, neque ante consulis Eomam adventum, nee postquam is rediit renovavitque memoriam acceptee cladis. 15. Quo in tempore ipso adeb magno animo civitas fuit, ut consuli ex tanta clade, cujus ipse causa maxima fuisset,redeunti et obviam itum frequenter ab omnibus ordinibus sit, et gratiae actse, quod de re publica non desperasset ; 1 6. cui, si Carthaginiensium ductor fuisset, nihil recusandum supplicii foret. NOTES. K.B, — ^Eeferoncos to "Putlie School Latin Primer" are inclosed within trackets [ ]. Ch. = Chapter, § = Paragraph. Chafteh I. — Appetebat. " Was approaching,'' or " at hand." — qvum Hannibal movit ex hibernis. " AVhen Hannibal moved from," or " quitted, his winter quarters." Quum is joined to the indicative when it connects an event or statement with a time and circumstances previously mentioned. In the present power of moveo, the personal pron. in reflexive force is mora commonly found after it. From Bk. 21, ch. 59, we learn that Hanni- bal passed the winter in Liguria. — transcendere Apennmmm. " To cross the Apennine (range)." A description of the failure of Hannibal's attempt to cross this range is given in the place above-mentioned. — iatolerandis frigoribus, " Through," or " in consequence of, the insup- portable cold." Abl. of cause [§ 111], — cum ingmti periculo moratus ae metu. " Having stayed" {i.e. in his winter camp) " with much peril and fear." In such a construction as the present, cum and its dependent case, or cases, indicate something as added to the notion involved in the pre- ceding verb or .participle. The expression before us intimates not merely that Hannibal had stayed in his winter quarters owing to the severity of the cold, which rendered a passage of the mountains impossible, but further, that his stay was attended with vast peril and accompanied with fear. "What follows affords an explanation. Hannibal's peril arose from the endeavours of the Gauls to assassinate him, and these endeavours caused him to go in fear of his life. — postguam viderunt. In historical narrative, nbi, postqiiam, at, simul ao, and othet adverbs signifying " when, as soon as," are joined at times to the pert ind., where a pluperf. would have been expected. Such a perf., however, is to be translated as a pluperf. Eender, therefore, " When they had seen." — pro eo,ut . . . . offerentgtie. " Instead of themselves plunder- ing and driving off pillage from the territory of anotherj" or " of others.'' Literally, " Instead of this (viz.), that they themselves should plunder, etc. Eaperent refers to_ things ; agerent to men and animals. — sedem. The Complement of csss f§ 94J. — hibernis. " By the winter-camp.'' Win- ter-camps, as the nnme implies, were used for the quartering of troops in B inter. They were strongly fortified, and furnished with workshops, stores, an infirmary, and such other accommodation as would be obtain- 78 NOTES TO LIVT, CAP. I. able, in part at least, in a city. The first on record is one constructed at the siege of Veii, mentioned by Livj', Bk. 5, ch. 2, B.C. 402. The word there used is hibernacula. "Summer-camps" were termed cBStiva. — utriusque partis. " Of each side ; " i.e. of botli the Eomans and the Carthaginians. The Eomans had their vrinter quarters at Placentia (now Piacenza) and Cremona, in Cisalpine Gaul : Livy Bk. 21, ch. 66. The Carthaginians were in the territory of the Ligurian Gauls. See note above on quum Hannibal movit, etc. — ipsortim inter sefraude. "By their own mutual deceit." Literally, " By the fraud of themselves among themselves." — eddem levitate. " By the same fickleness." Abl. of manner [§ 113]. — tegumenta capitis. "Coverings of the head:" i.e. perukes or wigs. Polybius mentions that Hannibal had several made for him, suitable for men of different times of life. — maiuritis. " Very early." Comparative in the force of a modified superlative. Consul. On the expulsion of Tarquin, the seventh and last king of Eome, B.C. 509, two magistrates were annually chosen and entrusted with the chief power of the state. All others, with the exception of the Tribunes of the Commons, were subject to them. They convened the Senate, assembled the people, and laid before them what they pleased, and executed their decrees. In the time of war they possessed the su- preme command. They levied soldiers, appointed the Military Tribunes in part (part being created by the people), the centurions, and other officers. The legal age for the attainment of the consulship was forty- three; but before it could be held it was requisite to have passed through the inferior offices of Qusestor, MiWe, and Prsetor. If one of the Consuls died during oflBce another was appointed (mffectus or sub- rogatus est) in his place. Within the city twelve Lictors went before each of them, alternately, for a month. A public servant, styled Accen- sus, preceded the other, and the lictors followed him. Great respect was paid to them. People went out of their way, uncovered their heads, dismounted from horseback, or rose up as they passed. With the ex- ception of the regal crown, their insignia of office were the same as those of the kings — viz. a Toga Frmtexta, a white robe fringed with purple ; a Cwrule Chair ; a Scipio Eburneus, i.e. an ivory sceptre or staff; and twelve Lictors bearing the Fasces. — Somes. "At Eome." [§ 121, B, a]. — Idibus Martiis. "On the Ides of March," i.e. the 15th of March. Abl. of time "when" [§ \iO'\.^-qmim de republicd retidisset. " When he had made a motion respecting the commonwealth." The phrase refcrre de (aligtid re) either with or without ad senatum is a polit- ical term signifying " to make a motion in the senate," or " to consult the senate about" some matter. For qmom with pluperf. subj. see [§ 163, (i)J. — in C. Flaminimn : see Vocabulary. — duos se consules credsse. From the present point to posse at end of § 7 the construction is in ob- lique narrative. Hence the employment of the ace. and inf. instead of nom. and a finite verb. — quod. Interrogative pron. — j'ustum imperium. According to law, military command (imperium) could be conferred only by the people. Hence the term implies " command as settled by law." The civil power of a magistrate was that of administering justice, and was teTmed potestas. — auspicium. In the performance of civil duties the right of taking auspices was possessed by all magistrates ; but in a campaign by the commander-in-chief alone. — magistrates. Subject of ferre. — a dome, etc. On the day that the new consuls entered upon office, NOTES TO LIVT, CAP. I. 79 tho Senate and people waited on them at their houses, and conduetiil them with great pomp to the Capitol. There they offered tows {vota nuncv/pabant), sacrificed each of them an ox to Jupiter, and consulted the Senate about the Latin Holidays and other religious matters. To these throe points reference is here made. — -puhlicis privatis^tie Penatibus, The Penates were guardian deities. The public Penates at Eome were those which .ffineas brought with him from Troy. They were worshipped in the Capitol, and were supposed to have the city and temples under their especial protection. Private Penates were those which were worshipped in each household, of which they were regarded as the tutelary gods. — Latinis feriis actis. " When the Latin holidays had been kept." This festival was observed with great solemnity on the Alban Mount, before the temple of Jupiter Latiaris, to whom an ox was sacrificed. Till it was over it was the custom that the Consuls should not set out for their pro- vinces. If in any respect it was not rightly observed, if any part of the ceremonial was omitted, it was held a second time. Originally it lasted but one day (27th April), but afterwards for several days. — sacrificio in monte perfecto. " After the sacrifice on the Mount had been performed." The sacrifice may here mean either that which was offered on the Alban Mount, etc. (see note above), or that which the Consuls offered to Jupiter on taking ofiSce on the Capitoline Hill : see note above on a domo. — Votis rite, etc. " After their vows had been duly offered in the Capitol:" see note above on a domo. — -privatum. The Object of sequi. No private person, only a magistrate duly elected, could take the auspices. — neo sine aiispiciis prqfectum, etc. "And that he ( = that magistrate) who had set out without the auspices was imable," etc. When the right of taking the auspices had been duly obtained at Eome, the further right of taking them abroad appertained to a magistrate ; otherwise not. — mintii visum. Supply esse. " Seemed to be diininished," i.e. to be partially f clipsed. — Presneste, Arpis. Ablatives of place [§ 121, 'Sl.-r-visas, ortas. In each instance supply esse. — Aniii. Gen. of place [§ 121, B, a]. Some editions give in Antiati. Aitenuatas. Supply esse. — imam. Supply sortem. — dictu. Supine in « dependent on minoHbiis [§ 141, 6]. — -factas. Supply esse. — iecrettim. Supply est. The subject of this impersonal verb is what follows from lit to prtsfarentur [§ 157 ; Notes to Syntax, p. 149, b, (3)]. — supplicatio. "A supplication ; " i.e. a season set apart for prayer to the gods. This sometimes partook of the nature of a national thanksgiving for some great success in war, etc., sometimes, as in the present instance, of a na- tional humiliation at a time of great danger or distress. In this latter case the women prostrated themselves on the ground, and swept the temples with their hair. — ptdvinaria. " The couches (or seats) of the Gods." A pulvinar was a couch covered with cushions and overspread with a rich cloth, on which the Eomaus were accustomed to place the statues of their gods on the occasion of a lectisiernium. See note on loctistemiiim below. — oordi esse divis. " To be pleasing to the gods." — prafarentw. "They foretold" (or declared). Supply as subject, ii = Jyibn.—pondo quinguaginta. Gen. of quality [§ 128]. — Lanuvii. Gen. of name of place [§ 121 B, a\. — decretum est ... . fieret. " It was de- creed that .... should be made." Decretum est is an impersonal pass. verb, and its subject is the subj. clause Jovi . . . . fieret. — Junoni . . . Aarentur. This clause is the subject of decretum est to be supplied. 80 NOTES TO LIVY, CAP. 11. Vecretum est is also to be supplied wjtli each of the clauses rospectivelj introduced by et Jimoni, matron^que, and qum et. — Lanuvii. "At Lanuvium.'' Gen. of place [§ 121, B, a]. — sacrificaretur. Impers. verb. Its subject is involved in itself — viz. scwrificium [§ 167]. — pecunia collaid. Abl. Abs. [§ 126]. — quantum conferre adque commodam est. " As much as it was convenient to each to contribute." Literally, " As much as to contribute was convenient to each." Here conferre is a sub- Btantival inf. of nom. case, and forms the subject of esset [§ 140] ; cuique is the dat. dependent on commodum [§ 106, (3)] ; and commodum is the nom. sing. neut. in concord with the substantival inf. ferre (which is re- garded as a noun neut.) and is predicated of it [§ 93, (2)]. — lectistcrnium. Literally, " a couch-spreading." Lectisternium was the name given to a solemn religious ceremony at which couches were spread for the gods, as if they were about to feast. Their statues were then taken down from the pedestals on which they stood, and placed on the couches beside altars loaded with the richest Aish&s.— pro facultatibus suis. "In pro- portion to their means." — hcso tibi facta. " When these things had been done." Supply sunt. See also note above on postquam viderunt. — sacri- ficdrunt. Verb neut. — Decemhri mense. Abl. of time " Tvhen " [§ 120]. — Eomcs. Gen. of place [§ 121, B, a], — immolatum est. "A sacrifice was offered." Literally, " meal was sprinkled on" a victim. The subject of immolatum est, which is an impers. verb, is here contained in its literal meaning, the expression being equivalent to mola sparsa est in {caput mctima). — imperaium. Supply est. Its subject is lectisternium. — Saturn- alia. This was a festival annually celebrated on 17th December in honour of Saturn. It was a season of mirth and feasting, at which friends sent presents to each other, and masters treated their slaves as their equals. Augustus extended it to three days, and Caligula to five.— diem ac noctem. Aco. of duration of time [§ 102]. — habere is here fol- . lowed by a double ace. — viz. diem, the ace. of nearer object, and festum, .which points out the natiu-e of that object.— yassjw. Supply est, Chaptek II. — Flacandis, liahendo. Gerundives [§ 143]. — delectu. Old Dat. form of delectus. — Flaminium. Subject of pervenisse [§ 94]. — Arretium. Ace. of place "whither" [101]. — id. This pron.' refers to Hispaiios et Afros, but takes the gender of robur by attraction [§ 159]. — ire. The subject of this Inf. is Hispanos et Afros [§ 9i].—necubi. "Lest anywhere."— irf . . . medium. Here id refers to Gallos, but takes the gender of medium by attraction [§ 169]. — cogere agmen. " Should bring up the rear." Literally, "Should keep together the line {or train)." — Gallos. Ace. of nearer object after cohibentem [§§ 99, 142]. — victis tadio animis. "Their spirits having been subdued by the irksomeness." Victis animis is Abl. Abs. [§ 126] ; t, a]. — Veios. Ace. ot name of place [§ 101], the idea of "motion" being involved in allatum est. — allatum est. "Word was brought." Impers. pass. verb. — ceddit. Perf. ind. of cedo, — stib jugum. " Under the yoke." The yoke here intended was formed by fastening a spear to the top of two other spears set upright in the ground. Under this a vanquished force was made to pass in token of subjection. Samniti. Dat. dependent on imposuit [§ 106, a'l.—est. The Subject of this verbis th^ following clause [§ 156,(3)]. — capias, descendas. Before each of these verbs supply ut [§ 154]. — vir. In apposition to tu, to be supplied as Subject of congrediaris. — Minucio. Dative dependent on drcumfundebantur. See note on drcumfundebantwr- que obviis, etc., ch. 7 § H. — suffragii. Gen. dependent on essct [§ 127]. —pralaturos. Supply esse. Also supply eos ( = milites) as its Subject. Chapter XV. — Infamem. The complement of esse [§ 94, (2)]. — (Estatis. Gen. dependent on reliquum. — ut. " So that." — sumTnopere is to be joined to and qualifies pefiti. — copis. Gen. dependent on erat [§ 127]. — Belata. Supply sunt. — rediturum. Supply esse. — qu-ij/ potestatis is gen. of " the pos- sessor," after the same verb [§ 127]. Ejus {gen. masc. of demonstr. pron. is) is dependent on potestatis, and is here used instead of sur-int. A periphra- sis for reliquerint. For the use of subj. in the present and following verbs see [§ 149]. — magislratuum. Gen. of "thing measured," dependent on parum [§ 131]. — nuniios dcducendos ctirent. The verb cwro when followed by Ace. accompanied by a Gerundive means " to cause some- thing to be done ; to tak'j care th.it something be done." — quisqne. In NOTES TO LIVY, CAP. LVI. LVII. 129 apposition to illi to be supplied as the Subject of exspectent, — qui pro- hibeant. See note above on qjii referant. Chapter LVI. — Qmim in haiio sententiam pediius omnes issent. " When all had agreed to {or voted for) this opinion." A decree of the Senate was made " by a separation " {per discessionem) of its members to different sides of the house. The presiding magistrate used the fol- lowing formula : Qui hoc censeiis, ilhui transite ; qui alia omnia, in hanc partem: i.e. "those of you who are of this opinion pass over to that side ; those of you who think differently {literally, all other things), to this." Hence the expression ire pedibus in sententiam {" to go with the feet into an opinion") came to signify "to vote for, or adopt, the opin- ion " of a senator who had spoken on some subject brought under the consideration of the house. — L. MmUium. From this point to nmnditi- (mtem the construction is in Oratio OLliqua. — casum. Supply esse. This inf. has a composite Subject ; viz. Mmilium and exereitum ; but its in- flected part. (viz. the perf. pass, participle) takes the sing, on account of- exercitvim, nearest to which it stands, and to which greater prominence is intended to be given. — sese=Terefiititi,m;i.e. Varroncm. — Canmsii. Gen., of place "where" [§ l'i\,B,d\. — ad decern millia militmn. "About ten thousand soldiers." Millia (Ace.) is the Subject of esse, which is here both copula and complement. For ad with numeral words see note on ad mUle hominum, ch. 31 § 5. — jvuiidinantem. '■ Chaffering." — luctus. Gen. dependent on expcrs [§ 119, 1]. — regnwm Hieronis, From this point to the end of the present chapter tlie construction is in Oratio- Obliqua. — nuntiatum. esse. The Subject of this inf. is the clause aliam . . . aggrederenttir [§ 156, (3)]. — stare. " "Was lying at anchor." — se ■ =sOtacUium, — verswm. Supply esse. — classe opus esse. "A fleet was- needed." Literally, " there was need of a fleet." C/asse is the Abl. de- pendent on opus [§ 119, a]. Chapteb LVII. — <^assi. Dat. dependent; on prtsesset [§ 107, b]. — Canusium. Aec. of place " whither" [§ 101]. — miitendum. Supply esse. Its Subject is Clavdium. — seribendumque. " And that a letter must be sent." Literally, " and that it must be written." Scribendum (supply esse) is used as an impers. pass, verb, and has the notion of "necessity" involved in it [§ 144]. — consiUi. Dat. of nearer Object after sm6eBe?«m [§ 106, (2)]. — prima quoque tempore. "At the very first opportunity." Abl. of time "when" [§ 120]. Observe the force of primus quisque,. viz. " the very first." — Eomam. Ace. of place " whither" [§ 101]. — tcrr- iti. Supply sunt. — quum , turn. See note on these words, ch. 30 § 3. — stupri. Gen. dependent on comperte [§§142; 133]. — dtus Vestales. "Two Vestal Virgins : " i.e. two virgins, priestesses of Vesta. Vesta was one of the principal Roman deities, and in her temple were preserved, as it was said, the Penates and the sacred fire which .Mneas had brought from Troy. No statue was in the temple, but the sacred fire was kept burning, night and day, on an altar within it. The goddess herself was regarded as pure and chaste; and her priestesses, the Vestal Virgins — who were originally four, but afterwards six, in number, and who were taken from the noblest families of Rome — were bound by a vow of chastity. If any one of them violated this vow, she was buried alive in the Cavipin Sceleratus, and her uaramour was scourged tp death in the forum. — ut J So NOTES TO tlVT, CAP. LVII. BIOS est. " As the custom is." See preceding note. — sibimet ipsa mortem consciverat. "Had committed suicide." Literally, "herself had ad- nidged death to her own self." Observe the strengthening force jmparted to the personal pron. hy the suffix met. Scriba pontijicis, quos nu7ie minores fontifices appellant. "A scriba (or secretary) of a pontiff, -whom they now call the lesser pontiffs." Observe the present construction. Sometimes a pron. refers rather to the sense, than to the grammatical form, of that which precedes. In the present instance a pron. plur. (quos) refers to a subst. in the sing. (scriba), the idea being transferred to a number of individual objects ; so that gtios = quos scribas. Translate : " the secretary of a pontiff, whom ( = which scribes) they now call the lesser pontiffs." The pontifices •were instituted by Numa, and were originally four in number, taken from the patricians. In the year B.C. 299 four plebeians were added to them. Sylla increased their number to fifteen. In the time of Livy ■ (nunc) they were divided into Majorcs and Minores, " the Greater " and "the Lesser." With regard to the latter there is a wide diversity of ■ opinion. The most probable state of the case appears to be this ; viz. that at the time when the real pontiffs began to neglect their duties, and to leave the principal business of their ofBce to be transacted by their - secretaries, it became customary to designate these secretaries pontifices minores. The verb appellant is here followed by a double Ace. ; viz. an Ace. of nearer Object (qtios), and a second Ace. (pontijtces) defining it. Mmc implies the time at which Livy wrote. — eo tcsqiie . . , ut. "Even to such a degree . . . that." — libros. " The books :" i.e. the Sibylline books. See Sibt/llimis in Vocabulary. — Delphos. " To Delphi." Ace. of place "whither" [§ 101]. — sciscitatum. Supine in um dependent on missus est [§ 141, 5]. — -possent, foret. Subjunctives in indirect inter- rogation [§ li9].—fatalibiis libris. "The books of fate:" i.e. the Sibylline books which contained the fates or destinies of Rome. — in foro boario. "In the cattle market." This market adjoined the Circus - Maximus, and had in it a bronze statue of a bull.— /acin. Supply sunt. — demissi sunt. The Subjects of this verb are Gallms et Galla, Gracus ^it Grmca [§ 92, 2]. — sacro. Abl. in apposition to hostiis [§ 90]. Quos in classem scriptos habcbat. " Whom he had enrolled for the fleet." Observe the use of a double Ace. after habebat. When, as here, the second Ace. is a part. perf. pass., the construction is a circumlocution for the perf. ind. act. of the verb of such participle, attended by the concomitant notion of the nearer Object being, if a thing, completed or finished; or, if a person, in a certain state or condition. — ut urbi pmsidio ssset. " In order that it might defend the city." Literally, " might be for a defence to the city." Observe the use of the double Dat. after esset [§ 108]. Cammtim. Ace. of place " whither" [§ 101]. — ex auctoritate patrum. " By a decree of the fathers ; " i.e. of the Senate. See note on nee dictatorem, etc. ch. 8 § 6.—juniores ab annis septemdecim. "The young men above seventeen years of age." Literally, "after seventeen years." The term juvenis, also junior, denotes a person between seventeen and forty-five or forty-six years of age. At seven- teen a juvenis became liable to be called out on military service. — quosdam prmtextatos. " Some wearers of the (toga) prcetexta;" i.e. soma lads under seventeen years of age. The toga prcetesta was the " toga," or outer garment of the Eomans, of a white colour, fringed pr bordered NOTES TO LITY, CAP. LVIII. LIX. 131 with purple. It was -worn by the higher magistrates, by certain priests, and 1^ free-born children of both sexes. At the completion of their seventeenth year youths laid aside the toga pr=Scipio ; ch. 19 § 11 ; 20 § 12. Rufus, ij m, Rufzts; see Minucius. S^blni, 6rmn m. plnr. : 1. The >5to- Unes; an ancient Italian people, adjoin- ing the Latins; see QuiHtes.~2. The country of the SoMnes ; ch. 36 § 7. Sabinus, a, um. adj. Of, or belonging to, the Sabines; Sabine. SagriintTun, i, n. Sagunfum ; a town of the Edetani, or Bedetani, in Hispania Tarraconensis, on an eminence near the 148 VOCABULAKT. cmaU river rallnntius (now tlie Palrin- cia). The Second Punic War arose from the circumstance of its having been besieged by Hannibal while it wag in alliance with the Romans. This memor- able siege is commonly said to have lasted eight months, during the whole of which "time a determined resistance was made to the enemy. At length the inhabitants were reduced to the very extremity of famine ; and rather than fall into the hands of Hannibal, they collected all their valuables in one spot, and, setting fire to them, threw their wives, their children, and themselves into the flames, and perished. This occurred B.C. 218. Minucius refers to the siege at ch. 14 § 7. The site of Saguntum is now occnpied by MuT^edro^ which name is a corruption of MuH Vefpresy i.e. " The Old "Walls." 1. Samnis, Itis, adj. 0/, or belonging to, Samnium; Samnite. 2. Samnis, Itis, m. : 1, Sing. : A Samnite^ a man of Samnium. — 2. Plur. : TlieSamnites, or inhabitants of Samnium. Samnium, li, m. Samnium; a por- tion of Southern Italy, bounded by Apulia on the E. ; the territories of the Frentani, Peligni, and ^qul on the N. ; Latium and Campania on the W, ; and Lucania on the S. It contained the southern portion of Abruzzo Citeriore, a great part of Sannio, the eastern portion of Terra di Lavoro, and nearly the whole of Prin- cipato Ultra. Sardinia, aa, f. Sardinia; one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean Sea, Btill having the same nam'^. It lira south of Corsica, and is separated from it by a narrow strait, now called the Straits of Bonifa9io. Saturnalia, Inm and I5rum, n. plur. ITie festival of Saturn ; the Saturnalia : see note on Saturnalia, ch. 1 § 20. SatumuSf i, m. Saturn ; according to the myth an ancient king of Latium, Tfho, after death, was regarded especially as the god of agriculture. He was early considered identical with the G-reek Kpovo^, and thus the father of Jupiter. Sclplo, Snis, m, Scipio: 1, P. Cornel- ius Scipio, consul with Ti. Semproniua Longus, B.o. 218, obtained Spain as his province. On arriving at Massilia (now Marseilles), he foimd that Hannibal had crossed the Pyrenees, and was advancing towards the Rhone. As his men had suf- fered much from their voyage, he resolved to give them a few days' rrat, under the impression that he had sufficient time to prevent the passage of the Rhone by the Carthaginian forces. In this, however, he was mistaken ; and, despairing of over- taking the enemy, he sent the main body of the army into Spain, under the com- mand of his brother Cneius, as his lieu- tenant, and took a small body of troops back with Mm into Italy, with the vifw of adding them to the 25,000 troops t?ia* were in Cisalpine Gaul, under the com- mand of two praetors. On landing at Pisfe (now Pisa) he assumed the chief command, and advanced to meet Han- nibal, An engagement soon followed, in which Scipio was defeated and severely wounded. Hereupon he retreated, and took up his quarters at Placentia (now Piacenza), and awaited the arrival of his colleague Sempronius, whom he had sum- moned to his assistance from Sicily. Sem- pronius, on his arrival, found that Scipio had quitted Placentia, and encamped upon the banks of the Trebia (now the Trebbia). As Scipio's wound still pre- vented active service in the field, the whole command of the army now de- volved on Sempronius ; and he, wishing to secure glory to himself, resolved, in opposition to the advice of Scipio, to give battle to HaniJbal. The rrault was the disastrous defeat of the Romans, who were obhged to retire within the walls of Placentia. In the following year, Scipio's command being prolonged, he crossed into Spain with a fleet of twenty ships and an army of 8,000 infantry, and joined his brother Cneius ; see no. 2. — 2. Cn. Cor- nelius Scipio was brother of no. 1, and his lieutenant in Spain, as mentioned above. Upon arriving with the main body of the Roman army at Emporiaa or Emporium (now Ampunas), B.C. 218, his kind and affable manners, which con- trasted most strongly with the harshness of the Carthaginians, caused most of the chiefs on the sea-coast to join him. In the same year he defeated the Carthag- inians near Sceasis or Cissa (now, pro- bably, Guisona), and took its commander, Hanno, prisoner. This victory made him master of Northern Spain. In the following year, B.C. 217, he defeated the Carthaginian fleet at the mouth of the Iberus (now the Ebro), and this secured the command of the sea. In the course of the summer he was joined by Pubhus, and the two brothers marched upon Sa- guntum (now Murviedro), and gained possession of several Spamsh hostages whom Hannibal had placed there for safe custody. These they set at liberty, and thus won the support of the tribes to whom they severally belonged. It can only be added that P. and Cn. Scipio con- tinued in Spain till theu: death, B.C. 211, and gained a series of brilliant victories, which, however, do not appjear to have been attended with any important results. —3. P. Cornelius Scipio Aslna; see AsIna.^-4. P. ComeUus Scipio (with the a^omen of Africanus, on account of hifl victories in Africa — see end of article — and afterwards further called Major — •' the Elder" — to distinguish him from P. Scipio ^millanus Africanus Minor, who received the name of Africanus from hi« VOCABTJtABt. 149 SQCoesses in Africa — destroTing Oarthage, and bringing the Third Punic War to an end, B.C. 146 ; and who was also called Minor — "the Younger" — ^to distinguish him from A^canus Major) was the son of P. Cornelius Scipio, no. 1. At the battle of the Ticinns, B.C. 218, when he was only seventeen yeaxs of age, he is reported to have saved his father's hfe. In B.C. 216 he was a Military Tribune, and was one of the few offtcers who survived the bat- tle of Cannae. From B.C. 210 to B.C. 207 he was in Spain as proconsul, and wr^ted ahnost the whole of it out of the hands of the Carthaginians. By a unanimous vote of the people he was appointed con- sul for B.C. 205, though at that time he had not filled the offlce of prsetor, and was only thirty years of age. In this year he was sent to Sicily, with permis- sion to cross over into Africa if he thought his doing so would be advant- ageous to the State. Ab, however, he had many political enonies, the Senate was prevailed upon not to grant him an army, so that the above-mentioned permission was practically useless. Still, so great was lus reputation, that volunteers flocked to hiTn from all parts of Italy, and thus he was enabled to raise both a fleet and an army. In b.o. 204, when proconsul, he sailed from LilybEeum, and landed in Africa, near ITtica, where he was joined by Massinissa, king of the Massresyii, a Nnmidian people. By the aid of this ally he obtained some advantages over the enemy ; but, being unable to get pos- session of Utlca, he was compelled to establish his winter-quarteiB on an ad.- j dining headland, which he fortified. The Carthaginians meanwhile had col- lected a powerful army, which was placed under the command of Hasdrubal, son of G-isco, and which was further strength- ened by a force of Numidians under Syphax, their fchig. In the early part of B.C. 203 Hannibal and Syphax prepared for a general attack upon both the land and sea-forces of Scipio; but the latter having obtained information of their design, fell upon the two camps of his opponents by night. The enterprise was crowned with success. Both camps were taken, and almost the whole of the enemy was destroyed. Among those, however, that contrived to escape were naediuba] and Sjphaz. The former fled to Carriage and persnadud ito senate to raise another army, while Syphax retired to his dominions and there raised fresh troops. The new forces of the two were then united, but were defeated by Scipio. The Carthaginians were so alarmed at these reverses, that they recalled Hanni- bal from Italy. As soon as he arrived hostihties were renewed. On examining into the state of affairs, he was desirous of making peace ; but the terms which Scipio offered were so severe that Hanni- bal was compelled to continue the war. At length a decisive battle was fought on October 19, B.C. 202, at Naragra or Na- raggera, on the river Baragras, not far from the town of Zama. The terms now imposed were much more severe than before ; but as Hannibal pointed out the impossibihty of continuing the war, tha Carthaginians were compelled to submit to them. Negotiations were continued for some time, and the final treaty was not concluded till the following year, i.«. B.C. 201 SorihonXns, ti, m. Scribonius {Luc- ius) ; see Calpurnius. Semproulus, ti, m. Sempronius; a Boman name: 1, Sempronius Blsesua (no prsenomen is given) ; see Btesus. — 2. P. Sempronius Tuditaniis ; see Tuditanus ; at ch. 60 §5 16, 18, he Is called merely P. Sempronius. — 3. Ti. Sempronius Q-rac- chus appointed Master of the Horse to the Dictator M. Junius Pera, ch. 57 § 9 ; where he is merely called Ti. Scanpronius. — 1, Ti. Sempronius Longus, the col- league of P. Cornelius Scipio in the Con- sulship, B.C. 21fi ; see Scipio, no. 1, At ch, 12 § 5 he is simply called Sempronius, Serranns, i, m, Serranus (C Aiil' ius) ; a Boman noble, who was an im- successful candidate for the Consulship, B.C. 216 : ch, 35 § 2. ServUXSnoS) a, um, adj. 0/, or belonging to^ ServUita (Gemfnus) ; see Oem^us. Servillns, U, m. Serviliut; aBoman name : see Gteminua, SlbyUmns, a, urn, adj. Of, or he- longing to, the Sibyll; Sibylline: — ^Libri Sibyllini, The Sibylline Booka^ l.e. the Books of the Sibyll, who came to Tar- quinius Superbus, and offered to seU nine books of oracles. On his refusing to buy them, she went away, burned three of them, and then returned and asked the same price for the remaining six. Being ridiculed by the king, she burned three more, and then demanded the same price, again, for the three now alone remaining. Hereupon Taxquin consulted the augurs, and at their advice gave the sum required. The Sibyll having received it, delivered the tlu%e books, and after having desired that they might be carefuily kept, dis- appeared. These books were supposed to contain tiie fates of the Boman steto ; and hence in seasons of emezgenoy the keepera of them ( who varied in numbec at different times) were ordered by the Senate to In- spect them. They were kept in a stone chest, underground, in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus ; and when the Capi- tol was burnt in the wars of Marlus and Sulla, the Sibylline books pCTished in the conflagration, B.o. 83. In consequence of this loss, ambassadors were sent far and wide to collect the oracles of other Sibylla, ,w