(ok 
 
 \8Sa 
 
 CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
Cornell Unlvsratty Ubrary 
 F 62 N261890 
 
 Gazetteer of the state of Massachusetts 
 
 1111111 llVllllllllll 
 
 3 1924 028 814 114 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of this book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028814114 
 
GAZETTEER 
 
 STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Qtumttou0 3Wu0frafton0« 
 
 BV 
 
 THE REV. ELIAS NASON, M. A., 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE " LIFE OP SIR CHARLES HENRY PRANKLAND," THE " LIFE OF THE HON. HENRY 
 
 WILSON," ETC.; AND MEMBER OF THE NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY, 
 
 TUB AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, THE NEW-YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY, 
 
 AND OP OTHER LEARNED BODIES. 
 
 REVISED AND ENLARGED BY 
 
 GEORGE J. VARNEY, 
 
 AUTHOR OF '* A GAZETTEER OP MAINE," ETC., ETC 
 
 "Gnge petit planbam tub libettate quietem." 
 
 BOSTON: 
 PUBLISHED BY B. B. RUSSELL, 57 CORNHILL. 
 
 1890 
 
 A' 
 
 E.I, 
 
Copyright, iSS* 
 By B. B. Russhu. 
 
TO 
 
 THE CITIZENS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ffibi* ©oth U Hrrfpectfunp ©eftitatto 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The design of this work is to present in alphabetical order a clear 
 and concise topographical description, together with a brief histori- 
 cal and statistical notice, of the several counties, cities, towns, and 
 villages of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Since any at- 
 tempt of the kind was made the State has rapidly advanced, not 
 only as to its population, but also in respect to its industrial and 
 commercial enterprises, its literary, social, and religious institutions, 
 and its intercommunications by the railroad and electric telegraph. 
 New cities and towns have been organized ; new branches of in- 
 dustry introduced; new methods of utilizing waste material, and 
 new machines for lessening manual labor, adopted ; and thus new 
 sources of wealth and power disclosed. 
 
 Since the closing of the war, art, industry, education, aspiration, 
 have received fresh impulse ; and the Massachusetts of to-day is by 
 no means the Massachusetts of 1860. Advancement everywhere is 
 distinctly visible. Now, while we have many excellent town his- 
 tories and directories, and innumerable special reports of industrial, 
 educational, and civil interests, we have no work giving the topogra- 
 phical, geological, and general social, religious, literary, and business 
 aspect of the entire Commonwealth with its several sections as it 
 now presents itself; we have no compendium from which the 
 public may obtain a just conception of the progress which the 
 State of late has made, or of the attitude in which it is now stand- 
 ing. 
 
 To meet this want; to portray the varied local scenery, the 
 genius, the spirit, the industrial and intellectual activities, of the 
 people ; to form a guide-book of the State adapted to the family, 
 the student, the man of business, and the man of leisure, the editor 
 and the literary institution, — has been, both as it regards the plan 
 and the detail, the writer's constant aim. His material has been 
 abundant; his chief difficulty has been in the selection and the 
 condensation. 
 
THE FACE. 
 
 The notices of the Indian and other names of places, of the geo- 
 logical formations and peculiar minerals and plants, of eminent men 
 the towns have given to the world, of soldiers sent to the late war, 
 of memorials in honor of the lost, of town histories, libraries, and 
 lyceums, as well as the illustrations of the artist, will, it is believed, 
 be found to enhance in no small degree the value of this work. 
 The census given is that of 1870; and the dates of the incorpora- 
 tion of the towns are generally those of the late George W. Chase, 
 made under the direction of the Secretary of State, unless other- 
 wise designated. 
 
 The valuation, rate of taxation, number of dwelling-houses and 
 of legal voters, are from the official returns of 1872 ; and the edu- 
 cational statistics, from the Thirty-sixth Report of the Board of 
 Education, made in January, 1873. The writer most gratefully 
 acknowledges his obligations to nearly all the clerks of the cities 
 and towns of the State for the prompt and valuable services they 
 have rendered him by transmitting important information ; to John 
 Ward Dean, A.M., for assistance cordially and politely given ; to S. 
 N. Gifford, Esq., Clerk of the Senate, and to the Hon. Charles 
 Adams, jun., Treasurer of the Commonwealth, for friendly aid and 
 counsel. 
 
 Very essential help has been derived from the accurate and ex- 
 cellent "Dictionary of American Biography," by Mr. Francis S. 
 Drake; from the carefully-prepared Bibliography of the Local 
 History of Massachusetts," by Jeremiah Colburn, A.M. ; and from 
 an able " Essay on the Origin of the Names of the Towns in Mass- 
 achusetts," by William Henry Whitmore, A.M. 
 
 As the materials for this work have been drawn from many dif- 
 ferent and sometimes conflicting sources, as the topics are so numer- 
 ous and so varied, and as the social, industrial, educational, and re- 
 ligious condition of the cities, towns, and villages, is ever changing, 
 it is altogether impossible that some inaccuracies should not occur. 
 No one will regret them more sincerely than the writer ; and, when 
 made known to him, the earliest opportunity to correct them will be 
 embraced. 
 
 North Billekica, Mass. ELIAS NASON. 
 
EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 In this revision of the " Gazetteer of Massachusetts," it was not at 
 first intended to change the original form of the work, but simply to 
 bring it to greater completeness on Mr. Nason's plan, — by dropping 
 obsolete portions, and substituting therefor matter supplied by subse- 
 quent occurrences, later investigations, and the latest statistics, — 
 bringing every article up to date ; but on entering upon the work it 
 was found that in the passage of time the conditions in nearly every 
 town had so changed, sometimes by a reduction of population and 
 business, oftener by increase, and frequently by a change of indus- 
 tries, that the account of every one had of necessity to be rewritten ; 
 only rare paragraphs and occasional sentences having been adopted 
 intact, except in the part relating to the State at large. 
 
 A new feature in the book is the addition of a heading for every 
 village and post-office the name of which is not in part the same as 
 that of the containing town ; also, for the principal mountains, ponds, 
 rivers, capes and islands ; and still another is the grouping of the 
 counties by themselves between the first division, relating to the 
 State, and the towns. It will be evident that each of these several 
 additions and changes renders the book more useful and valuable. 
 
 The statistics of this edition are from the State census for 1885 
 (the last volume of which was issued in June of the present year), 
 or from later sources, as, in part, from the clerks of the towns and 
 cities. The topographical survey of the State, now in progress, has 
 opportunely furnished corrected figures for many elevations, areas 
 and distances. 
 
 The Reviser here renders his thanks for valuable aid to Messrs. 
 Wadlin and Pidgin, of the Bureau of Labor Statistics ; to Mr. Til- 
 linghast, of the State Library ; to Hon. Henry B. Peirce, Secretary 
 of the Commonwealth ; to Samuel W. Abbott, M.D., Secretary of 
 the State Board of Health ; to Mr. Henry B. Wood, Dr. J. F. Pratt, 
 and others of the State Department ; to Mr. Edward A. McLaugh- 
 lin, Clerk of the House of Representatives; to Hon. Samuel A. 
 Green, M.D., of the Massachusetts Historical Society; to John 
 Ward Dean, A.M., of the New England Historic Genealogical 
 Society; and to many others whose courtesy has facilitated the 
 work of this revision. 
 
 The Editor's thanks are also due to the city and town clerks, who 
 have so kindly contributed local facts and statistics for this work. 
 
 Boston, December 31, 1889. 
 
GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 THE STATE . 
 
 Name axd Boundaries 
 
 Bays, Harbors, Capes axd Islands 
 
 General Aspect of the State 
 
 Geology and Mineralogy 
 
 Mountains 
 
 Rivers, Lakes and Ponds 
 
 Climate .... 
 
 Soil and Productions . 
 Trees, Shrubs and Plants 
 Quadrupeds, Birds and Fishes 
 Civil Divisions and Population . 
 Manufactures and Commerce 
 Railroads and Telegraphs 
 Religion 
 
 Charitable and Reformatory Institutions 
 Government, Finances and Military Organ- 
 ization . . . . . . 
 
 Education, Literature and the Public Press . 
 
 The Aborigines 
 
 Civil History 
 
 THE COUNTIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH 
 
 THE CITIES, TOWNS, AND VILLAGES 
 
 Pagb 
 11 to 57 
 11 
 11 
 13 
 14 
 
 ir. 
 
 16 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 31 
 34 
 30 
 
 37 
 40 
 43 
 44 
 
 59 to 98 
 
 99 to 724 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 NAME AND BOUNDARIES. 
 
 The State of Massachusetts is distinguished for its local scenery, 
 its liberal institutions, and the enterprise and intelligence of its in- 
 habitants. Its name is supposed to be derived from two Indian 
 •words, — massa, "great," and wachusett, "mountain-place." The 
 Eev. John Cotton defines Massachusetts as " a hill in the form of an 
 arrow-head;" and Eoger Williams says, "The Massachusetts were 
 so called from the Blue Hills." In allusion to its broad and beau- 
 tiful bay, it is often called the Old Bay State. It lies on the 
 Atlantic Ocean, in the north-eastern section of the United States, 
 between the parallels of 41° 10' and 42° 53' north latitude, and be- 
 tween 69° 57' and 73° 30' west longitude. In form it is quite irreg- 
 ular, the south-eastern portion projecting far into the ocean, and in 
 part enclosing Cape-Cod Bay. Its length is about a hundred and 
 forty-five miles, and its breadth about ninety miles in the longitude 
 of Boston, and about forty-eight in that of Springfield. It is 
 bounded on the north by Vermont for the distance of forty miles to 
 the Conneticut River, and thence by New Hampshire about ninety 
 miles to . je sea-coast ; on the east, in a very circuitous line, by the 
 Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by the same, together with Rhode 
 Island and Connecticut ; and on the west by New York. A part of 
 the boundary-line between Massachusetts and Rhode Island was 
 settled in 1861 by an exchange of territory, in which the former 
 received a section of Tiverton over which Fall River was extending, 
 and the latter the whole of Pawtucket and about one-third of 
 Seekonk. The superficial area of the State is about 8,040 square 
 miles, or 5,145,600 acres, of which about 939,260 are cultivated. 
 
 BAYS, HARBORS, CAPES, AND ISLANDS. 
 
 The coast is indented by three large bays, which lend a peculiar 
 aspect to the littoral section of the State. Massachusetts Bay, 
 having a breadth of about forty miles, is formed by Cape Ann, a 
 rocky promontory on the north, and Cape Cod, a long incurvated 
 
12 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 strip of low, sandy land upon the south. Its broad and deep 
 waters wash, to a great extent, the eastern shore of the State. Of 
 the harbors in this buy, that of Boston is the best; it being deep, 
 fallacious, and well protected. Its other important harbors, com- 
 mencing at the north, are those of Gloucester, Salem, Marblehead, 
 Lynn, Plymouth, Barnstable, and Provincetown. Cape-Cod Bay is 
 included between the eastern point of Plymouth and Provincetown, 
 and forms the south-east part of Massachusetts Bay. Buzzard's 
 Bay, in the southern part of the State, extends thirty miles north- 
 easterly from the ocean, between the Elizabeth Islands and Barn- 
 stable County on the east, and Bristol and Plymouth Counties on 
 the west. Towards Cape-Cod Pay it contains the harbors of Xew 
 Bedford, Fairhaven, Wanham, and II<»he S ter. Between this bay 
 and Cape-Cud Pay, a distance of only live miles, it is proposed to 
 cut a ship canal. In addition to those enumerated, the State has 
 important harbors at Newburyport, Ipswich, Kockport, Harwich, 
 Falmouth, Pall Biver, Holmes's I loll, IMgartown, and Nantucket. 
 Cape Ann extends about fifteen miles easterly into the se a, and its 
 rocky headlands afford delightful maritime scenery. Cape-Cod — 
 sometimes called, from the character of its people, " the strong 
 right arm of the State" — projects from the mainland some forty 
 miles easterly, forming the southern side of Massachusetts Pay, and 
 then, tinning like an elbow at right angles, runs northerly about 
 thirty miles, and terminates, after making another sudden bend to 
 the westward, at Provincetown. It varies in width from five to 
 twenty miles, and resembles a man's arm turned inward, both at the 
 elbow and the wrist. The land upon the ocean-side appears in some 
 localities to be wearing away, the creeks and harbors to be changing 
 their places ; and an island of twenty acres off the eastern shore, 
 once covered with trees, now lies six fathoms below the surface of 
 the sea. Xahant, which lies nine miles north, and Xantasket on the 
 south, of Poston Harbor, are noted peninsulas, having handsome 
 beaches, to which many people resort in the summer season for boat- 
 ing, fishing, gaming, and sea-bathing. 
 
 Commencing at the north, we. find a narrow strip of sandy land, 
 called, from an edible fruit it bears, Plum Island. It extends from 
 tin: mouth of the Merrimack Kiver along the coast nine miles to 
 Ipswich Harbor. The sand is drifted into fantastic forms ; and the 
 eastern shores is subject to continual changes from the action of the 
 sea. A bridge connects the island with the mainland. 
 
 Thatcher's Island, on which there are two lighthouses, lies off 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 13 
 
 Cape Ann. Long Island, Deer Island, Castle, and other islands, 
 beautify and protect Boston Harbor. Clark's Island, celebrated as 
 the landing of the Pilgrims 1620, is a beautiful knoll in the southern 
 part of Duxbury Bay. Monomoy, like Plum Island, is a long strip 
 of low, sandy soil, extending southerly from the outer point of the 
 elbow of Cape Cod. Nantucket lies in the form of an irregular cres- 
 cent, some twelve miles south of Monomoy. It contains an area of 
 about fifty square miles. The land is level, sandy, and almost entirely 
 destitute of trees. The climate is very mild and healthful. South 
 of this island lies a long and dangerous reef of sand, called the Nan- 
 tucket Shoals, on which many vessels have been lost. Martha's 
 Vineyard, about twenty miles long and ten miles broad, extends west- 
 ward from the Island of Nantucket, and has a good soil and commo- 
 dious harbors at Holmes's Holl and Edgartown. The Indians called 
 the island Capawock. The Vineyard Sound separates Martha's Vine- 
 yard on the north-west from a chain of sixteen small islands, recently 
 incorporated as the town of Gosnold. They are called the Elizabeth 
 Islands, and will be described under the town to which they now 
 belong. Noman's Land is a little solitary island, lying about six 
 miles south-east of Gay-Head Light, containing two or three habita- 
 tions, mostly used by fishermen, and pilots looking out for vessels 
 bearing towards the coast. 
 
 GENERAL ASPECT OF THE 8TATE. 
 
 The surface of Massachusetts is greatly diversified : being, in the 
 eastern and south-eastern parts, undulating or level ; in the central 
 section hilly and broken ; and in the western, rugged and mountain- 
 ous. The scenery along the seaboard, especially at Newburyport, 
 Ipswich, Manchester, Nahant, Nantasket, Duxbury, Gay Head, and 
 Fall River, is exceedingly beautiful ; while from the highlands of 
 Haverhill, Andover, Hopkinton, Bolton, Princeton, Ashby, and other 
 elevated places east of the Connecticut River, the most varied and 
 extensive prospects are enjoyed. The valley of the Connecticut 
 abounds in picturesque views of alpine scenery, contrasting grandly 
 with the winding glades and luxuriant intervals through which the 
 majestic stream pursues its way. The view from the summit of 
 Mount Holyoke, embracing the beautiful towns of Amherst, Hadley t 
 and Northampton, the windings of the river, and the near and dis- 
 tant mountains, is one of the most charming in the country ; and the 
 romantic scenery of the Deerfield River, of the Housatonic River, 
 
14 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the broad panorama which the eye sweeps over from the summit of 
 the Hoosac Mountain, and the magnificent range of vision gained 
 from the top of Saddle Mountain, command the admiration of the 
 lovers of the grand and beautiful in nature, and render Massachu- 
 setts worthy of the study of the landscape-painter and the poet. 
 
 GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 
 
 A third of a century ago, it was the universal belief that the meta- 
 morphic rocks of the State were mostly of the primitive formation: 
 but more recent investigations in geology seem to establish the fact, 
 that granite, gneiss, schists, and other crystalline rocks have been 
 transformed by fire from the original clays, sandstones, and lime- 
 stones ; and, although belonging to the eozoic age, are not, therefore, 
 to be classified as primitive. According to Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, 
 the sienite and porphyry, gneiss, granite, and hornblende schists of 
 the eastern section of the State, the sienite flanking the sandstones 
 of the valley of the Connecticut River, and the gneiss of the Hoosac 
 range of mountains, should be referred to the period in which the 
 dawn of animal life appears, now called the eozoic. Such rocks, vary- 
 ing in form and inclination, constitute the geological structure, and 
 mark the scenic features, of a large portion of the State. The 
 Merrimack schists run along the valley of the Merrimack, Concord, 
 and French Rivers, from Salisbury to Webster. Sienite underlies large 
 sections of Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, and Plymouth Counties. A 
 strip of granite extends across.the State, from Duxbury to Pall River, 
 and calcareous or ferruginous gneiss is the basis of the central section 
 of the State. The alpine region also, from Munroe to Sandisfield, 
 rests upon the same formation. Vast sienite quarries of excellent 
 building-stone are found at Rockport, Westford, Quincy, and other 
 places ; and bog-iron ore appears in connection with gneissic rocks 
 in various localities. 
 
 To the pala30zoic rocks, or those which contain no form of plants 
 or animals now living, may be referred the slates, conglomerate and 
 carboniferous rocks, in the eastern part of the State ; certain meta- 
 morphic strata appearing at various intervals as far west as the 
 Hoosac Mountains, together with the rocks beyond that range. In 
 one kind of this rock at Braintieo there has been discovered a large 
 fossil trilobite, called the l'nradoxides Harlani, which Prof. Hitch- 
 cock thinks should be, regarded with veneration, as "one of the 
 oldest inhabitants of the State." The Levis and Potsdam limestones, 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 15 
 
 which occupy the valleys of the Hoosac and Housatonic Rivers, and 
 the " coal measures " of Norfolk, Bristol, and Plymouth counties, in 
 ■which ferns and fruits have been found, may be referred to the palae- 
 ozoic group. The beautiful white marble at Lanesborough, Lenox, 
 Lee, Stockbridge, and other towns in the Berkshire Valley, is repre- 
 sented in the buildings of almost every city in the Union. 
 
 To the mesozoic period belong the red and gray sandstone, the 
 shales and greenstone of the valley of the Connecticut River. In 
 these sandstones, at Turner's Falls and other places, have been dis- 
 covered the footprints or ichnites, of more than one hundred and fifty 
 species of birds and other animals of remarkable size, structure and 
 habits, which have long since ceased to exist, and of which no other 
 traces have in any place been found. It is supposed that this valley 
 once formed an arm of the sea; and that the tracks, being made dur- 
 ing the recession of the tide, were, in its rising, covered by a thin 
 layer of mud, which, hardening beneath the rays of a tropical sun, 
 held the footmarks distinct and clear for the examination of future 
 
 ages. 
 
 In the " Hitchcock Ichnological Cabinet " at Amherst there are 
 more than 20,000 of these fossil impressions. The largest footprint, 
 twenty inches long, is that of the Otozoum Moodii, — a gigantic frog. 
 The drift, or alluvium, consisting of sand and gravel, of which the 
 whole of Cape Cod, Nantucket, and the western part of Martha's 
 Vineyard are composed, together with the beds of peat and lignite 
 found in various parts of the State, belonging to the cenozoic period, 
 and contain fossilized leaves of plants, and bones of fish and animals 
 still living. The bowlders which cover the surface of the State were 
 deposited in the glacial period, marks of which may be distinctly 
 traced in the scratching of the ledges from the shore of the ocean to 
 the summit of the mountains. 
 
 (For a notice of the localities of mineralogical specimens, see de- 
 scription of the different towns.) 
 
 MOUNTAINS. 
 
 The Green-Mountain range, divided into two parallel ridges, called, 
 in general, the Taconic and the Hoosac mountains, runs from north 
 to south across the western part of the State. The Taconic ridge 
 divides the waters of the Housatonic from those of the Hudson ; 
 the Hoosac ridge, the waters of the Connecticut from those of the 
 Hoosac and Housatonic. Between these ranges, in the north- western 
 
16 HAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 part of the State, stands Greylock, 3,505 feet above sea level. The 
 rocks of Greylock are a "shining schistus" of a light blue color; 
 and the land is covered with forests of maple, beech, and birch, 
 anions which appears a luxuriant growth of lichens, mosses, and 
 evergreens. In the extreme south-western part of the State, is Mount 
 Everett, or Taconic. Dome, 2,fi24 feet high. 
 
 The Hoosac is not as elevated as the Taconic range ; the greatest 
 eminences lining Spruce Hill in Adams, 2,~>H8 feet high, and Mount 
 Hazen in Clarksburg, which has an altitude of 2.271.' feet. Mount 
 Tom on the right and Mount Holyoke on the left bank of the Con- 
 necticut Eiver are peaks of the Greenstone range which extends 
 across Connecticut. Mount Toby in Sunderland and Sugar Loaf in 
 Deerfield are isolated peaks. Hear Hill in Wendell, and Mount Grace 
 in Warwick, seem to constitute a part of the White-Mountain range. 
 Wachusett Mountain, 2,<>l.s feet above the sea, belongs, perhaps, to 
 the same system. The most elevated points in the eastern section 
 of the State do not, in any instance, reach an altitude of 1,000 feet. 
 The most noted are Powwow Hill in Salisbury. .'iiM feet high; Pros- 
 pect Hill in Waltham, 482 feet high ; Blue Hill in Milton, 635 feet 
 high; Manoniet Hill in Plymouth 3'.I4 feet high; and Nobscot 
 Hill in Framingham, 602 feet high. 
 
 The mountains and hills of Massachusetts are mostly clothed with 
 verdure, and many of them are cultivated even to the summit. The 
 soil is generally strong, and excellent for grazing. From their sides 
 many fresh and sparkling springs and streams flow forth to irrigate 
 the land, and furnish hydraulic power for the manufactories. 
 
 THE RIVKRS. LAKES. AND PONDS. 
 
 Of water-power this state has an abundant supply ; and few towns, 
 excepting those in the south-oast, are destitute of valuable mill- 
 privileges, and springs and rivulets for mechanical or domestic pur- 
 poses. A large portion of this hydraulic power, especially in the 
 western section of the State, is still unemployed. 
 
 The Hoosac River rises in Berkshire County, drains the northern 
 part of the valley between the Hoosac and the Taconic Mountains, 
 furnishes valuable motive power at Adams, and leaves the State by 
 a north-west course at Williamstown. The interval through which 
 it runs is very fertile ; and the scenery on either hand magnificent. 
 The Housatonic River, so called from the Indian word Hooestennuc 
 meaning " over the mountain," rises near the sources of the Hoosao 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 17 
 
 River, and pursuing a southerly direction, drains more than half the 
 territory of Berkshire County, furnishes many valuable mill-sites in 
 the towns through which it passes, and discharges its waters into 
 Long-Island Sound. The valley of this river is celebrated for the 
 fertility of its soil aud the beauty of its scenery. The Connecticut 
 River, which receives its name from an Indian word signifying 
 "long river,'' enters the State, a large and beautiful stream about 
 thirty rods wide at Xorthfield. and flows in a meandering and south- 
 erly course through one of the most beautiful and fertile valleys of 
 the country. It receives the waters of Deerfield and Westfield Kivers 
 on the west, and Miller's and Chicopee River on the east ; and thus 
 drains a hydrographic basin of about sixty miles in width from east 
 to west. It has a fall of about a hundred and thirty feet in passing 
 through the State, and thus furnishes a vast amount of motive-power 
 for manufacturing purposes. The most remarkable descent is at 
 Turner's Falls, near which a busy manufacturing town is rising. 
 Holyoke, on the next grand fall below, has grown to a city. 
 
 The Quinnebaug River enters the State from Connecticut at Hol- 
 land; and after making a detour through Urimlield, Sturbridge, South- 
 bridge, and Dudley, to which towns it affords manufacturing power, 
 it re-enters Connecticut, and unites with other streams to form the 
 Thames at Norwich. The French River, so called from a company 
 of Huguenots who settled near its left bank in < >xford, rises in 
 Leicester, and, running southerly, joins the (Quinnebaug at Thompson, 
 Conn. Though but a narrow stream, it has a rapid current; and 
 this, together with some large reservoirs which retain the surplus 
 waters of the spring for summer use, gives hydraulic power for the 
 extensive manufactories at ^Vebster and other places in the valley 
 through which it flows. The Rlackstone River rises in the highlands 
 of Worcester County, aud, after furnishing motive power for the 
 manufactories at Millbury, Blackstone, and other places, meets the 
 tide-water in Providence River. The Nashua River and its tribu- 
 taries drain the north-easterly part of Worcester County, and furnish 
 important mill-sites at Fitchburg, Clinton, Shirley, Pepperell, and 
 other places. It is a ver}' beautiful stream, and enters the Merrimack 
 at Nashua, N. H. The Concord, another tributary of the Merrimack, 
 rises inHopkinton, and, flowing centrally through Middlesex County, 
 joins the larger stream at Lowell. It receives the waters of the 
 Assabet, a valuable stream at Concord ; and has motive-power at 
 Ashland, Framingham, North Billerica, and Lowell. 
 
 The Merrimac, one of the principal rivers of New England, and 
 
18 (IAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 so called from a word signifying " sturgeon," enters the State, a 
 broad and majestic stream, at Tyngsborough, and then, soon bending 
 to the north-east, pursues that course to the ocean. P.y its immense 
 power at Lowell and Lawrence the machines of the vast manufacto- 
 ries of those industrial cities arc; propelled. In its course, it probably 
 turns more spindles than any other river in the world. It spreads 
 out into a broad harbor at Newburyport, and is navigable for small 
 vessels as far as Haverhill. The mouth is somewhat obstructed by 
 a shifting sand-bar. 
 
 Charles Kiver, called by the Indians QuiinJieqitin, rises in Hop- 
 kinton, and alter a very circuitous course, during which it sends a 
 portion of its waters into Neponset River, enters Koston Harbor at 
 Charlestown. It is navigable seven miles, — to Watertown. Nepon- 
 set Kiver, alter turning many mills, meets the tide-water at Milton, 
 Taunton Kiver carries the waters of parts of p.ristol and Plymouth 
 Counties into Xarragansett Kay. It is fed by many ponds, and noted 
 for its alewive-fisheiles. North Kiver drains the eastern part of 
 Plymouth County, and Hows into the sea at Marshfield. To the 
 water-power afforded by these streams, which flow towards every 
 point of the compass, — though, in the mountainous regions, mainly 
 towards the south, — the State is, to an eminent degree, indebted for 
 its industrial activity and commercial growth. They compensate, in 
 some measure, for the rich mineral and agricultural resources which 
 some other States possess. Along the margin of these streams the 
 railroad lines connecting the manufacturing towns and villages are 
 generally extended; and the valleys through which they pass are 
 the most fertile of the State. 
 
 Massachusetts has a very large number of lakes and ponds, which 
 serve to enhance the beauty of the scenery, to purify the atmosphere, 
 and ameliorate the climate. They are generally well-stocked with 
 perch and pickerel, sometimes with black bass; and are often used 
 as reservoirs to supply the mills upon the streams below, or the towns 
 and cities near them. Almost every town, indeed, can boast of one 
 or more beautiful sheets of clear and sparkling waters within its bor- 
 ders, as a favorite resort for boating, fishing, gunning, in the summer, 
 and lor skating in the winter. From many of these ponds large 
 quantit ies of ice are cut and stored in houses for the Southern mar- 
 ket. Among the most noted of these bodies of fresh water are Wen- 
 liam Pond, remarkable for tho clearness of its ice; Spot Pond in 
 Stoneham, from which Melrose is supplied with water; AVatuppa 
 Pond, furnishing vast motive-power to Pall Kiver; Billiugton Sea in 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 19 
 
 Plymouth ; Sowampsett Pond, a favorite of King Philip, in Lake- 
 ville ; Monponset Pond in Halifax ; Punkapog Pond in Randolph ; 
 Cochituate Lake, from which Boston is in part supplied with water, 
 in Natick ; Walden Pond, beautifully described by Thoreau, in Con- 
 cord; White-hall Pond in Hopkinton ; Sandy Pond in Ayer ; Quinsig- 
 amond Pond, a very charming expanse of water of 1,051 acres, dotted 
 with islands, in Shrewsbury ; Quaboag Pond in Brookfield ; and last, 
 though not least in name, Chaubunagungamaug Lake, whose waters 
 swell the French River in Webster. The total area of the ponds in 
 the State, containing over ten acres, is according to the estimate of 
 the late Mr. H. F. Walling, topographer, 92,938 acres. They are of 
 inestimable value in a sanitary paint of view : and the purity of their 
 waters should be carefully preserved ; their depth, boundaries, inlets 
 and outlets, increase or diminution, scientifically surveyed and noted. 
 They are to be classed among the most important possessions of the 
 State. 
 
 CLIMATE. 
 
 The climate of the State is very changeable, but, in general, con- 
 ducive to mental vigor, health, and longevity. On the seaboard, the 
 easterly winds are disagreeable to those affected with pulmonary dis- 
 eases. In the higher lands of the interior, and in the alpine regions, 
 the air is bracing and' salubrious. 
 
 Though subject to sudden and frequent changes in temperature, 
 the summer season is dry and delightful. Tho atmosphere in Au- 
 gust and September is remarkably clear and serene. The morning 
 and evening breezes are pure, refreshing, and delicious. 
 
 There is in autumn a period of charming weather known as the 
 " Indian Summer." 
 
 "In the month of October," says the Rev. James Freeman, 
 "after the frosts which commonly take place at the end of Septem- 
 ber, the sonth-west wind frequently produces two or three weeks of 
 fair weather, in which the air is perfectly transparent; and the 
 clouds, which float in a sky of the purest azure, are adorned with 
 brilliant colors. 
 
 " This charming season is called the Indian Summer, — a name 
 which is derived from the natives, who believe that it is caused by a 
 wind which comes immediately from the court of their great and 
 benevolent God Cautantowwit, or the south-western God, — the 
 God who is superior to all other beings, who sends them every bless- 
 
20 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ing which they enjoy, and to whom tin- souls of their fathers go 
 
 alter decease." 
 
 The -wintry season — which connm-nces in December, and con- 
 tinues till March— is cold and rigorous, the ground being some- 
 times covered with snow through the entire period, and the mercury 
 often falling below zero. 
 
 The temperature on the seaboard is so modified by the Gulf 
 Stream as to be ten degrees higher in winter at Martha's Vineyard 
 than at AYilliamstown, where it lias an average of twenty-three de- 
 crees. The average annual rain and snow fall varies from thirty- 
 nine inches at Nantucket to forty-five inches on the highlands of 
 Worcester County. 
 
 The north-east winds, attended as they are with a high dew-point. 
 and often with rain or sleet or snow, and the sudden changes in the 
 temperature, sometimes falling forty decrees in half as many hours, 
 are the most unpleasant features. 
 
 The record of observations on temperature and rainfall, kept at 
 Amherst, cover a period of fifty years, commencing with lS.'Jt;. The 
 highest temperature' was on duly "(I, IS") I. when the mercury 
 reached '.IT f. The lowest temperature in that year was '.'.60: the 
 mean being AtJ.'M. The lowest temperature in the entire period was 
 L'L'.imi degrees below zero, in 1S44, 1ST.'!, and on January 5, 1SSG, — 
 the last of the fifty years in this series. The highest record for 
 the same year was tt.'l.Gt': the average being 4.">.2-'i. The average 
 temperature for the period from 1S.'?C to 1*61', (-."> years), for the 
 winter months, — December, January, and February, was 1'4..">3; 
 and for the summer months, — June, July, and August, 6S.2t>. 
 For the same seasons from iStiL' to 1SS7, ('_'."> years), it was 2.">.l!l 
 and 68.").'!. The largest rainfall of the fifty years under observation 
 was that of ISC.'!, which amounted to ,">('.. l'.t indies; the smallest 
 was that of l.S<> I, amounting to only 31. 14 inches. The attainable 
 records of the snow-fall are so incomplete that they are of little 
 value. The prevailing direction of the wind in 1SS7 was north- 
 west; the currents of January, February, March, April, August, 
 September, October, November and December being mainlv from 
 the north-west, while those of May and June were from the south. 
 
 The peach and apricot come into bloom about the middle of April, 
 the cherry a little later, and the apple about the middle of May; at 
 which period planting generally begins. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 21 
 
 SOIL AND PRODUCTIONS. 
 
 The State presents almost every variety of soil, from the lightest 
 and least productive to the strongest and most fertile. In the south- 
 eastern part the land is level and sandy ; yet there are many places 
 which produce heavy crops of hay and grain. In the north-eastern 
 part are many valuable salt marshes, which afford abundance of 
 good hay to the farmers on the seaboard. In the central or hilly 
 portions of the State the soil is generally good ; it being a clayey or 
 sandy loam, and well adapted to the growth of the cereals, the escu- 
 lent roots, and fruit and forest trees. Here are found, especially in 
 the well-watered towns, some of the best farms in the State. The 
 valley of the Connecticut is remarkable for its fertility ; and the 
 mountainous lands beyond that river are excellent for grazing and 
 the growth of timber. Extensive bogs of peat are found contiguous 
 to the light and sandy sections, by the judicious use of which the 
 soil is much improved. 
 
 In the vicinity of the metropolis and other cities the farms have 
 been rendered very fertile, and often present the appearance of one 
 continuous and highly -cultivated garden. 
 
 The principal agricultural productions are hay, potatoes, Indian 
 corn, oats, rye, barley, wheat (to some extent), buckwheat, beans, 
 broom-corn, hops, tobacco, garden vegetables, apples, pears, cherries, 
 peaches, quinces, and small fruits. Much attention is given to the 
 cultivation of the grape and cranberry. Large, quantities of butter 
 and cheese are made, especially in the midland counties ; and many 
 farms in the vicinity of cities are devoted to the production of milk 
 for the market. Wool-growing occupies, though less than formerly, 
 the attention of many of the farmers in the western and southeast- 
 ern sections. 
 
 The farms are generally owned in fee by their occupants, and are 
 generally from forty to two hundred acres, divided into convenient 
 lots of mowing, arable, pasture, wood land, and swale or meadow, 
 and fenced with stone wall or wooden posts and rails or wire. 
 Through the agency of fairs, farmers' clubs, agricultural papers, and 
 the Board of Agriculture (established April 21, 1H.YJ), great im- 
 provement has been made in the cultivation of the soil during the 
 last thirty-five years. 
 
 By the last returns of the agricultural condition of the State 
 there were in 1885, 45,010 farms embracing :;,898,429 acres, valued 
 at f 110,700,707, employing 77,061 persons, and producing to the 
 aggregate value of $47,756,033. 
 
22 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The following table, showing the value of the product by classes, 
 is from Volume III of the Census of the State for 1885, prepared 
 under the direction of Carroll D. Wright and published in 1887. 
 
 Animal products •> 5,-18,444 
 
 Clothing, ne.edle work, etc. .... 
 
 Dairy products ....... 
 
 Food products ....... 
 
 Green-house products ..... 
 
 Hot-house and hotbed products . 
 
 Liquors and beverages ..... 
 
 Nursery products ...... 
 
 l'oultry products 
 
 Wool products 
 
 Woollen goods 
 
 Other products ....... 
 
 Cereals 
 
 Fruits, berries, and nuts 
 
 Hay, straw, and fodder 
 
 Meats and game . 
 
 Vegetables 
 
 ti;i:i:s, snurr.s and plants 
 
 84,141 
 
 13.08f),526 
 
 C.T_',537 
 
 688,813 
 
 73.983 
 
 395,173 
 
 138,439 
 
 2,227.799 
 
 2.924.574 
 
 33,948 
 
 009,989 
 
 1,855.145 
 
 2.GS0,S04 
 
 11,631,776 
 
 2,252,748 
 
 5.227,194 
 
 Of timber trees the Stale has between fifty and sixty kinds indi- 
 genous to its soil. Among these may be mentioned the graceful 
 elms ; the oaks, of which ten different kinds are found ; the rock, 
 the white, and the red-flowering maples; the chestnut, used exten- 
 sively for railroad ties; the walnut, the hickory, the beech, the gray, 
 white, black, and yellow birches ; the poplar and basswood, now 
 used for making paper; the willow, the sycamore, the savin, the 
 white, pitch, and red pine; the spruces, the hemlock, the larch, the 
 fir, the arborvita 1 , the cedar, and the horn-beam. 
 
 The primeval forest which once covered the State has long since 
 been Idled; and such is the demand for timber, that few trees are 
 now permitted to attain their natural growth. The forests, in gen- 
 eral, seem young and thrifty ; and it is hoped, that for the sake of 
 the salubrity of the air, the supply of the water-fountains, as well 
 as for the beauty of the scenery, they will be, so far as practicable, 
 protected and extended. The laudable custom of planting forest- 
 trees by the owners of the barren lands of Cape Cod might with, 
 profit be followed through the State. Were the song, 
 " Woodman, spare that tree.'' 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 23 
 
 more frequently sung, and the spirit of the ditty heeded, the scenic 
 beauty, sanitary condition, and water-power of the Commonwealth 
 would be materially improved, and the revenues augmented. 
 
 The value of the wood products in the year 1885 was $2,924,574 ; 
 in which amount is included the lumber prcduct, of $740,102. 
 There were destroyed by fire in the same year, forest trees to the 
 estimated value of $82,254. 
 
 The most valuable and common shrubs indigenous to the State are 
 various kinds of blueberry and whortleberry ; the raspberry, black 
 and red ; the barberry and bayberry (myrfca) ; the sumac, used for 
 tanning; the elder (sambucus) ; the high and low blackberry; the 
 beach-plum (Prunus maritima) ; and the buckthorn. The laurel 
 (Kalmia latifolia), the azalea, the black alder, May-flower, wild rose, 
 the aronia, mountain-raspberry, spiraea, pepper-bush (Cletlirn alni- 
 folia), and other beau'iful flowering-shrubs, decorate the margin of 
 the streams and the pasture lands. 
 
 Some of the wild flowers of the spring are the ground-laurel, and 
 trailing arbutus which often appear before the snows am gone ; the 
 windflower, or anemone ; various species of the ranunculus ; the dan- 
 delion ; the Houstonia cerulea ; the white, the blue, and yellow violet ; 
 the strawberry ; the whiteweed, or gowan ; the adder's-tongue ; and 
 the Claytonia, or spring beauty. As the season advances, the wild 
 geranium, the iris, the cardinal-flower, the Sunirrncin, St. Johns- 
 wort, the beautiful pond and meadow lilies, the campanula, the 
 lupine, the yarrow, the orchis, and the asrlrpins appear ; and the 
 autumn brings the coreopsis, various species of the aster, the golden- 
 rod, the aquatic sagittaria, the Linnea borealis, and the blue gentian. 
 The ferns, mosses, lichens, and trailing vines are very beautiful and 
 abundant. The autumnal tints of the forests are, especially where 
 the maple abounds, remarkably varied and brilliant. The forest 
 bloom of the autumn has been styled " the peculiar glory of New 
 England.'' 
 
 QUADRUPEDS, BIRDS AND FISHES. 
 
 In the early settlement of the State, the people were greatly an- 
 noyed by the depredations of the black and brown bear and the wolf, 
 which ranged the deep forests, and often came by night to prey upon 
 the cattle in the clearings. The catamount and wildcat were also 
 formidable enemies. The moose, the red deer, and the beaver were 
 quite numerous : the traces of the latter animal are frequently met 
 with in the meadows, where it felled the trees to form a dam across 
 
24 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the streamlet. A few red deer still remain upon Cape Cod ; but the 
 other animals named above, if we perhaps except the wildcat, have 
 long since disappeared. 
 
 The red fox ( Cunis culjies) still ranges through the sparsely-settled 
 portions of the State The porcupine, the raccoon (Procyon lotor) 
 and otter, now and then appear in some sequestered places. The 
 mink and tlic muskrat are quite common on the margin of the 
 streams; (he woodchuck and the polecat (i'irerra mephitis), in the 
 fields; the striped, red, and gray squirrels, and the rabbit, in the 
 forests. The flying-squirrel and the ferret are occasionly taken. 
 The most mischievous of these denizens of the field and forest is 
 the woodchuck, which is very prolific, and, by night as well as day, 
 destroys the tender vegetables of the farm and garden. 
 
 Of birds of prey, the fish-hawk, the red-tailed hawk (Falco 
 borealis), the red owl, cat-owl, and the snowy owl, are the most 
 common. < Iceasionally the white-headed eagle, emblem of our 
 country, of solemn cry and towering flight is seen in the mountain- 
 ous and desolate regions. Of the omnivorous birds, the most fre- 
 quent arc the crow, the blue jay. and the chickadee (Pants 
 atrieapil/iis), which spend the winter here; the meadow-lark; the 
 lialtimore oriole, the red-winged, the cow and crow blackbirds ; the 
 rice-bunting, or bobolink; and the cedar-bird; — all of which de- 
 stroy innumerable insects, and regale us with their varied songs. 
 
 The robin (Tur<lus iniyrnturius), pewit, bluebird (one of our 
 earliest spring visitants), the brown thrush and the wood-thrush 
 (Tardus musfrliinis), both most beautiful singers, and the house- 
 wren, an' the most common of the insectivorous tribe; and of the 
 passerine, the most abundant are the snow-bunting, blue snow-bird 
 (Friiirjilbt h is urn I is), the song-sparrow, the confiding ehipping-spar- 
 rnw, and the American goldfinch. Of woodpeckers and swallows 
 there are several varieties ; and the humming-bird is not at all un- 
 common. The nighthawk and whippoorwill (C<i/>rimHlt/ng rocifents) 
 may be heard in the country almost every evening in the summer 
 season. 
 
 Formerly the wild turkey and the heath-hen (Te'nw <-nj>i-/„) were 
 plentiful in the Slate; but the former is found onlv now and then 
 among the mountains, and the latter only on the Island of .Martha's 
 Vineyard, where great pains are taken to preserve it. 
 
 The quail (I'm/i.r Vinjiniirui) is not as common as it used to be • 
 but the partridge or properly, ruffed grouse, though much hunted, is 
 still found in almost every forest. Woodcock (Jlustirnhi* minor) and 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACIIl'SETTS. 25 
 
 snipe (Seolopax Wilsonii) are plentiful ; and, along our beaches, 
 multitudes of plovers, curlews, herons, sandpipers, ducks, and other 
 water-birds, are killed. 
 
 The ponds and streams of the State are generally well stored with 
 fish : the most common are the trout, which sometimes attains the 
 weight of three or four pounds; the pickerel (Esox retirulatiis), 
 which has been found to weigh as much as seven pouuds ; the com- 
 mon perch (Perca flavescens) ; the pond-perch (Pomotis vulgaris) ; 
 and the beautiful leuciscus. 
 
 The salmon (Solmo s<th,r), formerly abundant, is still caught in the 
 Merrimack and Connecticut ; and shad, in spring, ascend these and 
 other rivers. 
 
 l!ut the dams for manufactories are driving both the salmon and 
 the shad from the waters of the State. The sturgeon is sometimes 
 taken from the Merrimack ; and by the Indian name of this fish the 
 river has been called. The black bass and trout are now raised for 
 profit, as well as pleasure, in many natural and artificial ponds; and 
 goldfish has become quite common in several localities. 
 
 Immense numbers of alewives, smelts, and striped bass, ascend 
 our tidal streams in the spring months, and furnish valuable fisheries 
 to the people on the seaboard. 
 
 But the cod, the haddock, halibut, and mackerel, which frequent 
 the waters off the coast in countless numbers, arc an inexhaustible 
 source of revenue to the State; and, in t.iking them, large numbers 
 of its hardy citizens are engaged. In this business the city of 
 Gloucester has the lead. 
 
 The following also, should be reckoned as Massachusetts' species, 
 since they are found in her inland waters and along her shores : — 
 the porgy, hake, pollock, cusk, bluetish, swordtish, turbot, scup, 
 squateague, squid, tautog, eels, quahaug, crabs, oysters and clams. 
 
 In 1SS.5, there were employed in the fisheries «t]0 vessels belong- 
 ing in Massachusetts ports; while l.">,43."> persons were in some ca- 
 pacity engaged in this industry. The capital invested in fishing 
 boats and vessels and appliances at this date was .s,S,<;ij(),r>Sl. The 
 value of the year's products .So,462,6!>2. Of this sum, §1,270,54:5 
 was from whale and seal products. 
 
 CIVIL DIVISIONS, AND POPULATION. 
 
 The State is divided into fourteen counties, namely : Barnstable 
 (containing 15 towns), Berkshire (.'»2 towns), Bristol (-'0), Dukes 
 (6), Essex {?>:>), Franklin (20), Hampden (22), Hampshire (23), 
 
20 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Middlesex (54), Nantucket (1), Norfolk (27), Plymouth (27), Suffolk 
 (4), and Worcester (59). There are 25 cities and 326 towns, all be- 
 ing classed as towns in the above distribution. 
 
 The cities in the order of population, are, — Boston (population, 
 390,406), Worcester («x,313), Lowell (G4,0.-.l), Cambridge (59,660), 
 Fall Kiver (50, NO."), Lynn ( 45.S61), Lawrence- (3S,.S45), Springfield 
 (37,557), New Pcdford (33,393), Somerville (29.992 i. Salem (2H,()H4), 
 Holyoko (27,894), Chelsea (25,701)), Taunton (23.674), Haverhill 
 (21,795), (iloufcHtor (21.71.'!), Lnn-kton (20.7s.'!i, Newton (19.759), 
 Maiden (10,407), Fitchburg (15.375). Waltham (10.4<>9i. Xewbury- 
 port (l.'!,716), Northampton (12,N9('.i, Outncy (12.145), Woburn 
 (11,750). 
 
 The cities are governed by a mayor, a board of aldermen, and 
 a common council, chosen by ballot, annually by the people. For 
 convenience in public business, the cities are usually divided into 
 wards. 
 
 The towns, also, choose annually their own officers, and raise and 
 appropriate money for schools, mads, and various other public uses. 
 The principal officers are the •'selectmen'' and a "town clerk.'' 
 There are also usually chosen various other officers, or committees, 
 for the supervision of schools, roads, indigent people, and other 
 purposes. For the convenience of schools, and the care of the roads 
 the towns are usually divided into districts. 
 
 This municipal system allows, probably, mure freedom to the citi- 
 zen than any other form of government in existence, and appears 
 less liable to abuse than any other. The town is the unit in the 
 civil system of all governments which can properly bo called free; 
 and in it are the springs of the political power of the State. 
 
 In 1630 there may have been in the Plymouth and Massachusetts 
 colonics an aggregate of 800 white people; and. ten years later the 
 number had arisen to about 9,000. From the most reliable data.it 
 is probable that the population in 1(150 was about 10.ooo;in 1670 
 about :;5.00O; and in 1700, according to the annals of Dr. Holmes, 
 about 70.IMI0. In 1750 the number of the inhabitants had arisen to 
 about 220,ooo, Five years later, there were in the Commonwealth 
 (including (he District of Maine) 2.717 negroes. The first census 
 taken officially was in 17(15. when the population was 2.1S. Ii'.i. This 
 had nrris.-n, in 1770, to 202,0*0; in 17S0, to ."10.900; in 1790, to 
 37N,7«7; in 1S00, (,,, .|",'!,L'I5; in IS 10. to 472.040; in 1S20, to 
 991.514; in IN.!!), to 010, I0H; i u 1840, to 737.099; in 1S50,' to 
 991,51 I; in 1S0O, to 1.2." 1,006; in 1770, to 1,448.05.-.; h, 1S7,{ to 
 1,051, 912; in 1SS0, to 1,7*3,085; in 1SS5, to 1,942,141. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 27 
 
 The two following tables are from the Registration Report of 
 the Secretary of the Commonwealth, Dec. 1, 1888. 
 
 •7AA55RGHU5ETTS- 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF THErPOPULHTION BY SEX ftN)RGE PERIOD* 
 STATE CEN5U5OF-l885R/Vri0PER MILLION INHABITANT? 
 
 ^ *• iOOOO 40000 SOOOO 20000 IOOOO loooo 20000 vx>oo *oooo soooo 
 
 Ovt« '00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 95-100 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 90- 95 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 85" 90 
 
 
 TJIALEiS 
 
 
 
 
 
 ?[ 
 
 fMML 
 
 tS 
 
 
 80-85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 •I 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 75 - 80 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 70- 75 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 65- 70 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 j 
 
 
 
 
 
 60-65 
 
 
 
 
 
 il^.l_i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 55- 60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 &L . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 50 ■ 55 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 45-50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 40-45 
 
 
 
 
 i •: 
 
 
 T 
 
 
 
 
 
 55- 40 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 
 " j 
 
 , 1 
 
 
 
 JO- 55 
 
 
 
 
 
 t r 
 
 ' 
 
 
 — J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 25- 50 
 
 
 ■")■'■'■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 20- 25 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 15-20 
 
 
 
 ~~-r-> 
 
 v 
 
 • il - 
 
 
 
 10 - 15 
 
 
 Tr~~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 5-10 
 
 
 
 1 ! 
 
 
 
 i i 
 
 i 
 
 
 - 5 
 
 
 
 t 1 
 i f 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28 
 
 GAZETTEEE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 * Births, Marriages and Deattis, with the Population and Rates, 
 
 1850-1887. 
 
 YEAU8. 
 
 a 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 1 
 
 7- 
 10,345 
 
 a 
 
 
 g 
 
 s § 
 
 % r 
 
 a> 
 c — 
 
 2 
 
 "■■Si 
 
 s - 
 3 o 
 
 1S50, 
 
 094,514 
 
 27,ra;t 
 
 16,006 
 
 11,058 
 
 27 e . 
 
 2.JS0 
 
 1670 
 
 HIS 
 
 1855, 
 
 1,182,804 
 
 32.M5 
 
 1 2. 329 
 
 20,798 
 
 12,047 
 
 29 01 
 
 2177 
 
 1837 
 
 ion 
 
 I860, 
 
 1,331,007 
 
 30,051 
 
 12,404 
 
 33,008 
 
 13,983 
 
 20 2a 
 
 2015 
 
 15 74 
 
 10.54 
 
 18(15, 
 
 1,267,031 
 
 30,249 
 
 13,051 
 
 36,152 
 
 4,007 
 
 23-87 
 
 20 60 
 
 2004 
 
 323 
 
 ls7o. 
 
 1,457, 451 
 
 39.259 
 
 14,721 
 
 27,329 
 
 10,930 
 
 20 25 
 
 30.20 
 
 1875 
 
 7-50 
 
 1S75, 
 
 1,051,313 
 
 43,930 
 
 13,003 
 
 34,973 
 
 9.01S 
 
 26 '63 
 
 1C54 
 
 2L17 
 
 540 
 
 IsSo, 
 
 1,783.0*5 
 
 44,217 
 
 15,531- 
 
 3-\f'94 
 
 8.925 
 
 24 SO 
 
 ,7 42 
 
 IK 79 
 
 5-01 
 
 !■"•■''■ 
 
 1,942,141 
 
 48.790 
 
 17,051 
 
 10,698 
 
 25 12 
 
 17 56 
 
 19-61 
 
 5 51 
 
 i.-Su, 
 
 l,97i'..i64 
 
 50,788 
 
 18.018 
 
 37 244 
 
 13.544 
 
 2:.*u9 
 
 l? ;» 
 
 1 5 >5 
 
 6M 
 
 1.-S7, 
 
 2,ulo,388 
 
 53,174 
 
 19,583 
 
 4u,7(J 
 
 13,411 
 
 30 45 
 
 iy 03 
 
 2u2S 
 
 6 17 
 
 * In mlier than census year the popu alions ami rates have been estimated, in order 
 that ail approximate comparison may be made. 
 
 LKADLXd INDUSTKIKS IN DETAIL. 
 
 Mam i vlti it i: its 
 
 Boots and Shoe** 
 
 iiuii k- 
 
 4'arriji^rj* ami Wagons, 
 
 <:UiUiiii}?, 
 
 ^'.rthiii Goods, 
 
 I'tunt Preparation;!, 
 
 l'u rut tu re, 
 
 Leather 
 
 Marlniu-H and Machinery 
 
 MriaUniid Metallic Uoudr* 
 
 Paper and Taper (Joint-*. 
 
 Printing, I'ul.li^lnn^ jiml llmikbnulmg, 
 
 ICuiibor und K la-slit* * itm-d-., 
 
 .siuuc 
 
 .straw and palm-leaf tiootln 
 
 Wnu.li'ii (juiidtf 
 
 W.mllen *;.ind-*, 
 
 Other Manul.icliiieif, 
 
 Females. Total. 
 
 4-oUl 
 
 14.380 
 
 62.403 
 
 4>.80:t 
 
 19 
 
 4\S27 
 
 5 .,2, 
 
 43 
 
 5.:',t'i0 
 
 5,732 
 
 27,504 
 
 33,296 
 
 20..-44 
 
 81,521 
 
 5'\5i>5 
 
 li,mi) 
 
 738 
 
 7.13s 
 
 7.M1 
 
 GOB 
 
 8,447 
 
 11,777 
 
 149 
 
 9,926 
 
 15.IUVS 
 
 98 
 
 15,751 
 
 27,755 
 
 l,7i.i. 
 
 29.521 
 
 4 .0M1 
 
 8.781 
 
 8.401 
 
 K.I75 
 
 •2.319 
 
 K.824 
 
 H.ii-W 
 
 2,117 
 
 6,170 
 
 4 4;ui 
 
 2 
 
 4,432 
 
 i,:;ns 
 
 3.311 
 
 4,099 
 
 5 U14 
 
 124 
 
 5,138 
 
 1 1.1 (IS 
 
 9,150 
 
 23. 25* 
 
 HI. 517 
 
 15,009 
 
 55,550 
 
 Total. 
 
 281,822 
 
 112,762 
 
 394,584 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 29 
 
 The following table shows the distribution of the chief portion of 
 productive energy of the Commonwealth : — 
 
 . OCCUPATION OF PERSONS BY AGES. 
 
 Age Periods. Agriculture. Fisheries. Manufactures. Mining. Laborers. Apprentices 
 
 1* to 19 9.54S 583 B7,a)S 147 2.333 4,644 
 
 201029 li.THti 2,853 131,910 518 8,083 1018 
 
 80 to 39 11,415 1,921 S2.7S8 :}87 6,466 'l> 
 
 *0 to 49 11,546 1,887 57.G19 26S 6,464 4 
 
 50 to 59 11,829 762 34,419 163 .5,096 _ 
 
 60 to 79 10,588 466 l'J.4'd7 78 4,383 — 
 
 80 and over . . . . 926 f- 365 1 105 _ 
 
 Unknown 13 — 28 — 6 
 
 Total 77,661 7,981 394,584 1..V32 32,936 
 
 5,678 
 
 In 1S79 there were reported 75.136 aliens ; in 1885 they were 99,- 
 131 in number. As to the total aliens, of the 99,131, 51,8:.'4 are en- 
 gaged in the manufacturing industries of the Commonwealth, and 
 10,716, or 10.81 per cent, are laborers. There aiv also 6,510 in 
 trades, 778 in transportation, and 9,139 in agriculture. 
 
 A distribution of the total aliens according to place of birth shows 
 that 34.05 per cent were born in British America, 17.44 per cent, be- 
 ing of French-Canadian extraction, while those born in Nova Scotia 
 number 8,703, — 8.78 per cent. The aliens born in Europe number 
 14,578 and constitute 14.71 per cent of the whole number. The 
 aliens of English birth are 10,502, 10.59 per cent ; and those born in 
 Ireland, 35,600, or 35.91 per cent. 
 
 MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. 
 
 This State has long been celebrated for the variety, extent and ex- 
 cellence of its manufactures. To the inventive genius, skill 
 industry and sobriety of its artisans and mechanics, it is, to a large 
 extent, indebted for its wealth and prosperity. From the introduc- 
 tion of the manufacture of iron in 1643, its furnaces have been 
 kept in operation, and increasing in the amount of business done. 
 The manufacture of shoes, early commenced in Lynn, has become a 
 very extensive and important branch of industry ; and since the in- 
 vention and introduction of machinery into this department of labor, 
 the former small towns of Natick, Milford, Marlborough, Hopkin- 
 ton, Abington, North Bridgewater, Spencer, and North Brookfield, 
 have sprung up into populous and flourishing communities, while 
 small cities, as Brockton and Haverhill, have since 1875 about doubled 
 their population. To the manufacture of cotton and woollen goods, 
 
30 (1AZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the industrial cities of Lowell, Lawrence, Fall River, Holyoke, Wal- 
 tham, the large towns of Webster, Clinton, Chicopee, Adams, and 
 I '.larkstcme, owe their advancement and prosperity ; while by many 
 and varied mechanical industries, Worcester, Springfield, Fitchburg, 
 Taunton and other enterprising places, have attained the promin- 
 ence which they imw hold. Indeed there is hardly a village in the 
 ( 'cnimionwealth whose activities are not quickened, and whose well- 
 being is not enhanced, by some establishment for the manufacture 
 of some kind of goods calling forth the inventive energies, and im- 
 proving the linancial condition, of the people. By the last statistical 
 report of the industry of the State, there were 10."> cotton mills, 
 turning out goods to the amount of $G1.42.">.0*.)7 yearly ; 189 Wool- 
 len mills, making cloth amounting to * -J 1,748,27 8. The value 
 of boots and shoes made was 8114,720.533 ; of straw and palm-leaf 
 goods, 80,20o,2S7; metals and metallic goods, 841.332,005; of ma- 
 chines and machinery, §20.1 3(>2,07<>; of paper, 821.223,626; of mu- 
 sical instruments, 80.1 Ifi.oo* ; of glass, 81,0;il, 049 ; of furniture, 
 812,71(1, 1)08 ; India rubber and elastic goods, 812,038,741; clothing, 
 832,G.V.l.s.",7 ; food preparations, S.S(i.4SS,3l".i ; leather, 82S.008.8Jl; 
 printing, publishing and bookbinding, 810.. r >.">2.47.3; print and dye 
 works and bleacheries, 8ir>,S,S\843; woollen goods, 811, V.>8. 148; 
 the total for manufactures for IKS.", being 8674,634,209. The capit- 
 al invested was 8o00,.7J 1.377. The total value of the products of 
 the State were as follows : — 
 
 iMH-iTJJY. l'EHM»S. V.VI.CE OF PRODUCT. ' AVERAGE TO PERSON. 
 
 Aunrnllure, . . 77,601 I , $ 47.7.'j«,CW,'S ! . . $ G14.93 
 
 Manufactures, . . j 3«4..'iSI : . . 674.6S4.209 | . . 1,709.74 
 
 KiHlicritis, . , 7. '.ISO . 0,AUJ,i,.i* . . S09.S1j 
 
 Total for the State, ISO, 225 i 7>S,SM,994 
 
 1,317.73 
 
 The exports from the ports of the. Commonwealth, as shown by 
 the Custom House returns for the same year, were 8.V>.,">33,650; 
 imports, 801.330.281. The capital invested in vessels engaged in 
 our ocean and coastwise commerce was §27,010,004. Of this 
 $ 14,217.217 belong to foreign owners.* 
 
 I'y the last report of the comptroller of the currency, it appears 
 that there were in the Commonwealth on the 31st of October, 1888, 
 
 * tiiIh suit><m«nt does not In.-hnlo the oouatwlso triole, nor that by land with other states 
 ol tbu Union, - no provisions oxistlng by which nccurato data of those could be obtained. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 31 
 
 253 national banks, having a paid in capital of $96,440,500. They 
 had, beside, in the aggregate, a handsome surplus, and held a con- 
 siderable amount of unpaid dividends. [See, also, State corpora- 
 tions, in article, '• Government, Finances, and Military Organiza- 
 tions.] 
 
 RAILROADS, STEAMSHIPS AND TELEGRAPHIC LINES. 
 
 "With the increase of settlement, from the scattered cabins of the 
 pioneers, to their slow aggregation into equally scattered villages, 
 and the growth of the best situated of these to small cities, there 
 went on the improvement in the lines of communication, from Ind- 
 ian trail to bridle path, from paths to the rude cart-roads, and from 
 these to the broad smooth stage-roads, which for the vehicles known 
 to our forefathers, seemed to them the grand climax of locomotive 
 convenience. On the great lines of travel from Boston to Hartford, 
 to Providence and to Newbury port, stage-coaches drawn by four or 
 six horses, commenced running about the time of the Revolution. 
 From 1800 to 1825, many turnpike roads were constructed ; and toll 
 was taken at frequent stations for passing over them. A canal for 
 boats from the Merrimack Kiver to Boston, built at an expense of 
 §575,000, was opened in lsoi. It was twenty-seven miles long, 
 thirty feet wide and four feet deep. — having twenty locks and seven 
 acqueduct bridges. In 1815 the tolls amounted to §>24, < .H.'(J. A 
 similar canal from Worcester to Providence, K. I., forty miles in 
 length, was finished in 1825. But these with other shorter lines of 
 canal, have long since been abandoned for a swifter and more capac- 
 ious means of transportation. 
 
 The system of railways, now spreading its complicated network 
 of iron over the surface of the State, was organized by the opening 
 of the Granite Railway Company's railroad from the stone quarries 
 in Quincy to Neponset river, in 1827. This road is nearly three 
 miles in length of main line, and was operated by horse-power 
 only. Its first use was to transport the granite for the monument 
 on Bunker Hill. 
 
 The Boston and Lowell Railroad was chartered next, on June 5, 
 1830 ; the Boston and Providence road on June 22, and Boston and 
 Worcester on June 23, of the ensuing year. It was generally 
 supposed at that time, that these roads must be operated by horse- 
 power ; and that, by paying toll, anyone might run his own car 
 over them, as a coach noon a turnpike road. The success of Mr. 
 
32 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Stephenson in using steam on the Liverpool and Manchester Rail- 
 way, in September, 1X30, led to the adoption of that agent as the 
 motive-power upon these roads. The engines first used on these 
 railways were built in England, and weighed no more than eight or ten 
 tons each; and the trains of passenger cars much resembled several 
 stage-coach bodies set on platforms and linked together. Of these 
 three roads, the Boston and Worcester was opened to Newton, 
 April IS, f,M,'!4 • the Boston and Providence, to Readville, (now in 
 Hyde Party on the 4th of June, in the same year; and the Boston 
 and Lowell was opened, June 1T>, lx.'i.X The Taunton Branch Rail- 
 road was opened in August, 1830 ; the Nashua and Lowell, to Nash- 
 ua, < ktober 8, 1838 ; the Western Railroad to Springfield, October 
 1, 1X38, and to Albany December 1, 1841; The Eastern Railroad 
 was opened to Salem August 28, 1838, and to Ipswich in 183'.). At 
 the close of 1840, 2X.5 miles of railroad were in operation in the 
 State. The Fitchburg railroad was opened to Fitchburg, March .">, 
 1845 ; the Hartford and Springfield to the latter place, in December, 
 1844 ; The < >ld Colony to Plymouth, November 1<>. 184.5 ; the Con- 
 necticut River railroad, December 13, of the same year, to North- 
 ampton. The Providence and Worcester was completed October 20. 
 1847 ; the Worcester and Nashua, December 28. Is48 ; The Vermont, 
 and Massachusetts to Greenfield, in 1850. At the end of the year 
 last mentioned, there were 1,037 miles of railroad operated in the 
 State ; and at the close of lisOO, the number had risen to 1,221 
 miles. The Worcester and the Western railroads were consolid- 
 ated December 1807, under the name of the Boston and Albany 
 Railroad. The Lowell and Era mi ogham Railroad was opened in 
 1872, and direct communication between Lowell and New Bed- 
 ford was effected in 1X73. The Cape Cod Railroad was extended 
 to Provincetown in August, 1873. 
 
 By the report of the railroad commissioners, January, 1889, 
 it appears that fifty-six railroad corporations made returns to the 
 State for the previous railroad year; yet the roads of all these 
 companies together with others which have lost their corporate 
 existence, are now operated by only eighteen corporations. The 
 names of these are as follows : — Boston and Albany. Boston 
 and Maine, Fitchburg, New York and New England, Old Colony 
 Cheshire, Connecticut River, Orafton and Upton, New Haven 
 and Northampton, New London and Northern, New York, New 
 Haven and Hartford, Providence and Worcester, Housatonic of 
 Connecticut, Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn, Martha's Vineyard, 
 Nantasket, Worcester and Shrewsbury, and the Union Freight. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 33 
 
 The total length of operated railways in Massachusetts of the 
 reporting companies is as follows : — 
 
 
 1887. 
 
 1S88. 
 
 ^CREASE. 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 ROADWAT. 
 
 Milks. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Mills. 
 
 Miles. 
 
 Length of roads and branches 
 
 in Massachusetts, 
 
 2,992,823 
 2,018,253 
 
 3.0S7.883 
 2,063.918 
 
 95,060 
 45,660 
 
 
 
 Length of doable track 
 
 in Massachusetts, 
 
 1,036,717 
 740,389 
 
 l,027,. r )S7 
 743,469 
 
 U,0S0 
 
 9,130 
 
 Length of sidings 
 
 in Massachusetts, 
 
 1,31)0,009 
 904,330 
 
 1,443,310 
 1,010,036 
 
 83,301 
 45,696 
 
 
 
 Total length as single track 
 
 5,389,549 
 
 5,558,780 
 
 169,231 
 
 
 
 in Massachusetts, 
 
 3,722,977 
 
 3,S17,413 
 
 94,436 
 
 
 The aggregate capital stock is 8151,076,704.02; an increase, since 
 the last report, of §607,290.00, — resulting in an increase of stock of 
 ten of the corporations. Since the report was made, the General 
 Court has authorized the Boston and Albany company to increase its 
 capital stock to $30,000,000,— a possible increase of .§10,000.000. 
 
 The rates per mile on Massachusetts railroads are comparatively 
 shown in the following statement : — 
 
 Fares * Average on all roads in 1880-1, .$0.0220 
 \ " " " " " 18*7-8, 0.0190 
 
 Freights ' * n *^ 5 on f> chief roads, §0.04. .'590 per ton. 
 s ( " 188S " 5 " " 0.01,936 " " 
 
 The average earnings per mile of nine principal roads in the State 
 for the business year of 1887-8, was §3,8(12.66. 
 
 The Meigs Elevated Railway Company, chartered in 1884, was 
 formed to build and ruif the system of road and cars invented by Joe 
 V. Meigs. An experimental road was completed in Cambridge, and 
 a train run successfully in 1885. This was the first elevated road in 
 Massachusetts. The charter was amended to make it practicable in 
 1888 ; and the company was organized and the charter accepted in 
 April, 1889. 
 
 On the 23d of March, 1856, the first horse-car for passengers ever 
 run in New England, made a trip from Pearl street, Cambridgeport, 
 to Charles street, in Boston, over the tracks of the Cambridge Rail- 
 road. There were in the State, at the date of the last report of the 
 Railroad Commissioners, forty-six companies, — seven having been 
 added during the year, while five companies have lost their registry 
 
34 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 from having been consolidated with, or purchased by some other 
 company. The aggregate capital stock is given at §10,894,850.00, 
 — being an increase, since the previous report of $798,050.00; 
 while their gross debt has also increased §1,1-1,542.86, and now 
 amounts to $7,5611,250.70. The whole length of track, including 
 branches and sidings and double track, amounts to 501.81 miles, being 
 an increase of 54 miles during the year. The average cost was $16,- 
 920.70 per mile for permanent way, $7,317.25 for equipment, and 
 $9,449.67 for land and buildings, making a total cost of $33,687.71 
 for each mile of road owned. The number of passengers carried 
 was 134,478,319 ; which exceeds the number carried on the steam 
 railroads by 44,791,907. The average amount received for each pas- 
 senger was 5.10 cents. The whole number of horses was 11,391 ; and 
 of cars, 2,5S8. The number of persons employed was 5,531. 
 
 Five lines of European steamers connect the Commonwealth with 
 England, Scotland and France, from the port of Boston ; while other 
 lines run to German, Italian and Mediterranean ports, to Australia, 
 and to distant China and Japan ; so that there is an average of about 
 one steamship a day sailing for some point on the eastern continents. 
 Four lines ran to foreign parts of the Western hemisphere ; while 
 we have ten lines, (some making daily trips J connecting Boston with 
 other ports of our own country. 
 
 Massachusetts has an ocean cable terminus at Duxbury, Massachu- 
 setts, and another near at hand at live Beach in XewHampshire. Yet 
 telegraph communications are so frequent, that our State offices have 
 as ready communication with several other ocean lines, as with those 
 mentioned. As to the land lines, they are so numerous in the State 
 that it would be difficult to find a village that is without one. Every 
 considerable section in North America is in easy communication 
 with our chief towns by means of them ; so that the son or daughter 
 of Massachusetts, to whatever hamlet on the continent north of the 
 Isthmus of Darien they may have wandered, need not be many hours 
 without intelligence from the responsive family at home in the Old 
 Bay State. 
 
 RELIUIOX. 
 
 The original settlers of this Slate were Puritans, opposed to the 
 forms and ceremonies of the Church of England. They held that the 
 Bible was the only rule of faith and practice, and expressed their 
 religious creed, and mode of church government, in a platform estab- 
 lished by a convention assembled at Cambridge in 1018. The minis- 
 try was supported by assessment on the people of the towns where it 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 35 
 
 ■was instituted. Though coming to this country to escape intolerance 
 at home, our forefathers were not themselves well grounded in the 
 principles of religious freedom, and manifested an illiberal spirit 
 towards Antinomians, Quakers, Baptists and Episcopalians. The 
 clergy exercised a powerful influence over the magistrates as well as 
 over the people : civil, political, and even military questions were 
 usually submitted to their consideration. In the crisis of the Revol- 
 ution, most of the clergy inclined to the popular side ; and, in the 
 changes effected in public sentiment by that bold assertion of civil 
 rights, a more tolerant religious spirit came to prevail ; so that when 
 the State Constitution was formed, in 1780, the right of every man 
 to worship God " in the manner and season most agreeable to the 
 dictates of his own conscience," provided he does not disturb the 
 public peace thereby, is acknowledged. Under this equitable rule, 
 together with other safeguards and provisions, — as that of 1811, re- 
 lieving persons belonging to religious societies, corporate or incorpor- 
 ate, from the support of the Congregational minister settled in the 
 place, — various religious denominations have greatly flourished in 
 the State, and are now, for the most part, laboring together in peace 
 and amity for the advancement of Christianity and the public good. 
 
 The largest number of religious societies is found in the Trinitar- 
 ian Congregational order, there being of this faith at the beginning 
 of 1889, 553 churches. The Baptists have .W>, the Protestant Epis- 
 copal, 110, the Methodist Episcopal, 354, the Roman Catholics, -77, 
 the Unitarians, 193, and the Universalists, 95. In addition to these 
 there are societies of. Presbyterians, Friends, Swedenborgians, (the 
 Church of the New Jerusalem), Free Baptists, Lutherans, German 
 Reformed Church, Christians, Adventists, Spiritualists, Christian 
 Scientists, Judaists, Shakers, Latter Day Saints, and several others 
 of small membership. 
 
 The clergy are generally well-educated, but not so far above the 
 people as in former times, neither are they so permanently settled 
 over the churches. 
 
 Many of the church-edifices, especially in the larger towns and 
 cities, are elegant in structure, and well furnished with bells, organs, 
 and vestries. In most of the churches there is congregational sing- 
 ing, together with the music of choirs for the more elaborate pieces. 
 Sabbath schools, commenced in the State about the year 1817, engross 
 much attention, and embrace within their fostering care almost all 
 the children, and many of the adults of the Commonwealth. 
 
 Connected with the churches and religious societies are numerous 
 
36 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 benevolent organizations, — as for the dissemination of the Bible, the 
 work of missions, the publication of religious tracts and larger devo- 
 tional treatises, the erection of church-edifices, and the education of 
 young men for the ministry, — which are visibly pursuing the laud- 
 able ends for which they were formed. 
 
 CHARITABLE AND REFORMATORY INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 Alive to the interest, welfare and comfort of the unfortunate, and 
 to the reformation of the criminal, the State has established, and 
 liberally sustains several large and well-regulated benevolent institu- 
 tions. 
 
 It has asylums for the insane at Taunton, Westborough, Bridge- 
 water, Baldwinville, and very spacious ones at Worcester, Northamp- 
 ton, and Danvers. McLean Asylum at Somerville, opened in 1818, 
 is a corporate institution, and though not supported by the State, 
 is to a large extent public. 
 
 There are also ten or more private asylums in different parts of the 
 Commonwealth where patients are treated for nervous disorders and 
 insanity. The city of Boston has three asylums, intended for the 
 milder forms of insanity, and for chronic cases. 
 
 A reform school for boys was established at "VWstborough in 1847, 
 and an industrial school for girls, at Lancaster, in 1855. There are 
 also incipient or temporary institutions of a similar kind at Law- 
 rence, Salem, Baldwinville, Boston, and Dover. 
 
 The State has an eye and ear infirmary at Boston ; also a Schooi 
 for Idiotic and Feeble-minded Youth; and at South Boston is an 
 Asylum for the blind. It has a School for the Education of Deaf- 
 Mutes, founded by gifts and bequests of Mr. John Clarke, amounting 
 to .5273,250, at Round Hill, Northampton. There is also an indus- 
 trial School for Deaf-Mutes at Beverly, for New England, to the 
 support of which Massachusetts contributes her proportion. 
 
 The State Almshouse located in Tewksbury, is practically a hospi- 
 tal, though it has a department for paupers. The State has also a work- 
 house and farm at Biidgewater, a Primary School at Monson,and an 
 Infant Asylum at Brookline. 
 
 The State Prison was established at Charlestown in 1805, and has 
 since been much enlarged. A Reformatory was established in Con- 
 cord in 1884, and has been of great use for cases of lesser enormity. 
 In 1877, a Reformatory for women was established at Sherborn and 
 has supplied the very important need of an entirely separate place of 
 confinement for female offenders. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 37 
 
 THE GOVERNMENT, FINANCES, AND MILITARY ORGAN- 
 IZATION. 
 
 The government of the State consists of three departments, — the 
 «xecutive, the legislative, and the judicial. The executive depart- 
 ment embraces a governor and a lieutenant-governor, eight council- 
 lors, a secretary, treasurer, attorney-general, an auditor, chosen 
 annually, on the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November, 
 by the people. 
 
 The legislative department consists of a Senate of forty members, k 
 and a house of Representatives of two hundred and forty members, 
 which together constitute the General Court. They are chosen 
 annually by the people at the time appointed for the choice of the 
 executive department, and convene, for the purposes of legislation, 
 at the State House on the first Wednesday in January of each year. 
 The session usually continues till May or June. In order to become 
 a law, a bill or resolve must pass both houses, and receive the signa- 
 ture of the governor; or, in the event of his veto, must be approved 
 by two-thirds of the members of both branches of the legislature. 
 The two United States senators to whom the State is entitled are 
 chosen by this body. 
 
 The judicial department consists of a supreme judicial court hav- 
 ing a chief justice and six associates. Eai'h county has a probate 
 ■court and a court of insolvency ; and the cities and large towns have 
 police and municipal courts. There are also twenty-nine district 
 courts, each holding jurisdiction over several towns adjacent to each 
 other. All the judges of the Commonwealth are appointed by the 
 governor, and hold office during good behavior. 
 
 The State has twelve congressional districts, each of which sends 
 a representative to the National congress ; and it has fourteen elect- 
 oral votes for the President of the United States. 
 
 The capitol was erected at Boston in 1795-6, and was remodeled 
 in 1867, at an expense of §170,000. The building fronts on Beacon 
 street and the Common. It is J73 feet in length, and including the 
 dome, 110 feet in height. Statues of Daniel Webster and Horace 
 Mann have been erected in the grounds in front of the building, 
 while within, are many important mementoes in State and National 
 history, with busts and statues of eminent Americans ; chief among 
 them being the statue of Washington by Chantrey. This stands in 
 a deep recess of the rotunda opposite the front entrance. About it, 
 on sides and rear, are suspended 269 battle-flags belonging to the 
 
38 (1AZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 several regiments and batteries, which served in the war of the slave- 
 holders' rebellion. 
 
 The total assessed value of the State, May 1, 1888, was §1,992, 
 804,101 ; the number of voters was 442,016 ; of taxed dwelling 
 houses, 330,541 ; of acres of land on which taxes were levied, 4,497, 
 623. 
 
 The number of Savings Banks on October 31, 1888, was 176, — 
 having deposits amounting to §315,1X5,070.57. There were also 66 
 co-operative banks, with assets of §5,505,072.19 ; 13 trust companies 
 with assets of §02,981,635.82; two Mortgaged Loan Companies, with 
 assets of $1,083,730.23; and two collateral loan companies, with 
 assets of $350,712.19. 
 
 The aggregate amount of the State debt, funded and unfunded, on 
 January 1, 1889, was $28,851,619.65. The total payments for revenue 
 during the year ending January 1, 1889, were §14,173,108.14. The 
 cash in the treasury on that date was §4.419,611.53, including the 
 amounts in Sinking, Trust, and Miscellaneous Funds, and Trust De- 
 posits. 
 
 The entire number of enrolled militia for 1888 was 312,438. Several 
 new companies were accepted during the year for the uniformed mil- 
 itia, completing the authorized number. The strength of the militia 
 now allowed by law is 390 officers, and 5,40* enlisted men, — a total 
 of 5,858. 
 
 Annual tours of duty of several days are required of these, held at 
 the State ( 'amp Ground at Framingham, or at other points ; also, 
 annual drills of a shorter period, usually held in the autumn. 
 
 SUCCESSION OF GOVERNORS OF THE STATE. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF PLYMOUTH COLONY. 
 
 1620 John Carver. 1644 Edward Winslow. 
 
 1621 William Bradford. 1645 William Bradford. 
 
 1633 Edward Winslow. 1657 Thomas Prence. • 
 
 1634 Thomas Prence. 1673 Josias Winslow. 
 
 1635 William Bradford. 16S1 Thomas Hinckley, who held his 
 
 1636 Edward Winslow. place, except during the inter- 
 
 1637 William Bradford. ruption by Andros, till the union. 
 "1638 Thomas Prence. with Massachusetts in 1692. 
 
 1639 William Bradford. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY UNDER THE FIRST 
 
 CHARTER. 
 
 1629 John Endicott. 1649 John Endicott. 
 
 1630 John Winthrop. 1650 Thomas Dudley. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 39 
 
 1634 Thomas Dudley. 
 
 1635 John Haynes. 
 
 1636 Henry Vane. 
 
 1637 John Winthrop. 
 
 1640 Thomas Dudley. 
 
 1641 Richard Bellingham. 
 
 1642 John Winthrop. 
 164-) John Endicott. 
 
 1645 Thomas Dudley. 
 
 1646 John Winthrop. 
 
 GOVERNORS OF MASSACHUSETTS APPOINTED BY THE KING 
 UNDER THE SECOND CHARTER. 
 
 165 1 John Endicott. 
 
 1654 Richard Bellingham. 
 
 1655 John Endicott. 
 1665 Richard Bellingham. 
 1673 John Leverett. 
 
 1679 Simon Brad&treet, who, with the 
 exception of the administration 
 of Sir Edmund Andros.eontinued 
 in office till 1692. 
 
 1692 
 1694 
 1699 
 1700 
 1 701 
 1702 
 1714- 
 1714- 
 
 171S 
 1715 
 1722- 
 1728 
 1729 
 
 May, Sir William Phips. 1730 
 Nov., Wm. Stoughton, Act. Gov. 1730 
 
 May, Earl of Bellomont. 1741 
 
 July, William Stoughton, A. G. 1749 
 
 July, The Council. 1753 
 
 June, Joseph Dudley. 1756 
 
 ■15 Feb., The Council. 1757 
 
 ■15 March, Joseph Dudley. 1757 
 
 Nov., William Tailer, A. G. 1760 
 
 Oct., Samuel Shute. 1760 
 ■23 Jan., William Dummer, A. G.1769 
 
 July, William Burnet. 1771 
 
 Sept., William Dummer, A. G. 1774 
 
 June, William Tailor, A. G. 
 
 Aug., Jonathan Belcher. 
 
 Aug., William Shirley. 
 
 Sept., Spencer Phips, A. G. 
 
 Aug., William Shirley. 
 
 Sept., Spencer Phips, A. G. 
 
 April, The Council. 
 
 Aug., Thomas Pownal. 
 
 June, Thomas Hutchinson, A.G. 
 
 Aug., Francis Bernard. 
 
 Aug., Thomas Hutchinson, A.G. 
 
 March Thomas Hutchinson. 
 
 May, Thomas Gage. 
 
 DURING THE FIRST REVOLUTION*. 
 
 1774 Oct, A Provincial Congress. 1775 July, The Council. 
 GOVERNORS UNDER THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 1780 John Hancock, to 17S5 
 
 1785 James Bowdoin, " 17S7 
 
 1787 John Hancock, Oct. 8 " 1793 
 
 1794 Samuel Adams, " 1797 
 1797 Increase Sumner, June 7, " 1799 
 
 1800 Caleb Strong, " 1807 
 
 1807 James Sullivan, Dec. 10, " 1808 
 
 1809 Christopher Gore, " 1810 
 
 1810- Elbridge Gerry, " 1812 
 
 1812 Caleb Strong, " 1816 
 
 1816 John Brooks, " 1823 
 
 1823 William Eustis, Feb. 6, " 1825 
 
 1825 Levi Lincoln, " 1835 
 
 1834 John Davis, March 1 , "1836 
 
 1836 Edward Everett, •' 1840 
 
 1840 Marcus Morton, " 1841 
 
 1841 John Davis, " 1843 
 1843 Marcus Morton, " 1844 
 
 1844 George N. Briggs, 
 185 1 George S. Boutwell, 
 
 1853 John H. Clifford, 
 
 1854 Emory Washburn, 
 1S55 Henry J. Gardner, 
 1858 Nathaniel P. Banks, 
 1861 John A. Andrew, 
 1865 Alexander II. Bullock, 
 1869 William Claflin, 
 
 1872 Wm. B. Washburn, May 
 
 1875 William Gaston, 
 
 1876 Alexander II. Rice. 
 
 1879 Thomas Talbot, 
 
 1880 John Davis Long, 
 
 1883 Benjamin F. Butler, 
 
 1884 George D. Robinson, 
 1887 Oliver Ames, 
 
 1890 John Q_. A. Brackett. 
 
 " 'S51 
 
 " 1S53 
 " ^54 
 " -855 
 " 1858 
 " 1861 
 " -86 S 
 " 1869 
 " IS72 
 1, 1874 
 " 1S76 
 
 " 1S79 
 ■' 1880 
 " 1883 
 " 1884 
 " 1887 
 " 189a 
 
40 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 EDUCATION, LITERATURE, AND THE PUBLIC PRESS. 
 
 Massachusetts was settled by men of wisdom, who at once deter- 
 mined to lay the foundation of an intelligent as well as a religious 
 commonwealth. Hardly had they fixed upon the territory for their 
 habitations, ere they began to plant a college for the education of 
 their sons. Harvard College, the oldest and best endowed institution 
 in the country was incorporated in 1C38 ; and in 1047 a bill was passed 
 in the general court for the taxing of the people of the towns for the 
 support of free public schools, to which every child might have ac- 
 cess. This is supposed to be the first legislative act in the world 
 affording free public instruction through a general taxation of all 
 the people, to the children of all the people. The system of common 
 school education then inaugurated has continued, with various mod- 
 ifications and improvements, to the present time ; and to it the State 
 is largely indebted for the general intelligence and intellectual vigor 
 of its citizens. In 1744 it was made imperative that every town of 
 fifty families should employ a schoolmaster capable of teaching all 
 the Engbsh branches, and that every town of one hundred families 
 or more should support a teacher having a competent knowledge of 
 the Greek and Latin languages. The towns were divided into school 
 districts, buildings erected, male teachers employed ; and, during 
 several months in the year, the schools were kept in operation. 
 Through the efficient labors of the late Rev. Charles Brooks, Horace 
 Mann, and others, a State Board of Education was established April, 
 20, 1837 ; and under its direction, teacher's institutes, normal schools, 
 a system of graded schools, — embracing primary intermediate, gram- 
 mar, and high schools, all of which are free, — have been inaugurated. 
 The Annual Reports of the Board of Education indicate steady im- 
 provement in the educational system, and in the condition of the 
 schools. 
 
 By the report made January 1, l.s.X'.l, it appears that the whole 
 number of State common schools was 6,7NS, and of high schools, 
 230. The, number of teachers was 9,S'.l", — of whom 1,010 were 
 males, and 8,887 were females. The number of pupils between 5 
 and 1/5 years was .'i/V.>..">lM ; the number in the public schools, 3~>S,000. 
 The total amount of taxes paid for the maintenance of the schools 
 for the year of the report was $5,11 1, 102. 11. The aggregate for 
 maintenance, new school bouses, repairs, supervision, state superin- 
 tendence, reports, books, and other necessaries, was §7.087,206.42, 
 — being an average of §10.11 to each child of school age in the 
 State. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. A.\ 
 
 Normal schools were established by law in 1838 ; and the State 
 now has six, conveniently situated for the attendence of those in- 
 tending to become teachers. They are located at Framingham, 
 Bridgewater, Westfield, Salem, and Boston, — the latter being the 
 location also of the State Normal Art School. 
 
 '•Though many of her sister States," says a late writer, "are now 
 rivalling Massachusetts in the excellence of their common schools 
 and other educational institutions, yet to her belongs the undoubted 
 honor of having first extended her care to the intellectual culture of 
 her humblest citizens, the rich reward of which is seen, not only in 
 the number of splendid names that adorn her literature, but in the 
 distinguished sons she has sent out to form the legislators, pro- 
 fessors, authors, and teachers of other States." 
 
 The desire for a better education in the first two centuries of our 
 country manifested itself chiefly in the establishment of academies, 
 which served the double purpose of fitting schools for college, and 
 of supplying an essential amount of learning for the higher grades 
 of business. Between the years of 1785 and lHT.'i, 114 of these had 
 been incorporated in Massachusetts ; of which some have since been 
 merged in public high schools, and others' have long since become 
 extinct; while in the last State School report, 76 is the number 
 mentioned as still having an independent existence. Several whose 
 names are yet familiar were established earlier, — as Pummer 
 Academy, Newbury, 1750, — Phillips Academy, Andover, 177k, — 
 Leicester, 1784 ; while the latest reported is Thayer Academy, South 
 Braintree, incorporated in 1873. 
 
 Following Harvard, Williams College, in Williamstown was foun- 
 ded in 1793 : Amherst College, in Amherst, in 1821 ; the College of 
 the Holy Cross, in Worcester, burned in 1852, since re-established J 
 Tufts College, in Medford, instituted in 1852 ; Boston College, l«7-'i» 
 Smith College, Northampton, 1875; Wellesley College, in Wellesley, 
 in 1875; Boston University, in ISO'.*; and Clarke University, in 
 Worcester, 1888. Tne Institute of Technology, in Boston, was in- 
 corporated in 1861, for the " purpose of instituting and maintaining 
 a society of arts, a museum of arts, and a school of industrial 
 science. In 1865, a school for a similar purpose, was established in 
 Worcester principally for the use of Worcester county, — and now 
 bears the name, " Worcester Polytechnic Institute." 
 
 The Congregationalist Theological Seminary, at Andover, was es- 
 tablished in 1807 ; the Baptist Theological Institution, at Newton, 
 in 1825; and the Methodist Theological Seminary, in Boston, in 
 
42 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 1847, — transferred to Boston University in 1X71, and now known 
 as the " Boston University .School of Theology." 
 
 Including the colleges, seminaries, and academies, there are in the 
 State, .'548 private schools, — comprising kinder-garten, commercial 
 art, music, oratory, and the languages, together with those for deaf- 
 mutes, the blind, and the feeble minded. 
 
 A further account of these institutions may be found under the 
 head of the cities and towns in which they are located. 
 
 As further aids in ('duration, most of our cities and larger towns 
 have established one or more lyceums, or literary institutes, in which 
 lectures on science, art, literature, or history are annually given; 
 while numerous others have taken the form of debating societies, 
 with essays on practical topics, and other literary exercises. 
 
 As a mean3 of entertainment, intelligence and diffused refinement, 
 not even the public schools are more useful than the public libraries 
 and reading-rooms, as far as they are made use of. Massachusetts 
 has 2,371 of these, containing 4,542,072 bound books, — an average 
 of over six libraries to each town. 
 
 The newspapers, journals, and magazines form a perpetual circu- 
 lating library, and their influence (for good nearly always) is not 
 surpassed, except by the public school — which qualifies people to 
 read them. The printing press set up by Stephen Day in Cambridge, 
 in 16.''>9, was the first in America, though it is not known to have 
 issued any periodical sheet. The first newspaper printed in this 
 country was a small quarto sheet issued by Benjamin Harris, in 
 Boston, September 25, 1690. The first number of "The Boston 
 News-Letter," edited by John Campbell, was published April 24, 
 1704; and the first number of "The Boston Gazette,'' appeared De- 
 cember 21, 1719. James Franklin started "The New England Cour- 
 ant," August 17, 1721. In editing and printing this paper he was 
 assisted by his younger brother, Benjamin. The first number of 
 " The New England Weekly Journal," by S. Kneeland, was issued 
 March 21), 1727. "The Weekly Rehearsal," by J. Diaper, made its 
 appearance September 27, 1721, — and was changed to "The Boston 
 Evening Tost," in August, 17.'!5. These were the earliest papers of 
 the State. The first daily paper established in the State was "The 
 Boston Daily Advertiser," commenced in lsl;{, by Horatio Bigelow 
 and W. W. Clupp. Among the earliest, of the magazines and quar- 
 terlies are " The North American Keview," established in Boston in 
 May, 1815: "The Atlantic Monthly," "The hiving Age," " The New 
 England Historical and Genealogical Register," "The Boston Medical 
 
TILE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 43 
 
 and Surgical Journal," " Dwight's Journal of Music," " The TJniver- 
 salists Quarterly," " The Andover Review ; " " Education," " Lend a 
 Hand," " The Cottage Hearth," '• Donahoe's Magazine," "The New 
 Jerusalem Magazine," " The New England Magazine," with " Wide- 
 Awake," and the still more juvenile magazines, are later comers. 
 
 The total number of periodicals published in Massachusetts at the 
 commencement of 1889 was 650. Of these, 54 were dailies, 9 semi- 
 weekly, 424 weekly, 9 bi-weekly, 8 semi-monthly, 137 monthly, 1 bi- 
 monthly, and 8 quarterly. 
 
 THE ABORIGINES. 
 
 The number of the Indians had been greatly diminished by a fatal 
 disease some time anterior to the arrival of the Pilgrims ; and there 
 are no certain data for determining how many were then dwelling 
 within the limits of the State. The four principal tribes, beginning 
 at the north, were the Pawtuckets, living on the Merrimack River j 
 the Massachusetts, on the bay of the same name ; the Pokanokets, 
 in the south-west section of the State; and the Narragansetts, in the 
 vicinity of the Narragansett Bay 
 
 In these four tribes, perhaps, there might have been an aggregate 
 of 40,000 people. They usually selected the most beautiful ponds, 
 waterfalls, and valleys for their villages, and supported themselves 
 by hunting, fishing, by raising a little Indian corn, a few beans and 
 squashes, and by the nuts and berries which the wilderness spon- 
 taneously produced. Their implements were made of hard wood, 
 stone, or bone, or sea-shells. They dwelt in wigwams rudely made, 
 and used for money wampum, which consisted of shell-beads strung 
 upon a belt. When kindly treated by the English, they, for the 
 most part, exhibited a friendly spirit in return. In 1674, Daniel 
 Gookin estimates the Narragansetts at 4,000 people, the Massachu- 
 setts at 1,200, and the Pawtuckets at 1,000. The Pokanokets were 
 then nearly extinct. During the war of King Philip (1075-76), 
 most of the hostile Indians were exterminated, and but few, except 
 the Christian Indians remained. The number of these at the close 
 of 1678 was 567 in the Massachusetts, and 1,919 in the Plymouth 
 Colony. By the census of 17G5, the number of Indians in the 
 State was 1,509. In 1828 the number in the State was about 1,000, 
 of whom about 600 were living at Mashpee, Gay Head, Christian- 
 town, and Chippaquiddick. The present number is 410 ; but few of 
 them are of pure Indian blood. 
 
41 UA/.ETTEUU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 CIVIL HISTORY. 
 
 Although Bartholomew Gosnold built a fort and storehouse on 
 one of the Elizabeth Islands (Cuttyhunk) as early as 1G»2, and the 
 enterprising Capt. J(jhn Smith visited and described the coast of 
 Massachusetts in 1614, no permanent settlement was made here by 
 Englishmen until the arival of the l'ilgrim Fathers at Plymouth b 
 December, 1020. These people were Puritans, and zealous advocates 
 of civil and religious liberty. They believed in a church without a 
 bishop, if not a state without a king ; and in order to escape the 
 persecution of James the First (who said, that, unless they con- 
 formed, he would harry them out of the kingdom) sought refuge in 
 Holland, where they resided — first at Amsterdam, and then at 
 Leyden — from 1607 until their emigration to America. Their 
 design in coming to this Western World was to relieve themselves 
 from the immoralities of the Dutch, to plant Christianity in the 
 distant wilderness, " better provide for their posterity, and live to 
 be more refreshed by their labors. - ' Obtaining consent of the Ply- 
 mouth Company to settle in North Virginia, they entered into part- 
 nership with some London merchants; and two ships — "The 
 Speedwell" of sixty tons, and " The Mayflower" of a hundred and 
 eighty tons — being furnished, they left, with many tears, their 
 excellent pastor, the Rev. John Robinson, and their other friends, 
 at Delfthaven, July 12, 1(120; and, embarking in ''The Speedwell," 
 they sailed for Southampton, where " The Mayflower," which had 
 been hired in London, soon united with them for the voyage across 
 the Atlantic. On the ~>th of August the two vessels sailed from South- 
 ampton • but "The Speedwell," being unseaworthy, soon returned 
 to Plymouth, while "The Mayflower," with 102 persons on board, 
 proceeded on her way alone. Alter a perilous voyage, during which 
 one person died and one was born, the vessel, on the 11th of 
 November, came to anchorage in l'rovineetowii Harbor, in Cape-Cod 
 I '.ay. 
 
 The original intention of the Pilgrims was to settle at or near 
 Manhattan : but the perilous shoals and breakers, and the lateness 
 of the season, induced them to make the nearest port, and here 
 commence their colony; and, inasmuch as they were then outside 
 of any local government, it was deemed advisable to institute some 
 rules and regulations for the guidance and good order of the com- 
 pany. Prior to disembarking, they therefore, in the cabin of "The 
 Mayflower," Nov. 11, 1620, entered into a solemn compact and agree- 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 45 
 
 ment, to which they set their several names. It is in these remark- 
 able words, and is the " first written constitution of government 
 ever subscribed by a whole people : " — 
 
 "In ye name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwritten, the loyall 
 subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord, King James, by ye grace of God, of 
 Great Britaine, Franc, & Ireland, King, defender of ye faith, etc. haveing 
 undertaken for ye glorie of God, and advancemente of ye Christian faith, 
 and honour of our King and countrie, a voyage to plant ye first colonie in ye 
 Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly & mutualy in ye 
 presence of God, and one of another, covenant & combine our selves togeather 
 into a civill body politick, for our better ordering & preservation & further- 
 ance of ye ends aforesaid ; and by vertue hearof to enacte, constitute, and 
 frame such just & equall lawes, ordinances, acts, constitutions, & offices, 
 from time to time, as shall be thought most meete & convenient for ve 
 generall good of ye colonie, unto which we promise all due submission and 
 obedience. 
 
 " In witness whereof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cape 
 Codd ye n. of November, in ye year of ye raigne of our soveraigne Lord, 
 King James, of England, Franc, & Ireland ye eighteenth, and of Scotland ye 
 fiftie fourth, Ano. Dom, 1620." 
 
 The names of the subscribers are as follows : Mr. John Carver, 
 Mr. William Bradford, Mr. Edward Winslow, Mr. William Prew- 
 ster, Mr. Isaac Allerton, Capt. Miles Standish, John Alden, Mr. 
 Samuel Fuller, Mr. Christopher Martin, Mr. William Mullins, Mr. 
 William White, Mr. Richard Warren, John Howland, Mr. Stephen 
 Hopkins, Edward Tilly, John Tilly, Francis Cook, Thomas Rogers, 
 Thomas Tinker, John Ridgdale, Edward Fuller, Jnhn Turner, 
 Francis Eaton, James Chilton, John Crackston, .(ohn Billington, 
 Moses Fletcher, John Goodman, Degory Priest, Thomas Williams, 
 Gilbert Winslow, Edward Margeson, Peter Brown, Kichard Iiritter- 
 ige, George Soule, Richard Clarke, Richard Gardiner, John Allerton, 
 Thomas English, Edward Dotey, and Edward Leister. 
 
 From this brief instrument, which embodies the principle that the 
 will of the majority shall govern, has been derived the idea of our 
 State and National constitutions ; and well has it been said, that the 
 cabin of " The Mayflower " was the cradle of American civil liberty. 
 After signing the compact, they chose John Carver, a man of good 
 judgment and of sterling integrity, governor for one year, and soon 
 after sent out Miles Standish with sixteen armed men to make ex- 
 plorations on the shore. This party, on the 16th instant, went as 
 far as Pamet River, and found Indian graves, a kettle, also some 
 Indian corn, which was very serviceable to them for food and for 
 
4G CAZETTEEB OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 planting the next season. On the 6th of December, a third explor- 
 ing-party, consisting of Gov. Carver, William Bradford, Edward 
 Winslow, Miles Ntandish, and others, started in the shallop to sail 
 around the bay in search of a convenient place for settlement. The 
 next day, several of them went on shore at Eastham ; and, early in 
 the morning following, they had only time to cry out "Indians!" 
 when a shower of arrows came flying in amongst them. The Eng- 
 lish immediately discharged their muskets, and the Indians fled. 
 They called this meeting with the aborigines, who proved to be of 
 the Nauset tribe, the " First Encounter." Kejoining their compan- 
 ions in the boat, they coasted along westerly, passing Barnstable in 
 a heavy snow-storm, and, turning northerly, came in after dark, with 
 mast and rudder broken, under the lee of Clark's Island, in Ply- 
 mouth Harbor. Here they spent Saturday, the 9th, in refitting 
 their boat, and the sabbath following in solemn worship. On Mon- 
 day morning, Dec. 11 (which corresponds with Dec. 21, Xew Style), 
 they landed on a rock upon the margin of the shore, and made an 
 exploration into the interior. Finding clear springs, a running 
 brook, and some land where corn had been planted, they judged it a 
 place suitable for a settlement, and, the next day, returned with a 
 favorable report to Provincetown. ( )n the 16th of December (N. S. 
 26th) " The Mayflower " anchored in Plymouth Bay, and four days 
 afterwards the Pilgrims decided to settle near what is now denomi- 
 nated the Town Brook. They soon began to build cabins under- 
 neath the cliff, on the left bank of the Town Brook; a common 
 house for storage, worship, and defence ; and on the 2Sth of Jan- 
 uary, 1G20, the whole company was divided into nineteen families, 
 to each of which a lot of land was given. On the 21st of the same 
 month, they spent the day, it being the sabbath, in worshiping on 
 shore ; and called the name of the place Plymouth, in memory of 
 the English town from which they last set saiL Here, then, was 
 the first town permanently founded by Europeans, not only in this 
 State, but in New England. 
 
 The sufferings of the Pilgrims, from exposures by sea and land, 
 were such, that one-half the number died before the full opening of 
 the spring. Not unfrequently the hands and feet of the men, while 
 fishing in the bay or hunting in the woods, were frozen ; and it is 
 said that the whole company was once reduced to a single pint of 
 corn. Of this each person had five kernels, which were parched 
 and eaten. The ruling elder, William Brewster, lived for months 
 together without bread. "Of so great labor it was to found New 
 
TILE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 47 
 
 England." It -was fortunate for the colony that the natives of that 
 region had, a few years previous, been mostly swept away by a 
 fatal disease, and thus the land was left open for possession. Yet 
 they by no means neglected to hold themselves in readiness for 
 defence. They chose the heroin Miles Standish, on the 17th of 
 
 8TAHDISH HOUSE. DLXI1LI1V. 
 
 February, captain of their military force, and soon after mounted 
 the great guns from "The Mayflower " on Burial Hill. On the 16th 
 of March (0. S.) they were surprised by the sudden appearance of 
 Samoset, a friendly Indian, who, stalking in amongst them, cried out, 
 " Welcome, Englishmen ! " which was the first word coming to them 
 
48 
 
 GAZETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 from a native since arriving on the coast. Through the influence of 
 this Indian, and S'/annto, who had learned a little of our language 
 while a captive in England, the colony, on the 22d of March, entered 
 into a treaty of peace with Massasoit, the father of King Philip, 
 which remained in force for half a century. On the 5th of April 
 "The Mayflower" left for England. Gov. Carver died, William 
 Bradford was chosen governor in his place, and Issac Allerton assis- 
 tant; and on the 12th of May following, Edward Winslow and Mrs. 
 Susanna \Yliit'< w" , r" married, whieh was the first marriage in the 
 
 FIREPLACE, STANDISII HOUSE. 
 
 colony. "The spring," says Gov. Bradford, "now approaching, it 
 pleased God the mortalities begane to cease amongst them, and ye 
 sick and lame recovered apace, which put, as it were, new life into 
 them, though they had borne their sadd afflictions with as much pa- 
 tience. & contentedness as I thinke any people could doe." 
 
 Purchasing the interests of the London merchants in 1027, the 
 Plymouth colonists became the sole proprietors of the land, and con- 
 tinued a distinct government until 1601. when, by the charter of 
 William and Mary, it was united with the Colony of Massachusetts 
 and Maine. 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 49 
 
 The civil basis of the other settlements of the State was a patent. 
 signed by King James, Nov. 3, 1620, incorporating the Duke of 
 Lenox and others as the Council of Plymouth, and granting to it 
 that part of America -which lies between the fortieth and forty -eighth 
 degrees of north latitude. Two years afterwards a settlement was 
 commenced, throngh the efforts of Mr. Thomas Weston, at Wey- 
 mouth; and another, by the influence of the Rev. John White, at 
 Gloucester, 1624. This colony, under the direction of Koger 
 Conant, removed the next year to Xaumkeag, which was subse- 
 quently called Salem. At the same time a plantation was begun by 
 Capt. Wollaston at Merrymount, in Braintree. 
 
 On the 19th of March, 162S, the Council of Plymouth gave to Sir 
 Henry Rosewell and others a patent of an immense tract of laud in- 
 cluded by two lines, — the one three miles north of the Merrimack, 
 and the other three miles south of the Charles Kiver, — and extend- 
 ing from the Atlantic westerly as far as the South Sea, or Pacific 
 Ocean. By the royal charter, which passed the seals March 4, 1<>L".I. 
 granting this land, a corporation was created under the name of 
 "the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New 
 England." 
 
 In the year following, seventeen ships, with more than fifteen 
 hundred people, mostly Puritans or Nonconformists, and some of 
 them persons of distinction, arrived at Salem, with Mr. .John Win- 
 throp as governor of the colony. They settled at Dorchester, Ko.\- 
 bury, Watertown, and Cambridge ; and during the summer of that 
 year, attracted by a fine spring of water at Sftaivmuf, Mr. Winthrop 
 and some other leading men erected there a few cottages, and thus 
 laid the foundation of the metropolis of New England. 
 
 The ensuing winter was one of great severity. The houses of the 
 colonists were uncomfortable, and their clothing and provisions 
 scanty. Many perished by the cold, and others subsisted by shell- 
 fish, and the roots and acorns which the wilderness provided. As 
 many as two hundred died before the closing of the year, among 
 whom were the Rev. Francis Higginson of Salem, his colleague, Mr. 
 Skelton, and, soon after their arrival, Mr. Isaac Johnson and his ex- 
 cellent lady Arbella, who, as one has said, " left an earthly paradice 
 in the family of an earldom to encounter the sorrows of the wilder- 
 ness, for the entertainments of a pure worship in the house of God, 
 and then immediately left that wilderness for the heavenly para- 
 dise." 
 
 On the 1 9th of October, 1630, the first General Court was held, in 
 
50 HAZETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 which it was enacted that those only should be made freemen who 
 belonged to some church in the colony, and that freemen alone should 
 have power to elect the governor ami his assistants. The former law 
 was repealed in 16G">. As emigration steadily increased, and as it 
 was soon found that the freemen could not e;isily assemble to trans- 
 act business in person, it was ordered, in Bill, that these should 
 meet only for the election of magistrates, who, with the representa- 
 tives chosen by the several towns, should have the power of enacting 
 laws. And thus began the system of democratic representation in 
 the colony. Ten years later the magistrates, »r assistants, and the 
 deputies, after much discussion, were organized into separate branches 
 in the government. 
 
 Though escaping fuun intolerance in the mother-country, the colo- 
 nists themselves, with all their virtues, had not learned from the 
 gospel to be tolerant; and, near the close of lt'i.Vi, the lie v. Roger 
 Williams, Minister at Salem, and, two years later. Anne Hutchinson 
 and the Key. John "Wheelwright, were, for heretical opinions, ban- 
 ished from the State. 
 
 In 1' IT.' J the Colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut and 
 New Haven, entered into a confederation, which continued till 1686, 
 lor mutual defence against the Indians and the llutch, but under th- 
 provision that each colony was to retain its own distinct and separ 
 rate government. 
 
 The laws of the colony were, in KITS, collected, ratified and printed; 
 and, in the same year, Margaret Jones of Charlestown was tried and 
 executed as a witch. In W>'<'2 a mint was established for coining 
 money ; and the Province of Maine was made a county of Massachu- 
 setts, under the name of Yorkshire. 
 
 By the year l(Hi."> Massachusetts had settled many towns, — as 
 Lynn, Marblehead, Ipswich, Newbury, on the seaboard; Andover, 
 Haverhill then a (frontier settlement) Sudbury, Lancaster, Brookfield, 
 in the interior; and Deertield, Northampton, lladley and Spring- 
 field, in the rich valley of tins Connecticut River. The militia 
 amounted to I, (Hill foot-soldiers and Kill cavalry; and the shipping, to 
 l.'ili vessels. By the labors of Thomas Maybe w, John Eliot, and 
 others, ten Indian towns had been converted to Christianity. 
 
 The year lf>7.""> is memorable for the breaking-out of King Philip's 
 War, dining which' the united colonies lost as many as GOO men, and 
 had as many as (!»0 dwelling-houses reduced to ashes. Philip, an ahle 
 warrior, whose Indian name was Mvtammrt. ruled the Wamjmnoagi 
 and resided at Mount Hope, near Bristol, in Khode Island. Observing 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 51 
 
 the encroachments of the English on the hunting-grounds, and insti- 
 gated by the execution of three of his tribe for the murder of John 
 Sassamon, he artfully secured the aid of other tribes, and commenced 
 hostilities by an attack June 24, on the people of Swansey while re- 
 turning from church, during which eight or nine of them were slain. 
 In September, seventy young men, the flower of Essex County were 
 massacred and buried in one grave at Bloody Brook, in Deerfield ; and 
 Xorthfield and Hadley were attacked. In an encounter with the Nar- 
 ragansetts in a swamp in Kingstown, R. I., in December, Gov. Wins- 
 low, with an army of 1,800 troops, killed and wounded about 1,000 
 Indians, burned 600 wigwams, and thus seriously weakened Philip's 
 power who, nevertheless, continued during the winter his savage 
 work, burning the towns of Lancaster, Medfield, Marlborough, Gro- 
 ton, Sudbury, and murdering or carrying many of the people into 
 merciless captivity. But, tribe after tribe deserting Philip, he re- 
 turned to Mount Hope ; and, his wife and son being soon after cap- 
 tured, he said, "Now my heart breaks : I am ready to die." On the 
 12th of August, 1G7G, Capt. Benjamin Church with a small body of 
 men came upon him. An Indian of the party shot him through the 
 heart ; and thus fell the last kin,' of the Wampaiwag*, and with him 
 the power of the Indians in New England. 
 
 The towns in Xew Hampshire which in 1G41 had been annexed to 
 the State were in 1(377 formed into a separate government ; yet the 
 divisional line was not settled until 174.'i. 
 
 By a decision in chancery, June 2K, 1GS4, the charter of Massachu- 
 setts was abrogated ; and, two years subsequent thereto, Sir Edmund 
 Andros was sent over as governor of New England. I lis arbitrary 
 administration gave great offence to the people ; and, on the news of 
 the accession of Prince William to the throne in 1C89, the citizens of 
 Boston threw the governor and fifty of his associates into prison, 
 and restored the former magistrates. In 1G'.)2 King William granted 
 a new charter by which the Plymouth Colony was united with that 
 of Massachusetts, and under it Sir William Phips, a native of Wool- 
 wich, Me., was appointed governor. He arrived in Boston May 14, 
 1G92 ; and among the earlier acts of his administration was the insti- 
 tution of a court for the trial of certain persons accused of witch- 
 craft. 
 
 This strange delusion threw the colony into as much excitement as 
 the war with King Philip had done in 1G75 ; and the apology of the 
 clergy who fell into it must be, that such men as Sir Matthew Hale, 
 of the King's Bench, regarded witches as in league with evil spirits, 
 
52 GAZETTEEU OF 31 ASSACUV SETTS. 
 
 and amenable to the supreme penalty of the law. It commenced in 
 February 1WJ, in the family of the I lev. Samuel Parris of Danvers. 
 His daughter Elizabeth, and his niece Abigail Williams, began to act 
 in a peculiar way, and accused his servant Tituba of bewitching them; 
 while John, her husband, accused others, that he might save his wife. 
 Commencing thus, the delusion spread from family to family, through 
 Peverly Andover, Ipswich, Clouccster, and other places. Prosecutions 
 were instituted, unreliable testimony against the accused accepted; 
 and, before the end of September, nineteen persons were hung, and 
 Giles C<>ivy, who refused to be tried by jury, was pressed to death. 
 
 At first the accusations were brought only against those of humble 
 rank ; but when Mr. John Hradstreet, the lady of Sir William Phips, 
 and others in high standing began to be mentioned as in fellowship 
 with Satan, the opinion of the rulers changed . a special court was 
 held, and nearly a hundred and fifty persons then in prison for witch- 
 craft were set free. 
 
 At the commencement of the seventeenth century, most of the 
 learned men who colonized the State had passed away ; and, on ac- 
 count of the labor the reduction of the wilderness demanded, but 
 very few had risen to fill their places. The style and spirit of the 
 pidpit had declined, and the people had almost lost the art of psalm- 
 singing in the churches ; yet the love of liberty, as evinced by the 
 steady opposition to the tyranny of the royal governors, was year by 
 year becoming stronger. 
 
 In what was called Queen Anne's War, a party of French and In- 
 dians, under Ileptel de Rouville, attacked, in the spring of 1704, 
 the town of Deerfield, reduced it to ashes, killed forty-seven of the 
 inhabitants, and led one hundred, among whom was the Rev. John 
 Williams and his family, into captivity. Port Royal was captured in 
 1(110 by a force mostly from this State. The name of the place was 
 changed to Annapolis, and Acadia was annexed to the Pritish realm. 
 This war, closed by the Treaty of Utrecht in 171.", was followed by 
 a peace of nearly thirty years. During this period many new settle- 
 ments were made in the interior of the State, and towns incorpor- 
 ated. 
 
 King George's War commenced in 171 1 ; and, early in the follow- 
 ing year, an army under the command of William Pepperell, to which 
 this State contributed more than 3,250 men, laid siege to Louisburg, 
 a French fortress of great strength on the Island of Cape Breton 
 and, aided by an English fleet, under Sir Peter Warren, on the 16th 
 of June effected a capture of the garrison. The expense of the expe- 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 53 
 
 dition was met by the British Government; and the money (.$G12, 
 330.41 in silver and copper) arrived in 1749 at Boston, where it was 
 deposited in the State treasury. The war was terminated by the 
 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, and the acquisitions of territory 
 made in the contest were mutually restored. The boundaries between 
 the French and English colonies were, however, still undefined ; and 
 the struggles for territorial dominion along the frontiers broke out 
 into open hostilities in 1754, and resulted in the capture of Quebec, 
 Sept. 13, 1739, and the establishment of the Saxon domination in 
 America. During this war, about a thousand of the Acadians were, ' 
 through the agency of Gen. John Winslow, transported to this State, 
 but many of them subsequently returned to France. 
 
 In order to meet the expenses incurred in this war, it was proposed 
 by the British ministry to lay a tax upon the colonies ; and this was 
 attempted by the Stamp Act, passed in 17G5, requiring stamps to be 
 put on bonds, deeds, and other printed matter. 
 
 This act of tyranny was denounced by the patriotic leaders of the 
 State and country, who declared that taxation without representation 
 was unconstitutional and iniquitious. The obnoxious act was re- 
 pealed the following year : but in 17G7 another bill for levying duties 
 on paper, tea, and glass, became a law ; to which and other measures 
 the opposition was so strong, that several men-of-war and about four 
 thousand British troops were sent the ensuing year to Boston to pro- 
 tect the authorities, and enforce the execution of obnoxious acts of 
 Parliament. On the 5th of March, 1770, a collision occurred between 
 the troops and some citizens, in which three of the latter were killed, 
 and several wounded; and in December, 1773, a party of men dis- 
 guised as Indians boarded some British ships laden with tea in Boa- 
 ton Harbor, and threw the contents into the sea. 
 
 On receiving an account of this, Parliament passed, March 31, 
 1774, the Boston Port Bill, which prohibited' intercourse by water 
 with the town, and removed the custom-house to Salem. 
 
 Gen. Thomas Gage the newly appointed governor, arrived in Boston, 
 May 13, 1774, and occupied the town with four regiments of British 
 soldiers. On the nineteenth of April, 1775, he sent a detachment 
 to destroy some military stores at Concord ; and on their way oc- 
 curred the battle of Lexington, from which the opening of the drama 
 of the Revolution may be dated 
 
 •«On the loth of June," says Mr. Lossing, "Gage issued a proclamation 
 declaring all Americans in arms to be rebels and traitors, and offering a free 
 pardon to all who should return to their allegiance, except those arch- 
 
",4 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 offenders, John Hancock and Samuel Adams. These he intended to seize, 
 and send to England to be hanged. The vigilant patriots, aware of Gage's 
 hostile intentions, strengthened their intrenchments on Boston Neck: and, 
 on the evening of the 16th of June, Gen. Ward sent Col. Prescott, with a de- 
 tachment of one thousand men, to take possession of and fortify Bunker's 
 Hill, within cannon-shot of the city; and. laboring with pick and spade all 
 that night, they had ca6t up a strong redoubt of earth on the summit of that 
 eminence before the British were aware of their presence. Gage and hi6 
 officers were greatly astonished at the apparition of this military work at the 
 dawn of the 17th. 
 
 " The British generals perceived the necessity for driving the Americans 
 from this commanding position before they should plant a heavy battery 
 there; for, in that event, Boston must be evacuated. Before sunrise (June 
 17, 1775) a heavy cannonade was opened on the redoubt ftom a battery on 
 Copp's Hill in Boston and from shipping in the Harbor, but with very little 
 effect. Hour after hour, the patroits worked on in the erection of their fort; 
 and at noonday their toil was finished, and they laid aside their implements 
 of labor for knapsack and muskets. Gen. Howe, with Gen. Pigot and three 
 thousand men, crossed the Charles River at the same time to Morton's Point, 
 at the foot of the eastern slopes of Breed's Hill, formed his troops into two 
 columns, and marched slowly to attack the redoubt. Although the British 
 commenced firing cannons soon after they had begun to ascend the hill, and 
 the great guns of the ships and the battery on Copp's Hill poured out an in- 
 cessant storm upon the redoubt, the Americans kept perfect silence until they 
 had approached within close musket-shot. Hardly an American could be seen 
 by the slowly approaching enemy; yet behind those mounds of earth lay 
 fifteen hundred determined men. 
 
 "When the British column was within ten rods of the redoubt, Prescott 
 shouted ' Fire ! ' and instantly whole platoons of the assailants were prostrat- 
 ed by well-aimed bullets. The survivors fell back in great confusion, but were 
 soon rallied for a second attack. They were again repulsed, with heavy loss ; 
 and, while scattering in all directions, Gen. Clinton arrived with a few follow- 
 ers, and joining Howe as a volunteer. The fugitives were rallied, and they 
 rushed to the redoubt in the face of a galling fire. For ten minutes the battle 
 raged fearfully; and, in the meanwhile, Charlestown.at the foot of the emin- 
 ence, having been fired by a carcass from Copp's Hill, sent up dense columns 
 of smoke, which completely enveloped the belligerents. The firing in the re- 
 doubt grew weaker; for the ammunition of the Americans became exhausted. 
 It ceased ; and then the British scaled the bank, and compelled the Americans 
 to retreat, while they fought fiercely with clubbed muskets. They fled across 
 Cliarlestown Neck, gallantly covered by Putnam and a few brave men; and, 
 "under that commander, took position on Prospect Hill, and fortified it. The 
 British took possession of Bunker's Hill, and erected a fortification there. 
 There was absolutely no victory in the case. The Americans had lost, in 
 killed, wounded, and prisoners, about four hundred and fifty men. The loss 
 of the British, from like causes, was almost eleven hundred. This was 
 the first real battle of the Revolution, and lasted almost two hours.'' 
 
THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 55 
 
 On the second day following, Gen. Washington assumed the 
 command of the American army then lying at Cambridge ; and 
 erecting a line of batteries from Winter Hill, near the Mystic river, 
 through Cambridge, Brookline, and Roxbury, as far as Dorchester 
 Heights, he held the British forces beseiged in Boston until Mar. 
 17, 1776, when they set sail for Halifax, and the war was transferred 
 from our soil to that of other States. From the beginning of this 
 grand struggle for civil freedom until its close by a definitive treaty 
 of peace signed at Paris, Sept. 3, 1783, Massachusetts continued. 
 by her voice, in council, by her efforts in raising men and money, 
 as well as by the valor of her sons upon the battle-field, to sustain 
 the cause of liberty. Of the forty thousand soldiers in the Ameri- 
 can army in 1776, ten thousand were her sons ; and, by her steady 
 arm, one-fourth of the burden of the entire war was borne. 
 
 In 1780 the State framed and adopted a constitution, declaring 
 that " all men are born equal : " and under this provision it was de- 
 cided by the Supreme Court of the State that slavery was abolished. 
 John Hancock was elected the first governor under the Constitu- 
 tion in 1780, and held his office until 1785, when he was succeeded 
 by James Bowdoin. 
 
 In the ensuing year occurred an insurrection called " Shay's Re- 
 bellion," which agitated the people, and alarmed the government. It 
 grew out of the scarcity of money, caused by the interruption in 
 trade and the drain upon the finances of the country, by the war. 
 
 A convention of the disaffected met at Hatfield on the 22nd of 
 August, 1786, and made known their grievances. Soon afterwards a 
 body of about 1,500 insurgents, led by Daniel Shays, who had been 
 a captain in the Revolution, assembled at Northampton, and pre- 
 vented the sitting of the courts : they also, in December, took pos- 
 session of the court-house in Springfield, and interrupted the 
 proceedings. In January, 1787, an army of 4,000 men was raised 
 by the State, to suppress the insurrection. Gen. William Shepard, 
 with one part of this force, repelled the advance of the insurgents 
 upon the arsenal at Springfield, Jan. 25; and Gen. Benjamin Lin- 
 coln, with another part of the army, followed the retreating rebels to 
 Petersham, where 150 were made prisoners, and the remainder fled. 
 Fourteen of those taken were tried, and condemned to death, but 
 afterwards set at liberty. 
 
 In convention, Feb. 6, 1789, by a vote of 187 to 168, the State 
 ratified and adopted the Federal Constitution of the United States, 
 and warmly sustained the administration of George Washington, 
 the first president. 
 
56 (lAZETTEEJi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 To the embargo laid upon the vessels of the country in 1808, to 
 the policy of President Madison and the war of 1X12, the State was 
 generally opposed. The loss of commerce, revenue, and the expenses 
 of the war, were seriously felt : and the news of the treaty of peace, 
 signed at Ghent, Feb. 18, 181S, was received with acclamations and 
 joy by all classes of the people. In 1820 a convention was held for 
 the revision of the Constitution ; and this year Maine, from 1G92 till 
 then a province of Massachusetts, became an independent State. 
 
 At the opening of the rebellion in 1.S01, the State responded 
 promptly to the demand for men, during the continuance of that 
 ensanguined contest, sent forth, under the lead of John Andrew, 
 governor from 1861 to 1SG.">, regiment after regiment, store after 
 store, ship after ship, to meet the exigency. Wherever there was 
 fighting to be done, — at Bull Run, Fredericksburg, Antietam, Win- 
 chester, Chattanooga, Gettysburg, Coal Harbor, — there was the old 
 Bay State most nobly represented. The whole number of men fur- 
 nished by the State during the war (being a surplus of 13,492 over 
 every call) was 15;),2.14. The whole number of colored troops was 
 l>,039. Since the closing of the war of the Rebellion, which resulted 
 in the liberation of the slave from bondage, — a long-cherished as- 
 piration of the State, — it has enjoyed unexampled prosperity; and 
 in its varied mechanical industries directed by intelligence, in its 
 liberal appropriations for its well-conducted institutions of learning 
 and benevolence, in its multiplied facilities for intercommunication, 
 in its regard to health, temperance, and integrity, in its civil and 
 social order, and in its steady aim for the good, the grand, the 
 beautiful and the true, it gives assurance that it will still maintain 
 its position as one of the leading States of the Federal Union. 
 
 Since the war, legislation has, in general, been more strenously 
 directed to securing closer conformity with ethical standards in 
 politics, business and social relations. In this period there was 
 much fluctation in the treatment of the liquor traffic until 1875, 
 when the prohibitory law was repealed and .. license law substituted, 
 with local option in regard to issuing licenses. In 1869, the district 
 school system was abolished, and town management by a school 
 committee substituted, — by which more uniformly good instruction 
 is secured, with a more economical expenditure of the public money. 
 The notable event of the year was the " Peace Jubilee," iu Boston, 
 in June. In 1872 occurred the world's " Peace Jubilee and Interna- 
 tional Musical Festival," also held in Boston. In October of the 
 same year a great tire consumed the buildings from a tract of about 
 sixty-five acres, in the chief business section of Boston. The 
 
STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. 57 
 
 Mill River disaster, in which there was such destruction of property 
 and life by the bursting of a dam, occurred in the same year. In 
 1874 came the death of Senator Sumner. In 1875 were celebrated 
 the centennials of Lexington and Concord, of Bunker Hill, and of 
 Washington's taking command of the army at Cambridge. In the 
 autumn died Vice-President "Wilson. In 1879 a law was enacted 
 admitting women to vote for members of school committees, — the 
 first decided triumph of the women suffragists in Massachusetts. 
 
© 
 
 05 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 
 ■',3 -•-•.- cf a «.- b . •-'SrS- 
 
 - - ^ j j = z = = r - -i — - s ^ ?, '• /. s. s, z z - - — — = — -/- '/. '/- ■' '- ''- '• — • — ' -~ ■ — •*-*-•- 
 
 .- 2 1^ »J' - - 4 
 
 * Iplpilill ri |liI|kpllilli^iSI|l!HIlI p 
 
 V s -' -i 9 • - 
 
 '• it %iW- llPllIiP^PIIPtMIIIPilpglilpIIIlIP 
 
 x 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 
 X 
 X 
 
 "3 D. - 
 
 3 -^ =1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Y, 
 
 
 3h 
 
 w 
 
 - 
 
 '■ ; f =' = 
 
 ll|||!!|:flij'alj^ 2|!l|i|1i li. 
 
 c = = . 
 
 
 v a 5 
 
 
 * „ a; 
 
 "1 ^3 
 
 
 
 l^lflEfllflfl I gi||llgl5§lLgII»f WPJIS^I 
 
THE COUNTIES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 COMMONWEALTH. 
 
COUNTIES. 
 
 The reasons for the division of the territory of a State and the 
 grouping of towns into counties are found in conditions which, 
 on the one hand, render necessary a more extended authority 
 and greater power than resides in a town; and, on the other 
 hand, in those conditions which render necessary smaller divi- 
 sions than the State. In the case of counties, the divisions serve? 
 to facilitate the administration of justice in civil and crimi- 
 nal matters, by assigning to officers in the various departments such 
 an extent of territory as they can effectively serve, and whereby 
 conflicts regarding their territorial jurisdiction may be prevented. 
 
 In Massachusetts each county has a Probate Court and a Court of 
 Insolvency, distinct in their jurisdiction, powers, proceedings and 
 practice, but having the same judge and register. The county offi- 
 cers are a Judge of Probate and Insolvency, a Register of I'robate 
 and Insolvency, a Sheriff (and deputies), Clerk of Courts, County 
 Treasurer, Register of Deeds, County Commissioners, Kpecia? 
 Commissioners, Commissioners of Insolvency, and Trial Justices. 
 
 Over all these courts and officers, and over the documents and 
 records of which they have charge, as a portion of its field, extends 
 the jurisdiction of the Supreme Judicial Court of the State ; this 
 court either initiating actions or court proceedings relating to them, 
 or hearing appeals from the County Courts ; holding one or more ses- 
 sions annually at an appointed place within the county for this and 
 other business. 
 
 The first counties in Massachusetts were Essex, Middlesex and Suf- 
 folk, —formed May 10, 1643. The next was Hampshire, formed in 
 1662 ; and it included all the territory of the State west of those 
 previously formed. Then followed Dukes (1683), Barnstable, Bris- 
 tol and Plymouth (1685), Nantucket (1695), Worcester (1731), Berk- 
 shire (1761), Norfolk (1793), Franklin (1811), and Hampden (1812), 
 — fourteen in all. 
 
 In England this division was originally the territory belonging to 
 an earl or count, — whence the term "county." The lord-proprie- 
 
62 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 tor's representative officer was the shire-reeve (a corruption of the 
 Saxon term corresponding to county, scyre, and gerefa, the deputy 
 who assisted in its government) — whence our word " Sheriff." The 
 earlier term for the division in England was shire; and it has re- 
 mained in some use to the present day. The town where the courts 
 for the shire or county are held are called "shire towns," as they are 
 generally here, — designating the county capitals. 
 
THE COUNTIES, 
 
 ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED. 
 
 Rarncrahlp. fnnnHr was incorporated June 2, 1685; 
 
 jjdiiisiauic v^uuiuy and was named probably from 
 
 its chief town. It embraces the whole of Cape Cod, together with 
 several contiguous islands. In form it resembles the human arm 
 bent inward at the elbow and wrist, and enclosing Cape C<><1 Bay 
 upon the north. The eastern and the southern shores are washed by 
 the ocean; the western by the waters of Buzzard's Bay; and the 
 County of Plymouth forms for about five miles the northwestern 
 boundary. It extends in length some (>"> miles, and has an average 
 breadth of about five miles, embracing an area of nearly 290 square 
 miles. 
 
 The Cape Cod division of the Old Colony Railroad passes 
 medially through it, terminating at Provincetown, and having 
 branches to Hyannis on the south shore, and to Chatham on the south- 
 east. 
 
 The geological formation is drift and alluvium, in which extensive 
 meadows of peat occur. Bowlders are numerous upon the surface, 
 which consists largely of plains, marshes, and sandy knolls. There 
 are no rivers of importance, but in place of them many large and 
 beautiful ponds diversify the scenery. Scrub oak is frequent. The 
 principle timber growth is oak and yellow pine. Extensive tracts of 
 land, in addition to the natural growth, have been planted from time 
 to time for twenty or thirty years past, with the seed of the last- 
 mentioned tree ; so that there are now many thrifty young forests 
 to be found in almost every part of the Cape. 
 
 The county contains fifteen towns, — which are as follows: — 
 Barnstable, Bourne, Brewster, Chatham, Dennis, Eastham, Falmouth, 
 Harwich, Mashpee, Orleans, Provincetown, Sandwich, Truro, Well- 
 fleet and Yarmouth. The first of the list is the shire town. 
 The population by the last census was 29,845, with 8,330 families. 
 Its valuation in 1888 was $17,574,222, and the number of dwelling- 
 houses was 7,797; of horses, 3,161 ; of neat cattle, 3,90!); of sheep, 
 435. The number of public school buildings in 1885 was 223 ; and 
 there were twelve high schools. There was also one incorporated 
 •chool, the Lawrence Academy, and the Sandwich Academy (under 
 
■-{■■/- 
 
 - '^>^W 
 
 
 CAPS COD VIEWS. 
 
BERKSHIRE. 65 
 
 trustees,) which included the town high school. Of the fifteen towns 
 comprised in the county, Barnstable is the most important; 
 though in recent years Provincetown has gained an excess iu 
 population. Being the seat of justice for the county, it contains 
 a commodious court-house and other county buildings. The records 
 of the court and of deeds, from the separation of the Plymouth and 
 Massachusetts Bay colonies down to September, 1827, were destroyed 
 by the fire which destroyed the county offices. These were in 
 a building separate from the court-house of that time, and the latter 
 has been remodelled into a church for the Second Baptist Society. 
 There were burned in this conflagration ninety folio volumes of tin- 
 record of deeds, and several of the court-records. 
 
 The settlement of the county appears to have been made almost 
 simultaneously in Sandwich, at the western extremity, and at Prov- 
 incetown at the eastern ; both towns having been incorporated on 
 September 3d, 1639. The settlement of Sandwich was in l(i.'!7, but 
 for the other town we have no record of original settlement, and it 
 is quite possible that variable settlements of fishermen may have 
 been the refor many years. 
 
 The agricultural products of the county are much below those 
 of other counties, from the nature of the soil. In the western 
 part there is considerable manufacturing, but the sea and shore fish- 
 eries are the great industry, — all parts being more or less engaged 
 therein, or in coasting and foreign commerce. The people are noted 
 for their hardihood, industry, daring deeds, and sturdy patriotism. 
 
 RerKhire Countv ori s inallv a P. art of Hampshire 
 
 UCIKMIUC \_uum_), <<„ un ty, was incorporated April 
 24, 1761, and named from Berkshire County in England. It occupies 
 the western extremity of the State, and is bounded on the north by 
 Vermont, on the east by Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden coun- 
 ties, on the south by Connecticut, and on the west by New York. It 
 has an area of about 1,000 square miles, — not including water sur- 
 faces. Of this territory 104.225 acres is forest. The population, by 
 the census of 1 &«.">, is 7.'!.H2« ; and the valuation of IhhS (which is 
 the basis of State allotments for the present year) was ft41,7:>2.6'.m. 
 There were assessed in the latter year, 13,."il'.» dwelling houses, .".<>,- 
 604 neat cattle, 15,302 sheep, 3,048 swine, and ll,o.">l horses. 
 
 The Taconic and the Green Mountain ranges extend through the 
 county from north to south, presenting many scenes of wild and 
 picturesque beauty. The elevation in the northwest part, of which 
 Graylock is the most eminent peak, is the highest land in the State. 
 The county is drained by the Hoosac, Housatonic, Westfield and 
 Deerfield rivers ; which, with their various tributaries, afford a vast 
 hydraulic power. The valleys through which these rivers run are 
 very fertile, and present inducements and facilities for the construc- 
 tion of railroads in the various sections of the county. The princi- 
 pal lines already built are the Boston and Albany, and its adjuncts, 
 the Pittsfield and North Adams Line, together with the Housatonic 
 Railroad, and the Troy and Greenfield,— the latter now belonging 
 
fit] (lAZETTEKlt OF MASSACIII'SETTS. 
 
 to tin' Kitchburg Railroad line. The latter road in the northern part 
 of the county passes for upwards of four miles under the Hoosac 
 Mountain through a tunnel constructed by tin- State at an expense of 
 very near .fCM, 000,000 ; and by this a new and important route has 
 1 h-oii opened Ix'twi'ii liostoii and tin 1 West. 
 
 The geological formation consists of calcareous gneiss, Levis lime- 
 stone, Lanzon schists, and Potsdam sandstone. The marble, iron, 
 sand and limestone quarries constitute an inexhaustible source of 
 revenue. The soil of the county is moist and strong, though better 
 adapted to grazing than tillage ;"and much attention is given to rais- 
 ing neat cattle and sheep. 
 
 The county embraces '.'<- towns, which are Adams, Alford, Becket, 
 Cheshire, Clarksburg, Dalton, Egreniont, Florida, Great Harrington, 
 Hancock, Hinsdale, Lanesborough, Lee, Lenox, .Monterey, Mount 
 Washington, New Ashford, New Marlborough, North Adams, Otis, 
 Peru, Pittstield, Richmond, Sandisfield, Savoy, Sheffield, Stockbridge, 
 Tyringham, Washington, West Stockbridge, Williamstown and 
 Windsor. Pittstield, on the Housatonic River, is the seat of justice 
 for the county, and contains a court-house and jail. In connection 
 with Hampshire County and three towns of Hampden, this county 
 is entitled to two State senators ; and of itself it has nine represen- 
 tatives. 
 
 The following description of the natural scenery of this beautiful 
 county is from the elegant pen of Mi.ss Catharine Maria Sedgwick: — 
 
 " Berkshire lies midway between the Connecticut and Hudson. After leav- 
 ing the wide meadows of the Connecticut basking in their rich inheritance of 
 alluvial soil and sunshine, you wind through the narrow valleys of the W'est- 
 lield River, with masses of mountains before you, and woodland heights 
 crowding in upon you ; bo that, at every puff of the engine, the passage visibly 
 contracts. The alpine character of the river strikes you. The huge stones in 
 its wide channel, which have been torn up, rolled down by the sweeping 
 torrents of spring and autumn, lie bared and whitening in the summer's sun. 
 You cross and recross it, as, in its deviations, it leaves space on one side or 
 the other for a practicable road. At Chester Factories you begin an ascent 
 of eighty feet in a mile for thirteen miles. The stream between you and the 
 precipitous hillside, cramped into its rocky bed, is the Pontoosuc. a tributary 
 of the Westfield. As you trace it to its home, it dashes along beside you with 
 the recklessness of childhood; it leaps down precipices ; runs forth laughing 
 in the dimpling sunshine; and, shy as a mountain-nymph, it dodges behind 
 a. knotty copse of evergreen. In approaching the summit-level, you travel 
 bridges built a hundred feet above other mountain-streams, tearing along their 
 deep-worn beds : at the deep cut your passage is hewn through solid rocks, 
 whose mighty walls frown over you. . . . We hove entered Berkshire by a 
 road far superior to the Appian Way. On every side are rich valleys and 
 smiling hillsides; and, deep set in their hollows, lovely lakes sparkle like 
 gems. l'Voni one of these, n modest sheet of water in Lanesborough, flows 
 out the Housatonic, the minister of God's bounty, bringing to the meadows 
 along its course a yearly renewal of fertility, and the ever-changing, ever-pres- 
 ent beauty that marks God's choicest works. It is the most judicious of rivers. 
 Like a discreet rural beauty, it bears its burdens and does its work out of 
 sight. Its water-privileges for mills, furnaces and factories, are aside from 
 the villages. When it comes near to them, ns in Stockbridge, it lingers like 
 a lover, turns, and returns, and, when fairly off, flies past roiling wheels and 
 dinning factories, till, reaching the lovely meadows of Barrington, it again 
 disports itself at leisure. The mere summer visitors to Berkshire know little 
 
BBISTOL. 67 
 
 of the various beauties of the Housatonic : to them it is a mere chance ac- 
 quaintance, seen, perchance admired, and forgotten ; but we who have lived 
 in its companionship feel, too, that 
 
 " ' Loveliest there the spring-days come, 
 
 Wuh blossoms and birds and wild bees' hum : 
 The flowers of summer are fairest there, 
 And freshest the breath of the summer's air ; 
 And sweetest the golden autumn-day 
 In silent sunshine glides away.' " 
 
 By act of General Court in 1733, the Lower Housatonic Township, 
 eight miles long on the river, and wide enough to make its extent 
 equivalent to ten miles square, was incorporated as the town of Shef- 
 field. The first town meeting — the first west of Connecticut valley 
 — was held at the house of Obadiah Noble, January 16, 1734 (uew 
 style). In the summer of that year the people built a meeting-house ; 
 and the first church was organized October 22, 1735, — Jonathan Hub- 
 bard being ordained as pastor the same day. 
 
 This Berkshire region was the hunting-ground of the Mohegan 
 Indians. John Konkapot, the principal among them, lived in the 
 southern part of the present town of Stockbridge, and near a small 
 brook which still bears his name. In 1724, he, together with about 
 twenty heads of families in the tribe, conveyed to the Commissioners 
 of Massachusetts the two townships of Stockbridge ami Westtield, 
 which contained what are now the towns of Sheffield, Great Barring- 
 ton, Mount Washington, Egremont, and Alford, the larger part of 
 Stockbridge and West Stockbridge, and a great portion of Lee, for 
 £450 in money, three barrels of cider, and thirty quarts of rum. 
 Sufficient of this land was reserved for their dwellings. Small vil- 
 lages existed at about this time in the present limits of Great Bar- 
 riugton, Sheffield, Stockbridge, New Marlborough, Tyringham, Pitts- 
 field and Dalton. 
 
 In 1735, with the approval of the leading Indians, Mr. John 
 Sargent, who had been a tutor in Yale College, but preferred this 
 work, was ordained as missionary to the Housatonic Indians; and 
 before the close of the year, forty of them, including two chiefs, had 
 received the rite of baptism. Mr. David Dudley Field, in lain, 
 marked the spot of their first meeting-house, on what is now the 
 village green in Stockbridge, by the erection of an ornamental stone 
 tower 75 feet in height, with provision for a chime of bells. The 
 remnant of these Indians, after various removes, found a residence 
 in Minnesota. 
 
 T) _* +_.1 r^/^nt-iHr * ies on tne western s ide of the south - 
 DrlSLOl V^OUIliy Pastpm section of the State, and is 
 
 bounded by Norfolk County on the north, Plymouth County on the 
 
 east, Buzzard's Bay and the State of Ehode Island on the south, and 
 
 by the latter on the west. It has an area of 530 square miles, and 
 
 contains three cities, — New Bedford, Fall Eiver, and Taunton,— 
 
 and seventeen towns ; these being Acushnet, Attleborough, Berkley, 
 
 Dartmouth, Dighton, Easton, Fairhaven, Freetown, Mansfield, North 
 
 Attleborough, Norton, Kaynham, Kehoboth, Seekonk, Somerset, 
 
 Swansea and Westport. 
 
68 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The courts are held at New Bedford and Taunton. The county is 
 entitled to three senators ami eighteen representatives in the State 
 legislature. The population, by the census of 18.S5, was 158,498, 
 composed of .'i 1,802 families, and .sheltered in 'S.\,\)'.v± dwellings,— 
 increased to 21, <>">.'} in 1.SK8. There were 0,021 farmers, 1600 fisher- 
 men, and N1V.M 1 engaged in manufactures. The value of the farm 
 product in IKS") was N.'v' ■M.'.ill ; of fisheries, S1,.'!2;j,868 ; and of 
 manufactures, #fi2,r»7i>,7tf0. The valuation in Iksjs was §121,8.55,- 
 171. 
 
 The numerous branches of the Old Colony Railroad cover the 
 whole county, and especially at the north, as with network, so that 
 scarcely a town is without one or more stations within or near its 
 borders. 
 
 There are in the county f!<s,.'.!0O acres of woodland. The Taunton 
 River with its tributaries and several others running southward, 
 furnish many water-powers, Besides numerous ponds there are 
 several large bodies of water within the county lines, — as New 
 Bedford Harbor, about half of Mount Hope Bay. Watuppa Pond, 
 the estuaries of Taunton and Acoaxet rivers, and others in the 
 south and southwest. There are no great elevations of land in the 
 county, the highest being Copicut Hill, in Fall River, whose summit 
 is .'!55 feet above the level of the sea. Fall River Hill is 25! » feet; 
 Great Meadow Hill and Great Rock Hill, in Behoboth, are respect- 
 ively 2< iC> and 248 feet; Falmouth Hill is l'.i." feet; German's Hill, 
 Yarmouth, l.'HS feet; and Great Hill, in .Marion, 127 feet. The 
 geological formation is carboniferous, granitic, and felspathic 
 gneiss. Bog-iron is of frequent occurrence, and bowlders have been 
 scattered by glacial action liberally over the whole county. 
 
 The Indian name applied to this region was Paickitnnnivkutt, or, 
 by a later spelling, Pnhumket. The first colonists found the Massa- 
 chusetts tribe of Indians, numbering about .'!,< KM), in possession of 
 the northern part of the county; the Xarragansetts occupying to 
 some extent the eastern shore of this bay, (though their home was 
 on the western side) ; while the AVampanoag chief, the famous Mas- 
 sasoit, with .'!.()( io warriors, ruled over all the laud from Capo Cod to 
 Narragansett Bay. The first white people to explore this county 
 were Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins; who in duly. 1021, 
 started from Plymouth for Mount Hope Bay, to make a treaty with 
 Maseasoit. They were guided by Tisquantum, and met with no 
 opposition until they attempted to cross the Totiquet (Taunton) 
 River, when two Indians disputed their passage; but this ceased 
 when the purpose of their journey was explained. 
 
 The first large proprietor in the county was Miss Elizabeth Pool, 
 a lady of fortune and family, who first settled in Dorchester. She 
 bought a tract (known as the First, or Tetiquet, Purchase), embrac- 
 ing the present towns of ltaynhani, l'.erkley, and Taunton; and, as 
 then delinei!, the plantation of Cohannet was incorporated on the 
 .'id of March, 10.'!'. ». in IOCS was made the North Purchase, em- 
 bracing the present territory of Norton, Mansfield and Easton. In 
 1072, the South Purchase, now Bight on. was admitted to the planta- 
 
DUKES. 69 
 
 tion ; and in 1680 Assonet Neck was annexed to the jurisdiction of 
 Cohannet. The lady proprieter of the first purchase found before 
 her as settlers, Richard and Joseph "Williams, Henry Uxley, Benjamin 
 Wilson, William Coy, George Hall, George Macy, Francis Doty, and 
 some others. The first mentioned of these has been considered the 
 father of Taunton. At an early period in the settlement, Nicholas 
 Street, whose wife was a sister of Miss Pool, was installed as 
 teacher. 
 
 The dealings of this lady as a settler were characterized by the 
 strictest sense of honor and faithfulness. She died in Taunton in 
 1054, in the sixty-sixth year of her age; where, at a later day, in 
 the burial ground known as "The Plain," a kinsman, John Poland, I 
 Esq., erected to her memory a stone bearing a long inscription 
 written by Hon. Robert Treat Paine, one of the signers of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence. 
 
 T^iib-p>c f*minr\' l' es * n the Atlantic ( icean, off the south- 
 UUKCb ^ UU1U ) eastern shore of Massachusetts, and em- 
 braces Martha's Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, Noman's Land, and 
 other smaller islands; the whole having an area of about 120 square 
 miles. 
 
 These islands were discovered in 11)02 by Bartholomew (iosnuld; 
 and the name Elizabeth Islands was given by him to the northern 
 group in honor of the reigning queen. All were included in the 
 :_'rant to the Duke of York, and in this way their connection with 
 New York began. In l(i«.'> they were constituted a county, and very 
 naturally received the name of the " Duke's County.'' in Jd'.rj, by 
 the charter of William and Mary, they were reaunexed to Massa- 
 chusetts. In 1005, Martha's Vineyard, the Elizabeth Islands, and 
 Xoman's Land, were separated from Nantucket and made a county 
 by themselves, retaining the, name given to the whole. 
 
 The first settlement in the county of which any record exists, was 
 Thomas Mayhew's, at Edgartown, in 1042; but there is a tradition 
 of a settlement much earlier. The colonial population was stated 
 at 2,822; but this undoubtedly included the aborigines. During the 
 Revolutionary War the shipping of these islands was almost en- 
 tirely destroyed ; while many of the inhabitants were taken prison- 
 ers, and suffered long confinement in the prison-ships of the enemy. 
 In the war of 1812, the people, on account of their exposed condi- 
 tion, assumed a neutral attitude. The business interests of the 
 county are not "chiefly centred in the fisheries, navigation, ami salt 
 manufacture," as formerly. There are several manufactured articles 
 whose product reaches a larger value than that of salt; and the 
 aggregate value of all manufactures , in ls.s5 was $149,071; the 
 value of the entire fisheries product was §112,103; while the farm 
 product was §211.320. There is also some return from investments 
 in navigation; and a considerable income from summer residents. 
 The valuation in 1888 was $3,384,100. There were 1,276 voters; 
 the entire number of permanent residents being 4,135. The families 
 in 1885 numbered 1,218, while there were 2,012 dwellingdiouses, — 
 leaving a goodly number for the use of the summer sojourner. 
 
70 (1AZETTEE11 OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The variation in population lias not been large. In 1870 the 
 number of inhabitants was .°>,787 ; in 1*75, it was 4,071 ; in 1880, 
 4, .'WO; showing a slight falling off during the present decade, — 
 young people and some families going away. 
 
 The county has nineteen school-houses, valued at S1*,5G5, and 
 occupied by 585 pupils, constituting five primary, two grammar, and 
 one high school. There are eighteen public libraries, containing 
 about 10,000 volumes; two annual newspapers with weekly issue; 
 and fifteen churches. 
 
 The towns embraced in this county — six in number — are Chil- 
 mark, Cottage City, Edgartown, (Jay Head, and Tisbury, on Martha's 
 Vineyard, and Cosnold, comprising the Elizabeth Islands. Edgar- 
 town is the county seat. 
 
 Dukes Count}- is in the First Congressional District, and First 
 Council District, has one representative in the General Court, and in 
 conjunction with F.arnstable and Nantucket counties, one State 
 senator. 
 
 "Pccpv r^nnnr\r f° rms the extreme northeastern portion 
 J^bbCA V^UUlliy f the Commonwealth of Massachusetts ; 
 extending from Revere on the south to the New Hampshire line, 
 and from Cape Ann on the east to Lowell on the west. It is bound 
 on the north and northwest by New Hampshire ; on the northeast. 
 east and southeast by the Atlantic ocean ; at the southern angle by 
 the county of Suffolk ; and on the west and southwest by Middlesex 
 County. Its area is about 500 square miles, or 300. 000 acres. Of 
 this, about IS, 000 acres are water surfaces, and about 10,000 are 
 occupied by the roads. 
 
 The county has six cities and twenty-nine towns; the first being 
 Gloucester, Haverhill, Lawrence, Lynn, Xewburyport and Salem; 
 and the towns, Ameslmry, Andover, Beverly, Boxford, Bradford, 
 Danvers, Essex, Georgetown, Groveland, Hamilton, Ipswich, Lynn- 
 field, Manchester, Mirblohead, Merrimae, Metlmen, Middleton, 
 Nahant, Newbury, North Andover, lYabody, Lockport, Bowley, 
 Salisbury, Saugus, Swampseott, Topslield, AVenham and "VYest New- 
 bury. Salem, Lawrence and Xewburyport are the shire towns. The 
 county constitutes the seventh and part of the eighth Congressional 
 Districts, the fifth and part of the sixth Councillor Districts, and 
 has Tl Representative Districts with :U representatives. 
 
 The population in 1*70 was "00,.s|;i : in lSSO, 1»I4,5.".5; in 1SS5, 
 2C>.'!,7-!7. The gain has been principally in the cities and larger 
 towns. The families numbered, in 1SS5, 5'.M.'i;;i; and the dwel- 
 ling-houses, 44,014. The Normal School and other public school 
 buildings numbered CCA. There were six incorporated academies; 
 and live of the numerous unincorporated schools owned valuable 
 buildings. Within the county were L".H> libraries (including those 
 of Sunday schools) conditionally open to the public, and contain- 
 ing 601, L'Uo books. The farms numbered .'i.OO'.i, and the manufactur- 
 ing establishments ;!,N'.i!>. The working capital invested in vessels 
 and other appliances for the fisheries by this county, in 1SS5. was §4,- 
 
ESSES. 71 
 
 ,07('.,!)(I7. 
 
 239,493; and the aggregate value of the products was $3, 
 The valuation in 188S was .$205,749,20;;. 
 
 The sea- shore of this county is very irregular, having numerous 
 creeks, inlets and harbors, separated by many jagged capes and 
 headlands. The geological formation is sienite, calcareous gneiss, 
 Merrimack schists, drift and alluvium. The surface of the county 
 is uneven, and in many parts, rocky ; but by the energy and skill of 
 the people, good crops of the usual New England varieties are gen- 
 erally obtained. The principal rivers are the majestic Merrimack, 
 which enters the county between Andover and Methuen, furnishing 
 vast hydraulic power at Lawrence, and meeting the ocean at New- 
 buryport; the beautiful Shawshine, which unites with the Merri- 
 mack at South Lawrence ; the Parker River, on which was established 
 the first woollen-mill of the country ; the Ipswich River, navigable 
 to Ipswich ; and the Bass Eiver, navigable to Danvers Tort. The 
 most conspicuous eminences are Powow Hill in Salisbury, Ayer's 
 Hill in Haverhill, Hall's Hill in Andover, Turkey Hill in 'Ipswich, 
 Bald Pate in Georgetown, and Prospect Hill in Kowley. The flora 
 of the county is unusually varied. The Boston and Maine Railroad, 
 with its subordinate systems, the Eastern and the Lowell railroads, 
 and by numerous branches, and the Boston, Revere and Lynn 1 tail- 
 road, with the street railroad adjacent, connecting towns and cities, 
 afford excellent transportation facilities. 
 
 This region was discovered by Europeans in 1002 ; the first who 
 are known to have set foot in the county were Edward Harlie and 
 Nicholas Hobson, who landed at Ipswich in Kill. The earliest set- 
 tlers were the Cape Ann colonists, led by Roger Cimant, in 1021. 
 Endicott's colony arrived September C, 1G2«. On May Id, 101.';, eiidit 
 towns — Salem, Lynn, "Wenham, Ipswich, Rowley, Newbury, Glouces- 
 ter, and Andover — were set apart and incorporated as Essex 
 County. 
 
 Indian disturbances affected the inhabitants but little until the 
 breaking out of King Philip's War; in which brave soldiers and 
 good leaders from Essex County distinguished themselves at various 
 points. Theirs were the troops so mercilessly slaughtered at 
 "Bloody Brook," in Deerheld, — a body of ninety picked, well-dis- 
 ciplined, courageous soldiers known as "the Flower of Essex," under 
 Captain Lothrop, — where they were surprised by a large body of 
 Philip's savage warriors. 
 
 The history of this county is disfigured by the woful delusion of 
 witchcraft which raged here in the latter part of the 17th century ; 
 and which, originating in that part of Salem which is now included 
 in Danvers, extended to neighboring towns, until not less than 20 
 persons had actually been executed, while 8 more had been con- 
 demned, 150 were in prison awaiting trial, and 200 others had been 
 accused. It is acknowledged that most of those who suffered and 
 many others of the accused were persons of excellent character. In 
 consequence of the trials and the expenses, the rapacious confisca- 
 tions, and the universal alarm, business was utterly prostrated, and 
 hundreds impoverished. Long years of toil and sorrow elapsed 
 
7-2 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 In-fore the county recovered fully from this terrible blow. During 
 the Revolution Essex County effectively sustained her part on the 
 nido of freedom and nationality. 
 
 Kmnllin frMinfir lies on tne northern side of the 
 
 r rciiiKiin ^ouiuy Ht . ltts entirelv west of its middle 
 
 longitude, having both Vermont and New Hampshire on the north, 
 Worcester County on the east, Hampshire County on the south, and 
 Berkshire County on the west. Its greatest measurement cast and 
 west is about JO miles; and north and south some 25 miles. Its 
 area is near 680 square miles, the assessed ana being 4< i.j,o.S3 acres. 
 The aggregate of forest lands is 1-12, H(H> aeres. 
 
 It is divided at nearly right angles through each axis by the Con- 
 necticut Kiver, running from north to south, Deertield River from 
 the west, and Miller's Kiver from the east, discharging into the first. 
 Along the two latter rivers, entirely across the county, runs the 
 Kitchburg Railroad; while parallel to the larger river, on its eastern 
 side, runs the Xew London andXorthern Railroad, and on the west, 
 the Connecticut River Railroad. Though very hilly, this country 
 contains few lofty peaks, — -1'ocuintuek Mountain in Charlemont 
 (1S.SS feet), Mount Grace, in Warwick (1C28 feet). Bear Mountain in 
 Wendell (12S1 feet), Packard's Mountain in Xew Salem (lL'78 feet), 
 and Mount Esther in Whately (1105 feet), being the highest. The ele- 
 vations are generally covered with a heavy growth of timber to the 
 very summit. The geological formations are calcareous gneiss, sien- 
 ite, calciferous mica-schist, lower sandstones, middle shales and 
 sandstone, Quebec group, clay-slate and the Devonian. The soil is 
 various. The meadows along the larger streams are remarkably 
 fertile ; and the hill regions afford excellent pasture and often good 
 tillage land. The principal agricultural productions are Indian corn, 
 grass, oats, rye, barley, potatoes, broom-corn and tobacco. Whortle- 
 berries are very numerous in the uplands in some parts. 
 
 This county was taken from Hampshire County and incorporated 
 June 24, 1811. It was named in honor of Dr. Franklin. It embraces 
 26 towns, namely : Ashfield, Rernardston, Bnekland, Charlemont, 
 Colrain, Colwav, Deertield, Erving, Gill, Greenfield. Hawlev, Heath, 
 Leverett, Leyden, Monroe, Montague. Xew Salem. Xorthfield, 
 Orange, Rowe, Shelburne, Shutesburv, Sunderland, Warwick, Wen- 
 dell and Whately. Greenfield is the capital town. These are all in 
 the 11th Congressional District, and in the Nth Council District. 
 The county has five representatives in the General Court; and, with 
 three towns of Worcester County, has one State senator. Its popu- 
 lation is .!7,44'.). It has 11.51* voters, N.N07 families, 7,707 dwellings, 
 .'i,775 farms and -IS'.) manufactories. The number of neat cattle in 
 lH.No was 21,(1(12; of horses, C.KT.O ; and there were 270,21*0 fruit 
 trees. The valuation in 1888 was $l'.i,. , 5:5(i, , .»;»2. There are 228 pub- 
 lic school buildings, valued, with appurtenances, at 6201,500 ; and 
 25 private school buildings valued at §321,7(10, There are 90 pub- 
 lic libraries containing Nl,lL'2 bound volumes; the town public 
 libraries numbering Hi, and having ;14,257 volumes. There are 89 
 religious societies having church edifices. 
 
UAMPDE.X. 73 
 
 A writer of wide observation has well said of Franklin County: — 
 '• Its hills are beautiful, its valleys are beautiful ; and within my 
 knowledge it would be difficult to find a county of no larger extent, 
 combining more of what is attractive in the natural world, and pre- 
 senting more objects to please the sight and imagination. The man 
 of refined sentiment and cultivated mind, with a taste for rural 
 scenery, might pass a month in this county with continually new 
 and rich gratification in exploring its many agreeable rides and 
 varied objects of curiosity." 
 
 Hnmnrlpn C nuntr is tnc southern county of the 
 
 nampuen v^ounry state> on Connect i cut i; ivi , r) 
 
 which divides it into about equal eastern and western sections. 
 Through it to this river from the northwest comes Westfield Kiver; 
 and a few miles northward on the opposite side of the Connecticut 
 comes in Chicopee Kiver from a westerly course through the eastern 
 section of the county. It is bounded on the north by Hampshire 
 County, east by "Worcester, west by Berkshire and south by the en- 
 tire northern range of Connecticut counties. With the exception of 
 a southern projection of Southwick and a slighter one of a corner 
 of Longmeadow, the southern boundary is a straight line, but the 
 other sides are very irregular. Its length east and west is near 45 
 miles; north and south, 15 miles. Its area is stated as 670 square 
 miles. The assessed land is ."> t."".,SH,s, in-hiding 104.221 acres of 
 woodland and excepting highways and water surfaces. 
 
 The extreme eastern and western portions are quite hilly, as well 
 as some smaller sections in other parts. The greatest elevations are 
 Jackson Hill in Blandford (1717 feet high), Peaked .Mountain in 
 Monson (1,230 feet), Hitchcock's Mountain in Wales (1,190 feet), 
 Rattlesnake Hill in Hampden (1,077 feel), and Proven's Mountain 
 in Agawam (I Mm feet). The geological formation is principally mes- 
 ozoic, with the Quebec group, caluiferons mica-schists, and sienite. 
 The soil is generally rich, strong and deep. The intervals bordering 
 upon the rivers are of superior richness ; and here may be seen some 
 of the finest farms in the State. The severe droughts which so 
 < ften visit the more, easterly part seldom affect the crops here, and 
 farmers plant with greater confidence of full crops. 
 
 The principal domestic animals according to the census of is,s,"i, 
 consisted of 21,016 neat cattle, 4,.">o3 sheep, 9,220 swine, 4, '.(08 horses 
 and 1,108 dogs. The value of the product of the 3,41';; farms 
 reported was .$3,510,429. The manufacturing interests of the coun- 
 ty are extensive ; a large amount of capital is invested, and a great 
 variety of goods are made. The number of manufacturing establish- 
 ments in 1885, was 1,311; and the value of their product, 
 $42,609,234. The population was 110,754 persons, forming 25,0(15 
 families, and sheltered by 18,322 dwellings. There were 231 public 
 school buildings worth $1,107,7.".* ; and 24 private schools, owning 
 buildings and appurtenances valued at .$397,615. The libraries acces- 
 sible to the public numbered 125 (28 secular, 97 religious), con- 
 taining 175,465 books. There were 124 church edifices, distributed 
 among most of the older de-ioniinations. 
 
74 tlA'/.ETTEEi; OF MASS ACHI SETTS. 
 
 This enmity was taken from Hampshire County and incorporated 
 February L'o/lSlL', being named in honor of the distinguished Eng- 
 lish patriot John Hampden. It contains two cities and twenty 
 towns. The first are Springfield and Holyoke ; and the latter 
 Agawam, Rlandford, Brimtield, Chester, Granville, Hampden, 
 Holland, Lmigmeadow, Ludlow, Monson, Montgomery, Palmer, Rus- 
 sell, Nouthwiek, Tolland, Wales, Westtield, West .Springfield and 
 Wilbraham. Spriugliehl is the eounty seat; and this and Holyoke, 
 Chienpee. and Westtield are. the largest towns. 
 
 Most of the towns are on some railroad line. The Boston and 
 Albany passes through the county east and west; the New Haven 
 and Northampton, the Connecticut Kivcr, also the New London and 
 Northern, pass through north and south; and the Ware River Rail- 
 road, commencing in the eastern section, runs northeast. The junc- 
 tions of the north and south roads and the Ware River Railroad 
 ■with the Boston and Albany are at l'ahner, Springfield and West- 
 field. 
 
 The first English settlement was in lfi.'i."«, at Springfield — at first 
 included in the town of Agawam. The principal disturbances here 
 have been the several Indian wars and Shays' Rebellion, — the op- 
 eration of whose forces were elderly within the eounty. 
 
 The first railroad was the Western, a continuation of the Boston 
 and Worcester line to Springfield, opened to Springfield in IKS'.*, and 
 to the Hudson River in 1S4L'; the Hartford and Springfield was 
 opened in Is 1 1 ; the Connecticut River Railroad, completed to 
 Northampton in lsir>, and to Greenfield in 1*4(1 ; the New London 
 and Northern Railroad, opened to Palmer in ls.">o, and to Amherst 
 in Is.-}.;; and the Ware Kiver Railroad, opened in lS7o. A canal 
 was constructed from New Haven to Westtield in IK.'io. and to North- 
 ampton in Ik: 14; but it proved unprofitable, and the owners built a 
 railroad to take its place, which was opened in lS."ill. 
 
 hTnmncliire r niin h' is tlle middle one of the three 
 ridmpsnirc y OUni) Massachusetts C0U nties lying on 
 the Connecticut River ; its eastern line being a few miles west of a 
 medial line of the State. The Connecticut River pursues a general 
 southerly course through it, dividing it into nearly equal eastern and 
 western sections. It measures cast and west nearly 15 miles; and 
 north and south an average of about l.'i miles. 
 
 The area is stated as (Ho square miles, or 409,600 acres. The 
 assessed area, is .">.'>(>, lu."> acres. There are about KS.'.too acres of 
 woodland. The county is bounded on the north by Franklin, on the 
 east by Worcester, on the south by Hampden, and on the west by 
 Berkshire counties. The inhabitants in Is 7. "> numbered 44.KL'1; in 
 1KS.% IS, 171'. At the last date there were 11,1:1a dwelling-houses. 
 
 The Massachusetts Central Railroad runs medially through the 
 eastern section to tint Connecticut River; the Ware River Railroad 
 crosses the southeast corner; the New London and Northern Rail- 
 road passes northwestward through the midst of the eastern section; 
 the Connecticut River Railroad follows the course of that river; 
 
nAMPsmnt:. 75 
 
 and the Now Haven and Northampton Railroad runs through the 
 southeastern and northern parts of the western section. The first 
 of these and the last two intersect at Northampton. 
 
 The surface of the county is uneven, and in the western part, 
 mountainous. The highest elevations are More's Hill in Goshen, 
 1,713 feet; High Ridge in Williamsburgh, 1,480 feet; Mount 
 Lincoln in Pelham, 1,246 feet ; Mount Tom on the west side of the 
 Connecticut, 1.214 feet; and on the east side, the long ridge of 
 Mount Holyoke extends from the east side, — its most elevated 
 peak being Hilliard's Knob, on the line of Amherst and Granbv. 
 1,120 feet high. 
 
 The Connecticut has no large tributaries within the county. The 
 Westfield River — here running directly south — drains the western 
 part; Manhan River drains the southeast portion of the western 
 section; Mill River, the northeast part of the same; a smaller 
 river of the same name drains the territory opposite on the east side 
 of the Connecticut ; Fort River and Bachelor's Brook are consider- 
 able streams further south on the same side ; while the eastern part 
 of the county is drained by Swift River, running southward to Wan* 
 River, which runs through the southeastern corner. 
 
 The geological formation of the county is eozoie, mesozoie, and 
 calciferous mica-schist. The soil has much variety. Along the 
 alluvial basin of the Connecticut it is very rich and fertile, and U 
 well cultivated. Most of the hilly ridges afford fine grazing 
 ground. 
 
 The farms number 3.472; with 22.(iS(i neat cattle, 5,101 horses. 
 6,791 sheep, 11,240 swine, and '.ill' dogs. The total value of farm 
 products, as given in the last census (IKS."), was *.'!, 7'. »4, 17.'!. Tin- 
 manufacturing establishments number 00,'',, and their product was 
 valued at $12,138,00.">. There were 208 school-houses, valued, with 
 appurtenances, at 8307,02.'!; !'•• private schools, (4 being colleges i. 
 with 65 buildings, etc., valued at $1,016,4*:; ; sj libraries entirely or 
 partially public, containing 15374* bound volumes; newspapers 
 and journals; and 75 church edifices. The valuation in Ihss was 
 $28,360,236. 
 
 Hampshire County was incorporated May 7, 1002, taking tin- 
 name from a county in the south of England. It was the first, 
 county in the western part of the State, and the largest of all. In 
 1761 a portion was set off to form Berkshire County, another por- 
 tion in 1811 to form Franklin, and a third portion in LS12 to 
 form Hampden. It now embraces one city (Northampton — also 
 the county seat) and 22 towns. The latter are as follows : Amherst, 
 Belchertown, Chesterfield, Cummington, Easthampton, Enfield, Go- 
 shen, Granby, Greenwich, Hadley, Hatfield, Huntington, -Middlefield, 
 Pelham, Rlainfield, Prescott, Southampton, South Hadley, Ware, 
 Westhampton, Williamsburg, Worthington. This county is in the 
 11th Congressional District, the 7th and 8th Council districts, and 
 has one State senator in connection with Worcester County and one 
 with Berkshire County, and is entitled to six representatives in the 
 Legislature. 
 
76 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The first settlement within the present territory of the county 
 was at Northampton in U>.~,\ ; the first on the river having been at 
 Springfield nearly nineteen years earlier. The new settlement was 
 known as Nonotuek, and iueluded the present towns of Northamp- 
 ton, Easthampton, Southampton, Westhampton, and portions of 
 Hatfield and Montgomery. According to the custom of the early 
 settlers of New England, the Indian title was extinguished by for- 
 mal purchase. The deed was Riven in lo.~»8, by Wanhillona, Nenes- 
 sahalant, Nassicochee, and four oilier Indians, to John Pynchon, 
 Elizur Holvoke, and Samuel Cliapin, — commissioners from Spring- 
 field. The' price paid for the entire territory of Nonotuek was "one 
 hundred fathoms of wampum, ten eoats, some small gifts, and plow- 
 ing up 1G acres of land on the east side of the river.'' Other sec- 
 tions svere purchased at various dates. The inhabitants lived in 
 peace with the red men for nearly forty years after the settlement on 
 this river. The first military company in the county was formed in 
 16G1, — seven years after settlement. In the autumn of 167.">, the 
 hostilities of King l'hilip's War reached these settlements ; the first 
 attack being made on Hatfield by several hundred Indians. Hadley 
 was made the headquarters of the defensive forces. Conflicts oc- 
 curred later at Northampton. Turner's Falls and Hadley. 
 
 The first great disaster of its kind in this county was the flooding 
 of Mill liiver valley by the bursting of a reservoir in Williamsburgh 
 in 1X74. The damage was chiefly in that town and in Northampton 
 of the §15o,(H)(i appropriated by the legislature for the rebuilding 
 of roads, only §!H',000 were used. The villages which suffered most 
 severely, in a few years regained their former prosperity. 
 
 MiHrlle^PX Cminfv is situated mainly in thenorth- 
 lUUlLbeX V_UUIU) e . lst01 .u part -of the State, extend- 
 ing from the New Hampshire line southward four-fifths of the 
 distance to Rhode Island. Its outline is the most irregular possible, 
 on all sides except the north, which is a straight line running from 
 the western side slightly south of east, but terminating in an angular 
 northward projection. Its general form is triangular, with the angles 
 east, west and south. Its greatest extension north and south is 
 about .'iS miles, and east and west (middle and northerly part) about 
 .'.>.' 5 miles. Essex lies on the northeast and east, Suffolk on the east, 
 Norfolk on the southeast, and Worcester on the west, — but south- 
 ward of the long northwest extension. Its area is about KH) square 
 miles; the assessed land being 4.S,H, 1 :.'(). A large rock in Charles 
 River, called "County Kock," marks a corner in the boundary of 
 Middlesex and Norfolk counties, and a corner of three towns, — 
 Newton, Weston and Wclleslcy. 
 
 The surface is uneven, and the northwestern part is generally 
 hilly, but with no great elevation. In. the southeastern part the 
 highest are Nobseot Hill in Framiiigluini (i'»0L' feet i, Prospect Hill 
 in Waltlnuu (4NL' iect), (ioodman Hill in Sudbury (Ho feet), Reeves 
 Hill in Wayland (1 10 iect), and Regan Hill in Natiek (408 feet). 
 The Merrimac River runs through the northeastern corner, receiving 
 
MIDDLESEX. 77 
 
 at Lowell the Concord River, which receives in the town of Concord, 
 near the centre of the county, the Sudbury, drawing its waters 
 from the extreme southern towns, and the Assabet, which flows in 
 from the south-southwest. The northwestern part is drained by the 
 Nashua and its tributaries, which also swells the volume of the 
 Merrimac while yet in the borders of New Hampshire ; and the 
 Shawsheen, in the northeastern section, finds the same noble stream. 
 Along the middle of the eastern part flows the Mystic River, and 
 with the Charles, which winds through the southwestern part, laves 
 the shores of three cities about Boston Harbor. Within the county 
 are 152,075 acres of forest, consisting of all the New England var- 
 ieties of trees. There is an almost wilderness tract of about 4,000 
 acres lying within the confines of the towns, Stoneham, Mediord, 
 Winchester, Melrose and Maiden, which it is proposed to make into 
 a public park, under the auspices of the Commonwealth. The geo- 
 logical structure of this county is mainly calcareous gneiss, sienite, 
 Merrimack schists and the St. John's group. Beds of peat and 
 brick-clay are found in many localities. 
 
 The Fitchburg, the Boston and Maine, the Massachusetts Central, 
 the Boston and Albany, and the Old Colony railroads cover the 
 county as with a network ; so that scarcely a town is without one or 
 more roads passing through it, or close at its borders. The (arms 
 number 6,1:.'*, with a product in 1*85 valued at s,s,o,jo,;k;.-,. <jf 
 this the greenhouse product was !?256.682, — exceeding that of any 
 other county. There were 3,504 manufacturing establishments whose 
 product was valued at .512N,.VJ0,892. The dwelling-houses numbered 
 67,921, with 357,311 inhabitants divided into 75,968 families ; the 
 legal voters numbering 79,430. The density of population is only 
 exceeded by Suffolk and Essex counties. 
 
 This county is one of the three existent original counties of Mas- 
 sachusetts ; having been incorporated at the same date with Suffolk 
 and Essex, May 10, 16 13. It was named from the ancient metropol- 
 itan county in England. 
 
 Middlesex County contains seven cities — Cambridge, Lowell, Mal- 
 den, Newton, Somerville, Waltham and Woburn. There are forty- 
 seven towns, viz. : Acton. Arlington, Ashhy, Ashland, A\er, Bedford, 
 Belmont, Billerica, Boxborough, Burlington, Carlisle, Chelmsford, 
 Concord, Dracut, Dunstable, Everett, Framingham. liroton, Mollis 
 ton, Hopkinton, Hudson, Lexington, Lincoln, Littleton, Marlborough, 
 Maynard, Medford, Melrose, Natick, North Leading, IVppercll, Read- 
 ing, Sherbom, Shirley, Stoneham, Stowe, Sudbury, Tewksbury, 
 Townsend, Tyngsborough, Wakefield, Watertown, Wayland, West- 
 ford, Weston, Wilmington and Winchester. The shire towns are 
 Cambridge and Lowell. Portions of the county are included in 
 the 5th Congressional District with certain wards of Boston ; in the 
 6th with Chelsea, Revere and Winthrop, and certain wards of Bos- 
 ton ; in the 8th with four towns of Essex county, and four of Wor- 
 cester County ; in the 9th with several towns of Worcester and 
 Norfolk counties. It is in the 3d Council District with parts of Suf- 
 folk County and in the 6th with parts of Essex County. It consti- 
 
78 
 
 (JAZE1 TEES OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 tutes a State Senate District, excluding ward 3 of Cambridge ; and it 
 has 43 representatives in the House. 
 
 This county has ">L>* public-school buildings, valued, with appurte- 
 nances, a1 $3,232,781. There are also 30 private schools, including 
 
 1 
 
 one university, three theological schools, one college, Beveral each of 
 classical schools, academies and young Indies' seminaries, and two 
 large commercial schools. There arc 346 churches, and 429 public 
 and association libraries, containing 901,501) bound volumes. Of 
 
XAXTUCKHT. 79 
 
 periodicals, there are 7 daily newspapers, 1 semi-weekly, 33 week- 
 lies, 2 bi-weeklies, and 2 monthlies, — a total of 45. 
 
 Perhaps no single county in the State contains more points of 
 interest to the historian and scholar. Here are Concord and Lexing- 
 ton, and the classic and patriotic Cambridge, with her ancient, noble 
 and far-famed university. The list of notable scholars, scientists, 
 inventors, divines, statesmen and soldiers which this county has 
 given to the world is long and admirable. 
 
 The first settlement was at Watertown early in 16.'!0, by one of the 
 three divisions of the company, whose other two made the first 
 settlements in Roxbury and Dorchester. In 1G31 a grant of land 
 was made to Governor Winthrop near the Mystic River ; and there 
 he erected a house, and laid out a farm. He also built here a small 
 vessel, " The Blessing of the Bay,'' which was the beginniug of 
 shipbuilding at Medford ; an interest that afterward was of primary 
 importance in building up the town. The year 1640 saw two new- 
 settlements made in this county, one at Heading, the other at 
 Woburn. One other distinct settlement of this period deserves 
 mention, since it was the first inland settlement, — the ancient town 
 of Concord. 
 
 The courage and ability of the people here were amply shown in 
 many a bloody conflict with the savages. In King Philip's War the 
 rage of these enemies fell upon Sudbury, Marlborough, Chelmsford, 
 and upon some other points with less destruction. Companies from 
 this settlement rallied to the aid of the assaulted settlements in 
 Worcester county, and made long excursions against the foe in New 
 Hampshire and Maine. 
 
 Sixteen of the towns at present in this county were incorporated 
 during the seventeenth century, and all but twelve of those in exis- 
 tence in 1880, during the next hundred years. The first conflict of 
 military bodies in the 11 evolution was in this county, — at Lexington 
 and Concord. In 17*6, also, it suffered some disturbance from Shays' 
 Rebellion. In 1792, the " Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on the 
 Merrimac River " was incorporated, and then began the development 
 of the cotton manufacture in Lowell. In 1805 the Middlesex canal, 
 connecting the Merrimac River at Lowell with Boston Harbor, was 
 opened. In 1830, the Boston and Lowell Railroad was chartered. 
 
 The jurisdiction of the County Commissioners of Middlesex ex- 
 tends over Revere and Winthrop, in the County of Suffolk. 
 
 "WsnriirkH- Ponnf-v embraces, the islands of Nan- 
 1N aniUCKei ^OUniy tucket> Tuckanuck, Muskegat, 
 and the Gravelly Islands, lying in the Atlantic Ocean, thirty miles 
 south of the outer shore of Cape Cod, and about fifteen miles (from 
 landing to landing) in a southeasterly direction from Martha's 
 Vineyard Island. 
 
 Nantucket, the principal island, is about 15 miles in length from 
 east to west, with an average breadth of 4£ miles ; being wide at the 
 eastern end, and narrowing to a point at the western extremity, 
 where lie the other islands mentioned. It has a level surface in the 
 
80 tiAzisTTi:i:i; of Massachusetts. 
 
 southern part, with some hillincss northward ; the land nowhere 
 rising more than 100 feet abovi; the sea. Tin' harbor in the north- 
 eastern part is extensive. There are several villages ; and a railroad 
 extends across the midst of the island from north to south, thence to 
 the eastern extremity. Outside connections are by steamboats to Mar- 
 tha's Vineyard, ilienee to Woods lloll, New JJcdford and Boston. 
 The land surface of this island is about (id square miles, or 38,000 
 acres in extent. Of Ibis, little more than 1,5(»0 acres are cultivated; 
 and there are some 1<;o acres of woodland. Instead of forests, there 
 are extensive peat bogs, which supply abundance of fuel. 
 
 The population in 1*75 was 3.1'01 ; in l«so it was 3,727 ; and in 
 1SS5 it had fallen off again to 3.141', — when there were «12 legal 
 voters. The families numbered 1.01'G ; the dwelling-houses, 1,201, — 
 about I'd to a square mile. Then; were 11", i persons engaged in agricul- 
 ture ; and the value of the products in the last census year was $83,- 
 501. The number of persons engaged in manufactures was 71'; and 
 the value of the product, .Sll'O.Ol'.t. There were also 225 persons 
 employed in the fisheries (shored, — of whom 35 were foreigners; 
 the value of the product being S35,3«'.>. The valuation in 1888 was 
 §2,960,538. There are six public school-houses, valued at some 
 §13,000; and a private incorporated school with buildings and other 
 property worth about S 11,000. There are seven public libraries (in- 
 cluding four Sunday-School libraries) containing l.'J. 414 books. 
 There are two weekly newspapers. 
 
 Nantucket is also the name of the only town this county contain:-, 
 and is also the name of the village in which the courts are held and 
 the county jail located. Nantucket County is in the First Congres- 
 sional District ; in the Oupe section of the First Council District; 
 and in conjunction with Barnstable and Dukes counties, has one 
 State senator; and by itself, one representative in the General Court 
 The record of probate proceedings dates from 17d0. The first regis- 
 ter of probate was Peter Folger. lie was succeeded in 1707 by 
 Eleazer Folger, who remained in office until 1754; to be succeeded 
 by another Folger (Frederic), who served 30 years. The first judge 
 of probate was James Coffin; the last (from ls7.'V>, Thaddeus C. 
 Defriez. The judge longest in office was Jeremiah Gardner, who 
 served from 1714 to 1707; Ins immediate successor, Grafton Oanl- 
 ner, serving from the latter date to 17.Y). The county was, in its 
 earlier occupation by the English, a part of Dukes County, and 
 belonged to the State of New York. It was annexed to Massachu- 
 setts in Ki'.ll'; and on June 1'dth. 111'. >.*». it was taken from Dukes and 
 incorporated as a distinct county. 
 
 The origin of its name is obscure, but appears to be of Indian 
 derivation, — whose name for the island is said to have been Xaxtti- 
 ciiii. The native population, at the period of settlement by the Eng- 
 lish, had been depleted by a war bet ween the eastern and' the west- 
 ern tribes about the year ld.'.d; but four sachems with a few follow- 
 ers still held possession of the territory now included in the county; 
 their respective domains being distinctly defined. 
 
 This island was described l>v Gosnold. who discovered it in 1602. 
 
« e 
 
 NANTUCKET VIEWS. 
 
go <:azettj:kr of Massachusetts. 
 
 [t was deeded by Lord Sterling to the Mayhews in 1641; who, in 
 1659, sold it for thirty English pounds and two heaver hats to the 
 ten original purchasers and settlers, — the Mayhews retaining one 
 tenth of the island, together with Maisquatuck or Quaise, a peninsula 
 of red land midway of the harbor on the south side. Later, piece by 
 piece, the same land was bought of the Indians, by the settlers. 
 Thomas Macy and his family, with Edward Starbuck, appear to have 
 been the original settlers, in 1659 ; bringing in a colony of ten fami- 
 lies a year later. All of these appear to have been Friends or Quak- 
 ers in sentiment, if not of the communion, — who sought and found . 
 here a refuge from persecution. In VW,?> there were about 1600 
 Indians on the island. In 17C1, tin- white population was 3.220; 
 and the Indian, :>~>S. 
 
 The island early became largely devoted to sheep-raising; but 
 from the year 107.''. whaling increased to be a vast business; and 
 this, too, came to an end about 1*70. 
 
 It is stated that during the Kevolutionary war and on account of 
 it 1,G00 Nantucketers lost their lives : while the island's fleet of 
 whalers was reduced from 1 f><) to a lonely pair. At the last of the 
 contest, and to save themselves from utter destruction in their solitary 
 and undefended position they were forced to proclaim themselves 
 neutral. In the war of 1*12 they were again obliged to take the 
 same step; yet as it was th<-y lost twenty out of the forty whalers 
 they then bad afloat. 
 
 For further details, consult the article on the town 
 
 Norfolk Prmntv ™ < ""' of the original four counties 
 OriOlK V^OUIU) (E >SSuX . Middlesex, Suffolk, and Nor- 
 folk) into which the Colony of Massachusetts Lay was divided on 
 May Kith, 16b'i. It comprised the towns of Haverhill, Salisbury, 
 Hampton, Exeter, Dover, and Portsmouth. The lour towns last men- 
 tioned being included in New Hampshire by the separation of the 
 hitter from Massachusetts in lliSO, the two remaining were, on Feb- 
 ruary 1, KINO, annexed to Essex County ; and the original Norfolk 
 County thereby became extinct. 
 
 An act incorporating a new Norfolk County in a new location was 
 signed by Governor Hancock, March 2(1, 17!l,'i. l'.y this act Suffolk 
 County lost 22 towns and a district, taken to constitute Norfolk 
 County. These were Lclbngham, Lraintree, Lrookline, Cohasset, 
 lledham, Dorchester, I lover (then a districts, Foxliorough, Franklin. 
 Ilingliam, Hull, Medlield, Medway, Milton, Needham, Quiney, 
 Randolph, Koxbuvy, Sharon, Stoughton, Walpole, Weymouth and 
 Wreiilhani. At the June session of the legislature of the same 
 year, the towns of llingham and Hull were set back to Suffolk 
 County, where they remained until their incorporation into Ely- 
 mouth County. Weymouth was the oldest of these towns, having 
 been settled in Ki22 ; being the second settlement of white men in 
 .New England of which there exists any distinct record. 
 
 Since the year of its incorporation the following important 
 changes have taken place within the county : Canton set off from 
 
NORFOLK. 83 
 
 Stoughton in 1797 ; part of Dorchester annexed to Boston, 1804 ; 
 part of Dorchester annexed to Quincy, 1814; Thompson's Island 
 set off from Dorchester and annexed to Boston, 1834 ; Dover (pre- 
 viously a district) incorporated as a town, 1836 ; Boxbury chartered 
 as a city, 1846 ; West Boxbury set off from the city of Boxbury, 
 1851 ; part of Dorchester annexed to Boston, 1855 ; Boxbury 
 annexed to Boston, 1868 ; Dorchester annexed to Boston, 1870 ; 
 Norfolk set off from Wrentham, Franklin, Medway and Walpole, 
 1870 ; part of Brookline annexed to Boston, 1870 ; Norwood set off 
 from Dedham and Walpole, 1*72; Holbrook set off from Bandolph, 
 1872; West Boxbury annexed to Boston, IS 74; part of Needhain set 
 off to form Wellesley, 1881 ; part of Medway set off to form Millis, 
 1885; and part of Stoughton set off to form Avon, 1888. The 
 county, as now constituted, contains one city — Quincy — and twenty- 
 six towns, — whose names are as follows: Avon, Bellingham, Brain- 
 tree, Brookline, Canton, Cohasset, Dedham, Dover, Foxborough, 
 Franklin, Holbrook, Hyde Park, Medfield, Medway, Millis, Milton, 
 Needham, Norfolk, Norwood, Bandolph, Sharon, Stoughton, AYal- 
 pole, Wellesley, Weymouth and Wrentham. Dedham is the shiro 
 town. 
 
 Norfolk County is divided between the 2nd, 3rd, and 9th Congres- 
 sional districts; it is in the 1st and L'nd Council districts, has two 
 State senators, — excluding Cohasset, which is included in the 1st 
 Plymouth Senatorial District; and it is entitled to 13 representatives 
 in the General Court, aside from Cohasset, which is classed with 
 Hingham and Hull, of Plymouth County. 
 
 Norfolk County is bounded on the northwest by Middlesex, on the 
 northeast by Suffolk, by Worcester County on the west, by Ply- 
 mouth and Bristol counties on the southeast, and by the State of 
 Bhode Island on the southwest. It is some 33 miles from northeast 
 to southwest, and an average of about 1(1 miles in width, northwest 
 to southeast. The northwestern side is extremely irregular, but the 
 southern is a straight line for nearly its entire length. The area 
 is nearly 526 square miles; the assessed land is 231, SSI) acres; and 
 there are 06.607 acres of woodland. The i. umber of dwelling-houses 
 is L'0,523. The farms number 2,1', -IS, and their aggregate product in 
 the last census year was valued at S2.0:;:i,313. There were 1,172 
 manufacturing establishments, the aggregate of whose product was 
 $28,824,100. The valuation of the county in 1**S was $120,4 73,309. 
 The population in 1*00 was 100,950; in 1*05 it had increased to 
 110.300 ; in 1870 it had fallen off to S0.443 ; in 1*75 it had taken an 
 upward turn to 8S,32l ; in 1*80, it was 96,507; in 1*S5, it had 
 reached 102,141'; when the number of legal voters was 24,086. 
 
 This county has 201 public school buildings, valued, with appur- 
 tenances, at $ 1,151,216. There are also 14 private schools, having 
 18 buildings and other school property to the value of $901,21*. 
 Included in this number are one female college and five academies. 
 There are 28 weekly newspapers; 38 secular libraries containing 
 197 313 books, and 104 religious (church and Sunday school) libraries 
 containing 47,687 books. The various denominations are divided 
 into 139 churches. 
 
84 CAZETTEKIl OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The Boston and Albany Railroad passes through an angle at the 
 north ; while the Old Colony 1 tailroad traverses every town but one 
 in the county. The principal streams are the < 'harles and Neponset 
 rivers; the first of which winds through the entire length of the 
 county, and the last drains the central section, — both emptying into 
 I'.oston Harbor. The county has about twelve miles of sea-coast. 
 The land-surface is uneven, but with no elevations of remarkable 
 height. The highest are the lilue Hills, in the eastern part of the 
 county, one peak of which has an altitude of &'■'>'> feet above the sea. 
 The geological structure of the county is sicnite and conglomerate, 
 together with much undetermined rock. The soil in some parts is 
 very fertile, and yields large returns to the husbandman. Although 
 extensively engaged in manufacturing boots and shoes, woollen, 
 cotton, straw, paper, and iron goods, the majority of the inhabitants 
 are devoted to agriculture. 
 
 The first actual outrage of King Philip's War is said to have been 
 the shooting of a white man in Dedham woods, in this county. Med- 
 field, "Weymouth, Milton, Med way and Wrentham suffered severely, 
 either by attacks within their borders, or by loss of soldiers sent out 
 against the savage foe. A large number of men from this county 
 were in the Canadian expedition of lO'.io, in the attack on the Span- 
 ish West Indian settlement in 1741, in the Loui>lmrg expedition in 
 174."), and in subsequent French wars. On the Kith of August, 1774. 
 " a county congress'' met at the Doty Tavern, in Canton (a building 
 recently standing at the base of Blue Hill), in which Joseph Warren 
 participated. On the Gth of September, 1774, the county convention 
 assembled at the house of Richard Woodward, in Dedham, — every 
 town and district in the county being represented. By adjournment, 
 the convention again met on Friday, September 9th, at the house of 
 Daniel Vose (recently standing) in Milton, where the famous Suffolk 
 Resolves were unanimously adopted, — said to contain a complete 
 declaration of war against Great Britain. Men from Dedham and 
 other towns of this county participated in the discomfiture of the 
 British expedition against Lexington and Concord, and rendered 
 effective and important service throughout the war ; and in the war 
 of 1812, and also in the war of the Rebellion, the county was propor- 
 tionately and honorably represented. 
 
 The first canal in this country was cut at Dedham in 1639 ; and 
 the first railroad in America was constructed in Quiney in 181'6. 
 The first water-mill in New England (and probably in the country) 
 was built on the Neponset Liver, at the Lower Mills in Dorchester, 
 in 1<;;S4; and the first powder-mill was built at. the same place, in 
 1075. Also in Milton, were built the first slitting-mill, in 1710; the 
 first paper-mill, in 171'S; and the first chocolate mill, in 1705. The 
 first iron-forge was erected at Quiney in 164.'i. The manufacture of 
 glass and quarrying of granite were both commenced in the same 
 town in 17.12; and here, too, in 17K'.l was launched the ship " Massa- 
 chusetts," — then the largest, vessel ever constructed in the country. 
 At Canton, in 1801, Baul Kevere established the first copper works 
 in New England, if not in America. 
 
2 
 
80 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 1)1 ,1 (-* ,„+_, lies in the southeast section of the 
 
 1 lymOUtn L-,Olinty St . lt(J , ] K1 vin K a sea-coast on Mas- 
 Bachusetts Bay on the east, and another on Buzzard's Bay at the 
 south, with a smaller extent on Boston Harbor. Its extreme 
 length ni' land area is about 17 miles, north and south; with an 
 average breadth of 20 miles. Its assessed area is 370,038 acres. It 
 is bounded by Norfolk Countj and Boston Bay on the north, Massa- 
 
 -chusetts Bay <m the cast, Barnstable County and Buzzard's Bay on 
 the Bouth, and Bristol County on the west. 
 
 The Old Colony Railroad, «itli its divergent ami connecting 
 lines, penetrates every town in the county, except Carver in the 
 centre of the Bouthern section. The sea-coasts which constitute so 
 large a proportion oi its boundary afford numerous and ample har- 
 bors. The Burface of tli lunty is mostly level, and the scenery is 
 
PLYMOUTH. 87 
 
 generally monotonous ; yet there are some spaces of great beauty, 
 and elevations presenting widely extended and interesting prospects. 
 The views of shore and sea from Coleman's Hill in Scituate, from 
 Prospect Hill in Hingham, from Captain's Hill in Duxbury, from 
 Burial Hill and Manoniet Hill in Plymouth, are unique and fine ; 
 while Alden's Hill in Lakeville affords a charming scene of lake, 
 meadow and forest. The geological structure is of granite, sienite, 
 carboniferous rock, and drift and alluvium. Extensive beds of bog- 
 iron ore occur ; but this material has in many localities been exhaus- 
 ted, and most of the iron works are now supplied from a distance. 
 The Taunton River and several of its affluents drain the western 
 section of the county ; while the middle southern section has the 
 "Weweantit Eiver, flowing into Buzzard's Bay ; and in the northern 
 part the North Kiver, a circuitous stream, flows easterly, and finds 
 the sea between Scituate and Marshfield by the same mouth as South 
 Eiver, a smaller stream coming up through the eastern section. 
 There are many broad and beautiful lakes in the county, numerously 
 visited by waterfowl. The most important sheets are those in 
 Middleborough and Lakeville — Assawampset, Long, Pocksha, and 
 Great and Little Quiticas ponds, — all connected, and forming the 
 largest collection of freshwater in the State, — about 5,000 acres. 
 Other ponds of some note are Billington Sea iii Plymouth, Motion- 
 set in Halifax, Snipatuit in Rochester, Lispaquin in Middleborough. 
 and Silver Lake in Plympton. The forests of this county are exten- 
 sive, aggregating about 150,000 acres; oak and pine being the pre- 
 dominating growth. Extensive areas of these spread across the 
 southwestern section of the county as an almost unbroken belt to 
 the great forest in Bourne and Sandwich; and all through this wild 
 tract numerous red deer still range. 
 
 The soil of this county is generally light and sandy, and inferior 
 to that of most other parts of New England. The product of the 
 2,779 farms, in 1**5, aggregated in value S2,343,N7N. Cranberries 
 and the smaller fruits are extensively raised. The fisheries yielded 
 •$169,343; and there were owned in the county •20 vessels engaged in 
 commerce, with a tonnage of 13,N'.i2, and a value of §367,700. 
 There were 1,101 manufacturing establishments; some 200 of these 
 producing machinery, artisan's tools, and other metallic goods, and 
 about the same number being shoe Victories. The value of the 
 aggregate product was $27.819, IK',. The dwelling-houses numbered 
 about 20,000. The valuation in 1«S8 was $56,2< 13,997. There were 
 274 school buildings, valued, with appurtenances, at $003,840. 
 Here also is a State Normal School. There are in the county 
 several academies and private schools, having school property valued 
 at about $160,000. Of libraries accessible to the public, 43 are 
 secular, having 85,000 volumes ; and 105 religious (church and Sun- 
 day-school), having nearly 50,000. In the county are 132 churches, 
 comprising all the New England denominations. Further means of 
 intelligence and culture are afforded by one daily newspaper, thir- 
 teen weeklies, and one semi-weekly. 
 
 Plymouth County being a part of the original Plymouth Colony, 
 
M GAZETTEER OF MASSACIir SETTS. 
 
 its history dates from the landing of tin- Pilgrims, in 1020. The old 
 Coli my embraced the territory now included in the three counties of 
 1'lymouth, Barnstable, and Bristol, formed in 10X5. The union of the 
 Plymouth < Jolony with the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in 1692, ter- 
 minated its independent existence, which had continued for 71 years. 
 For the first ten years of its settlement the colonists were confined 
 almost wholly to the town of Plymouth, and at the end of that per- 
 iod numbered only three hundred. Ten years later, there were eight 
 towns in the colony, — of which four only were within the limits of 
 tin! present county. These were Plymouth, Scituate (incorporated 
 lO.'iO), Duxbury (inc. IO.'mj, Marshfield (1640;, Bridgewater (1656), 
 and Middleborough (100! I;. At tlie incorporation of the county, in 
 10S5, it consisted of the above-mentioned towns, with Accord Pond 
 .Shares and Ford's Farm Plantations, embracing parts of Scituate and 
 Hanover, and the whole of (old) Abington. The northwest boundary 
 of the county is nearly the original line between the colonies of Ply- 
 mouth and Massachusetts Pay, the only difference arising from the 
 annexation from the latter of Hingham and Hull, which occurred 
 at the formation of Norfolk County in 17'.i.'!. The population just 
 previous to this accession was, by estimate, slightly over 4,000, — 
 many having gone to multiply settlements outside of the county. 
 
 The prosperity of the colony had been greatly impaired by the 
 war with King Philip ; the loss of men and money being a heavy 
 strain upon their limited resources, so that many promising enter- 
 prises were broken up and many fair fields abandoned. Middle- 
 borough, .Scituate, Bridge water. Halifax and Plymouth itself were 
 invaded by the savage enemy. In the later French and Indian wars, 
 though unharmed in their homes, they joined heartily in maintain- 
 ing the honor and integrity of the English nation. The town of 
 Pembroke was the iirst in the Colonies to rebel against the British 
 crown; having ill 1740 adopted a resolution to adhere to their rights 
 and privileges, "any loyal instructions of his .Majesty to the con- 
 trary notwithstanding."' In May, 1770, Plympton voted unani- 
 mously in favor of independence of Great Britain; thus preceding 
 the National Congress in their proclamation of liberty to the world. 
 Shays' rebellion found here so little support that the courts were 
 not interrupted as in other parts of the State. In the war of the 
 Slaveholders' Bebcllion, the record of Plymouth ( 'ounty is a brilliant 
 one. 
 
 From time to time new towns were formed from the common 
 territory and by the division of towns, until there are now 1'0 towns 
 and one city, — Brockton. The towns are Abington, Bridgewater, 
 Carver, Duxbury, East Bridgewater, Halifax, Hanover. Hanson, 
 Hingham, Hull, Kingston, Lakeville, Marion, Marshfield. Mattapoi- 
 sett, Middleborough, Is'orwell, Pembroke, Plymouth. Plympton, Ro- 
 chester, Rockland, Scituate, Ware ham, West Bridgewater and Whit- 
 man. The shire town is Plymouth. 
 
 The population in 1S0O was 01, 70S; in 1S05, it was 63,107; in 
 1875, it was filV'ttlU ; in 1SS0, it had reached 74.01S; and the last 
 census (18S5) gives the increased figures of Si, 0X0, The number of 
 legal voters is now -L'.lo.'i. 
 
SUFFOLK. s <> 
 
 Plymouth County is divided between the 1st and 2nd Congres- 
 sional districts. It is in the 1st Council District; with Cohassrl, 
 from Norfolk County, it constitutes a State senatorial district; 
 and, together with Cohasset, it has 12 representatives in the General 
 Court. 
 
 Suffolk CoimtV U , es °" ^e northern part of Massa- 
 J chusetts Bar, being the eastern mid- 
 dle section of the State. It includes the cities of Boston and Chelsea 
 and the towns of K eve re and Winthrop, — the first mentioned city 
 being the capital of the county and of the .State. It is the largest 
 portion of the county as to territory, and its treasurer and auditor 
 fulfil the same offices for the county, while its board of aldermen 
 are the county commissioners, though Kevere and Winthrop are 
 placed in the jurisdiction of the commissioners of Middlesex County. 
 Yet all the county expenses are paid by the citv of Boston. 
 
 The county is in the 3rd, 4th, 5th, and Gth Congressional districts ; 
 in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Councillor districts; and together with 
 Ward Three of Cambridge, has 9 State senators, and, of itself, has 
 •52 representatives in the General Court. 
 
 At the first United States census in 171)0, Suffolk County had a 
 population of 1S.702; in 1800, it had 102,700; in l«C,.->, 20S.212; in 
 1870, 270,8(12; in l,S7o, 3G4,S,X0 ; in lssn, 3*7,927; and in Ik.s.I, it 
 was 421, lo'.l ; the legal voters then numbering !».">, l. r i 1. 
 
 The original division of the Massachusetts Hay ('olonv* into 
 counties was on May 10, 1043; when Essex, Middlesex, * Suffolk 
 and Norfolk were formed, — all being named from shires, or coun- 
 ties, of the same name in England. Suffolk, as then constituted, 
 contained Boston, Boxlmry, Dorchester. Dedham, I'.raintree, Wey- 
 mouth, Hingham and Xantasket (Hull). The county contains at 
 present (as before stated; only the cities of Iloston and Chelsea and 
 the towns of Revere and Wiiiihrop; but Boston — the court-town — 
 now embraces South Boston, East Boston, Boxbmy, Boston High- 
 lands, West Itoxbury, Dorchester, Brighton and ChaVlestown. 
 
 The greatest length of the county is — northeast and southwest — 
 about 1G miles; and the greatest width of land surface some S^ 
 miles; or, including harbor and islands, upwards of 13 miles. Tin- 
 area of the land surface is 44 sq. miles, — about 28,100 acres. There 
 are 24.23.5 acres of assessed land. It has above l>.">0 acres of forest, 
 the largest part of which is in public parks. The highest eminence 
 is Bellevue Hill in the West Boxbury district, whose altitude is 334 
 feet. Other elevations are Pomeroy Hill in the Brighton district, 
 Mount Washington in South Boston, Orient Heigh' s in East Bos- 
 ton, Powder-Horn Hill in Chelsea, Winthrop Head, Mount Bowdoin 
 in the Dorchester district, Bunker Hill in the Charlestown district, 
 and Beacon Hill, marking nearly the corporate centre of Boston and 
 of the county. The Charles and the Mystic rivers flow through its 
 
 • for statement of the form and changes of the government of the Massachusetts Colonv. 
 consult the article ciuuleii " Civil Hirtory," in the section devoted to the State, in the Orel 
 part of this volume. 
 
90 
 
 (;a'/.ijtti:i:i; of Massachusetts. 
 
 territory to the sea, while the Xoponset River forms its boundary 
 line i m the southeast. The county also includes Boston Harbor and 
 Revere Beach. Th<; geological formation is the St. John's group, 
 sienite and trap, with an area of conglomerate (Roxbury pudding- 
 stone) in the southern section, and ledges of slate in the harbor. 
 Beds of clay and peat are found in .several localities. The north- 
 
 i 
 
 •mm 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 : 
 
 eastern part is marshy, but the surface deposit in the higher por- 
 tions is chiefly drift. 6 r 
 
 The number of farms in the county is 204, embracing about 4,500 
 acres. I he green-house product shows the most marked variation 
 *r,w otr , ;'' untlos - b «"K in 1S8.1, MS.TfiT. The total product was 
 *<.<i.\.i.s.>. ii„. ro w ,, ro ,,. l72 , U ; mu |' ;l( . tlu . ins establishments, produc- 
 
SUFFOLK. \)l 
 
 ing a great variety of goods ; whose aggregate value is given in the 
 last census report as $ 149,281,727. There is also a considerable 
 fishery interest, whose product, in 1885, was valued at .1466,074. 
 There were engaged in this industry 51 schooners, 1 brig, 317 dories, 
 and 36 seine boats. The merchant marine consisted of 67 barks, 19 
 barkentines, 20 brigs, 201 schooners, 33 ships, 12 sloops, 130 steam- 
 vessels. These had a total tonnage of 811,617. The number of 
 assessed dwelling-houses was 54,433. The valuation of the county 
 in 1888 was 8791,044,763. 
 
 The public schools were provided for in 182 buildings (besides 
 several hired), valued, with appurtenances, at $8,878,010. There 
 are 89 private schools, — including one university, two colleges, 
 eleven schools of the grade of academies, and twenty-three profes- 
 sional schools, having 110 buildings, valued with the school property 
 at §2,956,518. There were, in 1885, 90 newspapers and journals 
 (11 daily, 2 semi-weekly, 75 weekly, 2 bi-weekly), and xl journals 
 and magazines (66 monthly, 13 quarterly, and 2 annual). The num- 
 ber of libraries (more or less public) was 329, having 1,276,411 vol- 
 umes. Of these, 130 were secular, having 1,083,057 volumes; and 
 199 were religious (church and Sunday-school and association) hav- 
 ing 192,454 volumes. The churches in the county were 220 in num- 
 ber. 
 
 The county of Suffolk was more fortunate than others in tin- 
 Indian troubles, being surrounded by a broad belt of settlements. 
 so that no savage incursion ever distressed its borders. IK 
 men and money, however, were furnished in due proportion fur the 
 public good. The events of the llevoluti-n in this county, and most 
 other occurrences, are perhaps suilicient.lv detailed in the article on 
 Boston and in that under the head of "Civil History " in the firs; 
 part of this volume. There remain to be mentioned the several 
 destructive fires with which the chief town has been visited, the de- 
 pressing effects of which were felt even beyond the limits of th •■ 
 county. 
 
 The first fire of much magnitude occurred at the early date oi' 
 March 16, 1631, and though the absolute loss was not large, it was 
 a serious set-back in the progress of the settlement. The next was 
 in the autumn of 1675. when forty-iive dwellings, a meeting-house, 
 and many other buildings were consumed. There was not a fire-en- 
 gine in Boston up to this time ; but this disaster induced the author- 
 ities to procure one from England. It did not arrive until the spring 
 of 1679, — in time for use in the great fire which occurred in August 
 following. This conflagration laid waste the commercial part of the 
 town, in the vicinity of the dock ; consuming vessels, warehouses, 
 and dwellings, and causing a loss of t2O0,O00. This fire was be- 
 lieved to have been the work of an incendiary. The procuring of 
 more engines and the starting of a rudely organized fire department 
 were among the immediate results of this fire. Again, in October, 
 1711, another scourge of lire destroyed about 100 dwelling-houses, 
 rendering 110 families hoin'der.s. .Many .stores stocked with goods, 
 the town-house, and the meeting-house of the first church, were con- 
 
* Jj .""*wue»«ri! > r*a*iW«i»».. r « 
 
 fn^iw 
 
SUFFOLK. 93 
 
 sumed. The space from. School Street to Dock .Square was swept 
 clean. The colony held a general fast on account of this affliction, 
 taking up contributions for the sufferers to the amount of about 
 £700. In 1760 another great fire visited Boston. It commenced 
 on Washington Street, not far from Water Street, burning east be- 
 tween State and Milk Streets to Long Wharf, clearing what was 
 then a large section of the town. Three hundred and forty-nine 
 buildings — dwelling-houses, stores, and mechanics' shops — were de- 
 stroyed, and about one thousand people bereft of their homes. The 
 loss was estimated at £500,000. New York, Pennsylvania, and 
 Nova Scotia promptly sent relief; a London merchant gave £100; 
 and George Whitetield collected and sent £L'50. After this tire a 
 larger proportion of the new buildings were of brick. The last 
 great catastrophe of this kind, and far the most disastrous we have 
 to record, is the great tire of November 0, 1*72. It consumed the 
 buildings — chiefly business houses and shops, and constructed of 
 brick — extending from near the corner of Milk and Washington 
 Streets southeast and covering <'>•'! acres, to a mass of smouldering 
 ruins. The value of the property consumed was about S 100,000,1)00. 
 
 The post-office for the Kay Colony was virtually established iu 
 Boston in November, 1039; when the house of Richard Fairbanks 
 was fixed upon as the place where all letters from foreign countries 
 should be sent for delivery. 
 
 The place of holding the Suffolk County courts in the earlier 
 period is obscure, Possibly they may have been held in the Prov- 
 ince House, or in some tavern. It is probable that the town-house 
 of Boston was used for the purpose after one was built, — which was 
 not until later than 1057. The first building was of wood, and was 
 burned in the great fire of 1711. A new one of brick was erected 
 the next year; and it is recorded that, in 173.'!, the courts were still 
 held in the "very handsome town-house." This, too, was burned in 
 1747. The building fronting on Washington Street, at the junction 
 of State and Court (formerly King and Queen streets), and well 
 known as the Old State House, was erected in 174S, as a town-house, 
 on the site of the former ones. Its east end, roof, and interior 
 have at various times been changed from the original form. Drake 
 (in his "History of Boston ") says : " In this building were accommo- 
 dated the General Court of the Commonwealth, clerks of the Su- 
 preme Judicial Court, and Court of Common Pleas." Early in 1700 
 a new stone court-house on Queen (Court) Street was completed, in 
 which the first session was held in April, 17(i'.t. The committee of 
 construction reported in 1770 that the new building cost £_'.'i7.'J 17s. 
 lOfd. lawful money. The committee received in addition the sum of 
 £45 for their services. A stone jail had been begun near by in 1700 
 and was completed in the following year, at a cost of £3,466 13s. 9£d. 
 
 The lower floor of the new court-house (called also the town- 
 house) was used for a Probate Office, and a room adjoining it was 
 prepared later for the grand jury. This floor was used later for 
 United States district offices, and by a provident association. 
 
 In 1810 the county courts were l emoved to a new, or second and 
 
*)4 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 newer, court-house on School Street, where they remained until 
 1841, and were then removed to the present stone r-ourt-hou.se on 
 Stati' Street. Tins edifice was commenced in l8.';f>, and the cost 
 when completed was $98,817.16. Willardwas the designer. It is 
 a gloomy granite structure presenting a Doric front with ponderous 
 Haled columns of granite weighing -~> tons each. There was a sim- 
 ilar portico at the rear, — removed later to make room for an exten- 
 sion of the main building. This edifice is the least adapted to the 
 comfort and convenience of the court, counsel, parties and witnesses 
 of any court-house in the Commonwealth. In the basement are the 
 tombs. It was here that the Anthony Burns riot occurred, Ma)-, 
 1854. In 1888 a new county court-house and jail were commenced 
 on Pemberton Square, a description of which may be found in the 
 article on Boston. 
 
 Wr>rrf>Qrf>r r^nnntv " cen P''' s the middle section of the 
 \\ uiLCiiti v_uum_) St . lti% ^tending qu , te across it 
 
 from north to south, a distance of about 47 1 - miles ; while its average 
 measurement east and west is about '■'<:', miles. In general form it is 
 nearly a square; but its eastern and western lines are very irregular. 
 The States of Vermont and New Hampshire bound it on the north, 
 and Connecticut on the south. I >n the cist are Middlesex and Nor- 
 folk counties, and on the west the counties oi Franklin, Hampshire 
 and Hampden. It is the Largest county i" the State. The area of 
 the land surface is stated as 1,550 square miles, equal to 992,000 acres ; 
 and of this 284,887 acres are woodland. The assessed area is 914,956 
 acres. 
 
 The surface of the land is generally undulating, and in most parts 
 broken and hilly. The mountains are rounded in form, generally 
 isolated, but not lofty. The most, noticeable ol them are Wachusett 
 Mountain in Princeton, having an altitude of 2,018 feet above 
 level; Watatic Mountain in Ashbumham, rising to the height ol 1,847 
 feet; A.snybumsket Hill in Paxton, 1,407 feet ; Hawes' Hill in B 
 L,285 feet ; Tufts' Hill in New Braintree, 1,179 Eeet; Hatch, tt Hill 
 in Southbridge, 1,016 feet ; and Muggett Hill in Chat It mi. 1,012 Eeet 
 
 The Nashua River flows southeasterly and northeasterly to the 
 Merrimack in the northeastern part; its drainage basin bene,' about 
 one-fourth of the area of the county. The southeastern fourth is 
 drained l>\ the Blackstone and its tributaries; the French and the 
 Quiunebaug, flowing into t lie Thames in Connecticut, and the Chioo- 
 pee, flowing southwestward into the Connecticut River, occupy the 
 i .nit bwestern and western cenl ral regions; \\ bile Miller's River, also 
 How in- south wo.t into the Connecticut, drains the northwestern sec- 
 tion. These si reams with then- numerous tributaries furnish a vast 
 amount of motive power, which is used for propelling the machinery 
 of a great number ol manufactories along their courses. The lakes 
 with which the county abounds are now generally made to serve as 
 reservoirs for holding back the water-flow until the times of need. 
 The largest of these Lakes arc in Worcester and Shrewsbury (the 
 
 Quinsigamond), Webster, Leicester ami i'.rooklicld. 
 
WORCESTER. 
 
 95 
 
 The geological formation is usually found to be calcareous and 
 ferruginous gneiss, Merrimack schist and the St. John's group. In 
 these metamorphic rocks occurs a great variety of curious and valuable 
 minerals. The soil — generally a mixture of loam with clay or with 
 sand or gravel — is for the most part strong and moist, and well 
 adapted to the agriculture of New England. The timber growth con- 
 sists mainly of oak, chestnut, walnut, maple, birch, ash, poplar, pine, 
 spruce and hemlock. 
 
 The number of farms in the county is 9,813 ; their products being 
 divided in very nearly the average proportion among the various 
 articles derived from agriculture, and amounting in 1SS.5 to the sum 
 of $9,385,744. The number of manufactories was 2,755 ; and their 
 product, very proportionately divided among leading articles, was 
 $83,209,746. The number of dwelling-houses in the county was 
 40,531. The valuation in 1888 was $164,828,026. 
 
 "ft 
 
 THE INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE, WOKCESTTB. 
 
 At the last census this county had 612 school buildings, whose value, 
 with appurtenances, was *2^7.l5,314. There were also 34 private 
 schools, including one college, seven schools of the grade of academies, 
 one scientific and industrial school, and two business schools ; these 
 having in all 53 buildings, and other school property to the value of 
 8052,356. There has since been created the Clarke University at 
 Worcester. The libraries more or less accessible to the public were 
 341 in number and contained 614,317 volumes. < >f these 1<I6 were 
 secular libraries, with 500,504 volumes; and 235 were religious 
 (church, Sunday-school, and association), having 113,-. )3 volumes. 
 From the county presses issued 3 daily, 1 semi-weekly, and 30 weekly 
 newspapers and journals, 4 monthly magazines and 1 la-monthly. 
 
 The county of Worcester was taken from parts of Middlesex, but- 
 
<)6 (lA'/.ETTKKl! OF MASS.U'IICSluTTS. 
 
 folk and Hampshire counties, and incorporated April 2, 1731. It 
 took the name of the town which became its capital, this having been 
 named for the town of Worcester in England. Its territory was 
 found in the. possession of the Xipmuek and Xashaway Indians; the 
 first owning the, lands ulmif,' tlio Xipmuek (later, the Blaekstone) 
 Uiver, and the last holding the territory about the Nashua Biverand 
 its liraiielies. As early as llil-'i these tribes, represented by Xashoc- 
 nan, put themselves under the protection of the colony of Massachu- 
 setts. Again, in Kill, two sachems, Nashacowarn and Wassamgin, 
 from tho region ol the great hill Ifur/imr/t, came with others into the 
 ( [eiieral Court, and desired to be received under the protection of 
 the government. Having learned from the court the '• Articles "and 
 the Ten Commandments, they presented to that body 'jc> fathoms of 
 wampum, when in return it " gave each of them a coat of two yards 
 of cloth and their dinner ; and to them and their men, every one of 
 them, a cup of sac at their departure ; so they took leave and went 
 away very joyful." In lt:74 the Lev. John Eliot had several Indian 
 " praying towns '' within the limits of what is now Worcester County; 
 but during Philip's War some of the Nipmucks joined his forces. 
 Savage attacks were made in l'.rooktield, Lancaster, and about Wiek- 
 aboag Pond, and other places, with great destruction in those men- 
 tioned. 
 
 By the act incorporating the county, it was ordered "that the 
 towns and places hereafter named \- expressed, That is to say, Wor- 
 cester, Lancaster, Westborough, Shrewsbury, Si mthborough, Leices- 
 ter, Kulland, & Lunenburg, all in the county of Middlesex; 
 Mendon, Woodstock, Oxford, Sutton, Uxbridge, & the Land lately 
 granted to several Petitioners of Medfield, all in the County of Suf- 
 folk; BroSkfield in the County of Hampshire, <& the South Town, 
 laid out to the Narragansett Soldiers, & all other Lying within the 
 said Townships, with the Inhabitants thereon, shall from & after 
 the tenth Day of July, which will be in the year of our Lord 1731, 
 be & remain one entire and distinct County, by the name of ^'or- 
 cester, of which "Worcester to be the County or Shire Town." Of 
 the fourteen towns comprised in the county of Worcester at the 
 time of its organization, Lancaster was the oldest, Mendon next, then 
 Worcester. Division after division has been made in the original 
 towns, until there are now U~ , and two cities, — Worcester and Fiteh- 
 burg ; the first being the capital. The names of the towns are Ash- 
 burnham, Atliol, Auburn, Pane, Berlin, Blaekstone, Bolton, Boylston, 
 Brooklicld, Charlton, Clinton, Dana, Douglas, Dudley, Gardner, Graf- 
 ton, Hardwick, Harvard, llolden, llopedale, Hubbardston, Lancaster, 
 Leicester, Leominster, Lunenburg, Mendon, Milford, Millbury, New 
 Braintree, Northbomugh, Northbridge, North Brooktield, Oakham, 
 Oxford, 1'axton, Petersham, l'hillipston, Princeton, Koyahston, Kut- 
 land, Shrewsbury, South borough, Southbridge, Spencer, Sterling, 
 Sturbridge, Sutton, Templetou, Upton, Uxbridge, Warren, Webster, 
 Westborough, West Boylston, West Brooktield, Westminster and 
 Winchendon. 
 
 In 17Gf>, the population was 32,si'7; in 1770>. 46,437; in 1S10, 
 
WOItCESTEIi. ()7 
 
 64,910; in 1*20, 73.025; in 1*00, 150,05.) ; in 1*63, 102.012; in 1*75, 
 210.205; inlsso, 226.S07; and in 1**5, 244,030. 
 
 "Worcester County is, with portions of neighboring counties, in the 
 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th Congressional Districts ; with a small section 
 of Hampshire County it constitutes the 7th Councillor District ; and 
 together with the western counties it has 10 State senators ; and is 
 entitled to 20 representatives in the General Court. 
 
 The courts were first held in the meeting-house ; the first session 
 of theCourtof Probate being on July 13, 1731 ; of the Common Pleas 
 and General Sessions of the Peace, August 10th ; and of the Superior 
 Court of Judicature, September 22d, following. A court-house, 30 feet 
 by 20. was finished and opened in 17"4, when an address was delivered 
 by Chief Justice John Chandler, in which he styles it "a beautiful 
 house." This building soon proved too limited, and another, 40 feet 
 by 36, was erected in 1751 ; and this was followed by another costing 
 about x20.0<H.i. opened September 27, 1X(I3. The present court-house, 
 built of Quincy granite, and costing about xlOo.ooo, was erected in 
 1845. A jail was erected in 173.'!; prisoners, prior to this, having 
 been confined in private houses. A second jail of wood was con- 
 structed in 175.'! ; but this proving insecure, a prison of stone, the 
 second in importance of that material in the State, was erected in 
 17**, and demolished iu 1835. The county Hou.se of ( !orrcction was 
 first occupied in 1*10, and subsequently used as a jail. 
 
 In all the wars in which the nation has been engaged, the citizens 
 of "Worcester county have shown a patriotic spirit, always furnishing 
 promptly their due proportion of men and means. During Shays' 
 rebellion, in 170<>-7, this county was the scene of much excitement 
 and disorder. In September, 17*0. about 200 of the insurgents 
 took possession of the court-house. At the time for opening the ses- 
 sion of the Court of Common Pleas. Chief Justice Artemas Ward, at 
 the head of the members of the court and bar, and attended by the 
 sheriff, bravely advanced in front of a line of levelled muskets to the 
 seat of justice, and, addressing the rebels, said : '• I do not regard 
 your bayonets. You may plunge them into my heart, but while that 
 heart beats I will do my duty.'' The insurgents then advancing 
 pressed their bayonets against his breast; yet he stood as immovable as 
 astatue,and continued his harangue. Awed by his conduct, the insur- 
 gents committed no act of personal violence at this time. The court 
 then adjourned; and, moving through the rebel files, repaired to the 
 United States Arms Tavern. Finding that there wen; no local troops 
 to rely upon, the court soonadjourned to next term. The insurgents 
 took possession of the court-house again on November 2lst and l'2d, 
 to preventthe sittingof the Courtof Sessions ; and a third time in the 
 first week in December, when they were met by two Worcester regi- 
 ments, and prudently retired. On the 6th instant Daniel Shays, the. 
 leader, arrived with .".50 men; raising the number of insurgents to 
 nearly 1,000. The town had the appearance of a military camp, and 
 the rebels were billeted on the different families ; by whom in general 
 they were kindly treated, — being regarded rather as objects of pity 
 than of fear. The leaders issued a declaration of their grievances ; 
 
yg UAZ.ETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 then hearing of the approach of General Shepard with 4,000 State 
 troops, they hurried westward into Hampden County. 
 
 As the manufacturing interests increasingly engaged the attention 
 ill the people, efforts were made to facilitate communication between 
 the towns and the metropolis of the eounty and that of the Common- 
 wealth. The common roads were greatly improved ; and in 1806, the 
 Worcester Turnpike, leading over Lake < juinsigamond into Boston, 
 was incorporated. The Blackstone Canal, extending 4.") miles from 
 Worcester to Providence, was commenced in this State in lXl'O, and 
 was completed in 1828; the cost being about «7."i<i,oi)0. It had 48 
 locks; the fall from Worcester to tide-water at Providence being about 
 451 feet. The Providence and Worcester Kailroad, completed Octo- 
 ber L'O, 1*47, diverted the traffic, from the canal, and it soon ceased to 
 be operated. The Boston and Worcester Kailroad was incorporated in 
 1831, being now a section of the Boston and Albany Kailroad; the 
 Norwich and Worcester Railroad and the Western Kailroad, another 
 section of the present Boston and Albany, in I s :;:; ; the Worcester 
 and ^Nashua Kailroad iu 1X4 fi ; the Worcester and Fitchburg Kailroad 
 in 1X4.6; then followed the Springfield and Athol, the Fitchburg 
 Kailroad, connecting Fitchburg with Boston; the Troy, Fitchburg, 
 and Greenfield, connecting the Boston line with the Hudson Kiver; 
 also the Ware Kiver Kailroad, and the Fitchburg Division of the Old 
 Colony Railroad. These, with several branches and extensions, pene- 
 trate, it is believed, every town in the count}- ; so that facilities of 
 travel, transportation, and communication by steam roads are unsur- 
 passed by those ol any other county in the State, except Suffolk. 
 
THE 
 
 CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES, 
 
 ALSO, THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 AlOUNTAINS, RIVERS, PONQS, BAYS, CAPES AND ISLANDS 
 
 OF 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.* 
 
 Abbot Village, in Andover,— which consult. 
 
 A bincrtnn * s an lm P ortant :tn< l thrifty manufacturing town 
 r-vunigLUii i n the northwesterly part of Plymouth County, 
 having an area of 0,000 acres. Holbrook and Weymouth lie on the 
 north, Bockland on the east, AVhitman on the south, and Brockton 
 on the west. It is twenty miles southeast of Boston, on the Cape 
 Cod line of the Old Colony Bailroad, which has stations at Abington, 
 and North Abington ; each of which also have post-offices. The pop- 
 ulation in 188.) was 3,009; when there were about 7(1 farms and 750 
 dwellings. On May 1st, 1S.S8, the latter had increased to Mil.'. 
 
 The geological formation is sienite, and carboniferous. In some 
 localities blue slate, bog-iron ore, and peat are found. The land is 
 somewhat elevated, and forms the water-shed between the North and 
 Taunton rivers. The pond, with its groves, at the southern village 
 is a charming place, and much frequented by pleasure parties. 
 
 The soil is in some parts very good, and the farms are fairly fer- 
 tile,, — the dairies, in l«.s."i, yielding $15,740, and the aggregate . 
 product being $46,046. About 2,300 acres are woodland ; the prin- 
 cipal growth of which is oak. maple, birch and pine. The chief 
 manufactures are shoes, and the material and machinery requisite. 
 The aggregate value of all goods made during the year of the last 
 state census was $2,053,538. Other manufactures are clothing, 
 furniture, lumber and wooden goods, — the last item amounting to 
 
 •For a list of the cities, see arlic'e on Civil Divisions, etc., on page 20. Shire towns 
 and cities are Indicated by capitals for the entire nuoie. 
 
100 CAZETTEEll OF MASSACUCSETTS. 
 
 about §7"»,( )(»0. The valuation in INKS was SL'.OHO/JL'G, with a taxation 
 off 17. SO on.frl.OOO. 'I'lic Abington National liank, by the last state- 
 inciit of the comptroller, had resources to the amount of •'5278,414. 
 The Abington Savings Bank, <m January 1, 1889, had deposits and un- 
 divided earnings to the sum of 8 1 ,.'»!M,."<.">7. There is here a good weekly 
 newspaper — the " l'ly mouth County Journal," se ven libraries aggre- 
 gating some 1(1.000 volumes; of which number, the town public 
 library has about 0,000 volumes, the Y'oung Ladies' Sodality Library 
 nearly 700, and the four Sunday schools have the remainder. The 
 town has graded schools with seven school-houses, valued, with 
 appurtenances, at S">(),ooo. The first Congregational church here 
 was organized in 1711' ; the fourth at North Abington in l.S.J'j. The 
 New Jerusalem church was organized in 1N.'>.~>, and the Universalist 
 in ISC].'! There is also a lloman Catholic church, bearing the name 
 of St. Bridget's. 
 
 Abington (including the southern section, now the town of Whit- 
 man) sent about 1,100 men into the armies of the Union in the late 
 war; of whom about 1(10 were lost. Among its men were thirty- 
 three commissioned officers. The town had, in lss.">, twenty -seven 
 citizens over X< I years of age. 
 
 The Indian name of Abington was Jfirwtmauskeagin, — "many 
 beavers." The first grant of land was made in 1044 to Nathaniel 
 Souther. <; rants were also made to Peregrine White (the first man 
 born in the l'ly mouth Colony) and others anterior to lOiiO. The first 
 saw-mill was built at South Abington. then called '• Little Comfort," 
 in 1G9.S. The town was formed from part of Bridgewater and cer- 
 tain lands adjoining, and established in 171L' as " Abington," — from 
 the town of that name in Berkshire County. England. At that time 
 it contained about MOO inhabitants. In lSl'7 a part of its territory 
 was taken to form Hanover. In 1N74 the eastern .side of the town 
 was set apart and established as Uockland. In 187."> the southern 
 part was taken to form Smith Abington, which has since been re- 
 named Whitman. 
 
 The first minister here was the Kev. Samuel Brown, ordained Dec- 
 ember 8, 1711. The house in which he preached had neither steeple, 
 bell, nor pews. The second edifice was erected in 17.11; the third in 
 1810; and the present one in 1849. The Kev. Mr. Brown had five 
 negro slaves, sonic of whom attained a remarkable longevity. Church 
 bells were cast in the town as early as 1700 ; and cannon were made 
 here for the State during the Revolution. The celebrated frigate 
 "('(institution" was built, in part, from white oak timber furnished 
 by the Abington woods. 
 
 One of the eminent men of a generation now passed awav was 
 Aaron llobart, a leading lawyer, author, state senator and member of 
 Congress, who was born in this place, June I'O, 1787. 
 
 Acoaxet, a village in W'estport. 
 J\CTC, a village in Clinton. 
 
ACTON. 101 
 
 A pff-jt-> is a thriving town situated slightly west of the centre 
 
 "^ of Middlesex County, 25 miles west of Boston by the 
 
 Fitchburg Railroad. It is bounded by Littleton and Westford on 
 the north, Carlisle and Concord on the east, Maynard and Stow on 
 the south, and Boxborough and Littleton on the west. Its villages 
 are Acton (centre), North Acton, South Acton, West Acton and 
 Ellsworth (East Acton P. O.), all of which are post-offices. The 
 Fitchburg Railroad has stations at South and at West Acton ; the 
 Nashua and Lowell branches of the Old Colony Railroad intersect 
 the eastern part of the town (the latter having a station at Ells- 
 worth) and connect it with the roads of southern Massachusetts. 
 The area of taxable surface is 11, '.142 acres ; of which 3,650 are wood- 
 land. The population, in 1885, was 1,785 ; and there were 413 
 dwelling-houses. The town is liberally supplied with streams ; hav- 
 ing the Nashoba Brook, which enters the town from the north and 
 leaves it on the southeast, shortly emptying into the Assabet River 
 near its junction with the Concord ; the Ford Brook, in the south- 
 east, drawing its supply from the Heathen-meadow Brook, coming 
 from Stow and from Grassy Pond (33 acres) in the north-western 
 part of Acton ; and the Assabet Kiver, just touching the town at the 
 southeastern corner. On the northwestern line is Xagog Pond, 
 a large and beautiful sheet of water having a depth of 47 feet in a 
 large part of its area; its outlet entering Nashoba Brook. Both 
 this and Ford Brook furnish several powers suitable for small mills. 
 
 The principal stone is calcareous gneiss, from which good build- 
 ing material is obtained. There is also a valuable bed of limestone. 
 The surface of the town is uneven, somewhat rocky and hard to cul- 
 tivate ; yet the farms are generally remunerative. Their number is 
 about 11)0 ; and the product, in 1*85, was § 20 ( . I, (>•'!•'! ; of which the 
 dairies yielded §77,OC5 ; hay, straw and fodder, $50,132 ; vegetables, 
 $l'.l,417. There were 2',).75ij fruit trees, 1,107 neat cattle of all ages 
 and 240 horses. There are lumber mills, pail and tub factories, a 
 powder mill, a woollen mill, pencil works, soapstone works, and others. 
 The aggregate of goods made in 1885, is 8332, 3-15. The valuation 
 in 1888 was 61,310,1)47 ; and the rate of taxation, $11.00 on $1,001). 
 
 Acton village, at the centre, with its neat public buildings and 
 private residences, its well-shaded streets and common, presents an 
 air of quiet beauty and repose. South Acton is the chief manufac- 
 turing part of the town, and a lively village, having several fine 
 buildings and residences. 
 
 Acton has both graded and mixed schools including a high school, 
 with six school buildings and property valued at $22,000. There 
 are, in the town, five libraries, aggregating about 3,000 volumes. 
 Two of these, having about 2,000 volumes, are association libraries ; 
 the others belong to Sunday schools. There are two weekly papers 
 published here, the " Advance " and the " Patriot." 
 
 This town was settled by the Shepherd, Law and other families, as 
 early as 1650. There were leased for twenty years to Captain 
 Thomas Wheeler in 1688, a tract of 200 acres of upland near the 
 Silas Holden place, and one of 00 acres of meadow on Nashoba 
 
102 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Brook, on condition that he should keep for the inhabitants. " except 
 twelve Sabbath days yearly," a herd of fifty cattle for one shilling 
 per head, to be paid "one third part in wheat, one third part in rie 
 or pease, and the other third partin Indian corn." He was to pro- 
 tect them in a yard at night from the wild Leasts. He also agreed 
 to build, a house 40 feet by 18, with a "pair of chimneys," and a 
 barn 40 feet Lv 24, to hi' left t<> the town on the expiration of the 
 lease. 
 
 The first meeting-house was erected in 1736; and the first minis- 
 ter, Rev. John Swift, was ordained November 8, 1738. His succes- 
 sors were, the Revs. Moses Adams, ordained in 177*. and Marshall 
 Shedd, in 1820. There are now lour church edifices in the town; 
 but the oldest existing society is the Congregational, organized in 
 
 is:;i'; while the Baptist society, al West Acton, was organized in 
 1846, and the Universalis! in the same village in 1> s 7i'>. The records 
 of the Universalist society at South Alton extend hack to 1866. 
 
 This tow n was incorporated on J uly .">, 1 7.".."i ; having been formed 
 of a part of Concord called. "The Village," or ' New Grant," with 
 "Willarda Farms." In 1780, parts ol ^.cton and neighboring towns 
 were taken to form Carlisle. The town had. in L885, twenty-six in- 
 habitants over eighty years of age. At the oentre stands a granite 
 monument in memory oi Captain Isaac Davis, killed in the Concord 
 fight, April !'.», 1 77.""..' Rev. William <;. T. Shedd, D.D., an eminent 
 
 divine and prolific author, was horn here, dune 21, 1820. 
 
ACUSHKET— ADAMS. 103 
 
 AnicVmi^r * s a ver y pl easant town in the southeasterly 
 n.LUMlUCL part of 35.^01 County, with a population iii 
 
 18S5, of 1,071. It is bounded by Freetown and Rochester on the 
 north, the latter and Mattapoisett on the east, Fairhaven on the 
 south, and New Bedford on the west. It contains 8,945 acres, — of 
 which 4,575 acres are woodland. Nearly one-third of the original 
 area was annexed to New Bedford in 1875. It was formerly in- 
 eluded in the town of Fairhaven, having been incorporated on Febru- 
 ary 13, 1860. Its name is from the beautiful river which flows 
 southward along the western side to the bay. Another pretty stream 
 flows along Mattapoisett Biver in the southeast. New Bedford 
 Reservoir, of 280 acres, is a very attractive sheet of water. Acush- 
 net, on the New Bedford branch of the Old Colony Railroad, is the 
 nearest station. The post-offices are Long Plain, on the eastern side 
 of the town and Acushnet Village at the southwest. Belleville is 
 another small village. The land is generally even, and the soil — 
 principally loam — quite fertile. The geological formation is fels- 
 pathic gneiss and granite. Mendal's Hill, 146 feet high, in the east- 
 erly part of the town, was one of the stations in the trigonometrical 
 survey. The view from the heights is spoken of as truly magnifi- 
 cent, including sea and land. There are various small manufactures. 
 The product of sawed lumber in 1885 was valued at JjsJ.Mo. The 
 principal employment is farming; and the aggregate product of the 
 145 farms in 1885 was valued at .$1.'!0,277. At that date the town 
 contained 241 dwelling-houses, and a total of Gil buildings. The 
 valuation of the town in 1888 was §020,050, and the rate of taxation 
 was §10 on §1,000. 
 
 The town has five public school-houses valued at ? 6.000. Three 
 libraries connected with Sunday schools have 1,200 volumes. The 
 Methodists, Baptists, Christian Baptists, Adventists and the Friends, 
 each have a church edifice. Hon. 'Walter Spnoiier, Ansel White, 
 Col. A. P. Robinson, S. B. Hamlin and Pardon 'falter, junior, were 
 eminent citizens. 
 
 A A ( so name( l m nonor 0I tne patriot Samuel Adams) is 
 
 AQSmS an important and flourishing agricultural and manu- 
 facturing town on the lloosac River, in the northern part of Berkshire 
 County, about 140 miles northwest of Boston. It is connected with 
 the Fitchburg Railroad at the village of North Adams, and with the 
 Boston and Albany at Pittsfield by a direct line between those two 
 places ; the principal stations in the town being Adams and Maple 
 Grove Its postal villages are Adams and Zylonite. ( tther villages are 
 Vrnoldsville, Howland and Renfrew. North Adams (formerly a j.art 
 of this town) bounds it on the north ; Savoy, on the east ; Cheshire, 
 on the south; and New Ashfordon the west. Its area is 11,900 acres, 
 aside from highways and water surfaces. Of this, there are 5,203 
 acres of woodland. 
 
 The surface is hilly, rising at the southwest to tne eminence 
 known as Saddle Ball, and at the northwest, to the noted and lofty 
 summit of Gray lock, 3,505 feet above the sea ; being the highest 
 
104 UA'IETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 peak in the Saddleback range and in the State. The sides of this 
 mountain are covered with a growth of maple, beech, birch and 
 cherry, over which the observer at the summit looks upon a most 
 magnificent prospect. "Down at his feet," says llev. W. Gladdeu, 
 "lies the valley of the I foosae, nearly three thousand feet below, 
 J'ittsfield with its beautiful lakes, and many smaller villages are seen 
 in the valleys and many of the adjacent slopes. Southeastward the 
 eye sweeps over the tops of the Taconics, away to tin- Catskills be- 
 yond the Hudson ; northwestward, the peaks of the Adirondacks, in 
 Northern New York, arc plainly visible; in the north the sturdy 
 ridges of the Green Mountains file away in grand outline ; on the 
 east Monadnock and Wachusett renew their stately greeting, and 
 Tom and Holyoke look up from their beautiful valley ; southward 
 Mount Everett (the Taconic Dome) stands sentinel at the portal of 
 lierkshire, through which the Ilousatonic flows. And all this grand 
 circuit is filled with mountains ; range beyond range, peak above 
 peak, they stretch away on every side, a boundless expanse of moun- 
 tain summits." 
 
 The Hoosac River, entering the town at the middle of its southern 
 border, continues the same course, flowing through a valley of great 
 fertility, flanked on either side by lofty hills. The underlying rock 
 is Lauzon schist, Potsdam and Levis limestone, Beautiful marble has 
 been quarried for the market in the town. The number of farms in 
 lcS85 was 111 ; and their total product was tfl54,017, — the dairies con- 
 tributing $ 4'. (,'.)( 12 of this amount. The manufactures consist of cot- 
 ton goods chiefly ; but there are large products of food preparations, 
 woollen cloths,lumber, paper, stone, machinery and metallic and zylon- 
 ite goods, and others to the number of 4.x establishments. Textile 
 goods brought the sum of tf 1,94X.4G1 ; building materials and stone, 
 $108,508; food preparations, tf5 1,530 ; the aggregate reaching the 
 amount of tf;!. 702.0 13. The valuation of estates in 1SX8 was tf3.45S,- 
 104; with a tax of tfl6.no »n tf 1,000. The First National Bank, on 
 December 1st, l.x.NK, had assets to the value of tf437.X.'56 ; and the 
 amount of deposits in the Savings Hank on Januarv 1st, IXS'.i, was 
 $572,254. 
 
 In 18x5 there were l..'!S7 dwelling-houses, 8,2X3 inhabitants, and 
 1,234 legal voters. The town has graded and mixed schools, with 
 seven school buildings, which, with appurtenances, were valued at 
 tfXX,150. There were four libraries having about 5.001) volumes, — 
 of which the town public library had about 3,500, and church and 
 Sunday schools the remainder. There are two papers issued weekly, 
 the Freeman and the Zeitgeist. — the latter in German, Adams has 
 seven churches; of whose edifices two or three are quite superior. 
 The Baptist church here, was organized in 1S2G; the Congregational, 
 in 1840; and the l/i live realist, in 1X72. St. Mark's is the Protes- 
 tant Episcopal church, while the Roman Catholics have two 
 churches, — both at South Adams. 
 
 The territory of Adams, formerly called Hast Hoosac, was pur- 
 chased in 17(12 by Nathan .Jones for' the sum of .-t'2,300. The first 
 meeting-house was built of logs. The Kcv. Samuel Todd, settled 
 
ADAM'S COnXQRS— AdAWAM. 105 
 
 here in 1780, was the first minister. Fort Massachusetts, one of a 
 cordon of defences raised for the protection of the people eastward 
 against the French and Indians, stood at the north of Saddle 
 Mountain, on the western side of the present North Adams. The 
 town was incorporated on October 15th, 1778 ; in 1780 the plantation 
 called New Providence was annexed; but in 1793 parts of Adams 
 and neighboring towns were annexed to Cheshire. On April 16th, 
 1878, the larger part of the town was detached and established as 
 North Adams. 
 
 In 1885 there were in this town thirty-five people who were over 
 80 years of age. Among the eminent persons of whom Adams was 
 the native place, are Caleb Atwater (1778-1867), Stephen William 
 Taylor, LL.D. ; George Nixon Briggs, LL.D., governor of the 
 Commonwealth from 1844 to 1851; and S»san B. Anthony (181't»), 
 the well-known pioneer advocate of suffrage for women. 
 
 Adam's Corners, in xorthbndge. 
 Adamsdale, in Attu-borough. 
 
 AdamSVllle, a village in Colrain. 
 
 /Etna Mills, a village in Watertown. 
 
 Arnnnm is a verv beautiful town having two postal vil- 
 rvgawdm lages. — Agawam (centre) and Feeding Hills. 
 In lSb.j, it had a population of 'J.'A.'n, and a territorial area of 1.1,775 
 acres, of which I'.SSl are woodland. There are L'80 farms, -Isi' 
 dwelling-houses, and a total of 1,.'54<> buildings. < )n the north, and 
 separated by the Agawam or Westfield River, is West Springfield 
 from which it was taken ; on the east is Longmcadow, separated by 
 tlie Connecticut Eiver ; Southwick and Westiield hound it on the 
 west, and Suffield in Connecticut on the south. It lies in the southern 
 part of Hampden County, and about UK) miles southwest of I'.oston, 
 by the Boston and Albany Railroad, which runs along the north 
 bank of the Westfield River. The railroad stations are Springfield, 
 West Springfield and Thompsonville. A fine iron bridge spans the 
 Connecticut River at the southeast, and two the Agawam River. 
 There is an excellent bridge connecting the town with Springfield. 
 Trap, with the middle shales and sandstones, constitutes the geologi- 
 cal formation. The land in the eastern part is in level, and undula- 
 tions ; in the western part it is hilly and broken. Proven's Hill, in 
 the western section, rising to the height of G<i5 feet, affords a 
 ma<mificent view of the valley of the Westfield River, of the city of 
 Springfield, and of the towns adjoining. An affluent of the Connec- 
 
106 UAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 tifiit River running through the central village furnishes valuable 
 motive power. From the waters of these streams many shad and 
 other valuable fish are taken. 
 
 The soil is sandy, i7i parts, but mostly a rieh loam, and easy of 
 cultivation. English hay, corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, potatoes and 
 tobaeeo are the nmst valuable erops. Fruit trees abound, there being 
 reported in 1885, l.">,5-" apple trees, 1.8S1 pear trees, and others in 
 proportion. Milk to the amount of 01.' 1,-57 gallons was sold in the 
 same year; when the entire dairy product was valued at *89,550. 
 The principal manufactures are paper and woollen goods, whose an- 
 nual value is estimated at about $94,71*4. The establishments are 
 the Agawam Company Woollen Mill, the Worthy Paper Mill and gin 
 distillery. The entire product of the town in 1885 was *.' J 4.'5,294. 
 The valuation in 1888 was & 1,1*1 8,530. The tax was *ll'.50 on 
 $1,000. 
 
 There are two town-halis and seven school-houses, — the school 
 property being valued at x-'S'>.l-~>- The four Sunday-school libraries 
 aggregate above 1.500 volumes. At the pleasant village of Feeding 
 Hills is a church edifice of the Con^regationalists, who also have 
 another at Agawam Centre. Besides these, the Baptists, Methodists, 
 and the French Catholics each have a church in town. 
 
 Thomas Cooper, Abel Leonard and Thomas Merrick settled in this 
 place about 1660. It was incorporated as the " Sixth Parish of Spring- 
 field," in 1757, — containing then about 75 families. In 1773, it be- 
 came the " Second Parish in West Springfield." The first church 
 was formed November 19, 1761.', and the Rev. Sylvanus Griswold was 
 appointed pastor. The second ( 'ongregational church was organized 
 September 5, 1819. The town was incorporated May 17, 1855, tak- 
 ing its name from the beautiful river which washes its northern 
 border, then known only as the " Agawam." 
 
 Albeeville, a village in Mendon. 
 
 Alfnrrl is a small, mountainous farming town in the south- 
 i~Y U. western part of Berkshire County. 150 miles west 
 
 of Boston, on the extreme western border of the State. It is 
 bounded on the northeast by West Stockbridge, on the east by the 
 same and Great Harrington, on the south by Kgremont, and on the 
 west by Hillsdale and Austevlitz, in Now" York. It lies on the 
 easterly declivity of the Taconie range of mountains, and has a 
 range of hills along its eastern and northern line, and through its 
 western side. The geological formation is Lauzon schist and Levis 
 limestone. Galena and iron pyrites occur; slate is found in several 
 parts, and in the northeast corner of the town there are quarries from 
 which variegated marble to the value of $1\600 has been taken in a 
 year. The New York city hall was for the mint part constructed 
 of the marble from this quarry. The scenery of the western part 
 of the town is wild and romantic. A noted feature in the northeast 
 section is an eminence named " Tom Hall," from which a vast expanse 
 of broken land is visible. 
 
ALFOIiD. 107 
 
 Seekonk River flows medially and southerly through the town, 
 and furnishes power at several points. Burnham Brook enters it. 
 from the west. Green River, a very beautiful stream, rises in the 
 highlands in the southwest section of the town, flows through a 
 charming valley, and then, winding through Egremont and Great 
 Barrington, enters the Housatonic. Across this stream the town 
 has placed an iron bridge, 75 feet in length. Bryant wrote a fine 
 descriptive poem on Green Biver, of which the following are the 
 first lines : — 
 
 "When breezes are soft, and skies are fair, 
 I steal an hour from study and care. 
 And hie me away to the woodland scene, 
 Where wanders the stream with waters of green, 
 As if the bright fringe of herbs on its brink 
 Had given their stain to the wave they drink. 
 And they whose meadows it murmurs through 
 Have named the stream from its own fair hue." 
 
 The valley of Seekonk Brook is fertile ; and the principal 
 village of Alford is built upon the margin of the stream in the 
 southwest part of the town. The highlands afford good grazing for 
 cattle and sheep. — of which the town had in 1*05, of all grades, 
 1,0(32. In 1872 the number had fallen to 275, but in 1N85 it had in- 
 creased to 700. The area of the town is 7,7521 acres, of which 
 1,740 are woodland, consisting of maple, oak, chestnut, walnut, anil 
 gray birch. The population at the dat <■ mentioned was 341. There 
 were then 0.'! farms and 02 dwellings, the total number of buildings 
 being 20.".. The dairy product is the largest item in value, being, in 
 1885, §20,521. The value of the various manufactures was •Sl->,<'74 : 
 of the entire product of the town, SON. 007. The total value of pro- 
 perty was S 320,1 1)2. The rate of taxation in INNS was 812 on 
 •Sl,00o. The nearest railway stations are Williamsville, Van Pcn- 
 senville, and Great Barrington on the Housatonic Bailroad, running 
 parallel to the town some two miles distant on the east side. 
 
 Alford has three school-houses, valued at $3.7<i(>; there is a Sun- 
 day-school library having some 300 volumes. The Congregation 
 alists, Methodists and Baptists each have a church edifice, and the.ro 
 is a small Union Church. The number of men furnished to tie- 
 Union forces in the late war was 20, — of whom five were lost. 
 
 Among the early settlers of the place were Elcazer Barrett, 
 Robert Johnson and Simeon Hurlburt. They came about the 
 middle of the ISth century. The southwestern pait of the town 
 was purchased of the Stoekbridge Indians in 1750. it was incorpo- 
 rated February 16, 177.".; being named, it is supposed, in honor of 
 John Alford, founder of the Alford professorship in Harvard Uni- 
 versity. The Rev. Joseph Avery was settled as minister about 
 1780, but was dismissed in 17N7, on account of difficulties growing 
 out of Shays' Rebellion. The most eminent names of the town are 
 Dr. John Hulbert, Hon. John W. Hurlbert, Captain Sylvanus Wilcox 
 of the Continental army; and Judge Justin Dawes, who was -a 
 native. 
 
108 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Allendale, a village in Titt^n.-i.i. 
 
 AllertOll, Point, the northeastern extremity of Hull. 
 A ll^f <->»-. -I- railroad station ami village in the Brighton Dis- 
 
 i-uisron, trict) H(lstnn 
 
 Amfcjlllirv * s a P ros r c ' rou ' s manufacturing town lying on 
 X~YIIlCbUUiy tlie northern border of Essex County, between 
 the Merrimack Pivcr and the New Hampshire line, and about 41 
 miles north of Huston, with whirh it is connected at Salisbury Point 
 by a branch from the shore line of the Boston and Maine (formerly 
 Eastern) Kailroad. It is connected with Newburyport by the same 
 line, and also by a street railroad. New Hampshire bounds it on 
 the north ; on the northeast is Salisbury (separated by Powow 
 Kiver) ; on the south are Newburyport and Newbury, on the opposite 
 side of the Merrimack; and on the west is Merrimack. The area is 
 1,'o.Vl acres, of which SOU are woodland. 
 
 The villages are Salisbury Point and Amesbury, which are also 
 post-offices ; and the first is a railway station. The surface of the 
 town is beautifully diversified with hill and dale, but without any 
 extremities in elevation. Kimball's Pond, at the northwest corner 
 of the town, is a fine sheet of water 408 acres in extent, and '.«> feet 
 above the sea. It has an outlet into Powow Piver, by a canal con- 
 structed in the latter part of the last century. This river, which 
 rises among the hills of New Hampshire, furnishes tic principal 
 hydraulic power for the villages along its course. It is a very con- 
 stant and rapid stream, the aggregate fall in a distance of ."ill rods at 
 Amesbury mills being about 70 feet. The Merriuiac raver is navi- 
 gable for large schooners to this place, and, in its deep and steady 
 How, presents a scene of panoramic beauty seldom equalled. 
 
 The geological formation of the town is that known to geologists 
 as Merrimack schist, Amesbury has about SO farms, which, in 1SS5, 
 yielded 72.01' I as the aggregate product. The proceeds lrom dairy- 
 ing were 81S. ."><'>.'!; vegetables, SK.l'OCi, with other crops in propor- 
 tion. The leading business is manufacturing. There are several 
 cotton mills, l.'i carriage factories, 1 1 lactones for undertakers' goods, 
 l."> clothing establishments, and one or more shoe factories. The 
 aggregate value ol their product in ls,s.". was 81.s76.llK). The 
 Amesbury carriage-makers enjoy a wide and enviable reputation 
 from their goods. The valuation of the town in 1SSS was 83.%.V 
 000; and the tax was 81*. 10 on 81,000. There arc two national 
 banks, whose assets, as shown by the last, report of the comptroller, 
 were together $1,0 i;s., r >(;:s. On 'January 1, lss<», the Provident In- 
 stitution for Savings for Amesbury and Salisbury held deposits to 
 the amount of !*<1,7('>7,'-Ms, with 870,sc>:i in undivided earnings. 
 The number of dwellings is 1,007; the population 4.40:!; and the 
 legal voters '.MO. The town has graded schools, with 10 school build- 
 ings, valued, with property attached, at 817,000. There are six 
 
AMIIEliST. 109 
 
 libraries with about 10,000 volumes : the town public library having 
 5,000 ; a private circulating library about -',500 ; the remainder being 
 church and Sunday-school libraries. 
 
 Amesbury has two newspapers, the "News" and the "Villager," 
 both of which possess a good number of admiring patrons. There- 
 are six religious societies ; of which the < 'ongregationalist was or- 
 ganized in ls:il, and the Friends in 1701. The others are the 
 Methodist Episcopal, the l'rotestant Episcopal (St. James'), the 
 Roman Catholic (St. Joseph's), and the Universalist. 
 
 This place, once a parish of Salisbury, and called •' Salisbury New 
 Town," was incorporated May 'Si, l(if><5, and named from an English 
 town seven miles from Salisbury in England. In the Massachusetts 
 Records the reference to the name is this: ''Salisbury new town 
 . . . may be named Emesbury ; " but the spelling in the margin of 
 the records is "Amsbury." In 1*44 a part of Salisbury called 
 "Little Salisbury'' was annexed to Amesbury; ami in lS*f> 
 Salisbury Point was annexed. In lssf> the western part of Ames- 
 bury was established as the town of Merriniae. Manufacturing was 
 early introduced. The machine of Mr. Jacob Perkins for cutting 
 and heading nails, invented about 17!>(>, was first set in operation on 
 Powow River; and the Amesbury Elannel Manufacturing Company, 
 with a capital of SL'00,000, was incorporated in 1*21'. The liist 
 church established here was organized in 1('>7L'; the first minister 
 being Rev. Thomas Wells, who died in 17.">4 at the age of S7 years. 
 That Amesbury has a salubrious climate is clearly indicated by the 
 fact that in 1**5 there were forty residents over H() years nf age. 
 The records of the town from its organization to the present time 
 have been well kept, — affording the basis of the excellent history 
 of Amesbury and Merrimack by Joseph Merrill, published in 1**0. 
 
 This town is the residence of John Greenleaf Whittier, the pott 
 who, more than any other, probably, represents New England. Ol 
 earlier worthies, there are Josiah Bartlett, M.P., a signer of the 
 Declaration of Independence, who was born here November -1. 171"'. 
 and died May 10, 1705 ; and Paine Wingate, a member of Congress 
 and a judge of the Superior Court of New Hampshire, was born in 
 the town May 'SI, 171"J. 
 
 A mliprct territorially, is along narrow township in the nor- 
 
 rvmnerbl, thern part of Hampshire County, 84 miles west ol 
 
 Boston. It is bounded on the north by Sunderland and Leverett, 
 
 logical formation consists of lower sandstone, middle shales and 
 sandstones and calcareous gneiss. Steatite, or soapstone, appears 
 in one or two localities. There are several medicinal springs in the 
 easterly part of the town, of which practical use is made by one or 
 more local sanitariums. 
 
 The scenic aspect of the town is very beautiful, it being diversi- 
 fied by valleys, plains and swelling eminences. Forests of oak and 
 
AMHERST. HI 
 
 maple constitute about a twentieth of the area, and the town has 
 nearly 25,000 fruit trees. From College Hill, as well as other 
 points, extensive and enchanting prospects are obtained. Pulpit 
 Hill is an elevation in the northern section of the town. HilliarcFs 
 Knob, at the southern border, rises to a height of 1,120 feet above 
 sea-level, commanding a wide view of the Connecticut River, valley, 
 and outflanking mountains. Mill River, in the northwestern part of 
 the town, runs through a beautiful glen, and has, in its course, two 
 or three paper mills. Fort River, gathering its branches in the cen- 
 tral part of the town, also affords mill sites. The New London and 
 Xorthern Railroad of the Vermont Central system of railroads, by 
 connection with the Fitchburg and the Boston and Albany railroads, 
 affords ample means for travel and transportation. The carriage 
 roads here are excellent, and an iron bridge 50 feet in length spans 
 one of the streams. The number of inhabitants in 1885 was 4,199 ; 
 of dwelling houses, 878 ; and of farms 311. Of the agricultural 
 products the dairy yields a larger sum than any other ; being for the 
 year mentioned $144,407. The butter and cheese made here are 
 considered of superior quality. The total farm product was 
 8400.820. The principal manufactures are paper, caches, boots 
 and shoes, palm-leaf hats, corn-brooms, and cabinet ware. Large 
 items are clothing and straw-goods, $.*i.'!5.530 ; loud preparations, 
 yl73,112, with a total of $718,524 for manufactured goods. The 
 post-offices are Amherst (centre), Xorth and South Amherst. There. 
 are a national bank and a savings bank; the latter having deposits, 
 on January 1, 1889, to the amount of §1,119,.°.95. The assessed val- 
 uation of the town in 1888 was 83,(127,1 172, and the rate of taxation 
 §15.25 per 61,000. The town has a graded school system, including 
 a high school; with thirteen school-houses, etc., valued at $65,000. 
 There are, beside, about twenty private schools, having buildings and 
 other property to the value of $647,.'!55. ( >f these are Amherst 
 College, incorporated in 1825; Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
 lege, incorporated in 1863 ; Mount Pleasant Institute, incorporated 
 in 1846. Home schools and kindergartens make up a large propor- 
 tion of the remainder. The buildings of Amherst College occupy a 
 commanding site in the central part of the town, and consist of halls, 
 lecture-rooms, dormitories, and a handsome granite church edifice. 
 "Walker Hall and Williston Hall, devoted to science, the Woods 
 Cabinet of Geology, the Appleton Cabinet of Zoology, and the Law- 
 rence Observatory (one of the finest view-points in the State), are 
 principal buildings ; to which has been added an excellent gymnasium. 
 
 The Massachusetts Agricultural College is situated on elevated 
 ground about a mile north of the central village. The buildings are 
 of brick, and the grounds spacious, there being a farm attached. 
 The work of the college, especially in the experiment department, 
 is of great value to the agricultural interests of the State. In the 
 town there are not less than twelve public and institution libraries, 
 having an aggregate of upwards of 55,500 volumes. The two colleges 
 have above 48,000 volumes. 
 
 Amherst, originally known as "Hadley Third Precinct," was 
 
H2 cay.ettueh of Massachusetts. 
 
 incorporated February l.'J, 17.7.1 ; being named in honor of General 
 Jeffrey Amherst. Tim first church was organized, and the Rev. 
 David Parsons, D.P., was settled a.s first minister, on the 7th of 
 November, 17::'.). The second parish was incorporated in 1783, and 
 Key. Ichabod Draper, the first minister, ordained in 17s.">. He was 
 followed in 1710 by the lii-v. Nathan Perkins. The south parish 
 was incorporated in 1N1M, and the north in l«-0. In 17-10' it was 
 voted "to give John Nash forty shillings to sound ye kunk [conch 
 shell] for this yeare," — for the purpose of calling the people to 
 church. In 17'.).'!, a bell weighing 'Xi'J pounds took the place of the 
 primitive 1 instrument for this purpose. Tlie Methodists, Episcopal- 
 ians, Baptists and Catholics also have church edifices. 
 
 General Ebenezer Mattoon, a Revolutionary officer and a member of 
 Congress, born in this town in 17."i.~>, died here in 1.S43. Sikis 
 Wright, a member of Congress in lHl'7-l".i. and 1 s. '..°>-44, was born in 
 Amherst in 17',l."i, and died in Canton, X. Y., in 1847. 
 
 Al is a flourishing and delightful town of 5.711 
 
 nUOVcl i nh;l |,it, all ts, l'()L' farms, 1.014 dwellings, and a val- 
 uation, in 1SSS, of !? 4. '.»">_, 7.10. The rate of taxation was sll on 
 §1,000. It is situated in the northwestern part of Essex County, 
 about -'■> miles from Boston. On the north is Dracut, Methuen and 
 Lawrence; North Andover is on the northeast. North Reading and 
 Wilmington on the south, and Tewksbury on the southwest. The 
 territorial area is about L'0,000 acres ; of which about 6,000 acres are 
 woodland. The geological formation is calcareous gneiss, with an 
 intervening bed of granite and steatite, or soaps-tone. The most 
 conspicuous eminences are Prospect Hill, — just south of the centre 
 of the town, — 4L'0 feet, and Wood Hill, o-0 feet above sea-level. 
 The view from Seminary Hill, also, embracing the valley of the 
 Shawsheen, is very beautiful and extensive. The Merrimack River 
 forms the western half of the town's north line, and at the north- 
 east receives the Shawsheen, which comes through the midst of the 
 town from the south. In the southeast part is the little Skug River, 
 flowing southwesterly ; while west of it Foster's Pond sends its 
 waters to the Shawsheen ; and, near the northwest, at the feet of the 
 hills, Raggett's Pond, with an area of 1"_'4 acres, gathers the waters 
 which it discharges into the Merrimack through Fish Rrook. The 
 forests contain much white pine, white and red oak, white maple, 
 white birch and hickory. There are, besides, great numbers of trees 
 along the highways, — American elm, rock-maple, chestnut and Un- 
 der, — some of which are more than seventy years old and very 
 large. On the farms and village grounds are, in the aggregate, about 
 2-1.000 fruit, trees. The soil, for the most part,, is a rich sandy loam. 
 The dairy products in lNS.I were valued at *7.">,4sl ; the vegetables. 
 $. r >o,M0 ; anil the aggregate product of the farms and market gar- 
 dens *."»()( t,'.). r )7. The principal manufacturing establishments are the 
 flax and hemp mills, — having four large buildings, three of which 
 are of stone and brick ; I lie woollen mills, — one establishment having 
 four brick factories, and the other having one of brick and one of 
 
ANDOVKli. H3 
 
 -wood. These mills employ, the first about 800, the second 200, 
 and the third l'.K). There are also shoe-shops, and other small fac- 
 tories, making up a total number of 57. The largest products were 
 shoes, *(>7,S60 ; clothing and straw goods, n.'S.ISo; iron and other 
 metallic goods, £226,996; paints, chemicals, etc., $20,000; linen 
 and woollen goods, *1,208,146 ; total manufactured goods, $1,780,910. 
 
 But the chief glory of the town is her educational institutions. 
 Beside the public schools, which are creditable, there are twenty- 
 four buildings devoted to private schools. The principal of these 
 are the Theological Seminary, established in 1S07; Phillips Acad- 
 emy, incorporated in 1X29; and Abbot Academy for girls in 1829. 
 Phillips was the second academy in the State, and the seminary was 
 the first of the kind in the country. All are well endowed, the 
 seminary having had donations to upwards of half a million dollars. 
 Twelve libraries furnish ample intellectual food to the people ; 
 there being two public libraries, while each school has its own, — the 
 Theological School library numbering about 50,01)0 volumes. 
 
 The principal public buildings of interest at this time are the Sol- 
 diers' Memorial Hall (a costly and noble building containing also a 
 public library), the new grammar school-house, and the bank build- 
 ing (Andover National Bank) whose estimated cost is §40,000. 
 The savings bank, on January 1, 1 SSO, held deposits to the amount 
 of $1,810,000, — and a large surplus from profits. 
 
 Andover (centre) and Ballardvale are the post-offices ; and these, 
 with Frye Village and West Ce.ntre, are railroad stations on the 
 Boston and Maine and the Lowell .and Lawrence railroads. 
 
 Among other natural objects of interest is Red Spring, whose 
 waters, tinctured with iron, issue from beneath a vast glacial deposit. 
 The unsurpassed views from the summits of the northern highlands 
 make them worthy of the attention of other than inhabitants of the 
 region. The vision extends over the valleys of the Merrimack and 
 Shawsheen, the wooded hills and the glimmering ponds, and the city 
 of Lawrence, 
 
 " Pure and still. . . . 
 
 Its shuttles ply, 
 Its looms are busy — but the crystal sky 
 Above it like a mother bends, until 
 The pictured city seems with peace to fill," — 
 
 and many another village there, indicated by the spires, rising oft 
 above " cathedral elms." 
 
 In Andover there are many churches, — the Congregationalists 
 having five ; while the Baptist, Episcopal and Methodist each have 
 one, and the Boman Catholics two. Of these three are of stone, and 
 others still of attractive architecture. 
 
 The region is certainly favorable to length of days, for the last 
 State census shows that there were 82 persons over 80 years, and 
 one over 100 years of age. 
 
 About 400 men from Andover entered the Union army during the 
 late war, of whom 40 were lost. 
 
 The Indian name of this town was Cochickawick. Its present 
 
AXUIEKX COIiXEH — AULINUTOX. 115 
 
 name was from Andover, Hants County, England, from which sev- 
 eral of the early settlers came. The land was purchased by Rev. 
 John Woodbridge of the sagamore Cutsnamache for the sum of six 
 English pounds cash and a coat. It was incorporated as a town, 
 May 6, 1646. In the year 1676 depredations were committed by the 
 Indians : Joseph Abbot was killed ; his brother Timothy taken pris- 
 oner, but afterwards restored ; Mr. Edward Faulkner's house was 
 burned, Roger Marks was wounded, and Mr. Haggett and two of his 
 sons were captured. In 1608 Assacumbuit led about forty Indians 
 into Andover, burned two dwellings, killed Simon Wade, Nathaniel 
 Brown, Penelope Johnson, Captain Pascoe Chubb, his wife Hannah, 
 and a daughter of Edmund Faulkner. During the witchcraft delu- 
 sion in 1692, more than fifty complaints were made against persons 
 in the town for bewitching or afflicting their neighbors or compan- 
 ions ; and three persons — Samuel Wardell, Martha Carrier, and 
 Mary Parker — were tried, found guilty, and promptly hung for 
 witchcraft. 
 
 The following are mentioned as eminent people of the town : Col. 
 James Frye (1709-1776), Gen. Joseph Frye (1711-1794), John Phil- 
 lips, LL.D. (1719-1795), Jedediah Foster (17L'6-177'.)), Samuel Abbot 
 (1732-1812), Abiel Foster (1735-1806), Enoch Poor (1736-1780), 
 Thomas Kittredge, M.D. (1746-1818), David Osgood, D.D. (1747- 
 1822), Samuel Osgood, A.A.S. (1748-1813), Samuel Phillips, LL.D. 
 (1752-1802), Benjamin Abbot, LL.D. (1762-184!)). Abiel Abbot, 
 D.D. (1770-1828), Thomas Abbot Merrill, D.D. (1780-1855), Stephen 
 Foster (1798-1835), John Alfred Poor (1808-1871), Elizabeth 
 (Stuart) Phelps (1815-1852), Harriette Newell (Woods) Baker 
 (1815), Gen. Isaac Ingalls Stevens (1818-1862). 
 
 Ang-ier's Corner, a village in Newton. 
 
 A.nniSC|U3.m, a harbor and a village in Gloucester. 
 
 Anniirsnack Hill, in Concord, 370 feet in height. 
 
 AppOneganSett, a village in Dartmouth. 
 
 Aquashenet, a village in Mashpee. 
 
 ArgJ.lla, a village in Ipswich. 
 
 A rlincrtnn * s a P^ easant suburban town in the southeastern 
 .f».riingTOn p art f Middlesex County, five miles northwest 
 of Boston, — to which it is easily accessible by street railroads and by 
 the steam cars of the Boston and Lowell system. On the north 
 of it is Winchester ; on the opposite side of the beautiful Mystic 
 Pond of 232 acres is Medford, — which, with Somerville and Cam- 
 
Hfj ca/.ett 1:1:1: of Massachusetts. 
 
 bridge, forms a crescent boundary on the east.; while on the south- 
 west is Belmont, and on the west, Lexington. Arlington and 
 Arlington Heights are the post-offices, also villages and railway sta- 
 tions with Brattle Station and Lake Street. 
 
 Sienite is the principal underlying rock eoming into view. The 
 land is level in the southeastern part, but rises from the middle of 
 the town northeast and southwest to an elevation of about .'«;<) feet 
 above sea-level, about which is the village of Arlington Heights (for- 
 merly Circle Hill). There are a pretty church, good public schools, 
 and upwards of 80 dwellings, with several societies or associations. 
 It is a most convenient health resort. These; heights are remark- 
 able and delightful for the magnificent sweep of view, embracing the 
 city of Boston with its familiar landmarks, the forests of Middlesex 
 Fells, the mass of buildings forming the Danvers Asylum; the dim 
 line of the beaches, the more distant lioston and Minot's Led it*"* 
 lighthouses, the Blue Hills at the southeast, the high hills of W;il- 
 tham four miles distant at the southwest. Westward thirty miles 
 is Mount "Wachusett; northwest forty miles away is the hav^ta'k 
 form of Watatic Mountain; more to the north Mnnadnock lifts higher 
 still the dim line between the earth and the sky. Next come a 
 succession of the northward hills of Massachusetts, and the minor 
 and nearer New Hampshire mountains ; then the gaze comes back 
 to the winding Charles, to Fresh Pond in Belmont and Cambridge, 
 and to Spy Bond at our feet in Arlington. This pretty sheet of 
 water, of 150 acres, formerly furnished some water-power on its out- 
 let, but is now drawn upon too heavily by the waterworks for such 
 use. There are, however, some manufactures in the town, as musical 
 instruments, cordage and twine, leather, metallic and wooden goods, 
 carriages, food preparations, and others. The last named yield the 
 largest return, the figures for 1S85 being 8118,575; wooden goods 
 coming next, at $57, IMS ; building and stonework, $54.70.". ; wood 
 and metal products, including carriages, SSI.L'OO; making in the 
 aggregate, $41 H.'J'.tS. The population in 1SS5 was 4, l'>7.'l ; when there 
 were 898 dwelling-houses in the town, but only seventy-nine 1 farms. 
 These contain scarcely half the assessed area, which is '2.853 acres, 
 embracing 1!>6 acres of woodland. Much of the agricultural area is 
 used for market gardens, to supply the Boston market. The largest 
 crop is vegetables, which in 18*5 was !?-85. Il'7 ; the total farm pro- 
 duct being f .°>3L47(). The valuation, in 18,ks, was S5,l.".'i,554, with a 
 tax of $10.-5 on .SI. 00(1. The Arlington Five Cent Savings Bank 
 had, on January 1, ISSit, deposits to the amount of •S , .t75,771 > . There 
 is a good town hall. The water-works have eost about a third of a 
 million, and the fire department is fully equipped. 
 
 A large proportion of its inhabitants are occupied through the day 
 in or about the business centre of the region, and are an active, soc- 
 ial and kindly people. The town has graded schools, with six ex- 
 cellent buildings and other school property to the value of $70,875. 
 There are seven libraries, containing nearly 15.000 volumes, — of 
 which the town public library has in its tine building about 10,000; 
 the public schools nearly 1,000; the balauce being made up by the 
 
AliLIXG TOX DISTRICT— ASIIB UliXIIAM. \\1 
 
 Sunday-school libraries. The " Arlington Advocate," with its office, 
 has a good patronage considering its nearness to a large city. 
 
 There are churches of six religious denominations here : the Bap- 
 tist, organized in 1781 ; the Congregationalist, in 1842 ; the Protes- 
 tant Episcopal (St. John's), in 1875 ; the First Congregational Parish 
 (Unitarian), in 1733 ; the Universalist, in 1842 ; and there is also a 
 numerous Roman Catholic congregation, under the name of Saint 
 Malachi. 
 
 The locality now bearing the name of Arlington was originally 
 known as Menotomy, from Menotomy River (now known as Alewive 
 Brook), which, for a number of years, was the boundary line between 
 the first and second parishes in Cambridge. This western parish was, 
 in 1807, incorporated as the town of West Cambridge, the name being 
 changed to Arlington in 1867. Part of Charlestown was annexed to 
 it in 1842 ; in 1850 a part of it was taken with other territory to form 
 Winchester ; in 1859 another portion was taken to form Belmont ; and 
 in 1862 it received an addition from the parent town of Cambridge. 
 The first church was organized here in 1733. 
 
 Arlington sent 295 men into the. army and navy of the Union in 
 the last war. There were, in 18S5, 38 residents who w<>re over 80 
 years of age, which is further confirmation of the wholesomeness 
 of the place. The summer house of the late Hon. Edward Everett 
 is in this town, below the bluffs on the western shore of Mystic 
 Lake ; and the popular author Mr. John T. Trowbridge has a resi- 
 dence near by. It is also the residence of Governor John, Q. A. 
 Brackett. Ebenezer Smith Thomas, an able journalist and author, 
 was born here in 177">; and Convers Francis, D.D., was born here in 
 1795, and died in Cambridge in 1863. 
 
 Arlington District, a village in Lawrence. 
 Amoldsville, in Adams. 
 Arrowhead, a village in l'ittsfield. 
 
 Arsenal Village, m wat.rtown. 
 
 Artichoke, a village in Newlmryport. 
 
 Asbliry GrOVe, a village in Hamilton. 
 
 A cl-«Kiit-r»Viam is a thriving town in the northern part of 
 i-VbllUUrilliaill Worcester County, on the water-shed 
 between the Connecticut and Merrimack rivers, and sixty miles 
 northwest of Boston by the Fitchburg Railroad. Its stations on this 
 road are Ashburnham — the central village — on a short branch, and 
 Ashburnham Junction, where it connects with the Cheshire Railroad ; 
 
118 HAZETTKEIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the last having a station here and at Burrageville (Ashburnham sta- 
 tion) in the western part of the town. Its post-offices are Ashburn 
 ham, North Ashburnham, and Ashburnham Depot. These, with 
 Lane Village and South Ashburnham, constitute the villages. The 
 population in 1X85 was 2,<>5,H; and in 1X.HM there were 467 dwelling- 
 houses. The town is bounded on the north by Rindge, in New 
 Hampshire, east by Ashby, south by Westminster and Gardner, and 
 west by Winchendon. From precipitous and rocky Watatic Moun- 
 tain, in the northeast, 1,847 feet above sea-level, is obtained a most 
 splendid view of Monadnoek, Waehusett, and other more distant 
 mountains, together with a vast panorama dotted with lakes, woods, 
 and villages. At the northwest is Kocky Hill ; Mount Hunger, cen- 
 tral on the east side, commands beautiful views of the large ponds 
 on either side of it ; and Brown Hill overlooks the central village. 
 Meeting-house Hill, where the first house of worship was placed, is 
 1,280 feet high. The average elevation of the town is about 1,000 
 feet above sea-level. The railroad station at Ashburnham Junction 
 is said to be the highest point on the railroad line between Boston 
 and the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The numerous streams afford many small powers, and their flow 
 is regulated by the storage afforded by not less than ten ponds, 
 mostly beautiful. The largest is Naukeag. containing 302 acres, and 
 varied with many charming islands. Phillip's Brook runs through 
 the centre of the town, furnishing motive power for extensive chair 
 and other factories. Another branch of the Nashua enlivens Ash- 
 burnham Depot and South Ashburnham ; while Bluefield Brook, and 
 other tributaries of Miller's River, furnish water-power in the north 
 and west. The largest product of the factories is furniture — mostly 
 rattan chairs, amounting in 1885 to $340,57(3 ; food preparations were 
 $32,201; wood and metal goods, $i>.(»0<); and there are made, also. 
 shoes, cotton goods, clothing, carriages, leather, children's toys and 
 games ; and in the northerly part of the town are still several lumber 
 mills. The aggregate of manufactures was 8418,.S15. 
 
 The assessed area of the town is 23,33b' acres, of which 7.275 acres 
 is woodland. The land is broken and rocky, but the soil is strong. 
 There are 176 farms, Yielding a product valued in lN.s^at 8111.454; 
 the dairy furnishing $3< ),.".< )3 of this sum ; other farm items being 
 in proportion. The valuation in 1SS8 was SW~. !<•<>. with a taxation 
 of $17.50 on $1,0(11). The First National Bank of this place, on Dee- 
 ember 31, 188.S, had assets to the value of *M5.373. of which $50,- 
 000 was paid-up capital. The schools arc both graded and mixed. 
 There are ten school-houses, valued, with appurtenances, at upwards 
 of $7,000. There is also a well-endowed private school — dishing 
 .-^ Academy, — which has u line building, and is unusually furnished 
 with a library of upwards of 2,000 volumes. The town public 
 library contains nearly 1.500 volumes ; and there is a private circu- 
 lating library and Sunday-school libraries. 
 
 The churches are the First. Congregational, the Methodist, the 
 Roman Catholic and the Second Congregational at North Ashburn- 
 ham. 
 
ASHBY. 119 
 
 This place was originally called "Dorchester Canada," because 
 the land was granted to Thomas Tileston and other soldiers of Dor- 
 chester for services in the expedition to Canada in 1690. It was 
 incorporated February 22, 17(55; being named in honor of John 
 Ashburnham, second Earl of Ashburnham. In 1815, part of Gard- 
 ner was annexed; and in 1824, part of Winchester. The first 
 church (Congregational) was organized here in 1760, having Rev. 
 John Winchester for its first pastor. He was succeeded in 1768 by 
 the Rev. John Cushing, D.D., who died in 1823, and was followed 
 by the Rev. George Perkins. The town, in 1885, had thirty resi- 
 dents who were over 80 years of age. 
 
 Thomas Parkman (lushing, a public-spirited merchant of Boston, 
 was born here in 1787, and died in Boston in 1S54. He bequeathed 
 a large sum to establish a school in the town of his birth ; and Cush- 
 ing Academy (previously mentioned) is a noble monument to his 
 memory. 
 
 A LL distinguished for its beautiful hills, clear streams, 
 .f"V.MlL)y, an( j v;ill»'ys, occupies the northwest extremity of 
 Middlesex County ; having for its bounds, New Hampshire on the 
 north, Townsend on the east, Fitchburg on the south, and Ashburn- 
 ham on the west. It was taken from the three above-mentioned towns ; 
 named, perhaps, in honor of the tenth Earl of Huntington, whose 
 family seat was Ashby, in England; incorporated March 5, 17<i7. 
 It contained, in 1S85, 214 dwellings and 871 inhabitants. In it are 
 Mill Village and South Village. The post-office is Ashby, simply. 
 The nearest railroad station is at West Townsend, on the east, four 
 miles distant. 
 
 Prospect Mountain is the highest elevation within the borders of 
 Ashby, unless it includes a spur of Watatic Mountain, whose summit 
 (1847 feet high) is just within the line of Ashburnham. The sur- 
 face rocks are chiefly granite, found in nearly cubical blocks. The 
 land is generally elevated, the soil strong, and tin- air healthful. 
 From the bases of these mountains flow Trapfall, Willard and other 
 brooks, through pleasant valleys, easterly into the Sijuannacook, 
 which meets the Nashua River at (iroton. Wright, Watatic, and 
 Neejeepojesne ponds adorn the town in its several quarters. There 
 are saw mills and two tub factories in the town ; the various manu- 
 factures aggregating, in 1885, * 74,698. The number of farms is 
 near 200; and they are generally well managed and productive. 
 The largest product is that of the dairy, which was .$:5<;,.'W4. 
 Fruits, berries and nuts yielded *14,155; the aggregate value of 
 farm products being *l:w*C»04. The total valuation of property is 
 about *000,000. The area of the township is stated at 2.'J,040 acres, 
 of which upwards of 4,000 acres are woodland, mostly elm and rock 
 maple. There are nine public schools, with property valued at 
 upwards of $4,500. There are a public library and three Sunday- 
 school libraries, aggregating above 2500 volumes. The Congrega- 
 tionalists and Unitarians have church edifices. The first church 
 was organized June 12, 1770; and the first minister was Rev. 
 
120 (1AZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Samuel Whitman, who settled here in 1778. Ashby was patriotic 
 in the Revolution, and h:is a monument to lier sons who then fell 
 In the last war !>7 of her citizens went into the Union service,, of 
 whom 17 were lost. Her most eminent names are Cashing Burr, 
 Levi Burr, Luke Wellington, Hobert Spencer, .Stephen Wyman, 
 Howard Gates and Martin Howard. 
 
 i\SnC10Cl, a village in Duxbury. 
 
 A shfiplrl ' s an uneven an, l ''^l v grazing town in the south- 
 
 i-\.bllUCIU wes t ern j i;u t of Fraiiklin County, having Hawley 
 and Buckland on the north, Conway on the east. < ioshen on the south, 
 and Plainfield and Hawley on the west. It lies at an elevation of 
 about 1,200 feet, on the highlands midway between Deerfield and 
 Westfield rivers, sending to the former, as tributaries, Clesson's 
 Brook, Lear and South rivers ; and to the latter. Stone's Brook and 
 Swift Liver. Leter's Hill, Ridge Hill, -Mill Hill, and Mount Owen 
 are prominent elevations. Great Pond, near the centre of the town, 
 covering sixty acres, is enclosed as a beautiful gem between them. 
 From it runs romantic South Liver, flowing through the central 
 village on the plain, then winding southward about the base of the 
 hills, to South Village on the eastern side of the town ; whence it 
 turns northward again to meet Deerfield Liver. <i round laurel and 
 bay are common here. Calcareous mica-schist forms the geolog- 
 ical structure. 
 
 The town has 24,097 acres of assessed land, of which i'..">17 acres 
 are woodland. The population in 18,s5 was l,0'.i7, with 2">'.( dwellings. 
 The 24o farms yielded in that year S2.'>l,8;i4 ; the dairies contribu- 
 ting $'.W,122; wood products $19.NN.">, meats .and game SL!.8.~>7, vege- 
 tables .*i7,.S")6, and hay, straw and fodder $.">.G21. The town had 
 1,728 neat cattle ("all kinds and ages), l,l.'i."> sheep and lambs. 786 
 hogs, 2.">4 horses, 4,200 hens and chickens and 61 swarms of bees. 
 Tobacco, also, has been cultivated with profit. 
 
 The principal manufacture is wooden ware; for which the ash, 
 birch, and maple of the forests furnish ample material. There were 
 by the last census IS manufactories, consisting of lumber, carriage, 
 clothing, straw, and others. Building materials and stone yielded 
 $1,1 '.17; food preparations, tf.'!2,666; metals and metallic goods, .'52.424; 
 and wooden ware, 11,306. The aggregate of manufactured goods was 
 fro], 502. The valuation of the town in 1888 was S472.0:>4. with a 
 tax of .$20 on SI, 000. The post-ollices are Ashtield and South Ash- 
 field. Bardwell's ferry, about three miles eastward of the town, and 
 Shelbuine Falls, about the same distance north, and both on the 
 Fitchburg Lailroad, are the nearest railway stations. 
 
 Ashfield has thirteen school buildings, valued with appurtenances 
 at $.' {/)()(), The Sanderson Academy, established in 1S20, is located 
 here. There are four libraries having upwards of ;?.">00 volumes; of 
 which the Ashfield Library Association, established in 1866. has 
 nearly 1,000 volumes j and tue balance is possessed by the Sunday 
 
ASIJLASD. 121 
 
 schools. The Congregational church here was organized in 170.'!, and 
 a Baptist church in 1701 ; but the present Baptist society was estab- 
 lished in 18C.7. The Protestant Episcopal church at the centre (St. 
 John's) was formed in 1820. 
 
 This place was granted to a company, or the heirs of a company, 
 commanded by Captain Ephraim Hunt of Weymouth, for services in 
 an expedition to Canada in 1690; and, to honor him, was called 
 Hunt's- town. The first settler was an Irishman named Richard Ellis, 
 who came here about 1745. Thomas Phillips, his brother-in-law, soon 
 followed. The town was incorporated under its present name in 
 1765, and was probably so named in reference to Lord Thurlow, of 
 Ashfield, in England, of the king's council. It took an active part in 
 the war of the Revolution ; one vote being to give twenty calves, by 
 way of encouragement, to any one that should enlist for three years, 
 and to keep them at the town's expense until the time should expire. 
 
 In 1885 there were thirty residents of this town over 80 years of 
 age. \Y. R. Curtis and Professor Norton have residences here. 
 
 Alvan Clark, who, as a maker of telescope glasses, has a world-wide 
 fame, was born in Ashfield, March 8, 1804. 
 
 AcVilnnrl is a brisk and beautiful town in the southwest of 
 i-VJjlUdllU Middlesex County, on the Boston and Albany Kail- 
 road, about midway between Boston and Worcester. Southboro lies 
 on the northwest and Sudbury on the southeast; on the north and 
 northeast is Framingham, and on the south, Hopkinton and Holliston. 
 From the last three towns its territory was taken. It was incorpo- 
 rated March 16, 184fi. Its area is near 7, *.'!!! acres (about 1 i square 
 miles, including highways) ; of which 1,774 acres are woodland. The 
 inhabitants number 2,0.'!3, having 447 dwelling-houses. The valua- 
 tion in 1888 was $1,340,107 ; and the rate of taxation, .$14 on *1,0(H». 
 The Sudbury River runs through the town from west to east, afford- 
 ing seats for several factories. Indian, Wireinill and Cold-Spring 
 brooks, its tributaries, are noted for trout. There are a woollen, a 
 cotton, and several boot and shoe factories in the town, affording em- 
 ployment to about COO persons, and having a yearly product (1 **.")) of 
 ll, 201, 358. The largest item is boots, shoes, andslipper.s, *l,OL'0,.'17o. 
 The emery mills here have for many years prepared more than one half 
 the emery used in the country. The largest agricultural product is 
 that of the dairy, $16,K41 ; the total product being #xo,t;ot, from 
 about 100 farms. The soil is chiefly loam, and the surface rock is gran- 
 ite. Wildcat Hill in the northwest part of the town, and Bullard's 
 Hill in the north, are the principal eminences. A wooded eminence 
 on the west of Ashland centre bears the 1 ndian name of Muguncu, 
 where John Eliot once had an Indian church, and where eleven 
 Indian families resided. The name is said to signify "place of 
 great trees," and an old chestnut here a few years ago, 22 feet in cir- 
 cumference, seems to justify the application. On the southwest 
 declivity of this hill, now crowned by a fine growth of chestnut, is 
 "The Frankland Place," described by Dr. O. W. Holmes in his fine 
 poem of " Agnes," and by Mrs. H. B. Stowe in her " Old-Town Folks," 
 
122 <:.\ZETri:i:i: <>f M.\ss.\cnrsi:rrs. 
 
 mid also in the " Life of Sir Charles I'ranklaud " liy Rev. Elias Nason. 
 The railroad to Hopkiuton passes eastward ot this hill, and through 
 the Valentine and Frankland farms. The tract of land included 
 between the Wiremill Brook, Indian Brook and Sudbury River, was 
 granted to Hon. William Cmwnein lGC.L'for services rendered by him 
 in England. It was conveyed to Saville Simpson, a oordwainer in 
 Boston, July 4, l(i«7. The Indian title was relinquished June 20, 
 1 (»'.);'.; and it was set off to Ho]>kinton I>ereinber 1.'!. 1717. 
 
 The post-office is Ashland (centre), which is also the railroad sta- 
 tion and the principal village, other villages are Chattanooga, 
 Lincolnville and Oregon. The centre village was formerly called 
 Unionville. The town has eight public school buildings, valued at 
 about *18,000. The schools are graded, and include a high school. 
 There are live public and society libraries ; the town public library 
 containing about ?,000 volumes. The papers are the "Ashland Ad- 
 vertiser" and the "Ashland Advocate," both weekly. 
 
 A Congregational church was organized here .January 21, 1«.'!5, and 
 the editice dedicated just one year later; when also Rev. James 
 Melntire was ordained pastor. The succession was Rev. Joseph Haven 
 (ordained 1839), Rev. Charles L. Mills (ordained 1*47;, Rev. William 
 M. Thayer (ordained 1*49). There are also a Baptist (organized 
 in 1843), a Methodist, and a Roman Catholic church, each having sub- 
 stantial edifices. 
 
 Wildwood Cemetery,- occupying a beautiful grove on the right bank 
 of the Sudbury River, and commanding a fine prospect of the village. 
 streams and surrounding hills, was dedicated .lune L'4. 1870. There 
 is an old Indian burial place upon a sandy knoll intersected by the 
 main road from Ashland to Hopkinton, near the Valentine Place, 
 from which several skeletons have been exhumed. 
 
 This town seems a wholesome one, as there were reported, in 18*5. 
 LT> persons over 80, 16 over 8.~>, and 'J over 1M> years of age. Among 
 the eminent citizens of Ashland should be mentioned Benjamin 
 Horner, William F. Ellis, Charles Alden, Adrian Foote, S. W. Wig- 
 gin, Charles H. Tiltoii and Albert Leland. 
 
 Ashley Falls, a village in Shellield. 
 AshleVVllle, a village in West Springfield. 
 Asnyblimsket Hill, in I'axton, 1407 feet in height. 
 
 Asnyconic Pond, in Hubbardston. 
 
 AsSabet RlVer, in the western part of Middlesex County, 
 joins the Concord River in the town of Concord. 
 
 Assinippi Village, Z^^' :,lso " no in South 
 
A.ssoXEr— A THOL. ] o;> 
 
 -r\.SSOn6t, a village in Freetown. 
 AsSOnet River, in Freetown. 
 
 Assowampset Pond, ^ g ^ keville aml Middlebor - 
 
 Asylum Station, a village in Danvers. 
 AthertOn, a village in Tewksbury. 
 
 AtVinl * s a ver - act ' ve an d flourishing town of 4,758 inhabi- 
 "^ tants and 1,116 dwelling-houses, lying in the north- 
 
 westerly section of "Worcester County, 8.'! miles from Boston by rail. 
 The Fitchburg Railroad passes through Athol village ; where is also 
 the terminus of the Springfield and Athol Railroad, connecting with 
 southern towns. It is bounded on the north by Royalston, on the 
 eaBt by the same and Phillipston, on the southeast by Petersham, 
 and on the west by New Salem and Orange. The post-offices arc 
 Athol (depot), Athol Centre and South Athol. The villages are 
 these and Eaglesville, Partridgeville, Kiceville and Wheelerville. 
 The area is 20,411 acres, or about •'!•'> square miles, including high- 
 ways and water surfaces. About 7,r>L'.'{ acres are forest, mostly of 
 pine, chestnut and oak. There are some old maple and elm trees 
 along the highways ; and the town reports 11. (10(1 fruit trees. The 
 underlying rock is calcareous gneiss, in which occur specimens of 
 allanite, fibrolite, epidote and babingtouite. The principal eleva- 
 tions are Chestnut Hill, a long eminence in the north; Hound 
 Gap, an abrupt hill in the east; Pierce Hill, northwest of this; 
 and High Knob, near the centre. Miller's River and its tributaries 
 reach well over the town. Local mention is made of Setin Lake. 
 Lake Ellis and Eagle Mill Pond ; the names given on the county 
 map are White Pond, in the southwest part of the town (containing 
 about 100 acres), and Babcock Pond, in the northwest (containing 44 
 acres). 
 
 The soil is rocky, but, being sandy loam, is easy to work, and is 
 strong and productive. The product, of t lie !."_'."> farms reported in the 
 census of 1885 was $143,l>.">.">, — of which the dairy products formed 
 the largest item, being valued at ii-i'- '<,-'>-■ But the prosperity oi 
 the town is owing largely to its manufactures, of which the 
 largest were textiles (woollen, cotton and silk) tf-'L'N.SKlj wooden 
 goods, SL'04,;;iO; metallic, and wood and metal goods, $lL'L',!tl.".t; 
 straw goods and clothing, $:>:>,TJ~) ; shoes, §:iS,s,,s4!»; the total pro- 
 duct of that year being $1,:;'_\*i.!>4X. Smaller products which go to 
 make up this aggregate are hollow ware, scythes and other agri- 
 cultural implements, paper, cabinet ware, palm-leaf hats, pocket- 
 books, boxes, lumber and builders' furnishings. There are two 
 national banks, and a savings bank having deposits and undivided 
 
1>>4. UXAETTEER OF MASS.it'IirsVTTS. 
 
 earnings, on January 1, 1SS'.), to the amount of §1,348,050. The 
 town's valuation in'ls.S8 was 8L',77.*S,0'->-, with a tax of §16 on 
 .51,0(10. 
 
 Athol has fight churches. The I'nitarians and the Methodists 
 have two each, mic of the latter being located at South Athol. The 
 Baptist Society was organized in lttl.'S, thr* < "ongregationalist (Trini- 
 tarian) in 17o0, the First Congregational (Unitarian; in 1750, and the 
 Second Unitarian society in 1S77. The new and beautiful church 
 edifice of this society was dedicated September 7. l.H.Hl. There is 
 also a Second Advent society, which has a church edifice. Athol has 
 graded schools, and six school buildings valued, in lss"), at §13,000. 
 Eight or more libraries furnish entertainment and instruction to in- 
 habitants. The aggregate is about 7.000 volumes; of which the 
 town public library has about L',.">00. There arc two printing offices, 
 and two weekly papers, — the ''Athol Transcript" and the "Wor- 
 cester West Chronicle." 
 
 The Indian and the plantation name of this place was Payquage, 
 •or Poqiiaig. The territory was granted by the General Court to 
 sixty persons anterior to 1734. The first settlers were Richard 
 Morton, Ephraim Smith, Samuel Morton, .lolin Smeed and Joseph 
 Lord ; who with their families first kindled their camp fires here 
 September 17, 17.'J">. Most of their provisions, for the first year, 
 had to be brought through the unoccupied wilderness from Hatfield, 
 thirty miles away. Their location was at the point now called "The 
 Street." Being a frontier settlement, the planters lived in garrison 
 houses, much of the time holding themselves in constant readiness 
 to receive the savage enemy. In August, 1740, Mr. Ezekiel Walling- 
 tord was killed by the Indians while running to the garrison; and 
 in the earlier part of the ensuing year, Mr. Jason Babcock was 
 taken captive. The town was probably named in honor of James 
 Murray, the second Duke of Athol, Lord Privy Seal of Scotland. 
 It was incorporated March 0. 1701'. There have since been an un- 
 usual number of changes in its territory. In 17S.'i, parts of Athol, 
 Iloyalston, Warwick, together with Erving's Grant, were established 
 as the district of Orange. In 17N0, parts of Athol and Templeton 
 were established as (Jerry. In 17!i'.i, parts of Athol and (Jerrv were 
 annexed to Boyalston. In lSOU, part of (Jerry was annexed to 
 A* hoi. In 1 S 1 ( », part of Orange was annexed to Athol. In 1S2!», 
 •certain common lands were annexed to Athol. In lN.'Jo. and again 
 in 1s:S7, parts of Mew Salem were annexed to Athol. It is to be 
 hoped that the boundaries of the town are now permanently settled. 
 
 Atlantic, a village in Quincy. 
 
 AttleborOllfh * 8 a town °^ man . v villages, devoted to a 
 © grout variety of manufactures. It is sit- 
 uated in the northwestern part of Bristol County, having North 
 Attlehorough on the north, Norton on the east. Kehoboth and See- 
 kunk on the south, and the town of Cumberland, in Khode Island, on 
 
ATTLEBOnOVUU. 125 
 
 the west. Its assessed area is 1-1,809 acres, of which about one- 
 third is woodland, consisting of oak, maple, chestnut and elm. Tin- 
 population by the last census (1885) of the undivided town was 
 13,17."). The returns of the assessors, in ISSN, ^ive the present- 
 town of Attleborough l,sr>S assessed polls, and 1,190 assessed dwel- 
 ling-houses ; and, to the new town, North Attleborough, 1,091 
 assessed polls, and 1,111 assessed dwelling-houses. The census 
 returns in 18N5 gave the towns (undivided) 2,409 dwellings. The 
 post-offices are Attleborough, South Attleborough, Hebron ville, 
 Dodgeville and Brigg's Corner. Attleborough, Hebronville anil 
 Dodgeville are stations on the Old Colony Railroad system, the first 
 being .'Si' miles from Boston on the line of the Boston and Provi- 
 dence Railroad. A branch railroad connects with North Attle- 
 borough on the northwest and with Taunton on the east. 
 
 The underlying rock in this town is carboniferous. The surface 
 is in parts quite level and in others undulating. In the southeast 
 portions are several swamps, but the central and western parts have 
 four or five pleasant ponds, — one containing about 1(H) acres, another 
 40, the others being still smaller. The streams are Ten Mile River 
 — with the Bungay River as a branch, — Seven Mile River, Four 
 Mile Brook, Thatcher Brook, Abbot's Run and ('hartley Brook; all 
 except the last flowing in southerly courses, and affording water- 
 power. Ten Mile River, rising in Wrentham, runs centrally through 
 the town into Seekonk Cove, and is the most valuable stream. 
 Attleborough has long been celebrated for its jewelry, and by the 
 last State census (1XN.T) had 2N2 manufactories of this and other 
 kinds of goods. In addition to all articles of jewelry there were 
 made clocks, watches, silver ware, braid, and cotton, woollen and 
 worsted goods, buttons, hats, undertakers' trimmings, various ma- 
 chines, carriages and small vessels. The articles produced in largest 
 value were iron, and wood and metal goods, ^.'t.S,;^'"* ; clothing, tf-19.- 
 749 ; food preparations, $05,455; leather, § 141,339; building materials 
 and stone work, $321,824; textiles, $780,159; metallic goods (chiefly 
 jewelry) $4,629,199; giving in the aggregate the sum of $0,241,757, 
 At the same time the 254 farms (containing 1G.S0S acres, of which 
 7,604 were woodland) yielded $:'>09.:W1. The dairies are credited 
 with f 107,751; wood products, $.">2,584 ; poultry, SL'1,000 ; and 
 cereals, §7,257. There were 15.S27 fruit trees. These statistics of 
 production relate to the town just previous to its division, no com- 
 plete returns having since been made. 
 
 The valuation of Attleborough (since the division) in 1888 was 
 $3,779,212; the rate of taxation being $15 on $1,0(10. The First 
 National Bank had, by the last report of the comptroller, assets to 
 the value of $486,283,— of which 8100,000 was paid-in capital. 
 : With so many kinds of manufactories, and all active, every one 
 living in the town readily finds work, generally at a liberal rate ; so 
 that poverty to the degree of want is rarely known. 
 
 There is a graded system of public schools; having, in 1885, 
 23 school-houses, valued, with appurtenances, at $153,900. There 
 were also two private schools. The ten libraries contained about 
 
AUBU11X. 127 
 
 10,000 volumes. The town public library (free) had nearly 3,000 ; 
 an association about the same number ; a private circulating library 
 about 1,000 ; and the Sunday schools the remainder. The weekly 
 paper, " The Attleborough Chronicle Advocate," has a valuable pat- 
 ronage. 
 
 There are several fine public association and church buildings. 
 The churches in 1885 were the First Congregational, at West Attle- 
 borough (organized in 1712), the Second Congregational, at Attle- 
 borough (1748), the Methodist Episcopal, Attleborough (lSOO) and 
 the same at Hebronville, where is also a Union church ; the Univer- 
 salist, at Attleborough (1874) ; the African Methodist, at the same 
 place (1873); and the Roman Catholic, St. John's (1883), at East 
 Attleborough. 
 
 The town (undivided) sent 469 men into the late war, of whom 37 
 were lost. In 1885, there were living in the town seventy-eight 
 persons over 80 years, and five persons over 'JO years of age. 
 
 The settlement of this place was commenced by Mr. John Wood- 
 cock and his sons in 1669 ; and the same persons built the public 
 house on the Bay Road. His house was licensed, and also occupied 
 by a garrison, in 1670. He was a bitter enemy to the Indians, and 
 they reciprocated in kind, seven bullet holes being found in his 
 body after his death. His garrison was one in the line of fortifi- 
 cations from Boston to Newport. The old garrison, whose timbers 
 bore the marks of many a bullet, was destroyed in lstxi. This town 
 formerly included Cumberland in Rhode Island. It was called 
 "North Purchase," and incorporated October 1!>, 1694. Its name is 
 the same as that of a market-town in Norfolk County, England. 
 Eminent names of this town are Naphtali Daggett, P.D. (17l'7- 
 1780), David Cobb (1748-1830), David Daggett, LL.D. (17(4-1851), 
 Jonathan Maxcy, D.D. (1768-1820), Ezekiel Oilman Robinson, D.D., 
 LL.D. (1815). 
 
 AtWOod's Comer, a village in Newburyport. 
 
 AiiKiirn * s a pl easan fc little town near the centre of the 
 .rVUUUril sou thern half of Worcester County, 50 miles 
 southwest of Boston. It is connected with Worcester and towns 
 south of it by the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, which runs 
 through the whole length of the town. The Boston and Albany 
 Railroad passes along its northwestern side, having a station (Roch- 
 dale) near the line in Leicester. Leicester and Worcester bound it 
 on the north; the last and Millbury on the east; Oxford on the 
 south and southwest ; and Leicester on the west. The villages are 
 Larnedville and Stoneville ; the post-offices, Auburn and West Au- 
 burn. 
 
 The largest of the six ponds lies in the northern part of the town, 
 and contains about 175 acres. Eddy Pond, in the southern section, 
 covers 40 acres. Dark Brook, Kettle Brook and Stone Brook run 
 northerly through the town, furnishing valuable power, and with 
 
!■>* UAZETTEKll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 other tributaries forming Blackstone River. The rock formation of 
 the town is Merrimack schist ami gneiss, in which good specimens 
 of masonite occur. The surface is pleasantly dive is i tied by hill and 
 valley ; an eminence in the western section, bearing the name of 
 " Crow! Hill " (from an early settler), being the highest point. 
 
 The assessed area of the town is !•, l'~.) acres; and in 18M there 
 were L'.'iO assessed dwelling-houses. There were .;, ISO acres of wood- 
 land, and about S,0(M) fruit trees. The farms numbered XI'; and 
 their product in 1SS,"» was valued at Sl.'iL'.o.'iL'. The dairies gave 
 $47,1<U, and vegetables, Xl!i,.';'.»l of this aggregate. There were 
 also reported six manufactories; one, of woollen: one, worsted; one, 
 leather; one, building material ; and two of food preparations; with 
 an aggregate product valued at *1 1 .",'.«'>■">. The valuation, in 1888, 
 was '$ 482,91!) ; and the rate of taxation, 814 on §1, 000. 
 
 The six public school-houses were estimated to be worth, with ap- 
 purtenances, $ 7,500. There were two libraries; of which one was 
 the town public library, and contained about 1,700 volumes ; the 
 other belonged to a Sunday school, and contained some 1,400 books. 
 The Congregational church here was organized in 177G, and has a 
 substantial house of worship. At Stoneville is the Roman Catholic 
 church — St. Joseph's. 
 
 There were in ls,xr> twelve residents over so years of age. Au- 
 burn furnished seventy men for the late war, of whom seven were 
 lost ; and to whose memory a monument has been erected. 
 
 The territory of this town was taken from Leicester, Oxford, 
 Sutton and Worcester, and incorporated, April 10, 177S, under the 
 name of "Ward,'" — in honor of the Revolutionary general, Artemas 
 Ward. In lS.'-i7 the name was changed to Auburn. 
 
 Jacob Whitman Bailey, an eminent naturalist and inventor, was 
 born in this town, April 29, 1811, and died at West Point in 18o7. 
 
 Aubumdale, a village in Newton. 
 AubumVllle, a village in Whitman. 
 
 A. VOll is a young, enterprising town in the southeastern part 
 of Norfolk County, 17 miles south of Boston on the 
 Old Colony Railroad, Fall River llranch, — which forms a part of 
 the line of the town on the northwest, side. The main line to Cape 
 Cod crosses the southeast corner of the town, — where there is also 
 a station. Stoughton forms the west and northwest boundaries; 
 Holbrook the northeast and east, and Brockton the south. 
 
 The assessed area is 2,428 acres, — about one fourth being wood- 
 land, — chiefly maple, with some pine. The highways are excellent, 
 and throughout the town are much ornamented by elms and other 
 trees, many of large size. The surface is pleasantly diversified by 
 hill and valley, ami drained by affluents of Taunton River. Mine 
 Hill, about 250 feet high, on the boundary line bet-ween Avon and 
 
A VOX. 12(> 
 
 Stoughton, marks the water-shed between Boston and the South 
 shore. The rock is sienite, in which beds of iron ore occur. The. 
 soil is a black loam, rocky and hard to work. 
 
 The population is about 1,500, with some :;<>0 dwellings. Farming 
 is carried on to the usual extent and profit, but the chief business is 
 manufactures, — mostly boots and shoes. There are two lar^c 
 factories and a small one of this kind. Avon's proportion of tin- 
 aggregate value of manufactured goods in Stoughton (of which at 
 the last census it formed a part) is about ,ft:!7r>,000, — estimated on 
 the basis of assessed persons and valuation on May 1. 1NSS. The 
 number of assessed persons was 404, while the valuation was 
 *C>L'7..'i75. 
 
 Of the village of Avon (then East Stoughton), a writer in the 
 '■ Boston Traveller " said several years ago : — 
 
 "This brisk and wide-awake village is making boots for the million; and, 
 by the good old honest way of hard work and fair dealing, is accumulating 
 greenbacks, and keeping pace with the general run of things in this Common- 
 wealth. The people are too busy to trouble each other, and too well oft' to 
 move away; and so a peaceful, industrious, contented, and increasing popula- 
 tion crowds the place. Wages are good; living is low; and those willing to 
 labor — and there are but few who are not — find enough to do, and come to 
 plenty. This the snug and tasteful cottages, the pleasant gardens, the well- 
 dressed and fine-looking children, amply manilest. 
 
 " What a change has well-directed industry effected in this village in the 
 last three decades of years! Thirty summers ago, a dull, drinking, droning 
 •corner,' a few old houses, and a country store retailing, on long credits, tod 
 fish, mackerel, molasses and New England rum; now a thriving town, with 
 busy manufactories, noble private dwellings, churches, school-houses, hand- 
 some streets adorned with shade-trees, and the elements of 'health, peace. 
 and competence' (which Pope puts down as the grand trio of the graces 
 which make up the happy life) distinctly visible on every hand. Every 
 breeze that sweeps along brings 'health;' no meddlesome and story-telling 
 neighbors mar the ' peace ; ' and as to ' competence,' one has but to stay, and 
 stick closely to the last, and he is sure of it." The region is undoubtedly 
 salubrious; and the census of 1S85 shows that there were then 56 residents 
 of the two towns who were over 80 years of age. 
 
 The Indian name of Avon (formerly Stoughton) was Punkapoag, 
 meaning " a spring that bubbles up from red soil ; "' and here the 
 Rev. John Eliot had a village of praying Indians.'' It is probably 
 this same noted spring which the citizens of the village propose to 
 make the fountain of supply for their water-works. On Salisbury 
 Brook, which runs through the western part of the town, is a pond 
 containing upwards of 100 acres, which has recently been purchased 
 by Brockton to supply the water-works of that city. A street rail- 
 road now connects Avon village with Brockton. 
 
 Avon has a good building which affords a hall, and shelters her 
 steam fire-engine and other apparatus. The schools are graded, 
 and occupy two large buildings, valued at $18,000. There are also 
 two or more Sunday schools. The Baptists and the Roman Catholics 
 have each a church in the village, — fine edifices of wood. 
 
 Stoughton was formerly a part of Dorchester, and was incorpor- 
 ated in 1726. Avon embraces the easterly section of the former, 
 from which it was set off and incorporated February 21, 1888. 
 
[30 (iAZETTEElt OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 A wr is a progressive iailroad town in tin- northwestern part 
 -^y^* of Middlesex Comity, '■'•'> miles from Boston. Groton 
 lies upon the north, Westi'ord and Littleton on the east, and the 
 latter also upon the southeast, Harvard on the south, and Shirley on 
 the west. The land is uneven, and in the north quite hilly. Rocky 
 Hill in the northeastern, and Brown Loaf Hill in the southwestern 
 part, are the most notable eminenees. Several beautiful ponds, 
 together with Cold-Spring Brook, James Brook, and Nashua River, 
 diversify the scenery. The population in I-SS-U was 2,l'.iO; the area 
 of the town, as returned by the assessors, is 4,i»x3 acres ; of which 
 L'.oSL! acres are woodland. There were 4S farms, yielding, in 1KS."», the 
 aggregate sum of $4<!,004. The chief income, however, is from the 
 railroad business, and its manufactures. In the year just men- 
 tioned there were llHJ steam-railroad employees residing here. 
 Thirty-one manufactories were reported. The chief of these made 
 '■ wooden goods " (furniture and agricultural implements) to the 
 value of !Js>122,77S ; iron and other metallic work (largely for agricul- 
 tural implements), $ 4.1.240; clothing, *7.4o<> ; building material 
 (wood and stone), £16. (•.">.'{ ; food preparations, £17,-42. Some others 
 are leather, straw goods, carriages, paper goods, candles and soap. 
 The aggregate value of manufactures for that year was given at 
 £244,617. The valuation in 1SN8 was ftl_.2."iS,30<*>; and the rate of 
 taxation, $l.">.."i<> on *1, (!<)(). The First National Bank of this place 
 at the last of the same year had assets to the value of ?234,45.'>; 
 x7.">,(M)0 of which was capital stock paid in. The deposits in the 
 savings bank at the close of the same year amounted to *lll,6o7. 
 The town has a graded system of schools, with four school build- 
 ings, valued, with their appurtenances, at £1.">,17.">. There are five 
 public libraries ; the town public library having about 2.200 volumes, 
 and the Sunday schools nearly as many. There are two lively news- 
 papers published here, — the " Aver Express," and "Turner's Public 
 Spirit." The Baptist church in this place was organized in 1S."»1; the 
 Congregational in lXl'il; the First Unitarian in 1XC4; the Method- 
 ist and the Roman Catholic (Saint Mary's) dates of establishment 
 are not definitely ascertained. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Groton and Shirley, its prin- 
 cipal village — Ayer Junction — having formerly been Groton Junc- 
 tion. It was incorporated February 14, 1X71 ; being named in 
 honor of James C. Ayer, a Lowell manufacturer. The growth of 
 the town, though rapid, was very much checked by a fire on April 
 13, 1X72, which swept away the Unitarian church and a long line of 
 .stores and shops. It has now long outgrown the blow, and filled the 
 vacant spaces with better, and in some instances very handsome, 
 edifices. 
 
 Ayer's Village, i„ iiavcrhiii. 
 Babbatassct Village, in lvppereii. 
 Back River Harbor, in Bourne. 
 
BACK MOW— BABXSTABLE. 131 
 
 -D3.CK rvOW, a village in North Reading. 
 
 JJclKCr S 1 Slcind, off Beverly shore, bearing two lights. 
 
 -DclKCrVllle, a village in Dartmouth. 
 
 -DaiU Hill, in Douglass, 711 feet in height. 
 
 Oald Fate Hill, in Newton, 312 feet in height. 
 
 BaldwinSVllle, a village in Templeton. 
 
 OallarClVale, a village in Andover. 
 
 Bancroft, a village in Middleneld. 
 
 Bard Well's Ferry, a village in Shelburne. 
 
 Bare H ill, in Stoneham, 32(1 feet in height 
 
 Bare Hill Pond, in Harvard. 
 
 BarkerSVllle, a village in Pittsiield. 
 
 Barley neck, a village in Orleans. 
 
 Bamard'sville, a village in Worcester. 
 
 Barney's Joy Point, south of Dartmouth. 
 
 "DAT? XT QT A RT T7 extends across the western Dor- 
 
 r>i-\.i\.i> jinDi^c tion of Cape Cod from shoi .g t0 
 
 shore. It has Yarmouth on the east and'-Mashpee and Sandwich on 
 the west, and contains about a dozen villages. It is 73 miles from 
 Boston on the Old Colony Railroad, which has stations at West 
 Barnstable, Barnstable and Hyannis. These are also post-offices, 
 together with Hyannisport, Centreville, Marston's .Mills, Cotuit, 
 Osterville, Craigville and Wianno; other villages are East Barn- 
 stable, Newtown and Old Cotuit. The harbors are Barnstable, Hyan- 
 nis Harbor, New Harbor and Cotuit Harbor. 
 
 A narrow peninsula called Sandy Neck extends from the northwest 
 corner of the town several miles easterly, forming Barnstable Harbor, 
 which admits vessels drawing seven or eight feet of water. Border- 
 ing on this harbor are great salt marshes, from which many tons of 
 hay are annually cut. Hyannis Harbor, on the southern side of the 
 cape, is protected by a breakwater, and admits the largest coasting 
 vessels. Cotuit Harbor is formed by Oyster Island and a peninsula 
 projecting from the southwest corner of the town. 
 
132 
 
 uA'/.E'l'l'lCKH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Ilyaunis Kill, though but Si feet high, is a marked feature for a 
 longdistance. A range of low hills, or knolls, somewhat rocky, ex- 
 tends from Sandwich, parallel with or near the coast, as far as Yar- 
 mouth, affording beautiful views from sea to sea. South of this line 
 of hills the land is level, and covered to a great extent with a growth 
 of oak and yellow pine, 'flic scenery is, however, varied withalarge 
 number of fresh-water ponds, of which (Jieat J'ond, near the centre 
 of the town, and containing 750 acres, is the most noted. Further 
 west are a group of ponds whose outlets, uniting, flow southward and 
 furnish a considerable power at .Marston's ^lills. In one of these 
 ponds the pink water-lily is found. The area of the town is upwards 
 of 1'7,G."»U acres ; and of this there are l.l'.M.'j acres of woodland. XLi> 
 
 i _L 
 
 < oroCIII.LsllT ikhsi, <>sri:itviw.K. 
 
 town and Falmouth have, probably, abetter soil than any others on 
 the < !ape. The number ot farms is -M7 ; and their aggregate product. 
 in lssr., was *177,L't;:.'. To this the dairies contributed ^!6,.'?lL'; 
 fruits and cranberries, *.">L',()7o; vegetables, ¥ 1 1,75*7. There were 
 L'.WHI neat cattle (of all ages), and .\()VJ fruit trees. Neither is the 
 manulucturing product a small item; for the last census gives 63 
 establishments, and an aggregate product of #l(i;i,.'i0.->. The manu- 
 factures consisted of brick, drain pipe, building materials, carriages 
 
 and wagons, clothing, fertilizers, f I preparations, leather, wooden 
 
 goods, and others. The town has also a large income from its fish- 
 eries ; in which numerous vessels and a large number of its citizens 
 
BARXSTABLE. 
 
 133 
 
 are engaged. The product from food fish, in 1885, reached the value 
 of $27,893; from shell-fish, $9,240; which, with the various fish 
 products, gives an aggregate of $38,289. The valuation of the town 
 in 18S8 was $2,027,345; with the low tax-rate of *!> on $1,000. 
 
 Barnstable is the shire town of the county of Barnstable, and has 
 a handsome court-house and jail at the village, together with a town- 
 hall. The schools are graded, and occupy 20 buildings ; which with 
 other school property are valued at upwards of $30,000. The inhabi- 
 tants are well supplied with libraries, having fifteen of these, contain- 
 ing nearly 20,000 volumes. The town public library has about 10,000 
 books; another public library about 1,200 ; and the Sunday schools 
 add largely to the literary supply. The churches number thirteen. 
 The Congregational church at West Barnstable was organized by the 
 colonists while in England ; re-established in Scituate in 1634 ; at 
 Barnstable village, in 1639; and in West Barnstable in 1716. The 
 Congregational church at Centreville was organized in 1*40; that at 
 Hyannis in 1854. The Baptist was organized in Hyannis in 1771, 
 in Osterville in 1835, and in Barnstable village in 1*42. The Unita- 
 rian society at Hyannis was originally gathered in 1639 in England, 
 by Rev. John Lothrop. The Universalist society at Hyannis was 
 organized in 1880. The Methodists also have churches at Barnstable 
 village, Centreville, Marston's Mills and Osterville. The Roman 
 Catholics have a church at Hyannis. 
 
 The " Barnstable County Journal " is a well-established and valu- 
 able publication; and another weekly, "The Cape Cod Bee," is a 
 characteristic and flourishing sheet. 
 
 The Indian names of Barnstable (which anciently embraced Sand- 
 wich) are Chequorket, Coa- 
 tuit, Mattacheese and Cum- 
 maquid. The Pilgrims 
 landed here November 11, 
 1620, and had an interview 
 with the Indians. The first 
 white settlers were the Kcv. 
 John Lothrop and a part of 
 his church, who came here 
 from Scituate, October 11, 
 1639. They worshipped at 
 a great rock about two miles 
 west of Barnstable court- 
 house. (See J. G. Palfrey's 
 " Address at the Second Cen- 
 tennial Anniversary of the 
 Settlement of Cape Cod," 
 September 3, 1839). It is 
 said that this West Barnstable church, organized in England in 
 1616, is the " first independent Congregational church of that name 
 in the world." The southern part of the territory of the town 
 was purchased from the sachem fi/nnouyh, or Wianno, in 1650, 
 the year of the incorporation. In 1 0.VJ the bounds between this town 
 
 OSTERVILLE LIBRARY. 
 
134 (SA7.ETTEEH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 and Sandwich were established ; and in 105* an agreement was made 
 with Yarmouth in regard to bounds. In 1002, new lands were 
 granted to Barnstable, and the line with Sandwich revised. 
 
 Ilyannis, a variation of the name of the sachem just mentioned, has 
 become a fashionable summering place forthe dwellers in great cities ; 
 and houses, fine or fantastic, are numerous and striking. ( Isterville, 
 also is undergoing a similar rchabitation ; audits natural pleasant- 
 ness' is constantly being increased. In -May, 1SK5, the town had 80 
 residents who had passed the SOlh year of their age. 
 
 ISarnstable sent 23."> men into the late war, and lost '-'>2 of them. 
 A monument has been erected in Centreville to their memory. Barn- 
 stable has produced many eminent men, some of whose names follow : 
 John Walley (1044-1 7 12), judge of the Supreme Court; Col. James 
 Otis, a statesman; James Otis (ITL'.VITMS). a distinguished orator 
 and patriot; Mrs. Mercy (Otis) Warren (172S-1*14). a sister of the 
 last, and an esteemed author; Samuel Alleyne Otis ( 1740-1*14), a 
 member of Congress ; James Thacher, M.D. (1 754-1 *44 i. author of 
 a noted military journal; Daniel Davis (1 702-1. s:i5). an able lawyer; 
 John Allyn, D.D. (17G2-1 *.>'!)• an eloquent divine; John Percival 
 (1779-1862), a captain in the United States navy, and called by the 
 sailors "Mad Jack;" Samuel Shaw, LL.D. (17*1-1*01), an eminent 
 jurist and writer : Benj. F. Hallett ( 1 797-1*02 1. a distinguished poli- 
 tician; Otho M. Coleman (1*17), the inventor of the aeolian attach- 
 ment of the piano; Timothy Alden (1819-1x5*), inventor of a 
 type-setting machine. 
 
 "R nrr< =k is an old town near the geographical centre of the 
 XJcirre s;tate, which had thrifty days in the stage-coach times; 
 and since the railroad (Massachusetts Central and Ware Kiver rail- 
 roads, Boston and Albany system) has entered and established sta- 
 tions at Barre (central village) and Barre Plains, the place has taken a 
 fresh start. Worcester lies at the southwest, about 21 miles away, 
 and Boston is 00 miles eastward. The town lies in the western 
 part of the middle belt of Worcester County; having Hubbardston 
 on the northeast, But land and Oakham on the southeast, New 
 Braintree and Hardwiuk <>n the southwest, and Dana and Petersham 
 on the northwest. Its form is nearly square, with angles at the 
 cardinal points of the compass. The area is 20.442 aires; or, ad- 
 ding the highways rind water surfaces, upwards of 42 square miles. 
 Prince Kiver rises in the north, where there is a pretty pond, runs 
 southward to Barre Plains, in the southern part of the town, where 
 it joins Ware Kiver; this being formed in the eastern part of the 
 town by the confluence of Cancsto, Uurut-shiit and other brooks; 
 .-,and in the westerly part are Moose and Pine Hill brooks. All these 
 streams have falls which afford serviceable powers. The land is 
 elevated and hilly, with many forests of oak, pine, maple and chest- 
 nut, llawes Hill, in the northern part of the town, has an eleva- 
 tion of 1,265 feet. Other eminences in the town are Mount Pleas- 
 ant in the northeast, Stonehouse Hill in the southeast, Prospect, 
 Allen, and Farrow hills in the central part, with Bidge and Pas- 
 
BABBE. 135 
 
 com in the northwest. Barre, the central village, is situated near the 
 summit of a broad hill, being in its highest point about 1,200 feet above 
 the sea, — making it very conspicuous, and at the same time secur- 
 ing a dry, invigorating atmosphere. The wholesomeness of the town 
 is evinced by the fact that in 1885 there were 41 residents over 80 
 years, and 21 who were over 85 years of age. The town is notable 
 for its fine roads, miles of which are shaded by elm, maple and ash 
 trees, many being very large. A huge bowlder, called the " Rocking 
 Stone," in the northwestern part of the town, interests the curious. 
 The principal rock formation that crops out in the town is 
 calcareous gneiss, in which occur specimens of rutile, pyrites, beryl 
 and garnet. The soil is deep and strong, being loam with a clay 
 subsoil, except in the west, where it is sandy. The town has long 
 been noted for the quantity and quality of its dairy products, — 
 which, in 1*85, were valued at &75,007. The value of the cereals was 
 *15.057 ; of fruits, berries, and nuts, *13.157; vegetables, *13,1!>'.>; 
 and of hay, etc., $92.5l>!). There were 2.2f>'.i neat cattle and 21,072 
 fruit trees. The farms numbered 240, and their aggregate product 
 was £2S9,73S. The manufactures also were quite extensive. The 
 town has a cotton factory, a straw hat factory, a machine shop and 
 foundry, a planing mill and saw mills. The aggregate value of 
 goods made in ls*5, when some of the factories were not so fully 
 employed as at present, was *163,K31. The population, by the last 
 census, was 2,093. The valuation, in lsws, was £1,3*5. . "75 ; with a 
 tax of *1* on 81,000. The town has a tine hall of brick (known as 
 the Woods Memorial Library Building), which is supplied with a 
 free public library of about four thousand volumes. Another insti- 
 tution in which the town has pride for its good repute and its spa- 
 cious and attractive buildings and grounds, is the Brown School for 
 feeble-minded children. A new and excellent hotel is also thought 
 to be a valuable addition to the place. Bane has graded and mixed 
 schools, with twelve buildings, valued, with appurtenances, at 
 x 12,500. The public schools have a library of more than 500 vol- 
 umes, and the Sabbath-school libraries are furnished in proportion. 
 The "Barre Gazette'' is a good weekly journal, and worthy of its pat- 
 ronage. The several villages in the town are Barre (centre-), Barre 
 Plains and Smith ville, — which are the post-offices ; and Soutn Barre, 
 Heald's Village and Mill Village. Many of the village dwellings 
 are of brick. The First National Bank has a capital of *15<),000. 
 At the close of last year the Barre Savings Bank held *31<j,72."i in 
 deposits. 
 
 The Roman Catholics have here a small brick church ; that of the 
 Unitarians is of wood in a pretty Gothic style. The Congregational 
 church affords sittings for 450 people ; the Methodist, for 300 ; and 
 the Baptist, for 2*0. 
 
 This place was incorporated as Rutland district in 1753, and was 
 incorporated as a town in 1774, being named in honor of Governor 
 Hutchinson. The events of the early days of the Revolution rend- 
 ered this name extremely unpopular, and in 1770 it was changed to 
 honor that friend of America, Col. Isaac Barre, a member of the 
 
1:ilj GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Irtish parliament. In 1884 the woollen mill was burned, which 
 was an interruption to the best prosperity of the town lor a time. 
 A church was first organized herein 17.".:;. when the Rev. Thomas 
 Frink became its pastor. 
 
 The R.-v David Oliver Allen, D.D. (1*04-1.%:;), Gen. Joseph 
 B l'lummer (1820 -1 Kill'), were natives of J Jarre. Other valued 
 citizens were (Jul. William Buckminster, Harding J'. AVoods, Henry 
 Woods, Charles nice. David Lee, John Smith, Edward Denny, Luke 
 Adams', Henry E. J! ice, Luke Houghton, Stephen Heald. 
 
 Barrett's Junction, a village in Beiehertown. 
 
 BarrOWSVllle, a village in Norton. 
 
 Barry's Corner, a village in Boston. 
 
 BaSS Point Rocks, a village in Gloucester. 
 
 BaSSetS I sland, southeast of Bourne. 
 
 Bay State Village, in Northampton. 
 
 Bay V lCW, a village iii Boston ; also one in Gloucester. 
 
 Beach Bluff, a village in Swampscott. 
 
 BeachmOnt, a village in Revere. 
 
 Bearcrof t, a village in Attleborough. 
 
 Bear Mountain, m wendeii, i.l-si feet m height 
 
 "R^Tir^r a village i" ^ :ist Bridge water; also, one in North 
 
 oeaver, Adams . 
 
 Beaver Brook, a village in Dan vers. 
 
 T) L. i. is a fine grazing town on the ll««>sae braneh of the 
 
 OeCKei (;,.,,,.,! Mountain range, on the easterly side of Berk- 
 
 sliire County, 118 miles west from Boston. Its boundaries are 
 
 Washington and Middlehchl on the north. Chester on the cast. Otis 
 
 on the .south, and Tyiiingham, Lee and Washington on the west. 
 
 Much of the surlaec is broken, and not available for cultivation. 
 Benton Hill, in the north, is a commanding eminence ; and Beeket 
 Mountain, in the west, a station in the Trigonometrical Survey, has 
 an elevation of 2,1!I4 feet above sea-level. Wadsworth Hill, in the 
 centre, is the water-shed of West Held and Farmington rivers; while 
 a tributary of the Housatonie Kiver rises in the western part of the 
 
HEIiFOUl). 137 
 
 town. The scenery is iurther diversified by several beautiful sheets 
 ol clear water, — Centre Lake, of 10.'} acres; Rudd Bond, 90 acres ; 
 Yokum Pond, 118 acres, and the smaller Shaw and Ward ponds. 
 The climate is cool and bracing, and the people are noted for lon- 
 gevity ; there being in 1SS.1, out of a population of 9oS, 1!) persons 
 over SO years, and two over DO years of age. 
 
 The surface rocks are chiefly granite. The soil is variously sand, 
 loam and clay. There are about 150 farms and L'45 dwellings. The 
 dairies yielded, in 1NN5, SL'1,917 ; the crop of cereals was valued at 
 -■JCMiU:.' ; fruits, berries, and nuts at £4,010; vegetables, *N.:'„SK ; 
 meat and game, *7,4*1 ; wood products, *9,7*4; liquors and bever- 
 ages. £1,016; the aggregate being *'.IN,095. The number of neat 
 cattle was 1,24!>, sheep l,0."ix, and of fruit trees. r>.470. At the 
 same time the manufactured goods amounted to £109.s77 in value; 
 consisting of lumber, wooden braid and baskets, paper, woollen 
 goods, boots and shoes, quarried stone, liquors, and several other 
 articles. The valuation of the town in 18HH was |40l,l'K1, with 
 $18 on *l.ooo as the rate of taxation. The area is L'<>,975 acres, 
 exclusive of highways and water surfaces; with s,417 acres of 
 woodland, consisting of beech, birch, maple, spruce and hemlock. A 
 noticeable feature is the size and variety of the trees along the 
 public ways, — many being 50 and GO years old. The Boston and 
 Albany Railroad runs along the northeastern border, the stations 
 being Becket and Middletield. The villages are Becket, West 
 Becket and Becket Centre. All are post-offices. Becket has a high 
 school and a graded system, with nine public school-houses, valued, 
 with appurtenances, at £5,000. Then' is also a private school — the 
 Claflin School, estabbshed in 1*(>C>. There are three Sunday- 
 school libraries, having about 1,000 volumes in the aggregate. The 
 public library — Becket Atheneum — was established early in 1**0. 
 Becket was patriotic in the Revolution ; and she also sent 110 .sol- 
 diers into the late war, of whom nine deaths are recorded. 
 
 This town, called in its early period "Number Four,"' was origin- 
 ally settled in 17.V>, and was incorporated dune I'l. 17(>5. Jabez 
 Wadsworth was the first white person born here. The first clmreh 
 was organized December 1>\ 175*; and the Rev. Ebenezer Martin was 
 ordained pastor on February 1'.'! of the following year. The Baptist 
 church was formed in September, 1704 ; Rev. Robert Neshit was the 
 first pastor. The chinch at North Becket (Congregational) was 
 organized September !!.">, 1*49, and the meeting-house dedicated No- 
 vember 21, 1*50. There is also a Roman Catholic congregation in 
 the town, and a mission of the New Church (Swedenborgian). 
 
 "D _j £ nrr | is a beautiful agricultural town in the central part 
 JJCUlOrU of Middlesex County, fourteen miles northwest of 
 Boston ; having Billerica on the north, the same with Burlington 
 and Lexington on the east, the latter with Lincoln and Concord on 
 the south, and the last, with Carlisle, on the west. Its general 
 form is nearly a circle. It has an assessed area of H,147, — of 
 which .;,L'00 aires are woodland. The population in 1K85 was 9JJO, 
 
138 (1AZETTEEH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 with 20* dwelling-houses. The villages are Bedford and Wpst 
 Bedford; the post-offices, the former and Bedford Springs. The 
 three are stations on the Middlesex Central and the Boston and 
 Lowell system of railroads. The Concord Biver marks the boun- 
 dary on the northwest fur several miles. Farley's Brook enters 
 from the south, and, receiving several other brooks, unites with 
 Fine Brook in the eastern part of the town, and they become the 
 Shawsheen, which has falls with power sufficient for small mills. 
 
 The views from the elevated land in the vicinity of Fawn Lake 
 are very attractive. The geological formation of the town is calca- 
 reous gneiss and sienite, in which are good specimens of garnet. 
 There is a mineral spring of some celebrity on elevated ground 
 about a mile and a half north of the central village, known as Bed- 
 ford Springs. 
 
 The land is very good ; and the 113 farms yielded in 1**5 pro- 
 ducts to the value of 8139,01','!. The dairy item was 844,623; vege- 
 tables, $17,7(Ki. There were 934 neat cattle and 11,0*9 fruit trees. 
 The manufactures of the town consisted of boots and shoes, car- 
 riages, leather, wooden goods, and food products, and had the aggre- 
 gate value of 851,980. The valuation of the town in 18*8 was 
 $816,689 ; the tax rate being *13 on 81.0(H). 
 
 There were, in 1**5, five school buildings, valued, with land, at 
 85,00(1. A town public library having nearly 2,000 volumes, and 
 the Sunday-school libraries, are the public provision for the literary 
 appetite; while the "Bedford Bulletin'' furnishes weekly the news of 
 the region. The Unitarian church is an ancient landmark, but has 
 received additions for adornment and for the comfort of the congre- 
 gation. The Congregational church is very attractive and well fur- 
 nished. The Roman Catholics also have a neat chapel ; and there 
 are flourishing Sunday schools. 
 
 The town was named for Bedford in England. Its territory came 
 from Ilillerica and Concord, and its incorporation occurred Septem- 
 ber 23, 1729. A mill was built on the Shawsheen River before King 
 Philip's "War, in 1075, owned by Michael Bacon, who was allowed to 
 have two soldiers from the garrison stationed there for its protection. 
 The first church was organized July 15, 1730, when Rev. Nicholas 
 Bowes was ordained pastor. The first meeting-house was built in 
 the same year, and " seated '' according to the pay of the people. 
 
 Some of Bedford's eminent names are Nathaniel D. Gould, a mu- 
 sical composer and publisher; Bev. Samuel H. Steams (1*01-1837), 
 an able divine; William A. Stearns, P.D. (1*05), chosen president of 
 Amherst College in 1*54. 
 
 Beechdale, a village in Williamstown. 
 
 Beedl Plain, a village in Sandistield. 
 
 BeechwOCK.1, a village in Cohasset. 
 
 Bel Air, a village in I'ittsiield. 
 
BELClIEIi'S COliXEIt — IlELCltEBTOWX. LJ'J 
 
 Belcher's Corner, a village in stoughton. 
 
 "Rplrh^rtn-wm ^ es * n tue easter ty P art °f Hampshire 
 utiv,iici lUWll County, about 7.") miles west of Boston. 
 Pelham bounds it on the north, Enfield, Ware and Palmer on tin- 
 east, the latter and Ludlow on the south, and the last, with 
 Granby and Amherst, on the west. It extends north and south 
 about 12 miles, by 8 miles from east to west ; having a taxable area 
 of 31,680 acres, excluding highways and water surfaces. About 
 8.000 acres are woodland, consisting chiefly of butternut and oak ; 
 but the numerous trees along the highways are principally maple 
 aud elm. 
 
 Swift River (named from the rapidity of its current) washes two- 
 thirds of the eastern border of the town ; Jabish River flows from 
 the centre southward ; Broad Brook occupies the southwestern part ; 
 and Bacheler's Brook the western, and Hoop Brook the northwestern 
 sections. The largest of the several ponds are Lower Pond, con- 
 taining about 96 acres, and Middle Pond, about 40. The surface in 
 most parts is hilly, having some commanding eminences. The geo- 
 logical structure is ferruginous gneiss, and middle shales and sand- 
 stones. Specimens of allanite and other minerals occur. The soil, 
 though rocky, is productive, and the 320 (or thereabout) farms are 
 usually well managed and remunerative. The town had, in 1S8.">. 
 2,291 neat cattle, young and old, and .'12,007 fruit trees. The 
 dairy yielded the largest product — §7!»,'.»78. The manufactures 
 were chiefly lumber and carriages, the aggregate value of goods 
 made being §03.540. The valuation of the town, in lsss, was 
 §8:25, 127; rate of taxation, $18.40 on $1,000. The population in 
 1885 was 2,307; and the number of dwellings, 5ol. The New 
 London and Northern and the Central Massachusetts railroads 
 intersect at nearly right angles near the centre of tin- town. The 
 post-offices are Belchertown, Dwight and Barrett. The other villages 
 are Federal Street Village and Tylertown. 
 
 The villages have graded schools; the rural districts, mixed 
 schools. The school buildings number eighteen, — valued at about. 
 $9,500. The three Sunday-school libraries have together about 
 1,000 volumes. There is a very handsome public library, provided 
 for by a gift of $45,000 by Francis Clapp, late of Brooklyn, X. Y. 
 The central village is situated on an elevated plateau, from which 
 charming prospects in every direction may be enjoyed. The main 
 street is broad and well ornamented with maple, elm and ash trees. 
 On the Common stands a monument in memory of the men who fell 
 of those who went into the late war. The patriotism of the town 
 during the Revolutionary war is also still borne in remembrance. 
 Around this park are placed the library, high school, two churches. 
 and some handsome residences. The ( !ongregationalists, Baptists 
 and Methodists each have church edifices. 
 
 The place originally bore the name of "Cold Spring," from a 
 noted fountain in the eastern part of the town, but was incorporated. 
 
]t ,i (iazi:tti:i:i: oi' massmiicsktts. 
 
 June. 30, 1701, as Belcher's Town, in honor of Governor Jonathan 
 Belcher, who was a principal proprietor. On June 22, 1771, apart of 
 ils territory was annexed to Greenwich; on June 10, 17*x, part of 
 the town was annexed to Relhain ; February 1~>, 1*10, parts of Bel- 
 ehertown and Greenwich were established as Enfield; and there still 
 remains enough territory to make two good towns. Samuel Bascom, 
 Benjamin Stebbins, Aaron Lyman and others, commenced the settle- 
 ment at Cold Spring in .luly, 1731; and in 1*40 about twenty 
 families were residing here. A ehuroh was organized in 1*3,, and a 
 house of worship erceted the ensuing year. The. J lev. Edward Hil- 
 lings was ordained, probably, in 1730 ; and in 1711 it was voted that 
 money should be raised to pay the expenses of his wedding. In 
 1752 there were fifty families ; and Mr. Billings was that year dis- 
 missed for his views in regard to " the half-way covenant." Rev. 
 .Justus Forward was ordained his sueeessor in 17;">(j. The Baptist 
 ehurch was organized in 17'.».".. This town was the birthplace of the 
 following distinguished persons : Ethan Smith ('1702-1*4'.!). Eras- 
 tus Worthington (177'.»-1* 12), Samuel Stillman Greene (1*10), Dr. 
 Josiah Gilbert Holland (Timothy Titcomb), born 1*1'.». 
 
 Bellerica Heights, a village in Tisbury. 
 
 Bii •]] a village in Acushnet; also, one in Newbury- 
 eiicviiie, p 0r t_ 
 
 TD^ll „..,.„ U;i1 in West Roxbury district, Boston, 334 
 
 Denevue n.111, fe( , t in height 
 
 Bpllino-rnm occupies the southwestern extremity of Xor- 
 eillllgliaill folk <; omitv , alu i ; s i, m ,nded on the' north by 
 Medway and Milford, east by Wrentham and Franklin, south by Cum- 
 berland and Woonsoeket in Rhode Island, and west by Rlackstone 
 and Mendon. It is about .">! miles from Boston; and is accommo- 
 dated by the main line, and the Woonsoeket and Milford branches, 
 of the Xew York and New England Railroad. — the last two having 
 their junction at Relliiighain Centre; the other stations being North 
 l'.ellingham, South Rellinghain and Caryville. The form is nearly a 
 parallelogram, whose length nortli and south is about three times its 
 width. The assessed area is 10,'.t.">0 acres, — of which 3,2! '2 acres are 
 woodland. The geological formation is calcareous gneiss. Mica 
 slate has also been found, of which whetstones have been made to 
 some extent. The land is level for the most part, although there 
 are pleasant eminences at the north, the centre, and the southeast. 
 I leaver 1'oncl, near the Mil lord line, is a beautiful sheet, of about 10* 
 acres. Through it flows Charles River, in a southeasterly direction, 
 to the central village; then, turning abruptly, it leaves the town 
 at the northwest corner, .lencke's Reservoir, containing about 42 
 acres, lias its outlet, by I'eter's River; which, with Bungay Brook, 
 drains the southern sections of the town. The soil is light and 
 .sandy, yet there is some good farming land in the lower parts. The 
 
BELMOXT. 141 
 
 131 farms, in 18S5, yielded an aggregate product of *!tl,445. Their 
 are iu the town two woollen mills, a boot and shoe and a straw fac- 
 tory, two factories for putting up food, and others to the number uf 
 ten. The total product, in 18S5, was $419,41:.'. The valuation of 
 the town in 1SS8 was -%l;'>,L"»o, with a tax of ->l;;.:'() on *1,()<)0. 
 The population is 1,10*, and the number of legal voters, I'll. 
 There were eight school buildings, valued, with appurtenances, at 
 * 10,500. There was a public-school library of about 4(>o volumes, 
 and three Sunday-school libraries with about 1,000 volumes. The 
 Haptist church at Bellinghani was organized in 17.'J7; the one at 
 North Bellingham in 1*07. The territory was taken from the 
 towns of Dedham, Mendon and AYrentham, and incorporated in 171H 
 under its present name, in honor of Governor Richard Bcllingham. 
 General John Milton Thayer, United States senator from Nebraska 
 in 1S07-71, was born in this town in l^L'O. 
 
 Rplmnnt" ^ a beautiful suburban town in the southeasterly 
 JJCUllUlll part of jn^dlesex County, about six miles north- 
 west of Boston. Lexington adjoins it on the northwest, Arlington 
 on the northeast, Cambridge on the east, Watertown on the 
 south, and Walthani, separated in part by Beaver P.ruok, on the 
 west. Its area is about .">,000 acres, not including highways. The 
 population, in lS.s.~>, was l.f>:;9, with .';o<s dwelling-houses. Its geo- 
 logical basis consists of sienite, dolorite and the St. .John's group. 
 The surface is finely diversified, and is embellished with many orna- 
 mental trees in great variety, well-cultivated orchards, farms and 
 gardens. The number of fruit trees will exceed L'0,ouh ; and tie- 
 hundred or so acres of natural woodland is reinforced by several 
 groves and many groups, marshalled into relations of exceeding 
 beauty by the landscape-gardener. Along the highways are numer- 
 ous shade trees, chiefly elm, maple and horse-chestnut, of all ages 
 up to a hundred years. The "Waverly Oaks '' are noted objects of 
 admiration from their size and pieturesqueness. Wellington Hill, 
 a handsome eminence, commands an extensive view of the environs 
 of Boston, including Fresh Bond, and several smaller ones within 
 its own limits, and Spy Pond just outside its line in Arlington. 
 Fresh Pond is a charming little lake, and largely supplies the city 
 of Cambridge with water. Its overflow still finds its way to the 
 ocean through Alewive Brook and Mystic River. 
 
 The situation of the town also renders it a specially attractive one 
 for residence ; and many who transact their daily business in Boston 
 have their homes here. Its post-offices are Belmont and Waverly, — 
 the latter being the most of a village. The Fitchburg Railroad, 
 by main line and loop, affords convenient transportation facilities 
 from several stations, — Hill's Crossing. Belmont, Waverly, Clematis 
 Brook, Beaver Brook, Mount Auburn and Fresh Pond. 
 
 The town has 57 farms and market gardens, with an area of 1,957 
 acres more or less under cultivation for crops. The largest one of 
 these is the vegetables, whose value, in 1*85, was given as *141,:»14 ; 
 fruits, berries and nuts gave *. , j4,:!.jl ; the dairy, *1 9,014; green- 
 
142 itAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 house and hothouse products, *:>,L's7 ; and the abrogate reached the 
 sum of «L'4.'!,ir>(i. 
 
 Brickmaking is the principal manufacture; and the total of manu- 
 factured goods was *.'U, l.">(). The valuation, in l«ss, was t-^'AXfi ; 
 and the rate of taxation was *lli on *1,00U. Belmont Savings Bank 
 had deposits, on January 1, 1**!*, of *1'. , :,.' J .54. Tin- cities of (Jam- 
 bridge and Boston are equally convenient to the inhabitants of 
 Belmont, and almost the entire banking business is done in those 
 
 places. 
 
 The town has excellent graded schools, with four school build- 
 ing valued, in 1 ssr>, at *to,ooo. There is also a Select Home 
 
 School, established in 1x05. I'.eside the Sunday-school libraries 
 there is a town public library containing about .">,•)()() volumes. The 
 town-hall, of brick and stone, is a fine' building. It waa erected in 
 lssl, dedicated in June, ls«'_', and cost $45,000. The Congrega- 
 tional society at Waverly was organized in ls<>~> ; the other Con- 
 gregational society is older, dating from 1 *."><;. The Unitarian 
 society, organized in Is si', has au excellent stone church edifice. 
 There is also a lloman Catholic congregation here. Belmont fur- 
 nished oS men for the late war, ten of whom were lost. In l*s,5 
 there were fifteen persons in town over SO years of age, and cue per- 
 son who had passed 101 years. 
 
 Belmont was formed from parts of Waltham, Watertown and 
 West Cambridge, and was incorporated March is, l-.V.i. In lNi. 
 part of Cambridge was annexed to Belmont, and in lssl the reverse 
 was accomplished. This town appears to have been named from its 
 own natural features. 
 
 Belvidere, a village in Lowell. 
 
 RprHpv * s a sma ^ agricultural town situated in the easterly 
 iJCXKlcy part of i3 r i sto i County, about 40 miles south of 
 Boston, and bounded on the north and northeast by Taunton, on the 
 south and southeast by Freetown (from which it is in part separated 
 by Assonet Bay), and on the west by Dightou and Taunton, — from 
 the last of which it is divided by Taunton River, here a navigable, 
 broad and beautiful stream. It is watered in the east by Cotley and 
 Quaker brooks, and in the west by several affluents of Taunton 
 River. The villages and post-ofliees are Berkley (centre) and My- 
 ricksville ; and the railway stations are the latter, in the southeast 
 part of the town, on the New Bedford and Taunton line, and 
 Berkley, on the Kail Hiver Branch of the Old Colony Kailroad. 
 The termination of the town southerly is a long point of land called 
 Assonet Neck. A little south of it lies Conspiracy Island, probably 
 so named from its connection with Kin;; Philip's conspiracy against 
 the English, which resulted in the Indian war known by his name. 
 On Assonet Neck, just by the margin of the Taunton River, is 
 situated the famous Dightou Hock, covered with very curious in- 
 scriptions, which have greatly puzzled the antiquaries of both the 
 
BERKLEY. 143 
 
 old and the new world. The rock is eleven feet in length by four 
 and one-half feet in height, and consists of a mass of gray granite 
 lying on the sides of the river, which partially covers it at every 
 tide. On the water side the face of the rook is nearly smooth, and 
 is inclined sixty degrees. The figures are rudely carved, and par- 
 tially obliterated near the base by the action of the water. They 
 consist of rude outlines of human heads and bodies, crosses, mis- 
 shapen letters, broken lines, and other singular forms and combi- 
 nations. The first record of these inscriptions was given by Kev. 
 Mr. Danforth in 1(>80, who refers to an Indian tradition "that there 
 came a wooden house, and men of another country, swimming on 
 the River Assonet." General Washington expressed the opinion 
 that these sculptures were made by the Indians ; he having in 
 early life seen such writings, which were evidently done by them. 
 Many savans believed that some of the inscriptions were made by 
 the aborigines, and some of them by the Northmen ; and it is as- 
 serted that the name " Thorfin," cut in Latin letters, can be clearly 
 read. Many drawings have been made of these curious figures, 
 
 DIGHTON aOCE. BERKLEY. 
 
 and many theories of their origin proposed ; but the one most prob- 
 able seems to be Washington's. Originally Assonet belonged to 
 Dighton, and hence the name " Dighton Rock ; " but, since 173.">, it 
 has been a part of Berkley. 
 
 Many bowlders, varying in dimension, form and mineral, are 
 scattered over the surface. On two of the larger ones deep cellars 
 have been excavated, and dwelling-houses erected over them. The 
 underlying rock is carboniferous. The land upon the border of the 
 Taunton River is fertile ; and, in the southern section of the town, 
 the salt-meadows yield a valuable crop. The aggregate farm pro- 
 duct was $116,2011. There are four factories, — of carriages and 
 wagons, building, lumber, and food preparations, — whose product 
 in the aggregate was *2l,8l0. The assessed area of the town is 
 !» ST.") acres, of which L',(!5(» acres are woodland. The valuation, in 
 1888, was 1401,330 ; with a tax of *10 on $1,000. The population, 
 in 1885, was 941, with I'.'i'.t dwelling-houses. 
 
 Eight school-houses, valued at *7,7L'5, accommodate the school 
 children; and the two Sunday schools have collections of books 
 
144 IIAZKTTEKK OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 mimheringabout l,(i(M) volumes. Then- is one Congregational church 
 anil thi' Methodists have one at Berkley :ind another at Myrieksville. 
 
 This town, whose territory was formerly parts of Dighton and 
 Taunton, was incorporated in 17.'!.">; being naini'd in honor of George 
 Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, Another portion of territory at the 
 southwest of Berkeley was annexed from Dighton in 17'J!i; and in 
 lslo, 1S-IU and is?!* annexations were maile from Taunton, — the 
 last embracing about _!,000 acres at tlie. southeast, including what 
 is called My rick's District, now the most enterprising part of the 
 town. 
 
 Bishop Berkeley was pleased at the mark of esteem in the name 
 of the town, and sent the people a church organ. The instrument 
 arrived safely at New York, where it was held as security for 
 freight; and after a time there was an added charge for storage; 
 and finally it was placed in Trinity church, in that city, where, at 
 last accounts, it was still in use. Opposition to instrumental music 
 in religious service was long afterwards manifested in this town. 
 The first minister here was Kcv. Samuel Tobey, who was settled in 
 17.17, and died in 1781. lfe was followed by Kev. Thomas Andros, 
 who had been a soldier and a captive in the Revolution. His suf- 
 ferings are related in a book bearing the name ''The Old Jersey 
 Captive." Rev. William .Mason Cornell, M.D., D.D., LL.D., was 
 born here October 10, 1S01!. 
 
 oerkshire, a village in Lanesborough, 
 
 "Dprll'n is one of those steady, ijuiet, farming towns whose 
 nil p eo pi e own j^g es tates they occupy, and live indc]iend- 
 ently and without fear of molestation. It lies in the easterly sec- 
 tion of Worcester County, 40 miles northwest of Boston. On the 
 north is Bolton, on the east Hudson and .Marlborough ; Xorthboro is 
 on the south, and Boylston and Clinton on the west. Beside high- 
 ways and water surfaces, its area is 7.(il'7 acres, — of which ;?..*>'.«; 
 acres are woodland. The forest consists of oak, walnut, maple, pine 
 and chestnut. Along the highways also are numerous, well-grown 
 maples and elms. 
 
 A good iron bridge spans the Assabet River, which runs through 
 the southeastern angle of the town. An affluent of this river is 
 North Brook, which, with its tributaries, drains the central part of 
 the town, (irant Pond, in the eastern part — about one mile in 
 length by one half mile in width — is well stored with fish. The 
 land is uneven, but without high hills; the largest being Barne's 
 Hill in the southwest corner, and Wheeler Hill towards the north. 
 The underlying rock is calcareous gneiss and Merrimack schist. 
 Then; is a valuable quarry of building stone in the northerly part of 
 the town. Iron ore is also found. There is much variety of soil, 
 but loam has the largest, area. 
 
 Tlie town lias IL'I farms, ~-\ dwelling-houses, and 8!>'.) inhabitants. 
 The aggregate farm product in 188,"> was $120,881. One or more 
 
BEKXAKDSTOX. 145 
 
 saw mills and a shoe factory constitute the manufactories ; wooden 
 goods were also made to the value of $1,508. The valuation of the 
 town in 1888 was $488,777 ; and its rate of taxation $8.50 on $1,000. 
 The Boston and Maine Railroad (Mass. Central) has a station 
 at Berlin (village) ; and the Old Colony road has one at the same 
 place and at West Berlin. These are also the post-offices. Other 
 villages are South Berlin, Berlin Centre and Carterville. At the. 
 centre is an elegant Memorial Hall. 
 
 The town, in 1885, had five school-houses, valued at $6,500. The 
 principal library contains nearly 1,000 volumes, and there are three 
 Sunday-school libraries containing about the same number addi- 
 tional. There is a newspaper — the "Berlin Reporter" — issued 
 weekly. The Congregationalists, Methodists, and Unitarians each 
 have a church edifice here. The first society was organized in 1770. 
 Rev. Reuben Puffer, D.D., was the first pastor, ordained in 17S1, 
 Berlin sent 122 men into the war for the Union, of whom L.'.'! were 
 lost. 
 
 In 1794 parts of Bolton and Marlborough were established as tin- 
 district' of Berlin; in 1791, part of Lancaster was annexed; in is J 2 
 the district was incorporated as a town. Indian arrowheads, mortars 
 and stone axes are occasionally exhumed heie, especially about; 
 Washacum Pond. 
 
 Toward the east side of the town is Sawyer's Hill, a long ridge 
 running north and south, on the west slope of which is the residence 
 of Madame Rudersdorf, a musician and teacher of wide repute. 
 
 Among the eminent citizens of the past are Hon. William Bassett. 
 Rev. William A. Haughton, Dr. E. Hartshorn, John B. Gough, and 
 Hon. S. H. Howe. 
 
 RornirrlefAn ^ ies midway of the northern border of 
 DerndlUbLUll F ran kii n County, 9G miles northwest of 
 Boston. It has Vernon and Guilford, in Vermont, on the north ; on 
 the east is Northfield; on the south, Gill and Greenfield; and on 
 the west, Leyden. The town is quite near six miles long by four 
 wide, containing 13,994 acres, beside water surfaces and highways. 
 Of this, about 5.0(H) acres is forest, consisting chiefly of chestnut 
 and oak. In the village portions there are many maples and elms 
 along the streets. The town is finely watered by Fall River, which 
 runs through the midst of it from north to south; Dry I! rook on 
 the east, and Mill Brook on its west, flow in the same direction. 
 Couches and Shattuck brooks, coming in from the west and north- 
 west, are the largest tributaries of the main stream. 
 
 The surface of the town is elevated and hilly, the principal settle- 
 ments being in the beautiful valley of Fall River, which is flanked 
 by mountains on east and west. Of these eminences, Bald Moun. 
 tain, 630 feet above the Connecticut River, and West Mountain, aro. 
 the most conspicuous. The principal rocks are clay slate, calcareous 
 gneiss, lower and Devonian sandstones. Specimens of magnetic 
 oxide of iron are found. Limestone has been profitably quarried; 
 and there are springs containing sulphur and magnesia. 
 
[.[a GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Handsome crops oi grain, hay, apples, potatoes, bops, and tobacco 
 are produced The number of farms is 139; and their aggregate 
 product, in 1885, was 1132,981, The largest item was the dairj 
 product, ■while the value oi cereals was large in proportion, at this 
 period being 19,455. The largi I item oi manufacture is farm im- 
 plements. The cutlery factory employs aboul fifteen persons. The 
 aggregate value of manufactured goods, in 1885, was $47,890. The 
 valuation of the town in 1888 was $400,210 with $13 on f 1,000 as 
 the rate of taxation. The population is 930. There are two vil- 
 lages, Bernardston and North Bernardston. The I cut River 
 Railroad passes through the southea tei eel on oi the town, hav- 
 ing a station at Bernardston village. The town ha 
 with seven school-houses, valued al $6,500 Thi o here a 
 free academy named ' Power's Institute," established in 1855. The 
 public library now contains 5,000 volumes, and has a fund oi 52,50 
 for additions. The ( longregationaUsts, Methodists, Unitarians, Bap- 
 tists and Qniversalists each have a church edifice. The town sent 
 76 men into the late war. oi wbom 15 were lost. 
 
 The territory was granted in 1735 to the heirs of the men ei, . . 
 in the "Fall Fight," which occurred al Turner's Falls in May, 1676; 
 and hence for many years it bore the name of Falltown; whence 
 also is the name of its principal stream. Major John Burke, 
 Samuel Connable, Lieut. Ebenezer Sheldon and Deacon Sheldon, 
 built the first four houses here, in 1738. They were of hewn logs, 
 with port-holes in the walls for defence against the Indians. Dur- 
 ing the French and Indian War of 1755, the people suffered greatrj 
 from the Incursions of the savages. Even the women bore arms for 
 the defence of their homes and children. 
 
 The Rev. John Norton, ordained in 1741, was the first minister. 
 The society is now Unitarian, The second Congregational was or- 
 ganized in 1824, and the Baptist in 1808 The first money raised 
 for schools was six English pounds, in December, 177": and the first 
 school-house was built in 1783. The town was incorporated March 
 <>, 1762, under its present name, which was given in honor of 
 Governor Francis Bernard. Samuel Clesson Allen (1772-1842) was 
 
 a nati\ f this town, and llenn Wyles Cushman, lieutenant-gover- 
 
 nor of the Commonwealth 1851-2, was born here in 1805, and died 
 
 here 111 L863. 
 
 Rfrrilpripm was incorporated as a district, June 24, 1789; 
 uciiucHCiiJ ;mi | united with Loudon to form the town oi 
 « Hi;,, on June 19, 1809. 
 
 i)('\'crlv ' s a " "''' • l '-> r| > 0,1 ' ,,l, ' ;i '- nautical and manufacturing 
 J town, beautifully situated on rising ground on the 
 
 southern shore of Essex C< ty. It is hounded on the north 1>\ 
 
 Wenham, east by Manchester, south l>\ Salem Harbor, and west by 
 Danvers. A bridge 1,600 feet long connects Beverly village on the 
 southwestern point with Salem, across the inner harbor, called 
 Beverly Harbor, It is ls> miles northeast of Boston by the Eastern 
 
UE VEUL Y. 147 
 
 Eailroad, which has stations at Beverly and North Beverly ; and on 
 the Gloucester branch road, following Beverly station, are Mont- 
 serrat, Pride's Crossing and Beverly- Farms. The post-offices are 
 Beverly and Beverly Farms; and the villages are these and North 
 Beverly, Centerville, Cove and Ryall's Side. The streams are East 
 (or Bass) River, in the western part of the town, and Chubb's 
 Creek, which, partially separates it from Manchester, on the eastern 
 side. The most elevated points are Bald Hill in the northeast, and 
 Cherry and Brown hills in the northwest. Near the last is Wenham 
 Lake, of 225 acres, lying across the line between Beverly and Wen- 
 ham, and about equally in each. From this, by means of an aque- 
 duct, Beverly village and Salem are supplied with water. About 
 half-way between the lake and lieverly Farms is Beaver Pond, con- 
 taining about I'D acres. Another feature of note is Beverly I lock, 
 which may be considered the half-way mark between Beaver Pond 
 and Beverly Farms. The scenery in most parts of the town is pic- 
 turesque and charming, both for sylvan and sea views. The portion 
 directly opposite Salem is the most populous, and has many well- 
 shaded streets and handsome public and private buildings. The 
 number of dwellings in the town in 1K8S was 1741. North Beverly 
 is a pleasant village between East River and Wenham Bond. liev- 
 erly Farms, romantically situated in the easterly section of the 
 town, has a very beautiful street overlooking the islands of the bay. 
 Elegant mansions extend along the shore on cither hand, and press 
 back upon the agricultural domain of the interior; and there is a 
 general look of finish throughout the town. Tin- area of Beverly, 
 aside from highways and water surfaces, is K,C>ol acres; and of this 
 1.2.'i.~> acres are woodland. The geological structure is sienite ; in 
 which are found, here and there, specimens of polymignite, tin ore, 
 green felspar and columbite. The. farms number upwards of lliti; 
 and the product of the dairies, in 1SN5, was valued at So7,Tl".l; the 
 poultry product at *12.L';»1; vegetables, *57.'.l 17 ; the aggregate pro- 
 duct being §206,111. lieverly Harbor admits vessels of considerable 
 size, and both shipbuilding and fisheries are prosecuted with regu- 
 larity. The catch of food fish alone by the fishermen of this port in 
 1SS.") was *."..">. l.'ifi. The chief income of the people, however, is from 
 thp manufactures. Food preparations, in the year mentioned, yielded 
 *72.'.l9.S : metallic and wood work, ;!(>,.'>oi; : clothing, *<;7,.'>'.>.'i ; build- 
 ing, S.';<»l'.(',:;s ; leather, *225,O00; boots and shoes, $.'!,. ~>o7, 743. The 
 latter manufacture employed .".1 establishments; and the total num- 
 ber of all kinds in the town was 12:>; the value of the aggregate 
 product being >4, 415,0<; c . >. The valuation, in Isss. was s-il;;.S5'.i,22.">; 
 with a tax of *14 on $1,000. The Beverly National Bank, by the 
 last report of the Comptroller, had assets to the value of »<;.S4,1««.», 
 including the paid-in capital of *2OO,OO0; and the savings bank 
 held deposits to the amount of Sl,o;ss,o44. The public schools were 
 accommodated by nine school buildings, valued at -s]0(),000. A 
 private kindergarten school is also sustained here. The New Eng- 
 land Industrial School for Deaf-mutes, having buildings valued at 
 $5 000, is located in this town. There are twelve libraries accessible 
 
148 tlAZETTEEIt OF MASSAdlCSETTS. 
 
 to the public, having in the aggregate about 20,000 volumes. The 
 town public library has some 12,000 ; a private circulating library 
 1 000 or more; and the remainder are Sunday-school attachments. 
 There are two valuable weekly papers published here, the "Citizen" 
 and the "Times." There are ten churches — belonging to the first 
 and second Baptist ; the Dane Street Congregational, the Second 
 Congregational (North Beverly) and the "Washington Street Con- 
 gregational; the. Methodist Episcopal: the Protestant Episcopal 
 (Saint Peter's); the Roman Catholic. (Star of the Seaj ; the First 
 Parish (Unitarian) ; and the Fniversalist. 
 
 The territory of this town was originally a part of Salem, and 
 bore the name of Pass Kiver; which was incorporated in PiiiS as 
 Beverly, probably in reference to the town of that name in the East 
 Riding of Yorkshire, England. In 17.V> another trajt was annexed 
 from Salem; and in 1857 part of I'.everly was annexed to Danvers. 
 In 1071 Roger Cmiant and thirty-four others petitioned to have the 
 name changed, "because," he averred, '• we being but a small place, 
 it has caused us a constant nickname of ' beggarly.' " He desired 
 to have the place called Budleigh, in honor of the town from which 
 he came ; but his petition was not granted. The first meeting-house 
 was erected in 1<3.*><"> ; and on the 20th of September, 1767, Rev. 
 .lohn Hale was ordained the first minister. It was the duty of the 
 sexton, in l(id."> and later, to "ring the bell at nine o'clock every 
 night a sufficient space of time," and to " keep and turn the glass," 
 which was to guide the minister during his services ; it being under- 
 stood that his sermon would occupy just one hour. Capt. Thomas 
 Lothrop, commander of a company called ■'•' The Flower of Essex," 
 most of whom, with their leader, fell at Bloody Prook in Deerrield, 
 in 1(l7o, was from this town. The number of enlistments in Bev- 
 erly for the late war was OSS; and about 100 of these lost their 
 lives in the service of their country. There are now SO residents 
 of the town who are over 80 years of age; 'X> who are past S">; 
 and five who are over 00. 
 
 Distinguished men having Beverly for their birthplace are Col. 
 Robert Hale (170,'>-17i>7>, a brave soldier, physician and legis- 
 lator; "William Raich (1704-1702), an able divine and author; Israel 
 Thorndike (17f>0-lX,'!2i, an eminent merchant; Sidney "Willard 
 (17S0-lSfill), author, and professor of Hebrew in Harvard Univer- 
 sity ; "William Bingham Tuppan, an excellent poet, author of the 
 familiar lyric, commencing, "There is an hour of peaceful rest; - ' 
 Robert Rantoul (180.V1S52), a distinguished lawyer and politician; 
 Isaac, Ray, M. D. (1X07), an eminent physician; Andrew Preston 
 IVabody, D. 1>. (1S11), an able and elegant scholar, Plummer pro- 
 fessor in Harvard University. 
 
 "Rillprin ' s an all< '' UM, ' ; auc ^ pleasant town in the northeast- 
 JJ11H-1 1Lcl erly part of Middlesex County. Its boundaries are 
 < 'helnisford on the northwest, Tewkslmry on the northeast, Wilming- 
 ton and Burlington on the east, Bedford' on the south, and Carlisle 
 vu the southwest. !l is twenty miles from Boston on the Boston 
 
BILLEBIVA. 149 
 
 and Lowell Railroad ; the main line of which passes through the 
 northeast side of the town, having stations at East Billerica and 
 North Billerica; while the Bedford Branch, passing through the 
 length of the town, north and south, has stations at South Billerica 
 and Billerica village, at the centre. The last, and North, East 
 and South Billerica, are the post-offices. The other villages are 
 West Billerica, Pattenville and Rutland. 
 
 The area of the town is 15,307 acres, aside from the highways and 
 water-surfaces; and of this, G.375 acres are woodland. The land is 
 elevated in the centre of the town, and commands extensive views of 
 the surrounding country, with the summits of Wachusett and the 
 New Ipswich Mountains in the distance. Gilson Hill in the north- 
 west and Fox Hill in the northeast are noted elevations. Winning's 
 Pond of ten acres in the southwesterly, and Nutting's Pond of ninety 
 acres in the southerly, part are handsome sheets of water, from which 
 many pickerel, bream and perch are taken. The Concord and the 
 Shawsheen rivers enter the town from Bedford on the southwest, and, 
 pursuing parallel courses, leave it, the one at its northern and the 
 other at its northeastern angle. The Concord is here a deep and 
 sluggish stream, with excellent hay and cranberry meadows on its 
 borders. Fox Brook is a tributary of the Shawsheen. The timber 
 growth is chiefly oak, ash, walnut, maple, gray birch, and white and 
 yellow pine. The blue gentian (Gentiana Arulrewsil), the cardinal 
 flower (Lobelia cardinalis), the lady's slipper (Cyj/ripediiimspectabile), 
 and other beautiful specimens of the floral kingdom, decorate the 
 meadows. 
 
 The geological structure of this town is, in the main, calcareous 
 gneiss. On the summits of the ledges many marks of glacial action 
 are observed. The soil is various ; in some parts light and sandy, in 
 others strong and deep, repaying well the labors of the husbandman. 
 
 In 18*5 there were 212 farms cultivated in the town. The dairy 
 products were valued at $53,!H>6; hay. ete., *55,337 ; fruits, berries 
 and nuts, $21,036; vegetables, *2S,745 ; and wood products $11,00*. 
 There were 1,3*4 neat cattle, and 21,2 lit fruit trees. The value of 
 the aggregate product was $201,737. The number of manufactories 
 operated in the same year was 1*, the leading articles made being 
 boots and shoes, woollen goods, dyestuffs, leather, wood and metal 
 goods, including machines, and carriages and wagons, lumber, and 
 furniture, — whose aggregate value was $964,547. The more notable 
 establishments are the two extensive woollen factories and a logwood 
 mill on the Concord River at North Billerica ; and in addition the 
 town has two saw mills, one machine shop, one large chemical, one 
 cabinet, and one soap factory. The valuation of the town in 1888 
 was $1,654,513 ; with a tax of *10on*l,000. The schools are graded, 
 and occupy ten buildings, whose value is placed at upwards of $21,000. 
 Mitchell's School for Boys (a private institution) has a wide reputa- 
 tion and is largely attended. The Howe School is a well-endowed 
 academy, incorporated in 1*52. There are seven libraries accessible 
 to the public, containing nearly 10,000 volumes. The public library 
 building, a memento of the public spirit of the Bennet family, is a 
 
150 (iAZKTTKKIi OF MASSAC1IUS ETTS. 
 
 handsome structure in the Gothic style, and contains upwards of 
 12,000 well-chosen volumes. There is also an association library, and 
 a church and several Sunday-school libraries. The town has the 
 credit of a good weekly newspaper, the "Billerica Tribune." 
 
 The. Unitarian church edifice at the centre is about a century old, 
 and a fine example of Colonial architecture. The ( 'ongregationalists 
 and T.aptists also have pleasant, well-furnished churches. At North 
 Billeriea are the I toman Catholic church (Saint Andrew's), and the 
 Baptist society, whose neat edifice was a gift from ex-Governor Tal- 
 bot. 
 
 The territory now embraced in the town was granted to Cambridge 
 in 1041, "provided they would make it a village to have ten families 
 settled there within ten years." The first settlement was made, 
 about the year lG.">.'i, by John Parker, John Kittredge, John Rogers, 
 Jonathan Danforth, Rev. Samuel Whiting, Simon Crosby, Edward 
 Farmer, Thomas Richardson, and others. The town was surveyed, 
 and divided into what were denominated ten and live acre lots, by 
 Jonathan Dan forth. A ten-acre lot contained 11 4 acres of upland, 
 and twelve of meadow ; a five-acre lot, half that quantity. The 
 place was called Sliawsheen by the Indians, a name which is perpetu- 
 ated by the pretty stream in the eastern part of the town. Billericay, 
 in England, from which some of the settlers came, furnished the new 
 name, under which it was incorporated May 129, 165.">. The first 
 house of worship was covered with thatch, instead of shingles, and 
 completed about 3 OHO ; and the Rev. Samuel Whiting, the first min- 
 ister, was ordained over the church at its formation in 1603. He died 
 in 1713, and was succeeded by the Rev. Samuel Ruggles. During 
 Philip's War, in ll>7.">— 70, this town suffered no important injur}'; 
 hut during the French and Indian War. in 1G0.">, an attack was made 
 upon the people, and several were slain. On the ">th of August of 
 that year, the Indians entered the house of .lohn Rogers, in the 
 northerly part of the town, and discharged an arrow at him while 
 asleep, which entered his neck, and severed the main artery. 
 "Awakened by this sudden and unexpected attack, he started up, 
 seized the arrow, which he forcibly withdrew, and expired with the 
 instrument of death in his hand. A woman, being in the chamber, 
 threw herself out of the window, and, though severely wounded, 
 made her escape by concealing herself among some Hags. A young 
 woman was scalped, and left for dead, but survived the painful opera- 
 tion and lived for many years. A son and daughter of Mr. Rogers 
 were made prisoners. The family of John Levistone suffered most 
 severely. His mother-in-law and live young children were killed, 
 and his oldest daughter captured, (.'apt. Thomas Rogers and his 
 ^oldest son were killed. Mary, the wife of Dr. Roger Toothaker, and 
 Margaret, his youngest daughter, with four other persons, were slain. 
 Though the Indians were immediately pursued by the inhabitants 
 of the centre of the town, yet so effectually had they taken precau- 
 tions in their flight, that all efforts to find them proved unavailing. 
 It is said that, they even tied up the mouths of their dogs with wam- 
 pum, from an apprehension that their barking would discover the 
 
U1LL1XU auATE— BLACKSTONE. 151 
 
 direction they had taken. The shock given to the inhabitants by this 
 melancholy event was long had in painful remembrance." 
 
 The first patriot who fell at the battle of Bunker Hill was a young 
 man by the name of Asa Pollard, belonging to Billerica. The man- 
 ner of his death is thus related by Col. Prescott : " The first man who 
 fell in the battle of Hunker Hill was killed by a cannon-ball, which 
 struck his head. He was so near me that my clothes were besmeared 
 with his blood and brains, which I wiped off, in some degree, with a 
 handful of fresh earth. The sight was so shocking to many of the 
 men, that they left their posts, and ran to view him. I ordered them 
 back, but in vain. I then ordered him to be buried instantly. A 
 subaltern officer expressed surprise that I should allow him to be 
 buried without having prayers said. I replied, ' This is the first man 
 that has been killed, and the only one that will be buried to-day. I 
 put him out of sight, that the men may be kept in their places. God 
 only knows who or how many of us will fall before it is over. To 
 your post, my good fellow, and let each man do his duty.' He was 
 struck by a cannon-ball thrown from the line-of-battle ship ' Somer- 
 set.' " 
 
 On October 8, 1*73, the town consecrated a fine granite monument 
 in honor of its soldiers lost in the war of the Slaveholders' Kebellion. 
 
 There were living in Billerica, in 1*N5, 44 persons who were 
 over SO years of age, 16 who were over S5, and four who were 
 over 90. 
 
 "William Crosby, an eminent jurist, was born here June 3, 1770, 
 and died March 31, 1*52. The late Hon. Thomas Talbot, a governor 
 of the Commonwealth, was a citizen of this town for thirty years. 
 Here, too, at "Brightside," was the residence of the late Kev. Elias 
 Nason. Hon. Onslow Stearns, a governor of New Hampshire ; Eliza- 
 beth Palmer Peabody, the author and philanthropist ; and Miss Har- 
 riet Eogers, the founder of the system of teaching deaf-mutes to read 
 the lips in speech, were natives of this place. 
 
 Billingsgate, a village in Wellfleet. 
 
 BilHngSgate I Sland, at entrance of Wellfleet Harbor. 
 BilHngtOn Sea, a pond in Plymouth. 
 Birchdale, a village in Merrimack. 
 "RIooLinf/^n a village in North Adams; also one in Will- 
 
 DiacKinion, i ams t wn. 
 
 Rlsrlrcrnnp is a y oun g> enterprising and growing town in 
 
 UldCKblUllC t jj e ex t reme southeastern corner of Worcester 
 
 County, 36 miles from Boston on the New York and New England 
 
 Kailroad. Blackstone village is the station on the main line of this 
 
 road, while the Woonsocket Division has also a station at East Black- 
 
152 UAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 stone. The Providence and Worcester Railroad has stations at 
 Blackstone village and Millville. The post-offices are the places men- 
 tioned and Waterford ; and tin? villages include these and Chestnut 
 Mill. The town is square in form, having an assessed area of 9,330 
 acres ; and of this, 3,880 acres are woodland. It is bounded on the 
 north liy Mendon, cast by liellingham, south by ^Voonsocket and 
 ]S'orth Smithfield in Khode Island, and west by Uxbridge. Mill 
 River, coursing from north to south along the eastern line of the 
 town, and the Blackstone traversing the southwest corner to the 
 principal village, furnish power for propelling the machinery of ex- 
 tensive manufactories. The place has a large cotton mill, a large wool- 
 len mill, a worsted mill, one for mixed textiles, a large rubber factory, 
 and several other establishments of smaller size' ; and the value of their 
 aggregate product in 18*5 was fr!,4--. •"»•"•-• The town is handsomely 
 varied in its surface. A lone hill at the centre is very conspicuous; 
 while Pickering and Caudlewood hills in the northeast, and Chestnut 
 Hill rising up from the village in the northwest, enhance the beauty of 
 those sections. Hop Brook, in the northeast, contributes its waters 
 to Mill River ; Fox Brook meanders centrally through the town, 
 reaching the Blackstone below the falls. A beautiful and romantic 
 scene, extending from the " rolling dam" to the confluence of the 
 streams, is presented to the lovers of the picturesque. The stream 
 rushes madly along over a rough rocky bed ; and, shooting from the 
 fissures in the rocks, large trees — pine and cedar — overshadow the 
 impetuous current, altogether forming a delightful wood and water 
 view. On Hop Brook, an immense elm, which has breasted the 
 storms of more than a hundred and fifty winters, still spreads its 
 grateful shade for the people of the neighborhood. The soil of the 
 town is generally light and sandy, but many of the farms are excellent. 
 Altogether, their number is 117 ; and their aggregate product in 188a 
 was *115,.">*1. The valuation of the town, in IS**, was *l'.453,235; 
 and the rate of taxation *J s.10 on $1,000. The population, in 18*5, 
 was 0,43<>, with 8'.i7 dwelling-houses. The schools are both graded 
 and mixed, with eight school buildings, valued at £31.900. The 
 Blackstone Atheneum is an object of regard to the citizens ; the 
 Blackstone Library Association has done a good work for the literary 
 culture of the inhabitants ; the Melville Agricultural Library, though 
 small, has been of much service; the Sunday schools also hive their 
 libraries ; so that the entire number is ten, containing in the aggregate 
 about 10,000 volumes. The " Valley Chronicle" is a valuable weekly 
 visitant, with its miscellany of news. 
 
 The churches are the Congregational, the Free Baptist, and Roman 
 Catholic ('Saint Paul's) at lUackstone village; a Methodist Episcopal 
 at Fast Blackstone, and another at Millville ; a Protestant Episcopal 
 (St. John's), and a Roman Catholic (Saint Augustine's) at Millville. 
 
 There were, in 18*, r >, 49 residents of Blackstone who were over 80 
 years of age, 20 who were over 85, and three over 90. 
 
 The territory of this town was taken from Mendon, and incor- 
 porated in 1845. The town had its name from Rev. William Black- 
 stone, the first white settler of Boston ; who removed about 1635 to 
 
BLAXCUA1W VILLE— BLAXDFOItD. 155 
 
 the wilderness in what is npw Cumberland, K. I., where his grave and 
 a well which he dug are still to be seen on the east bank of the beau- 
 tiful river which perpetuates his name. 
 
 Blanchardville, a village in Palmer. 
 
 Blaildford is alar S e antl geologically interesting town in 
 the westerly part of Hampden County. In form 
 it is nearly square, with an area of 36,4.37 acres, beside highways and 
 water surfaces. There are 9.975 acres of woodland. Blandford is 
 bounded by Chester and Huntington on the north, Russell on the 
 east, Granville and Tolland on the south, and Otis and Becket on 
 the west. The nearest railroad station is at the northeast and just 
 across the line, at Huntington, on the Boston and Albany Railroad 
 110 miles from Boston. 
 
 Dug Hill, a little north of the centre of the town, rises to the height 
 of 1,022 feet, and Jackson's Hill, in the southwest, to 1,717 feel above 
 the level of the sea. Other prominent elevations are Green Mountain 
 in the north (at the base of which there is a sulphur spring), Tarrot 
 Hill in the east, and Beach Hill in the south. In the northwest cor- 
 ner of the town, a singular depression in an elevated tract has the 
 appearance of having been a volcanic crater. The town is rich in 
 minerals: marmolite, actinolite, schiller-spar. serpentine, chromic 
 iron, rose-quartz in bowlders, and other interesting specimens occur. 
 North-meadow Pond, 81 » acres in extent, Long Pond, 150, and Blair 
 Pond, of 125 acres, are fine sheets of water lying in the westerly sec- 
 tion. From the latter issues Pond Brook, whose waters, uniting with 
 streams from two other ponds, form Pebble Brook ; which, after 
 curving about a hill containing a snapstone quarry, leaves the town 
 at its southeastern angle, and helps to swell the "Westrield River. 
 
 The town has two tanneries, a grist mill, and six saw mills. There are 
 manufactories of wagons, bedsteads, cardboards, whip-butts and sev- 
 eral others. The aggregate product, in 1 *«.">, was 23.91*. The chief 
 employment, however, is agriculture. The butter and cheese here 
 made, from the milk of cows fed on the rich grazing lands of the hill- 
 sides, are of superior quality. The growing of wool also receives 
 much attention. The aggregate product, in 18X5, of the IS.", farms 
 was valued at *15f>,059. The number of neat cattle kept in the town 
 at that time was 1,543. The valuation in 18S8 was J? .'SUN. 6 .11, and the 
 tax-rate $19.50 on $1,000. The population, by the last census, was 
 954, with 222 dwelling-houses. 
 
 There are thirteen school-houses, valued at about $4,500. The four 
 Sunday schools have libraries containing in the aggregate about 1,500 
 volumes. There are a Congregational church and a Methodist church 
 at the centre, and another of the Methodists at North Blandford. The 
 central Congregational church edifice stands on the summit of the 
 local elevation, and commands a most enchanting prospect. 
 
 This town was settled by a company of Scotch-Irish ; who, becom- 
 ing dissatisfied with the Rev. Samuel Barrett, of Hopkinton, removed 
 
154 UAZETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 hither. They at first culled tin; place New Glasgow, from the city 
 of Glasgow, in Scotland. Among the fa\nily naui<'8 "1 the first set- 
 tlers arc Hamilton, Blair, Stewart, .Montgomery, Campbell, Wilson, 
 Stinnett, Young, Knox and (Iiijus. The first team which reached 
 the place was that owned by Israel Cibbs and driven by Widow- 
 Moses Carr. The first white child born in the town was Israel Cibbs, 
 junior. The first money appropriated for education was "three 
 pounds, to be laid out to byre a schoolmaster." This was in Septem- 
 ber, 175G. The school was taught by a sea-captain in the house of 
 Robert Black, who also had come from Hopkinton. Their first min- 
 ister was Rev. Mr. McChnathan. The church (Congregational) was 
 organized in 17.'>f> in Jlopkinton, before the emigrantsstarted on their 
 journey. The Kev. Bonis Clarke, B.D., was settled kere in I XL'.'!, 
 and continued as pastor until l.s.'5o. The town was incorporated April 
 10, 1741 ; deriving its name from the title, Marquis of Blandford, the 
 second of the honors belonging to the Duke of Marlborough. Gov- 
 ernor William Shirley, who succeeded to the chief magistracy of the 
 Commonwealth a few months later (August 17th) came to Boston 
 in a ship called "The Blandford," which may have suggested this 
 name. 
 
 There were, in 1X85. twenty residents of the town who were over 
 80 years of age, and four over '.10. Blandford his given to the coun- 
 try the Hon. Eli P. Ashmun (1770-lxl;>), an able lawyer, and United 
 States senator ; John H. Ashmun (1X00-1X3.'>), a legal scholar of dis- 
 tinction; and Rufus V. Itanney (lXl.i). an able jurist. 
 
 BlaneyVllle, a village in Attleborough. 
 
 Bleachery, a village in Lowell; also one in Waltham. 
 
 BllSSVllle, a village in Orange. 
 
 BlltheWOod, a village in Worcester. 
 
 Bloomingdale, a village in Worcester. 
 
 Rlne T— T ill a village in the south part of Milton; also a 
 11 ^ 11UI > range of hills, viz.: Croat Blue Hill, in the 
 north part of Canton (<">."> feet in height) ; Little Blue Hill, also in 
 Canton (.'i.'io feet); Hancock Hill, in Milton (.~>07 feet); and the fol- 
 lowing in Quincy: Hugbee Hill (.|;;<» feet), Hear Hill (BCi feet), 
 Glover's Hill (l.:o feet), Chiekataubut Hill (MX feet), Wampa- 
 tuck Hill (H.-.7 feet), Rattlesnake Hill (.'U4 feet). 
 
 BobtOWn, a village in Pittsfield. 
 
 Bolton ' S in ' a B , ' il ' ul,, "' a ' town, situated on elevated land of 
 
 remarkable scenic beauty, in the easterly part of 
 
 Worcester County, .".() miles west of. Boston. It is bounded on the 
 
IiOLTOX. 155 
 
 north by Harvard, east by Stow, south by Hudson ami Berlin, and 
 on the west by Clinton and Lancaster. Its railroad connections arc 
 at the southeast (Hudson), on the Central Massachusetts Division 
 of the Boston and Maine Railroad and the Marlboro branch of the 
 Fitchburg Railroad; and at the west centre (Bolton), on the Clinton 
 Branch of the Old Colony Railroad. 
 
 The underlying rocks in this town are calcareous gneiss and 
 Merrimack schists, in which occur fine specimens of seapolite, Bol- 
 tonite, magnesite, allanite, sphene, nuttalite, radiated, fibrous and 
 brown hornblende, and other curious minerals. There are also lime- 
 stone ledges in which excavations have been made. From the 
 quarry at Rattlesnake Mountain, half a century ajjo, there were 
 annually sent fifteen to twenty thousand bushels of lime. The rock, 
 however, is largely magnesian, and so fetid under the hammer as to 
 produce nausea. The land is high, and forms the water-shed be- 
 tween the Nashua and Assabet rivers. Long Hill, Pine Hill and 
 Spectacle Hill are beautiful eminences in the southeast section. 
 Vaughan's Hill is conspicuous in the northwest; while Watto- 
 quottuc Hill rises to a height of about '.W feet, and forms a re- 
 markable feature in the southwest section of the town. It is the 
 highest eminence between Wachusett Mountain and the city of 
 Boston, and from its summit, in clear weather, the State House may 
 be seen. The old mansion on this hill, occupied by Jonathan For- 
 bush for a generation, is very spacious and sightty. Seventy years 
 ago it was owned and occupied by the father of Colonel T. W. 
 Higginson. He was succeeded by Solomon Wilder, who entertained 
 with princely hospitality. Lafayette, during his tour of the country 
 in 1824, made a visit here. The late Hon. S. H. Howe also had his 
 residence on this eminence. George B. Emerson has described the 
 view from one of these hills, as follows : " Many travellers are famil- 
 iar with a hill in Bolton, on the road to Lancaster, which opens a 
 prospect of surpassing beauty in the wide area of many miles cir- 
 cuit spread out to the view, comprehending the charming village of 
 Lancaster, through which the quiet Nashua marks out its winding 
 channel, and presenting in the distant prospect some of the high?st 
 hills of Massachusetts and some lofty mountains of New llam]>- 
 shire. The magnificent elms which proudly spread their wide 
 branching tops upon the meadows ; the groves, here and there, 
 which the axe has spared; the frequent orchards, which indicate the 
 wise care of the cultivator; and the extensive forests in the dis- 
 tance, with their mingled shades of green, from the most sombre to 
 the brightest tint, conspire to present a landscape which fixes the 
 attention of the most careless, and which, in its varied forms of 
 light and shade, of forest and cultivation, of valley ami mountain, 
 of crops and trees, with here and there a beautiful village, with its 
 spires pointing to heaven from among the trees, can never fail to 
 charm the eye and to touch the heart." 
 
 Little and West's ponds in the southeast part of the town contain 
 about twenty acres each; Welch's Pond, about half-way up the side 
 of Wottoquottuc Hill, is a little gem. The beautiful Nashua River 
 
1 -> ( ] HA'AETTEHK OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 runs across the northern angle of the town ; and further in, Still 
 ltiver, on which there arc rich intervales, pursues a parallel course, — 
 beginning and ending in the former, and marking, perhaps, its an- 
 cient bed. The soil of the town is of superior quality, consisting of 
 clayey loam and gravel ; and the farmers are, in general, thrifty, in- 
 dependent and progressive. The area of the town is about 12,000 
 acres, exclusive of highways ; of this, about 4,000 acres is forest, con- 
 .sisting of chestnut, oak and pine. The farms number 1 -is, and the 
 dwellings 221. The farm product, in lS.So, was *17"».">23; the 
 largest item (£00,2711) Being the dairy product. The manufactures 
 consist of lumber, vehicles, vinegar; whose value, with others, in 
 the same year, was £-7,1' 40. The valuation in 1NX8 was * 177,607; 
 rate of taxation, $10 on £1,000. The population is X7G. 
 
 There is a pleasant village called Fryville in the southern part of 
 the town ; and the centre, lying between the rounded hills, has an air 
 of neatness and of quiet beauty. The roads are excellent, and be- 
 side them are many maple trees of large size. The Old Powder 
 House is a noted object of interest. There is an admirable public 
 library, containing nearly 3,000 volumes. The three Sunday-school 
 libraries in the town contain about 1,200 additional. There are 
 mixed schools, and a grammar and a high school, with seven build- 
 ings, valued at about £10,000. The Baptists, Unitarians and 
 Friends have church edifices here ; that of the first being largest, 
 and a pretty Gothic structure. The first Congregational society 
 (Unitarian) was organized in 17-10; the Friends in 1799; and the 
 Baptist in lJS.'i'!. Rev. Thomas Goss, settled in 1741, was the first 
 minister. 
 
 The territory of this town was taken from Lancaster and incorpo- 
 rated in 17.'!S, — being named in honor of the third Duke of Bolton 
 (Charles Powlet), long a member of the British Colonial Council. 
 In 17S4 parts of Bolton and Marlboro were established as the dis- 
 trict of Berlin; in 1*29 part of Marlboro was annexed to Bolton; 
 and in lS(iS the southeast corner of Bolton was annexed to Hudson. 
 
 The town sent about 1 .">."> soldiers into the late war, of whom 23 
 were lost. In memory of these it lias placed mural tablets in the 
 town hall. Amoug eminent citizens mention is made of General 
 Amorv Holman, Jonathan Forbush, Solomon H. Howe and S. V. S. 
 Wilder. 
 
 Ti (~) Q "~V (~) TVT the metropolis of New England, the capital 
 ±JW, ~' A wiN > of Massachusetts, and seat of justice for the 
 county of Suffolk, lies at the western extremity, or head, of Massa- 
 ehusetts Bay, — 464 miles by rail northeast of Washington, 236 north- 
 east of New York, and Ion southwest of Portland. The latitude of 
 the State House is 42° 21' 30" north; and the longitude, 71° 3' 51" 
 west. 
 
 It has Needham, Newton, Brookline, Watertown, Cambridge and 
 Nomervillo on the west ; Everett, Chelsea and Kevere on the north; 
 Winthrop, Massachusetts Bay, and Hull on the east; Hingham, 
 <,»uiiiey, Milton, Hyde Bark and Brookline on the south. Its area is 
 19,100* acres. 
 
BOSTOX. 157 
 
 The city of Boston, as it now exists, has been made up of numerous 
 aggregations. The nucleus was, of course, the present North End. 
 The settlement grew southward, expanding about Dock Square, 
 thence extending around Fort Hill and the sides of Beacon Hill, then 
 from the North End along the shore to the West End, with a lively 
 little village at the South End, advancing farther and farther south- 
 ward to intercept the country business coming over what was then 
 Boston Neck. These constituted old Boston, whose territory con- 
 sisted of the peninsula extending from the^nainland northeasterly, 
 about two miles in length by one in breadth. 
 
 South Boston was annexed in 1804 ; East Boston (known as Nod- 
 dle's Island) in 1836 ; Roxbury, in 1S67 ; Dorchester, in 1869 ; Charles- 
 town, West Eoxbury and Brighton, in 1S73. Although the spaces 
 between the settlements have filled up, the old village names still 
 attach to the localities ; and while the old town names designate their 
 limit as districts, there are also still existing in name the old and 
 new village localities of the North End, Dock Square, Meeting House 
 Hill, Harrison Square, Commercial Point, Xeponset, Lower Mills, 
 Mattapan, Jamaica Plains, Dorchester (village), West Roxbury (vil- 
 lage). Brighton (village) Allston, Back Pay, and others. Old " Corn- 
 hill '' has contracted to a street, and Fort Hill lias been dug down 
 until there remains of it nothing but Fort Hill Square. 
 
 Boston Harbor is, to a large extent, bordered with rivers, creeks, 
 bays and inlets, and hence is remarkably irregular in its outtine. The 
 harbor is deep and capacious, and is studded with as many as forty 
 picturesque islands, of which the most noted are Deer Island, of 1 N 1 
 acres, conveyed to the town March -1, l<i,'!4-5; Thompson's Island, 
 annexed to the city from Dorchester March 1~>, 1834 ; ( i reat Brewster 
 Island, of 16 acres ; Gallop's Island, of the same size ; Lovell's Island; 
 Long Island, on which is a lighthouse; Apple Island; Rainsford 
 Island; Peddocks Island; Spectacle Islands; Governor's Island, on 
 which is Fort Winthrop; Castle Island containing Fort Independence : 
 and Georges Island, occupied by Fort Warren, the outermost and 
 strongest fortification of the harbor. The outer limits of the harbor 
 are marked on the north by Point Shirley, the southern extremity 
 of the town of Winthrop, and on the south by Point Allertou, the 
 northeastern extremity of the peninsular town of Hull. The inter- 
 vening square of about four miles is largely occupied by islands, af- 
 fording additional protection to the waters within. The main ship 
 channel is between Point Allerton on the south and Boston Light 
 on the north, with Fort Warren farther in on the south and the Bug 
 Light on the north. The inner harbor is capable of holding Alio 
 ships at anchor between Fort Winthrop and Fort Independence. 
 It embraces about seventy-five square miles, and is considered, in re- 
 spect to its freedom from sandbars, depth, capacity and defences 
 (natural as well as artificial), one of the finest in the world. It 
 receives the waters of the Mystic River (navigable to Medford), of the 
 Charles River (navigable to Watertown), and of the Neponset 
 River) navigable to Milton). About 240 wharves extend into the 
 harbor, most of them strongly constructed. 
 
i;,S GAZETTEER OF 3LMSACHUSETTX. 
 
 The city is divided into 25 wards, containing, May 1,1888, 120,499 
 assessed male polls, 18,331 dwelling-houses, and a total assessed valu- 
 ation of $764,452,548, with $1.34 per $100 as the rate of taxation, 
 [n addition to this amount there was exempt property, consisting 
 n! church and benevolent institutions, to the estimated value of 
 $20,257,706. The school-houses, in 1880, were valuedat $7,996,500; 
 the municipal buildings $6,534,364; while those belonging to the 
 countj were estimated at $2,000,000. The cost of the uew county 
 building, a aoble, fire-prifol structure of bricks, granite and iron, oc- 
 cupying the entire western side oi Pemberton Square, has been i •- 
 mated at $2,500,000. There were in L880, 3,319 ind L258 
 
 miscellaneous buildings, in addition to dwellings. 
 
 The population in 1800 was 30,049; in 1820, 51,117; in 1840, 
 L07.347; in 1860, 212,746; 1875, 341,919; L880, 362,839; in L885, 
 390,393, of whom 132,975 were born in foreign countries. In the 
 years from 1860 to 1875, annexation added largely to the population. 
 The valuation in 1840 was 194,581,600 ; in I860, *278 861,000; in 1870, 
 $584,089,400; in 1880, $639,462,495; in 1886, $723,707,148. 
 
 The government is invested in a city council, chosen annually on 
 the second Monday in December, consisting of a mayor, 12 aldermen 
 and '- common councilmen. 
 
 The geological formati f the territory is Bienite, conglomerate, 
 
 trap, slate, drift, and undetermined rock. There are ledges of slate 
 in the harbor, ami beds of clay andoi peat are found in severallocal- 
 ities. Ledges of pudding-stone occur extensively in the Highlands, 
 from which substantial and handsome walls for buildings arc con- 
 st ructed. 
 
 The surface of the city is beautifully diversified by upland, hill 
 ami valley, affording charming Bites for building, and presenting alto- 
 gel lier a scenic aspect remarkable for its freshness ami variety. The 
 highlands of East Boston overlook the harbor with its numerous 
 islands, ami constitute a prominent feature in the general landsca 
 Theh ights o] Dorchester, and the romantic eminences of Etoxbury, 
 as well as tlir noted elevations, Savin Hill. Meeting-house hill. Dor- 
 chester Heights (■'!■ Telegraph Hill, also called Mount Washington), 
 in South Boston, Mount Bowdoin, in Old Dorchester, and Bellevue 
 Hill (330 feet), in West Roxbury, afford enchanting land ami water 
 views; while at Beacon Hill, about 1 Hi feet above low tale, we may 
 ascend to the cupola of the State House, about I lit feet higher, and 
 gazeona panorama unequalled elsewhere en our seaboard. Built 
 
 upon so many picturesq minences, Boston, viewed from the sea 
 
 or 1 1- the land, appears alike magnificent, 
 
 1 ntilafterthe Revolution, what was then Boston was merely an 
 irregular expanse of land connected to the mainland by a narrow 
 Btrip between BackandSouth Bays, which at the highest tides was 
 overflown bj the sea, A.s the years have relied on and house-lots 
 have advanced in price more and more nearly tothatof the buildings 
 placed upon them, tl Meek" has been raised bj laboriously trans- 
 ported Boil and waste material ; while South Bay has steadily grown 
 narrower, ami Back Baj has been wholly filled up, except about 30 
 
nosTOX. 
 
 159 
 
 acres, reserved for the salt-water pond in Back Bay Park. Five or 
 six elegant avenues, instead of the poor and primitive one, now afford 
 communication with the Highlands ; and the section, still having the 
 name of " South End," is wider and more beautiful than the original 
 town itself. Other parts of the city also have been thus extended ; 
 and handsome private dwellings, railroad depots, stores and churches 
 occupy many broad acres which were covered with water and with 
 shipping less than half a century ago. 
 
 East Boston has communication with the other portions of the city 
 by two steam ferries, and the ferry of the Boston, Revere and Lynn 
 Railroad, and by a roundabout land route through the Charlestown dis- 
 trict and the city of Chelsea; Congress Street, Mount Washington 
 Avenue, Federal Street, Broadway and Dover Street bridges afford 
 ready access with South Boston; Charles River Bridge (l.oO.'I ieet 
 long, opened June 17, 1786) and Warren Bridge connect the Charles- 
 town district with the main section; <\mal or Cr.iigie's I'.ridge 
 (opened in LSo'.t), West Boston Bridge, and the new Harvard Bridge, 
 near Back Bay Park, put Cambridge in direct and pleasant communi- 
 cation with all parts of Boston ; while Western Avenue, or the " M ill- 
 Dam," Huntington Avenue, Longwood Avenue, Francis, Perkins, 
 Pond, Church, Arnold and half a dozen other streets, bind the town 
 of Brookline closely to the side of the expanding city. 
 
 The steam railroads ra- 
 diating from the city have 
 each one or more bridges, 
 carrying numerous tracks. 
 Of these, the Fitchburg, 
 Boston and Maine, East- 
 ern, and Boston and Low- 
 ell, all have spacious 
 depots on or near Cause- 
 way Street ; the Boston 
 and Albany road and the 
 Old Colony have spacious 
 depots on Kneeland 
 Street ; the New York and Xew England Railroad has its depot at 
 the foot of Summer Street, with ample freight houses and ducks 
 on the filled flats a little eastward : the Old Colony, while occupying 
 its old-time position and lines, has recently added tu its system 
 the Boston and Providence line, the depot of which is at Park 
 Square. Street railroads, also, operated by horses or by electricity, 
 connect the depots, the different parts of the city, and the various 
 suburbs by frequent trips, to which are added several lines of 
 coaches, and numerous rapid herdics, and the more elegant and easy 
 
 O O 3.C ll 6 S 
 
 Several lines of ocean steamers connect the city with Europe,— 
 the Cunard, the Warren, the Allan, the Furness, the Leykmd, the 
 Ouion and others; so that one may sail on one or more days oi the 
 week for England, "Scotland, France and Germany; and, less fre- 
 quently, for some Mediterranean port, Australia, and far-off China. 
 
 LOWELL-RAILROAD DI-.PuT. 
 
160 
 
 OAZETTEEIl <>!■' MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The lines running to South America, the Gulf of Mexico, the West 
 Indies and ports along our own coasl and the British Provinces, are 
 numerous, and their trips frequent. The railroads generally have 
 special lines oi telegraph along their roads, \\ bile the public lines are 
 so numerous that almost instantaneous communication may be held 
 with every part of the country, and, bj means of the ocean cables 
 with Europe. 
 
 . tetejpiwf - 
 
 
 i -oils SQUARE S I An ION, , I I6TON. 
 
 ,.,,""' ll " 1 ''' 1 ; "' r dations ol Boston are ample and admirable. 
 
 1 lie number receiving transient guests is nearlj 100. The Revere 
 
 : ""! |V " it hotels have been the longest familial- to the travelling 
 
 public, but do not excel Barker's, i r oung's, the Adams, the Quincy, 
 ""' ' """' l States. The Crawford House and the American House 
 are favorites with village merchants; the Back Bay houses, hand- 
 s ".""' '" appearance and sumptuous in appointments, — the Bruns- 
 wick, \ enilome, Victoria, an I. latest, the Thorndike,— find profitable 
 
BOSTON. 161 
 
 patronage. Space does not allow of further individual mention of 
 the more than 200 respectable public houses of the city. 
 
 From its peculiar configuration, the streets and lanes of the city 
 proper were laid out originally with very little regard to regularity 
 or order, and they are consequently somewhat confusing to the 
 stranger. Since the great fire in November, 1872, there has been 
 much improvement in them by widening and straightening. • 
 
 The total number of streets in 1SS0 was 616; and these, with the 
 bridges, squares and alleys, are lighted by 10,177 gas lights, 2,8(15 oil 
 and fluid lamps, and 601 electric lights ; the total number of lights 
 being 3,o.S;.>. The principal avenue is Washington Street; which, 
 commencing on the western side of the northern section, runs medi- 
 ally through the city, southeasterly to State Street, thence south- 
 westerly, quite into Dedham, some five miles from its starting point. 
 Nearly parallel with this, in its middle section, then radiating, are Dor- 
 chester Avenue, Albany Street and Harrison and Blue Hill avenues 
 on the east, with Shawmut Avenue, Tremont Street and Columbus 
 and Huntington avenues on the west. These are intersected at all 
 angles by shorter streets, as Hanover, noted for its retail stores; 
 State Street, for its banking institutions ; Franklin and Summer 
 streets, reconstructed on the ruins of the gnat fire, and Congress 
 Street, noted for their wholesale business; Devonshire Street, for it-. 
 wholesale trade and business offices, among which is the magnifi- 
 cent post-office building. Beacon Street extends from Tremont 
 Street ever the southern brow of Beacon Hill, past the Common 
 and the Public Garden, thence over what was formerly a mill dam, 
 into Brookline, acquiring in its course the more sounding name of 
 Western Avenue; to which in truth, however, it is entitled, being 
 one of the fashionable and frequented carriage ways of the city. 
 The extended canopy formed by the overhanging branches of the 
 majestic elms along the Common and Public Garden, with the noblo 
 vista of the avenue losing itself among the Brookline hills, give it a 
 beauty not surpassed in America. Here, Commonwealth Avenue 
 alone rivals it; being 2">o feet in width, and having between its two 
 roadways, for its whole length, a grassy park, with a broad prom- 
 enade flanked on either side by a double, row of handsome trees. 
 This avenue extends from the middle of the western side of this 
 Public Garden, through the Driving Park, and ends at Brooklino 
 Avenue. Its narrow park measures ten acres. At intervals along 
 the middle line, statues are set, — General Glover, Alexander Hamil- 
 ton, William Lloyd Garrison, and near the entrance of the Driving 
 Park the striking and beautiful one of Lief Ericson, the Norwegian 
 explorer of a.d. 1000. At the eastern end, just within the Public 
 Garden, is the equestrian statue of Washington. Other marked 
 features of this avenue are the lofty white marble front of the 
 Hotel Vendome, the noble tower of the First Baptist Society's 
 church, the Algonquin Club House, and the handsome residences. 
 On the south side of the Common and Public Garden is Boylston 
 Street, starting from Washington Street and ending at the Driving 
 Bark. Upon this street, at the intersection of Huntington Avenue 
 
Hj-2 a.v/.KTTi-:i-:n of Massachusetts. 
 
 iind Clarendon and Dartmouth .streets, is Copley Square, — from its 
 area and surrounding ediliccs the finest square in the city. 
 
 The principal thoroughfares in Kiist Boston arc Chelsea Street, 
 running longitudinally witli the island, and .Meridian .Street, so 
 called from its running north and south. The lirst connects with 
 Chelsea at the north, the latter at the south, — meeting at a sharp 
 angle near the centre of tin- southern section. Other streets cross 
 these, usually running in direct, lines across the island. Webster 
 Street commands a fine view of Boston Harbor and the city proper, 
 and is adorned with many beautiful residences. The street system 
 of South Boston is, for the most part, regular; the avenues generally 
 crossing each other at right angles. Dorchester Avenue runs di- 
 rectly smith, by South Hay, from Federal Street in the city proper to 
 Milton Lower Mills; while Broadway, the principal thoroughfare, 
 ornamented with trees, runs centrally through the territory to City 
 Point. Warren Street and Walnut Avenue are the principal car- 
 riage ways through Boston Highlands ; and Washington Street (east) 
 and Dorchester Avenue, Bowdoin, Hancock and Boston streets, 
 through Dorchester. 
 
 The principal avenues of Charlestown are < helsea Street, passing 
 along the laud side of the Navy Yard, and connecting Warren and 
 Chelsea bridges; Bunker Hill, Main and Medford streets, running 
 from Chelsea Street through the whole length of the peninsula, and 
 at Charlestown Xeck uniting in Broadway, which stretches over 
 Winter Hill in Somerville quite to Medford. Monument Square, 
 the largest public park, has an area of about six acres. Market 
 Square is a handsome space, in the southern section. City Square, 
 at the extremity of the peninsula, is the point whence radiate most 
 of the principal streets, and is flanked on the south by the huge 
 building called the Waverly House, built by Moses Dow from the 
 profits of the " Waverly Magazine." Another line building is what 
 was Charlestown's "City Hall," now a branch of Boston Public 
 Library. 
 
 Brighton is the chief cattle market of New England. Its chief 
 objects of note are the Abattoir (the place of slaughter of food 
 animals); the Cattle-fair Hotel; Allston — a pleasant modern 
 village where terminates the " Mile-ground; '' Bigelow Hill, whence 
 are fine views of sea, villages and vistas of hills ; and the Chestnut 
 Hill llescrvoir with its driveway, at the south, near the line of 
 Newton. 
 
 Boston Common is a public park, containing about 48 acres, on 
 the southwesterly slope of Beacon Hill. It is beautifully diversified 
 with knolls, avenues, parterres and fountains ; and delightfully shel- 
 tered by great trees, — English and American elms, lindens, several 
 varieties of maple, English oak, cottonwood and other kinds. 
 
 Near the centre is an iron fence surrounding a thrifty young tree, 
 on the spot where stood the Old Kim, so noted from its size and for 
 the tragic events which have occurred in its vicinity. In 177C, as 
 many as thirty Indians, concerned in massacres, were hung upon the 
 branches of this and other trees around it. Here, in early days, 
 
BOSTON. 
 
 163 
 
 Quakers were hung for conscience' sake ; and here, later, Whitefield 
 preached to an audience, it is said, of 20,000. This tree was de- 
 stroyed in the great gale in 1876. Near by, on the north side, is the 
 
 ARM! AND NAVY MONUMENT, 
 
 Frog Pond (without a frog), a pretty little lake, and within it a 
 fountain throwing a huge jet of water to a great height. Rising 
 from the margin of the pond is the central and highest elevation of 
 
164 (SAZETTEKK OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the Common, on the summit of which stands a lofty column of 
 white granite surmounted by the bronze figure of Liberty; its base 
 surrounded by allegorical figures of stone in half relief; while 
 lower, on the four angles of the pedestal, are bronze statues of a 
 soldier, a sailor, the muse of history and the genius of peace. The 
 monument is by Milman, and commemorates the sons of Boston lost 
 in the war of the Rebellion. On the Park Street side of the Com- 
 mon is the noble fountain presented by Gardner Brewer. About 
 midway on the Tremont Street side are the Cogswell fountain, 
 mostly of granite, and the interesting monument to Liberty, erected 
 in 18H8. The design is by Robert Kraus. It is a round column of 
 granite on a pedestal oi' the same material, on the front projection 
 of which stands a beautiful bronze figure of Liberty, with an eagle 
 just alighting at her feet. It is popularly known as the Crispus 
 Attacks monument, because his name stands first on the list of 
 those who fell in the Boston Massacre, in 1770, which this monu- 
 ment commemorates. In the southern part of the Common is the 
 Old Central Burying Ground, long unused, and now deeply shaded 
 by a variety of thrifty trees. In tins cemetery were buried many 
 British soldiers. In the early days of the Revolution the Common 
 was the principal camp ground of the British. The Charles Street 
 side was then the western water front, and along its line were pits 
 for the musketmen ; while batteries occupied the eminences in the 
 rear. 
 
 The Public < rarden, separated from the Common by Charles 
 Street, was laid out in 1*0.'!. It comprises about L'4 acres, recovered 
 from the tide, and lying in the form of a parallelogram, with an 
 artificial lake of about four acres in the centre. - A fountain in its 
 northern part is the source of supply. Clumps of trees and shrubs 
 about the margin and the rocky island, give variety to the scenery; 
 which is further increased by a bridge thrown across the lake at a 
 narrow place midway of its length. The latter also affords an ex- 
 cellent standing place to see the movements of the numerous boats 
 with which the lake is supplied. Clumps of shrubs, trees singly 
 and in groups, beds of Mowers varied weekly through the season, 
 meet the eye of the visitor in every direction. The garden is fur- 
 ther decorated by the elegant monumental fountain of marble with 
 carved base, and surmounted by a sculptured group consisting of 
 surgeon and his patient, erected in honor of the discoverer of 
 aiuesthetics ; by the beautiful marble fountain representing Venus 
 standing in a shell rising from the sea ; by the bronze figures of 
 Edward Everett and Charles Sumner, near the north and south sides 
 of the garden; and last and most impressive of all, the bronze 
 equestrian statue of AYashington, by Thomas Ball. The figures are 
 of heroic proportions, and are set on a granite pedestal 16 feet in 
 height. 
 
 The Driving Park, situated in the Back Bay district, on Charles 
 River, and near Rrookline, lias an area of about 106 acres, including 
 some .">"> acres of water in stream and pond; and consists of a fine, 
 broad road running along the higher portions of the park in a laby- 
 
BOSTON. 165 
 
 rinthian manner, making a driveway of several miles in length. 
 Slender-shafted trees line the road, thickets of shrubs occupy the 
 steeper banks, while beds of hardy flowers fill vacant plats of ground 
 on terrace and slope. Another attractive place for small parties to 
 stroll and lunch is Franklin Park, in the Roxbury district, — a half- 
 wild tract of forest and field, large enough to contain the Common 
 and Public Garden seven times over. Near by, on the west, is the 
 Arnold Arboretum, in West Roxbury, about one-third as large. It 
 is a scientific botanical garden under the direction of Harvard Col- 
 lege. There are in the city, belonging to it, about 40 minor parks, 
 turfed, and planted with trees and shrubs, and having an average 
 area of about an acre. Eleven of these are in the city proper (or 
 Old Boston), three in South Boston, five in East Boston, ten in Rox- 
 bury, three in Dorchester, four in Charlestown, two in West Roxbury, 
 and two in Brighton. There is throughout the city a remarkable 
 number of streets shaded by colonnades of fine trees, often of great 
 size. The Charles River Embankment, 200 feet in width, extending 
 along the south bank of the river from Leverett Street, near 
 Craigie's Bridge, to Cottage Farm Bridge, near the Riding Park in 
 Brighton, will contain about 69 acres. The Chestnut Hill Reser- 
 voir, at the borders of Brighton and the city of Newton (where 
 Beacon Street terminates) has a broad marginal park, making an 
 agreeable driveway. Altogether, the park system of P.oston now 
 contains about 1,133 acres ; and there is a project to add a marine 
 park at South Boston, and a large park for Charlestown. There are 
 also three or four private "gardens," where entertainments are 
 given, and the public admitted for a fee. 
 
 The climate of the city, though variable, is generally favorable 
 to health, and usually fur a large portion of the year affords most 
 delightful weather. The east and northeast winds in the latter 
 part of the winter and early spring, and the sudden great changes 
 of temperature at all seasons, are severely felt by people of weak 
 constitutions or enfeebled conditions of the body; but the intense 
 heats of summer are agreeably tempered by the same ocean breezes, 
 which bring an atmosphere filled with the salty vapors of the sea. 
 The temperature for six months of the year is within the range 
 most comfortable for all ; while January and July give extremes 
 which cause discomfort at times, these periods are not often so pro- 
 longed as to depress the health. The average temperature of the 
 hottest and coldest months for the ten years including 1ST I and 
 1880 was, for January, -'7.3°, and for July, 71.8°. The death-rate 
 of the city in 1880 (not a specially favorable period) was 23.40 per 
 cent. ; there having been 9,205 deaths from an estimated population 
 of 395,924. 
 
 Boston has 35 public and private cemeteries. Of these, Copp's Hill, 
 at the north end of the city, and the King's Chapel and the Granary 
 cemeteries, are the oldest. The largest are Forest Hills Cemetery, con- 
 taining 228 acres, and Mount Hope Cemetery, 105 acres, in Roxbury. 
 The other large ones are Evergreen Cemetery, in Brighton ; Cedar 
 Grove Cemetery, in Dorchester ; Mount Calvary Cemetery, in Rox- 
 
166 
 
 QAXBTTKKH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 bury; St. Benedict's, in West Roxbury. The noted Mount Auburn 
 Cemetery, just outside of Boston, is made use of by many of its fam- 
 ilies. 
 
 Attractive points, as affording the best views, are the old Dor- 
 chester Heights, fortiiied by General Washington, now called, also, 
 "Telegraph Hill "and "Mount Washington," in what is now the 
 South Boston district ; Barker Hill, and West Roxbury Fort (the 
 
 MA8WAOIIIKETT8 CENEKAL HOSPITAL, DOSTOS. 
 
 site marked by the handsome standpipe of the Boston Water Works), 
 the cupola of the State House; Bunker Hill Monument; and, in the 
 near suburbs, Corey Hill, in Brookline, and Mount Auburn Obser- 
 vatory. Of antiquarian interest, there are the Copp's Hill Ceme- 
 tery and the Granary Burying Ground; Christ Church; FaneuilHall; 
 the Massachusetts Historical Society's and the New England Genea- 
 logical Society's collections; the old South Church, and the Old 
 State House and its contents. Of scientific interest are the collections 
 
 Jssfe 
 
 fr:::;ili *« »> •• »> " 
 -Pf"»v>:iss{,sa»!*; 
 
 kJLH* 
 
 MECHANICS' FAIR 1UILDING, BOSTON. 
 
 of the Boston Natural History Society ; the Bussey Institution and 
 Arnold A Iboretum, in West Roxbury"; the United States Arsenal at 
 Watertown; and the Navy Yard in Charlestown. Lovers of litera- 
 ture and art will be interested by the Boston l'ublio Library, the 
 Boston Atheneum, and delighted at the Museum of Fine Arts. Lovers 
 
jiosrox. 
 
 167 
 
 of musical science will visit the New England Conservatory of Music 
 at Franklin Square Park, and the Boston Conservatory, on Tremont 
 Street, overlooking the Common. For an outing, the visitor will 
 perhaps follow the example of the resident, and picnic in Franklin 
 Park, or try the sea breezes at Revere Beach or Nantasket. 
 
 Among the most conspicuous public buildings in the city are the 
 State House, Post-office, Custom House, City Hall, the new County 
 Court-house and the new Public Library, Faneuil Hall, Quincy and 
 Washington markets, and the jail on Charles Street. 
 
 Buildings of important benevolent uses are the Massachusetts 
 General Hospital, the City Hospital, the Lunatic Asylum, the Car- 
 
 MASONIC TEMPLE, BOSTON. 
 
 ney Hospital, Children's Hospital, New England Hospital for "Women 
 and Children, the Homeopathic Hospital, the Eve and Ear Infirm- 
 ary, the Perkins Institution for the Blind, and several of lesser 
 note. The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics' Association build- 
 ing, and Horticultural Hall, are interesting, and serve important 
 public uses. The Masonic Temple is of much interest from its 
 architecture, exterior and interior, and from its being the seat of the 
 highest Masonic authority in New England. 
 
 The older section of the State House, situate on the east side of 
 Mount Vernon Street and fronting on Beacon Street, is a substantial 
 and symmetrical structure 173 feet in length, 61 feet in depth, and 
 120 in height, crowning the summit of Beacon Hill. The top of the 
 dome is about 230 feet above tide-water. It was built upon land 
 
108 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MA.SSACHUHETTB. 
 
 formerly owned and occupied by John Hancock, and was opened for 
 legislative use on January 11, 1798. The bronze statues of Daniel 
 Webster and Horace Mann decorate the grounds in front. In Doric 
 Hall within, which will continue to serve as the elegant vestibule of 
 the vast edifice, are marble statues of President Washington and 
 Governer John A. Andrew, together with the battle flags of the 
 Massachusetts regiments in the war of the Rebellion, and other inter- 
 esting memorials. The new State House includes the old one which 
 bears the gilded dome, now so familiar to all who have looked upon 
 the city from far or near. The new portion joins solidly on the 
 
 STATE HOl'.HK — 11KACON STREET FRONT. 
 
 rear, and extends, by an arch over Mount Vernon Street, to about 
 the same distance beyond it as the older part extends on the Beacon 
 Street side. The new portion is of the same height, but the long 
 sky-line is broken at the middle by a projecting section surmounted 
 by a pediment somewhat in the style of a Greek temple. On this 
 projection, and an equal distance at each side, is a colonnade, similar 
 to the one on the front of the dome section. This fronts on the 
 broad eastern avenue made by the removal of the Temple Street 
 
KOtiTUX. 
 
 109 
 
 buildings as far as Deme street. Old Doric Hall, in the remodelled 
 edifice, serves as an entrance, through a broad arch that replaces its 
 back wall, to the great Memorial Hall, five steps higher, and occupy- 
 ing the space above the Mount Vernon Street arch. The building 
 is modest yet impressive 
 and beautiful in its ex- 
 terior, while its interior 
 is thought to be formed 
 perfectly to the purposes 
 of the General Court and 
 the other departments of 
 the State government. 
 
 The Custom House, on 
 State Street, is budt en- 
 tirely of granite, — ex- 
 terior and interior walls 
 and dome-like roof. It is 
 of the Doric order of ar- 
 chitecture; its ground 
 plan being the form of a 
 Greek cross. Its cost was over a million dollars. 
 
 The Post Office has a facade of more than L'(><> feet ou Devonshire 
 Street, but its front is on Liberty Square, and is much loftier. It is 
 
 THE CrSTOM HOUSE, BOSTON. 
 
 CITY HALL, llOKTON. 
 
 built of white Rockport granite, and its cost considerably exceeded 
 two millions of dollars. , , 
 
 City Hall, in Court S.niavo, ami fronting on School btreet, is built 
 
170 
 
 HA'lETtKKH OF M.\SS.\C111SE1 TS. 
 
 of Concord granite, in the style of the Italian Renaissance, — costing 
 more than half a million dollars. In front of it stand admirable 
 bronze statues of Benjamin Franklin, and of Josiah Quincy, an emi- 
 nent mayor of the earlier period of the eity. 
 
 The new County Court-house occupies the entire western side of 
 old remberton Square, and covers an area of x'),C,XH square feet. Its 
 length is quite near HO feet; width -'00 feet; height of walls from 
 the square, '.«» feet ; top of dome, L'OO ieet. The building is fire-proof 
 throughout, its exterior being of while granite, and the interior walls 
 of brick. In architectural style it is of German character on a basis 
 
 PANKI'ir. MAT. I. AND niMNCY M V K K FT. 
 
 of the Early Roman style, with special modifications by the architect. 
 It presents great variety of ornament with nobleness and solidity. 
 Its interior is remarkably adapted for light and air. 
 
 Large and handsome private buildings, both dwellings and busi- 
 ness houses, are becoming very numerous; while the architecture is 
 constantly becoming more definite and artistic 
 
 i'aneuil Hall, which, from the meeting held in it by the early advo- 
 cates of American freedom, came to be called ''The Cradle of Lib- 
 erty," was erected in 171'Janil presented to the city by Mr. Peter 
 Kanouil, a Boston merchant. The street floor and basement are 
 wholly occupied by markets for the sale of meats, fish, dairy prod- 
 ucts and vegetables; while the second story contains a hall 76 feet 
 square, decorated with large portraits in oil colors of Washington, 
 Samuel Adams. Haldol Webster and others, which is still much 
 used by popular assemblies. On the east side of this building stands 
 the Quincy building or market, of granite, much larger than the 
 
HOSTOX. 
 
 171 
 
 other, and used for the same purpose. It was opened in 1 s"7 Xearl y 
 all the section about Faneuil Hall, including part or all of severjl 
 streets, is devoted to the same kind of merchandise : the section ox- 
 tending quite to Atlantic Aveuue. 
 
 Boylston Market, for many years a landmark at the corner of 
 Washington and Boylston streets, has given place to a more modern 
 building of stone, of greater size and more varied uses. Washing- 
 ton Market, on the corner of Washington and Lenox streets, is the 
 third building in size devoted to the provision trade. 
 
 The great bell in Faneuil Hall is the only one in the city proper 
 which now gives general notice of fires ; the alarm being communi- 
 cated to the engine houses by electricity, from upwards of 400 boxes 
 placed in every part of the city. The lire department has 33 steam 
 lire engines, 8 chemical, and one hand engine, with necessary appar- 
 atus and carriages, with nearly 150 horses. The harbor, * also, is 
 supplied with two fire-engine boats. There are L'.'JS fire reservoirs. 
 and about 5,000 hydrants connected with the street mains of the cit\ 
 water-works. The latter also furnish an ample supply of water in 
 all parts of the city, the pipes delivering freely at even the most 
 elevated points. 
 
 Boston has an extensive and excellent sewerage system, which 
 drains it thoroughly. In its front is the illimitable sea ; and at its 
 back are hundreds of miles of grassy and forest-clad hills and valleys. 
 Owing to its situation, the air is constantly changing, and is of a high 
 degree of purity ; consequently the city proves a very wholesome 
 place of residence. 
 
 In her varied industries Boston manifests remarkable skill and 
 activity. Her sons are engaged in almost every art, manufacture. 
 trade, calling and profession. Her merchants, manufacturers and 
 seamen are known over all the world. Her capitalists are builders 
 and operators of railroads all over the country, and her capital has 
 aided, in large proportion, in opening the mines of precious metal * 
 in the mountainous West, and in developing manufactures in remote: 
 , sections of the Union. Among home industries, shipbuilding holds 
 
 a fair proportion. She is noted for small craft built for speed, 
 
 from the oarsman's shell to the swift-sailing schooner ; while steam 
 vessels up to 1,200 or 1,500 tons are occasionally sent out from her 
 yards. The annual value of this manufacture is about $1,000,000. 
 
 The annual catch of her fishermen, including fish products and 
 shell fish, reaches a value of about half a million dollars. In ad- 
 dition to this, a large part of the catch of other Massachusetts ports 
 and of Maine and New Hampshire is handled by the fish dealers of 
 Boston. 
 
 The dutiable value of imports for the year ending June 30, 1888, 
 was ¥63,807,778 ; the export of domestic merchandise for the same 
 period being *5;;,482,<><>4. There were also some exports of foreign 
 goods, from the quantity imported. These aggregates have been ex- 
 ceeded in several recent years. The foregoing statement does not 
 include coastwise traffic, nor that by land conveyance, whose figures 
 would vastly exceed those of the foreign trade ; but no means exists 
 
171 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 by which accurate data can be obtained regarding domestic com- 
 merce, excepting in the receipts of breadstuffs. Those of flour for 
 tliH year ending September 30, 1K.HK, were 2,H'.»9,2'J4 barrels; of corn, 
 <i,l(»7,.'S.'i3 bushels; of oats, 0,234,3 1 ; of wheat, 1,703,888. The num- 
 ber of vessels entering the customs district of Boston during the year 
 ending June 30, 1.HS0, was 2,874 ; and the number of clearances 
 for foreign ports was 2,kl'7. 
 
 ■- i. 
 
 G0I/5Gr\VAlDRJ0f V\USIC 
 
 ' [rarjkliySiprc Boston 
 
 The last. ri']iort of the Coin] it roller of the Currency (1S88) gives 
 the aggregate returns ot /">,"> Boston national banks, as follows : — 
 
 Capital Stock. Surplus Fund. 
 
 *.">!, 100,000 $13,203.2.-><>.20 
 
 Keturns from two private banks 420,000 1 00,544,00 
 
 A later statement shows 00 national banks in active business ill 
 the e.ity. There were also, at the close of the year 1X88, 15 savings 
 institutions, the aggregate of whose deposits, undivided earnings, 
 guaranty fund, premium, suspense and rent accounts was 1*101,808,- 
 
BOHTOX. 173 
 
 793.75 ; eight trust companies, whose capital stock, deposits, etc., 
 aggregated $58,523,89,6.07 ; two loan companies, whose assets 
 amounted to $280,752.19 ; two mortgage loan and investment com- 
 panies, whose resources aggregated $1,083,730.23 ; twelve co-opera- 
 tive banks, with assets amounting to 11,232.312.19. 
 
 The penal and reformatory institutions in the city are the prison 
 in Charlestown, belonging to the State, the county jail on Charles 
 Street, the House of Correction at South Boston, the House of In- 
 dustry and the House of Reformation, on Deer Island. There is 
 also a House for Neglected Children in ltoxbury, and almshouses on 
 Deer Island, Rainsford Island, and the Austin Farm. The South 
 End Industrial School for boys and girls was established six years 
 ago by a few philanthropic and practical persons ; and the number of 
 its pupils, together with its results within their homes and in their 
 later career, has already shown the utility of this class of institu- 
 tions. The same may be said concerning the Farm School for Boys 
 during a longer period; for this institution was organized in 1*32. Ir- 
 is intended for those of less favored condition than the former. 
 There are in the city upwards of <S7 private schools, having school 
 buildings and other property to the. value of nearly $4,ooo,0()0. This 
 number includes the collegiate institutions of Boston I'nivcrsity, 
 with its law, medical, theological, musical and general departments; 
 Boston College; Boston Academy of Notre Dame; the Massachu- 
 setts Institute of Technology ; and the professional schools, — the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, Harvard Medical School, Mas- 
 sachusetts College of Pharmacy, Boston Dental College, the New 
 England and the Boston Conservatories of Music, the Peters ilea 
 Academy, and the School of Drawing and Painting (Museum of Fine 
 Arts). The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the 
 Blind, the Boston School for the Deaf, are partially of the public 
 school system. The public special schools consist of 111 kindergar- 
 tens, 1 manual training school, 5 schools of cookery, and 21 evening 
 schools, — 5 of the latter giving instruction in drawing. 
 
 The city has a normal school of the highest class, associated with 
 which is a training school having grammar and primary departments ; 
 a Normal Art School, two Latin schools (the Boys' and the Girls'), 
 an English High School, a Girls' High School, and six general high 
 schools. With these are a large number of the lower graded schools, 
 in suitable proportion in the city system. The number of public 
 school buildings in Boston, as given in the State census of 1885, was 
 164, having an estimated value of $8,601,410. The number on May 
 1, 1889, had increased to about 1K0. Boston's system of public in- 
 struction is a very excellent one, aud at the "World's Exposition in 
 
 , r Vienna, in 1873, it received the award of honor. 
 
 > By the census of 1885, it appears that there are in Boston 233 
 public libraries, possessing 2,177,318 books. These consist of the 
 State (reference), city public, association, private circulating, public 
 and private school, professional, church and Sunday-school libraries. 
 The oldest of these is that of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 
 established in 1791. The New England Historic and Genealogical 
 
174 
 
 <i A/.KTTKKl: OF MASS. 1 < 'III -SETTS. 
 
 Society is u younger institution occupying a kindred field, — both 
 having valuable reference libraries. The Jioston AtheDeum, estab- 
 lished in 184!), has a handsome 
 building and a large library. The 
 largest collection of books is that 
 of tin 1 Public Library. Ten years 
 ago the number of volumes in this 
 library was 34.1.734; the number 
 of persons cm ployed was 141 ; and 
 the city appropriation for the 
 current expenses of the year SI- 1,- 
 000. There are now £05,410 vol- 
 umes, with twelve branches and 
 three delivery stations, in as many 
 remote sections of the city. The 
 library has outgrown its old build- 
 ing on Boylston street, a spacious 
 and elegant structure, and has 
 made necessary the new and ca- 
 pacious building on Copley Square. 
 This has a frontage of 225 feet on 
 each of the three streets that 
 bound it ; and its cornice is 70 feet 
 above the street, while Bates Hall, 
 40 feet deep, and occupying the 
 entire Dartmouth Street front, 
 rises to a height of Mt feet, — re- 
 the roof. The architecture is 
 
 ~ _— . — -~~ - ■■■■■■. ^ jt ■ M..v;irf 
 
 NEW ENGLAND GENEALOGICAL AND 
 HISTORICAL SOCIETY'S lil ILDING. 
 
 reiving a part of its light from 
 Roman, with slight modifications. 
 
 Other sources of entertainment and intelligence are the excellent 
 lectures of all kinds frequently given in the numerous halls and the 
 vestry-rooms of the churcbes and of the Christian associations. 
 Many of these are free, though of equal value with those which re- 
 quire an admission fee. The Young Men's and the Young Women's 
 Christian Associations .and the Young Men's Christian Union 
 (especially the last) are well known for their liberality in this re- 
 spect. The most valuable free lectures, however, are those given in 
 courses, and from two to four a week, through all the colder third of 
 the year, at the expense and under the direction of the Lowell Insti- 
 tute ; this was endowed by John Lowell, junior, by a legacy of 
 S-. r )0,00(l, its opening course of lectures having been given in 1S48. 
 
 The issues of the Boston printing press are characteristic of New 
 England, and a credit to the city as an intellectual centre. There 
 are about 150 book publishers, some of whom send out editions of 
 several hundred different books each year; and several add to these 
 monthly magazines, weekly journals, or quarterlies. Including news- 
 papers, daily and weekly, there are published in the city nearly 250 
 periodicals, — of which some 45 are religious, 14 scientific, 3 relate 
 to law, .'< to medicine, 4 to music, 2 to health, 11 or more are theo- 
 logical, t> are commercial, 10 educational, 7 relate to schools, 15 are 
 
VOSTOX. 
 
 175 
 
 juveniles of which 11 are religious ; about a dozen are distinctively 
 political, 3 are in German and 2 in French. The ethical standard of 
 journalism in Boston is high, and its literary quality superior. 
 
 Ihe number of churches in the city is 234. Two of these are Ad- 
 vent churches ; 21), Baptist; 2, Christian; 36, Trinitarian Congrega- 
 tional; 21), Unitarian; 2, Congregational; 24, Episcopal; 1, Re- 
 formed Episcopal; 27, Methodist Episcopal; 3, Methodist; 1 
 Friends; S, Jewish; 7, Lutheran 2, New Church (Swedenbor- 
 gian) ; It, Presbyterian ; 1, Reformed Church (German) ; 32, Roman 
 Catholic; 2, Spiritualist; 7, Universalist; and 13 of various denom- 
 inations. The estimated present value of the church buildings (not 
 
 YOUNG MEN S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, UOMON. 
 
 including the land) is $3,963,000. Christ Church (Episcopal), on 
 Salem Street, erected in 1723, is the oldest church edifice in the 
 city. From its tower (in which there is now a chime of eight bells) 
 Paul Revere sent out his lantern signal, and General Burgoyne 
 witnessed the battle of Bunker Hill. The Old South Church, on 
 Washington Street, was first occupied for public worship on the 
 26th of April, 1730. It is preserved as a relic of the early period 
 of the nation, and is used for the display of lesser relics, and for 
 lectures on historical and sociological subjects. King's Chapel, on 
 Tremont Street, was first used for divine service on August 21, 1754. 
 It contains several beautiful memorial tablets. Adjoining it is the 
 
176 
 
 GAZETTEER OF M.\ S8ACBUSETT8. 
 
 oldest burial place in the city. This church is :i plain and solid 
 edifice of dark granite, with a massive square tower surrounded 
 
 below the entablature by w Len [onic columns. Jt is valued at 
 
 $25 000" while the lot in which it stands is estimated to be worth 
 $514,000. Paris Streel Church, occupying a comma n d in g site on 
 Tremonl Street; was consecrated January 10, 1810. It lias seats 
 for about 1,200 persons. Its spire rises 218 feet above the pave- 
 ment, forming a conspicuous feature in the distant view. St Paul's 
 Church, mi Tremont Street, consecrated June 20, 1820, is con- 
 structed of fine gray granite, in the Grecian Ionic .style. The I!ea- 
 con Hill Church, though secluded, is perhaps the most unique in its 
 appearance of anj in the city. It is a anion church, and a com- 
 mon re80rt id the patrons 
 of the benevolent and re- 
 ligious institutions of 
 which 1 >r. < lharles Cullis 
 has been the chief pro- 
 muter. Tremont Temple 
 is the home of a Baptist 
 society; but it has a busi- 
 ness-like front, and its 
 several halls are used Jnr 
 secular meetings and en- 
 tertainments, as well as 
 for religious purposes. 
 Tie- Methodist Church on 
 Tremont Street was dedi- 
 cated January 1, 1862. 
 It is lmilt of Koxhury 
 stone, in simple Gothic 
 style, and is remarkable 
 for its fine proportions. 
 The Central Church on the corner of Berkeley and Newbury 
 streets (Trinitarian Congregational) was dedicated in 18(17. It is 
 constructed of Roxbury stone with sandstone trimmings, in a 
 characteristic Gothic style. Its steeple is 236 feet in height. 
 the tallest iii Boston. The First Church in Boston (Unitarian), 
 near l>\ on the same street, was used tor the first time in Decem- 
 ber, 1868. It is a beautiful edifice, especially noticeable for its 
 line carriage porch. The Arlington Street Church (Unitarian) is 
 a charming building of brown freestone in the English style at 
 
 I he Wren period. It has a striking interior alter the Corinthian 
 
 onler. In its lower is a chime of hells. One of the prin- 
 cipal landmarks of Commonwealth Avenue is the "Brattle-square 
 Church," now occupied by the First Baptist society, It is a 
 line building of cream-colored sandstone, ami remarkable for its 
 noble lower. Trinity Church (Episcopal) on Coplej Square, was 
 consecrated February !', I*77. II is of dark Dedham granite, with 
 brown freestone trimmings. Its central lower is I'll feet in height. 
 The edifice is a lii xample of French Romanesque, and is valued 
 
 KING'S CHAPEL, IHi^TuN. 
 
PARK STREET CHURCH, UOSTOX 
 
ITS 
 
 u.v/.et y ■)■:!■: i; o f m. i ,v,s\ 1 r 11 1 s/-: rrs. 
 
 at $500,000. There is little more land in its lot than is occupied 
 by tin) building, yet it is valued at *.'"_'O,00O. The New Old South 
 Church, on the same, square, is one of the most conspicuous edifices 
 in the city. Its architecture is North Italian Gothic, and its abun- 
 dant ornament gives it a somewhat oriental effect. The tall and 
 rather striking tower (1'18 feet in height; has the appearance of 
 leaning slightly away from the main ediliee. The building alone is 
 valued at $S;!<>H,000. The Church of the Immaculate Conception, on 
 Harrison Avenue, was dedicated in 1*1)1. It is built of granite, and 
 has a brilliant interior iinish v.i h a combination of Ionic and Corin- 
 thian forms. The Boston College is connected with this church. 
 The buildings of the church and college cost about S.">f>o,ooo. The 
 
 Cathedral of the Holy Cross, commenced in 1S(>7, is one of the 
 most spacious and splendid church ediiiees in the metropolis. It 
 
 will contain about 0,1)00 \ pic. The material is Roxbury stone. 
 
 One of the towers, if completed according to design, will have an 
 altitude of .'(00 feet; but there is some doubt regarding the safety of 
 the foundation. The First Spiritual Temple, on the corner of Exeter 
 and Newbury streets, is a handsome but somewhat curious struc- 
 ture. It is built of brownstone, and is largely Komanesque in its 
 architecture. Its value is estimated at 6-00.000. 
 
boston; 179 
 
 The various sections of the present city of Boston have a history 
 of their own. Soon after its annexation in 1804, South Boston was 
 connected with the city proper by a bridge across the channel at the 
 "Neck" at Dover Street. It was opened in March of the same 
 year with a military display and great civic "pomp and circum- 
 stance." The bridge was 1,5.50 feet long and its cost $50,000. 
 Later a substantial iron bridge took its place. A second bridge at 
 the foot of Federal Street was built in 1*28. The magnificent iron 
 bridges erected still more recently, extending from Harrison Avenue 
 and Congress and Swett streets to South Boston, seem to furnish all 
 necessary connection between the inner and the seaward sections. 
 At the time of the annexation, South Boston (earlier a part of Dor- 
 chester) possessed but ten families; but each successive bridge 
 added largely to its population. Its most rapid growth, however, 
 followed the establishment of the street railroad system in 1*54. 
 About the margin is much " made " land. Near the centre is the 
 abrupt eminence known variously as Telegraph Hill, from its having 
 been used as a marine signal station ; and Mount Washington, from 
 its haying been fortified by General Washington when he invested 
 the British army ; and as Dorchester Heights, under which name it 
 was known until a comparatively recent date. Two squares north- 
 easterly, on a lower eminence, is the Perkins Institution for the 
 Blind. Four streets farther in the same direction, on another eleva- 
 tion, is Independence Square, a pretty park occupying about two 
 squares. Across the east end of the island is laid "out the Marine 
 Park, which, it is hoped, may be extended to Castle Island. On the 
 north side of the island are the House of Correction and the Insane 
 Hospital. A large portion of the space between these and the foreign 
 docks connected with the New York and New England Railroad 'is 
 occupied by various manufactories, and by the Alger iron works. 
 Here have been produced the largest cannon ever made in America. 
 East Boston is noted for its ship-yards, founderies and sugar 
 refineries. Here is the landing place of the Atlantic steamships, 
 and the terminus of the Grand Junction Railway. It formerly bore 
 the name of " Noddle's Island," from the first known resident. Mr. 
 Maverick (who, later, became the owner) had a iort mounting four 
 guns, on the high ground here in 3630. In 1.H14, Fort Strong was 
 erected on the spot now occupied by Belmont Square. At the out- 
 break of the Revolution Mr. Thomas Williams was the sole resi- 
 dent; and the British, descending upon the island, carried off his 
 flocks and herds and burned his farmhouse. The island at this 
 period contained about 660 acres of land, not reckoning the flats 
 (since filled up), and was separated from Boston (Shawinut) by 132 
 rods of water. The first ferry boat was authorized in 1637. As 
 late as 1833, the entire population comprised only eight persons. 
 In 1836 the Eastern Railroad built its road and a depot on the 
 island, and in 1839 the Cunard line of ocean steamships made East 
 Boston their landing ; and the place grew rapidly, so that in 1879 
 there were 17 miles of streets. These, from the first, have uni- 
 formly been named for our own country towns and eminent men. 
 
180 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The higher portions afford pleasing views of the harbor, and have 
 many tine residences. Maverick Square is the most important busi- 
 ness centre. 
 
 Charlestown was the capital and the earlier place of residence of 
 Governor Winthrop and his associates. The Indians called the 
 plane Mishawum. At the time of the battle with the British, there, 
 Charlestown hud some 300 dwellings and 1">0 to L'OO other buildings. 
 The land at the southern part rises from the water into an emi- 
 nence formerly called Breed's Mill, when- the battle was fought; 
 the position being taken instead of Bunker Hill; and here, too, 
 stands Bunker Hill Monument commemorating it. The real Bunker 
 Hill is a little northward and considerably higher. It is now occu- 
 pied by a handsome Homan Catholic church. Bunker Hill Monu- 
 ment was begun in lsiTi, and completed in 1843. The base of the 
 structure is 'M feet square, tapering to 15$ feet, where the angle 
 of the summit begins. Its entire height is L'i'li feet The shaft 
 is hollow, and contains a spiral staircase of 2'.C> steps, ascending 
 to a chamber at the top, where are four windows from whence beau- 
 tiful views may be obtained. The cost was *l.">o,ii()0. On the south- 
 east side of the peninsula is the United States Navy Yard, occupy- 
 ing 83i acres of land. 
 
 Roxbury is mentioned by William Wood, the first historian of 
 New England, in 1G.'!3. He says: "It is something rocky, which 
 it has the name of Rocksberry." None will dispute its being rocky 
 in parts ; for '" Roxbury pudding-stone "' is familiar to the eves, as the 
 term is to the ears, of all Bostonians, not only in its native bed, but 
 in many of the finest buildings of the city. What is now Washing- 
 ton Street, in this district, was formerly " The Street " of Roxbury, 
 where the business was concentrated. Roxbury was the native 
 place of Generals Warren, Heath and Grcaton. the residence of 
 General Dearborn, and of many wealth}' people, a few of the fine 
 old houses yet remaining. As a place of residence, the Roxbury 
 district is found to have great attractions, and is rapidly filling with 
 attractive dwellings. 
 
 The Dorchester district is generally elevated, good views of the 
 bay and of the surrounding localities being attainable from the 
 upper rooms of many of the dwellings. When, in June, 1(K»0, the 
 company of the " Mary and John," including two clergymen, Revs. 
 Meverick and Wareham, came to this place, the Indians called it 
 "Mattapan;" but the company quickly named it Dorchester, after 
 the town of this name in England. They set up a church soon 
 after, but its site is now unknown. It is stated that the first water- 
 mill in America was set up in Dorchester, and that its citizens were 
 the first to engage in the cod fishery. The quaint town-hall still 
 remains. Other and admirable features are the ancient meeting- 
 house and the inagnilieent soldiers' monument on Meeting-House 
 Hill; the Lyman Fountain, on Eaton Square; its noble trees and 
 fine gardens; its quaint old burial place; Grove Hall and its benev- 
 olent institutions (Dr. Cullis'). 
 
 West Roxbury was detached from Roxbury and incorporated as a 
 
BOSTON. 
 
 181 
 
 town in 1851, and a part of Dedham was annexed in the following 
 year. Brook Farm Phalanx was established on picturesque ground 
 in the western part, in 1841. This establishment is now the German 
 Orphan Asylum. Jamaica Pond, a beautiful sheet of water about f>(t 
 acres in extent, is a principal feature of this district. Overlooking 
 it and the towns for miles about is Bellevue Hill, .'i>4 feet above sea- 
 level, and the highest point in the city. Handsome public and pri- 
 vate buildings and abundant ornamental vegetation, with rows of 
 great trees along the streets, make this one of Boston's most agree- 
 able purlieus. 
 
 Brighton is now, as it has been since the Revolution, the chief 
 cattle market of New England. Its chief objects of note are the 
 Abattoir, — the place of the slaughter of food animals ; the Cattle- 
 fair Hotel ; the Old Mansion of Peter Faneuil, its enormous horse- 
 chestnuT; tree in front ; and beautiful Evergreen Cemetery, with its 
 soldiers' monument. Allston is a pleasant modern village, where 
 terminates the "Mile-ground;" Bigelow Hill affords fine views of 
 sea and neighboring villages ; and Chestnut Hill Reservoir, where 
 Beacon Street fairly ends has an attractive marginal driveway. 
 Originally this section of Boston was called "Little Cambridge." 
 It was incorporated in 1807 ; and annexed to Boston in 1S7.'>, being 
 now Ward 25. 
 
 Boston (the city proper) was called by the Indians Shutt-mut, 
 which is supposed to have signified " a spring of water ; " but the 
 early white settlers called it " Trimountaine,*' from its three hills. 
 It was purchased of "William Blackstone, the sole inhabitant; and a 
 settlement was commenced by some 
 colonists from Charlestown on the 
 17th day of September, Ki.'SO. They 
 called their settlement Boston, from 
 the old town in England from which 
 some of them had come. This com- 
 pany organized under a large lice in 
 Charlestown under the name, " First 
 Church of Christ in Boston.'* The 
 Rev. John "Wilson was the first min- 
 ister, and the first meeting-house was 
 erected in KJ.'fcJ. The society (now 
 Unitarian) occupies a very elegant 
 church on the corner of Marlborough 
 and Berkeley streets. The second 
 church was organized June 5, KiaO ; 
 and the Rev. John Mayo (or May- 
 hew) was settled over it November 
 9, 1(H>~>. He was succeeded by 
 Rev. Increase Mather, D.D., May 27, loG4. The first house of 
 this society, called the "Old North," was burned by the British, 
 January 16, 1776. After several removes and various fortunes 
 the society, in 1874, dedicated a new and elegant edifice of freestone, 
 situated on Boylston Street, near Dartmouth, and is now Unitarian. 
 
 UNITARIAN BUILDING, 
 Corner Beacon and Bowdoin Streets, 
 
1S2 
 Tl 
 
 HAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 e succession of pastors in this society, following Increase Mather, 
 is Cotton Mather (HJ.'So-lT-'K), Joshua Gee ( 1 71 A .H-4«j, Samuel Ma- 
 ther (17:52-41), Samuel Checkley, Jun. (1747-G8), John Lathrop 
 
 (17('iS-lHl(;i, Henry AY a re, .Tun. (1S17-.'!0i, Ralph AYaldo Emerson 
 < IS'.'! I -.'!'_»), Chandler Uobbius (ls:i,'!-7 I) Robert Laird Collier (1 SUI- 
 TS), Rev. Edward A. Florlou (1*S(>). The third church was organ- 
 ized Mav 11', llii; 1 ,), and its building, known as the Old South, was 
 
jiostox. 183 
 
 first occupied for religious services on April 2G, 17.'!0. The society 
 now has, instead, a beautiful church edifice on the corner of Boyl- 
 ston and Dartmouth streets, known as the New Old South. 
 
 The first Baptist church was organized in Charlestown May 28, 
 1665, when Rev. Thomas Gould was chosen pastor. After various 
 locations it erected a fine house of worship on Somerset Street, 
 Beacon Hill, whose tall spire was a landmark for many years. The 
 Jacob Sleeper Hall of Boston University occupies its site, the 
 society having, in 1877, united with the Shawmut Avenue Baptist 
 Church, which was organized in 1x5(5. 
 
 The first Episcopal church in Boston was organized in 1686 ; and 
 at the time of the Revolution King's Chapel was its house of wor- 
 ship. The officers of the British army in Boston, and their families, 
 formed the larger part of the congregation ; and on the evacuation, 
 in 1776, the services were discontinued. In 178(5, the remnant of 
 the society resumed religious services, with James Freeman as 
 '•'reader.'' He was the first American Unitarian, known as Rev. 
 James Freeman, D.D. ; and under his ministry the society became 
 Unitarian. The second Episcopal church is that which still wor- 
 ships at Christ's Church on Salem Street at the North End ; which 
 settled its first rector, Rev. Timothy Cutler, D.D., December 2H, 
 1723. The third Episcopal church (Trinity) had its beginning in 
 April, 1728, laid the corner stone of its first church edifice at the 
 comer of Summer and Hawley streets April 15, 17.'!4, which was 
 opened for worship on August 15, 1735. 
 
 The first Universalist church was organized in 178.">; and the 
 Rev. John Murray was settled over it October 24, 17'.i.'f. 
 
 The first Roman Catholic was established in 1788, and the mass 
 was first celebrated on November 22 of that year. 
 
 A Methodist society was formed in 1702, and in 1705 erected a 
 chapel in the north part of the city. 
 
 The first Christian church was organized in 1804, and Elder 
 Abner Jones became the first minister in the same year. 
 
 The African Baptist church was organized iu 1805. The Freewill 
 Baptist church became such in ln.'U. The German Evangelical 
 church was organized in 1840; the Lutheran, in 1841; the first Pres- 
 byterian in September, 1846; and the New .Jerusalem church was 
 organized on August 15, lsls. 
 
 The first public school was established in l(i.'!5; and the first 
 town-house was completed in 1050. 
 
 Incensed by the arbitrary measures of Sir Edmund Andros, the 
 royal governor, the people, on the 8th of April, lusit, rose in arms, 
 and seizing him and a part of his council, put them into prison, and 
 restored the former magistrates to their offices. This was the com- 
 mencement of that resistance to kingly authority which eventually 
 resulted in the establishment of civil liberty throughout the country. 
 The population of the town in 1700 was about 7,000 ; and the Eng- 
 lish style of dress and living generally prevailed. It was probably 
 then the richest town in America. The celebrated George White- 
 field visited the place in 1740; and it is said that as many as 23>000 
 
184 
 
 i:.y/.i:tikeh of massacui'.sktts. 
 
 persons were present at his farewell sermon on the Common. He 
 was bitterly opposed by many of tli<- Boston clergymen. The Old 
 Town Hall was burned in 1747, and the building at the head of 
 State Street, and now called "The Old .State House," was soon after 
 built. During the same year the town was thrown into great excite- 
 
 llLillilijIilj, 
 
 ment by the impressment of some of its mechanics by the squad- 
 ron of Cminnodoiv Knowles, then lyinjj in the harbor. The mili- 
 tary companies were called out; and. alter various demonstrations, 
 the commodore threatening to bombard the town, the men were 
 finally restored. During the ten years prior to 177(1. Boston was 
 the principal theatre of those eventful scenes which preceded and 
 
BOSTON. 185 
 
 opened the Revolution. The passage of the Stamp Act in 1705 
 threw the people into great excitement; and the appointment of 
 Andrew Oliver as distributor of stamps caused the first popular out- 
 break. The British troops arrived to maintain order on September 
 30, 1768 ; and the place was changed into a garrison. 
 
 Collisions between the people and the British soldiers became more 
 and more frequent. A boy named Christopher Snyder was killed in 
 one of these encounters February 23, 1770 ; and over the head of his 
 coffin were inscribed the words, " Innocentia nusquam tuta." On the 
 5th of March occurred the Boston Massacre, in which five unarmed 
 citizens were killed by the British soldiery on State Street. In 
 December, 177.3, was formed the Boston Tea-Party, — and some thirty 
 men, disguised as Indians, went on board of some ships laden with 
 tea on which there was a heavy duty, and emptied 240 chests and 
 100 half-chests into the dock. In January, 1775, General Thomas 
 Gage had in Boston eleven British regiments and four companies of 
 artillery; and after the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, the town was 
 brought into a state of siege, when the inhabitants experienced great 
 hardship and suffering. On the morning of March 5, 1776, General 
 Washington appeared with his well-protected batteries on Dorches- 
 ter Heights, commanding alike the town and the harbor; and then, 
 with the evacuation of the place by the circumvented and outgener- 
 alled Howe, which followed on the 17th, expired the last vestige of 
 British authority in Boston. 
 
 Boston was incorporated as a city in 1822 ; and Hon. John Phillips 
 was the first mayor. The first building erected in Boston as a place 
 of amusement was built in 1756. It was named Concert Hall, and is 
 still standing. The next was the Federal Street Theatre, completed 
 and opened in 171)4. 
 
 The system of steam railroads, first coming into practical operation 
 in Boston in 1834, furnished the needed means of growth in her 
 commerce and wealth; and notwithstanding the business depression 
 of 1837 and 1h.">7, she has made wise and successful use of her advan- 
 tages. 
 
 When the war of the Slaveholders' Keliellion came, Boston took a 
 very active part, furnishing men and money in unstinted measure. 
 No less than 26,119 men, of whom 0S."> were commissioned officers, 
 were sent by this city alone into the service of the army orthe navy ; 
 and the splendid monument in the central part of the Common wit- 
 nesses to their noble service. 
 
 The growth of the city was for a time retarded by the immense 
 conflagration of November '.) and 1<>, 1S72. This commenced in a 
 large building on the southwesterly side of Summer and Kingston 
 streets, continuing with unabated fury until about 65 acres of the 
 business portion of the city, comprising 776 buildings, were laid in 
 ruins, and property in buildings and merchandise to the amount of 
 S73,500,000 was destroyed. The fire extended northerly, sweeping 
 everything before it, as far as the new post-office, and easterly to the 
 wharves. The scene of the conflagration was grand and fearful be- 
 yond description. 
 
18(3 (i.VAKTTEKU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 This check to the growth of the city was brief ; and larger and 
 finer buildings of brick, iron, or stone have taken the places of those 
 swept away ; streets and avenues arc, in many instances, widened ; 
 and the reconstructed section of the city under many points of view 
 surpasses the old. The commercial area has been greatly enlarged 
 southward and westward. The outward movement of residences, 
 and the occupation oi suburbs as residences by merchants, lawyers 
 and many in other pursuits, has been made possible by the rapid 
 transit afforded by the numerous lines of steam railroads and street 
 cars. 
 
 The number of eminent people whom Boston may claim for her 
 own by birth and education, or by their early and prolonged residence, 
 would fill a biographical dictionary of respectable size ; of whom only 
 a few can be mentioned in these pages : — 
 
 John Hale, Charlestown. born in if>}f>, James Freeman, D.D., Charle6town, 
 
 Rev.Increase Mather, D.n.born 1637. 1759, 
 
 John Cotton, 1640, Samuel Dexter, LL.D., 1761, 
 
 Joseph Dudley, Roxburv, 1647, Sir Roger Hale Sheaffe, 1763, 
 
 Cotton Mather, D.D., 1663, Col. Thomas Handasvd Perkins, 1764, 
 
 John Alford, Charlestown, 1686, Harrison Gray Otis, 1765. 
 
 William Cooper, 1694, Thaddeus Mason Harris, D.D.,Charles- 
 
 Mather Byles, D.D., 1706, town, 170S. 
 
 Joseph Green, 1706, John Phillips. 1770, 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, LL.D., 1700. Josiah Quincy, LL.D , 1772. 
 
 Andrew Croswell, 1709, John Pierce, D.D., 1773, 
 
 Jonathan Belcher, 1710, Benjamin Gorham, Charlestown, 1775, 
 
 Thomas Hutchinson, 171 1, William Tudor, 1779, 
 
 Daniel Fowle, 17 15, Washington Allston, 1779. 
 
 Samuel Adams, 1722, Gen. Win. H. Sumner, Dorchester, 17S0. 
 
 Thomas Prince, 1722, Nathaniel Bowditch, 1773-1838, 
 
 Samuel Cooper, D.D., 1725, Samuel F. B. Morse, 1791, 
 
 Stephen Badger, Charlestown, 172^, George Ticknor. 1791, 
 
 James Bowdoin, LL.D., 1727, Edward Everett. 1794-1865. 
 
 Thomas Pemberton, 1728, T. W. Harris, M.D.. t795-iS5d. 
 
 Robert Treat Paine, LL.D., 1731, Horace Mann, 171/ 1 . 
 
 Benjamin Edes, 1732, Winslow Lewis. M.D.. 1799, 
 
 John Singleton Copley, 1737, Rufus Choate, 1799-1S59, 
 
 Nathaniel Gorham, Charlestown, 1743, James Gridlev Howe, M.D., 1S01, 
 
 Isaac Rand, Charlestown, 1743, Lydia Maria Child, 1S02-1SS0, 
 
 Francis Dana, LL.D., Charlestown, William E. Channing, D.D., 1S03, 
 
 1743. Ralph Waldo Emerson, 1803. 
 
 Jeremy Belknap, D.D.. 1744, Horatio Grecnough, 1S05-1S52, 
 
 William Billings, 17/,, William Llovd Garrison," 1805. 
 Col. Richard Carev, Charlestown, 1717. Theodore Parker, 1S10, 
 
 Col. David Henley, Charlestown, 1 7 |.s, Charles Sumner, 1811. 
 
 Isaiah Thomas, LL.D., 1749. Wendell Phillips, 1S11, 
 
 General Henry Knox, 1750, Samuel Osgood, D.H.. 1S14, 
 
 Theophilus Parsons, 1750, George L. Brown, 1814-187!}, 
 
 Jonathan Mason, 1752. Edward L. D:nenport, 1814-1877, 
 
 Benjamin Austin, 17112. JohnT. Andrew, 1S15, 
 
 Sir I'homns Astor Coffin, 1754, Charlotte S. Cu-hman, 1S16-1876 
 
 Gilbert Stutirl, 1755. (ohn Gilbert. 1S10, 
 
 Royal Tyler, 1757. 'Thomas Hall, 1819. 
 
 Samuel Sew-all, 1757, William M. Hunt, 1S24. 
 
 Thomas Dawes, 175S. Laura Briilgman, iSj,,-iSS9, 
 
 William llentley, D.D., 1759, Daniel Webster, d. 1S52, 
 
IiOSTOX ( ORXEIi — BU&1T0X IIAHBOB. 
 
 187 
 
 Dr. Samuel G. Howe, d. 1876, 
 Dr. William Rimmer, d. 1S79, 
 The Lawrences, 
 Bishop E. O. Haven, 
 
 George Ripley, 
 E. P. Whipple, 
 John A. Andrew, and 
 James Freeman Clarke. 
 
 "Rocrrm C r\rr\f±r was incorporated as a district, April 14, 
 XJUblUll V^UIIICI 1838 it then occupied the extreme south- 
 west corner of the State ; but being separated from the town of Mount 
 Washington, which was the extreme southwestern town, by a lofty 
 ridge, was physically inconvenient for jurisdiction by the State ; and it 
 consequently became the theatre of prize-fighting and other illegal 
 practices. In order to bring it under proper restraint, it was ceded 
 to the State of New York, to which it naturally belonged, Ma}- 14. 
 1853. It contained about 940 acres of land and 75 inhabitants. It 
 was first settled by Daniel Porter, in 1763, or earlier. 
 
 Rrvcf r\n T-4 o r\-\r\r- nas i* s ou t er limits marked on the south 
 1_>US>IUI1 OdIUUI by Point Allerton, the northeast ex- 
 tremity of the peninsular town of Hull, and on the north by Point 
 Shirley, the southeastern extremity of the town of Winthrop, the 
 two points being about four miles apart. The intermediate space is 
 largely occupied by islands, which afford additional protection to the 
 waters within. The harbor embraces an area of about 75 square 
 
 BOSTON LIGHT. 
 
 miles. The main ship entrance is by Point Allerton and Fort War- 
 ren to the inner harbor, which is deep, and sufficiently capacious to 
 hold 500 ships at auchor between Forts Winthrop and Independence. 
 The first of these defences is situated nearly in the centre of the 
 inner expanse of the harbor, with the latter on the south, equally 
 distant from it and from the outer point of South Itoston on it* 
 
BOSTON VILLE— BO UBNE. 189 
 
 westward side. The other and stronger fortification, Fort Warren, 
 is on Georges Island, directly facing Lighthouse Channel, which is 
 the main entrance of the harbor, before mentioned. About one and 
 a half miles distant, a few points north of east, is Boston Light, witli 
 the Brewsters (islands) on the north and Point Allerton on the south. 
 The tower of this light is 80 feet high, and is connected by a covered 
 way 80 feet long with the keeper's dwelling. There are also two 
 fog-signal buildings. The lantern gives a flashing white light, 
 visible 16£ miles. About one half mile northeast from Fort War- 
 ren, in the direction of Great Brewster, is The Narrows Light 
 station, popularly known as the ''Bug Light," being a low structure 
 set upon seven iron pillars, or piles. Between this and Fort War- 
 ren is the main ship channel ; which passes, further in, between Lov- 
 ell's and Gallop's islands. 
 
 South of Fort Warren are Xantasket Roads. About one and a 
 half miles west of this fort is Long Island, about whose southern 
 extremity are the waters of Back or Western Bay. Directly west of 
 this, behind Thompson's Island, is Dorchester Hay ; and north of 
 the latter is Old Harbor Bay, washing the southern shore of South 
 Boston. West of this place, and separating it from Roxbury dis- 
 trict, is South Bay with its bridge-locked entrance from the north. 
 
 Close on the southeast of Point Shirley is Deer Island ; and be- 
 tween this and Long Island, directly south, is Broad Sound, the 
 main northern entrance of the harbor, marked by a light on the 
 northern end of the latter island. Directly west of Broad Sound, 
 and on a line with South Boston, is the clear expanse of water known 
 as President's Roads. At the northwest is the entrance to Mystic 
 River and Charles River basins, both crossed by one or more bridges. 
 
 In the extreme south of Boston Harbor are the smaller ones of 
 Hingham and Quincy; while on the southeast is Hinghain Landing; 
 and north of the last, in Hull, are, successively. Sagamore Bay, Nan- 
 tasket Landing and Hull Landing. 
 
 For further mention of the islands in this harbor, see the article on 
 Boston, and that on each island. 
 
 Bostonville, a village in Wellesley. 
 
 Rnnrnp occupies the northwest extremity of Cape Cod and 
 JJOUrne p, arns t a ble County, and is about 50 miles from Bos- 
 ton, on the Old Colony Railroad. The stations are Buzzard's Bay, 
 Bourne and Bournedale, on the main line, and Monument Beach, Po- 
 casset, Wenaumet, Cataumet, and Sagamore on the "Woods Holl 
 Branch. All these are post-offices except Wenaumet. 
 
 The town is bounded on the north by Wareham and Plymouth, on 
 the east by Cape Cod Bay and Sandwich, south by Falmouth, and 
 west by various bodies of water forming the eastern extremity of 
 Buzzard's Bay. The harbors are Buttermilk Bay, Red Brook Harbor, 
 Cataumet Harbor, and Back River Harbor. The last is near on the 
 south of Monument River, and forms the western terminus of Cape 
 Cod Canal. Wenaumet Neck, on which there is a lighthouse, pro- 
 
190 (SAZETTKEIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 iects southwesterly into Buzzard's Bay, having Bassett's and 
 Scraggy ^t-ek islands on the south ami Burgess or Tobey's Island 
 on the north. The town in 11 miles long by 5 wide. The assessed 
 area is 23,472 acres, including 11,(121 acres of woodland. The latter 
 occupies the larger portion of the eastern .side of the town, and is 
 chiefly in oak and pine. It is the habitat of numerous red deer. 
 
 The geological formation is drift and alluvium. The land is gen- 
 erally level, — a group of three hills near the centre, and Pine Hill 
 in the southeast part, being the chief eminences. The soil varies in 
 different localities from elay to loam and sand. There are several 
 small ponds : Manomet Lake, and Ellis, Queensewel, Deep Bottom, 
 Mill, and Flax ponds, twu more at South l'ocasset, and others in the 
 wilderness at the southeast. 
 
 The number of farms is 71 ; and their total marketed product in 
 1885 was $71,159. The dairies furnished 80,1 78 ; the poultry yards, 
 $3,082; and the cranberry bogs and orchards, 849,4(52. There are 
 270 acres devoted to cranberries, valued at 807.572. At Sagamore 
 is a car shop ; at Bournedale an iron foundery and axe shop ; and at 
 Bocasset the Tahanto Art Works, making metallic goods in orna- 
 mental forms. The aggregate of these manufactures in the same 
 year was $69,337. A considerable number of the inhabitants are en- 
 gaged in the fisheries; the commercial catch in 1NX5 being valued 
 at *24,418. The oyster beds yielded *18,*.»22 of this amount. 
 
 The shore fishing is very good here, and bluertsh and bass are 
 plenty in the bay. From the prevalence of southwest winds and the 
 shallowness of the water on the eastern side of Buzzard's Bay. its 
 temperature is unusually agreeable; and this, with the good beaches, 
 has made them favorites with sea-bathers. The town is a favorite 
 summer resort, and there are numerous line residences. The valua- 
 tion of the town for lHSS was 81.077.400 ; and the tax $12 on $1,000. 
 The population is i,.'!03, with 4 '.•."> dwellings. 
 
 Bourne has graded schools, occupying nine buildings valued at 
 about 89,000, The Baptists have a church at l'ocasset, and the Meth- 
 odists one at Bourne and another at Sagamore. 
 
 Bourne embraces the northern end and the western side of Sand- 
 wich, from which it was taken ; the act of incorporation having the 
 date of April 2, 1sk I. The name was chosen in honor of Hon. 
 Jonathan Bourne, an aged and esteemed citizen of New Bedford, 
 whose name had long been attached to a hill in Sandwich, as well as 
 to a neck of land in Wareham. This gentleman was born in Bourne, 
 near the present village of Bourne (then Monument Village and a 
 part of Sandwich), on March 25, 1811. Ho was the son of a farmer; 
 but went to New Bedford when 18 years of age, and hired in a gro- 
 cery store ; and from that arose in fortune and esteem. At one time 
 his investments in the whaling business were larger than those of 
 any other person. He served the Commonwealth in an official capa- 
 city in the legislature and as a member of the Governor's Council. 
 He died in New Bedford, August 7, 1889. 
 
 Eminent among former citizens may be named Benjamin Burgess, 
 Isaac Keith, Kev. S. W. Coggeshall, D.D., Heman Swift and Eben- 
 ezer Nye. 
 
BOCIIXE'S HILL—BOXBOliOUGH. 191 
 
 Bourne's H ill, in Sandwich, 297 feet high. 
 Rniirnp's NVrk *^ e sou th eas t ern extremity of Ware- 
 
 BowenVllle, a village in Fall River. 
 Bowkerville, a village in Saugus. 
 BoxborOUgh, a village in Eockland. 
 
 Boxt>OrOUP"fl * s a sma ^ farming town, somewhat hilly 
 
 » and of a passably good soil, lying in the 
 
 westerly part of Middlesex County, midway between the Concord 
 
 and Nashua rivers. It is bounded on the north by Littleton, east by 
 
 Acton, south by Stow, and west by Harvard. 
 
 It has calcareous gneiss for its formative rock, in which has 
 been opened a good quarry of limestone ; and there are found the 
 minerals scapolite, garnet, spinel and augite. 
 
 Guggins Brook rises near the centre of the town, and running 
 easterly is joined by Half -moon-meadow Brook, from the northeast 
 part, both soon entering the Assabet River; while Beaver Brook, 
 running northerly, and Assabet Brook southerly, drain the western 
 section of the town, and afford a little motive power. Whittington 
 Pond, of an elliptical form, and containing 'M acres, lies in the 
 northwest section of the town. The Fitchburg Railroad ■ rosses 
 the northeastern corner, but the nearest station is West Anton, 27 
 miles from Boston. That village is also the post-office for Box- 
 borough. The area of the town is 0,406 acres aside from high- 
 ways and ponds. There were 1,017 acres of woodland, consist- 
 ing of oak, maple and pine. The population, in 1885, was .'US, 
 with 76 dwelling-houses. The number of farms was 69 ; of neat 
 cattle, 762 j and of fruit trees, 13,715. The dairies yielded a product 
 valued at $31,019; the wood, §5,031'; fruits, berries and nuts, 
 $6,468; hay, $24,651; vegetables, §0,095. The total farm product 
 was $92,349. The limestone quarries, and some small wood and 
 other manufactures, aggregated £4,000. The valuation, in 1888, was 
 $249,563, — with a tax of $10.50 on $1,000. 
 
 The town has four school-houses, valued at $3,300. < >ne Sunday 
 school possesses a library of about 300 volumes. There is an Evan- 
 gelical Congregational church, and a Universalist Congregational, 
 the last founded in 1784. 
 
 The town furnished 28 men for the late war, of whom 3 were lost. 
 Boxborough was formed of parts of Harvard, Littleton and Stow, 
 and established as a district under its present name, February 25, 
 1783 ; and was made a town May 1, 1836. 
 
192 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Rnvfnrrl ' s a ' arge an( * * ong townsn ip °f an irregular 
 DOXIUlU. f orni) occupying a central position in Essex 
 
 County. It has Bradford on the north ; Groveland and Georgetown 
 on the north and east ; Rowley, Ipswich and TopshVld on the east; 
 the last, with Middleton, on the south ; and North Andover on the 
 southwest and west. Its assessed area is 1 'A,xl'.) acres, of which 4,842 
 acres are woodland, consisting of pine, oak, birch and maple. The 
 population in lKK. r > was 84(1, and there were 189 dwelling-houses. 
 The Danvers and Ne,w bury port Branch of the Boston and Maine 
 Railroad passes through the easterly side of the town, the Boxford 
 station being at East Boxford, which is also a post-office and vil- 
 lage. The other post-offices are Boxford and West Boxford, which 
 are also villages. 
 
 The land is well diversified by hill and valley. The rock is cal- 
 careous gneiss and sienite, and there are many bowlders of various 
 minerals. The flora is rich and varied. Bald, Long and Stiles hills 
 are the most notable eminences. The ponds are numerous, and well 
 stored with pickerel and other fluvial fish. Perley's Pond, near the 
 Georgetown line, contains 54 acres; and Hovey's Fond, West 
 Boxford, 36 acres. Hasseltine Brook, rising in West Boxford, 
 flows easterly into Parker River ; 1'ye Brook, running through 
 Wood's, Four-mile and Spofford's ponds, and Fish Brook, coming 
 into Boxford from North Andover, are affluents of the Ipswich 
 River. 
 
 These streams at present furnish motive power for two or more 
 lumber and grist mills. Other manufactures of the town are boots 
 and shoes, wagons, matches, clothing and food preparations, — val- 
 ued, in the aggregate, at $60,140. The farms number 105; and 
 their product, in 1885, amounted to .S114.(i'.C>. The valuation, in 
 1888, was .S0r,S,02r>; with a tax of S'.UO on S 1,000. 
 
 The town has six school-houses, valued at about §4,300. There is 
 a convenient town-hall; and the public library has nearly 2,000 vol- 
 umes. There is a Congregational church at Boxford, and another at 
 West Boxford. 
 
 Seventy-six men went from Boxford into the late war, of whom 
 23 died in the service. 
 
 This town was named, it is supposed, from Boxford, in England, 
 and was incorporated August 12, 1 (>«,">. It is mentioned in the Tax 
 Act in lOUt-. In 172S, part of Boxford was taken, with others, to 
 form the town of Middleton. In 1X40, part of Ipswich was an- 
 nexed, and in 1H50 part of Boxford was annexed to Groveland. 
 The first church was organized, and the Rev. Thomas Symnies 
 ordained as pastor, in 1702. The first; pastor of the second church 
 was Kev. John dishing, ordained in 1730. 
 
 This town was very patriotic in the Revolution, and eight of its 
 citizens were killed in the battle of Bunker Hill. Col. Thomas 
 Knowlton, an intrepid officer of the Revolutionary army, was born 
 here, November 30, J 740. He was killed in the battle of Harlem 
 Heights, September 10, 177G. General Washington said of him 
 that he "would have been an honor to anv country. '' 
 
BOYLSTOX. 193 
 
 Samuel Holyoke, a musical composer, author of "The Colum- 
 bian Repository of Sacred Music," and other works, was born here 
 October 15, 1702 (H. U., 1789), and died at Concord, X. H., in 182(1. 
 
 "DfYv1<5tT»n is an agricultural town in the eastern part of 
 JJUyiolUIl -Worcester County, about forty miles west of 
 Boston, on the Central Massachusetts Railroad. There are sta- 
 tions at Boylston (Sawyer's Mills) and West Boylston. The post- 
 offices are the first and Boylston Centre; which, with Straw Hol- 
 low, are also the villages. It is bounded on the north by Sterling 
 and Clinton, east by Berlin and Northborough, south by Shrews- 
 bury, and west by West Boylston. The land is elevated and 
 broken, vet of good quality. 
 
 Merrimack schist and calcareous gneiss constitute the geological 
 formation. There is much clay suitable for bricks. Iron ore, 
 good building stone and crystallized quartz, are found. The location 
 of the quartz is Diamond Hill, near tin; centre. In the southern 
 part of the town is Sewell's Pond, with a feeder coming from the 
 East Woods, noted for rattlesnakes. In the eastern part of the 
 town is Rocky Pond, of eighty-six acres, with bottom full of 
 bowlders, and a pretty island near the centre. Its outlet is Cold- 
 Water Brook, in Northborough. The southern branch of the 
 Nashua River flows through the northwest section of the town, 
 affording power for manufacturing purposes. Along its course arc 
 rich intervale lands. There are 127 farms, whose aggregate product, 
 in 1885, was .8127,437. The area of the town is 12,21.'! acres, of 
 which 3,173 acres are woodland. At Straw Hollow there is a tine 
 large creamery. There is a cotton yarn factory at Sawyer's Mills. 
 Muddy Brook (formerly called Mediln<jiu<k<e). a tributary of tin- 
 South Branch, furnishes power for a saw mill and a grist, mill. 
 The value of the manufactures for the period mentioned was 
 810,339. The valuation, in 1S.X.X, was $o2.'y~i73, and the tax-rate 
 $15 on 31,000. The population is K.'54, and the number of dwel- 
 lings 17.2. There is a good town-hall, of granite, a Congregational 
 church at the centre, and a Roman Catholic church at Sawyer's 
 Mills. .The town has six school-houses, valued at 8<>,G00. There is 
 a town public library, containing about 2,000 volumes, and one or 
 more Sunday-school libraries. The climate is salubrious, and its 
 people have been noted for longevity. The number of soldiers fur- 
 nished by the town for the late war was 41, of whom seven were lost. 
 
 Boylston was named in honor of the. family of that name in Bos- 
 ton. The territory was taken from Shrewsbury, and was incorpo- 
 rated in 1786. In 1806 parts of Boylston, Holden and Sterling 
 were established as West Boylston ; and again, in 1820, part of 
 Boylston was annexed to West Boylston. A church was organized 
 here October 6, 1743 ; and in the same month the Rev. Ebenezer 
 Morse was ordained as pastor. He was dismissed in 1775 for oppo- 
 sition to the war with England. A leading physician of the town 
 for forty years, and a native, was John Andrew, M.D., who died in 
 1872. The noted John B. Gough resided in this town. 
 
194 
 
 HXAF/ITKEU OF MASSArill'SKTTS. 
 
 ■O ir 1 is beautifully situated on the right bank of the 
 JJIclQIOrCl ;\|(. 1T iniack Kiver, in the northwesterly part of 
 Essex County. Its bounds are Haverhill on the north ( separated 
 by the river), (iroveland on the east, Boxford on the south, and 
 Methueu on the east. Its assessed area is 4,.">4ij acres, including 578 
 acres of woodland. It is about thirty miles north by northwest of 
 Boston on the Iloston and Maine Railroad, which has a branch on 
 both the east and west sides, with Ward Hill and Bradford as sta- 
 tions. Little Bond, in the southerly part of the town, sends a 
 small tributary to the Merrimack. The, land is handsomely diversi- 
 fied by hill and valley. The soil is u'ene rally productive, and the 
 eliuiate healthful. The l'SJ farms, in 1H.S5, yielded products to the 
 
 
 HKADFOUD ACADEMY, UKADFOHD. 
 
 value of §108,204. There were twenty-five manufactories of differ- 
 ent kinds, — boots and shoes, hats and other straw goods, leather, 
 paper goods, food preparations ami others, the aggregate value of 
 these being ^471','J 47. The valuation, in 1.SS8, was SI, 019,402; and 
 the tax, $17 on $1,000. The population is 3,106. The public 
 schools are graded, and occupy six school buildings valued at about 
 !?,'>;;,000. There are live libraries, to some extent accessible to the 
 public; one being the public, school library of about 500 volumes, 
 another the academy library, of upwards of 4,000. 
 
 The marked feature of interest in the town is Bradford Academy, 
 
BBAaaVILLE—BIiAINTSEE. 195 
 
 founded in 1803 for the higher education of both sexes. The 
 female interest from the first predominated, and in 1836 the school 
 became an exclusively female seminary. Benjamin Greenleaf and 
 Miss A. C. Hasseltine were long associate principals ; and Miss 
 Hasseltine, as associate, and, later, as sole principal, was connected 
 with the institution for almost half a century. This was the school 
 of Ann H. Judson and Harriet Newell; and in it are concentrated 
 many sacred and tender memories of the Christian culture of woman. 
 Bradford Academy opened a new era in female education. It com- 
 bined then, as now, the three elements, — the material, the Chris- 
 tian, and the ornamental. The institution now has its third hall, 
 erected in 1843, at a cost of about S 130,000 ; and upon which con- 
 siderable sums have since been expended. The buildings occupy a 
 commanding site overlooking the broad Merrimack, the beautiful 
 city of Haverhill arising at the northward, on the opposite bank. 
 A memorial volume of Bradford Academy has been published by 
 the trustees, from the pen of one of its graduates and teachers, — 
 Mrs. E. A. Barrows, the wife of the Rev. "William Barrows, D.D. 
 Another eminent native was the Hon George Ashmun (1804-1870), 
 an able lawyer and a member of Congress. 
 
 Originally this place bore the name of Merrimack; later, it was 
 called Rowley Village. It was first occupied as wild land by 
 Ezekiel Rogers and others, in 1<>58; and in 1675 it was incorporated 
 under the name which it now bears. This appellation was probably 
 chosen-from regard to the large town of this name in the West Rid- 
 ing of York, England. On the 3rd of May of the ensuing year 
 Thomas Kimball was shot by the Indians, and his wife and five 
 children carried away captive. A Congregational church was organ- 
 ized here, and the Rev. Zaehariah Symnies ordained pastor, Decem- 
 ber 27th, 1682. The society has now a large and handsome churcli 
 edifice here. 
 
 Braggville, a village in Holliston. 
 
 Braintrpp one °^ *^ e mos ^ respectable and ancient towns 
 rainilCC, of the State, lies in the northeastern part 
 of Norfolk County, 10 miles south of Boston, on the ( >ld Cole my Kail- 
 road. The stations, villages and post-offices are Braintree, South 
 Braintree, and East Braintree. It is bounded on the northwest and 
 north by Quincy, east by Weymouth, south by Holbrook, and south- 
 west and west by Randolph. The area is 7,956 acres, aside from the 
 highways and water surfaces. There are 1,997 acres of woodland, 
 consisting chiefly of oak and pine. The holly tree (Ilex aquifolium) 
 is indigenous here. Along the highways are numerous elms and 
 maples, some of which have been growing fifty years. 
 
 Gooch, or Great, Pond, in the westerly part, contains about 150 
 acres; Little Pond, near South Braintree village, about 75 acres; 
 and Cranberry Pond, at the south, 25 acres. The surface of the 
 town is agreeably diversified by several eminences, affording fine 
 views, but none of great height, except on the northwest border, 
 where the Blue Hill group is met. 
 
196 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The town is drained by the Manati.piot. or Monatignot, River, 
 which meets the tide at East Braintree in Weymouth Fore River. 
 Its tributaries, Blue Hill and Cochat.o rivers, drain respectively the 
 western and southern sections of the town. On these streams are 
 several good mill powers, which have been well utilized. The num- 
 ber of manufacturing establishment in the town is o.i. Of these, 
 the most extensive are the boot and shoe factories, of which there 
 are several, witli a product in 1K.S5 valued at 8218,00.1 ; metallic and 
 wood and metal goods, 8111, K'>2; hosiery, knit goods, findings and 
 trimmings, 82* 1.150, There are two or three tanneries, a large 
 paper mill, three or four establishments for food preparations; one 
 each for cement, soap, dye-stuffs, furniture, rubber and elastic 
 goods. The aggregate product in 1885 was valued at 81,468.571. 
 The town has quarries of excellent granite, from which, as earl}- as 
 1751', Mr. John J lay ward furnished the material for King's Chapel, 
 in Hoston. The prevailing rock is sienite. The soil is a gravelly 
 loam, which is fairly productive; and the 78 farms, in 38«.">. iur- 
 nished a product valued at SB'0.015. There are upwards of 7.««M> 
 fruit trees and several cranberry bogs in the town. The valuation 
 in 1888 was 8a,0ii4,l2;J, with a tax of $12 on 81,(1(10. The popula- 
 tion is 4,040, and the dwelling-houses number nearly 950. 
 
 The schools are graded, and occupy nine buildings, valued, with 
 appurtenances, at 8-*',10G. At South Braintree is Thayer Acad- 
 emy, founded in 1*77, incorporated in lM7'.t, which already has a 
 large patronage and a high reputation. The edifice is valued at 
 875,000, and the various appendages would largely add to the esti- 
 mate of the property. The libraries, accessible to the public, in the 
 aggregate have about 11', 000 volumes. The town has a public 
 library, containing nearly 1 0,000 volumes, in its own building, val- 
 ued at 825.000. The "Braintree Observer" fills the important 
 office of a local weekly for the town. 
 
 The first church edifice of the I'nion 0. T. society, in the 
 pleasant village of Kast Braintree, on Weymouth Fore River, 
 was dedicated in 1812, and the Rev. Daniel A. Clark ordained pas- 
 tor. He was succeeded in 1815 by Kev. Jonas Perkins. Rev. 
 Lyman Matthews, ordained in l.s.'lo, was the first minister of the 
 Congregational church at South Braintree. The Baptists erected a 
 house of worship in 1M I. 
 
 The original settlement of this town was in l(il'5. Some of the 
 earliest settlers came from the town of Braintree. in the county of 
 Essex, England; and when the town was incorporated. May 13, 
 Kilo, if was under the name most familiar to them. Previously it 
 had been called Mount. Woolaston. The township included what are 
 now (Jniney, Kandolph and Holbrook. The town purchased the 
 Indian right to I heir lands, in 1070, of Wam/Hiturk, otherwise Josiah 
 Sagamore, the chief of the Indians hereabout; the price paid being 
 £21 Ids. In 17112 parts of Braintree and Dorchester were estab- 
 lished as Ouincy; in 171I3 part of Braintree was established as Ran- 
 dolph, there, being a further annexation in 1811; and in 1856 
 another part of this town was annexed to Quinc.y. The part of this 
 
BRALET'S— BREWSTER. 197 
 
 territory now known as "Braintree'' was voted to be a distinct 
 parish, in 1708. The Rev. Hugh Adams, ordained in 1707, was the 
 first minister. 
 
 This town has given to the world the following: Benjamin 
 Thompson (1642-1714), a learned schoolmaster and poet; Edmund 
 Quincy (1681-1738), an able jurist; Johu Adams (1735-July 4, 
 1826), an eminent statesman, second President of the United 
 States; Zabdiel Adams (1739-1801), an eloquent divine; Elihu 
 Thayer, D.D. (1747-1812), a noted minister and scholar; Samuel 
 Hayward, M.D. (1749-1821), an eminent physician; Sarah Went- 
 worth (Apthorp) Morton (1759-1846), a pleasing poetess; John 
 Quincy Adams (1767-1848), the sixth President of the United 
 States; Gen. Sylvanus Thayer, LL.D. (1785-1872), a noted military 
 officer and benefactor; and Richard Salter Storrs, Jun., D.D. (1821), 
 an able divine. 
 
 Jjra.lCy S, a village in Freetown. 
 
 BramanVllle, a village in Millbury. 
 
 Brandt Rock, a village in Marshfield. 
 
 Brattle Station, a village in Arlington. 
 
 BraytOnVll le, a village in North Adams. 
 
 "Rt-^^rl 'c T fcl a nrl a I ,art of the <itv nf Boston » b'ing near 
 -DieeU b IblcUlU, on the northeast of East I'.oston. 
 
 Bi 
 
 i j. lies in the inner side of the bend in the elbow of 
 
 >rc\VStcr Q a ^ e q 0( ^ 89 miles southeast of I'.oston by the 
 Old Colony Railroad. The railway stations are Brewster and East 
 Brewster; the post-offices and villages, these, South Brewster and 
 West Brewster, formerly known, also, as Setueket. Cape Cod Bay 
 bounds it on the north, Orleans on the east, Harwich on the south, 
 and Dennis on the west. The harbor, at the middle of the shore line 
 of the town, is formed by a breakwater ; and in it small vessels may 
 lie secure at any season of the year. 
 
 The area of the town is 8,600 acres, ponds and highways in addi- 
 tion. The surface is uneven to a small degree ; and there are about 
 1,323 acres of woodland, chiefly of well-grown oak and pine. The 
 lowlands are beautified by the azalea, wild rose, lily and other flow- 
 ers. About 300 acres are devoted to the growth of cranberries. 
 Peat of a good quality is dug at many points in the lowlands, and 
 is used for fuel. There is a line of eminences through the middle 
 of the town nearly east and west. One at the northwest was a sta- 
 tion in the Trigonometrical Survey of the State, and on its summit 
 stands a packet-signal, visible at sea for a long distance. The view 
 from here of the curving line of the shore, from Duxbury to Province- 
 town, is a rare and pleasing scene. 
 
198 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Many beautiful sheets of fresh water, as Cliff, Sheep, Bangs, Long 
 and Mill ponds, diversify the scenery, and afford game for the sports- 
 man. From the pond last mentioned, which contains about 365 
 acres, a stream called " Herring Eiver " runs northerly into Cape 
 Cod Bay, and furnishes considerable motive power. Along the 
 southern line of the town lies Long Pond, a splendid sheet covering 
 778 acres, which has, for outlet, another " Herring River," running 
 southerly, and entering the sea below West Harwich, on the south 
 side of the Cape. 
 
 This town has, in the north part, a very good soil The farms are 
 not numerous, the last census reporting but ten, of which seven con- 
 tained less than 60, and only one over 90 acres. Their aggregate 
 yield for market was £19,921 ; and to this the cranberry bogs contri- 
 buted $15,070. There were 11 manufacturing establishments such 
 as are usual in agricultural towns ; the product of these being $7,137. 
 One hundred and fourteen persons were reported as engaged in fish- 
 ing ; the catch being:, in order of value, alewives, bluefish, herring, 
 mackerel and others, to the amount of *1 5,411. The last valuation 
 of the town (1S88) was $478,874; and the tax-rate was $12 on 
 $1,000. The population is 934, with 257 dwelling-houses. 
 
 There are primary, grammar and mixed schools, held in seven 
 school-houses; which are valued at about .$6,000, There is a Ladies' 
 Association Library, owning a building valued at .*>3,(MMI, and con- 
 taining about 9,000 volumes. The Baptists, Universal ists and Uni- 
 tarians have churches here. The latter is the " First Parish'' of the 
 town, having been formed in 1700 ; when, also, Rev. Nathaniel Stone 
 was ordained pastor. 
 
 The Indian name of the place was Sairl.attuckett. It was set off 
 from Harwich and incorporated in l.xo;s, being named for the famous 
 Elder William Brewster, of the Pilgrim < 'olonv. Another portion of 
 Harwich was annexed in 1811 ; but in 184s a portion of Brewster 
 was annexed to Harwich. 
 
 The town sent 72 men into the late war, of whom seven were lost. 
 
 BreWSterS, The (Oreat. Middle and < inter), islands 
 near the middle of the outer line of Boston Harbor. 
 
 Brick Cit) r , a village in Leicester. 
 
 Brirlcrfwnf-fr * s a nne ^ town in the western part of 
 unu & cwcllCl Plymouth County, 28 miles south of Bos- 
 ton by the Old Colony Bailroad, whose stations within it are Bridge- 
 water Iron Works and, halt' a mile south of this, Bridgewater (Cen- 
 tre), and in the southern part of the town, State Farm. The post- 
 offices are Bridgewater, Scotland and Stab' Farm ; the villages being 
 these (except the last), and Paper Mill Village, in the eastern part 
 of the town. The general form of the township is oval ; having an 
 assessed area of 10,(155 acres, including 5,000 acres of woodland. 
 The surface is for the most part undulating, having a fine eminence 
 at the north called Sprague's Hill, 192 feet in height. In the west- 
 
BIUDGEWATEIt. 
 
 199 
 
 em part of the town is the handsome Lake Nippenicket, covering 
 388 acres, and embracing several pretty islands. Robbin's Pond, 
 three miles northeast of the centre, is also an attractive resort for 
 fishing. 
 
 Town and Matfield rivers, entering Bridgewater on the north side. 
 unite in the eastern part ; and, receiving the waters of South Brook, 
 from near the centre, join on the eastern line with the AVinnetuxet 
 
 STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, BRIDGEWATER, MASS. 
 
 River from Halifax, and form the Taunton River. This handsome 
 stream washes the whole southeastern border of the town, and, like 
 the others, affords power for several mills. 
 
 In the eastern part of the town there are a paper mill and two or 
 three saw mills making shingles and boxboards. At the iron works 
 are made a variety of cast and wrought work, cotton machinery, nails 
 and tacks, and other articles. The town also has a boot and shoo 
 
•jl,(j GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 factory and several brickyards. The largest product is iron and me- 
 tallic goods, valued for 1885 at $582,942. Wooden and wood and 
 metal goods counted up to $48,84(5 ; food preparations, $23,750; the 
 aggregate of manufactures being valued al $769,945. The product 
 <>! the 108 farms cultivated in the town in the same year was 8141.378. 
 The valuation in 1888 was $2,194,847; and the tax was $11.20 on 
 $1,000. The population is 3,827. Bridgewater Havings Bank, at 
 the close of 1888, held deposits to the amount ol $344,307. 
 
 The town is noted for its schools. Bridgewater Academy, incor- 
 porated in 1799, now furnishes the town high school. The public 
 schools are graded, and occupy, aside from the academy,! 1 buildings, 
 valued, with attached property, at $31,410. The State Normal 
 School here has been inconstant operation since 1840, the attendance 
 now requiring the entire accommodations ol its two substantial edi- 
 fices. The town public library is an excellent building of brick, 
 valued at $15,000, and containing about $6,000 volumes and an inter- 
 esting museum. There are two public-school libraries of about 3,500 
 volumes and an institution library ol about 400. The current news 
 is furnished by the " Bridgewater Independent." a highly respectable 
 weekly journal. The central village has a beautiful little park shaded 
 with well-grown ornamental trees, aboutwhich are the familiar Hy- 
 land House, the stores and the public buildings. 
 
 The first Congregational Church (Unitarian) is a fine specimen of 
 el 1 1 ue] i architecture ; and the Central Square Congregational | Trini- 
 tarian) has a spacious and convenient house; the New Jerusalem 
 society has a very handsome edifice. The Episcopal church is also 
 new and attractive. The Methodists have a subsl mtial and comfort- 
 able house; and the Roman Catholic edifice (Saint Thomas Aquinas's) 
 is also fitting to its office. There is also a Trinitarian Congregational 
 church at Scot land village. 
 
 The territory of this town, in its original extent, was purchased oi 
 Massasoit by Miles Standish and others for "seven coats, nine 
 hatchets, eight hoes, twentj knives, four moose-skins, and ten yards 
 of cotton." The Indian name ol the place was Nunketest, but the 
 English called their purchase Duxburrow New Plantation. On June 
 •';. 1656, it was incorporated under its presenl name, which it took 
 from Bridgewater, in Somersel County, England. It received addi- 
 tions on the Weymouth side and from Stoughton; and in 1 71L'. part 
 of Bridgewater and certain lands adjoining were established as Abing- 
 
 In 1821, part of the town was established as North Bridgewater; 
 
 in 1822, part of it was incorporated as West Bridgewater; in 1823, 
 another pari was made l'.ast Bridgewater; and in 1824, o part was 
 annexed to I tali fax. 
 
 The first meeting-house was built in 1717. and Rev. Benjamin Allen 
 was ordained pastor in the following year. 
 
 As early as I77."> ea in were east, here by Hugh On for the 
 
 government. La/ell, Perkins and Companj commenced the manu- 
 lacture oi iron and heavj machinery herein 1810. The shops new 
 eover an area oi ten acres, The forgings for the celebrated iron-clad 
 Monitor," invented l>\ John Ericson, were executed here. 
 
BSIGG'S CORNER — BRIMFIELD. 201 
 
 Bridgewater furnished a surplus of 60 men above its quota for the 
 late war, and lost 27. Among the esteemed citizens living here at a 
 late period are Rev. Ebenezer Gay, Nicholas Tillinghast, Marshal 
 Conant and A. G. Boyden. Perhaps its most eminent names are 
 these : Xathaniel Ames (1708-1764), Simeon Howard, D.D. (1733- 
 18041. Perez Fobes, LL.D. (1752-1812), Levi W. Leonard, D.D. 
 (174)0-1864), Willard Phillips, LL.D. (1784), and Gen. George L. 
 Andrews (1827). 
 
 BHgg's Corner, a village in Attleborough. 
 
 BriggSVllle, a village in Clarksburgh. 
 
 Rricrlrhnn *^ e wes t ern section of Boston. Incorporated as 
 JJ1 lgillUll, a town F e b ru ary 21, ISO? ; annexed to Boston by 
 Act of May 1, 1878, and by vote of the city and town. 
 
 BrightWOod, a village in Springfield. 
 
 Tit-imfif»1r) is an excellent farming town in the extreme east 
 
 JJ1UU11CIU, of Hampden County, on the Boston and Albany 
 Kailroad, whose station at West Brimfield is 7 ( .) miles from Boston. 
 The post-offices are Brimfield and East Brimfield; and these, with 
 "■ Little Best," are the villages. The town is bounded north by War- 
 ren, east by Sturbridge, south by Holland and Wales, and west by 
 Monson and Palmer. 
 
 The assessed area is 21,1 04 acres; which includes 0. i."><; acres of 
 *.>rest, containing"a large proportion of New England varieties. The 
 geological structure is dolorites and ferruginous gneiss; and speci- 
 mens of iolite in gneiss, adularia, or white felspar, molybdenite, mica 
 and garnet, are found in the northern part. West Mountain is the 
 most extensive eminence. On another eminence, ooo feet in height, 
 is an immense bowlder known as "Steerage Bock," the summit of 
 which affords a very extensive view. < Jreat Pond, of nearly 05 acres ; 
 enclosed by hills; Sherman Pond, of about SO acres; Little Alum 
 Pond, of 34 acres ; and Baker's Pond, of 1<» acres, diversify the land- 
 scape. Several streams, meeting near the centre, form Mill Brook, 
 an affluent of Quinebaug River, which winds through the southeast 
 corner of the town; while a rapid stream flows through the westerly 
 part of the town into Chicopee River, as the latter runs along the 
 northwestern border. 
 
 Brimfield has 1,137 inhabitants, 244 dwelling-houses and 280 farms. 
 In 1885, the aggregate farm product was $161,301. There is a 
 considerable extent of land yet unimproved. Large quantities of 
 lumber, firewood, bark, and charcoal are annually prepared for mar- 
 ket. There are two saw mills, planing mill, grist mill ; one or more 
 brickyards ; an auger factory ; two factories for food preparations ; 
 one for fertilizers, and others ; the aggregate product of these being 
 §38,41)0. The valuation of this town in 1888 was $162,800 ; and the 
 tax was §16 on ft 1,000. 
 
20'. 
 
 (iA'/ETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Brimfield has primary and high schools, which occupy 11 school- 
 houses, valued, with appurtenances, at $20,300. There is a good 
 town-hall, a public library of nearly 3,000 volumes, public-school 
 libraries of 1,500 volumes or more, a church and two hunday-school 
 libraries There are two Congregational churches, the first of which 
 was organized in 1724. There is also a Moravian church; and East 
 Brimtield has one of theChristian denomination. Bnmneld sent 138 
 men to the late war of whom 18 perished in service ; and to the memory 
 of these it has erected an elegant monument at an expense of $2,500. 
 
 This town was incorporated in 17:51, taking its name, probably, 
 from the parish of Brimpsfield, eight miles from Gloucester, England. 
 Moses Brooks, a son of Deliverance Brooks, was born here in 1717, 
 
 HITCHCOCK FREE HIGH SCHOOL, BRIMFIELD. 
 
 and is said to have been the first white native. The first family that 
 settled here bore the name of Hitchcock. The Thompson family 
 came from Woburn, and the Russell and Blodget families from Lex- 
 ington. The original limits of the town included Monson, Wales and 
 Holland. A church was built in 1 722, and the first minister was Rev 
 Richard Treat. BrimnVld took a very active part in the Revolution- 
 ary War, furnishing about 200 men. 
 
 ("Jen. William Eaton, of some renown from his exploits in Egypt, 
 was long a resident: of this town, and here ended his days. He mar- 
 ried the widow of Col. Timothy Danielson (1 7.">,H— 1701), a Revolution- 
 ary officer and patriot, who had his birth and death in this town. 
 Others of eminence were (Jen. Kit/. Henry Warren, Professor John 
 W. Koster, Hon. Ava Lincoln, TU.H, Eben Knight, M.D., Hon. 
 John Wyles, Samuel A. Hitchcock. Hon. Erustus Kairbanks (later of 
 Vermont), Hon. Joseph Vaill and (Jen. Erasmus 11. Keyes. 
 
BRITTAXIA VILLE— BROCKTON. 203 
 
 BrittaniaVllle, a village in Taunton. 
 
 JjrOaQ oOUnQ, the northern entrance to Boston Harbor. 
 
 "D"D (~)(~* 1/" T^OIV is a very enterprising and thrifty city, 
 ■ LV v --' ^ - 1 *- -*■ v-' ■*■ ^ occupying the northwest extremity of 
 Plymouth County, and having Stoughton, Avon and Holbrook on 
 the north, Abington, Whitman and East Bridgewater on the east, 
 West Bridgewater on the south and Easton on the west. It is 20 
 miles south of Boston, on the Old Colony Railroad, which has a fine 
 station house at Brockton (centre^, one at Montello, two miles north, 
 and another at Campello, one mile south of the Brockton station. 
 Territorially, its greatest length is about one and a half miles from 
 east to west, and five miles from north to south. The assessed area 
 is 10,948 acres ; and of this 2,965 are woodland. 
 
 The villages are Brockton, Brockton Heights, Campello and Fac- 
 tory Village ; the first and third being the post-offices. The central 
 portion of the territory is quite level, and contains the two principal 
 villages; but rises on the east in Carey's and Tower's hills, from 
 both of which there is a pleasing view of the village ; and towards 
 the northwest is Prospect Hill and an eminence at West Shores, 
 commanding one of the finest inland prospects in the country. Tin- 
 geological basis is sienite. " The most elegant specimen of porphy- 
 ritic sienite that I have met with in the State," said Prof. Edward 
 Hitchcock, '^occurs in North Bridgewater [now Brockton] and in Al>- 
 ington and in other parts of Plymouth County. Its base consists of 
 quartz and felspar, with an abundance of epidote, disseminated and 
 in veins." Peat is found in several places. 
 
 Stone-house Hill, on the Easton line, is noted for a cave eight or 
 ten feet deep in a ledge of solid rock, which is said to have been oc- 
 cupied as a dwelling by an Indian family. Trout Brook and Salis- 
 bury Brook, coming in from Stoughton, unite in the central portion 
 of the town, and form the Salisbury River, whose waters reach the 
 Taunton River at Halifax, affording some motive power in its course. 
 Beaver Brook, on the eastern line, Cowsett Brook, and two ponds 
 of 10 and 25 acres near the centre, complete the list of Brockton's 
 natural waters. The city water-works are supplying the houses ;it 
 the centre generally, from an elevated source not far distant. 
 
 The principal settlements cluster about Main Street, a wide, beau- 
 tiful and well-shaded avenue, which runs from north to south, par- 
 allel with the railroad, entirely through the town. The road track 
 is kept hard and smooth, and forms one of the most delightful 
 drives in this region. 
 
 The principal business of the city is the manufacture of boots and 
 shoes. This was commenced here by Micah Faxon, who came from 
 Randolph in 1811. There are now 97 factories ; turning out in 1885 
 a product valued at $11,035,238. There are also numerous small 
 establishments of associated industries; the entire manufactories in 
 the city numbering 310, and having a product valued at $13,370.8"^ 
 

 I 
 
BROCKTON. 205 
 
 The 104 farmers contributed to the income of the town the value of 
 $143,801. The valuation in 1888 was $15,117,528 ; and the tax- 
 rate $ 15.90 on $1,000. The population is 20,783, accommodated by 
 3,599 dwelling-houses. The Brockton National Bank has a capital of 
 $100,000 ; the Home National Bank, $200,000 ; and the Brockton 
 Savings Bank, at the close of business last year, had $853,513 in 
 deposits. 
 
 The public schools are graded, and make use of 23 buildings, val- 
 ued, with accompanying property, at •'?115,950. Evening drawing 
 schools have been established, to which other branches of study 
 are being added. There are 20 libraries accessible to the public, 
 that of the town containing about 12.000 volumes. There are sev- 
 eral private circulating libraries, and the others belong chiefly to 
 churches and Sunday schools. There are 17 churches in the city 
 and suburban villages. The Trinitarian Congre Rationalists were the 
 earliest here, the First Congregational society having been organized 
 in 1740. Their society at Campello dates from 18o~, and the Por- 
 ter Evangelical society from 1X50. The Baptists organized in 1877, 
 and have a Swedish society at Campello. There are also at this vil- 
 lage the Swedish Evangelical Independent and the Evangelical Luth- 
 eran societies. The Methodists have a church at Campello, one at 
 West Brockton, and one at the centre. 
 
 In the city also are churches of the New Jerusalem Church, the 
 Unitarians, Universalists, Free Baptists, Latter Day Saints, the 
 Protestant Episcopalians and the Roman Catholics. 
 
 This township was settled mainly by people from the West Parish 
 of Bridgewater, and was incorporated in 1738 as the North Parish ; 
 and in 1740 Rev. John Porter, the first minister, was ordained. 
 There were so many people of the name of Packard and Howard 
 here in the early period, that it was facetiously said that every citi- 
 zen here bore the name Packard or Howard except one, whose name 
 was Howard Packard. The precinct, voted in 1750 that ''the mine 
 on the wemen's side of the gallery should be for the wemen," and in 
 1789 it was voted to build pews in the porch and belfry for the 
 negroes. In 1818 the parish voted against the introduction of a 
 stove into the meeting-house as a sinful luxury. Fifty-live of the in- 
 habitants served in the French and Indian wars, and many more in 
 the Revolutionary War. Several citizens early removed from this 
 place to Cummington, among whom was Dr. Peter Bryant (born in 
 1767), the father of William Cullen Bryant, the poet. The Bev. 
 Eliphalet Porter. D.D. (1758-18;;:!), an able clergyman and scholar, 
 was a native of this place; also .les.se Reed (1778), an inventor of 
 various machines. 
 
 A post-office was first established here in 1810. The railroad was 
 ? built to this place in 1846, and, ten years later, the magnetic tele- 
 graph. The town was incorporated as North Bridgewater, June 15, 
 1821 ; the population being then about 1,480. It was authorized to 
 change its name on March 28, 1874, and on May 5th following 
 adopted Brockton as the new name. In 1875, part of the town was 
 annexed to South Abington (now Whitman), and parts of the same 
 
20G 
 
 UA/.KTTEEli OF MA.SS.WUVSKTTS. 
 
 .ind of East liridgewater with annexed to Brockton. The act of 
 incorporation as a city was passed April II, 1: S«l, and was accepted 
 on May L'.'i following. < If the men furnished for the late war fifty- 
 six weiu lost. The city has 100 residents who are over eighty years 
 of age. Swedish immigrants have settled in the place in successive 
 companies for a score of years past, and now form a large, orderly 
 and thrifty part of the community. 
 
 Two excellent newspapers, the " Enterprise" and the "Evening 
 (ia/.ette," both having daily and weekly issues, vie with each other 
 in serving the interests of the city. 
 
 BrOokdale, a village in Beabody. 
 
 T) K£j 11 lies in the southwestern part of Worcester 
 
 -DrOUKllClU (j 0UI1 ty ; ">5 miles from Boston by the Boston 
 and Albany Bailroad, whose stations are at lirookfield and East 
 Brooktield. It has North Brookfield on the north, Spencer on the 
 east, Charlton at the southeast, Sturbridge on the smith, and War- 
 ren and West Brookfield on the west. Tin.* assessed area of the 
 town is 14,021 acres ; and of this, i,'S,'>'J acres are woodland. 
 
 The highest points of land are Cooley and Blanchard hills in the 
 north, and in the southeast are High Bock (a ledge 4o feet high and 
 almost a mile long), Teneriffe, Stone and Wheelock hills. There is 
 a mineral spring north of High Bock. Quaboag, or Podunk, 
 Bond, a very beautiful sheet of water, about a mile square, and well 
 stored with a variety of fish, lies in the centre of the town, and is 
 connected by a canal with South Bond, of 340 acres, lying on the 
 line of Sturbridge. A small steamer is run on these ponds, (ireat 
 Brook and East Brookfield Biver discharge into Quaboag Bond; 
 and from it flows Quaboag stream, the south branch of Chicopee 
 Biver. * liter occasionally visit these ponds. Extensive swamps, 
 through which the Boston and Albany Bailroad passes, spread over 
 much of the northern portion of the town. 
 
 The geological structure of the town is ferruginous gneiss. Bog- 
 iron ore is found at some points. The 1N5 farms yielded, in 1885, a 
 product valued at $189,187. The manufactures consist of boots and 
 shoes, lumber, carriages, iron and metallic goods, pottery, food prep- 
 arations and others. The largest item was boots and shoes, 
 amounting to $751,W.'>; while the aggregate product reached the 
 value of fcl,L'lG,740. The populat ion was 3,013, with .V»3 dwelling- 
 houses. The valuation, in 1NS8, was *1,L'.">(1.017, with a tax of 
 fcBi.no on * 1,000. The Brooktield Savings Bank, at the close of 
 last year, held deposits to the amount of *(>7.1S8. 
 
 The schools are graded, and occupy eight buildings, valued, 
 with connected property, at *.7,N17. There is a superior public 
 hall of brick, which cost about fc 70,000. The Merrick Eibrary is 
 free, and contains about 10.000 volumes, in a library building that 
 cost fclO.OOO. The newspaperof the town is the " Brooktield Times." 
 There are a Baptist, and a union church at East Brookfield. another 
 union church at Podunk, near the centre of the town; and at 
 
miooKLixE. 207 
 
 Brookfield, finely elevated, are churches of the Unitarians, Congre- 
 gationalists, Methodists and Roman Catholics. A row of ancient 
 elms adds beauty to the scenery of the place. The name of Brook- 
 field may have been suggested by the natural features of the town ; 
 but as a plantation it bore the Indian name. An act of legislature, 
 October 15, 1673, authorizes Qitobnuge to be the town of "Brooke- 
 feild," when forty or fifty families shall have settled there. On 
 Xovember 12, 1718, another act of legislature established it as a 
 town. The territory was originally granted to a number of citizens 
 of Ipswich in 1600, on condition that there should be twenty resi- 
 dent families within three years, and that an able minister should 
 be settled and supported. 
 
 For a long time this was an isolated settlement between the 
 towns in the valley of the Connecticut River and the seaboard, and 
 suffered severely from the assaults of the Indians. In 1075 a body 
 of them rushed into the plantation, and, after burning about twenty 
 houses and barns, attacked the garrison-house, in which the inhabi- 
 tants had taken refuge. This was defended with desperate bravery, 
 against an overwhelming superiority of numbers, for three days ; 
 during which time the assailants made the most vigorous attacks by 
 a constant discharge of balls and burning arrows. At length, find- 
 ing all other means ineffectual, they loaded a cart with flax, straw 
 and other combustibles, and, by the aid of long poles, endeavored to 
 thrust the burning mass against the building. At this moment of 
 peril, a plentiful shower of rain, which seemed to the besieged quite 
 miraculous, extinguished the flames and saved the occupants from 
 destruction. At length their resources were exhausted, and they 
 were at the point of surrendering in despair, when Major Willard, 
 with "a troop of 48 light-horse" from Lancaster, made his appear- 
 ance. The savages then burned the meeting-house and the only 
 dwelling-house left in the town, and hastily retreated. 
 
 The first church here was organized April 5, 1756, and the Rev. 
 Nathan Fiske was ordained pastor two years later. 
 
 Brookfield has the credit of the following eminent men : Dwight 
 Foster (1757-1823), an able jurist, and United States senator from 
 1800 to 1803; Kiah Bailey (1770-1X57), an able clergyman; Col. 
 Enos Cutler (1781-1860), a brave soldier; William Appleton (1786- 
 1862), a successful merchant; Samuel Jennison (1788-1860), an 
 antiquary and author; Pliny Merrick, LL.D. (1794-18C7), an emi- 
 nent lawyer and judge. 
 
 Bi 1" is a wealthy and beautiful suburban town on 
 
 rOOKlinc tne sou thwestern side of Boston, lying like a 
 wedge between the Back Bay section and the Brighton district of 
 that city. Its northeastern point almost reaches the Charles River, 
 while its broad southwestern end abuts in equal extent against the 
 West Roxbury district and the city of Newton; the latter also 
 forming nearly half its boundary on the northwest. It is about 
 four and one half miles long, and an average of two miles wide for 
 the greater part of its length, and contains 3,7."i(i acres, beside 
 
208 (lAZETTEEl! OF MASSACJIl'SETTS. 
 
 streets and water surfaces. The Boston and Albany Railroad and 
 the Woonsocket Division of the New York and New England Kail- 
 road pass through the town ; the stations and villages being Brook- 
 line, Chapel Station, < lottiige Farm, Longwood, and Reservoir Sta- 
 tion. The post-ofheo is lirookline, which is in the Boston postal 
 district and has carrier delivery. 
 
 The surface of the town is beautifully varied by hill and valley ; 
 and the aspect it presents from elevated points in Boston is very 
 charming. From Longwood llrook, which divides its northerly half 
 from Boston, the land rises in a beautiful swell, to fall again, then 
 to be succeeded by the noble eminence of Corey's Hill, 270 ieet in 
 height; while beyond this Lyman's Hill rises to •'!•_!'» feet; and to 
 right and left are other hills, — a group of them in the southern 
 part. Other names are Aspinwall Hill (2-10 feet;, Fisher's Hill (250 
 feet), and the two Walnut Hills, of somewhat less elevation. Tin- 
 views obtained from these hills are unsurpassed in beauty. That 
 from Corey's Hill embraces the distant summits of Wachusett and 
 Monadnock mountains and the hills of Waltham on the northwest, 
 the charming landscapes of Watertown, Mount Auburn and the 
 University of Cambridge on the north, and on the northeast and 
 east, the heights of Charlestown, of East Boston and the city proper, 
 with the harbor and islands, the long line of Nantasket and the 
 ocean beyond. Two small ponds, and a charming artificial reservoir 
 connected with the Boston Water-works, enhance the beauty of the 
 scenery. The town has, itself, an elaborate system of water-works, 
 drawing its supply from Charles River. About 250 acres are de- 
 voted to forest, and it is said that every tree indigenous to the State 
 is here represented. 
 
 There are still about 24 farms, mostly devoted to the dairy and 
 the vegetable garden; their product in 1N85 being valued at 
 $89,599. The usual kinds of small manufactures are found here ; 
 whose value, for the same period, was S152,S53. The population of 
 the town, by the census of 1885, was '.MUG. The Brookline National 
 Bank has a capital of •* 100,000; and the savings bank, at the 
 beginning of this year, held deposits amounting to 8.'W2,8.'W. The 
 last valuation of the town, in ISSN, was $41,246,1KH), — with a tax- 
 rate of $10.50 on $1,000. 
 
 Brookline is chiefly remarkable to the passing traveller as a place 
 of suburban residences. Its surface is in a high state of cultivation, 
 which, to a large extent, is ornamental ; and, amid the gardens and 
 the numerous shade-trees — elms, maples, oaks and many others — 
 mostly of large size, are the elegant mansions and cottages of citi- 
 zens whose daily business is in the metropolis. The streets are kept. 
 in excellent condition, and are also extensively bordered with 
 shade-trees. Western Avenue, the continuation of Boston's Bea- 
 con Street, is a splendid driveway, extending quite across the town. 
 
 Brookline has a large and handsome town-hail, built of rose gran- 
 ite, at an expense of $150,0(10. The principal audience-room is 
 capable of seating 1,200 persons. There is a public library building 
 of brick, with an interior finish of butternut, and containing a 
 choice library of upwards of 20,000 volumes. 
 
BBOOKLIXE. 
 
 209 
 
 The edifice of the Harvard (Congregational) Church, constructed of 
 stone from various parts of the world, at an expense of more than 
 $100,000, is a beautiful example of church architecture. The Epis- 
 copal Saint Paul's Church is remarkable for its chaste and elegant 
 form and finish. There are other church edifices of much beauty 
 and impressiveness; that of the Roman ( latholics excelling in size. 
 Beside those mention-^!, the Episcopalians have another, and the 
 
 THE HARVARD CHURCH, BROOKLINE. 
 
 Methodists, the New Church (Swedenborgian), the Baptists and the 
 Unitarians each have substantial and suitable houses of worship. 
 
 Brookline has taken good care that her schools shall meet the 
 requirements of her superior citizenship. They are carefully 
 graded, and the high school is of the first order. Twelve buildings 
 
210 GAZETTE Kit OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 are devoted to tin in, valued, with property appertaining, at very 
 nearly £200,000. Two good suburban journals, the " Chronicle" and 
 the "News," amply supply the needs of the place in this line. 
 
 Brookline was originally a part of Boston, with the name of 
 Muddy Eiver Hamlet, — which doubtless seemed an appropriate 
 term to those who could not get over the divisional stream. It was 
 not formally separated from Boston and incorporated as a town 
 until November 13, 1705; yet it is found that the records begin on 
 January 19, KiST, when an fntry was made that the town voted 
 that, "for the annual maintenance of the schoolmaster £'12 per 
 annum should be raised, ami the remainder necessary to support the 
 charges of the master be laid equally upon the scholars' heads, save 
 any persons that are poor, to be abated in part or in whole." Brook- 
 line was embraced in Suffolk County until 1~'.)A, when, contrary to 
 the wishes of its people, it became a part of Norfolk, forming the 
 northeast extremity of the county. The first meeting-house was 
 erected here in November, 1714 ; and the first church was organized 
 October 26, 1717; and in the following year the Rev. James Allen 
 was ordained as minister. 
 
 Some twenty or more years ago, Mr. David Sears founded a chapel, 
 at a cost of about $40,000, in the northeasterly part of the town; 
 and near this stands a memorial church of Eoxbury stone, trimmed 
 with white marble, built by Mr. Amos A. Lawrence, at a cost of 
 about §50,000. This chapel has given to the railroad station, near 
 by, the name of Chapel Station, which, in turn, has attached its 
 name to the unique and elegant little village in its neighborhood. 
 
 Among the distinguished men of Brookline may be mentioned: 
 Zabdiel Boylston, F.R.S. (l(iS0- 17(36), an eminent physician, who 
 introduced inoculation for small-pox into this country ; Jeremy Grid- 
 ley (1705-1767), a distinguished lawyer, the teacher of James Otis; 
 William Aspinwall, M.D. (1743-1 S23), a celebrated physician; 
 Elhanan Winchester (1751-1707), author and clergyman; CoL 
 Thomas Aspinwall (1784), an able lawyer and gallant soldier; 
 George Sewall Boutwell (lnlS), a distinguished statesman, gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts from 1X51 to 1853, Secretary of the United 
 States Treasury from 1869 to 1873, United States senator from 
 1873 to 1877. 
 
 Brookside, ;l village m Westford. 
 
 Brook Station, a village in Princeton. 
 
 Brook's Village, in Templeton. 
 
 Brookville, a village in Holbrook. V ' 
 
 f 
 
 BrOWnell's Corner, a village in Westborough. '" 
 
 Brush Hill, a village in Milton. 
 
BBYAXTSVILLE — BUIIG£$S MLAA'D. 211 
 
 BryantSVllle, in Pembroke. 
 
 RiirHnnrl is a pleasant farming town in the western part 
 
 JJUt-JS.ld.IlU of Franklin County, 125 miles from Boston on 
 the Fitchburg Railroad. This road crosses the northeast corner of 
 the town, where the Buckland station is located ; but that of Shel- 
 burne Falls, ou the eastern border, is also convenient. The post- 
 office is Buckland, and the villages are the centre and Buckland 
 Four Corners. 
 
 The surrounding towns are Charlemont on the north, Shelburne 
 and Conway on the east, Ashrield on the south, and Hawley and 
 Charlemont on the west. The beautiful Deerfield River forms the 
 entire northern line, and taking a sharp turn south forms the line of 
 Shelburne on the eastern side. It receives as tributaries in Buck- 
 land, beginning at the west, First, Second, Third, Ware's and Clark's 
 brooks, and Clesson's River, which crosses the middle of the town 
 from south to north, receiving Taylor's Brook on the way, and fur- 
 nishing power for several mills. 
 
 The manufactures consist of cutlery (employing, in 1885, 210 per- 
 sons), gimlets, some small machinery, lumber, stone, food prepara- 
 tions and silk goods ; the last employing 20 girls. The entire num- 
 ber of manufactories was 12, and the aggregate product §39,494. 
 There are 153 farms, whose product for the same year was §143,071. 
 The assessed area is 11,721 acres, which includes the 2,601 acres of 
 woodland. The population, in 1885, was 1,700, which was sheltered 
 in 338 houses. The valuation in 1S.SS was $527,168; with a tax- 
 rate of $12.50 on §1,000. There are seven school-houses, valued at 
 about $5,000. 
 
 The surface of the town is very uneven, and near the Deerfield 
 River the scenery is charmingly picturesque. The geological 
 structure is calciferous mica-schist and calcareous gneiss. 
 
 A Mr. White and Captain Nahum Ward were among the first 
 settlers; and the first child born here was Jonathan Ward. 
 
 The earlier name for this plantation was Notown; and it once 
 constituted a part of Charlemont. It was incorporated as the town 
 of Buckland, April 14, 1779. A Congregational church was organ- 
 ized here in October, 1785, with 18 members. The first pastor was 
 the Rev. Josiah Spaulding, who was held in great esteem. This 
 church still continues ; and there is also one of the Methodists. 
 
 This town is the birthplace of Mary Lyon (1797-1849), the cele- 
 brated teacher and author. 
 
 Bucksville, inMillbury. 
 Buffiim Village, in Oxford. 
 Bullardvale, a village in Winchendon. 
 BurgeSS I Sland, midway of the shore line of Bourne. 
 
212 UAZETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 JjUrC'CSS 1 Oint, in southern projection of Wareham. 
 
 Burkvillc, inconway. 
 
 Bi • , is a small agricultural town in the easterly 
 
 UrlingtOn SC( . t j, m „f Middlesex County, about 10 miles 
 north by northwest from Boston. The nearest railroad station is 
 Woburn Centre, three miles distant. The boundaries are Billerica 
 and "Wilmington (in the northwest and northeast, Woburn on the 
 east and southeast, Lexington on the southwest, and Bedford on 
 the west. 
 
 The assessed area of the town is 7,311' acres, including 1,888 acres 
 of woodland. The trees are chiefly oak, maple, pine and some birch. 
 The surface is broken and uneven; and there are conspicuous emin- 
 ences at the north, centre and south which afford admirable views. 
 From Lennett Hill in the centre there is a fine view of Wachusett 
 and the New Hampshire mountains. A beautiful stream called Vine 
 Brook, an affluent of the (Shawsheen Kiver, winds through the south- 
 west part of the town, affording water power for mills, and trout for 
 the disciples of Walton. Affluents of the Ipswich Kiver also origi- 
 nate in the easterly part of the town. 
 
 The principal rock is calcareous gneiss and sienite. The soil is 
 generally a very dark loam, with sandy or light soil in some parts, 
 but generally good farming land. The farms, in 1885, numbered 
 ninety ; and their aggregate product was §12.'i.ll.'4. 
 
 There is a variable quantity of manufacturing done in lumber, 
 leather, boots and shoes, food preparations and a few other articles. 
 The valuation in 1888 was $480,949; and the tax-rate was $10.70 
 on f 1,000. 
 
 The population, at the census of 1*8.1, was 004. with 130 dwelling- 
 houses. Burlington and Havenville are the villages, the first having 
 the post-office. There are graded schools, with five school-houses, val- 
 ued at about $3,01 )(». A public library, sustained by the town, eon- 
 tains above 3,000 volumes. 
 
 This town was taken from Woburn and incorporated on February 
 L'S, 17!>!i; and in 1800 a portion of it was annexed to Lexington. A 
 Congregational church was organized here in 173."). The meeting- 
 house was erected two years earlier. The venerable edifice is still 
 standing in good repair, though it has been somewhat remodelled. 
 The old oak fraino and the boarding of hard pine are the same as 
 when built 1.11 i years ago. 
 
 Eighty-two men, a largo number for this small town, were fur- 
 nished for the lato war, and nine were lost. 
 
 James Walker, a president of Harvard College, was born here. 
 Rev. Samuel Sewall, author of the history of Woburn, was the min- 
 ister for Burlington, and a resident for many years. Samuel Sewall 
 has been town clerk for upwards of twenty years. 
 
 Burlingville, inMiiibm-y. 
 
B UXNCOA T POND — CAMBRIDGE. 213 
 
 BumCOat Pond, in Leicester. 
 
 BuiTageville, in Ashbumham. 
 
 JJUrLC S, a village in Tewksbury. 
 
 T^iirtRrmilb' TK^\t the northeastern waters of Buzzard's 
 JJUUCIII111K oay, Bay, between Wareham and Bourne. 
 
 Buzzard's Bay, ^°£? f w , ter in u he so . ut ^ ern P art of 
 
 J the fe L ate ; also a village in Bourne. 
 -Dyneld, a village in Georgetown; also one in Newbury. 
 
 V^all Island and Little Calf Island are on the north side 
 in the outer group of islands marking Boston Harbor. 
 
 California, a village in Clinton. 
 
 C A AT RR T Df,F ( L - Cwtabridgia), the scat of Har- 
 V^^.1V1 131V1 LJ^J J^ yard CollogPf is au opuk , nt ;u|(1 ele _ 
 
 gant city, forming the southeastern extremity of Middlesex County, 
 of which it is the semi-capital. Somerville lies along its northeast 
 side ; Boston, on the eastern, southeastern, southern and southwestern 
 sides (Brighton district) ; Watertown, on its extreme northwestern 
 side ; Belmont on the west, and Arlington on the northwest. Charles 
 Biver forms the entire eastern and southern boundary lines. 
 
 The extreme length of the territory is nearly four miles by one 
 and three fourths. The assessed area is 3,487 acres. The population, 
 in 1885, was 59,058. The number of dwelling-houses in 1888 was 
 9,927, and the valuation $62,450,0-10, with a tax-rate of $1.5 on $1000. 
 The city consists of four sections (or villages without unoccupied 
 spaces between), — North Cambridge, Old Cambridge (centre), East 
 Cambridge, and Cambridge port; and these, with Mount Auburn, are 
 the post-offices. East Cambridge is connected with Charlestown by 
 Prison Point Bridge, and with Boston by Canal or Craigie's Bridge 
 and the viaduct of the Boston and Lowell Railroad. Cambridgeport 
 is united with Boston by West Boston Bridge, a broad and well-made 
 thoroughfare, 6,190 feet in length, and having a draw for passing 
 vessels, — and by the Harvard Bridge, a new and admirable structure 
 of iron, 2,169 feet long and 70 wide, and resting upon 23 stone piers ; 
 with a revolving draw for vessels, 34 feet wide. Another drawbridge 
 further up the river opens a direct way to Brookline, and three or 
 more connect the city with the Brighton district of Boston. In addi- 
 tion to Charles River, a broad and navigable tidal stream, which winds 
 gracefully around its southern frontier, the city has on its southwest 
 border an important natural body of water known as Fresh Pond, con- 
 taining 175 acres, and affording, not only ice for storage and a broad 
 area for skating in the winter, but also a supply of water for the city 
 
214 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 throughout the year. It still sends out a small tributary called 
 "Alewive Brook" (anciently Menotomy River), which flows along 
 the northwestern border of the city into Mystic Kiver. 
 
 The surface of Cambridge is for the most part level, and, in some 
 sections on the maTgins of the streams, low and marshy ; but there 
 are slight eminences, — as Dana Hill, between Cambridgeport and Old 
 Cambridge, and the grounds of the Observatory iu the western section, 
 ■which present admirable sites for building, and command delightful 
 views. The soil is rich and moist, clay being abundant; and the flora 
 is remarkably varied and luxuriant. The principal thoroughfares 
 are Main Street, Harvard Street, Jiroadway, radiating from West 
 Boston Bridge through Cambridgeport ; and Cambridge Street from 
 Craigie's (or Canal) Bridge, through East Cambridge, to Harvard 
 Square in Old Cambridge ; North Avenue extending thence to North 
 
 THE OBSERVATORY, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 Cambridge ; Concord Avenue, to Belmont ; and Brattle and Mount 
 Auburn streets, to Mount Auburn and AYatertown. These broad and 
 beautiful avenues are shaded with ancient elms, and lined, mostly, 
 with elegant mansions that, in many instances, have lawns and gar- 
 dens ornamented with shrubbery, statuary and fountains. Over these 
 highways cars are constantly running for the accommodation of the 
 people. The city has over 85 miles of streets; and of these, more 
 than half are adorned with shade-trees. The Boston and Lowell 
 Railroad passes through East Cambridge, having also a station at 
 North Cambridge ; while the Pitchbnrg Railroad, entering the city 
 on the north side, has its " Cambridge " station ; another at North 
 Cambridge (" Brickyards "), and on the west, Fresh Bond, Hotel and 
 Mount Auburn stations. On the south side, just across the Charles, 
 the Boston and Albany Railroad has Cottage Farm station. The 
 Grand Junction Railroad sweeps around the east side and to the New 
 
CAMBRIDGE. 215 
 
 York and New England Railroad in Brookline, thus connecting all 
 the roads. 
 
 The citizens of Cambridge are intimately allied with those of Bos- 
 ton in respect to business pursuits and social life. They are very 
 generally urbane, patriotic and progressive ; and are educated and 
 intelligent to an unusual degree. Many of them are engaged exclu- 
 sively in literary pursuits ; and a large number of families reside here 
 for the educational advantages which the city and the university 
 afford. 
 
 The manufactures show great variety. Along the water-front are 
 groups of rolling-mills, founderies, boiler-works and machine shops. 
 Around the west-end cemeteries and at other points are granite and 
 marble-cutting yards. At the north are the brickyards ; on the north- 
 east the tanneries. At East Cambridge are two large glass factories, 
 this business having begun here in 1815. The Riverside and Uni- 
 versity presses turn out from their printing houses and binderies 
 large quantities of books of the best workmanship, their product in 
 1885 reaching the value of $1,814,762 ; the iron and other metallic 
 goods manufactured amounted to $2,369,438 ; the wooden goods, 
 to $1,472,579 ; leather, $544,120 ; and food products, $1,595,989 ; the 
 aggregate manufactures of the city reaching the value of $15,502,373. 
 In the eastern and northern parts of the city are the numerous soap 
 factories and meat-packing establishments, a sugar refinery, a great 
 cracker and cake factory, an extensive fire-proof safe, a rubber, chair 
 and furniture, piano and organ, factories, and numerous other indus- 
 tries. At the extreme southerly point of the city are a picturesque 
 group of buildings, consisting of shops and observatories, where 
 Alvan Clark and Sons construct the telescopes for which they have a 
 world-wide reputation. In the agricultural line, market gardening is 
 followed by a few persons, and much attention is given to the culti- 
 vation of fruits ; yet beauty more than profit seems in general to in- 
 fluence the proprietors of the soil. The city has seven banks of dis- 
 count, one co-operative bank and four savings banks ; the aggregate 
 deposits of the latter being, at the close of last year, §6,945,354. 
 
 Beside the old city hall at Cambridgeport, which had become in- 
 sufficient for government purposes, there is a new and beautiful 
 city hall constructed of brown and light-colored stone, of simple but 
 elegant architecture, presented by Mr. Frederick Itindge, of San 
 Francisco, a native of the place. The same gentleman has also pre- 
 sented a fine building for the library ; the latter, in 1885, containing 
 about 20,000 volumes. An institute named in honor of Thomas 
 Dowse sustains a course of public lectures annually. There is also 
 a horticultural association, with several others having libraries ; and 
 the usual social, political, business and religious organizations. 
 Though so near a city of great journals, the place sustains several of 
 its own ; as the " Daily Crimson ; " the " Chronicle," the " Gazette," 
 the "News," and "Real Estate Advertiser," the "Press," the " Trib- 
 une " weeklies, with " Our Mutual Friend," and "Psyche," which 
 
 are 'monthlies ; then there is the "Latin School Review," also a 
 monthly, established in 1886, and edited by the pupils of the school ; 
 
210 
 
 tlAZETTEEIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ■i- with the collegiate journals — the " Harvard Advocate" and 
 [award Lampoon " — which arc bi-weeklies. The city schools 
 
 togetlle 
 
 the " Han 
 
 an' in the highest device of efficiency, of the usual approved grading, 
 and also include normal and training schools lor teachers. They 
 occupy .'!5 buildings, valued, with appurtenances, at nearly 6900,000. 
 Harvard University (earlier, "Harvard College," as it is still 
 familiarly called), founded in September, lii.lij, is not only the oldest, 
 but perhaps the best endowed and most extensive institution of the 
 kind in America. The college lands, lying in a compact body, but 
 divided into spaces of various form and extent by fine, shaded 
 avenues, embrace an area of about sixty acres, and are occupied by as 
 many buildings. In closer proximity, in the college yard of 22 acres, 
 stand the substantial structures used for lodgings, recitations, museum, 
 
 59 ".« 
 
 GOI.C HW.L, HARVARD COLLEGE. 
 
 library, law-school, public worship and other purposes. On the same 
 grounds, east of these stately buildings, are the residences of the 
 president and some of the professors, surrounded by shrubbery and 
 embowered in ancient trees. One of these halls dates from KSS2, and 
 Holden Chapel from 1741. In addition to this group of classic halls 
 and private residences, the university has, on the north, the Lawrence 
 Scientific School, the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Divinity 
 Hall, the Sanders Theatre and Memorial Hall, and other noble build- 
 ing, surrounded by lofty elms; and on an eminence half a mile to the 
 west, on Garden Street, is the Cambridge Observatory, with its grand 
 refracting telescope ; and another interesting appurtenance of the col- 
 lege, near by, is the Botanic Garden, The noted University Annex 
 for Women, so highly regarded, was founded in 1*70, and has beauti- 
 ful grounds and buildings not far from the college grounds. The 
 commodious edifices of the Dental School and of the Medical School 
 are in P.oslon, where the greatest facilities of illustration and practice, 
 m offices and in the several hospitals, are convenient! v at hand. 
 
CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 217 
 
 This university is worthy of its name, making provision, as has 
 been observed, not only for the study of what are called the 
 learned professions, — diviuity, law and medicine, — but also for 
 that of dentistry, mining, agriculture and other liberal arts and sci- 
 ences. The university libraries aggregate upwards of 350,000 
 bound volumes and some 300.000 pamphlets. The number of stu- 
 dents is about 1,300, with an increasing average. Near by, and 
 closely associated with the university, is the elegant group of build- 
 ings belonging to the Episcopal Theological School ; and adjoining 
 the college grounds is the pleasing establishment of the New Church 
 Theological School (Swedenborgian), recently removed hither from 
 Boston. 
 
 There are thirty-six religious societies in Cambridge having 
 houses of worship. The Trinitarian Congregationalists have five 
 churches ; the Episcopalians, six ; the Baptists, eight ; the Method- 
 ists, six ; the Roman Catholics, four ; the Unitarians, two ; the Uni- 
 versalists, three ; a non-sectarian society, Appleton Chapel, belong- 
 ing to the university. The Reformed Episcopalians hold meetings 
 
 HOME OF THE POET LOXr.FF.I.Lnw. CMVWRIDG 
 
 in a hall. Of these the First Parish (Unitarian) was organized in 
 1636; the First Church, or Shepard Memorial (Trinitarian), organ- 
 ized at the same time (or in lC2s) ; the First Baptist, in 1817; the 
 Trinity Methodist Society, lXL'.'J; First Society (Universalist), 181'li; 
 Saint Peter's (R. C. ), 1849 ; most of the others being more recent. 
 Christ Church, on (Jarden Street, erected in 1701, has a pleasing 
 chime of bells. The St. John's Memorial Chapel, though not 
 large, is, in point of symmetry, grace and finish, one of the most 
 beautiful Gothic structures in the country. The Shepard Memorial 
 Church is one of the largest and most costly of the edifices, being 
 valued at $115,000; while the Old Cambridge Baptist edifice, on 
 
218 
 
 (IA7.KTTEFJI OF MASSA CllFSETTS. 
 
 Heck's Park, erected in 1*08, is valued at §120,000, and is well re- 
 tarded as an ornament to the city. 
 
 Old Cambridge is a vicinity of patriotic memories. On the Com- 
 mon stands the fine architectural monument of granite, sur- 
 mounted by a statue, erected to the memory of the 470 men lost in 
 the late war, out of the .'!,G00 furnished by this city for the army 
 and navy ; while in her beautiful Memorial Hall, near by, the univer- 
 sity honors the list of her fallen brave in the same war. On one sile 
 of the < Common stands the famous " Washington Elm," under whose 
 shadow the " Father of his Country " took command of the Conti- 
 nental army on the 3d day of July, 1775; on Brattle Street is he 
 "Craigie House," the fine old mansion which was his headquar- 
 ters while in Cambridge, now for many years the home of the wet 
 Longfellow and his family. On Main Street. Cambridgeport, is the 
 Ealph Inman Place, the headquarters of Gen. Israel Putnam dur- 
 ing the siege of Boston. The several parks of the city, — Cambridge 
 
 CHAPEL, MOUNT AUBURN. 
 
 Common, with its statues. Broadway Park, Prospect Junction, 
 Dana Square, Fort 'Washington. Tudor Park, Hastings Square, 
 Chestnut and Henry Junction, Winthrop Square, 'Winthrop and 
 Mount Auburn .Junction, and others, will, in the not distant fu- 
 ture, even more than now, add to the attractiveness of the city. 
 
 The extensive works of the New Kn gland Class Company, at 
 East .Cambridge, having a chimney L'.'!0 feet in height; the Hovey 
 nurseries on ( Cambridge Street; the Cambridge Water- Works ; and 
 the celebrated Fresh Pond, are also worthy of visit ; to say nothing of 
 the elegant homes of people well known in science and literature 
 which may delight the eyes upon the way. But to many the beauti- 
 ful shaded avenues, the picturesque scenes, the storied monuments, 
 and the sacred associations of Mount Auburn, which lies on the 
 
southwesterly line of this city where it joins Watertown, will lip most, 
 attractive. Next to Pere-la-chaise, in Paris, this is one of the curli- 
 est of rural cemeteries, — having been dedicated September 24, 1831. 
 It contains an area of about 136 acres, the highest part of which is 
 175 feet above Charles River, which flows along its southern border. 
 The scenery is remarkably varied by wooded hill, valley and lake ; 
 and these natural features the landscape gardener has turned to 
 more delightful effect. The gateway is massive, built from an Egyp- 
 tian model ; and within are great numbers of fine or unique monu- 
 ments to attract the attention. The first on the left of the main en- 
 trance is that of John Gaspar Spurzheim, who died in 1S32, and is 
 an exact copy of the tomb of Seipio Africanus. A chapel of stone, 
 with its interior decorated by statuary, stands conveniently near 
 the entrance, for funeral services. Shaded avenues for carriages fol- 
 low winding courses to every quarter of the enclosure, and between 
 them, through dells, past fountains, over knolls, are paths, taking 
 name, in many instances, from the particular trees or shrubs whicli 
 adorn them, leading from circumference to centre, over higher and 
 higher eminences, until the hill-top is reached. Here, rising above 
 the dense masses of foliage that crowd about the summit, is a lofty 
 stone tower, whose balcony and cupola afford grand views of river 
 and pond, hill and dale, of the busy cities, rural villages and 
 quiet farms beyond the leaf-hidden city of the dead. 
 
 The settlement of Cambridge was commenced in the spring of 
 1631; and the place was at first called '• New-Town." "In the en- 
 suing year a palisade was made around the buildings ; and the I'.rain- 
 tree Company, which had begun to set down at Mount Wollaston, by 
 order of the court, removes to New-Town." On the 11th of October. 
 1633, the Rev. Thomas Hooker, who had just arrived from England 
 with John Cotton, Samuel Stone, and others, was ordained pastor nf 
 the church. Mr. Hooker and his people disposed of their houses and 
 lands to the Rev. Thomas Shepard and his company, and set out for 
 Connecticut in June, 1636. In the same year Mr. Shepard was or- 
 dained pastor of a new church organized in place of the one which 
 had left with Mr. Hooker. 
 
 A locality to which Captain John Smith attached its Indian nam'. 
 Anmouffhcawgen, was renamed by Prince Charles, as "Cambridge." 
 which has since been generally accepted as the place which now 
 bears that name in Massachusetts. The place was incorporated un- 
 der the name of New-Town, Sept. 8, 1633 ; and, on receiving for the 
 school the sum of about £800 from the Rev. John Harvard- o 1 
 Charlestown in 1638, it was agreed to raise the school to a college, and, 
 in honor of Mr. Harvard and others, to change the name, New-Town, 
 to Cambridge, where so many of them had received their education. 
 In 1639 a printing press was set up by Stephen Pay in the house of 
 Pres. Henry Dunster ; and the next year there issued from it a ver- 
 sion of the Psalms in metre, which was the first book printed in 
 British America. In lf»42 Cambridge embraced "Menotomy," now 
 Arlington ; the " Farms," now Lexington ; the lands on the Shaw- 
 sheen, now Billerica; and Nonantum, afterwards called New Cam*- 
 
-2->Q GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 bridge and at present Newton. 1'arls of Charlestown were annexed 
 to Cambridge, March 0, 1*02, Feb. 12, 1818, and June 17, 1820. It 
 was incorporated as a city March 17, 184(1 ; and on the 30th day of 
 the same month the act was accepted by the people. The motto is, 
 
 "LlTEKIS AXTHiVIS NOVIS INSTITVTIS DKCOKA." 
 
 The growth of the city lias of late been rapid ; and indications of 
 improvement manifest themselves on every hand. 
 
 For its educational facilities, literary and scientific culture, its 
 amenities in social life, and its municipal arrangements, Cambridge 
 holds an enviable reputation. Its past is honorable ; its present, 
 with some exceptions, admirable ; its future, brilliant. 
 
 From the commencement of the Kevolution to its close, Cam- 
 bridge evinced an earnest and unwavering patriotism ; and it has the 
 honor of having raised the first company in the country which vol- 
 unteered for the suppression of the Rebellion. 
 
 As might well be supposed, Cambridge has produced many emi- 
 nent persons, among whom may be mentioned: — 
 
 Jonathan Belcher (1682-1757), Richard Dana (1699-1772), Wd- 
 liam Brattle, F.R.S. (1702-1776). William Eustis, LL.D. (1,53- 
 1K25), Jonathan Sewell, LL.D. (1766-1 * JO), Frederic Henry Hedge, 
 1)]) (1805), Alfred Lee, D.D. (1807). George Livermore (1809- 
 1865), Oliver Wendell Holmes, M.D. <lX09), Sarah Margaret Ful- 
 ler, Countess D'Ossoli (1810-1851 1), Richard Henry Dana, Jun. (1815), 
 James Russell Lowell (1819), Thomas Wentworth Higginson 
 (1823), and Mary Andrews Denison (1826). 
 
 Cambridge Avenue, a village in Gloucester. 
 
 Campello, a village in Brockton. 
 
 Camp Ground, a village in Cottage City. 
 
 CanalS. See Blackstone and Middlesex canals. 
 
 CandleWOod, a village in Ipswich. 
 
 Cot-in/~«t->iMl1« a village in Mattapoisett ; also one in New 
 annonvine, i3 edford . 
 
 C^anOZa JLake, a beautiful sheet of water in Haverhill. 
 
 Pintnti * s an ac t' vo manufacturing and farming town, lying 
 V^cUUUH a ii tt i e (1 . lat of tJl0 ( . (MlU . t , of Norfolk County. The 
 
 railroad station at South Canton (Canton Junction), on the Boston 
 and Providence Railroad, is 20 miles from Boston; and Boukapoag 
 Village, in the. northeast part, is about 12 miles in a direct line. The 
 latter and Canton are the post-oftices ; and the villages are the same, 
 with South Canton, Canton Coiner, Dedham Road, Farms, Hard- 
 ware, Springdale and Stone Factory. 
 
CAXTOX. 22 1 
 
 On the northeast side lie the towns of Milton and Randolph, on the 
 south and southwest are Stoughton and Sharon, and on the north- 
 west is Dedhani. The general form of the territory is that of a 
 common kite. Its assessed area is 11,4S«S acres, including the 2,o;;;> 
 acres of woodland. The rocks are gneissic and porphyritie ; and 
 the soil ranges through loam, sand and gravel. The 03 farms, in 
 1885, yielded a product valued at £77,7(33. 
 
 The scenery of this town is varied and picturesque. There are 
 elevations at the south and centre ; and on the northeastern border 
 is Blue Hill, which rises to a height of <>:;."> feet, commanding a mag- 
 nificent view of Boston, the islands in the harbor, and the ocean. It 
 is the first land seen by mariners approaching the coast. Its base 
 and sides are mostly clothed with maple, birch, oak, chestnut, pine 
 and cedar; its name coming from the color it presents to the ob- 
 server at a distance. The Fowl Meadows, which contain peat of an 
 excellent quality, extend from Sharon to Hyde Park, along the 
 whole northwestern border of the town ; and through them runs the 
 Neponset River, forming the divisional line between this town and 
 Dedham. Portions of this and of the marshes on the north of 
 Ponkapoag Pond are devoted to cranberries. This pond is a beau- 
 tiful expanse of 208 acres, well stored with fish. It lies on the 
 Randolph bine, sending a tributary through Ponkapoag Village 
 northward to Neponset River. York and Steep brooks, affluents of 
 the same river, furnish from their extensive reservoirs valuable 
 motive power at South Canton. 
 
 The manufactories in this town consist of a branch shop of the 
 Ames shovel factories, an iron foundery, copper works, one factory 
 for making shoe-tools, two for cotton spinning rings, one for stove 
 polish (Rising Sun), one making paper boxes, one for cotton, one for 
 twine, one for fish-lines, one for oil-cloth, six for fancy woollens, and 
 one for silk goods. The last employs about 400 persons; the 
 copper works and the iron works each about 30(1. The value of the 
 textiles made in 1885 was £1,338,040; and the aggregate value of the 
 manufactures was £2,703,327. The Xeponset National Bank has a 
 capital of $250,000. The Canton Institution for Savings, at the 
 close of last year, held deposits to the amount of S553,<i.S2. The 
 valuation of the town in 1NS8 was £3,540,727, and the tax-rate Si 14 
 on $1,000. The population in 1885 was 4,380 ; of whom 080 were 
 voters. 
 
 Canton has a graded school system, with eight school-houses 
 valued at $23,300. The Canton public library contains about 
 10,000 volumes ; and the Ladies' Sewing Circle Library has upwards 
 of 3,000. The '• Canton Journal " distributes the weekly news and 
 serves the interests of the town. 
 
 The Baptist society was organized in 1814, the Congregationalist in 
 1828. Other churches are the Unitarian, the Universalist and the 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 This town was detached from the northerly part of Stoughton 
 and incorporated February 23, 1797. In 1847 part of its territory 
 Was returned to Stoughton. The Indian name of the place was 
 
w-22 UAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Ponkapoag. Hero John Eliot had an Indian church, consisting of 
 natives dwelling around the pond. 
 
 Canton added .'!">(> men to the Union forces in the late war, which 
 was U3 above its quota Twenty-nine of these perished in the ser- 
 vice." The climate of this town is salubrious and agreeable, the 
 Blue Hills protecting a considerable territory from the northeast 
 winds. The roads are numerously bordered with elms of large size, 
 and shaded in some parts by original forest, making pleasant sum- 
 mer drives. Hon. V. M. Ames and T. B. Aldrich have residences 
 here which they occupy in the summer months. This town is also 
 the home of Hon. Elijah Morse, well known to the people of Mas- 
 sachusetts. 
 
 Of the eminent men of the past, Canton can claim as her own, 
 Major -General Richard Gridley (1711-1 TM\), General Stephen Bad- 
 lam (17~>1-1815), Benjamin Bussey (17J7-1S4L'), Commodore John 
 Downes (1784-1854). 
 
 /"> Ann * ae ex t reme eastern portion of Massachusetts 
 
 v_,3.pC iT.nn, nor th f Cape Cod. It is in Essex County, 
 
 and in a general way embraces the town of Rockport and adjacent 
 
 islands. 
 
 /"» (~* nA * n a g enera l wa 7> signifies the whole of Barn- 
 
 V_,3.pc v^OU, stable County (which see), which embraces 
 the southeastern extremity of Massachusetts ; more specifically, the 
 extremity of that projection, in Provincetown, — which see. 
 
 p f^r»rl "Ra\/- * s '^at large body of water enclosed by 
 
 \^ape K^UU. .oay the am^e projection of Cape Cod, 
 
 at the southeast of Massachusetts. 
 
 f" 1 a rl i cl f» ' s a sma ^ farming town of 130 dwelling-houses and 
 
 V^dlllblc g26 inhabitants, situated in the central part of 
 Middlesex County, about 20 miles northwest of Boston. Carlisle 
 station, on the Lowell Branch of the Old Colony Railroad, is in the 
 northwest part of the town ; and Bedford Station, on the Boston and 
 Lowell Railroad, accommodates the southeast portion. The post- 
 office is at the centre. 
 
 The general form of the town is oval. Chelmsford bounds it on 
 the north, Billerica on the northeast, Bedford on the southeast, 
 Oxford on the south, and Acton and Westford on the west. The 
 assessed area is '.1,571 acres. The principal settlement is at the cen- 
 tre, and consists of two churches (Congregational and Unitarian), a 
 town-hall, school-house, stores, mechanics' shops, and a few dwelling- 
 houses. Farm-houses are scattered sparsely over the remainder of 
 the territory. 
 
 The western part is somewhat hilly, but without high elevation. 
 The geological structure is calcareous gneiss, in which tourmaline, 
 garnet, scapolite and actinolite occur. Bowlders are plentiful all 
 over the town. The northern section is drained by River-meadow 
 
CARL T0NY1LLE— CAR VER. 223 
 
 Brook, which has some motive power ; and the eastern by a small 
 tributary of the Concord River, on which there is a saw mill. 
 
 The manufactures are chiefly sawed hoops ; for which there are 
 two factories, employing eight men. The aggregate value of manu- 
 factured products in 1885 was $7,700. There are 4,739 acre's of 
 woodland, the growth of which is principally pine (hard and soft), 
 oak and birch, with some maple and chestnut. Fruit trees are grown 
 in the town to the number of 9,025. The farms number 97 ; and 
 their aggregate product in 1885 was $84,834. The valuation of the 
 town in 1888 was $404,523, with a tax-rate of $15 on $1,000. 
 There are five school-houses, valued at about $3,000. The public lib- 
 rary contains about 500 volumes ; and there are two Sunday-school 
 libraries. 
 
 Carlisle furnished 85 soldiers for our armies in the late war, of 
 whom 49 were citizens. The loss was about twelve; and to the 
 memory of these has been erected, in the centre, a monument of 
 granite surmounted by a marble statue of the goddess of liberty. 
 
 This town was formed of parts of Acton, Billerica, Chelmsford 
 and Concord. Its first incorporation was as a district, April 28, 1780 ; 
 the next as a town, on February 18, 1805. Carlisle, in England, a 
 well-known town, was remembered in the name. The first church 
 was erected in 1783. The Rev. Paul Litchfield, settled November 
 7, 1781, was the first minister. 
 
 CarltonVllle, in Salem. 
 
 CarSOnVllle, inDalton. 
 
 V_-cirtCrVlIlC, in Berlin; also in Chelsea. 
 
 C^prvpr ^ es * n *^ e m *ddle section of Plymouth County, 38 
 K^dl VCI m ii es southeast of Boston. It has Plympton on the 
 north, Kingston and Plymouth on the east, the latter and Wareham 
 on the south, and the last, with Middleborough, on the west. Its 
 length northwest and southeast is about twice its width. The as- 
 sessed area is 21,292 acres, and 17,011 of this are woodland, consist- 
 ing of pitch pine and red oak on the uplands, and white cedar in the 
 swamps. The red deer still roam in the long range of woods extend- 
 ing throughout this town and quite to Barnstable County. 
 
 There are no great elevations in the town, but ponds and streams 
 are numerous, adding much to the scenery. Of the former there are 
 twelve, whose names are Wenham, Sampson, Crane, Mohootset, 
 Cooper, Muddy, Vaughan, John, Flax, Clear, Barrett and Waukan- 
 quog. Near the latter cranes and eagles build their nests. Samp- 
 son Pond was so called from an Indian sachem, for whom a reserve 
 of 200 acres was made in 1705, with the privilege of fishing and 
 hunting, making tar and turpentine, and cutting poles and bark in the 
 undivided cedar swamps. These ponds once furnished large quanti- 
 ties of bog-iron ore. Winetuxet River gathers up the overflow of the 
 
oo L UA'/.ETTEEll <>F MASS AC II I SETTS. 
 
 northern pontls, discharging into the Taunton liiver; and South 
 Meadow and Sampson's brooks drain the southern part, emptying 
 into WVwi-untit Kiver, which forms nearly one half of the western 
 line of the town. . 
 
 The soil is a light sandy loam, and not less than 745 acres are de- 
 voted to cranberries. The fruit trees number 4, 1 .">.' ! ; and the proceeds 
 of these and the cranberry bogs amounted, in 1SX5, to $45,270. 
 The number of farms was 110'; and the entire agricultural product 
 amounted to $105,701. 
 
 The town has braid, straw and carpet factories, four saw mills, and 
 iron and brass founderies. The Ellis Foundery, near Sampson's 
 Pond, was established under the name of " < 'harlotte Foundery " as 
 early as 1757 ; and here was cast, about 17G2, the first iron teakettle 
 made in this country. The hollow iron-ware of these furnaces is of 
 excellent quality, and widely known. The wooden goods, in 18K5. 
 were valued at §1S,503; and the iron and other metallic goods, at 
 $0(5,044. The aggregate manufaetured product reaehed the value of 
 $120,15(5. The valuation of the town in lftsx was 8588,850; and the 
 rate of taxation $9 on §1.000. The population in 1870 was l.O'.r.'. 
 with 228 dwellingdiouses ; while in 18x5 the inhabitants numbered 
 1,091, and were sheltered in 2(54 dwellings ; which, certainly, is an 
 indication of thrift. 
 
 The loss of the town in the late war was some 22 persons. The 
 cemetery at South ( 'arver is very beautiful. The first burial here 
 was in 177(5. The Methodists have a church at this village, estab- 
 lished in lS.'U ; the Baptists one at Carver Centre, organized in 
 1791 ; and the Congregationalists one at North Carver, which dates 
 from 1733. There is also an Advent Christian church. The town 
 has four school-houses, valued at upwards of $2,500. Each of the 
 Sunday schools has a library. 
 
 The post-offices are Carver, North Carver, East Carver, and South 
 Carver. North Carver, South Carver, 'Wenham, Carver Green and 
 Ellis Furnace, are the villages. The town is about midway between 
 the Plympton, Plymouth, Tremont and Middleborough stations of 
 the Old Colony "Railroad in the adjoining towns. 
 
 Carver bears the name of the first governor of the Plymouth Col- 
 ony. The territory was taken from Plympton, and incorporated 
 June 9, 1700. In 1S27 a portion of it was annexed to Warehaui. 
 South Meadows was purchased of the Indians in 1664; and in 1700 
 lands were sold to settlers at two shillings an acre. There are sev- 
 eral aboriginal burial places in town, and traces of their occupancy 
 are frequently met with. Kev. Othniel Campbell, ordained over 
 the Congregational church in 1734, was the first minister here. 
 
 V^nrVSVllIC, in r.ellingham; also in Chelsea. 
 
 C^aStle ri ill, in Saugus, is 288 feet in height. 
 
 C^T^flp T^linrl •" Boston Harbor, contains Fort Indepen- 
 
CASTLE VILLAGE— CHARLEMONT. 025 
 
 Castle Village, i n Truro. 
 
 ^ataumet, a village, also a harbor, in Bourne. 
 
 Cedar Swamp Pond, inMiiford. 
 Cedarville, in Plymouth. 
 Central Square, a village in wobum. 
 
 Central Village i& Seekon k; also in Westport, and in 
 & ' H est Boylston. 
 
 Centralville, in Loweii. 
 
 Centreville in Barnstabl e; also in Grafton, in Uxbridge, 
 ' and in Winchendon. 
 
 v^nace S, a village in Taunton. 
 
 CharBnsville, inHoiden. 
 
 Chamberlain's Corner, a village in wvstford. 
 
 Chandler S rl ill, in Worcester, is 748 f.vt in height. 
 V_^nannel 1 Sland, in Fort Point ( 'hannel, Boston Harbor. 
 Chapel Station, a village in Brookline. 
 Chapinsville, in Lawrence. 
 Chappaquansett, a village in Tisbury. 
 Chappaquoddie, a village in Edgartown. 
 
 Charlpmnnf" * s a ^ on S an( ^ narrow township lying along the 
 , 1C111UI1L Deerfield. River, whose general course here is 
 
 slightly south of east. It is in the western part of Franklin County, 
 about 125 miles northwest of Boston by rail. The region is quite 
 mountainous, and the outline of the town is very irregular. Rowe, 
 Heath and Colrain bound it on the north ; the latter and Shelburne 
 on the east; Buckland and Hawley on the south; and Savoy ami 
 Florida on the west. The assessed area is 15,496 acres ; and, of this, 
 5,100 acres are forest, consisting of maple, beech and birch. Tho 
 villages are East Charlemont, Charlemont (centre) and Zoar. 
 
 The Deerfield River runs through the western half of the town, 
 then forms the divisional line the entire length of Buckland ; and, 
 
22 J HAZETTEEIl OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 by a northward curve to receive the North lliver, it forms, with that 
 stream, Urn eastern line. Tin- Fitehburg liailroad follows the gen- 
 eral course of the river, hut, furred by its bends, crosses six times, 
 delighting the traveller with tin- shifting views of the many rocky 
 rapids and occasional quiet spaees, then a craggy mountain rising al- 
 most perpendicular from the river's bank, here a streamlet dashing 
 down the wild ravines, or a hamlet nestling among the woody emi- 
 nences, with now and then an intervale of the deepest verdure. 
 
 Mount 1'eak, in the south side of the western section, lifts its head 
 1,141 feet abruptly from the right bank of the river; and a little 
 further on, I laid Mountain rises grandly on the other side. In the 
 valley between the two lies the pleasant little village of Charlemont, 
 with its churches, stores, hotel, school and dwelling-houses, and the 
 large, hall of the Deerrield lliver Agricultural Society. At the ex- 
 treme northeast, Pocumtuek Mountain rises to the height of 1,*S8 
 feet above sea-level. The entire town is rough and mountainous, 
 presenting many wild and picturesque views of alpine forests, crags, 
 ■defiles, with numerous waterfalls on the several streams flowing into 
 the river, — as Pelham, Mill, Hartwell. Avery and Wilder^ brooks. 
 'The prevailing rock is mica slate, and the soil a sandy loam. 
 
 The principal business of the town is farming ;ind lumbering. Few 
 towns make a larger quantity of maple sugar. The aggregate farm 
 product in 1N85 was valued at *147.4<ui. There are eight manufac- 
 turing establishments, consisting of a grain null, four saw mills, a 
 tannery, a farm-tool factory, and others; the aggregate of whose 
 products reached the value of £M7.f>.'!t>. The valuation in INNS was 
 *342,!KH>; with a tax-rate of *2U on *1,ihio. The population of 958 
 were sheltered in -15 dwelling-houses. 
 
 There are nine public-school buildings, worth about $5,000. The 
 village Library Association has a collection of nearly 800 volumes, 
 a,nd two Sunday schools have nearly as many more. The Methodists, 
 Congregationalistsand I'.aptists each have commodious church edifices 
 here. Charlemont sent 121 soldiers to the late war, of whom 16 
 were lost. 
 
 The date of the first settlement of this town b unknown. Col. 
 Fphraim Williams established a line of lorts here in 1754. the re- 
 mains of which are still visible. In June ot the next year. Captain 
 Moses Kice and I'hineas Arms were killed by Indians while at 
 work in a meadow near Kiee's fort ; and, in commemoration, a monu- 
 ment has been erected near the river, visible from the railroad. The 
 town was incorporated June 21, 17<i5; being named in honor of James 
 f'auliield, created Karl of Charlemont., in England, October 2',', 1763. 
 A mountainous tract called Zoar, a part of the common land, was 
 annexed April 2, lis.'IS. The tirst, church was formed in 178S; and 
 the Kcv. Isaac Babbitt, settled in 17'.l(i, was the tirst pastor. 
 
 rinnrlr>c T? iwr according to New England's first geogra- 
 v^iiai i^ iv i\ ci , 1)]u , r< M( „. S(S was lho Quinob&ptin of the 
 
 Tndians: but, in the early period of settlements here, called the 
 "Massachusetts River." It forms in the region where Worcester 
 
CHARLES RIVER VILLAGE — CHARLTOX 227 
 
 and Norfolk counties meet ; first issuing, under its own name, from 
 Cedar Swamp Pond, in the central part of the town of Milford. 
 Flowing southward, its slender stream enters a smaller pond in the 
 southern part of the town; thence flowing eastward, it receives, near 
 Bellinghani centre, the waters of its chief branch, flowing from 
 Beaver Pond in the northern part of the town. Then, making an 
 abrupt turn, it leaves Bellingham at the northeast coiner. Receiv- 
 ing other streams from every direction along its course, it meanders 
 through or beside the towns of Franklin, Medway, Norfolk, MedtieUl, 
 Sherborn, Dover, Natiek, Needham, Dedham, West Roxbury (Boston), 
 Newton, Weston, Waltham, Watertown, Brighton (Boston) and Cam- 
 bridge, sweeps in a broad stream by Charlestown (Boston), and, 
 uniting with the Mystic, mingles with the sea in Boston Harbor. It 
 is navigable by small vessels to Watertown, seven miles from its 
 mouth, where its meets the tide. Little marshy land is found along 
 its borders, though some small tracts at its mouth might give a con- 
 trary impression. It flows through a hilly region in a very devious 
 course, furnishing many small powers at its numerous descents. Its 
 source is scarcely more than twenty-five miles from Boston in a direct 
 line ; but its actual length is probably more than twice that distance. 
 It frequently doubles upon itself, sometimes for several miles, and 
 thus finds a comparatively quiet way, earning its terse characteriza- 
 tion by the poet Longfellow, as it passed before his dwelling, as the 
 " placid Charles : " — see the poems, "To the River Charles," and 
 " The Bridge," by Henry W. Longfellow. 
 
 Charles River Village, L n a m Dover; als ° in Need " 
 
 f~" \~t a r\ f* c f nwr n *^ ie nor thwestern section of Boston, a penin- 
 ^IiailCblUWIl, gula Incorporated as a town, June L'4. 162!> ; 
 
 incorporated as a city, February 22, 1847 ; annexed to Boston by Act 
 
 of May 14, 1873, and by the votes of the two cities. 
 
 ("'harltrm * s a ^ ar S e > pleasant, agricultural town, situated in 
 V-^IldlllUIl the southwesterly part of Worcester County, 57 
 miles from Boston, on the Boston and Albany Railroad, which 
 passes through the northern part. It is bounded on the north by 
 Spencer and Leicester, east by Oxford, south by Dudley, southwest 
 by Southbridge, and west by Sturbridge. 
 
 The land is elevated and somewhat rough and rocky. The rail- 
 road station in this town is said to be at the highest grade between 
 Boston and Springfield. It is HI 2 feet above, low tide. Charlton 
 Summit, about one fourth of a mile east of the station, is 907 feet 
 above half or mean tide at Boston. Muggett Hill, near Charl- 
 ton Centre, is 1,012 feet high; and from its summit maybe seen, 
 it is said, four States and nineteen villages. The scenery of the 
 whole town is varied and romantic. Traces of the old " Bay Path," 
 so beautifully described by Dr. J. G. Holland in his romance of 
 that name, are still discernible. The streams — of which the prin- 
 cipal arc Little River in the easterly, Caily's and Globe brooks in 
 
228 (1AZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the westerly part of the town — flow south into French, or 
 Ouinnebaug, liiver. Hick's J'ond, of 120 acres, having Cady's 
 Brook for its outlet, is a valuable sheet of water, and the view of it 
 from Williams Hill is very beautiful. 
 
 Charlton City, on this brook, with Charlton Centre and Charlton 
 Depot, are the post-offices and villages. Other villages are North 
 Side, Dresser Hill, Li- hind's Village and Milward. 
 
 The geological structure of the town is mainly gneiss. It has an 
 area of 20,500 acres of assessed land, including 7,484 acres of wood- 
 land. The farms number '.\W. The value of their product in 1885 
 was $205,057. The town had three lumber and box mills, a woollen 
 factory, three or more' factories for wire, artisans' tools and other 
 metallic goods, a grain mill and stone quarries. The value of the 
 woollen goods produced in 1885 was 8147,200; of the wooden man- 
 ufactures, 8175,000; the artisans' tools and other metallic goods, 
 $48,746; food preparations, 8-16,000: the aggregate value reaching 
 $470,1:>1. The valuation in Isms was 8914.470, with a tax-rate of 
 $11.50 on 81,000. The population was 1,823, and the number of 
 dwelling-houses 425. 
 
 The town has 13 school-houses, valued, with appurtenances, at 
 f 8,l. r i0. There is a public library containing about 1,000 volumes, 
 and three Sunday-school libraries. The churches are a Congrega- 
 tionalist, a Methodist, and, at Charlton City, a Universalist. The 
 town furnished 175 men for the Union army in the late war, of 
 whom twelve died in service. 
 
 Charlton was formerly the western part of Oxford, and was incor- 
 porated November 2, 1704. Probably the name was in honor of Sir 
 Francis Charlton, Bart., who was a gentleman of the British privy 
 chamber in 1755. A church was first organized here April 16, 1761; 
 and on October 15th following, the Bev. Caleb Eustis was ordained 
 pastor. Martin Ruter, D.D., an author of some celebrity, was born 
 here April 3, 1735, — deceased in Texas, May 16, 1838. William T. 
 C Morton, M.D., discoverer of the use of ether as an anaesthetic in 
 surgery, was born here August 9, 1819. He died in New York 
 July 15, 180S. 
 
 C hartley, a village in Norton. 
 \^ na.Se, a village in Dudley. 
 
 ("" hnthnm 0l '''"P' 0a the extreme southeastern angle alike of 
 V_IUllIlcUll cape Cod and of Barnstable County ;\ind, being 
 indented by numerous coves, harbors, creeks and inlets, is, topo- 
 graphically, one of the most irregular towns in the Commonwealth. 
 It lias Pleasant Hay, separating it from Orleans, on the north; the 
 ocean on the east, and south; and Harwich on the west. The as- 
 sessed area is 4,4 70 acres, in which there are but 275 acres of wood- 
 land. It has 512 dwelling-houses, with 2,028 inhabitants, who are 
 hardy and industrious people; more than half the number of 
 voters (601) being engaged in maritime pursuits. 
 
CHATHAM. 229 
 
 The surface of the town is varied by a succession of sand-hills 
 (often changing), villages, creeks and fresh-water ponds. Of the 
 last there are more than thirty ; and several of them during the 
 summer are covered with the beautiful white lily. Goose Pond, 
 containing 66 acres, is the largest. Nauset Beach is a long, sandy 
 strip of land, that extends for many miles between the mainland 
 and the sea at the east ; the enclosed waters constituting Chatham 
 Harbor. The sea has made the southern half of this strip into an 
 island by a breach through it. Monomoy is a long and narrow 
 island, running about 10 miles southward, slightly turned to the 
 west, and appears to have been once a continuation of Nauset Beach. 
 Harding's Beach Point is another long sand-spit running southeast- 
 erly from the middle of the southern side of the town, forming 
 Oyster Harbor. From the head of this harbor a narrow frith runs 
 northeast into the land, and connects with Oyster Pond. 
 
 There is a powerful light at Monomoy Point, and two light ves- 
 sels off Chatham Shore ; while Chatham Harbor Light includes two 
 round towers 43 feet high, set 100 feet apart, with the white dwel- 
 ling of the keeper between. There is also a life-saving station of 
 the United .States system at the most exposed section. Great Hill, 
 near the centre of the town, is the highest point of land, and from 
 it Xantucket can sometimes be seen. This hill has been made 
 mvi.-h use of in the scientific surveys. 
 
 South Chatham, the first station in the town, is 88 miles from 
 Boston by the Old Colony Railroad. The other stations in the town 
 are West Chatham, and Chatham, on the harbor. The post-offices 
 are these, with Chatham Port and North Chatham. Along the 
 streets are numerous silver poplars and willows. The forest growth 
 is oak and pine. 
 
 The farms number L'l; and there are ."!00 acres devoted to the 
 culture of cranberries. The aggregate farm product in 1*S5 was 
 $1S.136. The town contains - I manufacturing establishments, con- 
 sisting of boot and shoe shops, a wind grain-mill, a ship-yard, a 
 brickyard, a carriage factory and some others. Their aggregate 
 product in the year mentioned was *L'7,57G. Sixteen vessels belong- 
 ing in Chatham ports were engaged in the fisheries. The largest 
 item in this industry was mackerel; cod, pollock and shad, also, 
 being caught in large numbers. The aggregate value of the fisheries 
 in the same year was %US,3'J:.'. The valuation of the town in 1888 
 was $638,103; and the rate of taxation was »17 on S 1,000. 
 
 Chatham has graded schools, with seven school-houses, estimated, 
 with appurtenances, at about * 12,000. There are two association 
 libraries, and four Sunday-school libraries, aggregating about 3,000 
 volumes. The "Chatham Monitor" is an excellent local paper. 
 There are here churches of the Baptists, ( ^ongregationalists, Method- 
 ists and Universalists. The town furnished L'.IG men to our army 
 and navy during the late war, of whom 13 were lost ; and to the 
 memory of these a handsome monument has been raised. 
 
 The Indian name of this town is Monomoy, which now attaches 
 only to its southern island. Governor William Bradford visited the 
 
230 cvaetteer of Massachusetts. 
 
 place in the Plymouth shallop to purchase corn, in the first voyage 
 of the Pilgrims around the Cape. The land was bought of the 
 sachem by William Niekerson in Kitio, and a settlement soon com- 
 menced. Aiwiuk tin' early settlers were the purchaser, Thomas 
 Hinckley, John Freeman and Nathaniel Paeon. The descendants 
 of these men arc very numerous. The village or district of "Mana- 
 moit" was incorporatei 1 as a town, June 11, 1711'; being named, per- 
 haps, in honor of the Karl of Chatham. 
 
 A church was organized June 1.0, 1720. and the Rev. Joseph Lord 
 was ordained pastor. There was preaching in town anterior to this, 
 as may be seen from the following quaint extract from the early 
 and almost illegible records: — 
 
 " At a town meeting held at Munnmoyit the 4 day of January in 
 the year of our Lord, 17<).'i, and then ye inhabitants ded agree with 
 Gasham Hall to come to us & to dispense the word of God amonkes 
 ous on Sahbath dayes and tin- inhebitanse did agree to pay him the 
 said Gasham hall twenty pound yearly so long as he continew in 
 that work. 
 
 "Recorded by me, William Niekerson, Clorke of Monamoy." 
 
 This town has furnished many brave and skilful seamen to the 
 country, and is noted for the number of its sea-captains. 
 
 ChattanOOga, a village in Ashland. 
 
 Chaubunagungamaug Lake (or Gungamaug 
 
 Lake), in the town of Webster. 
 
 CheapSlde, a village in Deerfield. 
 
 V^nebaCCO, a village, also a pond, in the town of Essex. 
 
 (~* Kplm cfnrrl * s an ;lnc i pr >t and pleasant town in the 
 V-.UC1I11MUJU northern part of .Middlesex County, about 
 26 miles northwest of Boston. Tyngsbornugh, Practit and Lowell 
 bound it on the north; the latter with Hillerica on the east; Car- 
 lisle on the south ; and West lord on the west. The Merrimack Biver 
 forms the line along the Praeut border. The assessed area is 
 14,1.''C acres, including .0,-1 s;i acres of woodland. The villages are 
 Chelmsford (centre), North, South, West and East Chelmsford, 
 which — except the last — are also post-offices. The Aver .Junction 
 Pranch of the Boston and Lowell Railroad has stations at North 
 and at West Chelmsford, and the Lowell Hranch of the Old Colony 
 Road has stations at Chelmsford and South Chelmsford. 
 
 The principal eminences are Kocky Hill, abounding in ledges, in 
 the southeast; Bobbin's Hill, affording grand views, near the centre; 
 and Vine, Chestnut and Francis hills, toward the west. These are 
 in parallel ranges lying nearly northeast and southwest. Among 
 the hills of the eastern range flows Kiver-meadow Brook, finding its 
 
 ..aaS 
 
cri:i..vsFOUD. 231 
 
 devious way to the Merrimack at Lowell. Across the northwest sec- 
 tion runs Stony Brook, affording motive power at West Ckelmsford, 
 also at Xorth Chelmsford, where it tails into the Merrimack. Deep 
 Brook crosses the extreme northwest part to the same river. Hart- 
 Pond, containing 105 acres, is a beautiful sheet of water in the 
 southwest side of the town. Sheldon's Pond, of SO acres, at North 
 Chelmsford, is valuable for its ice, as well as for its reserved supph 
 of water-power. 
 
 The principal rocks are calcareous gneiss and Merrimack schist, in 
 which occurs a bed of limestone. The soil, though sandy, is in general 
 very good. The farms number 1L'9, being much fewer and larger than 
 twenty years ago. There were, in iHi-G, 19.125 fruit trees, and many 
 acres devoted to cranberries. The aggregate farm product was #160,- 
 009. The town affords good building stone, and several quarries arr 
 worked from time to time. At North Chelmsford is a factory, mak- 
 ing worsted and carpet yarns, an iron foundery, a file factory, and one 
 or two shops making textile machinery. At West Chelmsford is a 
 woollen mill and a cutlery factory. Other manufactures of the town 
 are hosiery, leather, food preparations, lumber, carriages, etc. The 
 aggregate value of the manufactures for the year mentioned was 
 $517,868. The valuation of the town in 1888 was *1,602,50."> ; and the 
 tax-rate was but $9 on £1,000. The population by the last census 
 was 2,304 ; and in 188* there were 577 dwelling-houses. 
 
 The public schools are graded, and occupy nine buildings, valued, 
 with appurtenances, at $12,300. There are two association libra- 
 ries in the villages, and the Sunday schools also have books ; so that 
 altogether there are about 5,000 volumes. The " Chelmsford ( 'hrono- 
 type" is the local newspaper. The Baptists, Congregationalists. 
 Methodists, Episcopalians, Unitarians, and Roman Catholics, each 
 have a church edifice in the town. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Pawtneket ; and the first grant 
 of its territorj*, then including Westford and a part of Lowell, was 
 made in lt>.">o to persons in Concord and Woburn. It was in the 
 form of a parallelogram. On May 29, l<i."i."i. it was incorporated as 
 "Chelmsford," in remembrance of the town of that name eight 
 miles from Billericay, Essex County, England. In the following 
 year William How was admitted an inhabitant, and granted 12 acres 
 of meadow and 18 of upland, "provided he set up his trade of weav- 
 ing, and perform the town's work." In 1*160 the bounds between 
 the town and the Indian plantation at " Patucket" were established ; 
 in 1729, part of the territory was established as the town of West- 
 ford ; in 1780, a part of this went with parts of other towns to form 
 Carlisle; in 1826, another part was established as Lowell ; in 1865, 
 a portion was annexed to Carlisle ; and in 1874 a portion was an- 
 nexed to Lowell. 
 
 The Eev. John Fiske, settled in 1055, was the first minister. 
 He served his people also as a physician, and was an excellent man. 
 By request of the church he prepared a catechism, which was 
 printed in 1657 by Samuel Green, of Cambridge. It bears the 
 fjuaint title, "Watering of the Plant in Christ's Garden, or a Short 
 
o:52 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Catechism for the Entrance of Chelmsford Children." In the latter 
 part of his life he was carried to his church in a chair, from which 
 In' addressed the people. The Rev. John Eliot preached to the In- 
 di:ms here on the 5th of May, 1674. 
 
 Chelmsford has an interesting Revolutionary history; and in 
 is.".!) a handsome granite monument was erected to the memory of its 
 soldiers who perished in that war. Other eminent men of Chelms- 
 ford, distinguished in different fields, are Benjamin Tierce (1757- 
 1 *;;!)), a Revolutionary officer, and governor of New Hampshire in 
 1SL'7 ; John Fanner (17.s!i-lX.'W), a celebrated antiquary; Jeffries 
 Wyman, M.P. (1*1-1), a distinguished anatomist and author; John 
 C. Dalton (lsi'o), an able physiologist and author. 
 
 CTJ T7 T CT7A is a beautiful and growing city in the 
 n. LL, .L, O \^,Jr\. nortnern part f Suffolk County, inhabited 
 largely by people whose daily business is in Boston, — from whose 
 several northern parts it is separated only by the waters of Chelsea 
 Creek and the Mystic and Charles rivers, which here meet and 
 mingle with the sea, forming an extension of the harbor proper. 
 Everett, the only town from which it is not separated by water, lies 
 on the northwest : Revere, the northern town of the county, is on the 
 northeast ; Breed's Island, the northeastern extremity of Boston, lies 
 directly cast ; the high island of East Boston occupies a southeast 
 position; and the promontory of Charlestown lies at the southwest, 
 separated from it by Mystic River. 
 
 The assessed area is IKil acres; and in this are upwards of 30 
 miles of streets. Many of these are shaded by well-grown elms and 
 maples. The city lias excellent water-works, — drawing from the 
 Mystic River department of the Boston Water-works. It has also a 
 well equipped fivc-depai i nient, and an extensive system of sewerage. 
 A street railway connects with the Charlestown district over a broad 
 carriage bridge, thence by another with Boston proper. The same 
 line, passing in the other direction by bridges to East Boston, forms 
 a land connection lor that district with the city proper. Another 
 extension northeastward through Chelsea furnishes a connection 
 with Boston lor Winthiup, Revere Beach and Lynn. By the Grand 
 Junction Railway, whose line extends across the midst of the city 
 to its extensive wharves in East Boston, it has easy access to all the 
 railroads which radiate from the metropolis. There are also two 
 ferries to Boston, with two boats each, constantly running in the 
 day and evening ; each boat having two commodious saloons for pas- 
 sengers and space for several carriages and carts. 
 
 The surface, of the city is uneven, and rises into several gently 
 swelling eminences, the most, conspicuous of which is Powder-Horn 
 Hill, whoso summit is about l'L'0 feet above sea-level. Upon this is 
 situated the Soldiers' Home, an institution of the national govern- 
 ment. The geological formation of the territory is drift and 
 alluvium. The soil is rich, giving luxuriant growth in the gardens 
 so generally attached to residences. 
 
 Though largely a place of suburban homes, it has quite a business 
 
CHELSEA. 
 
 233 
 
 of its own. The larger manufacturing establishments are the Magee 
 Furnace Company, Suffolk Cordage Company, Forbes Lithographic 
 Company, Low's Art-Tile Works, Eastern Elastic Gusset Company, 
 Woven Hose Company, Chelsea Wire Works, brass works, several 
 furniture factories, rubber factory, tanneries, boot and shoe factories, 
 type foundery and printing offices, and others of less note. The food 
 preparations amounted to $599,409; iron goods, $406,531 ; leather, 
 £29.'>,300 ; wooden goodsy *244,291 ; and the aggregate of manufac- 
 tures, *4,.V>l,S<)r>. "The valuation in isss was *19.7S1.4«0, with a 
 tax-rate of *1S.40 on *1,000. The First National Hank has a capital 
 of $300,000. The Winnissimet National Dank was, in July, 1*<n!», 
 authorized to commence business with £100, ddd capital. Clielsea 
 Savings liank, at the close of last, ve.ir. had deposits to the amount of 
 $2,068,933. The population by t.'.e last census (lsiS.j; was 25,709; 
 voters, 6,11G ; and the number of dwellings, 4,412. 
 
 ■jiil iMTUi.sriTi.^ mvhim; hospital, oikix:.a. 
 
 The city has excellent graded schools, occupying twelve build- 
 ings which have a value of about £21 H ».(MH». There are seventeen 
 libraries accessible to the public; of wliich the city public library 
 has upwards of 10, Odd volumes, and an association library about 
 0,000. The city has several bright weekly newspapers, — the 
 "Church r.nllctin and Temperance Advocate," '•Chelsea Oa/.ette," 
 " Leader, 7 ' •• 1 ;< con I,'' "Telegraph and Pioneer," the "Owl'' and others. 
 The churches arc two I'.aptist, three Congregationalist, two Meth- 
 odist, one Unitarian, one Second Advent, one Universalis^ one 
 Episcopalian (Saint Luke's), one Roman Catholic (Saint Rose's), and 
 one African Methodist. < M her buildings of interest ate the National 
 Bank building on Kroadway, the United States Marine Hospital 
 (which occupies an elevated position on a hill overlooking the 
 Mystic River), the military and naval magazine, in the rear of the 
 
 same hill ; and the Soldiers' Home, prcvnai-Jy l 
 
 nentioiied. 
 
034 UAZKTTIHW OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Chelsea is one of the most ancient settlements of the Common- 
 wealth, hinds having been taken up here as early as 16.'i0, at which 
 date it was known as '' Knmney Marsh," and formed a part of 
 Boston. The Indian name of the place was Winnissimet. It was 
 incorporated as the town of Chelsea January 10, lT.'ili. In 1841, 
 part of its territory was annexed to Saugus; in 1S40 another part 
 was established as North Chelsea (the name since changed to 
 Revere); and in 1H">7 a city charter was granted and accepted. 
 The usual organizations, civil and social, flourish here. 
 
 Chelsea has the honor ot having been among the foremost in send- 
 ing its quota of men to the army and navy during the late war; and 
 its roll of honor, published in ISO."., affords evidence of the 
 patriotism and bravery of its citizens. A shaft of granite, sur- 
 mounted by a statue, constitutes their visible monument. It was 
 dedicated on the I'.lth of April, 1S00. 
 
 The State census of Iv-O reports as among the residents ll'O 
 persons over SO years, and l.'S over HO years of age. Among 
 eminent people of Chelsea are Rev. Horatio Alger, Jun., born here 
 in 1834; B. P. Shillaber, Francis 1'.. Fay. Isaac Stebbins, and Daniel 
 C. Colesworthy, long time residents of the place. 
 
 Chemistry, a village in Waltham. 
 
 Cherry Valley, a village in Leicester. 
 
 /~*L Lj is a fine grazing town in the northerly part of 
 V^IlCMllIC ]; l . r i ts ] 1 i ri . County, about loti miles west, slightly 
 north, of Boston. At Cheshire, Cheshire Harbor and Farnum's are 
 railroad stations on a branch of the Huston and Albany Railroad 
 connecting l'ittsfield with the Fitchlmrg Kailroad at North Adams. 
 The town is bounded by New Ashtord and Adiuns on the north; 
 Savoy, Windsor and D.ilton on the east; the latter and Lanes- 
 borough on the south; and the last, with New Ashford. on the west. 
 The form of the township is very irregular, its lines taking not less 
 than 21 different courses. The western, southern and eastern parts 
 are very hilly, but the northern, and the middle from northeast to 
 southwest, have line valleys, with clayey and fertile soil. Stafford's 
 Hill is in the northeast; and "Hound's Rocks," situated at the 
 northwest, was a station of the Topographical Survey of the State. 
 The geological formation consists of calcareous gneiss, Levis lime- 
 stone, Lauzon schist and the Potsdam group. .Much flint exists 
 here, and large quantities of sand are found free from iron rust, 
 and in other respects suitable for glass-making. The Hoosac River, 
 which runs here northeasterly, and its allluents — Dry, South and 
 West 1! rooks, which come dashing down from the mountains — fur- 
 nish valuable water-power, used for lumber, cotton and sand-mills. 
 There are ore beds in the southern part of the town which supply 
 a smelting furnace. There are also it shoe factory, cooper shop, 
 lime and cement works, various food and other establishments. 
 The aggregate product of the manufactures in 188") was $1011,010. 
 
CHESTER. 235- 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1802, Cheshire presented to President 
 Thomas Jefferson a mammoth cheese, weighing 1,450 pounds ; which 
 gave a wide reputation to the dairies of that town. In 18Sr>, the prod- 
 uct of these amounted to -J47,378 ; and the aggregate product of the 
 115 farms was &174„°>43. The valuation of the town in ISSN was 
 § < 19,8Ho, with a tax-rate of £15 on $1,000. The population is 1,448. 
 and the number of dwellings 324. The town has six school buildings, 
 valued at 811,100. The Cheshire Library Association has a collec- 
 tion of about 2,500 volumes. The Baptists, Methodists, Univer- 
 salists and Roman Catholics each have a church here. 
 
 Cheshire was settled by Joseph Bennett, Colonel Joab Stafford, 
 John Buckland, and others, from Rhode Island, as early as 1707, 
 They were mostly Baptists, and formed the first chinch at Stafford's 
 Hill in 1769, Elder Peter Werden being chosen pastor. Rev. John 
 Leland and Captain Daniel Brown were eminent citizens at a later 
 period. 
 
 ChfStPf noted for its wild and picturesque scenery, occupies 
 
 ' the northwest extremity of Hampden County, and 
 
 has for its bounds, Worthington on the north, Huntington on the 
 
 east, Blandford on the south. Becket on the west, and Middlefield on 
 
 the northwest. 
 
 The inhabitants number 1,31S, with 324 dwelling-houses, situated 
 almost entirely in the villages of Chester, Chester Centre, North 
 Chester, Littleton, Dayville and Micaville. The first four are post-*" 
 offices. The west and middle branches of the WestfieM Liver, with 
 their tributaries dashing down the wild ravines, furnish abundant 
 motive power, which will perhaps sometime be further improved. 
 The Boston and Albany Railroad winds along the margin of the 
 west branch, through the southwest section of the town, having its 
 '' Westfield " station near the western border, 120 miles from 
 Boston. 
 
 The area of the town is variously stated. The actual measure- 
 ment of the farms is 21,7X3 acres, including 5,slli acres devoted 
 to wood. The land is mountainous and rocky, Beautiful speci- 
 mens of many kinds of minerals, as scapolite, spodumene, mag- 
 netic iron, hornblende, chromic iron, and indicolite will reward tin* 
 "prospector," the sparkling springs and rivulets will furnish trout, 
 and the mountain air invigorate his system. The Pontoosuc Club, 
 of New York gentlemen, have a club-house and a line property here. 
 and the town is growing in favor as a summer resort. There are 
 three emery mines in the township. The mineral appears like 
 brown granite, and is dug from quarries extending far into the 
 mountain side. It is broken into fragments, then undergoes sev- 
 eral further comminutions by machinery before it is marketable. 
 There are here two mills for manufacturing from it emery cloth and 
 paper, and emery wheels. Sand-paper is also made here, other 
 manufactures are furniture, carriages and wagons, clothing, leather, 
 whips, boots and shoes, food preparations, etc. The aggregate value 
 of these goods made in 1885 was $ 247,140. The burning of a textile 
 
23(; UAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 mill a few years since, and the abandonment of the manufacture, 
 ■caused n considerable loss of population. The number of farms is 
 l.'SL!- and the town litis S(i;» sheep, which exceeds the flocks of any 
 other town but one in the county. The fruit trees number 9,850. 
 The aggregate farm product was $105,.'.0l. The valuation in 1888 
 was $51S,.';iL', with a tax-rate of §18 on s 1,000. 
 
 The school system is graded, with some mixed schools. There 
 are twelve school-houses, valued at about $8,500. There are three 
 Sunday-school libraries, with about 1,5011 volumes. The town di- 
 vides the honor of the weekly paper, " The Valley Echo," with Hun- 
 tington. There are two Congregational churches, a Methodist and a 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 This town was incorporated under the name of Murrayfield, in 
 honor of William Murray, Lord Mansfield, October 31, 1765; but in 
 17*3 the name was changed to Chester, perhaps from the town of 
 that name in England. This township was one of ten sold by order 
 of the (General Court, June 'J, 1702. For it the purchaser, William 
 Williams, paid ±.'15,000. The settlers began to take up land soon 
 .alter. They were mostly Scotch-Irish, bearing the family names of 
 Bell, Gordon, Henry, Holland, Moore, Hamilton, et als. Rev. Aaron 
 Bascom, ordained December lil), 170'J, was the first minister. 
 
 OTfcr^rfiflrl i s a pleasant town in the northwestern part 
 lCbieriieiU |)t Hampslme County, about 100 miles west 
 of Boston. It is noted for its great variety of minerals. It is 
 bounded north by Cuinmington, northeast on a zigzag line by Goshen, 
 east by the latter and Williamsburg, south by Westhampton and 
 Huntington, and west by Worthington. 
 
 The nearest railroad stations are at Williamsburg, Goshen and 
 Cuinmington, each about six miles from the cent re of the town. The 
 post-offices are Chesterfield and West Chesterfield, the latter being a 
 considerable village. The population is (ills, of whom I'll are voters. 
 They are sheltered by 171 dwelling-houses, and till 110 farms. The 
 largest products of these are from the daiiy, the hay-field and the 
 woods; the aggregate farm product being £ I ( 15,50:.'. 
 
 There are ls.L'5o acres of assessed land, which includes 5.375 acres 
 of woodland. The valuation in l^sx was *_!t.'i.ii0() ; with a tax-rate 
 ol '£15.5(1 on £1,000. The town is generally mountainous, the ranges 
 running north and south, with long and pleasant valleys intervening. 
 Through these valleys Mow Dresser Brook .and Hast Brook in the 
 east, andWesttield Biver — here a noble stream — in the west part of 
 the town, affording motive power for driving several saw and grain 
 mills and for making various small wooden articles. 
 
 In one place the water of the river has cut a channel more than 
 thirty feet deep and sixty rods long, through the solid rock, as sym- 
 metrically as if done by art. It is a remarkable curiosity. The geo- 
 logical formation is granite in the east, and caleiferous mica-schist 
 in the west. In this there is found a vein of alhite. associated with 
 various other minerals, as blue, green and red tourmaline, smoky 
 <piartz, spoduinene, kyanite, rose-beryl of large size, garnet, tin ore, 
 
CHESTNUT HILL — CHICOPEE. 237 
 
 columbite, and lithia-nrica. The scholar can hardly find a better lo- 
 cality for studying the curious forms and combinations which the 
 metamorphic rocks of the State present. 
 
 Chesterfield has a good town hall, a piiblic library of upwards of 
 1,200 volumes, and seven good school-houses, this list making up the 
 series of New England town educational institutions ; to which, how- 
 ever, should be added the church, which here is Congregationalist. 
 This place, as a plantation, bore the name of New Hingham. It was 
 incorporated as the town of Chesterfield, June 11, 17(il'. The first 
 church was organized October .SO, 1704 ; and the first pastor was Rev. 
 Benjamin Mills, ordained the same year. 
 
 C~* h pctn t H ill a v ^^ a S e ^ n Blackstone ; also one in Xew- 
 PViirlrsl-pilVmt- Hill in Quinsy, of the Blue Hill group, 
 
 ^mcKcUduuui mil, is 518 teet in height. 
 
 PKirnnpP * s an "^portant manufacturing town situated on 
 
 V_,Illt~UpCC f.jj e eas tern side of Connecticut River, in Hamp- 
 den County, and about 100 miles west of Boston, from whence it is 
 reached by the Boston and Albany Railroad and the Connecticut 
 River Railroad; the latter passing through its villages on (he river, 
 and sending a branch to Chicopee Falls. On the north are South 
 Hadley and Granby ; on the east, T^udlow ; on the south, Springfield ; 
 on the west, West Springfield and Holyoke. The area, excepting 
 highways and water-surfaces, is 12,8(10 acres; in which is iucluded 
 1,850 acres of woodland. The geological formation is middle shales 
 and sandstone, with iron ore in several localities. The bottom land 
 (about 25 feet above the Connecticut) and that immediately adjoining 
 it, is of the highest and best natural quality for agricultural purposes. 
 The land remote from the rivers is, to a large extent, pine plains 
 averaging about 80 feet above the river, and with a soil lighter and 
 less productive. The farms are smaller and more numerous than 
 twenty years ago, numbering 17S in lss.">. Their largest item of 
 value was from the dairies, amounting to $53,559. ( Vreals were 
 raised to the value of §1C.,14"»; vegetables, 30,553 ; and fruits, berries 
 and nuts to the value of $7,404. The number of fruit trees in the 
 town was 10,065. The farm product was valued at slo:;,: >:.'.'!. 
 
 The tonnecticut River forms the entire western line of the town. 
 From rrebluffs may be had a fine view of the Chicopee village, in the 
 valley at the mouth of the Chicopee River, which here comes in from 
 the east. About a mile and a half above is Chicopee Falls, where the 
 river furnishes a very superior motive power, which is the chief basis 
 of the town's prosperity. In the eastern part of the town this river 
 forms the line with Springfield, receiving on its north side Higher, 
 Field and Crow's-foot brooks. In the north several small ponds — 
 Slipe Pond of 114 acres, Slabbery Pond of 69, and Smooth Pond of 
 10 — lend variety to the scenery. 
 
 The Dwight Manufacturing Company and the Chicopee Manufac- 
 turing Company have here a large number of mills for the manu- 
 
238 UAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 facture of cotton cloths, employing in them, in 1**5, 2,310 persons. 
 There are also print and dye works, iron and brass founderies, 
 agricultural works manufacturing farmers' implements in great 
 variety, factories for making loom-harnesses, fire-arms, swords, and 
 other military equipments, locks, tin-ware, boots and shoes, brooms, 
 hair-pins, cutlery, needles, paper, soap and other articles. The 
 Ames Manufacturing Company makes very handsome bronze cast- 
 ings, including bas-reliefs, busts and statues of all sizes. The 
 aggregate of manufactures in this town as given in the last census 
 was $;3,5KG,L'1.">. 1' nc First National Bank here has a capital of $150,- 
 OOd. The Chicopee Savings Bank had, at the close of last year, 
 deposits amounting to *<"><;o,847 ; and the Chicopee Falls Savings 
 Bank, *:.'O5,300. 
 
 The valuation of the town in I s ** was ?.">,! CO, 170 ; with a tax-rate 
 of *14..'>o on 81,000. The population was 11, 510, of whom but l, k 7i 
 were voters. There is in this, as in all cotton and iron manufacturing 
 places, a large foreign element. The number of dwellings in 1888 
 was 1,1 W(). 
 
 The town has graded schools, with ten school buildings valued 
 in 1*«5 at about 840,000. There are fourteen libraries more or less 
 accessible to the public. The Chicopee Town Library contains nearly 
 10,000 volumes; there is a school library of 600 volumes, a private 
 circulating library, and ten Sunday schools having libraries. The 
 Baptists have two churches in the town; the Congregationalists, three ; 
 the Methodists, two; the Unitarians and Universalists, one each; the 
 Episcopalians have one (Craee Church); and the Roman Catholics 
 have three, one of which is for a French Congregation. 
 
 The last census shows that there were then resident in the town 
 80 persons over SO years, seven over 00, two over loo, one over 108 
 years of age. 
 
 Chicopee was originally the north part of Springfield ; and among 
 its earliest settlers were Henry Chapin and his brother Japhet, who 
 came here about the year 1010. Twenty years later, a settlement 
 was commenced at Shipiuurk, about a miie east of Skenungonuck-, or 
 Chicopee Falls. In 17.~>o, the people in the north part of Springfield, 
 on both sides of the river, were incorporated as "the Fifth or Chico- 
 pee 1'arish." The casting of iron hollow-ware was commenced at 
 the Falls near the close of the last century, the iron being dug from 
 lands in the vicinity. Benjamin Belcher, of Fasten, with hiMamily, 
 came here in 1*10, and carried on the business until his deaWi. Dec. 
 17, 1 *.'!.'! ; after which it was continued by his sons until November, 
 IS 10. Tin- manufacture of paper was begun here in 1*07, andof cot- 
 ton cloth in ISL'5. Abijah and William Witherell aided in the develop- 
 ment of the place at this period. William Bowman and Benjamin 
 and Lawrence Cox built the first paper mill. The village at the 
 confluence of the Chicopee with the Connecticut Kiver was called 
 Calioi ville, in honor of the Hon. .John Cabot, until the incorporation 
 of the town on the L'Oth of April, 1S48. 
 
 The first minister of the place was the Kev. John McKinstry. who 
 was ordained in September, 1752, and died November 9, 1S13. having 
 
CHICOPEE HIVEll — CHILMARK. 239 
 
 sustained the relation of a pastor 61 years. Hon. George D. Robinson, 
 ex-governor of the Commonwealth, was for many years a resident 
 of this town. 
 
 f^hi^or^^ T? i\//=»r " ses i Q Spencer, Leicester and Pax- 
 Vvllll-upcc XV1VC1 ton) in Worcester County, where it 
 
 bears the name of Seven-mile Brook. It receives the waters of Fur- 
 nace Pond in North Brookiield, and of Quaboag Pond in Brookfield 
 and of Wiekaboag Pond in West Brookfield ; then flows westward 
 through Warren, and, turning southward, forms a portion of the west 
 line of Brimfield and a large portion of the south line of Palmer, sep- 
 arating that town from Monson. At Three Livers, in the north- 
 western part of Palmer, it is enlarged by the commingled waters of 
 "Ware and Swift rivers, coming from the northeast and the north; 
 and, leaving Palmer, it forms the divisional line between Ludlow and 
 Wilbraham, then separates the eastern parts of Springfield and Chic- 
 opee, and enters the Connecticut in the southern part of the latter 
 town, seven miles south of the falls at South Hadley and Holyoke. 
 At the Falls in Chicopee it furnishes an important power, and smaller 
 powers at various points in its course. 
 
 {"" h i 1 cj rir occupies the southeastern part of Dukes ('nun- 
 
 V^niimdrK t ^ on ]yj; ar t;h a > s Vineyard. It is about ton miles 
 long, and from two to five wide ; the area in acres being 1 5,3*;), of 
 which but 9,650 are taxed. There are L',«84 acres of woodland, almost 
 entirely oak; and 10,725 acres are included in the farms. These 
 number 125; and there are 129 dwellings to shelter the population 
 of 412 persons. 
 
 The town is bounded on the northeast by Tisbury (from which it 
 is in part separated by Great Tisbury Pond), on the south 1 y the 
 ocean, and on the northwest by Gay Head and by Vineyard Sound. 
 The geological formation is miocene tertiary. Bowlders of gray gran- 
 ite in the form of cones, houses and sugar-bowls, abound upon the 
 surface ; and iron ore and blue and yellow clay are obtained in sev- 
 eral localities for exportation. The cliffs of colored clays and sand 
 along the southern shore most strikingly exhibit the action of the 
 ocean, rains and frost in wearing away the land. The most promi- 
 nent elevations in Chilmark are Peaked Hill near the centre, and 
 Prospect Hill in the northwest. The Tiasquam Liver drains the 
 eastern section of the town ; and several other small streams flow 
 from the central part, both north and south, into the sea. Chilmark 
 Pond is a large irregular sheet of salt water in the south ; and Si naib- 
 nocket, Nashaquitsa, and Menemsha Ponds are similar bodies of 
 water in the southwest.' 
 
 The soil, especially in the valleys, is loamy and productive. The 
 usual farm crops are cultivated with the usual success ; their 
 aggregate value for the census year of 1XS5 was «4r,.r.2L'. The prin- 
 cipal business besides farming is whaling, trap-fishing and brick- 
 making. The proceeds of the two former in 1*S5 were *11,<)X<). 
 The valuation of the town, in lsss, was *C'Li,!).'?r»; and the rate of 
 
240 (iA'/ETTEEli OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 taxation was $11!. 70 <m *1,000. Tin; chief public works consist of a 
 stone bridge 75 It ■ » - 1 in length, a town-hall and three school-houses. 
 The last were valued at about #\,;M). Then- is a private circulating 
 library in the town, and a Sunday-school library. A Congregational 
 church was founded here in 1701), but the Methodists are now occupy- 
 ing the field. 
 
 The Indian name of the place was 2s''jshnalcem.mn<:k; and, while 
 under the government of New York,' it was called the ,; Manor of Tis- 
 bury." It received its present name from (Jhilmark, in Wiltshire 
 County, England, as early as IMS; and was incorporated Oct. 30, 
 1714. The Hon. Timothy Fuller, an eminent lawyer and politician, 
 and father of the celebrated Sarah Margaret Fuller, Countess 
 Ossoli, was born here July 11, 177S ; and died at Groton, October 1, 
 1*35. 
 
 ChiltOIlville, in Plymouth. 
 
 Chimqilist, a village in Mashpee. 
 
 ChriStiantOWn, a village in Tisbury. 
 
 Chlirch H ill, a village in South Scituate. 
 
 City Mills, a village in Norfolk. 
 
 ClapboardtreeS, a village in Dedham. 
 
 Clarendon Hills, a village in Hyde Park. 
 
 (""lartrQhnro" ^ es * n *^° ^ 0Tm "^ a parallelogram, seven 
 V-^iarKSUUIjs miles Ion;.,' and two and a half miles wide, at 
 the northern border of Berkshire County, about 120 miles northwest 
 of Boston. It is bounded on the north by Stamford, X. H., east by 
 Florida, south by North Adams, and west by Williamstown. There 
 are 78 farms, containing N,5 If! acres. The dwelling-houses number 
 IL'S ; and these afford shelter lor the 70S inhabitants, 160 of whom are 
 voters. 
 
 The land is mountainous, having, for its formative rock, granite, 
 Levis limestone, and Lauzon schist. Mount Hazen, northwest of the 
 centre, rises to the height of L',L'72 feet. Its latitude is 42° 44' north, 
 and longitude 7." ' '.(' west. Northam Brook courses down from its 
 southern side into the Hoosac River; and the north branch of the lat- 
 ter, in the eastern part of the town, with its affluents, Hudson's Brook, 
 Muddy Brook and Beaver Creek, furnishes motive power of much 
 value. 
 
 The forests, which cover more than one half the area of the town, 
 consist mainly of oak, chestnut, spruce and hemlock. The people 
 are principally engaged in farming, lumbering and the manufacture 
 of powder, bricks and woollen cloth. There are several saw mills, 
 
CLARK'S cork'—CLixrox. 241 
 
 grist mills, a woolen and a carding mill, and a number of powder 
 mills. The aggregate value of the manufactures, in the census year 
 of 1885, was §266,875. The farm stock and the products are in the 
 usual proportion. The aggregate value of the latter in the year men- 
 tioned was $(57,969. The valuation in 1888 was $207,453, with a 
 tax-rate of $20.50 on $1,000. 
 
 The town has three school buildings and a Sunday-school library. 
 The villages are Briggsville and Powder Mills ; the post-offices the 
 first and Clarksburg ; North Adams post-office, less than a mile from 
 the middle of the town line, being also used ; and this place affords 
 railroad communication. 
 
 The snows in this region are deep, and the climate is severe but 
 salubrious. In 1885 there were l;> residents over SO years of a^e. 
 
 The settlement of this town was commenced in 17G9 by Captain 
 Mathew Ketchuin, Nicholas Clark aDd others. It was named from 
 one of its leading families, and incorporated March 2, 1798. A part 
 of its territory was annexed to Florida, M.iy 2, ls-is. A man bv tin- 
 name of Hudson is supposed to have been the first white person" who 
 felled a tree in the town. His name is perpetuated by Hudson's 
 Brook, which, soon after entering the town of North Adams, passes 
 under a natural bridge. 
 
 V^lctrlv S V^OVC, on the west side of Clark's Point. 
 
 QorL-'c Tclnnrl celebrated as the landing-place of the Pil- 
 clIKb lblciuu, grimSi 1Gli(>j is a beautiful knoll in th« 
 
 southern part of Duxbury Bay. 
 
 /"*| nr Vr' c "P/-»inf on *' ie sou thwest side of the entrance of 
 V^iarK b r UlIU, New n e( }f 0I ,i Harbor, bearing a lighthouse. 
 
 V^laytOn, a village in New Marlborough. 
 
 C^lllton, avillage in Marblehead. 
 
 CllftOndale, a village in Saugus. 
 
 C^lintrm * s one °^ **"* voun g ei ' towns, remarkable for its car- 
 V^liniOIl p e ti n gs and woven wire. It is situated in the east- 
 erly part of Worcester County, about u~> miles west of Boston. The 
 Fitchburg Branch of the Old Colony Railroad and the Central 
 Massachusetts Railroad have stations at the centre, and the Worces- 
 ter, Nashua and Portland Branch of the Boston and Maine ltailroad 
 has a station at South Clinton. Lancaster bounds it <>n the northwest 
 and north, Bolton and iierlin on the east, ltoyalstonon the south, and 
 Sterling on the west. The area is but 3,706 acres, besides highways 
 and water surfaces ; and of this 1,02!) acres is woodland. 
 
 The land is much diversified with hills and valleys, but without 
 extremes. The Nashua River pursues a serpentine course northeast- 
 erly through the town, affording, with other streams, much hydrau- 
 lic power. The summer flow is enhanced by the storage afforded by 
 ponds. Sandy Pond of 75 acres, Mossy Pond and Clam-shell Pond, 
 
■242 GAZETTEER OP MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 west of the centra] hills, are beautiful sheets of water. The flora on 
 i In- margin of these ponds is rich and varied; and here, among 
 other beautiful plants, the Trillium grandiftorum appears in full per- 
 Fection. 
 
 Tin' farms in this town number but 30; their aggregate product 
 in 1885 being $33,134, of which the greenhouse, hothouse and hot- 
 beds afforded $3,700, 
 
 The manufactures of the place are extensive and peculiar ; consist- 
 ing of Lancaster ginghams, cotton quilts and counterpanes, Brus- 
 sels and Wilton carpetings, ladies' various underwear containing 
 springs, gala-plaids, horn combs, clothing, wire-cloth and machinery. 
 
 The Lancaster Mills cover above four acres oi land, one room de- 
 voted to weaving embracing nearly an acre of flooring; and the sev- 
 eral mills, in 1885, employed 1,466 persons. The Bigelow Carpet 
 Company, in the same year, employed 774 operatives in the manu- 
 facture of the numerous and complicated patterns ol the excellent 
 carpets for which they are famous. The Clinton Wire-cloth Com- 
 pany is said to be the first that ever wove metallic wire by the 
 power-loom. The products include the finest sieve-cloth, mosquito 
 mtting, desk and counter guards, and outdoor fences. The cotton- 
 goods product, in 1885, had the vain.' oi $2,788,576; while the en- 
 tire product of the several Factories reached the sum of $3,624,663 
 The valuation oi the town in 1888 was $5,531,811 : and the tax-rate 
 was $18 on $1,000. The population is 8,945, and the voters number 
 1,570. '['here are 1,208 dwelling-houses. 
 
 There is here a national and a savings hank, the latter at the 
 close of 1888 having $1,128,257 in deposits. The Memorial Town- 
 hall cost about $90, ». The public library! tams about 15,000 
 
 volumes, and there are an association and six Sunday-school libra- 
 ries. The "Clinton Courant" is the week!}' journal oi the place. and 
 receives a good support. 
 
 The churches are the Baptist, Congregationalist, Methodist Epis- 
 copal, Protestant Episcopal. Roman Catholic, Second Advent and 
 Unitarian. The usual social organizations thrive here. 
 
 Clinton furnished 336 men [or the war of the Rebellion, of whom 
 
 .S."> Were lost in the service. 
 
 This town was taken From Lancaster and incorporated March 14, 
 1850, being named for DeWitl Clinton. The town owes much of its 
 prosperity to Erastus Brigham Bigelow, LL.D., born in West Boyle- 
 ton in April, 1814, who invented a machine For weaving coaeh-laoe, 
 and, in 1839, a power-loom For weaving two-ply ingrain carpets, 
 which has had an extensive use. 
 
 Co.'ltllC, a village in Nantucket. 
 
 C OCneSett, a village in West Bridgewater. 
 
 / ■ i • | , a village in Wayland; also a lake situated on 
 V OCnilUate, t]ie boundary of Wayland and Framingham,— 
 
CODDON'S H1LL — C0HASSET. 
 
 243 
 
 the original source of the water-supply for the Boston Water-works, 
 and still a part of the system. 
 
 Coddon's Hill, in Marblehead; height, 118 feet. 
 
 rnfinsQpf k a pl easan * seaboard town and watering-place 
 V_UIiat>i>ei 20 miles southeast of Boston by the South-shore 
 Railroad. The town of Hingham separates it from the rest of Nor- 
 folk County, to which it * 
 belongs. It has the 
 southeast part of Hull 
 on the northwest, Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay on the 
 north and northeast, 
 Scituate on the south- 
 east and also on the 
 south, with an angle of 
 Xorwell, and Hingham, 
 on the west. 
 
 The geological forma- 
 tion is sienite, and ledges 
 of this rock give a ro- 
 mantic aspect to the 
 town, and form many 
 picturesque and danger- 
 ous reefs, points and 
 islands off the shore. 
 " The Cohasset Hocks," 
 so called, have sent 
 many a proud vessel to 
 destruction, and are 
 greatly dreaded by the 
 mariner when driven to- 
 wards the coast by the 
 northeastern gale. The 
 lighthouse on one of 
 these rocks, called "Mi- 
 not's Ledge,'' with its 
 two keepers, was carried 
 away in the tremendous 
 storm of April Id, 1S;">1. 
 Another lighthouse, on 
 the model of the Eddy- 
 stone, constructed in its 
 nlace has withstood the storms unharmed. 
 
 P From these rocks large quantities of sea-moss f % gathered and 
 among them numerous shellfish are taken. Scituate Hi 1, the high- 
 est T,oint of land in town, is 180 feet above sea-level, and com- 
 mands an ocean view of remarkable extent and beauty. Connohas- 
 
 THE MINOT'S LEDGE LIGHTHOUSE, COHASBET. 
 
244 UAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 set River flows into the harbor and affords some motive power; and 
 Scituate Pond, a fine sheet of water, 5:j acres in extent, adds attrac- 
 tion to the scenery in the southern part of the town. Old Harbor, 
 being almost land locked, 1ms the effect of an inland lakelet. 
 
 There are a number of attractive drives in the town; and the 
 "Jerusalem Koad" is famous for its charming scenery. The sum- 
 mer residences of wealthy citizens of Boston beautify the place; 
 and visitors to the shore for gunning, fishing, boating, bathing, dur- 
 ing the warm season, fill the place with animation and variety. 
 Here one has the ocean in its glory ; and the shore itself is but an 
 extended and impressive natural curiosity. 
 
 Many of the people are engaged in the fisheries; and the annual 
 product, as exampled in the census year of 18X5. has a value of 
 §55,5(1.'! The area of the town is 5,'J7o acres ; and of this, 1,1 W> is 
 woodland. The farms number 51', and have the usual variety of 
 products, amounting, in the year mentioned, to SG4,.J5S. The man- 
 ufactures of food preparations, boots and shoes, carriages and 
 wagons, and other metallic goods, amounted to N62,7'.»7. The valu- 
 ation of the town in 1888 was §.'-{,444,875; with the wonderfully low 
 tax-rate of §;>.'.i0 on £1,000. The number of dwelling-houses was 
 582, the population 2.216, of whom 556 were voters. 
 
 There is a savings bank, a good town-hall, and seven school build- 
 ings, — the last estimated worth about S15.t>00. The schools are 
 graded from primary to high. There is a Congregationalist church 
 at the village of I'.eechwood, and one at C<>Jias>et village; also a 
 Unitarian. The Methodists have one at Xantasket (North Cohas- 
 set). The railroad stations are North Cohasset, King Street, and 
 Cohasset. 
 
 The name of this place was from the Indian Connohasset, signify- 
 ing "fishing promontory." The territory was taken from Hingham, 
 and incorporated as the district of Cohasset, April I'll. 1770. On 
 August 2.">, 1775, it was made a town, by the general act of that date. 
 On June 14, 1823, a part of Scituate was annexed. 
 
 The Kev. Nehemiah llobart, grandson of the Kev. Peter Hobart, 
 of Hingham, was the first minister of the place, having been settled 
 in 1721. Benjamin Pratt (171<>-17li.'>t, a distinguished lawyer and 
 jurist; Joshua Pates. P.P. (1770-1X54), a scholar and divine; and 
 Joshua Flint Parker (1801-1864), an eminent surgeon and author, 
 were natives of this town. 
 
 Cohasset Narrows stat j on ' °* th l 01d Colon >' RaU - 
 
 road, in \\ areham. 
 Cold Brook Springs, a V1 llage in Oakham. 
 
 Cold Spring, a vma , ( , in , )tiSi 
 
 Cnlfninp ( or " t-'olrain " ') is a large, mountainous township 
 ^uiuaim. in (h(1 , 10rt ]„, rn ]i;u . t „| Knuiklin County, bor- 
 dering on Vermont, whose towns of Halifax and Guilford bound 
 
COLERAINE. 245 
 
 it on the north; Leyden lies on the east, Greenfield, Shelburne 
 and Charlemont are on the south, and the latter and Heath 
 bound it on the west. Its assessed area is 25,458 acres, includ- 
 ing 3,942 acres of woodland. 
 
 The highest of the elevations within the town are Christian Hill 
 in the extreme north and Catamount Hill in the south ; and west of 
 this, on the line of Charlemont, is Pocumtuck Mountain, 1,888 feet 
 high. Green River, flowing south, marks nearly the entire eastern 
 line; while East Branch and West Branch, uniting near Foundry 
 Village, a little south of the centre of the town, form North River, 
 an affluent of the Deerfield River. This stream in its short course 
 of a few miles makes its way through a narrow defile between pre- 
 cipitous hills ; and from the carriage road, which runs along in some 
 places far above the river's bed, the traveller beholds many scenes 
 of wild beauty. 
 
 The apple tree and the sugar maple both find here a congenial 
 soil, and the usual farm crops flourish. The neat cattle numbered 
 1.550; sheep and lambs L',1,'30; and there were in the town "",1 64 
 fruit trees. The farms number 1C> S ; and their aggregate product 
 in 1SS5 was *1S7,1>L'. There were operated at the same time two 
 saw mills, a tannery, a cotton mill and other manufactories, whose 
 aggregate product had the value of SlOiUilO. The valuation of the 
 town in 1SSS was *5G7..'!16; and the tax-rate was 818 on * 1,000. 
 
 The population is 1.005 ; ol whom 'M'C are .voters. The dwellings 
 numbered 310; and were chiefly gathered in seven villages, viz., 
 Coleraine Centre. Adamsville, Elm Grove, Griswoldville, Shattiuk- 
 ville, Foundry Village and Lyonsville; which, excepting the last 
 two, are post-offices. The nearest railway stations are I lackland and 
 Shelburne Falls, on the Fitchburg Railroad, about ll'n miles north- 
 west of Boston. The town has provided for its schools fifteen 
 buildings, having a value of nearly *5,000. There are one Sunday- 
 school library, two Baptist churches, two Methodist and one Con- 
 gregationalism 
 
 This place was originally called "Boston Township,'' and was 
 settled by immigrants from the north of Ireland. It was a frontier 
 place, and the settlers erected fortifications, three in number, for 
 defence against the incursions of the French and Indians. Captain 
 Hugh Morrison was the commander of the North (or Morrison's) 
 Fort. In May, 1746, Matthew Clark, his wife, daughter and two 
 soldiers were tired upon by Indians, by which Mr. Clark was killed 
 and his wife and daughter wounded. Ten years later, in another 
 incursion on the place, they wounded John Henry and John Morri- 
 son, burned one dwelling-house, and killed some cattle on North 
 River. In 1759, they captured John McCown, his wife and son, and 
 put the latter to death. 
 
 The plantation was incorporated June 30, 1761; being named, 
 probably, for Coleraine, a seaport town in Ireland, or in honor of 
 Gabriel Hauger, created Baron Coleraine in that year. The first 
 minister was Rev. Alexander McDowell, ordained in 1753. Rev. 
 Samuel Taggard, the third minister, settled in 1777, was a member 
 
246 GAZE TTEEIl F MA SSA CIIUSE TT8. 
 
 of Congress from 1804 for fourteen years ; and, it is said, regularly 
 read his Bible through every year while he was in office. 
 
 Coleraine seut 75 men into the war of the Rebellion, of whom ten 
 were lost. James ]>e;uie, M.D., was born in this town February 24, 
 1801, and died in Crcenfield June 8, 1K5N. He was a noted natur- 
 alist, and the first to make known (1K.'>.">) the fossil footprints in 
 the red sandstones of the valley of the Connecticut River. 
 
 Coles' Meadow, a village in Northampton. 
 
 ColeVllle, in Williamstown. 
 
 Coll ege Hill, a village in Medf ord. 
 
 Collinsville, in Dracut. 
 
 Colonel's Mountain, h n eig i; almer ' 1,m feet in 
 
 ColtSville, in Pittsfield. 
 
 Commercial Point, a f locality^in the southeast part 
 
 (~* nrimrA *^ e scene °^ our ^ rs ^ triumph in the conflict 
 V^UIlt-UlU., {.j^j. ma( j e us a nation, is situated in the central 
 part of Middlesex County, 1* miles northwest of Boston, by the 
 Fitchburg Railroad. The Lowell Division of the Old Colony Rail- 
 road, and the Boston and Lowell, also pass through it, each having 
 a station near C mi cord village, at the centre of the town. Other 
 villages are Westvale, Warnerville and Nine- Acre Corner. Con- 
 cord is bounded on the north by Carlisle, on the northeast by 
 Bedford, on the southeast by Lincoln, on the southwest by Sudbury, 
 and on the west and northwest by Acton. It is •• one of the quiet 
 country towns," says Mr. Alcott. "whose charm is incredible to all 
 but those who, by loving it, have found it worthy of love." 
 
 The land is generally level; yet there are several eminences, as 
 Annursnack, l'unkatassct, Fairliaven and other hills, which enhance 
 the beauty of the scenery. Rattlesnake Hill is now the scene of 
 a large industry, the quarrying of the superior granite of which it is 
 chiefly composed. Batcnun's Pond in the north, White Pond in the 
 south, and, in the southeast, Walden Pond (made famous by the pen 
 of Thoreau), are all beautiful sheets of water. The Concord River 
 flows leisurely through the town from the south, receiving near the 
 central village the waters of the rapid Assabet. The latter, with af- 
 fluents, affords some motive power, which is made use of at West Con- 
 cord by a woollen mill and factories for pails and other goods. Car- 
 riages, furniture, leather, clothing, building stone, food preparations, 
 are other of the town manufactures. The area, aside from highways 
 
coxcohd. 247 
 
 and water surfaces, is 14,S72 acres. There are 4,920 acres of forest, 
 consisting of oak, birch, pine, maple, walnut and some chestnut. 
 Along the streets, especially in the central village, are numerous 
 elms and maples, well-grown, and lending an additional charm to the 
 excellent roads, which afford fine drives in several directions. 
 
 The soil upon the plains is light and sandy, on the hills a gravelly 
 loam. The meadows along the rivers yield large quantities of hay. 
 The farms, which now number 244, are generally well cultivated 
 and productive. The celebrated " Concord grape " originated with 
 E. W. Bull, a successful farmer of this place. The nursery prod- 
 uct of the town is proportionately large, also the fruit product. In 
 ISS.j the Concord orchards and gardens contained 12..H14 fruit trees, 
 and the yield of cranberries was nearly 400 barrels. There were 
 1.402 milch cows; and the product of the dairies footed up to $102,- 
 b.i'6. The aggregate farm product was $337,808. The valuation of 
 the town in 1888 was §w>.240,117; the tax-rate being $12.40 on 
 •SI, 000. The population is 3,727 ; and 700 of these are voters. The 
 schools are graded, and find accommodation in five buildings at con- 
 venient centres. 
 
 Concord village is situated on level land, which gives nearly 
 equal advantages of site to all edifices. The town-house and high 
 school buildings here are creditable, and the public library of about 
 2< 1,000 volumes is contained in a very handsome edifice, given to tin- 
 town by Mr. 'William Munroe. It is fireproof, and cost 87(1,000. 
 There is also a fine memorial hall, erected in honor of the .'U heroes 
 from this town who fell in the war of the Rebellion. The Trinita- 
 rian Congregationalists, the Unitarians, the Roman Catholics, and 
 the American Episcopal Church have good church edifices in the 
 town. 
 
 The old court-house and county jail are mementoes of a time when 
 Concord divided the honors of a county capital with Cambridge and 
 Lowell. A public building of magnitude and impressiveness is the 
 State Reformatory ; but this is situated near the junction of the Con- 
 cord and Assabet rivers, some two miles from the central village. 
 The citizens regard the institution as somewhat foreign ; having 
 more interesting and admirable objects to occupy their attention, 
 Among these, besides those already mentioned, are the; res- 
 idences of Emerson and the Alcotts — father and daughter, 
 and the "Old Manse," immortalized by Hawthorne, who also made it 
 his residence while in Concord. It is now the summer home of D. 
 Lothrop, the publisher, and his wife, Margery Deane, the authoress. 
 At this village also, for several years, was the famous Concord 
 School of Philosophy. 
 
 Concord was the first inland town settled in the State. Many of 
 the settlers were men of wealth and intelligence, who willingly en. 
 dured great sufferings for conscience' sake. Simon Willard, John 
 Jones, Mr. Spencer and others, purchased of Tahntawan and Nimrod, 
 in 1635, a tract of land six miles square, whose centre was near the 
 house of the Rev. Peter P.ulkley, in which they were met. During 
 the first year of their residence, most of the settlers lived in huts 
 
COXCOBD. 
 
 249 
 
 covered with bark and brushwood, but during the second year 
 many convenient houses were erected. The Indian name for the 
 place was Musquetequid. meaning "grassy brook." On its incorpora- 
 
 STATUE OP MINUTE MAN, CONCORD. 
 
 tioc, September 2, 1 C>?>~>, it was called Concord, from the peaceable 
 manner in which it had been obtained from the natives. In April, 
 1676, ten or twelve- citizens frnm this town were killed in Sudbury, 
 
•2f)<j (i.v/j-yrri:i-:n of Massachusetts. 
 
 while aiding tin- settlers there against the attack of King Philip's 
 Indians. 
 
 In 1774, the Provincial Congress held its sessions here; and on 
 the l'.Hh nl' April, 177"), (Jen. (law. sent a detachment of the British 
 troops, under Major John Piteuirn, to destroy some military stores 
 deposited at the house of Colonel Barrett and others in this town. 
 By the activity of Paul IJcvore and associates, intelligence of the ex- 
 pedition was received, and an alarm was given by the ringing of the 
 church bell at three o'clock in the morning. About seven o'clock, 
 some eight hundred British soldiers entered the town from Lexing- 
 ton, cut down the liberty pole and destroyed some stores, then pro- 
 ceeded to the North Bridge across the Concord River. Here they 
 were met by the Concord minute-men under Captain Brown, and the 
 Acton company under Captain Isaac Davis. Shots were exchanged 
 across the bridge; three British soldiers were killed, and, on our 
 part, Captain Davis and several others. The regulars then left the 
 bridge and set out for Boston, under a destructive fire from minute- 
 men posted along the way. The damage done to private property in 
 Concord by fire, robbery and destruction was estimated at £274 16s. 
 7d.; and Captain Charles Miles, Captain Nathan Barrett, Jonas 
 Brown and Abel Prescott, Jun.,ot this place, were wounded. Two of 
 theBritish soldiers killed at the bridge were buried on the spot where 
 they fell; and two rough stones identify the place. The statue of 
 a minute-man near the bridge recalls the spirit of the time. Monu- 
 ment Street, running north from the village, leads, through a canopy 
 of pines and other trees, to the old North Bridge, where, on each 
 side of the river, is a stone monument with suitable inscription. 
 
 Concord is noted for its steady adherence in later times, also, to 
 the great principles of civil and religious liberty, and for having given 
 to the world many men of eminence; as Samuel Willard (164O-1707), 
 a president of Harvard College; Benjamin Prescott (10S7-1777), a 
 divine and author; Jonathan Hoar (17o*-17*l >, colonel of a pro- 
 vincial regiment ; Kleazer Brooks (17L'.~>-lN0iit, a brigadier general; 
 Joseph Lee (1741'-lSl'.i), first minister of Royalston ; Timothy Far- 
 rar (1 7-17-1817 ), appointed chief justice of New Hampshire in 1S02 ; 
 "William Emerson ( 17<'>'.i-lK11), father of Ralph Waldo Emerson; 
 Nathaniel Wright (1 7S7-1SL' 4). author of "The Fall of Palmyra," 
 etc. ; Eliene/cr Merriam (17 ( .l 1-1804), an eminent meteorologist ; John 
 Augustus Stone (isol-ls.", 1 1, actor, and author of '• Metamora " and 
 other dramas; William Whiting (ISLVl-s. - !). an eminent lawyer 
 and writer on military affairs ; Kbemver Buckwood Hoar (1S16), a 
 distinguished jurist ; and William S. Robinson (1S17). a greatly es- 
 teemed editor. 
 
 Pnnrnnl T? i\'or ' s ferined >'V the union of Assabet and 
 V-UIILUIU lvn< -' Sudbury rivers at Concord. It leaves 
 this town on the northeast, forming, for a mile or two, the boundary 
 line with Bedford, on the east ; then the entire line between the 
 latter town and Carlisle, on its western side; thence it flows through 
 Billcriea from south to north, forming for about one mile its 
 
coxa AMUCK— COS.XKCTICUT HIVES. 251 
 
 divisional line from Chelmsford, on the west ; when it enters Lowell 
 and discharges into the Merrimack River. It is for nearly its entire 
 length a sluggish stream ; but at North Billerica it furnishes power 
 for several mills; after which its descent is slight until its near 
 approach to the Merrimack. It supplied most of the water for the 
 old Middlesex Canal, which entered it in Billerica, and had connec- 
 tion with the Merrimack above the falls by means of the Pawtucket 
 Canal. 
 
 Congamuck, a village in Southwick. 
 
 Connecticut Corner, a village inDedham. 
 
 C/~vn«^/->Hi^nf T? Jwor tne Q<«>n-ek-ti-cut of the Indians, 
 onnecucui iviver, has its principal sour( . e at th(1 
 
 highlands which form the water-shed and the boundary line between 
 New Hampshire and Lower Canada. In northern New Hampshire, 
 a few miles south on its course, is Connecticut Lake, from which it 
 issues in the full dignity of its name. Its Indian designation, ac- 
 cording to some authorities, signifies "Long River;" according to 
 others, "River of Pines;'' while still later authorities render it as 
 "the long tidal river," which is a description rather than a name. 
 Its general course is slightly west of south. After forming the 
 boundary between New Hampshire and Vermont, it crosses the 
 western part of Massachusetts, dividing near the middle the 
 counties of Franklin, Hampshire and Hampden ; then passes through 
 the midst of Connecticut, the State ; and after a journey of 40o miles 
 from its head, north of the 45° of latitude, it enters Long Island 
 Sound, latitude 41° 10'; having drained a valley of about 12,f»ro 
 square miles. Through its whole course it separates two broad 
 belts of highland, while a series of terraces break the level of its 
 bed. In the first quarter of its course down the mountain slope. 
 between its source and the mouth of the Pa-sam-sic l!iver, opposite 
 the White Mountains, its descent is l-'oo feet. At this point its bed 
 is 400 feet above the sea. In 80 miles farther, to Mellows Falls. 
 Vermont, it descends KM) feet. From thence to iVerlield it sinks 
 160 feet; from Deerfield to Springfield it falls 100 feet more, leaving- 
 its bed at Springfield but 10 feet above the level of the sea. Its 
 entire fall from source to mouth is 1000 feet. The breadth of this 
 river, at its first contact with Vermont soil, is about l."»0 feet ; and 
 in its course of 00 miles it increases to about 390 feet. Its 
 average breadth between Mount Tom and the Connecticut line is 
 not far from 1200 feet, and with a depth of water below Holyoke 
 sufficient to float vessels of considerable tonnage. Its channel is 
 remarkably clear of islands in its course through the State, and pre- 
 sents a broad and majestic appearance, sweeping in magnificent 
 curves between its lofty banks. The extreme head of its tide-waters 
 is just below the village of Warehouse Point (East Windsor, 
 Conn.), about 64 miles from the mouth of the river at Saybrook bur. 
 
2,") '2 GAZETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 It is navigable to Hartford, 45 miles, for vessels of considerable 
 burden, and to Middletown, .'SO miles from the sea, for vessels 
 drawing twelve feet of water. By means of canals and other im- 
 provements it has been made navigable for boats to Fifteen Mile 
 Falls, nearly L'50 miles above Hartford. The most considerable 
 rapids in this river are Bellows Falls; the falls of Queechy, just 
 below the mouth of the Waterqueechy Kiver; the White River 
 Falls, below Hanover; and the Fifteen Mile Falls, in New Hamp- 
 shire, and Vermont; the falls at Montague and South Hadley, in 
 Massachusetts; and the falls at Enfield, Connecticut, where it meets 
 the tide-water. The perpendicular height of the falls which have 
 been overcome by canals and locks, between Springfield, in 
 Massachusetts, and Hanover, in New Hampshire, a distance of 130 
 miles, is 21U feet. Bars of sand and gravel extend across this 
 river in various places, over which boats pass with difficulty in low 
 water. In certain localities, as at Holyoke, its waters flow directly 
 over the red sandstone of the valley, but for the greater part of the 
 distance through the country, the bed of the river is composed of 
 alluvial deposits, — sand, gravel and bowlders. In scions of 
 annual flood it overflows its banks and covers the lowest bottom 
 lands, sometimes for miles. In length, utility and beauty this river 
 forms a distinguished feature of New England. 
 
 The most important tributaries of the Connecticut River are 
 Upper and Lower Amoiioosiick, Israel's, John's, Masconiy, Sugar 
 and Ashnelot rivers, in New Hampshire; Xulhegan, Passumpsic, 
 Wells, Waits, Omjioinponoosuck, White. Waterqueeehy, Black, 
 Williams, Sexton's and West rivers, in Vermont; and in Massa- 
 chusetts, Miller's, Deerlield, Agawam, Chieopee and Westfield 
 rivers ; and in Connecticut, the Farmington Kiver. 
 
 c 
 
 OnSlie, a village in Chilmark. 
 
 Conwav a '"Ny but thriving town in the western part of 
 V^UiiWd.) , Franklin County, having Deerfield River separat- 
 ing it from Shclburne on the northeast, with the Fitchburg Railroad 
 following the opposite bank. On the east is Dcerlield, with the 
 Connecticut Kiver Railroad running through it north and south; 
 Whately lies on the east and south; Williamsburg is also on the 
 south ; Ashfield covers most of the west side, and Huckland receives 
 the northwest corner. 
 
 Kardwell's Ferry, on the northeast side, is 11!» miles from Boston 
 by rail. The principal village is I'.urkeville, situated slightly west 
 of ( 'on way (centre). The area of the town is L' t, 1 7.'i acres ; of which 
 a,-is:j are woodland, consisting principally of beech, maple and chest- 
 nut. Dry Hill and l'oplar Hill in the south, and l'ine Hill in the 
 west, are prominent features in the landscape. The chief village is 
 beautifully situated in a valley between Hilling's Hill at the east and 
 J teal's Hill at the west. I'.car Kiver in the north. South River at 
 the centre and Koaring Brook at the south. e;ich furnish power for 
 manufacturing purposes. 
 
COOLEYVILLE— COTTAGE CITY. 253 
 
 Native alum, fluor-spar, galena, pyrolusite, zoisite, and splendid 
 specimens of rutile are found in this locality. The usual crops 
 thrive here, and tobacco has been largely cultivated. The aggregate 
 farm product in 1885 was $266,556. There were in the town 266 
 horses and colts, 1,865 neat cattle, 1,132 sheep and lambs and 
 16,775 fruit trees. The number of farms is 179. For manufactures, 
 there are a cotton and a woollen mill, three establishments for food 
 preparations, a tannery, a carriage factory, two lumber mills, and 
 others usual to our towns. The aggregate value of their product in 
 the year mentioned was £2.'S4,093. A national bank and a savings 
 bank are sustained here, the first having a capital of £150,000. 
 The valuation in 1SSS was £701,360; and the tax-rate £17.50. The 
 inhabitants number 1,573, of whom 348 are voters ; and they are 
 sheltered by 296 dwelling-houses. 
 
 The schools are graded, and are provided for in fourteen school- 
 houses; these having a value of nearly £8,000. A public library of 
 about 1,500 volumes, and three Sunday-school libraries, provide for the 
 literary appetite. The Baptists, Congregational] sts, Methodists and 
 Roman Catholics have churches here. The town has a substantial 
 hall; the other notable public work being an iron bridge 200 
 feet in length. This town sent 146 men into the late war, of whom 
 22 were lost. 
 
 Conway, originally the southwest part of Peerfield, and a par- 
 ticipator in her history, was incorporated June 16, 1767; being 
 named, probably, for Henry Seymour Conway, one of England's 
 secretaries of state. The Rev. John Emerson, settled here in 1700, 
 was the first minister. This town has given to the world the fol- 
 lowing eminent men : Chester Harding (1792-IK66), a distinguished 
 portrait-painter; Harvey Rice (1X00), an author, editor and poet ; 
 H. G. O. Dwight, D.D. (1S03-1S02), a successful missionary and 
 editor. 
 
 CooleyVllle, in New Salem. 
 
 CoolidgeVllle, in Hudson. 
 
 CopeCUt Hill, in Fall River, .'555 feet in height. 
 
 CordaVllle, in Southborough. 
 
 l^Ork L^lty, a village in Newton. 
 
 Crkffarr^ f~"ir\- embraces the northeastern extremity of 
 UlldgC K^liy the igland of Martha > s Vineyard, Dukes 
 
 County ; and is mainly a place of summer residei*ee, having only 
 the business relating to such occupancy. It has, however, a constant 
 population of 709, of whom 203 are voters. There are now about 
 1,200 dwellings, all of which are inhabited during the warm season. 
 The town has the ocean on the north and east, Edgartown on the 
 
MARTHA'S VINEYARD, MASS. 
 
COTTAGE CITY. 255 
 
 south, and Tisbury on the west and northwest. It is separated 
 from the latter town by Vineyard Haven Harbor and by Lagoon 
 Pond, the latter partially divided from the harbor by a broad sand- 
 bar. The coast is formed by steep sand-bluffs, with sandy beaches 
 at their bases. The area, aside from highways and water surfaces, 
 and some sandy marsh, is 1,965 acres. About one third of this is 
 largely occupied by scrub oaks, with trees of larger growth in the 
 vicinity of the camp-grounds and some of the older residences. 
 
 The soil is sandy, but yields fairly under cultivation, especially in 
 small fruits. There are in the town 25 farms, whose dairy product 
 in 1SS5 was *S.35S; vegetable, SL'.siil); greenhouse, $l, ( .Mj;j; wood, 
 Sl, 135; eggs, etc., «1',031; the aggregate reaching S-3,.'!'.ll. There 
 is some shore fishing, but no manufacturing worth mention. 
 
 The villages are Camp Ground, Eastville, Lagoon Heights, Oak 
 Bluffs and Vineyard Heights. The latter commence at East Chops, 
 the northeast point, and extend south on the shore to Lake Anthony, 
 where Oak Bluffs commence, extending southward to Farm Bond. 
 The last body of water covers about 'S> acres. The southeastern 
 part of the town is occupied by Sengecontacket Bond, of '">."">< > acres, 
 which communicates with the sea through a break in the long sand- 
 bar that forms its eastern shore. Eastville is on Vineyard Haven 
 Harbor, on the west side of the town. Hen 1 are the principal 
 landing-places of the New York and Portland steamers. 
 
 The Baptist camp-ground and tabernacle is on Vineyard High- 
 lands, overlooking its trees and Lake Anthony. Southward, at 
 Vineyard Grove, is the Methodist camp-ground, with its great iron 
 tabernacle, surrounded by trees and grassy lawns; these in turn en- 
 compassed by a concreted walk and a road, along which runs a street 
 railway connecting with various points iu the town. The largest 
 village is Oak Bluffs, where are a steamer wharf, the post-office, 
 churches, stores, and many residences. Amid lawns, gardens and 
 shrubbery, undivided by fences, are the cottages, mostly showing 
 the characteristics of the Queen Anne style in their architecture, — 
 and some of them very costly. The colors of the buildings here 
 are uniformly bright, and, from the water approach, the view of the 
 placp, with its angular roofs, towers and minarets, elevated on the 
 bluff against the western sky, give an appearance of oriental splen- 
 dor and magnificence unequalled elsewhere in America. 
 
 The beach, on the water-front of Oak Bluffs, is regarded as one of 
 the finest possible for bathing purposes. Several hundred bathing- 
 houses, in double rows, with a passage between, stand at the foot of 
 the bluffs ; and at an elevated point not far away is the pavilion,— a 
 wide, airy, many-storied structure, which affords a fine chance to 
 watch the bathers. 
 
 Aside from the hotels, the churches are of course the most con- 
 spicuous. Beside the tabernacles in their camp-grounds, the Meth- 
 odists and the Baptists have each a church of good size and form; 
 there are also the Trinity Episcopal Church, Roman Cathobc 
 church, and a union church. The Martha's Vineyard Summer 
 Institute, a school of general science, has a specious building. 
 
'2.00 (IAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Thorn are numerous social organizations and clubs, some of which 
 have i'k' pint houses. The finest of these is that of the Oak Bluffs 
 Club. The Martha's Vineyard Club devotes its influence largely to 
 increasing the attractions and forwarding the interests of the town. 
 Yachts frequent the waters, and wheelmen are delighted with the 
 fine roads. Grassy parks are numerous in the village precincts; 
 and at Oak liluffs a fine band-stand is often occupied by excellent 
 musicians. 
 
 This town is reached by regular lines of steamers, chiefly from 
 Woods Holl fir New Bedford, where connection is made with the 
 Old Colony Wailroad. The town, also, has its railroad, a narrow 
 gauge, coiiueeting Oak Bluffs Wharf with Edgartown and Katama. 
 There is a finely equipped fire department, and water-works. 
 
 The public schools are graded, and well-housed in three buildings 
 valued at about $2,500. There is a public library of upwards of 
 1,000 volumes. The " Martha's Vineyard Herald ' is a valuable local 
 journal, having weekly issues throughout the year. The valuation 
 of Cottage City in 1sss was *1,440,47."> ; and the tax-rate was ¥15.70 
 on $1,000. 
 
 This town has grown from a mere camp-meeting ground to its 
 present form and proportions. The first meeting was held in 
 August, ls;j5, in the present Wesleyan Grove. The attendance 
 annually increased, until in 1S58 there were 12,000 in attendance on 
 the meetings. In 1W0 a new organization was formed under the 
 name of " Martha's Vineyard CamT>-Meeting Association," which 
 was incorporated in IKON. In 1*70 the Methodist tabernacle was 
 built, having seats for -1,000 persons. There is, beside, the Baptist 
 tabernacle and camp-ground ; also a tent-ground outside the village 
 precincts. The Baptist Vineyard Association was incorporated in 
 1876. Great sums of money have been expended by individuals 
 and corporations in improving the place ; and it has now been for 
 several years not only a religious, but a popular pleasure resort 
 
 This place was a part of the town of Edgartown ; and, after un- 
 successful efforts in the General Court for several years, an act of 
 incorporation was passed on February 17, 1SS0, by which it was 
 separated and made the town of ( 'ottage City, a name suggested by 
 the appearance of the buildings and their contiguous position. 
 
 Cottage Farm, avillagein l'.n.okline. 
 \_Otlllt, a village in Barnstable. 
 CoVC Harbor, a village in Beverly. 
 CraigVllle, in Barnstable. 
 
 Craneville, inDaiton. 
 
CRESCENT BEACH— CUMMIXGTOX. 257 
 
 Crescent Beach, ^ e la f iQ Manchester > aJso ' one » 
 Crockerville, inFitehburg. 
 
 Crooked Lane, a village in Duxbury. 
 CrOwleyVllle, in Chieopee. 
 
 Cummingsville, mwobum. 
 
 Climmincrl-nn is a fai ' min g ancl grazing town lying 
 
 v_uiiiiiiiiigiuii among the (-i reen Mountains, in the north- 
 western part of Hampshire County, about 110 miles west of Boston. 
 It is nearly central in a large area between the several railroad 
 lines; the Hinsdale station on the Boston and Albany Railroad, 
 about 15 miles distant, being the nearest. It is bounded on the 
 north by Plainfield and Ashtield, east by (ioslien, south by Chester- 
 field and Worthington, and west by Peru and Windsor. The area is 
 nearly 23 square miles, the assessed land being l'l.OOO aires. 
 
 The geological formation is caleiierous mica-schist and the (Quebec 
 group. Cummingtonitc, a variety of hornblende, is found here in 
 mica-slate; rhodonite, or manganese spar, in masses; and white 
 pyrites and garnets. Parallel mountainous ridges run southeasterly 
 through the town; and through the intervening valleys flow the 
 Westfield liiver and parallel tributaries that enter it when it has 
 taken a southward turn. Swift liiver comes down from the. north 
 and joins the Westfield River in the eastern part of the town, whore 
 is located the village and post-office called "Swift River,'' formerly 
 " Babylon " post office. Near the centre of the town, on Westfield 
 River, is Cummingtoii village, and on the same river, at the extreme 
 northwest, is West Cummingtoii, where an iron bridge, 100 feet in 
 length, spans the river. At these and other points are small mills. 
 There are in the town, paper, wood-turning, grain and other mills, a 
 tannery, and the usual mechanical shops of a rural community. 
 The largest products at present are paper, and penholders and other 
 articles turned from wood ; the aggregate value of the manufactures 
 in 18*5 being £'.).'',, 7KL'. There are :i,'J7- acres of woodland, consist- 
 ing of hemlock, beech, birch and maple. 
 
 Without large ponds, the scenery is romantic. The soil is gener- 
 ally a clayey loam, moist and well adapted for grazing. About the 
 average stock is kept and the usual crops raised. The product of 
 the farms, in 1hS5, was valued at *01 ( oo'."). The population at the 
 last census was 805, of whom L'44 were voters. The dwellings in 
 1870 were reported as 21'.'!, with 180 farms; in 18*5 the returns give 
 but 107 farms and 1*0 dwelling-houses. The young people abandon 
 the hill farms, and the passing away of the aged owners leaves them 
 to become a part of the wilderness again. The valuation in 1888 
 was $313,604, with a tax-rate of $17.80 on $1,000. 
 
•2i)S GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The town hits night school buildings, valued at about $4,000. 
 There is a town-hall, and a free public library of some 6,000 volumes. 
 The nucleus of this library was presented by William Cullen 
 Bryant, who was a native of the town. 
 
 Other eminent men, natives of the town, were Thomas SnelL D.D. 
 (177I-1.SC>:.'), clergyman and historian; Luther Bradish, LL.D. 
 (17So-lSG.'!), a lawyer of learning and eminence ; and Henry Lau- 
 rens Dawes (IMC), United States senator. 
 
 The Baptists and Universalisls each have a church here; and the 
 Congregationalists have one at East and one at West Cummington. 
 
 This town was sold by the (Jem-nil Court to Colonel John Cum- 
 mings in 17(12. The first settler was a Mr. Melntire from Scotland, 
 who moved into the place in 1770. Many of the early settlers 
 came from Bridge water and Aliington; and among them was Dr. 
 Peter Bryant, father of the poet Bryant. 
 
 CurtlSVlllC, in East Bridgewater: also, in Stockbridge. 
 V^UthcUTl, a village in Dedham. 
 
 Cutter Valley, in Winchester. 
 
 V^UttynUnk, an island, a cape and a village in Gosnold. 
 
 T~\ ji. celebrated for the manufacture of paper, is a long, 
 
 i^dllOIl, 1KUIOW township in the central part of Berkshire 
 County, 146 miles from Boston by the Boston and Albany Kailroad, 
 which runs across the middle. It is bounded on thie north by 
 Cheshire, east by Windsor and Hinsdale, south by Washington, and 
 west by J'ittsheid, Lanesborough and Cheshire. 
 
 The population is 12,11.'!, and the number of dwelling-houses 376. 
 Tin- township is about ten miles in extreme length north and south, 
 and about two miles at the narrowest part. The assessed area is 
 13,41(3 acres; of which .">,704 acres arc woodland, consisting chiefly 
 of pine, oak, maple and elm. 
 
 A range of compact hills crosses the midst of the northern half of 
 the town ; and the southeast is occupied by four or five hills of larger 
 area. Among these arc, of things curious or beautiful, the Wizard's 
 <ilen, Cold Spring ami Waconah Falls. There is a tract of level 
 country at the northeast and a smaller tract at the southwest, the 
 latter well occupied. The middle section of tha t^wn is a broad and 
 beautiful valley, into which gather numerous stream', there forming 
 the east branch of the llousatonic; Kivcr, and furnishing very con- 
 venient motive power for several mills. The principal mrumfacture 
 lure is paper, for which there are three establishments, having ch <.r 
 more mills each. These, with a woollen and cotton mill, employ in thi 
 aggregate about Nl Ml persons. There are other manufactures, as boxes, 
 lumber, and food preparations. The value of the paper made in 1885 
 
DALTOXVILLE—DANA. 259 
 
 was £697,583 ; and of woollen goods $14,192 ; the value of the entire 
 manufactured product being $1,072,755. 
 
 There are 70 farms cultivated. The soil is gravel and loam, and 
 yields fairly well. Of animals, swine are proportionately numerous. 
 The value of the entire farm product in the year just mentioned was 
 $118,074:. The valuation of the town in 1888 was $1,880,469; and 
 the tax-rate $11.25 on $1,000. 
 
 Dalton has seven school-houses, valued at about 6 14,500 ; and these 
 accommodate primary, p'ramjiar, intermediate and mixed schools. 
 There is a town-hall, a iree public library of about 2,500 volumes, 
 and the Crane Library, which has, also, a reading-room, both open to 
 the public on easy conditions. Th° Methodists, Congregationalists, 
 and Roman Catholics have each a church here. One is of stone and 
 two are of wood; one is Gothic and one in Queen Anne style of archi- 
 tecture. Of the soldiers furnished by this town for the late war, only 
 three were lost. 
 
 Dalton was originally a part of Pittsfield ; and was once known as 
 the •' Ashuelot Equivalent," granted to Oliver Partridge and others 
 of Hatfield in lieu of a township in New Hampshire supposed by the 
 early surveyors to be in Massachusetts. A settlement was commenced 
 in 1755. The place was detached from Pittsiield, and incorporated, 
 Maivh 20, 17*4. It was named in honor of Hon. Tristram Dalton, 
 then speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives. 
 
 The manufacture of paper was commenced here in 1M)2 by Henry 
 Wiswall, Zenas Crane and John Willard. Their establishment was 
 called " Old Berkshire,'' and goods of this stamp were long in the 
 highest repute. The next paper mill was built in ISO'.i. 
 
 The Rev. James Thompson, the first minister of the town, was 
 settled in March, 1795. 
 
 DaltOnVllle, in Newburyport. 
 
 r\„__ is a small farming and manufacturing town situated 
 t-Jdllcl near ^g noddle f the. western border of Worcester 
 County, about 75 miles west from Boston. Petersham forms the 
 north and most of the eastern boundary, with the western angle of 
 Barre and a portion of Hardwick on the latter side, while the last- 
 mentioned town forms the southern boundary, with Greenwich, Pres- 
 cott and New Salem on the west. 
 
 The assessed area in 18*8 was 10,970 acres. Another return gives 
 11,591, and a third 10,«(i7. Neither of these are intended to include 
 highways or water surfaces. There are 5,632 acres of woodland, con- 
 sisting mainly of chestnut, pine, and oak. There are intervals of good - 
 land ; the soil varying from loam to sand. The number of farms is 
 187, which is an increase of 69 since 1870. Their aggregate product 
 in 1«85 was $65,904. The population at the same date was 695 ; and 
 they were sheltered by 179 dwelling-houses. 
 
 The villages and post-offices are Dana Centre and North Dana. 
 The Springfield, Enfield and Athol Railroad passes through North 
 
200 CAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Dana, which is at the northwest of the town. Swift River also passes 
 through this village, and its east branch forms for a mile or two the 
 southeastern line of the town. In this quarter is Pottapaug Pond, of 
 100 acres ; and in the northwest corner is Neeseponset Pond, of 118 
 acres. The scenery is further diversified by brooks, verdurous 
 meadows and woody hills ; the largest of the latter being Rattlesnake 
 and Pottapaug. There is much granite in the town, and a soapstone 
 quarry has been worked with iuir returns. 
 
 A box factory and a satinet factory in the town furnish the chief 
 employment aside from the farms. Formerly large quantities of piano 
 fittings, picture frames and palm-leaf hats were made here, and this 
 work is still done to some extent. The manufactured product in cloth- 
 ing in l<H.Hf( was $1G,K"><>; in boxes and other wooden goods, $51,225. 
 The aggregate value of the goods of all kinds was *71,169. The valu- 
 ation of the town in 1888 was *2Kl,8(j9; with a tax-rate of §18 on 
 11,000. 
 
 There is a town-hall for entertainments, and five school-houses 
 provide for primary and grammar schools. The churches are the 
 Methodist and Universalist. Sixty men were furnished for the late 
 war, of whom eight were lost. 
 
 Dana was made up of parts of Hard wick, Petersham and Green- 
 wich, and incorporated February IS, 1801. A Congregational church 
 was founded here in 1X24. Perhaps the most eminent names of this 
 town are Nathaniel Johnson and Albert Ameden. 
 
 D ariVPfS * s an anc i en t an< ^ beautiful town lying in the southerly 
 part of Essex County, and having for its boundaries 
 Topstield on the north, AVenham and Peverly on the east, Peabody 
 on the south, and Middleton on the west. The general form of the 
 township is triangular, with its corners nearly at the northeast, south- 
 east and southwest. The assessed area is 7.420 acres, of which 4S2 
 acres are wooded with oak, with some pine, walnut, alder, maple, and 
 the gray and rarely the white birch. 
 
 There are groups of hills at the southeast and centre of the town- 
 ship, and a more extended group at the northwest, having Putnam's 
 Hill as their eastern outpost. At the west is Hawthorne's Hill, with 
 its summit 257 feet above sea-level, bearing the State Lunatic Asy- 
 lum, — the largest building in Kssex County and visible from a great 
 distance. Lindall's Hill slopes down to Danvers Plain, the principal 
 village; anil a little westward Whipple's Hill overlooks Danvers 
 centre, anciently Salem Village. The other villages are Danversport, 
 Tapleyville, Putnamville, Searsville and East Danvers. All except 
 the last three are post-oilices. Danversport is at the head of naviga- 
 tion on Porter's Kiver, at the southeastern part of the township. It 
 was formerly quite a shipbuilding place lor small vessels, and has now 
 some lumber business. An affluent of this river, on the east, is Frost- 
 fish Krook ; Crane P. rook flows through Danvers centre, furnishing 
 some power. Heaver-dam Hrook, in the south, enters the Ipswich 
 River j which, flowing northward, forms a considerable part of the 
 western lino of the town. The Lawrence and the Newburyport rail- 
 
'• 
 
262 GAZETTEER OF MASSACIICSETTS. 
 
 roads, both being branches of the Boston and Maine Railroad, intersect 
 near the main village, and thus afford direct communication with Bos- 
 ton, Salem, Lawrence and Newbuiyport. A large number of men en- 
 gaged in the various kinds of transportation business live in this town, 
 as well as merchants and professional men of Boston. 
 
 The underlying rock is sienite, over which are strewn many bowl- 
 ders, giving ample indications of the glacial period. Good clay for 
 bricks and pottery is found in several localities, and the meadows af- 
 ford peat. The soil elsewhere is loamy and yields excellent crops. 
 There are in the town ICO farms, whose product in 1885 amounted 
 to $266,349. Of this the dairies yielded $7o.G02; and vegetables 
 $8*, f>!(5. At that date were also reported seven brickyards, with an 
 annual product valued at sl'O.S--'! ; six tanneries and morocco factories 
 turning out goods to the value of £L'*.'>,0-- annually; fifteen shoe 
 factories employing <H ( .I2 persons and producing goods in that year to 
 the value of $1,701,241 ; four food establishments, whose annual prod- 
 uct reached the sum of £17i»,ii58 j an iron found ery, and shops for 
 metallic work, whose product amounted to .$G(;,7<;7 ; the aggregate 
 value of the manufactures being %?—,<'— 4..'i0;>. The valuation of the 
 town in 1888 was *:>,Sol,o70, with a tax-rate of *14.80 on $1,000. 
 The population is 7,001 ; of whom 1,500 are voters. The First 
 National Bank, Dan vers, has a capital of Slod.uoO ; and the Danvers 
 Savings Bank, at the close of last year, held § 1,074,1 6S in deposits. 
 
 The town has excellent graded schools, housed in ten buildings, 
 whose value with appurtenances is upward of S5O.0O0. The Peabody 
 Institute, situated in Peabody Park, contains a select library of about 
 17,000 volumes, and a fine audience hall. The institution was the 
 gift of George Peabody, the philanthropic London banker. The 
 Methodists, Baptists, Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, Unitarians 
 and Adventists each have a church here, and the Trinitarian Congre- 
 gationalists have two. The town supports two weekly journals — 
 the " Mirror" and the "Union,' - — and the " Daily Evening Courier," 
 which are worthy of their patronage. 
 
 The turnpike from Boston to Xewburyport runs through the length 
 of the town, and there are several other fine drives. The roads are 
 generally good, and are extensively bordered with trees, mostly 
 elm and maple, many of which are half a century old. The old man- 
 sion in this town which was the birthplace of General Israel Putnam 
 still stands ; the " Collins House '" was for a time the headquarters 
 of (ieneral Gage ; the old Jacobs house, on Water's River, was the 
 home of George Jacobs, executed as a wizard in l(iU2; Governor 
 John Endicott's "orchard farm." at Danversport, with the old F.iuli- 
 cott pear tree and the site of the Governor's house ; the home of Ilo- 
 y hecca Nurse (the Witch-House, Tapleyville) is still to be seen, and 
 several other points historically interesting. 
 
 This town, in its original limits, embracing what was the village 
 proper and the middle parishes of Salem, was incorporated as a 
 district, January L'S, 17~>L'; and as a town, .1 une J (1, l('.o7. It is sup- 
 posed to have been named in honor of Sir Danvers Oshorn, Bart., 
 governor of Mew York in I 7~>.">. South Danvers (now Peabody) was 
 
DABTMOUTH. 263 
 
 detached from it in 1855. The district called " New Mills," in the 
 eastern part of the town, was settled in 1754. 
 
 The first church was formed in 1671, as a branch of the church in 
 Salem. The first pastor was the Rev. James Bailey, settled in Octo- 
 ber of the same year. His successor was the Rev George Burroughs, 
 settled Nov. 25, 1680, and inhumanly executed on Gallows Hill, in 
 Salem, for witchcraft, Aug. 19, 1692. The church became an inde- 
 pendent society Nov. 10, 1689 ; and, on the 15th of the same month, 
 the Rev. Samuel Parris was ordained as its fourth pastor. It was in 
 the family of this minister that the terrible delusion known as the 
 " Salem Witchcraft " first appeared in 1092. In Dr. Joseph B. Felt's 
 " Annals of Salem " it is thus noticed : " Feb. 25, Tituba, an Indian 
 servant of Rev. S. Parris, is complained of for witchcraft. Before 
 this, John, her husband, another Indian servant of Mr. Parris, had 
 been persuaded by Mary Sibley to make a superstitious experiment 
 for discovering persons who, they supposed, secretly afflicted Mr. 
 Parris's daughter Elizabeth, aged nine, and his niece Abigail Wil- 
 liams, aged eleven, and Ann Putnam, a girl of the neighborhood." 
 
 "The inhabitants of Danvers," says Mr. Barber, "have always 
 been distinguished for their patriotism, and its citizens bore their 
 full share in the great contest of the Revolution." It is said that 
 of the patriots who fell at Lexington, one sixth part were inhabi- 
 tants of this town. In 1865, a monument was erected to their 
 memory, on the identical spot (it is claimed) whence the young 
 patriots set out on their march. It has also erected a handsome 
 monument to perpetuate the names and deeds of its soldiers lost in 
 the late war. Some of the distinguished persons who have 
 originated in Danvers are: Moses Porter (1755-1822), a brig- 
 adier-general, U. S. army; George Peabody (1795-1809), an 
 eminent banker and philanthropist; Daniel Putnam King (lsol- 
 1850), a scientific farmer, and M.C. from 1843 to 1S49; Hannah 
 O'Brien Chaplin Conant (1842-1865), an able author and editor, 
 and an Oriental scholar. 
 
 r~)pH-mniltVl is a large farming, fishing and manufacturing 
 J_>/ciriIIlUUlIl t own i n the southern part of Bristol County, 
 ^ordering on the other section of Buzzard's Bay. It is bounded on 
 the north by Fall River and Freetown, on the east by New Bedford, 
 on the west by Westport, and south by Buzzard's Uay. The shore 
 line is quite irregular, being broken by Apponaganset l!ay, Paman- 
 set River Bay, and others, and projecting far into the sea at 
 Mishaum and Barney's Joy points. The assessed area is 34, MS 
 acres. 
 
 The Old Colony Railroad station at New Bedford is near and 
 just opposite the middle of the town, and the Fall River and New 
 Bedford Branch has stations at Hicksville and North Dartmouth. 
 The villages are on Apponaganset Bay at the southeast, on the 
 Pamanset River near the eastern line, in the north part of the town 
 on the main branch of the Westport River, and at Westport Mills, 
 on the same river, where it leaves the town on the western side. The 
 
0(14 (IAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 villages liy their latest namns arc Apponegansett, Nonquitt, North 
 also South Dartmouth (I'adanaram), Hixville, Hakerville, Russell's 
 Mills, Smith's Mills, and Westport Factory village. The first four 
 arc post-ollices. 
 
 Two broad hills or elevated sections are found in line north of the 
 middle, and two ranges of small hills in the southwestern part of 
 tht! town. The land elsewhere is generally undulating, and the soil 
 very good. The geological formation is felspathie gneiss. More 
 than 1.'!, 500 acres are woodland. The farms number .'!S2. In 18x5 
 the aggregate product of the farms was *.'S(i2,4o7. Fish is used to a 
 large extent as a fertilizer on the farms. 
 
 .Many of the inhabitants are mariners, and more are engaged in 
 the shore fisheries. The fishing craft belonging in the town are one 
 schooner, one sloop, three sail-boats, six dories, and eleven seine 
 boats. The product of the fisheries of all kinds in lx s o was *17,~!*4. 
 About *400 of this was from shellfish, and $1,!>G0 from whales. 
 
 The manufactures consist of oils, small cotton goods, paper, car- 
 riages and wagons, building stone, lumber in numerous forms, iron 
 and other metallic goods, fertilizers, salt and food preparations of 
 fish and of grain, etc.; the aggregate product for the last census year 
 having the value of £G06,o"l. The valuation of thp town for 1888 
 was *1, 822,000, and the tax-rate $12 on *l,oon. The inhabitants 
 numbered 3,44*, and were sheltered in s'iG dwelling-houses. The 
 number of voters was '.Mill. 
 
 The town has a complete system of graded schools, provided for 
 in 18 school-houses, — these having a value of upwards .of *.">U,<.HXi. 
 There are seven Sunday-school libraries, and these, with the fine 
 new '• Southworth Library, '' at South Dartmouth, provide well for 
 the literary appetite. The churches are one Congregationalist, one 
 Human Catholic, four of the "Christian Connection," and four of 
 Friends. 
 
 The Indian names applied to various parts of this town were 
 Aiqmtiritjmtsft. Anishena, and Con /.set. They had a fort on the bank 
 of Apponaganset River; and several of their burial places are still 
 known. Dartmouth was named for a seaport in Devonshire, Eng- 
 land, and was incorporated June 8, 111(14. It then embraced the 
 territory of the present towns of 'Westport aiid Fairhaven, together 
 with the city of New Bedford. The place suffered severely from 
 the incursions of the Indians during King Philip's War; many 
 people being killed and the settlements laid in ruins. About 160 
 Indians surrendered to the commander of Russell's garrison at Ap- 
 ponagansct,and were sold and transported, contrary to the promise at 
 their surrender. The remains of this tort are still visible. 
 
 Henry C. Crapo, governor of Michigan from I8li,"> to 1860, was 
 born in this town May 21, lsol. Ho died in Flint, Mich., July 23, 
 IXC!). 
 
 D.'lvistOWn, ;l village in Tislmry. 
 DaVlSville, in Falmouth. 
 
DA WSOX VILLE — DEDHAM. 265 
 
 DaWSOnville, in Holden. 
 Dayville, in Chester. 
 DeantOWIl, a village in Attleborough. 
 
 T^TZTT^U \ \\ is a fine old town, the seat of justice in 
 t - Ji ^- i - J L 1^-1 x\i Xorfolk County, about ten miles south- 
 west of Boston by the New York and New England Railroad, 
 which passes through the eastern side of the town. The north- 
 eastern part has two branches of the Bo ton and Providence Division 
 of the Old Colony Railroad, which has a beautiful station of Ded- 
 ham granite in the principal village. The town is bounded north 
 by Needham and West Roxbury district (Boston), east by Hyde 
 Park and Canton, south by Norwood and Walpole, and west by 
 Dover. The Charles River forms a part of the northwestern line, 
 and the Neponset the eastern line. 
 
 The assessed area is 12,224 acres, including .'!. t'.tl acres of 
 woodland. The largest ponds are Buckminster in the south- 
 west, whose outlet swells Bubbling Brook, and Wigwam Pond in 
 the north, which sends its stream to Charles Kiver. Near the latter 
 stream is Mother Brook, discharging into the Neponset its own 
 waters and about one third of the Charles Biver, drawn from it by 
 a canal one mile in length. This was the first canal cut in this 
 country, having been opened within ten years of the settlement of 
 Boston. Its purpose was to make available for power the fall of 
 about sixty feet between the Charles and Neponset rivers. On this 
 stream are two woollen mills, dye-works, a factory for hosiery, an 
 iron foundery and machine shop. At West Dedham are malleable 
 iron works, a wood-turning mill ami furniture factory; at other 
 points are a brass foundery, a tiD shop, a carriage and a steam-ear 
 factory, piano parts, food preparations and several others, to the 
 number of 44 establishments. The product in food preparations in 
 l**.'), as shown by the census, had a value of $l*S,70."i; while tex- 
 tile goods were manufactured to the value of $72<i..">00. 
 
 The soil of this town is light and sandy, but highly productive 
 under its good cultivation. '1 lie 1)7 farms in IS*.", yielded a product 
 valued at $102,2'.t4. The largest item was that of the dairies, which 
 had the value of *«;">, 71 3; the vegetables coming next, at Wi.sll, 
 The valuation in isss was %~>;27'A,',H)~>; with a tax-rate of $11. CO on 
 $1,000. The population was (i,(J41, and the dwellings numbered 
 1,228. Dedham National Bank has a capital of *.">no,00o ; and the 
 Institution for Savings, at the close of last year, had deposits to the 
 amount of *2,00o,l 4'.i. The "Standard"' and the ''Transcript" of 
 this town are weekly journals of good standing and a fair circula- 
 tion. 
 
 There is a complete system of graded schools, which are provided 
 for in thirteen buildings having a value of about *0<i,000; to which 
 has recently been added a new high school building in a central loca- 
 
DEDHAM. 
 
 267 
 
 tioii. in which have been embodied all known improvements. The 
 Methodists have a church here ; the Baptists have one at East, and 
 another at West, Dedham; the Congregationalists (Trinitarian) 
 have one at the chief village and one at Islington; the Uni- 
 tarians have one at West Dedham and one at Dedham village ; 
 and the Roman Catholics have just completed here a fine stone 
 church at a cost of about $125,000; while the American Epis- 
 copal Church has two in the town, — that in Dedham village being a 
 beautiful stone edifice containing a chime of bells. The village has 
 its green, about which are several fine buildings. West of this village 
 are the agricultural grounds and race-course. 
 
 The scenery of the town is varied and picturesque. The geolog- 
 ical structure is sienite, in which asbestos and galena appear. The 
 highest point of land, 400 feet above sea-level, is about one mile 
 southwest of the centre. The view from the Old Powder House of 
 the river and the neighboring scenery is charming. The town gen- 
 
 HISTORICAL SOCIETY BUILDING, DEDHAM. 
 
 erally has an appearance of being well kept, and the roads are 
 noticeably good. In most of the villages the streets are adorned 
 with numerous trees, mostly elms, some of which in Dedham village 
 are a century old. Probably the oldest tree in town is the " Avery 
 Oak," which in 1636 was already a venerable tree; and it is yet well 
 preserved. The Bussey Farm, and Bussey Bridge, of tragic memory, 
 are in this town. Here also are the Fairbanks mansion, built in the 
 first year of settlement; the Quincy house; the Avery and the Mot- 
 ley homesteads ; with later buildings, as the substantial old court- 
 house, with its massive columns and yellow dome ; the county jail ; 
 the house of the boat club on the bank of the Charles ; the beautiful 
 building of the Dedham Historical Society; the ample town-hall, 
 erected in 1867 as a memorial of the fallen brave ; the old cemetery 
 and the beautiful modern one; and the new library building with its 
 
2(j8 UAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 10,000 volumes, — making a list of attractions such as few towns can 
 show. 
 
 This town was originally settled in 1635, and called "Content- 
 ment." Its Indian name was Tiot. On the 8th of .September, 1636, 
 it was incorporated under its present name, which was adopted out 
 of regard for the old town of Dedham, in Essex County, England, 
 from which several of its founders came. But the original designa- 
 tion, " ( Nnitentment," was engraved on the town seal, together with 
 the symmetrieal old "Avery Oak." The town at its incorporation 
 embraced Medfield, Needlutiu, Walpole, Dover, and parts of Dor- 
 chester, West Roxbury, Hyde l'ark and Norwood. A subsequent 
 grant of land in the Focuintuck valley was the beginning of the 
 present town of Deerfield, also. The early records are very full and 
 perfect. The collection of the historical society embraces a great 
 amount of genealogical, as well as historical, treasures. Among the 
 early settler i were John Bogers, Daniel Fisher, Samuel Morse, 
 Ralph Shepard, Francis Austin, Michael Metcalf, John Ellis, Sam- 
 uel Guild, Captain Daniel Fisher, Thomas Carter and Major 
 Eleazer Lusher. 
 
 The first water corn mill in Dedham was constructed in 1640, the 
 first saw mill in 1004, the first fulling mill (on Mother Brook) in 
 1081. The first school-house was built in 1G40, and the first 
 meeting-house in 1037. The latter was a low, thatched budding, 
 against which a ladder was kept for the event of a fire. "The 
 greatest tax-payer had the highest seat." The Rev. John Allen, 
 ordained in 10311, was the first pastor; and was followed by 
 Eevs. William Adams in 168 ~> ; Joseph Belcher, 1693 ; Samuel Dex- 
 ter, 17L'4; Jason Haven, of Framingham, 17.~>0; and Joshua Bates, 
 1803. The first minister of the second parish was the Rev. Thomas 
 Balch, ordained in 1730, and succeeded in 1770 by the Rev. Jabez 
 Chickering. The Rev. William Clark became rector of the Episco- 
 pal society in 17(>s ; but a few years later was removed for refusing 
 to swear allegiance to the State in the Revolution. The Rev. WU- 
 liam Montague became rector of the chuivh in 1791, and remained 
 until 1H18. The Baptist society was incorporated in 1811, and the 
 Rev. William Gammell ordained pastor. 
 
 The prelude to King Philip's War was enacted here in April, 
 1071, when the first white man was shot by an Indian in Dedham 
 woods. When the war fairly broke out, the town was prepared; 
 and a watch was kept in the belfry of the new church (built 1G73) 
 for the stealthy enemy; but no attack was made. A party of men 
 from Dedham and Medhehl, who had taken the field, on July 25, 
 1076, killed I'miiham, and took fifty of his followers; which aided 
 much in bringing the conflict to a successful issue. There is an old 
 Indian burial place near Wigwam Hill. The last person buried 
 there was Sarah, wife of Alerum/nr Quahish, who died in 1774. 
 
 A number of soldiers went, from Dedham into the " Spanish War" 
 in 17 10, not one of whom returned. The town was also well repre- 
 sented at tin' sii'pe of Loiiisburg in 174.~>; and at the news of the 
 battle of Lexington, April R(, 177">, the whole military force of the 
 
DEER FIELD. 269 
 
 town repaired to the scene of action. For the war which followed 
 Dedhain furnished more than 100 men. The whole number of men 
 raised and mustered into the military and naval service during the 
 war of the Eebellion was 672. Forty-seven of these were lost. 
 They have, as their memorials here, the town-hall and a handsome 
 monument in the cemetery. 
 
 Some of the eminent men this town has given to the world are 
 the following: General Joseph Dwight (1703-1 765), a distinguished 
 soldier and judge; Joshua Fisher, M.D. (1749-1833), an able physi- 
 cian and naturalist; Fisher Ames, LL.U. (1758-1*08), one of the 
 most eloquent orators and profound statesmen of his age; Warren 
 Colburn (1793-1833), a distinguished mathematician; Samuel Foster 
 Haven (1S0G), archaeologist and author. 
 
 DeerfielH * s *^ e ^ est an( ^ one °f tne most fertile and 
 beautiful towns of Franklin County. It lies on 
 the west bank of the Connecticut Kiver, and has Greenfield on the 
 north, Montague and Sunderland on the east, \Yhately on the south, 
 and Conway and Sbelburne on the west. The assessed area is 
 20,483 acres; which includes 3,1'47 acres of woodland. 
 
 The surface of the town is beautifully varied, here spreading out 
 into broad and verdant intervales, there rising into picturesque and 
 rocky eminences, — as Arthur's Seat in the northwest, the Duerfield 
 Hills in the northeast, and in the southeast the conical mass of red 
 sandstone named "Sugar Loaf," rising grandly from the Connecticut 
 River to the height of 50(1 feet. The. summit of this mountain 
 affords a splendid view of the valley of the Connecticut Kiver and 
 bordering villages. It is highly probable that this eminence, and 
 Mount Toby on the opposite side, once formed a barrier to the 
 waters of the river, and that a large lake then spread over the allu- 
 vial lands of Montague and Deerfield. Pocomtuck liock, near the 
 centre of the town, overlooking the village and the valley,' is another 
 picturesque object. The geological formation ol this vicinity is the 
 lower sandstone ; and specimens of amethyst, carnelian, chalcedony, 
 agate, stilbite and heulandite are found, in the easterly part of the 
 town there is a trap-rock ledge of great extent. 
 
 "While the broad and beautiful < 'onnecticut Kiver flows along the 
 eastern border of the town, presenting scenes of remarkable richness 
 and variety, the Deerfield River, entering the northwest corner, 
 winds in graceful curves through the centre, and then, sweeping 
 northward, receives the waters of Green Kiver, and enters the Con- 
 necticut near the northeast angle of the town. Mill River passes 
 through the southwest section, and receives from the base of Sugar- 
 Loaf Hill the celebrated " Bloody Brook," which, with Sugar-Loaf 
 Brook, drains the southern slope of the town. The base line of the 
 Trigonometrical Survey of the State, 73,8cS2 feet in length, commences 
 at the former brook, extending on level ground southward nearly to 
 the great swamp in Hatfield. The Connecticut River Railroad, 
 running parallel with the river, divides the town into nearly equal 
 sections, and crosses the Deerfield River by a bridge 750 feet in 
 
'J70 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 length, and 'JO feet above the water. There are also three other 
 long bridges, where the Fitchburg road and a branch cross this river 
 and the Connecticut; two carriage bridges across the same river, 
 and several across the Deerfield River, — most of them of iron, 
 and handsome structures. The Fitchburg Railroad follows the 
 north bank of the Deerrield River through the town. 
 
 The principal manufactures of the town are cutlery and pocket- 
 books; of the first of which, in 1K85, the product had the value of 
 about * 125,000; and of the latter and similar goods about *85,000. 
 There are also three mills making various lumber and boxes, one or 
 more grain mills, and several small manufactures; the aggregate 
 value of all for the year named being *L'7N,347. Farming is the 
 leading business of the town, and in this many have become wealthy. 
 The farms number 313; and hay, dairy products, wool, hides and 
 meats, and tobacco are the leading products. The last, in the year 
 mentioned, reached the value of *f>l,233 ; and cereals, §35,595. The 
 aggregate of farm products was $428, .'Wl, The valuation in 1888 
 was §1, -35,204, with a tax-rate of §15.40 on 81,000. The population 
 was 3,042 — voters 7411, — sheltered in 637 dwelling-houses. There 
 are fourteen public school-houses, having a value of about .§10,000. 
 The Deerrield Academy (which is also the Dickinson High .School) 
 has buildings valued at §25,000. The Dickinson Public Library 
 has some 3,000 volumes; and the Pocomtuck Valley Memorial Asso- 
 ciation has upwards of 5,000, with a museum of aboriginal antiquities, 
 in a suitable building. The churches here are a Trinitarian and 
 a Unitarian Congregational, a Methodist Episcopal and a Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 The post-offices are Deerfield, and East, West and South Deer- 
 field. Other villages bear the names of Cheapside, Great River, 
 Green River, Hoosac, Mill and Bar Village, Mill River, Pine Nook, 
 Sugar Loaf and Wapping. There are the usual social and civic asso- 
 ciations. 
 
 Deerfield furnished for the grand army of the Republic in the 
 late war 320 soldiers ; and to perpetuate the memory of those who 
 were lost, it has erected a beautiful monument of Portland sand- 
 stone. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Pocomtuck ; and it was deeded 
 by the Indians to John Pynchon, Esq., on the 24th of February, 
 lfjfif>. Four years later, the grant of the land was made by the Gen- 
 eral Court; and the town was incorporated May 24, 1CN2. It was a 
 lavoritc resort of the Indians; and articles of their domestic and 
 military life are frequently discovered. " 1 have on my own land," 
 says Mr. George Sheldon, "the site of an Indian village; and I can 
 locate some of the wigwams, and also a burial-place from which I 
 have taken up many skeletons." 
 
 The Pocomtuck tribe and the early white settlers dwelt together 
 in peace until the opening of Philip's War in 1675, when, the fidel- 
 ity of the Indians being suspected, they were ordered to deliver up 
 their arms. This they promised to do; but, on the night prior to 
 the day appointed for the delivery, they secretly fled. Captains 
 
DEER FIELD — DEER FIELD RIVER. 271 
 
 Beers and Lothrop, pursuing, made an attack August 26th, and 
 killed 26 of them near the base of Sugar-Loaf Hill ; the remainder 
 fled to Philip. On the first of September following, the Indians 
 came suddenly upon Deerfield, killed one person, and burned most 
 of the buildings. Soon afterwards, Captain Lothrop, with 84 sol- 
 diers, called the "Flower of Essex County," guarding men and 
 teams, went from Hadley to Deerfield to secure the grain left by the 
 settlers in their flight. On returning, September 18th, his party 
 was suddenly surrounded by 700 or 800 savages just as it was cross- 
 ing Bloody Brook, at the south point of Sugar-Loaf Hill ; and only 
 seven or eight escaped to relate the story of the massacre. Captain 
 Mosely, hearing the roar of the conflict, hurried on from Deerfield 
 with his men as fast as possible ; but the slaughter had been effected 
 ere he reached the spot, and the Indians were engaged in mangling 
 the bodies of the dead. He attacked them gallantly, and, after sev- 
 eral hours of desperate fighting, caused them to retreat. The num- 
 ber of the enemy killed was 96. A marble monument was erected 
 over the remains of Captain Lothrop and his men in 1 S.'iN. 
 
 Long a frontier settlement, this place suffered more, perhaps, than 
 any other town from Indian outrage and ferocity. In the ni^'lit of 
 February 29, 1704, Major Hertel de Rouville, with a force of 342 
 French and Indians, entered the fort — which was a large enclosure, 
 embracing the church and several dwelling-houses, and which had 
 been left unguarded — and massacred or took captive all whom they 
 found. The number taken prisoners was 112; and 47 persons, old 
 and young, were slain. A flag-ship sent from Boston to Quebec, in 
 1706, returned with the Rev. John Williams and 56 redeemed cap- 
 tives, among whom were four of his children. His other child, 
 Eunice, grew up among the Indians, accepted one of them as her 
 husband, and, with him, visited once or twice her early home in 
 Massachusetts. From her was descended the Rev. Eleazer Wil- 
 liams, the pretended son of Louis XVI. of France. 
 
 Deerfield has given these distinguished men to the country : Gen- 
 eral Epaphras Hoyt (17G5-1850), historian and antiquary; Edward 
 Hitchcock, LL.D. (1793-1864), an eminent clergyman and geologist; 
 Eichard Hildreth (1807-1865), journalist and author; John Wil- 
 liams, D.D. (1817), P. E. bishop of Connecticut; Rufus Saxton 
 (1824), brevet brigadier-general U. S. army, 1865. 
 
 "n^rfi^lrl Piw^r a beautiful and important stream 
 UCCIUCIU 1V1VCI, wa i cn enters the Connecticut River 
 between Greenfield and Deerfield. It rises in the high grounds of 
 Windham County, near Stratton, Dover and Somerset, Vermont; 
 and, proceeding in a southeast course, it passes into Massachusetts 
 between Monroe and Rowe, and the latter and Florida ; then flows 
 more eastward through Charlemont and Buckland, and between 
 Conway and Greenfield, and lastly through Deerfield. Its whole 
 length is about 50 miles. In some places it is rapid, and its banks 
 very precipitous. Its passage through the mountains is very curi- 
 ous and romantic. This stream affords valuable motive power, 
 
272 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 which is made use of at several points in the towns mentioned. Its 
 most important tributaries are Pelhara Brook and North and ( rreen 
 rivers, from the north, and Cold, Chickley's, Clesson's, Bear aud 
 South rivers on the southern side. 
 
 Dnor Tdnnrl ' n tne nortn P art °f Boston Harbor, con- 
 eer ISiailU, tains tlll . jj ()I1M . f industry and the House 
 
 of Reformation, institutions of the city of Itoston. 
 
 Dpnnic is a somewhat crescent-shaped town in the midst of 
 J-^CllIllb Barnstable County, extending from one shore to the 
 other of Cape ( 'oil. Its cast side is a straight line to near (.'ape 
 Cod I J;iy, on whose margin the township has an eastward 
 projection. Brewster and Harwich bound it on that side, and 
 Yarmouth on the west. The assessed area is 0.N04 acres. This 
 includes «s"0 acres of oak and pine woods ; the latter having been 
 extensively planted here on tracts which would otherwise have 
 been sandy wastes. 
 
 The Old. ( dlony Railroad has a station near the middle of the 
 town, and one at the eastern line. The post-offices are Dennis, 
 Dennis Port, and East, South and West Dennis. Other villages are 
 Searsville and South Village. The scenery is diversified by several 
 beautiful ponds, which, in all, cover an area of about 4."><i acres. 
 Swan Pond, of 17'.i acres, is the largest, and sends a little river of the 
 same name southward into the sea. Bass Kiver is the largest stream 
 on Cape Cod, and furnishes some power for manufactures. It forms 
 the dividing line between Dennis and Yarmouth for two thirds of 
 their territory ; while Chase-garden Biver, on the north, forms the 
 line for nearly the remaining space. Scargo Hill, to the northerly 
 part of the town, is the highest eminence in Barnstable County. It 
 affords a magnificent prospect, extending from M mot's Ledge light 
 to Martha's Vineyard. 
 
 The geological formation of the town is drift and alluvium; and 
 many bowlders are strewn irregularly over the surface. The 
 whortleberry, sweet fern (Comptonia asplenlfo/ia), azaleas, and 
 asclepias, with asters and golden-rod in the autumn, cover the helds. 
 There is some very good land, especially in the northern part of the 
 town, and fair crops of the common kinds are produced. About 
 400 acres are now devoted to cranberries, producing, ill 1SN.">, (i.O.'W 
 barrels, worth *.'!.">, (•(.'!. The number of farms is T.'i; and the entire 
 farm product in that year was valued at £">-l.7('>7. 
 
 In manufactures, wooden goods were made to the value of *(>,f>35; 
 the stone and other building materials, *.'iO,,x;>S; metallic goods, 
 *l,!>71; food products (chiellv salt), $.')!.', '.>7t»; the aggregate of 
 n i aim fact, arcs being &Nl,so;i. The manufacture of salt, commenced 
 by Captain John Scars as early as 1770, has been extensively carried 
 on. The water is raised by windmills from the sea, and evaporated 
 in large vats, leaving the salt in pure white crystals. The fisheries 
 are not pursued to their former extent, and a loss of some 400 in 
 population, since the previous census, has been experienced from 
 
DEPOT VILLAGE— DIGETOX. 273 
 
 this cause. The town had in use, in this business, in 1885, 7 
 schooners, 1 sloop, 18 sail-boats, 43 dories, 16 seine boats, and 2 
 oyster boats. The value of the entire fish product was but $47,.'->'.>5. 
 The valuation of the town in ISSN was $1,241,352, with a tax- 
 rate of $10.99 on £1,000. The population was 2,923, of whom 855 
 were voters ; and the number of dwelling-houses was 694. The 
 town is the home of 215 mariners ; and of these 98 are master 
 mariners. 
 
 Dennis has a good hall for meetings, five association libraries at 
 the several villages, having altogether, with three Sunday-school 
 libraries, nearly 5.000 volumes. The schools have a complete grad- 
 ing, and are provided for in five school buildings, having an 
 aggregate value of about §25,000. There are in the town a Con- 
 gregation alist, a union, and two Methodist churches; also one of 
 the Latter Day Saints. The town has .".1 residents who are over 
 80 years, and seven who are over 90 years of age. It furnished 220 
 men for the army, and 1~>0 for the navy, during the late war. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Xobsensset. The territory was 
 taken from Yarmouth, and was incorporated June 19, 1 T'. >."'.. Its 
 naming was in honor of its first minister, the Bev. Josiah Dennis, 
 who" was ordained pastor in 1727. He was succeeded, in 17*14, by 
 the Rev. Nathan Stone. General Nathaniel Freeman, an able 
 speaker, jurist, physician and military commander, was born here, 
 Aprils, i 741, and died at Sandwieh, September 20, 1*27. He was 
 twice married, and had 20 children. 
 
 Depot Village, in west i;.. y i s t..n. 
 
 DevereaUX, a village in Marblehead. 
 
 D* L^ lies in the central part of Bristol County, 40 miles 
 
 lglUOn souta of jg oston |,y the Old Colony Railroad, 
 -which runs along the Taunton Itiver (forming the divisional line on 
 the east) through the entire length of the town. Taunton bounds it 
 on the north, Berkeley on the east, Somerset and Swansey on the 
 south, and Rehoboth on the west. The assessed area is l.'i,02.'!, 
 which includes 3,707 acres of woodland. The post-ottiees are 
 Dighton, North and West Dighton, and Segreganset. 
 
 Though generally level, the town has several delightful elevations, 
 as Richmond Hill and Hunter's Hill, in the southeast. An irregular 
 line of elevations extends from these to the centre, where is another 
 group; and still another extends along the northern half of the 
 western line. From the summit of one of the hills named, it is said, 
 more than forty churches can be seen. 
 
 Three-mile River forms the line separating Dighton from Taunton 
 at the northeast corner, where it furnishes power for the manu- 
 factories of North Dighton village. The Sweganset River, an 
 affluent of the Taunton River, rises in the western part of the town, 
 flows southeasterly, and affords valuable water-power. From the 
 Taunton River, shad, salmon and alewives are annually taken to the 
 
274 (1AXETTEEK OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 value, of several thousand dollars. The farms number 189; and 
 their aggregate product, in the census year of 1XK~>, was 1179,182. 
 The largest item in this amount was that of fruit and berries, the 
 town having l.'S,.')K.'i fruit trees, while a large area is devoted to the 
 cultivation of strawberries. Tin' manufactures consist chiefly of 
 stoves and the associated articles, paper, paints and colors, carriages, 
 building material, food preparations, brooms, etc, — in all, twelve 
 establishments. The aggregate value of the manufactures was 
 f 17.'!,0S(). The valuation in lsx.H was .s74/>.<>70, with a tax-rate of 
 $l.'!.r>o on $1,000. The population was 1,7*1.', sheltered in 4RJ 
 dwelling-houses; and there were A'i'l voters. >, . 
 
 Dighton has primary and grammar schools, occupying ten build- 
 ings valued at about |> 10,000. The Smith Memorial Hall is aline 
 edifice, and was a gift to the Unitarians by the heirs of Alfred Smith, 
 of Newport, K. I. There are a small association library and five 
 Sunday-school libraries, having collectively upwards of U,"iO0 
 volumes. The town journal is ''Dighton Rock,"' with a weekly 
 issue and a small circulation. There are here a Baptist church, a 
 l'edobaptist Congregational church (Unitarian), a Trinitarian Con- 
 gregational, a Methodist Episcopal, and a Roman Catholic. 
 
 Dighton was originally apart of Taunton, and was incorporated 
 May ;>0, 1S12. "It was named,'' says William H. Whitmore, in his 
 able essay on "The Origin of the Names of Towns in Massachusetts," 
 "most probably in honor of Frances Dighton, wife of Richard 
 Williams, one of the first settlers, and sister of the second wife of 
 Governor Thomas Dudley.'' There is said to be no other town in 
 the State that derives its name from a lady. The first church was 
 organized in 171(1, and reorganized in lsi'C. Assonet Neck, on 
 which is situated the famous "Dighton Rock," whose inscriptions 
 have puzzled the antiquaries of Europe and America, lies on the 
 eastern bank of the Taunton River, in the town of Berkley, under 
 which head a further account of the rock is given. 
 
 William Raylies, M.D., born in Uxbridge. Mass.. December ;">, 1743, 
 came early to Dighton, and was a successful practitioner here. A 
 man of rare mental endowments, he was a member of the American 
 Academy of Arts and Sciences, of the Massachusetts Historical 
 Society, and a founder of the .Massachusetts Medical Society. He 
 was a member of Congress from 1X0."> to 1S09; and died in Dighton, 
 June 17, l.SL'li. 
 
 Dodgeville, in Attleborough. 
 DojjtOWn, a village in Wellileet. 
 
 Donkeyville, in i'«.xborough. 
 
 T")nrr^hp»ct-<=>r * ,ufi ' Uli ' :m name of which was Muttn/Mtn. w.h 
 
 L'UrLIlL.bH-.r, named in honor of the Kev. John White, of 
 
 Dorchester, the capital of Dorset County, England. It was incor- 
 
DORCHESTER BA Y— DOUGLAS. 275 
 
 porated as a town September 7, 1630 ; annexed to Boston June 
 4, 1869. 
 
 Drirr^h^cr^r Rc»\r a P art of Boston Harbor lying be- 
 ^uiLiicsLCi -Udy, tween South Boston and the Dor _ 
 
 Chester District of Boston. 
 
 T^nmnF'cl-F'r Point * s an °^ name f° r the southeast- 
 I^UILIICSLCI 1 U1UL ern extremity of South Boston — 
 the locality now called City Point. 
 
 Dfll]0"las * s a * ar & e agricultural and manufacturing town, 
 
 .L^uugicis adjoining the Connecticut line about midway of 
 Worcester County. It is 48 miles southwest of Boston by the 
 New York and New England Railroad, which has a station at Doug- 
 las (centre) and at East Douglas. These an- also post-offices ; 
 other villages being South and West Douglas, and Tasseltop in the 
 southern part of the town. ( )xford and Suttun are on the north, Ux- 
 bridge on the east, Burrillville, R. I., on the south, Thompson, Conn., 
 and Webster, Mass., on the west. There are 12,043 acres of wood- 
 land, and 21,2*6 acres of assessed area. 
 
 The geological formation is felspathic gneiss ; and bowlders of 
 almost every shape and size are liberally scattered over the surface, 
 which is beautifully diversified by hill and valley, lake and streamlet. 
 Good stone for building purposes is quarried quite extensively from 
 the gneissic ledges. The most prominent elevations are Walluni 
 Pond Hill, 778 feet high, Mount Daniel. 7.'.."> feet, and I'-alil Hill, 714 
 feet. Whitin Reservoir Pond, discharging its waters into Mumford 
 River, covers an area of 470 acres, Bad-luck Pond 100 acres, and 
 Walluni Pond, on the southern border, 1 .">(> acres. There are several 
 small ponds, and another large one lies on the northern line, and is 
 another reservoir for Mumford River. This stream takes its rise 
 west of Douglas centre, flows through the northeastern section, af- 
 fording fine mill-sites at East Douglas village. Rocky Brook, a 
 lively stream, drains the southwest section of the town. 
 
 The land, especially on Mumford River, is excellent. The usual 
 crops are cultivated, and farm products maintain their relative pro- 
 portion. The aggregate value of the products of the 201 farms, in 
 the last census year of 1H8.5, was §78,451. The manufacture of 
 axes and other edge-tools is carried on extensively at East Douglas, 
 employing at present about 300 men. The goods of the Douglas 
 Axe Factory are widely known and esteemed. There is also a wool- 
 len mill here,where about 100, including both sexes, find employment. 
 There is also some manufacture of furniture, leather goods, wooden 
 boxes, building stone, carriages, food preparations, — in all 20 estab- 
 lishments, whose product reaches the sum of $519,880 in the aggre- 
 gate. The tools alone make up §.'i81„"»( >0 of this amount. The valua- 
 tion of the town in 1888 was $1,020,04.°., with a tax-rate of $13.30 on 
 $1,000. The population was 2,205, including 497 voters, sheltered 
 by 430 dwelling-houses. 
 
 This town has a marked character of its own, but a pleasant one. 
 
276 (IAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The houses are neat, and along the village streets numerous elms 
 and maples relieve the summer heat and beautify the town. The 
 lawn of a Congregational church here is greatly admired. Douglas 
 has a complete system of graded schools, provided for in eleven 
 buildings valued at about. $7,000. The Douglas Free Public Library 
 has upwards of 1,000 volumes, and is increasing. 
 
 The Congregationalists have a church at Douglas and East Doug- 
 las, where also are one of the Methodists and one of the Roman Cath- 
 olics. A church was organized here on November 11, 1747, and had 
 the Rev. William Phipps for its first minister. 
 
 The number of men furnished by this town for the late war was 
 250, of whom .">0 were lost. 
 
 Douglas was originally settled about the year 1721'. hy people from 
 Sherburne (now Sherburn), and for that reason was for some time 
 called New Sherburne. It was incorporated as a district in 1746; 
 and as a town March 'S.'>, 17*6. It received its present name at 
 that time, and in honor of Dr. William Douglas, author of a History 
 of New England, and a benefactor of the place. The centre of the 
 town is very pleasantly situated on rising ground, near which, in 
 olden times, the Indians built their wigwams, where also was a fort, 
 the remains of which are visible. 
 
 An ancient tavern in this town, known as "Dudley's Hotel," once 
 entertained General Washington. 
 
 "Dnvpr * s a pleasant rural town lying in the northwest part of 
 
 ■^ Norfolk County, about 14 miles southwest of Boston by 
 
 the Woonsoeket Division of the New York and New England Rail- 
 road, which passes through the midst of the town. It has Needhamon 
 the north, Dedham on the east, Walpole and Medfield on the south, 
 and Sherborn and Natick on the west. <!harles River divides this 
 town from Needham and also from Sherborn. The assessed area is 
 8, '.ISC, acres, including ,'5,0l<; acres of woodland, mostly oak. 
 
 The surface of the town is somewhat rocky and uneven. Snow's 
 Hill, a little southwest of the centre, has an altitude of 449 feet, The 
 rock is sienite and sandstone; and iron pyrites have been found. A 
 curiosity of the town is Nimrod Kock ; another is a beautiful boiling 
 spring near the centre of the town, which flows into Trout Brook, an 
 affluent of Charles River; and a third is the Great Spring, near the 
 southwest angle of the town, the source of Mill Brook, which enters 
 the Neponset at Walpole. Reserve Pond, of IVi acres, is near the 
 source of Noanet's Brook, which drains the eastern section of the 
 town. 
 
 The farms are 01 in number, with the usual products ; which, in 
 1885, were valued at $!10,S,<;7L!. The manufactories consist of a 
 mill for small lumber and a paper mill. The product of these, with 
 a few small items of other goods, was valued, for the last census year, 
 at f 40,7.V.I. The valuation of the town in 1H8S was §(541,085, witha 
 tax-rate of $ 10 on f 1,000. There were 165 voters in a population of 
 604 ; and the houses numbered 150. 
 
 The villages are Dover (centre) and Charles River Village. An- 
 
DOWXEE'S LANDING— DBACUT. 277 
 
 other local centre is Springdale. There are four school-houses, val- 
 ued at about $5,000. There is one church library of nearly 1,000 
 volumes, and three Sunday-school libraries. The churches are a 
 Trinitarian Congregational, a Unitarian, and a Baptist. 
 
 The territory of this town was taken from Dedham, and estab- 
 lished as the district of Dover, July 7, 1784 ; and on March 31, 1836, 
 it was incorporated as a town. The first minister was the Eev. Ben- 
 jamin Caryl, who was settled in 17(52. He was born in Hopkinton 
 in 1732, and died in the fiftieth year of his ministry. His library, it 
 was said by a witty lawyer, " consisted of a Bible, a concordance, and 
 an old jack-knife." But he was an excellent minister, and highly 
 esteemed by his people. 
 
 Dove* sent as many as 65 soldiers into the war of the Rebellion, 
 of whom four were lost. 
 
 Dnwn pr\ T snrlincr a viUa S e and a landing place for 
 owner s i^anuing, harbor steamers in Hingham. 
 
 "p\ r _ _ n i. is a pleasant farming and manufacturing town, form- 
 
 i_yidCUL j n g tne nor theast corner of Middlesex County, 27 
 miles northwest of Boston. It has Lowell adjoining it on the south, 
 from part of which it is separated by the Merrimack, across which at 
 this place are several fine bridges. Methuen bounds it on the east, 
 Tyngsborough on the west, and Pelham, in New Hampshire, on the 
 north. The area is about 25 square miles ; and there are 3,133 acres 
 of woods, mostly of pine, oak and birch. The assessed area is 12,500 
 acres. 
 
 The highest elevations are Loon Hill in the southeast, Marsh Hill 
 in the north, and the Whortleberry Hills in the northwest, all of 
 which afford beautiful views of the city of Lowell and the adjacent 
 country. The ponds are Peter's, in the northeast part of the town, 
 and Mud, Long and Tyng's, in the western part ; the last lying on 
 the boundary line, — all very attractive features in the scenery. 
 Beaver River flows through the midst of the town from the north, 
 entering the Merrimack below Pawtucket Falls. On this stream are 
 the Merrimack Woolen Mills, employing about .'525 persons ; Collins' 
 mill for hosiery and knit goods; Parker's paper mill, making ma- 
 nilla and other colored papers, and a large sawmill. The value of 
 the entire manufactured product in 1885 was $838,848. 
 
 There is a large quantity of building stone quarried in the town. 
 The geological formation is calcareous gneiss and Merrimack schist. 
 There is said to be a mine of nickel in the eastern part of the town. 
 The soil is generally very good, and many of the people are engaged 
 in raising vegetables. The number of farms is 135; and some of 
 them are among the best for hay in the country. The number of 
 neat cattle, by the last census, was 1,4:50. The aggregate farm prod- 
 uct was $242,233. The valuation in 1888 was $1,285,941 J, with a 
 tax-rate of *8.90 on 81,000. The population was 1,927, and the 
 voters numbered 397. There were 326 dwelling-houses. 
 
 The schools are partially graded, and occupy nine buildings which 
 have a value of about $10,000. There are here a Methodist and two 
 
278 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Congregational churches. The Old Centre Church, founded in d 721, 
 stands upon an eminence, commanding uu extensive view. 
 
 This town was incorporated in 1701, and was named Dracut from 
 the home of the Varnum family in Wales. There were sections of 
 it annexed to Lowell in 1.S.">1, 1S74 and 1H79. At the time of its 
 incorporation it had !'"» families. Among the names of those in pos- 
 session of reserved lots January 2, 1710, were Ezekiel Cheever from 
 Salem village, James Colburn, Onesimus Marsh, Nathaniel Fox, John 
 Varnum, Joseph Varnum and Josiah Richardson. In 1797. Parker 
 Varnum of this town aided in constructing, at Pawtucket Falls, the 
 first bridge across the Merrimack River. During King Philip's War two 
 sons of Samuel Varnum were shot by the Indians while crossing the 
 Merrimack River with their father. Dracut was represented at the 
 battle of 1 '.unker Hill by Captain Peter Colburn and his company, 
 ■who did important service ; and all through the Revolution by Gen- 
 eral Joseph B., and his brother, General James M., Varnum, who 
 were distinguished in council as well as in the field. During the war 
 of the Rebellion Dracut sent into the service its full share of effec- 
 tive men. 
 
 The town has many admirable sites for building, and is steadily 
 advancing in wealth, population and intelligence. 
 
 DragOnS Corner, a village in Reading. 
 
 DreSSer Hill, a village in < 'harlton. 
 
 Dry Pond, a village in Stoughtou. 
 
 LJubJin, a village in Peabody. 
 
 Duck Harbor, a village in Clinton. 
 
 Duckville, in Palmer. 
 
 T~)l id IfV ' s :i l'l , ' asan t an d prosperous town lying in the south- 
 y westerly part of Worcester Count} . on the South- 
 bridge Branch of the New York and New England* Railroad, which 
 has a station at West Dudley, <>7 miles from Boston. The eastern 
 part of the town is aeeoniniodated at the eastern border by the Web- 
 ster station on the Norwich and Worcester Railroad. The town is 
 bounded by Charlton and Oxford on the north, the latter and Web- 
 ster on the cast, Southbridge on the west, and Thompsonville, in Con- 
 necticut, on the south. The assessed area is 12.N70 acres, of which 
 4, MOO are woodland. 
 
 The Quin ueliaug River crosses the southwestern part, receiving an 
 affluent from the hills. Here its valley is broadened, affording am- 
 ple space about the mills for the village of West Dudley. The south- 
 
DVDLEYriLLE—DUXSTABLK. 279 
 
 eastern part is an extended plain, on which are Strang out a group of 
 six large and small ponds, whose outlet enters the French River at 
 Merinoville. The latter forms the eastern line of the town, and in 
 this limit furnishes power for several mills. The central village is 
 delightfully situated on elevated ground, so that its prominent build- 
 ings are visible at a great distance. The surface of the town is 
 charmingly interspersed with handsome hills, verdant valleys, rocky 
 ravines, rivulets, tine forests, and beautiful ponds. The largest of 
 these is Gore Pond, which, with two or three others, lies on the 
 northern line. 
 
 The farms number 13.3, producing the usual variety of crops, to 
 the value in 1SS5 of $155,395. There are in the town a linen mill 
 employing about 300 persons ; a woollen mill, employing about 270. 
 and making excellent cassiinere, a jute mill, employing 40 ; a mill for 
 knit goods, employing about 20; dye-works, a gunny-cloth mill, a 
 shoe factory, a tool factory, and saw and grain mills. From this 
 variety of manufactures have sprung several villages, the list being, 
 beside those already mentioned, Jericho, Chase, Perryville, Stevens- 
 ville, or Dundee, and Tuftsville. The value of the aggregate manu- 
 factures, for 1SS5, was *1, 310,112. The valuation of the town in 
 1888 was $964,303, with a tax of $12.20 on sl.ouo. The population 
 was 2,742 — 446 being voters, — sheltered in 3 IS dwelling-houses. 
 
 The schools are graded, and make use of 11 buildings whose value 
 is near $40,000. The Nichols Academy has buildings and prvperty 
 valued at upwards of 830,000. This institution has a library of about 
 2,000 volumes. The institution was founded by Amasa Nichols in 
 1819. Hezekiah Conant also was a liberal patron of this school, hav- 
 ing given to it upwards of .550,000. The churches are the Uongre- 
 gationalist and the Methodist. 
 
 This town was incorporated on February 2.1731, and named in 
 honor of Paul and William Dudley, who were early proprietors. The 
 first church was established in 1732 ; and the first minister, the Rev. 
 Perley Howe, was settled in 1735. A later minister was Joshua Hates, 
 D.D. (installed in 1843, died in 1852), a vigorous writer, and a mem- 
 ber of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 
 
 Dudleyville, inLeverett. 
 
 Dj r 1 is a quiet rural town on the northern border of 
 UnSiaDie Middlesex County, 33 miles northwest of Bos- 
 ton. Its boundary on the north is Nashua, N. H., on the east Tyngs- 
 borough, the same and Groton on the south, and Pepperell on the 
 west. The area is 10,500 acres. Of this, 4,948 acres are woodland, 
 mostly of young growth of pine and oak. 
 
 The town is pleasantly diversified with hill and valley, forest, 
 meadow and tillage land; and the soil is generally good, as the 
 ample barns and thrifty orchards will attest. Nashua River washes 
 the northwestern border, receiving TJnkety Brook as a tributary from 
 the town; and Salmon River, from Massapoag Pond, flows northerly 
 through the central part of the town into the Merrimack. Flat-rock 
 
280 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Hill in the north and Forest Hill in the east are both commanding 
 eminences. 
 
 The town has 128 farms, on which the usual crops are cultivated ; 
 thi< value of the farm product in 1885 being 884,093. There are two 
 or three saw and grain mills, and other manufactures common to rural 
 towns, whose product the same year was 817,291. The Worcester 
 and Nashua Kail road, a branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad, 
 passes through the northwest corner of the town ; and the Nashua 
 and Acton, a part of the Concord Railroad, and connecting with the 
 Old Colony Railroad at Acton, passes near the centre of the town, 
 where are the village and post-office. The valuation of the town in 
 1888 was 8291,!>!)2, with a tax-rate of 8 10 on 81,000. The popula- 
 tion was 431, — 123 being voters ; and the dwellings numbered 105. 
 
 The schools are provided for in five buildings, valued at about 
 85,000. There is a public library of nearly L'ooO volumes. The 
 village is very neat and attractive, having its streets extensively 
 shaded ; and the same is true of other localities, — the trees being elm, 
 maple, chestnut and oak, some of them 150 years old. 
 
 Dunstable was for fifty years a frontier settlement, and suffered 
 much from the incursions of the Indians. In 1724, eleven men. in pur- 
 suing them, were waylaid, and all killed except Joshua Farwell. In 
 May of the ensuing year, the celebrated Captain John Lovewell, with 
 a company of forty-six volunteers, set out from Dunstable to inflict 
 punishment upon the 1'equaket tribe, which it was believed had com- 
 mitted the offences. He met the warriors unexpectedly on the shore 
 of a pond in Fryeburg, Maine, since known by his name. A terrible 
 encounter ensued, lasting a whole day; and all except ten of his 
 brave men were either slain or wounded. The force of the Indians 
 however, was broken ; and Paugus, their principal chief, was killed. 
 The gallant Lovewell fell in the commencement of the action; and 
 his surviving followers, after great sufferings, found their way back 
 to the settlement. 
 
 Amos Kendall, appointed postmaster-general of the United States 
 in May, 1835, was born in Dunstable, August 16, 17N0. He died at 
 Washington, D. C, November 12, 1K60. Other eminent men, natives 
 of this town, were Colonel Jonathan Tyng, and Isaac Fletcher, a 
 member of ( 'ongress. 
 
 Durensville, inwobur... 
 
 Di i yKh r\ r OI " "^ *'"' °''''' s * ail( l most notable towns of the 
 . ' State, is situated midway of the eastern shore of 
 Plymouth County. It is 27 miles southeast of Poston on the South- 
 shore Branch of the Old Colony Railroad, and about six miles north 
 of Plymouth, from which it is separated by the town of Kingston 
 and Plymouth Harbor. Its bounding town on the west is Pembroke, 
 on the north and northeast Marshheld, and on the east are Duxbury 
 Bay and the ocean. 
 
 The land is generally level, sandy and unproductive; yet there are 
 some very fertile spots, especially lit South Duxbury. where it rises 
 
DUXBURY. 
 
 281 
 
 into a beautiful and commanding eminence, on which is a monument 
 to the memory of Captain Miles Standish. From this point is a fine 
 view of the village of Duxbury, in which the Unitarian church, the 
 Partridge Academy and the Town House, contrast finely with the 
 deep-green forest on the north ; of Duxbury Harbor with picturesque 
 
 THE MILES STANDISH MONUMENT, DUXBURY. 
 
 points, — the long, narrow strip of lan:l calle 1 Duxbury Beach, which 
 separates the harbor from the open sea on the east, — the Gurnet 
 Light, Saquish Xeck ; of Clark's Island, Plymouth Harbor, and the 
 blue ridge of Manomet beyond ; the town of Plymouth with its spires 
 upon the south ; and Pocky Nook and Kingston toward the west. In 
 
282 
 
 (iA'AKTTKEIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 clear weather, the Pduc Hills of Milton, on the one hand, and on the 
 other the curving shores of ('ape God, are distinctly visible. Xear 
 this monument, at the foot of the hill, is the well from which the 
 famous captain of the Plymouth Pilgrims drank, and also the cellar 
 of the house in which he lived. The quaint old house of his neighbor 
 Mr. Souther, still standing near, well represents that of the doughty 
 captain. Near Captain's Hill is the old burial place where 
 
 "The rude forefathers of the hamlet sleep." 
 
 The eastern part of the town is almost destitute of stone and tim- 
 ber ; and hence a cluster of pines upon the sandy beach, and another 
 at Powder Point, are noticeable objects in the landscape. The wes- 
 terly part of the town is well wooded with white pine and oak. Here 
 the trailing arbutus grows abundantly, and the holly (Irex glabra) now 
 and then appears. The villages of Xorth and .South Duxbury are 
 
 THE MILES STANDISH HOUSE, DUXBURY. 
 
 built chiefly upon a long and pleasant street on which are some fine 
 old mansions of various architecture. The street is crossed in the 
 northern village by the P.lue-tish Piver. on which there is a ship-yard 
 and a tide-mill. Duxbury Harbor is of unusual beauty, and well pro- 
 tected from easterly gales by a remarkable promontory, which, start- 
 ing from the borders of Marshiicld, runs out southward, like aslentler 
 top-boot, seven miles, terminating heel and toe with the Gurnet 
 and Sarpiish. 
 
 The terminus of the Anglo-American Submarine Cable Company 
 is on the street just mentioned ; and from a modest building where 
 some dozen intelligent and obliging operators are employed in tend- 
 ing the delicate registering instruments, messages are sent by day 
 and night to every part of the world. 
 
 The railroad stations are Duxbury. South Duxbury, and Island 
 Creek; these and West Duxbury are post-otliees ; and other villages 
 are Ashdod. Cn.nkcd Pane, Htu'h Street. Mill P.rook and Tinkertown. 
 The area of the town is l.'i.fif.N acres, of which .'i..s7<> are woodland. 
 The farms number IL'O. There were raised in the census year of 
 
DVXBUBY BAY— EAST BMDGEWATER 283. 
 
 1885, 683 barrels of cranberries, valued at $3,771. Other crops were 
 those common to our towns ; the entire farm product having a value 
 of $80,577. The manufactures are shoes, metallic goods, oils and 
 chemicals, fertilizers, food preparations, and others, to the aggregate 
 value of $132,521. The fisheries yielded $21,150, —of which $7/71<> 
 •was for shellfish. The valuation of the town in 1888 was $1,1 57,606, 
 with a tax-rate of $14.50 on $1,000. The population is 1.1)24, of 
 whom 577 are voters. The number of dwelling-houses is 567. 
 
 The public schools are graded, and provided for in ten buildings 
 worth upwards of $10,000. The Partridge Academy, established in 
 1843, has a building and associated property valued at $8,000. 
 There is a public and private school library of about 500 volumes, and 
 two Sunday schools have nearly the same number. The " Duxbury 
 Pilgrim," a weekly journal, is devoted to the interests of the place in 
 all its various departments. The churches here are the Pilgrim 
 Church (Trinitarian Congregationalist), the Unitarian, the Friends 
 and the Methodist Episcopal. 
 
 This town was originally known by the Indian name Mattalreset. 
 It was incorporated June 7, 1637, — then embracing an extensive ter- 
 ritory from which several other towns have been taken. Among tin- 
 early settlers were Captain Miles Standish; John Alden, who built, 
 his house near Eagletree Pond; Thomas Prence, who removed to 
 Eastham; George Soule, Joshua Pratt, William Brewster, and Wil- 
 liam Bassett. Hobomock, a Christian Indian, whose life has furnished 
 Mrs. L. M. Child with material for her beautiful story " Hohnmok," 
 had his home with Captain Standish. Kalph Partridge was settled 
 over the church here in 1637. The Unitarian church here was organ- 
 ized in 1632 ; the Methodist, "West Duxbury, in 1831 ; and the Friends 
 previous to 1 762. 
 
 Duxbury sent 236 men into the war for the Union, of whom 37 died 
 in the service. A beautiful granite shaft in the cemetery bears tin- 
 inscription, " Memoria in Eterna : the Soldiers and Sailors who gave 
 their Lives for their Country in the War of 1861. Honor to the 
 Brave."' 
 
 Duxbuty Bay. See Duxbury. 
 
 JJWlgnt, a village in Belchertown. 
 
 EagleVllle, in Athol ; also one in Jlolden. 
 
 "FT o cr VKr\r\ rrewn f pr is a flourishing farming and manu- 
 HaSl DrlUgcWcUcl facturing town in the northwest- 
 erly part of Plymouth County, 25 miles south by southeast of Bos- 
 ton by the Old Colony Railroad, which passes directly through it. 
 It is bounded on the north by Whitman, east by Hanson and Halifax, 
 south by Bridgewater, and west by West 1 '.ridge water and Frockton, 
 The assessed area is 9,930 acres, of which 2,328 is woodland. 
 
 The geological structure is carboniferous. There are valuable 
 
284 (iAZETTEEIt OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 beds of clay suitable for brickmaking, which is carried on extensively. 
 Near the centre is a deposit about thirty feet deep and of excellent 
 quality. The material is dug and ground by steam-power, and dried 
 in extensive sheds, ho constructed as to be opened or closed at once 
 for the admission of the sun or the exehision of rain. 
 
 Satucket Kiver, formed by Black Brook and Boor-meadow Brook, 
 drains the southerly part of the town ; while BeaverBrook and Snell- 
 meadow Brook unite in the westerly part of the town and form Mat- 
 field River. This joins the Satucket River at Elmwood; and the re- 
 sulting stream, joining the Wenatuxet Kiver in Halifax, forms the 
 Taunton Kiver. Bobbin's Bond is a fine sheet of water of about 140 
 in -res, in the southern angle of the town. The streams, in general 
 flow southerly, diversifying the scenery and furnishing valuable mo- 
 tive power. There is a mineral spring of some note in the northerly 
 .section of the town. 
 
 The farms number 77, and furnish the usual products, which in 
 1SK5 amounted to £0.">,(i;3fi. There are one or more lumber and box 
 mills, several shoe factories, a nail and a cotton-gin factory, one or 
 more bloomeries and founderies and one rolling-mill. The Standard 
 < hain Works here have sometimes done a very large business. The 
 first machines for carding, roping and spinning cotton, and the first 
 nails by machinery, were made here. The iron goods product in 
 lcSS.'i had a value of §1'21,S04; while the boots and shoes amounted 
 to sliUj_'S<;. The aggregate value of the manufactures was $446,183. 
 The East Bridgewater Savings Bank, at the close of last year, had 
 deposits amounting to $r>."S4,!l(;n. The valuation of the town in 1SSS 
 was *l,-iss.<'ik) ; and the tax-rate was $11. oO on $1,000. There are 
 71- voters in a population of 2.S11' ; and the dwelling-houses number 
 (VJi. The villages are East Bridgewater, Elmwood, Beaver, Curtis- 
 ville, Eastville, North villa and Satucket, the first two being the post- 
 offices for the town. 
 
 The public schools are completely graded, and occupy ten buildings, 
 which are valued at about $l.'5,00o. The East Bridgewater Bublic 
 Library has about l.ooo volumes; the high school has upwards of 
 I'OO; and the Sunday schools are well supplied. The "East Bridge- 
 water Star," the weekly journal, does good service for its patronage. 
 The churches are the Union (Trinitarian Congregationalist), the 
 New Jerusalem, the Methodist Episcopal, the Roman OathoEc, and 
 the First Parish (Unitarian), founded in 17-1. The town sent 302 
 soldiers to the war of the Rebellion, of whom 40 were lost. 
 
 The settlement of this town (called by the Indians Satucket) was 
 begun in t(i(io by Samuel -Mien, Thomas Whitman, Robert Latham, 
 Nicholas Ryrain, and others. In 1<!7('>, the dwellings, with the ex- 
 ception of Mr. Ryram's house, were burned by the Indians. The 
 first church was organized, and the Rev. John Angler ordained as 
 minister, I (etober L'S, \7-\. 'The territory was included in Bridge- 
 water until iNL'.'i, when it was set apart and incorporated under its 
 present name. It received some territory from the parent town 
 again in 1*!<i; and in IK." had an accession from Halifax; in 1S"H> 
 part of its land was taken to form South Abington, now Whitman; 
 and in the same year a part was annexed to Brockton. 
 
EASTERN POINT— EASTHAM. 285 
 
 Hon. Nabum Mitchell, an able lawyer, and a musician of excellence, 
 joint author with B. Brown, Esq., of the " Bridgewater Collection of 
 Church Music," was born here. Ezekiel Whitman, a member of Con- 
 gress and a judge of the Supreme Court, was also a native. 
 
 -tLclStCrn 1 Oint, the southwest extremity of East Glou- 
 cester, forming the southern shore of Gloucester Harbor. 
 
 East Farms, a village in Westtield. 
 
 T-^acfViQm ^ es a * ^ e m iddle of the outer arm of Cape Cod, 
 
 J^dijlliaill in Barnstable County, 97 miles from Uoston by 
 the Old Colony Eailroad, which passes through the town, having 
 stations at Eastham and North Eastham, which are also the post- 
 offices. The territory is about six miles long by three wide. The 
 assessed area is 4,*'.»L! acres, of which (iL'.'i arc woodland. 
 
 The town is indented with inlets, and diversified by several fresh- 
 water ponds. The sea is visible on either hand from the cars. The 
 soil is sandy, and at some points is so blown about as to present 
 tracts that are entirely sterile ; yet there is good land in the eastern 
 part of the town, which is well cultivated by some of the best far- 
 mers on the Cape. 
 
 The farms number 54 ; and their aggregate product, in 1N85, had 
 the value of >C>4, <>'■»$. The cranberry crop was valued at £ -,'• >.">."> ; an<] 
 the poultry product was S'0,-ll.'i). The manufactures consisted of 
 salt, prepared fish, leather and several others of slight extent; the 
 aggregate value being *5,N60. The entire fisheries product was «.'!'.(.- 
 453. A great variety of fish was taken, though in small quantities. 
 Bluefish formed the bulk of the catch, reaching 3(>7,!i.'!K pounds, worth 
 826,0.57. The valuation of the town in lsss was *227,60S, and 
 the rate of taxation fcll.'.K) on sl,00l>. The population was 6.'!N, of 
 whom 175 were voters. The number of dwelling-houses was 1 14. 
 
 The town has three school-houses, valued at about $4,1X10. The 
 Eastham Public Library contains some 700 volumes, and one Sun- 
 day school has a library of 500 volumes. The church is Methodist 
 Episcopal. "Millennial drove,"' in this town, was incorporated as a 
 camp-meeting ground in 1838. The town sent ."!(! men into the war 
 for the Union; and a monument has been erected to the memory of 
 the five who were lost. 
 
 This town was settled in 1044. by Governor Thomas Prince and 
 others from Plymouth, whose surnames were Doane, Snow, Cook, 
 Higgins, Smalley and Bangs; and from these are descended many 
 of the present citizens. Governor Prince took up land from sea to 
 sea. In 1873, his house was still standing. About 30 feet distant 
 .' from it was a pear tree more than two centuries old, which still 
 yielded its tribute of fruit. The town was incorporated June 2, 
 1646, under its Indian name, Nauset ; but on June 7, 1651, it was 
 authorized to take the name it now bears. Part of Harwich was 
 annexed to it in 1772 ; and in 1797 part of Eastham was established 
 as the town of Orleans. 
 
Oyfj HAAElTEElt OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Ill 107-, the town settled tho Rev. Samuel Treat as its first per- 
 manent minister. He translated the " ( lonfession of Faith" into 
 tin; N unset (Indian) language, and was faithful to his ministry, both 
 to the Knglish and the Indians. 
 
 T^ iQfh'imnfnn ' s '' delightful an( l prosperous manufactur- 
 ILclbLIlclIIipiUll in& (. ( i uca tional and farming town in the 
 
 southern part of Hampshire County, on tin- New Haven and North- 
 ampton Railroad, about 'JO miles west from Boston, five miles from 
 Northampton. It has Northampton on tin* north, a dissevered sec- 
 tion of the same town (including Mount Tom) on the east, Holyoke 
 and Southampton on the south, and the latter and Westhaxpton on 
 the west. The territory is triangular in general form, with its base 
 to the north. It has an assessed area of 7,.'!L'."> aires, of which 1,.'>04 
 acres ate forest, principally of pine ami chestnut. Along the well- 
 kept streets of the older villages, also, are great numbers of maple 
 and elm, many having a growth of ~~> years, and lew less than I'O 
 years. 
 
 The Manhan River flows northeasterly through the middle of the 
 town, emptying into the Connecticut at a westward curve called 
 "The Oxbow." Broad Branch, coming into the town from the 
 south, and North Branch at the northwest angle, are tributaries of 
 the Manhan River, and, with it, furnish valuable motive power. 
 The formative rock is lower sandstone. The face of the town is un- 
 dulating, with mountains rising about on almost every side. The 
 most prominent of these is Mount Tom, at the southeastern border, 
 which attains the altitude of 1.214 feet, forming a magnificent sky 
 outline to the landscape on that side*. The railway, which follows 
 the valley of the Manhan River, affords excellent points of view for 
 this mountain ridge. 
 
 The s:.il in this town is sandy loam, with much clay subsoil, and 
 generally fertile; uniformly yielding good crops of hay. rye, oats, 
 potatoes and tobacco. The greenhouse product in 1SS."> had a value 
 of upwards of $.'!.()(>(>. The aggregate farm product was 81*4,038. 
 The manufactures are numerous. The leading establishments are 
 the " Williston .Mills" (having two mills), the Nashawannick Man- 
 ufacturing Company yhr e mills), the Glendale Company (three 
 mills), the East humptTm Rubber Thread Company. Williston and 
 Knight Conq any. (ieorgc S. Colton, and the Valley Machine Com- 
 pany. The principal products are cotton prints, suspenders, buttons, 
 elastic webs, rubber and silk goods, machinery, eastings, whips, 
 bricks, and food preparations. The value of the aggregate product 
 of these and other manufactures in the census year of 1HS."> 
 was £ l,!i l."i, ISS. There is one national and one savings bank. The 
 valuation of the town in ISSN was ^L'..' !'.•?, ITU, with a tax-rate of -514 
 on *1,ohi>. The population was -l,L".)l ; of whom 7s."i were voters. 
 The dwelling-houses numbered Nl,"i. The postal villages are East- 
 hamptou and Mount Tom ; and others are Factory Village and New 
 City. 
 
 Eisthainpton has an excellent town-hull, which cost originally 
 
EASTIIAMPTOX. 
 
 287 
 
 §65,000; also an elegant public library building, containing about 
 10,000 volumes. The grading of the public schools is complete ; 
 and fifteen buildings, valued at upwards of $20,000, are devoted to 
 their use. The Williston Seminary has a library of about 2,0(10 
 volumes. This institution was founded by the Hon. Samuel Willis- 
 ton, and has cost upwards of $250,000. It was opened for students 
 December 2, 1841, and has commodious buildings and a complete 
 outfit for a school of its kind. 
 
 Mr. "Williston was born in 1795, the son of an esteemed pastor ; 
 and after a youth of necessary economy, married Miss Emily Graves. 
 In their industrious home originated the manufacture of covered 
 buttons in America ; and this has proved the germ of the subse- 
 quent remarkable growth and prosperity of the town. 
 
 From the first Easthampton has provided liberally for the educa- 
 tion of her sons ; and many of them, after the home, have received 
 
 
 -■i&nfc 
 
 1 ^js 
 
 , 
 
 nWKfaflP 1 * . 
 
 ■~- IBBMBHT 
 
 TjSB 
 
 
 
 2J2h|&3j3B 
 
 
 
 K^ 7- - - _ 
 
 
 . r.-r\ 
 
 
 WILLISTON SEMINARY. 
 
 a college training; and in all the walks of life many are the children 
 who have done her credit. The religious cultivation of the town is 
 provided for by churches of the Congregationalists (First, and ] 'ay- 
 son Congregational), by the Methodist Episcopal, and the Roman 
 Catholic. " The Easthampton News " is a bright and able local 
 paper, issued weekly. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Pasacomuck. It was detached 
 from parts of Northampton and Southampton, and incorporated as a 
 district June 17, 1785, and as a town June 16, 1800. The earliest 
 white settler was John Webb, who built a log house at NasJmwan- 
 mick. The first saw-mill here was erected in 1G74 or 1675. The 
 village of Pasacomuck was, on the 24th of May, 1704, destroyed by 
 the Indians, when about 20 of the inhabitants were killed. The 
 first church was organized November 17, 1785, at the house of 
 Captain Joseph Clapp ; and the Rev. Parson Williston (father of 
 Hon. Samuel Williston) was settled over it August lu, 1780. 
 
 East HolloW, a villas in Pelham. 
 
Ogg ILVA KTTK lill OF MASSACWSKTTS. 
 
 "Fief T r»n<r\\/nnrl :l localit y in I J >'^ t,j n :i<ljoining the 
 HaSt LongWOOU, town of Brookline. 
 
 KaSt NcW Boston, a village in Sandisneld. 
 
 Ei forms the northeastern angle of Bristol County, and 
 
 aStOll - IS ._,{ m ji,, s south of Boston by the old Colony Rail- 
 road, which runs north and south through the midst of the eastern 
 half. It is bounded on the north by Sharon and Stoughton, east 
 by Brockton and West Bridgewater, south by Kaynham, Taunton and 
 Norton, and west by the latter and Mansfield. Its territorial form 
 is quite regular, but with its western side shortest. The assessed 
 area is 1/>,!S<S- acres ; and more than one-third of this is woods, con- 
 sisting mostly of oak, maple, birch and pine. 
 
 Wilbur's, or Leach's, Bond, containing l'.i" acres, Flyaway, of 70 
 acres, Ames Bond and several smaller scattered over the town 
 beautify the landscape. Leach's Stream, the outlet of Leach's Bond 
 on the northwestern border of the town, flows south, and 
 furnishes power near Furnace village. Cohesset River, which 
 rises in Stoughton and Shawn, flows across the northeasterly part 
 of the town, .affording valuable power at North Easton and at 
 Laston, near the middle of the eastern border. The underlying 
 rock is sienite and carboniferous, in which occur beds of iron ore. 
 
 The land is for the most part level, and the soil not very good. It 
 is, however, well cultivated, the l'J'J farms yielding, in ls«i», products 
 valued at .'pi.;", 111'. The wood product was especially large in pro- 
 portion, being ¥'-">.T.*i'.». The main business of the town is manufac- 
 turing ; and it is chiefly noted for its shovels, produced at the 
 various factories of the Ames family. Twenty years ago these 
 factories turned out l'."i,(M)() of these articles weekly, which was said 
 to be three fifths of the product of the world. Other manufactures 
 are iron castings, agricultural implements, hinges, artisans' tools, 
 philosophical instruments, lumber, thread and cotton yarn, carriages, 
 clothing, food preparations, building stone, paper boxes, and boots 
 and shoes, — the latter made in eight small factories, and their prod- 
 uct having the value of .Sl-ls.SL'O, The aggregate value of the manu- 
 factures in 1SS5 was ."? 1.0 lN,L'.T.t. The valuation of the town in 1JS8S 
 was $3,(>'.>J,171, with a tax of S."» on *1.000. There is a national 
 bank herewith a capital of .s.'i00,000; and a savings bank having 
 deposits at the close of last year to the amount of S."!'. ">">.">. The 
 population is .'i,'.MS, of which Sol are voters. The dwelling-houses 
 number 7S ( .). 
 
 There is a beautiful town-hall, Romanesque in general style, con- 
 structed of brick in the upper half, and of the pink-gray granite of 
 Laston in the lower half and tower, with brownstone trimmings 
 throughout, ami costing about 8(10,000. This was a gift to the town, 
 in 1KK1, in memory of the late Oakes Ames, by his sons. A few 
 years previous another member of the family, lion. Fred L. Ames, 
 had presented to the town a beautiful library building, with a colleo- 
 
EAST PARISH— EDGAItTOWN. 289 
 
 tion of books, — to be called the Ames Free Library. The books 
 now number 14,000 volumes. The " Easton Journal," the local 
 newspaper, is issued weekly, and is a useful institution. 
 
 The public schools are graded, and occupy nine buildings valued 
 at nearly $60,000. The Congregationalists (Trinitarian) have here 
 one church ; the Unitarians, two ; the Methodists, two ; and the 
 Roman Catholics, one. This town furnished its full quota of sol- 
 diers in the war for the Union, and those who were lost have an 
 appropriate memorial. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Hockamock. It was origi- 
 nally a part of Norton, from which it was detached and incorporated 
 December 21, 1725 ; being named, perhaps, in honor of John Easton, 
 who was governor of Rhode Island from 16'.»0 to 1094. 
 
 The Rev. David Reed, editor and founder of " The Christian Reg- 
 ister," was born here February 6, 1700. He died June 7, 1N70. 
 The Hon. Oakes Ames, M.C., distinguished for his business capacity 
 and for his effective promotion of a noble enterprise, the building of 
 the Union Pacific Railroad, was born here January 10, 1S04 ; and 
 died here Slav S, 1*73. He left property amounting to more than 
 $5,000,000. 
 
 East Parish, a village in Haverhill. 
 
 T^acHnll^ in Cottage City; also one in Bridgewater, and 
 J^db I V U 1 C, one in ].;, i gar town. 
 
 Edd}' \'i lie, in Middleborough. 
 
 EDGARTOWN the seat of i^™* in Dukes ( ' ,mn - 
 
 ' ty, occupies the southeastern sec- 
 tion of Martha's Vineyard. It lies 85 miles southeast of Boston, and 
 is bounded on the noith I iy Cottage City, on the east and south by tin- 
 ocean and on the west by Tisbury. The assessed area is 10,988 acres, 
 — of which 1,667 acres are woodland, containing oak and pine. 
 
 The harbor, formed by Chappaquiddick Island on the east and the 
 mainland on the west, is about live fathoms deep, — broad and well 
 protected. It is esteemed one of the best on the coast; and several 
 thousand vessels find anchorage here in bad weather during the 
 course of the year. The lighthouse on the pier in the harbor is in 
 latitude 41° 25' north, and longitude 70° 26' west. At the north- 
 east extremity of Chappaquiddick Island is Cape 1'oge, on Great 
 Neck, where is a lighthouse. Between the southwestern and the 
 southern arm of Great Neck is Cape Poge Pond, of which a narrow 
 portion extends southward along the entire eastern side of the island, 
 enclosed by the narrow strip of sandy land nearly five miles Ioiilj 
 which connects with the island at Wash qua Bluff, the southeast 
 extremity. Near the middle of this strip of land, on the eastern 
 side, is one of the national life-saving stations. On the southwest 
 of this island is Katayma Bay, with Katayma Point on its west sidt'. 
 In the mainland south of this point is Mattakeset Bay. A similar 
 
290 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 sandy strip of land extends westward along the south side of the 
 town, entirely enclosing large bodies of salt water known as Herring, 
 Job's Neck, l';ii|ua, and Oyster ponds. The first extends quite to 
 the centre of the town. 
 
 Chappaqniddick Island, five miles lung and two in width, has 
 a varied surface, the highest point of which is Sampson's Hill; 
 and a street passing across the island north of this contains dwell- 
 ings enough to constitute a village bearing the name of the island. 
 Tin* other villages of the town are Katama, near the southeast 
 point of the mainland, and Ivlgartuwn village at the north, on the 
 southwest side of its harbor. 'Die town in general is rather level, 
 yet at two or three points it rises to an elevation of 70 to 120 feet 
 above the sea. < in the eminence near the line of Tisbury is a pond 
 20 rods in length by 10 in breadth, which is not only curious but 
 very useful, since it is the only body of water within about four 
 miles' distance. There being no streams nor water-power in the 
 town, the only mill is turned by wind. The geological structure is 
 drift and alluvium. The climate is mild and salubrious, and the 
 people are strong and hardy. 
 
 The farms number 71; and their aggregate product in lS.s.5 was 
 £50,.'!05. The crops and live stock are of the UMial kinds and pro- 
 portion, except the flocks, which are large, aggregating 1.424. The 
 usual rural and shore manufactures are carried on to a small extent, 
 amounting in value to *34,0(i3. The product of the fisheries in the 
 year mentioned had the value of *<'i7 .'CI. The catch of blue-fish 
 was much larger thau any other, amounting to *7.21(> ; the catch of 
 cod being *1,'.I07. The valuation of the town in 18SS was 8712,014, 
 with a tax of $14.20 on $1,000. The population was 1,105, and the 
 voters 373 ; and these were sheltered iu 319 dwelling-houses. 
 
 On a level plain along the shore of its harbor is the ancient 
 village of Edgarton. Many of the dwellings are of imposing size, 
 for many retired shipmasters reside here. At the outskirts are 
 narrower streets, grass-grown, lined with trees, and bordered with 
 low-roofed dwellings. The whole place has an old-fashioned appear- 
 ance, for which it is all the more attractive and none the worse. 
 Hero are the court-house, county offices, the cust.un-house, a national 
 bank, a Congregational, a Methodist, and a Baptist church, all large 
 wooden edifices. The town hull, too, is here, looking like a super- 
 annuated church. The village is six miles south from Cottage City 
 landing, which is reached either by the narrow-gauge railroad or by 
 the beach drive. This rail mail also connects with Ivataina and the 
 south shore, three miles iu the other direction. At both villages 
 .are good hotels. 
 
 The public schools of this town are completely graded, occupying 
 four buildings, which are valued, with appurtenances, at. nearly 
 $5.0(10. There are a public-school library of some 150 volumes and 
 three Sunday-school libraries. The " Vineyard Gazette" is the local 
 news]i;i|ier of the count \, and has a good office outfit. 
 
 Kdgartown, whose Indian nrme was C/tapjiaqiili/ilirk, was settled 
 .'interior to 1045 by several Kuglish families bearing the names of 
 
EDQEWOBTH—EQREMONT. 291 
 
 jS'orton, Pease, Trapp, Vincent, and others, the descendants of whom 
 still remain. A church was organized in July, 1041, under the care 
 of Rev. Thomas Mayhew, governor of Matha's Vineyard. He, and 
 also his father, the proprieter of the island, were very successful in 
 their religious labors among the Indians ; and these remained faith- 
 ful to the English through King Philip's War. An Indian burial 
 place is still visible. The town was incorporated July 8, 1C71. 
 Four soldiers of the town's quota in the war for the Union were 
 lost. 
 
 KdgeWOrth, a village in Maiden. 
 
 JtLSTg' XvOCk, east of Lynn and north of Nahant. 
 
 T7 - r ~ rnr . n 4- is situated on the eastern slope of tho Taconic 
 
 -l—giciinjui sectlon of ];,. r kshire County, 140 miles south 
 by southwest of Boston. Its nearest railroad stations are (Jivat 
 Barrington and Sheffield, on the Housatonic Railroad, eastward, — 
 and Hillsdale, in 2sew York, on the Harlem Railroad. It is b> unded 
 on the north by Alford, east by Great Harrington and Sheffield, south 
 by the latter and the town of Mount Washington, and west by 
 Copake and Hillsdale, in New York. The area is 11,437 acres; of 
 which 2,421 acres are woodland. 
 
 Green River winds through the northeast section, receiving on its 
 way the outflow of Winchell Pond; while .lovner Marsh Pond is 
 the principal reservoir for Rainer River, which winds through the 
 southern part; both flowing southeastward, in their general course, to 
 the Housatonic River. On these two streams are two flouring and 
 three saw mills. 
 
 Except a section in the southern part and a small area in the west, 
 the surface of the town is either level or undulating. The geolog- 
 ical formation is Levis limestone and Lauzou schists. Coarse marble 
 is found at several points. The soil is gravelly ; but good crops of 
 the usual kinds are raised by careful cultivation. 
 
 The town is generally well adapted lor grazing ; and in 1N85 the 
 stock of neat cattle was 854, and of sheep and lambs, 1,121 '1 he 
 crop of cereals was comparatively large, being valued at §10,0:57. 
 The value of the aggregate farm product was .sl.">4,(i!»4. 'Ihe princi- 
 pal manufacturing establishment is the Dalzell Axle Works, whose 
 product, in the year mentioned, was $77,051. Other principal manu- 
 factures are carriages, glue, boots and shoes, food preparations, and 
 lumber. The aggregate value of the manufactures was *11N,.'2(>. 
 The valuation of the town in ls88 was C422.024, with a tax-rate of 
 $9.50 on 81,000. The population is 820 (voters, 228), who are 
 sheltered by 194 dwelling-houses. 
 
 Three school buildings, valued at some $4,000, are provided for 
 educational purposes. The churches are the Congregationalist, 
 Methodist and Baptist. 
 
292 fhV/.KTTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 A part of the present town of Egremont was included in the In- 
 dian reservation made at the period of the purchase of the Lower 
 Housatonie township; and a large section of this was leased by the 
 Ktoekl incite tribe of Indians to Andrew Karner, October 20, 1740. 
 Associated with him as first settlers were, among others, Robert, 
 Nicholas and Jacob Karner; John, Isaac, Jacob and Cornelius 
 Spoor; Ebenezer Baldwin, Elian Hopkins, Kobert Joyner, Abraham 
 Andrews and .John Fuller. The place was incorporated as a town 
 February 1"', 1700; and, quite probably, may have received its 
 name from Charles Wyndham, Karl of Egremont, who in 1761 was 
 made English secretary of state. 
 
 The oldest house in the town stands near the south village; and 
 the figures, "17<>1," with a square and compass, are well denned 
 upon one of its massive brick walls. In KiG7, the first house for 
 public worship was erected ; and the Rev. Eliphalet Steele was 
 ordained June I'M, 1770, as the first settled minister. The Congre- 
 gational church at South Egremont was organized November 22, 
 181C. The Baptist church edifice was erected in the north part of 
 the town in 1M17. 
 
 During the Revolutionary War the citizens of this town exhibited 
 an active patriotism; and not a single Tory was permitted to remain 
 amongst them. On a certain night during Shays' Rebellion, with 
 which the minister, Rev. Mr. Steele, did not sympathize, some of 
 the people entered his house, and, after treating him with many in- 
 dignities, stole his watch and several articles of clothing. The dis- 
 affected part of his congregation thus stigmatized themselves ; and 
 the worthy pastor remained with the church until 1714. 
 
 JzLorypt, a village in Scituate; also one in Somerset. 
 
 Th 1i-7ik/=ifl~i Tc1tt-i/-1c constituting the town of Gosnold, 
 
 rMizdoem isianus, Dukes CoillltVi lie og tne south . 
 
 ■western angle of Barnstable County, Cape Cod. 
 
 ElllS Furnace, a village in Carver. 
 
 KlllSville, a village in Plymouth. 
 
 EllsWOrth, a village in Acton. 
 
 Elm Dale, a village in I'xbridge. 
 
 EllTl GrOVe, a village in Oolrain. 
 
 T-Hmwrinrl a villll K p in IVdham; also one in East Bridge- 
 lvlIHWUUU, water and oue in Holyoke. 
 
ENFIELD — ETiVINQ. 293 
 
 "Fnfiplrl is a farming town of varied and picturesque scen- 
 ery, lying in the easterly part of Hampshire 
 County, near 100 miles west of Boston. It is bounded on the north 
 by Pelham, Prescott and Greenwich, east by the latter and Hard- 
 wick, south by "Ware, and west by Belchertown and Pelham. The 
 assessed area is 10,041 acres, of which 2,471 is woodland. 
 
 Ridges of high and wooded land extend from north to south 
 through the town, and through the valleys intervening flow Swift 
 River and two or three small tributaries. Beaver Brook, having its 
 origin in Sunk and Morton Ponds, flows southerly from the south- 
 east section. These streams furnish motive power for a woollen 
 factory and several saw and box mills. 
 
 The farms — 89 in number — yield fair crops in the usual variety ; 
 and these, with the dairies, domestic animals and the poultry yard, 
 yielded an aggregate product, in the census year of 1885, valued at 
 §75,118. The valuation in 1888 was $606,210; with a tax of S9 
 on $1,000. The population was 1,010 ; and there were 209 dwelling- 
 houses. The principal village is Smith's Station on the Springfield 
 and Athol Railroad, which passes through the midst of the town. 
 
 The primary and grammar schools occupied six school-houses, val- 
 ued at about $2,500. The public library has nearly 2,<io0 volumes; 
 and two Sunday schools have about 1,000. The churches are Con- 
 gregationalism Methodist and Roman Catholic 
 
 The early settlers — among whom were Robert Field, a clothier, 
 John Sawin, Caleb Keith, Abner Eddy, Reuben Colton, William 
 Morton, and William Patterson — came, in part, from Bridge water 
 and Easton. The first meeting-house was built in 1 78**), and had for 
 seats movable benches instead of pews. The Rev. Joshua Crosby, 
 settled December 2, 17*'.), was the first minister. The first saw mill 
 was built by Ephraim Woodward, and the first grain mill by Robert 
 Field prior to 1773. The " Quabbin whetstones " were manufactured 
 here from 1790 until 1820, and were then the principal articles of 
 export. 
 
 The town was incorporated as the South Parish of (J reenwicli in 
 June, 1787 ; embracing the south part of that town, together with 
 parts of Belchertown and Ware. The place was incorporated as a 
 town February 18, 1816; and, according to Dr. J. G. Holland, was 
 named in honor of Robert Field ; prefixing a syllable, however, to his 
 family name. 
 
 The Hon. Josiah B. Woods of this town was the principal donor 
 of the " Woods Cabinet " of Amherst College. 
 
 T7 r : nrr is a long narrow town, of irregular form, lying along 
 XLIVlIlg tne nor th side of Miller's River, in the easterly part 
 of Franklin County. It is 91 miles west of J'.oston on the Fitchburg 
 Railroad. It is also reached by the, Vermont and Massachusetts 
 and the Vermont Central railroads, at its eastern and western ex- 
 tremities. Northfield bounds it on the north, Warwick and Orange 
 on the east, Wendell and Montague on the south, and the latter and 
 Gill on the west. 
 
294 dAZETTEEIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The Connecticut and Miller's rivers separate it from the western 
 towns. In tin- eastern part of the town is Keyup Brook, flowing 
 from a pond of 16' acres on the Northfield line, through fertile 
 valleys, southerly into Miller's Kiver. Scott's Brook is an affluent of 
 the same river in the western part of the town. Miller's Kiver is 
 here a rapid stream, running eircuitously through a narrow valley 
 flanked by rocky and wooded eminences on either side. The otter 
 still frequents its waters, and among the wild hills above it the wild 
 cat and the porcupine are still found. Fur up in a secluded ledge 
 which rises almost perpendicularly on the right bank of the river, 
 there lived a few years ago (and may yet live) a long-bearded hermit, 
 — kindly, industrious and literary; spending his time in knitting 
 stockings, picking berries, cutting wood, reading, writing, and in en- 
 tertaining visitors. 
 
 The soil of this town is excellent for the growth ofltimber and for 
 grazing. Large numbers of telegraph poles and railroad ties were 
 cut here formerly, — 1,4!>">,000 having in one year been prepared for 
 market. In INTO the acres of land devoted to wood was given in the 
 census as 2,983. In 1885 it was 5,4! JO; there being 8.405 acres of 
 assessed land. The farms now number 37, against 42 at the former 
 date. Proportionately, values of the wood product and of fruits, 
 berries and nuts were large. The entire farm product in the last 
 year mentioned was $30,580. The town has three saw mills, two 
 chair factories, a door, sash and blind, a pail, a children's carriage, 
 a piano key, an artisans' tool, and a bit-brace factory. Considerable 
 quantities of stone are quarried, and there are also food prepara- 
 tions, boots and shoes, and some other manufactures ; the aggre- 
 gate value, in 1885, being $14'.i,309. The valuation in 1889 was 
 $343,901, with a tax of $20.50 on s 1.000. There were 183 dwelling- 
 houses, and the population was 873, including 247 voters. 
 
 The primary aud grammar schools occupy four school-houses, val- 
 ued at $3,500. The public library contains about 1,000 volumes, and 
 the Sunday-school library nearly 300. The churches are Congrega- 
 tionalist and Baptist. Erving sent 58 soldiers to the late war, of 
 whom the large proportion of 30 were lost. 
 
 This place was originally called El-ring's Grant, and was incorpor. 
 ated as a town April 17, 1*38. A part of Northfield known as 
 Hack's Grant was annexed to it m 18(50. With its water-power, 
 productive soil, beautiful scenery and railroad facilities, the place 
 seems well endowed for increased prosperity. 
 
 X7ccp\- ' 9 a fiwl.V diversified and beautiful town in the east- 
 erly part of Essex County, long noted for shipbuild- 
 ing and the hardy and enterprising character of its people. It lies 
 northeast of Boston, ;md about 27 miles distant by the Essex Branch 
 of the Boston and Maine Railroad, which connects with its several 
 villages. It is bounded on the north by Ipswich, on the east by 
 Gloucester, south by Manchester, and west by Hamilton. Its as- 
 sessed area is 7,841 acres, 1,180 being woodland, containing pine, 
 oak, maple and beech. 
 
ESSEX RIVER — EVERETT. 295 
 
 The rock is sienite. On the summit of a ledge cropping out in 
 the central village is a mass of cloven bowlders piled up grotesquely, 
 called Martin's Rock, which has served to bear up a liberty pole. 
 From Burnham's Hill in the north, White's Hill in the centre, and 
 Perkins' Hill (a survey station), the observer obtains delightful views 
 of the valley of Chebacco, of the bay with its various creeks and 
 rounded islands, Castle Neck, Annisquam Harbor, and the ocean. 
 From Chebacco Pond, a fine sheet of water in the southwest section, 
 covering 260 acres, flows Chebacco or Essex Kiver centrally through 
 the town, affording some motive power, and conveniences for con- 
 structing ships. It is a deep, narrow and serpentine stream, but 
 very useful to the place. There is a small pond near the central vil- 
 lage, which adds much to the beauty of the landscape. 
 
 Essex has for many years been celebrated for building stanch and 
 handsome vessels. Cooper, in his "Pilot," makes Captain Barnstable, 
 the commander of " The Ariel, '" come from " Old Chebacco ;" and Dr. 
 Kane made apolar voyage in a vessel built on Chebacco River. By 
 the last industrial report (1885), there were within the town seven 
 ship-yards, employing nearly 150 men ; other manufactures being 
 boots and shoes (product valued at $363,865), cordage and twine, 
 carriages, lumber, leather, liquors, food preparations and other.-!. 
 The aggregate value of goods made was $669,460. There are 
 79 farms, whose various products amounted to .?112,456. The 
 clam-banks of Essex, too, are noted for an abundant and excellent 
 supply of shellfish, while the salt marshes afford large quantities of 
 hay. The fishings product of the town in the year mentioned was 
 $18,244; of which $6,000 came from oysters and $11,930 from 
 clams. The valuation of the town in 18X8 was $852,792, with a 
 tax of $18 on §1,000. The population was 1.752 (456 being 
 voters); and their dwelling-houses numbered 388. The principal 
 villages are Essex (centre), Chebacco Pond, Essex Falls. The public 
 schools are provided for in eleven school-houses, valued at about 
 $15,000. The churches are a Congregationalist, Methodist and 
 Universalist. 
 
 For 121 years this township was known by its Indian name 
 of Chebacco and as the Second Parish of Ipswich. The first minis- 
 ter was the Rev. John Wise, ordained in 1682. The town was 
 incorporated February 18, 1819. It contains many descendants of 
 the original settlers, who bear the familiar names of Burn- 
 ham, Choate, Cogswell and Perkins. Rufus Choate, LL.D., the 
 eminent lawyer and orator, was born here October 1, 1799. He died 
 July 13, 1859. His brother David Choate, who died later, was a 
 man of different tastes but large ability. Others of eminence were 
 George F. Choate and Jonathan Story. 
 
 Essex sent 200 men into the war for the Union, of whom 30 were 
 lost. 
 
 KsSeX RlVer. See town of Essex. 
 
 T7 i.i. is a flourishing young town having an attractive 
 
 JZWcrcll 8 j te j n t ne eas terly part of Middlesex County, three 
 
2i»t; gazetteer of Massachusetts. 
 
 miles northwest of Boston, and on two branches of the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad system. It is bounded north by Maiden, east by 
 Revere and Chelsea; south by the Mystic River, which divides it 
 from the Charlestown district of Boston; west by Somerville and 
 Maiden; the former also separated from it by the Mystic. 
 
 The assessed area is 1,K24 acres, including twelve acres of groves. 
 There are also numerous trees, mostly elms from 10 to 20 years 
 old, along the streets. From the higher parts of the town there are 
 delightful views of surrounding towns, of Roston Harbor and of the 
 ocean. The geological formation is upper conglomerate, drift and 
 the St. John's group. The soil is a sandy loam in some parts, in 
 others clayey. It is well adapted to the production of garden 
 vegetables, fruits and flowers, to which its agricultural space is 
 largely devoted. 
 
 There are 40 farms having the usual crops, with a proportionately 
 large production of vegetables and greenhouse products ; the value 
 of the latter in l«Ko being SI -,520. The aggregate farm product 
 was valued at S(j(>,07li. There are 44 manufacturing establishments. 
 The largest product in point of value was that of the chemical 
 works — §4112,4117. The Dewey Governor Works, the brickyards, 
 the rubber factory, the furniture factory, are next in order. Other 
 manufactures are hosiery and knit goods, leather, carriages, 
 bleachery, and sporting and athletic goods, emery and sand paper 
 anil cloth, food preparations and dings and medicines. The 
 aggregate value of the manufactures was •"■U.4i>G,7'.t.'>. The valuation 
 of the town in lsss was !*r>,4!i!i,10<l, with a tax of S 13.30 on 81,000. 
 The population was *>,.S2">, including 1,204 voters ; and t lie dwelling- 
 houses numbered 1,112 1. 
 
 Most of the male residents are engaged in business in the 
 metropolis and on the transportation lines. The town has had a 
 rapid growth by reason of its proximity to Boston, with which it 
 has hourly communication by steam and street mil ways, and because 
 of its remarkably eligible sites for building. From its situation and 
 soil the air is unusually free from dust. It has water-works, sup- 
 plied from Mystic Lake; while in its midst is a spring of pure water 
 which has been in high esteem by physicians and others for table 
 purposes for ">0 years. 
 
 There is a graded system of public schools, provided with six 
 commodious school-houses, valued at some .s 10,000. Seven libraries 
 are accessible to the public ; the Kvcrett Public Library and Read- 
 ing-room having nearly 5.000 volumes. The Odd Fellows ltlock and 
 the Masonic Illock are recent and handsome buildings. The Coti- 
 gregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, I'niversalists, the lioman 
 Catholic and the American Episcopal Church have houses of wor- 
 ship here. AVoodlawn Cemetery, beautifully decorated, lies in the 
 northeast section of the town. 
 
 This town was taken from Maiden and incorporated, March 9, 
 1S70. It was named in honor of Hon. Edward Everett. 
 
 Everettville, in rrinceton. 
 
EVEIiGfiEE.XS — FAIRHA VEX. 297 
 
 •JCvVergreenS, a village in Newburyport. 
 
 EwingVllle, inHolyoke. 
 
 r a.Ctory V lllage, in Brockton; also one in Easthamp- 
 ton and in Greenfield and in Middlefield. 
 
 T?oirhawp»n ^ es on tne eas t ern side of Acushnet Eiver and 
 
 x cUilldVCU o£ Kew i3 edford Harbor, forming the south- 
 east corner of Bristol County, GO miles south of Boston by the Fair- 
 haven Branch of the Old Colony Railroad. It is bounded on the 
 north by Acushnet, east by Mattapoisett, south by Buzzard's Bay 
 and New Bedford Harbor and west by New Bedford. 
 
 The assessed area is 6,985 acres, including 1,685 acres of wood- 
 land. The streets, also, are well shaded with elms. The land 
 slopes gently to the south ; and a narrow peninsula called " Seonti- 
 cut Neck," with its little village, juts far out into Buzzard's Bay ; 
 while on its eastern side lie West's and several smaller islands. 
 The town has a fine harbor, an expansion to the northeastward of 
 New Bedford Harbor. Upon its shore is the principal village, 
 where the railroad terminates, and where is the post-office of Fair- 
 haven. North of this, the harbor is divided by islands, and here a 
 convenient bridge nearly a mile in length connects the town with the 
 city of New Bedford. Near, on the north of the bridge, on the shore 
 of the Acushnet, is the village of Oxford. Two others, in the 
 eastern part of the town, are named Xaskatueket and New Boston. 
 
 The soil is loamy and fairly fertile. The farms number 10;,', 
 producing perhaps a larger revenue from the poultry yard (.$14,4.V.>) 
 and the vegetable garden (£17,181) than is usual. The aggregate 
 farm product for the census year of iHXa was N 117,414. The place 
 was formerly largely engaged in the whale fishery, but the pursiit 
 has greatly declined ; the entire fisheries product in the last census 
 year having been only !jj>"J4,{>14 ; and cod, alewives and mackerel 
 made up more than half of this sum. The manufactures, however, 
 have flourished; and the American Tack Works, with its solid stone, 
 factory, and the Fairhaven Iron Foundry, in a substantial structure 
 of brick, still lead the industries of the place. There are also lour 
 ship-yards, a cordage factory, picture-frame, clothing, and hoot and 
 shoe factories ; a printing establishment, and a lively weekly news- 
 paper, — the " Fairhaven Star." The aggregate product of the manu- 
 factures in lxs."> was valued at $l'41,7.;o. The valuation of the 
 town in 1888 was Sl/M'WJ, with a tax of $14.L'7 on $1,000. The 
 National Bank, Fairhaven, has a capital stock of ttll'O.ooo ; and the 
 Fairhaven Institution for Savings, at the close of last year, held 
 deposits to the amount of %4'2'2,<>X~>. The population was U.N80, of 
 which K.'i.'i were voters ; and the dwelling-houses numbered (>.">.'{. 
 
 The public schools include all the grades, and are supplied with 
 six good buildings, one of which, the "Rogers Grammar School" 
 
2KX GAZETTE Eli OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 building, cost about §100,000; it was a gift to the town from H. H. 
 Rogers, of New York city, a native of Fairhaven. There are houses 
 of worship of the Congregationalists, Methodists, Unitarians, 
 Adventists and Friends. The first church here was organized July 
 2.'5, 1794. The town sent its full ijuota of soldiers into the war for 
 the Union, and has honored those who fell with a suitable monu- 
 ment. 
 
 The ISivorside Cemetery, a beautiful resting-place for the remains 
 of the departed, was consecrated in 1H.">(>. 
 
 Attracted by the beauty of the place, settlements were made in 
 this town as early as 1704 ; and ten years later it had come to be 
 an important village. 
 
 On the night of the 7th of September, 1778, the British troops 
 made a demonstration on this place, with the design of reducing it 
 to ashes, but were repulsed and driven away by the militia under 
 Major Israel Fearing. Major Fearing, to whose valor the village 
 owed its deliverance from sack and ruin, afterwards became 
 brig ulier- general of the militia of Plymouth County, and mustered 
 his entire brigade at Halifax in 1803. 
 
 On February 22, 1812, the place was separated from New Bedford 
 and incorporated as a town ; its name being suggested by its beauti- 
 ful bay. 
 
 Hon. John A. Hawes, United States senator, was a citizen of 
 Fairhaven. 
 
 Jr niriTlOUnt, a village in Holyoke ; also one in Hyde Park. 
 Fair View, a village in Newton. 
 
 Fill T? \\Tt*r a stream forming the line between Green- 
 ail IVlver, ftelcl ^ Glil> and discharging into the 
 
 Connecticut Kiver. 
 
 CAT T R T V F R a beautiful manufacturing city 
 
 r rvL^L^. i\i v i^iv, ^d p 0rt f eutT y in the sout h. 
 
 west side of Bristol County, lies on the easterly shore of Mount 
 Hope Bay and Taunton Iliver. .Freetown bounds it on the north 
 and east; Dartmouth on the southeast; AYestport, together with 
 Pocasset in Khode island, on the south; and on the west are Mount 
 Hope Hay and the town of Somerset, on the right bank of the Taun- 
 ton Kiver. Its assessed area is 1S,272 acres, and which includes 
 2,007 acres of woodland. 
 
 The city proper is 4U miles south of Boston, IS,'} miles northeast 
 of New York, 17 miles south of Taunton, 18 miles southeast of 
 I'roviilenco, 14 miles west, of New liediord, and 18 miles north of 
 New port. Along the whole extent of the water front run the tracks 
 of the Old Colony Railroad, ailording the best facilities for the trans- 
 fer of freight and passengers between the cars and the numerous 
 steamers that run to New York, Philadelphia and Providence. The 
 
FALL H1VEU. 
 
 299 
 
 Old Colony steamboats running daily between this city and New 
 York are among the finest in the world for size, safety, and luxuri- 
 ance of equipment. Trains also run direct to Providence by the 
 railroad bridge over the Taunton River at the upper part of the 
 town ; while a branch from the New Bedford line of the Old Colony 
 road enters the city at the greater elevation on the east. 
 
 The city has much rural territory, occupied by 83 farms ; the pro- 
 duct of these, in 1885, having a value of $102,260. The country is 
 hilly, the elevations within five miles radius varying from tide-water 
 to 355 feet above sea-level. The geological' structure is granite, in 
 which beds of iron-ore occur — a foundation which affords inexhaust- 
 ible quarries of good building stone. The granite frequently crops 
 out in extensive ledges ; and numerous bowlders are scattered about, 
 generally resting on the bed-rock, over which the soil is often shallow. 
 The latter is composed principally of sand, gravel and gravelly loam. 
 
 Copecut Hill, in the midst of the eastern section, rises to the 
 
 STEAMER "PILGRIM,' FALL RXVER LINE. 
 
 height of 355 feet, while the rear of the city proper has an elevation 
 of 259 feet, affording a magnificent view of the delightful scenery of 
 Mount Hope Bay, and of Mount Hope itself. The Taunton River, 
 here a broad and beautiful stream, washes the entire length of the 
 town, gradually expanding to the bay, and affording anchorage to tin- 
 largest vessels. The eastern part of the city is drained by the Cope- 
 cut River. Copecut Hill rises from its western shore, and in the 
 broad depression between this and the heights along the Taunton 
 River lies the long and beautiful Watuppa Pond, the reservoir of 
 the water-power of the city, and the source of supply for its excel- 
 lent water-works. The name of this pond is an Indian term, signify- 
 ing the "place of boats." It covers, with its connected ponds, an 
 area of almost 5,000 acres; and its average discharge is 122 cubic 
 feet of water per second, or 31,746,774 cubic feet for every working 
 day of ten hours. Its outlet flows over a bed of granite and between 
 high, rocky banks to Taunton River, — having a descent within the 
 last half mile of 132 feet ; and so numerously are the mills built 
 along and across its course that, for much of this distance, it is an 
 
300 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 underground stream. This river is the Indian " Quequechan," signify- 
 ing "falling" or "quick-running water;" and in like manner the 
 present occupants have given the stream and the town which has 
 grown about it their own name of the same meaning, Fall River. 
 
 This place is emphatically a city of spindles; and they have been 
 put in motion by capital furnished almost exclusively by its own 
 people. In 1813 the first cotton mill was put in operation. In 
 1870 there were 18 incorporated companies, with a capital of 
 * 0,310,000, and 098,148 spindles. In 1.S88 there were 38 companies 
 for the manufacture of cotton goods, owning 57 mills, with an in- 
 corporated capital of $18,543,000, but a probable investment of 
 $35,000,000, and containing 1,823,472 spindles and 41,219 looms. 
 These employ 19,105 operatives, and turn out annually 480,500,000 
 yards of cloth. A careful comparison shows that this city has 
 nearly one seventh of all the spindles in the country, about one filth 
 of those in New England ; and manufactures over three fifths of all 
 the print cloths. While this is the principal product, its industrial 
 activity is also engaged in the bleaching and dyeing of cotton goods, 
 the printing of calicoes, in the manufacture of cotton and other kinds 
 of machinery, of cotton thread, woollen goods, comforter?, felt hats, 
 boots and shoes, leather, straw and palm-leaf goods, food prepara- 
 tions, carriages, water-craft, and numerous other minor articles. 
 The value of the textiles sent out from these factories in the census 
 year of 1885 was $19,223,4*1 ; and the aggregate value of all manu- 
 factures was $22,91 5, (15<S. 
 
 In his historical sketch of Fall River. Mr. Earl says that, "In the 
 union of hydraulic power and navigable waters it is probably with- 
 out a parallel upon the American contiin lit : " and were it not for its 
 cotton manufactures, its citizens would doubtless be engaged largely 
 in navigation. It has now live ship-yards; and 22 vessels owned 
 here — consisting of 5 schooners. 1 sloop, a bark, a brig and 14 
 steam vessels — are engaged in coastwise and ocean commerce. 
 Something was formerly done in the whale fishery; but its fisheries 
 in 1885 were confined to menhaden and ousters, whose product had 
 the value of $7,710. 
 
 The seven national banks of the city, by the last report of the 
 comptroller, had an aggregate capital of $2,123,000 ; the lour savings 
 banks, at the close of last year, had 25.24V depositors, and held 
 deposits to the amount of .^11, 295. 737 ; and there were two co-opera- 
 tive banks, authorized to hold capital to the amount of ->2.000,000, 
 and having actual property to the value ol ^257.225. 
 
 The valuation of the city in Ikk.s was *.|ti.50l,5.s5; the tax-rate 
 being *17.-IO on $1,00(1. The population was (i0,N7O; of whom 9,426 
 were voters. The dwelling-houses numbered 5,302; and many of 
 these were unusually large. 
 
 The mills are distributed somewhat in groups; on the Quequechan 
 above the dam, following nearly to its head along its east side, are 
 the Wamsutta, three Union, three Durl'ee, two (iranite, the Crescent, 
 Merchants. Rarnard, Wanipanong, Stafford, Flint, Seaconnet and 
 Merino mills. The last six, with their tenements, form a community 
 
FALL BIVEB. 301 
 
 by themselves, known as Flint Village. On the west bank of the 
 stream, above the dam, are the Tecumseh No. 1, Kobeson, Davol, 
 Richard Borden, Tecumseh No. 2, Chace and Barnaby mills. Some 
 two miles north of the stream, and along the bank of the Taunton 
 River at Bowenville, are the Mechanics, Weetamo, Narragansett, 
 Sagamore, and the two Border City mills. Above is the village of 
 Steep Brook, which has a post-office. Two miles south of the stream, 
 and on the highlands overlooking the bay, are the Slade, Montaup, 
 Laurel Lake, Osborn, King Philip, and Shove mills, — all taking 
 water from Laurel Lake, which is about one mile in length. Be- 
 yond them, across the State line, in Tiverton, are the Bourne and 
 one of the Shove mills. The American Print Works, the Fall River 
 Iron Works, the American Linen Company's two cotton mills, and 
 the Mount Hope Mill, are located in successive order on the bay 
 southward from the stream. With some of these mills the motive 
 power is furnished by steam. Slade Ferry Bridge, spanning the 
 Taunton River; the Anawan Boat Club House; Crab Pond and 
 Laurel Lake ; the city water works on the shore of Watuppa Pond, 
 and their stand-pipe tower, 121 feet in height, on the hill above ; the 
 southern park, and Oak (J rove Cemetery, are all special objects of 
 interest. 
 
 Notable buildings are the new court-house, the remodelled city 
 hall, the immense Borden Block, of brick, and containing the Acad- 
 emy of Music, the largest auditorium in the city; Granite Block, 
 occupying the front of an entire square ; Brown Block, containing 
 the public library; Pocasset Block and Pocasset Punk, Notre Ihime 
 Asylum and College, the new custom-house and post-othec — a mag- 
 nificent edifice of gray rock-faced ashlar, with carvings and other 
 decorations in red and gray granite, and, at either end, semicircular 
 pavilions projecting from top to bottom of the main body of the 
 building. The longest frontage is 84 feet. It was completed in ls.sit, 
 at a cost of about half a million dollars. The Central Congregational 
 Church, on Uock Street, is built of smooth brick with sandstone trim- 
 mings and has a fine tower and spire. The style is the Victorian 
 Early English Gothic. The magnificent Lurlee High School is the 
 most conspicuous object seen on approaching the city from the west 
 or south, and commands from its towers comprehensive views of the 
 entire landscape. The edifice is of granite, four stories in height, in 
 the modern renaissance style of architecture. The most striking 
 features are the two towers and a central pavilion with steep roof. 
 It contains a fine gymnasium, drill-hall, laboratories, and an astro- 
 nomical observatory consisting of a tower surmounted by a revolving 
 dome of iron and steel, in which is an equatorial telescope having an 
 eight-inch object-glass. In the south tower is the clock and a chime 
 of bells. It was completed in 1887, and presented to the city by Mrs. 
 Mary B. Young, as a memorial of her son, Bradford M. C. Durfee. 
 
 The city has a complete system of graded schools, including nor- 
 mal and training schools, which, in 1885, were occupying 41 school- 
 houses valued at about $700,000. The public library contained 
 upwards of 30,000 books, and there was a public-school library of 
 
302 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 G.02 volumes. There are published in the city three daily and four 
 weekly newspapers and journals. 
 
 The 1 Saptists have two ehurehes here ; the Congregationalists, five ; 
 the American Episcopal Church, four; the Methodist Episcopal, 
 seven; the Presbyterian, two; the Christian, three; the Roman 
 Catholic, nine; the Unitarians, one; the Friends, one; the New 
 Jerusalem Church, one; the Primitive Methodists, one; and the 
 "Re-organized < hurch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints," one. 
 
 The territory of this city north of the Quequeehan was originally 
 in the limits of Freetown, and that on the south in Tiverton. By a 
 royal decree in 17-10, live townships, previously within the jurisdic- 
 tion of Massachusetts, were set off to Rhode Island; and Tiverton 
 was one of them. In 180.'!, that portion of Freetown on the north of 
 the stream was set off as a separate township, and named Fall Iiiver. 
 In 1S04, the name was changed to Troy, but the previous name was 
 restored in 1834. In PS54, Fall River was made a city. In 1856, that 
 portion of Tiverton including Clobe and Flint villages, and up to the 
 accepted boundary line of Massachusetts, was erected into a Rhode 
 Island town, and named Fall River. By the settlement of the 
 boundary between the States (which had been, in dispute) in 1S02, 
 the Rhode Island town was ceiled to the city ; by which the latter 
 acquired nine square miles of territory additional, an increase of 
 population by 3,593 persons, and an increase of $1,048,378 in taxable 
 property. In reference to these conditions Fall River is also known 
 as the "Border City." 
 
 Hon. James Buffinton, the first mayor of Fall River, was born in 
 that place March 10, 1817. He received many honors from his city, 
 the State, and the nation, being a member of Congress for many 
 years, and occupying that position at his death March 6, 1874. 
 
 Falls Village, in North Attleborough. 
 
 "Palmniirh is a delightful seaboard town occupying the 
 r dllllUULll southwest corner of Cape Cod and of Barnstable 
 County. Along its entire western side extends the Woods Holl 
 Branch of the Old Colony Bailroad, terminating 72 miles south of 
 Boston. Its boundaries are Bourne and Sandwich on the north. Mash- 
 pee on the east, Vineyard Sound (here six miles wide) on the south, 
 and Buzzard's Bay on the west. Its assessed area is 21,903 acres, in- 
 cluding 0,202 acres of woodland. The territory extends as a penin- 
 sula at the southwest; and on a harbor at the extremity of this 
 is Woods Holl, noted as the eastern of the two railroad connections 
 for the Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket steamers, and as the loca- 
 tion oi the go verment works for iish- breed ing.and as a principal govern- 
 ment station for marine surveys and investigations. At the south- 
 most point of this peninsula is Nobska Point and Hill, bearing its 
 well-known light. Eastward is a fino beach, extending in a concave 
 line to the first of three nearly enclosed basins of salt water, the east- 
 ward one of which constitutes a harbor for Falmouth Village. Wa- 
 quoit Bay lies on the eastern angle of the town, partially separating 
 
FALMOUTH. 303 
 
 it from Mashpee ; having at its northern extremity Waquoit Village, 
 where the extensive Pacific Guano Works are located. Near the 
 middle of the south shore are the friths called Great, Green and 
 Bowen's ponds ; and between the last two is the village of Davis 
 Xeck, or Davisville. 
 
 The western shore of the town has, at the north, Cataumut Har- 
 bor, near which is the village of North Falmouth ; and next southward 
 Wild Harbor, then Hog Island Harbor, at West Falmouth; while 
 Quamquisset Harbor hives the northern side of Woods Hull penin- 
 sula. A range of hills of moderate elevation diversify the western 
 part of the town, rising at one point to an altitude of 193 feet. 
 From many points near the coast most charming views of maritime 
 scenery are obtained ; while many of the inland scenes are also very 
 beautiful. More than forty salt and fresh water ponds give variety 
 and beauty in every quarter of the town. They abound in fish, as 
 do the Woods in game. The most noted are Ashunet Pond in the 
 northeast, Coonemossett Pond in the midst of the northern section, 
 Crooked, Jenkins, Spectacle, Nares and Long ponds; besides a scattered 
 group about the centre, and several salt ponds on the south shore. 
 
 The geological formation is drift and alluvium, over which many 
 bowlders have been srrown. The land is for the most part level, and 
 the soil is as good as any in the county. There are 11* farms, with 
 the usual products, except that the cranberry product is very large, 
 that of 1885 (an average crop) having been 2,234 barrels, bringing 
 S 17,379. The aggregate farm product of that year was ;?!>'.J,iM)l. 
 The town has a few vessels engaged in the eoastwi.se trade, and a 
 small number of boats and men in the fisheries ; the latter yielding a 
 product, in the census year mentioned, of !?l<i,07S. Much the largest 
 catch was of bass and bluetish. The manufactures consist of car- 
 riages, leather, stone and timber, salt and other food preparations, and 
 fertilizers, the latter constituting about nine-tenths of the aggregate 
 product, which had a value of Si MI2, ;">"•. There is a national bank 
 with §100,000 capital. The valuation of the town in 1SS8 was 
 34,095,386, with a tax of i?6.(55 on #1,000, The population was 
 2,520, of whom 695 are voters. The dwelling-houses number 640. 
 
 Other villages not already mentioned are Quisset, Ilatchville, High- 
 field, Succonesset and Teatickett. The higher parts of the shores 
 have many summer residences which adorn and enliven the scene. 
 There is a new town-hall which cost #12,000. There are four public 
 school-houses, valued at about #7, SCO, lor the use of the schools, 
 which are graded. The Lawrenee Academy, at Falmouth Village, 
 serves the town as a high school. There is an association library of 
 about 3,000 volumes ; with a church library and three possessed by 
 the Sunday schools. The churches here are numerous, the ( 'ongrega- 
 tionalists having five ; the Methodists, four ; the Roman ( 'atholics, 
 two; the Friends, cue; and the American Episcopal Church, also 
 one. The Universalists have a camp-meeting ground at '■ Menau- 
 hant." 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Sucaimiesset. It was early 
 settled by white people, and was incorporated J une 4, 1686, under its 
 
FAXEUIL — FEXXER HILL. 305 
 
 present name, which was derived from Falmouth, in England, The 
 first church was organized in 1708. This town was bombarded by 
 the British ship-of-war " Nimrod " in August, 1814, seven balls being 
 shot into the house of the Rev. Henry Lincoln, minister of the church 
 from 17u0 to 1823. Other houses also were damaged, but there were 
 no lives lost. 
 
 Falmouth sent 71 soldiers and seamen into the national service 
 during the war for the Union, of whom 19 were lost. The town has 
 been the birth-place of many men distinguished for energy and ex- 
 cellence of character, as well as for patriotism and talents. Among 
 those are General Joseph Dimmick, a soldier of the French and In- 
 dian War and of the Revolution ; and Samuel Lewis, lawyer and 
 preacher, and esteemed the father of the common school in Ohio. 
 
 Jr cinCUll, a locality in the Brighton district of Boston. 
 
 Farleyville, in wendeii. 
 
 t* cirmerSVlllC, in Attleborough ; also in Sandwich. 
 
 F„ rm Pz-wnrl in Framingham, connected with Boston Wa- 
 arin XOIIU, t er-\Vorks. 
 
 r 3,rmS, a village in Cheshire ; also one in Newbury. 
 
 r 3.rn3.m S s a village in Cheshire. 
 
 Famumsville, in Grafton. 
 
 F aillkner, a village in -Maiden. 
 
 Fay's Mountain, in Westborough, 707 feet in height. 
 
 FayVllle, in Southborough. 
 
 Federal Hill, a village in Dedham. 
 
 Federal Street Village, in Beichertown. 
 
 Feeding Hills, a village in Agawam. 
 
 F el C llV i 1 1 e, in Natick. 
 
 Felton's Corner, a village in Peabody. 
 
 Fenner Hill, a village in Webster. 
 
306 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Femside, a village in Tyringham. 
 
 Fem WOod, a village in Gloucester. 
 
 17,'^1^1'r. f^z-vi-nor a locality in the Dorchester district 
 
 r leia s corner, of Bo8ton- 
 
 FisherVllle, in Attleborough ; also in Grafton. 
 Fiskdale, a village in Sturbridge. 
 
 F' T 'V(~* T-T WJ T T? C* * s a flourishing manufacturing 
 A 1^-niJVJ-r^vJ city> tne semi-capital of Worcester 
 
 County, situated in its northeasterly section, 50 miles from Boston 
 by the Fitchburg Railroad. 
 
 This road, by a northward curve in the town, following nearly the 
 curve of the Nashua ltiver, connects with the four principal villages, 
 — Crockerville in the southwest, West Fitchburg, Fitchburg (cen- 
 tre), and .South Fitchburg in the southeast From the central village 
 (which is the city proper) proceeds the Cheshire Railroad through 
 Bellows Falls to Lake Ch.implain and Montreal. At this village also 
 terminates the northern division of the Old Colony Railroad, which 
 connects it directly with Worcester, Boston and New Bedford. 
 
 Ashby lies on the north, Lunenburg on the east, Leominster and 
 Westminster on the south, and the latter on the west. The assessed 
 area is 16,850 acres; of which 5,l-'!4 are woodland. The township 
 is nearly a parallelogram, and is beautifully diversified with numer- 
 ous hills and valleys, ponds and streams. From l'earl Hill in the 
 northeast, and Brown's Hill in the northwest, from Oak Hill in the 
 southwest, and from Rollstone Hill in the western section, rising 
 grandly from the right bank of the -Nashua River, to the height of 
 300 feet above the plain, may be obtained broad and sweeping views 
 of many charming landscapes. Whitman's River and Nookagee 
 Brook, entering the town from Westminster on 'he west, soon unite 
 and form the Nashua River, which winds through a rocky valley 
 flanked by steep and picturesque eminences, to the central village, 
 thence, bending southward, leaves the township at the southeast 
 corner. Though the current of this stream is neither broad nor deep, 
 the descent is so considerable and the dams so frequent, that, in the 
 aggregate, a very largo motive power is afforded ; and to this, as well 
 as to its railroad facilities and the public spirit of its citizens, the 
 rapid growth of this city may be ascribed. 
 
 'I he underlying rock in the northwest part is gneissic; in the 
 southeast, Merrimack schist ; while Rollstone Hill is a mass of gran- 
 ite, and large quantities of good building stone of this vanity are 
 quarried near tho central village. Iron ore exists in one locality. 
 and at l'earl Hill are found beryl, staurotido, garnets, and molybden- 
 ite. The ovrrlj ing soil in some parts of the town is clay, beneath a 
 Hti'jng loam ; in other parts it is gravel carrying a sandy loam. The 
 
FITCMBUSG. 307 
 
 usual crops of suburban regions are cultivated with profit ; the prod- 
 uct of the 209 farms, in 1885, being valued at $294,558. Two mills 
 for sawing and preparing lumber find occupation in the place, 
 and some wood is used in the paper manufacture, which is the 
 largest single product of the city. At Crockerville (named from 
 a former leading manufacturer) are seven or more mills for this 
 article. At other points are three cotton and three woollen mills, 
 the works of the Putnam Machine Company, and the Fitchburg 
 Steam Engine Company, making fire, locomotive and stationary 
 steam engines ; also establishments for the manufacture of saws, 
 machinists' tools, chairs, rattan and other furniture, edge tools, agri- 
 cultural implements, bricks, bread-stuffs, clothing, palm-leaf hats, 
 boots and shoes, hollow ware, piano-forte parts, and others. In all, 
 there are above forty different kinds of manufacture, and not less 
 than 202 different establishments. .Such variety of pursuits has a 
 tendency to quicken the intellectuality of the people ; since the 
 knowledge acquired in any one department of business in a commu- 
 nity comes to increase the general stock. The aggregate product of 
 the manufactures in the last census year (1S85) was $6,231,860. 
 There are in the town four national banks, with an aggregate capi- 
 tal of S950.000; and two savings institutions, having, at the close 
 of last year, deposits to the amount of S4,.S21,i;i4. The valuation 
 of the town in 1888 was $13,694,890; with a tax of 816.80 on 
 §1,000. The voters numbered 3,659, and the entire population was 
 15,375, finding shelter in 2,731 dwelling-houses. 
 
 The wholesomeness of the place is indicated in the census of 1885 
 by the fact that there were 9G residents over 80 years, S over 90 
 years, and 2 over 100 years of age. The Fitchburg water works 
 system supplies the people at the centre with an abundance of pure 
 water from an artificial reservoir of eleven acres, fed by a copious 
 spring on Rollstone Hill. There are more than 100 miles of streets 
 in the city limits, portions of which are paved, while many are 
 beautifully shaded with elms and maples. Among the conspicuous 
 buildings are the court-house, a handsome stone edifice fronting on a, 
 beautiful square, where is a costly monument to Fitchburg's soldiers 
 lost in the war for the Union ; the public library (containing some 
 20,000 volumes; the High School, the Union railroad depot, the 
 county jail, and several of the churches. The schools are effec- 
 tively graded, and provided for in nineteen school buildings, valued 
 at upwards of $200,000. Beside the town library are a law, a medi- 
 cal, and ten other institution, church and Sunday-school libraries. 
 The churches are the American Episcopal, two Methodist Episcopal, 
 the French and the Irish Catholic, two Congregationalist, Baptist, 
 Unitarian, and Universalist. 
 
 The leading newspaper is the " Sentinel," having a daily and a 
 weekly edition. " Our Monthly Visitor," published here, has gained 
 a large circulation. 
 
 On December 18 (O. S. Dec. 7), 1719, the General Court voted to 
 lay out two new towns on the westerly side of the Groton west line. 
 One of these, as laid out, included the present towns of Lancaster, 
 
808 (1AZETTEEII Oh' MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Fitchburg and Ashby, and was known as the Turkey Hills, on 
 account of the large number of wild turkeys that came there to feed 
 on the abundant acorns and wild chestnuts. When the committee 
 to whom the business was entrusted fust came to make the surveys, 
 they found there a man named David Page, who, with his family, 
 had selected one of the best sites of the place on the south side of 
 Clarke's Hill. He had built a comfortable house, well fortified by a 
 palisade of logs pierced with loop-holes for muskets, and had turned 
 a small brook from its natural course, making it flow some distance 
 underground and then through his garrison. 
 
 In November, 17-7, the committee directed that a meeting-house 
 should be built, but the settlers came to the conclusion that they 
 should henceforth manage local affairs themselves. In the follow- 
 ing year an act of incorporation was passed ; and on August 1 the 
 proprietors of Turkey Hills found themselves a town in the county 
 of Middlesex under the name of Lunenburg. The same year they 
 voted to raise £-00 (•SXS.S.S) for a meeting-house. Three years 
 thereafter a pulpit and seats were added. Persons who wanted 
 pews were at liberty to build them at their own cost ; and in lT.'l.'j 
 it was voted to finish the galleries, and to build '-stears up 
 into them." 
 
 In 17L'9, the town chose an agent to represent it in the considera- 
 tion of the best place of dividing the county of Middlesex, as it was 
 then deemed too large. Two years later AVnrcester was set off, 
 this town being within its limits. Public schools appear to have 
 been first established in 17.'i2, when the clergyman was employed to 
 teach school for three months in his own house. During the next 
 year school was held in the houses <jf several of the settlers in rota- 
 tion; and in 17.'!."> the selectmen were directed to provide a suitable 
 school-house, and to " hire school dames as they shall see fit." 
 
 Soon after March, 17~>7, the western part of Lunenburg was 
 formed into a new parish, with the meeting-house in the centre; 
 On February 3, 17(14, an act was passed incorporating the western 
 part of Lunenburg as " Fitchburg," with all the privileges of a 
 town, excepting that representation to the General Court was to 
 be divided with Lunenburg. The first name on the committee to 
 procure the incorporation was John Fitch, a leading citizen ; while 
 Colonel Thomas Fitch, a wealthy merchant of Boston, owned exten- 
 sive tracts of land in the county ; but the honor of the name of the 
 town has been claimed by the friends of each, and still remains in 
 doubt. It then contained about LT>ti persons. 
 
 In 1X0-1, the Burbank paper-mill and dam were built. In 1806-7, 
 work was begun on a brick dam across the river, on which was 
 erected the first cotton-mill ; and in 1S13 a second cotton-mill was 
 built, and in 1.S14 a third. In lSL'.'i, the Red Woollen Factory was 
 erected ; and in lSL'li another paper-mill and a fourth cotton-mill 
 were built. In 1845, the place, was connected with Boston by rail- 
 road, giving a fresh impetus to business; and on March 8, 1872, 
 Fitchburg was incorporated as a city. 
 
 The first religious society in the town was organized January 27, 
 
FIVE POUND ISLAND— FLORIDA. 309 
 
 1768, and the Rev. John Pay son was elected pastor. He was fol- 
 lowed by the Rev. Samuel Worcester, who afterwards became a mis- 
 sionary to the Cherokee Indians. 
 
 Records exist showing the active participation and the effective 
 service of Fitchburg in the Revolution. Fitchburg furnished 824 
 men to the Union forces in the late war, 75 more than its quota ; 
 and 57 became commissioned officers. 
 
 The Rev. Asa Thornton (1787-1868), missionary for more than 
 forty years to the Sandwich Islands, was a native of this town. 
 Eminent among its citizens during the present century are Hons. 
 Alvah Crocker, Rodney Wallace, Charles T. Crorker, Amasa Nor- 
 cross, William H. Vose, Charles H. B. Snow, David H. Merriam, 
 Salmon W. Putnam and Walter Heywood. 
 
 FlVe Pound Island, in Gloucester inner harbor. 
 
 T71 Q 4- P^inf southwest extremity of land on southeast 
 r lai run 11, side of Gloucester harbor. 
 
 Flint Village, in Fall River. 
 
 Florence, a village in Northampton. 
 
 Florida * s a moun tai nous an( i wooded town in the north- 
 eastern part of Berkshire County, intersected by 
 the Fitchburg Railroad, whose station at Hoosac Tunnel, near Deer- 
 field River, on the eastern line, is 135 miles from Boston. The terri- 
 tory is quite irregular in form, the western part extending to the 
 Vermont line, while the square township of Monroe lies between the 
 latter and the eastern part of Florida ; on the east are Rowe and 
 Charlemont ; Savoy bounds it on the south, and North Adams on the 
 west. The assessed area is 14,LT>.'5 acres. • >f this, K,643 acres are 
 forest, consisting of hard and soft wood (spruce and hemlock) in 
 about equal proportions. The underlying rock is calcareous gneiss 
 and the Quebec group, with talcose slate ; while flint bowlders are 
 numerous. The town is finely watered by the Deerfield River, 
 which forms a large portion of the eastern line, separating it from 
 Rowe ; by Fife Brook, which flows from the northwest to southeast 
 through the midst of the town; and by Cold River on the southern 
 line. These streams and their sparkling tributaries furnish motive 
 power for several mills. Xorth Pond, a beautiful sheet of water 
 covering twelve acres, beautifies the southwestern angle of the town. 
 The Twin Cascade, near the entrance of the Hoosac Tunnel, is one 
 of the most charming waterfalls of the country. Two rivul ts, 
 coming from different directions, approach, and leap over the rocks 
 a distance of 40 feet into the same basin below; and hence the 
 appropriate name. The people of this elevated town are principally 
 engaged in farming and lumbering, though there is less of the latter 
 than 20 years ago, — when there were five saw-mills, two of which. 
 
310 GAZETTEER OF .MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 wen- driven by strain. There are also a grist-mill and the Glen 
 Pulp Companya mill, — a rather rude structure of Btone, quite in 
 character with the region. The latter employs 15 persons. The 
 aggregate value of the manufactures in 1885 was $20,625. There 
 are 101 farms, whose wood product is proportionately large. The 
 entire farm produrt in the Last census year was valued at $88,737. 
 The valuation in 1888 was $177,770; and the tax was $22 on 
 $1,000. 'I'he population was 487, including 113 voters; and they 
 were shclt. ■[I'd in .s."> dwelling-houses. There are six public school- 
 houses, value, i at about $4,000. The Hoosac Tunnel Library and 
 the Baptist Sunday school have each a small collection of books. 
 Florida and Hoosac Tunnel are the post offices. 
 Dr. Daniel Nelson, of Stafford, Conn., settled on the territory of 
 
 this town m 17S.1; and Sylvaims Clark, l'anl Knowlton, Jesse King, 
 
 Esq., and others, had come 1 p live here anterior to 1795. The town 
 was incorporated June 15, 1805; and a Baptist church was formed 
 herein 1810. Four deserters from Burgoyne's army came to this 
 
 town, and supported Ihemselves mainly by hunting and fishing for 
 
 many years. 
 
 The HiMisae Mountain, rising I lis feet above Deerfield River, is 
 the striking feature ol the town. From the carriage-road over it 
 most in igniiieent views ol this wild region are obtained. 
 
 'I'l"; entrance to the Hoosac Tunnel is on the right lank of the 
 Deerfield Itiver, in the eastei n centre ol' this town. 
 
 In 1854 the Si. lie gave its creditto the amount of $2,000,000; 
 a " ! the wink of excavating the tunned was commenced by E. W. 
 Serrell and ( lompany in IH55. 
 
 1,1 the en, line, ypar, a contract was made with II. Haupt and 
 Company, by which liny agreed to complete the read and tunnel for 
 $3,880,000; and the work was oarried on at the east and west end 
 °l .the tunnel mil il 1801, \\ hen the contractors abandoned the enter- 
 i"' ls ''- I" the year following, the State itself undertook to pros- 
 ecuto this pigantio Bchemo under an appropriation of $4,760,000. 
 
 Messrs. Walter and Frauds Shanley,of Canada, entered into a con- 
 
FOLLY COVE VILLAGE— FOXBOROUGH. 311 
 
 tract with the State commissioners to complete the work by March 
 1, 1874. These gentlemen prosecuted the undertaking with indomi- 
 table energy, cutting their way by the aid of a boring-machine, 
 driven by compressed air and nitro-glycerine, through solid mica- 
 slate, until the passage through the mountain was completed ; the 
 distance being 25,031 feet, or a little less than five miles. The first 
 train went through on Feb. 9, 1875; a second track was laid Sept. 
 27, 1882, and electric lights introduced Jan. 1, 18S9. The entire post 
 of the work to the State is stated at !$2<>,;)15,93s.97. The tunnel is 
 arched with brick. The rock of the mount an is mica slate, with 
 occasional veins of quartz, — except at the west end, where a 
 secondary formation overlaps the primary. The rock, in some 
 places, is hardly to be told from granite in hardness ; while all 
 through small seams are found filled up by dirt carried by water, 
 forming a kind of dry soapstone and mica, and containing beautiful 
 specimens of sulphate of iron. Hoosac Mountain has two summits, 
 the valley between being, at the lowest, 801 feet above grade. From 
 this the ventilating shafts descend. The top of the tunnel is a semi- 
 circle, with a radius of 13 feet ; and the sides are arcs of a circle, 
 with a radius of 26 feet. 
 
 The opening of this tunnel shortens the distance from Boston to 
 the Hudson River by about 9 miles, and has reduced the enormous 
 prices for transportation. While aiding the development of the re- 
 sources of the northern section of the State, it also affords the 
 most attractive line of travel through the alpine regions of the 
 Commonwealth. 
 
 Folly Cove Village, in Gloucester. 
 
 T^/^rvicr Willc a locality and cemetery in the West Rox- 
 r UICbL l 1 lllb, bury district of Boston. 
 
 Forge Village, in Westford. 
 
 Fort Point Channel, the entrance to South Bay, 
 which divides South Boston from the city proper. 
 
 Tp j. T3 \ vf * r a village in Hadley; also a stream rising in 
 r Uil IvlVCI, p e ih ani) am i running southwest through 
 Amherst and Hadley to the Connecticut River. 
 
 Foundry Village, inCoirain. 
 
 T^ruir C* nrnprc a village in Middleborough ; also one in 
 A UUI V^UIIlCIb, stockbridge, and one in Worthington. 
 
 Fnvhnrrmrrh * s a DUSV an ^ prosperous town in the 
 OXUUIUUgll 80utDW estern part of Norfolk County, 
 about 20 miles southwest of Boston. The Providence Branch and 
 the Northern Division of the Old Colony Railroad pass through it, 
 
JiOA'BOSOUOIt. 313 
 
 having stations at Foxborougli (centre), Foxvale, and East and 
 North Foxborougli. The other villages are West and South Fox- 
 borough, Foxvale, Foxborough Furnace, and Donkeyville. Wal- 
 pole bounds it on the north and northwest, Sharon on the northeast, 
 Mansfield on the southeast and south, and Wrentham and Norfolk 
 on the west. The assessed area is 12,085 acres ; and of this 3,387 
 acres are forest, consisting of oak, pine, chestnut and maple. It 
 occupies the crest of the ridge between Narragansett and Dorchester 
 bays. In the west, northwest and southeast it is quite hilly ; but 
 the most conspicuous elevation is Foolish Hill, a little southeast of 
 the centre. Neponset River and Cocasset Brook have their sources 
 in the central and western part, the former flowing northward to 
 Boston Harbor, and the latter southward to Taunton Kiver. Bil- 
 ling's Brook, in the eastern part, is also a tributary of this river. On 
 these are numerous lovely ponds ; the largest being Cocasset Pond, 
 covering about 40 acres, at the west of the central village ; and 
 Neponset Reservoir in the northern section, of nearly 100 acres. The 
 land is somewhat rocky, and the soil a gravelly loam, porous and 
 healthful, but not very productive. Iron pyrites and a poor quality 
 of anthracite coal are found in several localities. Several quarries 
 furnish granite for building purposes. The farms are 90 in number 
 The greenhouse and hothouse products are proportionately large 
 their value in 1885 having been §4.711. The entire farm product' 
 was $88,197. For many years this was the leading town in the 
 straw goods business in America; and at one period it sent out 
 more hats and bonnets of straw than did all the rest of the country 
 together. The manufacture was begun here by Elias Nason as 
 early as 1812. Daniels Carpenter, at a later period, developed the 
 business to such a degree as to be properly regarded as the founder 
 of the business. The product, in 1.SI15, reached the large value of 
 SI. 500,000. Machinery has been introduced, making letter goods at 
 a cheaper rate; and the town has now several rivals. The value of 
 its product in 1S85 was $578,(147. Four firms and about 1,000 per- 
 sons are employed in this industry. The furnace works founded 
 here by Otis Cary add much to the town's business and wealth. 
 There are two factories making ladies' line shoes, giving employ- 
 ment to some 125 persons. Other manufactures are boxes, soap, 
 sewing machines, leather, food preparations, etc. The aggregate 
 value of the manufactures in the last census year was $72.'vS20. 
 There is a local savings bank having deposits to the amount of 
 8147,615; and a flourishing co-operative bank was recently estab- 
 lished. The valuation in 1888 was SI. 402,121, with a tax of S15.90 
 on §1,000. The population was 2,814,-703 being voters; and 
 the dwelling-houses numbered 593. Most of the people own their 
 dwellings, and the general neatness is quite noticeable in the town. 
 Well-grown trees of elm and maple are very numerous along the 
 streets. On the public square or park in the central village are 
 several handsome public and private buildings. The Memorial 
 Hall, a Gothic structure of various-colored Foxborough granite sur- 
 mounted by the statue of a soldier, contains the IJuyden Public 
 
314 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Library, of upwards of .'i,000 volumes. Itockhill Cemetery is a 
 charming grove of oak and chestnut, and slopes westward to a 
 valley in which three lakelets of ePar water reflect the floating 
 clouds and the blue dome of the sky. 
 
 The "Foxbomugh Importer" enjoys a good patronage, and the 
 "Times" is quite widely k.iown; both papers being issued weekly. 
 
 The public schools are grilled andoccu y seven buildings, valued 
 at nearly $.'JS.(MtO. There are two chapels in the outlying villages; 
 and at the centre the Congregationahsts, Baptists, Universalists and 
 Roman Catholics each have a church. 
 
 Fox borough was taken from parts of Wrentham, Waltham, 
 Stoughton, and Stouglitonham (Sharon), and was incorporated June 
 
 FIRST JIOl'SE BUILT IN FOXBOKOl Gil. 
 
 10, 1778. It was named lor Charles James Fox, the great defender 
 of the. American Colonies in the British Parliament The He v. 
 Thomas Kendall was ordained as the first minister in 1779, au.l 
 remained in the pastorate here until 1.SU0. The town is somewhat 
 noted for longevity, !.;>.sed as well on the general average as on 
 special cases. Mr. John Shepherd was born here in 1700. He 
 lived more than a century in one spot; and it was said of him that 
 he lived in two counties and four different towns without moving 
 from the plaee where he was born. lie died in Attleborouvdi in 
 1K01), aged ld'.l years. Mr. Seth Boyden (17SS-1S70), an inventor 
 and skilful mechanic, and Professor Henry 1>. Xason, a skilful 
 were born here. 
 
 chemist and an author, 
 
 T Oxhl-11, a village in IWham. 
 
 "FViminrrhnm " no or " " l(> "nist beautiful ti 
 
 r i amino nam, c „ mm(>mV( ,. llth , lie8 in tlu , „ 
 
 towns in the 
 
 southwestern 
 
FRAMINGHAM. 
 
 315 
 
 part of Middlesex County, some 20 miles southwest of Boston, 
 nearly the same distance east of Worcester, about 25 miles south of 
 Fitchhurg ami Lowell, and 30 miles north of Taunton. It is bounded 
 on the north by Sudbury, east by Wayland, Natick and Sherborn, 
 
 south by Ashland, and west by Southborough and Marlborough. 
 The assessed area is 14,543 acres, 2,544 of which are well covered 
 with pine, oak and chestnut. The formative rock is upper gneissic, 
 
316 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 from which good stew is quarried for cellars and walls of buildings. 
 The Sudbury Liver takes a general northeasterly course through the 
 town, somewhat eastward of a medial line. Along its western side 
 the land is quite level, the plain expanding westward from the 
 centre. Other parts are hilly ; Nobscot Hill at the north, rising to 
 the height of GOU feet ; and Mallard's and Merriam's hills along the 
 southern bonier. The town has four beautiful ponds stored with 
 trout, black bass, pickerel, pereh, eels and other fish. Farm Pond, 
 the largest of these, containing 1G.S aeres, separates South Fraining- 
 ham from the central village, and is connected with the Boston 
 Water-works, — which has, besides, Kasins No. 1, '1 and 3 in the 
 town. Shakum Pond, of '.).'> acres, and Learned Pond, of 42, beautify 
 the southern part of tne town. 
 
 At South Framingham the lioston and Albany Railroad inter- 
 sects the Northern Division of the Old Colony; and from 
 its large and excellent station sends out a branch south- 
 ward to Milford, another northward to the central village; 
 while a third branch connects with Saxonville, at the north- 
 east, noted for its woollen blankets and carpets. The other 
 villages are Nobscot, Hastingsville, Millwood, and Parker's Corner. 
 The name of the Para Rubber Shoe Company, of this town, is 
 familiar to many. There are also manufactures here of rubber 
 clothing, and other articles of this material, a large product of straw 
 hats and bonnets, of boots and shoes, lasts, and carriage wheels; also 
 carriages, trunks and valises, furniture, wooden boxes, meal and 
 flour, and dressed beef by wholesale. In the last census year, the 
 value of rubber goods made here was nearly SOou.OOO; and of boots 
 and shoes, nearly .*<f>00,000. The entire manufactured product was 
 estimated at $.';,f>Kl.lK,">. The farms, Ills in number, are devoted to 
 the. usual crops, with perhaps an excess in cereals and vegetables; 
 the aggregate product being S-T.'i.oSG. There is one national bank 
 with a capital of SL'Ot 1,000; and two savings banks with deposits 
 amounting to $lM(!.'?,7<iO. The valuation in 18S8 was 87.173,570; 
 with a tax of SI.; on SI, 000. The population was .S,L'7f>, of whom 
 1, '.►.'!.'! were voters. The dwelling-houses numbered l..">13. 
 
 The public schools are graded, and have the advantage of associa- 
 tion with one ol the oldest Normal schools in the State. Eighteen 
 buildings are occupied by the town schools, whose value is about 
 !j?lf>0.000. There is a public school library of nearly 2.000 volumes; 
 and the Town Library and Heading boom, in the Soldiers' Memorial 
 Hall, has about lL',000 volumes. The "Tribune" and the " Ca/.ette,"' 
 weekly journals, are well adapted to their excellent field. The Con- 
 grcgationalists have three churches here; the Paptists, two; the 
 Methodists, two; the American Kpiscopal Church, one; the Uni- 
 vcrsa.lists, one; and the lloman Catholics, three. All are of wood. 
 
 The Old folks' Home is one of the institutions of the town, show- 
 ing its founders possessed of mi admirable human quality. Elm- 
 wood Opera House, an excellent building for its purpose, illustrates 
 another side of village character. The agricultural interests of the 
 county are localized here in the fine establishment of the Middlesex 
 
FBANELIX. 317 
 
 Agricultural Society ; and Lake View, in this place, is reckoned a 
 New England Chautauqua. 
 
 The Normal School has an elegant building with attractive 
 portico in front of its entire height, and is beautifully situated 
 among numerous trees on Bare Hill, in the central village. On 
 Mount Wait is the camp-ground of the Methodists ; and near at 
 hand is the State military parade ground. Harmony Grove, on the 
 shore of Farm Pond, has long been a noted picnic ground. An ex- 
 tensive and very handsome park, the property of David Nevins, is 
 courteously made tributary to the pleasure of the people, with cer- 
 tain proper restrictions. The cemeteries of the town, expecially the 
 largest, are beautiful places. Though all the villages of this town 
 have interesting features, the central village is specially attractive 
 for its finely shaded streets and handsome residences, with a certain 
 finish that can come only with o^p. The southern village, also, 
 has many fine places ; and the buildings and grounds have a well- 
 kept appearance ; while an unmistakable air of thrift gives a com- 
 fortable feeling even to the casual visitor. 
 
 In the Tax Act, as early as October 13, 1075, this tow^i was men- 
 tioned as " Framingham." For a long time previous to its incor- 
 poration as a town, which occurred June 'J~>, 17O0, the place was 
 familiarly known as ''Mr. Danforth's Farms.'' It had its name 
 from a town of this name in the county of Suffolk, England. Parts 
 of its territory were annexed at various dates to the towns of South- 
 borough and Marlborough, and a part was taken to form Ashland. It 
 also gained some territory from Holliston and Xatick. The Boston 
 and Albany Railroad was opened to this place in 183.1. Framing- 
 ham contributed freely her part* in men and money to the war for 
 the Union ; and the names of the 27 who fell are inscribed on a 
 marble tablet in the Memorial Hall. 
 
 On the 1st of February, 1676, a party of Indians, led on by Netus, 
 approached the house of Mr. Thomas Eames, on the southern slope 
 of Mount Wait, killed Mrs. Eames and three of her children, and, 
 after destroying the stores and buildings, carried the remaining five 
 or six children into captivity. Mr. Eames was absent from his 
 family at the time. A partial depression in the surface of the land, 
 with the surrounding apple-trees, still indicates the spot where this 
 massacre occurred. 
 
 The first church was organized Dec. 8, 1701 ; and, in the same 
 year, the Rev. John Swift was ordained as pastor. The church in 
 Saxonville was incorporated Feb. 23, 1827. 
 
 KronHin * s a progressive and pleasant town lying in the 
 r railK.HU 80ut h we st part of Norfolk County, 27 miles 
 southwest of Boston by the New York and New England Railroad, 
 whose main line passes through the midst of the town, while its 
 Woonsocket Division has a station at the northwest corner. The 
 town is bounded on the north by Medway, on the east by Norfolk 
 and Wrentham, on the south by the latter, and on the west by Bel- 
 lingham. 
 
818 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The assessed area is 15,<>29 acres. Of this 4.616 are covered 
 mainly with a growth of oak anl pine. The principal rock is 
 sienite, in which fine specimens of amethyst have been found. The 
 soil varies in different parts from a light sandy or gravelly loam to 
 a good heavy loam. Tins town is elevated, with a hilly region 
 bounding it on the south, and groups of hills extending from the 
 western side across the middle of the town. Near the centre are 
 three interesting sheets of water, — Uneas Pond, of 17 acres, Beaver, 
 of 2(1, and Population Pond, of 300. Mine Brook, their outlet, and 
 Shepherd Brook, in the eastern part of the town, discharge into the 
 Charles Kiver, which forms the northern boundary line ; both furnish- 
 ing | lower for various manufactories. 
 
 The largest of these are a rubber factory, two woollen mills, three 
 straw mil felt hat and bonnet lactones. Altogether, these employ 
 about 1,000 persons. There are two lumber mills, wooden box, boot 
 and shoe, carriage, machine, beet sugar and other small factories. 
 The product of textile fabrics in 1NS5 was ■S.'iO-l.TL'O; of straw goods 
 and other clothing, $610, 450 ; of food preparations, $71,913, The 
 aggregate value of the various goods made was $1,278,407. The 
 1N2 farms, in the same period, produced to the value ot $105,371. 
 The wood product ($18,568) and the vegetables ($20,740) were 
 items which exceed the usual proportion. There is a national bank 
 with a capital stock of $200,000; and the ''Benjamin Franklin 
 Savings Bank" deposits at the close of last vear amounted to 
 $5330.241. The valuation in Ihss was $2,154,900, with a tax-rate 
 of $15 on $1,(100. 
 
 The population was 3,983, including 000 voters. Thf numlierof 
 houses was 751'. The villages are Franklin, South Franklin and 
 Unionville, which are the post-offices; another is North Franklin, 
 closely joined to Medway Village; while Wadsworth's is the rail- 
 way station near South Franklin, and City Mills the station on 
 the town's eastern line. The central village contains many beauti- 
 ful private residences, several churches, Dean Academy, and the 
 high school and bank buildings. The common is an attractive 
 feature ; while the streets of this and other villages have numerous 
 shade trees, chiefly rock maples ; many of which are of 40 years' 
 growth. 
 
 The public schools are completely graded, and occupy eleven 
 buildings valued at nearly *.">0,000. The l>ean Academy was 
 founded in 1805 by the munificence of Oliver Pean, M.I)., who gave 
 a valuable site, and $135,000 in cash, for the establishment of the 
 institution. I'.y his will, the additional sum of 8110,000 is left to 
 be expended for school purposes; and it is supposed that the insti- 
 tution will receive nearly as much more from his estate. The first 
 building was burned duly ."51, 1*72; but another, still more beautiful 
 and commodious, has been erected, at an expense of Slot), 000. It is 
 in the care of the Universalis!, denomination. 
 
 The weekly papers of the town are the "Opinion" and the 
 "Sentinel." The Morse Opera House, Metcalf Block, and Bay's 
 1'ilock, are recent and handsome structures. The Universalist 
 
FEAXELLV. 319 
 
 church (rebuilt in 1887) is a fine edifice. The other churches arc 
 the two Congregationalist, the Baptist, the Methodist and the 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Franklin has a memorial of King Philip's War, of which the 
 tradition says that, in 1(>76, a party of about 42 Indians were sur- 
 prised by Captain Ware and a conmany of !."■ men from Wrentham. 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 In thpir alarm and confusion the savages fled, and some of them, 
 while seramhlin? down a rocky preoiniee, were overtaken and slain. 
 Tho ]oArro hoars the name "Tndian Rock." 
 
 A ctiumh wq,s organized here February 16, 1737; and the Rev. 
 F 1 i n s Haven, from Honkinton, was ordained pastor. He died in 
 17oi, and was followed by the Rev. Caleb Barnum ; who, in 1773, 
 wa.i sueeeeded bv the Rev. Nathaniel Fmmons. D.R He continued 
 in the pastorate fifty-fnur years. He wns ordained in a valley, in 
 the open air, the people standing around and above him ; therefore 
 
3^0 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 he was wont wittily to remark that he was ordained under instead 
 of over his people. 
 
 The town was incorporated March L', 177.S. When Dr. Franklin 
 was informed that it was to bear his name, and that the people 
 might be glad to receive a bell to call them to church, he said that 
 he presumed they "were more fond of sin.se than sound;" and he 
 there fore sent them a well-selected library of about 500 volumes, 
 which is still preserved. The Franklin Library Association now has 
 an excellent library of about .'5,000 volumes. 
 
 This town has produced several men of eminence : asTheron Met- 
 calf, born October 10, ITSt, an able jurist; Alexander Metcalf 
 Fisher, born 17! 4, and died April 22, lS'SJ, a noted mathematician 
 and scientist; Horace .Mann, LI.. I)., born -May -4, 17'MJ, and died 
 August 2, 1N.V.), a distinguished educationist ; William Makepeace 
 Thayer, D.D., born in lXL'O, author, e litor, and divine; and Albert 
 Deane Richardson, born is.;.'!, and died NovemberL'O. INC.), a journalist 
 and author. Lev. William M. Thayer, the author of many interest- 
 ing books for boys, is a resident of Franklin. 
 
 Free Ouarter, a village in Sandisfield. 
 
 f7 j. notable for its ledges and its large area of for- 
 
 I ICeiUWIl, esti lies in the eas terly part of Bristol County, 
 45 miles south of Boston by the Taunton and New Bedford Branch 
 of the Old Colony Railroad, which passes through the eastern part 
 of the town; while the Middleboro' and Fall Biver Branch passes 
 through Assonet village, in the northwestern part of the town. 
 The other villages and stations are East Freetown and Braley's. 
 
 The towns of Berkley and Lakeville bound it on the north ; the 
 latter and Rochester on the east; Acushnet, New Bedford, Dart- 
 mouth and Fall Liver on the south; and on the west is Somerset, 
 separated by Taunton Liver, and a southern projection of Berkley, 
 between which and Freetown is Assonet Lay. The assessed area is 
 21,275 acres. Two thirds of this are forest, composed mostly of 
 pine, oak and chestnut. The geological structure is granite. 
 
 The soil is loamy, and large crops of cranberries and strawberries 
 are raised. Of the last, in 18*5, there were 40,'JOS quarts sent to 
 market. Many bees are kept also ; and in some years the sales of 
 honey have amounted to .51,000. The aggregate product of the (»o 
 farms was .KiH8,787. Many persons are engaged in preparing wood 
 and charcoal for market, and in lumbering. There are five saw 
 mills, one of which is devoted to making box-boards. The largest 
 establishment is the Crystal Spring Bleaching and Dyeing Company, 
 which employs about 200 persons. There is one gun factory, era- 
 ploying L'5 or more workmen. Other manufactures are mixed tex- 
 tiles, leather, flour and meal, meats, and stone. The aggregate value 
 of manufactures in 1N85 was #1 05,1 iOl. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $854,451; and the tax !?'.». 50 on $1,000. The population is 1,457; 
 and there are .'!!><> legal voters. 
 
 There are seven public school-houses, valued at $7,000. The 
 
FBEXV1I RIVER — GALLOPS ISLA.VD. 321 
 
 Congregationalists and the Friends each, have a church hero, and the 
 Christian denomination has three. 
 
 The Indian name of this town was Assonet. The original set- 
 tlers called it "Freemen's Land;'' and in July, 1G83, it was incor- 
 porated under its present name. The earliest records of the town 
 are lost. The Pev. "William AVay, the first minister, was invited 
 here in 1704, "to educate and instruct children in reading and writ- 
 ing, and to dispense the gospel to the town's acceptance." 
 
 There is a noted medicinal spring here called " The Pool.*' Forge 
 Pond is a pretty sheet of water about one mile by one third in area. 
 Long Pond, lying partly in Lakeville, is about seven miles long and 
 two or three wide. There are several beautiful localities in this 
 town ; and in times past much care lias been taken to adorn the 
 grounds about the better residences and the village streets. These 
 are shaded with numerous elms, which have been growing thriftily 
 for fifty years. The town-hall is the largest of the later edifices. 
 
 Freetown lost but one man of those sent into the war for the Union. 
 The most eminent men accredited to this town are Marcus Morton, 
 (1774—1864), a governor of the Commonwealth in 1 S4< > — 1 1 and 
 1843-4; William K. Alger (ls'SJ), a distinguished clergyman and 
 author; and Gen. Ebenezer \Y. Peirce (lML'2), author and soldier. 
 
 T7" "L "D j V pr " ses * n ^P enf, ' , '> Leicester and Paxtnn, 
 
 J/ICllCIl IvlVCl anc j ; flowing south, niters the Quinno- 
 
 baug River in Thompsonville, Connecticut. The river derives its 
 
 name from the circumstance that in 10X5 some French Protestants 
 
 settled upon its shores. 
 
 French Village, in<>uinry. 
 
 Fresh Brook Village, inWeimeet. 
 
 Fresh Pond, inBeimont. 
 
 Fresh Water Cove Village, in Gloucester. 
 
 Frye, a village in Andover. 
 Fryeville, in Orange; also in Bolton. 
 
 Fullerville, in Clinton. 
 
 T7 a village in Easton; also one in Hardwick, and 
 
 r Umace, one } n orange. 
 
 Furnace Pond, in Brookfield and North Brookfield. 
 
 GallopS Island, in Boston Harbor. 
 
822 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Gannett's Corner, & village in situate. 
 
 r^nrrlnfr is a brisk and enterprising town in the northerly 
 
 vJcUUllCI part of Worcester < 'ounty, <»5 miles from Boston, 
 and 25 miles from Worcester, by the 1- 'itchburg Railroad. By the 
 Winchester Branch it has connection with the Montreal Railroad, 
 while the Cheshire Railroad connects it with the Connecticut River 
 railroads in .New Hampshire and Vermont. Winchendon bounds it 
 on the northwest, Ashburnham on the northeast, Westminster on 
 the southeast, Hubbardston and Templeton on the southwest, and 
 the latter on the west. The assessed area is 12,55* acres. 
 
 Upwards of 2,000 acres are occupied principally by oak, pine, 
 chestnut, maple and birch, with some spruce, hemlock and cedar, — 
 the latter imparting an alpine aspect to upland forests. Parker's 
 Hill and Greenwood's Hill, near the centre, and Barber's Hill near 
 South Gardner village, are most notable eminences. Crystal Lake, 
 of 216 acres, near the centre, and South Gardner Fond, of equal size, 
 are the largest natural reservoirs ; and there are also several small 
 ponds, nearly all well stocked with fluvial fish. The town has many 
 scenes of unusual beauty. The geological basis of the town is ferru- 
 ginous gneiss, which crops out in many ledges ; and the surface gen- 
 erally is rocky and uneven. 
 
 The farms, numbering about '.10, are enclosed with stone walls; 
 and though of gravelly soil generally, they are quite productive. 
 The dairy product is proportionately very large, being, in 1885, 
 $40,034 ; while the entire farm product was but S92.47<>. There 
 are several small water-powers on the outlets of the ponds, and 
 on Otter River ; the latter flowing through the southern part of the 
 town, then forming a considerable length of its western boundary line. 
 The capital of the town is chiefly invested in the manufacture of 
 chairs and settees of rattan and of various woods. There are up- 
 wards of a dozen of these factories, employing nearly 2.000 persons. 
 There are also several shoe, tool, toy, wooden-ware, carriage and 
 other factories, stone quarries, lumber and grain mills and brick- 
 yards. The furniture made in the last census year reached the value 
 of $1,699,067; the aggregate of manufactures being valued at 
 $2,046,343. The First National Bank of this place has a capital of 
 $150,000; and the savings bank at the close of last year, had 
 deposits to the amount of Sl,02(i,;i24. The valuation in 1SSS was 
 $3,889,540; with a tax of .$17 on .Sl.ooo. The population was 
 7,283, of whom 1,(»UN were voters. The number of dwelling-houses 
 was 1,252. 
 
 The schools are all graded, and occupy ten buildings valued at 
 about $50,000. There are nine libraries accessible to the people. — 
 the Cardner Fublic, a circulating and a church library, several Sun- 
 day-school libraries, — containing some 0,000 volumes in the aggre- 
 gate. The town sustains three weekly newspapers, which, in their 
 turn, are devoted to the interests of the people. There are eight 
 churches in the town,— one to every 900 inhabitants. They are 
 
GATE'S CROSSING— GAY HEAD. 323 
 
 a Congregationalist, a Unitarian, Baptist, Methodist, Universalist, 
 American Episcopal, and two Roman Catholic. 
 
 Gardner Village, especially, has many handsome residences and 
 public buildings. Some of the shade-trees along the streets are 
 attaining magnitude as well as beauty. The maple is the favorite 
 here. 
 
 Gardner was formed of parts of Ashburnham, Templeton, West- 
 minster and Winchendon (in which a part of its history will be 
 found), and incorporated June 27, 1785. Its name is an honorable 
 memorial to Colonel Thomas Gardner, who fell in the battle of 
 Bunker Hill. The Bev. John Osgood, ordained in 1791, served this 
 town for nearly 30 years in the capacity of a minister, physician, 
 and school teacher. He was succeeded in 1824 by the Bev. Sumner 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Among the valued citizens belonging to an earlier day, may be 
 mentioned Levi Heywood, Charles Hey wood, S. K. Pierce, Amasa 
 Bancroft, 8. W. Bancroft, T. E. Glazier and Francis Richardson. 
 
 w3.lC S l^rOSSing, a village in Leominster. 
 
 /"" . T-J^orl * s a new an( ^ sma ^ town embracing the penin- 
 
 Kj<xy jncdU. su j a f orme( j by Squibnocket and Menemsha 
 ponds, constituting the western extremity of -Martha's Vineyard. 
 These ponds are fed from the sea, with which they communicate by 
 short creeks. Chilmark bounds this town on the east, beiii^' sepa- 
 rated from it by the ponds, except for a bridge passing over the 
 creek connecting them, and the isthmus at the southwest formed by 
 Squibnocket Beach. On the north is Vineyard Sound, with the long 
 line of the Elizabeth Islands interposing between it and Buzzard's 
 Bay ; far to the northwest and west is the dim line of the Rhode 
 Island and Connecticut shores ; on the south is the illimitable ocean, 
 its expanse broken only by the speck of Noman's Land, a few miles 
 away. 
 
 In general extent, the town is three by three and one half miles. 
 The entire superficial area is about 2,400 acres ; the assessed area 
 being 1,255 acres. The place was naturally nearly destitute of trees, 
 but by care there are now nearly 150 acres of oak, beech and walnut. 
 The geological formation is miocene tertiary. At the western extrem- 
 ity, the wild and fantastic cliff, Gay Head, rises to the height of 134 
 feet above the sea. This is crowned by a lighthouse, whose 1 intern is 
 173 feet above the water. The point affords splendid viow3 of Vine- 
 yard Sound, the Elizabeth Islands, and the nearer shores of the main- 
 land. 
 
 This cliff is an extensive field of study for the geologist, ami is full 
 of interest for the intelligent visitor. " A section across Gay II" 1 1," 
 says Prof. Hitchcock, "four fifths of a mile long, displays twenty - 
 three bright-colored bands of clay, sand and conglomerate, lignite 
 and iron ore. The clays are white, blood-red, dull-red, yellow and 
 green." The conglomerates contain fragments of bones and of teeth, 
 
:jk 
 
 GAY HKAD, MARTHA'S VINEYARB. 
 
GAY HEAD. 325 
 
 cemented to the stones." Cut into innumerable forms by the inces- 
 sant action of the sea, this beetling headland, belted with rainbow 
 colors, awakens the admiration of all who approach the coast, and 
 presents a lesson of profound significance to the scientist. The 
 " Devil's Den," at this place, is a natural depression in the form of a 
 bowl. It is about 1,200 feet in circumference and 100 feet deep, but is 
 open toward the sea. It has the appearance of being the crater of 
 an extinct volcano. " Here," says an Indian legend, resided the giant 
 Maushope. Here he broiled the whale on fires made of the cedars 
 which he tore up by the roots. After separating Roman's Land from 
 Gay Head, changing his wife into an ugly rock on Saconet Point, and 
 performing other supernatural feats, he left the island." The Indians 
 may have been led to construct this legend from finding fossil skele- 
 tons of huge sea-animals here, and from believing the black lignite 
 to be the remains of huge fires. 
 
 Beside the salt ponds mentioned are several small fresh ponds, in 
 one of which white lilies grow. The land is undulating, having a 
 loamy and quite fertUe soil. There are about 30 farms and 34 houses. 
 The farm products in 1885 aggregated $4,801. Articles for building 
 purposes were produced here to the value of S30(>; and certain food 
 preparations to $340. The fisheries yielded, for cod and lobsters 
 chiefly, the sum of $2,442. A further income is derived by some of 
 the Indians from the sale of baskets, shell ornaments, and other small 
 articles, to summer visitors. The valuation in 1888 was §20,059, with 
 a tax-rate of $ 10 on $1,000. The town has 47 legal voters. The popu- 
 lation is 186, consisting chiefly of Indians, the remnant of the origi- 
 nal occupants of the island. There is one school-house, valued at 
 about $350. The Sunday school has a library of nearly 300 books. 
 A Baptist society has existed here from a very early date ; and they 
 have a small church edifice. 
 
 Xext to the cliffs, the most interesting object here is the lighthouse 
 — the finest, probably, on the American coast, containing a light of 
 surpassing beauty and power. It is of French manufacture, and was 
 one of the exhibits at the World's Fair in London. " It is made up of 
 1003 pieces of glass, so arranged as to concentrate the rays of light at 
 a vast distance ; and at 20 miles away it is as sure a beacon to the 
 80,000 passing vessels that annually welcome its appearance, as it is 
 within a stone's throw of the cliff upon which it stands. The light is 
 made by a succession of wicks, one above and within the other ; and 
 into these three gallons of oil are pumped nightly. Some idea of the 
 size of the lens may be derived from the statement that eight persons 
 may stand within it and each have ample elbow-room. . . . The lens 
 revolves, giving an interval of darkness in the otherwise steady stream 
 of brilliant light and also alternating the colors white and red, caus- 
 ing a flashing and varied light that more surely arrests the attention 
 than would one entirely uniform. 
 
 After many years as a district, this place was incorporated as a 
 town April 30, 1870 ; taking its name very properly from its celebrated 
 promontory. 
 
 The Kcv. Thomas Jeffers was the last minister to the Indians of 
 
326 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 this place, and died here August 30, 1818, aged 76 years. He was (pre- 
 sumedly) the ancestor of Thomas deffers, the present clerk of the town 
 of Gay Head. Deacon Simon Johnson and Zaccheus Howwaswel 
 were also highly esteemed citizens. 
 
 Georges Island, ^f™ Harbor ' is occupied by Fort 
 
 f* p>nrcrp1"nwn ' s a P ros P erous agricultural and manufactur- 
 
 VjcUrgclUWIl m ^ t own - ln the central part of Essex County, 
 31 miles north of Boston by the Danvers and Newburyport Railroad; 
 the Haverhill Branch forming a junction with this at the Georgetown 
 station. The other stations are South Georgetown and Byfield ; and 
 the other villages are South Byfield and Marlboro. 
 
 Georgetown is bounded on the northwest by Groveland, northeast 
 by Newbury, southeast by Rowley, and southwest by Boxford. The 
 assessed area is 7,548 acres. The flora is varied ; and in the 2,285 acres 
 of forest there appears nearly or quite every kind of indigenous tree 
 found in New England. The soil is very good, with a clay bottom. 
 The rock is sienite. The land is undulating; and at the west is a 
 hill called Bald Pate (said to be the highest in Essex County), which 
 commands a splendid view of the surrounding country. The land- 
 scape is beautified by Pentucket and Rock ponds, somewhat north of 
 the central village, about 200 and 150 acres respectively, and 
 Sorag or Bald Pate Pond, near the western border, also of nearly 200 
 acres. Hesseltine Brook, from Boxford, discharges into the western 
 pond ; and this into the next, which in turn empties into Pentucket 
 Pond, whose outlet is Parker's River, which reaches the sea at Plum 
 Island, east of Newbury. 
 
 These streams afford some motive power in Georgetown, which 
 has served to run three saw mills and a flouring mill. The principal 
 business at present is shoemaking, for which there are ten factories. 
 About 1,000 persons are employed. There are also a woollen mill, 
 two or three carriage factories, cordage, furniture, wearing apparel, 
 metallic goods and food establishments, two or three tanneries, stone 
 quarries, and other industries, whose aggregate product, for the year 
 of the last Industrial Report, reached the value of $< '.(58,837. The 
 farms number 172, but are generally small. Their largest products pro- 
 portionally were wood, vegetables and fruit; the latter including cran- 
 berries and strawberries. There were sold of the last 41.300 quarts, 
 amounting to !#■'{,!>(> I. The aggregate farm product was :?'.i4.79b' The 
 Georgetown National Bank has a capital of £.">0.O00. The savings 
 bank, at the close of last year, held deposits to the amount of S408.S.U. 
 Tim valuation of the town in 1KSS was xl.01o.04'.! ; with a tax of 
 *l.-..r>(> on * 1,000. 
 
 The population is 2,22!), — (1 1 T> being voters ; and these find shelter 
 in 4 82 dwelling-houses ol ampin proportions. The principal villages 
 are handsomely built, and have their streets beautifully shaded in 
 part by elm, maple and horse-chestnut, mostly of forty years' growth. 
 There are a good town-hall, and a public library building, presented, to- 
 gether with .'{,(1(11) volumes, by the late George 1'e.abody ; whose sister, 
 
GERMAXTOWX—UILL. 327 
 
 Mrs. J. R, Daniels, was resident in the town. The library has now 
 grown to about 7,000 volumes. The schools are all graded, and occu- 
 py eleven buildings, valued at about $15,000. The " Georgetown Ad- 
 vocate " is an enterprising journal, and has the favorable regard of 
 the people. 
 
 The Memorial Congregational Church, of beautiful design in the 
 Norman style, and constructed of brick with freestone trimmings, 
 was erected by George Peabody and his sister in memory of their 
 mother. The other Congregational churches are the First and the 
 Byfield. There are also one Baptist and a Eoman Catholic church. 
 The most noticeable mortuary monuments are that to the 
 memory of Mr. John Perley, constructed of Italian marble, and 
 one of granite to the 49 Georgetown soldiers lost of the 123 sent 
 into the late war. This town, it is said, was represented on fourteen 
 battle-fields for the Union. 
 
 For a long period Georgetown remained a part of the town of Row- 
 ley, and was known as " New Rowley." It was not incorporated 
 under its present name until April 21, 1838. The Rev. James 
 Chandler, first pastor, was ordained October 18, 1732, and died 
 April 16, 1788. He was followed by the Rev. Isaac Braman, who was 
 ordained June 7, 1797, and died December 26, 1858 ; making these 
 two terms of the pastoral office more than 116 years. 
 
 Among the leading citizens held in eminent esteem by the commu- 
 nity is Mr. John Perley, who left $50,000 to found a school in the 
 town, to be called " The Perley Institute." 
 
 r~- >,„., 4- ,-.„,*-, a village in Clinton ; also one in Dedham 
 
 Lxermantown, and 01 f e in Quincv- 
 
 was incorporated as a town October 26, 1786 ; and the 
 name changed to Phillipston February 5, 1814. 
 
 Gerry 
 
 GilbertVllle, in Hardwick. 
 
 GJ11 is a very beautiful town lying in the north central part 
 1" of Franklin County, 97 miles from Boston by the Fitch- 
 burg Railroad, which runs along its south side, with Connecticut 
 River between. The New London and Northern Railroad (Vermont 
 and Massachusetts) has a similar position on the eastern side, while 
 the Connecticut River Railroad sweeps about it on the west and 
 northwest, separated from it on the west by Fall River; so that, 
 as to both rivers and railroads, the town is a peninsula. 
 
 Bernardston and Northfield bound it on the north, the latter on 
 the east, Montague on the south, and Greenfield on the west; the 
 rivers mentioned forming the dividing lines, except on the north. 
 The assessed area is 8,061 acres ; being six miles in length and 
 nearly that in width. About one quarter of its area is forest, com- 
 posed mainly of oak, maple, hickory and chestnut. The geological 
 basis of the northern portion of the town is conglomerate and calcar- 
 eous gneiss, with sandstone about the Connecticut on the south side. 
 
GILL. 329 
 
 On a promontory setting diagonally into this river and forming the 
 southernmost part of the town, are found in the sandstone the gigan- 
 tic bird-tracks which have been the subject of so much attention. • 
 
 The surface of the town is charmingly diversified. Stacy Moun- 
 tain, in the sharp bend of the Connecticut in the southeast, com- 
 mands a delightful view of the river with its green intervales and 
 islands, Black Eocks at its southern base, Miller's Falls a little west- 
 ward, and, all about, the vast amphitheatre of mountain ridges. 
 From Darby Hill, rising beautifully from the margin of the river at 
 the middle of the eastern line of the town, and from Grass Hill at 
 the northern angle, are other admirable prospects. Woodward's 
 Brook drains the northern part ; and Otter Pond and Lily Fond, at 
 the north and the south, with two or three small ponds at the centre, 
 glimmer like gems among the hills. The celebrated Turner's Falls 
 are in the river at the southwest, between this town and the village 
 in Montague, with which there is direct connection by a magnificent 
 suspension bridge some 500 feet in length. 
 
 Here are the town's largest manufactories, the mills of the Tur- 
 ner's Falls Lumber Company, and the Fibre Pulp Manufactory. 
 There are also a carriage factory and a stone quarry, with some other 
 small industries. The aggregate product in 1885 amounted to 
 §120,810. There is a very good soil — loam overlying clay. In addi- 
 tion to the usual crops, broom-corn and tobacco have been largely 
 cultivated. The farms number 108 ; and the product, in the year 
 mentioned, reached the value of .5140,733. The valuation of the 
 town in 1888 was $433,633; with a tax-rate of $13.10 on $1,000. 
 The population is 860, finding shelter in 163 dwelling-houses. 
 
 There is a town-hall, and a public library of some 2,000 volumes, 
 while the Mt. Hermon School for Boys has about 1,5<K). This flour- 
 ishing institution occupies eight buildings, at the village which bears 
 its name ; its property being valued at $72,500. This is one of the 
 schools founded by the influence of Moody the evangelist. The 
 town has good primary and grammar schools, occupying seven build- 
 ings. The post-offices are Gill and Riverside. The Congregation- 
 alists and Methodists have churches here. The town sent 66 men 
 into the war for the Union, of whom four were lost. 
 
 This place, originally the easterly part of Greenfield, was named 
 in honor of Lieut-Governor Moses Gill; and was incorporated Sep- 
 tember 28, 1793. A part of Xorthfield was annexed to it February 
 2.H, 1705; and Great Island, in Connecticut River, March 14, 1805. 
 The Rev. John Jackson, the first minister, was settled here in 17'J8. 
 
 On the 18th of May, 1076, Captain Turner, with 160 men, suddenly 
 attacked a body of Indians encamped around the falls, since named 
 for him, and slew about 300 of the enemy. His own loss was about 
 37 men. Aroused from their slumber, the Indians rushed to the 
 river, exclaiming, " Mohawks, Mohawlcs ! " and many were swept 
 down the cataract, and lost. Others were killed upon the margin 
 of the stream. 
 
 aonrlolo a village in Stockbridge; also one in Wilbra- 
 enuaie, ham _ 
 
330 a A'/Jcn i:j:i: of Massachusetts. 
 
 GleniTiere, a village in Lynn. 
 
 ' GlenWOOcl, a village in Bedford. 
 
 Globe Village, in Fall River; also in Stockbridge. 
 
 C T s~\ T T f "ET Q ^T T7 T? ^ on g celebrated as a fishing-port, 
 ^-* J-» v-7 VJ v^ I-' O I Lli IV, OCCU j,; t , s the larger part of Cape 
 
 Ann, the easterly extremity of Essex County, and is about 30 miles 
 from Boston, on a branch of the Eastern Division of the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad. Its boundaries are Annisquam Harbor and the 
 ocean on the north, Rockport and the ocean on the east, Massachu- 
 setts Bay upon the south, and Manchester and Essex on the west 
 The full area, including highways, water surfaces, and waste land, is 
 36 square miles — about 23,00( > acres ; the assessed area being but 
 9,823 acres. 
 
 The town is quite irregular in form, being indented by inlets, 
 creeks and harbors, and is almost divided by a broad, irregular, branch- 
 ing inlet extending southward from Annisquam Harbor nearly to 
 Gloucester Harbor on the south side of the peninsula, and connected 
 with it by "The Cut." Over this the carriage road passes by a 
 bridge some 500 feet in length ; while the railroad crosses a broader 
 part of the frith about a mile northward. 
 
 A short distance eastward, at the head of Gloucester Harbor, is the 
 principal village, the city proper. The long peninsula of East Glou- 
 cester separates the harbor from the ocean, aud has, on its southern 
 shore, the noted summer resort of Bass Rocks and Good Harbor 
 Beach, and, on its northern, the fishing village of East Gloucester. 
 Midway of the township, on Mill River, an eastern arm of Squam 
 River, is the little village of Riverside, with a quaint mill and thrifty 
 farms. On the western side of Squam River, near the centre of the 
 township, is West Gloucester village, with its craggy hills of sienite, 
 and charming vales between, marked with salt inlets and sparkling 
 brooks. A mile westward on the railroad is Magnolia station, whence 
 a fine carriage road winds southward to the shore through a region of 
 the southern magnolia, or sweet bay, a tree elsewhere unknown in 
 New England. Gloucester has about 1,000 acres of forest, almost 
 exclusively of pines, except, here; though shrubs and plants are 
 in great variety. Eastward from Magnolia, on the shore, is Rate's 
 Itock; and not far beyond is the little island named "Norman's 
 Woe,'' marking the western side of the entrance of Gloucester har- 
 bor; while Kast.ern Point, with its light, marks the eastern side. 
 I'p the harbor, on " Ten Pound Island," is the inner light. Within 
 its illumination, aud west, of " The Cut,'' is Fresh Water Cove, with 
 its dwellings, like heads strung along the main road to the city 
 proper. Other localities are Cambridge Avenue, Kenwood, Folly 
 Cove Village and .loppa. 
 
 l'roni the elevation between East Gloucester village and Bass 
 Koeks there is a lino view of the city proper and the harbor, and 
 
GLOUCESTER. 
 
 331 
 
 of the granite hills and dense -woods of the interior, with here and 
 there a green field to brighten 
 the picture. Rail-cut Hill, in 
 the eastern section, 205 feet in 
 height, overtops all others in 
 Gloucester, and affords sea- 
 views on all sides except the 
 western. Several pretty little 
 ponds of fresh water are vis- 
 ible, — Fernwood, Niles', Cape, 
 and Dikes Meadow Pond, which 
 is the source of water supply 
 for the city proper. Four or 
 five miles away at the north- 
 west is the shining line of 
 Annisquam Beach, 3 miles in 
 length. Eastward are Annis- 
 quam Village, with its great 
 bowlders and Rocking Stone, 
 then Bayview, favorite sum- 
 mer resorts ; and further still, 
 at the northeastern extremity 
 of the town, is Lanesville. In 
 the broad space between the 
 last two and this hill, appear 
 here and there above the lower 
 trees the tops of the tall der- 
 ricks marking the locality of 
 the vast granite quarries of this 
 peninsula. 
 
 The soil here has some clay, 
 generally more or less deeply 
 overlaid with sand or sandy \ 
 loam ; yet in some parts it is i 
 quite fertile. The greenhouse ( 
 product is large proportion- 
 ately; also that of berries, i 
 The crop of cranberries, in 1885, | 
 amounted to $1,216, and that I 
 of strawberries to $3,590. The j 
 aggregate product of the 80 
 farms was $134,981. The man- 
 ufactures of Gloucester are in 
 great variety, the establish- 
 ments numbering 332, and con- 
 sisting chiefly of articles con- 
 necting with shipbuilding, 
 navigation, and the fisheries, 
 and articles prepared from fish. 
 The largest establishments are 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 - -Mb 
 
 Mm 
 
 
 
 lllilil 
 
 HI 
 
 
 MEMORIAL MONUMENT TO FREEDOM, 
 CITY HALL GROUNDS. 
 
>/32 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the net and twine factory, employing 125 persons, a hammock 
 factory employing 50, and a shoe factory employing 75. The aggre- 
 gate product of all these, in the last census year, amounted to 
 §5,970,5N0. Nearly four millions of dollars were invested in the 
 fisheries ; and the product of these was §2,007,164. There were 
 engaged in this pursuit 388 schooners and four sloops, having a 
 tonnage of 20,12.'! ; together with 1,393 dories, 207 sail-boats, and 
 other craft. 'J he largest catch was of cod, amounting to 81,057,137. 
 Haddock amounted to §155,375 ; halibut, to §449.192; and mackerel, 
 §,S59,02*. Of shellfish, clams brought §4.300, and lobsters, $4,966. 
 There was also a large sum realized from fish products for food, 
 fertilizers, oil, etc. The mercantile vessels were seven schooners 
 and three steam vessels, engaged in coastwise business ; but the for- 
 eign imports are not as large as formerly. The city has four 
 national banks, whose aggregate capital is §800,000; and the savings 
 bank, at the close of last year, held in deposits the sum of §1,943,431. 
 The dwelling-houses number 3,065; and the population is 21,703, of 
 whom 4,K"i-' are voters. The valuation of the city in 1888 was 
 §12,991,498 ; and the tax-rate §17.50 on §1,000. 
 
 In the city proper the buildings are largely of brick. Perhaps the 
 finest edifices, if not the most interesting, are the new High School 
 house (erected at a cost of about §90,000). the old High School 
 house, the Police Court-house and the Armory, the Old Ladies' 
 Home, and the churches. One of these — Saint Aune's — is of stone, 
 of pure Oothic architecture and of very handsome interior. This and 
 one other in the villages are Roman Catholic. The Congregational- 
 ists have four churches ; the American Episcopal Church, one; the 
 .Methodist Episcopal, four; the Unitarians, one; the Baptists, three; 
 and the Universalists, four. There is a free library of nearly 10,000 
 volumes, two association, two circulating, and 14 Sunday-school lib- 
 raries. The schools are completely graded, and occupy 23 buildings, 
 valued at about §300,000. The city is well supplied with newspa- 
 pers and journals, the names of which are. — the " Gloucester Daily 
 Times,"' "Cape Ann Evening Breeze" (daily), and the weeklies,. — 
 the " Cape Ann Bulletin," '• Advertiser" and " Clipper.'' 
 
 The Indian names of this place were Wi/m/aers/ieek and Trabaga- 
 zavila ; and the friendly JUaseoiiomca was the chief of the tribe 
 which dwelt here on the arrival of the English. A fishing station 
 and a farming station were begun here as early as 1024; and, in the 
 enshig year, Koger Conant came to superintend the stations. This 
 company removed to Salem in 1020; and soon afterwards the Rev. 
 Richard lUynman, an ejected minister of \Vales, with about 50 
 others, made a permanent settlement. 
 
 The first vessel (if the kind which bears the name of "schooner" 
 is said to have been constructed here about the year 1714. 
 
 The town was bombarded for several hours by the Hritish sloop- 
 ol'-war " Falcon " on the Nth id' August, 1775, which directed its fire 
 principally upon the meeting-house, and caused considerable damage 
 to the building. Captain Joseph Rogers, with his company of min- 
 ute-men, aided by Colonel .loseph Foster, met the enemy," captured 
 
GLOUCESTEB. 
 
 333 
 
 four boats, a small tender, a prize schooner, and forty men, and com- 
 pelled '• The Falcon " to -withdraw. Two Americans named Lurvey 
 and Rowe, and two British seamen, were killed in the fight On 
 the 8th of September, 1814, the town was again assailed by the Brit- 
 ish frigate " Tenedos," which, after losing a barge and 13 men, 
 retired, without having done much damage. 
 
 Gloucester furnished about 1,500 men for the army and navy dur- 
 ing the war of the Slavehold- 
 ers' Rebellion, losing about 100. 
 Two monuments to perpetuate 
 their fame have been erected 
 in the town. 
 
 The first meeting-house here 
 
 was built in 1639 ; the first 
 
 church was organized in 1642, 
 
 and the Rev. Richard Blynman 
 
 was the first pastor. The Uni- 
 
 versalist society, the first in 
 
 the country, was formed here, 
 
 under the preaching of the Rev. 
 
 John Murray, in 1774. Glou- 
 cester was incorporated as a 
 
 town May 22, 1639, being 
 
 named for a city in England, 
 
 whence many of the settlers 
 
 had come. It was incorporated 
 
 as a city April 2*, 1 873. 
 
 Among the eminent names 
 
 of Gloucester are these : Col. 
 
 Paul Dudley Sargent (1745- 
 
 1828), a brave Revolutionary 
 
 officer; Jonathan Haraden 
 
 (1745-1803), a distinguished 
 
 naval commander ; Winthrop 
 
 Sargent (1753-1820), a states- 
 man and soldier; Col. Henry 
 
 Sargent (1770-1845), a skilful 
 
 artist; Samuel Gilman, D.D. 
 
 (1791-1858), a noted clergyman, 
 
 scholar and writer; John Os- 
 borne Sargent (1810), an able 
 
 lawyer and journalist, author soldiers' monument at lanesville. 
 
 of "Improvements in Naval 
 
 Warfare," and other works ; Edwin Percy Whipple (1819), a noted 
 •J" essayist and lecturer; William Winter (1836), a popular poet; and 
 
 Hons. John J. Babson, Addison Gilbert and Gorham P. Low. 
 
 r^\ > f* n ~~~~ a locality in the Dorchester district 
 
 Ulover s Corner, of Bost ^ 
 
 
834 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Goodman Hill, in Sudbury, 415 feet in height. 
 
 fnncpKprrv Nerk the 80uthern extremity of West- 
 OOOSeDeiry INeLK, port und of Bristol County. 
 
 Gore District, a village in Webster. 
 
 GL is a small farming town in the northwest part of 
 
 OSnCIl i£ aln p S hi r e County, having Ashfield on the north, 
 Williamsburg on the east, Chesterfield by a serrated line on the 
 south, and the same and Cummington on the west. The land is 
 mountainous and broken. More's Hill, in the northeast angle, has 
 an altitude of 1,713 feet. The town is rich in minerals, having a 
 fine granite quarry, and furnishing specimens more or less abundant 
 of tin ore, galena, graphite, granite, spodumene, blue and green 
 tourmaline, smoky quartz, beryl, zoisite, mica, albite, and colunibite. 
 It is a delightful field for the mineralogist. Mill and Rogers' 
 brooks flow around a beautiful eminence in the easterly part of the 
 town, and thence into Jlill River. Stone's Brook, which glides 
 through Lily Pond, and Swift River, running through the westerly 
 part of the town, are affluents of Westfield River. The otter, mink, 
 fox and raccoon are common here ; and the Canada lynx sometimes 
 makes the town a visit. Grouse are very numerous, and trout are 
 abundant. 
 
 The town has 68 farms, including 10,-71 acres; and the people 
 are engaged in raising neat cattle, sheep, corn, potatoes, oats, hay, 
 fruit and tobacco, and in preparing wood and lumber for market 
 Honey and maple-sugar should be named among the valuable pro- 
 ductions. The aggregate products of the town in 1HS."> were $59,- 
 688. The town has two saw mills, one post-office, a good town-hall, 
 four school-houses, one Adventist church and a Congregational 
 church organized December 21, 17M). Twenty-four soldiers, of 
 whom seven lost their lives, went from this town to the late war. 
 
 Goshen was named from an old Hebrew town, the term meaning 
 "approaching." It was incorporated Mav 14, 17S1. The valuation 
 in 1888 was |l34,133, with a tax-rate of SI 7 on *1.000. The dwel- 
 ling-houses numbered 74; there were '.Hi voters; and the entire 
 population was .'{30. Williamsburg, five miles southeast, on the New 
 York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, is the nearest station. 
 
 r^ncnnl rl in Dukes County, consists of what are known as 
 UUbllUlU, th(> Eii za i„, t h islands (thirteen in number on the 
 maps), extending i'ruin Woods Holl in Falmouth, southwesterly, and 
 giving form to Buzzard's liay and Vineyard Sound. These islands 
 constitute, as it were, a beautiful chain, divided into sections by 
 narrow spares, and terminating in a point at Cnttyhunk. It is easy 
 to imagine that they were once united in a long peninsula. 
 
 Commencing at the northeast, they succeed each other somewhat 
 in the following order, — Nonamesset, which is about a mile and a 
 quarter long and crowned by an eminence called " Mount Sod" in 
 
GOSXOLD. 335 
 
 the southwest ; Uncatena, which forms with it Hadley Harbor, in 
 the north ; Ram Islands and Wepecket Islands ; Naushon, the 
 largest of the whole group, seven and a half miles long, and a mile 
 and a quarter broad, having Tarpaulin Cove in its southeast, and 
 Kettle Cove in its northwest centre ; Pasque Island, separated from 
 Naushon by Robinson's Hole ; Nashawena, three miles and a quarter 
 long and a mile and a quarter wide ; Gull Island ; Penakese (also 
 called formerly Pune Island), comprising about 100 acres ; and 
 Cuttyhunk, which is two and a half miles long and somewhat less 
 than one mile wide. As an aid to the memory, these names have 
 been put into rhyme, as follows : — 
 
 " Cuttyhunk and Penakese, 
 Nashawena, Pasquenese, 
 Great Naushon, Nonamesset, 
 Uncatena and Wepecket." 
 
 There are said to be really sixteen islands ; but others are too 
 small to be generally known. The soil of these islands is very good, 
 and well adapted to sheep husbandry. The climate is mild and the 
 air salubrious. Seen at a distance, their picturesque outlines and 
 green hills, rising above the sea, appear very charming; and the 
 view of the Vineyard Sound, alive with vessels, from the headlands 
 of Naushon, has hardly a parallel on our coast. There is a peculiar 
 softness and richness in the scenery of these islands, arising per- 
 haps from the geological formation (miocene tertiary), which cannot 
 be described, but which a landscape-painter can appreciate, and 
 which imparts a kind of silent joy to the breast of the visitor, 
 although unconscious of the cause. There is a beautiful sheet of 
 water, called "Mary's Lake," in the northerly part of Naushon; 
 and another sheet of fresh water, of 55 acres, in the southwesterly 
 part. There is also a large body of fresh water, called " Gosnold's 
 Pond," in the southwesterly angle of Cuttyhunk. 
 
 The assessed area of this town is 8,488 acres, which includes 3,448 
 acres of woodland. These islands contain but here and there a 
 human habitation, except at Tarpaulin Cove, on the south side, on 
 Naushon, where there is a lighthouse, and one other point, — 
 Cuttyhunk, where there is a lighthouse and a Methodist church. 
 The whole number of dwellings is 39. The entire population is but 
 122, — a gain of seven, however, since 1870. There were only rive 
 farms reported in the last census (1885). The number of neat cattle 
 was 76 ; of horses 8 ; and of sheep 3,770. The aggregate farm 
 product was $8,488. A large proportion of the inhabitants were en- 
 gaged in the fisheries ; the investments in this business being $ 7,93s, 
 and the value of the product, $15,822. The porgy catch amounted 
 to $10,843; flounders (92,910 lbs.), $1,189; squeteague, $1,704. 
 The valuation of the town in 1880 was $202,429 ; the tax-rate being 
 $4.64 on $1,000. The post office is Cuttyhunk ; but Woods Holl is 
 also used ; this being the railroad and steamboat station most con- 
 venient to the town. 
 
 The island of Penakese was given by its owner. Mr. John Ander- 
 son, a wealthy tobacconist of New York, to Professor Louis Agassiz 
 
336 UAZlCTTEEIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 a few years to-fore his decease, as a site for a school of natural 
 history. To this the munificent donor added §50,000 for an endow- 
 ment of the institution. Professor Agassiz took formal possession of 
 the island in July, 1X7.'!, and opened his institution, which he called 
 "The Anderson School of Natural History." 
 
 At Cuttyhunk was commenced the first white plantation in New 
 England. Bartholomew (losnold, with about 20 colonists, built a 
 storehouse on the rocky islet in what is now called " Gosnold's 
 Pond," in Cuttyhunk, in the .spring of 1602 ; but discontent arising, 
 the settlement was soon abandoned. Gosnold called the enclosing 
 island "Elizabeth," in honor of the reigning queen; which name 
 has been extended to the whole group. These islands were long a 
 part of the town of <'liilmark, but were incorporated as the town of 
 Gosnold, March IT, lSC.l. 
 
 Goulding Village, in phiiiipstown. 
 
 Governor's Island, in Boston Harbor. 
 
 r^roK \/i11nrr^ a locality of Jamaica Plain, in the West 
 VjiaU VlllclgC, Koxbur y district of Boston. 
 
 Grace, Mount, in Warwick, 1,628 feet in height. 
 
 C* nftnn * s an > m P ortant ant l prosperous manufacturing and 
 
 VJ 1 farming town in the southeastern part of Wor- 
 
 cester County; the station of the Boston and Albany Railroad at 
 North Grafton being .'JS miles from Boston. The Providence and 
 Worcester has stations at Saundersville and Farnumsville, in the 
 southwest part of the town, following the line of the Blaekstone 
 River. At the latter village this stream receives the Quinsigamond 
 River, coming down through the midst of the town. 
 
 Grafton is bounded on the north by Shrewsbury and Westborough, 
 on the east by the latter and Upton, on the south by Northbridge 
 and Sutton, and on the west by the latter and Millbury. The 
 assessed area is l.'i,-l('.T acres; of which 3,800 are woodland. The 
 geological basis is calcareous gneiss. The land is elevated, uneven, 
 somewhat rocky, being stocked with innumerable rounded stones of 
 various sizes, which are turned to good account in making wall 
 fences. Chestnut Hill near the centre, George Hill on the Upton 
 line, Keith Hill at the south, and Brigham Hill at the west, are .all 
 beautiful eminences, affording extensive prospects of the adjacent 
 territory, which is charmingly diversified with woodland, cultivated 
 field and meadow, lake, hamlet and village. 
 
 The soil is moist and strong; and the timber-growth is walnut, 
 pine, oak, birch, chestnut and maple. The number of fruit trees is 
 22,HSl. Pear trees have here proved unusually productive. The 
 cereal crop is larger in proportion to others than usual. The num- 
 ber of farms is 1 .">(); and their aggregate product in 1885 was 
 $218j022. The principal business of the people, however, is the 
 
GRAFTON. 337 
 
 manufacture of cotton and linen cloth, boots and shoes and leather. 
 The value of the textiles made in the last census year was 6X09,500 ; 
 and of boots and shoes, $564,921. There are also manufactures of 
 straw goods, clothing, carriages, emery and sand paper, lumber, flour 
 and meal. The aggregate of manufactures was .$1,470,582. There 
 are two national banks with a capital of $100,000 each; and the 
 savings bank, at the close of last year, held §226,197 in deposits. 
 The population is 4,498, — 877 being voters; and the dwelling-houses 
 numbered 867. 
 
 There are a good town-hall, a public library of about 5,000 volumes ; 
 and further means of intelligence are furnished bv the newspapers 
 of the town — the " Herald " and the " Telephone," — both issued 
 weekly. The public schools are graded, and occupy eleven buildings 
 valued at about §30,000. The Baptists have here two churches; 
 the Free Baptists, one; the Congregationalists, two; the Methodists, 
 one ; the Unitarians, one ; the United Presbyterians, one ; and the 
 Eoman Catholic, one — Saint Philip's. 
 
 The town furnished ."59 soldiers for the. late war, of whom 4'.» 
 lost their lives in the national service. A beautiful monument nf 
 Italian marble upwards of .'!0 feet in height has been erected to 
 their memory. 
 
 This place was set apart as one of John Eliot's '-Indian praying- 
 towns ; " and here he had a prosperous Indian church, which Major 
 Daniel Gookin visited, in. company with the apostle, in 1(371, and of 
 which he gives the following account : • — 
 
 " The name Hassanamisitt signifieth ' a place of small stones.' It lieth about 
 38 miles from Boston, west-southerly, and is about two miles eastward of 
 Nipmuck River, and near unto the old roadway to Connecticut. It hath not 
 above twelve families, and so, according to our computation, about sixty 
 souls; but is capable to receive some hundreds, as generally the other vil- 
 lages are, if it shall please God to multiply them. The dimension of this 
 town is four miles square, and t-o about eight thousand acres of land. This 
 village is not inferior unto any of the Indian plantations for rich land and 
 plenty of meadow, being well tempered and watered. It produceth plenty of 
 corn, grain, and fruit; for there are several good orchards in this place. It 
 is an apt place for keeping of cattle and swine; in which respect this people 
 are the best stored of any Indian town of their size. Their ruler is named 
 Anaweakin, — a sober and discreet man. Their teacher's name is Tackuppa- 
 willin, his brother, — a pious and able man, and apt to teach. Their aged 
 father, whose name I remember not, is a grave and sober Christian, and dea- 
 con of the church. They have a brother, that lives in the town, called James, 
 that was bred among the English, and employed as a pressman in printing 
 the Indian Bible; who can read well, and, as I take it, write also. The father,. 
 mother, brothers, and their wives, are all reputed pious persons. Here they 
 have a meeting-house for the worship of God, after the English fashion of 
 building, and two or three other houses after the same mode; but they fancy 
 not greatly to live in them. Their way of living is by husbandry, and keep- 
 ing cattle and swine ; wherein they do as well, or rather better than any other 
 Indians, but are yet very far short of the English both in diligence and provi- 
 dence. There are in full communion in the church, and living in town, about 
 sixteen men and women, and about thirty baptized persons; but there are 
 several others, members of this church, that live in other places. This is at 
 hopeful plantation." 
 
 All that now remains of these primitive owners of the soil is an 
 
;:;jH VAZETTEEH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ancient Indian burial-place, together with a few arrowheads and 
 stone mortars, which have been ploughed up in the fields. 
 
 This town was .settled by the English as early as 1728, when the 
 land was purchased lor the sum of £2,500 ; and the grant was 
 made on condition that the settlers should " provide preaching and 
 schooling, and seats in the meeting-house, for the remaining 
 Indians." A church was organized here December 28, 1731, of 
 which the Rev. Solomon Prentice was ordained the first pastor. 
 The plantation of Hassanamisco was incorporated as a town under 
 the name of Grafton, April 1 S, 17.%. 
 
 r„ n L. lies a little east of the middle on the south side of 
 VJlcUlUy Hampshire County ; and is bounded on the north by 
 Hadley and Amherst, east by Belehertown, south \>y Ludlow and 
 (Jhicopee, and west by South Hadley, on the Connecticut River. Its 
 nearest railroad stations are at Belehertown (New Loudon and 
 Northern and Massachusetts Central railroads) on the east, and 
 Chioopee Falls, Williniansett, Holyoke Village and Mount Tom, 
 stations of the Connecticut River Railroad, westward. 
 
 The town is about six miles square, — equal to something over 
 •j;', 000 acres ; but the assessed area is only lo.o'.tl acres. There are 
 5,493 acres of forest, consisting of maple, white and yellow birch, 
 chestnut, elm, pine and hemlock. There is a large extent of nearly 
 level upland and meadow varied by several elevations; as of Cold 
 Hill in the northwest, then smaller ones, succeeded by Fox, Bagg 
 and Turkey hills, running southeastward quite across the town. 
 Extending east and west on the northern line is the long ridge 
 known as Mount Holyoke, with Hilliard's Knob rising grandly, 
 at the middle, to a height of 1.120 feet. A beautiful pond of about 
 200 acres lies at the eastern side, from which flows Bachelor's Brook 
 westerly across the town to the Connecticut River, while Stony 
 Brook drains the southern part of the town, discharging into the 
 same river. 
 
 Both these streams furnish some power; which is made to drive 
 a lumber mill and two small grain mills. There are also a small fac- 
 tory making machines for working butter and a Reed line shop. 
 The products of these in the last census year amounted to $8,552. 
 The farms number 141. The soil is strong and moist, and consists 
 variously of loam, gravel and sand. The number of neat cattle was 
 1,102, and of fruit trees, 4, '.).">."). The aggregate farm product was 
 $ 1 00,.'tf7. The valuation in l.HKN was $4">*.807, with a tax-rate of 
 $11. .10 on $ 1,000. The population was 720. and the number of 
 dwelling-houses 172. 
 
 The town has primary ami high schools, occupying eight buildings 
 valued at about ft ;">,0( Ml, to which is now to be added a line building 
 containing school rooms and a hall, the estimated cost being SSflOft 
 There is a Congregationalist church here, built in 1820, with a tdl 
 Hpire, and in the good old style. A church was organized here ).' 
 1702, and the l>ev. Simon Backus was ordained as pastor. His 
 successor was the Kcv. Benjamin Chapman, who was settled in 
 
GRAXITE BRIDGE — GRANVILLE. 339 
 
 1790 and died in 1804. He was succeeded by the Rev. Elijah 
 Gridley. 
 
 Xear the original ineeting-house was a large swamp, called by the 
 aborigines, Pitchawa muche, which has been contracted to "Pitcha- 
 wam ; " and is supposed, says Dr. J. G. Holland, to be the only 
 Indian name preserved in the town. 
 
 This town was taken from South Hadley (of which it formed the 
 second parish) and incorporated June 11, 1768. It is supposed to 
 have been named for John, Marquis of Granby, and member of the 
 British cabinet. 
 
 The town sent 113 men into the war for the Union, of whom 11 
 were lost. An eminent native of Granby was Hon. Homer Bartlett 
 (1795-1873), a lawyer, manufacturer and legislator. 
 
 Gt-ir-ilf^ TlriArre* a locality in the Dorchester district 
 ramie uriuge, of Boston . 
 
 Graniteville, in westford. 
 
 /^ r „ '11 _ is a large mountainous town in the southwestern 
 
 VjTcillVlilC p ar |. £ Hampden County, about 115 miles south- 
 west of Boston. It has Blandford, Russell and Westfield on the 
 north, the last and Southwick on the east, Tolland on the west, and 
 Granby and Hartland, in Connecticut, on the south. The area is 
 upwards of 25,500 acres, — 23,772 acres being assessed. There are 
 8,561 acres of woodland. 
 
 A hill called " Great Rock," west of East Granville village, and 
 near the centre of the town, is a picturesque object in the landscape ; 
 Mitchell's Mountain, a mile or two south, rises to the height of 
 1,362 feet; and Bad Luck .Mountain, South Mountain and Prospect 
 Hill are also notable eminences, adding to the variety and grandeur 
 of the scenery. There are two large ponds in the northwest, and 
 smaller ones in the eastern part of the town. Tillison's and Dickin- 
 son's brooks flow easterly from the central part of the town, and 
 Hubbard's River and Valley Brook, in the western and middle 
 sections, flow southward, affording valuable water-power. In the 
 valleys the land is fertile, and the hillsides furnish excellent 
 pasturage. The wood product is large, being, in the last census 
 year, §17,767. The yield of fruits, berries and nuts was also large, 
 reaching §13,924. There are upwards of 25,027 fruit trees. The 
 farms number 219; and their aggregate product was $155,91(9. 
 Four saw mills find employment ; and there is one grain mill ; but the 
 most important manufacture is that of drums, which employs about 
 50 persons. Other manufactures are children's toys and games, i 
 leather, whips, powder kegs and certain machinery, — amounting in 
 the aggregate to §106,463. There are 255 dwelling-houses. The 
 valuation in 1888 was §360,746, with a tax-rate of $22 on §1,0(»0. 
 The population is 1.193, of whom 339 are voters. 
 
 Granville, South Granville, West Granville and Granville Corner 
 
340 (1AZKTTEKH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 are the villages, the first three being post-offices. Westfield and 
 Southwick centres are the nearest railroad stations. 
 
 This town has nine school buildings, valued at about $7,000. 
 There are a good public hall and four churches. Of the latter, two 
 are Congregationalist, one is Baptist and one Methodist. Gran- 
 ville sent V.\~> soldiers into the armies of the Union in the late war. 
 There were, in 1885, '11 residents of the town over 80, 5 over 'Mi, and 
 one over 1 00 years of age. 
 
 This township was sold by Toto, an Indian chief, to .lames Cor- 
 nish, in ]<>8<>, for a gun and sixteen brass buttons. It was first set- 
 tled in lT;i8 ; and in 1751 it had 70 families. A church was formed 
 at East Granville (still the largest village) in 1747, when the Bev. 
 Moses Tuttle was ordained pastor. In 1750 he was succeeded by 
 the Rev. Jedediah Smith, whose family founded a settlement in 
 Louisiana. The place first existed in the civil system as the plan- 
 tation of Bedford. On January L'.">, 1754, it was established as the 
 district of Granville, and on August '!'■'<, 1775, was incorporated as 
 the town of Granville. In 1810, a part of its territory was estab- 
 lished as the town of Tolland. It was named in honor of John 
 Carteret, Karl of Granville. A church at Granville, Ohio, was 
 founded by emigrants from this place. Isaac C. Bates (1780-1845), 
 an able lawyer and United States senator, was a native of this 
 town. 
 
 LiTcipe Island, in the southern partof Boston Harbor. 
 Grasshopper Plain, a village in Xewburyport. 
 GraveSville, in Hudson. 
 
 r^i-Mr "Rarrinrrrnn is an ancient ^ beautiful town 
 Vjrl Cdl JJd.1 1 lllgiuii lying in the sou thwesterly part of 
 
 Berkshire County, 174 miles west of Boston. It is bounded on the 
 north by "West Stockbridge, Stockbridge and Lee; on the east hy 
 Tyringham, Monterey and New Marlborough ; on the south by Shef- 
 field ; on the west by Egremont and Alford. The assessed area is 
 26,733 acres, which includes 8,061 acres of woodland. The Housa- 
 tonic Railway runs north and south through the midst. 
 
 The surface is charmingly diversified by mountain, lake, river, 
 upland and intervale ; and, to whatever point the eyes are turned, 
 they rest upon a beautiful and often highly picturesque landscape. 
 Bear Mountain, a long wooded eminence, extends north and south 
 across the projecting eastern angle of the town; and Monument 
 Mountain, in the north, rises abruptly from the left bank of the 
 Housatonic River, and forms a striking picture in the landscape. 
 The principal streams are the Housatonic River, noted for its 
 romantic beauty, which flows deviously and centrally through the 
 town; Williams River, which enters the Housatonic at Van Deusen- 
 ville; and the Green River (celebrated by William Cullen Bryant in 
 one of his most popular poems), which joins the Housatonic near the 
 
QBE AT BAIililXdTOX. 341 
 
 line of Sheffield. Long Lake, of 96 acres, is a fine sheet of water 
 west of "Van Deusenville, in the northerly part of the town. Mans- 
 field Lake, near the central village, and about half the size of the 
 first, is a charming element in the landscape; while Hart l'onil at 
 the north and Root Pond at the southwest are delightful features 
 in those localities. The geological structure of the town is Lauzon 
 schists, Potsdam and Levis limestones. In it occur very valuable 
 quarries of variegated marble, also iron ore ; and fine specimens of 
 tremolite are sometimes found. 
 
 The soil is fertile, especially on the borders of the streams, and 
 produces abundantly the usual crops of the country. Hops and 
 tobacco are sometimes cultivated extensively. The crop of cereals 
 is proportionately large. The aggregate product of the 220 farms, 
 in the last census year, was $280,070. The principal manufactures 
 are woollen goods, paper, iron in various forms, chairs, clothing, 
 bricks, charcoal, and house lumber, rough and wrought marble, 
 carriages, meats, leather, flour and meal. The aggregate product 
 of manufacture in this town in 18*5 was $757, N71. The national 
 bank has a capital of $200,00(1 ; the savings bank at the close of last 
 year held deposits to the amount of $.'i.S.'i, 55('». The valuation in 
 1888 was §.'1129,210, with a tax-rate of 811.20 on * 1,000. There are 
 802 dwelling-houses in the town, and the population is 1,171; of 
 whom 1,131 are voters. 
 
 The central and principal village is the chief market-town for 
 southern Berkshire, and is the seat of the district court for seven 
 neighboring towns. It extends along the right bank of the, Housa- 
 tonic for about a mile, its broad irregular street, in which quaint 
 old houses mingle with elegant modern buildings, gives it an aspect 
 different from most other Berkshire villages. Numerous elms and 
 maples shade its borders, some of the landmarks for a generation 
 gone. Here are a large woollen mill, various smaller factories and 
 shops, a fine town-hall, and, in the square in front the soldiers' 
 monument, — a base and pediment of stone, surmounted by the 
 figure of a soldier in bronze. Vau Deusenville is a thriving settle- 
 ment above on the same side of the stream, where are the cotton 
 factory and the Richmond Iron Works. At the west side of the 
 town is Seekonk, having, also, some manufacturing. Housatonic, 
 on the Stockbridge line, is the seat of the Owen Paper Company, 
 whose mill, 320 feet long, is capable of making $250,000 worth of 
 paper annually. Half a mile below, just opposite Monument 
 Mountain, is the Monument Mill, 500 feet long and four stories 
 high, with a lean-to 400 feet long, and wing 200 feet in length, and 
 is capable of making eight tons of fine paper daily. The builder of 
 this mill is Mr. Henry D. Cone. 
 
 A valuable institution of this town, having private support, is the 
 Cone Library and Reading-room, containing about 6,000 volumes. 
 There is also a free town library nearly as large, The public schools 
 are graded, and occupy sixteen buildings, whose value is about 
 $25,000. There are, besides, two private schools, — the Sedgewick 
 Institute and the Housatonic Hall School, occupying four buildings. 
 
342 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Tho newspaper of the town is that old and standard journal, the 
 " Berkshire Courier." There are two churches each of the Con- 
 gregationalists, American Kpiseopal, the Methodist Episcopal and 
 the Roman Catholic; while the colored Methodist Episcopal Zion 
 has one. 
 
 The first meeting-house in this place was finished in 1743; and, on 
 December "S of that year the Key. Samuel Hopkins, celebrated as 
 the author of a system of divinity known as " Hopkinsian," was 
 settled over the parish. He was dismissed January 18, 1769, and 
 removed to Newport, II. I., where he died December 20, 1803. He 
 is the hero of Mrs. II. ]">. Ktowe's " Minister's AVooing." 
 
 There were Indian settlements in this town in former times ; one 
 of which was at a place called the " Creat Wigwam," or "Castle," 
 half a mile below the (ireat Bridge. 
 
 Monument Mountain derives its name from a pile of stone, or 
 "cairn," which was raised over the grave of one of the aborigines. 
 As in Scotland, every person passing by was expected to throw a 
 stone upon the pyramid. The legend is, that the unfortunate one 
 buried here was an Indian girl, "who had thrown herself from the 
 cliffs of the mountain through the influence of a passion-love for a 
 cousin whom the religion of her tribe would not allow her to marry.'' 
 "William Cullen Bryant, once a resident of the town, has commem- 
 orated this circumstance in a beautiful poem. 
 
 This town was formerly the North Parish of Sheffield. It was 
 incorporated June MO, 17(11 ; its naming, perhaps, being in honor of 
 William, Viscount Barrington, who was of the British Privy 
 Council, and a nephew of (lovei-nor Samuel Shute. 
 
 Great Herring Pond, in Plymouth. 
 
 Great Hill Point, the southeast extremity of Marion. 
 VjTeat IN eCK, the southern extremity of Wareham. 
 
 Great Ouittacus Pond, ; n r Lak ^ ille and EodlPS - 
 
 {"V^nf T? \\7f*r «• villntrc in Peorfield; also a river rising 
 Vjicai 1V1V1..1, h] A1 j- im1i ]ie,. ksnil . e County; and one 
 
 flowing southward between Levdeu and Culrain, and through Green- 
 field into the Deerriehl Kiver. 
 
 Greenbush, a village in situate. 
 
 Orcenclalc, a village in Xoedham ; also one in Worcester. 
 
 (~* T> T7 p XT If T "CT T T) the shire town of Franklin 
 VJlVl^J^lM X I i^J— J-V, bounty, , s „ ue f the most 
 
 charming towns in the Connecticut Valley. It lies nearly in the 
 geographical centre of tho county, on the Fitehburg Eailroad and 
 
GJtEEXFIELD. 343 
 
 Connecticut Eiver Railroad, 106 miles west by northwest of Boston, 
 and 36 miles north of Springfield. It is bounded on the north by 
 Leyden and Bernardston, east by Gill and Montague, on the south 
 by Deerfield, and west by Shelburne. 
 
 The assessed area is 10,636 acres ; and of this 2,425 acres are wood- 
 land, in which grow thriftily beech, pine, maple and elm, chiefly. 
 There is quite an extent of red sandstone formation ; and the range 
 of greenstone trap which commences near New Haven finds its 
 termination here. The land is level, with the exception of some 
 beautiful eminences on the eastern and western borders, which are 
 considered an extension of the Deerfield Mountains ; and the soil, 
 especially in the intervales of Green liiver, is excellent, being, for 
 the most part loam, with clay subsoil. 
 
 By the last census there were in the town 118 farms ; and while 
 some crops were proportionately small, others were large ; and the 
 entire product, valued at $253,335, was unusually large. The water- 
 power of the town is abundant. Green River enters it on the north, 
 and winds gracefully through it to the Deerfield River ; Fall River 
 separates it from Gill on the east ; and the Connecticut washes the 
 southeastern border, separating it from Montague. In addition, many 
 steam engines are used in propelling the machinery of the factories ; 
 of which, according to the last Industrial Report, there were 7!'. 
 The products of these were boots and shoes, to the value of $140,700; 
 iron, and other metallic goods and machinery, including cutlery, 
 $175,253; stone, brick aud lumber, $139,755; food preparations, 
 $132,280. The largest factories are those making boots and shoes, 
 rakes and other agricultural implements, and the printing establish- 
 ments. In making children's carriages, several independent shops 
 make different parts. Spirit levels, wooden boxes, paper and 
 leather, are .also made in large quantity. The aggregate value of the 
 manufactures in 1885 was $835,475. There are three national 
 banks, whose aggregate capital is $500,000; and the two savings 
 bank's, at the close of last year, held deposits to the amount of 
 §4,447,2*7. The number of dwelling-houses was 923. The valua- 
 tion of the town in 1888 was $4,751,141, with a tax-rate of -513 on 
 $1,000. The population is 4,869; and the number of voters, 1,242. 
 
 The villages are Greenfield, Factory Village and North Greenfield; 
 the first being the largest. This village is built chiefly on two hand- 
 some streets, containing many elegant buildings, and ornamented with 
 elm, maple and other shade-trees, some of which are 150 years old. 
 One of these streets runs east and west along the margin of Green 
 River, which much enhances its attractions. On the north side of 
 the public square is the Congregationalist church, constructed of red 
 sandstone. Near it is the court-house, and just below the square is 
 the town-hall. The excellent, brick building of the Greenfield 
 Library Association is the most recent of these structures, and it 
 now contains 9,000 volumes. The Greenfield Free Library contains 
 about 5,000 volumes. In the court-house is a law library of up- 
 wards of 2,000 volumes. 
 
 The public schools are fully graded, and occupy thirteen build- 
 
344 CAZETTEEli OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 iugs, valued at some §00,000. The Prospect Hill School is a pri- 
 vate institution, having an excellent edifice and location. The 
 papers, with circulation chiefly local, are the "Gazette" and the 
 "Courier," the "Franklin Transcript" and the "Franklin County 
 Reformer,'' — all weeklies with good subscription lists. "Good 
 Cheer" and "The Household" are widely and favorably known 
 monthlies; ami "The Hatchet," also a monthly, is bravely cutting 
 its way through. There are eight churches in Greenfield, one of 
 which has been mentioned. The other Congregational edifice is of 
 brick, and the American Episcopal Church is of stone; the others 
 are the Koman Catholic, the Methodist and the German Methodist, 
 the Paptist and the Unitarian. 
 
 The town furnished its full quota of soldiers for the war to main- 
 tain the Union, and has erected to those who fell a beautiful monu- 
 ment upon the Common, in the centre of the village, at an expense 
 of *7,000. 
 
 Greenfield was the birthplace of George Pipley (lsOL'j, H.U. 1*1'.:!. 
 distinguished as a scholar and critic; and of (Jen. Charles P. 
 Stone (lSL'G), a gallant officer. The late Hon. \V. B. Washburn, 
 governor of the Commonwealth, member of Congress and United 
 States senator, was a resident of this place. Hon. Charles Allen, 
 one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, was for- 
 merly a resident. 
 
 From the summit of Pocky Mountain, eastward from the village, 
 a most beautiful prospect may be had of the Connecticut Valley and 
 the surrounding country. The Pear's I>en is a romantic spot in 
 the southern part of this rocky ridge, from which a fine new of 
 the valleys of the Connecticut and iHerfield rivers, and of the rail- 
 road bridge, 7.">0 feet in length, and DO feet in height above the lat- 
 ter stream, may be obtained. 
 
 Green Harbor Village, mMarshfieid. 
 
 G roon T c 1 nnr l is the northern island of the outer group 
 reen 1 si ana marking Bo8ton Harbor. 
 
 Green Lodge, a village in Pedham. 
 
 Green River av ' lla "° m DeerhYld; also a river rising 
 ' in Hancock, and running north through 
 Williamstown into the lloosac Piver; also one rising in Alford, and 
 running through _ Egremont and Great Harrington to the Housa- 
 tonic. The last is the stream which the poet Bryant describes'in 
 his poein entitled "Given Kiver." 
 
 LrreenVllle, in Leicester; also, in Sandwich. 
 
 Greenwich i sanarrow town occupying a long space on 
 
 the eastern side of Hampshire County, and 
 
 near its north line. It is about 7.". miles west of lioston. On its 
 
GHEEXWOOD — GBOTOX. 345 
 
 north is Prescott; Dana and Hardwick bound it on the east, En- 
 field on the south, and the latter and Prescott on the west. The 
 assessed area is 11,323 acres; of which 4,290 are woodland. The. 
 villages are Greenwich and Greenwich Village. The Athol and 
 Springfield Railroad runs north and south through the town. 
 
 The East and Middle branches of Swift Itiver drain the middle 
 and northern parts, furnishing some motive power. Except in the 
 valley of these streams, and of another small branch at the south- 
 west, the town is quite hilly. Mount Lizzie, south of Greenwich 
 (centre), is the most noted eminence. The scenery is diversified by 
 small ponds in all quarters of the town, the largest of which are 
 Curtis, Davis and Elask. The atmosphere is healthful and the 
 people industrious. The land is elevated, rocky, and difficult of cul- 
 tivation ; yet the soil is fertile, and good crops of hay and grain are 
 produced. 
 
 The aggregate product of the 77 farms, in the last census year, 
 was $<>2,441. There are two saw mills, a factory making brooms, 
 and one for wood and iron goods ; the value of the aggregate prod- 
 ucts being £2S,473. The valuation in lsss was •SL'ilo.KH, with a 
 tax-rate of $13 on 81.000, The inhabitants number ."»;!'_'. ami are 
 sheltered in 145 dwelling-houses. There are l.~>2 legal voters. 
 
 The town has seven school buildings, valued at some *2.ooo. 
 There are a Congregational church here, and a good Sunday school. 
 which has a library of about 40n volumes, Creeiiwieh sent twelve 
 soldiers into the war for the Union, of whom three were lost by 
 sickness. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Qunhin. It was settled hy 
 immigrants from the north of Ireland; and these in 1741) organized 
 a church, which still continues. The Itev. lVlatiah Webster was 
 the first pastor. The plantation of Quabin was established as the 
 town of Greenwich on April 20, 17.">4. 
 
 General Amiel \V. Whipple was born here in 1*17. and died from 
 wounds received at the battle of Chancellorsville, May 7, lw>. 
 
 GreenWOOcl, a village in Wakefield. 
 
 /"■* 1 1, a mountain in Adams ; also a village in North 
 
 oreyiocK, Adams . 
 
 GriSWOldville, inColrain. 
 
 /^ f is an ancient, handsome and flourishing town, situ- 
 
 VJlOIOn ate(1 i n tne northwesterly section of Middlesex 
 County, about 32 miles northwest of Boston. It is bounded on the 
 north by Pepperell and Dunstable, on the east by Tyngs lm tough and 
 Westford, on the south by Ayer, on the west by Sh irley and Pepperell, 
 which are separated by a long western horn of Croton having Town- 
 send at its western end. The assessed area is 10,770 acres ; of which 
 6,368 are woodland. 
 
 Through the town north and south, with a station at the centre, 
 
^f) LAZETTL'KJi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 runs the Worcester, Nashua and Portland Division of the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad; while the Peterboro' and Shirk-}' Branch of the 
 Fitehburg Itailroad runs through tin- town northwestward, having a 
 station at West Groton ; at East Groton is the Ayer and Lowell 
 Branch of the Boston and Maine, and the Acton Branch of the Con- 
 cord Itailroad; while Ayer . I unction furnishes connection with points 
 south, east and west. Factory Village also is conveniently near the 
 central stations. 
 
 The scenery is beautifully diversified by hill and valley, lake and 
 river, forest and cultivated farm. Among the conspicuous eminences 
 are Gibbet Hill at the centre ; the Chestnut Hills, running north- 
 easterly toward Dunstable ; Horse Hill, on the borders of that town ; 
 Bear Hill, midway of the eastern line ; and the Throne, a noted hill 
 in the long angle forming the northwestern part of the town. There 
 is also a group of hills east of the centre which afford fine views of 
 the adjacent landscapes. The chestnut, various kinds of oak, white 
 and hard pine, rock and white maple, white birch and walnut, grow 
 thriftily about these rocky elevations; while on the lower lands 
 the elm is abundant. Of the several beautiful ponds, Martin's, near 
 the centre, Baddacook (containing l(Ki acres) and Whitney's (71 acres) 
 are the largest. In addition to their several outlets is Squannacook 
 River, which forms the southwestern line of the town, and joins the 
 larger Nashua at the border of Ayer. The latter river sweeps across 
 the town 'northward through a beautiful intervale, then forms 
 for several miles the tortuous boundary with PepperelL James 
 Brook and Gratuity Brook, rising near the centre, flow — the 
 first southerly, the other northwesterly — into the Nashua Biver. 
 Wrangling Brook, by a very circuitous course, in West Groton, runs 
 also into the Nashua; while Unkety Brook and Cow-pond Brook flow 
 northerly, the first through Dunstable into the Nashua River, and 
 the latter into Massapoag Pond, at the angle of Groton, Dunstable 
 and Tyngsborough. 
 
 The geological formation of the town is Merrimack schist, granite 
 and the St. John's group. There are several quarries of building 
 stone in the town, and one of seapolite. The soil is generally a clayey 
 gravel, which yields well. The 174 farms, in 1S85, had a product 
 valued at i?L'-'i4,7-i8. The numberof fruit trees is upwards of 30,000 ; 
 and the crop from these and the small fruits is proportionally large. 
 The water-power on the numerous streams has long been made prac- 
 tically useful. Two large paper factories are now operated here: 
 while another establishment turns out leather-board in large quanti- 
 ties. The number of people employed in these lactones is about ll'o. 
 Other articles made arc boots and shoes, carriages, leather, various 
 wood and metal goods, leather and food preparations. The aggregate 
 value of the manufactures in the last, census year was ICio'MU!/). 
 The valuation in 1888 was $2,771,757, with a tax-rate of but $5S>0 on 
 
 $1,000. 
 
 Prior to the incorporation of Ayer (which was mainly formed from 
 Grid on) on February 14, 1871, the population of this town was 3,384. 
 At the present time it is 1,1)87; and tltc dwelling-houses number467. 
 
(IIIOTOX. 
 
 347 
 
 The public schools are graded, and occupy 14 buildings, valued at 
 some $30,000. The town-hall, the Butler schoolhouse, the Groton 
 School and the Lawrence Academy (the last two, private institutions) 
 are notable for their excellence. There are several line residences 
 which add greatly to the general beauty of the place. 
 
 All the villages have an agreeable trimness about yards and grounds, 
 with well-kept streets, extensively shaded with fine trees, many of 
 which have been growing in their places for a century. The central 
 village is the seat of the Lawrence Academy, an ancient and well- 
 endowed institution, in which many youths have been well fitted for 
 college and for the different vocations of life. It was founded in 
 1793, and incorporated under the name of " The Groton Academy ; '* 
 but, in consideration of the munificent donations of Messrs. William 
 and Samuel Lawrence, it received in 1846 its present name. The 
 Groton School is a new institution, incorporated in 1885, but its open- 
 ing years are full of promise. Each of the private schools has a library 
 
 "i£Z 
 
 LAWRENCE ACADEMY, GROTON*. 
 
 and the Groton Public Library has a collection of nearly ">,o00 vol- 
 umes. The "Citizen " and the " Landmark " serve well the office of 
 weekly village newspapers. There are church edifices hi- re of the 
 Congregationalists, Unitarians, Baptists, and of the Episcopal Church, 
 and there is more than usual interest in their services. 
 
 The Indian name of this territory was Petapawag. It was granted 
 to Deane Winthrop and others, and incorporated May !".», Ki.j5. The 
 name of " Groton " was probably given to it in memory of the posses- 
 sions of the Winthrop family in Suffolk County, England. It then 
 embraced an area of eight miles square, from which have since been 
 taken parts of the towns of Dunstable, Westford, Littleton, Harvard, 
 Shirley, Pepperell and Ayer. Among the first settlers were John 
 Lakin, Kichard and Kobert Blood, and William Martin. The Bev. 
 Samuel Willard, ordained in 1663, was the first minister. He was 
 
348 (lA/.KTTKlUl OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 afterward minister of the Old South Church in Boston, and, later, 
 President of Harvard College. 
 
 The people suffered greatly during Philip's War, and for a while 
 the settlement was abandoned. J)r. Timothy I) wight thus describes 
 the depredations of the Indians: — 
 
 " In 1676 a body of savages entered it on the 2d of March, plundered several 
 house--, and carried off a number of cattle. On the 9th they ambushed four 
 men who were driving their carts, killed one, and took a second; but while 
 they were disputing about the manner of putting him to death he escaped. 
 On the 13th, about four hundred of these people assaulted Groton again. The 
 inhabitants, alarmed by the recent destruction of Lancaster, had retreated 
 into five garrisoned houses. Four of these were within musket-shot of each 
 other. The fifth stood at the distance of a mile. Between the four neighbor- 
 ing ones were gathered all the cattle belonging to the inhabitants. 
 
 " In the morning, two of the Indians showed themselves behind a hill near 
 one of the four garrisons, with an intention to decoy the inhabitants out of 
 their fortifications. The alarm was immediately given. A considerable part 
 of the men in this garrison, and several from the next, imprudently went out 
 to surprise them ; when a large body, who had been lying in ambush for this 
 purpose, arose instantaneously, and fired upon them. The English fled. 
 Another party of the Indians at the same time came upon the rear of the nearest 
 garrison, thus deprived of its defence, and began to pull down the palisades. 
 The living English retreated to the next garrison; and the women and children, 
 forsaken as they were, escaped, under the protection of Providence, tp,the same 
 place of safety. The ungarrisoned houses in the town were then set on fire by 
 the savages. 
 
 " In a similar manner they attempted to surprise the solitary garrison; one 
 of their people being employed to decoy the English out of it into an ambush 
 in the neighborhood. The watch, however, discovering the ambush, gave the 
 alarm and prevented the mischief intended. The next day. the Indians with- 
 drew ; having burnt about forty dwelling-houses and the church, together with 
 barns and out-house6." 
 
 Their leader was John Monoco, who was afterward captured, taken 
 to Boston and hanged. 
 
 Groton has produced many eminent men. of whom are Colonel Wil- 
 liam Prescott (172(5-1 7! >f>) ; Oliver Prescott, II. D. (17l>2-lK27), an 
 author, and founder of Groton Academy; Samuel Dana (1767-1S3.J), 
 Amos Lawrence ( 1 78(5-1 S,">2). Ether Shepley, LL.D. (1780-1S7-I, 
 and Abbott Lawrence, LL.D. (17i>'_'-lSf>5). Hon. Timothy Bige- 
 low, Hon. Luther Lawrence, Hon. William M. Kiohardson, aud Judge 
 .lames Prescott, belong in the first quarter of this century ; a little 
 later were Hon. Timothy Fuller and Margaret Fuller (Ossoii). Hon. 
 George S. lioiitwell, LL.D., formerly a United States senator, and, 
 later, secretary of the Treasury, was long a resident of Groton. 
 
 GrOllt's Comer, a village in Montague. 
 
 ("rrnvplinfl ' s a handsome town on the south bank of the 
 wiuvLkliiU Merrimack Kiver, and in the northerly part of 
 Essex ( 'ounty, .'! I miles imrt li of Boston, with which it connects by the 
 Haverhill liraneh of the Danvers and Newburyport line of the Bos- 
 ton and Maine Railroad. It is bounded on the north by Haverhill 
 and West Newlmvy; on the northeast by the latter; on a small space 
 at the east by Newbury ; on the southeast ami south by Georgetown; 
 
a HO VELASD — G UI-XEA. 349 
 
 on a short southwestern line by the northern part of Boxford ; and 
 on the northwest line by Bradford and Haverhill. From the latter 
 it is separated by the Merrimack, across which, at Groveland village, 
 is an excellent iron bridge 800 feet in length. 
 
 The assessed area is 5,230 acres, which includes small scattered 
 tracts of forest aggregating 1,495 acres, and composed mostly of pine 
 and oak. The surface is otherwise finely diversified with swelling 
 eminences, fertile valleys and frequent ponds and streams. There are 
 several points especially attractive, — as the grove on the Merrimack, 
 Mount Perry, Eagle Bluff, Father Ferry's Walk, old " Federal City," 
 and Mutton Pie Swamp. The scenery on the banks of the Merrimack, 
 which sweeps grandly along its northern side, is very beautiful. It 
 is here a tidal stream navigable for vessels of 200 tons. Salmon, shad 
 and other fish are. taken from its waters. Parker River, gathering 
 its volume in two ponds in the eastern section of the town, flows 
 eastward through Newbury into the ocean. In this section also is 
 another small village. Johnson's Pond, a charming sheet of water 
 in the western angle of the town, containing about 300 acres, sends 
 a tributary by a fall of sixty feet into the Merrimack Kiver, afford- 
 ing power for the several factories in West Groveland Village. The 
 manufactures of the town are chiefly woollen goods ("Groveland 
 Mills " having three mills), employing some 400 persons ; boots and 
 shoes, employing nearly .'500; also carriages, metallic goods, lumber, 
 food preparations and materials for building. 
 
 Numerous elms and maples adorn the streets and diversify the 
 landscape. The underlying rock is Merrimack schist and calcareous 
 gneiss, with some rocks of slaty character and masses of metalliferous 
 rock. The usual crops are cultivated ; and the 133 farms, in 1SH.",, 
 reported an aggregate product reaching the value of $(!K,2Hl. The 
 valuation in 1888 was &877,5f>."> ; with a tax-r.ite of $1(5 on #1,000. 
 The population was 2,272, — an increase of 496 since 1870. The 
 dwelling-houses numbered 39G. The public schools are completely 
 graded, and occupy eight buildings valued at II 6,000. The churches 
 are Congregational, Methodist, American Episcopal, and Roman Cath- 
 olic. A tasteful monument on the common commemorates the hiss 
 of the 24 soldiers lost from the 117 sent by the town into the war 
 for the Union. 
 
 This town, originally the East Precinct of Bradford, was incorpo- 
 rated March 8, 1850 ; being named (it is supposed) from its beauti- 
 ful groves of oak and maple. 
 
 The first church in the place was organized June 7, 1727 ; when 
 the Rev. William Balch was ordained pastor. 
 
 Among persons of eminence, formerly citizens, may be mentioned 
 Hon. George Savay, Dr. Benjamin Parker, Nathaniel Ladd, Dr. Jere> 
 ; miah Spofford, Peter Parks, Rev. Gardner B. Perry, Jacob W. Reed, 
 Amos Parker, Edward C. Peabody, Charles Peabody, Col. Daniel B. 
 Stickney, Stephen Parker, Nathaniel Parker and Capt. Phineaa 
 Hardy. 
 
 (jUinea., a village in Newburyport. 
 
;},50 (,A/.ETTh'Ell OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ("* rn ft T Pi P ""' outermost point of Duxbury Neck, bear- 
 VjUrilCl, X lie, i„g a lijrjit and marking the outer entrance 
 of Duxbury Bay and Plymouth Harbor. 
 
 Gumey's Corners, a village in Hanson. 
 
 IT 11 v is a very pleasant and fertile farming town of 286 
 11 dU 1 Cy f ariuSj ;j<j(j houses, and 1,747 inhabitants, situated mid- 
 way in the northerly side of Hampshire County, about 109 miles west 
 of boston. The .Massachusetts Central Kailroad passes through Had- 
 ley village a little south of the middle of the town, connecting it 
 closely with all the principal lines in this section of the State. 
 
 This town is bounded on the north by Sunderland, on the east by 
 Amherst, on the south by South Hadley, and on the west by North- 
 ampton and Hatfield. The Connecticut Kiver forms the entire 
 western line, and the long ridge of Mount Holyoke divides it from 
 its neighbor on the south. The assessed area is Il!,7."i7 acres. There 
 are L\ 101 acres of forest, consisting of pine, hemlock, oak, chestnut, 
 maple, ash and white birch. The underlying rock is the lower sand- 
 stone, sienite, calcareous gneiss and dolurites. Mount Warner rises 
 boldly midway of the western side, while at the southwest Mount 
 Holyoke looks down upon the Connecticut Kiver from a height of 
 XoU feet. This eminence, though gteep and somewhat difficult of 
 ascent, is much frequented by lovers of the beautiful, and affords a 
 prospect of great extent. On the summit are a public house and an 
 observatory. One of the curiosities of this locality is an immense 
 bowlder, which, because of its remarkable attractive power, is called 
 '•The .Magnet." 
 
 The principal affluents of the Connecticut in this town are Mill 
 River on the north and Fort Kiver on the south, both furnishing 
 motive power. The alluvial meadows on the Connecticut Kiver are 
 among the most productive of the State, yielding large quantities of 
 hay, grain, broom-corn and tobacco. In 1870 as many as 5*3 acres 
 were devoted to the culture of the last-named article, yielding 
 1,00(1,000 pounds, valued at *1~»O,O0O ; and about 110 acres "were in 
 broom-corn, yielding GO.ooo pounds of broom-brush, valued at $9,000, 
 and 0,."il0 bushels of seed, valued at *.~>,O00. The census of 1885 
 shows a general reduction in the figures of all the statistics of this 
 town. In the item of tobacco, the yield was OL'0,000 pounds, worth 
 !S>!l!y.i;!K, The other crops bear the usual proportion ; the aggregate 
 product having a value of #.'S«S!i,S40. In manufactures there are two 
 grain mills, three lumber mills, live corn-broom factories, one carriage 
 factory, a brick-yard, and one or more stone quarries. The value of 
 the manufactures in the year mentioned was£7\o.!.'i. The valuation 
 in 1SS8 was «s»71, *.">-, with a tax-rate of $1*j on s 1,000. 
 
 The public schools are completely graded, and occupy ten buildings 
 having a value of nearly £"O,O00. There are three churches iu the 
 town, — all Congrega.tioualist, the editiees being of the early style, 
 wil li tall slender spires visible from afar over the tree-tops. On Mill 
 Kiver are the pleasant villages of North lladley and l'lainville ; and 
 
HALF-MOOS ISLAND — HALIFAX. 351 
 
 in other parts are " Fort River," " Hart's Brook," Hockanum, and 
 Russellville. The largest settlement is Hadley village, built princi- 
 pally on a long and level street running north and south across the 
 neck of a peninsula formed by a westward bend of the Connecticut 
 Eiver. The street is wide and well shaded with ancient trees. A 
 noble iron bridge 1,200 feet in length connects it with the village of 
 Northampton, two or three miles distant on the western side. 
 
 Other objects of interest are the free High school, the two public 
 libraries in the two larger villages, the town-hall, and Mount Holyoke 
 with its hotel, its curious and impressive features and its magnificent 
 extent of beautiful landscape. Hopkins Academy, located in this 
 town, was burned in 1860 ; and the fund has since been applied to 
 the improvement of the public school. In four neighboring towns 
 are five flourishing institutions of high rank, and these, with the 
 manufacturing advantages of other towns along the noble river, have 
 become stronger centres of attraction, leaving Hadley, as it has been 
 from its early days, simply a wealthy agricultural town. 
 
 The Indian name of Hadley was Norwottock. Gov. John ^^'ebster 
 and the Rev. John Russell, the first settlers, came here in 1659 from 
 Connecticut. The place may have been named from Hadleigh, in 
 Essex County, England. The first church was established under the 
 pastorate of the Rev. John Russell in 1059 ; and the town was incor- 
 porated May 20, 16G1. 
 
 Hadley was attacked by a large body of Indians during Philip's 
 War, who after a long and sharp encounter were compelled to retreat. 
 It is said that the people ascribed their deliverance to Gen. William 
 Goffe, the regicide, who with his father-in-law, Gen. Edmund Whalley, 
 were living under assumed names in the family of the Rev. John 
 Russell. 
 
 Eminent men : Worthington Smith, D.D. (1793-1 H5G ), president of 
 the University of Vermont from 1849 to 1856^ Parsons Cooke, D.D. 
 (1800-1864), an able theologian, editor and author; Simeon Nash, 
 (1804), an able lawyer and author; Gen. Joseph Hooker (1815), 
 major-general U.S.A., commander of the army of the Potomac ; Fred- 
 eric Dan Huntington, D.D., an able divine, bishop of Central New 
 York since April 8, 1869. 
 
 Half-Moon Island, g^^uthwest part of Boston 
 
 Halfway Pond, a pond and a village in Plymouth. 
 
 t T l ' r lies in the central part of Plymouth County, 28 
 naill dX mileg sou theast of Boston by the Old Colony Rail- 
 road, which passes along its northeastern border. It has for its 
 boundaries Hanson and Pembroke on the north ; Jones River Pond 
 and Plympton on the east; the latter and Middleborough on the 
 south; and Bridgewater and East Bridgewater on the we3t. Its 
 assessed area is 9,378 acres ; about one half of this being more or 
 less wooded. 
 
352 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The land in the eastern part of the town is level ; in the western 
 part diversified by gradual swells and valleys. Monponset Pond, a 
 beautiful sheet of water about two miles long by half a mile broad, 
 lies in the northern part of the town ; and there are a series of small 
 ponds across the town from this to Bobbin's Pond, in Bridgewater, 
 just over the western line. (Jreat Cedar Swamp extends from the 
 centre of the town over the northern line. The Winnetuxet River, 
 a narrow and circuitous stream, flows through the southwestern sec- 
 tion of the town, and joins the Titicut in Bridgewater. Vessels were 
 formerly built upon this river, and floated down to the Taunton River 
 and thence to Newport. There are some valuable beds of peat in this 
 place, and graywacke and granite constitute the geological forma- 
 tion. The soil is sandy loam. The greenhouse and hotbed products 
 are large in comparison to the usual crops. The value of the aggre- 
 gate product of the 103 farms, in 1885, was $G5,U4Q. There are 
 several saw mills and a wooden-box mill in the town, the last em- 
 ploying from seven to ten persons. A few persons are engaged in 
 making boots and shoes ; and there are two or three other articles 
 made in small quantities. The aggregate value of manufactured 
 products in the last census year was $.'-57,821. The valuation in 1888 
 was $247,404 ; and the tax-rate was $13.00 on $1,0(10. The inhabi- 
 tants numbered . r ».'!0 ; and their dwellings, 142. There are 140 legal 
 voters. The public schools occupy four buildings, valued at upwards 
 of $1,500. There is a public library of upwards of 1,500 volumes. 
 The Congregationalists, Baptists and Universalists have churches 
 here. The town is very healthful, and the wealth is distributed 
 among the people very equally. 
 
 The place was originally settled by the direct descendants of the 
 Pilgrims ; and among the names of its early citizens are those of 
 Sturtevant, Thomson, Bosworth, Briggs and Waterman. A church 
 was built in 1733; and John Cotton, author of "The History nt" 
 Plymouth Church," was the first minister. In the great swamp in 
 this town Captain Benjamin Church captured the Monponsets in the 
 summer of 167(i, " and brought them in, not one escaping."' From 
 this tribe the place had its early name. Its present name was given 
 at the incorporation, July 4, 1734, in honor of the Duke of Halifax. 
 Its territory was taken from Plympton, Middleborough, Pembroke 
 and Bridgewater. 
 
 Halifax bore its part handsomely in the war of the Revolution ; 
 and for the war of 1X12 it furnished an entire company, under Cap- 
 tain Asa Thompson, who was known as the "Tall Captain," being 
 six feet and six inches in height. This company was chartered by 
 (rovernor John Hancock in 1702. Its existence was maintained con- 
 tinuously ; and it served also in the late Rebellion. In this war the 
 town lost 24 out of the 06 men furnished. In 18(>7 it erected on 
 the square in front of the Congregational church, at an expense of 
 $1,000, a granite monument to their memory. 
 
 jriclllSVllle, in Lawrenoe. 
 
HAMILTON. 353 
 
 Hamilton * s a pl easan * rural town in the central part of 
 ActiiiiiLUii Essex County, and is intersected by the Eastern 
 line of 'the Boston and Maine Railroad, 24 miles northeast of Boston. 
 The Essex Branch runs from the main line eastward through the 
 town. Ipswich lies on the north, Essex on the east, Manchester 
 and Wenham on the south, and Topsfield on the west. 
 
 Except on the southern side (which is a straight line) the outline 
 of the town is extremely irregular. The assessed area is 8,825 
 acres. Of this, 1,835 acres are forest, consisting chiefly of hemlock 
 and pine. The land is rather level ; Vineyard Hill in the west, and 
 Brown's Hill in the southeast, being the highest elevations. Che- 
 bacco, Gravel, Round and Beck's ponds diversify the southeastern 
 section of the town ; a large swamp occupies the southwestern 
 angle ; and Miles River runs across the town from south to north, 
 parallel with the central village. Black Brook drains the northwest 
 part of the town, discharging into Ipswich River, which forms thc- 
 western portion of the northern line, as well as the southern part of 
 the western line. Sienite is the underlying stone. The soil is a 
 black loam, and quite productive. 
 
 The 93 farms in 1885 yielded crops and other products to the 
 value of $106,121. The manufactures consist of boots and shoes. 
 carriages, ice and other food preparations ; these amounting, in 
 the last census year, to 1117,725. The valuation in 18s,x was 
 $772,070, with a tax of *8.10 on $1,000. The population is 851 : 
 and the number of dwelling-houses, 222. There aru four school 
 buildings, valued at upwards of 82,500. The Congregationalists and 
 the Methodists have each a church here. 
 
 Asbury Grove, a noted camp-meeting ground in the southwestern 
 part of the town, is laid out with streets, avenues and parks, on 
 which have been constructed numerous cottages in various styles of 
 architecture for the accommodation of families during the continu- 
 ance of the meetings, which annually attract thousands to this 
 delightful spot. 
 
 A church was organized here in October 27, 1714, as the third of 
 Ipswich ; and at that time the Rev. Samuel Wigglesworth was 
 ordained as pastor. 
 
 This town was originally a part of Ipswich. It was called "The 
 Hamlet" until its incorporation, June 21, 1793, when it received its 
 present name in honor of Alexander Hamilton. Among the per- 
 sons of eminence, natives of this town, are Fanny Woodbury 
 (1791-1814), Daniel Safford (1792-1856), noted for benevolence; 
 and Mary Abigail Dodge ( " Gail Hamilton ") (1838), the most popu- 
 lar lady-essayist of the last twenty-five years, and regarded as still a. 
 resident of the town. 
 
 TT r»rl ^n is a new an< * tnriv i n g agricultural and mannfac- 
 
 llcirnpueil t ur i n g town in the eastern section of Hampden 
 County, bordering on Connecticut, and about 90 miles west by south- 
 west of Boston. The Boston and Albany, the New London and 
 Northern and the Connecticut River railroads pass through the 
 adjoining towns on the north, east and west. 
 
354 GAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Wilbraham bounds it on the north, Monson on the east, Long- 
 meadow on the west, and the town of Somers, in Connecticut, on 
 the smith. 
 
 The territory is nearly square; having an assessed area of 11,751 
 acres. Of this, 5,47- acres are forests, consisting of chestnut, oak 
 and birch, ehietiy. The scenery is rather wild, but beautiful 
 Rattlesnake Hill rises grandly at the Connecticut line to a height of 
 1,077 feet; and a range of hills extends from this northerly and 
 medially through the town. Keantic Brook, rising in Wilbraham 
 and Monson, flows through the central village westward through the 
 town, furnishing power at several points on its course. The under- 
 lying rock is mainly calcareous gneiss, and good building stone is 
 quarried at several points. The soil is sandy loam, of considerable 
 fertility. 
 
 The town is somewhat noted for its various wild berries, which 
 have been a source of profit. Its 138 farms in 18*5 yielded prod- 
 ucts whose aggregate value was §118, ISO. The manufactures 
 amount to a much larger sum. In the southeastern part of the town 
 is a paper mill ; in various quarters are three lumber mills, a carriage 
 factory, and at the centre are a five-set mill making union cassi- 
 meies, a four-set, devoted to ladies' dress goods, and a three-set mill 
 making blankets. The population is SOS, of whom 212 are voters; 
 and there are 210 dwelling-houses. The valuation of the town in 
 1888 was £405,010. 
 
 The public schools consist of the grades of primary and grammar, 
 occupying four buildings valued at nearly §5,000. There is also a 
 private educational institution bearing the name, " South Wilbraham 
 Education Society," which has a school building and appurtenances 
 valued at $2,200. The Lacowsic Circulating Library has a nucleus 
 of upwards of 500 volumes, and there are two Sunday-school 
 libraries. The churches are the Cungregationalist, Baptist and 
 Methodist. 
 
 The Indian name for this locality was Minnecfiaug, meaning "berry- 
 land." The town was formerly the southern part of Wilbraham 
 (established June 15, 1763), from which it was taken and incorpo- 
 rated, March 28, 1878. It has the honor of bearing the county 
 name. 
 
 Hanrnrlr * s a * on S> nailow . ^ml mountainous township in 
 x idiiLULK the norther half of the western s \fo f Berk- 
 shire County, and 15S miles west of Boston. Pittsrield, on the 
 Boston and Albany Railroad, and Lebanon Springs, and Montreal 
 (in Stepheutown), on Harlem Extension Division of the Vermont 
 Railroad, are the nearest stations. This town is bounded north by 
 Williamstown, east by Hew Ashford, Lanesborough and Pittsfield, 
 south by Richmond, and west by New Lebanon and Stepheutown in 
 New York. Its length is 16 miles north nnd south, and from two to 
 three miles east, and west. The assessed area is 2O,(>!»0 acres. Of 
 this, '.U'.H.'i acres are devoted to forest, which here consists chiefly of 
 Leech, birch and maple. 
 
HANOVER. 355 
 
 Much of the land is too rough for cultivation, but the sides of 
 the mountains afford excellent pasturage. On Kinderhook Creek 
 (which, flowing southward, leaves the town at the middle of its 
 western side) there is a long, narrow valley of singular fertility, 
 where may be seen some of the best farms of the county. On 
 this stream, at its westward turn, is Hancock village, principally on 
 one street shaded by maple trees. Here and at other points are two 
 tanneries, saw mills and a carding mill. At the southwest angle is 
 the " Shaker Settlement." Between these two little villages, em- 
 bracing about one-half the township, the land is so mountainous and 
 broken that it is almost uninhabited and roadless. The principal 
 elevation is Old Tower Hdl, near the centre of the tract. There 
 are 69 farms in the town, whose product in the last census year was 
 valued at .574,407; and the manufactures at $71,586. The valua- 
 tion in 1888 was 1364,686, with a tax-rate of §10.50 on $1,000. 
 The population was 613, and there were 120 houses. The five school- 
 houses are valued at $2,500. There is a Baptist church here ; and 
 the Sunday school has a library containing about ;}0O volumt'S. 
 
 This plantation was called " Jericho," on account of its mountain 
 walls. It was incorporated a town July 2, 1G7<>, and named for 
 the patriot, John Hancock. The early settlers here were mostly 
 Baptists from Connecticut and Bhode Island. Among them were 
 Timothy Hurlburt, Col. John Ashley, Josiah Dean, Martin Town- 
 send and Asa Douglas. The latter was a grantee in 1760, but lived 
 just over the line in Stephentown, N. Y., and was the great grand- 
 father of Stephen A. Douglass. The settlers built their first meet- 
 ing-house in 1791, having worshipped in a log-house previously. 
 Elder Clark Rogers, settled over them about 1770, was the first 
 minister. The Shakers settled here as early as 1780, and built a 
 meeting-house in 1784. Their circular stone barn, 270 fret in 
 diameter, is a unique structure that attracts the attention of the 
 traveller. 
 
 This town furnished 70 men to the Union armies in the late war, 
 and lost ten. 
 
 H r is a very pleasant town in the northerly part of 
 anovei Plymouth County, 26 miles from Boston, with 
 which it is connected by the Hanover Branch of the Old Colony 
 Railroad. It is bounded on the north by Rockland and South Seit- 
 uate, on the east by the latter, on the south by Pembroke ami Han- 
 son, and on the west by Rockland. The assessed area is 9,207 acres, 
 including 3,896 acres of woodland. 
 
 The Four Corners village, at the confluence of the Third Herring 
 Brook and North River (forming respectively the eastern and the 
 southern lines of the town), is "Hanover" station, the terminal 
 point of the railroad, at the southeast corner of the town. Other 
 stations and villages along the railroad are Curtis' Crossing, Wins- 
 low's Crossing, South Hanover and West Hanover. Other villages 
 are the centre, North Hanover, and at the northeast corner, Assin- 
 ippa Village, having West Scituate as its post-office. 
 
356 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 With, the exception of 'Walnut Hill in the north, and Round. Top 
 in the southwest, the land is quite generally level, and the scenery 
 somewhat monotonous. The underlying rock is sienite and car- 
 boniferous. Here and there a small pond meets the eye. Several 
 sources of the North River spring up in this town, and, uniting, 
 flow into Indian l'ond, which, for some distance, divides the town 
 from Hanson ; and then the river itself forms the divisional line 
 between the town and 1'embroke, Formerly there was considerable 
 shipbuilding on this stream, for which Hanover and the neighbor- 
 ing towns furnished excellent white oak timber. 
 
 There are in the town W.) farms, but few owners devote them- 
 selves wholly to agrieulture. The aggregate farm product in the 
 census year of 1885 was 883,24*. The making of boots and shoes 
 occupied about 250 persons; the goods selling for 872,348. The 
 product of the several nail and tack factories, with other iron 
 goods, reached a value of 81*2;80O; boxes, house lumber and other 
 wooden goods, 83^,732. Twenty-four persons were employed in the 
 rubber factory; and there were manufactures of carriages, bricks, 
 leather, meal and flour, etc. The aggregate value of the entire manu- 
 factured product was 8708,015. The valuation of the town in 1*88 
 was ^1,116,657, with a tax-rate of 812.50 on $1,000. The inhab- 
 itants numbered 1,966, with 445 dwelling-houses. There were 570 
 legal voters. 
 
 The schools are graded, occupying eight buildings, valued at 
 nearly 810,000. The Hanover Academy, established in 1*28, is still 
 active, and has a good school building. Three libraries, in as many 
 different villages, are accessible to the people. The academy and 
 the high school also have each a small library ; and there are five 
 Sunday-school libraries. The churches are Baptist, two Congrega- 
 tional, one American Episcopal, one Methodist Episcopal, and one 
 Roman Catholic. The "Hanover Advance" and the "North River 
 Pioneer " are weekly visitors of much usefulness. 
 
 Though settled as early as 1649, this place was not incorporated 
 as a town until June 14, 1727, when it was named in honor of the 
 Duke of Hanover, who at this date had been three days George the 
 Second, King of England. In 1754 there were seventeen slaves in 
 town. It is said that the first saw-mill erected in America was 
 built in this place, and before one had been established in England. 
 The anchors of the " Old Ironsides'' were forged here; and here 
 also the first cast-iron ploughs were made. 
 
 "Few towns in the State,'' observes a writer, " can show a larger 
 proportion of pleasant, attractive country residences than Hanover. 
 There is unmistakable evidence that the previous generation was 
 one of thrift and success." Hanover is still an intelligent, indus- 
 trious and temperate place. It furnished 180 meu for the Union 
 army in the late war, losing about 10. 
 
 Col. John Bailey (1730-1840), and Rear-Admiral Joseph Smith, 
 United States Navy (1790), were born in Hanover. 
 
 H in SOn ls a ver y P^ easant an( * industrious farming and 
 . manufacturing town, situated in the northern part 
 
SAXSOX 357 
 
 of Plymouth County, about 25 miles south by southeast of Boston. 
 The Plymouth Branch of the Old Colony Railroad runs diagonally 
 through the town, having stations at two postal villages, Hanson 
 (centre) and South Hanson. The other villages are North Hanson 
 and Gurney's Corners. The Hanover Branch of the Old Colony 
 Railroad has a station within a few rods of the northeast angle of 
 the town. 
 
 The boundaries of Hanson are Rockland and Hanover on the 
 north, Pembroke on the east, Halifax on the south, and East Bridge- 
 water and "Whitman on the west. The assessed area is 9,0." it) acres, 
 of which 6,014 are devoted to forest. The trees are almost exclu- 
 sively pine and oak. There are low hills at the north, three on the 
 eastern side, and an extended elevation at the centre; but with 
 these slight exceptions the surface is nearly a level plain. It 
 embraces several extensive ponds and cedar swamps, — Oldham 
 Pond on the eastern line; and further south, Indian-Head Pond, a 
 beautiful sheet of water covering 15(> acres. Its outlet, on which 
 are several mill sites, flows north to North River. Poor Meadow 
 Brook, a very crooked stream, flowing southward to Satucket River, 
 drains the western section of the town. 
 
 Beds of iron ore are found in these ponds ; and there is also a 
 valuable stone quarry in the town. Cranberries and strawberries 
 are largely cultivated. There are 11*7 farms, whose aggregate prod- 
 uct in 1*85 was *f>7.193. The manufactures are boots and shoes, 
 tacks and shoe nails, carriages, straw goods, wooden boxes and 
 leather. There are several mills for sawing house lumber, box- 
 boards and small articles, and for grinding grain. Some 50 persons 
 are employed in making tacks and nails, and about 150 in shoemak- 
 ing. The valuation in 18SS was £578.905, with a tax-rate of ■•? 14.30 
 on s 1,000. The population was 1,1*27, and there were 31* houses. 
 The legal voters numbered 368. 
 
 The town-hall cost, for building and furnishing, about .>'k,<mm>; 
 the seven school buildings, valued at upwards of £5,1 mio, accommodate 
 two grammar and five primary schools. There are a small associa- 
 tion library and two Sunday-school libraries. The churches are 
 two — Congregational and Baptist. 
 
 Hanson — previously the West Parish of Pembroke — was incor- 
 porated a town February 21', 1820. Its name was chosen, without 
 any regard of significance, out of many that were suggested; and it 
 seems to be a very good one, — brief, good-looking and euphonious. 
 Nearly all the territory was embraced in a purchase made by Major 
 Josiah Winslow of the Indian sachem, Josiah Wampatuck, on the 9th 
 of July, 1692. Many Indian relics have been discovered in the 
 neighborhood of the ponds, and the line of an Indian trail through 
 Great Cedar Swamp is shown. Among the early settlers were 
 Josiah Browne, who lived in the southern, and Edward Thomas, in 
 the northern, parts of the town. 
 
 A church was organized here August 31, 1748; and the Rev. 
 Gad Hitchcock, D.D., was then ordained pastor; remaining in this 
 ministry until his death, August 8, 1803. The Baptist church was 
 
358 GAZETTEEB OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 organized in 1812, and the Rev. Joseph Torrey was the first pastor. 
 This town furnished the sum of $10,502 and 131 men for the 
 late war, 21 of whom lost their lives therefrom, either in or after 
 leaving the service. 
 
 IrlcirClWcirC, a village in Canton. 
 
 r-T nrrlwirlr i s a prosperous agricultural and manufacturing 
 in. d I U. WICK, town near the middle of the western side of 
 Worcester County, 75 miles west of Uoston. The Massachusetts 
 Central Railroad winds through the town, having a station at Fur- 
 nace Village (Hardwick station), in the eastern part, and another at 
 Gilbertville, in the southern part. 
 
 Dana and Barre lie upon the northeastern and northwestern sides, 
 New Braintree is on the southeast, Ware on the south, and Enfield 
 on the west. The assessed area is 23,998 acres, with .5,2*7 in wood- 
 land. The surface is rough and hilly. The most notable elevation 
 is Mount Dougal, in the southern part, overlooking the busy village 
 of Gilbertsville, on Ware River. This stream forms the long south- 
 eastern line of the town, and furnishes excellent powers. Moose 
 and Danforth brooks, having some mill sites, flow into it from the 
 north; and Muddy River flows through a series of small ponds in 
 the north and middle portion of the town to Muddy Pond, at the 
 southern border. 
 
 The soil is deep, moist and strong, producing fine crops of hay and 
 grain, and affording excellent pasturage. The town has 22,607 fruit 
 trees. The aggregate product of the 105 farms in 1885 was 
 $214,027. The manufactures consist of woollen goods, paper, 
 boots and shoes, furniture, lumber, iron goods and building stone. 
 The paper mill employs from 15 to 20 persons, and the woollen 
 mills upwards of 800. The population in 1875 was 1,902; in 1*85 
 it was 3,145, of whom 520 were legal voters. The houses were 373 
 in number. The valuation in 188S was $1,.'?75,mi0, with a tax-rate 
 of *14 on $1,000. 
 
 There are eleven school buildings, valued at upwards of $20,000. 
 The Gilbertville Library lias about 1.500 volumes, and the Hardwick 
 Free Library nearly the same number. There are a Congregational 
 church at Hardwick, and a Congregational, a union and a Roman 
 Catholic at Gilbertville. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Wombemesisecook. The land 
 was bought of the two sachems, John Magus and Lawrence Xasso- 
 wanno, in 1<lSf>, by .John Lamb and others, for twenty English 
 pounds. It bore the name of "Lamhstown '' until its incorporation, 
 January 10, 17.17. Tin- town was probably named from Philip 
 York, Lord llanlwicke, of the Privy Council, and chief justice of 
 the Court of King's l'.euch. The first church was organized Novem- 
 ber 17, 17.10, anil the Rev. David White ordained as pastor. 
 
 General Timothy Kuggles, a noted royalist, was long a resident 
 of the town. Early in the Revolution his five farms, with their 
 stock of thirty horses, his deer-park, and other property, were con- 
 fiscated. 
 
HARRIS— H. 1 li YARD. 359 
 
 Hard-wick sent some forty soldiers into the Union army in the 
 late war, of whom about ten were killed in battle, or died of disease 
 contracted in the service. This town has also given to the country 
 Dr. Jonas Fay (1737-1818), a prominent statesman; Moses Robiu- 
 son (1741-1813), United States senator 1791-1796; and the lie v. 
 Lucius R. Paige, D.D. (1802), an able preacher and historian, for 
 many years a resident of Cambridge. 
 
 JTT.3.rriS, a village in Rehoboth. 
 
 Harrison Square, Jf 1 ^" the Dorches * er ^^ 
 
 WnrrJcwill^ * n Clinton; also in West Boylston, and in 
 n.arribVHie, winchendon. 
 
 Hartsbrook, a village in Hadley. 
 HartSville, in New Marlborough. 
 
 Harvard * s a ** ne ^ arm " 1 S town forming one of the north- 
 lldlVdlU eagt an gi es f Worcester County, and is .'W miles 
 from Boston. The Worcester and Nashua Railroad (a division of 
 the Boston and Maine) runs through the western part, having a 
 station at the southwest, near Still River Village. Shaker Village 
 occupies the northeast extremity of the town ; and near the north 
 line is Ayer Junction on the Fitchburg Railroad. It is bounded on 
 the north by Ayer, east by Littleton and Boxborough, on the south 
 by Bolton, and on the west by Lancaster and Shirley. The assessed 
 area is 16,144 acres ; 5,447 being forests of oak, chestnut, maple and 
 pine. 
 
 The land is beautifully diversified by hills, valleys, ponds and 
 streams. Pin Hill, of curious pyramidal form, has an altitude of 
 nearly 200 feet. It contains a valuable quarry of blue slate, from 
 which many gravestones are cut. A coarse variety of granite is 
 the prevailing stone. Prospect Hill, in the western part of the 
 town, is worthy of its name ; a vast extent of country, in addition 
 to the beautiful valley of the Nashua, being visible from its sum- 
 mit. Just south of Harvard Centre is Bare Hill Pond, a very fine 
 sheet of water of about L'oi; acres, adorned with several islands and 
 well stored with fish. The waters of Hell Pond, in the northwest 
 of the town, occupying a space of about iH) acres, have a depth of 
 90 feet, — hence the name, curiously enough. Near by is Robbin's 
 Pond. Still River flows through the southeast part of the town to 
 Nashua River, which forms the entire western line. On a stream at 
 the eastern line, south, are saw and grist mills. On Bower Brook, 
 flowing into Bare Hill Pond from the south, is a saw mill; on a 
 stream at the eastern line, south, are saw mills and grist mills ; and 
 on Cold Stream Brook, the outlet of Bare Hill Pond, running north 
 through the midst of the town, are also saw and grist mills. A mile 
 
300 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 or two east of these, on Bennett's Brook, is the Shaker village, a 
 scene of neatness, industry and thrift. Here also are a saw mill and 
 • r rist mill, also their herb-house, school-house and meeting-house. 
 In 17NO this community numbered about li>U; at which figure it had 
 remained for many years. The entire population of the town at 
 that date was l,:ui ;'in l* s ~» it was 1.1x4. 
 
 The soil of this tuwn is a black loam, strong and fertile, and ad- 
 mirably adapted to the growth of fruit and forest trees; and large 
 quantities of apples, pears, chestnuts and walnuts are exported. 
 The intervale lands upon the Nashua River are remarkably produc- 
 tive of the usual farm crops. The aggregate product of the Har- 
 vard farms, -U) in number, in 1H*~>, was *'-J'J,~>'-»>. Some canning of 
 fruits is done by the Shakers; some agricultural implements are 
 made ; but all except one or two saw mills and grist mills have fallen 
 into disuse; one having been changed to a wool-scouring mill. The 
 entire manufactured product of the last census year was valued at 
 AT.'vUH. There are 'J~i dwelling-houses. The valuation of the town 
 in l!>*x was s '.),'):;. 44."i. with a tax-rate of *lo.40 on 81,000. There 
 are a town-hall, a town library of about 4,ooo volumes, an association 
 library of about 1,000, and the BromnVld School library, somewhat 
 larger. Besides this school, which has buildings worth some $15,- 
 000, there are nine public-school buildings, valued at about ¥9,000. 
 The churches are the Unitarian, Congregationalist, Baptist and 
 Shakers. 
 
 Harvard was taken from Lancaster, Groton and Stow and incor- 
 porated, January I'O, 17.52. The Rev. John Seccomb was the first 
 minister of the first church, which was organized in 17-'!;;. 
 
 This town furnished 10L' soldiers for the Union armies in the late 
 war, of whom 10 lost their lives in the service. 
 
 Hirwirn one °^ ^ m ' mos ^ characteristic and pleasant of 
 n. dlWlCIl, £ mJ (j ;l p e (j d towns, lies on its south side, about 
 midway of Barnstable County, southeast from Boston, and about 
 So miles distant by the < >ld Colony Railroad. This road has three 
 stations in the town, — North Harwich at the northwest, Harwich 
 (centre) and Pleasant Lake, on the north side. The other villages 
 are West Harwich, Harwich Port and South Harwich, on the south 
 side, and East Harwich on Pleasant Pay, which has Orleans on its 
 north side and Chatham on its south. The last-mentioned town is 
 the boundary on the east, P.rewster lies on the north, Dennis on the 
 west; while the south side, scarcely deviating from the straight line 
 of the 41° 10' parallel of latitude, is washed by the waters of the 
 Atlantic. The assessed area of this town is S.070 acres; of which 
 1', 1 1 4 acres are occupied by a growth of oak and pine trees. 
 
 There are several fresh-water ponds, the largest being Long Pond 
 on the Brewster line; and another is Pleasant Lake, giving a name 
 lo the railroad station near it. Prom the latter sheet of water 
 issues Herring River, the most, considerable stream of the town, 
 Mowing southward to the sea at West Harwich. From it many shad 
 and ale wives arc annually taken. The town abounds in romantic 
 
II. 1 S TlXl , S 1 IL L E —II. I r FIELD. 361 
 
 dells and shady retreats, admirably adapted to the use of holiday 
 parties and recreation. There are small elevations near the centre, 
 one on the western side and one on the northeast. 
 
 The farms are 113 in number. Nearly 500 acres are devoted to 
 cranberry culture ; and this crop, in 1885, was 12,180 barrels, worth 
 S72.995. There is a fair number of fruit trees, which yield well. 
 The sod is sandy, but with a little fertilizing produces good crops of 
 rye, maize, and the common vegetables. The value of the aggre- 
 gate crop in 1885 was §83,431. There are two shipyards, two or 
 three cooperages, one or more stone quarries, two or three carriage 
 factories, a tannery, a machine shop, a printing office, food establish- 
 ments, and the usual small industries of a farming and sea-shore 
 town. The aggregate product of manufactures in the last census 
 year was $83,431. There are some 350 mariners and 5u or more 
 fishermen having residence in the town. Five schooners, aggrega- 
 ting 1.519 tons, were engaged in transportation; and 9 schooners, 
 7 sloops, 15 sail-boats, 45 dories and 14 seine boats were engaged in 
 the fisheries. The catch of mackerel in 18X5 was valued at # 11,727 ; 
 of cod, §9.473. The whale product was 34('i7 ; and clams, .sl'.'!5. These 
 and other fish aggregated in the value of $55,t>9l. Harwich has a 
 national bank with a capital of !jji3<H>,oiMi; and a savings bank, 
 having, at the close of last year, *41x,47x in deposits. 
 
 The valuation of the town in 188K was xl.Oii1,5.'i.">. with a tax-rate 
 of -S16 on *1.0OO. There are 7N5 dwelling-houses, 2,7x.'! inhabitants, 
 and 845 legal voters. The schools are graded, and occupy nine 
 buildings valued at nearly !?15,<Ht(>, In the villages are ten libraries 
 in a degree accessible to the public. The "Harwich Independent" 
 is an old institution, but ever fresh in its weekly contents. The 
 churches are Baptist, two Congregational, Methodist and Koinan 
 Catholic. The Baptist church (at West Harwich) is said to be the 
 oldest on the Cape. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Saturket. extending across the 
 Cape. It was incorporated as the town of Harwich Scptemlicr 14, 
 1G94, taking its name from a town in England. The territory of 
 Brewster was set off from it in 1x03. The tirst church was organ- 
 ized, with the llev. Edward Pell for its minister, November (J, 1747. 
 The records are well preserved and curious. The laud here was 
 bought of Matty Quason, or his heirs. The Satucket Indians, num- 
 bering as many as 500 in 1P>94, lived in the northwest part of the 
 town ; and traces of them still remain. 
 
 HaStingSville, in Framingham. 
 
 H atchfield, a vdlage in Falmouth. 
 
 TT offj-lpl is an ancient and handsome town at the middle of 
 n.cUIlClU the nor thern side of Hampshire County, about 120 
 miles west of Boston. It is situated on the right bank of the Con- 
 necticut River, which forms its entire eastern line; then, bending 
 westward, forms about half its southern line. The Connecticut 
 
362 UAZETTKKtt OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 River Railroad pusses through the midst of the town north and 
 south, having stations at the north, south and centre. Whately lies 
 on the north, Hartley on the east, the latter and Northampton on the 
 south, and the lust and Williamsburgh on the west. 
 
 The villages are at the centre, north, south and west. The as- 
 sessed area is 9,212 acres, whieh includes -',."04 acres of forest. 
 
 The land is level and alluvial on the river, undulating in the 
 centre and mountainous in the west. There are extensive marshes 
 in the southern section-, while on the western border the Horse 
 Mountain rises as a mighty barrier to the height of about 1,000 feet. 
 There is a gentle inclination of the land toward the south ; and in 
 that direction are the currents of Broad Brook, Mill River and other 
 streams that drain the town. The southern terminus of the base 
 line of the Trigonometrical Survey of the State is within an irregular 
 semicircle formed by a bend in Mill River, in the southern section 
 of the town. 
 
 The geological formation is sienite, middle shales, and sandstone; 
 and in these are found galena, blende, heavy spar, copper pyrites, 
 crystals of yellow quartz and other minerals. The soil is fertile, 
 and remunerative crops of maize, wheat, rye, hay and tobacco are 
 produced. Hatfield, for more than a century and a half, enjoyed a 
 reputation for fat cattle; but the tobacco crop, according to the 
 census, is now far the most valuable item ; being, in l.ssj, 929,993 
 pounds, worth $99,9.'!8. The aggregate farm product was valued at 
 $273,568. The manufactures are guns, building stone, brooms, 
 food preparations, tobacco, etc, valued, in the aggregate, at £73.428. 
 The valuation in 1S8S was $.ss(',.',)0O, with a tax-rate of S9.60 on 
 $1,000. 
 
 The dwelling-houses numbered 274 ; the inhabitants. 1.367 ; legal 
 voters, 319. 
 
 The public library has upwards of 3,000 volumes. There were 
 five school buildings, valued at about SlO.ouo. Smith Academy, 
 founded in 1S71, has a building and appurtenances valued at -S24.000. 
 This was founded by Miss Sophia Smith, — a native and long a 
 resident of the town ; and who was also the founder of Smith Col- 
 lege, in Northampton. She was the daughter of" Oliver Smith, who 
 established the Smith Charity Fund, which several years since 
 amounted to over a million dollars. The church is Congregational. 
 
 This place was once a part of Hadlev, and was incorporated as a 
 town on the 11th of May, 1670. It was probably called Hatfield 
 from a parish of this name in Kngland. The church was organized 
 in 1670; and the, Kev. Hope Atherton was that year ordained as 
 pastor. 
 
 Ilat.lield suffered seriously during Philip's War. "(>n the 30th of 
 May, 1('>7~>," says an early historian, " from six to seven hundred 
 Indians invaded Hatfield; their first work being to set on fire 12 
 buildings without the fortification. At this time, almost every man 
 belonging to the plantation was at work in the meadow; and while 
 the palisaded dwellings were attacked at every point, and bravely 
 defended by the few who remained, and while a large number of the 
 
HATFIELD. 363 
 
 savages were busy in killing cattle or driving them off, 150 Indians 
 entered the meadow to engage the planters. The flames of the 
 burning buildings were seen at Hadley ; and 25 young men left that 
 town immediately and arrived in the meadow just in season to save 
 the planters from entire destruction. Five of their number fell in 
 the conflict; and 25 Indians were killed, — being one to each man 
 who went over from Hadley. 
 
 On the 19th of October, 1675, a body of more than 700 Indians, 
 elated by successes in Deerfield, approached the outposts of this 
 town, having cut off the scouts that had been sent out to watch for 
 their approach. Poole and his men entered into a spirited defence 
 of one extremity ; while the veteran Moseley dealt death to the 
 enemy in the centre. Captain Appleton, with the Hadley forces, 
 was soon on the ground, and engaged the foe at the other extremity. 
 The enemy were repulsed at every point. The engagement took 
 place just at the close of the day ; and the enemy had been enter- 
 tained so hotly, that they retired in great haste and confusion, only 
 having had time to burn a few barns and other outbuildings, and 
 drive off a number of cattle. Ten of the settlers were killed, and 
 the loss of the Indians must have been considerable. 
 
 Again, on the 19th day of September, 1<>77, "a party of about 5n 
 Indians from Canada, who had descended the Connecticut to Hat- 
 field, fell upon that town, shot down three men outside of the forti- 
 fications, and, breaking through, killed 11 men, women, and children, 
 and captured and took away a large number. The attack occurred 
 at 11 o'clock in the morning, and while the principal part of the 
 men were at work in the meadows. Benjamin Waite and Stephen 
 Jennings, whose wives were taken, afterwards went to Quebec, ami. 
 for £200, redeemed the captives. 
 
 The first open and decided measures to oppose the State govern- 
 ment, in what is known as Shays' Insurrection, were taken in this 
 town, whose people were in strong sympathy with that movement. 
 On the 22nd of August, 17S6, a convention of delegates from fin 
 towns assembled here, and, in a session of three days, set forth in 
 detail what they considered the grievances of the people ; amon_c 
 which were "the existence of the senate," "the existence of the 
 courts of common pleas, and general sessions of the peace," and 
 "the general court sitting in the town of Boston;" and they voted 
 that a revision of the constitution ought to be made. Four days 
 subsequent to the rising of this convention, the court-house at 
 Northampton was surrounded by armed insurgents, and the doors 
 closed. 
 
 But, though many of the citizens of Hatfield were in sympathy 
 with the insurgents, some of them were loyal ; and one at least, as 
 we learn from the following inscription, sealed his loyalty with his 
 blood : — 
 
 "To the memory of Mr. Jacob Walker, who, respected by the brave, 
 beloved by his country's friends, dear to his relations, while manfully defend- 
 ing the laws and liberties of the Commonwealth, nobly fell by the impious 
 hand of treason and rebellion on the 17th of February, 1787. in the 32nd year 
 of his age. Citizen passing, drop a tear, and learn to imitate the brave." 
 
3(J4 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 '"minent persons: Jonathan Dickinson (1688-1747), first presi- 
 dent of Princeton College; Kohi-aim Williams, founder of Williams 
 College; Ehsiia Williams (1094-176.");, president of Yale College 
 1 1 . nn 17-Mi to 17.'i'.l; Oliver Partridge (17R.'-17i>i.'j, member of the 
 first Colonial Congress; Oliver Smith (17M-1845/, a wealthy and 
 benevolent farmer, who left an estate of about ">.'m<(,000, the most 
 of which lie .levised to educational and charitable purposes; and 
 Miss Sophia Smith (171)6-1*70), a woman of tender sensibilities and 
 noble. Christian endeavor, and the founder of Smith Academy in 
 Hatfield, and iMiiith College in Northampton. 
 
 H 
 
 aVeiWllle, in Burlington. 
 
 IT \ VFRHII T tlie 1>eh, '"' k, ' t of tne Indians, is 
 ■n--^*- * -t-.lv 171 1 J—.l^, , U1 enterprising and uncommonly 
 
 beautiful city, noted for the manufacture of boots and shoes, and for 
 its recent growth and industrial prosperity. It lies in the northerly 
 part of Essex County, on the north bank of the .Merrimack River, at 
 the head of tide-water and of sloop navigation ; and is, by the Boston 
 and .Maine Railroad, o- miles north of Boston, and 78 miles south- 
 west from Portland. It is connected with Bradford and Groveland 
 by substantial bridges, and with Newburyport by water and by the 
 Haverhill Branch and the Dan vers and Newburyport Railroad. 
 
 '1" lie town contains three postal centres — Haverhill, East Haver- 
 hill, and Ayer's Milage (in the northwest angle! ; the other villages 
 being East Parish, North Parish, Riverside, Bocks Village, Tilton's 
 Corner, and Went Parish. It has for its boundaries the New Hamp- 
 shire line on th<- northwest; this and Merrimack on the northeast; 
 the Merrimack River, separating it from Newbury and Groveland, 
 on the southeast ; the same river, between it and Bradford, on the 
 south; and Methuen on the southwest. The assessed area is 15.520 
 acres, including H40 acres of woodland. There are li'.o farms, whose 
 aggregate product in lusf, had the value of *17.'>,i<7.'{. 
 
 The underlying rock is the Merrimack schist, which crops out in 
 ledges having a similar inclination in several localities. On Brandy 
 Brow, in the north part of the town, there is a huge bowlder, which 
 stands at the corner of Mcrrimac. Haverhill, Newtown and Plaistow. 
 The surface ot the city is agreeably diversified with rounded hills, 
 valleys, lakes, streams and river; and the populous part, occupying 
 a gentle acclivity rising immediately from the brink of the Merri- 
 mack, presents, with its handsome private residences, its churches, 
 and other public edifices, a remarkably line appearance. The 
 highest point of land is Ayer's Hill, .'{.'tit feet above the sea, in the 
 northwest section. From this, as well as from Golden Hill and 
 Silver Hill, delightful views of the outspreading landscape and the 
 noble river are obtained. There are live Itc-autiful sheets of fresh water 
 in the city, the largest of which, comprising about L'.'iS acres, and 
 culled "Oauozii Lake," is a favorite resort for pleasure parties, and 
 is surrounded with delightful scenery. It receives a small tributary 
 named " Fishing Brook ;" and upon its outlet there is a mill privilege. 
 
IIA VERHILL. 365 
 
 Little Elver flows along the line of the Boston and Maine Railroad 
 into the Merrimack; and Creek Pond, of about 1"><; acres, in the 
 westerly part of the city,, sends an affluent, called "Creek Brook, - ' 
 into the same river. 
 
 There are some excellent farms and apple-orchards here, and con- 
 siderable attention is given to market-gardening ; but the principal 
 business is manufacturing. The city has establishments for making 
 woollen goods, hats, shoe-lasts, shoe nails and tacks, morocco, car- 
 riages, boxes, tin-ware and clothing ; and about 275 firms are busily 
 employed in the manufacture of boots and shoes ; the product in 
 1885 being valued at $13,551,905. The aggregate product of all 
 manufactures was *16,320,707. The territory burned by the great 
 fire of February 17 and 18, 1882, was devoted almost exclusively to 
 this business, and the loss was estimated at £2,000,000. Yet it was 
 soon rebuilt, with larger and better structures. The city continues 
 to grow and business to increase. 
 
 There were in the city, in 18S8, 4,026 dwelling-houses, upwards of 
 159 factory buildings, 236 workshops, besides numerous office and 
 store buildings. The valuation in the latter year was $16,6.19,379, 
 with a tax-rate of §16.60 on §1,000. There are five national banks, 
 having an aggregate capital of §990,000; and two savings banks 
 whose deposits at the close of last year amounted to §5,097,r»5,H. 
 The city hall is a fine structure, and there is an excellent public 
 library containing about 40,000 volumes. The public schools arc 
 completely graded; and there are also a normal and a training 
 school for teachers. The schools occupy 17 buildings, having a 
 value of about $350,000. The city has several able public journals 
 — "The Haverhill Gazette" (daily and weekly), " The Daily" and " 
 "The Weekly Bulletin," " The Daily" and "The Weekly Laborer f 
 "The Essex Banner" and "The Outline," both weeklies. There 
 are street railways, an efficient fire department and 21 churches. 
 The latter are as follows: Congregational — the Centre, Fourth, 
 North Haverhill, Riverside and West; Free Baptist; Methodist, 
 Episcopal; Protestant Episcopal — St. John's and Trinity; Roman 
 Catholic — St. James' and St. Joseph's; Universalist — Haverhill 
 and West Haverhill; and the Wesleyan Methodist. The social 
 organizations are numerous. 
 
 Haverhill furnished 1,241 men for the army and navy during the 
 late war of the Rebellion ; and to the memory of the 184 that were 
 lost it has erected a fitting monument. There is also a handsome 
 fireman's monument, consisting of an elaborate granite pedestal, 
 surmounted by the statue in white marble of a fireman, — the 
 whole being fourteen feet in height. 
 
 The settlement at Haverhill was commenced in 1640 by the Rev. 
 John Ward and others, who accompanied him from Newbury. The 
 land was purchased of the Indians Passaquo and Saggahew Nov. 15, 
 1642, and then extended fourteen miles upon the river, and from it 
 six miles north, embracing parts of Methuen, and of Salem, Atkin- 
 son and Plaistow in New Hampshire. It was named in memory of 
 Haverhill, the birthplace of Mr. Ward in England, and incorporated 
 
3(36 UAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 in Kilo. The plantation then contained about .'j2 landholders, and was, 
 with the exception of open fields upon the river, a dense and un- 
 broken forest. It J<lo(» it was voted "that Abraham Tyler blow his 
 horn half ;m hour before meeting on the Lord's day and on lecture 
 days, and receive one pound of pork annually for his services from 
 each family.'' A bell was not procured until 174*. The first 
 church was organized in lli-lo; and on the l.'Jth of February, 1G47, 
 the Key. John Ward, a man of robust constitution and an excellent 
 divine, was ordained as pastor. His salary in 1<>52 was £50. He 
 died December 27, If >!);!, and was succeeded by the Rev. Benjamin 
 Kolfe, who was killed by the Indians in their attack upon the town 
 on the 2!)th of August, 1708. 
 
 The first record made of schools is in March, 1GG1, when it was 
 voted " that ten pounds should be rated for a schoolmaster, and he to 
 receive pay from the scholars as he and the parents can agree." 
 
 Haverhill, as a frontier settlement, suffered much from Indian fe- 
 rocity. The exploit of Mrs. Hannah Duston, in whose memory a 
 monument has been erected on Duston's Island, at the mouth of the 
 Contoocook River, is one of the most remarkable on record. On the 
 loth of March, KIU7, a body of Indians made a descent on the west- 
 erly part of the town, and came towards the house of Mr. Thomas 
 Duston. " Upon the iirst alarm, he flew from a neighboring field to 
 his family. Seven of his children he directed to flee, while he him- 
 self went to assist his wife, who was confined to the bed with an 
 infant a week old ; but, before she could leave her bed, the savages 
 arrived. In despair of rendering her assistance, Mr. Duston flew to 
 the door, mounted his horse, and determined in his own mind to 
 •snatch up and save the child which he loved the best; but, upon 
 coming up to them, he found it impossible to make a selection. He 
 resolved, therefore, to meet his fate with them. A body of Indians 
 soon came up with him, and, from short distances, fired upon him 
 and his little company. For more than a mile he continued to re- 
 treat, placing himself between his children and the fire of the 
 savages, and returning their shots with great spirit and success. At 
 length he saw them all safely lodged from their bloody pursuers in 
 a distant house. As Mr. Duston quitted his house, a party of 
 Indians entered it. Mrs. Duston was in bed, but they compelled, 
 her, with the nurse, Mrs. Xeff, to march with other captives into the 
 wilderness. The air was keen, and their path led alternately 
 through snow and deep mud. After going a short distance the 
 savages killed the infant, and soon began to kill such other captives 
 as showed weakness. The wigwam of their savage masters was on 
 an island in Contoocook River, and was inhabited by 12 Indians. 
 The information that, on their arrival at the settlement to which 
 they were destined, they must submit to be scourged, and run the 
 gantlet between two liles of Indians, led them promptly to devise 
 some means of escape. Early in tho morning of the ol'st of May, 
 Mrs. Duston awaked her nurse and another fellow-prisoner; and 
 arming themselves with tomahawks, thus despatched 10 of the 
 12 Indians while asleep. The other two escaped. The women then 
 
HAVERHILL B1UDGE— HAWLEX. 367 
 
 pursued their difficult and toilsome journey through the 'wilderness, 
 and at length arrived in safety at Haverhill." 
 
 In his visit to New England in 1789, 'Washington spent one night 
 in this town, — saying, as he entered it and gazed upon the river and 
 the landscape, then in its autumn glory, " Haverhill is the pleasant- 
 est village I ever passed through." 
 
 The hrst steamboat that ever floated on the Merrimack was built 
 here, and descended the river to Xewburyport for the first time 
 April 7, 1S1'8. 
 
 The first Baptist church in Essex County was established here by 
 the Rev. Hezekiah Smith in 1705. 
 
 The first newspaper (" The Gazette ") issued here appeared in 
 1703; in the ensuing year, the Haverhill bridge was completed. 
 The town, which in 1865 had a population of 10,740, was incorpor- 
 ated as a city March 10, 1869. In 18*5 the population was 121,795, 
 and the number of legal voters, 5,623. 
 
 Haverhill has given to tin' world many distinguished men, of 
 whom the following may be named : — 
 
 Eichard Saltonstall (1703-1756), an able jurist; Gen. Joseph 
 Badger (1722-1803), an efficient officer; Brig.-Gen. Moses Ha/en 
 (1733-1803), a brave Revolutionary officer ; Thomas Cogswell (1746- 
 1810), an able officer and jurist; Gen. Benjamin Moers (1758-ls.'!!S), 
 an efficient officer in the Revolution; Nathaniel Cogswell (1773- 
 1813), a lawyer, and general in the Spanish army; Daniel Appleton 
 (1785-1S49), founder of the publishing house of Apple ton & Com- 
 pany; Benjamin Greenleaf (17*6-1804), author of an able series of 
 mathematical text-books; William Willis, LL.1X (17114-1*70), an 
 able historian ; John Greenleaf Whittier (1807), a poet of world- 
 wide fame (born in a farm-house about two miles distant from 
 the city proper, on the road leading to Amesbury, the town in which 
 he now resides) ; George Minot (1817-1858), an able editor and 
 lawyer; Charles Short, LL.D. (1821), an able writer, president of 
 Kenyon College from 1863 to 1807; and Gen. William Francis 
 Bartlett (1840), H. U. 1802, a gallant soldier ; Hon. E. J. M. Hale 
 (1813-1881), a graduate of Harvard University in 1835, — devoted 
 chiefly to woollen manufactures ; founder of the Haverhill Public 
 Library and the hospital for the city. 
 
 Haverhill BHdge, a village in Bradford. 
 
 H awes Hill, in Barre, 1,285 feet in height. 
 
 HI situated on the highlands in the western part of 
 
 aWiey, franklin County, has for its boundaries, Charle- 
 mont on the north, Buckland and Ashfield on the east, Elainfield 
 on the south, and Savoy on the west. 
 
 Its assessed area is 17,895 acres. There are 6,416 acres of forest, 
 consisting of maple, beech, birch, hemlock and spruce. The land is 
 hilly, the scenery picturesque, and the climate cold and healthful. 
 Among the minerals found here are massive iron pyrites, magnetic 
 
3G8 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 iron, and zoisite. Forge Hill, in the western centre, is one of the 
 most prominent elevations. A large number of clear and sparkling 
 brooks, well stored with trout, flow from the hills, and swell the 
 waters of Deerfield River. The soil is good for grazing, and the 
 growing of wool receives considerable attention. There are large 
 quantities of maple sugar sent to market. 
 
 The product of the 133 farms in 1**5 was valued at $102,639. 
 There are three saw mills, also manufactories of broom-handles, and 
 of straw and palm-leaf hats. The wooden and other goods made in 
 18*5 had the value of 8 10,(104. The valuation of the town in 1*88 
 was £1 58,3*5, with a tax-rate of 823 on £1,000. The inhabitants 
 numbered 545, and were sheltered in 119 dwelling-houses. There 
 were 152 legal voters. 
 
 There are eight school buildings, valued at about $3,000. The two 
 Sunday school libraries have some 000 volumes. There are two 
 churches, both Congregational. This town sent si soldiers into the 
 Union armies in the late war. 
 
 A branch railroad is needed for the increase and prosperity of this 
 place. Its nearest station is Charlemont. at the north, on the 
 opposite side of the Deerfield Kiver, on the Fitchburg Railroad, 128 
 miles from Boston. There is a post-office at Hawley centre and one 
 at West Hawley. The other villages are East and South Hawley. 
 
 This place was Number Seven Plantation, and was incorporated 
 February 6, 17112. It was named in honor of Major Joseph Hawley, 
 of Northampton. The first church was formed September 16, 177*; 
 and the Rev. Jonathan Grout, ordained October 23, 1793, was the 
 first settled pastor. 
 
 Hayden ROW, a village in Hopkinton. 
 
 Haydenville, in Williamsburg. 
 
 Haywardville, inStoneham. 
 
 H azelwood, a village in Hyde Park. 
 
 H azen, M OUIlt, in Clarksburg, 2,272 feet in height. 
 
 Head, PaiTiet, a village in Truro. 
 
 Heald Village, inBarre. 
 
 O eath, a locality in the Roxbury district of Boston. 
 
 \J .-J.L situated among the hills in the northwest section of 
 
 n.CdLIl, i,> a nkii n County, 119 miles from Boston, has for its 
 
 bounds, New I lampshire on the north, Colrain on the east, Charlemont 
 
 on the south, and the latter and Rowe on the west. Its assessed area 
 
 is 14,912, — which includes 3,478 acres of forests containing nearly 
 
( 
 
 HEBIiOXVILLE—HILLIABD'S KNOB. 369 
 
 all the New England varieties of trees. The actual area is probably 
 2,000 acres greater than these figures. 
 
 The land is broken and sparsely settled. The geological formation 
 is the Quebec group and calciferous mica-schist. Pyrites and zoisite 
 occur. There are several pretty ponds of small size. The streams 
 are tributaries of the Deerfield River, and furnish motive power for 
 several saw and grist and cider mills. Maple sugar, cider and vinegar 
 are extensively produced, and lumber, bark and firewood are marketed 
 in considerable quantities. Some articles of furniture and agricultural 
 implements are made. The aggregate farm product in 1885 was 
 valued at $110,279 ; and the manufactured products at $9,236. The 
 valuation in 1888 was $163,305, with a tax of $17.50 on 1000. The 
 town has 123 farms and 568 inhabitants, including 149 legal voters. 
 There is a good town-house here. The eight public school-houses are 
 valued at about $> 2,500. The two Sunday-school libraries contain 
 some 600 volumes. The Congregationalists, the Methodists, and the 
 American Episcopal Church have each a house of worship here. The 
 post-office is at Heath (centre); the other village being North Heath. 
 The nearest railroad stations are at Charlemont, on the south, and 
 Shelburne Falls, at the southeast, on the Fitchburg Railroad. 
 
 This town was taken from Charlemont and incorporated February 
 14, 1785. It was named in honor of a well-known soldier of the Revo- 
 lution, General William Heath. A church was organized April 15th 
 of the year of the town's incorporation ; and in 1790 the first minister, 
 Rev. Joseph Strong, was settled. Fort Shirley was built here in 1744, 
 as a defence against the Indians. At that period the red deer were 
 still numerous in the region. Through the influence of Colonel Hugh 
 Maxwell, who was wounded at Bunker Hill, and spent much time 
 in this vicinity, the town had not a Tory inhabitant during the Revo- 
 lutionary struggle. 
 
 HebrOnVllle, in Attleborough. 
 lierdSQcllC, a village in Northampton. 
 H lghfield, a village in Falmouth. 
 
 H lgh H ead, a village in Truro. 
 
 ■r t • ij i a village in Truro; also a locality in the Wert 
 
 rl lgniana, Roxbury district of Boston. 
 
 H lgniana Lake, a pond, and also a village in Norfolk. 
 
 tt' LI _J C a village in Holyoke ; also one in Lowell, one 
 IT. lgnianaS, ^ Lynn, and one in Woburn. 
 
 Hlghlandville, inNeedham. 
 
 Hllliard's Knob, a peak in the Mount Holyoke range, 
 at the south line of Amherst. It is 1,120 feet in height. 
 
370 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 HillsVllle, in Spencer. 
 
 Hj 1 is a line old town, situated on the south shore of 
 
 ingntim jj os t OI1 j', U y i alK i i n tin; northern extremity of 
 Plymouth County, about 17 miles southeast of Boston by the 
 South-shoro branch of the Old Colony Kail road, which has a station 
 at West Hingham, Hingham, Old Colony House, where the Xantas- 
 ket Beach Branch connects, and at Weirs, on the latter road. Other 
 
 "->ttlAt/l ptL. 
 
 Till lfHl.tr MI1RARY, IIINUIIAM 
 
 villages are Hinghnm centre, South Hingham, Downer Landing, Glad 
 Tidiugs Plain, Liberty Plain and Queen Anne's Corner. The dwel- 
 lings number 1,060, and the inhabitants 4,.'i7.">. The assessed area is 
 1U,! >73 acres, — which includes 2,0412 acres of woodland. 
 
 The town is bounded on the north by Boston Bay, on the northeast 
 by Cohasset, on the southeast by South Seituate and Kockland, and 
 on the west by Weymouth, from which it is in part separated by 
 Weymouth Back River. The northern line is extremely circuitous. 
 The harbor admits of sloop navigation, and is well protected. Steam- 
 
BINGHAM. 371 
 
 ers run constantly between this place and Boston, 12 miles distant, 
 during the open season, and afford on their passage very fine views of 
 the picturesque islands in the harbor. The rich and varied flora of 
 this town offers great attraction to the naturalist ; and the salubrity 
 of the air is manifested in the general health and longevity of the 
 people. The underlying rock is sienite and the St. John'=i group, 
 which project in many broken ledges, and lend variety to the scenery. 
 The highest point of land is Prospect Hill, 243 feet above sea-level, 
 in the southeastern angle of the town. It commands a magnificent 
 view of the surrounding countiy and the ocean. From Otis, Plant- 
 er's, Baker's, Turkey and Squirrel hills, in the northern part of the 
 town, delightful views of the shipping in the harbor, the curving 
 shores, and rocky headlands, are obtained. The principal streams are 
 Weymouth Back River, which widens into a beautiful estuary on the 
 west; and the "Weir River, which, with its tributaries, drains most of 
 the territory of the town, and forms another estuary between World's 
 End and Hull. Accord Pond, from which it flows, comprises about 
 UO acres, and, it is said, received its name from the amicable adjust- 
 ment of the boundary lines of the three towns which caine together 
 in its centre. Cushing's Pond, of about 30 acres, is a beautiful sheet 
 of water at Glad Tidings (or Upper) Plain, — a pleasant village 
 having a church near the centre. 
 
 The soil, though somewhat rough, is in many places veiy fertile, and 
 well adapted to arboriculture and to market-gardening. M;my acres 
 of salt-marsh are mown, and some small tracts are devoted to cranber- 
 ries. The aggregate product of the 63 farms in 18*5 was $83,441). 
 In addition to its agricultural interests, Hingham has manufactures 
 of cabinet ware, cordage, wooden ware, boots and shoes, upholstery 
 trimmings, building establishments, worsted goods — woven, knit, 
 and hand-made ; iron castings, hatchets, leather and other articles; 
 the value of the goods made in the last census year being *L'*r>,.'5(>0. 
 A little attention is still given to the fisheries. The valuation in 
 1888 was $3,032,785, with a tax-rate of $10 on *1,00(>. 
 
 Hingham has a good newspaper, " The Hingham Journal ; " an 
 agricultural and horticultural society, owning a very fine hall ; a Post 
 of the G. A. R. ; bands of music; a national bank; a savings bank; 
 a mutual fire insurance company ; a public library, founded by the 
 Hon. Albert Fearing ; a town-hall ; Loring Hall, built by Col. Benja- 
 min Loring for lectures; Derby Academy, incorporated June 19, 1797 
 (endowed by Madame Sarah Derby) ; the Keble School, lately estab- 
 lished by American Episcopal Churchmen; ten public school-houses, 
 of which one is a high school in a fine building which cost about 
 $20,000 ; and several handsome church edifices. These are the Uni- 
 tarian (Old Church) ; Unitarian (New North Church) ; Unitarian 
 (South Hingham); Trinitarian Congregationalist (at the centre); 
 Baptist; St. John's (American Episcopal Church); Universalist ; 
 Methodist ; Church of Zion (Independent) ; and St. Paul's church 
 (Roman Catholic). The streets of Hingham are remarkably well 
 shaded with stately trees ; and the Hingham Cemetery is tastefully 
 decorated with shrubs and flowers. It contains a monument erected 
 
372 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 in memory of its seventy-six soldiers and sailors lost in the late 
 war, whose names are inscribed thereon. In this cemetery repose 
 the remains of Gov. Andrew. 
 
 This town, at first called " Bear Cove," was settled as early as 1633 
 by immigrants, mostly from Hingham, county of Norfolk, England. 
 Among those to whom lands were granted here in 103.J, the familiar 
 names of Peter Hobart, Thomas Lincoln (weaver), William Hersey, 
 
 THE OLD Ml 1 I IMi-UOl .-> , U1HOUAM. 
 
 Thomas Loring, Henry Rust, Henry Tuttle, William Walton, Richard 
 C-8born, and John Fearing, are found. The town was incorporated 
 September 2, 1635; and on the 18th of the same month the Rev. 
 Peter Hobart drew a house-lot with the other twenty-nine to whom 
 lands had been granted. He kept a journal, which is very valuable ; 
 continuing as pastor of the church until his death in 1679, when he 
 was succeeded by the Rev. Mr. Norton. The latter died in 1716; 
 and his successor was the Rev. Ebenezer Gay, D.D., who continued 
 in the ministry nearly sixty-nine years. 
 
HINSDALE. 373 
 
 The old meeting-house is the oldest in New England. It was first 
 occupied as such on the 8th of January, 1682. It stands upon rising 
 ground, and is 73 feet in length by 55 in breadth. The pyramidal 
 roof is surmounted by a peculiar belfry and a spire. The original 
 cost of it was £430 and the old meeting-house. Extensive repairs 
 and alterations were made in it in 1869. 
 
 The second church was organized in 174;") ; and the Rev. Daniel 
 Shute was the ensuing year ordained as pastor, and continued as 
 such until 1799. 
 
 During Philip's War, which began in 1075, the town was protected 
 by three forts, — one of which was at Fort Hill, one at the cemetery, 
 and the other ''on the plain about a mile from the harbor." "On 
 the 19th of April, 1676," says the Rev. Peter Hobart in his Diary, 
 John Jacob was slain by the Indians near his father's house." 
 The Indians burned, the day following, the dwellings of Nathaniel 
 Chubbuck, Israel Hobart, Joseph Jones, Anthony Sprague and James 
 Whiton. 
 
 Jedidiah Farmer and Simon Brown commenced publishing "The 
 Hingham Gazette " here in 1827. 
 
 This town has given to the world Col. John Otis (1657-1727), an 
 able lawyer and judge; Ezekiel Hersey (1709-1770), a famous physi- 
 cian ; Gen. Benjamin Lincoln (1733-1810), a very distinguished Revo- 
 lutionary officer, secretary of war from 1781 to 1784, collector of the 
 port of Boston from 1789 to 1808 ; Levi Lincoln (1749-1820), acting 
 governor in 1809 ; Andrews Norton (1786-1853), an eminent scholar 
 and writer ; Henry Ware, Jun., D.D. (1794-1843), an able clergyman 
 and editor ; John Ware, M.D. (1795-1864), a noted physician and 
 author; William Ware (1797-1852), an author and clergyman; Joseph 
 Andrews (1806-1873), one of the best line-engravers in the country; 
 James Hail (1811), New York State geologist ; Winckworth Allan 
 Gay (1821), a fine landscape painter ; Richard Henry Stoddard (1 s 25), 
 a prolific writer and popular poot ; and Hon. Solomon Lincoln, an 
 able writer and author of a "History of Hingham." 
 
 T T * n _J „ 1 _ is a farming town of varied and beautiful scenery 
 .niilMlcllC j n t j ie eas tern half of the middle section of 
 Berkshire County, 143 miles west of Boston by the Boston and 
 Albany Railroad, which runs through the midst of the town from 
 the southeast. The station, post-office and village are a little north 
 of the centre of the town. Its boundaries are Dalton and Windsor 
 on the north, Peru on the east, Washington on the south, and the 
 latter and Dalton on the west. The assessed area is 13,745 acres ; 
 and of this 3,606 acres are forest, consisting of maple, beech, birch, 
 spruce and hemlock. 
 
 The town is elevated, generally level, with hills about its borders, 
 from which gather the brooks, forming near the centre a large stream 
 that furnishes motive power sufficient for several mills. Near the 
 centre is Ashmun Pond, containing some 400 acres, fed by two 
 small brooks and a mineral spring at the west of it. Brown iron 
 ore, and the minerals apatite and zoisite, are found in the town. 
 
374 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The soil is loamy, and quite fertile. Sheep are not kept to such an 
 extent as formerly, but are still more numerous than the average. 
 Largo, quantities of maple sugar arc annually made here. 
 
 The aggregate product of the 107 farms in this town in 1885 
 was valued at ♦104,737. There were formerly cotton mills here, but 
 now the chief manufacture is woollen cloths. The principal mill is 
 constructed of stone. In 18X5 it made goods to the value of $385,- 
 369. Boots and shoes, carriages, leather, metallic goods, lumber, 
 furniture and food preparations are manufactured here to some 
 extent. The aggregate value of goods made in the last census year 
 was $456,039. The valuation in 1888 was $712,784 ; with a tax- 
 rate of #16.40 on $1,000. The number of dwellings is 270; of in- 
 habitants, 1,650 ; of legal voters, 314. 
 
 The town has a gcod hall, and a public library building valued at 
 $16,000, and containing nearly 4,000 volumes. The schools are 
 graded, and occupy seven buildings valued at about §11,000. The 
 Congregationalists, the Baptists and the Roman Catholics each have 
 a church here. 
 
 This town was settled as early as 1762; and among its founders 
 were Francis Miller and brothers, and Joseph Watkins and his five 
 eons from Hopkinton. In 1771, Nathan Fisk built the first saw and 
 grist mill here, for which he received a bounty of 250 acres of land. 
 A church was organized December 17, 1795, and the Rev. Theodore 
 Hinsdale elected pastor. In 1797, a Baptist church was formed 
 Partridgefield (now extinct) formerly included this place, which was 
 separated and incorporated as a town June 21, 1804. It was named 
 in honor of its first pastor. 
 
 Hinsdale sent 150 men into the Union armies during the war of 
 the Rebellion, and 12 of these (its own citizens) lost their lives 
 in the service. 
 
 Hitchcock's Mountain, ^ight*' 1,19 ° feet m 
 
 HlXville, in Dartmouth. 
 
 Hockaniim av 'U a R°i n Hadley; also one in South Had- 
 
 H. Og 1 SI and, a portion of the town of Essex. 
 Hog Island Harbor, east of Essex. 
 
 Hogsback, a village in Truro. 
 
 TT 1] 1, is a new and delightfully situated town in the 
 
 nUlUlOUK southeastern part of Norfolk County, 14 miles 
 south of Boston, with which it has ready communication by the Old 
 Colony Railroad, passing along its whole western border. The vil- 
 lages and post-offices are llolbrook and Brookvillc. Its boundaries 
 
nOLBHOOK. 
 
 375 
 
 are Braintree on the north. South Weymouth on the east, Abington 
 and Brockton on the south, and Avon and Randolph on the west. 
 The assessed area is 4,2411 acres, of which 1,134 are forests of oak, 
 pine and maple. The principal rock is sienite. The land is ele- 
 vated and uneven. It forms the water-shed between Massachusetts 
 and Mount Hope Bay ; the waters in the northerly part of the 
 town flowing into Cochato River, which empties into Boston Bay, 
 while those of the southerly part flow into Beaver Eiver, running in 
 the opposite direction. There is a beautiful sheet of water near the 
 Holbrook station, convenient for skating in winter and boating and 
 
 THE HOLBROOK MANSION. 
 
 fishing in summer. The elevated position of Holbrook renders it 
 remarkably healthful, while affording commanding views of charm- 
 ing local scenery. From some of the more prominent points, the 
 ocean, dotted with canvas, may be seen. The principal street — 
 Franklin — is one of the most beautiful thoroughfares in the county. 
 It runs southerly from Braintree toward Brockton, nearly three 
 miles, on elevated land, and is lined on either side with ornamental 
 trees and handsome dwelling-houses. The residence of the late 
 Elisha N. Holbrook, near the principal village, is remarkable for its 
 architectural beauty and tasteful grounds. The Old Lincoln House, 
 the town-hall and the Winthrop church, are the most notable public 
 buildings. The principal industry is shoemaking, for which in 
 1885 there were 17 establishments, employing about 1,300 persons ; 
 and whose product in that year was valued at $1,506,205. There 
 are also manufactures of leather, clothing, carriages, and wooden 
 
876 
 
 GAZETTEER <>/■' MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 goods; the value of aU goods made in the town being 11,548,038 ■ 
 while the product oi the 47 farms was $34,807. The valuation in 
 1888 was 11,066,270, with a tax-rat.- of 119.60 on $1,000. The 
 uuraberof dwelling-houses was I.sl ; the population 2,:«4; and the 
 legal voters numbered 649. The schools are graded, and occupy six 
 buildings valued at about $30,000. The public library, as -well as 
 the town-hall in which it is contained, was a gift to the town by the 
 late E. N. Holbrook. "The Man. lard" is the local weekly news- 
 
 WINTHROP (.'III 
 
 Mi ILBROOK. 
 
 paper for this town. The churohes are the Congregationalist, 
 Methodist and Baptist; the latter being al Brookville. 
 
 Holbrook was originally a pari of Braintree, and was embraced in 
 K lolph when that town was incorporated in 1 7'. ».' :. It was called 
 
 East Randolph" until its incorporation as a separate town, Febru- 
 ary 29, 1872. It was named in honor of Elisha N. Holbrook, a 
 wealth;; Bhoe manufacturer and prominent citizen, and benefactor of 
 the town. During the firsl year of the town's corporate existence 
 
hOLDEN. 377 
 
 there were registered 1." marriages, 48 births, and 27 deaths ; and at 
 the second annual town-meeting it appropriated $ 5,300 for the sup- 
 port of schools, !?1,800 for highways, and $ 6,000 towards the pay- 
 ment of the town's debt, which was then about $14,300. 
 
 A church was organized in this place (then East Randolph 
 Parish), December 15, 1818 ; and the Rev. David Brigham was 
 chosen pastor on the 29th of December, 1821. 
 
 Among the early settlers of Holbrook was Captain Elihu Adams, 
 a younger brother of President John Adams. His house, almost 
 the only ancient building in the town, is on Franklin Street, about 
 half a mile east of the principal village. At the northwest corner 
 of this old weather-beaten building stands a magnificent elm, whose 
 furrowed trunk and guarled and intertwisted branches are the 
 tokens of many a battle with the elements. This tree was set out 
 by Mr. Jesse Reed, inventor of a machine for cutting nails, who, 
 when a boy, lived in the Adams family. In 187-' it measured, one 
 foot above the ground, exactly 22^ feet in circumference. "With its 
 high, widely spreading branches, it forms a very prominent object 
 in the landscape. This place was often visited by the "old man 
 eloquent." 
 
 Hnlflpn * s a ^ ar ? e * own occupying high ground near the 
 in.UJU.eil cen t re f "Worcester County. Its form is nearly 
 that of a diamond, having its greatest length north and south. 
 Sterling and Royalston lie on the east, Worcester on the southeast, 
 and Paxton, Rutland and Princeton on the southwest, west and 
 northwest. Its assessed area is 22,133 acres. 
 
 In the north, Barrett Hill is the highest, elevation ; close at the 
 west of the centre, Davis Hill stands solitary ; while the southern 
 part is occupied by a group of hills, of which the highest in the 
 town is Stonehouse Hill, with Asnebumsket Hill, 1,107 feet high, 
 just outside the bounds. The northern central part of the town is 
 mainly a broad valley into which gather streams from every part ; 
 on all of which are saw and grist mills, or the sites where they once 
 were. Through the northeastern section flows eastward the Quiime- 
 poxet River, gathering all these streams into its own rapid volume, 
 which, in its course through the town, falls 380 feet. In the southern 
 section is Tatnuck Brook, flowing into Worcester, ami having avail- 
 able motive power. On one of the other streams there is a pretty 
 cascade. The rocks are chiefly calcareous gneiss, running to lime- 
 stone in the southeast, where a quarry has been worked to some 
 advantage. The soil is loam, with a subsoil of gravel in some parts, 
 in others of clay. 
 
 The aggregate product of the 214 farms in the last census year 
 was §173,575. The sales from the woods, which occupy mure than 
 one third of the area of the town, are proportionally large. The 
 manufactures are chiefly woollen and cotton goods ; for the first of 
 which there are three establishments, and for the latter, one; 
 employing altogether about 401) persons. Leather, boots and shoes, 
 boxes, cards, and meal and flour, are made in considerable quantities. 
 
378 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The dwellings, which number about 400, are unusually gathered 
 into villages, which arc numerous, and are scattered quite evenly 
 over the town, in like manner as the streams. They are Holden 
 (centre), Jcffersonville, Quinnepoxet (post-offices), Chaffinsville, 
 Dawsonville, Hagleville, Lovcllville, New States, North Wood, 
 Npringdale and I'nionville. The Massachusetts Central Railroad, 
 crossing the northern section of the town, has stations at Quinne- 
 poxet and .Jcffersonville ; while the Worcester Division of the Fitch- 
 burg Railroad passes through the latter and Holden centre, and the 
 southeast section. The population is 2,471 ; and there are 532 legal 
 voters. The valuation in 1888 was $1,071,437; and the tax-rate 
 $19.50 on $l,ooo. 
 
 The finest public edifice is the Damon Memorial Building, com- 
 pleted in 1888 at a cost of $45,000. It is of stone, in the Roman- 
 esque style of architecture ; and is intended for the public library 
 and the high school. It was presented to the to.wn by S. C. Gale, of 
 Minneapolis, Minn. There are 11 other public school buildings, 
 valued at about $15,000. The schools are remarkably well graded 
 for a country town. The churches in the town are Baptist, Congre- 
 gationalist and Roman Catholic, — one of each. 
 
 This place, prior to its incorporation as a town, January 9, 1741. 
 was part of Worcester, and was known as North Worcester. In 
 1808, a part of it was taken to form a portion of West Boylston. 
 Later, there was an interchange of lands in different years with 
 Paxton. The town was named in honor of the Hon. Samuel 
 Holden, a director of the Bank of England. 
 
 There is a beautiful cemetery here, but the memorials of the 
 Union soldiers lost in the late war are the tablets in the town-hall. 
 
 T—Tnllanrl is a small farming town lying in the southeastern 
 ± lUIldllU ex t r emity of Hampden County, about 70 miles 
 southwest of Boston. Its nearest railroad stations are on a branch 
 of the Norwich and Worcester Railroad, at Southbridge centre, 
 about six and a half miles east, and at Valmer, some nine miles north- 
 west, the junction of the Boston and Albany Railroad and roads 
 running northward. 
 
 Brimfield lies on the north, Sturbridge on the east, Wales on the 
 west, and Union, in Connecticut, on the south. The assessed area is 
 7,11'0 acres; and of this L'.L'SC. acres are forest, consisting mostly of 
 chestnut. The land is hilly, with a strong soil, generally a sandy 
 loam. The 5i; farms in ISSS yielded products reaching, in the aggre- 
 gate, the value of £.'!!, N<>7. 
 
 Sioug I'niid, or Holland Reservoir, in the northern part of the town, 
 contains about fiOO acres. The Quinnebaug River runs northerly 
 through the eastern part, receiving as affluents May, Stevens and 
 Lombard brooks. On all of these there have been saw mills or grist 
 mills, some of which are still operated. 
 
 The aggregate value of goods made in the last census year was 
 $l,o5o. The dwelling-houses number (>l. The valuation in 1SS8 
 was * 1 07. 1 (ill, with a tax-rate of $11 on $1,000. The population 
 
IIOLLISTOX. 379 
 
 was 229. There are a town-hall, four public school-houses, one Sun- 
 day-school library containing about 75 volumes, and a Congregational 
 church. 
 
 This place was formerly East Brimfield, a part of South Brimfield ; 
 established as the district of Holland July 5, 1783 ; incorporated as 
 the town of Holland May 1, 1836. Its territory was settled as early 
 as 1720. 
 
 t t ii" , is a pleasant agricultural and manufacturing town, 
 
 rT.0111StOn 26 miles southwest of Boston, and forming the 
 southern extremity of Middlesex County. The form of the territory 
 is irregular, its mass occupying a northeast and southwest position, 
 with the greatest breadth in the northeast section. The four villages, 
 East HolHston, Holliston centre, Metcalf and Braggville, are situ- 
 ated nearly along the line of greatest length. All are post-offices, 
 and are connected by the Milford Branch with the Boston and Albany 
 Railroad at Framingham. 
 
 Hopkinton, Ashland and Sherborn lie on the north of this town, 
 the first and last being also on the east and west respectively ; with 
 Medway on the southeast and Milford on the southwest. The 
 assessed area is 11,269 acres ; of which 3,856 acres are forest, con- 
 sisting of chestnut, oak, pine, birch and maple. The surface is un- 
 even, though well divided into upland and meadow. Long Hill, 
 near the Ashland line, is, perhaps, the most commanding elevation. 
 Mount Hollis and Powder-house Hill, near the centre, and Bald Hill, 
 northwest of these, are all handsome elevations and afford extensive 
 prospects. Winthrop Lake, one and a half miles long and three 
 fourths wide, contributes much to the scenic beauty at the south of 
 the central village. The streams, Beaver-dam, Chicken and Hopping 
 brooks, flow southerly into Charles River, affording some motive 
 power. Jar Brook, the outlet of Winthrop Lake, runs northerly 
 through the central village, and then easterly into Hopping Brook, 
 affording valuable mill privileges. 
 
 The principal rock is calcareous gneiss and sienite. The soil is a 
 sandy loam, somewhat rocky, but strong and fertile. The town 
 contains about 11,000 fruit trees, and many acres are covered with 
 cranberry vines. The product of these in the last census year of 
 1885 was 604 barrels, selling for §2,043. The value of the aggre- 
 gate product of the 117 farms was $112,31'.). The fencing is gener- 
 ally stone walls ; and the general appearance of the farms indicates 
 industry, temperance and a fair degree of thrift. 
 
 The woollen mill here employs about 125 persons. The copper 
 pump works, the tack factory, and the Mt. Hollis Manufacturing 
 Company, making knit goods, are prominent establishments. There 
 are also several boot factories, making goods in the last census year 
 valued at $283,210 ; a straw goods factory, whose product brought 
 f 118,806 ; and the food preparations, wooden and stone goods, fur- 
 niture, leather, carriages, — each amounted to several thousands of 
 dollars in value. The aggregate product of manufactures reached 
 the sum of $829,583. The factories are generally of wood. The 
 
380 HAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 number of dwelling-houses was fi.'ili. The valuation in 1888 was 
 *1,.">L!7,775, with a tax-rate of $17.50 on $1,000. The population is 
 IVJL'C, including 803 legal voters. There is a national bank having 
 a capital of $150,000; and a savings bank whose deposits at the 
 close of last year were !$.'i(i5,.'!(iX. 
 
 The schools are graded, and occupy nine buildings. There is here 
 a granite bridge '500 fret in length. Perhaps the finest structures in 
 the town are the higli school building, Forbes' business block, and the 
 churches. The latter are Congregational, Methodist, Baptist and 
 Roman Catholic. There is a public library of nearly 4,000 volumes. 
 The "Holliston Independent" and the '• Transcript," weekly, add 
 much to the literary entertainment of the inhabitants, as well as 
 furnish them with the news. 
 
 This town, originally a part of Sherborn, was set off and incor- 
 porated December 3, 1724. It was named in honor of Thomas 
 Hollis, a benefactor of Harvard ( 'ollege. The first church was 
 formed November 20, 172S, when the Rev. James Stone was ordained 
 pastor. 
 
 During the winter of 175.'!— 4 a great sickness prevailed here; 
 when, out of a population of about four hundred, 53 deaths occurred 
 in the space of six weeks. On the 4th of January ten persons lay 
 unburied. The soldiers from this town who fell in the late war for 
 the Union are honored by a monument to their memory. 
 
 H olmesdale, a village in Pittsfield. 
 HolmeS Hole, a village in Tisbury. 
 HollTieS Holl, a village in Falmouth. 
 
 TTAT Vr^I<rT-<" * s a mo d ern > enterprising and growing 
 ** ^ -'— * ^ **- *-* city, situated on the west side of the 
 Connecticut River, and midway of the north side of Hampden County, 
 100 miles west of Boston. It is bounded on the north by Easthamp- 
 tim and the Mount Tom district, east by South Hadley and Chicopee, 
 south by West Springfield, and west by Westtieldand Southampton. 
 It contains 8,700 acres of assessed land, including 1,702 acres of 
 forest. 
 
 The western section is somewhat mountainous, but there are no 
 [leaks of great elevation. Ashley's Pond, covering about 96 acres, 
 and Hitchcock's Pond, about 5.S acres, in the southwestern section, 
 each have outlet through Black Brook. The city water-supply is from 
 these ponds. The northwestern section of the town is drained by 
 I ! mad I '.rook. The geological formation is middle shales, sandstone 
 and dolorites. The 71 farms in lss."> had an aggregate product 
 •Iji 122,54 I in value. 
 
 The remarkable growth and prosperity of Holyoke are due .almost 
 wholly to the great Tail of the Connecticut. River here, which is com- 
 puted to afford .'10.000,000 horse-power. It is only a few years that 
 this jiower has been controlled and made. subservient to inanufactur- 
 
SOL YOKE. 381 
 
 ing uses. Until 1847, the fall of the Connecticut at South Hadley 
 (about sixty feet) was neglected. At that time a party of capitalists 
 from Boston obtained the incorporation of the Hadley Falls Company, 
 the purpose of which was to construct a dam across the river, and 
 one or more locks and canals, — by means of which a water-power 
 might be created for the use of this company in the manufacture of 
 articles from cotton, wool, iron, wood and other materials, and for 
 the purposes of navigation. Four million dollars was the capital 
 stock of this corporation, which was divided into shares of $500 each. 
 It also had authority to hold real estate not exceeding in value 
 $500,000. This company bought the entire property and franchise 
 of the proprietors of the locks and canals on Connecticut River, and 
 purchase the fishing rights above, and 1,100 acres of land where now 
 stands the city of Holyoke. 
 
 The dam was constructed in 1848, but in such an unsubstantial 
 manner, that in a few hours after the gates were shut it was swept 
 away. The next year the company, nothing daunted, constructed 
 the present dam, which is a grand triumph of science and skill in the 
 control of a magnificent natural power. The length of this structure 
 is 1,017 feet, or about one fifth of a mile. The abutments at either 
 end are of solid masonry, both together measuring 1 .'5,000 square rods. 
 Four million feet of timber are contained in the structure ; all of which 
 being under water, is protected from decay. During the construction 
 of the dam, the water was allowed to flow away through gates in it. 
 16 by 18 feet in size, and 46 in number. The work being finished, 
 on October 22, 1849, at 22 minutes before one o'clock in the after- 
 noon, the engineer gave a signal, and the gates were closed. The 
 mighty river ceased its flow, until its waters gradually rose over the 
 face of the dam and fell in a broad sheet over its crest. 
 
 Since this event the town and the city of Holyoke have come into 
 existence ; and the city is now one of our most important inland manu- 
 facturing centres, containing some of the largest, most costly and 
 well-arranged mills, with the latest improved machinery, to be found 
 in the country. The Holyoke Water-Power Company succeeded the 
 Hadley Falls Company ; and in 1870 they added to the dam an 
 " apron " at a cost of $263,000. This was to protect the dam from 
 being undermined by the falling sheet of water, whose force rapidly 
 wore away the rock that formed the bed of the river. The system of 
 canals by which the water is conducted to the points where it is 
 needed for the mills is several miles in total length ; and the canals 
 are on three levels, affording power at each descent. 
 
 Some of the articles made here have long been celebrated. There 
 are now 24 paper mills, employing upwards of 2,820 persons ; and the 
 product of these, with paper boxes, in 1885, was valued at $6,867,753. 
 There were four cotton mills, employing 2,205 persons ; three 
 woollen mills, employing 1,285 persons; and a silk mill, 251 
 persons. The value of textiles made in the last census year was 
 $5,030,985. Iron and metal goods, including steam boilers, machin- 
 ery, cutlery, screws, wire, etc., reached a value of $866,644. Wooden 
 goods — mainly house lumber — were sold to the value of $417,013. 
 
yyo liAZJi'TTKEli OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Tin" various food pre])arations made and put up for commercial pur- 
 poses amounted to *(iGI,'.M.j. Other articles produced in small quan- 
 tities were boots and shoes, books, trunks and valises, and various 
 furniture. Sandstone is extensively quarried in the northern part of 
 the town. The aggregate value of goods made in the census year 
 of 1<SS."> was *ir>,r>,S7,<>'.i;>. There are four national banks here, with, 
 a total capital of tf.Hoi >,<>()((; and three savings banks, having, at the 
 elo.se of last year, deposits to the amount of &>,04*,;:$96. The dwel- 
 ling-houses numbered L',!i5'.). The valuation in LS88 was 519,121,335 ; 
 and the tax-rate was *17.1'0 on*l,<M)0. 
 
 The streets and avenues of the eity proper are laid out at rigtit 
 angles, and extensively paved. The drainage of the city is good. 
 There is an ample supply of water, brought by the eity works from, 
 two ponds situated three and a half miles from the city hall. The 
 original cost of the works was x.'JOo.ooo. The area containing the 
 dwellings overlooks the manufacturing section. 
 
 The public schools are graded, and in 1885 occupied fifteen build- 
 ings, valued at upwards of N .!.">< ),ooo. Other educational institu- 
 tions are the Holyoke Business College and two Roman Catholic 
 schools, the first especially having valuable buildings. The Holyoke 
 Public Library contains nearly 15,000 volumes ; and there isapublic- 
 seliool library of about 1,1'tH) volumes, and a teacher's library. The 
 city hall is a tine edifice, and cost *:>7G,<)00. The weekly papers are 
 the ''Holyoke Herald," the " Weekly Transcript," the "Paper- Makers' 
 Record," "Der P-eobachter," the '-Journal" (also German), "La 
 Itallieinent," " Le. Defenseur," and the " Sunday Telegram." '• Good 
 Housekeeping'' is a fortnightly issue; the "Home Journal," the 
 •■ Ruilder," the " Taper World," the " Shaver," and the " Manufac- 
 turers' and Industrial Gazette," are monthlies. The "Daily Tran- 
 script " is a well-established sheet with a large patronage. 
 
 The villages in the city limits (aside from the city proper, where 
 the post-office is located) are Elmwood, Ewingsville, Fairmount, 
 Highlands and South Holyoke. The Connecticut River Railroad 
 crosses the river from Chicopee to the eity of Holyoke proper, thence 
 follows the Connecticut northward, affording connection with roads 
 ut the north and south. Another road connects Holyoke directly 
 with the Xew Haven and Northampton Railroad at Westfield. 
 
 The I'.aptists have two churches here, of which the First was estab- 
 lished in 1S0,'5, and is the oldest of the existing churches. There are 
 two Trinitarian Congregational, one Unitarian Congregational, one 
 Methodist Episcopal, one American Episcopal (Saint Paul's), one 
 French Protestant, one German Reformed, and three Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 The present city of Holyoke was originally embraced within the 
 boundaries of Old Springfield, and, at a later date, within the limits 
 of West Springfield. On July 7, 178G, the part of ^Vest Springfield 
 now covered by Holyoke was incorporated as the "Third Parish," 
 and was generally known as " Ireland" and " Ireland Parish," from 
 the fact that several Irish families were the first settlers of the terri- 
 tory. For the next sixty years there is little to record of this 
 
HOLYOKE— IIOPEUALE. 383 
 
 sparsely settled farming hamlet. Then began the improvement of 
 the water-power, as already described. The building of the dam had 
 a marked effect upon Ireland Parish ; and the growth was so rapid 
 that on March 14, 1850, it was set off from West Springfield and in- 
 corporated as the town of Holyoke. 
 
 Mill after mill went up along the canals ; then the opening of the 
 Connecticut Eiver Railroad brought another impulse of growth ; and 
 on May 29, 1873, a city charter was granted to Holyoke. Since that 
 date there has been a steady growth. The population of the place 
 in 1875 was 16,200 ; in 18*0, it was 21,915; and in 1X85 it reached 
 27,S95. The number of legal voters is 4,046, the mills bringing in a 
 large foreign element. The most stirring events in the recent period 
 are the burning of the French Catholic church in 1875, by which 70 
 lives were lost; and the bursting of the banks of the upper-level 
 canal in June, 1889, by which much damage was done among the 
 mills, involving the shutting down of nearly all for the several 
 weeks necessary to make repairs. 
 
 Holyoke dates from too recent a time to have made a claim for 
 patriotism until the war of the Rebellion ; to that it sent 250 officers 
 and men, of whom 40 were lost. 
 
 T-T rAvrthf* TVf nnnf ou tne m »tual boundaries of Hadley, 
 n-OiyOKe, mount, South Hadley, Amherst and Grauby, 
 — which see for further account. 
 
 n OOS3.C, a village in Deerfield. 
 
 T-Tr»r»ca<- R iyAr — variously spelled as Hoosuc, Hoosack, 
 11UUMt AVIV CI, Hoosick,andHoosic. One of its branches 
 rises in the middle region of the northern half of Berkshire 
 County, and unites at North Adams with another branch from Ver- 
 mont ; whence it flows northwest, passing across the southwest angle 
 of Vermont, and reaching the Hudson River at Schagthicoke, fifteen 
 miles above Troy, New York. The stream in many places is exceed- 
 ingly rapid, affording much motive power, which has been made ser- 
 viceable for mills and factories at several points. 
 
 Hnncar T'nnn^l tne passage of the Fitchburg Railroad 
 A 1 UUbdL 1 U11I1CI, through Hoosac Mountain in the towns 
 of Florida and North Adams, — which see. 
 
 H OpbrOOK, a village in Tyringham. 
 
 J-Trmprl^lp ' s a sma ^ farming and manufacturing town in 
 riupcudic the southeastern part of Worcester County, 34 
 miles from Boston on the Milford Branch of the New York and New 
 England Railroad. Its length northwest and southeast is about 
 four and a half miles, and its width about one and a fourth miles. 
 The assessed area is 3,088 acres. Milford bounds it on the north- 
 east, Bellingham on the southeast, Mendon on the south and south- 
 west, and Upton on the northwest. 
 
3«4 UAZ KITE till OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 On each side of the town is a range of hills, between which flows 
 Mill River in a southeast direct ion, to the Blackstone. From these 
 hills are many delightful views. At the southeast the Charles River 
 forms a part of the boundary between this town and Milford. There 
 is also in this section a fine pond, forming a reservoir for several 
 factories. The underlying rock is mostly gneiss. The land is moist, 
 somewhat rocky, but productive. The manufacture of boots and shoes 
 is the largest, industry ; and there are others of straw and palm-leaf, 
 furniture, leather, and metallic goods; by which many small fortunes 
 have been made. This town had in 1888, 251 legal voters and 203 
 dwelling-houses. The valuation was 8x82,408, with a tax-rate of 
 .$13 on $1,000. The villages are Hopedale and South Milford, both 
 post-offices, and the latter having a railroad station. There is a new 
 and excellent town-hall, three stories in height, constructed of Mil- 
 ford granite heavily trimmed with brownstone. The architecture is 
 severely ornate, of composite order, and very effective. Besides 
 town offices, it contains a public library and three halls : the largest 
 of these halls will seat 350 persons. The cost, including land, was 
 $60,000. It contains a bust of Hon. George Draper, a successful 
 manufacturer and a generous benefactor of the town. 
 
 Hopedale was incorporated on April 7, 1S86; having been set off 
 from Milford, of which its territory forms the southwest part. The 
 town had its formative impulse, and took its name, from the village 
 of Hopedale, situated near the centre, which was the location of the 
 "Hopedale Community." This association was formed in the town 
 of Milford in 1841, and located at Hopedale in 1842. It was 
 projected as an attempt to " exemplify all the cardinal principles of 
 practical Christianity, both individually and socially." It took the 
 material form of a joint-stock and united industrial association. 
 Gradually it fell back into the usual ways of Xew England com- 
 munities; and in 1X50 its organization was changed, so that what 
 remained of it became a practical Christian religious society, with 
 certain guaranties. A part of the members naturally dispersed in 
 the course of a few years, and new-comers were in their places. 
 Business prospered, however, under the skilful management of the 
 firms and corporations which succeeded the Community ; and its 
 remaining members became blended with a complex population. 
 The result was that in 1867 the "Hopedale Parish" was formed; 
 and, by an amicable arrangement, this inherited from the former 
 organization a nice little church edifice and grounds, worth some 
 ♦8,000; the Sunday-school library of 500 volumes, with its sustaining 
 fund of $800 ; the Community cemetery ; aud the residuary leavings 
 of smaller value. It is an independent Congregational parish, 
 though associated by membership and religious fellowship with 
 " The Worcester Conference of Congregational [Unitarian] and other 
 Christian Societies." It has never had over 120 voting members. 
 The new parish called to the pastoral office the Rev. Adin Ballou, 
 the senior pastor of the " Community," and a resident since 1842. 
 There are a considerable number of Roman Catholics and Spiritual- 
 ists in the town ; and there have been various other organizations, 
 
HOPE WELL — HOPKIXTON. 385 
 
 semi-religious in character. There is little bigotry or superstition ; 
 and the inhabitants of the town at large have long had a good repu- 
 tation for morality. 
 
 H Opewell, a village in Taunton. 
 
 T-Trmlnntnn ^ s situated, on elevated land in the extreme 
 
 A AUpKlIHUIl southwesterly corner of Middlesex County, 
 about 30 miles southwest of Boston by the Boston and Albany Bail- 
 road, which has a station at Southville on the northern line of the 
 town. A branch of the New York and New England Railroad, con- 
 necting Milford and Ashland, has stations at the centre, and at 
 Hay den Bow, in the southerly part of the town. The other village 
 is Woodville in the western part of the town ; and all have post- 
 offices. 
 
 In form, this town is an imperfect hexagon, with the longest axis 
 east and west. It has Westborough, Southborough and Ashland on 
 the north, the latter and Holliston on the east, the last, with Milford 
 and Upton on the south ; while Westborough and Upton also bound 
 it on the west. The assessed area is 16,705 acres, which includes 
 4,655 acres of forest. The land is hilly, rough and rocky. The 
 entire central portion of the town is much elevated ; and the village 
 of Hopkinton centre has a commanding and delightful situation. 
 The Congregational church in this place is in 42° 13' north latitude 
 and 71° 31' west longitude. 
 
 Here are the sources of many streams. Mill River, flowing south 
 into the Blackstone, has its source in North Pond, 81 acres in extent, 
 on the southern line of the town ; Chicken Brook and Boggistere 
 Brook, tributaries of the Charles Biver, have their beginnings in the 
 southeastern section ; in the western part is Whitehall Pond, a beau- 
 tiful sheet of water covering 640 acres. Its outlet is Sudbury River, 
 flowing near the northwest and then the north line of the town, receiv- 
 ing Indian Brook from west of the eentre, and the circling Coldstream 
 Brook from the eastern section, all furnishing useful motive power. 
 These ponds and streams abound with the fish common in our interior 
 waters. There are three large swamps in the town, originally 
 covered with cedars. Saddle Hill in the northern, and Bear Hill in 
 the southwestern part of the town, are noted rocky eminences, onei- 
 numerously inhabited by rattlesnakes. The geological formation 
 is calcareous gneiss; and bowlders have been scattered in litn.-ral 
 profusion over the surface. On the west of Whitehall Pond are 
 mineral springs, discovered in 1816, and containing carbonic acid, 
 carbonate of lime, and iron, and one impregnated with sulphur. 
 Phosphate of iron and yellow ochre are found in this vicinity. 
 
 Forest and fruit trees thrive well in the town ; which also yields 
 fairly of the common crops. The value of the aggregate product of 
 the 165 farms in the last census year was $145,924. The leading- 
 manufacture is boots and shoes ; for which, in 18X5, there were four 
 establishments, employing about 1,000 persons. Other articles made 
 •were woollens, wooden boxes, carriages, straw goods, leather, liquors, 
 
380 UAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 machinery and other metallic work, meats, spices and oth»-f food 
 preparations. The aggregate value of goods made was *l v 70,018. 
 The number of dwelling-houses was 813. The Hopkinton Kational 
 Bank has a capital stock of $150,000; and the savings bank, at the 
 close of last year, had deposits to the amount of .$291,787. The 
 valuation in 1S.XK was .*i2,2.'J7,810; and the tax-rate 819.85 on $ 1.000. 
 The population in 1K85 was 3,922; and the voters numbered 
 1,009. The public schools are graded, and occupy 15 buildings, 
 which are valued at some 820,000. The Woodville Young People's 
 Library has nearly 1,000 volumes; the Young Men's Christian 
 Association and the Father Mathew Temperance Association have 
 considerable libraries. The Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists 
 and the American Episcopal < Ihurch, each have a house of worship in 
 the town. The Roman Catholics have just completed a fine church 
 edifice of stone, at a cost of about 8125,090. 
 
 The Indian name of this place, in common with Ashland, was 
 Moguncoy. It was purchased in part of the '' Praying Indians" 
 resident in Ashland, in 1701), with money pjiven to Harvard College 
 by Edward Hopkins. The lands were rented to the tenants at one 
 penny sterling per acre (it is stated) to the year 1823 ; and the 
 common land was divided amongst the tenants in order that they 
 might be better able to pay the quit-rents. The town was named in 
 honor of Mr. Hopkins, and incorporated December 13, 1715 (O. 8.); 
 although it did not assume the powers ami privileges of a town 
 tin'.il March 25, 1724. Among the early settlers was a company of 
 Scotch-Irish, among them the ancestor of Brigham Ytrnm;. the Mor- 
 mon. A church was organized here September 2, 1721, and Samuel 
 Barrett (H. U. 1721) was ordained as pastor. 
 
 An Episcopal church was established here and endowed with a 
 glebe of 170 acres by the celebrated Roger Price, rector of King's 
 Chapel, Boston, about the year 17.">0. Among its communicants in 
 1752 were Sir Charles Henry Frankland and Lady Agnes (Surriage) 
 Erankland. Captain Daniel Shays, the leader of the insurrection of 
 1780, was born in this town about 1747 ; and the cellar and well of 
 the old Shays' Place, on Saddle Hill, may still be seen. 
 
 On April 4, 1882, Hopkinton was visited by a great disaster, when 
 afire destroyed the town-house, the Congregational church, the hotel, 
 a large boot and shoo factory, the public library, and many other 
 buildings. The loss was great and the blow serious ; but the buildings 
 consumed have been replaced by better ones, so that the place is 
 handsomer than ever. The town has from an early period been 
 noted for the originality and the patriotic spirit of its people; and 
 in the late war there was no deficiency in its quota. Hopkinton was 
 the native place of Dr. Appleton Howe ( 1792-1870), an eminent 
 physician (H. C. 1815); of John Barrett (1759-1821), teacher, and 
 author of an English grammar; and of Hon. William Claflin, for- 
 merly governor of the Commonwealth and member of Congress. 
 
 li OF!"! 1 Oncl, a pond and also a village in Woburn. 
 
HORSE XECK— HUBBARDSTON. 387 
 
 Horse Neck, a village in Westport. 
 
 Horse Neck Beach, south of westport. 
 
 tlOSpital JTllJl, a village in Northampton. 
 rT. OUgll S IN eCK, the eastern extremity of Quincy. 
 HoUghtOnville, a village in North Adams. 
 IT.OUSa.tOniC, a village in Great Barringto 
 
 ton. 
 
 HniiQarnnir R ivpr has its source in the towns of 
 UUbdlUIUl 1V1VCI Lanes borough and Windsor, in 
 
 Berkshire County, the two main branches meeting at Pittsfield, 
 
 where the river forms. It thence takes a winding course southward, 
 
 through the towns of Lenox, Lee, and, by a westward bend, through 
 
 Stockbridge and West Stockbridge, then southward again, through 
 
 Great Barrington and Sheffield, into Connecticut; through wlrii-h it 
 
 follows a meandering course to Long Island Sound. The source of 
 
 this lovely stream is more than 1,000 feet above the ocean ; and in 
 
 its course of nearly 150 miles, the river affords numerous mill sites, 
 
 and receives tributary streams from many pleasant and fruitful 
 
 towns. Its volume of water is not large, except in seasons of freshet, 
 
 when the rains and melting snows from the mountains that environ 
 
 its course, swell its flow until the valley meadows are inundated ; by 
 
 which means their fertility is largely increased. The scenery on 
 
 the Housatonic in both States is in many passages exceedingly 
 
 beautiful, and at some points almost enchanting. One of its 
 
 cataracts — at Canaan, Connecticut — is sixty feet perpendicular. 
 
 The name of this river is an Indian term signifying "over the 
 
 mountain." 
 
 Howarth Village, in oxford. 
 
 Howe's Station, a village in Middleton. 
 H Owland, a village in Adams. 
 H Owland's, a village in Lakeville. 
 
 Hkkor/lcfnn lies on the highlands on the west side of 
 UDDaraSCOn -Wachusett Mountain, and nearly in the 
 centre of the northern half of Worcester County, 64 miles from 
 Boston. The Worcester Branch of the Fitchburg Railroad has a 
 station at East Hubbardston, and the Ware River Railroad has one 
 at Williamsville, in the western part of the town ; these places, with 
 Hubbardston (centre), being the villages and post-offices. 
 
388 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 In form this town is nearly a square, all its boundaries being 
 straight lines except an intrusion of Princeton where the eastern 
 angle should be. Gardner and Westminster lie on the northeast 
 side, Princeton and Rutland on the southeast, Barre on the south- 
 west, and Phillipston and Ternpleton on the northwest. The area 
 is very nearly 36 square miles. The assessed land is 25,001 acres. 
 There are 9,.'300 acres of forest; while many farms additional are 
 nuw given up to a young growth. Pine, hemlock, birch, maple, 
 beech and chestnut are the woods that predominate. Along the 
 village streets, also, are numerous shade trees, — elm, horse-chest- 
 nut and ash. There are several ponds, the largest being Comet (Asna- 
 concomic) Pond, of 220 acres, and having an elevation of 910 feet ; 
 and Moose Horn Pond, containing 130 acres, at 980 feet above sea- 
 level. The latter is remarkable for its encompassing wall of stone. 
 Burntshirt, Natty and Canesto brooks flow southward through the 
 town, finally joining Ware River, which flows down through the 
 centre. These furnish motive power for several lumber and box 
 mills, a chair factory, satinet mill, and other smaller establishments. 
 The value of furniture made in the last census year was §35,383. 
 
 The geological structure of the town is calcareous gneiss, with 
 dolerite in two or three localities. There is also, near the edge of 
 Ternpleton, on the northwest, a valuable deposit of copperas. The 
 soil is a clay loam on the hills, and gravelly loam in the valleys. 
 The farms number 233. The value of their product is given in ls«5 
 as $17:.', 726. The population was 1,303, of whom 381 were legal 
 voters ; and the dwelling-houses numbered 340. The valuation in 
 1888 was $G9'V.)6."i ; with a tax-rate of S1G on S 1,000. 
 
 Hubbardston has nine school buildings, valued with appurtenances 
 at about $15,000. The public library contains some 5,000 volumes. 
 The library building is of brick, three stories in height; and con. 
 tains also the post-office and rooms for town officers. Jonas G. 
 Clark, of Worcester, a native of Hubbardston, erected the building 
 in 1875, and recently presented it to the town. Another well-knowr 
 native is Ethan A. Greenwood, the founder of the Bostou Museum. 
 
 The " Monthly Advertiser '' is the periodical of the town. The 
 three churches are Congregationalist, Unitarian and Episcopal. Hub- 
 bardston furnished 150 soldiers for the Union armies in the late 
 war, and lost 47. A handsome monument of Vermont marble in 
 cottage style has been erected to their memory. 
 
 This town was taken from Rutland and established as the dis- 
 trict of Hubbardston mi June 13, 17(>7. It was made atown by the 
 General Act of August 2.'?, 1775, being named in honor of Thomas 
 Hubbard, of Boston. A part of it was annexed to Princeton in 1810. 
 The. first minister of the town was the Rev. Xeherniah Parker, or., 
 dained Juno 13, 1770. 
 
 TUr.-J^nn * s an attract ' ve > enterprising and progressive town 
 
 l UU.£>iJll j n t j H , wes t erri sl & e of Middlesex County, 28 miles 
 
 directly west of Boston, on the Massachusetts Central Railroad. 
 
 Through the midst of the town passes also the Marlborough Branch 
 
HUDSON. 389 
 
 of the Fitchburg Kailroad. The township is wedge-shaped, with 
 the thinner edge eastward. Its boundaries on the north are Bolton 
 and Stow ; on the east, Sudbury ; on the south, Marlborough ; and 
 on the west, Berlin. The assessed area is 6,780 acres. 
 
 There are nearly 2,000 acres of forest, consisting largely of wal- 
 nut, chestnut, elm and pine. Mount Assabet, near the centre, 
 nearly 200 feet in height, is a favorite resort. 
 
 In general, only the borders of the town are hilly, with a nearly 
 level valley along the Assabet River, which runs from southwest to 
 northeast through the centre, then eastward along the northern side. 
 Two considerable brooks come down from Bolton to this stream near 
 the centre ; and, farther east, Fort-meadow Brook enters it from 
 Marlborough. White Pond, covering 46 acres, is a delightful sheet 
 of water in the extreme eastern .section of the town. 
 
 Coolidgeville, Gravesville and Wilkinsville are small villages. 
 Hudson is the chief village, the post-office and the railway centre. 
 It is well laid out, with well-kept streets and numerous shade trees. 
 While there are few grand residences, the houses are generally neat 
 and tasteful, with frequent lawns and flowers everywhere. 
 
 The 120 farms of this town, in the last census year, yielded products 
 to the value of $94,523. The principal industries are the manu- 
 facture of shoes, shoe lasts and dies, leather, gossamer rubber, 
 wooden toys, various cast-iron articles, and lumber. The product of 
 the tanneries, as reported in 1885, was valued at $197,592; and that 
 of the several stove factories (employing nearly 1,000 persons) at 
 $1,846,961. The value of all goods made was $2,247,773. The superi- 
 ority of the shoe shops and machinery here is indicated by the fact 
 that the Boston manufacturers and merchants took the Japanese 
 embassy to Hudson to see the best system of shoe manufacture. 
 The population of the town is 3,968 ; which finds shelter in 766 
 tfwelling-houses. The valuation in 1888 was $2,226,011 ; with a tax- 
 rate of $17 on $1,000. 
 
 The schools are graded, and are provided with six school buildings, 
 valued, with the high school library and other appurtenances, at 
 nearly $30,000. The town-hall is a fine building of brick and 
 granite, and contains a hall affording seats for 1,000 persons, 
 the town offices, the public library of about 5,000 volumes, and the 
 national bank. There is also a savings bank, whose deposits, at the 
 close of last year, amounted to $482,648. The newspapers are the 
 " Enterprise " and the " Pioneer," issued weekly. The Baptist, Meth- 
 odist, Unitarian and Soman Catholic church edifices are clustered in 
 the central village ; and their different congregations live in most 
 amicable relations with each other. The temperance sentiment is 
 strong in the town, and the prohibitory law has been rigidly en- 
 forced. 
 
 This town was formerly parts of Marlborough and Bolton, the 
 principal village then bearing the name of " Feltonville." It was 
 set off and incorporated March 19, 1866 ; being named in honor of 
 Hon. Charles Hudson. 
 
390 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 T T 11 is one of the most picturesque and unique towns in the 
 ■T1U11 v i c i n ity f a metropolis. It is 9 miles distant from 
 Boston across tin- harbor, and 'l'l by land. The Nantasket Beach 
 Railroad, operated by tin- Old Colony Railroad, extends the entire 
 length of the town to Pemberton, at the extreme northwestern 
 point. This town is the smallest in the county, and the smallest but 
 two in the State. It forms the extreme north of Plymouth County, 
 occupying the peninsula of Nantasket, which runs from Hingham 
 and (Johassct north to Point Allcrton, then turns a right angle west- 
 ward; this section making the southern line of the outer jiart of 
 Boston Harbor. The peninsula is about Omilpslong; and for nine 
 tenths of its length is .scarcely more than one-half a mile in width, 
 and, at some places, not more than forty rods. On the eastern side 
 is a beautiful sandy beach ; and from five rounded eminences called 
 hills, quite equally distributed along the narrow extent of the 
 town, are delightful prospects of the ocean, of (')hasset. Hingham, 
 and Boston with its harbor and islands, of the headlands of Win- 
 throp and Nahant, and the forest-crowned hills of the interior. 
 Point Allerton, under whose view all large vessels piss in entering 
 the harbor, and, further west, Telegraph Hill, on which the lines of 
 an old fort may still be seen, are the most prominent points on the 
 peninsula. Near these are a signal station for vessels, and a finely 
 equipped United States life-saving station. The eminences, begin- 
 ning at the north, are named Telegraph Hill, Point Allerton, Straw- 
 berry Hill, Sagamore Hill, and Gun Hill. 
 
 The town has 5G1 dwelling-houses, including the hotels, and 451 
 inhabitants. Some 50 of the latter are engaged in fishing and mari- 
 time pursuits, a few are occupied on the half-dozen farms ; and the 
 remainder of the men are mostly employed on the railroad and 
 steamboats, and about "the hotels and places of amusement. The 
 last two are distributed to every part of the town, but the chief 
 places are Nantasket, at the middle of the peninsula, and Pemberton, 
 at its outer extreme. All the hotels have their music and dancing 
 apartments and billiard rooms ; while some employ bands of music 
 through the summer season. Everywhere a beach is near at hand, 
 while on the eastern side is magnificent surf bathing. The princi- 
 pal dwelling-place of the permanent inhabitants is on the broad part 
 of the peninsula west of Point Allerton. Hero are the old house 
 occupied by Lieutenant William Haswell duriug the opening scenes 
 of the Revolution; and the Souther House, where the eloquent 
 James Otis, of the same period, had his summer home. The place 
 was, for a time, a kind of neutral ground for the British and Ameri- 
 cans. Mrs. Susanna (Haswell) Kowson, who spent a part of her 
 early life in Hull, has given a vivid description of the place, and of 
 a tragic scene which occurred here, in her beautiful story of 
 "Rebecca." 
 
 This town was incorporated May 2'.), 1('»I I. having then 20 dwell- 
 ing-houses. Why it was named " Hull'' is not now known. A fort 
 had already been erected, also a church which was blown down in 
 the great gale of September, 1S15. The Rev. Zaehariah Whitman. 
 
HUXTIXGTON. 391 
 
 was settled here in 1670 ; the Rev. Samuel Veazie in 1753 ; and the 
 Rev, Solomon Prentice on March 21, 1768. In 1775, the people 
 were driven from the town by the British ; and it does not appear 
 that a minister has been settled there since that date. The town 
 sent 24 men into the Union armies during the late war, of whom 13 
 were lost. 
 
 Hull has one post-office. Its two school buildings are valued at 
 about $1,700. The number of legal voters in the town is 139. The 
 valuation in 1888 was $2,11)7,600; with a tax-rate of 113 on $1,000. 
 
 The scenic beauty of Nantasket, its entire environment by salt 
 water, its splendid bathing, luxurious hotels, easy accessibility by 
 railroad and steamboat, render it a most attractive watering-place for 
 Boston people, as well as for the inhabitants of the inland cities. 
 
 T—fiintincrfrm * s a ^ on S> narrow, mountainous township in 
 UUllllglOIl the extreme southwesterly part of Hampshire 
 County; having, for its boundaries, Chesterfield on the north, West- 
 hampton and Southampton on the east, Montgomery on the south, 
 and Chester on the west. The assessed area is 14,71)4 acres. The 
 northern part, being broken and mountainous, is without inhabitants, 
 except along the valleys of the streams. The area of forest is 
 4,054 acres; the trees being chiefly beech, maple and chestnut. 
 
 The villages are Norwich (the centre), Knightville, Norwich 
 Bridge, and Huntington Village in the southwest. The first is a 
 post-office and the last a post-office and railway station. It is 1111 
 miles west of Boston on the Boston and Albany, Railroad. Rock 
 House and two or three other hills on the east and west sides of the 
 town have considerable altitude. Between them flows the Westfield 
 River, slightly west of south; receiving near the border the nearly 
 parallel affluents, Pond and Roaring brooks, on its eastern side, and 
 Little River and Middle Branch River on the western. There are 
 several good water-powers. Norwich Pond, in the northeast section, 
 is a beautiful and valuable sheet of water, covering about one hun- 
 dred acres. 
 
 The principal rock is calciferous mica-schist, in which are found 
 apatite, black tourmaline, beryl, spodumene, blende, and quartz 
 crystals. Good material for whetstones is also found. The soil is 
 loam chiefly, and the arable parts yield good crops of hay, maize, 
 rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, potatoes and tobacco. Of maple sugar 
 there have been made 13,.sy"> pounds in a single season. There are 
 110 farms ; and their products in the last census year reached the 
 value of $98,764. The manufactures are woollen goods, paper, 
 leather, lumber, whips, metallic goods, stonework, boots and shoes, 
 flour and meal. Upwards of 80 persons are. employed in the paper 
 mill, and about 75 in the woollen mill. The value of the aggregate 
 product, as reported in 1885, was $230,024. The population was 
 1.267, and the dwelling-houses 270. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $482,395, and the tax-rate $18 on $1,000. 
 
 The village schools are graded ; and occupy a portion of the large 
 town-hall. Six other school buildings have a value of about $2,000. 
 
392 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 There are three Sunday-school libraries connected with the two 
 Congregational and the Baptist churches. The Roman Catholics 
 also have a church here. 
 
 This town was originally the eastern part of Murrayfield, and 
 was incorporated June 20, 1773, under the name of "Norwich." 
 This was changed, March 9, 1K55, to its present name, in honor of 
 Charles 1\ Huntington, of Northampton. The Rev. Stephen Tracey, 
 settled in 17S1, was the first minister. The first settlement was 
 made at Pitcher Eidge, about 17G0, by an Indian family bearing the 
 name of Rhodes. Other early settlers were Caleb Fobes, "William 
 Miller and John Kirtland. During Shays' rebellion, a party of in- 
 surgents visited the town, and carried Captain Samuel Kirtland 
 prisoner to Northampton, where, however, he was soon released. 
 Huntington sent 120 men into the Union armies during the late 
 war. 
 
 T-Tiitr Viincnn emDrace< l the "Rutland District," and was 
 FlUlCnillbUIl incorporated as a town, June, 1774. It was 
 named in honor of Governor Thomas Hutchinson ; but, for political 
 reasons, the name was changed to Barre in November, 1776. 
 
 JrlyanniS is a village in Barnstable. 
 
 JTiycinniSpOrt is a village and seaport in Barnstable. 
 
 T-Tvrlp ParLr situated in the northeasterly part of Norfolk 
 n.ycic JT'dlK, c oun ty, adjoining Boston on the south, is a 
 new, beautiful and progressive town. The AVest Roxbury district 
 bounds it on the northwest, the Dorchester district on the northeast, 
 Milton on the southeast, and Dedham on the southwest. The town- 
 ship is nearly of lozenge shape, with the longest axis varying little 
 from north and south. The assessed area is 2,406 acres. Trees 
 occupy some 250 acres, beside those along the streets. 
 
 There were but nine farms (embracing 582 acres) reported in the 
 last census ; their aggregate product in that year having a value of 
 $25,314. The greenhouse product alone made up more than one half 
 of this sum. On the entire eastern side the Milton Hills lift their 
 picturesque slopes ; one of the group, Brush Hill, occupying a con- 
 siderable space in the town along the border. Through the eastern 
 section the Neponset Kiver winds northward, furnishing power for 
 mills at Readville in the south and for other mills at the north; and 
 near the centre of the town receiving Mother Brook from Dedham. 
 Hyde Bark and Kcadville are stations on both the New York and 
 New England and the Boston and Providence railroads ; and these, 
 with Clarendon Hill, are post-offices. The last, with Hazelwood, are 
 stations on the Providence Railroad ; while Fairmount is a residential 
 hamlet growing up about an avenue of the same name running over 
 Brush Hill southeastward. The views from this point are extensive 
 and impressive. The golden dome of the State House, the hundred 
 spires of the surrounding country, the harbor with its islands, the 
 winding silvery line of the Neponset, the white villages along its 
 
U I'VE VILLE — IPSWICH. 393 
 
 course, and the village of Hyde Park just below, form a panorama 
 of great attractiveness. Neponset Mountain is another eminence of 
 note in the town. The rocks are the St. John's group, and sienite ; 
 and there is also a great deal of conglomerate (Roxbury pudding- 
 stone) in view. 
 
 The manufactures of this town consist of cotton and woollen cloths 
 (four or five mills), paper (Tileston and Hollingsworth Mills), iron 
 castings, machinery, artisans' tools and various metallic work, sport- 
 ing and athletic goods, furniture and curled hair, leather, piano parts, 
 pottery ware, carriages, printers' work, and food preparations. The 
 value of the latter, as reported in the census of 1885, was $86,635; 
 iron and other metallic goods were $242,600 ; textiles, $891,511 ; the 
 aggregate value of all manufactures being §1, 954,919. In 1888, the 
 dwelling-houses numbered 1,601 ; and the valuation was $6,874,500 ; 
 with a tax-rate of $15.80 on $1,000. The Hyde l'ark Savings Bank, 
 at the close of last year, had deposits to the amount of $230,603. 
 
 The schools are graded from primary to high, and occupy seven 
 buildings valued at about $100,000. The other public buildings 
 are spacious and substantial. There is a free public library of some 
 10,000 volumes. The newspapers are the long-established " Norfolk 
 County Gazette " and the " Hyde Park Times " — both weeklies. The 
 Roman Catholics have here a handsome church edifice of brick and 
 stone. The Congregationalists have two churches ; and the Ameri- 
 can Episcopal Church, the Unitarian, and the Methodist, one each ; 
 that of the latter being a quite elegant edifice of wood. The cen- 
 tral part of the town is well supplied with water of excellent 
 "juality for domestic purposes by artesian wells. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Dorchester, Milton and Ded- 
 ham, and incorporated April 26, 1868. Perhaps the beauty of its 
 landscapes led to its adoption of the name of the famous London 
 park as its own. The population of the town in 1870 was 4,136 ; 
 in 1885 it had increased to 8,306. Several hundreds of its inhabi- 
 tants are engaged daily in business in Boston ; the town, by reason 
 of the two railroads, with their seven stations and some forty trains 
 a day, being a very convenient as well as attractive residence. 
 
 HydeVllle, in Winchendon. 
 
 Indian Orchard, a village in Springfield. 
 
 Ti' PnnH a sneet °^ water > and also a village, in King- 
 
 8 SOU. 
 
 Indian Town, a village in Westport. 
 
 T • L is a pleasant seaboard town in Essex County, 27 
 
 lpSWlLIl m ji ea northeast of Boston by the Eastern Division 
 
 of the Boston and Maine Railroad. It is of triangular form, with the 
 
 base on the sea. Rowley lies on the northwest, Gloucester, Essex, 
 
 Hamilton and Topsfield on the south, and Boxford on the west. 
 
394 (lA'/.ETTEEIt OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Its extreme length, on a straight east and west line, is very near 10 
 miles, and its width on the sea about 6 miles. The assessed area is 
 15,200 acres; of which, 1,314 acres are woodland. 
 
 Ipswich River forms a part of the southern line ; soalso does Miles 
 River farther east, then enters the Ipswich. The latter continues 
 northeastward through the midst of the town to Plum Island River 
 coming down from the north; the two forming Ipswich Harbor. 
 The chief channel of this passes between Castle Neck in Ipswich, on 
 the south, and Plum Island Bar on the north. The Ipswich is navi- 
 gable for small vessels to the grain-mill, some two miles up the river. 
 Castle Neck River also forms a part of the southern boundary line. 
 Between Ipswich inner harbor and Plum Island River is GreatNeck. 
 North of this are four marshy islands, the northernmost of which is 
 named "Holy Island." Bull and Muddy brooks run from the central 
 part northeastward to Rowley River, which forms the eastern half of 
 the northern line of the town. At the western angle Prichard's Pond 
 adds its attractions to the scenery. There are nearly 4,0<»i> acres of 
 salt marshes and several fresh of small extent, yielding considerable 
 crops of salt hay and of cranberries. The surface of the town is 
 somewhat diversified by hills, — none of which, however, are of 
 much altitude, though several afford wide views. On the southwest 
 side are Bear, Turner's and Scott's hills ; about the centre are Bush, 
 Turkey and Town hills ; north of the centre, on the border, is Jewett's 
 Hill ; at the east, <m Great Neck, is North Ridge ; and in the south- 
 east are Heartbreak and Tilton hills, — the last a station of the 
 State Survey. 
 
 The geological formation of the town is sienite and trap, large 
 masses of which are visible near the central village. The soil is 
 favorable to fruit-growing ; and has about 25,000 fruit trees ; the 
 product of these, with the berries and nuts, having, in the last census 
 year, the value of $12,008. The value of the entire farm product 
 was *243,90">. The manufacture of hosiery and of boots and shoes 
 and dress trimmings is quite extensive, employing about 1,000 per- 
 sons. The value of the textiles made is given as .$660,10."); and of 
 the boots and shoes, $138,649. There are also manufactured artisans' 
 tools and other metallic goods, carriages, leather, glue, boxes, bricks 
 and various domestic articles and food preparations. The aggregate 
 value of goods made in the census year of 1SS5 was $1,01S,532. The 
 fisheries (consisting chiefly of clams and lobsters) yielded .$21.7*4. 
 The savings bank, at the close of last year, had deposits to the amount 
 of f 325,90S. The number of dwelling-houses in 1SSS was 7S0. The 
 valuation of the town in the same year was 82.2S3.250; with a tax- 
 rate of $113 on $1,00(1. The population was 4,207; of whom 1,016 
 were legal voters. 
 
 There aw a good town-hall and a public library building which 
 cost $20,000, containing upwards of 10,000 volumes. The Manning 
 School Library contains about 600 volumes. The public schools 
 have a fund of about $50,000. They include all the grades, and 
 occupy ten buildings valued at upwards of 825,000. Ipswich, the 
 central and chief village, railway station and the town post-office, is 
 
IPS wick 395 
 
 compactly built, and presents an air of quietness and comfort. On 
 the right bank of the river stands a Congregational church, quite 
 near the site of the first one erected in the town. On the left bank, 
 on rising ground, are an American Episcopal, a Methodist Episcopal, 
 and another Congregational church. A Roman Catholic church 
 (Saint Joseph's) is also in this place. At Linebrook, in the western 
 part of the town, is still another Congregational church. This vil- 
 lage was the original seat of the Howe family of Ipswich. 
 
 The Indian name of the town territory was Agaicam, signifying a 
 " fishing station." This place is supposed to be the first spot in Essex 
 County visited by a white man. As early as 1611, Captain Edward 
 Harlie and Nicholas Hobson came to Agawam, and were kindly enter- 
 tained by the Indians. Three years later, Captain John Smith thus 
 describes it : "Here are many rising hills; and on their tops and 
 descents are many cornefields and delightful groues. ( »n the east is 
 an isle of two or three leagues in length, the one-halfe plaine marish 
 ground, fit for pasture or salt ponds, with many fair high groues of 
 mulberry-trees. There are also okes, pines, walnuts and other wood, 
 to make this place an excellent habitation." 
 
 John Winthrop, junior, with twelve others, began the settlement 
 in March, 1633; and the town was incorporated August 5, 1634, under 
 its present name, from the town so called in Suffolk County, England. 
 This company of freemen, designated '' Commoners," granted lots to 
 those who wished them for settlement. In l"ss, the Commoners 
 made a grant of all their personal and real property to the town for the 
 purpose of paying its debts. A grist-mill was built in 1035, and a saw- 
 mill in 1656. Hamilton and Essex were formerly included in Ips- 
 wich. The town records run back to 1634. Until 1850, it was a 
 shire town. In 1771, a post-office was established here ; and in 16 12 
 free schools were created. 
 
 The original settlers were mostly intelligent and of good family. 
 They chose for their first regular pastor, the Kev. Nathaniel Ward, 
 author of the witty tract " The Simple Cobbler of Agawam," and t he 
 compiler of the " Body of Liberties," the first code of laws of the 
 Massachusetts Colony. Rev. William Hubbard, the historian, was 
 settled here in 1656. The South Church was organized in 1747 ; that 
 of Linebrook in 1749, and the Methodist church in 1822. A school 
 called the "Ipswich Female Seminary" was established herein 1*2S 
 by Miss Zilpah F. Grant and Miss Mary Lyon. In 1827 a cotton 
 factory was erected, and in 1.SC4 a woollen mill. Shipbuilding was 
 commenced in 1668, and was, for a time, a lead ing industry. Ipswich 
 sent 348 men into the army and navy of the Cuion during the war of 
 the Slaveholders' Rebellion, — losing as many as 05. A granite 
 monument has been erected by the town to their memory at an 
 expense of $2,800. 
 
 The following eminent persons were natives of Ipswich : Fitz- 
 John Winthrop (1638-1707), a governor of Connecticut; Nathan 
 Dane (1752-1835), an eminent statesman ; Joseph McKean, D.D. 
 (1776-1818), an eminent divine; Joseph G. Cogswell, LLP. (1786- 
 1871), an able author; Daniel Treadwell, A.A.S. (1791-1872'), an 
 inventor; J. C. Perkins (1809), an able legal writer. 
 
396 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 T T~»cMi7tVJi T? iiror ' s formed in the eastern part of Wilmine- 
 ipSWlCIl XVI VCr ton> p r i nc ip a n y by the confluence of 
 
 Maple-Meadow Brook, rising in Burlington, and Lubber Brook, rising 
 in the northern part of Wilmington. It flows by Reading, through 
 North Reading, by Lynnfield and Danvers, through Middleton and 
 Topsfield, by Hamilton, and through Ipswich to the sea between Plum 
 Island and Castle Neck. Its general course is northeasterly. It is 
 navigable for small vessels about two miles ; and above this it has 
 good but not large water-powers at several points. 
 
 I rOIlStone, a village in Uxbridge. 
 
 I Ton Works, a village in Bridgewater. 
 
 Island Creek, a village in Duxbury. 
 
 I slington, a village in Dedham. 
 
 l„ m „;„ PloJn a locality in the West Roxbury district 
 
 j amaica r lam, of Boston. 
 
 J om „; M ~Pr\nA a sheet of water in the West Roxbury 
 amaica ronu, district of Boston. 
 
 JameSville, in Worcester. 
 
 JefferSOnville, inHolden. 
 
 J eriCflO, a village in Dudley ; also one in Scituate. 
 
 Iprncalpm a village in Dedham; also one in Tyringham, 
 J C1 ui,£iICIU > and one in West Bridgewater. 
 
 JeSSeVllle, in New Bedford. 
 
 JohnSOnville, in Newton. 
 
 JOneS River Pond, is on the adjacent corners of King- 
 ston, Plympton, Halifax and Pembroke. 
 
 J Oppa, a village in Gloucester ; also one in Newburyport. 
 
 ivatama, a village in Edgartown. 
 
 Kempville, in North Adams. 
 
 Kennersonville, in New Bedford. 
 Kenoza Lake, inHaverhm. 
 
KETTLE ISLAND — KINGSTON. 
 
 397 
 
 IvCttlC 1 SlcHlCl, off the eastern end of Manchester. 
 
 Kimball's Pond, inAmesbury. 
 
 1/" Jno-cf^n is an ancient seaboard town in the easterly part 
 XVlIlgblUIl of Plymouth County, 33 miles southeast of 
 Boston by the Old Colony Railroad. On its north are Pembroke 
 and Duxbury ; on the east, the latter and Kingston Bay ; Plymouth 
 lies on the southeast, and Plympton and Halifax on the southwest 
 and west. The assessed area is 10,583 acres, including 5,148 acres 
 of woodland. 
 
 The town has a good harbor for small vessels, which opens into 
 Duxbury and Plymouth Bay. Silver Lake (formerly Jones River 
 Pond) lies partly in the northwestern corner, and partly in the 
 towns of Pembroke, Halifax and Plympton, here adjoining. From 
 it flows Jones River southeastward to the harbor, receiving on the 
 north, Miles, Tusseck and Pine brooks, and on the south, Jones- 
 River Brook and Smelt Brook. Several other beautiful ponds in 
 
 ARRIVAL OF THE MAYFLOWER. 
 
 different parts of the town impart life and variety to the scenery. 
 Great Indian, Muddy and Smelt ponds, in the southern part of tht 
 town, range in size from 60 to about 100 acres. The land is hand, 
 somely diversified by hill and valley, forest, field and fertile mea- 
 dow. In the southeast is Monk's Hill, 313 feet in height, command, 
 ing a magnificent view of Plymouth, Captain's Hill and the Gurnet 
 in Duxbury, and of the ocean. Pine Hill, overlooking Great Indian 
 Pond, also has its peculiar beauty. The bed rock of this town is 
 principally granite and sienite. Veins of volcanic trap are thrown 
 up in some localities almost like walls of masonry, especially at the 
 "Devil's Stair" near Rocky Nook, in the southeast. The soil, in 
 general, is a red loam, intermingled with sand and gravel. 
 
 According to the census of 1885 there were 114 farms, whose prod- 
 uct for that year was $58,391. Fishing is pursued to some extent; 
 
398 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the catch (chiefly of cod) was valued at $8,11/5. The manufactures 
 are quite numerous, consisting of hollow ware-, rivets, tacks, carpen- 
 ters' boring implements, and other iron and steel goods, aggregating 
 in the sum of %i*J(jiS,%0 ; also lumber, wooden boxes, cotton thread, 
 cordage, leather, shoes, woollen goods, carriages, clothing, food prep- 
 arations and stone. The value of all goods made was $308,837. 
 The dwelling-houses wen; 381 in number, The valuation in 1888 
 was Sl,70,'i,215, and the tax-rate SO on SI, 000. The population was 
 1,5T<>, including 453 legal voters. 
 
 The schools are graded from primary to high, and are held in six 
 buildings valued at some $15,000. The Kingston Library Associa- 
 tion has upwards of 1,500 volumes. The Unitarians, Congrega- 
 tionalists, Baptists and Roman Catholics have each a church edifice 
 in the town. Kingston (centre) and Silver Lake (in the northwest) 
 are the postal villages and railroad stations. Another station is 
 Seaside. Other villages are Indian Pond, Rocky Nook, Stony Brook 
 and Wapping. 
 
 Kingston was incorporated June 16, 1720; having been known 
 for more than a century as the "North End" of Plymouth. In 
 1857 it had an accession of land from Duxbury. The place was a 
 favorite resort of the Indians, and two of their burial places are 
 still pointed out. Several of the more prominent of the Pilgrims 
 settled in this town ; and many of the present families trace their 
 line of descent directly back to the first English occupants. Gov. 
 William Bradford, arid his sons John and Joseph; Thomas Cush- 
 nian (whose wife was the last survivor of those who came over in 
 "The Mayflower"); John Rowland ; Francis Cooke; Edward Gray 
 (a noted merchant) ; Francis Billington, whose name is perpetuated 
 by '• Billington Sea," in Plymouth, and by certain rocks in the bay; 
 Isaac Allerton ; and others of their company, were residents of North 
 Plymouth, now Kingston. The Bev. Joseph Stacy, the first min- 
 iste r , was ordained in 1720. 
 
 The town furnished 154 men for the war of the Slaveholders' 
 Rebellion ; 14 of them losing their lives in the army or in conse- 
 quence of injury suffered in the country's service. 
 
 Kingston is noted for its numerous college graduates and others of 
 large intelligence. John Holmes, an able lawyer and United States 
 senator, was born here in March, 1773, and died in Portland, Maine, 
 July 7, 1843. Joseph R. Chandler, an accomplished scholar, editor, 
 and M.C. from 1X40 to 1855, was born here in 1792. The Hon. 
 Iehabod Washburn, of Worcester, and the Hon. E. S. Tobey, a liberal 
 and intelligent merchaut, and, later, postmaster of Boston, are also 
 natives of this place. 
 
 Kittle Cove Village, in Manchester. 
 
 Kittredgeville, mDaiton. 
 
 Knight VI lie, in Huntington. 
 
LAGOON HEIGHTS— LAKEVILLE. 399 
 
 Lagoon Heights, city lage in the town of Cottage 
 Lake Pleasant, in Montague. 
 
 J— .aRe otreet, a village in Arlington. 
 
 Lake Village, mTopsfieid. 
 
 T alrPA/ilIf ^ es "* *^ e southwest part of Plymouth County, 
 l^dKCVlllC 35 miles south of Boston- It is bounded on the 
 
 north and east by Middleborough, on the south by Rochester and 
 Freetown, on the west by the latter, and on thf northwest by 
 Berkley and Raynham. The assessed area (which excludes water 
 surfaces) is 17,274 acres ; and of this 9,834 acres are woodland, con- 
 sisting of oak, pine and cedar. Tributaries of Taunton and Assonet 
 rivers rise in this town, affording some water-power. The land is 
 level in the main, the soil indifferently good, and the rigor of the 
 climate somewhat softened by the water of the ponds. Alden's 
 Hill, near the centre, rises to the height of 173 feet and commands 
 a tine water view. The principal stone is granite, of which there is 
 a valuable quarry. Assawompsett is the largest pond. This, and 
 Pocksha, Great and Little Quittacus, and Long ponds, partially 
 enclose, and almost form an island of, an extensive territory in the 
 southeast section of the town. Elder's, Loon and Clear are smaller 
 ponds. Their aggregate measurement is very nearly 4,780 acres. 
 
 The 140 farms of this town reported in the last census aggregate 
 products to the value of $133,680. Large items in this were the 
 wood product (§17,908), eggs and feathers ($10,214), and straw- 
 berries (of which 23,523 quarts were marketed). There is a boot and 
 shoe factory, employing some 33 persons, and three saw mills 
 making boxboards. A considerable quantity of straw braid is 
 made in the families. The aggregate of manufactures reached the 
 value of $34,700. The Old Colony Railroad has a station at the 
 Middleboro line ; one at Lakeville on the west side ; and Myrick's is 
 near the southeast corner of the town. 
 
 The number of dwelling-houses in 1888 was 250; the population 
 980; and the legal voters numbered 250. The valuation of the 
 town in that year was $435,356, with a tax-rate of $10 on $1,000. 
 The schools were provided for in eight buildings, valued at some 
 $4,000. Mr. Hugh Montgomery, a native of the town, gave it in 
 1866 a library of 350 volumes, as a nucleus for a large collection. 
 There is now a library of about 7,000 volumes. 
 
 The Congregationalists have a church at Lakeville, and another at 
 Union Grove. The first church in the town was organized on the 
 6th of October, 1725, when the Rev. Benjamin Ruggles was or- 
 dained pastor. 
 
 \ he ponds of Lakeville were a noted resort of the Indians, who 
 planted maize upon their borders, and supplied themselves with fish 
 from their waters. John Sausaman, having informed the English of 
 
400 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the plans of Philip, was murdered by three Indians on a frozen 
 pond at Assawompsett ; and, by the execution of the murderers, the 
 war was hastened. During the war, Philip sent an army to waylay 
 Captain Benjamin Church at Assawompsett Neck, but failed in 
 taking him. Anterior to the war, there was an Indian church at 
 this place, and the Rev. Mr. Jocelyn was the preacher. The Indians 
 long continued living at Hetty's Neck, south of the pond; and of 
 their number, Benjamin Siinunds, a noble specimen of the aborig- 
 ines, fought in the Revolutionary War, and afterwards received an 
 annual pension of $96 from the government. He died in 1836, and 
 a monument has been erected to his memory. The first white 
 settler at Assawompsett Neck was Mr. Thomas Kelson, in 1717; 
 other landholders were the Sampson, the Richmond, and the Pickens 
 families. 
 
 Lakeville was taken from Middleborough and incorporated May 
 13, 1853, receiving its name from its large extent of water surface. 
 
 Lakeville furnished 91 men for the late war, of whom nine were 
 lost 
 
 Lamb City, a village in Phillipston. 
 
 Lambert's Cove, a village in Tisbury. 
 
 T anrastpr * s ^ e °^ est anc ^ one °^ *he most beautiful towns 
 J-.anCdS[cr ^ n ^y orces ter County. It lies on the Nashua 
 River, 35 miles northwest of Boston. On the north are Lunenburp 
 and Shirley, on the east Harvard and Bolton, on the south Clinton, 
 and on the west Sterling and Leominster. The assessed area is 
 16,102 acres. There are 6,160 acres of woodland, containing oak, 
 pine and maple. The highways and the 366 acres of water surface 
 of the seven ponds added give a total area of 18,183 acres. The land 
 is generally level, but rises in the southwest into the beautiful 
 eminences of Ballard and George hills. The north and south 
 branches of the Nashua River are conjoined near thesoutheastangle 
 of the town ; whence flowing through rich alluvial lands, it forms the 
 line between Lancaster and Harvard. The geological formation 
 (according to Prof. Hitchcock) is the St. John's group — argillaceous 
 slate predominating. In the gneissic portion are found tine examples 
 of kyanite, chiastolite, and staurotide in the mica slate. The soil 
 is a sandy loam, and that of the meadows is deep and rich. The 
 value of the aggregate product of the 157 farms in the last census 
 year is given as ftlKO.761. There are manufactures of cotton yarn, 
 certain wool goods, wire, bricks, brooms, machinery and metallic 
 articles; the value of the aggregate being #118.404. The valuation 
 of the town in 1888 was *2,<;f>.'S.X>5, — with a tax-rate of $9.25 on 
 $1,000. There were 420 dwelling-houses, 2,050 inhabitants, and 440 
 legal voters. Lancaster, the central and principal village, is delight- 
 fully situated on a gentle swell of land above the confluence of the 
 north and south branches of the Nashua, and contains a town-house, 
 the high school, a tine Memorial Hall to the 38 soldiers lost in the 
 
LAXESBOEOUQH. 401 
 
 ■war for the Union, — in which is the public library of upwards of 
 21,000 volumes. There are also some very handsome residences. On 
 the south branch of the Nashua is the pleasant village of South Lan- 
 caster, the location of South Lancaster Academy ; both these being 
 post-offices and stations on tbe Worcester and Xashua Railroad. 
 Other villages are North Lancaster and Poniken. All the villages 
 — especially the centre — are plentifully shaded by elm, maple, ash 
 and other trees, some very old and large. The " Great Elm " in this 
 place is widely known, and is said to be the largest in the United 
 States. The roads of this town are excellent ; and the Xashua River 
 is here spanned by eight iron bridges. 
 
 The Unitarians of Lancaster have a brick church designed bv 
 Charles Bulfinch many years ago ; to which has been added a large 
 apse. The bell-tower is domed, and .12(1 feet in height. Tbe New 
 Jerusalem Church edifice is a rustic chapel ; the Roman ( 'atholic ;i 
 Gothic structure. That of the ( 'ongregationalists is of large seating 
 capacity. A Seventh-Day Advent society is also reported in tin- 
 town. A State industrial school for girls is situated in the south- 
 erly part of the town. 
 
 Lancaster was incorporated May 18, 1653, — the first in the county. 
 Its name was chosen in memory of the old town bearing it in Kng- 
 land. The Indian term for the locality was Xdslunrog. Thomas 
 King, of Watertown, purchased the territory of this town of Sholan, 
 an Indian sachem. Settlements were commenced prior to 1650. 
 The town suffered greatly in King Philip's War. Ten persons were 
 killed on August 22, 1675 ; and on the 10th of February followinsr 
 Philip's warriors set fire to the house of the Rev. Joseph Powlandson, 
 which contained 42 persons, only one of whom escaped. Subse- 
 quently the town was reduced to ashes by the enemy. In the sum- 
 mer of 17(U, a force of 500 French and Indians assaulted the town, 
 killed four persons, and burned the meeting-house. In October of 
 the year ensuing, Thomas Sawyer, his son Elias, and John Bigelow, 
 were carried away captives to Canada. There — to purchase their 
 liberty — Mr. Sawyer built at Chamblee the first saw mill in that 
 country. The Rev. Joseph Rowlandson, the first settled minister, 
 was ordained in 1658. The Rev. John Whiting succeeded him, and 
 was killed by the Indians in 1697. Lancaster is the birth-place of 
 Gen. John Whitcomb (d. 1X12), a Revolutionary patriot; Miss 
 Hannah Flagg Gould (1789-1S56), a poetical writer; and Mrs. Caro- 
 line Lee Hentz (1800-1856), the novelist. 
 
 T on^cK/^rrmrrVi ^ 3 one °^ tne most delightful towns in 
 J^aiiebUUIUUgil Berksaire County. Berkshire village, 
 
 in the southeast part of the town — its railroad station, — is about 
 156 miles west of Boston by the Boston and Albany and the Housa- 
 tonic railroads. The other village, Lanesborough (centre), is about 
 two miles northwest, in the valley of the Housatonic River. Both 
 villages are post-offices. The town itself lies near the centre of the 
 northern half of the county. New Ashford is on the north ; Che- 
 shire lies on the northeast — the divisional line following a spur of 
 
402 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the Hoosac Mountains in a very zigzag course ; on the east is Dal- 
 ton, on the south I'lUslield, and on the west Hancock. A spur of 
 the Tacouic range also marks the boundary on this side. The town- 
 ship is six miles long and from thro- to six wide. The assessed area 
 is 17,271 acres. This includes 5,571 acres of forest, consisting of 
 beech, maple, ash and chestnut. 
 
 The llousatonic, flowing from the north through the midst of the 
 town, spreads out in the southerly part into Pontoosuc Lake, abroad 
 and beautiful sheet of water, well stocked with fish. Savage Moun- 
 tain, Farnutn Hill and Constitution Hill are prominent features of 
 the scenery. From the latter eminence, near the geographical centred 
 of the town, may be seen a large section of the Housatouic Valley? 
 and the chains of mountains which enclose it. This town has exten 
 sive quarries of beautiful white marble, which is sawn into blocks 
 and slabs, then sent to various markets. In the northern section are 
 valuable beds of limestone, from which builders' lime is made. In 
 both the eastern and western parts are beds of iron ore, which re- 
 duced in the furnaces, yields a superior quality of iron. At Berk- 
 shire village is an extensive deposit of pure white sand, from which 
 are made, in the factories here, plate and cylinder glass of the best 
 quality. Among the curiosities of the town are a cave, some 10 or 15 
 rods in length, and the Rolling Rock, some 30 feet long, 15 feet wide 
 and about the same in height, and so pivoted on another rock about 
 three feet from the ground that it can be easily moved and still not 
 overturned. 
 
 The soil, a mixture of clay and loam, is well adapted to grazing; 
 and large stocks of neat cattle and sheep are kept. Maple sugar is 
 made in large quantities, and tobacco has been found a profitable crop. 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 111 farms in the last census 
 year was §148,011. Besides those already mentioned, there are sev- 
 eral small manufactures common in towns ; the aggregate value of 
 all in the same year being $254,634. The valuation of the town in 
 1888 was £502,472, with a tax-rate of $1. >..'>.'> on $1,000. There are 
 252 dwelling-houses taxed; and the population is 1,212, including 
 208 legal voters. 
 
 .Six school-houses, worth about $1,000, accommodate the schools. 
 There is a public library of some 1,200 volumes, and three Sunday- 
 school libraries. Two of the four church edifices are of brick, one 
 of stone and one of wood. The societies are Episcopal, Congrega- 
 tional, Methodist and Baptist. 
 
 This place was at first called " New Framingham," because a grant 
 was made here in 1741 to Samuel Jackson and 75 other persons of 
 Framingham. Its settlement was commenced in 1751 by Capt. Samuel 
 Martin and family- Nathaniel Williams, Samuel Tyrrell, and others, 
 afterwards joined him ; and a fort was built to protect them from the 
 Indians. On seeing tltein approach one day, the English fled to 
 Pittsiield. It was voted March .'il, 17t>2, that " Samuel Martin draw 
 six pence on Kaeh Lott, foithcyeuse ot his hows for public worship." 
 St. Luke's (Episcopal) church was organized in October, 1767. The 
 first rector was the Rev. Ciidoou Bostwick. The society possesses a 
 
LANES VILLE— LA WHENCE. 403 
 
 valuable glebe and other funded property. The first church was 
 formed here March 28, 1764 ; and the Rev. Daniel Collins, ordained 
 over it April 17th of the same year, was the first minister. The i own 
 was incorporated June 21, 1765, and received its name, it is said, from 
 James Lane, Viscount Lanesborough, in the peerage of Ireland. 
 
 Henry W. Shaw ("Josh Billings"), a humorist and popular lec- 
 turer, was born here in 1818. His " Allminax " obtained a wide 
 circulation. His father, Henry Shaw, was a member of Congress. 
 
 JLaneSVllle, in Gloucester. 
 
 Lane Village, in Ashbuinham. 
 
 LarnedsVllle, in Auburn. 
 
 .LaureiS, 1 lie, a village in Newburyport. 
 
 T A \Af RFNCF * s one °^ our splendid industrial cities, 
 -*-'-**■ * * ■*•*■ 1-'1'^ L ' which has sprung up, as if by magic, 
 at the bidding of the mechanical, the liberal and enterprising spirit 
 of the State. It is situated in the northwestern part of Essex 
 County, on the Merrimack River, 26 miles from its mouth, eight 
 miles above Haverhill, nine below Lowell, and 26 miles north of 
 Boston. Methuen lies on the north and west, Andover on the 
 south and west, and North Andover on the east. It embraces an 
 area of about a square mile and a half, — 2,173 acres being on the 
 north side, and 2,012 on the south side of the Merrimack River. 
 
 The Shawsheen enters the Merriinack at the eastern line of the 
 town, having formed half the divisional line between the city and 
 North Andover, which is completed from this point by the larger 
 river. The Spicket River crosses the northern portion of the city, 
 entering the Merrimack within the limits, and just after receiving 
 the waters of the northern canal. The tide flows up the Merrimack 
 to Mitchell's Falls, some three miles below the city. Shortly 
 previous to 1880, the United States government so improved these 
 falls that coal barges of 4 feet draft, and small, flat-bottomed steam- 
 boats, can come up to the lower part of the city. Lawrence is 
 touched by the Boston and Maine Railroad, by its Lowell and Kast- 
 ern divisions, and by Manchester and Lawrence Railroad, — giving 
 connections on every side. 
 
 More than two thirds of the area of the city is a level plain about 
 60 feet above the sea, with three large hills and several small ones 
 rising from it. The greatest elevation is 245 feet, and the least 25 
 feet; the highest parts being the eastern and western sections. The 
 soil of tne plains is sandy and unproductive, while the hilly portions 
 are clayey and gravelly, and more fertile. The underlying rock is 
 gneissic in some parts, in others argillaceous slate. There are but*. 
 36 farms ; and their annual product, reported in 1885, was valued at 
 $58,447 ; this including the greenhouse product of $11,721. 
 
404 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The Essex Company, the proprietor of the water-power and sur- 
 rounding lands, at the very start laid out the streets, and gave lands 
 for a public park and a common, and for the erection of public 
 buildings. Tin; common comprises about 17 acres in the heart of 
 the city, and has a pretty pond in its centre, and is finely orna- 
 mented with shade-trees; and the park, on Prospect Hill, is a 
 delightful retreat for rest and recreation. Union and Storrow parks, 
 also, are now attractive spots in the midst of the city. Along the 
 oldest streets, also, are well-grown trees, set when manufacturing 
 began. The aggregate length of the streets is upwards of M) miles. 
 
 The dam across the Merrimack, which is the source of the water- 
 power of the eity, was commenced in 1845 and completed in 1847. 
 It is of granite, bedded into the rock bottom in hydraulic cement. 
 Its length is 1,020 feet, width 35 feet at its base and 12£ feet at the 
 top. It is backed by a layer of gravel to within a few feet of the 
 surface. The cost complete was $250,000. The fall of water is 20 
 feet. The north canal, completed about the same time, is a little 
 over a mile long, 100 feet wide at the upper, and 00 feet at the 
 lower end, and 12- feet deep. It is parallel with the river at a dis- 
 tance of 400 feet. In the space thus enclosed stand most of the 
 large factories using water-power. The second canal, on the south 
 side of the river, was begun in 1870, is 14; miles long, and dis- 
 charges into Shawsheen River. The limit of the water-power of this 
 city is estimated at 10,000 horse-power, of which 7,200 have been 
 sold. 
 
 The manufacture of cotton cloths in all their variety is the leading 
 industry here ; while the manufacture of woollens is very extensive. 
 The city is noted also for its excellence in the manufacture of carpet- 
 ings. Other goods made are steam engines and boilers, mill 
 machinery and mechanical implements, coaches, sewing-machines, 
 hats, clothing, tin-ware, belting, boxes and many others. The five 
 paper mills here employ nearly 400 persons. The principal factories 
 are the Washington Mills and the Atlantic Mills, built in 1S46; the 
 Pacific Mills and the 1'emberton Mills, incorporated in l s 52; the 
 Lawrence Duck Company, incorporated in 185*.); the Everett Mills, 
 in 1860; the Lawrence Woollen Company, ill 1864; the Arlington 
 Mills, in 1805; the Wright Manufacturing Company, in 1873; the 
 Russell Paper Company ; the Lawrence Lumber Company ; and the 
 Lawrence File and Spindle Works. Altogether, there are more 
 than 10 corporations in the city ; and the plant is valued at more 
 than $1. "i,0O0,00O. The Pacific Mills is probably the largest manu- 
 facturing concern in the world ; its-vapital being £2,500,000, while it 
 furnishes employment to about 3,500 persons. The value of all 
 the goods made in the last census year (1885) is given at 
 $ 1 K,257,KL'2. The number of dwelling-houses assessed is 5,670. 
 The valuation of the eity in 18S8 was *28,071,'.>7<>, with a tax-rate of 
 $10 on $1,000. There are five national banks, with an aggregate 
 capital of §1,025,000; and three savings banks, now carrying 
 deposits to the amount of about $7,000,000. The population in 
 1880 was 39,151 j in 1885 it was 38,862, — a falling off owing to the 
 
LAWRENCE. 405 
 
 suspension of work in some of the mills. The loss was transient ; 
 the population being estimated in January, 1889, as about 45,000. 
 
 The water-works furnish an ample supply of water, and the 
 drainage is thorough. The public schools embrace four grades, from 
 primary to high, and occupy buildings valued in 18S5 at £.534,050. 
 Beside the public schools, there is a German school, the Lawrence 
 Private School, and that of St. Mary's School Society. The Lawrence 
 Free Public Library has over 31,000 volumes ; and the Pacific Mills 
 Library has upwards of 6,000. The leading periodicals of Lawrence 
 are the " American," the " Eagle " and the " Morning Times," — 
 dailies ; and the " American " and " Andover Advertiser," " Essex 
 Eagle," "Sunday Spice," "Sunday Telegram," "Anzeiger" and 
 the "Journal" (German), and the "Sentinel," — weeklies. 
 
 The churches are divided among the denominations as follows : 
 Baptist, 2 ; Congregationalist, 5 ; Free Baptist, 1 ; Methodist Epis- 
 copal, 4 ; Presbyterian, 1 ; American Episcopal church, 3 ; Koman 
 Catholic, 5 ; and the Second Advent, Unitarian and Universalist, 
 each 1. The principal charitable institutions are the Free General 
 Hospital, the Orphan Asylum, Day Nursery for Infants, City Mis- 
 sion, Young Men's Christian Association, Mutual Friend Society for 
 Young Women, the White Free Lectures and Library Fund, Indus- 
 trial School and Reformatory for Boys. There are the usual 
 societies and social organizations, two ample theatres and several 
 halls. Lawrence is one of the three court-towns of Essex County, 
 and has a courthouse and a registry of deeds for the northern dis- 
 trict of Essex County. 
 
 Previous to 1835, Daniel Saunders, of Andover, a woollen manu- 
 facturer, made examinations regarding the rapids of the Merrimack 
 between Methuen and Andover, known as Deer's Jump and Peter's 
 and Bordevell's falls ; and in 1X43 he quietly made purchases of 
 adjacent lands. The next year he became associated with William, 
 Samuel and Abbott Lawrence; when they employed George Bald- 
 win, noted as a civil engineer, to make a survey of the river below 
 Lowell ; and on the completion of his work they began, as the 
 " Merrimack Water-power Association," to openly purchase land, 
 until they had secured both sides of the river, including the flowage, 
 as far back as Lowell, amounting to between 3,000 and 4,000 acres. 
 Associating with themselves Nathan Appleton and others, they 
 obtained from the legislature the next winter a charter for the 
 Essex Company, for the purpose of building a dam and developing 
 the water-power. The company organized in April, choosing Abbott 
 Lawrence as president. Charles S. Storrow was appointed engineer ; 
 and the work commenced at once. On March 20, 1845 (the same 
 date as the charter of the Essex Company), an act was passed by the 
 General Court setting off parts of Andover and Methuen about the 
 falls, and incorporating these as the town of Lawrence. This act 
 appears not to have gone into force until April 19, 1847. Along the 
 line of the river at this time were two or three rude fish-wharves, 
 the locality being noted for eel and salmon fishing. The houses 
 were few indeed, and the total number of inhabitants within the 
 
406 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 limits, at the first date, was not over 200. On March 21, 1853, 
 Lawrence was incorporated as a city ; and two years later its inhabi. 
 tants numbered 1(5,0(11). 
 
 South Lawrence is connected with the north section by steam and 
 street railroads, and is rapidly increasing; having its churches, rail- 
 roail station, large grain mill, and several manufactories, the power 
 being supplied by water drawn from the Merrimack and discharged 
 into the Shawsheen River. The other villages are Chapinsville, 
 Halls ville, North Lawrence, South Lawrence and Arlington Dis, 
 trict. 
 
 Lawrence has had two disastrous fires ; one, on August 10, 1859, 
 when a hotel, a church, the court-house, and several stores werei 
 destroyed, and two firemen perished ; the other, on January 10, 
 1860, when the l'cmbeiton Mill, a building five stories high, fell 
 without a moment's warning, and the ruins instantly took fire. 
 There were 70(1 persons in the mill when th" crash came, and of 
 these, 100 lost their lives, 14 being known to have perished by the 
 flames. The architecture of this mill was very defective ; but the 
 fine new structure which has arisen on its ruins is very strongly 
 built. 
 
 Leach's Pond, in Easton. 
 Lead Mine Pond, in sturbridge. 
 
 Lebanon, a village in Scekonk. 
 
 T „p is a beautiful town between the Taconic and Green Moun- 
 ■*— '*'*■' tain ranges, in the central part of Berkshire County, 162 
 miles from Boston. It is quite irregular in form, and has Lenox on 
 the northwest, Washington on the northeast, Beeket on the east, 
 Tyringham and Great Barringtun on the south, and Stoekbridge 
 on the west. 
 
 The assessed area is ir>,740 acres, 4,L'42 of which are forest, consist- 
 ing of maple, oak, beech, chestnut and elm. Lakes Laurel and May 
 add variety and charm to the landscape. The llousatonic River, a 
 rapid and beautiful stream, separates for two or more miles the 
 northern angle of this town from Lenox, then pursues a serpentine 
 course through the midst of the town to a range of hills along the 
 southern border, where it turns westward and enters Stockbridge. 
 With its affluents, Basin-pond Brook, Goose-pond Brook and Hop 
 Brook, it furnishes valuable hydraulic power. The central village is 
 built on the rich intervale of this river; along whoso margin winds 
 the llousatonic. Railroad. From the intervale on the river, the land 
 has for some distance 1 an undulating aspect, then gradually rises 
 towards forest-crowie'd mountains; one of which, partly on the 
 eastern border, is Bocket Mountain, L\104 feet in height. Toward 
 the west, the land is finely diversified with hills and valleys easy of 
 cultivation. The soil is chiefly a sandy loam. 
 
LEE. 
 
 407 
 
 The 102 farms, in 1885, reported an annual product amounting to 
 $166,872. The cereal crop was large, and the flocks and herds num- 
 erous. The town is rich in minerals. The marble quarry near the 
 centre furnished material for the extension of the Capitol at Wash- 
 ington ; and a quarry in the southwest part supplied the stone for 
 
 
 THE CONGRECATIONAI. CHI RCII, LEE. 
 
 the Roman Catholie cathedral in New York. In addition to build- 
 ing stone, there are found granulated quartz, iron ore, sphene, tremo- 
 lite and other minerals. Lee has long been celebrated for the manu- 
 facture of paper. The first mill was established at South Lee, in 
 
408 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 I sot;, by Samuel Church. Other leading manufacturers here in this 
 line have been Harrison Garfield, Prentice C. Baird, Platner & 
 Smith, and Elizur Smith. Then; have been as many as 25 different 
 mills running here at once. The number of persons employed in 
 this industry in ls.s5 was 542; and the value of the product re- 
 ported was %l,3-|f»,lf!H. Other manufactures are iron and metallic 
 goods, machinery, carriages, furniture, earpetings, clothing, boots and 
 shoes, leather, food preparations, and bricks and tile. The value of 
 the total manufactures was tf 1,005,509. There is a national bank 
 witli a capital of 8200,000, and a savings bank having deposits, at the 
 beginning of INS!), amounting to $ 650,354. The number of dwell- 
 ing-houses was 7(i.'i ; the population 4,274 ; and the legal voters 1,105. 
 The valuation in l.SMH was 82,215,010; with a tax-rate of $16 on 
 $1,000. 
 
 The villages and post-offices are Lee (centre"), South Lee and East 
 Lee, — the first two being also railway stations. The schools are 
 graded from primary to high, and provided for in fourteen buildings 
 valued at about $15,000. The Lee Public Library and the Lee Town 
 Library have about 5,000 volumes. The "Valley Gleaner" is a 
 long-established weekly journal of good circulation. The American 
 Episcopal Church here has a beautiful stone edifice. The other 
 churches are the Congregationalist, Methodist Episcopal, Baptist, 
 African, and the Roman Catholic. 
 
 On October 21, 1777, the legislature established parts of Great 
 Barrington, Washington, the Glass Works Grant, and part of Wil- 
 liams' Orant, as the town of Lee. The first white man who settled 
 in its limits was Isaac Davis, who built a house on Hop Brook in 
 1760. The town was named in honor of < ren. Charles Lee, a Revo- 
 lutionary officer. The first church, consisting of thirty members, 
 was organized May 25, 17X0 ; and on July 3, 178;?, the Rev. Elisha 
 Parmelee was ordained aa pastor. The first religious meeting was 
 held in the barn of Deacon Oliver West, his hay-mow accommoda- 
 ting the orchestra. The children of Samuel Foote were the prin- 
 cipal singers. 
 
 .L/CCC1S, a village in Northampton. 
 
 LeeSville, in Worcester. 
 
 Leet Ore Bed, a village in West Stockbridge. 
 
 T pjppct-pr ^ es ou *" g k * am * m ^ ie l>, ' lltral part of Worcester 
 i-fClCcblcr (' oin ,ty ( 50 miles from Boston. It is bounded on 
 the north by Paxton, on the east by Worcester, southeast by Auburn, 
 south by Oxford and Charlton, and west by Spencer. The assessed 
 area is 14,650 acres ; which includes the C.2S7 acres of woodland in 
 the town. 
 
 The central village (Leicester) occupies a commanding site. A 
 range of hills lies across the town from northeast to southwest; the 
 prominent elevations being Oiiry Hill north of the centre, Ballard 
 
LEICESTER. 409 
 
 Hill at its southwest, and Denny Hill in the southeast part. In the 
 valleys on each side are pleasant ponds, — Sargent, Burncoat, Shaw 
 and others ; and among the hills are many springs and rivulets, — 
 Lynde and Kettle brooks, flowing into the Blackstone Biver ; Town- 
 meadow Brook, into French Biver ; Shaw Brook, into the Chicopee 
 Biver, and furnishing valuable mill privileges. The higher lands 
 especially are much broken by ledges and bowlders ; the soil is 
 clayey and wet, — better adapted to grazing than for planted crops. 
 The value of the product of the 146 Darius in the last census year 
 was $159,ol8. The wood product was $l>s.( - >84, — a proportion 
 unusually large. The chief industry is the woollen manufacture, for 
 which there are several mills ; one establishment is devoted to hosiery 
 and knit goods. Cordage and twine, shoes, card-clothing, machinery, 
 wire, knives, lumber, boxes, carriages and food preparations are also 
 made in considerable quantity. The value of the textiles made in the 
 last census year was $780, 990. The value of the entire manufactures 
 was $1,257,204. There is one national bank with a capital of 
 $200,000, and a savings bank carrying, at the opening of 1KS9, 
 $383,313 in deposits. The number of dwelling-houses was 530 ; the 
 inhabitants numbered 2,923; and the legal voters (150. The valua- 
 tion in 1888 was $1,894,830, — with tax-rate of x'U'.O on ft l.OOO. 
 
 The villages are Leicester (centre) and, in the east, < honv Valley 
 (post-offices); Bochdale in the south, having a station on the Boston 
 and Albany Bailroad; and Brick City, Greenville and Manville. 
 Another convenient station is Jamesville on the same railroad, just 
 over the line in Worcester, near Cherry Valley. 
 
 Leicester has a good town-hall, a fine Memorial Hall containing a 
 public library of some C>,000 volumes, and eight school buildings 
 valued at nearly £20,000. The schools are graded; the high school 
 being included with the Leicester Academy, — which has a good 
 school building, a small library and a meteorological observatory. 
 This institution was founded more than a century ago. The "Acad- 
 emy Echo " is issued monthly, and is a popular publication. The 
 Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists and Unitarians have church 
 edifices here. 
 
 Joshua Lamb and others purchased the territory of this town from 
 the Indians in l(i!S7. The Indian name for the place was Towtaid, 
 but the new owners named it Strawberry Hill. On February 15, 
 1713, the plantation was incorporated as a town, receiving the name 
 of Leicester from a town in England. The first church was organ- 
 ized March 30, 1721; and the Rev. David Parsons — ordained the 
 September following — was the first minister. Among his succes- 
 sors was the Bev. Z. S. Moore, D.D., settled January 19, 1798, and 
 afterwards president of Williams and Amherst colleges. 
 
 The Baptist society in the village of Greenville in this town is the 
 third in age in Massachusetts, having been organized in 1 7i>0 by 
 the Bev. Thomas Green, M.D., who was pastor over it until his 
 death in 1773. Captain Samuel Green, his father, settled here in 
 1717, and built a house which in 1876 was still standing opposite 
 the meeting-house. The Greens were the originators of the mills 
 
410 (l.V/.ETTEEll OF MASSMiri'SETTS. 
 
 in the village, which they sold in 17!i!i. This family has given a 
 number of professional men of eminence to the country. 
 
 A society of about 70 Jews dwelt here from 1778 to 1783. They 
 built a synagogue; and license was given them "to sell bohea and 
 other Indian teas." In 17'.H> Pliny Karle of this place made the 
 cards for the mill of Samuel Slater, — the pioneer in this country of 
 making cotton cloth by machinery. In this business of card-making 
 the town has since stood preeminent. 
 
 Leicester was prom] it to bear its part in the Revolution; and for 
 the support of the Union cause in the late rebellion it furnished 304 
 soldiers, — of whom .'i<> were lost. Imminent men of this town were 
 Emory Washburn (ixooj, a governor of Massachusetts; and William 
 A. Wheeler (1X33), author of the " Dictionarv of Noted Names of 
 Fiction." 
 
 Leland's Village, in Chariton. 
 
 T F»nnv n °te& as a select fashionable resort, is situated 
 L>cnO\, among the hills of Berkshire County, directly west 
 of Boston, and separated only from the State of New York by the 
 town of Richmond, which forms its western boundary. The Rich- 
 mond Station on the Boston and Albany Railroad is the nearest to the 
 chief village on the western side. Through the eastern part north 
 and south, along the Housatonic River, runs the Housatonic Rail- 
 road, connecting with the Boston and Albany at l'ittsfield (adjoining 
 on the north) and with the Fitchburg at North Adams, with the 
 Harlem Railroad from New- York city on the west, and the Connect- 
 icut lines on the south. The valleys of the Housatonic, of the Yokun 
 Brook and other affluents, form the eastern and most of the 
 northern parts of the town. Roaring Brook comes down from the 
 Hoosac range, which occupies the town of Washington on the 
 east. At the middle of the western line rises Lenox Mountain, a 
 peak of the Taconic range, which borders the town on the west, and 
 covers the southwest with its broad hills. At the eastern base of 
 Lenox Mountain is a wild and deep gorge called "The (rulf." The 
 principal rock is Levis limestone, Lau/.on schist and the Potsdam 
 group. Iron ore, brown hematite, and gibbsite frequently occur. 
 Limestone is here quarried for building purposes, and also reduced 
 in kilns to quicklime. The soil, especially in the valleys of the 
 larger streams, is very fertile ; and the hills themselves are beautiful 
 wit.ii shrubbery and niagiiiliccnt forests. The extent of the latter 
 in the town is stated at 3,0-U acres, the assessed area being 11,882. 
 The aggregate product, of the 114 farms in the last 'census year was 
 ft 171.', I .'5.' I. At Lenox Furnace, a village on the river and on the 
 railroad, in the southeast part of the town, are a furnace for making 
 pig-iron, and the glass works, celebrated for their line plate-glass. 
 other manufactures of Lenox are lumber, flour and meal, paper, 
 leather, and the others common to towns. The aggregate value of 
 the goods made in ihe last census year was *L'3.->,371. The number 
 of assessed dwelling-houses is 444. The valuation in 1888 was 
 
LEXOX. 411 
 
 $2,389,780. The population in 187". was 1,845; and in 1885, 2,l. r .4. 
 ■with 443 legal voters. All the villages have post-offices. There are 
 nine public school-houses, valued at nearly $18,000, and a public 
 library of some 7,000 volumes. The Lenox Academy, in this place, 
 was founded in 1803. The Congregationalists, Methodists, American 
 Episcopal Church and the Roman Catholics have church edifices 
 in one or another of the villages. 
 
 Xew Lenox is a growing village on the river and railroad in the 
 northeast part of the town. The principal village is Lenox-on-the- 
 Heights, a little south of the centre of the town, and two miles from 
 the railroad station at Lenox Furnace. This town was formerly the 
 county seat, and in consequence became the residence of many 
 persons of superior family. Here dwelt Miss Elizabeth Sedge wick, 
 and here Fanny Kemble took up her abode, living for twenty years 
 (from 1850 to 1870) in the house she built and named "The i'orch." 
 The place soon became a literary centre. William ('ullen Bryant 
 had his home at Great Barrington ; Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes was 
 a dweller in Pittsfield; our poet Longfellow and (J. P. R. James, 
 the novelist, were spending their summers in Stockbridge, just below 
 the heights on the south; Henry Ward Beeeher was writing his 
 "Star Papers'' at the Rathbone Place; Herman Melville was at 
 Pittsfield, where he wrote his " Typee ; " at the same place often 
 sojourned James Russell Lowell; Charlotte Cushman gave her 
 presence to both Lenox and Stockbridge; Nathaniel Hawthorne 
 wrote his "Scarlet Letter" at the little red house in Lenox; and 
 here in his last days came Dr. Channing. Thus haunted by people 
 of culture, and made familiar to people of eminence and wealth 
 through them, — with lofty altitude, smooth and verdurous hills, and 
 delicious air, it is no wonder that fashion followed in the wake, 
 until it is the last to be missed in the round of elite resorts. Une 
 of the most conspicuous objects in the village is the tine old < 'ongre- 
 gational church which overlooks it. Here, too, is the old court- 
 house, transformed into the "Charles Sedgewick Memorial Hall,'' 
 and in its decrepitude sheltering the public library, the ladies' club 
 and an audience hall. An elegant new theatre was opened in Sep- 
 tember, 1889. Just southward from the heights is a charming lake 
 of some 250 acres, familiarly known as "Stockbridge Ilasin,'' — the 
 scene of many a quiet sail or merry regatta. Away to the south- 
 east, in the border of Lee, is the race-ground of the Lenox Club. 
 More constant than any other entertainments are the balls and other 
 social parties in the roomy cottages of the summer sojourners. 
 
 This town was formerly a part of Richmond, and was established 
 as the district of Lenox on February 2(1, 17<>7, and incorporated 
 as the town of Lenox by the general act of August 23, 1775. It 
 is supposed to have been named in honor of the Duke of Lenox, 
 who also bore the title of the Duke of Richmond. The ancient 
 local name for the place was Yokun, from a sachem who dwelt there ; 
 the name being perpetuated by one of the principal streams. Jona- 
 than Hinsdale was the first white settler, and built a house here 
 about 1750. Others soon followed, but owing to fear of the Indians, 
 
412 GAZETTEER OE MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 all soon removed to Stockbridge. Subsequently some families of 
 better pluck formed a permanent settlement in the place. The first 
 church was organized in 17<>'.>, and the Rev. Samuel Munson was or- 
 dained pastor November 8, 1770. 
 
 Lpnmincf-pr * 8 a pl easallt aQ d flourishing town in the 
 CUIIlUlbU-I northeast part of Worcester County, 46 mdes 
 northwest of Boston on the Fitchburg Railroad. The station on 
 this mad is North Leominster. A branch of the Old Colony Rail- 
 road runs through the. town, having stations at date's Crossing, 
 Leominster Centre and West Leominster, and connecting with Fitch- 
 burg and the roads on the south. Fitchburg and Lunenburg lie on 
 the north, the latter and Lancaster on the east, Sterling on the south, 
 and Princeton and Westminster on the west. 
 
 The assessed area is 17,4S7 acres, of which 5,740 are in forest, 
 consisting of walnut, oak, birch, maple, chestnut and pine. The 
 northern and main branch of the Nashua River, issuing from 
 ponds at the northwest, flows northward into Fitchburg. then south- 
 ward through the eastern part of Leominster, receiving from the 
 west the Monoosnock and Fall brooks, all of which furnish good 
 mill powers. The natural ponds are White's and Rocky, with seve- 
 ral reservoirs almost equally attractive. The land in the east, south- 
 east, and a section in the west is level or undulating, the remainder 
 being hilly. Sheldon's Hill, near the centre, is a beautiful eminence, 
 and Monoosnock Hill, in the north, has an altitude of 1,020 feet 
 above the level of the sea. Other hills of some prominence are 
 Carter's, also near the centre, Bees in the south and Rocky in the 
 southwest. The geological formation is Merrimack schist. There 
 13 also a plentiful supply of a dull blue or a dark gray granite. 
 Good brick clay is found; and the soil is generally a mixture of 
 gravel and clay. 
 
 The town has 218 farms ; and the value of the aggregate product 
 of these in the last census year was .§188,7">4. The manufactories 
 consist of two carriage factories (making baby-carriages chiefly), 
 three or four piano factories, two woollen mills, a tannery, two fur- 
 niture factories, a toy factory, button works, a shirt factory, several 
 factories making combs and other horn goods, a paper box factory, a 
 paper mill, a leather board mill, two shoe shops and others. Alto- 
 gether, these employ upwards of 3,000 persons. The value of the 
 aggregate product was &l,<i(»H.157. There is here a national bank 
 witli a capital of fc 1 "i0,000, and a savings bank, carrying, at the close 
 of last year, £<'>.">.">, L'.'U in deposits. The dwelling-houses number 
 \,U>~>. The population is . r >.2!»7; and there are 1,47* legal voters. 
 The valuation in INKS was #l,0C',i,0ir>, with a tax-rate of §18 on 
 #1,000. 
 
 Among the new buildings are a railway station, Allen's Block, at 
 the centre; and at North Leominster a new Congregational church 
 and a school building. The schools are graded, and include a high 
 school; and are provided with 13 buildings, valued, exclusive of the 
 last, at about .f 10,000. The public library has some 12,000 volumes. 
 
LEYE11ETT. 413 
 
 There are two weekly papers published here, the " Enterprise " 
 and the "Leader." The Congregationalists have iu the town two 
 churches; the Baptists, the Methodists, the Unitarians and the 
 Roman Catholics each one. Leominster and North Leominster are 
 the post-offices. 
 
 This town was originally a part of Leicester, and bore the name 
 of "The New Grant" until its incorporation, June 23, 1740. It 
 was named for the ancient town of Leominster, iu England. As 
 early as 1725 Gershom Houghton and James Boutelle erected houses 
 in the south part of the town, and were soon followed by other.-. 
 A church was organized September 14, 174.°., over which Rev. John 
 Rogers (H. U. 1732) was ordained pastor. 
 
 The first paper-mill in the town was erected by William Nichols 
 and Jonas Kendall in 1796. The sons of Mr. Kendall made paper 
 on a cylinder machine as early as 1S2.">, and introduced in is:;;', the 
 Fourdrinier machine. For a long period this was the leading busi- 
 ness of the place. The town suffered severely by fire on the night 
 of July 10, 1873. 
 
 The first physician of the town was Jacob iVabody, who settled 
 here in 1746, and died in 17r>«). Dr. Daniel Adams, formerly well 
 known as an author of school text-books, settled here in 17!i!>, and 
 edited for a while, the "Telescope," a weekly paper started here 
 in January, 1800. 
 
 Leominster was patriotic in the Revolution, announcing its spirit 
 in an address to the people of Boston, in 1760, which closed with 
 the laconic and startling words, " We must, ire cm, and we will be 
 free! " In the late war it furnished 410 men for the Union armies ; 
 38 of them losing their lives in the service. To the memory of 
 these the town has erected a handsome monument. 
 
 T (±\Tf±rf*tt * s a moun t a i nous town in the southeastern part of 
 
 J-^CVCI CLL Franklin County, 106 miles west of Boston. The 
 township has the form of a rhombus. Montague lies on the north, 
 Wendell on the northeast angle, Shutesbury on the east, the latter 
 and Amherst on the south, and Sunderland on the west. 
 
 The assessed area is 12,9'.i'J acres, which includes 7,032 acres of 
 woodland. There is also a considerable area of waste land. The 
 wild cat and wild turkey were found here until a recent period. 
 There are several tracts of level or undulating land in the north of 
 the town, but in other parts such surfaces have only a narrow space 
 along the streams. Yet there are no very high elevations. Among 
 its minerals are found galena, heavy spar, blende and copper 
 pyrites. 
 
 Sawmill River, rising in the next town east, flows through the 
 northern part of Leverett, receiving affluents, and pursuing a tor- 
 tuous course to the Connecticut. It furnishes power for several 
 saw and grist mills. Cranberry River and Plain Brook rise in the 
 northwest; the first running west, the latter south. The north 
 branch of Mill River rises in the north part and flows south through 
 the midst of the town, receiving at the border Roaring Brook from 
 
414 HAZETTEEli OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the southeast part. The latter has a beautiful cascade, and supplies 
 the power i'or two or more saw mills. 
 
 The manufactures consist of lumber, wooden boxes, agricultural 
 implements, charcoal, kindlings and food preparations. The value 
 of the goods made in the last census year was $88,7X7. The prod- 
 uct of the l-'.i farms was valued at .$10,S,573. The dwelling-houses 
 numbered 181 ; the inhabitants 77'J ; and the legal voters 227. 
 The valuation of the town in 1888 was §280,775, with a tax-rate of 
 $15.00 on f 1,0(10. 
 
 The. Central Vermont Kailroad passes near Leverett centre. This 
 and North Leverett are the post-offices; and other villages are 
 Dudley ville, Slab City, East Leverett and South Leverett. The 
 town has six school buildings, valued at about .$3,000. The 
 Baptists have a church at North Leverett and the Congregationalists 
 one at the centre. A church was organized here in 1734, of which 
 the Kev. Henry "Williams became pastor. 
 
 The territory of this town was taken from Sunderland (of which 
 it formed the eastern part) and incorporated on March 5, 1774 It 
 was named in honor of John Leverett, president of Harvard 
 College. 
 
 JL.CW1S JJciy, south of Yarmouth and Barnstable. • 
 
 T PYi'no-ton famous from being the scene of the opening 
 l_A.xniglUIl, conn i ct f t h e Revolution, lies in the south- 
 east section of Middlesex County, Id miles northwest of Boston, on 
 the Middlesex Railroad, — a branch of the Lowell system of the 
 Boston and Maine Railroad. It is bounded on the north by Bedford, 
 Burlington and Woburn ; on the northeast by the last two and 
 Winchester; on the southeast by the latter, Arlington and Belmont ; 
 on the southwest by Waltham ; and on the west by Lincoln and Bed- 
 ford. Lexington village, at the centre, and East Lexington, are the 
 post-offices ; the railway stations being these, and Munroe's, Pierce's 
 Bridge and North Lexington. 
 
 The assessed area of the town is 9,331 acres, of which 2,022 are 
 woodland. The laud is undulating, but rises here and there into 
 handsome eminences ; as Buck's Hill in the northeast, Mount Inde- 
 pendence in the southeast, and Turner's, Merriain's, Loring's hills 
 and Hancock Heights, near the central village. The underlying 
 rock is sienite, with a section of dolerite in the eastern part. The 
 soil is in some parts light and sandy ; in others, strong and fertile. 
 The elevated land near the village constitutes the watershed be- 
 tween the Shawsheen and the Charles rivers; the fine little rivulet 
 called •' Vino Brook," and Farley's Brook, draining the slope towards 
 the former, and Beaver Brook running southerly towards the latter 
 Stream. Farley's Brook and its tributaries flow through an exten- 
 sive marsh called "Tophet Swamp," in the northwest section of the 
 town 
 
 jAIuch attention is paid to gardening and dairying for the Boston 
 market. In the last census year the vegetable product was valued 
 
LEXINGTON. 415 
 
 at $51,207; the greenhouse, at $10,500 ; and the dairy at $108,349. 
 The apple orchards are extensive, and generally in tine condition. 
 The aggregate farm products reached the sum of $335,682. There are 
 no large manufacturing establishments, but a full tale of those com- 
 mon to Xew England towns ; and the aggregate value of goods 
 made in the year mentioned was $152,393. There is a savings bank 
 holding deposits at the opening of this year to the amount of 
 $165,316. The number of dwelling-houses was 576 ; the in- 
 habitants 2,718 ; and the legal voters 654. The valuation in 1888 
 -was $3,259,957, with a tax-rate of $10.50 on $1,000. 
 
 There are two town-halls, with a seating capacity for about 500 
 and 800 persons, — one containing memorial tablets in honor of its 
 men lost in war ; and two statues of soldiers, — one of the Revolution 
 and the other of the late Rebellion. The Massachusetts House, one 
 of the hotels of this place, was the Massachusetts Building at the 
 Philadelphia Centennial in 1X76; having been taken apart, shipped 
 to Lexington, and again put together. A new library building in 
 the old colonial style was given by Hon. William A. Tower, to con- 
 tain the library of upwards of 10,000 volumes founded a few years 
 ago by Mrs. Martha H. Gary. The town schools are graded from 
 primary to high ; and are provided with seven school buildings, 
 valued in 1885 at about $25,000. There is a spirited weekly paper 
 published here, bearing the appropriate name, " The Minute-Man." 
 The Congregationalists, Baptists, American Episcopal Church and 
 the Roman Catholics have each a church edifice here, while the 
 Unitarians have two. In the village at the centre, especially, are 
 many attractive buildings and beautiful residences. 
 
 Lexington was originally known as " Cambridge Farms." Among 
 its early settlers were John Bridge and Herbert I'elham (who had 
 grants of land here in 1642), Edward Winship (who built the first 
 saw mill about 1650), Francis Whitmore, James Cutler and 
 Nathaniel Bowman. The town was incorporated March 20, 1712, 
 receiving its name, perhaps, from the parish of Lexington (vari- 
 ously, Laxington and Laxton), in Nottingham County, England. A 
 church was organized October 21, 1696; and the Rev. Benjamin 
 Estabrook was ordained as pastor. He was followed in 1698 by 
 the Rev. John Hancock, who was a native of the place, and the 
 father of Governor John Hancock. 
 
 On the night of April 18, 1775, General Thomas Gage sent a 
 detachment of 800 men from Boston to destroy some military stores 
 at Concord. They arrived at Lexington very early on the morning 
 of the 19th, where they found about 70 Americans under arms on 
 the green near the church. Major John Pitcaim, who led the 
 advance battalions of the British, riding up to the militia, aix' 
 brandishing his sword, cried out, " Disperse, you rebels ! Down with 
 your arms and disperse." As they gave no indication of obedience, 
 he discharged his pistol, and ordered his men to fire. Eight Ameri- 
 cans were killed, and several wounded. The British then went on 
 to Concord. The green or park on which occurred the fight is of 
 triangular form, and contains about two acres. It is now well 
 
LEYDEN. 417 
 
 shaded -with elm, ash and other handsome trees. The town sent 
 244 men into the late war, of whom it lost 20. 
 
 Lexington Academy, incorporated in 1S22, had a varying success 
 until 1838. Its building had the distinction of being occupied by 
 the first State Normal School in America, which opened in the 
 summer of 1839. The Rev. Cyrus Feirce ("Father Peirce"), who 
 had conducted a flourishing academy at Andover, was called to take 
 charge of this school. Of him, the Hon. Horace Mann said, " He is, 
 on the whole, the best teacher I have ever seen, in Europe or 
 America." Theodore Parker, a distinguished clergyman and author, 
 was a native of Lexington; and his grandfather was the Captain 
 John Parker who commanded the minute-men on the famous 19th 
 of April. Ex-Governor George D. Eobinson, also, was a Lexington 
 boy. A good history of Lexington was published in 1868, written 
 by Hon. Charles Hudson, a resident of the town. 
 
 T Pvrlpn * s a sma ^> mountainous fanning town situated 
 
 X-<ey(Jcll m i^ wa y f th e northern side of Franklin County; 
 having the State of Vermont on the north. Bernardston on the east, 
 Greenfield on the south, and Colrain on the west. The distance 
 from Boston is about 115 miles northwesterly. The assessed area 
 is 9,500 acres, which includes 2.010 acres of woodland. The villages 
 and post-offices are Leyden (centre) and West Leyden. The nearest. 
 railway stations are Bernardston and Greenfield, in the towns, 
 adjoining. 
 
 The chief elevations are Daniel's Peak in the northeast section, 
 and Ball Mountain in the southern part. At Beaver .Meadow, in the 
 northeast part, is a small settlement about a saw and grist mill on 
 Shattuck Brook. Budington Creek flows from the northern part 
 through the midst of the town southward; and Green Hirer marks, 
 nearly, the boundary line with Colrain on the west. On the latter 
 stream and its affluents are three or more saw mills. On a tributary 
 stream of this river, in the southern part of the town, is a beautiiul 
 and picturesque place known as " Leyden Glen." "A large brook," 
 writes G. "VV. Gladden, ''has worn a passage from 10 to L'O feet wido 
 and from 30 to 50 deep in the strata of argillo-micaceous slate. The 
 length of the gorge is about 40 rods. Above the gorge is a deep 
 glen, and below it the stream passes through a ravine. Two beauti- 
 ful waterfalls near the mouth of the gorge greatly add to the 
 picturesqueness of the spot." 
 
 The soil of this town is not remarkable for fertility ; yet the 97 
 farms are reported in the last State census as having that year pro- 
 ducts aggregating $94,855 in value. The manufactures were set 
 down at $3,936. There were 91 dwellings, 447 inhabitants, and 113 
 legal voters. The town has a high school, primary schools and a, 
 public library of some 300 volumes. The Methodists and Univer- 
 salists each have a church here. _ 
 
 The township was detached from Bernardston and incorporated, 
 February 22, 1809. Its valuation in 1888 was $176,939, with a tax.- 
 iate of $20.90 on $1,000. 
 
41H GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 William Dorrell, a private of General Burgoyne's army, who died 
 here in 1840 at the age of 04 years, was the founder of a sect called 
 "Dorrellites," who believed tliat there was a Messiah for every 
 feneration ; that life should not be taken ; and that property should 
 lie hold in common. 
 
 During the war of the Rebellion this town furnished as many as 
 O'.t men for the serviee of the country. Henry Kirke Brown, an 
 eminent sculptor, was born here in 1*1 J; and John I,. RiddelL 
 M.I)., a scientific writer, in IS07. Dr. Riddell was the inventor of 
 the binocular microscope and magnifying glass. 
 
 Liberty Plain, a village in Hinghar, 
 
 T in ml 11 * s an exf l us i ve ly agricultural town occupying an 
 
 .LdllLUJIl elated and central position in Middlesex County, 
 16 miles west by northwest of Boston, by the Fitchburg Bail- 
 road, which has a station one and a half miles south of the 
 centre. Bedford lies on the north ; Lexington and Waltham on the 
 east ; Weston and Wayland on the south ; Sudbury extends from 
 the west angle ; and Concord bounds the full length of the town on 
 its northwest. 
 
 The assessed area is X,'.(73 acres. Included in this are 3,3*1 acres 
 of woodland, containing the New England trees and shrubs, in 
 unusual thrift and variety. Slightly south of the village of Lincoln 
 centre is an extensive elevation whose highest point is about 470 
 feet above the sea. In other parts are isolated hills, while the west- 
 ern border is generally elevated. Partly between these hills, north- 
 west of the centre, is Sandy Pond (or Forest Lake), covering 152 
 acres, and some 200 feet above the tide. Stony Brook, its outlet, 
 flowing southeast, forms Beaver Pond, which sends its stream to the 
 Charles. Shawsheen River issues from a small pond near the north- 
 ern border; while Charles River, with Fairhaven Buy. forms the 
 southern part of the town on the west. On the eastern side is 
 Hobbs Brook, furnishing power for a small saw and grist mill. 
 Near the summit of a hill which rises from this brook is a cave 
 which has attracted considerable attention. The bed-rock of the 
 township is sienite. The soil is generally good, being chiefly a clayey 
 gravel. 
 
 In the last census year there were raised in this town 123,072 
 quarts of strawberries and 107 barrels of cranberries. The number 
 of fruit trees is large. The aggregate product of the 117 farms 
 was valued at *220,,s,s2. The number of dwelling-houses was 170 j 
 the population '.Mil ; and the legal voters l'.»3. The valuation in 
 18HS was £1,030,277, with a tax-rate of *6.20 on S1.O00. 
 
 For many years there has been here a high school of some note. 
 The public library has upward of 3,000 volumes, and its reading- 
 room is provided with the leading magazines. The building is 
 unique, pretty and very convenient. It stands, with the towu- 
 house, the Congregationalist and the V nitarian churches, in the centre, 
 — a pleasant village with many large elm. maple, and ash trees. The 
 
LINCOLN— LITTLETON. 419 
 
 roads generally are very good. From its elevation, excellent natural 
 drainage, pure water, and abundant vegetation, there results excel- 
 lent conditions for the invalid, as well as for the healthy ; and not 
 a few of the inhabitants dehnitely regard the town as the future 
 " West End " of Boston. 
 
 This town was formed of parts of Concord, Lexington and Wes- 
 ton, and incorporated April 19, 1754. It was named by Chambers 
 Russell, Esq., whose ancestors were from Lincolnshire in England. 
 The first minister was the Rev. William Lawrence, who was settled 
 in 1748. An Episcopal church has recently been established in the 
 south part of the town. 
 
 Seven of the British soldiers were killed in Lincoln on their march 
 to Concord, April 19, 1775 ; and are buried in the cemetery of the 
 town. 
 
 Among the eminent sons of Lincoln may be named Samuel Hoar, 
 LL.D. (1778-1856), a distinguished lawyer; John Farrar, LL.D. 
 (1779-1853), a notable mathematician and philosopher. 
 
 Lincoln, Mount, in Pelham, 1,246 feet in height. 
 
 .LinClCn, a village in Maiden; also one in Revere. 
 
 .LinC JDrOOK, a village in Ipswich. 
 
 .L/inWOOQ, a village in Lynn ; also one in Xorthbridge. 
 
 Little -D3.V, in the southeast part of Fairhaven. 
 
 Little Rest, a village in Brimfield. 
 
 Little River, a village in Westficld. 
 
 L'ffl f is a handsome farming town situated in the north- 
 
 lttietOn wes tern part of Middlesex County, and bounded on 
 the northeast by Westford, on the southeast by Acton, on the south- 
 west by Boxborough, on the west by Harvard, and on the north- 
 west by Ayer. The Littleton depot on the Fitchburg Railroad, 
 somewhat west of the centre of the town, is 32 miles from Boston. 
 The Stony Brook Branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad and the 
 Nashua and Acton Railroad have stations, the first on the northern, 
 the latter on the eastern border. The assessed area in 1888 was 
 10,534 acres/including 3,592 acres of woodland. 
 
 The surface of the town is pleasantly varied by hill, valley, plain 
 and upland. There are areas specially hilly in the south, west, east 
 and a little north of the centre. The most noted eminence is Nash- 
 oba Hill, on the eastern border. From this, since first settlement, a 
 rumbling noise is sometimes heard, which is locally called "the shoot- 
 ing of Xashoba Hill." The principal stream is Beaver Brook, which, 
 rising in Boxborough, runs northeasterly through the centre of Little- 
 
420 UA7.ETIEEII OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ton, and empties into Forge Pond at the corners of this town, West- 
 ford and Ayer. Long Bond in the central, Fort I'ond (1(14 acres) in 
 the south, and IS* agog I 'mid (11120 acres] on the southeastern border, 
 arc clear and beautiful sheets of water, and well stored with fish. 
 
 The geological structure of the town is Merrimack schist and cal- 
 careous gneiss, in which the minerals spinel, scapolite and apatite 
 appear. There lias also been found a bed of limestone. The soil 
 in general is very good, being a dark, gravelly loam, with clay sub- 
 soil. The dairy and vegetable product is quite large. The value 
 of the aggregate product of the 115 farms in the last census year 
 was $174,7!I.j. The largest factory is that making elastic webs and 
 suspenders, which employs from 125 to .'ill persons. Other manufac- 
 tures are lactate (which employs 10 persons), harnesses, leather, 
 metallic goods, wooden boxes, carriages, and boots and shoes. The 
 aggregate value of goods made was §('>M,570. The number of dwell- 
 ing-houses was 12.'!* ; the population 1,007; the legal voters 277. 
 The valuation of the town in 18SX was §7X0,71.1, with a tax-rate of 
 $11.10 on §1,000. 
 
 The schools are graded into primary, grammar and high, and 
 these are provided with seven school buildings valued at about 
 $10,0(1(1. In proportion to its population, the town has sent out a 
 large number of accomplished teachers. The churches are Unita- 
 rian, Baptist and Trinitarian Congregational; and their Sunday 
 schools are well furnished with libraries. The town has two weekly 
 papers — the ''Courant " and the "Guidon." 
 
 The post-offices are Littleton (centre) and the Common; the other 
 villages not already mentioned being North Littleton, on the Stony 
 Brook Railroad, and East Littleton, on the Nashua and Acton Rail- 
 road. 
 
 The town was incorporated December .% 1715; anterior to which 
 date it bore the euphonious name. Xiis/mlxi. which was, probably, 
 its Indian appellation. Its new name was adopted in honor of 
 George Lvtteltou, M.l'., of England. The first church was organ- 
 ized here in December, 1717; and the Kcv. Benjamin Shattuck was 
 then ordained pastor. The liev. .John Kliot had an Indian church 
 at Ntmholm, which then contained about 10 families. 
 
 LittleVllle, a village in Chester. 
 
 Lock's Village, in Shuteslmry ; also in Wendell. 
 
 Long Island, in Uoston Harbor. 
 
 LrkiTfrm^oz-l^-ur >s » ti» l> farming town in the southern 
 OngmeaClOW part of 1I;lm ,, ( ien County, about 102 
 miles southwest of Boston. It lies on the east shore of Connecticut 
 River, which separates it from Agawam. Springfield bounds it on 
 the north, Hampden on the cast, and Somers and Knfield, in Connec- 
 ticut, on the south. The assessed area is 13,570 acres ; in which are 
 included 4,0812 acres of woodland. There is little hilliness except in 
 
L OXGXO OK— LOUD VILLE. 421 
 
 the eastern section, where the bed-rock is red sandstone. From the 
 quarries here are taken large quantities of what is known as the 
 " Longmeadow red freestone." In 1885, more than 200 men were 
 employed in quarrying and dressing the stone. East Longmeadow, 
 the village and post-office in this section, is on the Hartford and 
 Springfield Branch of the New England Railroad. On the upland, 
 parallel to the river, in the western part, is a broad street numerously 
 occupied by dwellings. The southern cluster is Longmeadow post- 
 office and village, and the northern is West Longmeadow village 
 and a station on the Connecticut River Railroad. This street 
 for several miles is beautifully shaded by elms, maples and other 
 ornamental trees, and between it and the river extends a smooth 
 and fertile meadow. The town has 1 51) farms, whose product in the 
 last census year was valued at Ji?l'.t.'>.7l".). The principal streams are 
 Pecowsic, in the northern part, and Longmeadow Brook, in the 
 southern, both flowing into the Connecticut Kiver; the first gather- 
 ing among the hills in the east, and the latter having its source in a 
 marsh near the centre of the town. Both furnish power for saw and 
 grist mills. Building-stone, some lumber and food preparations, and 
 iron and metallic work are the manufactured products ; the last item 
 having the value of $18,863. The value of the aggregate product 
 was *08.515. The valuation of the town in 1888 was $1,007,4G2, — 
 with a tax-rate of $12.50 on $1,000. The number of dwellings was 
 370 ; the population 1,077 ; and the legal voters were .'577. There are 
 a handsome town-hall of the native brownstone and ten school build- 
 ings valued at some £15,000. There are two Congregational churches, 
 and one each of the Methodists, Baptists and Roman Catholics. 
 
 This township was formerly a part of Springfield, but was set 
 apart and incorporated October 13, 1 7S3. It took its name from the 
 beautiful meadow which extends along the Connecticut River nearly 
 across the town. Its Indian name was Masacsick. Longmeadow 
 sent 100 men into the Cnion armies during the late war; 20 of them 
 losing their lives in consequence. 
 
 Longnook, a village in Truro. 
 
 JL/Ong 1 lain, a village in Acushnet. 
 
 Long Pond, in Lakeville and Freetown. 
 
 LongWOod, a village in Brookline. 
 
 T mi Ann tne "Tyringham Equivalent," was incorporated 
 
 L,OUQOn, February 27, 1773. The town Loudon and the dis- 
 trict of Bethlehem were united as the town of Loudon, June 19, 1809 ; 
 and the name was changed to "Otis," June 13, 1810. See Otis, 
 and Becket. 
 
 T A 1 1 1 a a village in Northampton ; also one in West- 
 
 J^OUaVllie, h am pton. 
 
422 (lAZETTEEIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 LoVell's Corner, a village in Weymouth. 
 
 Lovell's Island, Z. oi th "° atei islands ° f BostonHar - 
 
 Lovellville, in Holden. 
 
 T 0\A/T-^T T ' s a 8 pl eQ did industrial city on the Merri- 
 
 L^,\J VV LLL^l^. mac k Kiver, in the northeasterly section of 
 Middlesex County, !> miles above Lawrence, and 35 from the mouth 
 of the river. It is bounded on the northwest, north and northeast 
 by Dracut, on the east by Tewksbury, on the south and west by 
 Chelmsford. 
 
 The assessed area is r>,'.)27 acres, including 'X<~> acres of woodland. 
 It is 26 miles northwest of Boston by the Boston and Maine Kail- 
 road, whose various branches give convenient connection in every 
 direction. The post-offices are Lowell and Middlesex Village; the 
 other villages being Belvidere, Bleachery, Centralville, Highlands, 
 Meadowville and Pawtucketville. 
 
 The Merrimack River makes a graceful bend towards the northeast 
 and then towards the southeast in passing through and by the city; 
 receiving in the eastern section the waters of the Concord River, 
 which here affords valuable motive power by three falls of 2G, 8 and 
 10 feet respectively. River-Meadow Brook, which rises in Westford, 
 flows through the southeastern section of the city, and enters the 
 Concord River about one mile above its confluence with the Merri- 
 mack. Beaver 1 liver enters the Merrimack from Dracut, about mid- 
 way between the two bridges that span the latter stream. The natu- 
 ral fall of the Merrimack, from which comes the immense hydraulic 
 power that moves the numerous mills, is not far from 35 feet ; the 
 dam being at l'awtucket Falls, in the northwest section of the city. 
 The geological formation is Merrimack schist and calcareous gneiss. 
 The altitude varies from 40 to 1T>0 feet above mean sea-level, giving 
 a surface remarkably picturesque and varied. From many points de- 
 lightful water-views are enjoyed, especially the falls of the Concord 
 as it passes Belvidere and the grand sweep of the Merrimack be- 
 tween the bluffs below the lower bridge. " From the mountains to 
 the main, there is no lovelier scene than that which meets the eye 
 when, from the summit of Christian Hill, we look down upon Lowell 
 and survey the varied landscape, unrolled like a beautiful picture 
 before us."* From the heights of Centralville, on the left bank of 
 the river, as from those of Belvidere on the right bank, the whole 
 panorama of the city, the long curving line of the Merrimack, the 
 surrounding country, the distant peaks of Waehusett and the New 
 Hampshire mountains, come grandly into view. These eminences 
 afford admirable sites for the handsome residences which are more 
 and more occupying them. 
 
 "The Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimack River,"' 
 
 * Hon. (Jlinrli'M Cowley, historian of Lowell. 
 
LOWELL. 
 
 423 
 
 incorporated in 1792 for the purpose of cutting a canal for boats 
 around the then unimproved Pawtucket Falls, have possession of the 
 principal water-privileges of the city. This company constructed a 
 canal on the right bank of the river, sixty feet wide, and extending 
 from above the falls about a mile and a half to the mouth of the 
 Concord River; and this, with the lateral canals, supplies the various 
 establishments erected between them and the Merrimack Eiver. 
 
 IADD AND WHITNEY MONUMENT, LOWXLL. 
 
 The maximum force is about 15,000 horse-power ; but only 10,000 is 
 leased, — allowing a safe margin of variation at all periods and sea- 
 sons. By the limpid flow of this noble stream, under the guidance 
 of well-trained brain and hand, this place has, within the memory of 
 living men, arisen from half a dozen farm-houses to a city of nearly 
 70,000 people. It has at present 7 establishments (many with sev- 
 eral buildings each) making cotton cloths, 10 makingprints, 4 making 
 
4:>4 GAZETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 hosiery, 8 making woollen goods, 3 making carpetings, 1 making 
 rubber goods, and a huge number making boilers, machinery, imple- 
 ments and tools. The number of persons, employed by the different 
 establishments varies greatly, reaching 2,500 in one instance — that 
 of the Merrimack Manufacturing Company (incorporated in 1822 — 
 and making plain cotton and prints) ; and there are several employ- 
 ing more than a thousand each. The other principal establishments 
 — stated in order of age — are the Hamilton Manufacturing Company 
 (inc. 1*25 — prints and other goods), the Appleton Company 
 (1*2N), the Lowell Manufacturing Company (1K2<S — carpeting) 
 the Middlesex Company (beavers, opera flannels, eassimeres and 
 shawls), and the Tremont and Suffolk Mills (1*30), the Lawrence 
 Manufacturing Company <1*.'!1 — cottons and merino hosiery), the 
 Boott Cotton Mills (IS.;.",), the Massachusetts Mills (l>:j!i;, the Lowell 
 lileaehery (1<S.'<2), the Lowell Machine-shop (1X45), and the Lowell 
 Hosiery Company (l.SG'.l). There are also the Sterling Mills (flan- 
 nels), the Faulkner Mills (flannels i. the Belvidere Woollen Manufac- 
 turing Company, the Chase Mills (fancy eassimeres;, the Thorndike 
 Manufacturing Company, — all those mentioned, except the machine- 
 shop, manufacturing textiles, — the last making elastic goods. The 
 American Bolt Company, and Woods, Sherwood & Company (fine 
 plated-wire goods), C. B. Richmond & Company (paper and batting) 
 and J. C. Ayer & Company (patent medicines), are also among the 
 leading establishments. Some of the (doth companies have several 
 mills each, the entire number being upwards of 75; while the total 
 number of manufacturing establishments in 1NS5 was CO. 
 
 The value of the textiles made in the last census year is stated at 
 *r.>.lx3,!M)l; of iron and other metallic work, $2,o*:j0,«»l4 ; leather, 
 6736,700;' lumber and other wooden goods, S02!',103; wood and 
 metal goods, §.337,687; food preparations, .s."iSS.(il.j ; the aggregate 
 being 820,.">24,606. The city has 7 national banks, with an aggregate 
 capital of $2,100,000 ; 6 savings banks, having deposits at the begin- 
 ning of the present year to the amount of * 14, 382. 704 ; and there is 
 one co-operative bank with a moderate business. The valuation of 
 the city in 1SSS was *57. 040,775, with a tax-rate of St. "..70. The 
 number of farms is lO'.t, with an aggregate product of *100.'.».">4. The 
 dwelling-houses number 10.402; the inhabitants 04,107; and the 
 legal voters lL',,'!(')li. 
 
 Lowell is by no means neglectful of its social, educational and re- 
 ligious interests. It has many Masonic and Odd Fellows lodges and 
 other civic organizations. Its schools are carefully graded and excel- 
 lently conducted, occupying 45 buildings, valued at some .$050,000. 
 There are 40 public libraries, aggregating nearly 100.000 volumes. 
 The city public library has over 30,000 ; and four associations have 
 in the aggregate about £25,000, P.eside these there are school, pro- 
 fessional, circulating, Sunday-school and other religious libraries. 
 The principal newspapers are : dailies — the '< Citizen," the " Cour- 
 ier," "Evening Democrat," "Morning Mail," "Morning Times," 
 " Daily News ; '' weeklies — the "American Citizen," the "Journal," 
 "Saturday Kvening Mail," the "Times," the "Wednesday Vox- 
 
LOWELL. 
 
 42." 
 
 THE BRAJiCH-STJtKET TAIlEIlJiACLE. 
 
 Populi," the " Saturday Vox-Populi," the " Sun ; " and monthlies 
 — the '-' High School," the " Catholic Youth's Companion," the 
 •'Fruit Grower," and the " New Moon." There are in the city 31 
 churches, divided among the denominations as follows : 4 Baptist, 7 
 Congregationalist, 1 Evangelical Lutheran (Swedish), 3 Free Baptist, 
 4 Methodist Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Primitive Methodist, 3 
 Protestant Episcopal, 4 Ro- 
 man Catholic, 1 Unitarian 
 and 2 Universalist. 
 
 The city is well lighted, 
 well drained, and well sup- 
 plied with good water from 
 the river above by the water- 
 works. Several street-car 
 lines afford convenient local 
 conveyance ; the postal ser- 
 vice compares well with that 
 of other cities ; and there 
 is an efficient fire-depart- 
 ment. An excellent design 
 for a new city-hall has been 
 accepted, and $250,000 is the 
 estimate of its cost. A me- 
 morial building has also been 
 planned, to cost 8150,000. 
 For places of entertainment, there are now Music Hall, with a 
 seating capacity of S'.)3 ; Huntington Hall, with i,*l."> scats, and 
 standing-room for 1,200 persons additional ; and .lackson Hall, seat- 
 ing 700, with a capacity for 1,200. There are four parks, with a 
 total area of 36£ acres ; and 10 cemeteries, the largest of which — 
 the Lowell and the Edson — contain 30 and 20 acres respectively. 
 The first was incorporated in 1841, and is beautifully designed 
 and adorned. 
 
 Lowell is one of the seats of justice for Middlesex County, and 
 has a handsome court-house of brick, which cost §100,000, and occu- 
 pies an elevated site in a finely shaded enclosure on (rorham Street. 
 Here is also the county jail, a granite edifice having one of the 
 best exteriors in the city. The streets are generally in excellent 
 condition, and many are finely shaded. Merrimack and Central are 
 the chief business streets ; and in the evening, when the mills are 
 not in operation, present very gay and lively scenes ; being filled 
 with thousands of people, mostly the mill-girls, promenading, shop- 
 ping, or on their way to church, lecture, concert or other entertain- 
 ment. 
 
 The site which Lowell now occupies was the central point of the 
 lands of the Pawtucket tribe of Indians, who found no better fishing- 
 ground than at the Pawtucket Falls on the Merrimack and the Wa- 
 mesit Falls on the Concord, near its confluence with the former 
 stream. As early as 1647 the pious John Eliot commenced his mis- 
 sionary labors amongst these Indians; and in 1(>7I it was computed 
 
420 
 
 CAZF/TTEEJi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 that there were 15 families of "praying Indians'' at Wamesit. An 
 Indian fort had been erected on the commanding eminence called 
 ••Fort Hill," in Pelvidere, traces .of which were discernible at a 
 recent date. During Philip's War, in l«»75-7(i, the Indians here were 
 mostly scattered or destroyed, and their lands came into the posses- 
 sion of the white men. A fort was at this period constructed at 
 1'iiwtui'kft Falls, of which James Richardson, and subsequently 
 Capt. Thomas Henchman, had command. During what in called 
 
 King William's War, 
 Cul. Joseph Lynde forti- 
 fied the eminence in Bel- 
 videre which still bears 
 his name. 
 
 The first use of the 
 water of the Merrimack 
 i ere as a motive power 
 was for a saw mill, con- 
 structed at Pawtucket 
 Falls, and owned by Judge 
 John Tyng of Tyngs- 
 borough. The first canal- 
 boat went down the canal 
 around the falls in 17V>7. 
 The starting-point in the 
 grand manufacturing in- 
 terests of Lowell was the 
 erection of a carding-mill 
 in 1*01, by Moses Hale, 
 on River-meadow Brook. 
 The first cotton-mill was 
 built in 1*13, on the pres- 
 ent site of the Middlesex 
 Company's mills, by 
 F Phineas Whiting and 
 Joseph Fletcher. Pow- 
 der-mills were built on the 
 Concord River at Wame- 
 sit, by Moses Hale, as 
 'early as ISIS. Mr. Hale 
 was subsequently asso- 
 ciated with the late 
 Oliver M. Whipple and William Tileston. Among those who 
 first saw the magnitude of the motive power of Lowell, and who 
 put forth brain and capital to turn it to advantage, were Francis 
 (Jabot Lowell, Patrick 'I' racy Jackson, Nathan Appleton, Paul 
 Moody, Kirk Poult, and Warren Dutton. The lust mill of the com- 
 pany which they and others formed was completed, and the first 
 wheel started, on the first day of September, l,HL\'i. The first treas> 
 urer was Kirk Routt, to whose genius and untiring energy the city 
 is greatly indebted for its early growth. The Mechanic Phalanx, 
 
 THE rnCHT-IKHrsK, LOWELL. 
 
LOWELL. 
 
 4-27 
 
 organized July 4, 1825, is the first militia company of the place. 
 The first postmaster was Jonathan C. Morrill. Andrew Jackson, 
 President of the United States, visited the city June 26, I*.",:;, and 
 met with a cordial reception. In the ensuing year, M. Chevalier, 
 a French writer on political economy, visited Lowell, and wrote of 
 it as follows in the " Journal des Debats : " — 
 
 " Unlike the cities of Europe, which were built by some demi-god, son of 
 Jupiter, or by some hero of the siege of Troy, or by the inspiration of the 
 genius of a Caesar or an Alexander, or by the assistance of some holy monk 
 attracting crowds by his miracles, or by the caprice ot some great king like 
 Louis XIV. or Frederick, or by an edict of Peter the Great, it (Lowell) is 
 neither a pious foundation, a refuge of the persecuted, nor a military po^t. 
 It is a speculation of the merchants of Boston. The same spirit of enterprise 
 which the last year suggested to them to send a cargoof ice to Calcutta that Lord 
 William Bentinck and the nabobs of the India Company might drink their 
 wine cool, has led them to build a city wholly at their expense, with all the 
 edifices required by an advanced civilization, for the purpose of manufacturing 
 cotton cloths and printed calicoes. They have succeeded, as they usually do, 
 in their speculations. " 
 
 The first church edifice erected in Lowell is that of St. Anne's 
 Episcopal society. It is a substantial stone structure, and was con- 
 secrated by Bishop A. 
 V. Griswold, March 16, 
 1825. It has a pleas- 
 ant chime of 11 bells. 
 Among the eminent 
 citizens of Lowell past 
 and present are the 
 Rev. T. Edson, D.D., 
 first rector of St. 
 Anne's church ; Kirk 
 Boott, first treasurer 
 and agent of the Merri- 
 m a c k Corporation ; 
 Benjamin F. Butler, of 
 national reputation ; 
 Dr. J. C. Ayer, famed 
 for his medicines, and 
 esteemed as a citizen. 
 
 Lowell was most loyal during the war of the Rebellion, and fur- 
 nished its full share of men and money for the support of the Union 
 Army. Two of its citizens, Addison O. Whitney and Luther C. 
 Ladd, belonging to the Lowell City Guards, were killed in the affray 
 at Baltimore, April 19, 1861 ; and to their memory a handsome 
 marble monument has been erected on Monument Square. It was 
 dedicated June 17, 1865 ; and the lines inscribed upon the monu- 
 ment were selected from Milton's " Samson Agonistes " by Gov. John 
 A. Andrew, who gave the oration. 
 
 L,OWer Factory, a village in West Boylston. 
 
 ST. ANNE'S EPISCOPAL rill Kill, LOWELL. 
 
4-J8 (,'AZETTEEIl OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 LniTrar- A/Til 1c a totality on tlie Neponset Biver, in the 
 OWei iVllllh, Dorchester district of Boston. 
 
 T lirllnw ' s a f' drlu[n tZ town lying in the northern side of the 
 J_U(ilOW eas t em section of Hampden County, 90 miles from 
 Boston, Chieopee bounds it on the west, Granby and Belchertown 
 on the north, the latter and a northeastern projection of Wilbraham 
 on the east, and the body of the last-mentioned town, with Spring- 
 field, on the south. The assessed area is 1.3,1)09 acres, including 
 5,(i.'!7 acres of woodland. 
 
 The geological structure is sienite, upper conglomerate, and ferru- 
 ginous gneiss ; and there is a valuable quarry of red sandstone on 
 the right bank of the Chieopee Kiver. The land in the north- 
 eastern and eastern sections rises into three beautiful eminences, 
 known as Facing Hills Bock, High Hill and Minechoag Mountain. 
 The Chieopee Biver, here a lively and beautiful stream, washes the 
 southeastern and the southern border of the town. Higher Brook 
 and its tributaries drain the central, northern and northeastern sec- 
 tions of the town; reaching the Chieopee Biver in the next town 
 west. Chapin's Bond, of 4."> acres, is the largest sheet of water in 
 the town ; beside which there are several others around it in the 
 southern part. Minechoag Bond is a beautiful lakelet at the foot of 
 the mountain of that name, a little east of Ludlow Centre. 
 
 The latter is a village and post-office ; the other village is Ludlow 
 (formerly Jenckesville), on the Chieopee Biver, where there is a post- 
 oflice and. a station of the Athol Branch of the Boston and Albany 
 Bailroad. There is here a factory making meal-bags, one making 
 jute cloth, and another, wadding. There are also three saw and 
 grist mills in different parts of the town. The leading occupation 
 is farming. The aggregate value of the products of the la-f farms 
 in IMS") was 8-1 ).'!, <».'!'.). There is one bank for savings. The valua- 
 tion of the town in 18ns was kSL'0,744, with a tax-rate of *13 on 
 •?1,000. The number of dwelling-houses was oOli; the population 
 1,M'.> ; and the legal voters numbered o»l.~>. 
 
 The Hubbard .Memorial Hall, recently completed, is a convenient 
 and handsome building. There are primary, intermediate and gram- 
 mar schools. These occupy ten buildings valued at nearly S-5,O n 0. 
 The library of the Ludlow Manufacturing Company is the chief 
 library in the town, and contains about 1,/iOO volumes. The church 
 edifices are the Methodist and the First Congregational at the Cen- 
 tre ; and the Union Church of Christ (also Congregational) at Lud- 
 low. This town sent l.'!() men into the service during the war of the 
 Beliellion, and has erected a beautiful monument in honor of those 
 lost. 
 
 The territory of Ludlow was formerly a part of Springfield, 
 called Stouy Hill. On February L\s, 1771, it was established as the 
 district of Ludlow; and was made the town of Ludlow by the Gen- 
 eral Act of August I'.'i, 177o. Its name was probably in memory of 
 the town of Ludlow, in Shropshire County, England. Its settle- 
 ment was commenced about 17.30. The first meeting-house was 
 
LUXEXBUIHL 429 
 
 erected in 1783, at a cost of $1,500, together with material and labor 
 furnished by the people. The first pastor, the Rev. Antipas Stew- 
 ard, was ordained November 27, 17 Do. The Second Congregational 
 church was established at Jenckesville (now Ludlow), January 24, 
 1847 ; and on January 20 of the ensuing year the llev. William 
 Hall was ordained as the first pastor. The Methodist church was 
 organized in 1827 ; and the Rev. D. D. Fiske was the first minister. 
 
 The falls of WaUamarmmps, on Chicopee River, were a favorite 
 resort of the Indians. The water here descends 42 feet in a dis- 
 tance of 100 rods; and the aspect of the rapid current rushing 
 along between the wild and precipitous banks is very fascinating. 
 The extremity of a wooded eminence below the falls is called the 
 *' Indian Leap." It rises abruptly from the river to the height of 
 about 75 feet ; and it is related that a party of Indians, being sud- 
 denly surprised upon the rocky point, leaped over the precipice, and 
 perished in the river. 
 
 T iinpnKiircr * s a pl easant farming town in the north- 
 
 -LfUIlCIlUUl^ eastern corner of Worcester County, 42 miles 
 from Boston. The Fitchburg Railroad has a station in the south 
 part of the town, and a daily coach connects the centre with Fitch- 
 burg Depot. The town is bounded on the north by Townsend, on 
 the east by Shirley, on the south by Lancaster and Leominster, and 
 on the west by Fitchburg. 
 
 The assessed area is 15,940 acres, but the entire extent is about 
 30 square miles. There are some 7,KOO acres of forest, consisting 
 mostly of oak, chestnut and pine. Nichols Hill in the south, Robbs 
 in the east, and Hunting Hill in the northeast, are the chief eleva- 
 tions. There is a large pond in the southeast and two smaller ones 
 at the west of it. The principal streams are Malpus lirook in the 
 north, Pearl Hill Brook in the west, and the streams connecting the 
 ponds, — all tributaries of the Nashua, which forms in the adjoining 
 town south. On these are several saw and grain mills. The out- 
 cropping rocks are granite and slate, chiefly. The soil is clayey, 
 and quite fertile. 
 
 The product of the 214 farms in 18X5 had the value of SltiS,4s8. 
 Strawberries were raised to the quantity of 47,07S quarts, — worth 
 $4,275. The chief manufactures are lumber in various forms, 
 coopers' ware, and food preparations; the last amounting to ijSlcrj,- 
 418. The aggregate value of goods made was §100,053. The dwel- 
 lings number 292 ; the inhabitants 1,071 ; and the legal voters 327. 
 The valuation in 1888 was $678,732, with a tax-rate of $14.50 on 
 $1,000. 
 
 The principal village is at the centre, where there is a fine town- 
 - hall. There are also several handsome dwellings in modern style ; 
 the hotel being of the Queen Anne order. The two churches are 
 good examples of the old village style; the denominations being 
 Congregationalist and Methodist. The schools occupy eight build- 
 ings valued at about $5,000. The town library contains some 2,500 
 volumes. 
 
430 UAZETTEEIt OF MASSACHUSETTS, 
 
 The town of Lunenburg was originally the southern portion of 
 tho " Turkey Hills *' region, and was incorporated August 1, 1728. 
 The name was chosen in compliment to King George Second, one of 
 his hereditary titles being "Duke of Lunenburg." The township 
 then included Fitehburg, which was set off in 1764. The first 
 church was organized and the Rev. Andrew Gardner settled over it 
 May 15, 17L-8. 
 
 Two soldiers stationed here in 174!) were killed by the Indians, 
 and the family of M r. John V. Fitch was captured. During the late 
 civil war the town sent KIT men into the Union armies, of whom 33 
 were lost. Their public memorial is a marble tablet bearing their 
 names, in the town-hall. 
 
 Among eminent natives of this town were Asahel Stearns, LL.D. 
 (17(14-1839), M.C., and professor of law in Harvard University; and 
 Luther Stearns Cushing (1803-1 s.jij), editor and jurist. 
 
 Luther's Corner, a village in Swansea. 
 
 Lymanville, in Attieborough. 
 
 T V7 - TV[ "VT is a manufacturing town on the seaboard in the 
 .L, I 1 > !> ex ^ reme southern part of Essex County, 11 miles 
 northeast of Boston, with which it is connected by a street railway, 
 and by the Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad and by the 
 Eastern line of the Boston and Maine Railroad ; the latter connecting 
 it directly with the railroad systems north, east and south. 
 
 Lynn harbor opens on Broad Sound, in Massachusetts Bay. It 
 is nearly half filled with flats, but through it run numerous chan- 
 nels, some of which are 15 feet in depth, and wide enough for easy 
 towage. 
 
 Lynn is bounded on the north by Peabody and Salem, east by 
 Swampscott and its harbor, on the south by its own harbor, and on 
 the west by Saugus. The long peninsula of Xahant lies in the sea 
 eastward, forming the eastern side of Lynn harbor. There is a con- 
 siderable extent of beach on each side of the peninsula. 
 
 The assessed area of the city is 4,.'i7.S acres. The more densely 
 occupied portion is about four miles in length along the shore, and 
 some two miles in breadth from the shore to the hills. The western 
 half of this tract, resting on the Saugus Kiver (which forms the 
 southwestern line of the township) is a rather low plain, of which 
 nearly one half toward the sea is salt marsh covered at high water. 
 The eastern half is of greater elevation. The rear section of the 
 township northward is a tract of rough hills covered with wood. A 
 large portion of this wild and romantic tract has been acquired by the 
 city for the purpose primarily of a series of basins for an increase 
 of the water-supply of the city. The area of two small ponds has 
 already been increased to beautiful sheets of water, one of which is 
 about two miles in length, and very irregular in its outline. It has 
 been named " Walden I'ond," in honor of the leader in the forma- 
 tion of this noble park. The height recently named "Mount 
 
LTNN. 431 
 
 Gilead," in this region, affords a magnificent view of forests, rocks, 
 villages, bays and beaches. The soil, except on the hills, is a gravelly 
 loam, approaching clay, with ample deposits of clear clay. The rock 
 in the half nearest the sea is a dark, bluish felsite, passing into a 
 purple porphyry, and thought to be of Huronian origin. North of 
 the porphyry, the rock is a gray sienite, strongly metamorphic in 
 the east, but northerly becoming distinctly hornblendic. On the 
 west the porphyry becomes conglomerate. Profitable quarrying has 
 been done in some places. 
 
 Just east of the territorial centre lies Wennuchus Lake, covering 
 117 acres; Wyoma Lake, of 84 acres, lies near on the northwest; 
 and on the same line is Cedar Lake. Southwest of the centre lies a 
 group of ponds, partly artificial, which furnishes the city with water. 
 The drainage is by Strawberry, Mowers and Birch brooks, affluents 
 of the Saugus, and by (Stacy's Brook, which enters the ocean at 
 Swampscott. Au elevation called " Dungeon Rock " lies northwest 
 of the centre. Near it is Sunadon Eock, 770 feet in height, on the 
 western line. 
 
 High Eock is a picturesque cliff in the city proper. This eleva- 
 tion affords an excellent view of the city, of the neighboring towns, 
 and of the harbor and beaches. At the foot of this rock dwelt, a 
 generation ago, the famous fortune-teller, Moll Pitcher. The city 
 has many well-shaded streets, and beautiful private and public 
 buildings. Ocean Street and others in its vicinity have many fine 
 residences and command fine sea views. 
 
 The leading business is the manufacture of boots and shoes, for 
 which there were in 1885, 308 establishments, employing upwards 
 of 9,474 persons, producing goods to the value of $23,5*7; i.319. More 
 than 1,000 men are employed in tanning and dressing the various 
 kinds of leather. The artisans' tools made amounted to nearly 
 $1,000,000 ; and there are large manufactures of food preparations, 
 electrical apparatus, boxes and other paper goods, textiles, bricks, 
 carriages, polishes and dressing for leather, lasts, furniture, glass, 
 liquors, and others common to villages. The aggregate value of 
 goods made was $31,100,906. The 36 farms yielded to value of 
 $40,848, and fisheries (mackerel) $3,000. The dwellings numbered 
 7,951. There are five national banks in the city, having an 
 aggregate capital of $1,100,000; and two savings banks, carrying 
 deposits at the beginning of the present year of $5,1X9,019. The 
 valuation of the city in 1888 was $33,224,0X0, and the tax-rate $18.60 
 on $1,000. The population in 1X85 was 45,s(J7 ; including 11,949 
 legal voters. The only post-office is " Lynn," which has carrier 
 delivery. The villages are Glenmere, Highlands, Linwood, East 
 Lynn, West Lynn, Lynnmere, Stetsonville and Wyoma. In or 
 near each of these are railway stations of the Boston and Maine 
 Eailroad. 
 
 The city hall is a very handsome building, with ample lawns. 
 The schools are in four grades, and occupy 30 buildings, valued at 
 upwards of $530,000. There are also several private schools, — 
 consisting of an English and classical school, two mercantile schools, 
 
432 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 an art academy, Imson Academy, the Lincoln Hall school and a 
 Roman Catholic school. There are 30 libraries for public use; the 
 city library having about 35,000 volumes; and four circulating 
 libraries having about 5,000. The periodicals are the daily "Bee" 
 and the "Evening Item;" the weekly "Reporter," "Transcript," 
 "City Item" and "Knights of Labor;'' the monthly "Agassiz 
 Journal," "Household Monthly" and the "Modern Priscilla." Of 
 the 22 churches in the city, 3 are Baptist, 4 Congregationalist, 1 
 Free Baptist, 1 Friends, (i Methodist, 1 Protestant Episcopal, 2 
 Roman Catholic, 1 I'nitarian, 2 Tniversalist and 1 African Meth- 
 odist. Several of the edifices are elegant buildings, that of .St. 
 Stephen's Memorial being especially striking. 
 
 Lynn is with one exception the oldest settlement in Essex County. 
 It was admitted to the General Court under its original (Indian) 
 name of Saugus, in 1030, some 50 new settlers having come in 
 that year. The pioneers came in 1629, and consisted of 5 families 
 — about 20 persons, all told — who had recently landed at Salem 
 from England : and a certain plain about half a mile in extent, in 
 the eastern section, was the site of this settlement. Saugus signifies 
 " great " or " extended," and probably referred to the long beach. Sau- 
 gus River was called Aliaitsett by the Indians. The township in its 
 original extent embraced the present towns of Lynnfield (set off in 
 10*2), Saugus (set off in 1N15), Swampseott (set off in 1*52) and 
 Nahant (set off in 1853). The name was changed to Lynn in the 
 records of the General Court, November 20, 1037. It was incor- 
 porated as a city, April 10, 1*50. The name in the early period was 
 variously spelled, "Lin," "Linn" and "Lynne." The new name 
 was given in honor of the Rev. William Whiting, the first settled 
 minister, who had been a curate at Lynn Regis, in England. 
 
 It is believed that the first iron foundery in America was erected 
 in 1043 in this town on the west bank of the Saugus River, making 
 use of a deposit of bog-iron ore in its vicinity. Ten years later Mr. 
 Joseph Jencks, of these works, made by contract for the town of 
 Boston " an ingine to carry water in case of fire." which was the 
 first constructed in this country. In 1052, the coinage dies for the 
 Boston mint were made here. As early as 1635 two shoemakers 
 came from England and established themselves at Lynn, and the 
 business steadily increased from that time ; a great impulse coming 
 to the business about 1750, when John Adams Dagyr, a Welshman, 
 produced shoes equal to the best then made in England. 
 
 Karly in the Revolution Lynn sent 108 men into the contest, and 
 TiO of them never returned, — four being killed at Lexington. For 
 the war of the Rebellion the city furnished 3,270 men, — 230 more 
 than its quota. In honor of the 2811 who were lost, it has erected 
 a beautiful monument of marble. 
 
 Abraham Pierson (1041-1707), a president of Yale College; 
 William Gray (1 750-1 825), merchant and lieutenant-governor; 
 Isaac Newhall (1782-1858), merchant and author; Chandler 
 Robbins, D.D. (1*10), an eminent clergyman; and Peter Thacher 
 Washburne (1811-1870), an eminent jurist, — are distinguished 
 sons of Lynn in past days. 
 
L YNNFIELD — L YO.V8 VILLK. 433 
 
 T vn n fi p\ c\ ^ es * u *^ e southeasterly section of Essex County, 
 
 i^y UIH1C1U 13 miles north of Boston, "on the old Boston and 
 Newburyport turnpike. For railroads, it has the Salem and Lowell 
 line, running along the valley of the Ipswich River, which forms 
 its north line; the Newburyport line, through Lynnfield Centre; 
 and the Wakefield and Peabody line through South Lynnfield, — all 
 branches of the Boston and Maine Railroad system. North Reading 
 bounds it on the north, Peabody on the east, Lynn, Saugus and Wake- 
 field on the south, and Reading and North Reading on the west. 
 The assessed area is 5.932 acres. More than one third is woodland, 
 containing oak, maple and birch, with a large proportion of white 
 pine. On the shores of Pilling's or Westerly Pond still stands the 
 '•forest primeval." The outlet of this pond furnished the power 
 for the old Adam Hawkes Woollen Mill. Southeast of this is 
 SuntaugLake, of 200 acres, on the Peabody lino, a beautiful sheet 
 of water. Will's Brook flows north into th rt Ipswich River, and 
 Beaver Brook south into the Saugus River, which forms most of 
 the southern and southwestern line. In the northern part are 1'ine 
 and two other considerable hills. The principal rock is sienite, 
 which is quarried to some extent for bc'lding purposes. Peat is 
 found. 15 feet in depth in some of the meadows. The land is broken 
 and uneven, yet generally productive. The number of farms is 46, 
 and their aggregate product in 1885 was $91,166. The manu- 
 factories consist of one lumber mill and the (Jerry (!ider Mill; the 
 latter sending into the various cities thousands of barrels of cider 
 and vinegar annually. The aggregate of manufactured products in 
 the last census year was §1 46,229. The number of dwelling-houses 
 is 170. The valuation in 188S was $557,492, with a tax-rate of 
 $9.25 on §1,000. The population was 7G<>, and the legal voters 
 number 180. The post-offices are Lynnfield and Lynnfield Centre. 
 South Lynnfield is the other village. 
 
 There are three school buildings, occupied by primary and 
 grammar schools, and valued at some 85,000. Two Sunday-school 
 libraries have 1,277 volumes. 
 
 This town was originally a part of Lynn, and bore the name of 
 "Lynn End." It was set off as a parish in 1712, and a meeting- 
 house built in 1715. The Rev. Nathaniel Sparhawk, the first minister, 
 was settled in 1720. The parish was established as a district in 
 1782, and incorporated as a town February 28, 1814. The chairman 
 of the selectmen, writing in 1888, says, "The genuine Puritan meet- 
 ing-house is still standing on the green at the centre, and the lower 
 part is still used as a town-hall." In this church, in the early period, 
 the seats were assigned in town meeting. There is now a Congrega- 
 tional church at South Lynnfield, established in 1854 ; there are 
 also in the town a Unitarian and a Methodist church. 
 
 Lyon's Village, in Monson. 
 
 LyOllSville, in Cohain. 
 
434 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 1V13.CC S, a village in Tewksbury. 
 Machine-Shop Village, in North Andover. 
 JVlaCiaket, a village in Nantucket. 
 MaddeqUOt Harbor, attest end of Nantucket 
 
 IVlagTlOlia, a village in Gloucester. 
 
 Magnolia Point, % e s ™ nth ™ teTa cxtremity of Glou " 
 
 IVlalabar, L^ape, an old name of Monomoy Point. 
 
 TV/I" A T T~) T7 1\[ i 8 a prosperous manufacturing and resi- 
 1V1 .rA. J_# .L/ J_L»1>I dentiai city in the southeastern part of 
 Middlesex County, 4 miles north of Boston, with which it is con- 
 nected by street railroads,^ and by the main line of the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad in the western section, and by the Saugus Branch, 
 which passes through the midst of the town east and west. 
 
 It is bounded on the north by Melrose, on the east by Revere, 
 south by Everett and Medford, and west by the latter. The assessed 
 area is 2,650 acres. Its greatest length from east to west is about 
 three miles, and its average width about one and a half miles. The 
 soil is loamy and fertile ; and there is much clay. Slate and fel- 
 spar porphyry are the principal rocks. There are frequent small 
 tracts of forest ; and at the northern and northwestern verge lies 
 that extensive tract of wild, rocky woodland known as " Middlesex 
 Fells." Pine, oak and maple are the most numerous trees. The 
 southeasterly part is somewhat low and marshy, but the land rises 
 in the northern and northwestern parts, presenting several 
 eminences, the highest of which, Prospect Hill, has an elevation of 
 219 feet. Oak Grove, at its northwest, and Maiden Highlands, on 
 the western border, are attractive places. The post-offices are 
 Maiden (village) in the western section, and Linden at the east. 
 Between these is Maplewood — named from its handsome trees; 
 and south of Maiden (village) is Edgeworth. Other localities are 
 Faulkner and Glendale, — all having railroads conveniently near. 
 Large numbers of the residents have Boston for their place of 
 business. 
 
 A very pretty stream from Spot Pond in Stonehani flows in from 
 the north, furnishing some motive power; then, broadening into 
 Maiden River, becomes navigable for boats up to the chief village. 
 Py means of an aqueduct this pond also supplies the buildings in 
 Maiden village with water. Near the centre is a beautiful pond 
 of about 10 acres, whieh also has an outlet into Maiden River. A 
 chief article of manufacture in this town is boots and shoes, for 
 which there were (according to the last State census) four establish- 
 
MALDEN. 435 
 
 merits, making goods to the value of $2,577,146 in 1885. Textiles 
 were made to the value of $272,150. The rubber factory employs 
 at times as many as 2,500 persons. A tannery (at Edgeworth) mak- 
 ing fine and fancy leathers, employs some 200 men. The " Maiden 
 Dye-House" has long been known. Other manufactures of less 
 extent are shoe-lasts, machinery, brass work, tinware, -wire, car- 
 riages, furniture, emery cloth, bleachery goods, cordage and twine, 
 food preparations, etc. The aggregate value of goods made was 
 $4,239,020. The 18 farms yielded the sura of $52,388, — $29,540 
 of which was from greenhouse products. The Maiden National 
 Bank has a capital of $100,000; and the savings bank, at the 
 beginning of 1889, had deposits to the amount of $l,06G.37«i. There 
 were 3,668 dwelling-houses, and a population of 10,407, — 3,934 
 being legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $ 15,420,324. with a 
 tax-rate of $14.60 on $1,000. 
 
 The city hall, which cost some $30,000, has an audience-room 
 which seats 800 persons. A fine structure is the Converse Memorial 
 Building, which contains the public library and an art gallery. 
 There are primary, intermediate and grammar and high schools, 
 provided for in 11 buildings valued at over $2<Mt,000. Besides 
 these are Maiden Heights, Waverly Terrace and West End private 
 schools. The public library was founded by Mr. John Gardner, a 
 native, by the presentation of $5,000 for the purpose. It now con- 
 tains about 12,000 volumes. The Christian Association has some 
 1,200; the public schools have upwards of 1,400; and there are 
 three circulating libraries having in the aggregate nearly 3,000 
 volumes. The " Daily Evening Mail " serves local interests more 
 fully than the metropolitan dailies; and the weeklies, the "City 
 Press" and the "Maiden Mirror" are standards of their class. 
 The churches are the Congregationalists (4), Episcopalians (2), 
 Methodists (3), Baptists (2), Universalists (1), Unitarians (1), and 
 Koman Catholics (1), and most of them are handsome buildings. 
 The civil and social organizations are very numerous. 
 
 In 1629 a party newly arrived from England traversed the 
 easterly side of the Mystic River, reporting it an " uncouth wilder- 
 ness and full of stately timber." In 1633 this region was granted 
 to Charlestown, and an allotment of land made to settlers. The 
 boundaries were regulated in 1636, and the settlement became 
 known as " Mystick-Side. Settlers rapidly increased, and in 1640 a 
 ferry was established over the Mystic. On May 2, 1649, the 
 General Court record says " the ' Mystick side men ' granted to be 
 a town to be called ' Mauldon.' " This name was adopted by the 
 inhabitants in honor of Joseph Hills, a leading citizen, formerly an 
 inhabitant of Maldon, in Essex, England. The advanced and inde- 
 pendent position of the Rev. Mr. Matthews, minister of the town, 
 brought the censure of the civil authority upon Maiden ; and though 
 the town upheld him to the best of its ability, it had finally to 
 yield to the superior strength of the colony, and dismiss him. In 
 1633 William Godden left a bequest in aid of the schools' of Maiden 
 and Charlestown ; and in 1671 a school was maintained at the ex- 
 
436 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 pense of the town. The first " Maiden Bridge " was completed in 
 1787. The original territory of the town has suffered several 
 reductions. A considerable tract was annexed to Medford in 1817; 
 a large area was taken to form Melrose in ix. r »0; and another part 
 was, in 1*70, established as Everett. Maiden was incorporated as a 
 city, March 31, 1SH1. 
 
 Maiden's history in the Indian and the Revolutionary wars is 
 creditable; and during the war of the Rebellion she contributed 600 
 men to the Union forces. 
 
 Hon. Elisha S. Converse, a citizen of this town, a large owner in 
 the rubber factory, is eminent for the establishment of both business 
 and benevolent enterprises; and Maiden especially has enjoyed his 
 beneficence. The eccentric Timothy Dexter (1747-1806) — "Lord 
 Timothy," was a native of Maiden ; so also were Peter O. Thacher 
 (1776-1843), a celebrated jurist ; Adoniram Judson, D.D. (1788- 
 1850), first missionary to Burmah ; and John Bigelow (1817), author 
 of several works, and editor of the " New York Times" for several 
 years. 
 
 Manchatig, a village in Sutton. 
 
 TVTnnrriPctpr one °^ cmr most beautiful towns, lies along 
 lVianLIlcblcI , j.}^ nQj-th gidg f Massachusetts Bay, in the 
 
 southeastly part of Essex County, h miles northeast of Salem, and 
 L'5 miles northeast of Boston. It is on the Gloucester Branch of the 
 Eastern Division of the Boston and Maine Railroad, which has 
 stations at West Manchester, Manchester and Magnolia. Manches- 
 ter is the principal village and the post-office. Other villages are Cres- 
 cent Beach, Kittle Cove Village, West Manchester and Newport 
 Northeast of Manchester village is Rosedale Cemetery ; and a local- 
 ity beyond, near Baker's Pond, formerly bore the name "North Yar- 
 mouth." 
 
 It is bounded on the north by Essex, on the east by Gloucester, 
 on the south by the sea, and on the west by Beverly and Wenham. 
 Its shore line is about 4 miles. In the offing are House, Kettle and 
 several smaller islands. The area is H, 13-1 acres; about two-thirds, 
 chiefly along the northern side of the town, being well filled with 
 forests of oak, pine and hemlock. This section, as well the adjoin- 
 ing section of Essex, contains numerous hills ; of which the largest 
 are Moose Hill, north of the centre, and, further north, Millstone 
 Hill, with Long Hill in the east, and Sheep-Pasture Hill in the north- 
 east. The outcropping rock is generally sienitic. Beaver Pond lies 
 in the midst of the northern section, with an outlet into Baker's 
 foijd just south of it, whose outlet, Baker's Brook, formerly Jef- 
 frey's (heek, a swift little stream, alter turning a mill, spreads out 
 into the beautiful Manchester harbor, which connects with the sea 
 by a narrow but sufficient passage between crowding buttresses of 
 sienite. A large portion of the sea-shore consists of rifted walls of the 
 same rock; with here and there a seam of a different sort ; sometimes 
 jutting out into a bold promontory, as at Eagle Head ; while between 
 
MAXHAX RIVCli — MAXOMKT POINT, 437 
 
 are pretty coves and long stretches of sandy beach, as at Manchester- 
 by-the-Sea, Graves', and Kittle Gove. The first is the famous " Singing 
 Beach," whose sands give forth a shrill resonance when pressed by 
 the feet, but tones soft and sweet when washed by the waves. Gales' 
 Point, forming the outer side of the entrance to Manchester Harbor. 
 Goldsmith's Point west of Magnolia Cove, are the large seaward pro- 
 jections. All along the shore are charming cottages, isolated or in 
 groups, the summer residences of some of the best families of Bos- 
 ton. Fine bathing, with walks and drives along the shore, in the 
 rustic groves near by, and among the wooded hills of the interior, 
 perfect this as a summer resort. Near Gloucester the woods abound 
 with the fragrant magnolia tree or sweet bay. 
 
 Somewhat back from the shores are the farms, 50 in number ; whose 
 product in 18S5 footed up to .'$45,457. The strawberry crop was 
 6,229 quarts. The fisheries, formerly a large industry, yielded but 
 $3,356 ; the catch consisting of cod, herring, mackerel and lobsters. 
 The manufacture of a fine quality of furniture has grown to consid- 
 erable proportions. Other manufactures are boots and shoes, bricks 
 and tiles, cordage and twine, food preparations, etc. The aggre- 
 gate value of goods made was $1N'.I,32G. The number of dwelling- 
 houses was 402; and the permanent population 1,631); of whom 
 443 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was #7,008,831 ; with 
 a tax-rate of $4.15 on $1,000. 
 
 There are a good town-house, a beautiful Memorial Hall of stone 
 presented to the town by Mr. T. J. Coolidge, several excellent hotels, 
 a public library containing some 5,000 volumes. There are primary, 
 grammar and high schools ; which are housed in six buildings valued at 
 some $15,000. The churches are the Baptist, Congregationalist and 
 the Koman Catholic. The town put 150 men into the Union service 
 during the war of the Rebellion, and lost 18. 
 
 Manchester was originally settled in 1628, by William Jeffrey, 
 whose name is perpetuated by " Jeffrey's Creek," on which the prin- 
 cipal village is situated. The territory was then a part of Salem ; 
 from which it was separated, and incorporated as a town, May 14, 
 1645. Its name was probably given in honor of the Duke of Man- 
 chester. 
 
 ML "D" r rises in the towns of Huntington and 
 
 anndn rviVCI ^'esthampton, flows southeast through 
 Southampton into Westfield, then northeast back through South- 
 ampton into Easthampton, where it supplies valuable and well-im- 
 proved powers ; thence enters the Connecticut River. 
 
 M anOITiet, a village in Plymouth. 
 
 Manomet Hill, S^Sg? part ° f plymouth ' 391 
 Manomet Point, Zlt£ the middle secti ° n ° f Pl7 ' 
 
438 <!AZi:ttei:i: of MAss.xcnrsFrirs. 
 
 TV/r £ 1 1 is an agricultural and manufacturing town lying 
 
 IVIcUlblieiU on tne nor t neI . n border of Bristol County, 24 
 miles southwest of Boston by the Providence Railroad. This is 
 intersected at Mansfield centre by the Taunton and New Bedford line 
 and by the Framingham and Mansfield branch, all being parts of the 
 Old Colony Railroad .system. Mansfield is bounded on the north- 
 west by Foxborough, on the east by Easton, on the southeast by Nor- 
 ton, and on the southwest by Attleborough and North Attleborough. 
 The assessed area is 11,207 acres, of which 3,320 acres are wood- 
 land. 
 
 The scenery is beautified by several small ponds. Canoe, Rum- 
 ford and Wading rivers, tributaries of the Taunton, flowing south- 
 erly, drain the town and furnish several mill-powers. A coal mine 
 was opened here in 1836, and shafts sunk 60 or 70 feet ; but the 
 enterprise was abandoned. A deposit of yellow ochre has been dis- 
 covered which promises better results. The geological structure is 
 sienite and carboniferous. The land varies little from a level and is 
 not very fertile. Both the black and the white whortleberry grow 
 here. The poultry product was very large. The farms number 130 ; 
 and their aggregate product in 1885 was $140,266. There is much 
 variety of manufactures, bakers' products leading. Iron and metallic 
 goods aggregated $.''113,526, and consisted mainly of stoves and fur- 
 naces, windlasses, artisaus' tools, cutlery, tacks aud brads, and jew- 
 elry. Straw goods amounted to §280,500 ; wooden goods, consist- 
 ing of basket work, lumber, etc., .?2'.t,sl3. Other articles werearms, 
 ammunition, carriages, stone, soap and tobacco. There are two print- 
 ing offices which do a large amount of business. The aggregate 
 value of goods made was $111)3,732. There are 673 dwelling-houses and 
 a population of 2,939, including 769 legal voters. The valuation of 
 the town in 1888 was §1, 303,1162, with a tax-rate of $16.50 on 
 *1,000. 
 
 The post-offices are Mansfield (centre) and West Mansfield. The 
 other village is Whiteville, in the northeasterly part of the town. 
 There are primary, intermediate and grammar schools, which occupy 
 eight buildings valued at about $12,000. There is a public library 
 of some I.5IK) volumes; also a circulating and six Sunday-school 
 libraries. The Baptists, Congregationalists, the New Jerusalem 
 Church, the Unitarians, Universalists and Friends have each a 
 church edifice, and the Methodists have two. 
 
 Until its incorporation, April 20. 1770, this town was the north 
 precinct of Norton; both having been originally included in Taunton 
 North Purchase. It was named in honor of William Murray, Earl 
 of Mansfield. 
 
 Mansfield Centre, the principal village, is a brisk and thriving 
 place, having unusual railroad facilities, well-shaded streets, hand- 
 some residences and churches. Asa Clapp (1702-1848), Rev. Samuel 
 Deane (ITS l-lS.'lt), and William Reade Deane (1807-1871), were 
 natives of this town. 
 
 Manvillc, in Lei 
 
 eest.er. 
 
MAPLE GROVE— MABBLEHEAD. 439 
 
 Maple GrOVe, a village in Adams. 
 MapleVllle, in Wenham. 
 MapleWOod, a village in Maiden. 
 
 lVTprhlfVi^arl * s a picturesque and enterprising seaboard 
 dl UlCllCdU town s i tuat ed on a broad neck of land in the 
 southern part of Essex County ; having Beverly harbor on the north, 
 the ocean on the east and southeast, Swampscott on the south, and 
 Salem with its harbor on the west. It lies some 20 miles northeast 
 of Boston, with which it has connection by a railroad from Salem, at 
 the northwest, and one from Swampscott at the south, branches of 
 the Eastern division of the Boston and Maine Railroad. The 
 assessed area is 2,399 acres. 
 
 The large village of Marblehead lies along the harbor, whose oppo- 
 site shore is formed by Great Neck, a charming peninsula running 
 northeast, parallel with the village shore. At its northern point is 
 the Marblehead Light Station. Northeasterly from this, and midway 
 of the outer line of Beverly Bay, is Baker's Island Light. The en- 
 trance to Marblehead Harbor is commanded by Fort Sewall, on the 
 mainland, built in 1742. The principal seaward projections, begin- 
 ing at the north, are Naugus Head, Cloutman's, Fluent's, Doliber, 
 Peach, and Flying points. Doliber's Cove lies south of Peach Point. 
 A beautiful beach extends from the beginning of the neck nearly to 
 Swampscott. The notable islands on the outside are Ram, Tinker's, 
 and Marblehead Rock; and on the inner line, at the north, are 
 Gerry's and Orne's. Off the mouth of the harbor is Lowell Island, 
 where a summer hotel has had some patronage. In the northern 
 part of the town are several hills. The highest is Coddon's Hill, in 
 the northern angle, rising 118 feet above the tide, and affording fine 
 views in every direction. The geological basis of the town is sienite 
 and porphyry ; huge masses of which crop out on all sides, giving a 
 peculiarly wild and rugged aspect to the scenery. From this char- 
 acter it probably gained its present name; while its harbor was 
 named, in the period of exploration, Marmaricia, or " Marble Har- 
 bor." There is a fine little pond in the northeastern part ; but 
 there are no brooks of much volume. 
 
 Notwithstanding the numerous ledges, many of the 49 farms in 
 the town are as remunerative as elsewhere. The gardens are kept 
 in the best manner; and the Gregory seed establishment here has 
 a wide reputation. The agricultural products are reported in the 
 last State census as aggregating in the sum of $88,263. The fisher- 
 ies, formerly a leading industry of the place, yielded in 1885 but 
 $20,245 ; the largest items of the catch being cod, pollock, haddock, 
 herring, mackerel and lobsters. The number of persons engaged in 
 this pursuit was stated as 37. There has been a large growth in 
 manufactures, — the shoe factories numbering 63, with a product in 
 1885 aggregating $2,779,406. There were also a steam lumber-mill, 
 
440 <iazktti:i:u uf Massachusetts. 
 
 a furniture factory, and four ship-yards. < ttlier manufactures were car- 
 riages, paper goods, isinglass and other food preparations, and domes- 
 tie utensils of iron and other metals. The aggregate value of goods 
 made was *.'!.1<>2, '•>-.''>. There were two natioual banks, with a total 
 capital of #2 10,000; and a savings bank,holding deposits at the begin- 
 ning of tin- present year to the amount of §2'J3,.'j00. The number of 
 dwelling-houses was 1,525; the population was 7,517, including 2,060 
 legal voters, — an unusually Iargu proportion. The valuation in 1888 
 was £4,501,026, with a tax-rate of SI 7 on $1,000. 
 
 The post-olliees are Marblehead, Xanepashemet and Clifton. The 
 first and last of these, with Devereaux, are railroad stations. A 
 locality on CJiv.it Neck has borne the name of Nashua Village. The 
 old brick town-house here was built in 1727-8. A beautiful public 
 edifice called Abbott Hall was a few years ago erected on the Com- 
 mon at a cost of $75,000, provided by a bequest of Benjamin Abbott. 
 It contains a public library of some 10,000 volumes. 
 
 There are a high school and two lower grades, which occupy 12 
 buildings valued at some 145,000. The Baptists, Congregationalists, 
 Methodists, Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, Unitarians and Univer- 
 salists, each have a church here. 
 
 Marblehead was taken from Salem, and incorporated, May 2, 1649. 
 At that time it contained 44 families. The First Church, having 
 the Rev. Ezekiel Cheever for its minister, was organized August 13, 
 1684. The Episcopal church was established as early as 1715; and 
 in the ensuing year the Second Congregational church, now Unita- 
 rian, was organized. The Rev. Edward Holyoke, afterwards presi- 
 dent of Harvard University, was the first pastor. 
 
 In 1775, an entire regiment of 1,000 men, commanded by Colonel 
 Glover, joined the army at < Cambridge ; of whom a large proportion 
 lost their lives before the struggle was over. Captain James Mug- 
 ford, a Marblehead sailor (whose name appears in the column of 
 worthies in Faneuil Hall), rendered important service to the Ameri- 
 can cause by capturing, January 12, 1776, a British ship just arrived 
 in Massachusetts Bay, richly laden with arms, ammunition and other 
 military stores, of which the army at the time were in extreme need- 
 Corn. Samuel Tucker was another naval hero of both the Revolution 
 and 1N12, capturing a great number of the enemy's vessels. The pat- 
 riotism of the town in the latter war was no less than in the former; 
 and her losses in vessels and men were great. At one time during the 
 war of 1x12, not less than 5<>.'i Marbleheaders were prisoners of war 
 in British prisons. Late one afternoon in 1SG1, Marblehead received 
 notice of the national call for troops, and at eight o'clock the next 
 morning she had a company of men in Faneuil Hall, — the first troops 
 there. An hour later two other of her companies arrived. Her lost 
 soldiers in this war have been duly commemorated by a monument. 
 
 Marblehead has given to the country many eminent men, among 
 whom may be mentioned, Kdward Augustus Holvoke, M.D., LL.D. 
 (172H-1S2!!), founder of Massachusetts Medical Society; Elbridge 
 Gerry (1714-1814), a signer of the Declaration of Independence, 
 M.C., ambassador to France, governor of Massachusetts, and vice- 
 president of the U. S. 
 
MAX /ox. 441 
 
 IX/T^nAn * s an interesting seaboard town in the southerly 
 
 ±Vj.d.lHJll extl . em j t y ot - Plymouth County, 50 miles south by 
 southeast of Boston. It has Rochester and Wareham on the north, 
 Buzzard's Bay on the east and southeast, Mattapoisett on the south 
 of the western half, and the same and Rochester on the west. The 
 assessed area is 7,698 acres ; and of this 3,196 acres are woodland. 
 
 The town is very irregular in form ; sending three long peninsulas 
 southeastward into Buzzard's Bay. Bird's Island Light marks the 
 entrance of Sippican Harbor, which has about 11 feet of water, and 
 runs up past the centre of the town. On its western side is Charles' 
 Neck, beyond which is Coot Cove. The eastern peninsula is divided 
 into Great Neck and Great Hill Neck by Wing's Cove. Great Hill . 
 Neck has a beach on its east side, washed by the waves of Buzzard's 
 Bay. Great Hill rises 127 feet above the sea, and is one of the 
 survey stations. Sippican River forms a part of the line with 
 Wareham, and here flows eastward, and joins the Weweantit in a 
 wide inlet from the bay. Great Swamp in the east, Bear Swamp in 
 the northwest, and Lawrence Swamp in the south, embrace a large 
 extent of territoiy. The surface generally is level, and rocky and 
 hard to cultivate. 
 
 The 27 farms yielded in 1KN5 an aggregate product valued at 
 $17,909. The fisheries amounted to *5,819; the catch consisting of 
 alewives, bluefish, oysters and scallops. There is a small saw mill, 
 and an establishment preparing sea products for food, to the value 
 of $14,000. The aggregate value of goods made was $19,225, The 
 dwelling-houses number 225; sheltering a population of 965, of 
 whom 279 are legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $822,750 1 
 and the tax-rate $8 on $1,000. 
 
 The post-office is Marion; and other villages are Bay View, East 
 Marion, Old Landing and Sippican. The Fairhaven Branch of the 
 Cape Cod Division of the Old Colony Railroad, passing by the head 
 of the harbor, affords convenient land connections. The schools are 
 partially graded, occupying six buildings, valued at some $10,000. 
 Tabor Academy has two buildings, valued at $20,000. The Tabor 
 library consists of a building valued at $9,000, containing about 
 15,000 volumes. The churches are the Congregationalist, Methodist 
 and Universalist. 
 
 This town was originally part of the territory of King Philip, the 
 Wampanoag chieftain, and its Indian name was Sippican. The 
 first white settlements were made at Little Neck as early as 16N0. 
 The first minister was the Rev. Samuel Shivcrick, in 1683. The* 
 church was organized October 13,1703; and its first place of wor- 
 ship was a " corn-house " at Little Neck, in the vicinity of a great 
 rock around which the Indians used .to hold their horrid powwows. 
 During King Philip's War, the gallant Captain Benjamin Church 
 met Queen Awashanks and her tribe at the Great Hill at the south- 
 east; being then on their way to Sandwich to arrange terms of peace 
 with the white authorities. Captain Church found the Indians 
 having a general good time here,— " running races on horseback," 
 "playing at football," "catching eels and flatfish," or " plunging or 
 
442 UAZETTEEIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 frolicking in the waves " on the beach. The queen entertained him 
 cordially with "fried eels, bass, flatfish, and shellfish; and then, 
 around a huge bonfire of pine knots, herself and warriors pleflged 
 their allegiance to the English, and thus sealed the fate of Philip." 
 Marion was formerly a part of Rochester, and was set apart and 
 incorporated May 14, 1852. The name is that of a noted Southern 
 leader in the Revolution, Colonel Francis Marion ; or it may have 
 been chosen for its euphony alone. The town furnished 63 men for 
 the Union forces in the war of the Rebellion. 
 
 lVla.rJa.na, a village in Andover. 
 
 MarlborOUgh, a village in Georgetown. 
 
 Mnrlhnrnncrh is an ancient and ve, 7 thriving agricul 
 
 iyicniuuiuugii tural and manufacturing town, lying in 
 the southwest part of Middlesex County, about 25 miles west of 
 Boston. Its boundaries are Hudson on the north, Sudbury and 
 Framingham on the east, Southborough on the south, Xorthborough 
 on the southwest and Berlin on the northwest. The assessed area 
 is 12,732; of which 3,939 acres are woodland. The Marlboro 
 Branch of the Fitchburg Railroad terminates at Marlboro (centre) ; 
 and the Framingham, Clinton and Fitchburg Division of the Old 
 Colony Railroad crosses the southwest corner and has a station at 
 South Marlboro and Marlboro (centre). 
 
 The land is finely diversified, rising into hills covered with fine 
 farms and orchards, or sinking into valleys beautified by lakes and 
 streams and a rich and varied flora. Spoon Hill, in the north, over- 
 looks a broad and beautiful sheet of water covering 250 acres, whose 
 outlet is Fort-meadow Brook. Indian Head Hill, in the east, is a 
 conspicuous object in the landscape. Ockoocangansett Hill is noted 
 as having been an Indian planting-field, and as having on its north- 
 ern slope an Indian burial-place ; and Slygo Hill, the highest point 
 of land in the town, commands a view of many surrounding vil- 
 lages. Fairmount is a charming eminence near the centre ; and 
 upon its sloping sides, ornamented with trees and shrubbery, are 
 several elegant residences. William's Pond, of about 160 acres, is 
 very clear and deep and beautiful, the high land about it cultivated 
 to its very margin. The town being the water-shed between the 
 Assabet and Sudbury rivers, the brooks flow from the central terri- 
 tory in different courses; Koit-meadow Brook finding its way into 
 the. former, and Stony Brook into the latter stream. 
 
 Apple trees are very numerous and thrifty. The farms number 
 239; and their aggregate product in 1S85 readied the value of 
 $2.'!2,51 I. The chief manufacture is of shoes; there being, accord- 
 ing to the last census, IS factories, employing 2,709 persons, and 
 making goods to the amount of *5.N31,004. Machinery, artisans' 
 tools and other metallic goods were made to the value of $88,470; 
 food preparations, to the amount of §168.012; furniture and other 
 wooden goods, to the value of fl>C3,l.Vt ; and leather £14,770. Other 
 
MAI! S II FIELD. 443 
 
 manufactures were boxes, carriages, shoe-pegs, clothing, liquors, 
 textiles, bleachery and dyed goods, soap and tobacco. The aggre- 
 gate value of the manufactures was $6,417,617. There are two 
 national banks whose combined capital is $250,000; and the savings 
 bank, at the opening of the present year, held deposits to the 
 amount of $1,225,528. The valuation in 1888 was $5,207,330; 
 with a tax-rate of $16.50 on $1,000. There were 1,805 dwelling- 
 houses and a population of 10,941, including 2,455 legal voters. 
 
 The post-office is Marlborough ; and the railroad stations this and 
 South Marlborough. Other villages are East Marlborough and West 
 Marlborough. There are a good town-hall and a free public library of 
 some 10,000 volumes ; also well-filled Sunday-school libraries. The 
 town has a daily newspaper, the " Mirror ; " and for weeklies, there 
 are the " Mirror-Journal," the " Advertiser," the " Times," the 
 "Star," the "Farmer's Companion and Prize Weekly," and the 
 latter also as a monthly. The schools are completely graded, and 
 occupy 12 buildings, which are valued at about $55,00(1. There are 
 churches of the Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists, Unitarians, 
 Universalists ; and the Roman Catholics, who have two. The town 
 lost SO men in the war of the Rebellion, and has erected a fine 
 monument to their memory. 
 
 The records of the General Court, under date of May 31, 1660, 
 state the confirmation of a grant to the " Whip-sufferage " planters, 
 and the establishment of the plantation as " Marlborow." It was 
 probably named for Marlborough in Wiltshire, England. A tnict of 
 land called Agaganquamasset was added to the township ; and from 
 the latter have been formed, wholly or in part, the towns of West- 
 borough, Southborough, Berlin, Northborough, Bolton and Hudson. 
 The Indian names of the place were Oclcoocangansett and Whipsup- 
 penieke. This place was one of the seven " praying-towns " under 
 the care of the Rev. John Eliot. In 1674, there were here about 
 ten Indian families, whose chief, Onomog, had recently deceased. 
 Several white settlers came early in 1660. The land for the meet- 
 ing-house was bought of an Indian named " Anamaks." 
 
 On Sunday, March 20, 1676, while the people were at worship, 
 they were alarmed by a cry of "Indians at the door!" and in- 
 stantly started for the fort, which all reached in safety, exn-pt 
 Moses Newton, who was wounded while bringing an infirm woman. 
 The savages destroyed fruit trees, and burned dwellings and tin- 
 church ; the site of the hitter being now marked by a granite monu- 
 ment. 
 
 Mrchfiflrl is a beautiful seaboard town in the northeast- 
 arblinClU em partof pi vmou th County, about 30 miles 
 southeast of Boston on the South Shore line of the Old Colony Rail- 
 road. Norwell lies on the northwest and north, Seituate on the 
 north, the ocean on the east, Duxbury on the south and southwest, 
 with Pembroke west of the middle section. The assessed area is 
 15,908 acres, of which 3,616 acres are woodland. 
 North River forms the divisional line from Norwell on the 
 
444 
 
 ItAZETTKER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 west, and by a right-angled turn on the north also, and from Scitu- 
 ati j ; with a turn at the northeast corner of the town as sharply 
 southward, where a Ion;,', narrow peninsula of Scituate separates it 
 from thii sea as fur as the middle j>oint of Marshfield on the east 
 side. At this point comes in South River, flowing across the town 
 from North Duxbury, the two rivers entering the sea together. In 
 the southern part of the town is < !ut River, coming from the centre 
 of Duxbury, then making its way between tim hills in Marshfield, 
 and rinding the sea through (Ireen Harbor, a broad creek trending 
 southeast. About the latter is an extensive salt marsh; another 
 lying upon South River, and a third marshy area extending along 
 the northeast side of the town. The eastern section of the town is 
 largely occupied by wooded hills; Uorham and Cherry hills being 
 notable for the fine views they afford of the ocean. On the latter, 
 Daniel Webster made his last public address, July 24. 1 *.">:.'. The 
 three streams mentioned are navigable to some extent, and they also 
 
 HOME OF DANIEL WEBSTER. 
 
 furnish power for manufacturing purposes. On the south of Green 
 Harbor is the village of that name, while on the north is Marshfield 
 Beach, with Brant (or Brandt) Rock off shore. 
 
 The soil of this town is not generally very productive ; yet there 
 are fertile tracts, especially one called •■ The Two Miles," on the west- 
 erly border, and smaller ones in other quarters. In 1SS5, there were 
 ll't farms, whose product was valued at <tlL'.%.*J.*»4 ; the wood and 
 poultry products being in unusual proportion. There were three boot 
 and shoe factories reported in the census, producing goods to the 
 amount of *K,7.'!0 ; five saw mills, three ship-yards, one factory making 
 musical instruments, anil establishments making iron and other 
 metallic goods ; the value of the latter product being *20,9'.U. Other 
 manufactures were carriages, leather, food preparations, etc. The 
 aggregate value of goods made was $<!7,r>lit. Much sea-moss is gath- 
 ered along these shores. Tdio fisheries yielded, in the last State cen- 
 sus year, $11, Ml ; the catch being chiefly cod. mackerel, perch and 
 lobsters. The valuation in I.K.XS was .*il,U7.""», , ,».".,"); with a tax-rate of 
 
MAJISHFIELD. 445 
 
 $13 on $1,000. There were 672 dwelling-houses and 1,649 inhabi- 
 tants, of whom 526 were legal voters. 
 
 The post-offices are Marshfield, Centre Marshfield, North Marsh- 
 field, East Marshfield, Brant Rock, Sea View, Green Harbor and 
 Marshfield Plain. New Abington is a village near the beach. The 
 railroad stations are the 1st, 2d, 4th and 6th of these, and '• Webster 
 Place," the latter being near the south line of the town, also near 
 the Daniel Webster farm. The primary and grammar schools are 
 provided for in eight buildings, valued at some £12.000. There is a 
 public library at East Marshfield, and here and in other villages 
 four well-filled Sunday-school libraries. " The Mail " is the weekly 
 newspaper of the town. There is a Baptist church .at Marshfield 
 village, a Congregationalist at North Marshfield and at East Marsh- 
 field. The Unitarians also have two churches in the town, the 
 Methodists one, and the Friends one. 
 
 Marshfield was incorporated March 2, 1640; and was probably 
 named with reference to the character of the surface where the first 
 settlement was made. This place still bears the name, Green Har- 
 bor, then given, though at one early period it was called Rexham. 
 The Indian name for the place was Missaucatucket. Among the orig- 
 inal settlers were Edward Winslow (whose place was named " Cares- 
 well," in memory of his home in England). John and James Adams, 
 Thomas Bourne, Robert Waterman (who settled Marshfield Neck), 
 Anthony Snow (who gave the land now used as Cedar-grove Ceme- 
 tery), John Branch (proprietor of Branch Island), John Rouse, Rob- 
 ert Carver, William Thomas (of Wales) and Arthur llowland. The 
 Winslow burial-place holds the remains of the first native Pilgrim, 
 Peregrine White ; the first mother, Susanna Winslow ; the first bride ; 
 and also of the first native governor, J osiah, son of Edward Winslow. 
 The Winslow house, built in 1606, and the famous apple-tree on the 
 Peregrine White estate, were standing at a recent date. The first 
 church in the town was organized at Green Harbor about 1640 ; and 
 the first minister was the Rev. Edward Bulkley. Marshfield fur- 
 nished 210 men for the Union forces in the late war, and lost 2f>. 
 
 Attracted by the abundance of trout in the cold streams, and the 
 sea-fowl which visit the shore and marshes, the eloquent Daniel 
 Webster came to Marshfield for recreation as early as 1*27 ; and 
 some five years later he became a resident. He purchased the 
 homestead of the noted royalist, N. Ray Thomas, where a company 
 of British soldiers were stationed during the Revolution. He en- 
 larged the grounds, and " by setting out trees, and enriching the soil, 
 he changed the features of the place from a sterile waste of sandy 
 hills to a charming landscape of fertility and beauty. The fine old 
 mansion, with its broad and beautiful lawn, surrounded by a belt of 
 ornamental trees, is shown in the accompanying cut. On the sum- 
 mit of the hill near by is the old Winslow burial-place, wherein re- 
 pose the remains of the immortal statesman. His tomb is simple 
 and majestic, decorated only by the wild-flower and the evergreen. 
 It bears the inscription, " Daniel Wkustkb, born January 18, 1782 ; 
 died October 24, 1852." Upon the stone is also inscribed the follow- 
 ing extract from one of his later epistles : — 
 
446 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 " Philosophical argument, especially that drawn from the vastne6s of the 
 universe in comparison with the apparent insignificance of this globe, has 
 sometimes shaken my reason for the faith that is in me; but my heart has 
 always assured and reassured me that the gospel of Jesu6 Christ must be a 
 divine reality. The sermon on the Mount cannot be a mere human produc- 
 tion. This belief enters into the very depth of my conscience. The whole 
 history of man proves it." 
 
 Near this tomb is that of Grace Fletcher, wife of Daniel Webster, 
 born January l(i, 17S1 ; died January 21, l«2-\ Here also rest sev- 
 real of their children and grandchildren. 
 
 MarStOll's Mills, a village in Barnstable. 
 
 Martha's Vineyard, island, for a description and 
 account of, see article on Dukes County. 
 
 Mashne Island, south of wareham. 
 
 TYf q c rrnpf is an Indian town having (id dwelling-houses, 71 
 
 IViasnpcc j egal voters anc i 311 inhabitants, situated in the 
 southwestern section of Barnstable County, 64 miles from Boston. 
 Its nearest railroad station is East Sandwich, on the Old Colony Rail- 
 road. Sandwich lies on the northwest and north, Barnstable on the 
 east, Vineyard Sound on the south, with Falmouth bounding the 
 larger portion of the western side. 
 
 The township is some ten miles north and south. The assessed 
 area is 13,186 acres, of which some .'523 acres are dense woodland. 
 Some other portions are partly covered with scrub oak or small 
 pines. The elevations of note are two small hills in the western part 
 and Succonesset Headland at the south. The land is mostly level, 
 the rock is chiefly sandstone, and the soil light and sandy, Marsh- 
 pee and Wakeby ponds, in the north part, respectively 395 and 375 
 acres, are the source of Mashpee River, flowing into Popponesset Bay ; 
 the latter also receiving the Cotuit River, from Suntuit Pond in the 
 eastern part ; the bay and the latter river forming a large part of 
 the eastern line of the town. The ponds are dotted with small 
 wooded islands, and very beautiful ; and there is an excellent beach. 
 Waquoit Bay, receiving Quastunet River from the interior of the 
 town, lies between it and Falmouth. 
 
 The number of farms is 12 ; and the aggregate product in 1885 
 was $18,250. Cranberries are the chief crop, the value of which in 
 the same year was J! J -1,375. Four persons are reported as fisher- 
 men and five as whalemen. The entire product of the fisheries, con- 
 sisting chiefly of oysters and herring, was $1,027. Included in the 
 farm aggregate are the results of the fowling about the ponds and 
 bays, and the deer hunting at the north and in the borders of Sand- 
 wich. Baskets and other wooden goods amounted to $250. The 
 valuation of the town in 1S88 was $158,190; when the tax-rate was 
 $10.90 on $1,000. The post-office is Mashpee; and the other vil- 
 lages are Aquashenet and Chimquist. There are two school-houses, 
 accommodating the primary and grammar schools, and valued at 
 
MASSACHUSETTS IiA Y— MA TTAPOISETT. 447 
 
 some $1,100. There is a Baptist church, organized in 1838. Temple 
 Hall is a pretty building erected by the Good Templars of the town, 
 and contains a library and reading-room. 
 
 The place was incorporated as the plantation of Marshpee,.June 
 14, 1763 : as the district of Marshpee, March 31, 1864 ; and as the 
 town of Mashpee, May 28, 1870. Mr. Richard Bourne obtained a deed 
 of the place from Quachitisset and other Indians for the benefit of 
 the tribe now occupying it, who were then called by the white peo- 
 ple the " South-sea Indians." The instrument was drawn " so that 
 no part or parcel of them [the lands] could be bought by or sold t> 
 any white person or persons without the consent of all the said 
 Indians ; not even with the consent of the General Court ;" and the 
 deed, with this condition, was ratified by the Plymouth Court. Mr. 
 Bourne, after having obtained the above deed, pursued his evangeli- 
 cal work, and was ordained pastor of an Indian church in the place 
 in 1670, formed of his own converts. He died about 1685, and was 
 succeeded by Simon Popmonet, an Indian preacher, who lived in 
 this character about 40 years, and was then succeeded by Mr. Joseph 
 Bourne, grandson of Richard, who was ordained over them in 17L"J. 
 He resigned his mission in 17413, and was succeeded by Solomon 
 Bryant, the second Indian pastor. The society appears to have lost 
 its organization many years ago. This is the largest remnant of the 
 tribes of red men in New England west of the Penobscot River. 
 Few are now of pure Indian extraction and about twenty-five of the 
 inhabitants are white. 
 
 Mashpee sent nine men to the Union army in the late war, and 
 lost two of them. 
 
 lVToccir-Vnic^rfc Rav is that portion of the Atlantic 
 lViabSaCIlUbCllb L><xy Ocean lying between and within 
 
 Cape Ann on the north and Cape Cod on the south, embracing almost 
 the entire eastern side of the State of Massachusetts. Within thia 
 body of water are included Cape Cod Bay and several harbors ; of 
 which are Boston Harbor, large enough to be called a bay, and Prov- 
 incetown, Wellfleet, Plymouth, Lynn, Salem, Beverly, Gloucester 
 and several smaller. 
 
 Massapoag Pond, insharon. 
 
 Matneld, a village in West Bridgewater. 
 
 M.. the Indian name of Dorchester, in Boston; 
 
 3. [tap a.n, a j s0 a village in that district, having a station 
 of the New York and New England Railroad ; and another in Milton 
 adjoining, having a station of the Old Colony Railroad. 
 
 MQtr^nniQPtf * s a pl easan * seaboard town forming the 
 aiLapOlbCLL sou t Q western corner of Plymouth County, 
 on the Fairhaven Branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 55 miles from 
 Boston. It is bounded on the north by Rochester, also in part by 
 Marion ; east by the latter and Buzzard's Bay ; south by the last, and 
 
448 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 west by FairLavcn and Acushnet, in Bristol County. Its assessed 
 area is 9,055 ; and of this 4,4.S0 acres are woodland, consisting of oak, 
 maple and pini-. 
 
 There are large cedar swamps in the northern section, one in the 
 western part, and a salt-marsh at the southwestern side of Mattapoisett 
 Neck, — the latter forming the southwestern side of the harbor of 
 the same name. A lighthouse marks the northern side of the 
 entrance. Into this harbor flows Mattapoisett Kiver, coming from 
 Rochester on the north through the western section of the town. 
 Well situated on the north side of the harbor is the pretty village 
 of Mattapoisett, the .streets shaded by many elm, horse-chestnut, 
 maple and. linden trees. It is the post-office and railroad station of 
 the town. A little east of it is Cannonville, the other village. 
 
 The soil is generally fertile, and the product of the S3 farms in 
 1SS5 was valued at .S0.S,414. There are several small saw mills, a 
 chair factory, a box factory, and a ship-yard. The aggregate value 
 of all goods made in the last State census year was *50,760. The 
 fisheries amounted to $L',027 ; the catch consisting of alewives, blue- 
 fish, squeteague, tautog and flounders. The number of dwelling- 
 houses was 339, of which several were elegant residences. The 
 population was 1,-15, and the legal voters 300. The valuation of 
 the town in lStfiS was SI. 400,905, with a tax-rate of $7.50 on $1,000. 
 
 There is a high school with two lower grades, occupying six school 
 buildings valued at some i? 10,000. The town library contains 
 nearly 1,500 volumes There is one church edifice each of the Con- 
 gregationalists, Universalists, Episcopalians, Christian Baptists, 
 Adventists, Friends, — together with one union church. The special 
 attractions of the town are good roads, pleasant drives, good fishing, 
 boating and bathing, 
 
 This town was formerly the south part of Kochester ; and was set 
 off and incorporated May .'0, 1*57. The name applied to the town, 
 river, bay and western neck is the Indian name for a spring a mile 
 or two north of the village, where, in coming down to the shore to 
 fish, they were accustomed to rest ; and the name is said to signify 
 " a place of rest." It is now called " King Philip's Crystal Spring." 
 The first church in the town was organized July L'8, 1736, and the 
 Rev. Ivory Jlovey was the first pastor. A later one was the Rev. 
 Thomas Robbins, D. I)., a line scholar and a good historical writer, 
 settled in ls.IL'. Of the soldiers furnished by this town for the 
 Union cause, 18 were killed in battle or died in the service. 
 
 Maiichailg Pond lies in Douglas and Sutton. 
 MailgUS Hill, in Wollesley, is .;•.'.-> feet in height. 
 
 TYTni/norrl ' 8 a thrifty manufacturing town situated in the 
 iVlciyilclIU W1 , st( , m ,; art f Middlesex County, 27 miles 
 from Boston. It is bounded on the northeast by Acton and Con- 
 cord, on tho southeast by Sudbury, on the southwest by Stow, and 
 on the northwest by the latter and Acton. The assessed area is 
 .'5,050 acres; and then- are included about l.L'70 acres of woodland. 
 
MElUASli W VILLE— MEDFIELD. 449 
 
 The Assabet River flows northeastward through the town, furnish- 
 ing a valuable power at Maynard village, which occupies the central 
 part of the town. Its lots are spacious, and the streets well shaded 
 with handsome maples. The post-office for the town is located here. 
 The Marlboro Branch of the Fitcbburg Railroad gives connection 
 with other towns and roads north and south. The Assabet Manu- 
 facturing Company's woollen mill employs some JS75 persons, and is 
 the principal industry of the place. Twenty -two persons were in 
 1885 employed in the powder-mill. The various food preparations 
 amounted to $ (.52,820. Other manufactures were iron and other 
 metallic work, lumber, furniture, carriages and leather. There were 
 47 farms, whose product in the year 1*85, reported in the last 
 State census, aggregated in the sum of •i?(>.">,171. The number of 
 dwelling-houses was 535; the population 2,70.'!. of whom 492 were 
 legal voters. The valuation in lsys was §l,ii5t>,3!'0, with a tax- 
 rate of $9 on $1,000. 
 
 The schools are graded from primary to high, and occupy 4 build- 
 ings valued at some §20,000. There is a free public library of 
 about 3,000 volumes ; an association library has a smaller number; 
 and three Sunday schools are well supplied. The " Maynard 
 Journal " is the weekly newspaper for the town. The Methodists, 
 Congregationalists and the Roman Catholics each have a church 
 edifice here. 
 
 The locality of Maynard was long known as "A^abet Village," 
 which, with the surrounding rural parts, was taken from the towns 
 of Stow and Sudbury, and incorporated, April l'.», 1871. It was 
 named from the Maynards, citizens of the place, to whose excellent 
 management is due the prosperity of the town. 
 
 MechaniCSville, in Attleborough ; also in Fall River. 
 
 TV/T J£j 1J is a beautiful old town in the western part of 
 lVlcUllclU. Norfolk County, about twenty miles southwest 
 of Boston. Dover bounds it on the north, the same and Walpole on 
 the east, the latter and Norfolk on the south, and Millis on the west. 
 The assessed area is 8,222 acres, — of which 2,174 acres are forests, 
 composed chiefly of maple and chestnut. 
 
 Noon Hill and three smaller hills in the southwest mark tin- 
 angles of a rhomb. Almost the entire northwest corner, from 
 Castle Hill in the north to Mount Nebo in the east, is occupied by 
 high, rocky woods. Charles River forms the entire western line of 
 the town ; receiving, as affluents, a large brook from the northeast, 
 and Stop River, coming up nearly to the centre from Norfolk. Vine 
 Brook runs through the centre, where it turns two or three small 
 mills. Through the eastern section flows Tubwreck Brook from 
 Great Spring in Dover, ending in two ponds on the east of Mount 
 Nebo; and the outlet of these — Mill Brook — flows southerly to 
 Neponset River. The rock formation of the town is largely gneiss 
 and granite. The soil is clayey loam. 
 
450 HAZKTTKKIl OF MASSACIIl'SETTS. 
 
 The aggregate product of the XX farms, in 1885, was valued at 
 $95,759. The largest factory is the Excelsior Straw Works, which 
 employs about 700 persons, making hats, bonnets and other straw 
 goods. There are a saw mill, a turning-mill, a box and a carriage 
 factory. According to the last State census, findings and trim- 
 mings were made to the value of 812,000; iron and other metallic 
 goods, $1X,<;.';2; wooden goods, 8-1,570; wood and metal goods, 
 $12,352; and straw goods, $350,000. The value of the aggregate 
 manufactures of the town was $460,081. There were 298 dwelling- 
 houses and 1,594 inhabitants, — of whom 3*1 were legal voters. The 
 valuation in 1888 was 81,181,130, with a tax-rate of $10.50 on 
 $1,(100. 
 
 Medfield Centre is the principal village, having its streets finely 
 ornamented with elms and maples. It contains the chief factory 
 and the post-office, and a station on the Framingham and Mansfield 
 line of the Old Colony Railroad. The other station on this road is 
 at Mansfield Junction, where it crosses the Woonsocket Division of 
 the New York and" New England Railroad; the latter having also 
 "Farm Station" in the north part of the town. Chenery Hall, a 
 fine brick building for the use of the town and for the public library, 
 was the gift of George Chenery, a native and resident of Medfield. 
 The library now contains upwards of 3,000 volumes. The local 
 newspaper is the " Bulletin." There are a primary, a grammar and 
 a high school, occupying three good buildings valued at nearly 
 $10,000. The Congregationalists, Baptists and Unitarians each 
 have a church edifice. 
 
 This town was detached from Dedham and incorporated as 
 Medfield, May 22,10.11. The name is supposed to have been formed 
 from a natural feature of the place — the extensive meadow fields 
 along the Charles. In the early days it was the scene of much suf- 
 fering from the Indians. Early on the morning of February 21, 
 1075, King Philip, at the head of 200 or 300 painted warriors of the 
 Narragansett tribe, entered the town while its unsuspecting inhabi- 
 tants were asleep, and commenced a cruel massacre. The 
 inhabitants quickly rallied and drove the savages from the place, 
 but not until 18 persons had been killed and more than 50 dwellings 
 burned. It is said that Philip rode about upon a handsome charger 
 directing the devastation. The Baxter house, built in 1696, at a 
 recent date was still standing at the centre, being the oldest house 
 in the town. 
 
 Among the eminent persons who were natives of Medfield are 
 Hannah Adams (17r.5-l.S31), Lowell Mason (1702-1872), and Hon. 
 Joseph Breek (d. 1873), for many years president of the Massachu- 
 setts Horticultural Society. 
 
 1VT Pf\ f nrrl ' s an alu '' ont an( * charming suburban town in the 
 
 lvi CU1U1U southeastern part of Middlesex County, 5 miles 
 
 northwest of Boston by the Medford Branch Railroad, which has 
 
 stations at (lion wood, Park Street, and Medford village. Through 
 
 the entire western section of the town runs the Boston and Lowell 
 
MEDFORD. 451 
 
 Railroad, having stations at College Hill, Medford Hillside, West 
 Medford and Mystic ; both roads belonging to the Boston and Maine 
 Railroad system. Medford (village), West Medford, College Hill, 
 Glenwood and Wellington are the post-offices. Other villages are 
 East Medford, South Medford and Medford Steps. 
 
 The boundaries of the town are Winchester and Stoneharn on the 
 north, Melrose, Maiden and Everett on the east, Somerville on the 
 south and southwest, and Arlington and Winchester on the west. 
 The assessed area is 4,654 acres, of which 4211 acres are forest. A 
 considerable portion of the north part of the town is included in that 
 much-esteemed tract of wilderness known as "Middlesex Fells." 
 Close on the northern line, and partly in this tract, also, is Spot 
 Pond, in Stoneharn, from which by excellent and costly water-works 
 the Medford villages are supplied with good water. The surface of 
 the town is beautifully diversified ; and from Rock, Walnut and 
 Pine hills and the highlands along 1 the Maiden border delightful 
 views are obtained of Boston and the neighboring towns and villages. 
 The underlying rock is sienite. Along the western border lie the 
 Mystic ponds, from which Boston draws a portion of its water 
 supply. The outlet of these, Mystic River, pursues a serpentine 
 course in a southeasterly direction through the southern part of the 
 town to Everett, where it receives Maiden Kiver and meets the tide. 
 It is navigable for schooners up to Medford centre, the principal 
 village. There are salt meadows in the vicinity of the mouth of the 
 river which yield large quantities of hay. 
 
 The farms are 31 in number, and in 1XS5 their aggregate yield was 
 valued at $66,809. Ten thousand of this was from the greenhouses. 
 A large part of the town is underlaid by a fine clay, from which, in 
 the southern part, immense numbers of bricks are made. In 18S5 
 one establishment employed in this business 270 men. The town 
 also has a rubber factory employing 36 persons ; print-works 
 employing nearly 100 persons ; a carpet factory employing 26 ; a 
 furniture factory employing some 35 persons ; a carriage factory 
 employing 49; a soda-fountain factory employing 1.'! ; while about 
 100 persons are engaged in making metallic goods — consisting of 
 small machinery, articles of brass and tin, scientific instruments, 
 jewelry, etc. Some other manufactures are boots and shoes, hosiery 
 and knit goods, leather (to the value of $98,530), lumber and food 
 preparations (including the distillery product), to the value of 
 152,450. The aggregate value of the products, as given in the State 
 census for 1885 was $1,133,206. The Maiden Savings Bank, at the 
 opening of the present year, held deposits to the amount of ?C4C,- 
 912. The valuation of the town in 1888 was §8,929,075,— with a 
 tax-rate of $14 on $1,000. The number of dwellings was 1,914, and 
 the population (1885), 9,042, including 2,119 legal voters. 
 
 The principal village is beautifully situated on rising ground on 
 both sides of the Mystic River, which is here spanned by a draw- 
 bridge. There are several attractive streets ; that on which stand 
 the Unitarian and Episcopal churches being especially well shaded, 
 and one of the handsomest in the country. The town has a public 
 
452 (lAZETTKKll OF MASSACIll'SluTTS. 
 
 library of some ten thousand volumes, with a fine building, the gift 
 of Mr. Thatcher Magoun. There is also a new opera house and 
 concert hall of ample size. The two weekly newspapers are the 
 " Mercury " and the '' Riverside News." The Congregationalists and 
 Methodists have each two church edifices, and the Baptists, Episco- 
 palians, Unitarians, Universalists and the Roman Catholics one 
 each. The system of schools includes a high school ; and for their 
 vise 11 building an; provided, having a value of upwards of $100,- 
 000. Tufts < 'ollege, incorporated in 1 s52, consists of eight handsome 
 buildings within grounds upwards of 1- acres in extent, and occupy- 
 ing a commanding situation upon College Hill. The scenery here 
 is not surpassed of its kind. 
 
 The house on Governor Matthew < iradock's plantation, erected in 
 1638, is supposed to be the oldest building in the State. It stands 
 on the left bank of the Mystic River. Governor Winthrop's vessel, 
 " The Blessing of the Bay," was built here ; and since then more 
 than 500, varying in si/.e ironi the least up to L',ouu tons, have been 
 successfully launched from the shores of this town. Rock Hill is 
 said to have been the local residence of Xanepashemet, the sachem of 
 the Rawtuckets. The First Trinitarian church here was organized 
 October 1', 1823 : the Mystic Church, July 0. 1M7; Grace Church, 
 February 15, 1S4N, and its unique and beautiful edifice first occupied 
 in the autumn of 18(kS. The Baptist Church was established in 
 1x50 and the Umversalist in 1834. The town furnished 770 men. 
 to the Union army and navy during the war of the Rebellion ; and 
 to those who were lost it has erected a suitable monument. 
 
 Among the most eminent persons belonging originally to this town 
 are John Tufts (1680-1750), author and clergyman; Cotton Tufts. 
 M.l). (17:!4-iSl. r )); John Brooks, M.D., LL.D. (1752-1825}, a gov- 
 ernor of Massachusetts ; Charles Brooks (1705-1872), clergyman, 
 author and educationist ; .lohn J. Gilchrist (180D-1S5X). an eminent 
 jurist; George Luther Stearns (1800-1x67), a reformer and patriot 
 Lydia Maria (Francis) Child (1802) is claimed by this town also. 
 
 ]V/r_ J ...... is a fine old town forming the northwest corner of 
 
 IVlCUWciy Norfolk County, and bounded on the north by 
 Holliston, east by Millis, south by Franklin and Bellingham, and 
 west by Milford. The assessed area is G.G7S acres, of which 1,885 
 are woodland. Medway and West Medway are the post-offices and 
 villages, and both are stations on the Woonsoeket Division of the 
 New York and New England Railroad; the station in the first being 
 25 miles from Boston. 
 
 The Charles Kiver forms a part of the southern line, and furnishes 
 a strong power at Medway village. The other streams are Hopping 
 Brook in the western and Chicken Brook in the eastern part, flowing 
 south into the Charles River. The surface of the town is level, or 
 gently undulating. The geological structure is sienite and calcare- 
 ous gneiss ; and very good beds of brick-clay occur at several points. 
 
 The soil is fairly fertile. In 1SS5, the farms numbered 100; the 
 aggregate product of that year being valued at ."$82,184. There are 
 
MEETlMi-UOUSE HILL— MELEOSE. 4.")3 
 
 in the town two boot and shoe factories employing upwards of 40(1 
 persons ; a woollen mill employing about 100 ; and one or more straw 
 factories employing, in the year mentioned, over 100 persons. Ma- 
 chinery, awls, and other tools and metallic goods were made to the 
 value of $13,074. Carriages, cotton and paper goods, leather, lum- 
 ber, food preparations, etc., are also made in variable quantities. 
 The value of the aggregate product, as given in the last State census, 
 was §"43,419. The Medway Savings Bank at the b 'ginning of the 
 present year, held deposits to the amount of $19(>,Nf>.">. The popida- 
 tion was 2,777, which included 740 legal voters. The number of 
 taxed dwelling-houses in ISSN was oils. The valuation in that year 
 was $1,307,165, — with a tax-rate of *l.~i on §1,000. 
 
 Sanford Hall, in part the gift of Milton Sanford, a native of the 
 town, contains a commodious audience-room and offices. The news- 
 papers are the " Gazette " and the " Magnet," both weekly issues. 
 There are primary, grammar, high and mixed schools, which are pro- 
 vided for in six buildings valued at about $17,000. There is a 
 circulating library of about 1,000 volumes, and the four Sunday 
 schools have good collections of books. The Congregationalists have 
 a church at each village, the Methodists have one at West Medway, 
 and there is one of the Roman Catholics. 
 
 Medway was set off from Medfield and incorporated, October 24, 
 1713. Perhaps the name was suggested by Medway River, in 
 England. The church at West Medway was organized 1750, and two 
 " years later the Rev. David Thurston was ordained as pastor. The 
 eastern part of the town was set off in 1S85 to form the town of 
 Millis. 
 
 Medway furnished 300 soldiers for the Union army in the late 
 war, of whom 52 were lost. The conditions of the town appear 
 favorable to longevity, as there were, in 1SS5, 40 residents over 80 
 years of age, five over 90, and one aged 105 years. 
 
 William T. Adams (1822), the popular " Oliver Optic," is a native 
 of this town. 
 
 Meeting-hoUSe Hill, an elevated locality in Dor- 
 chester ; also one in Watertown, 2.'!.°. feet in height. 
 
 lYTflrn^P * s a beautiful suburban tuwn in the eastern part of 
 
 IVlCIiUSC Middlesex County, seven miles north of Boston on 
 
 the main line, Western Division, of the Boston and Maine Railroad, 
 
 whose stations in the town are the Fells, at the south, Wyoming, 
 
 Melrose (centre) and Melrose Highlands (Stoneham station). 
 
 The boundaries are Wakefield on the north, Saugus on the east, 
 Maiden on the south, and Stoneham on the west. The area, exclud- 
 ing highways and water surfaces, is 2,73S acres. A considerable 
 portion, especially at the south, consists of forests 'of pine, oak and 
 walnut. At the centre is Ell Pond (or Crystal Lake) covering about 
 50 acres; in the east is Long Pond, and in the southeast, Swain's. 
 A beautiful streamlet from Spot Pond, at the west, dashes down the 
 rocky slopes, and through Wyoming, where it joins the outlet of Ell 
 
4, r )l UAZETTKKIt Ol' MASSACIirSETTS. 
 
 Pond, which becomes Maiden Eiver. Affluents of the Saugus River 
 drain the, eastern part of the town. The rock is chiefly sienite, and 
 shows in many ledges. The scenery is varied and picturesque. The 
 principal village lies in a pleasant valley ; but the highlands, 
 especially on the east and west, afford admirable views. The soil is 
 mostly a rich loam. 
 
 In 1XN5 the farms numbered .'if) ; and their aggregate product was 
 valued at £5!),931. Of this, the greenhouse contributed 820,552. 
 Much attention is given to the cultivation of apples, pears, small 
 fruits and strawberries. The Boston Rubber Shoe Company's factory 
 consists of two large brick buildings, and employs about 1,000 
 persons in busy times. The Small Brothers' furniture factory 
 employs nearly 100, and produced goods to the value of $20,000. 
 Barrett's shoe factory employs from 30 to 50 ; and there are four 
 smaller shoe factories ; the aggregate value of these articles made in 
 18N5 was •511-j,o"2. Some of the other manufactures are watches, 
 leather-board articles, leather, carriages and food preparations. The 
 aggregate value of all goods made was .$523,529. The Melrose 
 Savings Bank, at the beginning of the present year, held 8284,241 
 of deposits. The assessed dwellings in INNS were 1,630. The valua- 
 tion in that year was 8G,001,566, with a tax-rate of 813.60 on S1,0()0. 
 The population in 18S5 was 6,101, which included 1,491 legal voters. 
 
 The town is growing rapidly. There were, by the last State 
 census, 22 building establishments, all fully employed. Street 
 railways connect with Woburn, Maiden, Chelsea and Boston. The 
 entire central part of the town is supplied by an aqueduct with 
 excellent water from Spot Bond. There are maples and elms along 
 the village streets, of 50 years' growth, and new trees are annually 
 set. 
 
 The town-hall is a handsome edifice of brick and stone, built in 
 1873 at a cost of SIm.ikK). There are also several handsome busi- 
 ness blocks, and an Episcopal and a Universalist church edifice 
 recently erected — the first being constructed of granite. The 
 other church edifices belong to tin- First Congregationalists, the 
 Baptists, Methodists, Unitarians, and Roman Catholics; and there 
 is a Second Congregationalist at Melrose Highlands. The public 
 schools consist of primary, grammar and high, occupying 11 build- 
 ings, valued at some 800, 000. Melrose public library has nearly 
 .S,0()0 volumes. There are two weekly newspapers published here, 
 tho new and newsy " Reporter " and the old " .Journal," which still 
 remains a family favorite, 
 
 Sel I lements were made near the centre of this town as early as 
 1050 by Kusign Thomas Lynde and lialph Sprague. and descendants 
 of both are still resident in the vicinity. The territory of this town 
 was taken from Maiden, and incorporated, May 3, lS.Vd. The name 
 is compounded of tho Latin word for honey, and our own name for 
 the loveliest of flowers, — thus, Mel-ro.ic ,• and, if the place do not 
 belie its name, it should abound in sweetness and beauty. 
 
 Many ] pie whose place of business is Boston, make their 
 
 residence here. Mrs. Mary A. Livermore also is a resident. 
 
MENAMSEI— MEND ON. 455 
 
 Menamshl, a village in Chilmark. 
 
 M endal S H il 1, in Fairhaven, 146 feet in height. 
 
 TVT enrl r»n ^ es m tne southeasterly part of Worcester County, 
 1VXCUUUU 34 miles southwest from Boston. South Hopedale 
 (formerly South Milford), three miles east of Mendon village, on 
 the Milford Branch of the New York and New England Railroad, is 
 the nearest station. The northern part of the town lies partially 
 between Upton and Hopedale. Bellingham lies on the east of the 
 southern section, Blackstone on the south, and Uxbridge and North- 
 bridge on the west. 
 
 The land is elevated in the centre, and rises into Miscoe Hill in 
 the north, Neck Hill at the northeast, West and Pond hills in the 
 western part of the northern section, Calebs (or Inman) Hill in the 
 south, and Chestnut (or Wigwam) Hill in the southwest. Nipmnck 
 (or Tufts') Pond, a beautiful sheet of water covering about 160 acres, 
 with a pretty island in the centre, lies west of Mendon village. The 
 outlet of this pond is Rock-meadow Brook, flowing southwest to the 
 Blackstone River. Mill River flows through the southeastern sec- 
 tion, receiving from Mendon, Muddy and Spring brooks. 
 
 The assessed area of the town is 10,822 acres, of which 4,775 are 
 woodland. The soil is moist, strong and deep. The apple-tree 
 thrives here, and the place has long been noted for its excellent 
 winter apples. Cranberries and strawberries, also, are much 
 cultivated. The number of farms in 1885 was 253, and the value of 
 their aggregate product was $134,231. In the same year there was 
 one shoe factory, employing seven persons ; while 26 persons were 
 making straw goods ; and there were one lumber mill, two box 
 factories, two carriage factories and a stone quarry. Certain 
 machinery, woollen goods and food articles were made in small 
 quantity. The value of the aggregate manufactures was $34,737. 
 There were 242 dwelling-houses, and 045 inhabitants ; 261 being 
 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $547,15*, with a tax-rate 
 of $11.50 on $1,000. Mendon, the post-office and principal village, 
 is situated slightly north of the centre. The other village is Albee- 
 ville. There is a town-hall ; the Taft Public Library has some 
 2,500 volumes in a suitable building; and one Sunday school lias 
 nearly 600 volumes. There are two churches — the Unitarian and 
 the Methodist. The town has primary, grammar and high schools. 
 
 The Indian name of Mendon was Qunshapauge, but it was also 
 called Nipmug. It was settled originally by John Moore, George 
 Aldrich, Daniel Lovett, Josiah Chapin, Ferdinando Thayer, John 
 Scammell and others, from Braintree ; and William Holbrook, 
 Abraham Staples, Samuel Pratt, and others, from Weymouth. It 
 was named for the town of Mendham, Suffolk County, England, and 
 was incorporated May 15, 1667 ; being, next to Lancaster, the oldest 
 town in Worcester County. Much of its original territory has been 
 taken to form other towns. It was destroyed by the Indians, July 
 
456 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 14, 1675, when several of its inhabitants were killed. Among them 
 was Richard Tost, said to have been the first victim of King Philip's 
 War in the State. The road on which he lived is still known as 
 'Post's Lane." The first public school was established in 1701- 
 the first school-house erected in 1750. 
 
 On the 15th of May, 1867, the town held a bicentennial celebra- 
 tion. The poem read by Hon. Henry ('liapin, of Worcester, on that 
 occasion makes allusions as follows : 
 
 " Let Milford boast of boots and ^hoes 
 
 Of choicest kinds of leather ; 
 And Upton girls grow rich as Jews 
 
 On bonnet, band and feather : 
 Northbridge and Uxbridge thrive and grow 
 
 On cotton, steam and water; 
 While Blackstone spreads her branches so, 
 
 Though she's the youngest daughter. 
 
 " Old Mendon yet 6hall raise her head; 
 She is not dead, but sleepeth ; 
 She yet remains the old homestead: 
 The fathers' dust she keepeth." 
 
 Merino Village, in Dudley. 
 
 Merrick, a village in West Springfield. 
 
 ]\/r fkrr J rn _ r is a thrifty and attractive manufacturing town 
 IVlcrrilTlciL s it ua ted on the north bank of the Merrimack 
 River, and bounded by Amesbury on the east, West Newbury and 
 Haverhill on the south, and Newton in New Hampshire on the 
 northwest and north. The West Amesbury (Merrimac) Branch 
 Railroad connects this town with the Western Division of the Bos- 
 ton and Maine Railroad. 
 
 The villages are Merrimac, near the centre, Merrimacport on the 
 river, and Birchdale, near Amesbury. The first two are post-offices. 
 The assessed area of the town is 4,960 acres, including 786 acres of 
 woodland. The town is pleasantly diversified with hill, valley and 
 plain, with a fine pond (Kimball's) at the northeast side, 90 feet 
 above the sea, and covering 408 acres. From it flows Powow 
 River, forming the divisional line with Amesbury, and turning sev- 
 eral mills in that town. There is an extensive plain near the cen- 
 tral village, marked by a meeting-house, and a burying-ground, 
 noted for the old fort and the militia trainings ; and another plain 
 equally large near the eastern cemetery, noted for great trainings 
 and Indian relics. lirandybrow Hill, west, and Red Oak Hill, north 
 of the centre, arc the chief elevations, and afford extensive and 
 beautiful views. The geological formation is chiefly Merrimack 
 schist. The noble Merrimack Kiver makes a deep curve in the 
 southern side of the town. It is navigable for schooners to Merri- 
 mac ; and during the warmer part of the year it presents an ani- 
 mated scene, from numerous sailing crafts and small steamers bear- 
 ing pleasure parties from the busy cities above to favorite points on 
 
MERRIMACK 111VER. 457 
 
 the river, or out on the sea. Cobbler's Brook, gathering its waters 
 in the northwestern part of the town, flows through both villages to 
 the large river, furnishing valuable power. 
 
 The principal business is carriage-making, in the different depart- 
 ments of which, in numerous shops, some 500 men are engaged. 
 The aggregate value of the product in the last State census year 
 (1885) was $621,935. There were also a boot and shoe factory em- 
 ploying 16 persons ; two saw mills, a tannery, an earthenware fac- 
 tory, a printing office and others. The food preparations amounted 
 to $24,100. The value of the aggregate manufactures of the town 
 was $708,498. The product of the 50 farms amounted to *44,084. 
 There is a national bank with a capital of §200,000; and the Merri- 
 mack Savings Bank, at the beginning of the present year, held de- 
 posits to the amount of $400,996. The valuation in lfi*8 was 
 11,337,739, with a taxation of $18 on $1,000. The dwelling-houses 
 numbered 492; the population 2,378, including 641 legal voters. 
 The town-hall, a handsome building with a tower containing a clock, 
 and costing about $25,000, was presented by William P. Sargent, 
 Esq., a wealthy carriage manufacturer of the town, but residing in 
 Boston. The public library, opened in 1877, had in 1885, 4,00o 
 volumes. A further source of entertainment and instruction is the 
 "Budget," issued weekly. The town has primary, grammar and 
 high schools, occupying eight buildings, valued at nearly $20,000. 
 The Congregationalists, Baptists and Universalists each have a 
 church edifice at the centre village, and the Methodists and Baptists 
 have each one at Merrimacport. 
 
 The Congregational church here was organized in 1726. This 
 town was formerly the west parish of Amesbury, and was set off and 
 incorporated, April 11, 1876. 
 
 1\/T f±rr\ rr>o r-V T? \\rf*r one of tne principal streams in 
 IVAerrillldCrv IVIVCI, New Engi^ ^ formed of two 
 
 nearly equal branches. The north branch, called Pemigewasset . 
 rises near the Notch of the White Mountains, and passes south- 
 wardly through the corner of Franconia, through Lincoln, Peeling, 
 Thornton and Campton, forming the boundary between Plymouth 
 and Holderness, and also the boundary line between the counties of 
 Belknap and Grafton, from the south corner of Holderness to near 
 its junction with the Winnipesaukee. It receives several considerable 
 branches in its course ; Mad Biver, in Campton ; Baker's, in Ply- 
 mouth; and streams flowing from Squam and Newforraed lakes, 
 with numerous small tributaries. The east branch is the Winni- 
 pesaukee, through which pass the waters of the lake of that name. 
 The descent of this branch, from the lake to its junction with the 
 Pemigewasset, is 232 feet. The confluent stream bears the name of 
 Merrimack, and pursues a south course, 7S miles, to Chelmsford, 
 Massachusetts ; thence an east course, 35 miles, to the sea at New- 
 buryport. On the north line of Concord, the Contoocook discharges 
 its waters into the Merrimack. The Soucook becomes a tributary 
 in Pembroke, and the Suncook between Pembroke and Allenstown. 
 
458 (sa/.kttkkh of Massachusetts. 
 
 The Piscataquog unites in Bedford; the Souhegan in Merrimack; 
 and the beautiful Is' ashua River in the town of Nashua. A consid- 
 erable stream called Stony Brook enters it from the southwest in 
 Chelmsford, Massachusetts ; and the sluggish Concord, from the 
 midst of Middlesex (Jounty, wakes and leaps down upon it in Lowell. 
 The beautiful Shawsheen, flowing northeast, enters it between Law- 
 rence and North Andover. On the north side, the Merrimack 
 receives Beaver Kiver in Pracut; Little Itiver in Haverhill; and 
 Towow Kiver between Aiuesbury and Salisbury. The principal 
 tributaries before it enters Massachusetts are on the west side of 
 the rive i', mostly rising in the highlands between it and the Connect- 
 icut. There are numerous falls in the Merrimack, the most noted 
 of which are Garven's, in Concord, the falls in Hookset, and Amos- 
 keag, in Coffstown and Manchester. These falls have all been ren- 
 dered passable by locks, and boat navigation was many years ago 
 extended as far as Concord. There are several fine bridges over the 
 river, besides a number of ferries. The Merrimack, whose foun- 
 tains are nearly on a level with those of the Connecticut, being 
 much shorter in its course, has a far more rapid descent to the sea 
 than the latter river. Hence the intervales on its borders are less 
 extensive, and the scenery less beautiful than on the longer river. 
 It is, however, a majestic stream, and its waters are remarkably pure 
 and wholesome ; and on its borders are situated some of the most 
 important towns in New England. Its width varies from 5<> to 120 
 rods ; and at its mouth it presents a beautiful sheet half -a mile in 
 width. The name of this river was originally written Merramaeke 
 and Monnomake, Indian words signifying " a sturgeon. - ' 
 
 MetCalf , a village in Holliston. 
 
 TVTpfl-iiipn f° rms * ne northwest angle of Essex County, and 
 iVldllucll jj es on (.] ie nor t u s i ( i e f t ae Merrimack River, 
 
 but separated from it at the middle by half the city of Lawrence; 
 by which, with the deep intrusion opposite of a large angle of 
 Salem, N. H., the town is nearly cut in two parts. Haverhill and 
 Bradford bound it on the northeast; North Andover, Lawrence and 
 Andover on the southeast, and Draeut on the west. The assessed 
 area is 1.%''.'!.'! acres, of which ;>,017 are forest. 
 
 The noble Merrimack forms the line between this town and 
 Andover, North Andover and Bradford. From New Hampshire 
 eomes the S picket Hivcr, its volume increased from South Pond, 
 in the western part of the town, and .Mystic, near the centre. At 
 Mcthuen village it has a wild and beautiful fall of 36 feet over a 
 broken and precipitous ledge of slate rock. The eastern part of the 
 town is drained by Hawke's Brook. 
 
 The land is good, and is finely interspersed with hills and valleys. 
 The farms, L'l'J in number, are neatly kept, and had in 1885 a pro- 
 duct amounting to SL'.V.I,1M,'S, Nearly all kinds of the common 
 fruits and berries are cultivated with large success. The Lawrence 
 and Manchester, N. 11., branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad 
 
MICA MILL — MIDDLEBOROUGU. 459 
 
 intersects the town. The larger manufactories are one cotton mill, 
 two woollen mills, one jersey mill, one wool-scouring mill, two hat 
 factories, and one shoe factory. According to the last State census, 
 the cotton mills employed in 1885, 440 persons ; the woollen mills, 
 covering some two acres of ground, employed over 200; the annual 
 product of hosiery and knit goods amounted to #274,300; the larger 
 of the hat factories covered about one acre, its capacity being 150 to 
 200 dozen hats daily, and its annual product having a value of some 
 #250,000. The chemical works and the New Arlington mill are in 
 Methuen, next to Lawrence. Other considerable manufactures are 
 boots and shoes, metallic goods, leather and lumber. The value of 
 the aggregate manufactured products in 1X85 was !?2,034,070. There 
 is here a national bank with a capital of #100,000. The dwelling- 
 houses were 815 in number; and the population was 4.507, of whom 
 883 were voters. The valuation in 18SS was $2,804,732, with a tax- 
 rate of S15 on §1,000. 
 
 There are a capacious town-hall, and an excellent library of some 
 12,000 volumes, in a beautiful Bomauesque edifice, — gifts of the 
 Nevins family of this town, and bearing the name of Nevins Memo- 
 rial Hall and Library. Another striking edifice is the Trinitarian 
 Congregational church, a massive structure of stone, with ivy- 
 covered walls and antique gray tower 150 feet high. The other 
 church edifices are those of the Baptist, Episcopalians, V in verbal- 
 ists and Methodists; and there is also a Roman Catholic society. 
 Methuen has 10 school-houses, whole value is nearly 40,000. The 
 "Transcript" is Methuen's local weekly journal, and there is an 
 entertaining monthly called " The High School Atom." 
 
 This town, formerly a part of Haverhill, was incorporated Decem- 
 ber, 8, 1725. Governor Dummer named the town in honor of his 
 friend, Lord Methuen, at that time English minister to Spain. 
 
 The town furnished 303 men to the Union cause in the late war, 
 and lost 45 of them. A handsome monument has been erected to 
 their memory by Mr. C. H. Tenney, of New York city ; who has a 
 beautiful and extensive establishment in the town for his summer 
 residence. The local residence of Ol. Henry C. Nevins, also, con- 
 sists of elegant buildings, and extensive lawns and groves having a 
 great variety of plants, and further decorated with many elegant 
 bronze casts of rare and familiar animals. 
 
 Mica Mill, a village in Chester. 
 
 Mirlrllpi-inrrnicrii is an unusually level town of large area 
 laaieDorougn lying in the western pai . t of thesouth . 
 
 ern section of Plymouth County. The Cape Cod Division of the 
 Old Colony Railroad runs through the midst of the town, swerving 
 to the west of the centre, where it connects near Four Corners 
 village (Middleborough station) with the Newport line and the 
 Taunton Branch. It is some 35 miles from Boston, 20 from Fall 
 River and New Bedford, 15 from Plymouth and 10 from Taunton. 
 On the north are Bridgewater and Halifax ; on the east, Plympton 
 
4G0 (iAZKTTEKIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ami Carver; on (lie south, Wareham and Rochester: and on the 
 west, Taunton and ltaynham. The area is about t-'i,577 acres, of 
 which 3H,171 are taxed. There are 19,.'!52 acres of forest, consisting- 
 principally of pines. Kims arc numerous, especially about the 
 villages. The, land is slightly undulating in parts, but mostly low, 
 level and swampy. There arc not less than 19 swamps shown in the 
 county map within the limits of the town. Several are of large 
 extent, and one in the southeast part is some five miles long and 
 from one hall to one mile wide. Near the centre are Tispaquin and 
 Wood's ponds, the first covering about 260 acres, and the othei 
 some 50 acres. Their outlet is Fall Brook, which flows into Asso- 
 wompset Pond, at the west of the southern section of the town, and, 
 with Pocksha and (heat < v >uittacus ponds;, partly within its line. 
 Along the eastern side, forming in part the boundary line, is 
 Weweantitt River, flowing into Buzzard's Bay. The north and 
 northwest are drained by Namasket River and other affluents of 
 the Taunton River. A long tract of land between the marshy stream 
 called Black Branch and Pocksha and Great Quittacus ponds bears 
 the name of Mad Mare's Neck. Middleborough (Tour Corners), 
 Rock and South Middleborough are the railroad stations ; which, 
 with North Middleborough (Titicut) and Eddysville, are the post- 
 offices ; the other villages being Namasket, Puddingshire, Tack 
 Factory, Thomastown, Waterville and the Green (at the centre). 
 
 There are in the town 324 farms, whose product in 1885 amounted 
 to the sum of $306,581. The sotl is generally sandy and poor, but 
 few towns surpass this in the value of its crops. Apples, cran- 
 berries, strawberries, blueberries and huckleberries are produced in 
 large quantity. A recent news statement is to the effect that Rocky 
 Meadow cranberry bog, in this town, has a crop of 1,420 barrels of 
 cranberries. The manufactures are numerous. There were in 1*85 
 seven establishments making boots and shoes, employing 344 
 persons, and having a product valued at $561,455; a straw goods 
 factory employing 151) persons, the product selling for $338,818; 
 while various metallic goods brought §51,400, and wooden goods 
 $79,464. There were 6 saw mills. 4 wooden-box mills, 9 carriage 
 factories, a woollen mill, a broom factory, a stone yard, a brick and 
 tile yard, a tannery, a trunk and valise factory, 3 printing offices, and 
 several other manufactories. The value of the aggregate product, 
 was $1,291,129. There is a new co-operative bank ; and the savings 
 bank held, at the beginning of this year, deposits to the amount of 
 ♦013,059. The number of dwelling-houses was 1,185; the popula- 
 tion 5,10.'!; and of these, 1,501' were legal voters. The valuation in 
 1SSS was §2,925,45.'!, with a tax-rate of *14 on 11,000. 
 
 There is a good town-hall, a public library of about 5,000 volumes, 
 and the Pratt Free School library, containing upwards of 800. 
 There are primary, grammar and high schools, occupying 32 build- 
 ings, valued at sonic £33,000. The Katun School here also has 
 good buildings. The " News " is a semi-weekly journal, and the 
 "Gazette," a weekly ; both having a large number of readers. There 
 are three Baptist, three Congregationalist and two Methodist 
 churches. 
 
MIDDLE FARMS — MtDDLEFlELD. 461 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Xumasket, "a place of fish." 
 The name of a village here — Titicut — signified the ''place of a 
 great river," to the Indians, who were very numerous in the town 
 before the English came, as shown by the crowded condition of their 
 burying places. The waters of this region swarmed with fish, and 
 the game animals were very numerous in the forests. It is said 
 that the place was visited by white men before the Pilgrims came. 
 
 The Plymouth Colony Records, under date of June 1, 1669, say : 
 •' Namassakett shall be a township, and to be called by the name 
 of Middleberry." This name was given, it is said, because the place 
 was half-way between Plymouth and Mount Hope, the home of 
 Massasoit. The Indians had two churches here in 1605 ; but the 
 English did not form one until 16! 14, when the Rev. Samuel Fuller 
 was ordained pastor. Robert Danson was the only English inhabi- 
 tant killed during King Philip's War, but the mill and about 20 
 dwelling-houses of the settlers were burned. Middleborough sent 
 406 men into the Union army and navy during the late war, of 
 whom 62 were lost. 
 
 This town is somewhat remarkable in respect to the longevity and 
 size of some of its people. Col. Ebenezer Sproat (1752-1X05), a 
 brave Revolutionary soldier, was called by the Indians the "Big 
 Buckeye." Lavinia, wife of C. G. Stratton (Tom Thumb), and Minnie 
 Warren, well-known dwarfs, were natives of this town. Luke Short, 
 who died here 1746, was 116 years of age. By the census of 1X85, 
 it appears there were then '.14 persons in the town who were over SO, 
 11 who were over 90, and one who was 1()1 years of age. 
 
 Middle Farms, a village in Westfield. 
 
 M«d/-11<3>{-i<^1rl * s a mountainous town forming the southwest 
 laUieneiU corner f Hampshire County. Middleiield 
 station, in the southern extremity of the town, on the Boston and 
 Albany Railroad, is 131 miles from Boston. The town is bounded 
 on the north by Peru and Worthington, on the east by the latter, on 
 the southeast by Chester and Becket, and on the west by the latter 
 and Washington. The assessed area is 14,165 acres, which is some 
 2,000 acres less than the actual extent. Included in these figures 
 are 4,239 acres of woodland. 
 
 The land is broken, and the scenery bold and picturesque. The 
 hills, though not lofty, are extensive, their long ridges having a 
 northwest and southeast trend. The highest point in town is a 
 broad plateau on which are situated the Highland Agricultural 
 Grounds. It is 1,200 feet above the level of the sea ; and the grand 
 and beautiful views spread out on every side are an inspiration to 
 the crowds which attend the annual exhibitions. The geological 
 formation is calcareous gneiss and the Quebec group, in which occur 
 specimens of glassy actinolite, rhombic spar, steatite, and radiated 
 pyrites. Soapstone has been quarried in two or more places. The 
 soil is strong and excellent for grazing. The Middle Branch of 
 Westfield River forms the eastern line, receiving in the town Tuttle 
 
462 tlAZETTEEl; or MASSACIIISETTS. 
 
 Brook and Den Stream ; while the West Branch marks the southern 
 extreme of the town, receiving Cole's Brook in the western part 
 and Factory Brook at Fat-lory Village (Middlefield station). There 
 are here a paper mill, employing in J S.s."">, 2'A persons; a woollen mill 
 employing 22, and other smaller manufactories. In that year there 
 were made in the town ."»2,.'>fi I pounds of maple sugar. The apple 
 crop was lo.l'.i'.l bushels; and 1,115 quarts of blackberries were 
 marketed. The number of neat cattle was o(il ; and there were 
 1,200 sheep, of which about one third were merinos. The dwelling- 
 houses numbered 115; the population was bl'A, including 111,' legal 
 voters. The valuation in lHHX was S 250,450, with a tax-rate of §10 
 on $1,000. 
 
 The post-offices are Middlefield (village) near the centre, and 
 Bancroft (village) at the southwest border. The public library has 
 some 500 volumes. There are nine public school-houses, valued at 
 some §4,000. The churches are Baptist and Congregational. 
 
 Middlefield was formed from parts of Worthington, Chester, 
 Becket, Partridgefield, and all of Rrescott's Grant, and incorporated 
 .March 11', 17*,'!. The first grist-mill was erected by Mr. John Ford 
 about 17S0. The Be v. Jonathan Nash, settled in 17'.»2. was the first 
 minister. David Mack was the first merchant in the town. He 
 began life poor, and extremely unlettered, but amassed a handsome 
 property, and gave freely of his substance for many beneficent 
 objects. He became a man of great influence, and was much in 
 public office ; dying at the goodly age of 94 years. 
 
 The people of this town sympathized with the leaders of Shays' 
 Rebellion ; and 5U men under Captain Ludington, of Middlefield, 
 were taken prisoners during that insurrection. The place was very 
 loyal in the late Rebellion, sending S5 men into the Union armies, of 
 whom 15 were lost. 
 
 1\/T I A A 1 /=» c <=» v f o r» 1 1 connect ed Boston Harbor with the 
 
 ivi lucuesex v^anai Merriuuu , k River above the falls at 
 
 Lowell; the design being to have a continuous navigable water-way 
 to Lake Winnipesaukee. The construction of the canal was begua 
 in or soon after 17112, and completed in l!S0S. At first, the boats 
 reached the harbor through Medford River, but the canal was later 
 extended to Charlestown. A dam from near Main Street to the flats 
 near .McLean Asylum formed the mill-pond, and the saw and grist 
 mills were built and owned by the canal company. The pond, with 
 a floating foot-bridge across it, formed a sale place for boats and 
 rafts to lie before locking out into Charles River. The canal was 27 
 miles long, ."><) feet wide and I feet deep. In leaving the mill-pond 
 at Charlestown, the boats entered the canal, and in passing to 
 Middlesex Village in Lowell they passed over 12 levels varying 
 from 10 rods to (> miles each. From the Concord River at Billerica 
 Mills it descended three or four feet, according to the height of the 
 water in the river; thence by one level of five miles to Middlesex 
 Village, where, by three locks, it entered the Merrimack. The 
 variation of level from the Concord River to tide-water was 107 
 
MIDDLESEX FELLS— MIDDLETON. 463 
 
 feet ; the descent from the Concord to the Merrimack being 27 feet. 
 The cost of the canal was $528,000. The annual income from toUs 
 was about $25,000. Boats of 24 tons usually occupied 12 hours in 
 passing through the canal. It is recorded that once when a horse 
 was giving a strong pull around a short curve, both the traces broke, 
 and the tow-rope, 90 feet long and attached to the mast of the boat, 
 contracted with such force that the whiffletree on its extremity 
 flew back against the mast. The canal was crossed by 41 or more 
 bridges. 
 
 lVTirlrllfCPY T^pllc is a mountainous tract of about 4,000 
 lVHUUiCbCX 1 cl1 ^ acres, comprised within the limits of 
 five towns at their adjoining borders, nearly as follows : Stoneham, 
 1,592 acres, together with about 400 acres of water surface ; Med- 
 ford, 1,342 acres; Winchester, about 400 acres; Melrose, about 
 200 acres ; and Maiden, about 50 acres. In the Stoneham portion 
 in 1880 there were about 20 buildings ; in Medford. not over 12 ; 
 and in the other towns not any that were known. An association 
 has been formed to put this tract in the hands of the Commonwealth 
 for public uses. 
 
 Middlesex Village, inLoweii. 
 
 1VT irlrl 1ft r»n * s a sma ^ an( i pleasant town situated on the 
 1V11UU1CLUI1 western borderof Essex County, l'.l miles north 
 of Boston, on the Lawrence Branch of the Boston and Maine Rail- 
 road. It is bounded on the north by North Andover and Hoxford, 
 east by Dan vers and Topsfield, south by the latter, lVabody and 
 Lynnfield, and west by North Reading. The assessed area is 8,295 
 acres, of which 1,871 are forest, consisting of .oak, maple, birch and 
 pine. 
 
 The Ipswich River, flowing southeast, then northeast, forms the 
 southern line of the larger part of the town, then flows northward 
 through the eastern section, and passing the centre, turns again and 
 leaves the town on the northeast side, at the angle known as the 
 " Disputed Territory." Boston Brook, from North Andover, enters 
 it at the northern bend ; and nearer the centre it receives a stream 
 from Swan Pond in the edge of North Reading ; and on this are two 
 or more saw mills. Potts' Pond is on this stream, with Will's Hill 
 on the south between it and Middleton Pond. The latter is a beau- 
 tiful sheet of water covering about 100 acres, its outlet being also 
 tributary to the Ipswich. East of this pond lies Middleton village, 
 at the centre. There are other considerable hills at the east and 
 southwest. The principal rock is sienite. 
 
 The soil is very good, and the farms well cared for. They are 66 
 in number ; and their product, according to the census of 1885, aggre- 
 gated in the sum of $77,783. The leading articles were of the dairy, 
 and vegetables. Apples, cranberries and strawberries were largely 
 raised. There were a boot and shoe factory in the town, employing 
 121 persons, a wooden-box factory employing 18 men, and two saw 
 mills employing nine men. Other manufactures were soap, metallic 
 
IU4 UAZKTTliKU Oh' MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ^uods (two factories), gluo and starch, and several of lesser impor- 
 tance. The valine of the aggregate product is stated at $259,039. 
 The population was 899, including 254 legal voters. The valuation 
 ia 1888 was ,fS. r <(>K,f;01 ; with a tax-rate of $10.40 on §1,000. There 
 were 211 assessed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The post-office is Middleton ; and this and Howe's are the railroad 
 stations. Paper Mill Village lias the enterprising factory which gives 
 it name. There are primary and grammar schools, provided for 
 in three buildings valued at about 810,000. The Flint* Public Lib- 
 rary contains upwards of .'i.ooo volumes. The < 'ougregationalists, 
 Methodists and Uni versa lists each have a church here. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Andover, Box ford, Topsfield 
 and Salem, and incorporated June »0, 1728. Its name was probably 
 suggested by its locality. Previously the inhabitants were spoken 
 ■of as " Will's Hill men," from the elevated ground near the centre. 
 The westerly part of the town was settled in 1660, and localities on 
 Pierce's and Nichol's brooks about 1003. The Rev. Andrew Peters, 
 the first minister, was ordained in 1729. 
 
 Charles L. Flint, late secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, 
 was born in this town in 1824. Of the men it furnished for the war 
 for the Union, 15 were lost; of whom three died in Andersonville 
 prison. 
 
 MlddletOWn, a village in Tisbury. 
 
 TV/T j 1 f _ ..J is a pleasant and prosperous town in the southeast- 
 1V1111U1U. er jy border of Worcester County, about 34 miles 
 west of Boston by the Milford Branch of the Boston and Albany 
 Railroad, connecting at Framingham. The New York and New Eng- 
 laud I tail road also has a branch extending from Bellingham Junc- 
 tion to Milford; and there is also a direct connection with Worcester 
 by the Grafton and Upton Railroad, just completed. 
 
 The town is bounded on the north by Hopkinton, on the northeast 
 by Holliston, on the east by Medway, southeast by Bellingham, 
 southwest by Hopedale, and west by Upton. The assessed area is 
 9,317 acres ; of which 2,588 are forest, consisting chiefly of maple, 
 chestnut and oak. The elevation is varied, and the scenery pictur- 
 esque and beautiful. The rock generally is gneissic. There is 
 found in the town a very extensive area of granite of a pink tint, 
 which is largely in demand from all parts of the country. Bear Hill 
 is the principal elevation, and overlooks the centre village. Several 
 small streams flow southerly from Cedar Swamp Pond, of about 
 100 ae ris, at the centre. North Pond, nearly as large, lies on the 
 line at the northwest. Another small pond lies on the western line, 
 and still another marks the northern point of Hopedale on the west, 
 h'roin Cedar Swamp Pond issues < !harles River, flowing south, and 
 .iffording power at one or more falls in this town. Mill River forms 
 . I he line between this town and Upton. The land is moist, some- 
 what rocky, and not usually easy to work, but yields fair crops. 
 The product of the Ml' farms in 18RT. amounted to $115,343. 
 
J1ILF0HD. 465 
 
 Apple and pear orchards are numerous. Quarrying and stone- 
 cutting employed about 150 men. The boot and shoe factories were 
 17 in number, employing nearly 3,000 persons, and during the last 
 census year making goods to the value of #1,085,353. There is a 
 spindle factory, a machine shop, an iron foundery, — the iron goods 
 made amounting to upwards of $304,6-6. There were three straw 
 factories making hats and other straw goods to the value of $367,026, 
 — employing 263 persons. Other manufactures arc food prepara- 
 tions, leather, carriages, furniture and liquors. The aggregate value 
 of the manufactures was $2,28'.),030. The two national banks had 
 an aggregate capital of $380,000; and the savings bank, at the 
 opening of the present year, held deposits to the amount of 
 $1,220,637. The valuation of the town in 1888 was .? -1,876,704, 
 with a tax-rate of §15.50 on 81.000. There were 1,480 dwelling- 
 houses and 9,343 inhabitants, including 2,362 legal voters. 
 
 There is a beautiful Soldiers' Memorial Hall of granite with 
 brownstone trimmings, used for the public library and the Grand 
 Army organization. The library contains about 7,<i00 volumes. 
 There is a long-established high school, with the lower grades, 
 which occupy 21 buildings, valued at upwards of $60,000. The 
 " Gazette " and the " Journal " have each a circulation of some 2,000. 
 The "Times" is another weekly journal published here. The 
 Methodists, Episcopalians, Congregationalists, Baptists and Univer- 
 salists have church edifices here. The Roman Catholics have 
 recently completed a handsome church edifice of granite, with a 
 tower 130 feet in height. 
 
 Milford (centre) is the post-office, and lias the railway stations. 
 Other villages are East Milford and North Milford. The town is 
 beautiful in situation and healthful. A custom many years old is 
 the holding of a sort of farmers' exchange every Saturday afternoon 
 during the greater part of the year, at Town Park, for buying and 
 selling farm stock, implements, for club purchases, and so forth. 
 
 This place was called by the Indians Wopouiage, and by the 
 original white settlers " Mill River." It was taken from Mendon, 
 and incorporated, April 11, 1780. A part of Holliston was annexed 
 April 1, 1859. The northern part of Milford was purchased of the 
 Indians by the first proprietors of Mendon, and is still mentioned as 
 the "North Purchase." A fraternal community was established 
 many years age at Hopedale by the Rev. Adin Ballou. This several 
 years since abandoned the community principle, and finally took the 
 form of a church organization. The movement resulted in the 
 establishment, in 1886, of that part of Milford as the town of 
 Hopedale. 
 
 The first church in Milford was formed in 1741, and the Rev. 
 Amariah Frost was settled in 1743. Among the eminent persons 
 early associated with this town were Col. Alexander Scammel (1747- 
 1781), an officer of the Revolution; Stephen Chapin, D.D. (1778- 
 1845), an able divine; A. H. Nelson (1812-1858), an able lawyer 
 and judge; William Claflin, LL.D. (1818), governor of Massachu- 
 setts from 1869 to 1871 ; H. B. Claflin, the New York " Dry-Goodfl 
 
466 UAZETTEElt OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Prince;" Gen. A. B. Underwood (1828), an able officer and lawyer; 
 and Mrs. Clara Erskine (Clement) Waters, an esteemed author. 
 
 Milk ROW, a village in Somerville. 
 
 Mill and Bars Village, inDeerfieid. 
 
 Mill Brook, a village in Duxbury. 
 
 Mi 1 1 hi nr ' s 8 i tuate( i near tne middle of the southern half of 
 lllDUry -Worcester County, 39 miles from Boston by the 
 Boston and Albany Railroad, which crosses the northeastern corner, 
 and sends a branch to the centre. The Providence and Worcester 
 Railroad runs across the town at the middle. 
 
 The greatest length of the territory is northeast and southwest, 
 and is about twice its width. The assessed area is 9,303 acres, 
 including 2,915 acres of forest consisting of pine, chestnut, maple 
 and elm. Auburn and Worcester lie on the northwest, and the north- 
 east angle rests on Lake Quinsigamond. Grafton bounds it on the 
 east, Sutton on the south, and Oxford on the southwest. Bond HilL 
 at the centre, affords a fine view of the busy villages and of the 
 line of the Blackstone River as it winds through the town. 
 Dorothy Hill rises in the northeast, and near it is Dorothy Pond ; in 
 the southwest is Grass Hill, with Ram's-horn Pond at its base. East 
 of this is Singletary Pond, lying on the southern line, and containing 
 about 600 acres ; the others being about 100 acres each. The out- 
 lets of these ponds, emptying into the Blackstone, afford with that 
 river extensive hydraulic power. Other names of hills are Mount 
 Ararat, Burbank and Wigwam. The basal rock is calcareous gneiss 
 or blue granite ; in which are found vermiculite and steatite. The 
 soil is a clay loam and very fertile. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 95 farms in 1885 was 
 $136,401. Apples and pears are largely raised. The water-powers 
 being numerous, there are many factories, though not of great size. 
 The three cotton mills employ 364 persons ; the hosiery mill, 134; 
 the five woollen mills, with their dye-house, 224 ; one boot and shoe 
 factory employs 31; the two edge-tool factories employ 41, and 
 the wire-works, 14. Most of the mills are of brick, and some are 
 of wood. The Printing Machinery Company's mill is mentioned as 
 a fine structure. There are 5 establishments making machinery, 
 7 producing metallic goods ; .'? carriages ; and there are a brick and 
 tile factory, a furniture factory, 2 lumber mills, a tannery, and 
 an establishment for various food preparations. The last State 
 census shows that the aggregate value of the goods made in 1885 
 was $1,560,17:?. The national bank has a capital of #200,000, and 
 the savings bank, at tlio beginning of the present year, held deposits 
 to the amount of #7 12,277. The population was 4,555, including 
 829 legal voters. The valuation of the town in 1888 was 
 $1,945,847; with a tax-rate of 117.70 on 11,000. The dwelling- 
 houses numbered <><>4. 
 
MILLERS FALLS — MILLIS. 467 
 
 The post-offices are Millbury and West Millbury. The villages 
 are these and Bramanville, Bucksville, Old Common, Simpsonville, 
 Wheelersville and Burlingville. Many of the streets are excellent 
 driveways, and some of them are numerously shaded by elms and 
 maples, quite a number of the trees being a hundred years old. 
 There are a good brick town-hall and a public library of about 6,000 
 volumes. The Congregationalists have two church edifices, the 
 Baptists and Methodists, Irish Catholics and French Catholics, each 
 one. There is a public high school; and this and other schools 
 occupy 17 buildings, valued at upwards of $30,000. 
 
 This town was taken from the north part of Sutton, and incorpor- 
 ated, June 11, 1813. The mills already erected were numerous 
 enough to give it the name of Millbury. The first minister, the 
 Rev. James Welbnan, was ordained in 1747. There are shown here, 
 as objects of interest, the sites of the first paper-mill and of the 
 first armory and of the first powder-mill in the country ; also the 
 site of Thomas Blanchard's shop, which was the birth-place of the 
 eccentric lathe, known now to all machinists. 
 
 lVTl11f»r' t ; Trails a village in Erving; also one in Mon- 
 
 lVTill^r'c T? i\/F>r " ses * n P on <is in New Ipswich, N. H., 
 iVllUCl & xvivci and Asnburnham and Winchendon, 
 
 Massachusetts. It has many tributaries, and passes through Athol, 
 Orange and Wendell, and falls into the Connecticut between Erving 
 and Montague. It is regarded as an excellent mill-stream. 
 
 MilHngton, a village in New Salem. 
 
 1VT i 1 1 i c situated on the west side of the Charles River and 
 1V1 llllS, OQ tne northwestern side of Norfolk County, is anew 
 and very pleasant town, mainly agricultural in its pursuits. The 
 Woonsocket Division of the New York and New England Railroad 
 passes through the midst of the town, having a very attractive sta- 
 tion at the centre village — Millis, — 23 miles from Boston. The 
 other village is Rockville, on the Charles River, in the southern part 
 of the town. Millis is bounded on the north by Sherborn, on the 
 east by Medfield, on the southeast aud south by Norfolk, and on the 
 west by Medway. The assessed area is 7,000 acres; including 
 2,312 acres of woodland. The surface for the most part is gently 
 undulating. In the south, east and north are groups of small hills. 
 Boggistere Brook enters the town at the northwest, and, forming two 
 ponds and marking the form of three oxbows in its course, it unites 
 with the Charles River at the northeast corner. One of these is 
 South End Pond, lying near the Charles. Near its western shore 
 are to be seen the remains of fortifications erected during King 
 Philip's War. The Charles River forms the boundary line for the 
 entire eastern and part of the southern sides of the town ; and at 
 Rockville furnishes a fine power, which is only partially utilized. 
 There were, according to the last State census, 59 farms, whose 
 
4t)H UAZKTTKhJH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 aggregate product in 1885 had the value of $87,470. Cranberries 
 apples and strawberries are largely cultivated. The extensive and 
 somewhat famous " Oak Grove Farm *' is in this town. There are 
 here a canning factory, an organ pipe factory, a church organ 
 factory of long-established reputation, a carriage factory, a broom 
 and brush factory, and .several smaller establishments. The value 
 of the aggregate product in the year mentioned was S40,646. The 
 valuation of the town in luss was $-H>7, '.).">, with a tax-rate of $11 
 on $1,000. The number of assessed dwelling-houses was 171 ; and 
 the legal voters numbered 107. There is an excellent high school, 
 with the lower grades. The papers published here are the 
 "Advance'' and the "Observer." A well-equipped free public 
 library, located in suitable apartments, has been given to the town 
 by the Millis family, who are resident here. 
 
 This town was formed from the eastern part of the town of 
 Medway, and incorporated February 1'4. 188.^. The water and air 
 -are excellent, and the town is regarded as unusually favorable to 
 health. The central village is noted for its quiet and home-like 
 aspect. 
 
 lX/Ttll R \\rp-r rises in Goshen, and flows southeast through 
 ivllll ivlvcr Williamsburg and Northampton to the Con- 
 necticut. This was the scene of a noted disaster from the bursting 
 of a dam several years ago, — regarding which, consult the towns 
 mentioned. A second of this name rises in Leverett and runs 
 southwest through Had ley to the Connecticut. A third rises in 
 ■Conway, flows southeast through the southwestern part of Deerfield, 
 where it receives Bloody Brook, then south through Whately and 
 Hatfield to the Connecticut. A fourth rises in Wilbraham, in 
 North and South Branches which unite in Springfield ; it then enters 
 the Connecticut just south of the city proper. A fifth rises in Hop- 
 kinton, and flowing south, forms the boundary line between Milford 
 and Upton, runs through Hopedale, Mendon and Blackstone, and 
 enters the Blackstone River at Woonsocket, in R. I. A sixth rises 
 in Wrentham, flows north through Norfolk, and enters the Charles 
 River near Rockville. A seventh is found in Taunton (formerly 
 Canoe River), and has its sources in the northeastern towns of 
 Bristol County. 
 
 Mill T? \\rar A vl Uage in iVertield; also one in. New 
 111 IY1VC1, M ar i boroug h. 
 
 Mill Valley, a village in Amherst. 
 
 TV /I" 111 \/i]ln rrci in Ashbv ; also in Uourne and in 
 
 mill v mage, Dedha m." 
 
 MUlville, in Blackstone. 
 
 JVL lllWOOCl, a village in Framiugham. 
 
MILTOX. 409 
 
 TVTlltnn * s an °^ su burban town of much scenic beauty, 
 lying in the northeasterly part of Norfolk County. 
 It is bounded on the north by Boston (Dorchester district), east by 
 Quincy, south by the same and Randolph and Canton ; by the latter 
 also on the southwest ; and on the west by Hyde Park. The assessed 
 area is 8,040 acres. 
 
 The forests are chiefly oak. The borders of the town are hilly, 
 except on the north, and there is an extensive elevation in the cen- 
 tral part. On the border next Canton is Blue Hill, whose summit 
 is 635 feet above the level of the sea ; and the views here obtained 
 are exceedingly beautiful. On this hill is a meteorological 
 observatory whose weather indications are published in the Boston 
 dailies. From the blue tints this and other hills of this group wear 
 when seen from the sea, they have gained their name of Blue Hills. 
 They were formerly the habitat of numerous rattlesnakes. The 
 principal underlying rocks are sienite and granite, and are 
 extensively quarried. Neponset River forms a small portion of the 
 western and the entire northern divisional line ; and Pine Tree 
 Brook, winding centrally through the town from the southern part, 
 enters the Neponset at the middle of the northern line. The largest 
 body of water is Houghton's Pond, containing about L'5 acres. 
 
 The soil of this town, though somewhat rocky, is productive, and 
 is under excellent cultivation. Some attention is given to market- 
 gardening, to the cultivation of apples, pears, and the small fruits. 
 The value of the greenhouse product in 1SS5, as given in the last 
 State census, was $17,595. The value of the entire product of the 
 75 farms was $148,297. The chocolate mills on the Neponset employ 
 about 100 persons, and the paper mills about 30. Twenty-four 
 men were engaged in quarrying, and 50 men in dressing granite. 
 There were also manufactures of leather, lumber, furniture, metallic 
 goods, carriages, woollen goods, soap, and several other articles. 
 The aggregate value of the manufactures in 1885 was $427,188. 
 The Blue Hill National Bank, in this town, has a capital of $200,- 
 000. The population (census of 1885) was 3,555, — including 792 
 legal voters. The valuation of the town in 1888 was $13,283,583, 
 with a tax of $5 on $1,000. 
 
 There is a beautiful and commodious town-hall and an " Associa- 
 tion Hall." The public library contains upwards of 8,<M)0 volumes. 
 The "News" is the local paper, issued semi-weekly. The public 
 schools are graded and include a good high school. They occupy 
 eight buildings, valued at some §60,(100. The Milton Academy, in 
 this town, was incorporated in 17i)S. The Trinitarian and the 
 Unitarian Congregationalists each have a church here. 
 
 The post-offices are Milton, East Milton and Blue Hill. Other 
 villages are Brush Hill, Centre, Mattapan, New State and Scots 
 Woods. The Granite Branch of the Old Colony Railroad runs 
 through the eastern margin of the town ; the Milton Branch follows 
 along the river on the northern side ; and the Boston and Providence 
 Division runs just outside the western line,with stations at convenient 
 distances. A street railway also connects the place with all parts 
 of the metropolis. 
 
470 i.AZETTEHU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The carriage roads are excellent, and near the villages they are 
 often shaded by old and handsome elms. Among the leading 
 citizens of Milton am to be found many of the prominent men of 
 the State; and scores of beautiful country-seats and villas, with 
 extensive grounds highly ornamented with fine trees, shrubbery and 
 plants, pit-sent delightful scenes amid the grand hills and on the 
 undulating plains. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Uncataguisset or Unquetey. It 
 was incorporated May 7, 1002; and it may have, been named for the 
 poet Milton, who died in 1075. The first paper-mill in New Eng- 
 land was erected in this town in 17.'!0 by Daniel Henchman. 
 Thomas Hutchinson, colonial governor in the years just preceding 
 the Revolution, had his summer residence on the bank of the 
 Neponset in this town. Among its eminent natives were 
 Benjamin "Wadsworth (1G69-1737), a president of Harvard College ; 
 Peter Thacher (1752-1802), an eminent < 'ongregationalist clergy- 
 man and political writer ; and Edward Hutchinson Robbins (1758- 
 1829), an able jurist. 
 
 Mllward, a village in Charlton. 
 
 TVTicp»r\r Tclanrl <ireat an d Little, lie south of the 
 IVllbCiy 1 Sldiiu, eastem extremity of Beverly. 
 
 lYTJcViaiim Poinr a southern extremity of Dartmouth, 
 IVllblldUIU X U1IU, east of Pamanset RiVer. 
 
 M ltteiieagUe, a village in West Springfield. 
 
 Monk's H ill, in Kingston, 313 feet in height. 
 
 Monomoy Island and Point Srd to^t 
 
 "elbow" of Cape Cod. The point was formerly known as Cape 
 Malabar, and earlier still as Sandy Point. 
 
 MonpOnsett Pond, in Halifax and Hanson. 
 
 lYTnnrne is an elevated town forming the northwestern cor- 
 1V1UI11UC nerof Franklin County. Its boundaries are Rome 
 on the east, Florida on the south and west, and Readsborough, in 
 Vermont, mi the north. The town has an area of about 12 square 
 miles ; there being 0,794 acres of assessed laud. There are 3,908 
 acres of forest. The IVerfield River, flowing southwest, forms the 
 eastern line. An affluent, Mill Brook, enters at the southern line, 
 having gathered in its branches from all parts of the town. There 
 is a central valley where most of the farms are located, but the sur- 
 face is generally rough, resting on a basis of calcareous gneiss and 
 rocks of the Quebec group. The ;>1 farms in 1885 yielded an 
 aggregate product valued at $25,01 S. Considerable quantities of 
 maple sugar are made. Two small saw mills were in operation a 
 
\ 
 
 MONSOX. 471 
 
 part of the time, the value of all wooden products sold being $1,566. 
 The number of dwellings was 40, and of inhabitants 176, including 
 51 legal voters. The valuation of the town in 1888 was $73,231, 
 with a tax-rate of $15 on $1,000. There are three school-houses, 
 valued at $1,200, one Sunday-school library of some 250 volumes, 
 and one Baptist church. The post-offices are Monroe and Monroe 
 Bridge. Hoosac Tunnel and North Adams are the nearest railroad 
 stations. 
 
 This town was formed of the " gore " north of Florida, incorpo- 
 rated February 21, 1822, and named in honor of President James 
 Monroe. The settlement was commenced about the beginning of 
 this century by Daniel Caneday, of Coleraine, who was soon joined 
 by Ebenezer Howard, Samuel Gore, the Rev. David Ballou, and 
 others. The Revs. Moses Ballou, Hosea F. Ballou and J. Hix, Uni- 
 versalist ministers, were born in this town. 
 
 lYTrmcrm ' s a verv ^ ar S e an( i beautiful town in the south- 
 
 IVlUIlbUU easterly part of Hampden County, 80 miles west 
 by southwest of Boston. The Boston and Albany Railroad follows 
 the northern line, having its Palmer station at the middle point; 
 while the New London and Northern Railroad runs conveniently 
 through the midst of the town, north and south, having here three 
 stations. 
 
 The boundaries are Palmer on the north, Brimfield and Wales on 
 the east, Wilbraham on the west, and Stafford, in Connecticut, on. 
 the south. Its boundary lines are straight, except on the north; 
 and its length north and south is about twice its width. It em-, 
 braces 54 square miles ; its assessed area being 25,504 acres. There 
 are 7,181 acres of forest. 
 
 Moon Mountain, in the west, is a handsome eminence ; and 
 Peaked Mountain in the southwest rises to the height of 1,278 feet. 
 A narrow valley abounding in rich meadows extends from north to 
 south entirely through the township. Another valley in the south- 
 east sends a tributary stream to the larger one in the main valley, 
 which, gathering numerous rapid brooks from the crowding hills, 
 enters the Chicopee River, which forms two thirds of the northern 
 line. In the northwest is another expanse of meadows, whose 
 streamlets unite and form Twelve-mile Brook, which flows north- 
 west to the Chicopee. The principal rocks are dolerites and ferru- 
 ginous gneiss. 
 
 Large quantities of clear gneiss are quarried here as " granite ; " 
 67 men being employed in quarrying, and 41 in dressing the stone, 
 in 1885. The soil is sandy loam. The 187 farms, in the last census 
 year, yielded products to the aggregate value of $200,854. A large 
 variety of fruits and berries thrive here; apples, huckleberries, 
 mangoes and strawberries leading in the value of their crop. There 
 are three woollen mills, one making carpetings — employing 367 
 persons, and having a product valued at $362,553 ; and two factories 
 making straw hats, bonnets, etc., employing 198, and producing 
 goods to the value of $413,139. Lesser manufactures are food prep- 
 
472 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 arations, leather, lumber, carriages, artisans' tools and other metal- 
 lic goods. The value of the aggregate product in 1885 was $952,- 
 f)K2. There is here, a national bank having a capital of $150,000; 
 and a savings bank whose deposits, at the opening of the present 
 year, amounted to •'>!5it8,15(;. The population in 1885 was 3,958, of 
 whom 820 were legal voters. The valuation of the town in 1888 
 was $ 1,491, 1G2, with a tax-rate of SI 0.40. The number of dwelling- 
 houses taxed was G19. 
 
 Monson (centre village) is the post-office ; and the other villages 
 are North Monson, South Monson and Lyons Milage. There is an 
 excellent town-hall of granite ; also a granite library building, hav- 
 ing a free library of about 4,000 volumes. The Linophillian Library 
 consists of some 800 volumes, the Monson Academy has upwards 
 of 1,300, and the State Primary School upwards of 700. The town 
 has 14 public-school buildings, valued at upwards of $12,000. The 
 
 m&m& 
 
 home op hkebe drown, >mv«ox. 
 
 high school is taught in Monson Academy, an institution of excellent 
 repute, incorporated in 1N04. The State Primary School located 
 here has a productive farm of 2.55 acres attached. It provided in 
 1888 for an average of .121 children, some taken from bad homes, 
 others from no homes at all. Monson's newspaper is the " Mirror," 
 a weekly of good circulation. 
 
 This town was settled as early as 171 5, by Samuel King, John 
 Keep, Robert Olds and others. It was incorporated April 25, 1760; 
 and may have taken its name from Lord Monson, who succeeded to 
 his title in 17 IS. It contained at that period 49 families; and a 
 church was organized in 1702, the Rev. Abishai Sabin being or- 
 dained pastor. The Methodist church was organized in 1825. The 
 churches at present are the ( !ongregationalist, Methodist, Universal- 
 ist and Roman Catholic. 
 
 Monson was a favorite resort of the Indians, and their relics are 
 
MONTAGUE. 
 
 473 
 
 frequently found. James Lyman Merrick (1803-1866), missionary 
 and author, was a native of this town. Monson was the residence 
 of the late Chief Justice Keuben A. Chapman (d. 1*73), and of Mrs. 
 Phoebe Hinsdale Brown (d. 1861), author of several of our favorite 
 hymns. A fine monument to Monson's fallen soldiers of the late 
 war stands in Flynt Park. It is 43 feet in height, and was a gift 
 to the Grand Army post by Cyrus W. Holmes, a wealthy citizen of 
 this town. 
 
 is a prosperous manufacturing and farming 
 town lying on the east side of the Connecticut 
 River near the centre of Franklin County. It is 97 miles north- 
 west of Boston by the Fitchburg Railroad, which has stations at 
 Miller's Falls, Montague (centre), Montague City and Turner's Falls. 
 The New London and Northern Railroad runs through the town 
 
 Montague j 
 
 LAKE PLEASANT, MONTAGUE. 
 
 north and south, having stations at South Montague, Montague Cen- 
 tre and Miller's Falls. The post-offices are Lake Pleasant and the 
 villages mentioned, except South Montague. Other villages are 
 Grant's Corner and Lock's Village. 
 
 The town is bounded on the north by Gill and Erving, east by 
 Wendell, south by Leverett and Sunderland, and west by Deerfield 
 and Greenfield. The Connecticut River separates it from the two 
 latter towns, and, by a bend, from Gill on the north. Miller's River 
 divides it from Erving on the northeast, entering the larger river at 
 its turn northward at the northeastern angle of Montague. The as- 
 sessed area is 1(5,500 acres, which includes 4,714 acres of woodland. 
 The southeastern section is chiefly occupied by hills, and a broad 
 elevation occupies the southwest part. Chestnut Hill in the south- 
 
474 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 east, and Willis Hill in the northern part, are the most notable emi- 
 nences. The geological formation is calcareous gneiss in the eastern 
 part, middle shales and sandstones and upper conglomerate on the 
 Connecticut River. Some specular iron occurs. Lake Pleasant, a 
 beautiful sheet of water near the centre of the town and on the line 
 of the railroads, attracts many visitors. There are a grove and 
 several buildings for the use of pleasure parties. 
 
 The soil in the town is generally good. Cereals and tobacco have 
 more than usual attention, and a great variety of fruits, berries and 
 nuts are raised ; of which apples, pears and strawberries are the 
 largest items. The value of the aggregate product of the 141 farms 
 iu 1885 was $181,637. The Connecticut, at the northern side of 
 the town, first divides among several islands, then passing " The 
 Narrows," spreads out broad and beautiful as a lake; meeting at 
 Turner's Falls a dam over which it falls more than thirty feet per- 
 pendicularly ; and thence, for half a mile, it continues to dash 
 and foam, then turns again southward. This dam was constructed 
 ut a cost of some $250,000, and forms one of the most important 
 hydraulic powers in the State. The Turner's Falls Company, which 
 has made the improvements, consisted originally of Alvah Crocker, 
 Thomas Talbot, Benj. F. Butler and other capitalists. The company 
 invested largely in land here, which has been laid out for a great 
 manufacturing city. The leading manufactories at this point are 
 the paper mills, employing, in 1885, 388 persons, and producing 
 t;oods to the value of $1,170,958; the John Kussell Cutlery Com- 
 pany, employing 385 persons ; their product and the metallic goods 
 znade in the town amounting to 1681,508 ; and a cotton mill employ- 
 ing 141 persons. There is also a valuable motive power at Miller's 
 Falls, where a promising village has sprung up. Montague centre 
 is a fair example of a well-built New England village. All except 
 one or two villages have some manufacturing. Besides the kinds 
 mentioned, there are made here, artisans' tools, farm and garden 
 rakes, sporting and athletic goods, paper boxes, furniture, carriages, 
 leather, bricks, and various food preparations. The value of the 
 aggregate manufactured product is set down at §2,273,139. At 
 Turner's Falls is a national bank having a capital of $300,000, and 
 a savings bank, holding, at the beginning of the present year, 
 deposits amounting to $588,557. The population in 1885 was 5,629, 
 of whom 1,050 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $3,169,295, with a tax-rate of $15.50 on $1,000. The number of 
 dwelling-houses taxed was 910. 
 
 There are at Montague a substantial town-hall and a public library 
 containing about 3,000 volumes. At Turner's Falls there is a local 
 library association having some 2,000 volumes. At this village, also, 
 is published a lively weekly newspaper — the "Turner's Falls Re- 
 porter." There are primary, grammar and high schools, provided 
 lor in ten buildings having the value of about $70,000. There is a 
 <!ongregationalist church at Montague village, one at Miller's, and 
 a third at Turner's Falls ; the latter place having also a German Con- 
 gregational, a Unitarian, a Baptist and a Roman Catholic church. 
 
MOXIELLO—MUXTEJIEY. 475 
 
 At other points in the town are a German Methodist Episcopal, a 
 second Unitarian, and a French Roman Catholic church. 
 
 This town, originally the north parish of Sunderland, was incor- 
 porated December 22, 1753. It was named in honor of Captain 
 William Montague, commander of " The Mermaid " at the capture 
 of Cape Breton, who was sent home with the news of the victory of 
 Louisburg. The southern part of the town bore for a long time the 
 name, " Huntinghill Fields," being much frequented by moose, deer, 
 bears, wolves, foxes and lesser game. Indian implements, as stone 
 axes and points of arrows, are still sometimes found here. 
 
 The first church was organized in 1752 ; the first ordained min- 
 ister, the Rev. Judah Nash, being settled on the same date. Luther 
 Severance, a noted politician, journalist and member of Congress, 
 was born here in 1797, and died in Augusta, Me., in 1N55. Hon. 
 Jonathan Hartwell, who settled in Montague in 1817, is said to have 
 originated the system of school-district libraries. 
 
 A/r / -. 1 _i. ( - i 1] ~ a railway station and village in the northern 
 IVlOriieilO, part of Brockton. 
 
 IVFnntprPV * s a moun t amous farming town in the midst of 
 ivi.uiil.cicy fae southern section of Berkshire County. Tt is 
 bounded on the north by Tyringham, east by Otis, south by Sandis- 
 tield and New Marlborough, and west by Great Barrington. The 
 assessed area is 15,504 acres ; and there are 3,524 acres of wood- 
 land. 
 
 The northern third of the town, having the form of a wide angle, 
 is occupied by a very elevated plateau. Chestnut Hill is a beautiful 
 eminence in the southeast corner. Brewer's Pond, of 250 acres, near 
 this hill, and Six-mile Pond, of 344 acres, in the extreme southwest, 
 add greatly to the beauty of the landscape. Hop Brook, rising in 
 the highlands in the north, is so named from the wild hops that grow 
 upon its banks. Rawson's Brook and the outlets of the ponds are 
 affluents of Farmington River, and furnish motive power for two 
 saw mills and a grist mill in the southern part of the town. 
 
 Carriages and wagons, lumber, various iron goods and boots and 
 shoes constitute the manufactures ; whose aggregate value for 18*5 
 was $9,013. The aggregate product of the 133 farms was $96,668. 
 The population was 571, of whom 159 were legal voters. The valu- 
 ation in 1888 was $224,785, with a tax-rate of $15 on $1,000. The 
 number of taxed dwelling-houses was 130. 
 
 There were six public school-houses, valued at upwards of £3,1)00. 
 There is one church — Congregationalist, — founded in 1750. The 
 nearest railroad station is on the Housatonic Railroad at Great Bar- 
 rington, ten miles distant. Monterey sent 71 soldiers into the 
 Union army in the late war, of whom 15 died in the service. 
 
 This town was taken from Tyringham, and incorporated April 12, 
 1847 ; taking its name from the city in Mexico where our army 
 gained a signal victory in September, 1846. In 1851, certain terri- 
 tory was annexed from New Marlborough. 
 
476 UAZETTEEIi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 A/T/^nfrrrvm^r-u * 8 a sma ^< mountainous and exclusively 
 IVlOIllgUinCiy f arm i ng town on the Westfield River, in 
 the northwesterly part of Hampden County, 115 miles from Boston 
 by the Boston and Albany Railroad, which follows the Westfield 
 River along the southwestern line of the town. The station is 
 Russell. Montgomery village is near the centre of the town. 
 
 Huntington forms tin; boundary on the northwest and north; 
 Southampton adjoins it in a deeply serrated line on the northeast; 
 Westfield lies on the southeast, and Russell on the southwest, 
 separated by Westfield River. The assessed area is 8,603 acres, — 
 .'i,374 acres being woodland. There is much wild and picturesque 
 scenery. Bungy Hill in the northeast, Tekoa Hill in the south- 
 west, and itock Hill on the northwest border, are the highest eleva- 
 tions. Moose-meadow, Shatterack, Bear-den and Roaring brooks, 
 affluents of the Westfield River, rising within the town, are the prin- 
 cipal streams. 
 
 There are 62 farms, whose aggregate product, in 1885, had the 
 value of $57,304. The population was 278, including 84 legal voters ; 
 and they were sheltered in 63 dwelling-houses. The valuation of 
 the town in 1888 was §138,401, with a tax-rate of §10 on §1,000. 
 There were five public school-houses, valued at upwards of $2,000. 
 The Congregationalists and the Methodists each have a church 
 here. 
 
 Montgomery was originally the eastern part of " No. 5," and was 
 incorporated November 28, 1780. It may have been named for 
 General Richard Montgomery, who was killed at Quebec in 1775. 
 
 MoiltrOSe, a village in Wakefield. 
 Mont Vale, a village in Woburn. 
 Montville, a village in Sandisfield. 
 
 Monument Beach, a village in bomm. 
 Monument Harbor, ^T4' northeasfc of Bm " 
 
 Monument Mountain, in Great Barrington. 
 
 Moon I sland, , in the "f ^"J?™ p"* ° f Bo 1 ! ton Ha f; 
 
 bor (or Bay), off Squantum Neck. It 
 contains the reservoir and pumping station of the Boston sewerage 
 system. Half-Moon Island lies south of Moon Island. 
 
 MoOSC Hill, in Sharon, 530 feet in height. 
 
 More S Hill, i„ (Joshen, 1.713 feet in height. 
 
 Mor.SC Village, in N.-w Salom. 
 
MORSE VILLE— MOUNT WASHINGTON. 477 
 
 Morseville, in Natick. 
 
 MoultonVllle, in Newburyport. 
 
 Mount Aiihnrn a noted cemetery lying on the borders 
 iVIUUIlL ^UUUm, of Cambridge and Watertown ; also a 
 
 ▼illage in Watertown, and a railroad station at the border of the two 
 towns. 
 
 Mount Bowdoin, dLricro^BoTon 111 the Dorches J er 
 
 Mount Daniel, in Webster, 7*8 feet in height. 
 
 Mount Esther, inWhately, 795 feet in height. 
 
 Mount Grace, in Warwick, 1,02s feet. 
 
 Mount HermOn, a village in Gill ; and a post-office in 
 Korthfield, on the opposite side of the Connecticut River. 
 
 Mount T4nr»f» a localit y and cemetery in the West 
 IVlOUni n.Ope, Eoxbury district of Boston. 
 
 Mount Hone Bav is a nearly enclosed body of 
 m uuiu n. upc ud.y water on the east side of ^.^ 
 
 gansett Bay at the mouth of Taunton River. On a peninsula on its 
 western side, in Rhode Island, is Mount Hope, famed as the home of 
 Massasoit and King Philip, of the Wampanoags. 
 
 Mount Lincoln, in Pelham, 1,2-tti feet in height. 
 
 Mount Pleasant, an elevated locality in Roxbury. 
 
 M m 1 n t Trim a villa S e "» Easthampton ; also a mountain 
 IVlOUIll 1 OII1, 12 i4 feet in height on the eastern border 
 
 of the town and of the southern detached section of Northampton, 
 
 forming the west bank of the Connecticut River. 
 
 M m 1 n t Wa r h 1 1 sett in Prinoet °n, 2,018 feet in height ; 
 
 mount vv acnusett, also a village in the 3ame tow * Q 
 
 Mrmnfr Warrpn an ele ^ated locality in the Roxbury 
 iVAUUIll VV dUCIl, district of Boston. 
 
 Mount Washington, a village in Everett. 
 Mount Wa^hincrton a mountain °us and beautiful 
 
 mount vv aMiington, town of about 25 square miles> 
 
 forms the southwestern angle of Berkshire County and of the State 
 of Massachusetts. Situated on the Taconic range of mountains, its 
 
478 (hY/.KTTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 noble elevations stand as sentinels between the Hudson and tha 
 Housatonic, both within view. On the north and northeast this 
 town is bounded by Egremont ; on the east by .Sheffield ; on the 
 south by Salisbury in Connecticut ; and west by Aneram and Copake, 
 in New York. The Copake station on the New York and Harlem 
 Bailroad, four miles distant, is the nearest railroad connection for 
 the town. 
 
 There am 9, 127 acres of forest (more than half the area), consist- 
 ing mostly of chestnut and yellow birch. The chief elevations are 
 Alander, Kaee, Cedar and Mount Everett, the last being 2,024 feet 
 high. Mount Everett is sometimes called the Taconic Dome, from 
 its elevation and position in this range, and Irom its peculiar form. 
 In altitude it excels all other mountains in the State, except Grey- 
 lock, which occupies a corresponding position in the northwest. Dr. 
 Edward Hitchcock says of the former mountain, in his " Geology of 
 Massachusetts : " ' Its central part is a somewhat conical, almost 
 naked eminence, except that numerous yellow pines two or three 
 feet high, and whortleberry bushes, have fixed themselves wherever 
 the crevices of the rock afford sufficient soil. Thence the view from 
 the summit is entirely unobstructed. . . . This certainly is the 
 grandest prospect in Massachusetts, though others are more beauti- 
 ful." 
 
 On the southwest side of Cedar Mountain are the beautiful Bish- 
 apish Falls, where a clear streamlet comes dashing down over the 
 rocks a distance of 200 feet, filling the air with its feathery spray 
 and mellow music. Other streams are Wright Brook, Lee Pond 
 Brook and Guilder's Brook, the outlet of Guilder's Pond, a beauti- 
 ful sheet of water in the northeast, 20 acres in extent. Plaintain 
 Pond is another charming sheet covering 75 acres, lying between 
 Bace Mountain and a long curving hill in the southeast. 
 
 This town has 39 farms, whose product in 1885 was valued at 
 $21,753. There are 41 dwelling-houses, and a population of 160, 
 of whom 36 are legal voters. There are two public school buildings, 
 valued at nearly $2,000; a Congregationalist church, and a Sunday 
 school having a library of upwards of 350 volumes. 
 
 Originally Taucounuck Mountain Plantation, this place was 
 incorporated as the town of Mount "Washington, June 21, 1779. 
 The town is noted for its whortleberries ; and one of the summer 
 diversions of the people, old and young, is the gathering of this 
 delicious berry. 
 
 M Ugget Hill, in Charlton, 1,012 feet in height. 
 
 Mumfnrrl PnnrU near the junction of Northbridge, 
 UmiOra I Ontlb, Uxbridge and Sutton. 
 
 lYTiirrnvfi^Irl was "- No - 9 " of tno ten townships sold at 
 1V1 III 1 ciy HtlU au( . t i 011i hy order of the General Court, on the 
 
 2d of .June, 1702. 1* was incorporated October 31, 1765; and the 
 uauie changed to Chester February 21, 17*;!. 
 
MUSKEG A T ISLAND — NAHANT. 479 
 
 Muskegat Island, gS^cST extremity of 
 
 MuSquahoC Pond, in Rutland. 
 
 lVTirri^b-trill^ ln Berkley. The Old Colony Railroad station 
 IViy 1 1CK.V111C, near thig YJHage is u Myriek's." 
 
 A/T-trcf i r a v ^ a S e i n Medford ; also a pond or series of ponds 
 IViybllL, at tne j unc tion of the towns of Arlington, Medford 
 
 and Winchester, and the source of a portion of the water supply of 
 
 the city of Boston. 
 
 MyStlC RlVer, the outlet of the Mystic ponds, flowing 
 east, then southeast, through Medford to Boston Harbor. 
 
 NagOg Pond, in Littleton. 
 
 "M" _ I. _ n i. is a noted sea-girt town, consisting of three sections, 
 
 1>I dllclllL jQjnogt islands, connected with each other and with 
 the mainland by a curious series of level sandy beaches, some of 
 which are long enough for delightful drives. It forms the east side 
 of Lynn harbor, and the west and south sides of Nahant Bay. The 
 area is 500 acres ; and the peninsula which connects it with Lynn is 
 two miles in length, or about one and a half miles to Little Nahant, 
 a village on an expansion of the neck northward. 
 
 Long Beach is on the north side of the peninsula ; next eastward 
 is Little Nahant Beach, succeeded in the circuit of the town by 
 Joseph's Pond, Lewis' and Coral beaches. Between these are East 
 Point, John's Peril (point), Spouting Rock, Hood's, Cedar 
 and East points ; and westward, on the south side, are Bass 
 Rock, Dorothy's Cove, Bass Point at the southwest, and Black 
 Rock on the west. Pea and Shag islands lie near on the south of 
 the eastern extremity ; while north of it is Egg Rock with its light- 
 house. The principal rock is sienite. At the southeast this rises 
 into a bold promontory about 100 feet in height, called Bailey's, or, 
 later, Nahant Hill. Castle Rock, Pulpit Rock, Irene's Grotto, in 
 this vicinity, are striking and attractive objects. Another wild and 
 grotesque feature is " Spouting Horn," at the northern extremity of 
 the shore. Through this, in storms, the sea breaks with tremendous 
 violence. Near by is the Swallows' Cove, another interesting spot. 
 
 There are but six farms in the town, and these are devoted chiefly 
 to the dairy and greenhouse ; the value of their entire product being 
 set down in the last census report as $11,690. The number of fish- 
 ermen was five, and the product, principally herring, mackerel and 
 lobsters, was $9,062. The town is mainly a place of summer resi- 
 dence and entertainment. Many elegant mansions have been erected 
 here by the citizens of Boston and other cities, who spend their 
 Bummers in this delightful place. They are surrounded by orna- 
 mental trees and shrubbery, and command fine prospects of the 
 ocean. 
 
4HU HA'AKTIKEli OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Nahant was discovered by Captain John Smith in 1614, who 
 named it on his map, "The Fullerton Islands." The Indian name 
 is Nahantean, signifying "twins." The first dwelling-house was 
 erected herein 1673; and the second settler was James Mills; for 
 whose beautiful daughter Dorothy Cove was named. In 1817, the 
 Hon. Thomas II. l'erkins erected a beautiful cottage here; and a 
 little later the Hon. Freddie Tudor, who opened the ice trade in 
 this country, came here to reside. He subsequently fitted up a 
 romantic spot, and gave it the name of ".Maolis" (Silowm trans- 
 posed), which attracts many visitors. Neptune's Temple, in these 
 gardens, is a beautiful retreat, shaded by balm of Gilead trees, and 
 affording a fine view of Lynn, Swampscott and Marblehead, together 
 with the sea-beaten Kgg J took, its lighthouse and the open sea. It 
 is supported by eight pillars of unhewn stone. Underneath is the 
 Witches' Cave, which, it is said, served as a shelter for several 
 persons during the persecutions for witchcraft in 101*2. 
 
 The town was formerly a part of Lynn, from which it was set off 
 and incorporated, March -9, 1853. There are two school-houses, 
 valued at some §7,000, occupied by the primary and grammar 
 schools ; the high school being accommodated in the town-hall. The 
 Nahant public library has about 7,000 volumes. The church edifices 
 are Methodist, Roman Catholic and Union. The population is 637, 
 of whom 146 are legal voters. The dwellings number 293. The 
 valuation of the town in 1888 was ?4,8.57,731 ; with a tax-rate of $6 
 on $1,000. The place is reached in the summer by regular boats 
 from Boston, and at all seasons by barges and other conveyances 
 over the excellent beach-road to Lynn. 
 
 Namasket, a village in Middleborough. 
 
 Namequoit, a village in Orleans. 
 
 Namskaket, a village in Orleans. 
 
 NanepasheiTiet, a village in Marblehead. 
 
 Nj.L-1. a post-office in North Cohasset, close upon the 
 an IdS KG I, soutll nag, f Hull. Also, the section of Hull 
 
 adjacent to Nantaskct Beach. 
 
 Nantasket Roads, the open body of water at the 
 southwest of the main entrance of Boston Harbor. 
 
 Tvj/\T^r'T»TT/^T7'T7'P the town, embraces the entire 
 
 T^l ■*»■ ^ ■*■ U v^ I\ C 1 , island of the same name, and the 
 
 smaller islands of Tuckernuck, Muskegat, with the three Gravelly 
 
 Islands ; and the tmrn. constitutes the entire county of Nantucket 
 
 Vantucket is also the name of the principal village, containing the 
 
NANTUCKET. 481 
 
 court-house and jail. It is situated midway of the north side of the 
 island, on a harbor of its own name. This place is 110 miles south- 
 east of Boston, with which it has communication by the Old Colony 
 Railroad and steamers. 
 
 At the northern extremity of the Nauma peninsula is Great Point 
 Light ; southeast of this, on the eastern extremity of the island, is 
 Sankaty Head Light ; and on the north shore of the western section 
 is Bug Light, — with Nantucket Light eastward on Brant Point, 
 marking the entrance to Nantucket harbor. From the wharves of 
 the village the harbor extends northeastward above 6 miles, forming 
 two basins, each about one and a half miles in extreme width ; and 
 on the south side of the first is Polpis Harbor. 
 
 In the water approach, after passing Brant Point, the old town of 
 Nantucket comes fully into view, extending along the harbor for 
 more than a mile, and rising from the water's edge' in irregular 
 terraces to the height of the land. Along near the summit are seen 
 the towers and spires of churches, with hotels, a school-house or two, 
 and other large buildings, and the standpipe of the water-works at 
 the northwest. On the principal streets and square near the steam- 
 boat wharf are the custom-house, with the U.S. Signal Service 
 apparatus on its top, the excellent building of the Pacific Bank, and 
 the post-office. About the square there are many fine old mansions, 
 such being also found at various other points in the village. In the 
 midst of it stands the substantial brick buildiug of the Coffin Sehool, 
 an academy founded in 1826 by Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin of the 
 British navy, a native of Boston, but of Nantucket family. Not far 
 from this is the Nantucket Atheneum, a fine structure containing a 
 good hall, a valuable collection of curiosities, and a library of about 
 8,000 volumes, — all accessible to the public for a small fee. The 
 academy also has a library of some 1,200 volumes. In the older 
 parts of the village many buildings are unpainted, many have look- 
 outs on their roofs, and some have vanes, simulating usually the 
 form of a fish. The oldest house shown here was built in lfi86. 
 For the best edifices the Grecian temple style of architecture is the 
 favorite. Many fine trees along the streets add their attractions to 
 those of lawns, shrubbery, flowers, and the frequent grape-vines. 
 Through streets and lanes often resounds the bell, the horn and the 
 voice of the town-crier; and in the high tower of the Unitarian 
 church a watchman stands ready, day and night, to sound the bell 
 at sight of a blaze. The place has suffered three tires of great 
 destructiveness, in 1836, 1838 and 1846. The last destroyed about 
 §1,000,000 worth of property, making room for much change in 
 the appearance of the village. The old windmill, on a hill near the 
 village, still remains a conspicuous object, having been in continuous 
 use since 1746. The court-house and the wooden jail are not im- 
 pressive in appearance. In the outskirts, on the road to " Sconset," 
 is a large asylum, with anextensive farm. 
 
 In 1841 the population of this town was 9,012 ; and it had about 
 100 ships engaged in the whale fishery. But other whaling ports 
 were growing; and a great fall in prices of whale products, 
 
482 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 beginning in 1842, the great fire of 1K4G, the rush of young men to 
 California in 1849 and years following, all wrought to dwindle this 
 business; and the year 1870 saw the sailing of the last whaler. 
 The pursuit of bass, bluefisli and cod still engages a small number of 
 the inhabitants. Large quantities of lobsters, clams, quahaugs and 
 scallops are also sent to market from these islands. A considerable 
 number of the common manufactures have slowly come in, instead 
 of the old ropcwalks and candle factories, affording larger opportuni- 
 ties for home industry. The national bank in this place has a 
 capital stock of $100,000; and the savings institution, at the close 
 of last year, held deposits to the amount of .$.'J59,(i21. 
 
 The post-offices are Nantucket and Niasconset, at the southeast 
 extremity of the town. The place is a small village of one-storied 
 houses, shingled from top to bottom. < Ither villages, or prominent 
 localities, are Coatue, Madaket, Polpis Village, Quaise, Quidnet, 
 Wauwinet, "Tuckernuck" and Surfside. The last is on an elevated 
 and fertile plain on the south shore; and is connected with "Scon- 
 set" and Nantucket by a narrow-gauge railway. Scattered over the 
 island, solitary or in clumps and proves, are pine trees, some of 
 large size, whose green shoots escaped the nibbling of the formerly 
 superabundant sheep. The religious societies having church edifices 
 in the town are the Baptist and colored Baptist, Congregationalist, 
 Unitarian, Methodist, Protestant Episcopal, Roman Catholic, and 
 Friends — who have two. Nantucket furnished about .'J00 men for 
 our army and navy during the late war, and from GO to 70 of them, 
 were lost. In Monument Square, in Nantucket village, stands a 
 handsome monument to their memory. 
 
 The. climate of this place is delightful, being very equable, salubri- 
 ous, and from ten to twenty degrees milder in winter and cooler in 
 summer than in Central Massachusetts. The inhabitants are noted 
 for longevity, many attaining to the age of 80 and 90 years. There 
 were formerly many Indians on this island; but the last full-blooded 
 Nautican died in 1822, and in 1854 the last individual in whose 
 veins ran a strain of Indian blood. 
 
 This town was incorporated June 27, 1C>87, as "Sherburn;" but 
 the name was changed to the present one, June S. 1795. 
 
 Among the eminent persons not previously mentioned were 
 Peleg Folger (17,'W-1789), a noted poet; Gen. Joseph Gardner 
 Swift, LL.D. (17N3-18t>r>), an able officer; Timothv Gardner Coffin 
 (1788-1854), an eminent lawyer; Lucretia Coffin 'Mott (1793), a 
 talented preacher of the Society of Friends ; Charles P. Winslow 
 (1811), an able author, and appointed U.S. consul at Payta, Peru, 
 in 18(12; Miss Maria Mitchell (1818-1889), distinguished for her 
 knowledge of astronomy ; the Kev. Phebe A. Hauaford (1829), a 
 popular preacher and author. Others are Walter Folger, Barker 
 Burnell, MA',, lion. Charles J. Folger, Hon Alfred Macv and Rev. 
 Ferdinand C. Ewer, D.P. 
 
 For a further account of this town, see article on Nantucket 
 County. 
 
NASUOBA — .VATICK. 483 
 
 N ashoba, a village in Westford. 
 
 Naskatlicket, a village in Fairhaven. 
 
 Nashawena I sland, in the town of Gosnold. 
 
 lVachiia T? i\/f r a beautiful stream which has its orig- 
 l\d.MlUd. IV IV Cl, inal source i n Ashburnham, in the 
 
 northeastern part of Worcester County ; and flowing through West- 
 minster, Fitchburg and Leominster, receives in Lancaster its South 
 Branch. This has its source in Wachusett Pond, in Princeton, 
 whence it flows through Sterling, West Boylston, Royalston, 
 Clinton, to the main stream in Lancaster. The latter then proceeds 
 in a northeast course through Harvard, Shirley, Aver, Groton and 
 Pepperell, thence through Hollis and Nashua, N. H., where it falls 
 into the Merrimack River. 
 
 IV at irk * s a ^ ar 8 e an< * flourishing town in the southerly part of 
 Middlesex County, noted chiefly for its shoe manufac- 
 ture. The Boston and Albany Railroad crosses the town, having 
 its chief station in Natick village, at the centre, 17 miles from Bos- 
 ton. From this point a branch road extends to Saxonville, on the 
 Sudbury River, in Framingham. The large anglos of the town lie 
 at its north, south and west. The assessed area is S.309 acres. Way- 
 land bounds it on the north, Needham on the east, Sherborn on the 
 southwest, and Framingham on the northwest. 
 
 The mo3t commanding eminence is Pegan Hill, at the southeast, 
 408 feet in height. Others are Tom's Hill in the west, and Fisk's 
 and Broad hills near the centre, — from which may be had fine views 
 of the principal village anil of Lake Cochituate. This beautiful 
 expanse of water extends from the central part of the town north- 
 ward along the borders of Framingham and Wayland. Eastward, 
 just over the border, are the Wellesley ponds. There are other small 
 ponds in the northeast, south and west. Dispersed about the town 
 are tracts of forest to the extent of 1,870 acres. There ia a well- 
 wooded range of small hills in the south and east, whose most ele- 
 vated summits mark the form of a rude letter S. Not far from these 
 flows the Charles River across the southeast corner of the town into 
 Needham, furnishing power at South Natick. This valley drew from 
 President Washington the remark, "Nature seems to have lavished 
 all her beauties here." 
 
 The soil of this town is not remarkably fertile, yet skilful cultiva- 
 tion procures good crops. The value of the product of the 92 farms 
 in 1888 was $96,815. 
 
 About the year 1830 Natick began to make a kind of sale shoes 
 called " brogans," by hand, for the Southern market. A few years 
 later machinery was introduced, and about the same time railroad 
 communication was opened with Boston ; and under the lead of the 
 enterprising men, among whom were the Messrs. Walcott, Hon. 
 
XATICK. 485 
 
 Henry Wilson, Isaac Felon and others, the business increased. 
 Workmen came in, new streets were laid out, buildings erected, new 
 firms and shops established ; so that from a sparsely settled town 
 of 890 inhabitants in 1830 it has come to contain at this date up- 
 wards of 10,000 people (census of 1885, 8,460). One mile north of 
 the centre the enterprising village of Felchville sprang up ; and the 
 very handsome village of South Natick has been steadily increasing. 
 Other villages are Mossville, in the southwest, and North and We;- t 
 Natick. Natick and South Natick are the post-offices. The central 
 villages are connected by a street railway ; and the place is a tradr 
 centre for neighboring towns. 
 
 There were in the town in 1885, 28 shoe establishments, employing 
 1,505 persons, and making goods to the value, in that year, of 
 $2,042,856. There are also manufactures of lumber, boxes, furniture, 
 leather, paint, straw goods and other clothing, base balls, metallic 
 goods, carriages, textiles, soap, flour and meal and other food prepara- 
 tions. The value of the aggregate product was §2,534,495. The 
 Natick National Bank has a capital of $100,000 ; and the savings 
 bank, at the opening of the present year, held deposits to the amount 
 of $934,768. The taxed dwelling-houses in 1888 were 1,594 in 
 number ; the legal voters, 2,117 ; the valuation was $5,193,230, and 
 the tax-rate $17.20 on £1,000. 
 
 There are a good town-hall, a well-shaded park, an excellent opera 
 house, and a fine library building of brick (the " Morse Institute") 
 containing a free reading-room and a library of nearly 20,000 volumes. 
 The Odd Fellows also have a good three-storied edifice of brick. 
 There is a good high school at the centre, and spacious buildings 
 for the lower grades here and in other villages ; their value beinj; 
 about $50,000. The churches are one each of the Baptists, Congrc- 
 gationalists, Methodists, Episcopalians and Roman Catholics, in the 
 central part of the town, and a Oongregationalist, a Unitarian and a 
 Roman Catholic at South Natick. The Dell-park Cemetery is beau- 
 tiful in itself and in its situation. 
 
 The oldest newspaper is the " Natick Bulletin ; " the " Natick 
 Weekly Review " is a more recent Democratic venture ; and the 
 " Natick Citizen " is a pronounced Republican prohibition journal ; 
 the good effects of its work being shown by the establishment of local 
 prohibition in the town. The land as a whole is elevated, and 
 the water-supply excellent. 
 
 The celebrated John Eliot, the apostle to the Indians, established 
 the first Indian church in New England in this town in 1660. Three 
 years later, the Bible, translated by him into the Nipmuck language, 
 was printed at Cambridge. The oak tree under which he use 
 instruct the sons of the forest is still pointed out. There is an 
 Indian burial place at South Natick, and one at the centre. The 
 name Natick is an Indian word signifying "a place of hills." This 
 town first appears in the State records, April 16, 1679, as a planta- 
 tion making an exchange of lands with Sherborn. On February 23, 
 1762, it is recorded: "The parish of Natick established as the district 
 of Natick ; " and on February 19, 1781, the district was made the town 
 of Natick. 
 
486 GAZE1 TEEM OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Of the eminent people associated with this town, there are William 
 Bigelow (1773-184 1 1, editor and poet ; Calvin E. Stowe, D.D. (1802- 
 1886), an able divine and educator, the husband of Mrs. Harriet 
 Beecher Stowe, the author; Alexander W. Thayer (1807), a musical 
 critic and author ; and Hon. Henry Wilson, shoe manufacturer, U.S. 
 senator, and rice-president of t he nation. 
 
 Ni 1 ) ,, 1 in Ashburnham. — the source of the 
 
 aukeag 1 oik Is, Vislm:l River 
 
 1\I n >t a long sand-bar on the east of Chatham and Orleans, 
 1M aUScl, the southeastern towns of Cape Cod. It is nearly 
 on a line with the long island of Monomoy, with which it may in 
 former times have been joined. The Bea has made a breach through 
 it opposite the centre of Eastham. It is sometimes called '-Nauset 
 Neck," but is practically two islands. 
 
 NTinc^r 1-Tarknr lvi "- between Orleans and Eastham, 
 iNaubd iiaiuui, . Ulll p en jj,g j nt ,, the ocean at the 
 
 north end of Nauset Neck. 
 
 Naushon island, ;::;;l; i :;-^::S; islands forminsthe 
 
 TSlpprllinm ^ es "' t '"' n " lt; '"' m l' art UI Norfolk County, its 
 
 IN CCUlldin boundaries marked on three side., (except a mile 
 or two at the southeast) by the circuitous line of Charles Eiver. 
 Newton and the West Roxbury district of lSoston lie on the east, 
 Dedham and Dover on the south, the latter also on the west, and 
 Wellesley on the northwest and north The assessed area is 7,602 
 acres, including 3,0 16 acres of woodland. 
 
 Bird's Hill in the southeast comer and Ridge Hill in the western 
 part are charming elevations, commanding extensive prospects of 
 well-cultivated farms and prosperous villages. Much attention is 
 bestowed on market-gardening. The extensive meadows on Charles 
 River produce valuable crops oi bay and cranberries. The apple 
 and pear orchards are numerous, and berries are found in large variety. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the L' I '. • farms in 1888 was 
 $132,275. Many of these farms are small, and are .simply the resi- 
 dences of people principally engaged in other business. Only 81 
 persons are reported as farmers. The largest manufactory is the 
 hosiery mill, employing 243 persons, and in 1885 producing goods to 
 
 t be \ a] E $276,924. < II her manufactures are machinery, scientific 
 
 appliances, carnages, leal her, ami food preparations. The total 
 number of establishments was 35, and then- aggregate product had 
 
 the val f $377,247. The population was 2,586, of which 603 were 
 
 legal voters. The valuation in L888 was $2,081,082; and the rate 
 of taxation was J13 on 11,000, There were 605 taxed dwelling- 
 bouses. 
 
 The post-offices are Needham (village), Highlandville and Charles 
 River village; and these are also the railway stations. The other 
 villages are Greendale and Needham Upper Falls. The Woonsoeket 
 
NEEDHAM COBNEBS—NEW ASHFOBD. 487 
 
 Division of the New York and New England Railroad passes through 
 the midst of the town. The schools consist of the grades of sub- 
 primary, primary, intermediate, grammar and high ; and are pro- 
 vided with 6 buildings, valued at nearly $60,000. The Needham 
 Library Association has some 2,000 volumes. The "Needham 
 Chronicle " is the favorite weekly of the town. There are here one 
 church each of the Baptists, Methodists, Unitarians and the Congre- 
 gationalists, the latter having an edifice of beautiful design, recently 
 erected. 
 
 This town, originally a part of Dedham, was incorporated 
 November 5, 1711 ; having its name, probably, from the parish of 
 Needham in Norfolk County, England. On April (3, 1881, the 
 northern part of Needham was set off to form the town of Wellesley. 
 
 Needham Corners, a village in Peabody. 
 
 IN eponset, a village in the Dorchester district of Boston. 
 
 NTp>r-»/~inc^r T? \\T(±r has its ori gi n as the outlet of Nepon- 
 1-NCpUUbCl 1V1VC1 se t Reservoir in the northern section 
 of Foxborough. Flowing north, it receives Walpole Mill Branch, 
 coming southward from Great Spring in the southeastern part of 
 Dover. Near the conjoined angles of Sharon, Canton and Norwood 
 it receives the overflow of Massapoag Bond in the first, and of 
 Ponkapoag and Reservoir ponds in the second. It forms the line 
 between the first two of these and Norwood, and between I'anton 
 and Dedham (where it receives Mother Brook) and between Milton 
 and Hyde Park for a short distance ; then makes a detour to the 
 centre of the latter, but returns to the boundary, forming the line 
 between the Dorchester district of Boston and Milton and (juincy ; 
 where it enters Dorchester Bay at Commercial Point. 
 
 l\J^w A chfnrrl ' s a sma ^ farming town of mountainous, 
 1\CW .rVMUUIU wild and broken land; 1Jresen ti n g mucn 
 
 beautiful scenery, situated in the northwestern part of Berkshire 
 County, about 130 miles from Boston. The 1oii.lt mountain ridge of 
 which Greylock, at the northeast angle, is the highest summit, sepa- 
 rates it from the valley of the Housatonic and its railroad on the 
 east; so that the nearest railroad stations are the Fitchburg in 
 Williamstown, eight miles north, and the Boston and Albany at 
 Pittsfield, 12 miles south. Williamstown bounds it on the north, 
 Adams and Cheshire on the east, Lanesborough on the south, and 
 Hancock on the west. The assessed area is 7,570 acres, including 
 3,917 acres of forest, consisting of maple, beech and birch. Sugar 
 Loaf Mount, south of the centre, is the most notable eminence in 
 the town ; and on the western border are the outposts of the Taconic 
 range. Marble and calcareous schist abound, and have been quar- 
 ried. There is in this town a cave 130 feet in length, with some 
 apartments 20 feet in height, glittering with stalactites. The Green 
 River, which flows north to the Hoosac River, rises in the northern 
 section of this town ; and in the southern part an affluent of the 
 
488 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Housatonic has its source. The town abounds in springs and trout 
 brooks. 
 
 The 30 farms in 1KX5 yielded products to the value of S32,087. 
 Much charcoal is made, and there is one saw mill. The population 
 was 163, including 47 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 
 J8>82,6!ir>, with a tax-rate of *14 on §1,1 KM). The dwelling-houses 
 numbered 37. There were two public school-houses and a Method- 
 ist church. The place was incorporated as a district February 26, 
 17S1, and as a town February 6, 1801. The village and post-office 
 is New Ashford, at the centre. 
 
 NFW RFDFORD lon e noted for its whale 
 
 1NILVV DJLi.'l WIVU, fisheries and for the wealth 
 and urbanity of its people, is a city of 5,59* dwelling-houses and 
 33,393 inhabitants, delightfully situated on the west bank of the 
 Acushnet River, here broadening into New Bedford Harbor, on the 
 north side of Buzzard's Bay. It lies in latitude 41° 38' north, and 
 in longitude 70° 55' west. It is L'L'8 miles northeast from New 
 York, with which it has connection by steamboats ; and is 55 miles 
 south of Boston, and connected with that place and the western 
 regions by the New Bedford and Taunton and the Fall River 
 branches of the Old Colony Railroad ; while the Fairhaven Branch, 
 just across the river, makes the same connections, and a more direct 
 one with the eastern towns and Cape Cod. A fine bridge 4,000 
 feet in length provides easy access to Fairhaven ; and street cars run 
 to this and other neighboring villages. 
 
 New Bedford is bounded on the north by Freetown, cast by 
 Acushnet and Fairhaven, and west by Dartmouth. Clark's Point, 
 bearing a lighthouse, is the southern termination of the city; and 
 Clark's Neck, above the point, divides New Bedford harbor from 
 Clark's Cove. There is another light in the upper harbor. In both 
 upper and lower harbors are several islands ; the larger ones known 
 as Pope's, Palmer's, Egg and Angelica islands, the last being off 
 Sconticut Point, which marks the eastern side of the harbor en- 
 trance. The city is ten and a half miles long, north and south, and 
 about one and a half miles wide, east and west. The assessed area 
 is 8,930 acres. The principal rock is felspathic gneiss and granite. 
 The surface of the land is finely diversified by swelling knolls, 
 pleasant plains, and fertile valleys. The Pamanset River has its 
 source in Sassaquin's Pond, of about 50 acres, in the northeast sec- 
 tion, and drains the northern part of the territory, reaching the sea 
 through Dartmouth. The Acushnet River rises in the northern 
 part of the town of Acushnet ; its broadening channel forming a 
 division between the town and the city. Great Cedar Swamp covers 
 an extensive area on the line of Dartmouth, largely occupied by 
 forest. The soil is diluvium, consisting of sand, loam and gravel. 
 All varieties of gneiss, with flesh-red felspar, black mica, graphic 
 granite, and coarse garnets are found. 
 
 There are 67 farms within the corporate limits, whose aggregate 
 product in 1885 was $1-7,944. The largest manufacturing estab- 
 
-VA'ir BEDFORD. 489 
 
 lishments are the cotton mills, employing, in 1885, 4,024 persons^ 
 while a woollen mill employed 96 ; the value of the textiles made 
 being $5,343,779. There were 29 boot and shoe factories, employing 
 389 persons, and having a product valued at $751,240; 156 person* 
 were engaged in making machinery, whose product was valued at 
 $269,675; 236 were engaged in working iron, copper, britannia, tin 
 and gold (jewelry), these products amounting to $980,000 ; 147 per- 
 sons were engaged in making picture frames ; 120 in carriage-mak- 
 ing; 154 in making cordage; 148 in glass-making; 47 in stonework; 
 52 in making drills ; and 49 in making coopers' wares. There were 
 27 ship-yards, 7 oil factories, 8 tanneries, and 4 lumber mills. Other 
 manufactures were artisans' tools, electrical apparatus, paper boxes, 
 brooms, furniture, liquors, harnesses ; and many of smaller extent 
 to the number of 420. Steam is chiefly the motive power. The 
 value of the products in the aggregate was §11,334,770. The fish- 
 eries brought in $1,235,109; of which $1,155,863 was for whale prod- 
 ucts. In this business N2 vessels were engaged, 3 being steamers ; 
 7, ships ; 1, a brig ; 59, barques ; the remainder being schooners 
 and sloops. The tonnage of these was 19,873, and the value $l,01<>,32/>. 
 The commercial marine consisted of 2 barques, 1 brig, 1H schooners, 
 1 sloop, and 5 steamers, having a tonnage of 15,566, and a value of 
 $255,000. There are five national banks, whose capital stock in the 
 aggregate was $4,100,000. The two savings banks, at the begin- 
 ning of the present year, held deposits to the amount of $14,746,199. 
 There is also a safe deposit and trust company and a co-operative 
 bank. The number of legal voters was 7,051. The valuation in 
 1888 was $33,454,347; with a tax-rate of $17 on $1,000. 
 
 The post-offices are New Bedford and Clifford ; the other villages 
 being Cannonville, Jesseville, Kennersonville and Rock Dale. 
 
 The city proper is built on land rising gradually from the bank of 
 the river ; and, seen from the Fairhaven shore opposite, or from the 
 bay, presents a very beautiful appearance. There is a handsome 
 park of 10 acres in the upper part of the city, where stands the 
 Soldiers' Monument. The streets are laid out regularly, and several 
 of them are remarkable for the elegant mansions, surrounded witli 
 ample gardens. County, Cottage and Sixth streets — the first espe- 
 cially — beautifully shaded with ancient elms, have few equals in the 
 country. Many residences have an air of elegance and splendor 
 seldom seen. The custom-house, city-hall, and the post-office are 
 imposing structures of native granite. The latter building was 
 erected in 1836, at a cost of $31,7110 ; the customs building was com- 
 pleted in 1839, at expense of $60,000. Another fine edifice is that 
 of the Odd Fellows, recently erected. There are also several hand- 
 some business blocks ; and the manufactories are not all without 
 beauty or impressiveness, the larger ones being generally of brick 
 or granite. Under the will of Sylvia Ann Rowland, the city 
 received $100,000 for the promotion and support, within the city, of 
 liberal education, and the enlargement, from time to time, of the Free 
 Public Library. The library building was completed in 1857, and is 
 valued a* $56,000. It now contains p.lxmt 50,000 volumes. The 
 
490 GAZETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 county court-house, the house of correction, constructed of brick, and 
 the jail, of granite, are also superior structures. There are threa 
 good halls used for entertainments. 
 
 There, are four public and five private cemeteries in the city, 
 several of which are of much beauty; all except one being remote 
 from the eity proper. 
 
 The Baptists have four churches here, the Congregationalists 
 three; the Unitarians two; the l'rotestant Episcopalians two; the 
 Roman Catholics five ; the < Christian one ; the Christian Connection 
 three; tin- Friends two; the UuiversalLsts one; the Latter Day 
 Saints one; the Adventists one; and there is a Christian Union, 
 which is undenominational. St. James' Church (Episcopalian) is 
 specially noticeable for its chastely beautiful architecture. The 
 Unitarians, Congregationalists and Koman Catholics, also, have 
 each one or more fine edifices. 
 
 The city has excellent graded schools, including a high school, for 
 which are provided 19 buildings, having the value of nearly §500,- 
 000. The Friends' Academy, founded in 1X10, has been a very 
 flourishing institution. It possesses a choice library of about 3,000 
 volumes. There are also several other flourishing schools. The 
 city sustains two daily newspapers, — the " Evening Standard " and 
 the " Mercury ; " three weeklies, — the '■ Eepubliean Standard," the 
 '■ Mercury,'' and the " Whaleman's Shipping List; " and one monthly, 
 — the " Old Colonist." 
 
 With the coming of cotton and woollen manufacture to New 
 Bedford there was an influx of Irish and Scotch ; and the numerous 
 other manufactories have attracted flocks of young American people. 
 Yet, as said a writer in the '• Boston Journal" several years ago, 
 ** New Bedford seems to have a cosmopolitan breeze always blowing 
 over its strata. On the vessels fitting out for their long and adven- 
 turous cruises you may hear all the modern languages spoken. 
 Dutchmen, Frenchmen, Spaniards, Portuguese, and Norwegians have 
 pitched their tents here, and make periodical visits to the whale 
 regions." 
 
 The site of the city of New Bedford was purchased in 1652 from 
 the chiefs Wesame<[uen and his son Wnmsutta. The Indian name of 
 the place was Ants/met. Of the first settlers upon the ground were 
 Half Russell, his son .John Russell, and Anthony Slocum. who later 
 built an iron forge at Russell's Mills, and John Cooke, whoso home 
 was at the head of Acushnet River. The first house was erected 
 about the year 17(1 1, by John Louden, of Pembroke. The place was 
 a part of Dartmouth until February L'.'i, 17M7, when it was set off 
 and incorporated as a town. It was first named '"Bedford" in 
 honor of the Kussells, early settlers of the place, and related to the 
 Dukn of I'.edford. Finding there was already a '"Bedford " in the 
 Slate, the prefix "New" was adopted. The town embraced also 
 certain territory on the east side of the harbor, which, on Februarv 
 U», l.Hli.', was set off to form Falrhaven. New Bedford was made a 
 city March 9, 1X17. In the course of a century from settlement the 
 inhabitants had become quite numerous ; but in 1G7G, during King 
 
XEYY BEDFORD. 491 
 
 Philip's War, nearly all the dwellings were destroyed, and many 
 people killed. After the war the place again flourished. The whale 
 fishery early attracted the attention of the inhabitants ; and several 
 small vessels were already in the business when, in 17G7, they 
 launched their first ship, — the '"Dartmouth," of which Joseph 
 Botch was the owner. Her first voyage was made to London with a 
 cargo of whale oil. This ship, some years later (1773), caino into 
 Boston with a cargo of tea from London, which readers will remem- 
 ber was disposed of in a very peculiar manner. In 1775 New 
 Bedford's whaling fleet had increased to 50 vessels. 
 
 The people of this village were the witnesses of the contest which 
 has been called " the first naval battle of the Revolution," when, on 
 the 5th of May, 1775, Captain Linzee, of the British sloop-of-war 
 Falcon, captured two provincial sloops in the harbor. The people 
 of the place fitted out two sloops, with 30 men, and retook the cap- 
 tured vessels, with 15 of the British on board, before they were 
 out of Buzzard's Bay. Though at the period of the Revolution a 
 great majority of the citizens were Quakers, or Friends, and opposed 
 to privateering on principle, yet many citizens did engage in this 
 business ; and the harbor was largely used to fit out privateers and 
 for captured vessels. The facts becoming known to Sir Henry 
 Clinton, the British commander at New York, ho despatched an 
 expedition against the place. On the 5th of September, 1778, about 
 5,000 British landed from boats in (/lark's Cove; and, marching up 
 the country road to the village, they burned houses, wharves, ship- 
 ping, naval stores and provisions. 
 
 From the close of this war the whaling industry steadily increased 
 until 1857, when New Bedford had a whaling fleet of '■'•-'> vessels, 
 worth, with outfit, more than *1L',000,000; and requiring the services 
 of 10,000 seamen. In the war of secession ships and outfits belong- 
 ing in port were destroyed by Confederate privateers to the value of 
 about $1,500,000. In September, 1871, T2 of her ships had to be 
 abandoned in the ice of the Arctic Ocean ; involving a loss, regard- 
 less of the whale products on board, of § 1,000,000. 
 
 Perhaps the most eminent citizens of New Bedford were Joseph 
 Kotch, an enterprising merchant and shipowner of the Revolution- 
 ary period; Captain Grinnell (1758-1N50), a successful shipmaster, 
 noted as a man of great probity; Joseph Grinnell (b. 178S), a distin- 
 guished merchant and a member of Congress LSI l-lsr>L'; Moses II. 
 Grinnell (b. 1803), member of Congress l.K.'59-lx-ll, appointed 
 collector of the port of New York in 1869, and distinguished as a 
 promoter of Dr. Kane's Arctic Expedition ; George Howlaud (d. 
 1852), a successful merchant and financier, a member of the Society 
 of Friends, to whose educational and benevolent institutions he 
 made large bequests; Dr. Samuel West (1730-1807), clergyman, 
 statesman, and author; Jabez D. Hammond, LL.D. (1778-1855), an 
 able lawyer and author; Hon. Jonathan Bourne (1811-1889), a suc- 
 cessful merchant, at one period the largest owner in the world in 
 whaling operations, an able financier, and highly esteemed as 
 an excellent citizen; William Bradford, noted especially for his 
 
492 GAZETTEEJi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 paintings of Arctic scenes; John Henry Clifford, governor of the 
 Commonwealth, 1853^1; and William H. f'rapo, member of Con- 
 gress. 
 
 N T^minrrpf is situated in the western part of Wor- 
 
 CW i3iaillLH-C ,. ( . st( . 1 . (Jounty, its northwest side lying 
 on Ware Kiver, which separates it from I lard wick and Ware. The 
 territorial form is mainly triangular, with apex to the north and its 
 base line cast and west. Barn- and Oakham bound it un the north- 
 east, and North Brookficld and West Brookfield on the south. The 
 assessed area is 12,856 acres, including 2.790 acres of forest, chiefly 
 maple, ash, chestnut, oak and walnut. Tufts' Hill, in the easterly 
 part of the town, rises to an altitude of 1,17!) feet, and is one of the 
 highest points of land in the county. Near on its northwest side 
 are Pepper and Webb's ponds. Man\- bubbling springs and spark- 
 ling brooks mark the surface, which is much varied by hills and 
 valleys. The soil is good, affording excellent grazing; and the dairy 
 products have been regarded as of superior quality. The 119 farms 
 in 1885 yielded products to the value of 1178,114. The cereal and 
 apple crops are proportionately large. The manufactories consist of 
 a small paper-mill, a carriage factory, a saw-mill, one or more grain 
 mills, and other shops found in rural communities. The value of 
 the aggregate product in 1.NN5 was set down in the census as $15,663. 
 The population was 558, including 132 legal voters. The valuation 
 in 1888 was $439,890, with a tax-rate of S 10.50 on $1,000. The 
 taxed dwelling-houses were 116 in number. The six school buildings 
 are valued at upwards of §5,000. There is a town library of nearly 
 800 volumes. The only church edifice belongs to the Congregation- 
 alists. New I?raintree is the post-office and only village; and is 
 situated at the centre. The Central Massachusetts Railroad, of the 
 Boston and Maine Railroad system, runs through the town, with tin- 
 Ware River Railroad at the southwest border. The Indian name of 
 the place was Winimisset. Eight men were killed and three mortally 
 wounded here by the savages, August 2, 1676. A grant of 1,000 
 acres of the township was made to people in old Braintree in Norfolk 
 County for services rendered in 1675; and the rest of the territory 
 of the present town was taken from Brook field and Hardwiek. For 
 a time the place bore only the name " Braintree Farms." It was in- 
 corporated as New Braintree on January 31, 1751. The town fur- 
 nished 31 soldiers to the Tnion armies in the late war, of whom 10 
 were lost. 
 
 Among eminent natives of New Braintree were Charles Eames, 
 (IK12-1S67), an able international lawyer and editor; Jonathan 
 Kishor (1768-1847), clergyman, and author of " Scripture Animals." 
 
 T\Tf>wKiirv ' s an amu>nt < an< l pleasant agricultural town in 
 iiLWUUiy th( , I10rt ] lrast ]);lrt nf Essox bounty, 32 miles 
 
 northeast of Boston on the Eastern Division of the Boston and 
 Maino Kailroad. Through it from the west also comes the Danvers, 
 Haverhill and Newbury port Branch. It is bounded on the north 
 
XEwuujn: 493 
 
 by Newburyport, east by the ocean, south by Rowley, southwest by 
 Georgetown, and northwest by West Newbury. Its length from 
 east to west, curving southward, is above 8 miles, and its width 
 about 3 miles. The assessed area is 13,094, more than 2,000 acres 
 less than the actual area. 
 
 There are about 1,500 acres of woodland. A section of Plum 
 Island forms the ocean frontage, — separated by an arm of the sea 
 called Plum Island River, or Sound. Parker River with its branches 
 — Little River from the north and Mill River from the southwest — 
 are the principal streams, and furnish some motive power. The 
 land is undulating, except in the vicinity of Plum Island Sound, and 
 a large distance of Parker River, where it is marshy. A gentle 
 swell of land extends across the easterly section of the town, marked 
 at its extremities by the two villages called Upper Green and Lower 
 Green. On this many of the early settlers built substantial dwelling- 
 houses, several of which still remain. Just north of Lower Green 
 this swell rises into the considerable eminence of Oldtown Hill, 
 from which may be seen the valley of Parker River, the mouth of 
 the Merrimack, the Isles of Shoals, the long stretch of Plum Island, 
 Annisquam Harbor and Cape Ann. The geological formation of 
 the town is mainly sieiiite, but from one ledge limestone was quar- 
 ried in early times. At a rocky point called the '-Devil's Den,"' 
 fine specimens of serpentine, chrysolite, asbestos, amianthus, mas- 
 sive garnet, and carbonate of iron are obtained. Near by this ledge 
 is a deep, basin-like depression in the rooky mass, with a miniature 
 lake at the bottom. The soil is generally good. 
 
 There are in the town 201 farms, whose product in lss.">, as 
 give in the last State census, was S27(yH(iS. Unions, apples and 
 pears, strawberries, grapes and poultry products are the items which 
 are in larger thau the usual proportion. A boot and shoe factory 
 employing 55 persons, and woollen mills employing L'.s, are the 
 largest manufacturing establishments. Other articles made in con- 
 siderable quantity are carriages, lumber, liquors, snuff, and polishes 
 and dressings. The aggregate value of goods made was i?2.">7,4!tl». 
 The population was 1,590, of whom 4.'i(i were lcjal voters. The valu- 
 ation in 1888 was *'.)S2,070 and the rate of taxation $10 on #1,000. 
 The number of dwelling-houses was 311. 
 
 The post-offices are Newbury, liyfield and South Byheld. Other 
 villages not already mentioned are the Farms, < lldtown and Scotland. 
 Newbury has a serviceable town-house and six public-school build- 
 ings, valued at $6,000. There is a small association library; and 
 Dummer Academy, situated in the pleasant village of South Ryfield, 
 has a library of some 500 volumes. This institution, the first ,; free 
 grammar school " (equivalent to our term of " classical school ") in 
 New England, was founded by Governor William Dummer, a native 
 of the town, in 17(».'i. In Byfield village, also, some iSO years ago, 
 was established the first " female seminary " in the country ; and 
 among its pupils were Mary Lyon, founder of Mount Holyoke 
 Female Seminary (now "College""); Miss Zilpha Grant, founder of 
 the Ipswich Female Seminary ; Miss Abigail Husseltine, founder of 
 
494 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the Bradford Academy — also a female seminary ; Miss Anna Judson 
 and Miss Harriet Newell, first female missionaries to the heathen 
 from the United States. The house of the pioneer Longfellow is 
 still shown in this town. 
 
 Newbury was incorporated May 6, 10.55, being named for an Eng- 
 lish town. It had previously been the plantation of Wessactuxm, 
 which was the Indian name. Newburyport was detached from it in 
 17H4, and West Newbury in 1819. The Revs. Thomas Parker and 
 .lames Noyes were respectively pastor and teacher of the first 
 church ; whose formation occurred under a broad-spreading tree on 
 the margin of Parker River. The churches at present are the By- 
 field and the First Congregationalist, the Methodist Episcopal, the 
 Independent Methodist, and a Roman Catholic. 
 
 Out of 150 men capable of doing military duty this town lost 67 
 during King Philip's War; and it has ever manifested a patriotic 
 spirit. It contributed 160 men to the Union forces during the war 
 of the Rebellion. It has given many eminent men to the country; 
 as Rev. Samuel Moody (1076-1747), the celebrated minister of York, 
 Maine; Theophilus Bradbury (1739-1*03), an able jurist and a U. 
 S. senator; Leonard Woods, D.D. (1*07), President of Bowdoin Col- 
 lege from 1839 to 1806; and Benjamin Perky Poore (l v l'Vu. an able 
 author and journalist. 
 
 NEWBURYPORT, J^Kr.^* 
 
 entry, a city, and a seat of justice for Essex County, is delightfully 
 situated on the southwest bank of the Merrimack, — the city proper 
 being about three miles above its entrance to the ocean. The city 
 stands on ground rising gradually from the water, the higher por- 
 tions commanding a wide and beautiful view of the river and of the 
 sea from the Isles of Shoals to Rockport on Cape Ann. It lies in 
 latitude 41!"' 4S' north and longitude 72° 51'' west. It is 38 miles 
 northeast of Boston by the Eastern Division of the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad, with the Danvers Branch coming in from the west 
 and connecting it with Haverhill and Lawrence. A street railroad 
 also connects it with Amesbury Mills. It is bounded on the 
 north and northeast by the Merrimack (which separates it from 
 Amesbury and Salisbury), south by Newbury, and west by West New- 
 bury. 
 
 Artichoke River, rising in West Newbury, forms a part of the 
 line with that town, and furnishes power for a grain mill as it reaches 
 the Merrimack. 
 
 The assessed area is 4,575 acres. The harbor is formed by the 
 ■widening of the river ; its entrance being marked on the south side 
 by two lights, on the inner and on the outer necks of Plum Island. 
 Three well-constructed bridges connect the city with Salisbury on 
 the north side of the Merrimack, and another connects it with Plum 
 Island. Turkey Hill, in the southwest, is the greatest elevation. 
 There is not now a great extent of woodland, though formerly the 
 region was covered with a heavy growth of oak. The mountain 
 
NEWBURYPORT. 495 
 
 laurel and the trailing arbutus are found here ; and almost every tree 
 native to New England soil makes rapid and luxuriant growth. 
 The solid basis of the town is largely sienite, in which fine speci- 
 mens of serpentine, nemalite and uranite appear. The region is 
 one of Laurentian and Huronian upheaval, with many fissures filled 
 with infused mineral matter. Stratified gravel, slightly loamy, forms 
 the soil of the city proper ; while outside for some miles the surface 
 shows in most parts a modified clay, which rests on a blue or glacial 
 clay of great depth. The soil requires much enrichment. 
 
 According to the last State census, there were 159 farms, though 
 only 65 persons classed themselves as farmers. The total yield in 
 1885 was valued at $125,762. From a commercial, Newburyport has 
 become a manufacturing city, having no less than 223 establishments. 
 In the year mentioned there were 27 shoe factories, employing W)(> 
 persons, and making goods to the value of §1,G2;">,51.S. Four cotton 
 •mills employed 708 persons and made goods to the amount of 
 $958,695. A hundred and eighteen persons were engaged in making 
 hats ; 29 in making collars and cuffs ; 96 in making combs, brushes, 
 and other goods of horn and chrolithion ; 40 persons were machinists, 
 48 silver washers and platers, and l!t were stone-workers. There were 
 one lumber mill, 2 dye-works and bleacheries, a brick and tile factory, 
 15 ship-yards, and four soap factories. Other articles made in con- 
 siderable quantity were food preparations, spices, liquors, clothing, 
 boxes, carriages, furniture and leather. The aggregate value of goods 
 made was $4,644,966. The fisheries brought in *5S,232, — clams, cod 
 and mackerel, according to order of naming, amounting t<> nearly the 
 entire sum. The commercial marine consisted of "> barques, 1 brig, 
 4 schooners, 4 ships and 2 steamers; whose tonnage amounted to 
 12,024. There are four national banks, whose aggregate capital 
 stock is $670,000; and 2 savings banks, whose deposits, at the 
 opening of the present year, reached the sum of £5,641,174. The 
 population was 13,716, — including 3,232 legal voters. The valua- 
 tion in 1888 was $X,6N6,13U ; and the tax-rate was $16 on §1,000. 
 There were 2,276 dwelling-houses. 
 
 The post-office is Newburyport, and this is also the only railway 
 station ; but the villages are numerous. They are Artichoke, 
 Atwood's Corner, Belleville, Daltonville, Evergreens, Grasshopper 
 Plain, Guinea, Joppa, Moultonville, Pilfershire, Scotland, The 
 Laurels, The Pines, and Turkey Hill. There are many charming 
 localities and handsome residences. The public buildings of the 
 city are a city-hall, valued at $33,000 ; the several buildings for the 
 fire department, a brick market-house and an almshouse ; and twelve 
 or more school buildings valued at some $140,000. There is a 
 graded system of public schools, embracing a high school for boys, 
 and another for girls in an institution of a high order called " The 
 Putnam Free School," which was opened in 1848. The public library 
 building (known as the " Tracey House ") is valued at $40,000, and 
 contains about 25,000 volumes. 
 
 The newspapers are the " Daily Herald," having also an evening 
 issue; the "Daily News," the weekly "Herald," and the weekly 
 "Vanguard; " and the monthly " Good Tidings." 
 
496 
 
 CAZETTEEli OF MAUSACIIUSETT.S. 
 
 The Congregationalists have four churches here ; the Methodists 
 two • the Presbyterians, two ; and the Baptists, Unitarians, Second 
 Adv'entists, the Christian Connection, the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church, and the Roman Catholic Church, one each. There are eight 
 cemeteries — the four within the city proper being old, and no longer 
 used. Oak Jlill Cemetery, occupying a picturesque hill in the en- 
 virons, has many beautiful monuments and ornamental trees and 
 shrubbery. There are about 40 acres in parks. One — Atkinson 
 Common, containing 30 acres — is situated on high land overlooking 
 the city. In the centre of the city proper is a little park of about 
 10 acres called 1 kirtlett Hall. It is beautifully shaded with ehns, and 
 has in the centre a small fresh-water pond. There are many hand- 
 some old man- 
 sions and several 
 fine modern resi- 
 dences. Some of 
 the streets, lined 
 with elegant 
 houses having 
 gardens in front, 
 are very beauti- 
 ful. High Street, 
 extending along 
 the elevated land 
 from Belleville to 
 Oldtown Green, 
 and affording oc- 
 casional glimpses 
 of the river and 
 the ocean, is one 
 of the most 
 charm in g ave- 
 nues in the coun- 
 try. 
 
 * Newburyport, in the matter of trade and business, was once the 
 glory of Essex. It was settled in lii.'i.l, when it formed a part of the 
 town of Newbury ; from which, in 170 1, one square mile of Newbury 
 — (i 10 acres — was set off and incorporated under the name of Xew- 
 buryport. This ended the vexations from the clashing interests of 
 the " Waterside People " and those of the agricultural portion of the 
 town. In is.ll. alter numerous attempts, another (and the most 
 populous") portion of Newbury was annexed, bringing the territory 
 to its present limits and increasing the population from 9,572 to 
 l*_',s<;»'>. In IS.11 it became a city. From its establishment as a 
 town up to 177."i its prosperity was marvellous. Shipbuilding was the 
 principal industry, vessels having been constructed here as early 
 as 1080. During periods of special prosperity, as many as 90 
 vessels have been on the stocks at once. In August, 1775, the first 
 
 * The compiid, and cxrrllpnl historical st-utctnoiit follmvinK is almost a literal tran- 
 mi-i Ipi. of the uiulolo on Nrwburvpurt in tho " History i»f New Engiami," by CyriM M. 
 
 Tnwy, Ks'i. 
 
 THE TinLIC LIBRARY, NEWHLRYl'OUT. 
 
XE \V CBUli VH— NE W MARLB OR UGH. 497 
 
 privateer fitted out in the United States sailed from this port. She 
 was owned by Nathanial Tracey, of Newburyport, who for 8 years 
 was the principal owner of 110 merchantmen, having an aggregate 
 tonnage of 15,660, and valued with their cargoes at $2,733,000. At 
 the close of the Revolution but 13 of these were left, the remainder 
 having either been captured by the enemy or lost. He also owned 
 24 cruisers, carrying 340 guns and navigated by 2,800 seamen ; and 
 all these save one were lost. The property they captured from the 
 British sold for $3,950,000 in gold. The hrst vessel that flung the 
 American flag from her peak in the Thames was from Newbury- 
 port.* With shipbuilding, commerce also came to this port and 
 flourished amazingly until 1807, when the embargo that followed 
 crushed the prosperity though not the spirit of her people. Then 
 came the great fire of 1811, which destroyed a million and a half 
 dollars worth of property in a few hours. Last of all the Middle- 
 sex Canal, completed in 1808, by making Boston the port of the 
 Merrimack towns, gave the vital thrust at her enterprise and pros- 
 perity. The population of Newburyport had in 1860 increased to 
 13,401 ; in 1870, it had fallen to 12,595 ; since which date it has been 
 steadily gaining with the increase in the number of manufactures. 
 Newburyport to-day is one of the most beautiful cities in the 
 country. The place is remarkable for the number of noted people 
 who have been residents. A few names are: Rev. George White- 
 field, the great preacher, whose remains rest under the Federal 
 Street church ; Jacob Perkins, the celebrated inventor; Theophilus 
 Parsons, the jurist ; Edmund Blunt, the navigator ; Hannah F. 
 Gould, the poetess; George Lunt, the journalist and author; William 
 Lloyd Garrison, the philanthropist ; Hon. Caleb Cushing, the law- 
 yer, statesman, parliamentarian and diplomatist, to whom a statue 
 was erected here in 1879. 
 
 NeW Church, a village in Waltham. 
 
 JN CW V_,lty, a village in Easthampton. 
 
 NeW Dublin, a village in Randolph. 
 
 Newhall's Crossing, a village in Peabody. 
 
 N PW Mor1Kr>rrmrrri is a large and handsome town 
 eW lViariDOrOUgn in the sout hem part of Berk- 
 shire County, having for its boundaries, Great Barrington on its 
 northwest corner, Monterey on the north, Sandistield on the east, 
 Sheffield on the west, and Canaan and Norfolk in Connecticut on 
 the south. The general form of the town is that of a parallelogram, 
 with its length north and south. The assessed area is 28,569 acres ; 
 there are 9,304 acres of forest. The formative rock is ferruginous 
 gneiss, Potsdam and Levis limestone. From the latter large quan- 
 
 • This honor la also claimed by Nantucket. 
 
498 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 tities of the " Hadsell lime " have been manufactured. In the 
 ■western part of the town is a valuable bed of white porcelain clay, 
 which is being wrought with profit. A curiosity of the town is a 
 rock weighing 40 or 50 tons, so nicely poised that it can easily be 
 moved by the hand. The scenery is diversified and romantic. 
 There are. wide ureas of moderately level land about the borders, but 
 the centre is hilly, the highest elevation being Woodruff Mountain. 
 On the line at the northwest lies Six-mile Pond, whose outlet is 
 Mill River. Umphachina Kiver rises east of the centre, and meets 
 the first at the southwest border; both streams furnishing power. 
 In the southeast is East Pond ; and the outlet of this also affords 
 power. 
 
 On those streams and their tributaries are six saw mills and 
 grain mills. There is also a butter and cheese factory. The largest 
 manufactory is the paper-mill, employing I'.j persoi.s, making paper 
 for news sheets, and using rye-straw largely. Other manufactures 
 are whips, carpetings, carriages and metallic goods. The value of 
 the aggregate product in 1885 was $S:i,341. There were 261 farms, 
 whose products amounted to $275,537. The live stock included 
 2,266 neat cattle, 630 sheep and .'170 horses. The population was 
 1,661, of whom 430 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $629,118, with a tax-rate of $13 on sl,000. The number of assessed 
 dwelling-houses was 361. 
 
 The post-offices and villages are New Marlborough (north centre), 
 Hartsville at the northwest, Mill River in the west, Southfield 
 (south centre), and Clayton. The Housatonic Railroad, running 
 through the midst of Sheffield, on the west, affords the nearest 
 railway stations. The town has 12 school-houses, valued at some 
 $5,000. There are three Congregationalist churches, one Baptist, 
 one Methodist, and two Roman Catholic. 
 
 The plantation of New Marlborough was established as a district in 
 1750, and the district was made a town by the general act. August 
 23, 1775. There have been numerous changes of boundary lines on 
 all sides within the State. 51 r. Benjamin Wheeler, from the original 
 town of Marlborough, commenced the settlement of this town in 
 1739. He was forbidden the use of his gun by the Indians, lest he 
 might kill the deer, which were numerous, and regarded by them as 
 their most valuable property. The first church was organized Octo- 
 ber 31, 1744, when the Rev. Thomas Strong was ordained pastor. 
 The Rev. Russell S. Cook (1811-1 864 \ an able writer, and the 
 founder of American colportage, was a native of this town. 
 
 Newport, a village in Manchester. 
 
 "Mew Sn 1pm ' s a raouuta i noils town of 225 dwelling- 
 J.-NCVV tjciiciu h ouseg alu i «;« inhabitants forming the 
 southeast extremity of Franklin County, and about 70 miles north- 
 northwest of Boston. The Athol and Springfield Railroad runs 
 across the eastern angle of tho town. It is bounded on the north 
 by Orange, on the east by Athol and Petersham, south by Prescott, 
 and west by Shutesbury and Wendell. 
 
-VA'H' STATE- XEIVTOX. 499 
 
 The assessed area is 16,14'J acres. The underlying rock ia 
 calcareous gneiss. The land is generally high and broken ; and at 
 the southwest corner of the town it rises into an eminence called 
 Packard's Mountain, whose summit is 1,1.' 78 feet above the level of 
 the sea. The streams are a branch of Miller's River, flowing north 
 from Spectacle Ponds (covering DO acres) in the eastern part, and 
 Middle Branch of Swift Kiver, rising in Orange, and flowing through 
 Thompson's Pond (1'1'."> acres) in the southeast section of New Salem, 
 where it soon after receives Hop and Moose-horn brooks from the 
 central part of the town. Swift River forms for a short distance 
 the west line of the town, near the southern line, receiving small 
 tributaries. There are several other small ponds in the central and 
 eastern parts of the town. There arc I'.iis farms, most of which 
 contain less than 60 acres. Their aggregate product in 1SS."> was 
 valued at S10'2,lMl>. The forests occupied 10,!r_',S acres, — more than 
 half the area of the town ; furnishing ample material for firewood, 
 house-lumber and staves. There are four saw-mills and a grist-mill. 
 Other manufactures have been food preparations, wheels for infant- 
 carriages, straw-hats, shoes and bricks. The value of s; Is made ia 
 
 1885 was 6;}9,1'78. The valuation in ISss was Sl'Dl.-lfiit, with a tax- 
 rate of $16 on *1,000. 
 
 The post-offices and villages are New Salem (centre), Coolcyville 
 at the southwest, South New Salem, Millington in the southeast, 
 North New Salem near the centre, and Morse village at the 
 extreme north. 
 
 The public buildings are a town-hall and 11 school-houses, valued 
 at some $6,000. There are a Uoii^reKationalist and a Unitarian 
 church here. 
 
 New Salem was settled principally by families from Middlebor- 
 ough and Danvers. The first minister was the Rev. Samuel Ken- 
 dall, who died in 1702. The town was incorporated June 15, 175.'5, 
 being named in honor of Salem in Essex County. New Salem sent 
 100 men into the Union armies during the late war, of whom 10 were 
 lost. 
 
 IN CW CHcltC, a village in Holden ; also one in Milton. 
 
 VT ~C \\7 ""p (~\ "M is a large and handsome city of residences, 
 i.y J_, VV 1 KJ IN having also its manufacturing localities, 
 and is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. It lies iu 
 the southeastern extremity of M iddlesex County, and adjoins the 
 Brighton district of Boston on the east and the West Roxbury dis- 
 trict on the southeast, with an angle of Brookline thrust deeply 
 between them. Needham and Wellesley bound the southwest side ; 
 Weston the west ; and Waltham and Watertown the north. The 
 Charles River divides it entirely from Needham, Wellesley and 
 Weston, and partially from Waltham and Watertown. 
 
 In the midst of the river is a large bowlder called the " County 
 Rock," marking the abutting corners of Norfolk and Middlesex 
 counties and of the towns of Newton, Wellesley and Weston. 
 
GOO GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Baptist Pond, covering some 33 acres, lying just south of Newton 
 Centre, sends a stream southward to the Charles. Hammond's 
 Pond lies near Brookline, and has an outlet to the Ballou Ponds, 
 just north of Newton Centre, which send a considerable brook 
 northward past Newton Corner, to the Charles in Watertown. The 
 surface is charmingly diversified by the varying altitudes. The 
 southern and western sections are quite hilly, but the highest eleva- 
 tion is Waban Hill, in the east, near the Chestnut Hill Reservoir of 
 the Boston Waterworks, which has an altitude of 306 feet. Insti- 
 tution Hill is 20.") feet ; Oak Hill, 292 ; Chestnut Hill, 295 ; Sylvan 
 Heights, 252 ; and Nonantum Hill, 24'.). Hill, valley and meadow 
 are all under a high state of cultivation ; and handsome trees, from 
 the graceful sapling to elms and oaks of a hundred years' growth or 
 more, adorn the landscape on every side. Fruit trees are also 
 numerous. Gardens of flowers, plants and vegetables abound. The 
 greenhouse product is large. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 95 farms in 1885 was 
 $189,886. The woollen mills employed 343 persons, and made 
 goods to the value of $600,400. The hosiery mill employed 46 
 women ; the watch factory, 40 persons ; and the cordage factory, 67. 
 The machinists, ironworkers and blacksmiths numbered 192. 
 There were 74 house-building establishments ; 6 making leather 
 goods ; 5, furniture ; and 30, clothing. The boxes and other paper 
 goods amounted to £74.658. Other manufactures were boots and 
 shoes, boats, carriages, harnesses, electrical apparatus, chemical 
 articles and food preparations. The value of the aggregate of manu- 
 factures, according to the State census of the year mentioned, was 
 -$2,389,018. The aggregate capital of the two national banks is 
 $300,000 ; and the savings banks, at the close of last year, held 
 deposits to the amount of $1,563,750. The population was 19,759, 
 including 3,976 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $33,278,642, 
 with a tax-rate of $15.20 on $1,000. There were 4,018 dwelling- 
 houses. The assessed area of the town is 9,857 acres. 
 
 The post-offices are Newton, Newtonville, Auburndale, West 
 Newton, Newton Centre, Newton Lower Falls, Newton Upper Falls, 
 Chestnut Hill and Newton Highlands. The other villages are 
 Angier's Corner, Cork City, Fair View, Johnsonville, Nonantum, 
 Northville, Oak Hill, Riverside and Thompsonville. 
 
 The Boston and Albany Railroad crosses the northern part of the 
 town, having stations at Newton (Corner), Newtonville, West New- 
 ton, Auburndale and Riverside, with a branch to Newton Lower 
 Falls. The Woonsocket Division of the New York and New Eng- 
 land Railroad crosses the southern section, and has stations at 
 Chestnut Hill, Newton Centre, Newton Highlands and Newton 
 Upper Falls. Street railroads afford convenient communication be- 
 tween most of the villages. The excellent city-hall is in West 
 Newton, which is therefore the capital village. 
 
 There are few dwellings in the town that are not of average 
 quality and sizo. Most of the eminences are crowned with hand- 
 some mansions ; and many on slopes and swells, set amid lawns, 
 
CITY HALL, NEWTON. 
 
502 
 
 UA/.ETTEEi; OF MASSACIICSETTS. 
 
 flowers and shrubbery, are charmingly beautiful. There are several 
 almost palatial residences ; of which are two or three along the Charles 
 near Auburndalc, the Clarlin Place at Newtonville, and those of 
 Messrs. Spear, Nickerson, Karl dp, the Kdmuiid.ses and others at the 
 Centre and Highlands. Nearly the whole town is as delightful as a 
 park, yet there is a fine one at Newton Corner, and others are in 
 
 SOLDIERS' MONUMENT. 
 
 Erected July 23, 1864. 
 
 progress. Through such a region the roads are always good, and 
 the drives cannot be otherwise than charming. There is variety in 
 the eminences. The buildings of the Newton Theological Seminary, 
 a Baptist institution, give Institution Hill, at Newton Centre, a 
 character of its own. At Newton Upper Falls, the Charles plunges 
 over a rocky bed in a descent of more than 20 feet ; at Riverside are 
 tin- boat-houses; and a littlo further down the river, on the Wal- 
 tham side, may be seen Professor Horsford's "Norumbega Tower," 
 marking the supposed site of that ancient and somewhat mythioal 
 
NEWTON. 
 
 503 
 
 aboriginal town. Above and below are stately hemlocks and pines 
 with their sombre shade, and bright-leaved maples, and everywhere 
 the graceful elms. The noble arch of Echo Bridge, carrying across 
 the Charles the great conduit of the Boston Water-works, and the 
 broad, irregular, lake-like expanse of river along the borders of New- 
 ton and Waltham — these are a few of the interesting sights for an 
 afternoon's drive. 
 
 Lasell Seminary, an institution for young ladies at Auburndale, 
 
 > 
 
 03 
 
 n 
 r> 
 f 
 
 n 
 S 
 
 > 
 
 > 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 H 
 O 
 
 55 
 
 has an attraction of different nature. The Home School, at the 
 same place, and the West Newton English and Classical School, are 
 institutions worthy of their location. There are several other 
 private schools and kindergartens. In Newtonville there is a 
 superior public high school ; and grammar and primary schools are 
 located at convenient points in the town. The number of public- 
 school buildings is 21 ; and their value is set at $412,325 — iuclud- 
 
504 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ing appurtenances. There is an elegant public library building of 
 granite, erected in lH(il), at a cost (including contents) of §55,000. It 
 contains a reading-room, and a library numbering, in 1885, 22,484 
 volumes. The Newton Atheneum had, at the same date, 4,848 vol- 
 umes; while the libraries of thi> Theological Institution and the 
 Lasell Seminary aggregated 19,1. '55 volumes. The two papers, the 
 "Journal" and the "(J rapine," have ample subscription lists, while a 
 monthly, the "High School lie view," is also well sustained. Newton 
 abounds in churches, there being not less than 28 ; the Baptists have 
 5 ; the Congregationalists 7 ; the Methodists 5 ; the Protestant 
 Episcopalians 3; the Roman Catholics 3; the Unitarians 3; the 
 Universalists 1; and the New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgian) also 
 1. The new Eliot Church (Trinitarian Congregational) at Newton, 
 is one of the. most beautiful and costly church edifices in the State. 
 The walls are of pink granite with brownstone trimmings. The 
 general style is Romanesque, with certain enrichments of a Byzan- 
 tine character. It has a convenient carriage porch and two towers 
 — one at each extremity — the larger (127 feet in height) contain- 
 ing a clock and a fine bell. There are ten memorial windows. The 
 seating capacity is upwards of 1,100. The cost, was $175,000. The 
 First Congregational church (Newton Centre) was organized in 1G64. 
 The Newton Cottage Hospital, at Auburndale, founded in 1880, 
 is an institution which is very creditable to the few benevolent 
 people by whom it was established. Of tin- five cemeteries in the 
 city, Newton Cemetery, containing 83 acres, finely laid out and 
 ornamented, is regarded as the finest. The town is noted for the 
 longevity of its inhabitants. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Nuwintum, which the beauti- 
 ful hill on the line of Brighton, and the village near by, still 
 perpetuate. The term; signifies "place of rejoicing." Here lived the 
 chief Wuhan, and here the Indians first listened to the teachings of 
 the gospel; and in memory of the event the town seal of Newton 
 bears a representation of the Kev. John Klint preaching to his 
 dusky converts. A school was established among them ; and they 
 erected a house of worship for themselves. The number largely in- 
 creased, and they finally removed to N.itick, where they could have 
 larger territory. The town was, in its earlier settlement, a part of 
 Cambridge, or New Town, as it was then called, and bore the name 
 of Cambridge Village. It was incorporated as a town December 15, 
 Ki'.tl, choosing the original name; which in the progress of time, 
 changed to its present form. It was chartered as a city. June 2, 
 187.''.. Newton has produced many distinguished men — Kilmund 
 Trowbridge (170'.)-17'.i.">), an eminent jurist; Col. Ephraim Williams 
 1715-1755), the founder of Williams College; Koger Sherman, 
 1721- 17!).'!), a signer of the Declaration of Independence; William 
 enks, D.D., LL.D. (177S--1SG6), author of a Commentary on the 
 Bible; William Jackson (17H,">-1855), a member of Congress; and 
 Alexander II. Bice (1818), an eminent merchant, a member of Con- 
 gress, and a governor of the Commonwealth. Kev. S. F. Smith, 
 D.D., author of our national hymn. " My country, 'tis of thee," is a 
 resident of Newton, 
 
NEWTOWX— NORFOLK. 505 
 
 NewtOWn, a village in Barnstable. 
 
 Nine Acre Corner, a village in concord. 
 
 IN ODSCOt, a hill, and also a village, in Framingha 
 
 lam. 
 
 Nobska Point S0Utl1 ° f Wood ' s Holl » bearing Nobska 
 
 ' Light. 
 
 No Man's Land, g 1 ay is ^ about 6 miles southof 
 
 Noman's Land, a village in Chilmark. 
 
 Nnnampccpt * ne eas * ern of the Elizabeth Islands, which 
 0.-N uiictiiicsacu, const i tut e the town of Gosnold. 
 
 Nonantlim, a village, also a hill, in Newton. 
 
 Nonqiilt, a village in Dartmouth. 
 
 Norfolk * s a ^ arm " 1 S town, with some manufactures, lying 
 1MUI1U1K. in the midst of the southwestern section of Nor- 
 folk County, about 2.'5 miles southwest of Boston, on the New York 
 and New England Railroad. The stations are Highland Lake, Nor- 
 folk (centre) and City Mills. The last two are post-offices. The other 
 villages are Pondville in the southeast, and Stony Brook in the 
 south part of the town. Norfolk is bounded on the north by .Mod- 
 way, Millis and Medfield, on the east by Walpole and Foxborough, 
 on the south by Wrentham, and west by Franklin. The assessed 
 area is 9,056 acres. There are .S,772 acres of woodland. 
 
 The surface of the land is uneven, somewhat rocky, and in the 
 northeast and southeast, hilly. Stop Brook runs northerly along 
 the eastern border, affording power at Highland Lake (''Campbell's 
 Station" formerly) ; and Mill River, flowing in the same direction in 
 the western part, drives the machinery at City Mills. Popolatic 
 Pond, of 74 acres, in the northwest section of the town, and several 
 smaller bodies of water near the centre and at the south and south- 
 east, diversify the quiet scenery. 
 
 The crops which were proportionately large were cranberries, 
 apples and strawberries. The value of the aggregate product of the 
 94 farms, in 1885, was $S;j,72f>. Forty -nine persons were employed 
 in the woollen mill, 18 in the paper mill, and 30 persons were 
 engaged in making straw goods. Other manufactured products were 
 lumber (1 mill), metallic goods, mixed textiles, and boots and shoes. 
 The value of the manufactures was §2!>5,5!»2. The population was 
 825, and the legal voters numbered 17.S. The valuation in ls.SK 
 was 1467,318, with a tax-rate of $11.50 on $1,000. There were then 
 183 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The town has six public-school buildings; and the Norfolk Public 
 
506 (IAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Library in 1SH5 had 250 volumes. The " Enterprise " is the weekly 
 newspaper of the town. There are two churches, the Baptist and 
 the < ongregationalist. 
 
 This locality was for a long period known as North Wrentham. 
 Tin; present town was formed from parts of Wrentham, Franklin, 
 Modway and Walpole, and incorporated February 23, 1870. The 
 boundary lino with Wrentham was revised in 1.S71. 
 
 Dr. John Edwards llolbrook, a distinguished naturalist, and 
 author of "American Herpetology'' and other important works, was 
 ;i resident of this town at the time of his death, September 8, 1871. 
 
 N„ rrr . ~ „ '_ \\ 7" _ _ a rocky island near Gloucester shore, 
 orman s v \ uc, w ,, st of the harbor . 
 
 TVTr>rrh Aflame is a flourishing manufacturing town on 
 1M UX 111 nUdllli the Hoosac j; iver; in the northern part 
 
 of Berkshire County. The junetion of the Housatonic Eailroad, 
 running south through the count} - , with the Fitchburg Kailroad at 
 North Adams is 143 miles (by the latter road; northwest of Boston. 
 The other stations on this road are Greylock and Blackinton. The 
 post-office is North Adams ; and the villages are the places already 
 mentioned and Beaver, Braytonville, Houghton ville and Kempville. 
 The town is bounded on the north by Clarksburg, east by Florida, 
 south by Adams, and west by Williamstown. The assessed area is 
 9,670 acres. There are 3,806 acres of forest, consisting in part of 
 maple, beech, birch and cherry. 
 
 The scenery of the town is wild and picturesque. At the south- 
 west is Saddle Mountain, with Greylock farther south. At the 
 southeast corner is Spruce Hill, 5,288 feet high. This forms the 
 southern point of Hoosac Mountain, which is pierced from east to 
 west by the Hoosac Tunnel, on the Fitehburg Kailroad. The 
 westenj end of the tunnel is a little southeast of the geographical 
 centre of the town. A full account of this work is given under the 
 head of " Florida," in which town the eastern end is situated. The 
 principal streams are the Hoosac and its northern and southern 
 branches, which unite at the chief village — North Adams, thence 
 flowing in a general northwest course to Blackinton village, at the 
 northwest angle of the town, thence through Williamstown, and 
 across the southwestern angle of Vermont, to the Hudson in New 
 York. On Hudson Brook, which enters the North Branch of the 
 Hoosac, just below the northern line, there is a very curious natural 
 bridge of limestone. The water, for a space of some 30 feet, has cut 
 a channel in the white marble about 15 feet wide, through walls 
 from 30 to 00 feet high, which at one place form an arch of solid 
 rock over the stream. In Notch Brook, from which North Adams 
 village is supplied with an abundance of pure water, there is a very 
 beautiful cascade, where, in a deeply wooded glen, the water plunges 
 down a precipice! about 30 feet. The basal rock of the town is 
 Lauzon schist, Botsdam and Levis limestone. Both limestone and 
 marble are quarried. The valleys are quite free from wood, and 
 have a rich loamy soil, while the highlands are sandy or gravelly. 
 There are mnnv fruit trees. 
 
XUUTIIAMl'TUX. 
 
 507 
 
 The aggregate product of the 9G farms in 1885 amounted to 
 $121,467. There were six boot and shoe factories, employing 
 some 650 persons, and making goods to the value of $1,178,492; 
 four cotton mills with dyeworks, employing 870 persons ; one woollen 
 mill employing 233 ; and printworks employing 052 persons. The 
 aggregate value of the textiles made was !?4.5,'!1,S85. Other manu- 
 factures were zylonite goods (employing 511 persons), leather, car- 
 riages, wrought stone, metallic goods, boxes, bricks, furniture, brooms, 
 clothing, soap, tobacco and liquors. The aggregate value of goods 
 made was $(">, 169,479. The capital stock of the two national banks 
 was $700,< H '0 ; and the two savings banks at the close of last yt\ir held 
 deposits to the amount of §1,859,772. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $5,610,833, with a tax-rate of $17 on §1,(1(10. The taxed dwelling- 
 houses were 1,763 in number. The population in lsso was 10,191 ; 
 in 1885, 12,54.0. At the latter date there were 2,513 legal voters. 
 The town lias graded schools. There is a high school, bearing the 
 name of Drury Academy, conducted on a finely developed system. 
 The value of the school buildings and appurtenances in 1NK5 was 
 §126,300. The public library contained 5,777 volumes. The local 
 papers are the "Berkshire Leader," the "Hoosac Valley News," the 
 "Adams Transcript" and the "Sunday Express," all weeklies. The 
 churches are one each of the Baptists, Oongregationalists, Meth- 
 odists, Episcopalians, Universalists, and two of the Roman Catholics. 
 
 This place long bore the name of East Hoosac. Many of the first 
 comers were from Connecticut, but most of these sold their holdings 
 to a more numerous influx from Rhode Island, who were largely 
 Friends. The nucleus of the settlement was a saw mill and a grist 
 mill at North Adams. The Rev. Samuel Todd, settled in 1780, 
 was the first minister. The Friends organized a society in 17.S1 ; 
 meeting at first in a log-house, but erecting a. better building a few 
 years later. Fort Massachusetts, one of a cordon of defences for 
 protection against the French and Indians, was constructed by Col. 
 Williams about 1744. It stood on the north side of Saddle 
 Mountain. On August 26, 1740, it was gallantly defended by Col. 
 Hanks against an attack of 900 French and Indians; but, after 
 destroying 45 of the assailants, he was obliged by lack of ammunition 
 to surrender. The fort was again bravely defended by Col. Wil- 
 liams, on August 2, 174~<, against .'500 French and Indians. The 
 town was set off from Adams and incorporated under its present 
 name on April 16, 1878. Chinese laborers to the number of 40 or 50 
 were employed with profit in one of the shoe factories here about 
 1870; but* nearly all have departed from the town. One or two 
 have become citizens. 
 
 MHUTH A A/T PTHM is a beautiful city of large 
 IN V-TV 1 n.i-ViVir 1 K_J 1\ territory, situated on the 
 
 west side of the Connecticut River, in the midst of Hampshire 
 County, of which it is the court town. It is nearly 90 miles west 
 of Boston in a direct line, and 115 by the Boston and Albany and 
 the Connecticut River railroads. The latter also connects with the 
 
508 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Fitchburg Railroad at Greenfield. The New Haven and Northamp- 
 ton connects it with Williamsburg and towns southward to the sea- 
 port of New Haven. A fine carriage bridge, 1,080 feet in length, con- 
 nects the city with Hadley, on the eastern side of the Connecticut. 
 
 It is bounded on the north by Williamsburg and Hatfield, east by 
 the latter and Hadley, south by Easthampton, and west by West- 
 hampton. The assessed area is 21,634 acres. This includes a long 
 mountainous tract lying on the west bank of the Connecticut south- 
 east of Easthampton. In the southern extremity of this tract rises 
 Mount Tom, to the height of 1,214 feet, forming the grandest 
 feature of the Connecticut Valley. The scenery of the entire city 
 is picturesque and beautiful. On the east the broadly spreading and 
 fertile meadows extend along the winding river ; and west of these 
 the land rises into graceful knolls and verdurous uplands. In the 
 western section is an extensive group of eminences bearing the name 
 of Saw-mill Hills ; and along the western border is a line of hills. 
 There is also a group of smaller hills in the northern part. Of the 
 territory of the city, 4,425 acres are woodland. The Connecticut 
 River marks the eastern line of the larger part of the town, form- 
 ing at the southern angle a loop westward called " The Oxbow," and 
 enclosing a marshy island. Near this is a long sheet of water 
 covering about 80 acres, known as Danke's Pond. Mill River 
 crosses the city diagonally, coming from the northwest, and enter- 
 ing the Connecticut at the southeast. This is the stream on which, 
 in the spring of 1874, occurred the disastrous flood known as "the 
 Mill River disaster," arising from the bursting of a reservoir dam in 
 Williamsburg. Upon it are the villages of Leeds, Florence, and the 
 city proper. Robert's Brook, a pretty stream from Westhampton, 
 joins Mill River at Leeds Village ; and a tributary of Mauhan River 
 drains the southwestern section of the town. 
 
 The soil of this place is exuberant, and remunerative crops of all 
 the staple articles are annually produced. The value of the aggre- 
 gate product of the 211 farms in 1885 was s 206,308. The manufac- 
 tures are numerous, and consist chiefly of silks, machines, cutlery, 
 wire, tacks, tin ware, buttons and trimmings, baskets, cotton hose, 
 paDer and paper boxes, lumber, agricultural implements, spools, 
 emery wheels and cloth, furniture, brushes, brooms, leather, wrought 
 stone, brick, clothing, and others. The Florence sewing machines 
 are made here, giving name to a village where the factory is located, 
 and employing, in 1885, ss men. There are ."> silk mills, employing 
 2f>2 males and iV.iii females; 2 button Victories, employing 101 
 persons; 2 saw mills, employing 30 men; a paper box factory em- 
 ploying 21 gills; a cotton mill employing 32 females; and a paper 
 mill employing 23 persons. Brass work employed 48 persons; 
 tackmaking, 1!'; basket-making, 85 ; and hoe-making, 24. The 
 valuo of the textiles made in 1885, according to the State census for 
 that year, was $1,, 550,7:10; machinery and metallic goods, $478,657; 
 buttons and trimmings, #121, .">20 ; paper goods, #74,433; wooden 
 goods, #188,716; leather, $11,412. The aggregate product reached 
 the value of #.".,720.028. The Northampton National Bank has a 
 
XOUTOAMPTOX. 509 
 
 capital of $400,000 ; and the Institution for Savings, at the close 
 of last year, held deposits to the amount of $2,257,086. The popu- 
 lation was 12,896, including 2,5o<S legal voters. The valuation in 
 1888 was $9,295,715; with a tax-rate of $14 on $1,000. The taxed 
 dwelling-houses were 2,192 in number. 
 
 The post-offices are Northampton, Florence, Leeds, Loudville, 
 West Farms, Smith's Ferry and Bay State. Other villages are 
 Cole's Meadow, Herdsdale, Hospital Hill, North Farms, Pine Grove 
 and Robert's Meadow. Some streets in these villages are very 
 charming. The principal village is finely situated at the margin of 
 the uplands ; and has broad streets beautifully shaded with great 
 elms, and bordered with smooth lawns and charming gardens, sur- 
 rounding tasteful and elegant dwellings. The more marked public 
 buildings are the court-house, the city-hall, the Smith Charity Build- 
 ing, and the State Lunatic Asylum, on Hospital Hill. Round Hill, 
 site of a famous school of which Bancroft, the historian, was at one 
 time principal, is now occupied by the Clarke Institution for Deaf 
 Mutes, erected in 1867. More interesting still is Smith College, 
 founded, in 1S75, but having already several elegant buildings. 
 The public schools are graded, and include an excellent high schooL 
 The school buildings are valued, with appurtenances, at some 
 $120,000. There are also several excellent private schools in the 
 villages, as the Florence Kindergarten, and the Mary A. Burnham 
 Classical School for Girls. The public library had, in 1885, 22,548 
 volumes ; and has a branch at Florence. There were also a private 
 school library of 1,200 volumes, the Smith College Reference Lib- 
 rary, the Hampshire Law Library of 2,300, and the Hospital 
 Library of 2,736 volumes. The newspapers are the "Northampton 
 Daily Herald;" and the weeklies the "Hampshire Herald," the 
 "Hampshire County Journal,' 1 " Le Jean Baptiste," and " Rateau" 
 The churches consist of one Baptist, three Congregationalist, one 
 Free Congregational, two Methodist, one Unitarian, one Protestant 
 Episcopal, and two Roman Catholic. 
 
 The society of this city is refined and intelligent ; and the place 
 presents great attractions for residence, education or business. The 
 first meeting-house here was built in 1C~>5 ; and the Rev. Jonathan 
 Edwards, distinguished as a theologian, was settled over it as a 
 colleague February 5, 1727. The old house in which he lived, sur- 
 rounded by immense elm trees, still remains. In this house, too, 
 died the Rev. David Brainerd, missionary to the Indians, in ( Ictober, 
 1747, aged 29 years ; and Miss Jerusha Edwards, affianced to him, 
 died in the February following, aged 17 years, and was buried at his 
 side. Several of the old houses here are described in Henry Ward 
 Beecher's "Norwood." In 1704 Captain John Taylor and 20 others 
 were killed by the Indians at PaskJwmmuck, near the foot of Mount 
 Tom. 
 
 The town was incorporated October, 1654 ; and from it have been 
 formed the towns of Southampton, Westhampton and Easthampton. 
 Northampton was incorporated a city June 2.'5. 1888. The number 
 of soldiers furnished by this town for the Union cause in the late 
 
510 (lAZETTEEJi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 war was T.'i'.t, of whom about 100 were lost. Among the eminent 
 persons having their origin here are Caleb Strong, LL.D. (1745- 
 181U), governor of the Commonwealth for several terms ; Timothy 
 Dwight, LL.D., ]>.!>. (1752-1817), an eminent divine, author and 
 poet; Theodore D wight (17G4-1S46), a fine writer, and a member of 
 Congress; Benjamin Tappan (l77,';-i*57), an able and witty jurist; 
 Arthur Tappan (17S5-1W<5), a distinguished philanthropist; Ebe- 
 ne/.er Lane, LL.D. (17'.).'!-] s 00), a celebrated lawyer; Doras Clarke, 
 D.D. (17(17), an eminent divine and author; Henry Lyman (1x10- 
 1834), missionary and author, killed at Sumatra; and Josiah Dwight 
 Whitney (1H19), an able geologist and author. 
 
 "NJ^rrVi Anrlnvpr is A lon S narrow township lying in 
 1> UI LH riHUUVCl the nort h W est part of Essex County, 
 
 28 miles from Boston by the Boston and Maine Kailroad ; one line 
 
 of which runs along the river, and the other bisects the town. A 
 
 street railroad also connects the principal village with Lawrence. 
 
 It is bounded on the northeast and east by Bradford and Boxford; 
 
 on the southeast by Middleton, on the southwest by Andover, and 
 
 on the northwest by Lawrence and Methuen. 
 
 The assessed area is 15,3G7 acres, including 4, 752 acres of woodland. 
 The Shawsheen and Merrimack rivers separate it from Lawrence, 
 and the latter from Methuen. In the northern part is Great Pond, 
 a beautiful expanse of water covering 450 acres, and sending a 
 tributary to the Merrimack. This stream bears the name of 
 Chochechiwiek River, and furnishes the power for several mills. 
 Boston Brook and Mosquito Brook drain the southern part of the 
 town, flowing southerly into the Ipswich River. The geological 
 formation is calcareous gneiss, with a section of granite in the 
 western part. The laud is hilly in the northern and undulating in 
 the southern section; and the soil is generally fertile and well 
 cultivated. The scenery in the north part is very beautiful, and the 
 elevated points afford fine views along the Merrimack. The farms 
 numbered in 1HS5, 119; and their aggregate product was £107,098. 
 Apple trees are numerous, and cranberries are a considerable crop. 
 The larger factories consist of three woollen mills, employing some 
 300 persons, and a machine shop employing nearly 700. The latter 
 makes cotton, woollen and other machinery. The other manu- 
 factures are woollen cloths, worsteds, hosiery, card clothing, leather, 
 soap and food preparations. The aggregate value of the goods made 
 was $ 1,054,437. The population was 3.425, including 780 legal 
 voters. The valuation in ISMS was $2,370,538, with a tax-rate of 
 $12.00 on .51,000. There were 760 taxed dwelling-houses. The 
 post-oilices are North Andover (village) and North Andover Depot. 
 Other centres are Machine Shop Village and Steven's Village. The 
 public-school system includes a high school and the lower grades; 
 and these occupy eight buildings, valued at some $50,000. The 
 public library contained (>,2. r >0 volumes. The churches were Con- 
 gregationalist, Methodist, Unitarian, Episcopal and Roman Catholic. 
 
 North Andover was taken from Andover, and incorporated, April 
 
NORTH ATTLEBOROUGH. 5U 
 
 7, 1855. The town sent into the war for the Union 273 men, — 15 
 more than its quota ; and 20 of these were lost in the service or in 
 consequence of it. 
 
 North Attleborough ^S^^Sj 
 
 the northwest angle of Bristol County. A branch road four miles 
 in length connects North Attleborough — the northern village, — 
 with Attleborough station, 32 miles from Boston, on the Providence 
 Division of the Old Colony Railroad. The other stations, are 
 Farmers and Falls Village. An electric street railway also connects 
 with Attleborough. The post-offices are North Attleborough and 
 Attleborough Falls. 
 
 The town is bounded on the north by Wrentham, east by Mans- 
 field, south by Attleborough, and west by Cumberland in Rhode 
 Island. The assessed area is 9,967 acres ; of which about one third 
 is forest, consisting of oak, maple, chestnut and elm. The south- 
 eastern section is quite level, with some undulations, which continue 
 through the northwest section, rising into frequent hills of little 
 elevation. At the centre, south and northeast are poinls, — 
 "Whitings, Falls, Freeman and Bungay Reservoir. Their area is 
 respectively, 40, 65, 8 and 100 acres. Ten Mile River, connecting 
 the central ponds, furnishes several mill powers, and flows southeast 
 through Attleborough, and finally into Providence Hay. The forma- 
 tive rock is carboniferous, and the soil is generally clayey. The 
 wood and poultry products are large, and strawberries are much 
 cultivated. 
 
 The leading occupation of the people is the manufacture of 
 jewelry. The largest establishments are the 15. J. Richards and 
 Company jewelry factories, the H. N. Dagget braid mill and jewelry 
 factory, and H. M. Whitney and Company's establishment, making 
 jewelry and silver-ware. These employ altogether about 1,200 
 persons. There are other smaller establishments making jewelry 
 and the minor articles of manufacturing towns. The North Attle- 
 borough National Bank has a capital of $150,000 ; and the savings 
 bank, at the close of last year, carried deposits to the amount of 
 1832,922. The number of dwellings taxed in 1888 was 1,111; the 
 number of legal voters was 2,012, and the population about 8,700. 
 The valuation in 1888 was $3,572,204 ; with a tax-rate of §13 on 
 $1,000. 
 
 The schools are graded, and there is a growing public library. 
 The "Chronicle'' published here weekly, is independent in politics, 
 and has a good circulation. The Baptists, Universalists, Method- 
 ists, Episcopalians, Congregationalists and Roman Catholics each 
 have a church edifice here ; and there is also the Immanuel Church 
 Mission. The villages are remarkable for their neat appearance. 
 The streets are kept in excellent order ; and many are ornamented 
 with elms, some of which have been growing in their places a 
 hundred years. 
 
 This town was formerly the north part of Attleborough, and was 
 
512 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 set off and incorporated on June 14, 1887. Some early history may 
 be found in the article relating to the parent town. 
 
 NT r»rr kknrni i rrVi is a pleasant town in a hilly region near 
 1M UI II 1 UUI UUgll the m i^i e of tae eastern side of Worces- 
 ter County, 35 miles west of Boston by the Northern Division of the 
 Old Colony Railroad, which passes through the central village. It 
 is bounded on the north by Berlin, east by Marlborough and South- 
 borough, south by Westborough, and west by Shrewsbury and Boyls- 
 ton. The assessed area is 11,515 acres, of which 2,731 acres is wood- 
 land. 
 
 The highest points of land are three parallel ridges in the north 
 and west — Ball's Hill. Mount Pisgah, and Sulphur Hill, — Tomlin 
 Hill in the southwest, Rock Hill in the southeast, and Assabet Hill 
 near the village. From the summit of the latter the spires of nearly 
 twenty churches may be seen. Howard and Cold-water brooks, com- 
 ing from the northwest and southwest, unite at the centre with a 
 larger stream from the south, forming Assabet River. By Stirrup 
 Brook the waters of Little Chauncy and Bartlett ponds, in the south- 
 easterly part of the town, find their way through a long swamp into 
 the Assabet. The geological structure of this town is calcareous 
 gneiss and sienite. The soil is strong and fertile. 
 
 The value of the aggregate products of the 132 farms in 1885 was 
 §159,313. There are at the central village two woollen mills, em- 
 ploying some 200 persons. Five establishments, employing about 
 50 persons, make buttons, combs and other horn goods. Piano- 
 forte-making employed 10 ; the rubber factory, 12 ; and boot and 
 shoe making, 14 persons. Other manufactures are boxes, bricks, fer- 
 tilizers, leather, metallic articles, liquors and other food preparations. 
 The value of the aggregate products was $367,231. The North- 
 borough National Bank has a capital stock of §100,000. The popu- 
 lation was 1.853, including 393 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 
 was $1,251,545. The taxed dwelling-houses were 332 in number. 
 
 The public schools consist of primary, grammar and high school 
 grades. They occupy seven buildings, valued at about $10,000. 
 The Allen Home School is a well-equipped institution of its class. 
 The Northborough Public Library contained 6,363 volumes. The 
 •' Enterprise," and the " Farmer," are the weekly news-journals pub- 
 lished here. The three churches are Baptist, Congregationalist and 
 Unitarian. The post-offices are Northborough and Chapinville. 
 
 A settlement was commenced here anterior to 1700, and a garrison- 
 house built on Stirrup Brook. As Mrs. Mary Fay and Miss Mary 
 Goodnow were culling herbs in the meadow near, on the 18th of 
 August, 1707, a party of 24 Indians issued from the forest and 
 approached thorn. Mrs. Fay made her escape to the garrison-house 
 and aided the sentinel in defending it until the men at work in the 
 field eaiin! up and drove away the Indians. In a hard conflict in 
 Sterling the next day nine Indians were killed, and iu one of their 
 packs was found the scalp of the unfortunate Miss Goodnow. 
 
 This town was set off from Westborough as a district, June 24, 
 
NORTHBRIDQE. 513 
 
 1766 ; and was made a town by the general act of August 23, 1775. 
 The first church here was formed on the 21st of May, 1746, when 
 the Eev. John Martin was chosen pastor. In the quiet old burial 
 place near the Unitarian church is the gravestone of Judah Monis, 
 instructor in Hebrew at Harvard University from 1722 to 1761, and 
 the author of a Hebrew grammar. He was a very benevolent man, 
 and a native of Italy. He spent his last years with the Rev. Mr. 
 Martin, who was his brother-in-law. 
 
 The town has erected, at a cost of $3,000, a handsome granite 
 monument bearing the names of some twenty soldiers lost in the 
 war for the Union, to which it contributed, in all, 114. John Davis, 
 LL.D. (1787-1854), an able jurist, aDd governor of the Common- 
 wealth from 1834 to 1835, and from 1841 to 1843, was a native of 
 this town. 
 
 Nrr»rfl"thrirlo-f ^ es * n tne southeasterly section of Worces- 
 
 1N UI lliUi lUgC ter County, 46 miles southeast from Boston. 
 The Providence and Worcester Railroad follows the Blackstone 
 River through the eastern section of the town; the course of the 
 latter being somewhat east of south. Grafton bounds this town on 
 the north, Upton and Mendon on the cast, Uxbridge on the south, 
 and Sutton on the west. 
 
 The assessed area is 9,663 acres, of which 4,393 are forest. Maple, 
 elm, pine and chestnut abound. Nearly the entire border of the 
 town east of the Blackstone River is occupied by a long ridge ex- 
 tending north into Grafton. The central part is somewhat elevated, 
 and the western part hilly, except the valley of the Whitinsville 
 Pond and Mumford's River. Good's Hill, on the southern border, is 
 a noted eminence. The principal rock is calcareous gneiss, which — 
 under the name of granite — is much used for building purposes. In 
 one locality the gneiss crops out, forming an immense ledge called 
 "Shining Rocks," and in another forms a beautiful grotto. 
 
 The value of the aggregate products of the 77 farms, in 1885, was 
 $65,504. The chief manufactures are at Northbridge village on the 
 Blackstone, where 3 cotton mills employed upwards of 500 persons, 
 and produced goods, in 1885, to the value of $481,864; and the 
 Whitin Machine Works, on Mumford's River at Whitinsville, in the 
 western part of the town, employed some 350 persons, — making 
 cotton and other machinery to the value of several hundred thousand 
 dollars annually. Other manufactures are boots and shoes, wrought 
 stone, lumber, carriages and leather. The value of the aggregate 
 product in 1885 was $978,286. The population was 3,786, includ- 
 ing 702 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $2,089,191,— with 
 a tax-rate of $5.70 on $1,000. The taxed dwelling-houses numbered 
 493. 
 
 Thepublic schools occupy nine buildings, valued at some $45,000. 
 The Whitinsville Social Library has nearly 5,000 volumes. There 
 are three Congregational churches, one Friends' church, one Meth- 
 odist, one United Presbyterian and one Roman Catholic. The post- 
 offices are Northbridge (village), Northbridge Centre, and Whitins- 
 
514 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ville. The other villages are Adam's Corners, Linwood, Prentice 
 Corner, Quaker District, Riverdale, Rockdale and. Stone District. 
 
 This town was taken from Uxbridge and established as a district, 
 July 14, 1772 ; and was made a town by the general act of August 
 23, 1775. The Rev. John Crane, the first minister of the town, was 
 ordained in 17*3. Samuel Spring, D.D. (1746-1819), an eminent 
 divine and a good writer, was a native of this town. Xorthbridge 
 furnished 311 men for the Union armies in the late war. 
 
 Nnrrh Rrnnlrfip lrl is an enterprising, public-spirited 
 UI III JJ1 UUK11C1U aud Iirosrjerolls far m i ng an( i maml _ 
 
 facturing town in the southwestern part of Worcester County, 67 
 miles southwest of Boston. It is bounded on the north by New 
 Braintree, east by Spencer, south by Brookfield, and west by West 
 Brookfield and New Braintree. 
 
 The assessed»area is 111,1)42 acres, including 2,058 acres of forest. 
 The geological formation is ferruginous gneiss. The land is ele- 
 vated and broken ; but the soil is moist and deep. Apple orchards 
 are numerous. Batchellor's Hill in the northeast, overlooking 
 Brook's Bond, and Buck Hill, near the line of West Brookfield, are 
 the two most commanding eminences. Horse-pond Brook, in the 
 northeast, is an affluent of Five-mile River, which runs from 
 Brook's Pond to Furnace Pond, at the southeast corner, and drains 
 the eastern part of the town. Moore's Brook drains the southern ; 
 Coy's Brook the southwestern ; and Sucker Brook the northwestern, 
 parts of the town. These streams afford some motive power, which 
 is but partially improved. The scenic aspect of the place, abound- 
 ing as it does in hill, valley, forest and glade, is very pleasing. 
 
 The central village is beautifully built on rising ground, and its 
 public and private buildings and well-shaded streets give evidence 
 of the industry and prosperity of the inhabitants. The boot and 
 shoe business, begun here by Mr. Oliver Ward, has grown to large 
 proportions in a single establishment, that of Batcheller & Com- 
 pany. Their factory has a floor area of about three acres, and has 
 employed above 1,2<M> persons at once. According to the State cen- 
 sus of 1885, there were 20 females employed in making corsets, and 
 13 men in making wooden boxes. There were six carriage shops, 7 
 shops making metallic articles, one brickyard, one tannery, a grain 
 mill, and two establishments making beverages. Only 118 persons 
 reported themselves as "farmers,'' yet there were 108 farms ; the 
 value of their aggregate product, in 1SK">, being §148.703. The 
 savings bank, at the close of last year, held deposits to the amount 
 of .*ir>::r>,172. The population was 4,201, including !U7 legal voters. 
 The taxed dwelling-houses numbered 640. The valuation in 1888 
 was § 1,SH3,6()7, with a tax-rate of $14 on $1,000, 
 
 The North Brooktield Railroad, 4 miles in length, extending from 
 the centre to the Boston and Albany Railroad at East Brookfield, in 
 the next town, was built in 1876 at a cost of §100,000, and was paid 
 for by taxation in ten years. The town has a commodious public 
 hall, built at a cost of §20,000, and nine school buildings valued at 
 
yOU TH QUEL NA\ 1 — SOU T11F1ELD. 515 
 
 some $45,000. The school system includes a high school, with two 
 lower grades. There is a free public library of about 4,000 volumes, 
 while an association — the Appleton Library, sustained by a fund — • 
 has nearly 5,000. A weekly newspaper called the " Journal " is pub- 
 lished here. The churches are the First and the Seoond Congrega- 
 tionalist, the Methodist and the Roman Catholic. 
 
 This place was incorporated as the Second Parish of Brookfield in 
 1750, and as a town February 28, 1811'. The first church was 
 organized May 28, 1752 ; the Eev. Eli Fobes, .D.D., being the first 
 minister. The number of soldiers furnished by this town for the 
 Union cause in the late war was 2,">( >, of whom 31 were lost. A very 
 handsome monument has been erected to their memory, at a cost of 
 about 64,000. 
 
 Hon. William Appleton (478G-1SG2), a successful merchant, and 
 for several years a member of Congress, was a native of this town. 
 He gave a large sum to establish the Massachusetts General Hospi- 
 tal, and a valuable library of 3,5110 volumes to the First Parish in 
 North Brookfield. Another native is Ebenezer S. Snell, Walker 
 Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Amherst 
 College. Hon. Amasa Walker and Charles Adams, Juu. (son of 
 Charles Adams, M.P., of Brookfield), both political economists, and 
 the latter a treasurer of the Commonwealth for several years follow- 
 ing 1871, have long resided in this town. 
 
 Mr»rrl-i C*\^fAcf>rx was detached from Chelsea, and incor- 
 1>UIII1 V^UClbCd. porated as a t(lWn> Man . n ly> ls48 . 
 
 Its name was changed to Revere March 24, 1871. 
 North Farms, a village in Northampton. 
 
 Nnrtllfiplrl * s a delightful farming town lying on both sides 
 1>I UrillllClLl Q £ ^e Connecticut River in the north side of 
 Franklin County. The Connecticut River Railroad crosses ita 
 northwestern corner; and the New London and Northern Railroad 
 follows the river through the town, having stations at Northfield 
 Farms, Mount Hermon, Northfield Village and West Northfield. It 
 connects with the Fitchburg Railroad some two miles south of the 
 town line at Miller's Falls, 97 miles northwest of Boston. North- 
 field is bounded on the east by Warwick, on the south by Erving, 
 on the west by Gill and Bernardston, and on the north by Vernon 
 in Vermont and Winchester in New Hampshire. 
 
 The assessed area is 19,(516 acres, of which 6,783 are forest, con- 
 taining most of the New England varieties of trees. The land 
 along the Connecticut is alluvial, and very productive. The emi- 
 nences are ridge-like ; the highest being Cragg Mountain and Beer's 
 Hill, in the southwestern section. Mill and Four-mile brooks drain 
 the central and southwestern sections, flowing into the Connecticut; 
 while Bennett's Brook, on the west of the river, drains the north- 
 west section. All have mill-sites, not so much used as formerly. 
 
 The manufactories consist of two saw mills, a tannery, a broom 
 factory, shoe and blacksmith shops, and one or two places for pack- 
 
filti 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ing tobacco, this being a considerable crop in the town. Apple 
 orchards are numerous, and wood and dairy products are large. The 
 aggregate value of the manufactures in 1885 was §37,048. The 
 
 value of the product of the 248 farms was $217,967. Only 202 
 persons reported themselves as farmers. The population was 1,705, 
 including 404 legal voters; and there were 376 taxed dwelling- 
 
NORTHFIELD. 517 
 
 houses. The valuation in 1888 was $742,603, with a tax-rate of 
 $13 on $1,000. 
 
 There are ten public school-houses, valued at about $12,000. 
 The public library contains some 3,000 volumes. There is another 
 library, somewhat larger, contained in an edifice valued at $25,000, 
 — one of the seven buildings belonging to the Young Ladies' Semi- 
 nary. Three or four of these are elegant modern structures of stone 
 or brick. This institution was founded by Mr. D. L. Moody, the 
 evangelist, and the buildings occupy a fair eminence near his birth- 
 place and homestead. The churches are Congregational and Unita- 
 rian. During the summer there meet here large numbers of Chris- 
 tian workers, both ministers and laymen, to compare notes and de- 
 liberate on future operations. From this gathering has sprung up :.., 
 summer school of instruction in preparation for evangelistic work ; 
 and the place is becoming a summer resort of pronounced religious 
 character. A fine new hotel gratifies citizen and visitor alike. 
 
 The marked feature of Northfield is " The Street," which runs 
 through the town on the margin of the uplands about one mile from 
 the river ; the space between being occupied by beautiful , smooth, 
 fertile meadows. For two miles, near the centre of the town, the 
 street is ten rods wide, and divided by four rows of elms and 
 maples, which shade and beautify the place. This is the location of 
 Northfield (village), which is one of the post-offices ; the others being 
 Northfield Farms at the southwest, West Northfield at the north- 
 west, on the west side of the river, and Mount Hermon, between the 
 first two and near the seminary and opposite the Mount Hermon 
 School for Boys, on the west side of the river in the town of Gill. 
 
 This township was granted to John Pynchon and others in 1662. 
 The Indians relinquished their title in 1687, for " two hundred 
 fathom of wampum and fifty-seven pounds worth of trading goods." 
 Beiog long a border settlement, it suffered greatly during the wars 
 with the Indians. Nine or ten persons were killed in the woods in 
 September, 1675 ; and the next day Capt. Kichard Beers, of Water- 
 town, with a company of 36 men, had a sanguinary conflict with the 
 enemy, only 16 of his men escaping. Following this the savages 
 were guilty of an unusual display of barbarity. The settlement was 
 again broken up in 1090, but was reoccupied in 171.'i. In the autumn 
 of 1723 the Indians again attacked the place, killing several; and 
 one — Aaron Belding — was killed by them as late as 174X. In the 
 war of 1812, the town sent a company of artillery to Boston, under 
 the command of its lieutenant, Charles Bowen. During the late 
 war, Northfield furnished to the Union forces 139 men, of whom 9 
 were lost. 
 
 Near the close of a hot day, Sunday, September 9, 1821, a tornado 
 swept down upon this town, prostrating trees, tearing bowlders from 
 their beds in the hills, destroying utterly five dwelling-houses and 
 nine barns, and killing two persons and injuring many others. 
 
 Northfield was incorporated as a town February 22, 1713. The 
 plantation had borne the name of " Squakead," from the Indian words 
 Squakeag, or, as in the earlier documents, Siwhqvakege, and Wiss- 
 
518 HAZETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 quawipirtjue, — each intended to signify "a spearing place for 
 salmon." The river was called by the Indians Quinnehtuck ("the 
 river with long waves"), and the land adjoining the stream Quinneh- 
 tuJc-et. When the line was run between Massachusetts and New 
 Hampshire, in 17 10, Northrield lost thereby more than one third of 
 her territory. In 1S0O thepartof Xorthfield called " Hack's Grant," 
 being bounded on all sides by Erving, was annexed to that town. 
 The first church was organized here in 1716; and the Rev. Benja- 
 min Doolittle, the first settled minister, was ordained in 1718, and 
 was both pastor and physician to his people. 
 
 The first preaching inNorthfield, however, was by William Janes, 
 from Northampton, in 107u, who was accustomed to hold services 
 under an oak. His descendants still occupy the original homestead ; 
 and among other preachers of his posterity Bishop Janes is conspic- 
 uous. < Hher eminent natives of this town were Caleb Alexander, 
 D.D. (1755-lSL'H ; Yale College 1777), author of '• Grammar Ele- 
 ments" and other works; Joel Munsell (1808), antiquary, author 
 and publisher. 
 
 N„ r fU ~Q c*ir\\nrr occupies a northeastern extremity of 
 Orin lYeaumg Middlesex County, and is 23 miles 
 north of Boston. It is intersected by the Lowell and Salem Bail- 
 road, which follows the line of Martin's Brook and Ipswich River, 
 the two principal water-courses of the town. It is bounded on the 
 north by Andover and North Andover, east by Middleton, south by 
 Lynntield and Reading, and west by Wilmington. Its extreme size 
 is about four miles east and west, and the same north and south. 
 The assessed area is 7,005 acres. 
 
 The chief rock is sienite and calcareous gneiss. Martin's Pond, of 
 136 acres, in the northwest, and Swan Pond, of 86 acres, in the north- 
 east section, are beautiful as well as valuable sheets of water. The 
 town is agreeably diversified with hills and valleys, and has a good 
 soil, returning handsome crops of corn, hay, vegetables, apples, cran- 
 berries and strawberries. The forests, occupying 4,016 acres, 
 consist principally of oak and pine. The town contains 163 farms, 
 l'J'A dwelling-houses and S7S inhabitants, including 254 legal voters. 
 The aggregate value of the farm products in 1885 was §103,269, 
 and of manufactures, $105,077. The latter consisted of boots and 
 shcies, made in three factories employing 01 persons, and valued at 
 .$17,075; also boxes and lumber, carriages, food preparations, furni- 
 ture and metallic work. There is one large box factory and saw- 
 mill, and one or two grain mills. 
 
 The valuation in 1N88 was i5409,<i5S, with a tax-rate of i?14 on 
 $1,1100. The post-office is North Reading (village); the other 
 villages being J Jack Kow, Lower End, Neck and Point. There is a 
 good public hall, and 6 school buildings valued at $6,000. The 
 schools include a high and primaries. The Flint Library is 
 free, and contains nearly 3,000 volumes. The church edifices are 
 one each of the Methodists, Baptists anil Congregationalists. 
 
 This town was incorporated March 22, 1853. The boundary 
 
NORTH RIVER — NORTON. 519 
 
 line with Lynnfield was changed May 27, 1857. North Read- 
 ing furnished 140 men for the Union armies in the late war, of 
 whom 16 were killed or died from the effects of the service. 
 
 NnrtVl R IVPr * s f° rme( I by Indian Head Kiver and 
 1\ Ul 111 J.V1VC1 other small streams gathering at the 
 borders and forming the line between the towns of Hanover and 
 Pembroke, and between the latter and Norwell. Turning north 
 then east again, it divides the last and likewise Scituate from Marsh-> 
 field ; then turning southward near the sea, it receives South. River 
 near the middle of the eastern side of Marshfield, and enters Massa- 
 chusetts Bay. Many vessels were formerly built upon this river. 
 
 "VT _ r fl_..:il„ in East Bridgewater ; also in Newton and in 
 l-NUIlllVlUC, Worcester. 
 
 North Woods, a village in Holden. 
 
 Nnrfnn * 3 a fa 1111 ^ 1 ^ an< I manufacturing town lying in the 
 iX UI LU11 northern part of Bristol County, 30 miles south of 
 Boston by the Taunton and New Bedford Branch of the Old Colony 
 Railroad ; from which, also, another branch connects with Attle- 
 borough. On the first the stations are Norton and Crane's; on the 
 latter, Chartley, Barrowville and Norton Furnace (Norton Mills). 
 The post-offices are Norton, East Norton, Barrowsville and ('hartley. 
 The other village is Winneconnet. The town is bounded on the 
 north by Mansfield and Easton, on the southeast by Taunton, and 
 west by Attleborough, with Rehoboth at the southwest angle. 
 
 The" assessed area is 16,828 acres, — of which 2,7<>7 acres are 
 forest, composed chiefly of pine. Formerly large quantities of ship 
 timber were cut here. There are many small streams, as Rumford, 
 Wading and Canoe rivers and Dora's Brook — flowing southeasterly 
 through the town into the Taunton River — all abounding with pick- 
 erel and furnishing motive power. In the easterly part of the town, 
 Winneconnet Pond receives the waters of Canoe River and Leach's 
 Stream, spreadingover about 120 acres. This was a favorite resortof 
 the Indians, who lived in natural caves upon its borders, and subsisted 
 on the fish which it afforded. The geological formation varies 
 slightly from graywacke to conglomerate and the more distinct 
 "pudding-stone." Iron ore was once abundant here and small veins 
 of anthracite coal have been discovered. On Rocky Hill (so called 
 from the huge bowlders which cover it) there is a cave formed by 
 two great rocks and known as " Philip's Cave," where the sachem of 
 the Pokanokets used to resort on his fishing excursions to Winnecon- 
 net Pond. The surface of this town is generally level and the soil 
 sandy and stony ; yet by careful cultivation fair crops are obtained. 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 42 farms in 1885 was 
 $65,424. The principal manufactories are a cotton mill employing 
 some 25 persons ; a wool-scouring mill employing upwards of 30 
 persons; a jewelry factory employing about 90; wooden and 
 paper box factories, 5 lumber mills, an iron furnace, 2 carriage fac- 
 
520 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 tories, and soap and beverage establishments. The value of goods 
 made was $174,. r >.'i2. The population was 1,718, including 455 legal 
 voters. The valuation in 1888 was $798,550, with a tax-rate of 
 $1.'5.06 on $1,000. There were 364 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 There are a good town-hall, erected in 1882, at a cost of $12,000 — 
 a gift from Harriet Newcomb ; a public library ; and 8 public school- 
 houses, — the latter valued at $10,000. The Wheaton Female Semi- 
 nary has a library of some 4,000 volumes ; and its several buildings 
 and appurtenances are valued at $70,000. This is a flourishing 
 institution founded by Hon. Laban Wheaton in l^.'U. The publi- 
 cations of this place are the "Mirror," a weekly journal, and the 
 " ( Ihurch and Home," a monthly. The Congregationalists, 
 Unitarians, Baptists, Methodists and Roman Catholics each have a 
 church in the town. 
 
 This township was a part of the Taunton North Purchase, and on 
 June 12, 1711, was made the town of Norton, taking its name in 
 honor of a town of that name in England. Easton was formed from 
 it in 172. r >, and Mansfield in 1770. The first settlement is supposed 
 to have been made by William Witherell, in IGi'ti, near the outlet 
 of Winneconnet Pond. As early as 1696, the Leonard family having 
 discovered iron ore in the town, set up a forge and bloomery, and for 
 many years the manufacture of iron was carried on largely by George 
 Leonard and his descendants. The first minister settled in Norton 
 was the Rev. Joseph Avery, who was ordained October 28, 1714. 
 The Hon. George Leonard (1 729-1*1 '.0. an eminent lawyer and a 
 member of < 'ongress, was a native of this town. 
 
 Norwell ^ es ' n *^ e nortnern P art °f Plymouth County, 
 WC1I an( j j s btmnoVd on the north by Hingham, north- 
 east by Scituate, southeast by Marsh field, south by Pembroke, and 
 south and southwest by Hanover, with Rockland on the west 
 for a small space north of Hanover. The assessed area is 12,340 
 acres ; of which 2,900 are woodland. 
 
 There are several extensive swamps in the town, of which the 
 most noted are Valley Swamp in the northwest, Black-pond Swamp 
 in the north, Dead Swamp in the east. Hoop-pole Swamp in the 
 centre, and Old-pond Meadows in the southwest. Jacob's Pond, in 
 the west, receives a stream from Valley Swamp, and sends out Third 
 Herring I'.rook, which, flowing southeastward, forms a divisional 
 lino from Hanover, and enters North River at the southern border of 
 the town. The latter is a tidal stream dividing Norwell from Pem- 
 broke and Marshfield, and receiving Second Herring Brook from the 
 eastern section of the town. Norwell has a good harbor for small 
 vessels on this river, where formerly many vessels were built, using 
 the white oak and pine from the neighboring forests. The surface 
 of the town is uneven, but without great eminences. Mount Blue 
 in the north and \\"\\d Cat Hill in the south, are the most con- 
 spicuous hills. The underlying rock is sienite, and the soil is 
 stony. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 92 farms in 1885 was 
 
NORWICH— SOB WOOD. 521 
 
 $87,579. Only 66 persons reported as farmers. There are six boot 
 and shoe factories, employing upwards of 160 persons, and making 
 goods in 1885 to the amount of $174,618. The other manufactures 
 are tacks, artisans' tools, textiles, trunks and valises, carriages, 
 lumber and food preparations. The value of the aggregate product 
 was $280,585. The savings bank, at the close of last year, carried 
 deposits to the amount of $477,055. The population was 1,589, 
 including 486 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $873,187, 
 with a tax-rate of $11.50 on $1,000. The number of taxed dwelling- 
 houses was 436. 
 
 There are a good town-hall and seven school-houses. The latter 
 are valued at some $6,000. The association called the "James 
 Library " has a building valued at $5,000 and a collection of upwards 
 of 1,700 volumes. It is sustained by a fund and fees. The 
 churches are one each of the Methodists, Unitarians and Univer- 
 salists. The " News " is the local paper. 
 
 The first settler of this place was probably Cornet Robert 
 Stetson, who came here as early as 1634, and chose for his 
 residence a beautiful plain near North River. Ho was cornet 
 of the first light-horse corps raised in the colony. He with others 
 built the first sawmill in the town on Third Herring Brook. It 
 was burned by the Indians, May 20, 1670. Joseph < 'opeland eame 
 to this place in 1730 ; and the average age of his 12 children was 86 
 years. Edward Delano and Benjamin Delano, U. S. naval con- 
 structors, were natives of this town. Norwell sent 239 men into 
 the Union service during the late war, of whom 21 were lost; and 
 to the memory of these a handsome monument has been raised. 
 
 This town was formerly the southwestern part of Seituate, and 
 was incorporated February 14, 1849, as South Seituate. The 
 name was changed to Norwell, March 5, 18KN. The post-offices are 
 Norwell, Ridge Hill and Mount Blue. Assinippi Village, at the 
 northeast corner of Hanover, and Church Hill and Queen Anne*s 
 Corner, at the Hingham border, are the other villages. The 
 nearest railway stations are those of the Old Colony Railroad in 
 the adjoining towns of Hanover, Hingham and Seituate. 
 
 Norwich, a village in Huntington. 
 
 TVT „„„-__ J is a beautiful and thrifty town lying in the 
 I'M UI WUUU centre of Norfolk County, about 14 miles south 
 of, Boston. The New York and New England Railroad runs through 
 its. midst; the stations being Ellis, Norwood, Norwood Central 
 and Winslow's. Norwood is the post-office. The town is bounded 
 on the northwest and northeast by Dedham, on the southeast by 
 Canton, on the southern corner by Sharon, and on the southwest 
 by Walpole. 
 
 The assessed area is 6,202 acres, of which 879 are forest, composed 
 of elm, maple, beech and chestnut. The elevation of the surface 
 varies little, and the hills are neither large nor numerous. The 
 soil is hard and stony, but strong and productive when well 
 
522 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 cultivated. Bubbling Brook and Hawes Brook unite and mark the 
 southwest line of the town, and at the southern angle, with others, 
 form the Neponset ltiver, which flowing northeast, marks the 
 boundary line on the southeast side. Purgatory Brook, coming 
 across the northern section of the town from the west, enters the 
 Neponset near l'urgatory Swamp, in the northeast angle of the 
 town. 
 
 The principal manufactories are two tanneries, employing 300 
 men ; an " ink-mill," some 35 ; an iron foundery, about the same 
 number as the last ; and the New York and New England Railroad 
 < 'ompany's ear shops, employing 400 to 500. Other manufactures 
 are oilcloths, paper, carriages, furniture and food preparations. 
 The value of the goods made in 1*85 was S 1,038,318. The aggre- 
 gate value of the farm product was $70,146. The population was 
 2,921, including 747 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 
 *2,.'!29,102. The number of dwelling-houses taxed was 626. 
 
 The public schools consist of the primary, intermediate and gram- 
 mar schools and a high school. They occupy 4 buildings valued at 
 some- $22,000. There is a public library of upwards of 3,500 vol- 
 umes. The " Advertiser and Review " is the weekly journal 
 published here. The Methodists have a chapel, and the Congrega- 
 tionalists, Baptists, Universalists and Roman Catholics each hare 
 a church edifice. 
 
 There are many attractive and elegant residences, and several 
 handsome streets set with maple and elm: Some of the latter are 
 very large, having been set 130 years ago. The place is noted as 
 having been the home of the Everett family, of Deacon Nathaniel 
 Sumner, General William Guild (commissioned by Governor John 
 Hancock), of Hon. Joseph Day, Deacon Willard Gay and Dr. Wil- 
 liam Cogswell. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Dedham and Walpole, and 
 incorporated February 23, 1872. 
 
 Nnfwrr\/^r1 a locality of Jamaica Plain, in the West Rox- 
 utwooa, bury ^^ of Boston 
 
 Oak Bluffs, a village in Cottage City. 
 v_/3.fvClcllC, a village in Dedham. 
 
 Oak GrOVe Village, in Fall River. 
 
 OnL'fnm * s a Pl eas:lnt an d quiet farming town, lying 
 vyciKiiciiii in the westerly part of Worcester County, 
 about 59 miles west of P>oston. The Massachusetts Central Rail- 
 road and the Ware River Railroad pass through the town, each hav- 
 ing a Coldbrook (Springs) station. The boundaries are Barre, on 
 the northwest, Rutland and Paxton on the northeast, Spencer on 
 the south, and New Braintreeon the southwest. 
 
 The assessed area is 13,054 aeres, of which 4,097 are forest, con- 
 
OAK MILL— OLD LASD1SU. 523 
 
 sisting mostly of oak and chestnut. The prevailing rock is ferrugi- 
 nous gneiss, and the soil, to a large extent, is clay. The surface of 
 the town is elevated, though not mountainous. Prospect Hill is a 
 fine eminence. Muddy Pond in the east and Brownings Pond in the 
 southeast add to the variety and beauty of the scenery. Five-mile 
 Eiver, proceeding from Great Swamp, with its western tributaries, 
 drains the southerly part ; and Canesto Brook, flowing southwest by 
 the village of Coldbrook Springs, with Bell and Burrow's brooks, 
 all affluents of Ware Eiver, drain the northern and western parts of 
 the town. 
 
 Two saw mills and a grist mill constitute the larger manufactories. 
 There are also made here boots and shoes, agricultural implements, 
 carriages, metallic goods and food preparations. The value of these 
 products in 1885 was $38,033. The product of the 107 farms was 
 valued at $115,47X. Potatoes, corn and butter were principal 
 items. Apple trees yield well. The population was 749, including 
 197 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 8351, 35*, with a tax- 
 rate of $16.50. There were 185 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The town has erected a good memorial hall, which contains the 
 civil offices. There is a small public library. The five public 
 school-houses are valued at about fcL',500. The church edifice 
 belongs to the Congregationalists. 
 
 Oakham, originally called " Rutland West Wing," was incorporated 
 June 11, 17612. Its name may have been adopted from its noble 
 oak woods, or in honor of the old town of Oakhampton, in Devon- 
 shire, England. The Rev. John Strickland, the first minister, was 
 ordained in 1678. The town furnished some 100 men for the 
 Union cause in the late war — of whom about one fifth were killed. 
 The post-offices are Oakham (centre) and Coldbrook Springs. The 
 latter is a pleasant village in the northeast corner of the town, some- 
 what noted for its mineral springs. 
 
 Oak H ill, a village in Newton. 
 Oakland, a village in Taunton. 
 
 Oaklandville, in sau-us. 
 
 Ocean Spray, a village in Winthrop. 
 
 Ocklahoma, a village in Tisbury. 
 
 r\\ J r ~ ~ ~ a village in Milbury ; also one in West 
 
 Old Common, Bo yiston. 
 
 Old CotUlt, a village in Barnstable. 
 Old Landing, a village in Marion. 
 
524 UAZETTEEK OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Old Spain, a villas in Weymouth. 
 V_/ldtOWn, a village in Newbury. 
 (Jnset, a village in Wareham. 
 
 OnSCt J3a.y, a harbor, also a village, in Wareham. 
 
 /^\„ n _ is a sprightly manufacturing and farming town 
 
 WrdllgC occupying the northeastern extremity of Franklin 
 County. It is 81 miles northwest of Boston on the Fitchburg Rail- 
 road, which follows Miller's River across the town, and has a station 
 at Orange (centre) and one at Wendell, near West Orange. The 
 township is very irregular, its greatest length being north and south 
 The assessed area is 20,261 acres. Warwick bounds it on the north- 
 west, Royalston on the northeast, Athol on the east and south- 
 east, New Salem on the south, and Wendell and Erving on the 
 west. 
 
 Tully River and Cheney, Orcutt's and Moss brooks, affluents of 
 Miller's River, drain the north part of the town. North Pond, a fine 
 sheet of water in the southern part of the town, is the source of the 
 middle branch of Swift River. The basal rock is calcareous gneiss 
 and granite, which often rises into bold and picturesque elevations, 
 covered with soil well adapted to the growth of timber and for 
 pasturage. Tully Mountain, in the northeastern part, rises to an 
 altitude of 1,170 feet ; and near on the south is Little Tully. In 
 the valley between them are two beautiful ponds. 
 
 The wood products of this town are large, there being 5,423 acres 
 of forest. Apples and strawberries are largely raised. The 
 aggregate product of the 204 farms in ISSa was 811*3,861. There is 
 a foundery here which has sometimes melted ten tons of .iron in a 
 day. The leading manufactures are sewing machines and other 
 machinery, wheels, various builders' castings, cabinets and other 
 furniture, woollen goods, leather, lumber, bricks, clothing, boots and 
 shoes, and food preparations. The value of all goods made in the 
 last State census year was fc1,2Sr>.2~»3. The Orange National Bank 
 has a capital stock of & 10<i,o00; 'and the savings bank at. the close 
 of last year held deposits to the amount of £;">31,828. The popula- 
 tion was 3,('.."iO, of whom 1,082 were legal voters. The valuation in 
 1888 was §il,8SS,o70, with a tax-rate of $14.40 on §1,000. The 
 taxed dwelling-houses numbered 720. 
 
 There are a town-hall, a free public library of nearly 4.000 volumes, 
 and 15 public school-houses. The latter are valued at about $30,000. 
 Two weekly papers are published here — the " Enterprise" and the 
 "Journal." There are two Congregational churches, two Univer- 
 salist, one Baptist, one Methodist and one Roman Catholic. 
 
 This township was formed from parts of Athol, Royalston and 
 Warwick, and established as the district of Orange, October 15, 
 1783; and was incorporated as the town of Orange, February 24, 
 
OREO x — on LEA xs. 525 
 
 1810. The first minister was the Rev. Emerson Poster, settled 
 December 12, 1782. The first dam across Miller's River was built 
 by James Holmes in 1790, upon which he erected a saw and grist 
 mill. The post-offices are Orange (centre) and North Orange. 
 The other villages are West Orange, Blissville, Fryeville and 
 Furnace. Orange centre, with its bright, clustering cottages among 
 pleasant gardens, rising from the banks of Miller's River, having 
 the wooded and picturesque hills for a background, is seen to great 
 advantage in the railroad approach from the east. 
 
 During the late war this town furnished its full quota of men for 
 the field, and has since raised a soldiers' monument to the memory 
 of those who fell. 
 
 Oregon, a village in Ashland. 
 
 OHent Heights, a locality in East Boston. 
 
 Orleans * s a ^ anu i n S> fishing and manufacturing town in 
 
 V/ll the outer line of Tape Cod, in Barnstable County, 
 
 94 miles from Boston by the Cape Cod Division of the Old Colony 
 Railroad. The town is about five miles north and south, and three 
 east and west. The assessed area is 5,025 acres. From Eastham, 
 on the north, it is separated by Rock River, flowing into Cape Cod 
 Bay ; and by Town Cove and Nauset harbor, opening into the ocean. 
 On the ocean side is Nauset Beach, a long and narrow strip of 
 land enclosing Pleasant Bay, which separates it from Chatham on 
 the south. It has many creeks and inlets containing pleasant islands. 
 Brewster lies on the southwest, and Cape Cod Bay on the northwest. 
 
 The creeks and bays abound in clams, quahaugs, tautogs, bass and 
 eels. In 1885, 77 persons were reported as fishermen, and the pro- 
 duct of the business amounted to $6,256. The largest items of the 
 catch were in order as follows : clams, quahaugs, bluefish, cod and 
 mackerel. One schooner and three sloops were engaged in this 
 industry, and one schooner of 30 tons did a coastwise carrying 
 business. The chief manufacture is pantaloons, for which there 
 are two establishments, employing about two hundred persons, 
 including both sexes. Other manufactures are boots and shoes, 
 carriages, leather, metallic articles, wrought stone, wooden goods, 
 salt and other food preparations. The windmill has been the main 
 power depended upon here. The visible rooks of this place are 
 called granite. The soil is rather light and sandy in some parts, 
 and in others clay and loam. The soil on Barley Neck, Sampson's 
 Island and Pocket Island is superior. The product of the 244 farms 
 in 1885 was $96,106. The apple crop was valued at $2,556, and 
 that of cranberries at $5,746. There are 2,092 acres having a 
 growth of oak and pine. The population was 1,176, including 364 
 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $466,692, with a tax of $10 
 on $1,000. The number of taxed dwelling-houses was 318. 
 
 Orleans has a good town-hall and four school-houses, the latter 
 valued at some $5,000. There are a high school and the lower grades 
 
;j2G (lA/.ETTEER OF MASSA<HCSETTS. 
 
 of grammar and primary. The Snow Library, having nearly 1,700 
 volumes and a building valued at $3,000, is sustained by a fund, for 
 the benefit of the town. The East Orleans Library Association has 
 upwards of 1,500 volumes, and is sustained by assessments. There 
 is one church each of the Methodists, < 'ongregationalists and Uni- 
 versalists. The post-offices are Orleans, East Orleans and South 
 Orleans. Other villages are llarleyneck, Xamequoit, Xamskaket, 
 I'uchet, Portnomequot, Hock Harbor and Tenset. 
 
 This place was called Namskuhut by the Indians. It originally 
 belonged to Easthain ; from which it was detached, and incorporated 
 as a town, March '•>, 1707 ; the naming being in honor of the Duke 
 of Orleans. The Rev. Samuel Osborn, ordained in 1718, was the 
 first minister. Orleans furnished 127 men for the Union cause in 
 the late war, of whom 15 were residents; and of the latter, 5 were 
 lost. 
 
 The shore line and inlets of the outer section of the cape are con- 
 tinually changing, from the force and varying direction of the waves 
 and currents. The wreck of the Pilgrim ship ■■ Sparrow-Hawk," lost 
 in " Potanumaquut " harbor, in the midst of this town, in lGI'ii, and 
 covered by the waters with mud and sand, was, by their different 
 action, disclosed in 1863 ; and the parts were rescued, combined, and 
 exhibited in Boston. 
 
 OsterVllle, in Barnstable. 
 
 /^i.' is a picturesque, sparsely inhabited town of the high- 
 ^-^ lands, situated in the northeastern part of the southern 
 
 half of Berkshire County, 12* miles west of Boston. Its nearest 
 railway station is on the Boston and Albany Railroad, in Becket, 
 which bounds it on the north. Blandford forms the eastern 
 boundary, Tolland and Sandisfield the southern, and Monterey and 
 Tyringham the western. The assessed area is 121. .'il2 acres, includ- 
 ing 8,916 acres of forests, composed chiefly of beech, maple and 
 pine. Except in the northeast, there are few extended areas 
 unbroken by hills ; and a large part of the open land is too rough 
 for tillage, but excellent for pasturage. Tilley's Mountain, some- 
 what north of ( His centre, is the highest elevation. The principal 
 rock is calcareous gneiss. The soil is generally a dark loam. 
 Farmington River runs medially through the town southeastward, 
 affording, with its tributaries, numerous small powers. There are 
 many beautiful lakes dispersed over the town. Great Pond, 
 Reservoir, and Cold Spring ponds, containing altogether many 
 hundreds of acres, have an outlet in the southern part of the town, 
 on which is a fine cascade known as "Otis Falls." There are four 
 lumber mills, a rake factory and the common mechanical shops of a 
 rural town. The goods made in 1885 were valued at $21,493. The 
 product of the 1 15 farms amounted to *7 ( .).554. The population 
 was 703; of whom 100 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 
 was $210,173, with a tax-rate of *15 on *1,000. The taxed dwelling- 
 houses were 175 in number. 
 
OTTEB niVEJi— OXFORD. 527 
 
 There were eight public school-houses, valued at nearly $3,000. 
 The churches are Episcopal, Congregational and Second Advent, 
 — one of each. The post-offices are Otis and West Otis. East Otis 
 and Cold Spring are the other villages. The town furnished 99 
 soldiers to the Union armies during the late war, of whom 14 were 
 lost. 
 
 This town, first called "Tyringham Equivalent," and, later, 
 "Loudon," was settled anterior to 17G0 by David Kibbe, Daniel 
 Gregory, Jeremy Stow and others ; and the vote to build the first 
 school-house was taken in 1774. The place was incorporated June 
 13, 1810, when the name was changed to Otis, in honor of Harrison 
 Gray Otis. A church was organized in 1779, but no house of wor- 
 ship erected until 1813. 
 
 Otter River, a village in Templeton. 
 
 VJXIOrd, a village in Fairhaven. 
 
 Oxfnrrl * s a P^ easant farming and manufacturing town mid- 
 
 WA1UIU wav £ ^ sou therly part of Worcester County, 
 about 55 miles from Boston by the Webster Branch of the Boston 
 and Albany Bailroad. The Norwich and Worcester Railroad also 
 runs through the town north and south. Oxford has Leicester and 
 Auburn on the north; the latter, Millbury and Sutton on the east; 
 Douglas and Webster on the south ; Dudley at the southwest ; and 
 Charlton on the west. 
 
 The town is narrow at the north end and broad at the south. The 
 assessed area is 10,257 acres, which includes 5,.'!(>4 acres of forest, 
 consisting chiefly of oak, chestnut, pine and maple. There are 
 many hills, with a wide valley for most of the distance along French 
 Eiver, which winds through the midst of the town southward. The 
 soil is a sandy loam. Apple trees are numerous and thrifty ; and 
 blueberries, huckleberries, cranberries, and strawberries are a source 
 of more than usual profit. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 163 farms in 1885 was 
 $139,419. The largest manufactories are 3 shoe factories, employing 
 in 1885, 152 persons, and making goods to the value of $170,500 ; 3 
 woollen mills, employing 204 persons ; and one cotton mill employ- 
 ing 50 persons. The value of the textiles made was *250,616. There 
 were 4 lumber mills and one tannery. Other articles made were 
 boxes, metallic goods and food preparations. The aggregate value 
 of the manufactured products was $480,055. 
 
 The Oxford National Bank has a capital stock of $100,000. The 
 population was 2,355, including 641 legal voters. The valuation 
 in 1888 was $1,331,018, with a tax-rate of $15.10 on $1,000. The 
 number of taxed dwelling-houses was 544. 
 
 Oxford has a large town-house containing a soldiers' memorial hall. 
 The 9 public-school buildings are valued at some $10,000, and accom- 
 modate a high school and the lower grades. There is a free public 
 library of upwards of 3,000 volumes. The newspaper of the place is 
 
528 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 called tlit.- "Mid-weekly." The Congregationalists, Methodists, Bap- 
 tists, Universalists, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics have each a 
 church edifice here. The post-offices are Oxford and North Oxford. 
 Buffum Village and Howarth are the other villages. Many elm, maple 
 and horse-chestnut trees are found along the streets, some of which 
 were planted 150 years ago. 
 
 The territory of this town was granted to Governor Joseph Dudley 
 and others in 1683, and nulled "Oxford," from the seat of Oxford 
 University in England. The Indian name for the place was Maw- 
 cluing. It was settled originally by some 30 families of French 
 Huguenots, about 1084. Their pastor was the Rev. Daniel Bondett 
 They built a church and erected two forts. In 1696 the Indians 
 attacked the place, killing Mr. John Johnson and three of his chil- 
 dren. Mrs. Johnson was saved by Andre 1 Segourne who carried her 
 with a child in her arms over French River, and thence to a garrison 
 — probably at Worcester. On the breaking up of the plantation the 
 French retired to Boston. Among their names are found Eli Dupeau, 
 Jean Beaudoin, Benjamin Faneuil and Mons. Boudinot, — whose 
 descendants are known as valuable citizens. The remains of their 
 fortifications, the wells they dug, the trees and vines which they 
 planted, may still be seen at or near Fort Hill, in the southern part 
 of the town . S ubsequently the land was occupied by 30 English fami- 
 lies, including Ephraim Towne, William Hudson, Benjamin Chamber- 
 lain, Joseph Rockwood, Abiel Lamb and Oliver Coller. In 1713 
 the place was incorporated as a town ; and in 1721 they organized 
 a church and settled the Rev. John Campbell, from Scotland, as 
 their pastor. 
 
 Oyster Harbor, in Chatham. 
 
 Packard's Mountain, £.g. w SaJem ' m8 feet " 
 
 Packardville, in Pelham ; also inPittsfield. 
 A aQanaram, a village in Dartmouth. 
 Painsville, inWellfleet. 
 
 D | mpr is a populous and thriving town forming the north- 
 L cllllier west ex t r emity of Hampden County. It is 84 miles 
 from Boston by the Boston and Albany Railroad, which here meets 
 with the New London and Northern, the 'Ware River, and the Spring- 
 field and Athol railroads. The post-offices are Palmer (village and 
 junction}, Bond's Village, Thorndike and Three Rivers (village and 
 junction). Tho other villages are Blanchardville, DuckviUe and 
 Tennyson villc. 
 
 The township is without regular form, but has certain suggestions 
 of form, whence arose its original name of "The Elbows." It is 
 bounded on the northwest by lielehertown, north by Ware, east by 
 Warren and Biimfield, south by Monson, and west by a narrow 
 
PALMES — PARKER VILLE. 529 
 
 northward projection of Wilbraham. The assessed area is 17,698 
 acres, — including 4,984 acres of woodland. Ferruginous gneiss and 
 sienite constitute the geological basis ; and over its somewhat broken 
 surface a soil strong and productive, especially along the streams 
 and valleys. Colonel's Mountain rises to the height of 1,172 feet in 
 the northeast ; and west of this is Pattaquattic Hill, around which, 
 from northeast to southwest, winds Ware River, with the Pattaquattic 
 Ponds nearly between in the last direction. Chicopee River, in a 
 wide sweep, forms the larger part of the eastern line and nearly all 
 of the southern, then crosses the narrow western section of the town 
 to " Three Rivers," where it receives the waters of the Ware and 
 Swift rivers, — the latter also having formed a part of the line of a 
 northwestern angle. Pew towns have such an affluence of river 
 scenery and water-power ; and as a result, pleasant manufacturing 
 villages have sprung up in the different quarters of the town. 
 
 According to the census of 1885, there were 3 cotton mills, em- 
 ploying 1,214 persons ; a carpet factory employing 56 ; and a woollen 
 mill employing 23. The value of textiles made was $1,781,165. 
 Other manufactures were wire cord, hollow and wrought ware and 
 implements, coaches and other carriages, leather, clothing, lumber 
 and wooden ware, and food preparations. The value of the metallic 
 goods made was $257,223; and the aggregate of manufactures 
 reached the sum of $2,785,582. The value of the aggregate product 
 of the 142 farms was $161,572. The Palmer National Bank has a 
 capital stock of $200,000 ; and the savings bank at the close of last 
 year carried deposits to the amount of $901,915. The population 
 was 5,923, of whom 1,069 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 
 was $2,590,579, with a tax-rate of $16.30 on $1,000. The taxed 
 dwelling-houses numbered 861. 
 
 The schools are graded, including primary and grammar schools 
 and a high school ; and these occupy 12 buildings, valued at nearly 
 $40,000. The town library contains upwards of 3,000 volumes. 
 The "Journal," published here, has a large local circulation. There 
 are here one TJniversalist church, and two Baptist, two Congrega- 
 tionalist, two Methodist and three Roman Catholic churches. 
 
 This town was settled by immigrants from Ireland in 1727; it 
 was incorporated on January 30, 1752, and named in honor of Chief 
 Justice Palmer. The Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D. (1770- 
 1823), first president of Amherst College, was a native of this town. 
 
 Palmer's I Sland, in New Bedford harbor. 
 
 Pamanset River, in Dartmouth 
 
 Paper Mill Village, in Bridge water; also in Groton. 
 
 Parker River, in Newbury. 
 Parkerville, in westford. 
 
530 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 .T eirkS Lomcr, a village in Framingham. 
 
 Pnrfrirlcrffip'lrl was incorporated July 4, 1771; and its 
 x cti uiujjcuuu name changed t0 PerU) June 19> 1806 
 
 Partridgeville, inAthol; also, in Templeton. 
 
 Jr aSCJUC, an island forming part of the town of Gosnold. 
 
 Pattenville, in Buicrica. 
 
 Jr aUgatUCK, a village in West Springfield. 
 
 PawrimL'P't was incorporated March 1, 1828; but by a 
 i. dWlULKCL change in State boundaries in 1861 it was, 
 with the exception of a small part east of Seven-mile River, set 
 off to Rhode Island. The first making of cotton cloth in this 
 country by machinery driven by water-power was begun in this 
 place by Samuel Slater. The Blackstone Eiver has a fall of about 
 50 feet at this point, and the power is used chiefly for driving cotton 
 mills. " Pawtucket " is an Indian name. The town was until its 
 incorporation a part of Seekonk. 
 
 Pawtucketville, in LoweiL 
 
 Pa V ton * s a 8ma ^ agricultural town lying nearly in the 
 a-X-l-UIl centre of Worcester County. Its nearest railroad 
 station is Worcester, — about seven miles distant, Paxton (centre) 
 is the village and post-office. Rutland is the boundary on the 
 north, Holden on the east, Leicester on the south, and Spencer and 
 Oakham on the west. Worcester adjoins the southeast corner 
 for a short distance. The assessed area is 8,848 acres, including 
 3,098 acres of forest. 
 
 The surface is varied, pleasing and somewhat peculiar. The hills 
 seem but gentle swells of land, and are cultivated to their summits. 
 Asnebumsket Hill, near the southeastern border, reaches an altitude 
 of 1,407 feet. Other prominent landmarks are Fox Hill near the 
 centre, Pine in the northeast corner, and Turkey Hill near the 
 northern border. Near its base on the north is Turkey Hill Pond, 
 which is probably the remotest source of the Chicopee River. On 
 the eastern border is Asnebumsket Pond, which sends out a feeder 
 to the Nashua River. The largest body of water in the town is 
 Bottoinly Pond, in the southeast part, the principal source of the 
 Blackstone River. The town is rich in ponds, springs and rivulets. 
 The geological formation is ferruginous gneiss. The soil is deep and 
 strong, amply moistened, and yields well. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 135 farms in 1885 was 
 $81,2139. There are two wooden-box factories and one carriage 
 factory ; and 31 men were engaged in making boots and shoes. The 
 
PEABODY. 531 
 
 value of goods made was $7,300. The population was 561, of whom 
 126 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $277,069, with a 
 tax-rate of $16.40 on $1,000. There were 130 dwelling-houses 
 taxed. 
 
 The town has primary and grammar schools, provided for in five 
 school buildings valued at some §4,0(10. There is a free public 
 library of about 1,200 volumes. The one church here is Congrega- 
 tionalist. 
 
 Paxton was formed from parts of the towns of Rutland and Leices- 
 ter, and incorporated, February 12, 1765. It was probably named 
 from Charles Paxton, one of the commissioners of customs in Boston. 
 The town sent 72 men to do battle for the Union in the late war, 
 and has erected a granite monument to the seven who were lost. 
 
 PpahnHv k a l^S^ handsome and prosperous town in the 
 
 1 CdUUUy southerly part of Essex County, about 18 miles 
 north of Boston, with which it has communication by the Wakefield 
 Branch of the Eastern Railroad, by the Newburyport Branch of the 
 Boston and Maine, and by the Salem and Lowell Railroad, which 
 traverse the town, — all belonging to the Boston and Maine Rail- 
 road system. A street railway also connects it with Salem. North 
 Reading, Middleton and Danvers form the northern boundary; 
 Salem the eastern; Lynn the south and southwest ; and Lynnfield 
 the southwest and west. 
 
 The assessed area is 9,050 acres, which includes 2,577 acres of 
 forest land The surface is finely diversified ; and .Mount Pleasant 
 in the north, and Upton's Hill in the northwest, afford admirable 
 views. The town is drained by Tractor's Brook, in the northeastern 
 section ; by Goldthwait's Brook, an outlet of Cedar Pond, near the 
 southwest side ; by Tapley's Brook, the outlet of Brown's Pond and 
 Lynnmere, in the extreme south ; while Suntaug Lake, on the Lynn- 
 field border, a large, circular and beautiful body of water with a 
 pretty island in the centre, sends a tributary northward across the 
 western part of the town to Ipswich River, which here for a short 
 distance washes the northern border. The geological basis of the 
 town is sienite and greenstone. The soil is various, but yields well 
 under careful cultivation. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 126 farms in 1*85 was 
 reported in the census as $228,305. The leather establishments, 
 including tanneries, currying and dressing shops, numbered 61. The 
 first employed 759 men; while the morocco factories alone em- 
 ployed 371. The value of the leather product was $3,883,119. 
 Seventeen boot and shoe factories employed 209 persons, and turned 
 out goods to the value of $175,639. Three glue factories employed 
 97 persons; a bleachery, 116; and a woollen mill, 34 There were 
 also manufactures of carriages, artisans' tools and scientific imple- 
 ments, machinery and other metallic goods, pottery, bricks, wrought 
 stone, lumber, furniture, food preparations and soap. The aggregate 
 value of goods made was $5,964,353. The capital stock of the two 
 national banks amounts to $400,000 ; and the savings bank, at the 
 
532 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 close of last year, held deposits to the amount of $ 1,717,488. The 
 population was 9,530, including 2,192 legal voters. The valuation 
 in 1888 was $7,063,650, and the tax-rate *16 on $1,000. There were 
 1,490 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 Peabody has a superior high school, with primary and grammar 
 grades accordant; and these occupy seven buildings, valued at some 
 #60,000. The Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library contains some 
 2,000 volumes, and is sustained by a fund. There are also small 
 association libraries. The Peabody Institute, founded in 1852 by 
 the late George Peabody with a munificent donation of $200,000, 
 lias a very handsome edifice, containing a free library of upwards of 
 28,000 volumes, and a large and valuable scientific museum. The 
 trustees have made provisions also for an annual course of free 
 public lectures. The " Press " and the " Reporter," published here, 
 are prosperous weekly journals. The churches consist of two Con- 
 gregationalist, and one each of the Baptists, Methodists, Protestant 
 Episcopalians, Unitarians, Universalists and the Roman Catholics. 
 
 George Peabody, D.C.L., a successful banker and a philanthropist^ 
 was born within the limits of this town February 18, 1795, and died 
 in London, England, November 4, 1869. The house in which he was 
 born still stands, an object of much regard. Mr. Peabody estab- 
 lished a banking-house in London in July, 1843, by which his wealth 
 was increased to princely dimensions. He gave to the city of Balti- 
 more $1,400,000, to found an institute of literature, science and the 
 tine arts ; for the poor of London, in 1862, §2,500,000 ; to Harvard 
 University, in 1866, $150,000 for the establishment of a museum 
 and professorship of American archaeology and ethnology ; to Yale 
 College, $150,000; and to the Southern Educational Fund, created 
 in 1866, $2,000,000. He also made many minor benefactions. 
 
 The town of Peabody was formerly a part of Salem, and was 
 included in the territory set off as the town of Danvers. It was set 
 off from the latter, and incorporated as South Danvers, May 18, 
 1855 ; and on April 13, 1*08, this name was changed for the present 
 one, in honor of its illustrious son and benefactor. The post-offices 
 are Peabody (village), South Peabody and AYest Peabody. Other 
 villages are Brookdale, Dublin, Felton's Corner, Needham's Corner, 
 Newhall's Crossing, I'roctor's Crossing and Phelp's Mill. In 1881 a 
 monument was erected in the public square in the chief village to 
 the memory of the soldiers who fell in the Union service in the late 
 war. It is constructed of granite, and is surmounted by a statue of 
 America. Its entire height is 50 feet. The early history of this 
 place is involved with that of Salem. 
 
 Peaked Mountain, i;^: 1 ' 80 ' 1 ' is v ~™ feet m 
 
 T* t*A A r\r*L-' c Tclinrl lies in the middle section of Boston 
 
 reuaocK s> isianu Harbor or Kay 
 
 Pei»ail Hill, in Xath'k, is 40S feet in height. 
 
PELHAM— PEMBROKE. 533 
 
 "Dpi flam is a sparsely inhabited town lying in the northeast 
 part of Hampshire County, about 7G miles west of 
 Boston. The New London and Northern Railroad, which passes 
 through the centres of the two towns adjoining on the south and 
 west, furnishes the nearest railroad connection. The boundaries of 
 this town are Shutesbury on the north, Prescott on the east, Enfield 
 and Belchertown on the south, and Amherst on the west. The 
 assessed area is 14,156 acres. There are upwards of 5,000 acres of 
 woodland, containing most of the New England varieties of tr*'es. 
 The whole township has an unusual elevation ; and there are ranges 
 of forest-crowned hills in the east and west, while in the south 
 Mount Lincoln rises to a height of 1,24G feet. Pine Hill rises near 
 the centre of the town. The geological structure is sienite ; and 
 asbestos, molybdenite, quartz crystals and green hornstune are 
 found. A huge bowlder called " The Northerner " has many 
 visitors. Swift River forms the eastern line, and midway broadens 
 into a large pond ; near which is situated the village of East Hollow. 
 Fort River and its tributaries flow through the valleys of the 
 western section. Jabish River runs through the square southern 
 projection in which lies the village of Packardville. The other 
 villages are West Pelham and Pelham (Heights), near the centre, 
 — both post-offices. 
 
 The product of the 116 farms in this town in 1885 was valued in 
 the aggregate at §77,871. There is one saw mill employing six 
 persons, ^Mtd. a fishing-rod factory employing about the same number. 
 Charcoal and kindlers are prepared for market, and some quarrying 
 is done. The value of goods made was reported as S.'54,'!47. The 
 population was 649, of whom 168 were legal voters. The valuation 
 in 1888 was $168,186, with a tax-rate of $24 on $l,o<">. There 
 were 139 dwelling-houses. 
 
 The four public school-houses are valued at some 8'J,(Mhi. There 
 are a union, a Congregationalist and a Methodist church. 
 
 This township was purchased by Colonel Stoddard, of Northamp- 
 ton, and was sold by him to some Scotch-Irish people. It was 
 incorporated January 15, 1742, and named Pelham, in honor of that 
 celebrated family in England. The Rev. Robert Abcrfroml'i<\ from 
 Edinburgh, the first minister, was ordained here in 174 1. 
 
 PembertOn, a village in Hull. 
 
 Pi 1 ^ is an old town lying in the northeasterly part 
 cm DTOKC f Plymouth County, about 26 miles southeast 
 of Boston. The Hanover Branch of the Old Colony Railroad skirts 
 the northwestern line, and the Plymouth Branch runs close upon 
 the southwestern corner. The villages and post-offices are Pembroke 
 (centre), North Pembroke, East Pembroke and Bryantsville. The 
 town is bounded on the north by Hanover and Norwell, on the 
 northeast by Marshfield, on the east by Duxbury, on the south by 
 Kingston, Plympton and Halifax, and on the west by Hanson. It 
 is 7 miles long and 5J- miles wide. 
 
534 CA/.ETTEEi: OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 There are (\, l .VM acres of woodland, containing mostly oak and pine. 
 Along the roads, especially in the villages, are many well-grown 
 tics — oak, elm and maple. There are a few small hills near the 
 centre, and in the northeast. The rock is sienitic and the best soil 
 a sandy loam. There is an extensive marsh in the northern section, 
 and in the western and southern parts are Oldham, Furnace, Hobo- 
 moc, Great and Little Sandy ponds. These discharge by Herrijg 
 Branch into North River, — which forms the northern line of the 
 town, and is navigable by small vessels. Jones River Pond (or 
 Silver Lake) lies on the southern line, and is as large as all the others 
 put together. This and Stetson Pond, in the southwest corner, dis- 
 charge by Jones River into Plymouth harbor. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 152 farms of this town 
 in lw."> was $(>S,0.">9. There were one boot and shoe factory employ- 
 ing 78 persons and two box factories employing 20 men. Other 
 articles made were house lumber, nails and tacks and other metallic 
 goods, carpetings and carriages. The value of the aggregate was 
 ts47.oc,7. The population was 1,31.'!. of whom 363 were legal voters. 
 The valuation in 188s was S<;.':L',K'.if>, with a tax-rate of $13 on 1,000. 
 There were 345 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The town had eight public school-houses, valued at $8,500. The 
 public library contains upwards of 1,500 volumes. The Friends, 
 Methodists and Unitarians each have a church edifice in the 
 town. 
 
 The records say, on March 21, 1712, that " a part of Duxbury 
 called Mattakeeset, a tract of land known as the Major's Purchase, 
 and the land called Marshfield Upper Lands at Mattakeeset, are 
 established as Pembroke." Parts of it have since been taken to form 
 Halifax and Hanson. The first saw mill and the first furnace for 
 smelting iron in the country were erected here. The first church 
 was erected in 1703. The old brick '• Garrison House " here is said 
 to be one of the oldest"sta.nding. Captain Seth Hatch of this town 
 ran the blockade of the*St. Lawrence and conveyed supplies to Gen. 
 James Wolfe, whose thanks he publicly received. 
 
 There was erected in Pembroke the present year a handsome 
 monument of granite, bearing the names of all her soldiers of the 
 late war, 136 in number, and surmounted by a white bronze statue 
 of a Union soldier, with musket, at parade rest. 
 
 Penikese, or Pune, Island, is included in the 
 
 town of Gosnold. 
 
 Ppnnprpl 1 is a k usv an( * beautiful town in the northwesterly 
 j. t-ppcicu r , n . ( of Mui.iU'sox County, having the Nashua 
 Kiver for its eastern line, except where it crosses an extensive 
 eastern projection of the territory. The 'Worcester, Nashua and 
 Portland Division of the Boston and Maine Railroad has its Pep- 
 perell station at Babbatasset village, on the Nashua, near the 
 paper mills. The Nissitisset River, coming across the town 
 I'nun the northwest, and furnishing power at East Village, 
 
PEPPERELL. 
 
 535 
 
 enters the Nashua a short distance northward of the station. The 
 last-mentioned place and Pepperell (centre) are the post-offices. 
 The other villages are North, South and West Pepperell. 
 
 The town is bounded on the east by Dunstable and (iroton, on the 
 south also by the latter, on the west by Townsend, and on the 
 north by Hollis in New Hampshire. The assessed area is 13,652 
 acres; of which 3,2'oG acres are forests — principally of pine and 
 chestnut. In the northeast are the twin eminences, the Nissitissit 
 Hills ; on the southwest border is the fine eminence called " The 
 Throne ;" in the west is Oak Hill, a long and handsome elevation. 
 At the southwest of this is a group of smaller hills ; and in this 
 
 THE PEPPERELL PAPEIl-MIl l.S PEPPEKELL. 
 
 vicinity, about 2£ miles west of the centre, is a remarkable chan- 
 nel, or canon, from 75 to l."»0 feet deep and L'.'iO wide, extending 
 north and south, cutting through the soil and ledges. The sides 
 have an inclination of 45° to 70°; and a streamlet flows through 
 the chasm. Near this is Heald's Pond, and at the southern opening 
 of the canon is Heald's Mine, penetrating the rock more than 100 
 feet. This work was done about or soon after 1780; but what 
 mineral was sought is now unknown. The geological structure of 
 the town is the St. John's group, or Andalusite slate. The soil in 
 general is clayey. 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 132 farms in 1885 was 
 
536 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 1(132,118. The paper-mill employed 170 persons, and the two shoe 
 factories 287. Other manufactures were machinery, cutlery, car- 
 riages, house lumber, boxes, leather, wrought stone, brick, soap and 
 food preparations. The total value of the goods made was $1,158,- 
 993. Some manufactures have recently been added. The popula- 
 tion was 2,5*7 — of whom 721 were legal voters. The valuation in 
 1HSS was $1,674,945, with a tax-rate of §13.33£ on §1,000. The 
 dwelling-houses numbered 58G. There is at the centre an elegant 
 town-house of granite and brick, containing a large hall, the public 
 library, the city offices, and stores. It fronts upon the Common, 
 opposite the Unitarian church. The other churches here are one 
 each of the Congregationalists and the Roman Catholics. The Meth- 
 odists have a church edifice at East Pepperell. There were 10 public 
 school-houses valued at some 17,000. Two weekly papers — the 
 " Clarion " and the " Star " — are published here. 
 
 This town was formerly the " Second Precinct of Groton.' - It 
 was incorporated a^s the "District of Pepperell "' April 6, 1753 ; and 
 became a town by the general act of August 23, 1775. It was named 
 in honor of General William Pepperell, a native of Maine, who con- 
 ducted the successful expedition against Louisburg in 1745, and was 
 subsequently knighted. The first church in this place was organized 
 in 1747 ; and the Rev. Joseph Emerson, settled in 1775, was the 
 first minister. He accompanied a band of his parishioners to Cam- 
 bridge, where, it is said, he made the first prayer in camp of the 
 Revolution. William Prescott, LL.D. (1762-1844), the father of 
 William H. Prescott, the historian, was a native of this town. 
 
 Perry's Peak, in Richmond, 2,039 feet in height. 
 
 Periyville, in Dudley ; also in Rehoboth. 
 
 "p_ r] . is a mountainous and sparsely settled farming town 
 X CI U near tne jjjj^g f ti, eastern side of Berkshire County, 
 140 miles west of Boston, and about 5 miles east of the Boston and 
 Albany Railroad station in Hinsdale — bounding this town on the 
 west. On the north the boundary is Windsor ; on the east, Cumming- 
 ton and Worthington; and on the south, Middlefield and Washing- 
 ton. The area is about 27 square miles, of which 16,019 acres are 
 assessed. Of these, 3,328 acres are forests of beech, maple and 
 spruce. The land is elevated, rough and rocky. French's Mountain 
 rises near the centre of the township to a height of 2,239 feet. The 
 church on Peru Hill, near the western border, is so situated that 
 water falling from one side of the roof finds its way into the West- 
 field River, and from the other side into the Housatonic. The 
 largest watercourse is Fuller's Stream, draining the central portion of 
 the town. Some excellent limestone has been quarried here. There 
 is much rock of a flinty, and some of granitic character. The soil is 
 a sandy loam. The usual farm crops are raised ; and the aggregate 
 product of the 101 farms was valued in 1885 at $60,161. There are 
 several large dairies. The manufactories consisted of 4 saw mills, two 
 
PETERSHAM. 537 
 
 of which, are quite important. The population was 368, of whom 
 116 were legal voters. The valuation in 18S8 was $122,616, with a 
 tax-rate of §15.75. There were 81 dwelling-houses. The six public 
 school-houses were valued at some $1,200. There is one church, 
 which is Congregationalist. 
 
 Township " No. Two " was sold at auction in Boston in 1762 ; and 
 coming into the hands of Oliver Partridge and Elisha Jonc*. it 
 acquired the necessary number of inhabitants, and was incorporated 
 as the town of Partridgefield, July 4, 1771. On June 21, 1804, the 
 western part of the township was set off to form Hinsdale. < In 
 June 19, 1806, the name of the town was changed to Peru. Amoiu; 
 the early settlers were Joseph Badger, Captain Nathan Watkins 
 and Nathaniel Stowell, who came here in 1766. These, with others 
 from the town, were at the battle of Bunker Hill. The Eev. 
 Stephen Tracy, ordained in April, 1772, was the first minister. 
 
 Pf»ffkt-cVi orn * s a beautiful town occupying high land in the 
 
 L ClcrS>IlcUIl nor thwest part of Worcester County, 75 miles 
 west of Boston by the highways. The nearest railroad stations are 
 those of the Fitchburg Railroad in Athol and of the Massachusetts 
 Central Railroad in Barre. Phillipston bounds this town on the 
 northeast ; Barre, on the southeast ; Dana, on the southwest ; and Xe w 
 Salem and Athol, on the northwest. 
 
 The assessed area is 23,016 acres ; of which 6,391 acres are forests 
 of pine, hemlock, chestnut, oak and maple. The rocks are generally 
 granite and felspar; and the soil is a clay loam. Petersham Cen- 
 tre occupies a high broad plateau, commanding extensive views. 
 The east and west branches of Fever Brook and various branches of 
 Swift River flow southwesterly through the town, furnishing valu- 
 able powers. 
 
 At South Petersham are a saw and a grist mill and a powder- 
 keg mill, employing altogether about a dozen men. There arc, 
 beside, the usual manufactures of a farming town ; the value of the 
 aggregate product in 18*5 being reported as $31,466. The value of 
 the aggregate product of the 205 farms was §167,5.s:{. The popula- 
 tion was 1,032 ; of whom 308 were legal voters. The valuation in 
 1888 was $593,216, with a tax-rate of $14.70 on *1.0<>U. The dwel- 
 ling-houses numbered 287. 
 
 The town has a fine new memorial library building of stone. 
 There were 11 public school-houses, valued at upwards of $6.<iOO. 
 The Unitarians, Congregationalists and Baptists have each a church 
 edifice here. * 
 
 The territory of this town was granted in 1733 to John Bennett, 
 Jeremiah Perley and others, for services rendered in the Indian wars. 
 Joseph Willson and Simeon Houghton were among the early set- 
 tlers. The place was for some time known as Volunteers' Town, 
 becoming " Voluntown," from its having been granted to volunteers. 
 The inhabitants were at first much annoyed by wolves and rattle- 
 ■ snakes, and at a later period by Indians. The first church was 
 organized, and the Rev. Aaron Whitney settled over it, in Decern- 
 
538 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ber, 173*. He was a royalist ; and being excluded from the pulpit, 
 held services with his adherents at his house, and claimed to be 
 minister of tin; town until his death in 1770. Petersham is memo- 
 rable as being the place where Gen. Benjamin Lincoln,- with 
 Uio State forces, on February 4, 17X7, fell suddenly upon the insur- 
 gents under Capt. Daniel Shays, causing them to disperse in great 
 confusion; by which the "Whisky Rebellion'' was broken up. The 
 town sent 177 men into the Union armies during the late war, of 
 whom .'"J were lost. 
 
 This town was incorporated April 20, 1754 ; and its name was 
 probably adopted in remembrance of Petersham, in England Its 
 Indian name was Nitrhairog ; and " Nitchawaug " is the present name 
 of one post-office, Petersham, (centre) being the other. 
 
 Phelp's Mill, a village in Peabody. 
 
 p | ' 1 1 j r^efnn * s a % 00 ^ ^ arm ' n S town lying in the northwest- 
 X IllIlipisLUIl er iy sec ti on f Worcester County, 58 miles 
 
 from Boston. The Ware River Railroad crosses the southern extrem- 
 ity, and the Fitchburg touches the northern angle. The general form 
 of the township is triangular, with a very irregular base-line running 
 northwest and southeast ; the town of Templeton, on the east, cover- 
 ing this entire side. Hubbardston and Barre lie at the southeastern 
 angh' ; Petersham lies on the southwest, and Athol on the west, 
 with Uoyalston at the north 
 
 Tho assessed area is 14,756 acres. The soil is principally a light 
 loam. The forests consist chiefly of pine, and cover 3,245 acres. 
 The central part of the town consists of broad hills. Prospect Hill, 
 about two miles west of the central village, is the highest, and a 
 beautiful elevation. Echo Pond, a mile south of the centre, 1\ miles 
 long and one third wide, is the source of Burntshirt River. The latter 
 also enters and drains Factory Pond, on the eastern line, and furnishes 
 valuable motive power. Beaver and Mill brooks drain the northerly 
 sections of the town ; while Bigelow Brook, Swift River and Mocas- 
 sin Brook flow southwesterly into Petersham. Wine Brook, rising 
 in the southwestern angle, runs northeasterly through a beautiful 
 valley to Factory Pond. 
 
 There were in 1*85 three chair factories, employing 24 persons. 
 Other manufactures of the town are carriages, house lumber, metal- 
 lic articles, boots and shoes and food preparations. The value of 
 all goods made in the year mentioned was .$17,042. The value of 
 the aggregate product of the 91 farms was §70,01(4. ' The population 
 was fi.'SO; of whom 1i">0 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 
 was *275,.sxo, with a tax-rate of $13.30 on $1,000. There were 139 
 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The six public school-houses were valued at upwards of $4,000. 
 There is a free publio library of nearly 5,000 volumes. The churches 
 are Congregationalist and Methodist. The post-office is Phillipston 
 (centre). The other villages are Lamb City, East Phillipston and* 
 Goulding Village. This township was originally parts of Templeton 
 
PUtE.y/X— VITTSFIELl). 539 
 
 and AthoL It was incorporated, October 20, 1786, and named in 
 honor of Elbridge Gerry ; but dissatisfied with his measures after 
 he became governor, the citizens, in 1812, procured a change of name 
 to Phillipston. The first church was organized in 1785, and in 1788 
 the Rev. Ebenezer Tucker was ordained pastor. 
 
 Phillipston furnished 70 soldiers for the armies of the Union in 
 the late war, of whom 13 were lost. A handsome monument has been 
 erected to their memory. 
 
 X JlOCniX, a village in Tewksbury. 
 
 PierCeVllle, in Rochester. 
 
 Pigeon Cove, a village in Rockport. 
 
 X llierSuire, a village in Newburyport. 
 
 1 Hie LrTOVe, a village in Northampton. 
 
 Pitie Nook, a village in Deerfield. 
 
 PTTTQFTFT T^) *'"* seat °^ 3 us *^ ce * n Berkshire 
 -T 1 1 1 Z)r 1 LL,L^LJ, County, is a large flourishing town, 
 
 distinguished for the beauty of its scenery, its noble farms and ele- 
 gant residences. It lies in the middle section of the county, 151 
 miles from Boston on the Boston and Albany Railroad, which sends 
 a branch from this town to North Adams. 1'ittsfield is also the 
 northern terminus of the Housatonic Railroad, running southward to 
 Bridgeport in Connecticut. The regular stations are 1'ittsfield, for 
 both roads; while the first has also Shaker Village, at the southwest 
 corner of the town, and the Junction and Coltsville in the east and 
 northeast. The post-offices are Pittsfield (centre), West 1'ittsfield 
 and Pontoosuc. The other villages are Allendale, Arrow Head, Bar- 
 kersville, Bel Air, Bobtown, Holmesdale, Packanlsville, Stearnsville 
 and Tillotson's. Some of these are connected with the centre by a 
 
 This town is bounded on the north by Lanesborough, east by 
 Dalton and Washington, south by the last, Lenox and Richmond, 
 and west by Hancock. The assessed area is 24,441 acres, of which 
 but 3,916 acres are forest. Although lying in a valley amid lofty 
 mountains, the town is more than 1,200 feet above sea-level, and con- 
 sequently has a cool and bracing atmosphere. South Mountain in 
 the southern part, affords a fine view of the wide-spreading valley, 
 with its lakes, streams and villages, and the divergent and picturesque 
 ranges of Taconic and Hoosac mountains which rise as bulwarks on 
 every side. Onota Lake, northwest of the central village, is a beau- 
 tiful sheet of water covering about 550 acres. On its western side 
 are marble quarries. Pontoosuc Lake, on the northern border, of 
 equal size, has an outlet southward called Pontoosuc River ; which, 
 
540 GAZETTKKi: OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 uniting just south of the centre with Ste arn's Brook from the west, 
 and the Branch from the northeast, forms the beautiful Housatonic 
 River. Pittsfield Village is a quaint old plaice, with broad streets 
 generously shaded by lofty elms. Through it runs the principal 
 avenue of the town in nearly a straight line from Pontoosuc Lake to 
 Lenox-on-the-Heights, six miles southward. The Potsdam rock and 
 Levis limestone constitute the geological structure ; and beds of iron 
 ore, marl and brick-clay are found in several localities. The rich 
 alluvial lands along the numerous streams are very fertile. Fruit 
 and nut trees abound. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 215 farms in 1885 was 
 $351,957. The manufactures are numerous. There is a cotton mill 
 employing, in 1885, 94 persons ; 7 woollen mills employing 1,180 ; 2 
 silk mills employing 40 persons ; a knitting mill employing 48 ; 2 
 paper mills employing 59 persons ; a clock factory employing C6. 
 Ninety-six persons were engaged in making machinery, and iron and 
 other metallic goods ; and 62 in making carriages and harnesses. 
 Other manufactures were house lumber, boxes, furniture, leather, 
 wrought stone, toilet articles, beverages, meats and other food prepa- 
 rations. The value of the textiles made was $1,725,280 ; of iron and 
 other metallic goods, $378,137 ; of wooden goods, $50,246 ; of cloth- 
 ing, $4: (1,965 ; and of food preparations, 1283,482. The value of the 
 aggregated manufactures was $4,488,271. The capital stock of the 
 three national banks amounted to $825,000 ; and the savings bank, 
 at the close of last year, held $2,325,847 in deposits. The popula- 
 tion was 14,666, — which included 3,283 legal voters. The valua- 
 tion in 188S was $9,893,959; with a tax-rate of $16.80 on $1,000. 
 The number of dwelling-houses taxed was 2,480. The newspapers 
 of Pittsfield are the "Daily Evening Journal," and the weekly 
 " Journal," and the " Berkshire County Eagle," which have a large 
 circulation . 
 
 Several of the public school-houses are fine structures. The 
 schools are excellent ; and the high school is supplemented by a nor- 
 mal and training school. The commercial college and the family and 
 day school for young ladies are important institutions. The Congre- 
 gationalists have here three churches; the Eoman Catholics two; 
 the Protestant Kpiscopalians, the Methodists and the Baptists, one 
 each. Two or more of the edifices are of stone, some of brick; and 
 several are unusually attractive. There is also the Shaker house of 
 worship in their village. The House of Mercy is a cottage hospital, 
 — the admirable work of an association of ladies. The Berkshire 
 Life Insurance Company has here a very handsome building of Nova 
 Scotia freestone. The Old Ma pie wood Institute, occupying an em- 
 bowered eminence south of the centre, has long been an object of 
 pleasant regard. There are line old mansions and interesting places 
 in every quarter of the town. The Academy of Music and the 
 Berkshire Atheiucum are large and beautiful buildings. The latter 
 contains cabinets of ethnology and history and of natural history, 
 and a public library of upwards of 1(1,000 volumes. The public build- 
 ings of a civil nature are the town-hall, the court-house and the 
 county jail. 
 
PLMXFIELD. 541 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Fantomnc, signifying " a run 
 for deer." The territory -was originally granted to Boston in 1735, 
 and was called " Boston Plantation " until it was purchased by Col. 
 Jacob Wendell in 1737, when it became " Wendell's Town." The 
 actual settlement was commenced in 1752; and in 1758 there were 
 about 20 log-cabins in the place. On the 21st of April, 1761, it was 
 incorporated as a town, named in honor of the illustrious William 
 Pitt, Lord Chatham. In 17G4 the first church was organized, and 
 the Rev. Thomas Allen ordained as pastor. He was succeeded, in 
 1810, by his son, the Rev. William Allen, D.D. ; who was subse- 
 quently president of Bowdoin College, in Maine, and author of the 
 first American dictionary of biography. It is said that the first 
 broadcloths ever made in America were woven in this town in 1804. 
 The mill was established by Mr. Arthur Schofield, who came here 
 from England in 1800. 
 
 Among other distinguished citizens of Pittsfield were Ezekiel 
 Bacon (1776-1870), a graduate of Yale, a lawyer and M.C. ; John W. 
 Hurlburt (d. 1831), an able lawyer and M.C, a leader of the Federal, 
 as Mr. Bacon was of the Democratic, party ; Rev. Heman Humphrey, 
 D.D. (1769-1861), a graduate of Yale, author and president of the 
 collegiate institute which afterward became Amherst College ; George 
 Nixon Briggs (1796-1861), Congressman, judge, and governor of 
 Massachusetts ; and William Miller (1781-1849), the noted leader of 
 the Millerites. 
 
 T)J j £j 1J occupies the northwest extremity of Hampshire 
 JT Kill II 1LIU. County, having for its bounds, Hawley on the 
 north, Ashfield on the east, Cummington on the south, and Windsor- 
 and Savoy on the west. It contains about 20 square miles. The 
 assessed area is 12,498 acres ; and there are about 3,000 acres ot 
 forest, consisting of beech, maple and spruce. 
 
 Except in the north, Plainfield is occupied by hills, mostly in 
 northwest and southwest ranges ; between which, Meadow, Mill and 
 Bartlett brooks run southward to Westlield River, which flows 
 along the southern base of Deer Hill, in the southwest corner, the 
 highest eminence in the town. Crooked Pond, and Plainfield, or 
 North Pond, in the northwest are the principal bodies of water. 
 The underlying rock is talcose and mica-schist; in the latter of 
 which occurs cummingtonite, a variety of hornblende. Rhodonite 
 and pyrolusite — ores of manganese — are also found. 
 
 The soil is a heavy loam. The sugar maple is a source of profit, 
 having afforded in some years more than 26,000 pounds of sugar ; 
 and in later years corresponding quantities of syrup. The value of 
 i the aggregate product of the 99 farms in 1885 was §72,272. There 
 were a saw mill or two, a factory making butter boxes, pails and 
 broom handles. Other manufactures were brushes, leather, boots 
 and shoes, metallic goods, beverages and other food preparations. 
 The value of all goods made was $10,875. The population was 453, 
 of whom 134 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 1149,070, 
 with a tax-rate of 20 on $ 1,000. The number of taxed dwelling- 
 houses was 116. 
 
542 (IAZETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The post-office and village is :it the centre. The nearest railroad 
 station is Charlemont on the Kitchburg Railroad, VZ miles north- 
 ward. Tim six public school-houses are valued at some $4,000. 
 The only church edifice is that of the Congregationalists. 
 
 The Indian name of this territory was Pontousuc. The settlers 
 mostly came from Bridge water. They organized a church here in 
 17cS(); and five years later were incorporated as a district; and as a 
 town June 15, 1S07. The lie v. Moses Hallock was settled here in 
 1792. This town is the scene of the labors of Deacon Joseph Beals, 
 the " Mountain M iller," whose life, portrayed by W. A. Hallock. has 
 been translated into several languages. Sixty-one men went from 
 Plainfield into the Union armies during the late war; of whom six 
 were killed in battle, or died in consequence of their service. 
 
 rla.inVllle, inlladley; also in Wrentham. 
 
 1 lC3.S3,ntQ3.1C, a village in Sutton. 
 
 Pleasant T ake a vil ' a S e * n Harwich ; also, a pond in 
 
 Plimptonville, inWaipoie. 
 
 Plum Tclnnrl a long, narrow sandy island forming the 
 1 mill IMailU, east( . m parts f Xewbury, Rowley and 
 
 Ipswich, and between the main body of these towns and the sea. It 
 
 is named from a fruit growing upon it. 
 
 Plum Island River, or Sound, ^^ 
 
 of salt water enclosed between l'luni Island and the mainland. It 
 receives the waters of Parker, Rowley and Ipswich rivers. 
 
 P T V TVT O T T T T-T ever memorable as the first town 
 1 -L-1-I-V1.WVJ 1 11, settled by Europeans in New Eng- 
 land, lies in the southeast part of Plymouth County, 37 miles south- 
 east of Boston by the Plymouth Branch, and 4C> by the Shore Line 
 of the Old Colony Railroad. It is a port of entry and the seat of 
 justice for Plymouth County. It is bounded on the north by 
 Kingston, Duxbury Bay and the Atlantic Oean, east by the latter, 
 south by Bourne and Wareham, and west by Carver and Kingston. 
 Territorially Plymouth is the largest town in the State, extending 
 about 16 miles along the sea, and from five to ten miles into the 
 interior, broadening seaward midway of its length, and forming 
 here a large rounded angle marked by Manomet Hill. The assessed 
 area is 50,797 acres ; having some 40,000 acres of forests, consisting 
 principally of pine and oak. The rock formation appears to be 
 granite, which is overlaid, except at its elevations, by drift and 
 alluvium. Bowlders are occasionally met with, also iron ore ; and 
 there are small tracts of elay. The surface is quite .uneven ; and, 
 with the exception of a narrow area along the coast, is sandy and 
 
PLYMOUTH. 
 
 543 
 
 unproductive. The land rises at the broad northeast projection into 
 the long and beautiful wooded eminence of Manomet Hill, 396 feet 
 above sea-level. A charming locality on this shore, called Manomet 
 Bluffs, has become quite populous with summer residents, having a 
 hotel, villas and cottages. The land rises precipitously in a curved 
 line from the shore to the heights of 60 and 100 feet. " The outlook 
 from the bluffs is one of the finest and most expansive on the coast. 
 In fair weather, nearly the entire outline of Cape Cod, from Sand- 
 wich to Provincetown, may be seen sweeping around and enclosing 
 the bay." The view to the north includes the nearer Duxbury Bay, 
 with the Neck, Captain's Hill, and Pilgrim Hall and church spires 
 and towers in Plymouth, and the shipping in its harbor. A remark- 
 able feature in the town is the numerous fresh-water ponds, which 
 
 have an area of about 3,000 acres. The most noted of these 
 
 beginning at the north — are Billington Sea. Great South Pond, 
 Long Pond, Half-way Pond, and Great Herring l'ond which extends. 
 
 PLYMOUTH ROCK. 
 
 a little into Bourne. Long Pond is becoming quite a summer resort, 
 and has several handsome cottages. Within a circuit of five miles 
 there are at least twenty ponds, large and small, abounding in fish ; 
 while the adjacent forests contain deer and other game ; the south- 
 western part being almost as much of a wilderness as when the 
 Pilgrims first traversed it on their way to Buzzard's Bay, or to visit 
 the friendly Massasoit at Mount Hope Bay. The principal streams 
 are Agawam River, flowing from Halfway Pond to Buzzard's Bay ; 
 Eel Biver, carrying the overflow of Great Pond to the southern 
 extremity of Plymouth Harbor; and Town Brook, flowing from 
 Billington Sea into the bay at Plymouth village. 
 
 The harbor is formed by a narrow beach, formerly well wooded, 
 which runs out three miles northwesterly from the east shore of Eel 
 Eiver. At the extremity is a pier, and on an island northeast is the 
 harbor beacon. Still further northeast is Saquish, a long, curved 
 peninsula point toward Plymouth, and making an elbow with Dux- 
 
544 
 
 (iAZETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 bury I leach, where the Gurnet Light is located. Within this elbow 
 lies Clark's Island, where the Pilgrims spent the Sabbath before the 
 celebrated "landing." It is a gently rounded eminence, and is 
 verdurous with grassy lawns, shrubbery, and even large trees, and is 
 further adorned by several pretty cottages. 
 
 Plymouth, the chief village, lies upon Town Brook. At the shore 
 is " Plymouth Rock," famous from its having received the feet of 
 the Pilgrims as they left the boat when they made their celebrated 
 "landing." It is a solitary sienite bowlder, now covered by a 
 beautiful stone canopy. The top of the rock has been removed to 
 
 Pilgrim Hall. The land 
 rises beautifully from the 
 bay in a broad and gentle 
 slope. At the summit, visi- 
 ble from afar over the vil- 
 lage, is the monument to 
 the forefathers, recently 
 completed, the corner stone 
 having been laid in 1859. 
 The designer was Hammat 
 Billings, and its cost has 
 been about $200,000. It is 
 of solid granite throughout ; 
 consisting of an octagonal 
 pedestal 45 feet high (un- 
 carved except in narrow 
 bands and mouldings) upon 
 which stands the figure of 
 Faith, 36 feet high, her 
 feet on Plymouth Rock, and 
 holding in her left hand an 
 open Bible, while the right, 
 uplifted, points heavenward. 
 On buttresses about the 
 pedestal, are seated four 
 figures of heroic size, repre- 
 senting Morality, Education, 
 Freedom and Law. Between 
 these are tall panels bearing 
 inscriptions, and below them, 
 relief tablets representing 
 chief scenes in the Pilgrim's 
 career. The cost of the 
 work has been defrayed by 
 various organizations and by 
 individual contributions. 
 The erection of this monument seems to be the culmination of the 
 Pilgrim drama. In the village are many handsome streets and elegant 
 buildings, among which stand forth conspicuously the court-house, 
 with a fine lawn in front ; the Pilgrim Hall, a solid structure of 
 
 NATIONAL MONUMENT TO THE 
 FOREFATHERS, PLYMOUTH. 
 
PLYMOUTH. 
 
 545 
 
 granite; the Oddfellows Hall, the Old Colony Bank building, the 
 Leyden Building, one or two hotels, and several fine church edifices. 
 The post-offices are Plymouth (village), Chiltonville at the mouth 
 of Eel River, North Plymouth and Manomet. Other villages are 
 Cedarville, Ellis ville, Halfway Pond, South Plymouth, West Ply- 
 mouth, Red Brook, Saquish and Wellingsly. The population in 
 1885 was 7,239, of whom 1,896 were legal voters. There were 95 
 
 SAMOSET AND THE PILGRIMS. 
 
 farms, whose aggregate product was $85,169. The principal manu- 
 facturing establishments in the last census year were two woollen 
 mills, employing 156 persons ; three shoe factories, employing 263 ; 
 a cordage factory employing 219 ; two cotton mills, employing 72 ; 
 and a rolling mill for iron, employing 50. Seventy-eight persons 
 were employed in making tacks, 24 in making nails, 18 in making 
 rivets, and 86 in making various castings, forgings and machinery. 
 The value of the textiles made was $1,295,595 ; and of the iron and 
 
54C (lAZKTTEEJi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 other metallic goods, £535,0X7, The value of the total manufactures 
 was $2,064,749. The fisheries — chiefly of mackerel, cod and ale- 
 wives — produced £15,000. The commercial marine consisted of 
 five vessels, — one barque, two schooners and two sloops, having a 
 total tonnage of 1,301. The two national banks have a capital 
 stock of $410,00<i ; and the two savings banks at the close of last 
 year carried deposits to the amount of SlV.Mi.V20. The valuation 
 in 18SK was $5,373,325, with a tax-rate of *14 on 81,000. There 
 were 1,379 assessed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The schools are excellent, consisting of primary, grammar and 
 high; and for them are provided 29 buildings, valued at some 
 $60,4S0. Plymouth Public Library contains upwards of 5,000 
 volumes; and the collection of the Pilgrim Social Library numbers 
 upwards of 11,000. The newspapers are the "Old Colony 
 Memorial" and the " Free Press," both weekly issues. There are 
 four Congregationalist churches, and one each of the Baptists, 
 Universalists, Unitarians, Protestant Episcopalians, Methodist 
 Episcopalians, African Methodist Episcopalians, Latter Day Saints 
 and Roman Catholics. 
 
 On landing, December 21, 1620, the sea-tossed company of Pilgrims 
 proceeded to lay out Leydcn Street, which now extends from the 
 shore, a little south of the '' Rock," to the summit of the acclivity. 
 On January 31, 1(120-21, the forefathers "kept their first Sabbath- 
 worship on shore ;" and on the 8th of February following Rose Stan- 
 dish died. On the 27th of the same month they formed a military or- 
 ganization, with 11 iles Standish for its captain ; and on the 3d March 
 they mounted the " great guns '' from the ship on their log fort, on 
 what is now called "Burying Hill." On the 20th of March they 
 received a visit from Samnset, who cried out to them as he approached 
 "Welcome, Englishmen ! " ( >n the 1st of April this friendly Indian 
 brought with him Squanto and Jfassnsoit ; the latter of whom, chief of 
 the Wampanoags, with his brother (Jmufequena, entered into a formal 
 treaty of peace, which was sacredly observed until broken by King Phi- 
 lip in 1075. Governor Carver died on the 15th of April, and William 
 Bradford was chosen to fill his place ; " and being not yet recovered of 
 his illness, in which he had been near ye point of death, Isaak Allerton 
 was chosen to be an assistant unto him." On 22d of May, Edward 
 Winslow and Mrs. Susanna White were married. This was the first 
 marriage in the colony. Those who died during the first winter were 
 buried on a bank called "Cole's Hill," but a short distance from the 
 landing-place; and the graves were levelled in order to prevent the 
 Indians from suspecting the loss and weakness of the company. 
 A great freshet in 1 T."T> washed many of the bones of the forefathers 
 into the sea. Defences were raised upon this bank in 1742, and 
 during the war of the Revolution, also in that of 1812. Burying 
 Hill, above the town, embraces about eight acres, and is filled with 
 ancient graves and memorial stones. 
 
 The first grist mill in New England was built in 1632 by Stephen 
 Dean, near I'.illington Sea. The house of Mr. Clark was attacked by 
 the Indians March 12, 1676 ; when eleven persons were massacred 
 
PLYMPTON. 547 
 
 and the building reduced to ashes. Eleven dwellings and two barns 
 were burnt by the savages on the 11th of May following. The Pil- 
 grim Society was instituted in 1820, to commemorate the deeds of 
 the forefathers ; and Daniel Webster delivered the oration before it 
 on the 22d of December of that year. The first newspaper published 
 here was " The Plymouth Journal," by N. Coverly, making its 
 appearance in March, 1785. The " Old Colony Memorial " was 
 commenced in 1821. The Old Colony Eailroad was opened to Ply- 
 mouth on November 8, 1845; and from that date the industrial 
 aspect of the town has been steadily improving. 
 
 The Plymouth church came from the pastoral care of the Rev. 
 John Eobinson, in Leyden, a man of signal ability. It was for some 
 time after its arrival in America under the guidance of Elder Wil- 
 liam Brewster, who used to preach twice every Sabbath, but declined 
 to administer the ordinances. Robert Cushman preached to it 
 December 12, 1621, the first sermon ever printed in America. The 
 Rev. Ralph Smith, settled in 1629, was the first regular pastor. 
 The Second Church, organized in 1738, had for its first minister the 
 Rev. Jonathan Ellis. Among the eminent men Plymouth has given 
 to the world were Col. Benjamin Church (1639-1718) ; General James 
 Warren (1726-1808) ; John Davis, LL.D. (17r.l-1847) ; Oakes Ames 
 (1804-1873) ; and Charles T. Jackson, M.I). (1805). 
 
 Plvmntnn ' s a f arm i n g town situateil in the central part of 
 
 T lyilipiUIl pi vmou th County, about .'!!> miles southeast of 
 Boston ; and has as boundaries Kingston on the northeast. ( 'arver 
 on the south, Middleborough on the southwest, and Halifax on the 
 northwest. The assessed area is 8,407 acres. 
 
 Plympton, the post-office and central village, is pleasantly situ- 
 ated on a commanding eminence ; and Winetuxet village is upon a 
 beautiful stream of the same name ; which with its affluents flows 
 through the southerly part of the town, and thence through Halifax 
 into the Taunton River. The Plymouth Branch of the Old Colony 
 Railroad has its Plympton station at the north village, called "Sil- 
 ver Lake," situated on Jones Piver Pond. Silver Lake (jrove, 
 comprising nearly 30 acres of wooded land, on the border of the pond, 
 has been admirably fitted up for pleasure parties. South Plympton 
 is the other village. There are in the town about 4,500 acres of 
 forest, containing oak, maple, pitch pine, white pine and white cedar. 
 It is recorded that within the memory of the present generation a 
 white oak was cut here which contained seven tons of ship timber, 
 and 2 cords of firewood. 
 
 There are numerous apple orchards ; and the 127 farms in 1885 
 yielded an aggregate product valued at $53,734. There was a shoe 
 factory employing 35 persons, a mill making some cotton article 
 and employing 7 girls ; and two or more saw mills. There were also 
 made carriages, straw braid, tacks and other metallic articles. The 
 value of the total manufactures was $83,989. The population was 600, 
 and included 181 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $289,839; 
 and the tax was $13.50 on $1,000. The number of dwelling-houses 
 taxed was 157. 
 
548 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 There were 6 public school-houses, valued at some $3,000. The 
 Young People's Library contains upwards of 300 volumes, and a 
 Sunday-school library, 400. The Congregationalists have a church 
 edifice here. 
 
 The Indian name of this locality was Wenatuxet. By the white 
 people it was first called the " Western Precinct of Plymouth," and 
 settlements were made as early as 1 G80 ; its incorporation as a town 
 occurring June 4, 1707. It originally contained 55 square miles, 
 but now has not quite 15. Carver was wholly formed from it, and 
 another portion went to form Halifax. The church was organized 
 in 1698, and the Rev. Isaac Loring was the first pastor. Deborah 
 Sampson, who served three years in the Revolutionary army under 
 the name of " Robert Sliurtleff," was born here December 17, 1760. 
 She was wounded at Tarrytown, and received a pension. After the 
 war she married Benjamin Gannett, of Sharon. Her death occurred 
 in 1827. 
 
 Ninety men from this town entered the service of the Union dur- 
 ing the late war, and fifteen lost their lives in consequence. A Sol- 
 diers' and Sailors' Monument has this vear been erected to their mem- 
 ory. Dr. William Bradford (17L".>-1S08), U.S. senator from 1793 to 
 1797, was a native of this town. Rev. Henry M. Dexter, D.D., editor 
 of " The Congregationalist," was born in Plympton, August 13, 1821. 
 
 1 OC3.SSCL, a village in Bourne. 
 
 1 OCIlCt, a village in Orleans. 
 
 PoCUITltUck Mountain, in Charlemont, has an alti- 
 tude of 1,144 feet above Deerfield River. 
 
 Podunk, or Quaboag, Pond, g^ST of 
 
 Pncrp fnnp *^ e nor theastern angle of Martha's Vine- 
 U S C » v^ctpc, yard Island, bearing a brilliant light 
 
 PolpiS Village, in Nantucket. 
 
 Pond Plain, a village in Dedham. 
 
 Pond Village, in Truro. 
 
 Pondville, in Norfolk. 
 
 lOniken, a village in Lancaster. 
 
 PnnL-nnrnrr a village in Canton; also, a pond in Canton 
 r unKcipuag, and Rudolph. 
 
PONTOOSUC— PRESCOTT. 549 
 
 X OntOOSUC, a village and a lake in Pittsfield. 
 
 Pope's I sland, in Acushnet River, New Bedford. 
 
 1 OpponeSSet oay, on the southeast side of Mashpee. 
 
 PortnOmeqUOt, a village in Orleans. 
 
 "Pnrl" Norfolk a l oca ^y ^ n *- ne Dorchester district of 
 
 PottapaUg Pond, in Dana. 
 
 PotterSville, in Somerset. 
 
 Powder Mills, a village in Clarksburg. 
 
 Pratt's Junction, a village in Sterling. 
 
 X ratlVllie, in Raynham; also, a locality in Chelsea, and in 
 the Brighton district of Boston. 
 
 X reCinCt, a village in Lakeville. 
 
 PrentlCe Corner, a village in Northbridge. 
 
 Prpcrotf" f° rms the northeast angle of Hampshire County, 
 X ICisLUlL and ig about 100 miles wcst of i} oston . The 
 
 Athol and Enfield Branch of the Boston and Albany Railroad passes 
 through the southeast corner, and has stations in the adjoining towns 
 east and south. Its territory is in the form of an inverted L. New 
 Salem bounds it on the north, Dana and Greenwich on the east, the 
 latter and Enfield on the south, and Pelham and Shutesbury on the 
 west. Its assessed area is 11,007 acres ; and there are about L',300 
 acres of forest, consisting chiefly of chestnut and pine. 
 
 Prescott is a pleasant farming town of 44S inhabitants, 142 legal 
 voters, 109 taxed dwelling- houses, and 111 farms. The products of 
 the last are of the usual variety, and were valued in 1885 at $ Go, 992. 
 The soil of this town is strong, yellow loam, but hard to till. There 
 are some domestic manufactures of hats. There are several saw- 
 mills, making lumber, boxes, whip stocks, etc. The valuation in 
 1888 was $177,330, with a tax-rate of $13 on $1,000. There are 5 
 public school-houses valued at about #2,000. The churches are 
 the Congregationalist and the Methodist at North Prescott ; where 
 there is also a Baptist church at the border of New Salem. 
 
 Swift River forms the entire western line of this town, expanding 
 into a large pond near the southern border. In the northeast are 
 Gibbs', Hackmetac and other small ponds, discharging into the 
 
550 tlAZETTEER OF ^f^SSACIIUSETTS. 
 
 Middle Branch of Swift River. From the valley of this stream, on 
 the eastern border, Mount Ell rises abruptly, a striking feature in 
 the landscape. Rattlesnake .Mountain, on the western border, rises 
 precipitously from the valley of Swift River to the height of 270 
 feet. Daniel Shays, leader of the " Whiskey Rebellion," in 1786, 
 resided for a considerable period near the summit of this hill. 
 
 This town was formed of the east part of Pelham and the south 
 part of New Salem, and incorporated January 28, 1822. It was 
 named for Dr. Oliver Prescott, who was instrumental in suppressing 
 S hays' Rebellion. The town furnished 40 soldiers for the armies of 
 the Union in the late war, of whom six were lost. 
 
 r resident r\.Oa.QS, a large, clear expanse of water 
 forming the outer section of Boston Harbor. 
 
 Prinr^trm ^ 8 an agricultural town of high altitude in the 
 r rillCCLUIl northerly part of Worcester County, CO miles 
 west of Boston. The post-oftices are Princeton (centre), East 
 Princeton, Mount Wachusett, Princeton Depot and Brooks Station, 
 — whieli are also villages, the two last being stations on the Gard- 
 ner and Worcester Division of the Fitehburg Railroad, which passes 
 through the western part of the town. The other villages are 
 Everettville and .Slab City. 
 
 The boundaries are Hubbardston and Westminster on the north- 
 west ; the latter. Leominster and Sterling on the northeast ; the last 
 and Holden on the southeast, and Rutland on the southwest. The 
 assessed land is 21,756 acres; the area of forest being upwards of 
 6.r>00 acres. The grand and prominent feature of the town is Wa- 
 chusett Mountain, which occupies a large space at the northern 
 angle, rising to the height of 2,01* feet above sea-level. The ascent 
 is through a growth of timber which diminishes in size toward the 
 summit. ( hi the top of the mountain is a hotel (the Summit 
 House) and an observatory, which commands on every side a most 
 magnificent prospect. — almost the whole of Massachusetts and a 
 large area of New Hampshire, with their varied scenery of moun- 
 tains, forests, villages, farms, lakes and rivers, spread out beneath 
 the observer's eye. The place is visited by many thousand people 
 annually. The best route to the summit is by way of the Moun- 
 tain House on the southeast side. Near by, in this direction, lies 
 Pine Hill; and in the southern section of the town is Calainint 
 Hill. The surface is diversified by low hills and the wind- 
 ing valleys of numerous streamlets. On the north of the 
 mountain is Wachusett Pond, whose outlet, with K eyes' Brook, 
 Hows down past the east side and forms Still River, the principal 
 branch of Nashua River which empties into the Merrimack. East 
 and South Wachusett brooks are also affluents of the same stream; 
 while Wachusett Brook, flowing from the west side of the mountain, 
 goes to form Ware River, whose waters mingle with the Chicopee 
 and find the sea through the Connecticut. In the southern part of 
 the town is the chauming Quinepoxet Pond. The underlying rook 
 
PSOCTOB'S CROSSINa — PROVINCETOWN. 551 
 
 in this town is Merrimack schist in the east, and ferruginous gneiss 
 in the west. A goodly number of apple orchards appear, and blue- 
 berries abound on the uncultivated uplands. 
 
 There are 2(38 farms in the town; whose aggregate product in 
 1885 was valued at *170,473. The manufactures consisted of lum- 
 ber, chairs, carnages, metallic goods, and toys and games. Their 
 total value in the year mentioned was reported in the census as 
 $9,300. The population was 1,038, including 297 legal voters. The 
 valuation in 1SS.S was §799,715, with a tax-rate of §11.50 on 11,000. 
 There were 265 taxed dwelling-houses. The town has primary and 
 grammar schools, which are provided with nine school-houses, valued 
 at upwards of §14,000. The public library has some 2,000 volumes • 
 the building being valued at §17,<>00. The " Princeton Word " is a 
 weekly newspaper of good circulation. The churches are a Congre- 
 gationalist and a Methodist. 
 
 This town was formerly '• R'utland East Wing," and together with 
 certain common lands adjacent was established as a district October 
 20, 17.39; and as a town April 24, 1771. It has since had additions 
 from Hubbardston, No-Town, and Westminster. The name was in 
 honor of Rev. Thomas Prince, the annalist 
 
 On the margin of Wachusett Pond is a flat rock on which, in 
 former times, the Indians lighted their council fires; and it was 
 here that Mrs. Rowlandson, taken captive at Lancaster, was at last 
 ransomed from her tormentors. 
 
 Princeton furnished 80 men to the Union forces in the late war, 
 of whom 27 died or were killed in battle. 
 
 PrOCtOrS CrOSSlllg, a village in Peabody. 
 
 PrOSpeCt Hill, in Waltham, is 4S2 feet in height. 
 
 PrOSpeCtville, in Waltham. 
 
 Prr»\7in^f»frkwn ^ s one °^ tne mos t unique towns of the 
 X 1UV111CCLUWI1 Commonwealth. It occupies the ex- 
 treme northern point of Barnstable County and Cape Cod; and is, 
 with exception of a narrow neck connecting it with Truro at the 
 east, entirely enclosed by water. From midway of the western end 
 a still narrower peninsula (or island, for the sea has made a breach 
 through it near its beginning) runs along by and far past the main- 
 land towards the southeast, then turning to the northeast, forms an 
 elbow, terminating at Long Point, which is marked by a lighthouse ; 
 thus forming Provincetown harbor. It is nearly land-locked and 
 secure, and sufficiently capacious and deep to furnish anchorage for 
 about 2,500 vessels. It is of great importance to navigation, 
 whether coasting or foreign, affording a convenient haven in thick 
 and stormy weather, or in distress in consequence. An official 
 record of the keeper of the outer light at Wood End during 1876-8 
 shows that in those three years 23,000 vessels passed in out of this 
 harbor. 
 
rRO\'ix<;EToi\ v. 553 
 
 The township itself consists of loose white sand, which has at 
 many points been driven into fantastic knolls that are subject to 
 frequent changes, wherever it has not been protected by the planting 
 of beach grass. Here and there is a tract naturally covered with 
 shrubs or tufts of coarse grass, together with a little sedge, and the 
 productions of the ponds and marshes. As the result of much labor 
 and care there were also, in 18X5, about 18 acres of woodland, con- 
 taining elm, maple, beech, willow and silver oak ; and the extent is 
 annually increasing. 
 
 The buildings are nearly all on an avenue some two miles in 
 length, and following the curve of the harbor. The dwelling-houses 
 and public buildings present a neat and pleasant appearance, having 
 in many instances lawns and gardens, with shrubbery and shade 
 trees. The soil for these, however, has been brought from distant 
 places. Highpole Hill (earlier Tower Hill) rises picturesquely in 
 the rear of the village. The old town-house, a substantial edifice sur- 
 rounded by an iron railing, which formerly stood upon this eminence, 
 was burned several years ago ; and a fine new building in the village 
 now serves the town uses. Race Point Light, at the western and 
 extreme point of the cape, is three miles from the village The four 
 principal bodies of fresh water are CJreat Pond and Grass Pond, near 
 the territorial centre, and Shank-painter's, Clapp's and Webber's, 
 northwest of the village. Though environed by the sea, there are 
 wells and springs yielding water that is clear and pure. The 
 entire assessed area of v the town is 1,(124 acres. The place is 50 
 miles from Boston by the course of steamers, and 116 by railroad. 
 The Old Colony Railroad opened its line to this place on July 22, 
 1873. 
 
 The State census of 1S85 reports 7 farms in the town, with an 
 aggregate product valued at $1 !»/>('.<>; of which the cranberry bogs 
 ([which occupy 13*4 acres) yielded .Sx, *•'!!. The largest manufactur- 
 ing establishments are the Puritan Shirt Factory, I'ickcrts and 
 Swift's fish-canning factories, and jS'ickerson's Oil and Guano 
 Factory, employing in the aggregate some 210 persons. There 
 were 17 ship and boat building establishments, a cordage factory, a 
 carriage factory, 5 places making machinery and metallic articles, 
 6 making clothing, 8 building, and .'!<) establishments for various 
 food preparations, including salt and various fish products, other 
 manufactures were sails, boots and shoes, lumber and wrought stone. 
 Sixty of the inhabitants were master mariners on sailing vessels ; 
 86, mariners ; 742, fishermen ; 36, whalemen ; 21, railroad employees j 
 and 19 were connected with the two U.S. life-saving stations on the 
 outer shore. The value of the aggregate manufactures was $411,963. 
 The product of the fisheries was $628,4f)4 ; of which the catch of 
 cod brought $353,845 ; of mackerel, $110,770 ; of haddock, $48,000 ; 
 while halibut, bluefish, herring, pollock, hake and flounders made 
 up most of the balance. The cod liver oil extracted was valued at 
 $17,295. The business engaged 114 schooners, 9 sloops, 7 sail-boats, 
 962 dories, 21 seine-boats and three whale-boats. The commercial 
 marine consisted of 8 schooners, aggregating 956 tons burthen. The 
 
554 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 national bank has a capital stock of $200,000 ; and the Seamen's 
 Savings Bank, at the close of last year, carried deposits to the amount 
 of .*!1".iii,4."»:;. The population was 4,4X0, including 028 legal voters. 
 The valuation in 1S.SS was S2,0;V.),1S7, with a tax-rate of $17.10 on 
 ¥1,000. There were !I2.'5 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The schools consist of primary, grammar and high, and occupy 
 seven buildings, valued at &2fj,000. The public library has about 
 :>,r>0(> volumes. The " Advocate," the weekly newspaper published 
 here, lias a very good circulation. The Methodists have two 
 churches here, and the Congregationalists, Universalists and Roman 
 Catholics, one each. 
 
 The Indian name of Provincetown was Chetpwcket. or Coatuit. 
 The Pilgrims of the .Mayflower landed here November 11, 1620; 
 and here occurred the birth of Peregrine White, the first English 
 child born in New England. The town was incorporated September 
 ;i, lOo'J ; and the first church was organized in January, 1714 
 Three hundred and fifty men went from Provincetown into the 
 naval and military service of the Union during the late w'ar; and 
 to the memory of the 12 who lost their lives the town has erected a 
 handsome monument. 
 
 Provill's Mountain, in Agawam, 665 feet high. 
 
 Pllddingshire, a village in Middleborough. 
 
 PlirgatOry, a village in Dedham. 
 
 Putnamville, in Darners. 
 
 Quaboag, or Podunk, Pond, mBrookfieid. 
 
 V^UaiSC, a village in Nantucket. 
 
 Oliaker District, a village in Northbridge. 
 
 Quamquisset Harbor, ZSt?*™* side ° f ^ 
 Ouannapowitt Lake, in wakefieu. 
 Oueen Anne's Corner, a village in NorweiL 
 
 OllCpCggin, a village in Chilmark. 
 Ollldnet, a village in Nantucket,. 
 Oil lliapOXet, a village, in Uoldeu. 
 
quixvr. 555 
 
 f\ T T T "M" f~* "V - is a handsome city in the northeastern part 
 
 V^ of Norfolk County, eight miles southeast of 
 
 Boston by the Old Colony Railroad. The stations are at Quincy, 
 Atlantic, Wollaston, West Quincy and Quincy Adams, which are 
 also post-offices and villages. The other villages are North Quincy, 
 French Tillage, Germantown, East Quincy, Squantum, Hough's 
 Neck, Wollaston Heights, Quincy Point and South Quincy. The 
 last two also are post-offices. The assessed area of the city is 
 8,630 acres. The number of dwelling-houses is about 2,500, and the 
 population, 12,145. 
 
 The city is bounded on the northwest by the Dorchester district of 
 Boston, on the northeast by Boston Harbor, south by Braintree and 
 Randolph, and west by Milton. The form is very irregular, having 
 Squantum, Neck at the northeast, and Hough's Neck at the south- 
 east, with a long southwesterly projection. The territory is remark- 
 able for its eminences, situated mostly in the southwest part ; 
 though Mount Wollaston is near the shore on the eastern side, and 
 Great Hill is at the extremity of Hough's Neck, at the southeast. 
 The chief hills are Chickataubut (518 feet in height), Bear (405), 
 Bugbee (4.;U), Glover"s (430), Wampatuck (357), and Rattlesnake 
 (314). The highest point in town is Lookout Ro<-k, where the 
 standpipe of the water-works is situated. The town has long been 
 celebrated for its vast and numerous quarries of granite and sienite, 
 which has entered into some of the most notable structures all over 
 the country. Bunker Hill Monument is constructed of "Quincy 
 granite.'' A railroad for transporting the stone from the quarries 
 to navigable water on Neponset River — a distance of three miles — 
 was built in ls2f>, and was the first in America. It was operated 
 by horse-power. Its use was abandoned many years ago, and the 
 Granite Branch of the Old Colony Railroad does its work. The 
 principal streams are Neponset River, which separates the city from 
 Boston; Blue Hill River, which forms the southern line ; Wollaston 
 Brook, in the northern section ; and Town River, which drains the 
 southeast section and discharges into Town River Hay. The soil is 
 a sandy loam, and yields fairly under cultivation. There are some 
 800 acres of woodland containing the usual variety of trees. 
 
 According to the last State census there were 48 farms, the 
 value of whose product in 1KN5 was $S5,720. The principal 
 industries are boot and shoe making, for which there were 11 
 factories, employing 227 persons, and making goods to the amount 
 of $796,372; and granite quarrying and cutting, in which there 
 were 66 operators, employing 1,."><>S men. Other manufactures were 
 vessels and other water-craft, carriages and wheels, furniture, 
 leather, machinery, nails and other metallic goods, agricultural 
 implements, clothing, chemicals, soap, fancy articles and food 
 preparations. The aggregate value of the goods produced was 
 $3,098,649. The Granite National Bank has a capital stock of 
 $150,000, and the savings bank at the close of last year held 
 deposits to the amount of $1,385,534. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $9,757,960, with a tax-rate of $ KJ.70 on $1,000. A large number of 
 the residents are engaged in business in Boston. 
 
556 
 
 CAZKTIEKi: (>F MJSS. I CllVSK 1 T,S. 
 
 Quincy has an excellent granite town-house, and seven school- 
 houses ; the latter, with appurtenances, valued in 18*5 at $147,000. 
 The " John Hancock School," one of the latest, is regarded as the 
 best of the school-houses. The proposed " Willard School" building 
 is to cost about $S(>,D00. The public schools are completely graded, 
 and have been regarded as models. What is known as the " Quincy 
 school system " originated here. There are, besides, the Greenlief 
 Street School, established in 1872, and the flourishing Adams 
 Academy for boys, endowed by President Adams, and long presided 
 over by Dr. William Everett. Provision was made in the will of 
 the late Dr. Ebenezer Woodward, for establishing in this city a 
 
 THE HOME OF JOHN ql INCY ADAMS, QF1NCV. 
 
 school for girls also, to be called "Woodward Academy." The 
 Crane Public Library has about 15,000 volumes. The building is of 
 stone, excellently finished without and within, and cost $50,000. 
 The newspapers are the " Quincy Patriot,"' founded in 1837, and the 
 " Advertiser," founded in 18S4, — both weeklies. The " Monitor" 
 is a monthly publication of the Roman Catholics. In the city the 
 Oongregationalists have three churches; the Baptists, two; the 
 Methodists, two : the Protestant Episcopalians, the Unitarians and 
 the Universalis, each one ; and the Roman Catholics, three. 
 The Unitarian church — the First of Quincy — has a striking 
 
yiv.ver. 557 
 
 edifice of granite, fronted by a pediment sustained by four massive 
 stone pillars. The main portion was erected in the year 1828; 
 and the cost of the entire structure was nearly $60,000. The 
 church contains memorial tablets to President John Adams and to 
 President John Quincy Adams and their wives. The edifice is often 
 called '• The Adams Temple." Other notable buildings of a public 
 nature are the National Home tor Soldiers at Wollaston Shore, and 
 the Sailors' Snug Harbor at Gerinantown ; though the latter is car- 
 ried on by private gifts and legacies. The village is quiet and 
 picturesque. It received its name from a colony of German glass- 
 blowers who settled there. It is situated on a smaller peninsula 
 of Hough's Neck, and partly encloses Town River Bay. Many ves- 
 sels were formerly built here, among which was the noted ship 
 "Massachusetts," built in 17S'.», then the largest of the country. 
 Other buildings of interest to the public are the venerable house 
 in which John Hancock was born, and the two houses in which 
 the two Quincy presidents were born, — all standing near Payne's 
 (or Penn's) Hill, a little south of the central village, at the left of 
 the railroad, going south. 
 
 Captain Wollaston and some thirty other men came from Eng- 
 land, and commenced a settlement near and upon the eminence 
 which bears his name, in 1625. Among this company was Thomas 
 Morton; who, after the departure of the leader, raised a May-pole, 
 changed the name of the place to Mare, or Merry Mount, and held 
 upon it bacchanalian revels. By such conduct he incurred the detesta- 
 tion of the colonists, and was sent back to England. The sides and 
 summits of this and several other of the eminences are now occupied 
 by fine residences. The central village also is upon elevated ground, 
 and has many handsome buildings. The Indian title to the land in 
 this vicinity was extinguished by a deed from Wampatuek, son of 
 Chief Chikataubut, to Samuel Bass, Thomas Faxon and others in 1665. 
 The principal residence of the chief was the peninsula called by 
 the Indians "Squantum," which name it still bears. " Merrymount 
 Park," presented by the late Hon. Charles Francis Adams, a citi- 
 zen of the town, is a beautiful place. " Faxon Park " and a fountain 
 are gifts of Henry C. Faxon, a noted temperance advocate, also a 
 citizen. The second school-house in town was erected un " Penn's 
 Hill " in 1697 ; and the first Episcopal church was built about 1725. 
 
 Quincy furnished 847 men for the Union army and navy during 
 the late war; 113 of whom lost their lives in consequence of the 
 service. A monument has been erected in Wollaston Cemetery to 
 their memory. 
 
 To the eminent persons mentioned as natives of this town should 
 be added these names: John Quincy (b. 1689), member and 
 speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives, and 
 councillor 40 successive years ; Edmund Quincy (1681-1738), an able 
 jurist ; Mrs. Catherine Augusta (Rhodes) Ware (1797-1843), a poet, 
 and editor of " The Bower of Taste ;" Freeman Hunt (1804-1858), 
 author, editor, and the founder of " Hunt's Merchants' Magazine ;" 
 and Frederick Augustus Whitney (1812), author and divine. 
 
558 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 r\ ' „1 ,,^. T?i,r^t- is a beautiful and useful stream 
 
 t^Xnnebaug iviver rising iu Mashapaug p on d, m 
 
 Union, Connecticut ; whence it flows northward through Holland 
 into Brimfield, where it receives Mill Brook; then turning, flows 
 southeastward in a tortuous course through Sturbridge, Southbridge 
 and Dudley, into Thompson, Connecticut, where it receives French 
 River ; and further on, near Norwich, is itself merged in the She- 
 tucket, until the waters of the Yantic are intermingled ; when the 
 stream becomes the Thames, and enters Long Island Sound between 
 New London and Groton. 
 
 C/UinSlg'S.rnOnCI, a pond lying on the adjacent borders 
 of "Worcester and Shrewsbury j also, a village in Worcester. 
 
 CyUlSSCt, a village in Falmouth. 
 
 v_/UllSCy, a village in Chilmark. 
 
 ■p T^oinr *^ e ex * ;rem ' t y °f Cape Cod, extending west- 
 
 XVclCc X Oini, i^aj.,^ an d bearing a light. 
 
 Ragged I Si and, at the entrance of Hingham Harbor. 
 
 Ragged Plain, a village in Dedham. 
 
 Rail-CUt H ill, in Gloucester, 205 feet in height. 
 
 Rainsf Ord I sland, in Boston Harbor. 
 
 RakeVllle, in Bellingham. 
 
 Ram Island, southeast of Marblehead. 
 
 Rnnrlnlnn * s a v ig° rous an d flourishing town in the eastern 
 IXcUlUUipil section of Norfolk County ; the post-office and 
 chief village (Randolph) being fifteen miles from Boston on the Old 
 Colony Railroad. The other villages are New Dublin, Tower Hill and 
 West Corners. The town is bounded on the north by Milton, Quincy 
 and Braintree, on the east by the latter, on the southeast by Holbrook, 
 and on the southwest by ( anton. The assessed area is />,72- acres. 
 There are about l,0;"i0 aeres of forest, consisting chiefly of oak, maple 
 and pine. The geological structure is sienite. The surface of the 
 town is elevated, uneven and stony. The soil is a gravelly loam. 
 Tower Hill is a beautiful elevation, affording to its residents an ex- 
 tensive prospect. Ponkapoag Pond lies partly within the town at 
 the northwest, and (!reat Pond at the northeastern angle. Blue 
 Hill River forms the northern line ; while Cochato River, forming a 
 part of the eastern line, with its rivulets drains the southeastern 
 territory. The central village is finely situated on rising ground, ■ 
 
BATXBAX. 559 
 
 and has many handsome public and private buildings. There is a 
 fine town-hall, erected by the munificence of the late Amasa Stetson, 
 a native of the town ; who also liberally endowed the Stetson ] ligh 
 School. A beautiful public library building of stone, — the gift of 
 the heirs of the late Col. Royal Turner, a native and resident, — now 
 contains upwards of 9,000 volumes. 
 
 The principal manufacture is boots and shoes, which employs 
 about 1,000 persons. The 111 factories reported in the last State cen- 
 sus made goods in 1885 to the value of *832,756. Other manufac- 
 tures are machinery and metallic goods, carriages, clothing, food 
 preparations, furniture, leather, polishes, soap, and wrought stone. 
 The aggregate value of the goods made was $954,641. The 88 farms 
 yielded the aggregate value of $G0,N73. The national bank has a 
 capital stock of $200,000 ; and the savings bank at the close of last 
 year held $938,913 in deposits. The population was 3,807 ; includ- 
 ing 1,074 legal voters. The valuation in 18X8 was $2,010,170 with 
 a tax-rate of $16 on $1,000. There were S02 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The public schools are completely graded, and occupy 8 buildings 
 valued at some $50,000. The Ladies Library Association has about 
 1,200 volumes. The " Norfolk County Register " and the " Randolph 
 Transcript" are the newspapers. There are here one church each of 
 the Congregationalists, Baptists and Roman < 'atholics. 
 
 "The South Parish" of Braintree was incorporator, March '.», 1703, 
 as Randolph; the name honoring Hon. Peyton Randolph, of Virginia. 
 Holbrook was taken from its southeast part in 1N72. This town sent 
 over 600 men into the Union service during the late war, of whom 
 about 100 were lost. In the town hall are tablets to their memory. 
 
 "D oT/nViam ^ *^ e eas terly part of Bristol County, and long 
 A Vc v llHd.ni associated with the cruder manufactures of iron, 
 is 30 miles from Boston on the Taunton Branch of the Old Colony 
 Railroad. The post-offices are Raynham (centre) and North Kayn- 
 ham; and the other villages, Prattville, East Raynham and South 
 Raynham. Easton bounds it on the north ; Bridgewater and Middle- 
 borough on the east ; and Taunton on the south and west. 
 
 The township is of irregular form, — longest north and south, and 
 broadest in the middle section. The assessed area is 10,815 acres. 
 Smooch Hill in the east and Steep Hill in the west are the chief ele- 
 vations. Two-mile River, flowing through the midst of the town, 
 and Taunton River, forming a part of the southern line, afford valu- 
 able mill sites. Gushee Pond, in the east, is the largest of the several 
 ponds. Fowling Pond in the western part has for the most part 
 become a swamp, covered — in common with the 4,xl2 acres of wood- 
 land in the town — with pine, oak and cedar. On the banks of this 
 pond King Philip had his summer residence. Near by James and 
 Henry Leonard in 1652 established an iron furnace and forge. These 
 works continued in the hands of the Leonard family for more than 
 one hundred years. With this family the warrior of Mount Hope 
 maintained a friendly intercourse, obtaining from their works imple- 
 ments for both peace and war. When hostilities commenced in 1675 
 
f,(JO (lA/.ETlEEH OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 tlio chieftain gave orders to his followers that the family should not 
 be molested. The house, however, was garrisoned ; yet two young 
 women were killed there. The head of Philip was kept for some 
 time in the cellar of this house. Three men and two boys were also 
 killed by ambushed Indians at Squawbetty, in the southern part of 
 the town. 
 
 Tho largest inanufaetarc of this town at the present is boots and 
 shoes ; for which there were, in 1885, 5 factories employing about 
 l.->(> persons, and making goods to the value of $180,649. There were 
 also made, shovels, nails, iron castings, wooden boxes, beverages and 
 other food preparations. The aggregate value of the manufactures 
 was $l'LM,:;<J.'i. The 118 farms yielded to the amount of §116,533. 
 The town is prolific in fruits and berries. The fisheries, consisting 
 of ale wives, herring and shad, yielded $4,609. The population was 
 1,535, including 419 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 
 .$81'9,1GS ; and the tax-rate $11.80 on fl.noo. The taxed dwelling- 
 houses were 375 in number. 
 
 This township bore the Indian names of Cohanit and of Hockamock. 
 It was in that part of Taunton known as the '• Tetequet Purchase ; " 
 and was taken from that town and incorporated April 2, 1731. Rain- 
 ham, England, furnished the name. The Rev. John Wales, ordained 
 October 2U, 1731, was the first minister. He was succeeded in 1776 
 by the Rev. PereE Fobes, D.D., LL.D., president of Brown Univer- 
 sity in 1786. Benjamin Church, M.D., came to Raynham about 1768, 
 where he built an elegant mansion and lived an extravagant and 
 locally disreputable life ; but being an ardent Whig, his eminent abili- 
 ties won him a place in the Provincial Congress, and the office of phy- 
 sician-general to the patriot army. Subsequently he was discovered 
 in treasonable practices, and was expelled from Congress and impris- 
 oned ; but escaping to England he died there in 1788. Otherwise, 
 the town patriotically sustained the cause of liberty. On the first 
 demand for soldiers, George King, a sergeant, rode through the town 
 with good effect, calling out at every house, *• Rally ! the British are 
 shooting our Massachusetts men ! " In the war for the Union, the 
 town raised $'_'5,(M><), and lost 12 of its young men. 
 
 1-^ fnrl in cr * s an °^ anc * P^ easant town in the extreme east- 
 4\-Cd.UlIlJJ em section of Middlesex County, 12£ miles north 
 of T.oston on the Western Division of the Boston and Maine Rail- 
 road; whose stations here are Reading and Reading Highlands. 
 The other village is Dragon's Corner. The first is the post-office. 
 
 The boundaries are North Reading on the north, Lynnfield on the 
 east, Wakefield on the southeast, Stoneham on the south, and 
 Woburn and Wilmington on the west. The assessed area is 5,737 
 acres. There arc L'.liti-I acres of woodland, containing oak, pine 
 and maple. The rock is sienite, which here and there appears in 
 ledges. Bear Hill, at the extreme southeast, is a handsome eleva- 
 tion. The land generally is uneven but not hilly, so that the 
 scenery is varied, and even picturesque in some localities. In the 
 northerly parts of the town are extensive meadows which yield 
 
Iii:.W VILLE— ItEllOltOTU. 5(j L 
 
 good crops of swale hay and cranberries. The nursery products in 
 1885 were $7,099. The aggregate value of the products of the 172 
 farms was $93,341. 
 
 The last State census reports nine boot and shoe factories employ- 
 ing 133 persons, and making goods to the amount of $115,500; 
 three furniture factories, employing 52 persons ; two organ factories, 
 employing 33 ; a machine shop employing 23 men ; a rubber factory 
 employing 50 persons ; and one fireworks factory employing 10 
 persons. Coach lace, straw goods and other clothing were made to 
 the value of $130,003. Additional manufactures are carriages, 
 lumber, leather and food preparations. The aggregate value of 
 goods made was $708,581. The savings bank at the close of last 
 year held deposits to the amount of $97,890. The co-operative 
 bank, established in 1886, may accumulate capital to the amount of 
 $1,000,000 ; and at the close of last year had assets consisting of 
 loans on real estate and stock, dues, cash, etc., amounting to $27,.'!10. 
 The population was 3,539, including 80* legal voters. The valua- 
 tion in 1888 was $2,555,400, with a tax-rate of $16.40. 
 
 The dwelling-houses are of wood, and number 788. The village 
 of Reading is very pleasantly situated on rising ground, and con- 
 tains many elegant residences and handsome churches. Of the 
 latter, the Congregationalists have two, and the Baptists, Meth- 
 odists, Unitarians, Roman Catholics ami Presbyterians have one each. 
 There are 9 or 10 school-houses, valued at some $35,000. The 
 sehools have four grades, including a high school. The public 
 library contains upwards of G.000 volumes. The " Reading Chron- 
 icle " is the public journal. 
 
 In the State records, under date of May 20, 1644, is the entry. 
 "Linn Village shall be called Redding." The name early became 
 spelled as at present, but with a pronunciation of the old, as if in 
 protest against the change. A part of the territory was taken in 
 1730 to form Wilmington ; in 1812, the First or South Parish of 
 Reading was established as South Reading (since changed to Wake- 
 field) ; and in 1853 a part was established as North Reading. 
 
 A party of five Indians raided this town in 1706, killing a woman 
 and three of her children, and carrying away five of their brothers 
 and sisters. These captives were subsequently recovered. 
 
 Readville, in Hyde Park. 
 
 Red Brook, a village in Plymouth. 
 
 T? U U fVi i s a la r g e an( l prosperous agricultural town in 
 XvenODOin the we stern part of Bristol County, 39 miles 
 south of Boston. Attleborough and Norton are its boundaries on 
 the north ; Taunton, Dighton and Swansey on the east ; the latter 
 on the south; and Seekonk on the west. Its form is nearly a 
 parallelogram, extending north and south about nine miles. The 
 urea is about 70 square miles, with but 20,!><« acres of assessed 
 l:tnd. Nearly one-half the area is forest, containing oak, maple and 
 cedar. 
 
562 gazetteeA of Massachusetts. 
 
 There are several extensive cedar swamps in the town ; two of 
 which in the eastern part — Squannakonk and Mamwhauge — con- 
 tain about 1\500 acres each. The surface of the town is undulat- 
 ing; the highest eminences being Great-meadow Hill in the north- 
 east, L'OO feet high; and Groat Rock in the northwest, 248 feet 
 The northern, middle and southwestern sections are drained by 
 BHsr, Wolf-plain, Bad-luck and Carpenter brooks; which form 
 Maimer's River, a beautiful stream, that, receiving other streams, 
 becomes Warren Kivor, meeting the tide between Warren and 
 Barrington in Rhode Island. The visible rock is a conglomerate. 
 Tin- soil is divided between elay and sandy loam. 
 
 .Milk and strawberries form a proportionately large part of the 
 sales. In 1<S*5 the former amounted to $64.4! i7. and the latter to 
 $20,3L'5, — requiring .'!14,452 quarts of the berries. According to the 
 last State census there were in the town .'!G7 farms ; whose product 
 in the year mentioned was $,'SOl, .'!05. The largest manufactory 
 was the wood-turning mill, employing L'5 men. Jewelry-making 
 employed 11 men and . r > girls. Other manufactures were lumber, 
 carriages, metallic goods, paper boxes, carpeting, boots and shoes, 
 fertilizers, and food ] reparations . The aggregate value of all goods 
 made was *57.GG'..). The population was 1,788, including 476 legal 
 voters. The valuation in Ihss was S7.'!.">,N.S5, with a tax-rate of 
 $l.".L'o on $1,000. There were 414 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The villages are Kehoboth (centre) Xorth and South Kehoboth, 
 Harris and l'erryville, all post-offices except the last. There were 
 15 public school-houses, valued at about §7.<i(M>. The Blanding 
 Library contains nearly 1,00(1 volumes. The Congregationalists, 
 Baptists, Free Baptists, Christian Baptists and Methodists each 
 have a church here. One of the finest buildings is the G-off Memo- 
 rial Hall. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Seconet, and the first white 
 settler was Rev. William Blackstone, who had also been the first 
 settler of Boston. The Rev. Samuel Newman (author of a "Con- 
 cordance of the Bible '' ) removed here from Weymouth, with a part 
 of his church, in 1014. He selected the Hebrew " Rehoboth " as 
 the name for the place ; because, he said, " the Lord hath made 
 room for us ; " and under this name the town was incorporated 
 June 4, 1045. It then embraced Seekonk and Pawtucket. In the 
 ensuing year forty of its dwellings were reduced to ashes by the 
 Indians. On the death of King Philip his ablest chieftain, Anna- 
 won, with a band of warriors, encamped near a huge rock in the 
 northern part of Squannakonk Swamp, since known as Annawon 
 Rock. Captain Benjamin Church, guided by captive Indians, found 
 and reconnoitred the camp by the light of the supper tires. He and 
 one or two of his soldiers climbed the rock, having an Indian and 
 squaw with baskets on their shoulders in advance as a screen. The 
 party then descended quickly to the lodge of Annawon on the oppo- 
 site side. It consisted of bushes leaned against a tree, one end of 
 which rested on the rock. The chieftain's son, discovering Church, 
 drew his blanket over his head ; while his father, springing up, cried 
 
REXFREW- REVERE. 553 
 
 out "IZbtooA/" ("I am taken!"). He made no resistance; and 
 the whole party were soon secured with little trouble. 
 
 Benjamin West, LL.D. (1730-1813), an eminent astronomer; and 
 Daniel Reed (1757-1836), an eminent composer, author of " (ireen- 
 wich," "Windham," and other popular tunes, were natives of this 
 town. 
 
 IvCnirCW, a village in Adams; also, one in Dalton. 
 ReSerVOir Hill, in Lincoln, 395 feet in height. 
 ReSerVOir Station, a village in Brookline. 
 
 T? p V pt-p forming the northeastern extremity of Suffolk 
 
 ' County, has its greatest length along its sea-line. 
 
 It adjoins Lynn on the north, Maiden and Everett on the west, 
 
 Chelsea on the south ; and a neck at the southeast connects it with 
 
 Winthrop. 
 
 A long, narrow neck (called " Point of Pines," from its native 
 trees) extends northeasterly to Lynn Harbor ; having on its ocean 
 side a splendid sandy beach, visited by thousands in the warm 
 season, for sea-bathing, boating and fishing, or for the entertain- 
 ments of band and other music, fireworks, games, and all the 
 numerous devices for amusement possible at such a place. It has 
 also great hotels, shady groves, summer houses, booths, tents and 
 pavilions. 
 
 Nearly the whole shore is a beach, but at the extreme south the 
 depth of water increases more suddenly, until at Orient Heights 
 the shore becomes a decided bluff. Except at the south, the east- 
 ern section of the town is low and marshy, and in large part 
 flooded at high tide ; but other parts are elevated and afford 
 excellent sites for building. The western part of the town is 
 devoted largely to dairy farms and market gardens. 
 
 The number of farms in 1S85 was 26, and their aggregate product 
 was valued at § 113,136. Apple trees are numerous, and there were 
 21,682 pear trees and 1,575 peach trees. The number of milch 
 cows was 3,560, and of horses 9,975. The manufactures consist of 
 bricks, terra-cotta lumber, metallic goods, boots and shoes, carriages, 
 leather, clothing and food preparations ; and amounted in the aggre- 
 gate to 1212,219. The population was 3,637, and the legal voters 
 846. The valuation in 1888 was $4,670,615, with a tax-rate of $10 
 on $1,000. The number of dwelling-houses taxed was 972. The 
 average length of the town is about three miles, and the width about 
 two miles. The assessed area is 3,345 acres. 
 
 The East Boston Branch Railroad has a Revere station, the East- 
 ern Division of the Boston and Maine, and the Boston, Lynn and 
 Revere Railroad (narrow-gauge) run through the eastern part, and 
 the Saugus Branch through the extreme northwestern part, having 
 a station at Franklin Park. The other stations are Point of Pines, 
 Oak Island, and Crescent Beach. One of the piers, 1,600 feet in 
 
5(M GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 length, furnishes a good landing place for large steamers. The 
 villages not already mentioned are Beachmont, Linden and North 
 .End. Revere and Franklin Park are the post-offices. Elm, linden 
 and maple trees are numerous and thrifty along the highways. 
 The Itevere Water Company supplies pure water in all parts of the 
 town. The primary and grammar schools are provided with five 
 buildings, valued at about 815,000. There is a public library of 
 .'i.DOO volumes. The local newspaper is the "Revere Journal," of 
 weekly issue. The churches are one each of the Congregationalists, 
 Unitarians, Baptists, and Protestant Episcopalians. 
 
 This township was originally in the corporation of Chelsea, was 
 »ot off and incorporated as North Chelsea, March 9, 1848; and 
 March 21, 1871, the name was changed to Revere, in honor of the 
 Revolutionary patriot, Paul Itevere. 
 
 RexhaiTl. See Marshfield. 
 
 Riceville, inAthoi. 
 
 R irhmnnr! remar kable for its scenic beauty, is one of the 
 IVICIIIIIUIIU, wes tern border-towns of Berkshire County. 
 It has Hancock and Pitts field on the north, Lenox on the east, 
 "West Stockbridge on the south, and Canaan, in New York, on the 
 west; The length north and south is 5 miles, and the width about 
 4 miles. The assessed area is 11,347 acres. Nearly one half the 
 area is forest, containing the usual flora of the State. 
 
 Along the entire eastern side are the Lenox Hills, and in the 
 northwest Perry's Peak rises to the height of 2,089 feet. Between 
 is a broad, arable valley, through which runs, northeast and south- 
 vest, the Boston and Albany Railroad, having stations at Richmond 
 village, 159 miles west of Boston, and at Richmond Furnace, one 
 mile farther. The town abounds in springs and rivulets, — of which 
 Ford, Roye's, Tracy and other brooks flow into Richmond Pond on 
 the northeast border ; while Cone and Griffin brooks, flowing south, 
 xinite and form Williams River, a tributary of the Housatonic The 
 geological formation is Lauzon schists and Levis limestone. Many 
 beds of brown iron-ore are found in the town ; and, in 1885, 38 men 
 were employed in mining and smelting the ore. The other manu- 
 factures were boots and shoes, leather, clothing, metallic articles, 
 and beverages. The aggregate value of all goods made was $30,897. 
 
 The soil is a clay loam; and the product of the 1-0 farms in the 
 last census year was valued at $119,244. The population was 854, 
 of whom 20.'i were voters. The valuation in LsSS was 1470,570, 
 with a tax-rate of §14.50 on $1,000. There were 201 taxed dwel- 
 ling-houses. The public schools were provided with six buildings, 
 valued at some $3,000. The two churches are Congregationalist and 
 Methodist. 
 
 Capt. Micah Mudge and Ichabod Wood, with their families, began 
 the settlement of this place in 1760. It bore the Indian name of 
 Yo/cum or " Yokun-town " until its incorporation under the name of 
 
RIDGE IIILL— ROCHESTER. 565 
 
 " Richmont" June 21, 1765. In 1785 this was changed to its pres- 
 ent name in honor of the Duke of Richmond. The first church was 
 organized in 1765, and the Rev. Job Swift elected pastor. 
 
 Ridge H ill, a village in Xorwell. 
 
 Ring's I Si and, a village in Salisbury. 
 
 RingVllle, in Worthington. 
 
 "D \^ JP . r A o 1 p. a village in Dedham ; also, one in Gloucestfr, in. 
 lVlVUUdiC, Northbridge, and in West Springfield. 
 
 T? \\7f±rc\Ai± a village in Gill; also one in Haverhill, in Xew- 
 rVIVCIblUC, ton> and in W eston. 
 
 Robert's Crossing, a village in Waltham. 
 
 Robert's Meadow, a village in Northampton. 
 
 RobinSOnville, in Attleborough. 
 
 R nrhfctpr * s a l ar S e farming town in the southwesterly 
 rvUCIlCiier part of piy mou th County, 50 miles southeast of 
 Boston. It is bounded on the north by Lakeville and Middleborough, 
 east by Wareham and Marion, south by Mattapoisett, and west bj 
 Acushnet and Freetown. The assessed area is 18,410 acres; ani 
 above 10,000 acres are occupied by forests of oak, pine and cedar. 
 There are several extensive swamps ; the ponds are Snipatuit r» 
 the northwest section, with Great and Little Quittacus lying on the 
 northern border ; a considerable hill between the three affording a, 
 fine view of them and their surroundings. Mary's Pond lies in the 
 east, and in the west is another fine pond with a long hill in the 
 east, and one or two grist mills near by. Sippican River drains 
 the eastern, and Mattapoisett River the western section of th« 
 town. 
 
 In the eastern section are other grist mills, and saw mills are found 
 in all parts of the town. There are manufactures of nails, boots and 
 shoes, carriages, etc.; and the value of these products in 1885 was 
 fl7,663. The soil is generally light and sandy. The wood and 
 poultry products are large ; and apples, strawberries and cranberries 
 are important crops. The aggregate value of the products of the 144 
 farms was $106,402. The population was 1,021 ; and of these 311 
 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was §469,370, with a tam- 
 rate of $15.50. The number of taxed dwelling-houses was 2G2. 
 
 The post-offices are Rochester (village), somewhat south of the 
 centre, and North Rochester in the northwest section. The other 
 village is Pierceville. The Cape Cod Division of the Old Colony 
 Railroad crosses the northeast corner of the town, having its Tre- 
 mont station near the border, in Wareham. Marion, at the soutk- 
 
566 GAZETTEER OF ifASSAGHUSETTB. 
 
 cast, on the Fairhaven Branch, is the station most used. Bochester 
 village is a quiet and pleasant place, having a town-hall, a Congre- 
 gational church, and a free public library of upwards of 1,200 vol- 
 umes. There is another Congregational church at North Rochester. 
 There are 7 public school-houses, valued at nearly S 10,000. 
 
 The Indian name of the township is said to have been Menchoisett. 
 Its present name was given in honor of Rochester in England, whence 
 many of its early settlers came. The town (then including Marion 
 and Mattapoisett), was incorporated June 4, 1686. It sent 125 men 
 into the Union service during the late war of whom 10 were 
 lost. 
 
 lvOCnCl3.1C, a village in Leicester. 
 
 rvOCk, a village in Leicester. 
 
 Rock Bottom, a village in Stow. 
 
 Rnrl^flalp a village in New Bedford; also, one in North- 
 
 ROCK field, a locality in Dorchester. 
 Rockharbor, a village in Orleans. 
 
 "R nrl-l a r\c\ * s a new an( * tnr i v i n S town at the middle of the 
 
 lvOCKldntl nor them border of Plymouth County, on the 
 
 Hanover Branch of the Old Colony Railroad, 19 miles from Boston. 
 
 The station — Rockland — lies between the centre and Boxborough 
 
 village, a little southwestward. 
 
 The post-offices are Rockland and Hathorly. The town is bounded 
 on the north by Weymouth and Hingham ; on the east by Norwell 
 and Hanover; on the south by Hanson; on the west by Abington; 
 while Whitman adjoins on the southwest. The assessed area is 5,719 
 acres. There are nearly 1,000 acres of woodland, containing oak, 
 maple, birch and pine. The geological formation is sienite and car- 
 boniferous, with here and there a bed of blue slate,of iron ore, and of 
 peat. The surface in the northern section is somewhat elevated, but 
 not hilly. Beech Hill in the south, and Round Top on the south 
 part of the east line, are the highest points. North of the first is 
 the extensive Beech Hill Meadow, through which flows a tributary 
 of North River, coming from a tine sheet of water lying southwest 
 of the eentre. The principal feeder of this pond is French's Stream, 
 wliicli, with two contiguous ponds, marks a considerable length of 
 tho western line. 
 
 Less than half the area is in farms, which number but 14; the 
 aK ,r 1VL , ;l ( l0 value of their product in 1885 beiug .$21,779. The 21 
 .shoe factories in 1.S85 employed 1,136 persons, and made goods to the 
 amount of $1,S>22,(>51. Other manufactures were machinery, tacks, 
 paper boxes, leather, polishes and dressing, carriages, mittens and 
 
noc'KPORT. 567 
 
 other clothing, lumber and wrought stone, food preparations, etc. 
 The total value of goods made was $2,198,002. The First National 
 Bank has a capital stock of $50,000 ; and the savings bank at the 
 close of last year carried deposits to the amount of $574,518. The 
 population was 4,785 ; of whom 1,265 were legal voters. The valua- 
 tion in 1S88 was $2,449,481, with a tax-rate of $16 on $1,000. There 
 were 1,208 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The schools consist of the grades of primary, intermediate, gram- 
 mar and high ; and occupied, in 1885, 10 buildings valued at nearly 
 $3,000. There is a public library of about 6,000 volumes. The 
 papers of the place — the " Independent " and the " Standard " — are 
 characteristic New England journals. The churches are one each of 
 the Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists, Unitarians and Roman 
 Catholics. There is also a considerable number of Spiritualists. 
 
 This town was formerly the northeast section of Abington, from 
 which it was set off and incorporated, March 9, 1874. It was long 
 noted as the- "banner town" in the anti-slavery movement; and 
 later has shown a marked devotion to woman suffrage and temper- 
 ance. 
 
 T) nrk"nnrt f° rms * ne eastern extremity of Cape Ann and of 
 J.YUI.JVJJU1 1 E ssex County, and is 35 miles from Boston by 
 the Gloucester Branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad. Glouces- 
 ter bounds it on the west, and the ocean in all other directions. Its 
 assessed area is 3,182 acres. 
 
 Halibut Point is the northern extremity, with Folly Cove on its 
 west side, and Hoop-pole Cove on the east, separating it from 
 Andrews Point, which is one of the summer resorts of the town. South 
 of this, on the eastern shore, is Pigeon Cove, upon which is situated 
 the village of the same name, where great quantities of granite aro 
 wrought and shipped. It is a charming and much-visited place. 
 Further south is Sandy Bay, upon whose southwest curve Rockport 
 village is situated. Hence the shore runs eastward, forming a point 
 called Cap Head, which is the most easterly point of the mainland. 
 Southward is Flat Point, with Whale Cove on its north, and Loblolly 
 Cove on its south side; the latter in turn resting on Emerson's 
 Point, which forms the southeast extremity of the town. From this 
 point the shore runs southwest to High Rocks Point in Gloucester, 
 the body of water enclosed bearing the name of Long Cove, — broken 
 mid-length, however, by the slight projection called ('ape Hedgi-. 
 Milk Island lies near Emerson's Point on the southeast, while about 
 one half-mile distant on the east, and connected by a " call ferry," is 
 Thacher's Island, bearing the tall twin lights of Cape Ann. On the 
 northern point of Straitsmouth Island, near Cap Head, is a single 
 light. North of this is Avery's Pock, where was wrecked, on the 
 19th of August, 1635, a vessel belonging to Mr. Allerton, one of the 
 Pilgrims ; by which disaster Rev. Mr. Avery, his wife and their six 
 children, and twenty other persons were lost. Mr. Thacher and his 
 wife, also passengers on the barque, were cast upon Thacher's Island 
 and saved ; and from him this island of good omen has its name. 
 
568 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 At each extremity of Long Cove are small ponds ; while Cape 
 Pond, a pretty sheet of fresh water about three miles in circumfer- 
 ence, lies among woods and ledgy eminences in the southwest. The 
 course of the railroad from Gloucester to Kockport village is at the 
 north of this pond, through monotonous woods, broken onjy by the 
 opening made by Beaver-dam Farm. On the north side of the rail- 
 road is a long line of rocky and sparsely wooded hills, long known 
 as " Dog Common." Northwest and southwest of Kockport Village 
 are Poole's Hill and Great Hill. Pigeon Hill is southwest of the 
 village of the same name, and has on its opposite side extensive 
 granite or sienite quarries. There are also quarries in the north and 
 othefparts of the town. The surface is remarkably broken and wild, 
 with huge masses of sienite cropping out in every section. The rock 
 is lighter in color than the Quincy granite. It is the material of 
 which the Boston post-office, as well as many other of its buildings, 
 is constructed. 
 
 By the State census of 18X5, recently published, it appears that 
 there were engaged in this business, as quarrymen, finishers, paving- 
 stone cutters and blacksmiths, about 350 men. Other manufactures 
 were vessels, leather, boots and shoes, carriages, clothing, oils, isinglass 
 and other food preparations. The aggregate value of all these prod- 
 ucts was $551,199. There is some level, strong and productive land, 
 which is included in the 41 farms of this town ; whose aggregate 
 yield in 1885 amounted to the sum of 848,634. Apples and cranber- 
 ries are a considerable crop ; and other farm products were such as 
 are usual. The fisheries yielded the sum of $104,657 ; the catch 
 consisting mainly of cod and mackerel. In this business were en- 
 gaged 19 schooners, 160 dories and 8 seine-boats. The mercantile 
 marine embraced 8 schooners and ten sloops, aggregating 1,218 tons. 
 The capital stock of the national bank was $100,000 ; and the savings 
 bank, at the close of last year, carried deposits to the amount of 
 $37,843. The population was 3,888; of whom 1,009 were legal 
 voters. The valuation in 1888 was $2,055,224, with a tax-rate of $16 
 on $1,000. There were 759 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 Both villages are post-offices. There is a high school, and others 
 of the grammar and primary grades, for which are provided 10 build- 
 ings, valued at nearly $18,000. The public library contains some 
 3,000 volumes. There are a Congregationalist and a Universalist 
 church at each of the two villages ; and in the town are also a Baptist, 
 a Methodist, and a Roman Catholic church, The newspapers are the 
 " Review " and the " Gleaner,'' — both weeklies worthy of their gains. 
 
 Rockport was set off from Gloucester and incorporated February 
 27, 1840 ; being named from its most striking natural feature. Gen. 
 B. F. Butler has a stone summer residence on a fine eminence here ; 
 and there are many other handsome houses in picturesque and charm- 
 ing localities. 
 
 Rocks Village, in Haverhill. 
 Rockville, in Fitchburg; also, in Millis. 
 
HOVKY XOOK—li OWLET. 559 
 
 Rocky Nook, a village in Kingston. 
 
 Rogersville, in uxbridge. 
 
 IvOSlinaale, a locality and railway station in West Koxbury. 
 
 Rowe is an elevated and hill y tow n in the northwest part of 
 Franklin County, having the Deerfield River as its 
 western and southwestern line. Pelham Brook, with its affluents 
 drains the entire town, entering the river at the south. Heath forms 
 the eastern boundary; Charlemont and Florida the southern; the 
 latter and Monroe the western; and Whitingham, in Vermont, the 
 northern boundary. The area is about 30 square miles ; of which 
 about two thirds are forest, consisting chiefly of maple and beech 
 The assessed land is 14,650 acres. Pulpit Rock in the west, and 
 Streeter's Hill, eastward, afford fine views ; but the greatest elevation 
 is Jilson's Hill, on the northeast border, whose height is 2,109 feet. 
 
 Soapstone has- been quarried in the town; and the Davis Mines, 
 in the southeast, whose product is sulphate of iron, are now employ- 
 ing about 200 men as miners, teamsters and for other purposes • 30 
 teams being required to transport the mineral to the Fitchburg Rail- 
 road at Charlemont. Zoar is the nearest station to the central part 
 of the town, and Hoosac Tunnel station is at the southwestern 
 angle. Rowe has two saw mills, a tannery, a carriage shop, one or 
 more blacksmith shops, etc. ; the aggregate value of goods made in 
 1885 being $6,222. The value of the product of the 102 farms re- 
 ported in that year was #69,065. Apples, cider, maple sugar and 
 syrup contribute a large proportion of this sum. The population 
 was 582, including 149 legal voters. The valuation in lS.ss was 
 $194,583, with a tax-rate of $14.10 on $1,000. There are 7 public 
 school-houses, valued at some $2,000 ; and a public library of about 
 1,000 volumes. The Baptists, Unitarians and Methodists have each 
 a church here. The post-offices are Rowe (centre) and Davis. 
 
 This town was originally a tract of common land, called M yrifield, 
 including a large part of what is now Monroe. The incorporation 
 under its present name occurred February 9, 1785. A part of the 
 district of Zoar, containing six families, was annexed in 1838. The 
 ruins of old Fort Pelham, which was one of the line of fortifications, 
 erected about 1744, are still to be seen on Pelham Brook. The Rev. 
 Preserve* Smith, the first minister, was settled in 1787. Rowe fur- 
 nished 46 soldiers to the Union cause in the late war, and lost three. 
 The atmosphere of this region is excellent and the views delightful. 
 
 "D /-| W | fi V lying in the eastern part of Essex County, is terri- 
 ivuwicy, torially long and narrow, extending from the 
 ocean, between Newbury and Georgetown on the north, and Ipswich 
 on the south, some ten miles to Boxford, on the southwest. 
 
 The eastern part (including a section of Plum Island) is marshy, 
 nearly 2,000 acres being annually mown, yielding about the same 
 
570 CA7.ETTEEI! OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 number of tons of liuy. Westward the land is, in different parts, 
 level and undulating. Prospect Hill, 204 feet high, rises near on 
 the southwest of the village, and Bradford Street Hill on the west; 
 with one or two small hills beyond these. The geological formation 
 is alluvium, sienite and porphyry. The principal streams are Mill 
 River, with its affluents; Great Swamp Brook and smaller streams, 
 flowing northeasterly into Barker's River ; and Rowley River, form- 
 ing part of the southern line, and navigable for small vessels nearly 
 to Rowley village, near the middle line and south side of the town. 
 
 The assessed area is 10,.'!71 acres. There are some 2,700 acres of 
 woodland. The fruit-trees number 13,535 ; and apples are a large 
 crop. Wild berries are numerous. The value of the product of the 
 157 farms in 11S85 was set down in the census as §114,443. The 
 principal manufactures are boots and shoes, for which there were 
 nine factories, employing 146 men ; and the value of the goods made 
 was §268,735. Food preparations of various kinds amounted to 
 875,570. Other manufactures were lumber (by two saw mills), oils, 
 paints or crude chemicals, carriages, and metallic articles. The 
 aggregate value of goods made was §374,945. The product of the 
 fisheries consisted chiefly of smelts and clams, and amounted to 
 $4,454. The population was 1,183 ; of whom 366 were legal voters. 
 The valuation in 1888 was §563,510, with a tax-rate of $13 on $1,000. 
 There were 287 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The grammar and primary schools occupy seven school buildings, 
 valued at about §6,000. The Review and Book Club Library has 
 about 1,000 volumes. The three churches are Baptist, Congrega- 
 tional and Universalist. The Eastern Division of the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad crosses the town, having a station at Rowley vil- 
 lage, 31 miles from Boston. 
 
 Rowley was settled as early as 1638 by about 60 families from 
 Yorkshire, England, under the guidance of Rev. Ezekiel Rogers. 
 The town was named for the place where he had previously been 
 settled, and was incorporated September 4, 1639. A fulling-mill 
 (said to have been the first in the country) was established here soon 
 lifter their arrival ; some having wrought at this trade in the mother 
 country. Hand-spinning was largely practised in this colony. 
 Rowley is the birth-place of Spencer 1'hips, an early lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor of the State; of the Kev. Jacob Bailey (1776-1841), a noted 
 royalist; and Kev. .Joseph Torrey (1797-1 st';7), a president of the 
 University of Vermont. 
 
 "R nvKnrv w;ls incorporated as a town September 28, 1630; 
 ivuaulu y ag ;l city Man , ti ]L , 1S4l ;. smd was annexed to 
 
 Boston June 1, 18(17. 
 
 Rnv'ilcfnn f° rms the northwestern corner of Worcester 
 i.vvj_ycusiun ( . ounty The Kitchburg Railroad runs through 
 the southeast corner, whose station of " lioyalston" at South 
 lioyalston village is 77 miles from Boston in a northwest direction. 
 Winchendon bounds it on the east; Phillipston, Templeton, Athol 
 and Orange on the south ; the latter and Warwick on the west ; and 
 
IiUSSKLL. 57 1 
 
 Richmond and Fitzwilliam, in N. II., on the north. The assessed 
 area is 25,669 acres ; there being about 12,000 acres of forest. 
 
 The geological structure is calcareous gneiss, in which occur crystals 
 of beryl, mica, felspar, ilrnenite and allanite, occasionally of large size. 
 The soil is strong and moist. Two north and south ranges of hills, 
 and their valleys, occupy the middle of the town. A wild and 
 romantic spot, called the " Koyal Glen," attracts many visitors. The 
 most conspicuous elevation is Jacob's Hill, near the central village. 
 The principal water-courses are Priest's Brook in the northeast, 
 Lawrence Brook and the east branch of Tully River, flowing through 
 the central part, and Miller's River through the southeast corner. 
 
 These streams furnish the power carrying half a dozen saw mills, 
 a woollen mill, two or more chair factories, and some others. Addi- 
 tional articles of manufacture here are straw goods, carriages, scien- 
 tific appliances, metallic articles, beverages and other food prepara- 
 tions. The aggregate value of goods made in 1Sk~> was $295,388. 
 The 197 farms yielded products to the value of s 133,144. The pop- 
 ulation was 1,153; of whom 8(12 were legal voters. The valuation 
 in 1888 was $635,305, with a tax- rate of SI 2 on *!,<>< mi. The num- 
 ber of assessed dwelling-houses was 269. 
 
 The post-offices are Royalston (centre) and South Royalston. At 
 the former village are two fine ponds, one of which lies about lijo 
 feet higher than the other. Royalston has a good town-hall ; ten 
 school-houses, valued at some $15,000; and the Raymond l'ublic 
 Library, which contains about 1,000 volumes. The churches are the 
 Baptist in West Royalston; a Congregationalist at the centre, and 
 a second at South Royalston, where there is also a Methodist church. 
 
 This township was granted in 1752 to Col. Isaac Royal, of Med- 
 ford, and Messrs. Erring, Hubbard and Otis; and when incorpora- 
 ted, February 19, 1765, was named for the proprietor first men- 
 tioned. The Rev. Joseph Lee, settled in 170S, was the first minis- 
 ter, and continued in that office more than forty years. Royalston 
 furnished 122 soldiers for the late war; and the names of the 40 
 lost are inscribed on tablets in the town-hall. Alexander II. Bul- 
 lock, LL.D. (1816-1882), governor of the Commonwealth from i860 
 to 1869, was a native of this town. 
 
 Riiccpll is a small farming town abounding in wild and 
 romantic scenery, on the Green Mountain range, in 
 the westerly part of Hampden County, and containing 76 farms, 145 
 dwelling-houses, and 847 inhabitants. It lies about 113 miles south- 
 west of Boston by the Boston and Albany Railroad, and has Mont- 
 gomery on the northeast, Westfield on the southeast, Granville on 
 the south, and Blandford on the west. The area is about 16 square 
 miles, over one half of which is forest, principally chestnut. 
 
 The leading rocks are calciferous mica-schist and the Quebec 
 group ; and specimens of serpentine, schiller-spar, beryl, galena and 
 copper pyrites, occur. The Westfield River runs rapidly and cir- 
 cuitously through the northeast, and Westfield Little River through 
 the southern section, of the town. Shatterack, Black and Green 
 
572 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 brooks, all tributaries of the former river, afford valuable motive 
 power. Hazzard's Lake, near the geographical centre, is a beautiful 
 sheet (jf clear and sparkling water, imliosomed amid the mountains, 
 and occasionally visited by the wild duck and loon. 
 
 The forests of this town are extensive, and furnish large quanti- 
 ties of railroad ties, small lumber and firewood for market. The 
 land is good for grazing and the growth of fruit trees. The town 
 has two paper mills, a saw mill, a grist mill, a tannery, and other 
 small establishments. It has a good public hall ; five school-houses ; 
 a M ethodist and a Baptist church. 
 
 Russell was originally the west part of Westfield, and called 
 "The New Addition." It was desired on account of the valuable 
 stone it was supposed to contain. It was incorporated February 25, 
 1792. The valuation is $441,:;24; tax-rate $14.25 per $1,000. The 
 post-offices are Russell and Fairfield. The other village is Salmon 
 Falls. Reuben Atwater Chapman, late chief justice of the State, was 
 born here September 20, 1801 ; and died at Lake Lucerne, in Swit- 
 zerland, June 2.s, 1873. 
 
 RuSSell's Mills, a village in Dartmouth. 
 
 XvUSSellVllle, in Hadley; also, in Southampton. 
 
 Rutland, a village in Billerica. 
 
 R.I J is a fine farming town of 963 inhabitants, in the 
 Ullcinil cen t ra i p ar t of Worcester County, 55 miles west 
 of Boston on the Massachusetts Central Railroad ; and having for 
 its boundaries Princeton on the northeast, Holden and Paxton on 
 the southeast, Oakham on the southwest, and Barre and Hubbards- 
 ton on the northwest. The area is about 2.'<,o00 acres ; and there 
 are upwards of 7,000 acres of forests. 
 
 The land is broken, but excellent for grazing. The most notable 
 eminences are Turkey, Rice and Barrack hills ; on the last of which 
 General Burgoyne's army was encamped for some time. The 
 highest point on its railroad is in this town. In the southern part 
 are Long Pond of 1G0 acres, Demond Pond of 138 acres, Turkey- 
 hill Pond of 83 acres ; and in the eastern part is Musquapoag Pond, 
 of 110 acres. AVare River winds through the northern part, receiv- 
 ing from the central section Mill and Long Pond brooks, on which 
 are several good mill privileges. The waters of a copious spring, 
 about half a mile east of the centre, are divided ; and one part finds 
 its way into the Connecticut, and the other part into the Merri- 
 mack River. Apples, blueberries and cranberries are considerable 
 crops, and both wild and cultivated berries are numerous. The 17." 
 farms in 1885 yielded a product valued at $151,997. There is a 
 woollen mill employing upwards of 20 men and boys, and two saw 
 mills. Other manufactures are boots and shoes and metallic goods. 
 The aggregate value of these products was $24,859. The valua- 
 tion in 18X8 was *-18'.),50.'t, with a tax-rate of $15 on $1,000. There 
 
STALL'S SIDE— SALEM. 
 
 573 
 
 are a town-hall, ten public-school buildings (valued at $6,000), and 
 a free public library of some 1,500 volumes. The church is Congre- 
 gationalism The post-offices are Rutland (centre), West Rutland 
 and North Rutland. These are also the villages, and the first two 
 are the railroad stations. 
 
 In 1686 certain Indians, who claimed to be lords of the soil, exe- 
 cuted a deed to Henry Willard, J. Rowlandson, J. Foster, Benjamin 
 Willard, and Cyprian Stevens, of a tract of land containing twelve 
 miles square, the Indian name being Naquag. On the 23d of Feb- 
 ruary, 1713, the General Court passed an order to the effect that 
 the lands in the Indian deed be confined to the petitioners, or their 
 logal representatives and associates ; the town to be called " Rut- 
 land," and to be in the county of Middlesex. This tract included 
 what is now Rutland, Oakham, Barre, Hubbardston, the greater 
 part of Princeton, and one half of Paxton. In 1715 the proprie- 
 tors set off six miles square for the settlement of 01' families, who, 
 in the ensuing year, began to occupy the place. The town was in- 
 corporated July 23, 1713, and named, perhaps, from Rutland, the 
 smallest county in England. 
 
 Five Indians raided this town on August 14, 172.;, killing a man 
 and two boys, and carrying two other boys away captive. Rutland 
 sent 102 men into the Union service during the late war ; and of 
 these 17 were lost. 
 
 Ivy clll S wDlde, a village in Beverly. 
 
 Qommnrp a village in Bourne ; ami one in Hull, called also 
 
 odgcimore, .. Sat!am0IB Head ■• 
 
 OcillOr S Island, at the entrance of Hingham harbor. 
 
 CAT T7 1V/T is an old and cultured city in the southeastern 
 i-<i— '1V1 sec tion of Essex County, on Massachusetts Bay, 
 and 16 miles northeast of Boston, with which it is connected by the 
 Eastern Division of the Boston and Maine Railroad, and by another 
 branch through Wakefield and Peabody. A line to Lowell gives it 
 direct connection with the interior. It is bounded on the north by 
 Beverly harbor, on the east by Salem harbor and Marblehead, on 
 the south by Swampscott and Lynn, and on the west by Peabody. 
 The assessed area is 3,802 acres. 
 
 The harbor is safe and convenient, but not of sufficient depth for 
 vessels of the largest class ; so that the East India trade, for which 
 this city was once famous, is carried on by Boston and New York. 
 There are still a large number of substantial and convenient 
 wharves, — generally bearing the names of the original owners. 
 "The Neck," a long northeast projection between Beverly and 
 Salem harbors, has within a few years become a place of attractive 
 residences and of summer resort. The middle of the western sec- 
 tion is marked by many small hills, and the land in this direction is 
 wild and rocky, and chiefly used for pasturage. About a mile west 
 of the city proper, and overlooking it, is a beautiful eminence 
 
574 CAZETTEEJi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 known as Gallows Hill and Witch Hill ; being the place where so- 
 iulled witches wore hung in the disgraceful and monstrous witch- 
 craft period. Other picturesque localities are The Neck, Winter 
 Island, an eminence near Forest River, anil the wooded hills in the 
 vicinity of Spring 1'ond, a beautiful expanse of fresh water of 
 about 30 acres on the Lynn border. The streets of the city are 
 wide, well shaded with noble elms and maples, and kept in excellent 
 order. Washington Street, under which the long tunnel of the 
 Eastern Kailroad runs, is the principal business thoroughfare. 
 Essex Street, which was paved as early as 177'!, extends entirely 
 through the city, and is lined by many elegant stores and handsome 
 buildings, among which are the First, North and Grace churches. 
 Federal Street is broad and regular ; Chestnut Street is very hand- 
 some ; and Lafayette Street, in the southerly part of the city, has 
 many elegant dwellings and pleasant gardens. The Common, in the 
 northerly section of the city, comprises eight and a half acres, sur- 
 rounded by an iron fence with gateways, and adorned with gravelled 
 walks and graceful elms. Among the handsome public buildings 
 are the State Normal School, of brick ; the imposing station-hous* 
 of the Eastern Eailroad, of rough granite ; the court-house, of 
 granite, and lately remodelled at a cost of •$ 14,000; the old town- 
 hall and the city-hall; the Mechanic Hall — the theatre of the 
 city ; Marine Hall, which shelters the Peabody Academy of Science 
 with its extensive museum gathered from all parts of the world; 
 and Plurnmer Hall, the home of the Atheneum Association Library, 
 of some 20,000 volumes, and of the Essex Institute, an active 
 organization chiefly for natural history and ethnological researches 
 in near regions. A gift of §140,000 from Hon. George Peabody, 
 of London, formed the basis for the academy ; and the latter build- 
 ing was erected in 1856 by a bequest of Miss Caroline Plummer. 
 The pretty domestic Gothic edifice of the First Church, and the 
 granite Episcopal church, of Gothic architecture, with castellated 
 tower, have the most interesting exteriors of this class of buildings. 
 The church of the Immaculate Conception (Roman Catholic) has a 
 handsome interior and a fine bell. The custom-house, at the head 
 of Derby Wharf, a two-story brick building, with a storehouse in 
 the rear, is not the important business centre it was in days gone by. 
 Its annual receipts are now some §10,000, perhaps; though during 
 the quarter ending with December, 1807, the duties received here 
 amounted to *. r >ll,000. In those days Derby and neighboring 
 wharves were lined with merchant vessels from many parts of the 
 old and new worlds. Millions and millions worth of goods have 
 been landed here ; but the old wharf is now fast passing away, and 
 the warehouses falling. Manufactures have largely taken the place 
 of commerce, and the city is still wealthy. 
 
 According to the last State census, there were in the city 54 shoe 
 factories, employing in .June, 188;", l,.'t22 persons, and making goods 
 in that year to the value of #'_', 02 1,085; a cotton mill employing 
 1,060 persons ; two jute mills, employing 118 persons; the textiles 
 made by these amounting to $1,612,878 ; and 57 leather establish- 
 
SALEM. 
 
 575 
 
 ments, employing about 1,500 men ; the goods made being valued at 
 $4,162,563. There were iron and brass founderies, several machine 
 shops, a lead mill, and a tin-ware factory employing some .'!(><> men ; 
 — or more cooperages, employing -~i men ; 5 ship-yards, 7 stone- 
 
 one 
 
 yards, a brickyard and a glue factory. Other goods made were 
 braided straw "and other articles of clothing, boxes, artisans tools, 
 electrical apparatus, cement, oils and illuminating fluids, beverages 
 and other food preparations. The aggregate value of^goods made 
 was $9,845,681. The value of the product of the 
 
 26 farms was 
 
57G UAZETTEEIt OF AtMiSACUUHETTS. 
 
 $77,200. The fisheries, consisting of lobsters, herring, clams and 
 mackerel, named in order of value, brought in £22,300. Engaged in 
 this business were 4 schooners, a sloop and 30 dories. The capital 
 stock of tlie seven national banks amounted to $2,015,000; and the 
 deposits in the two savings banks, at the close of business last year, 
 amounted to *!>,li~5,54H. A co-operative bank here, just instituted, 
 has started a fair amount of business. The number of legal voters 
 was 0,O.'i0. The assessed land of the city amounted to 3,802 acres. 
 Tin 1 valuation in lxss was .^"20,351,.'i28, with a tax-rate of §16 on 
 $1,000. The number of taxed dwelling-houses was 4,075. 
 
 The post-office is Salem, there being carrier delivery. The out- 
 lying villages are Carltonville and North and South Salem. Street 
 railroads connect the various parts and adjacent towns. An excel- 
 lent carriage bridge, 1,4S4 feet in length, connects the place closely 
 with Beverly. Efficient water-works supply the city with excellent 
 water from Wenham 1'ond. An important feature of the rural 
 scenery is Harmony Grove, a fine cemetery, lying near the border of 
 1'eabody. Salem has excellent schools, graded as primary, grammar 
 and high ; and here, also, is a State Normal School ; this and the 
 J 6 city school-houses being valued at upwards of $400,000. There 
 are several libraries, in a degree open to the public, some of which 
 have been mentioned ; the number of volumes being in the aggre- 
 gate 102,040. "The Evening News'' and "The Evening Times'" 
 are the local daily newspapers; the ''Gazette'"' and the "Register" 
 are semi-weekly ; and the " Essex County Mercury,'' the " Observer " 
 and the ''Public" are weekly- journals. '■ The Fireside Favorite" is 
 issued monthly. The Congregationalists have three churches here ; 
 the Baptists and the Roman Catholics each the same number; the 
 Unitarians four ; the Episcopalians and the Methodists each two ; 
 and the Friends, the New Jerusalem Church and the Universalists. 
 one each. 
 
 Salem is one of the court towns of the county. This town and 
 Plymouth were the first towns permanently settled in the State. 
 Breaking up his "fishing plantation" at Cape Ann, Roger Conant 
 and his companions came to Naumkeag in the autumn of 1626 ; and 
 though surrounded by perils and perplexities, the stout-hearted 
 leader gave his "utter denial to goe away." John Endicott, with his 
 <ompany, arrived on the 6th of September, 1628; and he was fol- 
 lowed the next year by eleven ships, bringing 1,5(>0 passengers, 
 among whom were Francis Higgiuson, iK'puty -Governor Thomas 
 Dudley, Mr. Isaac Johnson and his accomplished wife Lady Arbella, 
 daughter of the Earl of Lincoln. Many of these immigrants soon 
 removed to Charlestuwn and Boston. In a letter written soon after 
 his arrival, Mr. Higginson said, "When we first came to Nehuni- 
 kek, we found about halfe score houses, and afaire house newly built 
 for the governor; we also found aboumlance of eorue planted by them 
 very good and well-liking. And we brought with us about two hun- 
 dred passengers & planters more, which, by common consent of the old 
 planters, were all combined together into one body politicke, under 
 the same governour. There are in all of us both old & new planters 
 
SALEM. 577 
 
 about three hundred, whereof two hundred of them are settled at 
 Nehum-kek, now called Salem ; and the rest have planted themselves 
 at Massathulets Bay, beginning to build a town there, which wee do 
 call Charton, or Charles-Town. We that are settled at Salem make 
 what haste we can to build houses, so that within a short time we 
 shall have a faire town." 
 
 During this year (August 6, 1629), the first complete church organ- 
 ization ever made in this country was effected here ; and the Rev. 
 Francis Higginson was appointed pastor. John Massey was the 
 first child born in the place. His birth occurred in 1629, and his 
 death in 1709. In lTO.'J the old church Bible was presented to him 
 as ''the first town-born child." His cradle is still preserved. In 
 1C36 the quarter court was held in this town, which then embraced 
 what is now Manchester, Beverly, Danvers, Peabody, Middleton, 
 with parts of Lynn, Topsfield, and Wenham. In 1661 eighteen 
 Quakers were publicly punished here; and in l(i92 occurred the 
 remarkable delusion in respect to witchcraft, for which many per- 
 sons in this and in the neighboring towns were tried, and as many 
 as nineteen executed. The Curwin house, in which some of them 
 were examined, is still standing on Essex Street. (See Danvers.) 
 
 Salem exhibited a noble patriotism during the Revolution ; and 
 when, after the closing of the port of Boston, Gen. Thomas Gage 
 removed to this town, the citizens presented him an address (June 
 11, 1770), in which they magnanimously said : " By shutting up the 
 port of Boston, some imagine that the course of trade might be 
 turned hither, and to our benefit ; but Nature, in the formation of 
 our harbor, forbids our becoming rivals in commerce to that conven- 
 ient mart. And, were it otherwise, we must be dead to every idea 
 of justice, lost to all feelings of humanity, could we indulge one 
 thought to seize on wealth, and raise our fortunes on the ruins of 
 our suffering neighbors." 
 
 Col. Leslie, with a British regiment, landed privately at Marble- 
 head, February 26, 1776, with the intention of taking some military 
 stores in the north part of Salem ; but Col. Timothy Pickering, with 
 a band of followers, raised the draw of the North Bridge, and pre- 
 vented the advance of Leslie's men. An attempt was then made to 
 cross North River in a gondola; but this the Americans scuttled. 
 Col. Leslie then proposed that, if permitted to pass thirty rods 
 beyond the bridge, he would desist from his undertaking. This he 
 was allowed to do ; and, having done it, he returned, according to 
 his word, to Boston. 
 
 During the late war, Salem responded promptly to the calls of the 
 country ; and as many as 82 of its soldiers were killed in battle or 
 died in consequence of exposures in the service. 
 
 The growth of the city has been gradual, but certain ; and since 
 attention has been largely turned to manufacturing, its progress has 
 been more rapid, and its gains more evenly distributed. The population 
 in 1762 was 4,123; in 1790, 7,921 ; in 1800, 9,457; in 1810, 12.613; 
 in 1820, 12,731; in 1830, 13,895; in 1840, 15,082; in 1850, 20,264; 
 in 1860, 22,252; in 1870, 24,117; in 1880, 27,563; and in 1885, 
 28,090. 
 
578 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Salem has the honor of having given to the world a large number 
 of distinguished men, among whom may be mentioned Rev. Peter 
 Thacher, M.D. (1051-1727), Hon. Benjamin Lynde (1666-1747), 
 Rev. George Kin-roughs (d. 1092), Hon. Stephen Sewall (1704- 
 1760), Gen. Israel Putnam (1718-1790), Gen. John Glover (1732- 
 17H7), Hon. 'William P.rowne n7.'i7-1802), Mr. Elias Hasket Derby 
 (1739-17!i'.l), Mr. Stephen Higginson (174,",-1828), CoL Timothy 
 Pickering, LL.D. (1745-1820), Jonathan Mitchell Sewall (1745- 
 1808), Joseph Orne, M.D. (1747-1780), Hon. George Cabot (1752- 
 182.".), Gen. Elias Hasket Derby ( 1 700-1X26), Nathaniel Bowditch, 
 LL.D., F.K.S. (177:5-1838), John Pickering, LL.D. (1777-1846), 
 Mr. Benjamin Peirce (177S-1831), Joseph Barlow Felt, LL.D. (1789- 
 1869), Josiah Willard Gibbs, LL.D. (1790-18G1), Francis Calley 
 Gray (1790-1X50). William Hickling Prescott, LL.D. (1796-1859), 
 Henry Felt Baker (1797-1857), Stephen Clarendon Phillips (1801- 
 1857), Charles Dexter Cleveland, LL.D. (1802-1869), Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne (1S04-1864), Nathaniel Ingersoll Bowditch (1805-1861), 
 John Goodhue Treadwell, M.D. (1805-1856), Nehemiah Adams, D.D. 
 (1806), Benjamin Peirce, LL.D. (1809), Charles Davis Jackson, D.D. 
 (1811), Charles Grafton Page, M.D. (1812-1868), Henry Wheatland, 
 M.D. (1812), Charles Timothy Brooks (1813), Jones Very (1813), 
 William Wetmore Story (1819), William Frederick Poole (1821), 
 Samuel Johnson (1822), Gen. Frederick West Lander (1822-1862), 
 George W. Searle (1826), Maria S. Cummins (1827-1866), John 
 Rogers (1829), J. Harvey Young (1830), Frederick Townsend Ward 
 (1831-1802), an admiral-general in the service of the Chinese 
 emperor. 
 
 Qa1ichnr\7 forms the northeastern extremity of Essex 
 
 OdllbUUiy county and of the State. It is bounded on the 
 
 east by the ocean, on the south by Newburyport, on the west by 
 
 Amesbury, and on the north by Seabrook in New Hampshire. Its 
 
 assessed area is 8,313 aeres, of which some 1,500 are forest. 
 
 The land in the eastern section is low and marshy, furnishing large 
 quantities of salt hay. A beautiful sea-beach of yellow sand extends 
 north and south about three miles, and is very wide, hard, clean and 
 smooth. It has become quite a fashionable summer resort; and 
 this shore is enlivened by long rows of summer houses, many of fan- 
 tastic appearance, with a hotel or two. The geological formation of 
 the town is Merrimack schist, sienite, drift and alluvium. In the 
 western part of the town the land rises into several handsome emin- 
 ences, the most prominent being Monday, Grape and Powow hills ; 
 the summit of the latter being 32S feet above the level of the sea. 
 From this beautifully rounded elevation may be seen a wide expanse 
 of hills, sea and shore, and near at hand the noble Merrimack, 
 sweeping grandly through the valley, dividing this town from New- 
 buryport, then mingling with the ocean. Powow River, washing 
 the western base of this hill, and forming the Amesbury line, has 
 a fall of 40 feet in a short distance j whence is derived the motive 
 power for mills on both sides of the stream. Just before its juno- 
 
SALISBURY. 579 
 
 tion with the Merrimack it meets a bluff some 60 or more feet in 
 height, and turns abruptly toward the west, until this headland (called 
 Salisbury Point) is passed, then, turning southward again it enters 
 the larger river. To one standing on this bluff, the two streams, 
 so near each other, flowing in opposite directions, present a singular 
 appearance. The contiguous villages of Amesbury Mills and West 
 Salisbury, on the opposite banks of the Powow River, are intimately 
 connected in their industries. The Salisbury post-office is at the 
 latter village ; the other office being Salisbury Beach, at East Salis- 
 bury. Other villages and notable localities are King's Island and 
 Black Bocks. A street railroad connects these points, and extends 
 to Amesbury. Two highway bridges and the Eastern Railroad 
 bridge across the Merrimack, connect the town with Newburyport. 
 From East Salisbury a branch railroad extends from the main line of 
 the Eastern to Salisbury Point, West Salisbury and Amesbury 
 
 amis. 
 
 Apple orchards are numerous, and these, with cranberry bogs and 
 strawberry beds, add a large sum to the proceeds of other farm crops ; 
 the total value of which for the 93 farms was reported for 1 8.S5 as 
 $103,176. The chief manufacture is carriages, which was employ- 
 ing in June, 1885, 584 of the inhabitants. A cotton mill employs 
 upwards of 100 ; and several hundred are employed in a woollen mill 
 and in boot and shoe factories, some of which are on the Amesbury side 
 of the river. ( >ther manufactures are boats, bricks, boxes, wrought 
 stone, glue, paints, leather, clothing, furniture, soap, food prepara- 
 tions, artisans' tools, and metallic articles. The aggregate value of 
 goods made was $2,049,211. The fisheries, consisting of clams, cod, 
 haddock and eels, brought the sum of $2,320. The population was 
 4,840, of whom 1,355 were legal voters. The valuation in 1*88 was 
 $516,530, with a tax-rate of $11 on $1,000. The number of dwell- 
 ing-houses taxed was 347. 
 
 The public schools are graded as primary, grammar and high. 
 They occupy 13 buildings valued at nearly $23,000. There is a 
 circulating library of about 3;00(> volumes. The churches are two 
 each of the Congregationalists and Methoilists, and one each of the 
 Universalist and the " Christian Connection." 
 
 This place (including the territory of Amesbury) was granted to 
 Daniel Dennison, Simon Bradstreet and others, in 1638, "to be a 
 plantation" under the name of " Merrimack." In the ensuing year 
 it received the name of " Colchester," and on the 7th of October, 
 1640, it was incorporated as the town of Salisbury. In 1668 the 
 western part was set off to form Amesbury. The towns of Hamp- 
 ton, Portsmouth, Exeter and Dover, in N. H., were annexed to Mas- 
 achusetts in 1643, and together with Haverhill and Salisbury, 
 formed into a county called Norfolk, with the latter as the shire- 
 town. In 1679 New Hampshire became a separate State, and the 
 county of Norfolk lost its existence. 
 
 Many large merchant vessels and gun-ships were constructed her© 
 in the early years of the nation, one of which was the celebrated 
 Continental frigate "Alliance," of 32 guns, remarkable for sailing 
 
580 CAZETTEEli OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 qualities, — the favorite ship of the gallant Capt. John Bam-. 
 As many as .">l(i men went from this town to serve the Tnion cause 
 in the late war, and 3;"> died, three of the number in Andersonville 
 prison. A church was organized in Salisbury in 1638 ; and a min- 
 ister settled in KiUS — Rev. Caleb Cushing ; whose son, Hon. Caleb 
 Cashing, LL.I)., was born here, January 17, 1800. 
 
 Salmon Falls, a village in Russell. 
 
 Qilf Tclnnrl aui ^ ^ a ^ Islanfl Ledge, lie off the eastern ex- 
 Oail IbiailU, tremity of Gloucester. 
 
 oalVagCS, the Little and the Dry, are large and dangerous 
 rocks lying north of Thacber's Island and northeast of Eockport. 
 
 Sot-r>r,cr»n'c Tclanrl in Orleans ; also one in the mouth 
 ampson s isianu, of rotuitharbor 
 
 Sandersdale, a village in Southbridge. 
 
 *^ a n rl i <;fi fl rl ' s a * ar S e agricultural town forming the south- 
 
 OcUlUlbllClU. eas t ern extremity of Berkshire County. On 
 
 the north are Monterey and Otis, on the east the latter and 
 
 Tolland, on the west New Marlborough and Monterey, and on the 
 
 south Norfolk and Colebrook, in Connecticut. 
 
 The area is about 30,000 acres ; of which 29,626 are assessed. 
 V rom 10,0( >0 to 15,000 acres are forest, consisting of maple, beech, birch, 
 hemlock, pine and other woods. The leading rock is felspathic gneiss. 
 The soil is gravelly in the east, and sandy loam in the west. Sey- 
 mour Mountain, near the southern line, has an altitude of 1,69* feet. 
 Hanging Mountain, on the west bank of the Farmington River, 
 presents a perpendicular front of rock 300 feet in height, from which 
 fragments of stone, loosened by the rain and frost, sometimes come 
 crashing down with tremendous violence. Farmington River, run- 
 ning southward, and forming the eastern line of the town, affords 
 much power at its numerous descents. Spectacle Ponds, in the 
 northern section, contain about 190 acres ; ami the outlet, Clam 
 River, with Sandy, Silver and Buck-hill brooks, flows southeast to 
 the Farmington. On these smaller conjoined streams are the villages 
 of East and West New Boston. New Boston, with Sandisfield 
 (centre), Montville and South Sandisfield, are the post-offices; and 
 other villages are Beech Plain and Free Quarter. The nearest rail- 
 road stations are those of the Housatonic in Sheffield, and the 
 Naugatuck, in Connecticut, each 15 miles distant. 
 
 Apple trees are numerous and productive. Large quantities of 
 maple sugar and molasses are made. The aggregate product of the 194 
 farms, in 1885, was reported as .5157,M6. There is here a school- 
 I urniture factory, two saw mills and a tannery, employing altogether 
 about 125 persons. Besides the product of these, there are made 
 agricultural implements, boots and shoes, carriages, clothing, and 
 food preparations; the value of the aggregate product being 
 
SANDWICH. 581 
 
 $24,647. The population was 1,019, including 286 legal voters. 
 The valuation in 1888 was $388,192, with a tax-rate of $18.60 on 
 $1,000. The number of taxed dwelling-houses was 260. 
 
 The public schools are provided with 12 school-houses, valued at 
 some $3,000. The churches are Congregationalist and Baptist. 
 
 This town includes the original township No. 3, and a tract of 
 land established in 1797 as the district of Southfield. It was incor- 
 porated March 6, 1762, and named in honor of Lord Sandys, then 
 hrst lord of trade and the plantations. The first settler was 
 Thomas Brown, who came here in 1750. The Rev. Cornelius .Tones, 
 ordained in 1756, was the first minister. Barnes Sears, D.D., LL.D., 
 first agent of the Peabody Educational Fund, was born here Nov- 
 ember 19, 1802. Edmund H. Sears, D.D., born in this town in 1810, 
 is the author of the fine lyric on the Nativity, commencing, 
 
 " Calm on the listening ear of night." 
 
 ^anrlwirh ^ es on tne southwest side of Cape Cod Bay, in 
 
 OdUUWlLU the nor thwestern part of Barnstable County, 
 and is 62 miles from Boston on the Cape Cod Division of the Old 
 Colony Railroad. The stations are Sandwich and East Sandwich ; 
 and these, with Forestdale, South Sandwich and Spring Hill, are 
 post-offices. Other villages are Farmersville, Greenville, Scorton 
 and Wakeby. 
 
 The town is bounded on the northeast by Cape Cod Bay, on the 
 southeast by Barnstable, on the south by Mashpee and Falmouth, 
 and on the west and northwest by Bourne. The assessed area is 
 20,955 acres ; the extent of woodland being about 15,000 acres. 
 The principal harbor, on which is situated Sandwich village, lies 
 near the middle of the shore line. Scusset harbor is at the north- 
 west border of the town ; and between the two lies Town Neck. 
 Scorton harbor, at the other extremity, forms Scorton Neck. In 
 the southern part are numerous ponds ; the largest of which are 
 Peter's Pond, of about 176 acres ; Spectacle Pond, of 150 acres ; 
 Lawrence Pond, about 70 ; and Deep-bottom Pond, of about 34 acres. 
 The geological formation is drift and alluvium. The land is gener- 
 ally level, the western part being, in common with adjacent parts of 
 Bourne, almost a wilderness, mainly covered with oak and pine, and 
 through which numerous red deer still roam. The most conspicuous 
 elevation is Bourne's Hill, near the centre of the township, and 
 rising 270 feet above sea-level. It is in latitude 41° 44' and 
 longitude 70° 29' 28". 
 
 Fruits and berries and the plants of eastern Massachusetts are 
 found here. Cranberries are a large crop ; the yield in 1885 being 
 2,389 barrels, worth $14,334. The aggregate product of the 102 
 farms was $70,804 The principal manufacture is glass, for which 
 the place has long been famous. The original establishment is the 
 old Boston and Sandwich Glass Company, founded by the late 
 Deming Jarves in 1825. According to the census of 1870, this factory 
 employed in that year 590 men, and made flint and colored glass to 
 the value of $640,000. Mr. Jarves, in 1859, withdrew from this 
 
f>82 
 
 AZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 company, and built the Cape Cod Glass Works, now occupied by the 
 Charles \Y. Spun- Veneer Company and the new Cape Cod Glass 
 Company. Tin- Co-operative Glass Company, organized in June, 
 1888, was composed mainly of the workmen of the original works, 
 which are now owned by the Alpha Class and Metal Company. 
 The manufacture oi tacks was begun here at a later period, in the 
 buildings which had been used first for making woollen yarn, then 
 for cotton cloth. In 1885, the date of the last State census, the glass 
 factories were not in full operation, employing, in June of that year, 
 195 men and 32 women; when, also, 11 persons were engaged in the 
 tack factory. The other manufactures at this date were arms and 
 ammunition, clothing, furniture, leather, paper goods, carriages, boots 
 and shoes, and food preparations. The value of the aggregate prod- 
 uct was $436,055. There is here a co-operative bank established 
 
 V ll.W OP B VM»M It'll. 
 
 in L885, and having a fair amount of business. The fisheries — 
 consisting of mackerel, blueiish and herring — yielded 112,000. 
 The population was 2,124, —of whom 556 were legal voters. The 
 valuation in 1888 was 1937,150, vi ith a tax-rate oi II I. W) on $1,000. 
 There were 171 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The public schools arc graded as primary, grammar and high. 
 
 The latter sol 1 has Eree use of the building and apparatus of 
 
 Bandwioh Academy, which was established in 1804 There is a circu- 
 lating library of about 1,500 volumes. The " Observer," published 
 
 w kh , is the newspaper for t bis town. The ohurohes are one each 
 
 of the Congregationalists, Friends, Methodists, Episcopalians, Roman 
 
SAXDY VALLEY— SAUGUS. 583 
 
 Catholics and the Unitarians. The old Quaker church at Spring 
 Hill is an ancient landmark. In this vicinity are several small 
 ponds where the native pink lily is cultivated for market. The 
 peculiar features of the principal village are the glass-works with 
 their tall chimneys, with the great willow trees and the sea-meadows 
 beyond. The rather elegant old town-house and the academy are also 
 notable objects. The Indian name of this place was Shawme. The 
 first settlement is said to have been made here by " 10 men of 
 Saugus " about 1637 ; but it is known to have been used as a halting 
 place in transit at an earlier date. The town was incorporated Sep- 
 tember 3, 1639, and named for Sandwich, in county Kent, England. 
 The western part was set off to form the town of Bourne in 1884. 
 
 Sandy Valley, a village in Dedham. 
 
 oaOUlSn, a village in Plymouth. 
 
 oatUCKet, a village in East Bridgewater. 
 
 Co 110-j jc occupies the southwestern extremity of Essex 
 S County, and has Lynnfield on the north, Lynn on 
 
 the northeast, Revere on the southeast, the latter and Melrose on 
 the southwest, and Wakefield on the northwest. The post-offices are 
 Saugus (centre), East Saugus and Cliftondale ; and these, with Pleas- 
 ant Hill, are stations on the Saugus Branch of the Boston and 
 Maine Railroad. Other villages are Bowkerville, Oaklandvale and 
 North Saugus. 
 
 The assessed area of the town is 6,009 acres ; and there are about 
 800 acres of woodland. The southeastern extremity consists of salt 
 creeks and marshes ; the latter yielding annually many hundred tons 
 of hay. The remaining part, though having some nearly level areas, is 
 in general rolling and broken, and abounds in picturesque scenery. 
 The geological basis is sienite and porphyry. The notable elevations 
 are Castle Hill in the northwest, 288 feet in height, and Vinegar 
 Hill near the middle of the eastern border. South of the latter is 
 Pirate's Glen, a wild and craggy spot, rendered more interesting from 
 having been the abode, in li;.">7, of four recluses said to have been 
 pirates. Three were captured by a force from one of the king's 
 cruisers; but one named Thomas Veal escaped, and made his dwel- 
 ling in a cavern in the Lynn woods until the great earthquake of 
 1658 rent the rock. This catastrophe was supposed to have entombed 
 him alive ; but " Dungeon Hole " (as the cavern came to be called) 
 was blown open on July 4, 1834, and nothing found except a few 
 iron articles. 
 
 Saugus River, which issues from Quanapowitt Lake, in Wakefield, 
 and receives Hawkes' Brook from Lynnfield, and Central Brook from 
 Melrose, winds medially through the town, spreading into a beautiful 
 lake of about 75 acres near the centre. Heaps of scoriae on the 
 eastern bank of this river mark the location of iron works estab- 
 lished here about 1645. The village at the old foundery was at an 
 
584 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 early period called " Hammersmith," from a place of that name in 
 England, whence some of the workmen came. 
 
 Fifteen machinists now pursue their trade in the town. The 
 largest manufactories are the two woollen mills, employing, in June, 
 1885, 128 persons; and four shoe factories, employing 252 persons, 
 and making goods to the value of $ 70,700. Other manufactures are 
 lumber, boxes, bricks, cabinets, and food preparations. The aggre- 
 gate value of goods made was §730,2(11. The product of the 35 
 farms amounted to $88,397. The population was 2,855, of whom 
 817 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $2,271,299, 
 with a tax-rate of $19 on $1,000. There were 704 taxed dwelling- 
 houses. 
 
 The public schools consist of a high school and several of primary 
 and grammar grades. There are six school buildings, valued at about 
 $25,000. Cliftondale Public Library has about 1,000 volumes, and 
 the high school has upwards of 300. There are also two private 
 circulating libraries containing about 2,000 volumes. The " News " is 
 the weekly journal of the town. The churches are one Congrega- 
 tionalist, one Universalist and three Methodist. 
 
 Saugus was formed from Lynn territory and incorporated Feb- 
 ruary 17, 1815 ; and in 1841 it received an addition from Chelsea. 
 
 SaUnderSVllle, in Grafton. 
 
 O clV in 11 111, a locality in Dorchester. 
 
 C „,.«., is situated on the southern slope and valley of Hoosac 
 OdVUy Mountain, in the northeastern part of Berkshire 
 County, 133 miles from Boston. Florida, from which it is in part 
 separated by Cold Eiver, bounds it on the north ; Hawley with 
 corners of Charlemont and Plainfield on the east ; Windsor on the 
 south; and Cheshire and Adams on the west. The territory is 
 about six miles square. The assessed area is 21,311 acres. There 
 are some 12,000 acres of forest. Its highlands constitute the water- 
 shed between the Deerfield, "Westfield and Hoosac rivers ; and the 
 streams, though of small volume, afford in their rapid descent 
 numerous small powers. The land is, for the most part, too rocky, 
 rough and mountainous for tillage, but suitable for grazing. The 
 soil is a heavy loam. 
 
 The aggregate product of the 159 farms in 1885 was valued at 
 $88,941. The neat cattle numbered 968 ; the sheep 384 ; and the 
 horses 182. The manufactures are lumber, boxes, carriages and 
 food preparations ; the total value of goods made in the year men- 
 tioned being $10,452. The population was 691, of whom 200 were 
 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was §178,728, with a tax of #19 
 on $1,000. There were 1C0 assessed dwelling-houses. The nine 
 public school-houses were valued at some $2 ; 000. A social and a 
 school library have together about 300 volumes. The churches are 
 a Baptist, a Methodist and a Second Advent. " Savoy " post-office, 
 at Savoy Hollow, in the south part of the town, is seven miles from 
 
SAWYER' S MILLS— SC ITU ATE. 
 
 585 
 
 the railroad station in Adams. The other post-office is Savoy 
 centre; and the third village is North Savoy. 
 
 This town, then known as " No. Six," was granted to the heirs of 
 Capt. Samuel Gallop and his company for services and sufferings in 
 an expedition to Canada in 1690. The first white family settled 
 hero in September, 1777 ; and in 1787 a sufficient number had com" 
 to organize a Baptist church. The town was incorporated February 
 20, 1797; the name of a town in the Swiss Alps being adopted as- 
 appropriate to its mountainous features. Savoy furnished 71 
 soldiers for the Union cause in the late war ; of whom 9 were lost. 
 
 Sawyer's Mills, a village in Boylston. 
 OclXOnVllle, in Framingham. 
 
 ScaddingS Pond, in Taunton. 
 
 Qpi+iiofp lies in the northeast part of Plymouth County; 
 
 OLlLUdlC and j 8 DOun( i e d on the north by Cohasset, on tin- 
 
 east by the ocean, on the south by Marshtield and Norwell, and on 
 
 the west by the latter. By the South Shore Railroad it is i.'5 miles 
 
 squtheast of Boston. 
 
 The town extends some eight miles along the seacoast, having at 
 near the middle line a harbor of about ten feet depth of water, 
 formed by Cedar Point (where there is a lighthouse) on the north- 
 east, and Crow Point on the southeast. The North River, a deep, 
 circuitous, and narrow stream, on which there used to be a number 
 of ship-yards, separates this town from Marshtield on the south, ami, 
 approaching near the sea, turns suddenly to the south, and then, 
 running nearly three miles parallel with the coast, unites with the 
 ocean in Marshtield. The town has a fine beach covered with 
 smooth and rounded pebbles, between the river and the sea Then- 
 is in the northern part a ridge of land running westerly from the 
 shore, called " Coleman Heights," on the summit of which is a 
 plateau of 150 acres, at a height of 150 feet above the ocean. The 
 scenery of this town combines ocean, river, forest and village views 
 of remarkable beauty. From the Glades, in the northeastern part of 
 the town, some granite has been quarried. 
 
 Though the soil of Scituate is not remarkably good, the town has 
 valuable salt marshes and some excellent pasture lands. Th<! 
 number of its farms is 170 ; and their aggregate product in 18S5 was 
 valued at $120,705. The nine boot and shoe factories, employing in 
 June, 1885, 89 persons, produced in that year goods to the amount 
 of $77,818. Other manufactures were " ready-made " clothing, car- 
 riages, leather, polishes and dressing, lumber, food preparations and 
 metallic articles. The total value of goods made was $113,30;"). 
 Seventy-two persons were occupied in gathering Irish moss (carra- 
 geen) along the margin of the sea, and 33 were employed in the 
 fisheries. One schooner, 80 dories and 52 boats were engaged in the 
 
58G 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 latter business ; and the catch consisted of cod, mackerel, herring and 
 halibut, and was valued at $4.">..'!78. The population was 2,350, of 
 whom ti2N were legal voters. The valuation in 1*88 was §1,837,275, 
 with a tax-rate of $10.20 on .S1,<KM). There were 702 assessed 
 dwelling-houses. The public schools have the grades of primary, 
 grammar and high, and occupy 12 buildings whose value is about 
 n 12,0(10. The three village libraries contain some 3,000 volumes. 
 The town has a newspaper called " The South-Shore Herald." The 
 ehurches are a Baptist, Congregationalist, Methodist, Roman Cath- 
 olic, Unitarian and Universalis! The post-offices are Scituate, 
 Kgypt. North Scituate, Greenbush, and Scituate Centre; and these 
 are also railroad stations. The other villages are ( jannett's Corner, 
 .lericlio, Scituate Harbor, Sodom and Webster Village. On the 
 shore is a U.S. life-saving station. 
 
 Scituate was settled as early as 1628 by several men who came 
 from the county of Kent, England. They called the principal street 
 of the village, which they laid out in August, 1623, "Kent Street." 
 The first lot was assigned to Edward Foster, and is the same place 
 which Seth Webb, Esq., recently occupied. Scituate was incorpo- 
 rated October 5, 1636 ; forming its name from Satuit, an Indian 
 word meaning " Cold Brook," which was applied to a small stream 
 of pure cold water running into the harbor. The deed which extin- 
 guished the Indian title to this town is dated June, 1653, signed by 
 Jns'um U'am/iatiKk and given to Mr. Timothy. Hatherly. Three 
 years later (16">G), Mr. Hatherlj-, Robert Stetson and Joseph Tilden 
 built a saw-mill on the Third Herring Brook ; and it is supposed by 
 some to have been the first one in the colony. This place suffered 
 
 severely during Phi- 
 lip's War. In their 
 attack on the town, 
 May 20, 1('.7(>. the 
 Indians first burnt 
 the sawmill on Her- 
 ring Brook; then 
 Captain Joseph Syl- 
 vester's house, 
 which stood north 
 of the Episcopal 
 church hill; then 
 the house of Wil- 
 liam 1! lackmore, 
 who was killed the 
 same day. In their 
 attack upon the 
 garrison house they 
 were bravely re- 
 pulsed; but, pro- 
 ceeding in their 
 and, during the day, 
 reduced as many as nineteen houses and barns to ashes. They were 
 
 mE "OLD oaken ducket," scituate 
 
 work, they mortally wounded John James, 
 
SCOXTICVT rOIXT- SEEKONK. 537 
 
 ftom the ?o°wn eVer ' " ^ enC0Unter at the close of theday, and driven 
 
 Cudtorth )T ?fiS? Ced Se K ? ral ™ en ^distinction, as Gen. James 
 rtZ\ th r.t ^k ?5 »^ "^J" «d noble-minded man; Rev. 
 
 n ? *- a iV^ adV °i ate °l " h "^' n ^^^d A S^uenvSWSth 
 iemT ° W ° ak6n Bucket " and other 
 
 The scene so vividly described in Mr. Wood worth's charming 
 lyric is a little valley through which Herring Brook pursues its de- 
 vious course to meet the tidal water of North River The view of 
 it from Coleman Heights, with its neat cottages, it's maple groves 
 and apple orchards, is remarkably beautiful. 
 
 ScOntlCUt Point, (or Neck), a village in Fairhaven. 
 
 oCOrton, a village in Sandwich. 
 
 Scotland a TiUa ^ e in Bridgewater ; also, in Xewbury and 
 ' Xewburyport. 
 
 Scott's Woods, a village in Milton. 
 
 SearS Vllle in Danvers ; also > in Dennis and in Williams- 
 ' burg. 
 
 beaVlCW, a village in Marshfield. 
 
 oeeKOnk, a village in Great Barrington. 
 
 Seekonk * s a * ong aac * narrow farming town in the north- 
 westerly part of Bristol County, about 40 miles 
 southwest of Boston. The Boston and Providence Division of the 
 Old Colony Railroad passes through its northwestern corner. The 
 post-office is Seekonk, located in the southwestern part. East Provi- 
 dence post-office is used for the northern part of the town. The vil- 
 lages are Central Village, Lebanon, Js'orth Seekonkand South Seekonk. 
 Its boundaries are Attleborough on the north, Rehoboth on the 
 east, Swansey on the south, and East Providence and Pawtucket, in 
 R. I., on the west. The form of the town is like the blade of a ease- 
 knife, having the point at the southeast, being about 8 miles in 
 length and 2 in width. The assessed area is 11,01 (J acres ; the wood- 
 land comprising upwards of 4,00<>. 
 
 The geological formation is carboniferous, in which some iron-ore 
 has been found. There is a fine pond of about '2~> acres on the line 
 at the extreme northwest, whose outlet is Ten-mile River ; which 
 continues the western line for more than half the length of the town ; 
 while Runal's River forms the western line of the southern section. 
 Clear Run and other tributaries of the larger streams complete the 
 
588 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 natural drainage. The farms number 181 ; and the value of their 
 aggregate product in 1885 was reported in the census as $228,599. 
 Large quantities of apples, cranberries and strawberries are raised. 
 There are two or more grist mills ; the value of their product and 
 other food preparations being *,'32,2.S8. Other manufactures are 
 jewelry, sporting and athletic goods, carriages and wheels, iron 
 articles, chemicals and wrought stone. The value of all goods made 
 was $79,325. The population was 1,295 ; of whom 323 were legal 
 voters. The valuation in 1888 was $823,550, with a tax-rate of *lft 
 on $1,000. The number of assessed dwelling-houses was 291. The 
 town has 8 public school-houses, valued at some §7,000. The church 
 is a " Union Congregational." 
 
 This town was set off from Behoboth and incorporated February 
 26, 1812 ; taking for its name the Indian word Seekonk, which signi- 
 fies "wild goose." By an exchange of territory between Massa- 
 chusetts and Bhode Island in 1861, the best part of the original area 
 of this town was surrendered to the latter State. 
 
 At the head of Bullock's Covo, in an unfrequented spot, is a rude 
 monument with the following inscription : — 
 
 " "674- 
 " Here lyeth the body of the worthy Thomas Willet Esq'., who died August 
 ye 4th, i n the 64th year of his age, Anno . . . who was the first mayor of New 
 York, and twice did sustain the place." 
 
 SeSUet Harbor, in Dennis — north shore. 
 Shaker Settlement, a village in Hancock. 
 
 Shaker Village, ^SjEEl/ aho ' in Pittsfieldand in 
 
 Sharon 0CCU P' es tne highlands which form the water-shed of 
 streams flowing in opposite directions — northeasterly 
 towards Massachusetts or southwesterly towards Narragansett Bay. 
 It has for its boundaries Norwood on the north, Canton on the north- 
 east, Stoughton on the east, Easton and Mansfield on the southeast, 
 Foxborough on the southwest, and ^Valpole on the west. It lies at 
 the middle of the southern side of Norfolk County, 22 miles south- 
 west of Boston by the Boston and Providence Bailroad, whose sta- 
 tions here are Sharon and Sharon Heights, and Massapoag Pond in 
 summer. The post-offices are the first and East Sharon. 
 
 The assessed area of the town is 13,764 acres. There are above 
 6,000 acres of forest, including white and pitch pine, oak, elm, chest- 
 nut and maple. The flora generally is rich and various. There is 
 found here a. wood violet that is very large and fragrant. The chief 
 rock is sienite, and there is much iron-ore at one or more places. 
 The whole extent of the town is elevated from iiOO to 530 feet above 
 sea-level. The highest point of land is Moose Hill, in the western 
 section, whieh commands one of the finest prospects in the county. 
 Near it on south and cast rise three bold eminences, — Bluff, Hobb's 
 
SHATTUCKVILLE—SIIAWVILLX. 5^9 
 
 and Bald hills. In the southeast section is Rattlesnake Hill, and in 
 the southwest are Bearfoot and Cow hills, — between which run a 
 lively streamlet and numerous railroad trains. Besides several mill- 
 ponds there are two natural lakes, — Wolvmolpoag (Indian meaning 
 "sweet water") among the hills near the centre, and Massapoag 
 («' large water ") beyond the hills a mile southward. The first has an 
 area of 16 acres ; the last of 435. Around it are summer residences 
 and three or more hotels. Buffer's Brook and the outlets of these 
 ponds are feeders of the Neponset Biver. Not a drop of water, it 
 is said, runs into Sharon from another town, while its streams flow 
 directly into seven towns. 
 
 The soil is loamy and fertile. Large quantities of timber, fire- 
 wood, charcoal and bark are sent to market. Many acres are de- 
 voted to cranberries and strawberries, and apple and other fruit 
 trees are numerous. Large market-gardens and poultry farms are 
 found here. The aggregate value of the product of the 73 farms in 
 the town in 1885 was reported in the State census as £70,006. A 
 duck, a cutlery and a trowel factory employ about 75 persons. 
 Other manufactures are carriages, boots and shoes, lumber, boxes, 
 leather, polishes and wrought stone. The value of the goods made 
 was $128,208. The population was 1,3-'*, including 338 legal voters. 
 The valuation in 1888 was $1,107,077, with a tax-rate of $10 on 
 $1,000. There were 335 taxed dwelling-houses. There is a very 
 good town-hall, a public library of about 3,000 volumes, and graded 
 schools, including a high school. These are supported partly by an 
 invested fund. The five school-houses are valued at about $9,000. 
 The three churches are Congregationalist, Baptist and Unitarian. 
 Two weekly papers are issued here, called the " Advocate " and the 
 "Ozone." 
 
 The original name of this township was Massapoag, but it was 
 later known as Stoughtonham. On June 20, 1705, it was incorpo- 
 rated under its present beautiful Scripture name, — which means 
 "his field" or "his song." A part of Stoughton was annexed in 
 1792, and another part in 1864. The Rev. Philip Curtis, the first 
 minister, was ordained in 1743, and continued in charge of the church 
 more than 54 years. 
 
 The town is remarkable for the charm of its scenery, the excel- 
 lence of its atmosphere and the longevity of its inhabitants. 
 
 ShattUckville, in Colrain. 
 ShaWmUt, a locality in Dorchester, 
 miawcrippn Rivpr rises in Lincoln and pursues a north- 
 
 onawsneen rviver, east course ^0^ Bedford, isu- 
 
 aerica, Tewksbury and Andover, and unites with Merrimack at Law- 
 rence. Its principal tributaries are Vine Brook from Lexington, and 
 Content Brook, from Long Pond, in Tewksbury. 
 
 Shawville, in Wales. 
 
590 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 mipffiplrl ' s a * ar S e anc ^ beautiful town in the southwest 
 
 OncIIieiU j jart f Berkshire County, 11S2 miles from Boston. 
 It contains 4/*.'j dwelling-houses and 2,0.' J >.':i inhabitants. Great Har- 
 rington bounds it on the north, N«'W Marlborough on the east, Mount 
 Washington and Egremont on the west, and Salisbury and North 
 Canaan, in Conn., on the south. The assessed area is 27,000 acres, 
 which is 2,0(10 or more short of the actual extent. About 10,000 
 acres are in forest. 
 
 The scenery in the easterly and westerly parts of the town is grand 
 and picturesque ; in the middle, through which the Housatonic River 
 pursues a slow and serpentine course southward, it is very beautiful. 
 The view of .Mount Everett, rising to the height of 2,(11' 4 feet on the 
 western border of the town, flanked by others nearly as large, is 
 truly magnificent; while Alum Hill, and others northward, form 
 a broken wall on the east. The geological formation is the Lower 
 Potsdam and Levis limestone ; and specimens of asbestos, pyrites, 
 native alum, and pyrolusite are found. There are soda-springs of 
 some celebrity in the northeast part of the town ; and Bears' Den is 
 an object of weird curiosity. In addition to the Housatonic Kiver 
 (here some seven rods wide) the town is irrigated by Schenob, Hub- 
 bard, Ironwork, and other brooks, which furnish valuable motive 
 power. Three-mile Lake covers an area of about 104 acres. The 
 Housatonic Railroad runs north and south along the right bank of 
 the Housatonic River, dividing the town into nearly equal parts. 
 The intervale land through which the river passes is a rich alluvium, 
 and exceedingly exuberant. 
 
 Tobacco is largely cultivated. The value of the aggregate prod- 
 uct of the 200 farms in 1HS5, was 3?2.'>5,927. There are three or 
 four saw mills and grist mills, two tanneries, five carriage factories, 
 several smitheries, and one or more cooper-shops. Other manufac- 
 tures are tin- ware, wrought stone, and liquors, tobacco and food prep- 
 arations. The value of all goods made was £19,110. The legal 
 voters numbered 404. The valuation in ISSN was §945,250, with a 
 tax-rate of $! 1(1.20 on $1,000. The 14 school-houses were valued at 
 upwards of $9,000. The school grades are primary, grammar and 
 high. Sheffield Friendly Union Library has about 1,000 volumes. 
 Ashley Falls and Sheffield (centre) have each a Methodist church ; 
 and near the last are a Congregationalism an Episcopal and a Roman 
 Catholic church. The other village is Sheffield Plain, north of the 
 ."ontre ; or the two may be considered one village, extending for sev 
 eral miles along the Housatonic, and presenting a neat, quiet and 
 handsome appearance. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Hoitsatorintic, meaning "over 
 the mountains." It was incorporated June 22, 1~'A3, six years 
 earlier than any other town in the county. The land was bought of 
 Konltepot and other Indians, April 25, 1724, for "t'4l>0, three barrels 
 of cider, and thirty quarts of rum." Remains of the aborigines are 
 occasionally exhumed. Mr. Obadiah Noble, of Westfield, was the 
 first white settler. A church was formed as early as October 22, 
 1735, when the Rev. Jonathan Hubbard was ordained as pastor. 
 Sheffield sent _200 men into the Union armies during the last war. 
 
SRELBUMNE. 59^ 
 
 «^?o?^ mei1 P roduced b y this town were Col. John Fellows 
 (1760-1844), Daniel Dewey (1766-1815), Theodore Sedgewick (1780- 
 1839), Chester Dewey (1781-1867), Henry I). Sedgwick (1 785-1 .s;51) 
 OrviUe Dewey, D.D. (1794), F. A. P. Barnard (1809), and George F 
 Boot (1820). V ' 
 
 Shelbume 0CCU P! es a centra l position in Franklin < ounty, 
 113 miles northwest of Boston by the Fitchburg 
 jJailroad, which follows the Deerfield lliver, marking the south- 
 western side of the town almost from northwest to southeast. At 
 :he first point the Deerfield receives the North Kiver, which sepa- 
 rates Shelburn3 from Charlemont at their narrow border. Colrain is 
 Sis boundary on the north, Greenfield and Deerfield on the east; 
 CJid Conway and Buckland on the southwest. 
 
 The assessed area is 13,888 acres ; and there are about 3,00o acres 
 c_ forest. The geological structure is calciferous mica-schist and cal- 
 careous gneiss. The land is rugged and mountainous, rising into the 
 jold eminences of Shingle Hill at the south, Bald Mountain at the 
 ^rest, Greenfield Mountain on the east, and E;ist Hill north of Sln-I- 
 curne centre. Hudson, Allen's and Smead's brooks flow from the high- 
 lands eastward to Green River, while Dragon and Sluice brooks flow- 
 southerly into the Deerfield liiver. At Shelbume Falls the latter 
 stream plunges over a precipice more than 40 feet in height, form- 
 ing a beautiful cataract. To this water-power the flourishing village 
 or Shelbume Falls (partly in Buckland) owes its growth; and in 
 this place the larger manufactories are situated. The village makes 
 :' fine appearance with its dwellings in the uarrow valley and upon 
 - Je sloping hillsides. 
 
 The soil of the town is moist and strong, and affords excellent 
 ~>asturage, while sugar-maples and apple-trees are numerous and 
 ohrifty, yielding large quantities of their special crops. The nuui- 
 Oer of sheep kept in 1885 was 2,171, of which 180 were merinos ; 
 and there were 1,576 neat cattle, affording a large dairy product. 
 The aggregate value of the product of the Its farms was SHU), 300. 
 The chief manufactures are artisans' tools, cutlery, machinery, cotton 
 and silk goods, millstones, lumber, boxes, leather, clothing, furniture, 
 tobacco and smokers' supplies, and food preparations. The value of 
 all goods made, according to the census of 1885, was $450,827. The 
 population was 1,614, of whom 444 were legal voters. The national 
 bank here has a capital stock of $200,000 ; and the savings bank at 
 the close of last year held deposits to the amount of 5701,608. The 
 valuation in 1888 was £876,150, with a tax-rate of $10.70 on $ 1 .000. 
 There were 299 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The schools consist of primary, intermediate and grammar, which 
 occupy nine school buildings valued at upwards of $ 7,000. The Arms 
 Academy has a building worth some $11,000, and a classical and 
 English school for boys has a building and other property worth 
 half that sum. The Arms Library has upwards of 6,000 volumes ; 
 the Arms Ministers' Library about 400 ; and the First Independent 
 Social Library Association some 1,200. The " Arms Student " is 
 
.1)92 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 published here monthly. The Congregationalists have two churches 
 in the town, and the Baptists, Methodists, Episcopalians, Roman 
 Catholics and Universal! sts have one each. The post-offices are the 
 villages mentioned and East Shelburne and Bardwell's Ferry; the 
 last and Shelburne Falls being the railroad stations. 
 
 This town was incorporated June 21, 1768, and named in honor of 
 the second Earl of Shelburne. It had previously been called " Deer- 
 lii'ld Northwest." The first church was organized in 1770, and the 
 first minister, the Rev. Itobert Hubbard, ordained in 1773. The Rev. 
 l'liny Fiske, a distinguished missionary and scholar, was born here 
 • lune 21, 17112, and died in Beirout, Syria, October 23, 1825. 
 
 Sheldonville, in Wrentham. 
 
 Shepardville, in Wrentham. 
 
 CL pr k nrn is a fair old farming town in the southern ex- 
 OllcrUUIH t rem jty of Middlesex County, about 20 miles 
 from Boston. It is but a few minutes' ride on the Milton Branch of 
 the Old Colony Railroad, which connects it with Framingham; 
 v, hence also the Milford Branch of the Boston and Albany runs 
 ••lose to its western border. The post-offices are Sherborn (centre) 
 and South Sherborn, — which are also railroad stations. The other 
 village is West Sherborn. The carriage roads are good, and are bor- 
 dered with many ornamental and shade trees. 
 
 Natick bounds this town on the northeast ; Dover, Medfield and 
 Millis on the southeast ; llolliston on the southwest ; Ashland lies 
 at the west ; and Framingham on the northwest. The assessed area 
 is it,«.) 13 acres; there are upwards of 3,000 acres of forest, containing 
 the usual variety of trees. Nason Hill is a conspicuous eminence in 
 the southern part. Peter's Hill, in the north, is maiuly a precipitous 
 ledge of sienite some 50 feet in height, through which runs a chasm 
 ealled the " Devil's Cartway." Halfway between this and the cen- 
 tral village is Brush Hill, about 3!»0 feet in height; whose summit 
 affords a magnificent prospect of farms, forests, villages and ponds, 
 and especially of Cochituate Lake, extending for several miles on the 
 north. The beautiful " Farm Bond " lies in the easterly part of the 
 town, sending its outlet into Charles River, which forms the eastern 
 line. Uoggestow Brook, with its tributary, Dirty-meadow Brook, 
 drains the southwestern part; curving back from its southward 
 < -our.se to the Charles. There are one or more saw mills. Many 
 acres are devoted to the basket willow, and to cranberries and 
 .straw lierries. 
 
 There were in 1S.S5, 11,092 peach trees and 15,44'.) apple trees. A 
 eider mill and refinery here does a large business. A boot and shoe 
 factory, in June, 1.SS5, employed about 20 persons. Other manufac- 
 luri'H were carriages, metallic goods and food preparations. The 
 valuo of all manufactures was #137,084; and of the product of the 
 135 farms, $150,1)2!). The population was 1,3!)1, of whom 286 
 
SHEnBUHN—SHIMLEY. 593 
 
 were legal voters. The valuation ia 1888 was $835,465, with a 
 tax-rate of $11 on $1,000. There were 267 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 There is a high school, and this and others occupied, in 18«5 8 
 buildings valued at $37,000. A line new school-house has recently 
 been erected. The Sawin Academy, a handsome building, is beauti- 
 fully located on high land in the centre of the town. The town- 
 house, also, is an excellent building, and besides the hall and offices 
 contains the public library of about 3,000 volumes. The " Mirror " 
 and the " Tribune " are the weekly newspapers issued here. A not- 
 able establishment in the town is the Massachusetts Reformatory for 
 Women. The two churches are Trinitarian and Unitarian Congre- 
 gational. 
 
 The Indian name of this township was Boggestow, the name now 
 borne by its principal stream and by a meadow. The incorporation 
 was on May 27, 1674, under the name of " Sherburne ; " the change 
 to the present name being made May 3, 1852. In 1754 occurred the 
 "Memorable Mortality," during the preyalence of which nearly 30 
 persons died. An antiquity of the -place is the old Sanger Mansion, 
 near the centre, where General Washington breakfasted when on his 
 way to take command of the army at Cambridge. 
 
 Distinguished natives of this town were Samuel Kendall, D.D. 
 (1753-1814), Henry Ware, D.D. (1764-1845), and Ashur Ware, 
 LL.D. (b. 1782). 
 
 Qhfki-hnrn was * ne name °f Nantucket for a considerable 
 ouci uui 11 period prior t0 June 8) 1795 
 
 Sherburne, the former name of " Sherborn." 
 
 ^ripwampt NVrlr ( or Shawinut Neck), the southern 
 Oliewailiei 1MCCK. extremity of Somerset. 
 
 CUJ r ]„.. is situated in the northwesterly section of Middle- 
 Olliney gex County, 40 miles northwest from Boston on the 
 Fitchburg Railroad, which has a station at Shirley village, in the 
 southern part of the town. The Peterboro and Shirley Branch fol- 
 lows on the opposite side of the Squannacook River, which forms 
 the northeastern line of the town. Groton adjoins on the northeast, 
 Ayer and Harvard on the east, the latter and Lancaster on the south, 
 and Lunenburg on the west. 
 
 The assessed area is 9,255 acres. Upwards of 4,000 acres are wood- 
 land, containing much oak and hard pine. There are many small hilis 
 and several ponds. Malpus Brook crosses the middle of the town 
 to the Nashua, having VVoodsville near the latter river. Nashua 
 River forms half the eastern line; receiving from Catacunnemug 
 Pond, at the western border, a stream furnishing the power 
 for Shirley villag%. The soil of the uplands is light and sandy, and 
 devoted to forests, while along the streams is much good intervale. 
 Apples, pears and cranberries are raised in largo quantities. 
 
 The product of the 112 farms, in 1885, was reported in the census 
 as $107,753. There is a cotton mill, employing in June, 1885, 67 
 
594 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 persona ; the paper mill employed 8, and the suspender factory, 17^ 
 Other manufactures were lumber, leather, hoops, baskets, brushes,, 
 brooms, straw goods, wrought stone, agricultural implements and me- 
 tallic goods. The value of the ablegate manufactured product was 
 $X5,016. The population was 1,242, — of whom 292 were legal 
 voters. The valuation in ISMS was So;>!J,0]s, with a tax-rate of $12 
 on $1,000. There were 290 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The post-offices are Shirley (centre) and South Shirley. North 
 Shirley is a small hamlet, and at the extreme south is located a 
 Shaker community. The town has six public school-houses, valued 
 at $4,000. The town library lias some 3,000 volumes, and the First 
 Parish Ladies' Library Association has about 2,000. Two weekly 
 papers — the " Oracle " and the " Union " — are published here. The 
 churches are the Baptist, Congregationalist, Unitarian, Universalist 
 and Shaker. 
 
 The territory of this town was detached from Groton, and incorpo- 
 rated, January 5, 1753 ; being named in honor of Governor William 
 Shirley. Daniel Parker (1782-1846), a lawyer, and a brigadier-gen- 
 eral of the U. S. army, and Mrs. Sarah C. Edgarton Mayo (1819— 
 1848), a popular author and editor, were natives of this town. 
 
 ohirley l Oint, at the southern extremity of Winthrop. 
 
 ^hrp»ixrchi l r\r * s situated on high land in the easterly part 
 
 OUlCWbUUiy of Worcester County, and has Boylston on 
 
 the north, Xorthborough and AVestborough on the east, Grafton on 
 
 the south, and Worcester on the west. The assessed area is 12,746 
 
 acres. The forests occupy 2.S16 acres. 
 
 The geological basis of this locality is Merrimack schist and calca- 
 reous gneiss. There is a mineral spring, highly impregnated with 
 sulphur, on the Leonard farm, in the easterly part of the town ; and 
 in the southwesterly part there is a large meadow containing excel- 
 lent peat. The land is remarkably uneven; and, in passing through. 
 the town, the traveller meets with a constant succession of rounded 
 hills and winding valleys. The scenic views are very charming, 
 Rawson Hill, Harlow's Hill, Sewall's Hill, and Meeting-house Hill, 
 in the northern section, are all beautiful and commanding eminences. 
 Ward Hill in the east, Green Hill in the southeast, and Prospect Hill 
 in the southwest corner, well repay the lover of the beautiful for the- 
 trouble of the ascent. The latter elevation overlooks the long and 
 picturesque Quinsigamond Lake, which extends in the form of a 
 bow nearly four miles between this town and Worcester, and is a 
 marked feature in the landscape. The greatest breadth of this fine 
 sheet of water is about one mile, and the greatest depth about 90 
 feet. It covers an area of about 1,051 acres, and contains 12 
 islands, of which one, called " Stratton's Island," fn the southerly 
 part, has about 150 acres. The view of this lake, with its curving 
 shores, and the hills of Shrewsbury, from the ears of the Boston and 
 Albany Railroad, is remarkably fine. The outlet of this body of 
 ■water is the Quinsigamond River, which runs southerly through- 
 
SHUTESBURY. 595 
 
 JJrafton into the Blackstone River. The easterly part of the town 
 is drained by Hop Brook and Bummet Brook, the westerly part by 
 South-meadow Brook and other streamlets. 
 
 The soil is strong and moist. Apple-trees are numerous and pro- 
 ductive, and the wild berries are found in large variety. The value of 
 the aggregate product of the 146 farms in 1885 was $175,616. The 
 neat cattle kept numbered 1,3*1.'. The principal manufactories, accord- 
 ing to the State census for 1885, consisted of a tannery employing 39 
 men, and a boot and shoe factory employing 16. Other manu- 
 factures were carriages, metallic goods, beverages and food prepara- 
 tions. The value of all goods made was $-63,171. The population 
 was 1,450, of whom 40'.) were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 
 was $1,022,240, with a tax-rate of §13.10 on $1,000. There were 
 348 taxed dwelling-houses. There are primary and grammar schools 
 and a high school ; and these occupy seven buildings valued at 
 nearly $25,000. There is a handsome town-house containing halls, 
 offices and a free public library of upwards of 2,000 volumes. A 
 weekly paper named the " News " is published here. The three 
 churches are Congregationalist, Methodist and Roman Catholic. The 
 post-office is Shrewsbury. The other villages are South Shrewsbury 
 and West Shrewsbury. 
 
 This town was settled by people from Marlborough as early as 
 1717. It was incorporated December 19, 17U7, and named, it is sup- 
 posed, in memory of Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury. It then included 
 parts of Boylston, West Boylston, Sterling, Westborough, and Graf- 
 ton. The first church was organized December 4, 17-13; and at the 
 same time the Rev. Job Cushing was settled as the pastor. The first 
 meeting-house was erected in 1721. 
 
 Artemas Ward, the first major-general in the Revolutionary army, 
 was born in Shrewsbury, November 27, 1727 ; and died October 27, 
 1800. He was a man of incorruptible integrity, and was twico 
 elected to Congress. Calvin Goddard, M.O. 1.S01 to LS05, and 17 
 years mayor of Norwich, Conn., was born here July 17, 176*, and 
 died May 2, 1842. Levi Pease, said to be the originator of Ameri- 
 can mail-staging (having started the first between Boston and New 
 York in 1784), also the projector of the first turnpike road, resided 
 in this town many years j where he died in 1821, at the aye of 86 
 years. In honor of the 29 of its soldiers lost in the war of the 
 Rebellion, the citizens have erected a handsome monument. 
 
 ^n rii iff»cKi 1 r\r ^ es * n tne southeast corner of Franklin County, 
 OlllueSUUry 11; , milea west of p )0st0 n, and has New Salem 
 
 and Prescott on the east, Pelham on the south, Amherst and Leverett 
 on the west, and the latter and Wendell on the north. The assessed " 
 area is 16,665. There are about 8, 500 acres of woodland, from which 
 six saw mills, employing 11 men, prepare various forms of lumber. 
 Large quantities of charcoal are made for market. Other manufac- 
 tures are agricultural implements, carriages and metallic articles. " 
 The value of goods made in 1885 was $7,125. The value of the 
 product of the 130 farms was $44,145. The population was 485, of 
 
596 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 whom 147 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $152,520, 
 with a tax-rate of $25 on §1,000. There were 124 taxed dwelling- 
 houses. Tim school-houses were seven in number, and valued at some 
 $4,000. The two churches are Baptist and Congregationalism 
 
 The land of this town is rocky and uneven. The highest emi- 
 nence is Morse's Hill, which overlooks Lock's Pond and Lock's 
 Village in the northwest angle of the town. An immense bowlder 
 east of the pond, named "The Sentinel," bears the marks of telluric 
 forces, and was doubtless brought hither by a glacier. Swift River, 
 forming a part of the eastern line, drains the eastern, and Roaring 
 Brook and other streams, the western section of the town. Near the 
 centre there is a mineral spring, impregnated with muriate of lime, 
 which has some celebrity. The post-office is Shutesbury (centre); 
 and there is a hamlet called North Shutesbury, and another in tna 
 southwest. The nearest railroad stations are those of the New 
 London and Northern Railroad, in the towns adjoining on the west 
 
 Shutesbury was settled by families from Sudbury, and for some 
 years was called " Roads Town," but at its incorporation, June 30, 
 1764, received its present name in honor of Governor Samuel Shute. 
 Ephraim Pratt, a resident of this place, was born in Sudbury, 
 November 1, 1CS7, and died here in May, 1804, at the age of 116 
 years. At the age of 21 he married Martha Wheelock, and lived to 
 see, it is said, 1,500 of his descendants. Temperance and cheerful- 
 ness were marked traits of his character. The Hon. Paul Dillingham 
 was born here in August, 1800, and was governor of Vermont from 
 1865 to 1867. 
 
 olclSCOnSCl, a village in Nantucket. 
 
 ^\iK7P>r T ab-<* a ^Uage in Kingston and Plympton, on 
 OlIVCl -L^ctK-C, the 01d Colony Ballad; ^ a railroad 
 
 station and a pond in Wilmington. 
 SimpSOnVllle, in Millbury. 
 Singletary Pond, in Sutton and Millbury. 
 3ippiC3.n, a village and harbor in Marion. 
 
 Qiv milia T^r»nrl on 1 '" 3 borders of Monterey and New 
 OlX-IIlllC I UMU, Marlborough. 
 
 Sixteen Acres, a village in Springfield. 
 
 Skinnerville, in wiiiiamsburg. 
 
 ^Inri Titu a villago in Leverett; also, in Princeton and 
 OJdU V^liy, i n Williamstown. 
 
 Smith's Ferry, a village in Northampton. 
 
SMITH'S MILLS— SOMERSET. frgf 
 
 omith S MlllS, a village in Dartmouth. 
 Smith S Station, a village in Enfield. 
 Smithville, a village in Barre. 
 Snellville, in Sturbridge. 
 SnipatUlt Pond, in Rochester. 
 
 OOQOITI, a village in Scituate ; also, one in Tyringham. 
 
 ^nrnprcpt near *^ e centre °f Bristol County, lies on the 
 vJUIUClbCl, west bank of the Taunton River, opposite the 
 city of Fall River. Dighton lies on the north, and Swansey on the 
 vest, also on the north of a southwestern projection ; and on the 
 south is Mount Hope Bay. The form is long, narrow, and curved. 
 Bouthwestward. Tlie assessed area is 4,705 acres. The Fall River 
 and Newport line of the Old Colony Railroad has a station at 
 Somerset (village), in the northeast, 45 miles from Boston ; and tha 
 Fall River, Warren and Providence Branch of the same road termi- 
 nates at the southeast extremity of the town. The first road, and a 
 carriage bridge three fourths of a mile long, connect it with Fall 
 River. A ferry, also, and many boats, convey passengers and freight. 
 The surface of the town is undulating, and the gently sloping 
 eminences afford very beautiful views of the city, river and bay. 
 There are many tracts of oak and maple ; and the latter and elms 
 shade many streets. The geological structure is carboniferous, and 
 there is much conglomerate rock. Some rocks and ledges have quite 
 a striking appearance. The soil consists of gravel and loam. There 
 are many market gardens, and strawberries are largely cultivated. 
 The crop of these in 18X5 was reported in the recent census as 
 234,384 quarts, worth SL'<5,042. The aggregate product of the 128 
 farms was $139,441. The chief manufacturing establishments are 
 the Mount Hope Iron Works, the Somerset Co-operative Stove 
 Foundery, and the Somerset Potter's Works, — the last making fire- 
 brick, tiles, retorts, etc. In 188(5, 313 uailmakers found employ- 
 ment here. Other manufactures were vessels and boats, boots and 
 shoes, and food preparations. The value of all goods made was 
 $649,795. The fisheries — consisting almost entirely of oysters — 
 yielded 14,169. Seven schooners, having a total tonnage of 1,398, and 
 owned here, were engaged in the carrying trade. The population 
 was 2,475, of whom 617 were legal voters. Many of the people have 
 their daily business in Fall River. The valuation in 18S8 was 
 $1,021,479, with a tax of $14 on $1,000. There were 411 taxed 
 dwelling-houses. 
 
 The schools have the grades of primary, grammar and high. They 
 occupy 8 school buildings valued at nearly $15,000. There is a 
 private circulating library of some 300 volumes. Two weekly papers 
 
598 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 — the "News " and the "Times " — are published here. The Baptists, 
 Methodists, Christians, Friends and Koman Catholics have each a 
 church here. The post-offices are Somerset (village) and Potterville. 
 The other villages are Egypt and South Somerset. 
 
 This town, which the Indians called Shewamet, was detached 
 from Swansey, and incorporated, February L'O, 17'JO. Col. Jerathmal 
 Bowers, who laid the foundation of a large fortune by transporting 
 live stock to the West Indies ; Benjamin Weaver, who possessed a 
 large tract of land in that part of Somerset known as " Egypt ; " and 
 Elisha Kkule, who served the town in the several capacities of min- 
 ister, major, schoolmaster, and postmaster, — were among the notable 
 men of Somerset in the olden time. 
 
 C (~\ TV/T T7 T? \/ T T T p is a beautiful, prosperous and 
 O W 1V1 J_^ IV V li-l^L growing city in the southeast 
 section of Middlesex County, three miles northwest of Boston. 
 Through it run the Boston and Maine Railroad and its divisions, 
 the Eastern and the Boston and Lowell ; the Fitchburg Railroad ; and 
 the Grand Junction Branch of the Boston and Albany Railroad. 
 Street railroads through the Charlestown district, and through Cam- 
 bridge, also connect it with the metropolis. Sloops approach it by 
 the Mystic on the northeast, and by Miller's River on the southeast 
 The boundaries are Medford on the northeast, Charlestown on the 
 east, Cambridge on the south and southwest, and Arlington on the 
 northwest. The length of the territory is about four miles north- 
 west and southeast ; and its width varies from about 500 feet near 
 Charlestown to two miles for the most part of the eastern section. 
 The assessed area is 1,IMM> acres. About seven eighths of this has a 
 soil of clay or of clayey gravel, and the remainder is sand. 
 
 The surface is remarkably varied and picturesque. There are no 
 less than seven beautiful eminences, all of which are associated 
 with the events of the Revolution, and command magnificent pros- 
 pects of Boston and vicinity. These are 'Walnut, now usually 
 called College, Hill, on which stand the buildings of Tufts College, 
 partly in Somerville and partly in Medford; Winter Hill, on which 
 may be traced the remains of a line of breastworks thrown up by 
 the Continental army, but now crowned with elegant mansions; 
 Ten-hill Farm, on which the left wing of the Continental army 
 rested for a season ; Mount Benedict (formerly known as " Ploughed 
 Hill"), from which cannon-balls thrown by the British are occa- 
 sionally exhumed, and on which stand the ruins of the burned 
 Ursuline Convent; Prospect Hill, which was occupied as an encamp- 
 ment for troops before the battle of Bunker Hill, and on which was 
 w lighted the first signal-lire to apprise the minute-men of the neigh- 
 • borhood that British troops were crossing Charles River on the 
 memorable morning of the l'.Mh of April, 1775; Spring Hill, on 
 whose summit the line of the American intrenchments may still be 
 seen; Cobble Hill, a beautiful swell of land, where Gen. Israel 
 Putnam planted his cannon during the siege of Boston; but where 
 now stand the large and interesting buildings of the McLean 
 
SOMEBVILLE. 599 
 
 Asylum for the Insane; and Central Hill, so named because it 
 stands encircled by the other eminences, and whose summit is a 
 public park, Broadway Park, the larger of the two, and containing 
 16 acres, is situated in the northerly part of the city, and is beauti- 
 fully laid out and shaded. These charming elevations afford eligi- 
 ble sites for building ; and are already, to a great extent, covered 
 with new and tasteful residences and public buildings or institu- 
 r tions. The old Powder House, standing on a rocky elevation a 
 little to the west of the Willow Bridge Station on the Boston and 
 Lowell Railroad, is a relic of ante- Revolutionary days, having been 
 ■constructed before 1720, as a windmill for grain. From it General 
 •Gage, in 1774, seized 250 half-barrels of powder. It consists of a 
 round tower of rough slate-stone surmounted by a conical roof, 
 from the peak of which now rises a flagstaff. 
 
 Though this place was sparsely occupied until within the memory 
 ■of the present generation, there are along the streets many noble 
 trees, mostly English and American elms ; and not many large areas 
 ■are now left unfilled by residences, business houses or manufac- 
 tories. Only 288 acres, according to the State census of 1885, were 
 at that time devoted to general agricultural usiis. These were 
 divided amongst 2G farms ; whose aggregate product had the value 
 of $97,582. The proportion of vegetables and nursery products 
 was unusually large, the latter reaching the sum of *l!.'i,875. 
 Among the earliest manufactures were bricks, brass and copper 
 tubes, bolts, spikes, etc., a glass factory, and dyeing and bleaching 
 establishments. These have increased; and in addition there are 
 now manufactures of calicoes and delaines, straw and rubber goods, 
 «arpetings, hats, boots and shoes, furniture, leather, harnesses, 
 jewelry, toys and games, paper boxes, cordage, coopers' ware, 
 wrought stone, earthenware, soap, pickles and preserves, confec- 
 tionery, and other food preparations, including dressed and packed 
 meats. The last employ about 200 persons; and the value of the 
 product in 1885 was the great sum of $2 1. 24 1,58!). The aggre- 
 gate value of all goods made was i?2.'i,7!ll,!(.'52. There is here one 
 savings bank, carrying deposits, at the close of last year, to the 
 amount of .391,273 ; and a co-operative bank, whose volume of busi- 
 ness was embraced in the figures §145,200. Large numbers of the 
 residents have their daily occupation in Boston. The population, 
 by the census of 1M85, was 29,971, of whom G,(i.">6 were legal voters. 
 The valuation in 1888 was *28,7<i5,400, with a tax-rate of $14 on 
 11,000. There were 5,941 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The public schools are in three grades, culminating in an excel- 
 lent high school; and the 21 school buildings are valued at some 
 $400,000. There are also several private schools, one of which is 
 St. Joseph's Parochial School, having a large and well-furnished 
 school building. The public library has an apartment in the con- 
 spicuous town-hall, and contains about 15,000 volumes. There are also 
 high school, medical and hospital libraries. Three or more printing- 
 offices find occupation; from one of which the well-known "Somer- 
 ville Journal" is issued; and from another, the "Sentinel." The 
 
OLD POWDER HOUSE, SOMERVILLE-. 
 
SOUTHAMPTON. gQj 
 
 ehurches are four Congregationalist, two Unitarian, four Methodist 
 three Baptist, a Free Baptist, two Episcopalian, two Roman Catholic 
 and two Umversahst. " Somerville " is the post-office, the city 
 having earner delivery. The villages, or more densely occupied 
 localities, are known as Milk Row, Prospect Street, East, North and 
 West Somerville, Willow Bridge and Winter Hill. It has a good 
 ■«rater-supply from Mystic Lake, is well paved, lighted, and has an 
 efficient tire department. 
 
 In 1637, Charlestown purchased from the Pawtucket Indians the 
 land now, occupied by Somerville, paying 36 shillings down, and 
 two years later, making a farther payment of 21 coats, 19 fathoms 
 of wampum and 3 bushels of corn. This land was generally taken 
 up by settlers, and for two hundred years it remained a part of 
 Charlestown. It was detached, and incorporated as a town under 
 its present name on March 3, 1842. It had less than 200 houses. 
 and a population of 1,013. On April 14, 1871, it was chartered as a 
 city. John McLean, a liberal merchant who gave and bequeathed 
 altogether about $115,000 to the McLean Asylum, also $100,000 to 
 the Massachusetts General Hospital, was born in this place in 1759 
 and died in October, 1823. 
 
 SniifrVmrrmfnn in the southerly part of Hampshire 
 
 oouinampton, Countyi 115 miles west of Bosto * and 
 
 nine miles southwest of Northampton, has Westhampton and East- 
 hampton on the north, the latter and Holyoke on the east, West- 
 field on the south, and Montgomery and Huntington on the west 
 The number of inhabitants is 1,025 ; of dwelling-houses, 220 j of 
 farms, 177; and of voters, 246. The valuation is $493,417; and 
 the rate of taxation $15 on $1,000. 
 
 The underlying rock is lower sandstone and granite, in which 
 occur beds of coal and iron ore. There are also various other min- 
 erals, such as galena, white-lead, anglesite, molybdate of lead, fluor, 
 heavy spar, copper and iron pyrites, blende, corneous lead, and 
 pyromorphite. In one locality in the northern section of the town 
 the rock has been excavated horizontally to the distance of 900 feet 
 for the purpose of obtaining lead. Pomeroy's Hill in the northern, 
 Little Mountain in the central, and Flat Hill and Wolf Hill in the 
 southwestern section, are the most conspicuous eminences. The 
 principal water-course is the Manhan River, which enters the town 
 at the northwestern corner, flows entirely through the western sec- 
 tion into the confines of Westfield, and then, suddenly turning 
 northward, runs through the central section, and leaves the town at 
 its northeastern angle. It receives as tributaries Moose Brook, Red 
 Brook, and Manhan Brook, and furnishes valuable mill sites. This 
 town has extensive forests, and four saw mills which prepare boxes 
 and various house lumber for the market. Tobacco is a consider- 
 able crop. The total farm products in 1885 were valued at $208,683,. 
 and the goods made at $36,409. 
 
 The town has seven school-houses, worth some $5,000; and the 
 Sheldon English and Classical School is provided with a building 
 
602 GAZETTEER OF MASSACXUSETTS. 
 
 valued at $4,000. The Social Library contains about 2,000 volumes. 
 The two churches are Congregationalist and Methodist. The New 
 Haven and Northampton Railroad passes through Southborough 
 (centre), which is the post-office ; the other village, situated in the 
 southwest corner of the town, being Russellville ; and both are on 
 the Manhan liiver. 
 
 Judah Hutchinson and Thomas Porter became, in 1732, the first 
 -f permanent settlers of this place, then a wilderness. Others soon 
 f followed them. It was incorporated as the Second Precinct of 
 Northampton July 23, 1741, and as the town of Southampton, Jan- 
 uary 5, 1753. The Rev. Jonathan Judd, the first minister, was or- 
 dained June 8, 1743. His house was palisaded and provided with a 
 watch-tower for security against the Indians. In August, 1747, 
 Elisha Clark was killed by Indians while threshing grain in his 
 barn. Eliakim Wright, and Ebenezer Kingsley, jun., were killed 
 near Lake George at the time CoL Ephraim Williams, their com- 
 mander, felL 
 
 Bela Bates Edwards, D.D., was born here July 4, 1802; and died 
 in Georgia, April 20, 1M52. He was a scholar, editor, divine, and 
 author of " The Eclectic Reader," " Biography of Self-taught Men," 
 and other works. 
 
 SrmrVi T-^nv *' es Detween South Boston and the northern 
 UUU1 J_>ay part of the Roxbury district of Boston. 
 
 ^mirViKnrruirrh * s a pleasant and thriving town forming 
 OUUUlUUIUUgll the eastem ,. xtn , lmtv of Worcester 
 
 County, L'S miles west of lioston. Its boundaries are Marlborough 
 on the north, Franiingham and Ashland on the east, Hopkinton on 
 the south, and Westborough on the west; all except the last town 
 being in Middlesex County. The assessed area is 9,407 acres. There 
 are some 2,000 acres of forest. 
 
 The surface of the town is beautifully varied with hill and valley, 
 and is somewhat rocky, the principal stone being calcareous gneiss. 
 Wolf-pen Hill in the north, Walnut Hill in the northwest, Pine 
 Hill in the northeast and Oak Hill in the southeast, are beautiful 
 elevations. Between the last two is a pleasant range of rounded 
 eminences, whose smoothly sloping sides afford excellent pasturage. 
 Stony Brook winds through the central part of the town, affording 
 some motive power. An affluent, Angle Brook, flows from a large 
 swamp in the northeast angle of the town. Sudbury River forms 
 the south line, and near it, across the town, runs the Boston and 
 Albany Kailroad, having stations at Cordaville and Southville. The 
 Marlborough and Fitchburg division of the Old Colony Railroad, 
 from Fraininghom, has stations at Fayville and Southborough (cen- 
 tre). All these villages aro post-offices. 
 
 The soil, especially in the northerly part of the town, is strong, 
 moist and fertile, and forests and fruit trees are numerous and 
 thrifty. Apples, pears and peaches are a considerable crop. The 
 value of the aggregate product of the 911 farms in 1885 was 
 .$220,004. The principal manufactories consist of two small woollen 
 
SOUTHBOROUGH. 
 
 60S 
 
 /mills, and a boot and shoe factory employing in June, 1885, 269 per- 
 sons. Other manufactures were lumber, leather, machinery and other 
 metallic articles, carriages, straw braid, and food preparations. The 
 value of the aggregate product was $618,588. The population was 
 2,100, of whom 477 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $1,429,443, with a tax-rate of $11.90 on $1,000. There were 422 
 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 There is an excellent town-house. The schools are one high, and 
 grammar and mixed. There are also three private schools, one of 
 which — St. Mark's School, incorporated in 1865 — has buildings 
 valued at $14,000, and a library of nearly 1,500 volumes. Connected 
 with this school is a pretty chapel of stone. The Fay Library has 
 upwards of 5,000 volumes, and is for town use. One weekly news- 
 paper is published here, called the " Press." The churches are two 
 Congregationalist, one Baptist and one Episcopalian. 
 
 Southborough was taken from Marlborough, and incorporated, July 
 6, 1727, receiving an addition from Franiingham in 1786. The first 
 church was organized, and the liev. Nathan Stone ordained over it, 
 October 24, 1730. This town evinced a noble patriotism in the Rev- 
 olutionary war, sending a large company of minute-men to the open- 
 ing conflict The military warrant, dated November 7, 1774, will 
 Btill have interest to citizens and natives : — 
 
 *' To Ezekiel Collings One of the Corporals of the Military foot Company !n 
 the Town of Southborough in the County of Worcester under the Com- 
 mand of Josiah Fay Captain and in the Rigimant whereof Artemas Ward 
 Esq. of Shrewsbury is Colonol — 
 Greeting. 
 
 Vou are hereby Directted forthwith to Warn all the aflernamed Non Commis- 
 sion Officers and Soldiers of Said Company Viz, — 
 
 Sart Jonathan Champny D 
 Dito Elijah Brigham 
 Dito Hezekiah Fay 
 Co'. Jams Williams 
 Dito Ezekiel Collins 
 Dito Ebenezer Richards 
 Drums Isaac Newton Junr 
 
 Joshua Smith 
 
 Benj» Smith 
 
 Nathan Tapplin 
 
 Elisha Tapplin 
 
 Eneas Ward 
 
 Elisha Fay 
 
 John Fay Junr 
 
 Elisha Johnson 
 
 Ephraim Amsden 
 
 Moses Newton 
 -, Erasmas Ward 
 
 » David Newton Jun r 
 
 rum» Luke Newton D 
 Sirus Newton 
 Gideon Newton 
 Mark Collins 
 John Richards 
 Josiah Fay Junr 
 Andrew l'hillips 
 John Phillips 
 Ebenr Newton 
 Josiah Ward 
 Ebenezer Collins 
 Johna Clifford 
 Zacheus Witherbee 
 Daniel Johnson 
 Kirby Moore 
 Edmand Moore 
 Mark Collings Junr 
 Willm Winchister 
 Jabez Newton 
 
 rum> William William* 
 Abnor Parker 
 John Johnson 
 Isaac Ball 
 Nathan Fay 
 Jedediah Parker 
 John Leonard 
 Isaac Newton 
 Solomon Leonard 
 Timothy Angier 
 Jonah Johnson 
 Jonas Woods 
 Edwd Chamberlin 
 Nathan Champny 
 Job Biglo 
 Thomas Stone 
 Peter Ston 
 Asahel Newton 
 
 To appear in the Common training field 
 By the Meeting House in said Southbro 
 with their fire arms Compleate on the 
 ninth Day of this Instant November att 
 Eight of the Clock in the fournoon 
 of said Day then and thair Remain attend 
 
rmsn?« 
 
TOE BOLDIKR8' UOHDMEHT, HOUTIIllOBOUaB. 
 
606 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 to and Obay further orders Hereof 
 fail not and make return of this Warrant 
 with your Doing thereon Unto me att or 
 Before Said time. Given under my hand 
 att said Southbo the Seventh Day of 
 November anno-dom 1774. 
 
 Josi.mi Fay Cap'." 
 
 The town responded promptly to the nails for soldiers in the late 
 war, and raised in all 200 men, of whom 17 died in the service. A. 
 beautiful granite monument hearing their names has been erected 
 on the green in front of the Congregationalist church at the central 
 village. Waldo Irving Burnett (1S2X-1S54;, an eminent naturalist 
 and rnicroscopist, was a native of this town. Hon. Francis B. Fay* 
 was also a native. 
 
 ^nntViKrirlcrp is a P r08 P er0US an d important manufactur- 
 iDUU LI1UI lUj^C j U g j owu lying in the southwesterly part of 
 
 Worcester County, 27 miles from the city of Worcester, and 70 miles 
 from Boston ; being connected directly with the latter by a branch 
 of the New York and New England Kailroad. Charlton lies on the 
 northeast, Dudley on the east, Sturbridge on the west and north- 
 west, and Woodstock, in Connecticut, on the south. 
 
 The assessed area is 12,0211 acres. There are nearly 4,000 acres of 
 forest, consisting mostly of oak, chestnut, ash, pine and hemlock. 
 The public ways, also, are bordered by many elm and maple trees, of 
 which some are very large and old. The principal rock is ferru- 
 ginous gneiss and dolerite. The soil, in parts, is loamy and sandy. 
 The land is broken, and rises into several beautiful eminences, the 
 most commanding of which is Hatchet Hill, whose summit is 1,016- 
 feet above the level of the sea. The Quinebaug River, a steady and 
 generous stream, flows southeasterly through the centre of the town, 
 affording power for several factories. The affluents of this stream 
 are Oady and McKinstry brooks on the north, and Lebanon, Cohasse 
 and Hatchet brooks on the south. 
 
 The 77 farms in 1*85 yielded products to the value of §102,206. 
 The chief factories are those of the Hamilton Woollen, the Central 
 Mills, the American Optical, the Hyde and the Harrington com- 
 panies, and of the Southbrhlge Print Works. These employ about 
 2,000 persons. The manufactures are woollen goods, cotton goods, 
 prints, spectacles, cutlery, shuttles, bricks, stone, leather, boots and 
 shoes, house-lumber and boxes, carriages, clothing, soap, and food 
 preparations. The value of goods made in 1885, as appears by the 
 census, was !P1,1M»S.107. The Southbridge National Bank has a capi- 
 tal stock of $150,000; and the savings bank at the close of last 
 year held deposits to the amount of $1,349,590. The population 
 was 0,500, of whom 1,050 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 
 was $3,178,050, with a tax-rate of #21.50 on $1,000. There were 
 89'.) taxed dwelling houses. 
 
 There is a new and excellent town-hall, also a new high-school 
 building. The other 12 school-houses, with their appurtenances, were 
 valued at $19,900. The public library contains about 12,000 volumes.- 
 
SO UTHFIELD— SO UTHWICK. 
 
 607 
 
 There are two weekly papers published here — the " Herald " and the 
 "Journal,"— each having a good circulation. The churches are one 
 each of the Baptists, Congregationalists, Methodists, Free Evangeli- 
 cals, Universalists, and Roman Catholics. In addition to those already 
 mentioned, the Public Library, the Soldiers' Memorial Hall Ammi- 
 down Block, the bank building and several private residences are 
 noticeable for their quality. The villages are Southbridge (centre) 
 Globe Village and Sandersvale, the first two being post-offices 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Charlton, Dudley and Stur- 
 bndge, and incorporated on February 15, 1816. Hon. William Lear 
 ned Marcy (1786-1857), an able editor and statesman, a governor ol 
 New York, and U. S. secretary of state under President Pierce was 
 a native of this town. 
 
 Southfield t v ] 11 . age in New Marlborough. Also, South- 
 ' field, incorporated as a district June 19, 1797. 
 and annexed to Sandisfield, February 8, 1819. 
 
 South Reading'. See Wakefield. 
 
 ^mithwi'rlr * s s i tuate( l i n tne southwesterly section of 
 
 vjuuiiiwiuis. Hampden County, 16 miles southwest of 
 Springfield, and 115 miles from Boston. It has L'52 dwelling-houses 
 and 982 inhabitants. By an error in the survey, a section of the 
 town about 2 miles square projects into Connecticut. Prior to 1S00 
 thejurisdiction was a subject of controversy between the two States. 
 Suffield bounds this tract on the east and Granby on the south and 
 west. The main portion of the town is bounded on the north by 
 Westfield, on the east by Agawam, and on the west by Granville. 
 The assessed area is 17,818 acres ; the forests occupying 4,is<;'.) acres. 
 
 A beautiful sheet of water called " Congamuck Pond," containing 
 nearly 600 acres, lies on the eastern line of the projection. The sur- 
 face of this town is elevated and of varied aspect. A long hill occupies 
 the entire eastern line with Agawam, with a depression at the middle 
 allowing the passage of a road. On the western line also is a succes- 
 sion of hills, of which Sodom Mountain is the most conspicuous. 
 Mun's Brook winds about its base, while Little Paver and its tributa- 
 ries drain the central parts of the town; both these streams flowing 
 northeastward to the Westfield River. 
 
 There are now two lumber mills operated in the town. Other 
 manufactures are cigars, metallic articles, carriages, powder and food 
 preparations. The value of all goods made in l^Sii was s:;l,()56. 
 The tobacco crop was valued at $11,409. Apple orchards aro 
 quite numerous. The value of the aggregate product of the 170 
 farms was $134,431. The valuation in 1888 was $5. V.,08"i, with a 
 tax-rate of $13.50 on $1,000. The number of legal voters was 266. 
 There are primary and grammar schools, and 10 school buildings, 
 which are valued at about $8,000. Mr. Richard Dickinson, in 18U4, 
 left abequest of about $17,000 to the town for the support of schools. 
 The churches are one each of the Baptists, Congregationalists and 
 
608 BOUTH HADLEY. 
 
 Methodists. The first church edifice, which stood about a mile south, 
 of the central viLlage, was burned in 1823. The Kev. Abel Forward, 
 ordained in 177.5, was the first minister. Samuel Fowler, who came 
 here in 1731, was the first settler. His house stood in the northerly 
 part of the town; a locality long known as "Poverty." This town- 
 ship was incorporated as a district in 1770 ; and became a town by 
 the act of March 23, 1786, declaring places incorporated as districts 
 prior to January 1, 1777, to be towns. Its early records are very 
 imperfect. The New Haven and Northampton Railroad has a sta- 
 tion at South wick (centre) ; and this village is also the post-office for 
 the town. The other village is Congamuck. 
 
 Soi if ri T-Tarllf»\7- noted * or tEe Mount Holyoke Female 
 UULll 1 IdUlcy, s em i narT) ig situated on the east bank 
 
 of the Connecticut River, in the southern part of Hampshire County, 
 about 1 12 miles west of Boston ; and contains 610 dwelling-houses 
 and 3,949 inhabitants. It is bounded on the north by Hadley (the 
 line running over the summit of Mount Holyoke), east by Granby, 
 south by CMcopee, and west by Holyoke and Northampton, — from 
 which it is separated by the river. The assessed area is 9,132 acres; 
 the forests comprising 2,883. The rock formation is middle shales, 
 dolerite and lower sandstone, which rises on the north into the lofty 
 ridge of Mount Holyoke, described in the article on Hadley. The 
 soil is fertile and is drained by Elmer's Brook and Bachellors Brook 
 in the north, Stony Brook (which runs deviously through the cen. 
 tral village), and Battery Brook, which enters the Connecticut Rivei 
 at South Hadley. Four small ponds, containing from 12 to 16 acrex 
 each, add somewhat to the beauty of the scenery. The falls in the 
 Connecticut River opposite this town are forty feet in height and 
 furnish an immense hydraulic power, which has served to build up 
 the new and flourishing city of Holyoke opposite. A canal extends 
 from a point some two miles above the falls, to the village of South 
 Hadley Falls, by which water is conveyed for manufacturing purposes. 
 This channel at one place passes through a solid rock 300 feet in 
 length and 40 feet in depth. It was constructed in 1792 to provide 
 a passage for vessels ; and is said to be the first in the country for 
 the purpose of navigation. It is stated that as many as 24,000 shad 
 have been taken from the river at this place in a year ; and the fish 
 is still a source of some profit in the vicinity. The principal facto- 
 ries are at South Hadley village ; and consist of three paper mills, 
 employing in Juue, 1SS5, 336 persons ; a cotton mill employing 
 259 persons; a woollen mill employing 49 persons; and a 
 silk mill employing 10 persons. Other manufactures of the town 
 were bricks (employing ill men), carriages, lumber, clothing, boots and 
 shoes, blank books, leatlmr, machinery and metallic goods, tobacco, 
 and food preparations. The value of all goods made was $756,812. 
 The 174 farms yielded products to the amount of $215,256. The 
 number of legal voters was 747. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $1,726,625, with a tax-rate of $16.25 on $1,000. The public schools 
 ■consist of the grades of primary, grammar and high ; and occupy five 
 
GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 609 
 
 buildings valued at upwards of £2i>,000. The churches are one each 
 of the Methodists aud Roman Catholics, and two of the Congrega- 
 tkmalists. The postal centres are South Hadley and South Hadley 
 Falls. The other village is Hockanum. Its railroad connections 
 are at Holyoke at the southwest, and Easthampton at the north 
 west. 
 
 The Mount Holyoke Seminary, in the central village, incorporated 
 in 1836, is deservedly celebrated. The whole course of instruc- 
 tion occupies four years, and embraces a wide range of liberal studies, 
 designed to impart a useful, ornamental and Christian education, on 
 a very wise aud economical plan. Miss Mary Lyon -was long its 
 leading teacher ; and many ladies of eminence in the various walks 
 of life have here been graduated. On the ground that it was organized 
 and managed on the broad basis of a college for girls, the State made 
 it an appropriation, in 184K, of $40,000. It is well supplied with 
 apparatus, and has a valuable library, to which Mrs. H. F. Durant con- 
 
 TI1E MOONT-IIOLVOKF. SEMINARY, SOUTH HADLEY. 
 
 tributed 110,000, on condition that it should be kept in a fire-proof 
 building. Such a building has been erected. There have also beea 
 added an observatory, a gymnasium, and other buildings. The semi- 
 nary is approached by Smith's Ferry from Northampton. The grounds 
 of the institution are wellshaded ; and the view from the upper stories 
 of the principal building is remarkably beautiful and commanding. 
 In 1888 " Mount Holyoke College " was established in connection 
 with the seminary ; aud Miss Mary A. Brighain, who had previously 
 been offered the presidency of Wellesley College, was elected first 
 president, and also president 6f the seminary. She was born in 
 Westborough, December 6, 1830, and was killed by a railroad disaster, 
 June 29, 1889. 
 This place was settled about 1721 by families from Hadley, of 
 
($10 80 UTn VILLAGE — SPENCER. 
 
 • 
 
 which it became a parish. It was incorporated as a town, April 12, 
 1753. Tlie first church was organized here about 1733: the meeting- 
 house, containing only nine pews, was completed in 1737. The people 
 were called together by the " blowing of a conch-shell." The Rev. 
 Grindall Kawson, settled in 1733, was the first minister. 
 
 The remarkalile bird-tracks, of which so many have been discov- 
 ered in the sandstones of the valley of the Connecticut River, were 
 first observed by a person of this town. 
 
 South Village, in Ashby; also in Dennis. 
 
 vDOUtnVllle, a village in Southborough. 
 
 C 1 _ n __ r is an elevated and beautiful farming and manu- 
 OpeilLCl facturing town in the southwesterly section of 
 Worcester County, IS miles from Worcester and G2 from Boston, 
 The Boston and Albany Railroad runs through the southwestern 
 part, haviirg a station at .South Spencer and sending a branch to- 
 Spencer (centre). The latter is the post-office for the town. The- 
 other villages are North Spencer, Hillsville north of the centre, and 
 Wire Village northeastward. 
 
 The town has Oakham and Paxton on the north, the latter and 
 Leicester on the east, Charlton on the south, and Brookfield and 
 North Brookfield on the west. The territory is in the form of a 
 parallelogram, with its length north and south. Its assessed area is- 
 20,490 acres ; of which (>,f><>4 are forests of oak, pine, chestnut, white 
 and black birch and maple. The laurel (Kalmia latifolia) often 
 adorns the pastures. The land is varied by many beautifully 
 rounded hills and by winding valleys. Green, Flat and Moose lulls 
 are the most noted elevations. Xear the latter, and a little north 
 of the central village, is Moose l'oud, whose outlet furnishes power 
 for manufacturing purposes. The town is drained chiefly by Seven- 
 mile River and its tributaries, which also furnish power. This 
 stream issues from Browning's Fond on the northern border of the 
 town, and flows in a generally south westward course to Fodunk 
 Fond, in Brookfield. The underlying rock is ferruginous gneiss 
 and some shale. The summits of some of the ledges still show 
 the grinding and smoothing of the ancient glaciers. The soil is 
 loamy, somewhat hard to work, but productive. 
 
 The dairy leads in the agricultural industries; the stock of neat 
 cattle in 1SS5 having boon 1, ">,">(), and the value of the milk sold' 
 $47,or> ( .). Apple trees are prolific, and wild and cultivated berries- 
 are numerous. The value of the product of the 2(>0 farms in 1885 
 was $21. r ),t;r>H. There are 12 boot anil shoo factories, the largest 
 being that of Isaac Fiouty it Company; this industry employing 
 in June, 18.H5, according to the State census, 1,507 persons. Other 
 large factories were the Ladd Woollen Mills and the Spencer Wire 
 Company's works; the lirst employing 214 persons and the latter' 
 70. The value of the boots and shoes made was $2,(117,736; of the 
 
SPOT I'OXD — SPRINGFIELD. Q\\ 
 
 textiles, S 4^1,000; and of wire, machinery and other metallic 
 articles, $i(>(>,236. Other manufactures were lumber and boxes, 
 artisans' tools, clothing, furniture, oils or illuminating fluid, leather, 
 carriages, liquors and food preparations. The value of the 
 aggregate product was $3,627,467. The Spencer National Bank has 
 a capital stock of $150,000; and the savings bank at the close of 
 last year held deposits to the amount of $499,508. The population 
 was 8,247 ; of whom 1,320 were legal voters. The valuation in 1*88 
 was $4,011,090, with a tax-rate of $16.50 on $1,000. There were 
 1,597 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The town-house, constructed of brick, cost about $62,000. The 
 David Prouty high school house (cost $46,000) and the Eichard 
 Sugden Public Library are both new and elegant buildings. There 
 are also many handsome residences, both new and old. The 15 
 school buildings in 1885 were valued at some $70,000. The publica- 
 tions are the "Sun" and the "Bulletin," weekly journals ; and the 
 "Catholic Home Journal," a monthly. The Roman Catholics have 
 two churches here ; and there are one of each of the Baptists, Con- 
 gregationalists, Methodists and Universalists. 
 
 This town, originally the Second Precinct of Leicester, was in- 
 corporated April 3, 1753. The Rev. Joshua Eaton, ordained Novem- 
 ber 7, 1744, was the first minister. The town sent 1'0."> men into the 
 Union army in the late war ; and 49 of them were killed in battle, 
 or died in consequence of the service. 
 
 Elias Howe, the inventor of the sewing-machine, was born in this 
 town, July 9, 1819; and died at Brooklyn, L. I., October .">, lhC.7. 
 He was the son of Elias and Polly (Bemis) Howe, and worked with 
 his father at his mill on Cranberry River; which, with his humble 
 birthplace in a quiet valley, may be seen from the cars in passing 
 from Charlton to South Spencer. He completed his first machine 
 in Boston, May, 1845 ; and, after many struggles, realized a fortune, 
 and received the Cross of the Legion of Honor at the Paris Exposi- 
 tion. 
 
 Spot Pond, in Stoneham. 
 
 opnngda.le, a village in Canton; also, in Holden. 
 
 QPP T XT (~* XT T T7 T 1~^ * ne capital of Hampden 
 oriVllNUriDLL', County, is a beautiful, in- 
 dustrial, and progressive city, in latitude 42° C 4" north and 
 longitude 72° 35' 45" west, 98 miles southwest of Boston by the 
 Boston and Albany Railroad, having a population of 37,575. It is 
 finely situated on the east bank of the Connecticut River, and em- 
 braces many elegant public buildings and private residences, to- 
 gether with the ample grounds and structures of the United States 
 Armory, established here in 1795. The city has for its boundaries 
 Chicopee on the north, Wilbraham on the east, Longmeadow on 
 the south, and Agawam and West Springfield on the west. The as- 
 
612 GAZETTEER OF MASSACEISETTS. 
 
 sessed areais Ifi.C.'in acres. There are 2,!).11 acres of ( r 'jrest. J".o 
 post-offices are at Springfield, Indian On-hard (a plea.-aut village ii 
 the northeast section), Bri^htwood and Sixteen Acres. 
 
 The formative roek consists of middle shales and sand. .tones ; and 
 the land rises a little distance from the river into pleasant emin- 
 ences, which afford fine building sites, and then extends in gentle 
 undulations to the eastern border. There are several handsome 
 ponds at Indian Orchard, which find an outlet into Chicopee Eiver; 
 and Mill Biver, withits branches, drains the central parts of the city, 
 and furnishes important motive power. 
 
 Springfield is the grand railroad and commercial centre for the 
 western section of the State, and is admirably situated for the trans- 
 action of mercantile or industrial business. The Boston and Albany, 
 the Hartford, New Haven and Springfield, the New York and New 
 England, by its Longmeadow Branch, and the Connecticut Eiver 
 railroads, come together here, and give the city immediate and 
 direct communication with every other city in the country. An im- 
 mense amount of freight and travel passes through or terminates at 
 this central point. The marks of enterprise, vigor, and activity 
 manifest themselves on every hand. The principal avenue, and seat 
 of business, is Main Street, which extends along the river to the 
 distance of about three miles. It is a broad and beautiful avenue, 
 shaded with trees, and flanked with handsome buildings, generally 
 of brick. ( (ther pleasant streets run parallel with this, or intersect 
 it at right angles. In the centre of the city there is the beautiful 
 Hampden Park, adorned with shade-trees and marked by winding 
 promenades. Among the conspicuous buildings are the granite 
 court-house, the city-hall, the public library (a handsome structure 
 of brick with yellow-stone trimmings), several churches, hotels, 
 business blocks, and the solid brick structures of the U. S. Armory. 
 
 The industries of the place are remarkably varied, almost every 
 trade and mechanic art being represented, to the number of 517 
 different establishments. Some of the leading articles are cotton, 
 woollen, jute and silk goods, hosiery, needles, artisans' tools, hollow 
 ware, steam engines and boilers, steam-valves, machinery, wire 
 goods, railroad coaches, locks, skates, buttons, paper and paper 
 boxes and collars, photographic albums, jewelry, eye-glasses and 
 spectacles, watches, military goods, pistols and other firearms, 
 cartridges, brass and tin ware, wooden boxes, doors, sashes and 
 blinds, bricks in largo quantity, tobacco in its various forms, leather, 
 paints, confectionery and other food preparations. The Morgan 
 Envelope Company, noted for the large quantities of postal cards it 
 has made for the government, the Smith and 'Wesson Pistol, and the 
 N. E. < 'ard and Paper Company, are very large establishments. The 
 United States Arsenal and Armory, situated on Arsenal Hill, about 
 half a mile cast of Main Street, is enclosed in a square of about 20 
 acres. The buildings arc substantially constructed of brick, and 
 contain vast stores of firearms, arranged in perfect order and ready 
 for immediate use. From the tower of one of the buildings a 
 magnificent view of the city and the suburbs may be had. The 
 
SPRINGFIELD. 
 
 613 
 
 ■workshops, comprising about 20 water-wheels and 30 forges, are on 
 Miller's Kiver, in the southern part of the city. These vast works 
 are under the charge of a superintendent, a master armorer, and a 
 storekeeper, and employ at times as many as 2,800 hands, who can 
 turn out as many as 1,000 small arms daily. 
 
 The value of goods made in this city in 1885, according to the last 
 census, was §12,528,823. The value of the products of the 211 
 farms was 8218,787. The capital stock of the nine national banks 
 amounted to $3,300,000; and the three savings banks, at the close 
 of last year, held deposits amounting to'$14,30r»,L'62. The number 
 of dwelling-houses was 6,402 ; and the number of legal voters 8,699. 
 The valuation in 1888 was §39,863,255, with a tax-rate of §13.60 on 
 $1,000. 
 
 There are a good city-hall set in ample grounds, two city hospi- 
 tals, and the usual fire department and police buildings. The publio 
 school buildings in 1885 were 28 in number, and valued with other 
 school property at $458,940 ; and the schools, graded as primary, 
 grammar and high, have a high degree of excellence. There are 
 several private schools, as the Springfield Collegiate Institute, the 
 Sacred Heart Parochial School, St. Michael's School, The Elms, 
 Geer's Commercial School, and several kindergartens. The 
 public library has about 60,000 volumes ; the Koston and Albany 
 Railroad Library here contains upwards of 2,000; the county library 
 has about 6,000; and there are several school and circulating 
 libraries. The journals are the daily "News," "Union," and "lie- 
 publican ;" the Sunday and the 
 weekly "Republican," "Union," 
 "Arbitrator," "Democrat," 
 "Herald," "New England 
 Homestead," "Springfield 
 Homestead ;" the bi-weekly 
 " Good Housekeeping," the 
 semi-monthly " F arm and 
 Home," the monthly " Domes- 
 tic Journal," the " New Eng- 
 land Stove, Hardware and 
 House Furnisher," the " Paper 
 World," the "Wheelman's 
 
 SCHOOL FOR WORKERS, SPRINGFIELD. ^^^ an( J l(ff Olk and 
 
 Wages." The churches are three Baptist, seven Congregationalist, 
 five Methodist, five Roman Catholic, a Protestant Episcopal, a Uni- 
 tarian, a Universalist, a Second Advent, and a Church of the New 
 Jerusalem (Swedenborgian). 
 
 Springfield originally bore the Indian name of Agawam. It was or- 
 ganized as a town, May 14, 163G; when it included also the territory 
 now embraced by the towns of West Springfield, Chicopee Wil- 
 braham, Ludlow, Longmeadow, Enfield, and Somers (the last two 
 afterward granted to Connecticut), and parts of \\estfield and 
 Southwick. The name was changed to Springfield m 1741, in honor 
 of William Pynchon, the leader of the colony.who had a mansion-house 
 
(il t (iAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 in the town of Springfield, in Essex County, England. Springfield 
 was incorporated as a city April 12, 3862. The first mayor was 
 Caleb Rice, who died March 1, RS7.">, aged 81 years. The settlement 
 was commenced by eight men and their families, who built houses 
 vipon the west side of what is now Main Street. The lirst minister 
 was the Rev. 1'elatiah Clover, from Dorchester, who was ordained 
 Junel8, 1661. On the 5th of October, H>7;">, about 300 savages made 
 an attack on the town, killed three men and one woman, wounded 
 many others, and reduced.')!) dwelling-houses and 2.5 barns to ashes. 
 On the 20th of December, 17*0, Daniel Shays, at the head of 300 
 insurgents, took possession of the court-house. On the 5th of Jan- 
 uary following, he made an attempt, at the head of 1,100 men, to 
 take possession of the arsenal. Oen. William Shepard, who com- 
 manded the State forces, ordered them to fire into the ranks of the 
 insurgents; when three were killed and several wounded Thi» 
 settled the affair. The rebels fled disheartened ; and soon the insur- 
 rection was closed by the capture of the leaders. 
 
 Springfield has produced many men of eminence, of whom the 
 following may be mentioned ; Euos Hitchcock, D.D. (174-1-1803), an 
 able divine and author; Calvin Chapin, D.D. (1763-1X51;, an elo- 
 quent preacher; William Harris, D.D. (1765-1829), president of 
 Columbia College from 1811 to 1829; Benjamin F. Wade (1800), a 
 distinguished United States senator; Rev. Francis Warriner (1*05- 
 lSli(i), an able writer; Worthin-ton Hooker. M.D. (1*06-1867), an 
 able author; Samuel Bowles (1*20), an able journalist and editor; 
 David A. Wells (1828), an editor and author of works relating to 
 political economy and general science. 
 
 Spring Hill, a village in Sandwich. 
 
 Spring Village, in Wmchendon. 
 
 Springville, inTopsfieid. 
 
 Spy Pond, in Arlington. 
 
 v!5C[Un.lTl 1 Oint, asmall peninsula dividing Squam River 
 from Annisquam harbor, — all in Gloucester. 
 
 oCjUcintlllTl, a neck and a village in Quincy. 
 
 SqiKUvbetty, a village in Taunton. 
 
 ScjUldnOcket, a village in Chilmark. 
 
 Stage H arbor, at the southern extremity of Chatham. 
 
 State Line, a village in West Stoekbridge. 
 
STEARNSVILLE — STERLING. 61ft 
 
 Stearnsville, a village in Pittsfieid. 
 
 Steep Brook, a village in Fall River. 
 
 ^tprlincr is a pleasant manufacturing and farming town of 
 
 O LCI llllg 1,321 inhabitants, lying in the northeastern section 
 of Worcester County, 49 miles northwest of Boston; having for its 
 boundaries Leominster on the north, Lancaster and Clinton on the 
 east, Boylston and AVest Boylston on the south, and Holden and 
 Princeton on the west. The assessed area is 18,668 acres ; including 
 upwards of 5,000 acres of forest, consisting of pine and walnut. It 
 has three postal villages — Sterling Centre (an uncommonly beauti- 
 ful place), Sterling Junction, Pratt's Junction, and We#t Sterling, — 
 all except the last being also railroad stations. The Boston and 
 Maine and Old Colony railroads give it ready communication with 
 Boston, Worcester and Fitchburg. « 
 
 The formative rock is Merrimack schist and the St. John's group; 
 and in the southerly part of the town specimens of iron pyrites, 
 galena, carbonate of iron, spodurnene, chiastolite, blende or suljihuret 
 of zinc, and copper pyrites, are discovered. Justice Hill in the 
 northwest corner, Fitch's Hill near the centre, Kendall Hill and 
 Redstone Hill in the southeast, are all beautiful eminences, affording 
 delightful scenic views. The lattur hill is so called from the color 
 of its rocks, which consist in part of sulphurcl of iron. A shaft 
 was sunk to the depth of about 100 feet in 1775 in search of precious 
 metals, the traces of which are still visible. There is a potash 
 spring near the centre. The town has several valuable ponds, the 
 most noted of which are those bearing the names of the East and 
 the West Waushaccum, lying in the southerly section ; the former 
 covering 190 and the latter 180 acres. The principal streams are 
 Bailey Brook, Rocky Brook, and Stillwater River — flowing south- 
 erly, and, with another, forming the Nashua Kiver. 
 
 The land is moist and fertile ; and the agricultural condition of 
 the town is considered excellent. The dairy products are large, and 
 much attention is given to marketing of milk. The principal 
 manufactures are chairs and settees, earthenware, basket-work, 
 clothing, and wooden and metallic goods. The value of all goods 
 made in 1885, as appears in the census for that year, was $84,493. 
 The value of the aggregate farm product was $229,860. The num- 
 ber of legal voters was 359. The valuation in 1888 was #S84,077, 
 with a tax of f 13 on §1,000. The number of assessed dwelling- 
 houses was 529. 
 
 Sterling has a good town-hall, a free public library of nearly 3,000 
 volumes, and 11 public school-houses ; the latter valued at nearly 
 $20,000. The schools are graded as primary, grammar and high. 
 The Conant Library building was erected in 1885. There is one 
 church each of the Unitarians, Congregationalists and Baptists. 
 The camp-meeting grounds at Sterling Junction are very attractive, 
 and are a favorite resort. 
 
(516 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 This town was originally called by its Indiam name, Chockset , and 
 most of it was «m braced in a purchase made in 1701 of Tahaivto, 
 nephew of Sholan, sachem of tin; Nashua Indians, who dwelt in the 
 vicinity of the Waushaceum Ponds. It was included in Lancaster 
 until April 25, 1781, when it was incorporated under its present 
 name — derived from Stirling, the capital of Stirlingshire in Scot- 
 land. Gamaliel Beaman, who came here in 1720, was the fir6t white 
 settler. The Rev. .John Mellen, of Ilopkinton, ordained in 1744, 
 was the first pastor. Sterling furnished 178 men for the Union 
 armies in the late war, of whom 2(i were lost. Among the eminent 
 men of this town were Henry Mellen (1757-1809), a lawyer and poet; 
 Prentiss Mellen, LL.D. (17(34-1840), an able jurist; Bartholomew 
 Brown (1772-1854), a lawyer and musical composer; Rev. Martin 
 Moore (1790-186G), a clergyman and editor ; and William Fred- 
 erick Holcombe, M.D. (1827), an eminent surgeon. 
 
 StetSOBville, in Lynn. 
 
 Stevens' Village, in North Andover. 
 
 StevenSville, in Dudley. 
 
 Stickneyville, iuGroveland. 
 
 Still River, a village in Harvard. 
 
 Stillwater River, in sterling. 
 
 ^frkz-H-irirlrr^ is a beautiful town m tne westerly part of 
 OLOCKDriClgC Berkshire County, 1S(3 miles from Boston; 
 The eastern branch of the Housatonic Railroad runs across the 
 southern section of the town, having stations for Glendale and 
 Btockbridge village. Near the centre of the territory is Curtisville, 
 the other village ; and all are post-offices. Lenox lies on the north, 
 the same and Lee on the east, Great Barrington on the south, and 
 West Stoekbridge on the west. Tho assessed area is 13,596 acres. 
 The forests, containing usual flora of the region, occupy 3,So5 acres. 
 The highest point of land is Rattlesnake Mountain, rising grandly 
 at the east of the central village, ley Glen, in the southeast angle 
 of the town, is a charming grotto, where the rocks are piled together 
 in wild confusion, and where the ice is said to remain the whole year 
 round. A beautiful eminence near the centre, called " Laurel Hill," 
 is much frequented. Evergreen Hill rises beautifully from the left 
 bank of Konkapot River, at the south, and forms a pleasing feature 
 in the landscape. Lake Mahkeenae, of about 250 acres, is a very 
 handsome sheet of water in the northern section of the town. 
 Southwest of this there is another small expanse of water, called the 
 "Mountain Mirror," which is worthy of its name. A tine echo is heard 
 from the face of the mountain that rises over it The Housatonio 
 
STOCKBRIDGE. 617 
 
 River winds gracefully westward through the southerly part of 
 Stockbridge, and with its tributaries — Mohawk, Agawam and Marsh 
 brooks, and Konkapot River — furnishes valuable hydraulic power 
 and beautifies the scenery. 
 
 The town has one woollen and two paper mills, a cotton mill, a tan- 
 nery and two or three grist and saw mills. There are several other 
 small manufactures. The value of all goods made in 1*85 is given in 
 the recent census as §280,678. The 12U farms yielded the usual pro- 
 ducts to the amount of 8182,078 in value. The Housatonic National 
 Bank, in this town, has a capital stock of $200,000 ; and the Stock- 
 bridge Savings Bank, at the close of last year, held deposits to the 
 amount of $248,252. The population was 2,114, of whom 5.'52 were 
 legal voters. The valuation in 1X88 was 2.70O.801), — with a tax-rate 
 of $10.10. There were 480 taxed dwelling-houses. The five public 
 school-houses are valued at nearly $30,000, and are occupied by a 
 high school, and others of the grammar and primary grades. The 
 most conspicuous public building is the handsome stone library, 
 the gift to the town of Hon. John Z. Goodrich. It contains the 
 Stockbridge Social Library of upwards of G,0<>0 volumes. There is 
 also a fine mineral collection presented by the late Prof. Albert 
 Hopkins. There are two Congregationalist and two Methodist 
 churches, andone;each of the Protestant Episcopalians and Roman 
 Catholics. Stockbridge village is a suitable climax and coign of 
 vantage for its beautiful town, with its broad, level street, grass- 
 bordered, with rows of noble elms separating it from the foot-walks, 
 and shadowing many a plain but elegant old mansion. The favorite 
 Laurel Hill and others rise near by ; and away southward Monument 
 Mountain rears its noble mass; while shadowy peaks signal each 
 other on every side. The old Sedgewiok mansion still squarely 
 faces the world ; an old red house on the Harrington road is noted 
 for its whilom occupancy by (J. 1*. R. James, the novplist; and 
 another quaint old cottage on the Lenox road sheltered Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne. 
 
 Stockbridge, whose Indian name was Hoiisatonk, was incorporated 
 June 22, 1739 ; and may have been named from Stockbridge in 
 Hampshire County, England. The township was granted to the 
 Housatonic Indians, since called the "Stockbridge Indians,'' in ]7.'!4, 
 when a mission was commenced amongst them by the \iw. .lohn 
 Sargeant and Mr. Timothy Woodbridge. The celebrated Jonathan 
 Edwards succeeded Mr. Sargeant, August, 1751 ; and was dismissed 
 January 4, 1758, to become president of a college. The site of the 
 mission church is now marked by a tower of gray stone, containing a 
 clock and a chime of bells. This town was gradually .settled by the 
 English, who bought out the Indian rights, one after another, before 
 their emigration. Some of the earliest white settlers next to Mr. 
 Sargeant and Mr. Woodbridge were Colonel Williams, Josiah Jones, 
 Joseph Woodbridge, Samuel Brown, Samuel Brown, jun., Joshua 
 Chamberlain, David Pixley, John Willard, John Taylor, Jacob 
 Cooper, Elisha Parsons, Stephen Nash, James Wilson, Josiah Jones, 
 jon., Thomas Sherman, and Solomon Glezen. 
 
<618 
 
 (1AZETTEEB OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The house occupied by the Rev. Jonathan Edwards while he 
 resided in this town is still standing. Within its walls he completed 
 his celebrated production, "The Freedom of the Will," which ha* 
 been thought by many to be tin: greatest production of the human 
 mind. A Fter President Kd wards left, it was occupied by Jehiel 
 Woodbridgc, Ksq., then by Judge Sedgwick, then by Gen. Silas 
 I'epooii, and has since been a school-house, and later a boarding- 
 house. A beautiful 
 monument of Scotch 
 granite Iras been erected 
 near the First Church is 
 honor of the d i s t i n- 
 guished theologian who 
 once preached to the 
 whites and Indians of 
 this town. Another 
 handsome monument if 
 that in honor of soldier* 
 from this town who per- 
 ished in the war for thv 
 Union ; and still another 
 to the Mohican Indians, 
 whose burial-place on i 
 hill covered with locust, 
 trees has long been v 
 pathetic reminder of & 
 race now passed away. 
 Stockbridge was a t- 
 tacked by a body of 
 strange Indians in 1754, 
 and a Mr. Owen and twi» 
 children were killed^ 
 and again in the subse- 
 quent year, when several persons fell beneath the merciless tonia- 
 hawk. 
 
 From its earliest days Stockbridge has been the home of dis- 
 tinguished persons. Among those not previously mentioned arv 
 •Catherine M. Sedwick, the celebrated authoress, born in this town 
 in 1781), and dying at Koxbury in 1*(>7 ; Theodore Sedgewick, son ok 
 the judge, a leader in the movement which resulted in the building 
 of the Boston and Albany Railroad; John Bacon, a graduate ol 
 Princeton College, associate pastor of the Old South Church iu 
 Boston from 1771 to 177 fi, subsequently a magistrate in Stockbridge, 
 State, senator, and >n*-inber or Congress (deceased in 1820); Barna- 
 bas llnlwell, Henry \\ . Dwigtit, and John Z. Goodrich, able repre- 
 sentatives in Congress; .Midge Horatio Bvington, and Rev. David 
 Dudley KieUl, pastoral' the Congregational Church, and the first histo- 
 rian of the county. The sons of the latter have all attained distine- 
 tion, — David Dudley as a lawyer and politician; Cyrus \V. as tn» 
 originator of the Atlantic telegraph cable ; Henry M. as a. clergy man. 
 
 TnE EDM'ABDH MOSl.MOT. hTOCKDRIDGR. 
 
STONE DISTBICT— RTOXEHAM. t ; 1 9 
 
 author and editor ; and Stephen J. at the bar, and on the bench of 
 the U. S. Supreme Court. 
 
 Stone District, a village 
 
 in Northbridge. 
 
 ^tnnPiTiin ' s a Dr i s ^ aQ d thriving town situated on high 
 
 Jiuiiciwm land in the eastern part of Middlesex County, 
 about nine miles from Boston, with which it is connected by the 
 Stoneham Branch of the Boston and Lowell Kailroad. A street 
 railroad also connects it with Woburn, and on the other side with 
 Boston, through Melrose. Stoneham and Haywardville are the 
 villages ; the first being the post-office. Reading lies on the north, 
 Wakefield and Melrose on the east, Medford on the south, and Win- 
 ■chester and Woburn on the west. 
 
 The territory is about four miles north and south and two east 
 and west, and has a bend eastward to an angle at the middle line. 
 The assessed area is 3,441 acres, of which 572 are forest. There is 
 much variety in elevation, and rocks and ledges are numerous, and 
 near Spot Bond is a quarry of statuary marble. Farm Hill in the 
 north, Bear Hill southwest of the centre, and Taylor Mountain in 
 the southwest, are the chief elevations, and afford very pleasing 
 views. In the southern part, under the shadow of western hills, is 
 Spot Pond, a charming lake of about 220 acres, containing several 
 pretty islands, and surrounded by Wooded and rocky shores. It is 
 143 feet above sea-level, and sends a rapid streamlet into Maiden 
 Biver. It is fed chiefly by springs, and is the source of the water- 
 supply of Melrose. Black bass and other fish are found in its 
 depths; and it is a pleasant resort for pleasure parties both in sum- 
 mer and winter. Near it, on the north, is a smaller body of water 
 •called Doleful Pond. 
 
 The recent State census shows that the number of farms in this 
 town is 27; whose aggregate product, in 1X8"), was valued at 
 $47,361. The 34 shoe factories employed about 1,300 persons, and 
 made goods in that year to the amount of $2,209,125; and the five 
 tanneries and currying shops employed nearly 200 men, and turned 
 out leather to the value of *707,32(j. Other manufactures were, 
 furniture, food preparations, machinery, artisans' tools, tennis and 
 base balls, drugs and pills, pencil sharpeners, rubber goods, and 
 various articles of clothing. The value of all goods made was 
 ■$3,114,259. The savings bank at the close of last year carried 
 deposits to the amount of $523,280. The population was 5,059; 
 ■of whom 1,547 were legal voters. The valuation in. 1888 was 
 $3,259,831, with a tax-rate of $17 on * 1,000. There were 1,138 
 •dwelling-houses. Stoneham has a commodious town-hall, contain- 
 ing offices, a public hall and a free public library of about 7,000- 
 volumes. There are two weekly papers published here, — the " In- 
 dependent" and the "News." There arc a high school, and pri 
 mary, grammar and mixed schools; which are provided for by six 
 buildings valued at some 835,000. There are also two or more 
 private schools of primar^r character. The Baptists, Congregation- 
 
620 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 alists, Unitarians, Methodists and Roman Catholics have each a 
 churcli cdilifi! here. 
 
 Stonchum was formerly included in Chailestown, from which it 
 was set apart and incorporated December 17, 17lT>. Part of its 
 original territory was, in IS".;;, annexed to Melrose, and another part, 
 in 1S,"i(), to South Heading, now Wakefield. Four hundred and 
 four .soldiers were furnished by this town for the Union armies in 
 the late war; of whom 11 were killed in battle, 7 died of wounds, 
 4 in prison, and i-'7 of disease. A beautiful monument has been 
 erected to their memory. 
 
 Stone Haven, a village- in Dedliam. 
 
 StOneVllle, in Auburn. 
 
 Stony Beach, a village on the north shore of Hull. 
 
 C fnn „ T-ir/"»/-»L' a villa K p in Kingston; also, one in Nor- 
 CHOn> DfOOK, folk and one in Weston. 
 
 Stony 
 
 ■pr»int between Monument and Back Bay rivers, 
 
 r 01 ru, m n ourne _ 
 
 Qf 01 lrrrtfnn '* es ' n *' le southwesterly part of Norfolk 
 OlUUglllUU (j <nl!ltV) j.s ml \ es gout], of ];„5, t()|1< The Stough- 
 
 ton and Easton Branch Iroiu the Providence Railroad runs through 
 the centre and connects with the Taunton and New Bedford line in 
 the southern part of the town, all being of the ( >ld Colony Rail- 
 road system. The post-offices are Stoughton and >'orth Stoughton. 
 The other villages are Belcher's Corner, ]>iy I'ond and West 
 Stoughton. 
 
 Canton bounds the town on the north, Randolph and Avon on 
 the east, Easton on the south, and Sharon on the west. The as- 
 sessed area is !»,0-K acres ; in which are included l',7(i."i acres of wood- 
 land. Cedar is found in the swamps and deciduous trees in the up- 
 lands. The surface is pleasantly diversified with hill and valley; 
 the highest point of land being " The Pinnacle, - ' from which may be 
 seen the. islands in Boston Harbor, tt wide extent of sea coast and 
 many pleasant landscapes. The rock is sienite, in which beds of 
 iron-ore occur in several localities. In the northwest is a group of 
 several small ponds, and between the hills in the southwest section 
 lies the long " Amos l'ond,'' the reservoir for the principal power at 
 North ICaston. The drainage of the town is by affluents of the 
 Neponset and Taunton rivers. 
 
 The value of the products of the 7<S farms, reported in the census- 
 for lKK/i, was ijiHL'.SWi. There are 12 boot and shoe factories, em- 
 ploying nearly !MM) persons, and making goods to the amount 
 of fiH.S 1,510; and a. woollen mill and dfcehouse, employing nearly 
 200 persons. Other manufactures wereneather, knit hose, rubber 
 
(;oo OA7.ETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 goods, shoe lasts, machinery, artisans' tools, paper boxes, carriages, 
 clothing and dress trimmings, soap, and food preparations. Steam, 
 is the (thief power used. The value of the textiles made was- 
 1410,000; and of all manufactures, .$1,4G;i,1S.">. There is here- 
 a co-operative bank, aiding the people in establishing homes. The- 
 population was f>,17.'S; of whom l,.'!7(i were legal voters. The 
 valuation in 1*88 was $2,0:>l,7:il, with a tax-rate of *15.50 on. 
 $1,000. There were !)0!S taxed dwelling-houses. The school system 
 is graded, consisting of primary, grammar and high; occupying 
 11 buildings, valued at some *o(>,O00. There is also a private school 
 — " St. Mary's." There is a commodious town-hall, erected in 1*KI 
 at a cost of $45,000. The public library contains nearly 5.000 1 
 volumes. The local newspapers are the " Kecord," "Sentinel," 
 "Journal" and "Citizen," — all weeklies. The churches are one 
 each of the Congregationalists and Universalists, and two each of 
 the Methodists and Roman Catholics. 
 
 The Indian name of Stoughton was Punkapoag, meaning "a 
 spring that bubbles up from red soil." Here the Rev. John Eliot 
 had a village of "praying Indians." Of this place Major Daniel 
 Cookin wrote, in 1074 : — 
 
 "This is a small town, and hath not above 12 families in it, and so about 
 sixty souls. This is the second praying town. The Indians which settled 
 here removed from Neponset Mill. The quantity of land belonging to this- 
 village is about 6,000 acres ; and some of it is fertile, but not generally as good 
 as in other towns." 
 
 This town was detached from 1 >orchester, and incorporated, 
 December L'", 17Uf», being named from Lieut .-(tow William Stough- 
 ton. The whole or parts of 11 towns have been formed from its 
 territory. A church was organized in Stoughton August 10, 1744; 
 and in 17-H> (he Kcv. dedediah Adams was ordained as pastor. He 
 held his ofliee ;">.! years. During his ministry much attention 
 was bestowed upon the cultivation of sacred music; and 111 17SIV 
 was formed the Stoughton Musical Society, which has had a con- 
 tinued existence. To its influence largely may be attributed the- 
 musical culture of the citizens. 
 
 StOUghtOnham. See Sharon. 
 
 ^Inw ' s ;l l , ^ t '' lsu "t town of 07(> inhabitants, situated in the- 
 westerly section of Middlesex County, about L'"> mile* 
 west of Boston by the Massachusetts Central Railroad, and 30 miles 
 by the Marlboro Branch of the Fitchburg Kailroad, both having 
 stations at tiockbottom, in the southern pavt of the town. This 
 and Stow (centre) are the post-oflices ; and Lower Village occupies a. 
 projecting angle on the southern side of the town. 
 
 The boundary on the north is Boxborough ; on the northeast, 
 Acton; on the east, Maynard ; on the southeast, Sudbury ; on the 
 flout li, Hudson ; on the west,, Hudson and Harvard. The assessed 
 area is 11,021 acres; the "forests embracing ,'i.OOS, It is agreeably 
 diversified by hill and valley. Spindle and Marble hills, near the- 
 centre, are prominent objects in the landscape. The principal stone- 
 
STRAITSMO UTII ISLAND - STURDRIDGE. 62? 
 
 is calcareous gneiss. Assabet River, flowing northeastward through 
 the eastern section of the town, and its affluents, Assabet Brook and 
 Heathen-meadow Brook, form its drainage system. Apples, pears 
 peaches, cranberries and strawberries are a considerable crop ■ and 
 a large quantity of milk is sold. The value of the aggregate prod- 
 uct of the 117 farms, in 1885, was $144,332. Some 20 men were 
 •ngaged in shoemaking, and a woollen mill employed, of both sexes 
 72. There were also a carriage factory, a saw mill, and two black- 
 •mith shops. The number of legal voters was 258. The valua- 
 tion m 1888 was $884,062, with a tax-rate of $6.30 on $1000 
 There were 232 taxed dwelling-houses. The town has a good build- 
 ing containing a hall and town offices, and six school-houses, valued 
 at about $6,000. There are a high school and those of lower grade 
 The Rockbottom Library Association has nearly 1,000 volumes 
 The local weekly paper is the " .Sentinel." The churches are one 
 •ach of the Methodists and the Unitarians. 
 
 Two men named Kettle and Boon, with their families, settled here 
 about 1650. When King Philip's War broke out (1675) they left 
 the place ; but Boon, returning for his goods, was murdered by the 
 Indians. A pond in the south part of the town perpetuates his 
 ■ame. The Indian name of the place was Pomposittintt, now borne 
 by a hill (Pomposeticut) in Maynard. It was incorporated as a 
 town May 16, 16S3; taking its name, probably, from Stow in 
 England. From its territory were formed in part Harvard (17,".2) 
 Boxborough (1783), Hudson (1866) and Maynard (1S71). Kev. 
 John Eveleth, settled in 1700, was the first minister. As many as 
 174 men (being a surplus of 22 over its quota) went into the Union 
 tftmies in the late war from this town. 
 
 Straitsmouth Island, ,,ff 1 and , " ea , r th ? northea8t 
 
 ' angle of Kockport. 
 Strawberry Hill, in Hull, near Nantasket Beach. 
 
 Straw Hollow, a village in P.ovlston. 
 
 Strong Island, in Chatham. 
 
 ^Hirhrirlrr^ * s a thriving agricultural and manufacturing 
 OIUI UllUgC town of about 1,980 inhabitants, situated in 
 the southwestern part of Worcester County, 60 miles from Boston. 
 It is reached most nearly by the Southbridge Branch of the New 
 York and New England Railroad, and readily also from Palmer, on 
 the Boston and Albany Railroad. Brookneld forms its bound- 
 ary on the north, Charlton on the east, Southbridge on the south- 
 east, Holland and Brimfield on the west, and Union and Wood- 
 stock, in Connecticut, on the south. 
 
 The assessed area is 21,8."<2 acres ; the forests covering K,4l2 
 acres. The hills, many of them long, are ranged north and south 
 through the town. The principal elevations are Walker Mountain 
 
624 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 in the north, Fisk Hill in the east, Mount Dan in the northwest, and 
 Lead-mine Mountain in tin; southwest. Between these ridges, in the 
 northwest, lies Alum 1'oniJ, -SO acres in extent; in the northeast is 
 Walker Pond, nearly as large ; and long Cedar Pond extends from 
 between them southward, containing about 180 acres. In the south- 
 west is Lead-mine Pond, covering 1G3 acres. The Quinebaug River 
 pursues a widely devious cour.se through the midst of the town, 
 with many rapids ; receiving AIcKinstry, Cedar and Hobb's brooks 
 from the north; and Lead-ininp, Hamant and Breakneck brooks 
 from the south. The geological structure of the town is ferrugi- 
 nous gneiss and dolerites ; and beds of iron-ore, with some graphite 
 or plumbago, garnet and apatite, occur. 
 
 The 145 farms in the towu were reported in the recent census as 
 yielding in 1HN5 products valued in the aggregate at $125,152. 
 The principal manufacturers were the Sturbridge Cotton-Mill Com- 
 pany, employing in June, 1885, 2X6 persons ; and the Snell Manu- 
 facturing Company, making augers and bits, and employing 50 men. 
 Other manufactures were boots and shoes, carriages, wooden goods, 
 clothing, beverages, soap, medicines and food preparations. The 
 value of all goods made was $.'!84.7S7. The number of legal voters 
 was 415, and of dwelling-houses, 345. The valuation in 188S was 
 §1)75,107, with a tax-rate of £13 on 81,000. There are a good town- 
 house, a public library of about 3,01 >0 volumes, and 13 public school- 
 houses ; the latter valued at £22,000. The churches are one eack 
 of the Baptists, Congregationalists and Unitarians. 
 
 The post-offices are Sturbridge ("centre) and Fiskdale. The other 
 villages are Snellville and Westville. Sturbridge village lies in a 
 basin among the hills, and so embowered in foliage during the sum- 
 mer that only glimpses of its roofs and steeples can be seen from 
 outside points. A little southward, on a small hill, stands the 
 picturesque old mansion built about a century ago by Gen. Timothy 
 Newell, and now owned and occupied by William Willard, the 
 artist, a native of the town. The house is a noble specimen of 
 early New England architecture ; and the place, seen from the 
 meadows to the west, with the arched stone bridge in the fore- 
 ground, and the tops of the buildings just rising above the trees, 
 has an aspect which places it among the finest of American " Old 
 Homesteads." 
 
 Sturbridge was originally granted to petitioners from Medfield, 
 when it was called "New Medfield." Its Indian name was Tan- 
 qites'/ue. It was incorporated as a town, June 24, 173S, and took its 
 naiuu from Stourbridge, in England. 
 
 " Henry Fiske, one of the original proprietors, and his brother Daniel, 
 pitched their tent near the top of the hill which has ever since borne their 
 name. They had been at work for some time without knowing which way 
 they must look for their nearest neighbor; or whether, indeed, they had a 
 neighbor nearer than one of the adjacent towns. At length, on a clear after- 
 noon, they heard the sound of an axe far off in a southerly direction, and 
 went in pursuit of it. The individual who-e solitary axe they heard had also 
 been attracted by the sound of theirs, and was advancing towards them on the 
 same errand. They came in sight of one another on opposite sides of the 
 
8UC( 'ONESST— 8UDBUR Y. 625 
 
 Quinnebaug River. By felling two trees into the stream, one from each bank, 
 a bridge was constructed, on which they were able to meet, and exchan-e 
 salutations. The unknown man of the axe was found to be James Denison, 
 one of the proprietors, who, in the absence of a better home, had taken 
 lodgings in a ca\ e which is still to be seen not far from Westville. In that 
 lonely den he continued his abode, it is said, till a neighboring wolf, which 
 probably had a prior claim to the premises, signified a wish to take po^e^- 
 sion ; when Mr. Denison peaceably withdrew, and built him a house of his 
 own." — Clark's Hist. Sketch ok Stiruridge, 1S3S. 
 
 A soldiers' monument commemorates the 27 men lost by this town 
 in the war of the Rebellion. Daniel Sanders. D.D. (1768-1850), an 
 able clergyman and author; Samuel Bacon (1781-1820), a noted 
 lawyer, editor and clergyman ; and Erasmus Darwin Keyea (1811), 
 a major-general of volunteers in the late war, were natives of this 
 town. 
 
 SuCCOlieset, a village in Falmouth. 
 
 Sllflllll rv IS '"' al " ' <Iit '" A " "' v;,ni 'd scenery and much 
 J historical interest, in the southwesterly section oi 
 Middlesex County, 26 miles by highway from Boston, and coni 
 ing 1,165 inhabitants, and three [/ostal centres — Sudbury (cent) 
 
 North Sudbury and South Sudbury, — which are al as on tb 
 
 LowelL and Framingham Branch oi the Old Colony Railroad, Thi 
 Mass .rh';-. : C 1 IB ilroad also h 1 and 
 
 South Sudbury (Mill Village). Ii a: I icord on the 
 
 north, "Wayland (from wMcl 1 
 
 east, Framingham on th south, and M 1 • b and Hud on on 
 the '..'..'st. 
 
 The assessed area is 14,815 a n ; and the foi abrace 4,976, 
 
 and consist oi' pine, oak, cl and maple. Thi 1 ileare- 
 
 ous gneiss and sienite. Nob col Hill, in thi n and Framing- 
 
 ham, is u bold and prominent elevation, from wli 
 Bunker Hill Monumen I and the State II- Good- 
 
 now's Hid was so called from an Lndi 1 Cato Goodnow, who was 
 ' grantor of (he first Indian deed. Pendleton, Willi. 1 '.-, ( 1 n 'i 'ii and 
 Tail-bank's hills are all p] 1 ill.' Ian I cape. The tov a 
 
 is drained by Cold, Pantry, Hop, Wash, and Landham brook , afflu- 
 ents ol tin- Sudbury River, aei leep ami sluggish 
 ent through extensive in a the eastern border. Bland- 
 £ rd Pond and Willie's Pond are [air and valuable sheets oi watei 
 stored with perch and other edible fish. The soil vanes from sandy 
 to strong loam in different localities. A.pple orchards are frequent, 
 and strawberries and cranberries are much cultivated. Blueberrii 1 
 ■.' freely upon the lulls and bilberries in the swamps. Green- 
 
 ises are numerous, and are chiefly devoted to the production of 
 flowers and cucumbers for city markets. The milk sold in 1 
 amounted to $70,516. The value of the aggregate product of the. 
 194 farms was 1268,024. 
 
 There are in the town a machine shop, two grist mills and a :-a\v 
 mill. Other manufactures are boots and shoes, carriages, wooden 
 
b2t> 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 and fancy articles. The value of all goods made in 1885 was 
 ,sl!7,I>n:.'. Tin; valuation in 1 k Hs w;is %sl,01>3,345, with a tax-rate of 
 SU.50 on .S 1,01)0. The number of legal voters was 318; and of 
 taxed dwelling-houses, -<»J. There are a good town-house and seven. 
 school buildings ; the latter valued at some §12,000. The Goodnow 
 Library contains about 10,000 volumes; and was the gift of the 
 late John Goodnow, of Boston. The weekly newspaper of the 
 place is the " Sun." The churches are one each of the Unitarians, 
 Congregationalists, Episcopalians and Methodists. 
 
 Sudbury was incorporated September 4, lfi.'i'.l; adopting, as its 
 name, that of a town in the county of Suffolk, England. In 17S0, 
 
 THE OLD WAYSIDE 1X.V SI DUl'BV. 
 
 a part of its original territory was detached to form East Sudbury 
 (now Wayland) ; and in ls"l another part was taken to form the 
 eastern section of Maynard. This ancient town was for a long' 
 period of years exposed to the incursions of the savages. The 
 State and town have erected a very fine granite monument over the 
 remains of those killed in one of the conflicts. It is situated a- 
 little to tho north of Mill Village (South Sudbury), on a point of 
 land rising gradually from tho highway, and near the spot where 
 the action occurred. The inscription is : — 
 
 "This monument is erected by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts and 
 \>y the town of Sudbury in grateful remembrance of the service and suffer- 
 ings of tin. 1 founders of the State, and especially in honor of Capt. S. Wads- 
 worth of Milton, Capt. Brocklebank of Rowley, and Lieut. Sharp of Brook- 
 line, and 26 others, men of their command, who fell near this spot on the 
 
S UDB UB Y BITER — S UNDERLAXD. 627 
 
 tSth of April [an error for the 2tst of April], 1676, while defending the 
 frontier settlement against the allied Indian forces of Philip of Pokanoket. — 
 185 -V 
 
 " The next day after the battle with "Wadsworth, the Indians in- 
 vested the Haynes garrison near the river, and tried various expedi- 
 ents to destroy it. At first they attempted to set it on fire with 
 arrows of pitch-pine lighted at the end ; but, in doing this, they 
 were obliged to approach so near as to be annoyed by the arms of 
 the besieged. They then loaded a cart with unbroken flax, which 
 they took from a barn near by, and trundled it down the hill toward 
 the garrison ; but the cart went but a little distance before it was 
 upset by a stump, and consumed." — Holmes' Annals. 
 
 The old Wayside Inn, or How Tavern, which has been immortal- 
 ized by the poet Longfellow, is situated about three miles south- 
 west of the centre, in a locality somewhat secluded since the 
 railroads have absorbed the travel. It was first licensed in ltiljti, 
 and continued to be a very popular hotel until some twenty-five 
 years ago, when its sign of the prancing red horse was taken down, 
 and it became a private residence. 
 
 Sudbury sent about 140 men into the Union service during the 
 late war; and but one of its citizens was killed in battle ; only one 
 other was wounded; and but one died in a rebel prison. Captain 
 Phineas Stevens (d. 1756), Jacob Bigelow, M.D. (b. 1787), and Col. 
 Joseph Plympton (b. 17S7), were natives of this town. 
 
 Siirlhiirv R ivpr lises in Ho P kinton aml itst neighbor- 
 UUUUiy xvi vci hood, and after passing Framingham, 
 Natick, Sudbury, Wayland and Lincoln, joins the Assabet at Con- 
 cord, — the two forming Concord River. 
 
 Sugar Loaf, a village in Deerfield. 
 
 Qnnrl^rlnnrl is a Peasant rural town of 700 inhabitants on 
 
 OUnuenailU t he east bank of the Connecticut River, ami 
 in the southern part of Franklin County, about lo7 miles west of 
 Boston. It is bounded on the north by Montague, east by Leverett, 
 south by Amherst and Hadley, and west by Deerfield. 
 
 Its length is 6 miles and width 3 miles ; the assessed area being 
 8,184 acres. The inhabited portions are the southwest and a small 
 area in the north. In the last, near the Connecticut, is the village of 
 North Sunderland ; while Sunderland (centre), which is the post-office, 
 lies on the river midway of the town. An iron bridge 900 feet in 
 length connects it with South Deerfield, on the Connecticut River 
 Railroad The New London and Northern Railroad crosses the 
 northeast angle of the town, having stations in Leverett, Amherst 
 and Montague ; connecting in the latter with the Fitchburg Railroad. 
 
 The formative rock is lower sandstone and dolente. From the rich 
 intervale along the margin of the river the land rises grandly toward 
 the east to an elevation of about 1,000 feet, which is called Mount 
 Toby It is heavily wooded to its summit with oak, chestnut and 
 
628 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS.. 
 
 white pine. It has several beautiful cascades, glens and ledges ; arid 
 this locality is named " Sunderland Park.'' < >n the northerly side 
 of the mountain there is a remarkable cavern, about ob' feet deep 
 ami 1 IS long east and west. Its walls are of conglomerate of 
 various color, resting on a base of micaceous sandstone; the floor 
 being covered with fragments of rock. The view of this mountain 
 and of Sugar Loaf in South J>eerfield, from the centre, is truly mag- 
 nificent; while the river between, beautiful in itself, by its contrast 
 perfects the picture and deepens its impression. The village extends 
 for a mile or two along the margin of the river, its streets shaded by 
 large elms and maples ; and there is an unusual air of rural simplicity 
 and peacefulness. Several small streams — Long-plain, Mohawk, 
 1 >ug and Great-drain brooks — flow through the southern section, and 
 Cranberry Brook through the northeastern. 
 
 The alluvial soil of the level parts yields abundant crops, and the 
 uplands afford excellent pasturage. The number of neat cattle be- 
 longing in the town in 1 NN5 was l.i iiVi. The dairies yielded *.>IU")16 ; 
 the tobacco crop, .SUl!, ."><;.!> ; and apples, melons, strawberries, pears, 
 maple sugar and molasses made large figures in the aggregate, — 
 which was .S1 ( J7,.'>'.in. The number of farms was !■'!(*). There is one 
 lumber mill ; and other manufactures were commercial tobacco, me- 
 tallic articles, domestic carpeting*, etc. The value of the manufac- 
 tured product was *C'i). ll'O. Tic valuation in ISSN was *4i'l'.78'.i, 
 with a tax-rate of 811. oil on «l,<titit. Tin-re were I'.i-s legal voters 
 and 1.7,1 dwelling-houses. There is a good town-hall of brick, having 
 olliees, and also one or more school-rooms. The three other school- 
 houses are valued at some 8-.000, There are a high school and 
 others of two lower grades. The public library contains upwards of 
 -.<»()() volumes. The churches are one each of the Baptists and Con- 
 gregationalists. 
 
 This town was originally a part of Hadley, and was called 
 "Swampfield." It was incorporated November 11', 1714. and named 
 in honor of Charles Spemer, Marl of Sunderland, and prime minister 
 of England. The first church was organized in 171*. and the first 
 pastor, the llev. Josiah Willard, ordained the same year. 
 
 SlintaUl»" Lake, in l'eahody and Lynutield. 
 
 Qiirfci/1i> a loealitv and railroad station in Hull; also, one 
 OUUblUU in Xantuckct. 
 
 Slltton ' s ;l " !l gricultiirul ar "l manufacturing town of o.li'l 
 inhabitants, situated in the southeastern section of 
 Worcester County, about 10 miles southwest of Boston. The Provi- 
 dence and Worcester liailroad has a station at Wilkinsonville, in the 
 northeast corner of the town. This village and Sutton (centre), 
 Manehaug in the south, and West Sutton, are post-offices; the other 
 villages being South Sutton and Woodbury's Village. 
 
 Sutton is bounded on the north by Mililmry, on" the northeast by 
 Grafton, on the east by Xorthbridge, on the south bv Douglas, and 
 
swAvrsvoTT. 629 
 
 on the -west by Oxford. The assessed area is 20,035 acres ; more 
 than one third of the town being covered with forests of oak and 
 chestnut. The geological formation is calcareous gneiss, with much 
 granite and quartz. In the southeast section is a chasm in the rock 
 nearly one fourth of a mile in length, with jagged sides, often per- 
 pendicular, 40 feet apart, and said to be at some points TO feet or 
 more in depth. Notable eminences are Leland Hill in the east, 
 Potter Hill in the northwest, and Putnam Hill in the southwest. 
 Singletary Pond, mainly in this town, has an area of about 500 acres ; 
 Ramshorn Pond, also on the northern line, is the head of Blackstone 
 River, which furnishes power at Wilkinsonville ; and Manchaug, in 
 the southwest, containing over 300 acres, is the source of Mum- 
 ford's River, — which furnishes power at Manchaug village and 
 enters the former stream in Uxbridge. Pleasant-dale I'ond, contain- 
 ing about 75 acres, sends Cold Spring Brook to the Rlackstone, as 
 it crosses the northeast corner of the town. 
 
 The soil is clayey loam in the north and west, sandy and gravelly 
 in other parts. The dairy, apples, peaches, pears, cranberries, and 
 vegetables are leading items in the products of the is.'} farms ; whose 
 aggregate value in 1885 was S 17.1,5 13. The manufactories are two 
 cotton factories, constructed of granite and employing about 7-0 
 persons ; a boot and shoe factory employing about L'o persons ; a lum- 
 ber mill, 3 carriage factories, and others of less magnitude. A con- 
 siderable number of the inhabitants are axe-makers and machinists, 
 employed in factories in adjoining towns. The textiles made here 
 in 1885 were valued at S(i7i.S-i ; and all the goods made at^OW.OM. 
 There were 5SS legal voters and 4!>o dwelling-houses. The valua- 
 tion in 1888 was S 1,3<>3,731, with a tax-rate of *ll'.."iii on *1,0im>. 
 There are a good town-hall, erected in ISM, a free library of about 
 3,000 volumes, and 13 public school-houses ; the latter valued at up- 
 wards of $115,000. The Baptists have three churches in the town; 
 the Congregationalists, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Roman 
 Catholics, one each. 
 
 Sutton was originally bought of John Wampus, an Indian sachem, 
 and granted by the General Court to the purchasers in 1704. It was 
 incorporated June 21, 1715. In 1*13 its " North Parish'' was estab- 
 lished as the town of Millbury. The first church was organized in 
 the autumn of 1720; the first minister being the Rev. John MeKin- 
 stry. The town sent 15 men to serve the Union cause in the late 
 war, and lost more than half of them. 
 
 Gen. Rufus Putnam (173S-1824), an able engineer and officer in 
 the Revolutionary War ; Solomon Sibley (17(','.l-lS4(i), a distinguished 
 lawyer and judge; Alden Marsh, M.P., LL.D. <17i>5-lXI>9), an 
 eminent surgeon ; and Gen. George I'.oardman Boomer (lS,'i2-1S('.3j, 
 a brave officer, killed in a charge on the fortifications of Vicksburg, 
 were all natives of this town. 
 
 Qnnmncrott extends from the ocean like a wedge between 
 OWdinpSCUlL Lynn on the south and Salem and Marble- 
 head on the north, and forms the southeast extremity of Essex 
 
s- 
 
 630 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 County. It is 1 2 miles from Boston by the Eastern Division of the 
 Boston and Maim; Railroad, which sends from its Swampscott sta- 
 tion a branch along near the beaches to Marblehead; on which the 
 stations in this town arc Phillip's Beacli and Beach Bluff. The latter 
 and Swampseott are tin- post-offices. 
 
 The assessed area is 1,5.S« acres. About one fourth is forest, con- 
 sisting chiefly of pine and rock-maple. Along the streets also are 
 great numbers of thrifty elm, maple and chestnut trees. A smooth 
 gravel road winds along near the shore through the town, and all 
 the roads are good. Paradise Road, Monument Square, and the 
 sightly park, 80 feet above the sea, each has its attractions. A 
 reddish granite seems to be the most frequent rock. The soil ranges 
 from loam to gravel. Winnepurket Hill is a prominent elevation, 
 and Moose Hill bears pleasant homes and boasts a mineral spring. 
 About the shore are Blaney and Whale beaches, with Fishing Point 
 between ; then projects Dread Ledge, with its beacon, the extreme 
 point of the town; succeeded northward by Phillip's Point, 
 and Phillip's Pond, and Phillip's Beach — extending for a mile 
 under the bluffs to Beach Bluff near the Marblehead line. All 
 these are beautiful beaches of white sand. At Galloupe's Point are 
 picturesque views and magnificent residences ; and from all points 
 the bay is beautiful. A descriptive poet has thus referred to some 
 of these prominent local features : — 
 
 "Egg Rock, like a sentinel, vigil is keeping; 
 And, far to the left, Tinker's Island is sleeping; 
 Extending below you is old Phillip's Beach, 
 Whose sands, brightly gleaming, to Marblehead reach. 
 The fisherman gayly is casting his line; 
 The sea-bird is dipping its wing in the brine ; 
 And many a sail, outward bound, you descry 
 In 6unlight and shade moving gallantly by. 
 
 On this point a knight of Old England once landed; 
 
 On this long black rock 'The Tedesco * was stranded. 
 
 For gulls' eggs, to yonder fair island 'prospecting' 
 
 Our forefathers went ; and once, for dissecting 
 
 A whale on the beach, so many men met, 
 
 The spot where he died bears the name of Whale yet. 
 
 Below Ocean Point, Sattgus moored his canoe, 
 
 And in the white sand cabalistic lines drew ; 
 
 The Indian maid danced on the smooth curving shore, 
 
 And mingled her 60ng with the wild ocean roar." 
 
 The fisheries forma considerable part of the industry of the town; 
 the late census reporting l(if> fishermen, 21 schooners, 145 dories and 
 l.'i seine-boats engaged in this business. A large number of these 
 make daily voyages to the fishing-grounds, and largo numbers of fish 
 wagons await their return; and having received their loads, speedily 
 distribute the fresh mackerel, cod, haddock and pollock through a 
 wide, range of country. The proceeds of the fisheries in 188.1 
 amounted to .? 10f>,;>',»l. The principal manufacturing consisted of 
 boots and shoes, by two factories employing 107 persons. The largest 
 establishment manufactures only patent heels. The 12 farms 
 
S1VAX PUXD— SWANSEY. 631 
 
 in the town yielded in the same year products to the value of *25,80;i. 
 The dairy, fruits, squashes and other vegetables, and held, garden and 
 flower seeds, were the leading products. The population was 2.471, 
 of whom 71." were legal voters; while the number of dwelling- 
 houses was 585. The valuation in lKstf was 8 ; V,t<iO,7it2, with a. 
 tax-rate of §8.50 on 81,000. The old town-house has been en- 
 larged and improved, and is now surmounted by a tower containing 
 A clock and bell. Another elegant building is the new "Odd Fel- 
 lows' Hall." The schools are provided for in five buildings, val- 
 ued at some 825,0(10. There is a public library of about 0,000 
 volumes; and two weekly journals, the "Enterprise" and ".Stan- 
 dard," further provide for the entertainment of residents. The 
 •churches are the Congregationalism Methodist, Baptist, Disciples 
 of Christ, and the Universalist. 
 
 This town was detached from Lynn, and incorporated, May 21, 
 1852. The name, though appearing an English compound, is said to 
 be a slight corruption of an Indian word signifying " broken waters." 
 The first tannery in this country was erected here in 102'.» by Fran- 
 cis Ingalls. A soldiers' monument of granite, with bronze tablets, 
 stands in Monument Square, commemorating the 14 soldiers lost by 
 this town in the late war ; and about it are ranged the cannon cap- 
 tured from the British in the War of 1S12-11 by Swampseott men 
 in the ship " Grand Turk." 
 
 OWa.n L OnCl lies in Brewster, Dennis and Harwich. 
 
 SwanSPV* ^ es on ^ e ^ ne of '' H0C * e Is l an d- m tne south- 
 vDWdllbcy westerly part of Bristol County, IS miles south of 
 Boston. The post-offices are Swansey, North Swansey and Horton- 
 ville. Other village names are Luther's Corner in the south part 
 of the town, and Swansey Factory in the northwest on Warren 
 Kiver, formerly Barney vifle. The Warren and Bristol Braneh of 
 the Old Colony Lailroad, connecting Providence and Bristol, has 
 its Swansey station on Gardners Neck, the extreme south of the 
 town. Seekonk, LVhuboth and Dightun bound it on the north, 
 Somerset on the east ; its southern angle lies on Mount Hope Bay; 
 and Warren and Barrington, in Rhode Island, bound it on the west. 
 The general form of the town is triangular, with a long parallelo- 
 gram, constituting the "Two-mile Purchase," projecting between 
 Eehoboth and Dighton. 
 
 The assessed area is 12.7*7 acres. There are nearly 5,()()0 acres 
 of woodland. Lee's l;iver is partly on the Somerset line, and 
 Cole's Brook is medial; both flowing southward to Mount Hope 
 Bay. The land is somewhat hilly in the east, but level in the west. 
 The strawberry and apple crops, and the poultry and milk products, 
 are specially large. The value of the yield of the 211 farms in 
 
 •The spellings of this name are almost as nuni'ious as tli " authorities. The. State 
 Census ami tho Old Colony Kitllroiu! have it " Swan-, a ; " the I . S. 1 mi -Ulln-u Depart- 
 ment and the state Department of the Com men wealth, " swanzey ; another authority 
 has" Swanzen; " anil the official atlas of the State (Wnlllnjrand Uray), ami the 1 lyniouth 
 Colony Record, in tho entry of it* Incorporation, liavn " Swansey, — which Is also tue 
 local form. It Is generally best In such matters to follow intelligent local usage. 
 
fi:i-2 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 1885 was *24.S,r>2G. The manufacture of jewelry employed 14 men ; 
 of carriages and wagons, 8 ; of fertilizers, 7 ; and of cotton goods, 
 7. The value of these and other goods made in the last census year 
 was .*>">-. 644. A dozen fishermen marketed elams and eels ti> the 
 amount of *'J,~Cl. The population was 1. to:;, of whom 414 were 
 legal voters. The number of taxed dwelling-houses in 18x8 was 
 .">'_'l ; when the valuation of the town was S73.'>,700, with a tax-rate 
 of All. (JO on SI, 000. There are ten public school-houses, valued at 
 upwards of 810. 0(>o. There ;uc a public library and a collection of 
 nearly 1,000 volumes belonging to the "Swansey Agricultural 
 Library Association." The ■■ Record " is a local weekly journal. 
 The churches consist of one each of the Baptist, Free Baptist, 
 Episcopal, Christian Connection and Universalis!. 
 
 The Indian names applied to this place are Mittt,t/,'ii*etf, Wannw- 
 moiset and Ashmlnf. It seems to have been established as the town- 
 ship of Wannainoiset on ( Ictober .jO. 1UG7; and was incorporated as 
 a town, diarchy, lGUrt; deriving its name from Swansea in Wales. 
 Within its original limits were the present towns of Somerset, in 
 Massachusetts, and Barrington and the larger part of Warren, in 
 Rhode Island. The Rev. John Miles, who came with a part of his 
 church from Wales in 100.'!, was the first minister. 
 
 The town is memorable as being the spot where the fir<t English 
 blood was shed in Philip's War. Of this the Rev. William Hub- 
 bard gives the following account : — 
 
 "On the 24th of June, 107^. was the alarm of war first sounded in 
 Plymouth Colony, when eight or nine of the English were slain in and about 
 Swansey ; they (the Indians') first making a shot at a company of English as 
 they returned from the assembly, where they were met in a way of humilia- 
 tion on that day, whereby they killed one and wounded others; and then 
 likewise at the same time they slew two men on the highway sent to call a 
 surgeon, and the same day barbarously murdered sW men in and about a 
 dwelling-house in another part of the town : all of which outrages were com- 
 mitted so suddenly that the English had no time to make resistance. 
 
 Another writer adds : — 
 
 " At this period the house of Rev. John Miles was garrisoned. It stood a 
 6hort distance west of Miles's Bridge : probably near the site of the tavern of 
 Mason Barney, Esq. Intelligence of the murder of the Swansey people 
 having reached Boston, a foot company under Capt. Henchman, and a troop 
 under Capt. Prentice, immediately marched for Mount Hope; and, being 
 joined by another company of 110 volunteers under Capt. Moselv, they all 
 arrived at Swansey on the 28th of June, where they found the Plymouth forces 
 under Capt. Cudworth. Mr. Miles's was made headquarters About a dozen 
 of the troop went immediately over the bridge, where thev were tired upon 
 out of the bushes, one killed, and one wounded. This action drew the bodv 
 of the English forces after the enemy, whom they pursued a mile or two until 
 they took to a swamp, after having killed about half a dozen of their number. 
 The next morning, the troops commenced their pursuit of the Indians. 
 Passing over Miles's Bridge, and proceeding down the east bank of the river 
 till they came to the narrow of the neck at a place called ' Keckamuit,' or 
 ' Kickcmuit,' they found the heads of eight Englishmen that the Indians had 
 murdered, set upon poles by the side of the way. These they took down and 
 buried. On arriving at Mount Hope, they found that Philip and his Indians, 
 had left the place." 
 
SWEET'S < OJIXEfi— TAU.XTOX. 633 
 
 Swansey furnished 120 men for the service of the Union in the 
 late war. 13 of whom were lost. 
 
 Sweet's Comer, a village in Williamstown. 
 
 C, V1 '-T4- "D ,' V p r rises in towns near the junction of Wor- 
 OWlll IV 1\ CI t , esteI . Franklin and Hampshire counties; 
 and flowing southward through I'elham, Prescott. Greenwich, En- 
 fiehl, and between Belohertown and Ware, and Belehertown and 
 Palmer, it enters Ware River ivar the union of that stream with the 
 Chicopee. Also, a stream in Cnmmingtou 
 
 Symme's Corner, a village m Winchester. 
 
 Tack Factory, a village in Middleborough. 
 
 T^n/-^vnir- Flnino '"' Mount Everett, in the town of 
 laconic UOllie, Mount Washington. 
 
 TapleyVllle, in Dam-era. 
 
 TaSSeltOp, a village in Douglas. 
 
 1 atliani, a village iii West Springtield. 
 
 Tatniick, a village in Worcester. 
 
 TAT I "NTTf") XT * s a P ros I )ei, ° lls am l m some respects a 
 ^ ^ ^-^ ' model manufacturing city, lying in the 
 
 northeasterly section of Bristol County, of which it is the semi- 
 capital. It is 33 miles south of Boston by the ( >ld Colony Railroad, 
 which traverses all parts of its territory, and by numerous branches, 
 converging here, it is connected directly with Providence, Newport, 
 New Bedford, and a large number of towns within this scope in 
 all directions. 
 
 The denser portion of the city is situated on both sides of Taun- 
 ton River, at the junction of Mill River, and about 17 miles above 
 Mount Hope Bay, into which it Hows. The width of the larger 
 river at this point is 110 feet, with a draught of water at high tiilt; 
 of nine feet. The territory extends nearly with the points of the 
 compass from the central mass in four unequal prongs. About it 
 lie Easton, at the northern angle; Raynham, pressing in deeply on 
 the northeast; Middleborough and Lakeville on the eastward prong, 
 which spreads like an anchor; I'erkley, surrounded by it on the 
 east, north and west; Dighton on the south; Rehoboth on the 
 west; and Norton on the northwest. The assessed area is 25,207 
 acres. There are about 7,000 acres of forest. Large deposits of 
 clay exist, together with considerable sand and gravel ; and there 
 are occasional outcroppings of granite. The soil is fertile ; and the 
 182 farms in 1885 yielded products to the value of *201,<J01. 
 
034 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The mean altitude of tlie surface above sea-level is 55 feet ; the 
 lowest being 7.27 feet, and the greatest elevation, 206.73 feet. In 
 the eastern extremity are Furnace Pond, and the smaller Bear-hole, 
 Dean's Factory and Deep ponds, discharging into the Taunton Eiver. 
 This stream enters the town from the east, forming a large portion 
 <>f the irregular line between it and Baynham on the north; thence 
 flowing to the centre, where it turns southward. In the northern 
 extremity is great Cedar Swamp, and south of it, Scadding, and 
 smaller Watson's and Prospect ponds, feeders of Mill Eiver. 
 
 Both water and steam power are used in propelling the machinery 
 in the vast manufactories of this city. The largest of these are the 
 seven cotton mills employing nearly 2,000 persons; the founderies, 
 machine-shops and boiler works, employing nearly 1,000; the stove 
 works, employing some ,'}<M>; the factories for making shovels and 
 other agricultural implements, tiles and other tools, nearly 100; the 
 zinc, copper and brass works, and jewelry factories, upwards of 300; 
 britaunia and silver-plated ware factories, about I>o0; tack, nail and 
 bolt (iron and copper), some 500; cutlery about 50; and brick, tile 
 and stove-linings from 200 to HnO. Railroad cars and coaches, stone 
 and earthenware, rattan and willow and other furniture, yarn, boots 
 and shoes, horse-trappings, pencils and crucibles, and the numerous 
 other usual manufactures of cities, are also among the products of 
 this busy place. The total number of establishments in June, 18*5, 
 was 301 ; and the total number of persons employed in them 
 upwards of 5,000. The values in 18*11 of some of the leading prod- 
 ucts, according to the U. S. census for that year, were as follows : 
 brick and tile, §145,702; cotton goods, S1.k56,n*1; meal and flour, 
 S100,022; castings and machinery, 81,725. s2f> ; iron tacks, nails 
 and spikes, §00*, 375; copper and sheet-iron goods, $20,400; car- 
 riage-wheels, $10,250; horse-trappings, *ll,85o. The total value 
 of goods made in 1885 (according to the recently published State 
 census) was §7.325,0(1*. The most extensive individual establish- 
 ments are.the Field Tack and Nail Works (established in 1*27) and 
 the largest in the country ; the Taunton Tack Co. (j?st. 1854) ; 
 the Mason Machine Works (est. in 1*45), occupying six acres, and 
 making cotton and woollen machinery, car wheels, engines anil 
 locomotives; the Taunton Locomotive Mfg. Co. (est, 1S47) ; the Old 
 Colony Iron Co. (1*1-1) ; the Taunton Iron Co. (1837); the Taunton 
 Iron Works (1*54); the Phoenix Mfg. Co. (1*50); the Dean 
 Cotton and Machine Co. (PS-IS); the Taunton Cotton and Machine 
 Co. (1*71); the Whittenton Cotton Mills (5 mills); the Dean 
 Cotton Mfg. Co. (1*15); the Bristol Print Works (1833) ; the 
 Crocker Mfg. Co., making copper goods; the Taunton Copper 
 Company; Keed & Barton's Britannia Works (the oldest and 
 largest on the Continent; successors of Taunton Britannia Co., 
 founded in 1*.'S0 by Isaac l'.abbitt, the inventor of "Babbitt's 
 metal"), making britaunia and plated ware; Stearns, Son & Hall 
 Silver-plate Co. (1*70) ; and the Taunton Paper Mfg. Co. (1847). 
 
 The fisheries of alcwives, herring and shad, somewhat larger and 
 of much importance in early days, in ISN5 yielded 88,455. The 
 
TAUXTOX. 6 35 
 
 commercial marine embraced 36 schooners and one steamboat ; tin- 
 aggregate tonnage being 21,642. Taunton has three national banks 
 with capital stock aggregating §l,30o,000; and two savings banks 
 carrying deposits at the close of last year amounting to *s4.07'.),o:;4. 
 The population in 1885 was 23,074.; or whom 5,2.' !2 were legal voters' 
 The valuation in 1SSS was 817,21)1,740, with a tax-rate of £10.6(1 on 
 §1,000. There were 3.N13 taxed dwelling-house •. 
 
 The city had, in 18*5, 17 public school-houses, valued, with appur- 
 tenances, at very near §300,000. The high school has a new and 
 1 eautiful building in the Elizabethan style, with tower and observa- 
 tiry. The Bristol Academy, established in 17'J0. has a building 
 worth about 81(»,o0o. The Taunton Public Library contains about 
 25,000 volumes ; the Bristol County Law Library nearly 4,000 
 volumes; the Insane Hospital upwards of 2.000; the Old Col- 
 ony Historical Society some 50u ; and one or two private cir- 
 culating libraries complete the list. The "Daily Ga/ette," the 
 weekly "Household Gazette," and the "Bristol County Republican," 
 constitute an able and useful city press. The churches are one each 
 of the Baptists, Free Baptists, Presbyterians. I'nitariaiis and Uni- 
 versalists; five of the Congregationalists ; three each of the Meth- 
 odists and Roman Catholics; and two of the Protestant Kpisco- 
 palians. One of the latter, the Unitarian, and St. Mary's church 
 are considered the most admirable of the city edifices. The Lunatie 
 Hospital (the second established by the State; is an extensive and 
 impressive edifice, and is also very attractive in its fine grounds and 
 farm, with the beautiful river near by. 
 
 The post-offices are Taunton (city proper), East Taunton, Britan- 
 nia and Walker. Other villages are Chaee's, Hopewell, Oakland, 
 Squawbetty, Xorth Taunton, Weir, Westville and Whittenton. The 
 city proper is noted for its beautiful shade trees, which abound on 
 all the streets. The largest park is known as "Taunton Green,"' 
 occupying an elevated area of one and a half acres in the centre of 
 the city, and well shaded with handsome trees. It has been com- 
 mon ground since 17M0. On this spot, it is said, was unfurled, in 
 October, 1774, the first flag bearing the words " Union and Liberty." 
 
 The Indian names for this place wen? Trthjin-t and Co/unmet. It 
 was incorporated as a town September .'!, 10.'!'.); being named for 
 Taunton, in Somersetshire. England. The act incorporating it as a 
 ■city passed March 31, l«0o, but was not accepted until May 11, 
 1*04. Several towns have been formed from the original township. 
 The eminent figure in the foundation of the town was Miss Eliza- 
 beth Pool, a native of Old England, a Puritan lady of rank and 
 fortune, who came here for the purpose of forming a settlement 
 and converting the Indians to Christianity. (See article on Bristol 
 County.) 
 
 Bog-iron ore was early discovered here, and smelting was begun 
 in Taunton in 1652, or earlier ; and ever since it has been a leading 
 industry in this section. Henry and James Leonard, of Pontoopool, 
 England, were, in 1050, induced by Governor Winthrop to come 
 hither and engage in this business. The plant was established near 
 
636 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the pond, still bearing the name of " Leonard's Forge Pond," in 
 Taunton (now Kaynhanij ; and for two centuries the Leonards and 
 their descendants earned on smelting iron and manufacturing there- 
 from articles of many kinds. Iron even became legal tender in 
 those days; so that James Leonard l>y his will provided that his 
 wife should be paid 600 pounds of iron annually as long as she 
 remained a widow. The H<-v. William Hooke, first minister of this 
 place, married a sister of (Jen. Kdward Whalley, one of the Charles- 
 the First regicides. He was once a chaplain to Oliver Cromwell, 
 and died in London in l<>fi7. 
 
 Among the natives of this town who became eminent were Samuel 
 S. Wilde, LL.]>. ( 1771— l.s.l.j i, a distinguished jurist; Francis Baylies 
 (lrs.l-lSol'), an able author and M. C. from l.HL'l to 1NL'7 ; Joseph L. 
 Tillinghast (17!>l-l v 14 1, a scholar and lawyer; (Jen. James "Wil- 
 liams (1741-lSl'C) j, ;">(; years register of deeds lor Bristol County, 
 captain of a company of minute-men in the Revolution ; and leader 
 of a company in an engagement with the British in Rhode Island 
 in 177S; John Mason "Williams, LL.I>. 1 17*0-lsi;s>, an esteemed 
 lawyer, and a judge of the Court of Common Pleas; Hon. Henry 
 Williams, an able lawyer, a member of both branches of the State 
 legislature, and M. C. for several years ; and Robert Treat Paine 
 (b. 177.') ', son of a signer of the Dec laration of Independence, and 
 author (at L'."> years of age) of the celebrated song "Adams and 
 Liberty,"' which was sung throughout the new nation with thril- 
 ling effect. 
 
 Tiiinfnn T? iVf*r r ' SlS * n tne northwestern section of 
 1 clUHlUIl 1V1VCI rlvmouth county and adjacent towns 
 in Norfolk County, and flows into Mount Hope Bay. It drains by 
 its branches Stoughton. Avon. Holbrook, Whitman. Brockton, Abing- 
 ton, Hanson, Halifax, l'lympton, the Bridgewaters, Raynham,. 
 Taunton, Berkley, Highton, Freetown, Fall River, Somerset and 
 Swansey. It is navigable to Taunton for small vessels. This 
 river is celebrated for its great and widely distributed water- 
 power, and for the multitude of alewives which formerly thronged 
 its waters. 
 
 1 ecltlCKett, a village in Falmouth. 
 
 TV1f»<rmnri 1-Till in tIu ' northwestern part of Hullr 
 
 i eie<rrapn nm, ulso< a n . llnp some ti < ie applied t j 
 
 Mount Washington, in South l!o>ton. 
 
 TemDletoll iS a I' ll>asa,lt ^'"cultural and manufacturing 
 r town of 1',(;l'7 inhabitants in the northerly 
 
 part of Worcester County, (i'.» miles northwest of Boston, and 
 bounded on the north by Koyalstoii and Winchendon, on the north- 
 east by the latter and (iard'ner, on the southeast by Hubbardston, 
 and on the southwest and west by I'hillipston. The "assessed area is 
 ls.O'ji; acres. The l'iteliliurg Railroad has stations at Otter River 
 in the northeast and Faldwinsville in the north, and the Ware River 
 Branch of the Boston and Albany at Templeton (centre) and Bald- 
 
TEMPLETO.V. 637 
 
 -winsville. These and East Templeton are the post-offices; and 
 other villages are Brooks', l'artridgeville and South Templeton. 
 
 The surtace of the town is broken and picturesque. Rounded 
 hills, fertile valleys, romantic glens and verdant meadows, all con- 
 spire to beautify the town. Crow Hill, in the northwesterly section, 
 is a conspicuous elevation; and Mine Hill, in the southeasterly 
 part, is noted for an old excavation, disclosed in ISL'4. The shaft 
 enters horizontally a solid rock to the distance of 57 feet, and is 
 about 5 feet square. It is said to have been cut in 1753 in search of 
 supposed ore. Otter Kiver, having small ponds in the southeast, 
 east, northeast, and west of the centre, flows north to Miller's River, 
 forming a part of the eastern line of the town, and furnishes valu- 
 able power. Beaver Brook, in the northwest, also flows into Miller's 
 River; while Burntshirt River, having ponds in the southwest, 
 forms the line thence on that side southward to Ilubhardston ; being 
 a branch of Ware River. The principal rock is ferruginous gneiss, 
 with which is much quartz. The soil is loamy and fertile, and there 
 is a thrifty forest of about 5,(11 tit acres. 
 
 The 143 farms in 1sm5 yielded an aggregate product valued at 
 $11*3, 72*. The largest manufactories are the chair and box fac- 
 tories and two small woollen mills, employing altogether about Inn 
 persons. Other manufactures are stoves, bucket*, tn\>, bricks, bouts 
 and shoes, leather, paper goods, clothing, carriages and food prepara- 
 tions. The value of goods made in 1.SS5 was *»'>2'.». lo'.i. The sav- 
 ings bank at the close of last y.ir carried .■?-• >< '.<'-- in deposits. 
 The number of legal voters was (I'll ; and the dwelling-houses 5'JS. 
 The valuation in'lsxs was * 1,104, 55; t, with a tax-rate of £10 on 
 81,0110. There are 10 public school-houses, valued at *21,ooo. 
 
 The Boynton Free Library contains about .'i.onit volumes. The 
 new public library and the savings bank are handsome buildings. 
 The Ladies' Social ( 'irele Library, also, has about the same number 
 of volumes. The town weekly newspaper is the " Recorder.-" The 
 churches are two ( 'ongregationalist. a I'nitarian, a Baptist, a Roman 
 Catholic and a Universalis!. The older and larger villages are very 
 attractive, having along the streets many large maple, elm and ash 
 trees. The Baldwinsville Children's Hospital, con-Ming of several 
 cottages beautifully located about half a mile from the village, is a 
 State institution, but also largely suppoitcd and watched over by 
 benevolent associations and individuals. At present it has accom- 
 modations for 150 children. — insufficient for the applications. 
 
 The territory of Templeton was originally '• Nai ragansett Num- 
 ber Six," granted to certain persons for their heirs) who served the 
 country in King Philip's War. It was incorporated as a town 
 March 6, 170-'; and named, it is supposed, in honor of .lohn Temple, 
 who then represented the American branch of the family of Richard 
 Grenville, Earl Temple. The Rev. Daniel Pond, ordained over the 
 -church in 1755, was th^ first minister. Ceorge (.'. cdiattuck, MP. 
 (1783-1854), an eminent physician and author, who devised $00,000 
 to charitable objects; and William Goodell, U.D. (1792-1867), a 
 devoted missionary, and the translator of the Bible into the Armeno- 
 Turkish language, were natives of this town. 
 
638 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Tenneyville, in paim.-r. 
 
 Ten Pound Island, ";J?° U( " ; ^ T harbor ' bearing x 
 
 Ti L^ r .. is situated in the northeast part of Middle- 
 C\\ KSUUiy sex (j oun t V) 21 miles from Boston. Dracut, 
 separated by the Merrimack River, bounds it on the north; Andover 
 on the iiui -{.beast ; Wilmington on the southeast; Billerica on the 
 southwest ; and Lowell li<-s on the west of the northern end. The 
 assessed area is 13,4i>0 acres, of which 4,.*»49 are woodland. The 
 Salem and Lowell Branch of the Boston and Maine Railroad runs 
 through the midst of the town, having a junction with the Law- 
 rence line near the middle of the eastern side. Tewksbury (centre)' 
 aud Wamesit are the post-offices ; the other villages being Atherton,. 
 Burtt's, Mace's, Phonix, North Tewksbury, South Tewksbury, West 
 Tewksbury and Tewksbury Junction. 
 
 The leading rock is Merrimack schist and calcareous gneiss; and 
 the timber-growth is maple, oak, pine, birch and alder. The Scottish 
 heather is found in one locality near the centre. The soil is light and 
 sandy, and well adapted to the cultivation of early garden vege- 
 tables, for which the city of Lowell offers a ready market. Prospect 
 Hill, and the high lands at Xorth Tewksbury, command a splendid 
 view of the Merrimack River and the distant mountains; and Snake 
 Hill, near the line of Wilmington, overlooks the charming valley of 
 Shawsheen Kiver, which winds through the southerly section of the 
 town. The land is drained by several small affluents of the Merri- 
 mack and the Shawsheen; and Long Poml and Round Pond furnish 
 perch and pickerel, and serve to beautify the landscape. 
 
 The product of the 1.">1 farms in lSVi was valued at *1'.I7.738. 
 The Atherton Machine Company, employing some 2<i men, is the 
 largest manufacturing establishment. There are two or three saw 
 and grist mills, and three carriage factories. Much parched corn 
 lias been prepared for market in the town. Many of the residents- 
 are employed in Lowell. The value of the manufactured product in 
 LS.S."; was 841, (>8S. The population was 2,333; the number of legal 
 voters, 303 ; and of dwelling-houses, 370. The valuation of the town 
 in 18NS was *1, .'580,142, with a tax of 80 on *1,000. There are 
 seven public school-houses, valued at nearly 812.000. The public 
 library contains about 3.000 volumes; and the State Almshouse 
 Library some 1,300. The three churches are Baptist, Oongregation- 
 alist and Roman Catholic. 
 
 The commodious almshouse of the State, situated near the centre 
 of this town, has become more of a hospital than almshouse. The 
 average number of inmates during the year ending September 30, 
 18S.H, was S14. The number admitted during the year was 2,000; of 
 whom 1. Sir, were hospital patients. The buildings occupy a com- 
 manding site, and have a large farm attached on which are employed 
 such inmates as are able to perform manual labor. The buildings 
 are valued at 8333,722; the farm, $26,040; and the personal prop- 
 erty, $102,547. * 
 
THACHERS ISLAXD — TlHIi VI! Y. 639* 
 
 This town was formerly a part of Billerica. from which it was- 
 detached and incorporated, December 23, 17.">4. Its Indian name 
 was Wamesit ; and its present name was probably given in remem- 
 brance of Tewksbury, in Gloucestershire, England. The first church 
 was organized here November 23, 1735; and the Rev. Sampson 
 Spaulding, ordained in 1737, was the first pastor. 
 
 nrVio(^Vi/=«r'c Tclonrl °^ * ne northeast corner of Rock- 
 1 IldL-UCI b IblclUU, port, and forming the extremity of 
 
 Cape Ann. It bears two tall lighthouses, often called the " Capo 
 Ann Lights."' 
 
 1 tlC .TinCS, a village in Newburyport. 
 
 ThomaStOn, a village in Middleborough. 
 
 Thnmncnn'c Tclanrl east of Dorchester l!ay. It is 
 
 l nompson s 1 sianu, the seat of the .. Faim S( . hll(ll •• 
 Thompsonville, \UurT m; als °' in NBWton and " 
 
 Thomdlke, a village in Palmer. 
 Three Rivers, a village in Palmer. 
 I lnOnet, a village in Wareham. 
 TillotSOn, a village in Pittsfield. 
 TlltOn's, a village in Walpok*. 
 Tilton's Corner, a village in Haverhill. 
 Tinker's Island, southeast of Marblehead .Neck. 
 TinkertOWn, a village in Duxbury. 
 
 TicKni-ir occupies the middle of Martha's Vineyard, Dukes 
 
 1 lSDUry County, seventy-seven miles south of Boston, 
 
 extending across the island. The capacious harbor called Vineyard 
 
 Haven, and a connected body of salt water called " Lagoon Pond,'' 
 
 separate it from Cottage City on the east ; while the portion south 
 
 of this is bounded on the same side by Edgartown. On the west is 
 
 Chilmark, the southern halves of the. two towns separated by Great 
 
 Tisbury Pond (salt), from which several long coves extend into 
 
 Tisbury. 
 
 West Tisbury village is situated at the northern extremity of tins 
 
 I pond, on the largest stream on the island ; which is formed near the 
 
640 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 village of Middletown from rivulets Sowing from the northwest of 
 tin' town. In this pari is Indian Hill, the highest elevation in the 
 town; just south of it is the village of Christiantown ; and north- 
 east "I it is Lombard's Cove, having North Tisbury village about its 
 shores. Northwest of tin- hill is Cedar Tree Neck, with Paul's 
 I',, mt between it and tin- cum-. Half-way between this place and 
 \\ esl < Ihop is salt < lhappaquonsett, or Tashmoo, Pond, extending two 
 or three miles inland, and having Chappaquonsett village on its 
 v\ estern side. 
 
 The principal village is Vineyard Haven, extended along the 
 rising ground at the southwest side of the harbor. It contains a 
 V S. marine hospital, on the shore of the Lagoon; a sailor's free 
 reading-room, with a well-stocked library ami museum, on Union 
 Bluff; a primitive Methodist, and a Baptist and an Episcopal church 
 oi modern styles. An old landmark is the windmill on the bluffs 
 oi Lagoon Pond. These bluffs and the heights succeeding them are 
 well clothed with oak and pine, interspersed with hotels and cot- 
 tages. Many elms, willows and other trees — some ancient and 
 others oi more recent growth — adorn the village streets. A good 
 road from this village run., across low and marshy -round. "and 
 across a drawbridge over the narrow strait connecting the pond and 
 harbor, to Cottage City; which, with Edgartown, may a] ushed 
 
 by a longer road southward around the pond. In the other direc- 
 tion, a fine road leads to the headland of West Chop, forming the 
 northeast extremity i E the town, and bearing a ligh i si The 
 vicinity is quite numerously ci vered with pines, th \ run 
 
 li ng avenm s and v, inding lani s, along v\ hie] 
 
 — odd, elegant and ample. Away in ;:,._~ [ s 
 
 the long-known Tashmoo Spring; whence, by means of a pumping 
 
 on and standpipe, the village and t. 
 turn is supplied with pure water. The harbor oi \ n is 
 
 : venient refuge fi r the numerous ves he North Atlantic 
 
 coast, 'do,,, than 250 have been counted in ii at oni and 
 
 t i e numbi c making use oi it in the course oi a year is estim ited at 
 above 10,000. 
 
 Nearly one third of the assess i (12,942 acres) is more or 
 
 den elj covered with forests, consisting chieflj oi oak and pine. 
 
 I he soil is sandy. Cranbenies, apples, hues i straw- 
 
 b rries are a soiu-ce of considerable pr< fit, and other croj - do fairly. 
 
 Ihe town stock of sheep in dune. 1885, was nearly 2,000, with 
 
 ; u; ' 600 lambs The v. due oi the aggregate product oi the 145 
 
 farms (acci rding to the late census) was $77,361). A harness factorj 
 
 I reemploy i From 30 to 50 persons, other manufactures are boats 
 
 i l small vessels, carnages, metallic articles, furniture, woollen yarn 
 
 ■' I km1 1 ; - boots and shoes, lumber, meal and flour and other 
 
 1 ' E e ^ a ^ ion3 ; T1 "' ralue "' ,l "' entire manufactured product 
 
 was $111,068. 'Id.c fisheries, consisting oi a large variety of fish, 
 but chiefly cod. squeteague, flounders, perch, eels, and alewives,— 
 yielded $15,230. In this business were employed a schooner, a 
 sloop, 9 sadboats. 25 dories and 1 seine-boats. Six schooners, aggre- 
 
TITICUT— TOLLAXD. 641 
 
 gating 276 tons, were engaged in freighting. The population was 
 1,541 ; of whom 46(5 were legal voters. The valuation of the town 
 in 1888 was $787,254, with a tax of $16.20 on *1,<I00. There were 
 428 taxed dwelling-houses. The seven public school-houses were 
 valued at nearly $10,000. Dukes County Academy, incorporated in 
 1833, has a building valued at $6,000. The West Tisbury library 
 contains nearly 3,000 volumes, and the Ladies' Library League has 
 a small number of books. Besides the churches mentioned, there is 
 a Baptist and a Methodist church at North Tisbury, and a Congre- 
 gationalist church at West Tisbury. Tillages not previously men- 
 tioned are Davistown, Holmes Hole, and Oklahoma. Vineyard 
 Haven, "West and North Tisbury are the post-offices. 
 
 The Indian name of this town was Cliappaquonsett, and it subse- 
 quently bore the name of " Middletown." It was incorporated 
 July 8, 1671, while under the government of New York ; and for 
 this act it was to pay two barrels of good merchantable codfish 
 yearly. The first minister was the Rev. John May hew, who com- 
 menced preaching here in 1763. Kufus Paine Spaulding, an able 
 lawyer, and M. C. 1863-1860, was born at West Tisbury, May 3, 
 1798. 
 
 1 ltlCUt, a village in Middlebo rough. 
 
 Tnllanrl ^ orms ^ e southwest extremity of Hampden 
 1 UlidllU County, and is bounded on the north by Otis and 
 Blandford, on the east by Granville, by Sandisfield on the west, and 
 by Colebrook and Hartland, in Connecticut, on the south. Its 
 assessed area is 18,186 acres ; and there are 5,014 acres of beech, 
 birch and maple. The whole town is on elevated land, and has few 
 hills of much altitude. In the north is Messenger Fond; in the 
 south, Cranberry; and north of Tolland Centre (the village and 
 post-office) is the larger Noyes Pond, the source of Hubbard's Hirer, 
 which with its affluents drains the eastern section of the town. 
 The rock is of granitic appearance, and the soil is clayey. 
 
 The product of the 112 farms in 1885 was valued at $61,752. 
 Maple sugar was made to amount of 4! 1.530 pounds; and of maple 
 molasses, 564 gallons ; valued altogether at $4,482. There were two 
 saw mills and a wood-turning mill, employing about 25 men. Some 
 leather and metallic goods were made also. The value of the total 
 manufactured product was $3! 1,775. The population was 422; of 
 whom 117 were legal voters. The valuation in 1.H8* was $102,692, 
 with a tax-rate of $16 on $1,000. There were % taxed dwelling- 
 houses. There are five public school-houses, valued at nearly 
 $2,000. The Congregationalists have a church edifice at the village, 
 occupying what is supposed to be the highest ground in its latitude 
 between the Connecticut and the Housatonic rivers. 
 
 This town was formerly a part of Granville, and was set off and 
 incorporated, June 14, 1810. It was settled in 1750 ; and among its 
 first inhabitants were James Barlow, Samuel Hubbard, Moses 
 Gough, Titus Fowler and Robert Hamilton. The church was organ- 
 
642 CAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 ized in 1797; and the Rev. Roger Harrison, the first pastor, served 
 also in the capacity of postmaster, town-clerk, and representative to 
 the General Court. The Rev. Gordon Mall (17S4- 1820), first Ameri- 
 can missionary to Bombay, and also an author of some note, was a. 
 native of this town. Tolland furnished 25 men for the Union cause 
 in the late war, of whom 12 perished in the service. 
 
 Trim ATniinr 1 '- 14 ff;et in ar ''fc' ut ) forming a discon- 
 1 Ulll, 1MUUI11, DW . ti;d tra( . t of xorthampton on the 
 
 south of the town, on the west bank of the Connecticut River. 
 
 a village in Orleans. 
 
 Tonset, 
 
 TTnn^fiflfl * s a pl easan,; °^ farming town in the central 
 J. upaiiciu partof j.; SS( . x County, 25 miles from Boston on 
 the Danvers and Newburyport line, Western Division, Boston and 
 Maine Railroad, which passes through the midst of the town, north 
 and south. Ipswich bounds it on the northeast, Hamilton on the 
 east, Wenham on the southeast, Ihinvers on the south, and Middle- 
 ton and Boxford on the west. 
 
 The assessed area is 7,380 acres ; of which about 1,1)00 consist of 
 pine forests. The surface of the town is agreeably diversified with 
 swelling hills and pleasant valleys. Many oaks, hickory, maple and 
 ash trees, often of large growth^ are found along the village streets 
 and about the fine old mansions and neat farm-houses which are 
 scattered along the town highways. Pingree's Hill, River Hill,. 
 Town Hill and Bear Hill are names of the chief elevations. Some- 
 of these afford sen-views ; and the last looks down upon Pritchard's- 
 Lake (otherwise Hood's Pond) in the northwest part of the town, 
 about 60 acres in extent. It is a favorite summer resort. From it- 
 proceeds 1 'ye Brook, an affluent of Mile Brook ; which, with How- 
 lett's Brook, drains the northern part of the town, then enters 
 Ipswich (or Agawam) River. This flows eastward across the middle- 
 of the town, then turns northward along the border, resuming its- 
 former course at the northeast corner. The geological formation is 
 sienite and greenstone, having some traces of copper and other 
 minerals. The soil is clay and loam. 
 
 The product of the 81 farms in 1SS5 was valued at 1140.551. 
 Large sales were made of milk, apples and cranberries. Pears and 
 blueberries and many other berries and small fruits were a source of 
 profit. There are two shoe factories ; the largest of which employs 
 about 50 persons, mostly natives of the town. A butcher's estab- 
 lishment employs 9 men. Metallic articles, carriages, clothing and 
 leather goods were made to a limited extent. The total manufac- 
 tures of the town amounted to $ 1 05,925 The population was 1,141 ; 
 of whom 322 were legal voters. The valuation in 18S8 was $1,055,- 
 300, with a tax-rate of f 10 on $1,000. There were 237 dwelling- 
 houses taxed. 
 
 Topsfield has a good town-hall, and four public school-houses, the 
 latter valued at nearly 14,000. The town library contains about 
 
TO WN MILL — TO WN&END. 64& 
 
 3,000 volumes. There are a Congregationalist and a Methodist 
 church. The post-office is Topsfield (centre) ; and Lake Village and 
 Springville are the other villages. The old Bradstreet Farm, given 
 hy Governor Bradstreet to his son Simon, covers one of the eastern 
 hills, its fair fields sloping down to the broad meadows. 
 
 The level lands along the Agawam (or Ipswich) River were occu- 
 pied as early as 1635. Mary Esty and Sarah Wildes of this place 
 were mercilessly hung as witches in 1692. Great annoyance was 
 endured in the early period from bears and wolves. There was a 
 garrison house here, but no account of Indian depredations exist. 
 The town was originally a part of Ipswich, and the old village bore 
 the name of New Meadows. It was formally set apart and "named 
 " Toppesfield," October IS, 1648; and on October IS, 1<;.">0, it was 
 made a town, a small parish in England probably furnishing the 
 appellation. The Indian name was Shenewemedy. A church was 
 formed, and the Eev. Thomas Gilbert ordained in 1663. 
 
 Topsfield lost 22 soldiers in the Union cause in the late war. The 
 town is the birthplace of Nathaniel Peabody (1741-1.S23), states- 
 man, physician and soldier; Jacob Kimball (H. U. 1788), a musical 
 composer; Daniel Breck, LL.D. (1788-1852), an able jurist and 
 M.C. ; Elisha Huntington, M.D. (1796-1865), eight years mayor of 
 Lowell, and a lieutenant-governor of the Commonwealth ; Elisha 
 Lord Cleveland, D.D. (1806-1866), an able divine ; and Nchemiah 
 Cleveland, LL.D. (1796-1877), a distinguished professor of natural 
 science in Bowdoin College. 
 
 Town Hill, a village in Randolph. 
 
 Town River Bay, inQumcy. 
 
 Tr»wr«c^r»rl is a large town of unusual scenic beauty in the 
 
 1 UWUbCIlU northwesterly section of Middlesex County, 
 
 45 miles northwest of Boston. Pepperell and Shirley bound it on 
 
 the east, Lunenburg on the south and southwest, Ashley on the west, 
 
 and Mason and Brookline, in N. H., on the north 
 
 Harbor, Little Goose, Davis, Worden and Walker ponds beautify 
 the town. The Squannacook River, formed in the western part of 
 the town, flows across its midst southeasterly, affording, with its 
 numerous tributary brooks, many useful powers. Along its valley 
 runs the Peterboro and Shirley Branch of the Fitchburg Railroad, 
 having stations at the villages of Townsend Harbor, Townsend 
 (centre) and West Townsend, which are also post-offices. Other 
 villages are Townsend Hill in the northeast and Rogersville in the 
 southwest. Several beautiful eminences beautify the landscape 
 along the southern and western borders, while Barker and West 
 hills, in the northern section, are wild and woody heights; while 
 over the long range of Townsend Hill, in the northeast, is strung 
 the interesting village of that name. The principal rock is ferru- 
 ginous gneiss, Merrimack schist and the St. John's group. The soil 
 
(544 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 is sandy in some parts, and a light loam in others. The assessed 
 area is 19,197 acres ; nearly one half of which consists of forests 
 of pine, chestnut, hickory and maple. 
 
 The 198 farms yielded in 1*85 an aggregate product of §111,635. 
 Apples and strawberries are a considerable crop. Kaspberries were 
 picked to the quantity of 14.392 quarts, worth *2.320. Blueberries 
 and other small fruits are numerous. There were two or more saw 
 mills, employing 29 men ; two or three grist mills, a furniture fac- 
 tory employing persons, a leather-board mill employing 14, a 
 fooperage and a twine factory. Some of the goods made were 
 wooden boxes, barrels, kegs, pails, cabinets, carriages, and metallic 
 articles. The value of the entire manufactured product, as given in 
 the census for 1885, was S235.481. The Townsend National Bank 
 has capital stock to the amount of 8100.000. The population was 
 1,846 ; of which 543 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $984,420, with a tax-rate of §12.30 on §1,000. There were 498 
 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 There are a town-hall, a public library containing about 2,000 
 volumes, a high school, with the lower grades, and 12 public school- 
 houses valued at some §12,000. The "Tocsin" and the "Tran- 
 script" are the weekly journals published here. The four churches 
 are Congregationalist, Baptist, Methodist and Roman Catholic. The 
 centre and adjacent villages are busy and interesting places, having 
 their streets adorned with elm and maple trees, many of which are 
 a hundred years old. 
 
 Townsend, in its early period the north part of the district called 
 Turkey Hills, was incorporated June 29, 1732; being named in 
 honor of Charles Townsend, viscount, of the king's privy council. 
 A church was organized October 16, 1734, and the Rev..Phineas 
 Hemenway ordained pastor. The town was formerly noted for an 
 excellent female seminary, whose influence may still be observed in 
 the society. John Hubbard ('1759-1810), and Daniel Adams, M.D. 
 (1773-1864), authors of educational works, were natives of this town. 
 
 Traskville, in Fitchburg. 
 
 TreiTlOnt, a village in Wareham. 
 TrOwbridgeville, in Worcester. 
 TrOy. See Fall River. 
 
 Triirn 0CCll P* ea across section of the outer portion of Cape 
 1 rUlO q oi1j j n Harnstable County, lying somewhat in the 
 form of a slightly curved finger, with Provincetown at its tip and 
 "Wellfleet as its ba.se. Its length is 14 miles ; its width at the south 
 is 4| miles ; and at the northern extremity about half a mile. The 
 assessed area is 5/150 acres; the total farm land being 2,198 acres; 
 and there are nearly 500 acres of pine woods. 
 
TBUBO. 645 
 
 East Harbor Pond, changed from a tide-harbor by the viaduct of 
 the railroad, occupies more than half the width of the peninsula 
 near the northern extremity; and Pamet River, flowing from the 
 east to Cape Cod Bay, nearly divides the town in halves. At its 
 mouth is a good harbor for small craft ; and on its northern shore 
 is the principal village, Truro (centre), 111 miles from Boston on the 
 Old Colony Railroad. Other villages are South Truro and North 
 Truro, and all are post-offices and railroad stations. Still further 
 north is Pond Village. The elevation of the surface is frequently 
 varied, but to a slight extent. The soil is sandy, with the exception 
 of some marshes and a range of clay hills in the east. These are 
 called "The Pounds," a term having reference to the action of the 
 waves upon them, and because many vessels have been pounded to 
 pieces against them. They seem to have been formed by nature for 
 the preservation of this section of the Cape against the encroach- 
 ments of the sea. Small's Hill, in this vicinity, is the highest point 
 of land in the town ; and the view of the ocean from its summit, 
 especially after a great storm, is grand in the extreme. Several 
 beautiful fresh- water ponds diversify the scenery of the southern 
 part of the town. 
 
 Cranberries are cultivated to some extent, and there is a consider- 
 able variety of other fruits and berries. The value of the aggre- 
 gate product of the 48 farms in 1885 was $38,399. The only manu- 
 factory is a fish-canning establishment, employing from 10 to 25 
 persons during the warm season. The product was valued in the 
 year mentioned at S24,<>14. The fisheries yielded $89,616. The 
 catch consisted chiefly of mackerel, herring, flounders, bluefish and 
 pollock. Five sail-boats, 34 dories and 8 seine-boats are employed 
 in this pursuit. The population was 972 ; of whom 2.'U were let^l 
 voters. The valuation in 18*8 was 1290,860, with a tax-rate of 
 $16.20 on §1,000. The eight public school buildings were valued at 
 some §5,000. There is a public library of about 3<>0 volumes. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Meeshawm, also r<nrmet (from 
 the tribe which resided chiefly about the river). The name is 
 variously spelt, as Payomet, Paomet and at last Pamet. Before it3 
 incorporation, July 16, 1709, the place was called " Dangerfield," on 
 account of its exposure to the vicissitudes of the ocean. The British 
 ship-of-war " Somerset " was cast away on the eastern shore in 1779; 
 and the crew were taken prisoners and sent to Boston. In the 
 great gale of October, 1841, ">7 young men of this place were lost 
 at sea, leavings many as fifty children fatherless. Half a century 
 ago, great quantities of salt were made on the Cape ; and in 1837 
 there were 37 salt works in Truro. Every breezy summit about 
 Pamet had its windmill. Wharves and stores also were numerous; 
 and there was even a shipyard. 
 
 The churches consist of two Congregationalist, one Methodist, a 
 Methodist and Congregationalist in union, and a Roman Catholic. 
 The first church was organized here, and the Rev. John Avery or- 
 dained, November 11, 1711. He was a physician as well as pastor. 
 " The honest, pious, virtuous Friend " — his epitaph says. 
 
64G GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 T^^^•h■c*r■r)\^nh■ ;in island, also a village, at the west end of 
 UCKerilULK, Nantucket. 
 
 TllftS Hill, in New I'.raintree. 
 
 Tuft's Pond, in Mention. 
 
 TuftSville, in Dudley. 
 
 1 Urkey ri ill, a village in Newburyport. 
 
 Turkey Shore, a village in ipswich. 
 
 Turner's Falls, a village in Montague. 
 Tylerville, a village in Belchertown. 
 
 Tvno-Qhnrnncrli is a fine old town ia the northerl y P art 
 1 yngSDOrOUgn of Middlesex county, 33 miles north- 
 west of Boston, and )S from Lowell, and has a population of 604. 
 Dracut bounds it on the east ; Chelmsford and Westford on the 
 south; Groton on the west, and Dunstable on the northwest and 
 west; and l'elham and Nashua, in X. H., on the north. A broad 
 prong of about one- fourth the width of the town, and as long as the 
 main portion, extends southwesterly. 
 
 The assessed area is '.t, S-l 7 acres. The forests embrace 3,906 
 aercs. The noble Merrimack flows northeast through the midst of 
 the main portion of the town, making a digression westward in a 
 symmetrical curve in passing the central village. It is crossed by 
 a carriage bridge at this point. The Nashua and Lowell Branch of 
 the Boston and Maine Kailroad skirts the river, having a station 
 here. The view from the railroad in approaching from Lowell em- 
 braces a long sweep of the river, handsome residences, churches and 
 other buildings embowered among noble elms, maple and other trees, 
 with the wooded banks and the beautiful hills beyond, and is very 
 picturesque and charming. The town is diversified by several hand- 
 some eminences. From Seribner's Hill in the southwest flows 
 Hridge-meadow Brook northeasterly into the Merrimack. In the 
 northeast is Tyng's Pond, a line, broad sheet of water, which sends 
 two small but useful tributaries to the river. An extended area and 
 n small village on the south of this pond are called " Willow Dale," 
 and well deserve the romantic name. The pond is much frequented 
 in the summer by people from Lowell and other places. 
 
 The soil of this town is rather light and sandy. The produot of 
 the so farms in lss, r > was ^S2,764. There are some quarries here 
 from which good building granite is obtained. One or more saw 
 mills and box mills, employing 1-1 men, are the largest establish- 
 
TYKIXGHAM. 
 
 647 
 
 •ments. Other manufactures were brushes, metallic articles and 
 food preparations; the value of the total product being $24,075 
 The number of legal voters was 177, and of dwelling-houses, 'l38 
 The valuation in 1888 was $.*;r>8,217, with a tax-rate of $10.50 on 
 $1,000. The eight public school-houses are valued at upwards of 
 $4,000. There is a public library of about 3,000 volumes. The 
 churches are Congregationalist, Unitarian and Universalist, — one 
 of each. Tyngsborough (centre) is the post-office and railroad 
 station. 
 
 The first white settler of this pleasant valley was an Englishman 
 named Cromwell ; and, at the time, his house was the only one be- 
 tween Woburn and Canada. In trading with the Indians he weighed 
 their furs and peltries with his foot. They finally discovered that 
 he was cheating them ; and in excusable retaliation they burned his 
 tut and drove him from the place. Many years ago a sum of money 
 
 
 » 
 
 - 
 
 wi i iiiiijrJ 
 
 __ ■ "^^ . 
 
 
 * 
 
 "^ **p£ 
 
 p3^5*3«£J 
 
 -m 
 
 
 M T . B BIMACK BJVEB, SHOWING TILE RESIDENCIES OF DR. DUTTON, NATH. AND WM. IIUINLET. 
 
 was found in a field near by, which is supposed to have belonged bo 
 the fugitive. This town was taken from Dunstable and established 
 as a district, June 22, 17S9. It was incorporated as a town February 
 23, 1809. It Was named in honor of Mrs. Sarah (Tyngj Winslow. 
 The first minister was the Rev. Samuel Lawrence, settled in 1790. 
 John S. Sleeper, Esq., editor of the " Boston Journal " from 1834 
 to 1854, was born here in 1794. 
 
 T\*rinrrl-tam is a small, mountainous farming town in the 
 
 i. y llllgliai II sout herly part of Berkshire County, 142 miles 
 
 Bouthwest of Boston; having Great Barringtou and Lee on the 
 
648 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 northwest, Becket and Otis on the east, and Monterey on the south- 
 west. It has 457 inhabitants, settled mainly in the valley of Hop 
 Brook ; which rims diagonally through the town from southeast to- 
 northwest, and enters the Housatonic Kiver in Lee; furnishing, 
 with its branches, the motive-power for two saw mills and two or 
 three rake mills. The borders of this stream formerly abounded in 
 wild hops, (loose Bond, in the northern part, is a beautiful sheet of 
 about 22~> acres, whose outlet is also an affluent of the Housatonic. 
 Toby's Mountain, in the southwestern section of the town, was- 
 taken as a point of observation in the Trigonometrical Survey of the- 
 State. The soil, through rough and hard, is fertile ; and the air is- 
 salubrious and the water pure. 
 
 The total product of the 70 farms in 1885 was 868,327. Tobacco- 
 was raised to the value of S.">,KJ2; and of maple sugar there were 
 made 5,875 pounds, with 391 gallons of maple molasses. The 
 manufactures amounted to $18,966. The number of legal voters 
 was 130; and of dwelling-houses 101. The valuation in 1x88 was 
 $234,449, with a tax-rate of .? 11.43. The G public school-houses were- 
 valued at about & 3,000. There are a Baptist and a Methodist church. 
 
 The central village (Tyringham) on Hop Brook is very neat and 
 pleasant; and Shaker Village, north of it, bears the marks of tidi- 
 ness and thrift for which these people are noted. The post-office is 
 Tyringham. The localities called Fernside, Hop Brook, Jerusalem 
 and Sodom are also reckoned as villages. The nearest railroad 
 stations are those of the Housatonic Railroad at Lee and South 
 Lee ; to both of which are good carriage roads. 
 
 Lieut. Isaac Garfield and others commenced a settlement in this- 
 place in 1739 ; and were followed the same year by Capt. John. 
 Brewer, of Hopkinton, who erected mills. In 1744, during the 
 French and Indian War, some government soldiers were stationed 
 here, and several houses were fortified. The first settler on Hop 
 Brook was Thomas Orton, who built a log-house here as early as 
 1743. The Rev. Adonijah Bidwell, settled in 1750, was the first 
 minister. The town originally existed as "Number One,'' and was 
 incorporated as a town. March 6, 17(12. Governor Bernard gave its 
 name of Tyringham, of which English family he became the represen- 
 tative in 177d. This town sent 30 men into the service of the Union 
 in the late war, and lost none. 
 
 U nCcLtCilcl, an island in (losnohl. 
 
 Union Market, a village in Watertowu. 
 
 UniOnVllle, in Franklin; also, in Holden and in Wellesley. 
 T Ir,kifn'c f/^rnor a locality in the l>orehester district 
 
 upnams v^uiiici, ofKostou 
 
 T Intnn so ca ^ t>(1 * rom * ts s ' tuat ion, is a long and narrow 
 
 l^JJlUIi, t 0W11 j,i the southeast part of Worcester County, of 
 
 broken and hilly aspect, with a good strong soil adapted to cereals, 
 
UXBUTDGE. 649' 
 
 pasturage and arboriculture. It is 36 miles southwest of Boston, 
 ■with which it is connected by the Grafton and Upton and the 
 Boston and Albany railroads. Upton (centre) and West Upton are 
 the villages, also post-offices and railroad stations. Westborough 
 lies on its north ; Hopkinton on the northeast ; the latter and Mil- 
 ford on the east ; Mendon and Northbridge on the south ; and the 
 latter and Grafton on the west. 
 
 The assessed area is 13,040 acres, of which 4,162 acres are wood- 
 land. The principal rock is gneissic. In the eastern part of the 
 town is a mineral spring. In the northwest is a long ridge of land 
 called " George's Hill." George's (or Miscoe) Brook flows about its 
 western base, entering the town near the western village, where it 
 furnishes valuable power. Peppercorn Hill, in the east, commands 
 a fine view of North Pond, from which flows Mill River, separating 
 Upton from Milford. Pratt's Hill and pond, and a smaller pond, 
 beautify the scenery on the north of the central village. Warren 
 Brook, uniting with Miscoe Brook at West Upton, forms West River, 
 which flows thence southward through the town, and enters the 
 Blackstone River in Uxbridge. 
 
 Much attention is paid by the farmers to orcharding and cranberry 
 culture. The wood product also is large. The value of the aggre- 
 gate product of the 140 farms in 1885 was $12X,G48. There are two 
 factories making hats and other straw goods, employing nearly 800 
 persons. Boxmaking engaged 17 men, and there was one saw 
 mill; the product of the two in 1885 being valued at !?1S,IM*>3. 
 Other manufactured products were stone, metallic articles and food 
 preparations. The population was 2,265 ; of whom 513 were legal 
 voters. The taxed dwelling-houses numbered 384. The valuation 
 in 1888 was $S83,209, with a tux of §17 on *l,uoO. The town has 
 a high school, and others of the primary and grammar grades ; pro- 
 vided for in ten school buildings valued at some *i>,ooo. There is a 
 fine town-hall, built in 1884 at a cost of 825,000. The town library 
 contains upwards of 1,000 volumes, and Kimwlton & Sons' straw 
 factory also has a library for its employees. The four churches are 
 Congregationalist, Methodist, Unitarian and Roman Catholic. 
 
 Upton was formed of parts of Mendon, Sutton and Hopkinton, 
 and incorporated, June 14, 1735. A church was organized here in 
 1735, and the Rev. Thomas Weld ordained pastor. The town lest 
 31 soldiers of the 192 it furnished f#r the Union cause in the late 
 war. Hon. Henry Chapin, LL.D. (B.U. 1835), an able jurist and 
 excellent man, was a native of this town. 
 
 T TvKt-i'rlrr^ lies on tne Blackstone River, in the southeasterly 
 U XDrlClgc section of Worcester County, 30 miles southwest 
 of Boston and 18 miles south of Worcester. The Providence and 
 Worcester Railroad passes through northwest and southeast, and the 
 New York and New England Railroad passes through the southwest- 
 ern section, having a station at Ironstone. The post-offices are Ux- 
 bridge and North Uxbridge. Other villages are Centreville, Elm Dale, 
 Ironstone and Rogersville. 
 
(J50 CX/.KTTKKlt OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 For boundaries, it has Sutton on the northwest, Northbridge on 
 the north, Mendun and Blackstone on the east, Douglas on the west, 
 and Burrillville, in R. L, on the south. The assessed area is 17,615; 
 of which 8,2 12 acres m forest. The principal rock is gneissic ; and 
 in it occur argentiferous galena and iron ore. The manufacturing 
 villages are. situated in charming valleys, in which West Biver from 
 Upton, Mumford River from Northbridge, and Emerson Brook from 
 l)ouglas, unite with the Blackstone River, which comes down be- 
 tween them. These valleys are flanked on either side by high lands 
 covered with thrifty farms and noble woods, presenting landscapes 
 of unusual beauty. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 262 farms in 1885 was 
 $193,8X7. There have long flourished here satinet, fancy cassimera 
 .and shoddy mills. The woollen mills are now seven in number, em- 
 ploying in June, 1885, 317 persons. A cotton mill employed 141. 
 The value of the textiles made, according to the last State census, 
 was $(127,105. Boots and shoes were made to the amount of 
 #16,502; wrought stone, 819,903; tobacco in various forms, and 
 food preparations, $55,524 ; lumber and other wooden goods, 
 ft*. 325. Fire-arms and other metallic goods, 80,383. Leather, car- 
 riages, and clothing were also made to a small extent. The aggregate 
 value of goods made was §718,158. The national bank has a capi- 
 tal stock of $100,000 ; and the savings bank deposit at the close of last 
 year was §.'{44,871). The valuation in 1888 was £2,032,725, with a 
 tax-rate of $l.'!.. r >0 on 8 1,000. The number of taxed dwelling-houses 
 was 531. The population was 2,048 ; of whom 728 were legal voters. 
 The 12 public school- houses are valued at about *.'?o,00o. There is a 
 good high school, with grammar and primary schools accordant 
 Uxbridge Free Public Library contains some 5,000 volumes. The 
 '■Compendium" is a popular local weekly. The Congregationalists, 
 Baptists, Methodists, Unitarians, Friends, and Roman Catholics each 
 have a church here. 
 
 This town was formerly a part of Meiulon; from which it was 
 detached and incorporated, .lune 27, 1827. It was named in houor 
 of Henry Paget, Earl of Uxbridge, and at the time a member of the 
 privy council. The Indian name was Wacuniug. Uxbridge sent about 
 ■80 men to do battle lor the Union in the late war, of whom 16 lost 
 their lives in the service. 
 
 A church was organized hera in 1 7 ."> 1 , and the Rev. Nathan Webb 
 ordained pastor. William Baylies, M.D. (1743-1820'), a noted phy- 
 sician, and M.C. 1805- 1809; Nicholas Baylies ( 1772-1846), a judge 
 and author; and Willard Preston, D.R (1785-1856), an. eloquent 
 .•clergyman, were among the natives of this town. 
 
 Valley Village, in w,- s t iwiston. 
 
 Van DeUSenVllle, in Great Harrington. 
 Vineyard GrOVe, a village in Edgartowu. 
 
VINE YAMD HAVEN— WAKEFIELD. ($5 J 
 
 Vineyard H aven, a village in Tisbury. 
 Vineyard H ighlands, a village in cottage city. 
 
 Vineyard Sound, th e body of water between GobboW 
 J ' and Marthas Vineyard. 
 
 W a ban Hill, in Newton, 30G feet in height. 
 Waban Lake, inWellesley. 
 
 Wachusett Mountain, L n P ig I ht nceton ' 2 ' 018 feet in 
 
 Wachusett Pond, lies 1 ? > n th \ borders of. Westminster 
 
 ' and Princeton. 
 
 Wachusett Village, in Westminster. 
 WadsWOrth's, a village in Franklin. 
 
 Wakeby, a village in Sandwich. 
 
 AA/'akpfield is a beautiful and flourishing town of 6,060 in- 
 habitants, situated in the extreme easterly part 
 of Middlesex County, 10 miles north of Boston. It is admirably 
 accommodated by the Host on and Maine Railroad, from which a 
 branch proceeds to Lawrence, another to Newburyport, and a third 
 to Salem. The post-offices are Wake Held (centre), Greenwood in 
 the south part, and Montrose in the northeast part of the town. 
 Other villages are Wakefield Junction and Woodville. 
 
 The boundaries of the town are Heading and Lynnfield on the 
 north, the latter and Saugus on the east, the last and Melrose on 
 the south, with Stoneham and Heading on the southwest and north- 
 west. The assessed area is 3,74a acres ; of which nearly 1,000 acres 
 are forests of pine, oak, maple, cedar and birch. Elm, maple and 
 horse-chestnut are plentiful along the village streets ; fruit trees 
 abound, and berries are largely cultivated. The rock formation is 
 sienitic, with some trap. The soil is clayey, gravelly, and black loam 
 in different parts. The surface is finely diversified with hill, valley 
 and lake. Greenwood Mount and Hound Hill in the south are names 
 of rocky and commanding elevations, ('oudrey's, Cedar, Hart's, Bear, 
 Tudor and Prospect, also designate pleasing elevations. Quanapow- 
 itt Pond, in the northwest part, embracing an area of 264 acres, is 
 the source of Saugus River, which winds around the northeast sec- 
 tion of the town. On a broad cape on the southwest side of the pond 
 is a beautiful cemetery, with a village embowered beyond. On its 
 southern shore is the large Central Park, well covered with old elms, 
 and having a picturesque " Rockery," a music pavilion, and excel- 
 lent promenades. Along the entire eastern side winds a shaded 
 
WAKEFIELD. 553 
 
 street, -with, charming views from all points. Crystal Lake (Indian 
 name, Wappahtuek), of 48 acres, southwest of the c»ntre, is also an 
 ornament to the place, as well as being extremely useful through 
 the water-works. 
 
 The largest industrial establishment is that founded by the late 
 Cyrus Wakefield, the " rattan factory," making chairs, baskets, boxes, 
 carriage tops, matting and other articles from rattan; which at 
 present gives employment to about 700 persons. Other large estab- 
 lishments are the Smith & Anthony Stove Company, employing 
 about 100 men ; the Evans Shoe Factory, employing 50 persons ; the 
 Emmons Shoe Factory, employing 40 ; and the Miller Piano Factory, 
 employing 90. Other manufactures are rubber goods, furniture, 
 twine, artisans' tools and food preparations. The value of the man- 
 ufactured product, as given in the census for 1885, was $2,016,147. 
 The 99 farms in the town in the same year reported a product valued 
 at $55,444. There are a national, a savings and a co-operative bank. 
 The number of legal voters was 1,535; and there are 1,198 taxed 
 dwelling-houses. The valuation in 1888 was §4,299,605, with a tax. 
 rate of $16 on $1,000. 
 
 The town-house is a large, elegant structure of brick and sand~ 
 stone, containing the Memorial Hall, court-room, town offices, and 
 the Beebe Public Library of about 10,000 volumes, on the first floor ; 
 and on the second, an audience hall with seating capacity for 1,200 
 persons. Other fine edifices are the high school building, the Wake- 
 ield, Walton and Gould business blocks, and many handsome resi- 
 dences. There are 10 public school-houses, valued in 18S5 at 
 $80,000, and providing for excellent graded schools. The " Record 
 and Bulletin" and the "Citizen and Banner' 1 are well-sustained 
 local weeklies. The churches embrace one each of the Congrega- 
 tionalists, Baptists, Universalists, Methodists, Episcopalians and 
 Roman Catholics. 
 
 Originally Wakefield was the principal part of the town of Read- 
 ing, incorporated in 1044, having previously been called " Lynn Vil- 
 lage." The land was purchased of the Indian sagamore George, his 
 sister Abigail, and Quanapowitt. From this town South Beading 
 was incorporated February 25, 1812 ; and on June 30, 1 80S, the 
 name was changed to Wakefield, in honor of its principal business 
 man and benefactor, Cyrus Wakefield. 
 
 Mr. Wakefield was bom in Roxbury, X. H., February 7, 1811, and 
 ■came early to Boston, where by industry and strict integrity in busi- 
 ness he laid the foundation of his ample fortune. His business 
 relations were extensive and his benefactions large. Among other 
 gifts was one to Harvard College of 6100,000, for the founding of 
 the hall which bears his name ; and to Wakefield, which he had 
 chosen for his manufactory and residence, he gave nearly the same 
 amount of money. His death occurred October 26, 1873. Other 
 eminent citizens were Hon. Thomas Emerson, Hon. Lilly Eaton and 
 Dr. S. O. Richardson. This town sent 407 men into the Union ser- 
 vice during the late war ; the monument to the 47 who were lost 
 being Memorial Hall. 
 
654 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Walden Pond, in concord. 
 
 Air l is a small mountainous town of HXl inhabitants, 166 
 
 VV d,JCS dwelling-houses, ami a valuation of $2S2,7;>4, in the 
 southeast section of Hampden County, anil 1)3 miles southeast of 
 Boston. The nearest railroad station is that of the New London 
 and Northern Railroad, in Monson. Brimfield (from which it was 
 taken) lies on the north, Holland on the east, Stafford and Union, 
 Conn., mi the south, and Monson on the west. Mount Hitchcock, 
 in the northwest comer of the town, rises to the height of 1,1!K) 
 feet, and commands a prospect of remarkable extent and beauty. 
 A line expanse of water, called " Wales's Pond," sends a tributary 
 northward to the Quinebaug River; and other streams How from the 
 highlands into Chicopee Uiver. Though small, these rivulets are, 
 rapid, and furnish motive power for several mills. There were in 
 the town at one time five woollen and several saw mills and one silk 
 manufactory; there are now two woollen mills, employing, in June, 
 1SN5, 1<)4 persons. There were several other small manufactures. 
 
 The hillsides afford good pasturage, and the valleys excellent land 
 for tillage. The number of farms is 74 ; whose aggregate product 
 in 18*5 was valued at S.'i'.I.SlO. A specialty here is the preparation 
 of aromatic and medicinal roots and herbs ; which in 1885 yielded 
 $905. 
 
 The town has one post-office, a good public hall, a public library, 
 six school-houses, a Baptist church and a Methodist church. 
 
 This town was incorporated as " South Brimfield District," Sept. 
 18, 1762 ; and as the town of " Wales "' (so named from James 
 Lawrence Wales, Esq.), Feb. 20, 1828. The first dwelling-house in 
 ihe town was erected by John Moulton as early as 1730. It was for 
 •some time used as a fort. A Baptist church was formed here as 
 •sarly as 1736. The Iiev. Ebenezer Moulton was the first pastor. 
 
 W cllker, a village in Taunton. 
 Walnut H ill, a village in Dedham. 
 
 \A/alr»r»1f» was detached from Dedham, and incorporated 
 VV dljJUlC i) ecem ber 10, 1724. It was named in honor of 
 Sir Robert Walpole, then prime minister of England. The New 
 York and New England Railroad and the Mansfield and Framing- 
 ham Branch of the Old Colony Railroad intersect each other in the 
 central village, thus affording fine facilities for transportation. The- 
 postal centres are Walpole, East Walpole and South Walpole. 
 Other villages are l'liinptonville, Tilton's, and North Walpole. 
 The town is situated in the interior of Norfolk County, 19 miles 
 from Boston ; and its boundaries are Dover on the north, Dedham, 
 Norwood, and Sharon on the east, Foxborough on the south, and 
 Norfolk and Mediield on the west. The assessed area is 12,459 
 acres ; of which 2,710 are woodland. 
 
 The surface of the town is broken into upland and meadow ; and 
 
WALTHAM. 055 
 
 a range of gravelly knolls or hills rims southeasterly through the 
 territory. The Neponset River, Mill Brook and other streams 
 ■which meet the river at or near the central village, furnish much 
 hydraulic power, and impart freshness and variety to the scenery. 
 The farms are managed with skill and industry, and yield remu- 
 nerative crops of the cereals and of fruits, berries and vegetables. 
 The manufactures consist of cotton and woollen goods, paper, bouts 
 and shoes, hollow-ware and iron castings, hand-cards, twine of excel- 
 lent quality, leather, emery, straw goods, furniture, food preparations 
 and other articles. There are two saw mills in the place ; and large 
 quantities of lumber, fire-wood and charcoal are prepared for 
 market. The extensive Hollingsworth paper mills, at East Walpole, 
 employed in 18S5 about 80 persons, and made goods to the value of 
 $430,100. Textiles were manufactured to the value of $007,100. 
 The value of all goods made was tl,&>2,102. The product of the 
 119 farms was valued at $117,381. The valuation in lsss was 
 $1,774,129, with a tax-rate of *13.40 on * 1,000. The population by 
 the last State census was -.113; of whom .WO were legal voters. 
 There were 520 taxed dwelling-houses. The five public school- 
 houses, in 1885, were valued at fc'.i.ftOO. There is a public library of 
 upwards of 6,000 volumes. The "Star" and the "Central Norfolk 
 Democrat " are published here. The churches consist of two Con- 
 gregationalist, two Methodist, a Unitarian and a 1 toman Catholic. 
 
 The Rev. Phillips Payson, first minister of the place, was settled 
 in 1730, and remained as pastor more than 47 years. Four of his 
 sons were clergymen. The Rev. Asahel Bigelow was ordained 
 pastor of the Second Church in 1828. 
 
 Phillips Payson, D.D., a patriot, scholar, and divine, was born in 
 Walpole, January 18, 173d. Setli Payson, D.D., a learned minister 
 and author, and father of Edward Payson, 1>.D., was born here 
 September 29, 1758; and died in Rindge, >*. II., February 20, 1S2<>. 
 Eleazer Smith, said to have been the original inventor of the 
 machine for cutting and heading nails, also of the machine for punch- 
 ing the leather, cutting, bending, and setting card-teeth by one 
 operation, was a native of Walpole. This place is the residence of 
 F. W. Bird, a noted politician ; and also of the Rev. Edwin Thorn p- 
 aon, a well-known lecturer on temperance. 
 
 "W A T T T-T A TVT the " Cifc y of Watcnes >" is situate( i > n 
 
 VVfiL,! n.r\iVl, the southeasterly section of Middlesex 
 County, 10 miles west of Boston, with which it is conveniently con- 
 nected by a branch and main line of the Fitchburg Railroad, and by 
 the Central Massachusetts Railroad. The outlying villages are 
 Bleachery, Chemistry, Robert's Crossing (railroad stations) and 
 Prospectville. Other stations are Stony Brook, Beaver Brook and 
 Clematis Brook, on the first road ; and the latter and Hammond 
 Street on the second, with "Waltham" on both. The latter is the 
 post-office. 
 
 The city boundaries are Lexington on the north, Belmont on the 
 northeast and east, Watertown on the southeast, Newton on the 1 
 
^56 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 south, and Lincoln on the west. The assessed area is 7,560 acres ; 
 of which over 1,000 are forest, containing chiefly, oak, cedar and 
 spruce. Apple, pear, peach and quince trees are numerous on the 
 farms. A range of low hills marks the northeastern border, while 
 the southwestern section is largely occupied with wooded hills, of 
 which the most central and highest is Mount Prospect, 482 feet in 
 altitude; while Little l'rospect is 4.'il feet, and Bear Hill, 360. 
 Charles Liver winds in at the southeast as a broad and lakelike 
 .stream, flowing out in a narrower stream at the east, after turning 
 the vast machinery of the mills in that section. Leaver Brook is a 
 tributary from Means Pond in the north, and another is Stony 
 Brook, which receives Hobb's Brook from the western part, and 
 forms a large part of the line between this city and Weston, next 
 the Charles ; where it furnishes power for a paper-mill. In the angle 
 between the two streams — a beautiful secluded locality — is the 
 Norse tower, of stone. 50 feet in height, erected at a cost of several 
 thousand dollars by Prof. E. X. Horsford, to mark what he con- 
 siders to be the site of the mythical city of Norumbega, and the 
 neighborhood of extensive operations on the river, and of traffic 
 -with the Indians by the Xorse voyagers ; of whom Lief Erikson, in 
 a.d. 1,000, was the arant-courier* 
 
 Whatever may have been done in ancient times by other people* 
 on the banks of this beautiful river, the beginning of its manufac- 
 tures by the race at present occupying it was in 1802, when the- 
 making of a coarse wrapping paper was commenced. In 1812 th& 
 AValtham Cotton and Woollen Manufacturing Company was incor- 
 porated ; and in 181:1 Francis C. Lowell and Patrick T. Jackson, ot 
 Boston, purchased Boil's paper-mill and the water-power at the 
 upper falls, and in connection with Nathan Appleton and others, in- 
 corporated as the Boston Manufacturing Company, with a capital of 
 $400,000, and began the erection of a cotton mill. In the autumn 
 of LSI 4, a power-loom was put in operation in Waltham by the last 
 company, — said to have been the first in the country. The busi- 
 ness continued to be developed, until in 1879 the two companies had 
 40,000 spindles and 700 looms, and gave employment to over 1,200 
 persons. Besides the cotton cloth made, some 5,000 dozen pair ot 
 stockings were turned out weekly. The number of spindles u> 
 now above 00,000. In 1*35, Dr. F. F. Field invented a process 
 for the manufacture of crayons of all kinds, which now employs ij. 
 large factory. The largest and most important manufacture in th<r 
 city, that of watches, was commenced in 1854, by the American 
 Watch Company, with a capital of §200,000, and employing 74 
 bands. 
 
 The present establishments are the American Waitham Watch 
 Company, employing 2,700 persons; the United States Watch Com- 
 pany, which is still young; the American Watch-Tool Company, 
 employing 05 ; the Davis and Farnum Foundry, 125 ; and the Bostot 
 Manufacturing Company, 2,000. There is also a bleachery, em-. 
 
 • A beautiful brnnze tttntup representing this hurdy explorer stands In the Commas, 
 wealth Avonue entrance ot liaok Bay Fork, In Boston. 
 
WALTHAM. 657 
 
 ploying about 150 persons. Other important manufactures are iron 
 castings, machinery, lumber, leather, paper, carriages, boots and 
 shoes, furniture, emery goods, tobacco, beverages and other food pre- 
 parations. The number of establishments in 1885 was 147 ; and the 
 value of their aggregate product, $4,491,614. The 96 farms yielded 
 products amounting to $213,416 in value. The value of the milk 
 alone was $S3,G*4. There is one national bank, with a capital stock 
 of $150,000 ; a savings bank, carrying deposits, at the close of last 
 year, to the amount of $l,S93.;>85j also a co-operative bank with 
 a thriving business. The population in 1885 was 14,609, including 
 •3,231 legal voters ; and in 1887 it was found to be about 16,000, and 
 has doubtless increased since. The valuation in 1888 was 
 #13,148,810, with a tax-rate of $13.80 on $1,000. There were 2,871 
 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 Among the best buildings are Welch's Block, Music Hall, the 
 United Workmen Building, the new passenger station of the Fitch- 
 burg Railroad, the central fire station, the national bank building, 
 and the American Walthani Watch Factory, whose main building is 
 about 350 feet long, and has five acres of flooring. The populous 
 part of the city is situated on both sides of the Charles ; and 
 the terms, "North Side," "South Side," are frequent in colloquial 
 intercourse. The city owns the old Rumford Institute buildings 
 and a public library of nearly 15,000 volumes. There are capacious 
 water-works, a street railway, and excellent roads throughout the 
 town. The schools are superior, including a high school and the 
 lower grades. They occupy 17 school buildings, valued at nearly 
 $200,000. The Roman Catholics have recently erected a fine build- 
 ing, at a cost of $55,000, for St. Mary's parochial school, with a 
 ■capacity for 1,000 children. Provision has been made by the city 
 for school industrial instruction ; and there are also evening, common, 
 ■commercial and drawing schools. The Swedenborgians have here 
 an unsectarian " New-Church school," which is finely provided with 
 buildings and apparatus. The churches embrace one each of the Bap- 
 tists, Congregationalists, Unitarians, Methodists, Protestant Episco- 
 palians, Universalists, Roman Catholics, and the New (Jerusalem) 
 Church (Swedenborgian). The publication here of the "Daily 
 Times" and the "Daily Tribune," the weekly "Charles River 
 Laborer," the " Free Press " and the " Record," shows the local 
 spirit of the place, and provides amply for its families. 
 
 A monument to the memory of her soldier defenders of the Union 
 was erected in Mt. Feake Cemetery in 1889. It consists of the 
 figure of a soldier of heroic size on a panelled and inscribed 
 pedestal ; the entire monument being of Blue Hill granite, and 16 
 feet in height. 
 
 Waltham was taken from Watertown, and incorporated, January 
 4, 1737. It was probably named from Waltham Abbey, Essex 
 County, England ; from the vicinity of which came the Rev. John 
 Eliot and other settlers in this region. A city charter was granted 
 June 2, 1884, and was accepted by the citizens on the 16th of 
 July. 
 
658 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 W cimCSlt, a village in Tewksbuxy. 
 
 W tipping, a villas in Deerfield ; also, one in Kingston. 
 
 Wapiia Point, southeast of Martha's Vineyard. 
 "\A/iriti/^if a village and a bay at the southeastern extremity 
 
 vv aquou, of Falmoutn . 
 
 Ward. See Auburn. 
 
 Ward Hill, a village in Bradford. 
 
 \KJ „ rp forms the southeasterly extremity of Hampshire 
 VV die County, and is 75 miles from Boston by the Massachu- 
 setts Central llailroad. The Ware River Railroad also runs alonf 
 the eastern side of the town, following the course of the river, which 
 enters the town at the northeast and flows southwest through a 
 charming valley to the Chicopee River in Palmer. The principal 
 •eat of business and population is Ware Village, beautifully situated 
 at the falls on this river, in the southeasterly section of the town. 
 
 West Ware (or West Parish) is on Flat Brook, and near the geo- 
 graphical centre of the territory. This stream flows south to Ware 
 River, having a pretty pond bordered by delightful natural groves 
 just north of the Ware River Railroad. The forests of this town 
 — consisting chiefly of chestnut and maple — occupy 4,127 of the 
 16,740 acres of assessed area. The town is bounded on the north by 
 Enfield and Hardwick, on the east by the latter and Brooktield, on 
 the south by Palmer, and on the west by Belchertown. The divi- 
 sional line on this side is marked by Swift River ; and parallel to- 
 this, through the midst of the western half of the town, flows 
 Beaver Prook, both affluents of Ware River. Several ranges of 
 wooded hills extend across the town, north and south. 
 
 The land is rough and rocky, and the soil sandy ; yet many of the 
 farms are quite productive. Their number in 1885 was 18 4, employ- 
 ing 317 men ; and their aggregate product was valued at $191,680. 
 The wood product was large. Two saw mills were operated a part 
 of the year. The principal manufactures are cotton cloth (for which 
 there is one establishment employing nearly 800 persons), woollen 
 (2 establishments, employing nearly 500), hosiery (employing about 
 400), boots and shoes (employing about 50), bricks and wrought 
 stone (employing about 30 men), paper and paper boxes (employing 
 about 20 persons), carriages, clothing, furniture, leather, wooden 
 goods, soap, beverages and food preparations. The textiles made in 
 1885, as reported in the oensus, were valued at #2,886,934 ; metallic 
 goods, $18,870; clothing, $366,937; building materials, including 
 •tone and brick, $53,245. The value of the entire manufactures 
 was $3,430,620. The Ware River National Bank has a capital of 
 #300,000 ; and the Ware Savings Bank, at the close of last year, 
 
WAREHAM. 65Q 
 
 held deposits to the amount of 12,702,563. The population was 
 6,003; of whom 969 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $ 4,012,326, with a tax-rate of $14.40. There were 782 taxed dwell- 
 ing-houses. 
 
 At Ware Village are a handsome town-hall and excellent water- 
 works. The Young Men's Library Association has a fine library 
 building, valued at $13,000, and containing a library of about 7,000 
 volumes. There are a high school and those of lower grades ; which 
 are provided with 12 school buildings, valued at some $40,000. 
 The " Gazette " and the " Standard " are the weekly journals pub- 
 lished here. The churches embrace two Congregationalist, a Meth- 
 odist, a Unitarian, a French Protestant, and a French and an Irish 
 Roman Catholic. 
 
 Ware was incorporated November 25, 1761 ; and was named from 
 its principal stream. It was originally known as "Ware-river 
 Parish;" and the first settlement was made on lands granted to 
 Richard Hollingsworth in 1073, in consideration that his father was 
 the first builder of vessels in the colonies. The place remained 
 unsettled many years longer than the towns about, because the sur- 
 face was so rough and the soil so hard that it was considered unfit 
 for cultivation. At an early period, nearly the whole of its present 
 territory was granted by the General Court to a military company 
 from Narragansett as a reward for expelling the Indians from that 
 vicinity. The new owners gladly sold it to John Reed, Esq., of 
 Boston, for two "coppers" an acre; yet it is now one of the most, 
 flourishing towns in its section of the State. Capt. Jabez Olmstead, 
 of Brookfield, erected mills on the falls of Ware River about the 
 year 1729. A church was organized May 9, 1751; and the Rev. 
 Grindall Rawson was ordained pastor. A church was organized on 
 the eastern border of the town, April 12, 1826; and on the 21st of 
 June of the same year the Rev. Parsons Cooke was ordained pastor. 
 A plain granite shaft with a tablet is the memorial to the soldiers 
 of the town lost in the war for the Union. Thu museum of Indian 
 relics at Amherst College was established by Hon. George J[. Gil- 
 bert, a citizen of this place. Ware has a large number of eminent 
 natives and citizens. 
 
 WTarf^Vtam ' 8 a ^ ar K e town in the southerly part of Ply- 
 VV dlCliam moutn County, at the head of Buzzard's Bay, 
 and 60 miles southeast of Boston. The Cape Cod Division of the 
 Old Colony Railroad enters the town at the northwest, sends the 
 Fairhaven Branch from Tremont (West Wareham post-office) south- 
 ward, then swerves to the southeast ; the other stations being South 
 Wareham, Wareham (centre and chief village), East Wareham, 
 Onset and Buzzard's Bay. These — excepting the last — are post- 
 offices. The other villages are Agawam, Onset Bay and Tihonet. 
 
 The boundaries are Carver and Plymouth on the north, the latter, 
 with Bourne (separated by Buttermilk Bay), on the east, Buzzard's 
 Bay on the south, and Marion and Rochester on the west, with 
 Middleborough at the northwest corner. Several harbors, coves, 
 
660 r,A/j:rri:i;i; of Massachusetts. 
 
 creeks and inlets run far up into the town from the bay, forming 
 many points and peninsulas, and giving a remarkably circuitous 
 shore line. The assessed area is 1*,550 acres. There are 4,307 acres 
 of forest, mostly of piteh-pine ; in which some red deer, foxes, hares, 
 coon, grouse, quail, ducks and other game are still found. Iiourne's 
 Hill, on the northwestern part of Great Neck, and Tempest Knob, 
 are. the most noted elevations. North of the first hill is Wankinco 
 Neek ; south westward is Oohasset Neck; and Bourne's Neck forms 
 the southeast extremity of the town. On the east side of this are 
 Cohasset Narrows, and westward, near the centre of the town, are 
 Wareham Narrows, both favorite resorts of sportsmen in pursuit of 
 sea-fowl or fish. In the east are numerous small ponds, and in the 
 west are many expansions of the VVeweantitt River, flowing south- 
 ward from Carver to the bay. The Wankinco River flows from the 
 north to Wareham village, near the centre of the town ; whence it 
 becomes Wareham River, having 12 feet of water, and forming the 
 principal harbor. In the eastern part is Agawam River, flowing 
 from Halfway Pond in Plymouth ; and the eastern line with the 
 latter town is marked by Red Brook, — so called from its color. The 
 land is sandy and level, with a few low hills. 
 
 The number of farms — according to the recent census — was 55; 
 and the value of their product in 1885 was $4<>,4!H.>. The principal 
 business is iron manufacture, for which there were s establishments ; 
 employing in June, 1K85, 349 men; the largest single item being 
 nails. The largest establishments are the Franconia Iron and Steel 
 Works and the Tremont Nail Works. A saw mill employed 22 
 men ; and there were 2 carriage factories, 2 making leather goods, 
 2 clothing, and 4 various food preparations. The value of the aggre- 
 gate manufactures was $747,102. About 40 of the inhabitants were 
 engaged in the fisheries, whose principal products were bluefish and 
 oysters ; amounting to the sum of $48,176. This business engaged 
 60 dories and 61 boats. The commercial marine consisted of 5 barks 
 and 3 ships — aggregating- 11,400 tons — engaged in ocean freight- 
 ing; and 3 schooners — aggregating 904 tons — in coastwise freight- 
 ing. The national bank of Wareham has a capital stock of S 100,000; 
 and the savings bank, at the close of last year, carried deposits to 
 the amount of $5x1,006. By the last State census, the population 
 was 3,254 ; of whom 735 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 
 was $1,576,440, with a tax-rate of $13 on $1,000. There were 938 
 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 There are several good halls in the various villages. The entire 
 number of school buildings is 12, valued at some $10,000. The 
 Howard school-houso is regarded as one of the best. The town sup- 
 ports two weekly newspapers, — the "News" and the "Onset Bay 
 Times." There is one church eaeh of the Congregationalists, Meth- 
 odists, Episcopalians and the Roman Catholics. 
 
 Among the original purchasers of the eastern part of the town 
 •were John Chubbunk, Samuel Bates, and John Fearing. A church 
 -was formed December 25, 1739; and the Rev. Rowland Thacher was 
 ordained in 1740. The first publio school was established in 1741, 
 
WAREHAM— WARREN. 661 
 
 and the first nail-factory in 1822. The last native Indian died in or 
 about 1830. The Indian name of this place was Agawam. The 
 date of incorporation of the town is July 10, 1739. It was named 
 from Wareham in England. 
 
 Wareham took an active part in the old French wars ; and in the 
 war of the Revolution 186 of her citizens did service in the army. 
 In the war of 1812, Joseph Saunders was killed at the battle of 
 New Orleans ; and thirteen sloops were captured at various times 
 by the enemy. On the 13th of June, 1814, six barges from the 
 British brig-of-war "Nimrod " came up to the lower wharf with 220 
 marines under a flag of truce ; seized as prisoners, and hostages for 
 their security, a number of the inhabitants; fired the Falmouth 
 shipping harbored there ; wantonly set fire to the cotton-mill by a 
 rocket; took the powder and ball which the Rev. Noble Everett 
 had brought to the house of Capt. Jeremiah Bumpus ; burned a brig 
 on the stocks, and attempted to destroy a ship and brig and five 
 sloops at the wharf ; but the fires were soon extinguished. Taking 
 twelve men as hostages, they returned to the barges, and, dropping 
 down the harbor, landed the hostages at Cromeset Point, fired a 
 swivel from each boat, and reached "The Nimrod" in safety. The 
 hostages alone prevented Capt. Israel Fearing from ordering his 
 men to fire upon the barges as they passed the Narrows. The 
 damage done by this expedition was $25,000. Thirty-two men from 
 this town lost their lives in the service during the war of the Slave- 
 holders' Rebellion. 
 
 Capt. John Kendrick, one of the early explorers of the north- 
 western coast, and under whose command the Columbia River was 
 discovered and the American flag first carried around the world, 
 resided in this place, where his old homestead still stands. Zephaniah 
 Swift, LL.D., an able jurist, and member of the Hartford Conven- 
 tion, was born here in 1759; and died at Warren, O., in 1823. 
 John Milton Mackie, an able writer, was born here in 1813. Joshua 
 B. Tobey, one of the foremost manufacturers and capitalists of 
 Plymouth County, was born in this town, and died here on Christ- 
 mas morning, a.d. 1870. 
 
 Wlare* T? i\;pr ' s f° rme( l of branches from Hubbardston, 
 VVclIC IV IV CI n arr e and Oakham. It flows through Hard- 
 wick, New Braintree and Ware, and joins the Chicopee in Palmer. 
 
 Warnerville, in concord. 
 
 ~Wlnrrf*n * s an en t er P r i s ' n £ town of 4,032 inhabitants, and of 
 VV ailCJl var j e( i industries, lying on the Chicopee River, in 
 the southwestern extremity of Worcester County, 73 miles west of 
 Boston by the Boston and Albany Railroad ; which follows the river 
 across the town, having stations at Warren (centre) and West War- 
 ren. These two are the post-offices ; and the other villages are East 
 Warren and South Warren. 
 
 West Brookfield bounds the town on the north, northeast and east, 
 with Brookfield on the last, Brimfield on the south, and Palmer and 
 
662 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Ware on tho west. Tlio assessed area is 16,428 acres; of which 
 3,24 1 aro forest. The town is full of rounded hills, giving beautiful 
 and unusually varied scenery. Mark's Mountain, near the centre, 
 1,071 feet in height, couunands a fine view of the two principal vil- 
 lages and of a large extent of country. Other elevations are Col- 
 onel's Mountain, partly in the town at the northwest, 1,172 feet in 
 height, and Coy's Hill, of nearly equal height, and entirely under 
 cultivation. Kills 1 liver, flowing southward, marks the eastern 
 line of the town to the Chicopee ; and the central portion of the, 
 town is drained by other small tributaries of the latter river, while 
 Mill Brook drains the southern part, flowing southwest into the 
 Chicopee in Brimfield. The climate is healthful and the soil produc- 
 tive. 
 
 The value of the aggregate product of the 100 farms, as reported 
 in the census for 1885, was $153,108. In the two villages on the 
 Chicopee area woollen mill employing about 150 persons; 2 cotton 
 mills employing about 500 ; iron-works, making gas machines, steam- 
 pumps and other machinery. Nearly 250 men were engaged in this 
 and other metal-work establishments. Artisans' tools, boots and 
 shoes, ink, leather, lumber, carriages, soap, and food preparations, 
 are other of the town products. The value of the textiles made in 
 1885 was reported as Sftil.Wtxi); and of the iron goods, S520.700. 
 The aggregate product had the value of SI, 651,564. The savings 
 bank, at the close of last year, carried SI 79,119 in deposits. 
 
 The public buildings are a town-hall and eight school-houses, the 
 latter valued at about $10,000. The public library contains some 
 5,000 volumes. The " Herald '" is the local weekly newspaper. 
 Each of the two large villages has a Congregatioualist, a Methodist, 
 and a Roman Catholic church ; and there is one Universalist 
 church. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Brookfield, Brimfield and 
 Kingsfield, and incorporated under the name of " Western '* on Jan- 
 uary 16, 1741. The name was changed to "Warren," in honor of 
 the patriot, (Jen. Joseph Warren, March 13, 1S41. The first church 
 was organized here in 1745, and the Rev. Isaac Jones was the first 
 pastor. Nathan Bead, an able jurist, inventor, and M.O. from 1800 
 to 1803, and son of Major Reuben Bead of the Revolutionary army, 
 was born in this town on July 2, 175'.), and died in Belfast, Me., 
 January 20, 1849. 
 
 Warwick ' s a ' a !" K °' somewa;lt mountainous, farming aad 
 lumbering town forming the northeastern corner 
 of Franklin County, S7 miles west, by northwest of Boston. Warwick 
 ^r (centre) is the post-office and tho village. 
 
 The station of the Fitehburg Railroad in Wendell is 6 miles south 
 of Warwick centre; and that of tho New London and Northern,' at 
 Northfield village, is about seven miles west. Royalston is the 
 boundary on the east; Orange, on tho southeast and south; Erving 
 and Northfield, on the west,; and Winchester and Richmond, in N. 
 11., on the north. Tho assessed area is 22,489 acres. There are 
 above 1 2,500 acres of forest, containing the usual flora of the region. 
 
WAnwiCK. 663 
 
 * 
 
 The farms number 144 ; and the value of their aggregate product 
 in 1885 was $90,528. Fruits and berries bear their usual propor- 
 tion; and there was a large product of maple sugar and molasses. 
 Lumbering largely engages the people in the winter season. There 
 were, in 1885, eight saw-mills and two wooden box factories. Vheir 
 products were house lumber, chair-stock, staves, broom-handles and 
 wood for brushes. The value of the wooden goods made was 
 •$20,054. A boot and shoe factory turned out its product to the 
 value of $20,000. Various food preparations amounted to $5,525. 
 The entire manufactured product reached the sum of 846,579. The 
 population was 662 ; of whom 181 were legal voters. The valuation 
 in 1888 was $280,170, with a tax-rate of $16.50 on $1,000. The 
 public school-houses were valued at $3,500. Warwick Free Library 
 contains nearly 3,000 volumes. The churches are one each of the Bap- 
 tists, Congregationalists and Unitarians. The Rev. Leonard Hedge, 
 first minister of the town, was ordained in 1760. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Shaomet. By the white peo- 
 ple it was first called "Roxbury Canada," because the territory was 
 granted to the descendants of 39 soldiers who went from Rox- 
 bury and Brookline in the expedition to Canada in 1690, — all of 
 whom perished except one. The place was first settled in 1744. 
 On February 17, 1763, it was incorporated as a town, being named 
 in honor of the Earl of Warwick. 
 
 The geological structure of the town is calcareous gneiss, with a 
 small section of granite in the southern part, and a very extensive 
 ledge of freestone near the centre. There are striking indications of 
 abundant beds of iron-ore ; and copperas and graphite (black lead) 
 are found. Radiated tourmaline of singular beauty is found in 
 large quantities on Mount Grace, near the centre. A curiosity of 
 the town is the so-called "Indian Mortars," elsewhere called "pot- 
 holes," — nearly round holes in the solid rock, a foot or two in 
 diameter and three or four deep. Such are formed by the action of 
 water-currents acting on stones. As in some other instances, these 
 areata great height above the present valleys. Their location is 
 on the water-shed between Miller's River at the south and the Asu- 
 uelot on the north. The central portion of the town is drained by 
 Mountain Brook, flowing north, and Moss and Orcutt's brooks and 
 their branches, flowing south. The eastern part is drained by Tully 
 River, an affluent of Miller's River; and the northwest by Mill 
 Brook, flowing through Northfield to the Connecticut. About the 
 ■centre, and in the west and southwest, are several pretty ponds. 
 
 Two of the captives taken by the Indians at the sacking of Lan- 
 caster in 1676 were the wife of Rev. Mr. Rowlandson and her infant 
 -child Grace. The child died soon after crossing Miller's River; but 
 the mother still clung to the lifeless little body until she reached the 
 base of a mountain in this town, some ten miles further. Here, over- 
 tome by fatigue, she reluctantly consigned the child to a hasty grave. 
 The mountain has ever since borne the name of "Mount Grace." in 
 memory of the innocent whose tomb it became in that early time. 
 The height of this mountain is 1,628 feet ; and it is one of the most 
 -beautiful elevations in the State. 
 
664 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Warwick furnished 99 soldiers for the Union service in the late 
 war, and lost 27. Their names are inscribed on an elegant shaft of 
 granite, erected in 1867 at a cost of $1,336. 
 
 W„cl-iinrrrrm is a town of large territory and irregular 
 dMllligluu f orrD) situated on the Given Mountain 
 range, in the central part of Berkshire County, 138 miles from 
 Boston and 13 miles from Pittsfield, — having communication with 
 both by means of the Boston and Albany Railroad, which crosses, 
 the northeastern section. The Washington summit on the line of 
 this road is 1,450 feet above Boston mean-tide. 
 
 On the north are 1'ittsfield, Dalton, Hinsdale and Peru ; on the 
 east Hinsdale, Middlefield and Becket ; on the south, the latter and 
 Lee; the last also on the southwest; and on the west are Lenox 
 and Pittsfield. The assessed area is 23,650, — which is, probably, 
 some 2,000 less than the actual extent. There are 12,355 acres of 
 forest, composed of beech, birch, maple, spruce and hemlock. In 1870 
 there were nine small water-power and one steam-power saw mills in 
 the town ; but at present only one small water-mill is reported. 
 Great quantities of charcoal have been manufactured here. The 
 land is very high and wild ; and the people, who number but 470 r 
 dwell mostly in the fertile valleys between the high ranges, — of 
 which the principal one extends northwest and southeast through 
 the midst of the town. There are sevpral pretty ponds west of the 
 centre, one in the northeast and one in the south part of the town- 
 Ashley, Roaring and Basin brooks drain the western half, and tribu- 
 taries of the Westrield River aid East Branch of the llousatonic 
 the eastern part. The underlying rock is calcareous gneiss and 
 Potsdam sandstone. Some graphite is found; and an immense bed 
 of pure, clean quartz affords sand for extensive glass manufacture. 
 The soil is a clay loam, and excellent for grazing. In 1885 there 
 were reported IL'l farms, employing 137 men, and yielding a 
 product in that year valued at £S;i,<>91. The valuation in 1888 was 
 was $198,910, with a tax-rate of S14.30 on .$1,000. The number 
 of legal voters was 109; and there were the same number of taxed 
 dwelling-houses. The six public school-houses were valued at some 
 $2,000. There is one church, which belongs to the Methodists. 
 
 This town was purchased of the Indians in 1760 by a company, 
 most of whom lived in Hartford and Sufneld, Connecticut; and some 
 of the proprietors settled on their land the same year. The locality, 
 at first called " 1 l.irtwood," was incorporated April 12, 1777, 
 under its present name. Many farmers in years past have exchanged 
 or otherwise disposed of their lands here and settled on new lands 
 in Ohio and on the St.. Lawrence in New York, and other places more 
 remote, largely reducing I lie population. Edwin Dennison Morgan 
 (1811-1SS.",), governor of New York from 1859 to 1S63, and U.S. 
 senator from ISli.f to IS09, was a native of this town. 
 
 Win cl-i i n rrr r>n \7 i 1 1 n rro »" th° South Boston district of 
 
 vv asnington V Ulage, the city of Bostou . 
 
WATATIC MOUXTAI.X— WATERTOWN. 
 
 665 
 
 Watatic Mountain, L"i g ht hburnliain ' 1,S4T feet in 
 
 Waterford, a village in Blackstone. 
 
 WatertOWn on the nortl1 bank of the charl es River, in 
 ' the southeasterly section of Middlesex 
 County, is one of the most ancient and beautiful towns in the Com- 
 monwealth. It has Belmont on the north, Cambridge on the north- 
 east, the Brighton District of Boston on the southeast, Newton on 
 the south, and Waltham on the northwest. Its length east and west 
 
 THE RESIDENCE OP MYRON w. WHITNEY, THE VOCALIST. 
 
 is some ?4 miles ; and its width about 1£ miles. The assessed area 
 is 2,030 acres. A branch of the FiU-hlmrg Kailroad winds through 
 the entire length of the town ; this and the West Knd Street Kail- 
 way furnishing convenient and frequent communication with Boston. 
 The Charles River forms the boundary line on all sides except the 
 north and west, and is navigable for sloops to the dam near the 
 middle line of the town. Cook's 1'ond and the lake-like expanses of 
 the river afford many fine water views. There are several beautiful 
 elevations occupied by elegant private mansions and villas embowered 
 
C(J6 GAZETTEER OP MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 by ancient trees. The Gushing and the Adams estates, at the border 
 of Belmont, arc among the finest in the country. There is but little 
 stone visible, and the soil is in parts a yellow and in others a black 
 loam. Market gardening is largely pursued. The number of pear 
 trees is remarkable, yielding a large crop. 
 
 The value of the product of the 18 farms (embracing 757 acres, and 
 -employing about 100 men) in 1885 was §84,551. The .Etna Mills, 
 employing nearly 200 persons, and manufacturing woollens ; the 
 Walker and 1'ratt Iron Foundery, employing nearly 100 men ; the 
 Hollingsworth and Whitney Paper Mill, employing about the 
 same number of persons, — are all long-established concerns, and 
 occupy substantial brick buildings. The Color Works here employ 
 about 75 persons. There are also a grain mill, a starch factory, a 
 factory making rubber and elastic goods, and one making indurated 
 ■ware. Sixty women and girls were engaged in making shirts. 
 Stoves, carriages, leather, boots and shoes, hosiery and knit goods, 
 are also made to a considerable extent. The value of iron goods 
 made in 1885 was stated in the recent State census at $241,824; of 
 clothing, $176,300; and of food preparations, $92,881. The value 
 of the aggregate product was $1,665,519. Many persons are en- 
 gaged in business in Boston, Brighton, Cambridge, and on the various 
 transportation lines. The population is 6,238 ; of whom 1,439 are 
 legal voters. The national bank here has a capital of §100,000 ; and 
 the savings bank, at the close of last year, carried 6317,697 in de- 
 posits. The valuation in 1S88 was S6,910,'JN8, with a tax-rate of 
 $12.50 on $1,000. The number of taxed dwelling-houses was 1,210. 
 The United States Arsenal, established here in 1S16, occupies an 
 area of about 40 acres on the left margin of the river, and contains 
 machinery for the manufacture of many kinds of military weapons 
 and munitions of war; and, when in full operation, requires some 
 ■800 men. The schools comprise the grades of primary, grammar and 
 high, and occupy eight buildings valued at 8102,780. There is a 
 free public library of about 6,000 volumes contained in a tine build- 
 ing erected at a cost of over 631,000. The local newspaper is the 
 weekly "Enterprise." The Episcopalians have here a handsome 
 .stone church ; the Congregationalists and the Roman Catholics have 
 brick edifices. The other churches are a Baptist and a Unitarian. 
 The post-offices are Watertown and Bemis. The other villages are 
 ./Etna Mills, Arsenal, Mount Auburn, Union Market and East Water- 
 town. Along the streets and about some private grounds are many 
 old elms; maples also are numerous. The groves consist mostly of 
 oak and chestnut. The Galen Street Bridge, the first built over the 
 Charles River, and one of the oldest in New England, is an object 
 of much interest. 
 
 Watertown — called by the Indians Pigsgusset — was incorpo- 
 rated September 7, 11530. Its territory was then much larger than 
 now, embracing Waltham, Weston and a considerable part of Lincoln. 
 In the early period the town was much infested by wolves,. but the 
 Indians gave but little trouble. The town suffered, however, in the 
 person of John Oldham, a citizen, whose murder by the savages of 
 
WATEBTOWN. 667 
 
 Block Island formed an episode in our colonial history. The site of 
 the church and house used by the Provincial Congress in 1775 is still 
 pointed out. It was from this place that General Warren set out, 
 on the morning of the 17th of June, for the battle-ground where he 
 fell. 
 
 Watertown furnished 392 men for the Union service during the 
 war of the Rebellion, and lost 16. In 1889 a handsome monument 
 -was erected to their memory near the public library. It consists of 
 a column 18 feet in height, of Hallo well granite, with inscribed 
 panels about the base, and surmounted by a statue representing a 
 Union soldier. 
 
 The following eminent persons were natives of this town: — 
 Marshall Spring, M.D. (1742-1818), a skilful physician; Henry 
 Bond (1790-1859), author of "The Genealogies and History of 
 Watertown ; " Benjamin R. Curtis, LL.D. (1809), an eminent jurist 
 and legal writer; George Tyler Bigelow, LL.D. (1810), a distin- 
 guished legist; George T. Curtis (1810), an eminent biographer, 
 essayist and legal author ; Harriet G. Hosmer (1830) and Miss Anna 
 Whitney, — both eminent as sculptors. 
 
 WaterVllle, in Middleborough; also in Winchendon. 
 WatUppa Pond, in Fall River. 
 
 Waushaccum Ponds, in sterling. 
 
 WaiiWinet, a village in Nantucket 
 
 Waverly, a village in Belmont. 
 
 A17" 1 J is an agricultural and 6hoemaking town of 1,946 
 VV ayianCl inhabitants, nearly central in the southerly sec- 
 tion of Middlesex County, 16 miles west of Boston by the Central 
 Massachusetts Railroad, which runs through the midst of its terri- 
 tory. Lincoln lies on the north, Weston on the oast, Natick on th» 
 south, and Framingham and Sudbury on the west. The assessed 
 area is 9,248 acres. 
 
 The Sudbury River winds slowly northward through the " Sudbury 
 Meadows," in the western part, receiving the Larnum Brook from 
 Sudbury, another pretty streamlet near the centre, — and forms the 
 western line of the northern part Dudley, Heard's, Baldwin's and 
 Rice ponds add beauty and interest to the scenery ; and Cochituate 
 Lake covers a considerable extent of the southwest line. The gray 
 old grist-mill among the willows by a wood-encircled pond is a pic- 
 turesque and pleasing bit of scenery. Reeves Hill, near the western 
 line, is the highest elevation; being the southwestern point of a 
 range of hills which terminates with Prospect Hill in Waltham. 
 Near Morse's Hill lies the central village of Wayland ; its long 
 main street deeply embowered by great elms, and unvexed by th» 
 
668 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 noise and smoke of manufactories, — a rural village of much charm 
 and restfulness. The land in the central and northerly part of the 
 town lies in undulations and limited plains. The soil generally is a 
 good loam, and the bottom lands along the river yield heavy- 
 crops of hay. The large size of the elms and maples along the vil- 
 lage streets and about tin- old farmhouses on the highways, the hand- 
 some forests of hardwood (comprising!', 488 acres), attest the fertility 
 of the upland soil; while the substantial and commodious buildings- 
 evince the general thriftiness of the region. 
 
 The busy village of Cochituate is situated near Natick, and is 
 largely devoted to the manufacturing of boots and shoes. There are 
 four large factories of this kind in the town, employing about 800 
 persons. The number and product has largely increased within a 
 few years. The other manufactories are few and small. The value 
 of the aggregate product in 1885 was but $103,930. The product of 
 the 106 farms was valued at $169,357. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $1,441,850. There were 491 legal voters, and 386 taxed dwelling- 
 houses. 
 
 There is a new and excellent town-hall, accommodating the noble 
 free public library of upwards of 10,0(10 volumes, to which, in its 
 early period, Dr. Francis Wayland, president of Brown University, 
 made an important contribution. Connected with it is a good abo- 
 riginal museum. The He v. J. B. Wright, for Go years pastor of the 
 First Parish Church, while a representative to the General Court in 
 1851, introduced a bill authorizing the towns of this Commonwealth 
 to maintain free public libraries ; and this is believed to be the 
 actual origin, and the Wayland public library the first instance, of 
 this institution. There are 7 public school-houses, valued at nearly 
 $25,000. The quality of the weekly newspaper of this town may be 
 inferred from its amusing title — " The Wayland and Cochituate 
 Twins." The two villages mentioned are the post-offices. There 
 is one church each of the Unitarians, Congregationalists, Method- 
 ists and Roman Catholics. 
 
 This town was formed from Sudbury, and incorporated under the 
 name of " East Sudbury,*' April Id, 1 7 S( » ; and the name was changed 
 to the present one March 11, 1S.'!.">, in honor of Dr. Francis Wayland. 
 The place has been for many years the residence of the esteemed 
 and celebrated Lydia Maria (Francis) Child, who has been one of 
 the most popular of American female writers, and a fearless advocate 
 of human freedom. 
 
 "\V7pkcfpr ^' IS ' n ^ le soutnern P art °f Worcester County, 59 
 vv LUSlCi miles southwest of Boston, and 16 miles south of 
 Worcester. French River washes its western border, and affords 
 very important power. Along its valley runs the Norwich and Wor- 
 cester Railroad, having stations at. Webster and North Webster; 
 while the New York and New England Railroad crosses the town in 
 the other direction, having stations at East Webster and Webster. 
 A branch of the Boston and Albany also has stations at Webster 
 Mills and Webster. The post-office is Webster ; and the villages not 
 
WEBSTER VILLAGE —WEIR. 669 
 
 previously mentioned are known as Fenner Hill, Gore District and 
 Webster Depot. 
 
 The bounding towns are Oxford on the north, Douglass on the 
 •east, Dudley on the west, and Thompson, Conn., on the south. 
 The assessed area is 7,363, of which 3,780 are woodland, contain- 
 ing oak, chestnut, pine, maple and birch. The land is beautifully 
 -diversified by hill and stream, and pleasing prospects present them- 
 selves on every side. Bear Hill and Emerson Hill, in the easterly 
 section, afford delightful views of the valley, French Eiver, of neigh- 
 boring towns, and of Webster Lake, — the most remarkable fea- 
 ture of the town. The Indian name of this beautiful sheet of water 
 is Chaubunagungamaug. It is remarkably irregular in form, and 
 covers an area of about 1,230 acres ; its surface being 480 feet above 
 •sea-level. It has been well stocked with black bass. The rock ia 
 generally of a granitic character, and the soil is gravelly. 
 
 The 94 farms in 1885 yielded their products to the value of 
 171,385. The three chief manufactories are the Slater Woollen 
 Company, the H. N. Slater Manufacturing Company, and 
 the Cambric Works ; employing in the aggregate about 1,700 
 persons. A dye-house and bleachery are included. The goods 
 made consist chiefly of cambric, linen and broadcloths. The value 
 of the textiles made in 1885 was $2,435,938. Seven shoe factories 
 employed about 200 persons, and had a product in that year of 
 $300,586. There were also the usual small manufactures of villages ; 
 the entire product being valued at $2,888,063. The national bank has 
 acapital stock of $100,000 ; and the savings bank, at the close of last 
 year, held deposits to the amount of 1733,442. The population was 
 €,220; of whom 991 were legal voters. The valuation in 1S88 was 
 12,371,100, with a tax-rate of $11.50 on $1,000. There were 764 
 "taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 There are 8 public school-houses, valued at nearly $50,000, and 
 accommodating a high school and the lower grades. The St. Louis 
 parochial school has good buildings and a small library ; and there 
 are two small circulating libraries. The churches consist of a Con- 
 gregationalist, a Baptist, a Methodist, an Independent Methodist, an 
 Episcopal and two Roman Catholic. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Dudley and Oxford, and in- 
 corporated March 6, 1832 ; being named in honor of Daniel Webster. 
 The manufacture of textile goods was commenced in this place by 
 Samuel Slater, the father of American cotton manufactures ; and 
 here his remains repose. He was born in Belpre, England, June 9, 
 1768 ; came to America in 1789 ; and started at Pawtucket, 
 . in December, 1790, the first successful cotton-mill in this country. 
 'He died in Webster, April 20, 18?>:>; and his sons and grandsons 
 still carry on the principal manufactures of this place. 
 
 Webster Village, in > 
 
 ' W eir, a village in Taunton 
 
 Scituate. 
 
670 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 AIT || fk _]_ v occupying a northern projection of Norfolk 
 VV cllcblcy, Cmmty, is an example of the beauty of nature 
 enhanced and brought to a delightful climax by art. It is noted 
 chiefly for Wellesley College, Waban Lake, and the Hunnewell Gar- 
 dens ; and (it might well be added) for its beautiful drives over 
 roads ornamented and shaded to a very unusual extent by fine elms, 
 maples, and various evergreens. The Boston and Albany Railroad 
 connects it with Boston ; the first station (Rice's Crossing) being- 
 12 miles, and the last (Lake Crossing) 16 miles from the metropolis, 
 with Wellesley Hills and Wellesley (village) between. The last 
 two are the post-offices. The other villages are known as Boston- 
 ville and Unionville. 
 
 The Charles River separates it from a corner of Dover on the 
 southwest, and again from Newton on the northeast. Weston 
 bounds it on the north, Needham on the southeast, and Natick on 
 the west. The assessed area is 5,770 acres, of which 1,468 are 
 forest, consisting chiefly of oak, with some chestnut, spruce and 
 pine. Maugus and Moon hills are of the "Wellesley Hills" group,, 
 which occupy the central part of the town. Bullard's Hill is mid- 
 way between the village and the college, — which occupies an emi- 
 nence on the northeastern shore of Waban Lake. This noted body 
 of water, quite irregular in contour, and covering about 300 acres, 
 lies near the southern border of the town, and is a place of much 
 attractiveness, both for the native beauty of its shores and the 
 noble institution whose fine architecture is the crowning element in 
 the scenery. Near this lake, too, are the splendid Hunnewell Gar- 
 dens, where the skill of the landscape-gardener has joined with that 
 of the florist in forming from trees, shrubbery, plants, and flowers, 
 lawns, swells, and hollows, enlivened by fountains and mirrored by 
 cosey ponds, one of the most extensive and delightful places of this 
 country, requiring a dozen or more greenhouses as the temporary or 
 permanent shelter of the choicest plants of every clime. The 
 village, also, not far away, is one of the most animated and attractive 
 in the suburbs of the metropolis. Northwest of it, beyond the 
 railroad, is another fine body of water known as Morse's (or Wood's) 
 Pond. Longfellow's Pond (a small but pretty sheet of water, with 
 a paper-mill at its outlet) lies on the east of Wellesley Hills. The 
 latter have become largely occupied by the residences of gentlemen 
 engaged in business in Boston or elsewhere, and constitute a region 
 of much beauty of aspect and salubrity of atmosphere. The Sud- 
 bury River conduit and the Coohitnate aqueduct, — parts of the 
 Boston Water-works system — cross the town and the Charles 
 River at its eastern border, — the aqueduct sustained by the massive 
 and picturesque " Echo Bridge," situated a short distance above the 
 " Lower Falls." 
 
 The bed-rock, blue or gray in color, occasionally appears. The 
 soil is a sandy loam ; and both cultivated and native fruits and 
 berries abound. The greenhouse product is very large proportion- 
 ately. The value of the product of the '215 farms in 1885 was 
 $5)8,093. The largest factories in the town are a paper and a 
 
WELLFLEET. 671 
 
 shoddy mill. There are also a hosiery mill and a shoe factory. 
 Some of the smaller manufactures are machinery and other metallic 
 goods, carriages, ink, mucilage, colors and crude chemicals, and food 
 preparations. The value of all goods made in 1885, as reported in 
 the last census, was $1,062,895. The population was 3,013; of 
 whom 651 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $5,575,782, 
 with a tax-rate of $8 on $1,000. 
 
 Wellesley has a town-hall which is quite noted as a magnificent 
 piece of architecture and for the unique material used in its exterior 
 construction. This is ordinary field stone, combined with such art 
 in respect to color as to impart a wonderfully pleasing tone to the 
 whole. It was a gift to the town by Mr. H. H. Hunnewell. Within 
 it, besides a hall and town offices, is a free public library of some 
 6,000 volumes. The other considerable library is that of Wellesley 
 College, comprising nearly 35,000 "volumes. This institution is for 
 the gentler sex only, and all officers, professors and other instructors 
 are of the same sex. It was established by Henry F. Durant, Esq., 
 and incorporated in 1870, with a capital of $600,000. The main 
 building is of granite, rising in the form of a double cross, GOO feet 
 in length, 150 feet in width, and five stories in height ; and is fitted 
 and furnished most appropriately and richly. It is not at present 
 endowed; but Mrs. Durant, the widow of the founder, the inheritor 
 of the remainder of his large estate, is the treasurer of the institu- 
 tion, and looks carefully after its interests. There is associated 
 with the college the Dana Hall Preparatory School, situated near 
 by. The "Home School" also receives a sustaining patronage. The 
 public schools of the town occupy four buildings, valued in 18x."> 
 at $45,000. The local publications of Wellesley village are the 
 "Advertiser," issued weekly, and the "Family Mirror," a monthly; 
 and Wellesley Hills has the weekly "Courant." The churches are 
 two Congregationalist, a Unitarian, an Episcopal, and a Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 This town embraces the northwestern portion of Needham (about 
 five sevenths of the territory), and was set apart and incorporated on 
 April 6, 1881. It took the name of its principal village, which had 
 been previously adopted as the name of the college also. 
 
 *\A/f1 1 fl Pff" * s an interesting fishing and commercial town in 
 VV CIIIICCL tbe northeasterly part of Barnstable County, and 
 near the middle of the outer arm of Cape Cod, 106 miles from 
 Boston by the Old Colony Railroad. The stations are Wellfleet, 
 (village and centre) and South Wellfleet ; which are also the post- 
 offices. The other villages are Billingsgate, Dog Town, Fresh Brook 
 Village and Painsville. 
 
 The population is 1,687. The boundaries are Truro on the north, 
 the ocean on the east, Eastham on the south, and Cape Cod Bay on 
 the west. The assessed area is 5,450 acres ; and nearly one half is 
 devoted to woodland ; but the actual forest, consisting of oak and 
 pine, is but 833 acres. The territory i3 about 8 miles in length, and 
 from two to four between ocean and bay. It consists of hills and 
 
672 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 knolls of sand; and in the hollows between them lie as many as 
 fifteen fresh-water ponds. Of these, eleven are situated almost in a 
 straight line north and south. Gull Pond, the largest and most 
 beautiful, is a circular sheet of water about one half a mile in 
 diameter. Great and Long Ponds are the next in size; Duck Pond, 
 near the centre of the town, is surrounded with fine white sand. 
 The "Pilgrim Spring" is an object of some historical interest. 
 A line of islands, running southerly, and terminating with Billings- 
 gate island and a very small one adjacent, bearing a light, forms 
 Wellfleet Bay, which occupies the western side of the southern 
 half of the town. From this extend three harbors, having ten or 
 twelve feet of water at high tide. 
 
 There is quite an area of salt marsh, yielding hay ; and there are 
 several large cranberry fields. The value of the product of the 66 
 farms in 1885 was $44,289. The Jargest manufacturing establish- 
 ment is the Wellfleet Boot and Shoe Factory, which, however, is 
 idle at many times. Carriages, clothing, wrought stone, boats and 
 small vessels, metallic goods, oils and food preparations were con- 
 stant products. The total value of goods made was $61,811. The 
 curing and preserving of fish occupied 17 persons; 195 were 
 employed in the fisheries. The latter yielded the value of $165,874; 
 mackerel furnishing $160,627 of this amount, and alewives and 
 bluefish most of the remainder. Thirty-six schooners, 91 dories 
 and 42 seine-boats were engaged in this business. The commercial 
 marine consisted of a barque of 1,138 tons, and 10 schooners aggre- 
 gating 3,073 tons. The mercantile business of the town is trans- 
 acted chiefly by 35 merchants and dealers. The Wellfleet Savings 
 Bank, at the close of last year, held deposits to the amount of 
 $336,579. The valuation in 1888 was 1607,466, with a tax-rate of 
 $15.80 on $1,000. The legal voters numbered 504; and the taxed 
 dwelling-houses, 434. 
 
 The town sustains a high school, and others of the grammar and 
 primary grades, for which are provided 9 school buildings, valued at 
 about $6,000. There are a large circulating library and several 
 Sunday-school libraries. The churches are one each of the Congre- 
 gationalists, Methodists and Universalists. The Indian name of 
 Wellfleet was Pun-onakanit. It was included in Eastham until June 
 16, 1763, when it was set apart and incorporated as a town under 
 its present name ; which, possibly, may have been evolved from the 
 environment. 
 
 Some of the first settlers were Thomas Newcomb, Moses Hatch, 
 William Dyer, John Doane, Thomas Gross and Ebenezer Freeman. 
 The first church was organized, and the Rev. Isaiah Lewis ordained 
 minister, in 1730. 
 
 In April, 1717, Samuel Bellamy, a noted pirate, was wrecked in 
 his ship, Whidah, of 23 guns and 130 men, on the shoals off Well- 
 fleet, alter having captured several vessels on the coast ; only two 
 persons of his crew — an Indian and an Englishman — escaping to 
 the shore. Six of the pirates, who had been run ashore when drunk 
 at the same time by the master of a captured vessel, were hung in 
 
WELLINOSBT— WENDELL. 
 
 673 
 
 L™ f Nove , mber > 1717 - T te iron caboose of Bellamy's vessel 
 has sometimes been seen at low tide; and pieces ofmoneyTav 
 been found m the vicinity of the wreck. There is now a US lS 
 saving station on this shore 
 
 ^TK^if™ 221 1 " le ', 1 10 u P hold the Uni0 ° cause during the war 
 of the Rebelhon; and it has erected a suitable monument in meinoS 
 of those who perished in the service. memory 
 
 Wellingsby, a village in Plymouth. 
 Wellington, a village in Medford. 
 
 Wellington ??\? t0 ^ n ! ormed from the nor *h part of 
 
 ~ ■<. a , it , P 1 ^ 011 ln June 9, 1814 ; the places were 
 reunited under the old name, February 22, 1826, and the town of 
 Wellington became extinct. 
 
 Wellington H ill, in Belmont, 310 feet in height. 
 
 Wenaumet Neck, inBoume. 
 
 ^^endell isa P leasant town of 509 inhabitants, located in 
 the easterly section of Franklin County, 89 miles 
 from Boston on the Fitchburg Railroad, which has a station at 
 Wendell (depot), at the northeast corner of the town. The station 
 at Erving (centre), at the middle of the north line of the town, ia 
 also convenient. These, with Wendell Centre, and Lock's Village 
 at the southwestern border, are the post-offices used. Farleyville 
 and South Wendell are the other villages. 
 
 Miller's River separates this town from Erving on the north ; on 
 the east it has Orange and New Salem ; on the south, Shutesbury ; 
 and on the jvest, Montague. The assessed area is 21,311 acres; of 
 which 10,155 acres are forest. The surface is uneven ; and rises in 
 the north into a commanding eminence called "Bear Mountain," 
 whose summit is 1,281 feet above sea-level. A long north and south 
 ridge in the middle of the town bears the village of Wendell Centre. 
 From this vicinity flow Wickett lirook in the west and Whetstone 
 Brook in the east to Miller's River; and Saw-mill River at the 
 southwest, and Swift River from the eastern section, to the Chico- 
 pee and Connecticut. 
 
 The rock maple flourishes here, and considerable quantities of 
 sugar and molasses are made from its sap. Blueberries also are a 
 source of some profit. Charcoal, lire-wood and lumber are large 
 products. The town in 188." had four saw mills. The largest manu- 
 factory was a paper-mill, employing l'J persons. The value of all 
 goods made in 1885 was reported as 6'73,3'JC. The products of the 
 108 farms amounted to §!4!J,707. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $200,713, with a tax-rate of $20 on $1,000. The number of legal 
 voters was 122; and there were l.'JO taxed dwelling-houses. The 
 eight public school-houses were valued at $2,000. There are a 
 Baptist and a Congregational church. 
 
$74 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Shutesbury and Ervingshire r 
 and incorporated May 8, J7«l; being named in honor of Oliver 
 Wendell, Iw|., of Boston. The first church was organized in 1774;. 
 and the Rev. Joseph Kilburn was ordained as paKtor in 1783. John' 
 Metcalf had a printing-press here, by which, among other works, an 
 edition of Baxter's "Call" was printed in 1814. Mrs. Anne T. 
 
 SWilbui^ Wood, author of several useful works, was born here in 
 817. 
 
 W en ham, a village, and also a pond, in Carver. 
 
 WpnKam *' es * n tne 80Ut,u ' rn P art °f Essex County, 22 
 VV (_nndin m ji e8 northeast of Boston on the main line of the 
 Eastern Division of the Boston and Maine Railroad, which has a 
 station at the central village. The post-offices are Wenham and 
 Wenham Depot. The villages bear these names ; also, of Maple- 
 wood, East Wenham and Wenham Neck. 
 
 The boundaries are Hamilton on the north, Manchester on the- 
 east, Beverly on the south, and Danvers and Topstield on the 
 west. The assessed area is 4,490 acres ; of which l,2.>i are wood- 
 land. Along the village streets and beside many a comfortable 
 farm-house are handsome elms and maples. In every direction are 
 good roads and pleasant drives. Gracefully rounded hills, and the- 
 line of Jakes at the middle of the town, contribute to form scenery 
 of especial loveliness. Wenham Lake — famous for its ice — haa 
 an area of some 3-0 acres, about one half of which, however, is in 
 Beverly. Northward are Cedar and Muddy ponds, of about 20 acres 
 each, and Pleasant Fond (of late called Idlewood Lake), of about 
 40 acres; and Coy's Pond, at the southeast extremity, containing 
 eonie 30 acres. The northwest part is occupied by an extensive- 
 swamp, through which runs a considerable brook to the Ipswich 
 River, which forms the boundary line for a short distance at this 
 corner. Miles River, the outlet of Wenham Lake, flows northeast- 
 ward to the Ipswich River in Ipswich. 
 
 The geological formation is sienite. The soil is fertile ; and the 
 78 farms, employing in June, 1885, 133 men, yielded a return valued 
 at .$!>.'!, Gl'fi. There are large numbers of peach, pear and apple-trees. 
 The chief manufactory is a steam sawmill with a cider-mill con- 
 nected, another cider mill, and a morocco factory employing five or 
 six men. These and other small manufactures amounted in 1885 to 
 the sum of §'.l.">,(iLT>. The population was 87 1; of whom 270 were- 
 legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 854L\8.">0, with a tax-rate 
 of $10.40 on $1,1100. There were 188 taxed dwelling-houses. The 
 public buildings consist of a town-hall and live school- houses ; the 
 latter valued at sorao §(>,0(H). The Wenham Free Library contains 
 about 1,000 volumes. 
 
 The two churches aro Baptist and Congregational. The first 
 church was organized hero in 1G44 ; and the first pastor was the 
 Rev. John Fisk. In 1656, ho, with a large part of his church,, 
 removed to Chelmsford, commencing the settlement of that town- 
 
WEPECKET—WESTBOBOUGH. 675 
 
 The third minister — Joseph Gerrish — settled in 1675, was noted 
 for his learning and superior natural endowments. A Baptist 
 church was formed in 1831. The first sermon preached in the town 
 was by the celebrated Hugh Peters, then minister of Salem, about 
 the year 1636, on a small conical hill on the bank of Wenham Lake. 
 His text was " At Enon, near Salem, because there was much water 
 there." The place was formerly " Salem Village," also called Enon. 
 It was incorporated May 10, 1643, under its present name, derived 
 from a town in Suffolk County, England. The monument to Wen- 
 ham's soldiers lost in the war for the Union consists of a pedestal 
 supporting the figure of a soldier, — all of granite. 
 
 ^V CpCCKCt, an island forming a part of Gosnold. 
 
 AX7"^^fU^»-/-vnrrVi is an active farming and manufacturing 
 VV eSlDOrOUgll town of 4880 inhabitants, situated in the 
 
 southeastern part of Worcester County, 3- miles from Boston on 
 
 the Boston and Albany Railroad. It has Northborough on the 
 
 northwest and north, South borough on the northeast, Ilopkinton on 
 
 the southeast, Upton and Grafton on the south, and the latter and 
 
 Shrewsbury on the west. 
 
 The assessed area is 11,678 acres, including 2,472 acres of wood- 
 land. Its foundation rock is calcareous gneiss and sienite. The 
 elevation of the surface is variable ; the highest points being Fay's 
 Mountain, 707 feet high, in the southern, and Boston Hill in the 
 northwestern part. Chauncy Pond, of about 185 acres, lies in the 
 north, near Crane Swamp ; and Cedar Swamp Pond, of 1 5 acres, in 
 a swamp of the same name in the southeastern part. In the western 
 section is Hobomoco Pond, a beautiful sheet of water well stocked 
 with fish. Sudbury River, flowing from Whitehall Pond, in Hop- 
 kinton, near the southern border, flows for a short distance through 
 the southeastern part of the town, receiving tributary streams. 
 
 The number of farms is 155; and their product in 188o was 
 $218,508. The town has a factory making hats and other straw 
 goods, employing in June, 1885, 505 persons. There were three boot 
 and shoe factories, employing, at the same time, 400 persons, bix 
 establishments employed 35 men in making sleighs and carnages ; 
 and a box-factory employed 22 men. Bricks, wrought stone machin- 
 ery and metallic articles, leather goods, beverages and other food 
 preparations are also produced to a considerable extent. 1 he value 
 of the a^regate of manufactures was *2,004,SS7. The national 
 bank here has a capital of $100,000; and the savings bank at the 
 close of last year, held deposits to the amount of $667, /b J. lhe 
 valuation in 1888 was $2,583,774, with a tax-rate of *1 . .10 on*l,U00. 
 The number of legal voters was 1,145 ; and there were 783 taxed 
 dwelling-houses. There is a high school, with grammar and primary 
 schools ; for which are provided 20 school-houses, valued at *<«,«*>■ 
 The Lyman School for Boys, a State institution, is beautifully 
 situated on Chauncy Pond. It has a library of some 2,500 volumes. 
 The town library contains upwards of 6,000 volumes. There are 
 
676 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 also 'circulating libraries. The " Chronotype " is a well-established 
 weekly newspaper ; and next, to it is the '■ Union," which is the 
 greater favorite with many. There are in the town one church each 
 of the Baptists, Con^regationalists, Methodists, Unitarians, Roman 
 Catholics and Christians. 
 
 A drive through the town will discover many handsome residences 
 and farm-houses, and many landscapes and scenes of beauty; while 
 the good order and thrifty appearance" which prevail give a very 
 agreeable impression. 
 
 " The house in which Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton-gin, was 
 born, December 8, 1765, is still standing, about two miles westward of the 
 central village, on a cross-road. His mechanical genius discovered itself at 
 an early age. The small building seen standing by his house was his work- 
 shop, where he manufactured various articles. His name is still to be seen 
 cut on the door with his penknife. He graduated at Yale College, and soon 
 after went into the State of Georgia. While here, he invented the cotton-gin, 
 by which the industry of the world was revolutionized. Before this inven- 
 tion, one person could clean from the seeds but one pound of cotton daily; 
 with the aid of this machine a single person can, in one day, clean a thousand 
 pounds with ease. Judge Johnson, of South Carolina, declared that by 
 means of this invention ' their lands -were trebled in value? For this inven- 
 tion Mr. Whitney obtained a patent, but, like many other benefactors of the 
 public, was plundered of the benefits of his invention. Mr. Whitney, by 
 turning his attention to the manufacture of Jire-arms for the United States, 
 was enabled to realize a comfortable independence. The village which he 
 built up, two miles from New Haven, Conn., for his workmen, is called 
 ' Whitneyville.' Mr. Whitney died in New Haven, January 8, 1825." 
 
 Westborough originally bore the name of "Chauncy,"' and was a 
 part of Marlborough. It was incorporated as a town under its pres- 
 ent name, November 18, 1717 ; receiving additional territory from 
 Shrewsbury in 1793. 
 
 Horace Maynard, a member of Congress from Kentucky, was a 
 native of this town. Miss Mary A. Brigham, elected first president 
 of Holyoke College early in 1SS0, was born in this town December 
 6, 1830; she was killed in a railroad disaster, June 29, l^SO. Her 
 mother still lives in Westborough. 
 
 WI f»cr T^rvulcfnn n °ted for its beautiful scenery, lies 
 VV Cbl uuyi&lUU, near the middle of the easterly section 
 of Worcester County. The West Boylston station on the Massachu- 
 setts Central Railroad is 40 miles west of Boston. Another station 
 of this road is at Oakdale, a busy manufacturing village in the north- 
 ern part of the town ; where it forms a junction with the Worcester 
 and Nashua Railroad, which has a station at West Boylston (centre). 
 Both are adjuncts of the Boston and Maine Railroad. The post- 
 offices are West Boylston and Oakdale. Central Village, Depot Vil- 
 lage, Harrisville, Lower Factory, Old Common, and Valley Village 
 arc names of other settlements. 
 
 The town is bounded on the north by Sterling, on the east by 
 Boylston, on the south by Shrewsbury and Worcester, and on the 
 west by Ilolden. The assessed area is 8,^20 acres ; of which 1,397 
 acres are devoted to the growth of pine, chestnut, oak and birch. 
 Rock maple, elm, buttonwood and oak line many of the streets in 
 
WEST BOYLSTON. 677 
 
 and near the villages. Some of the trees that serve an ornamental 
 purpose are of primeval growth. There is an oak whose circum- 
 ference is 14 feet, and whose age is calculated to be between 300 
 and 500 years. There is also a great buttonwood tree, and several 
 elms of larger size. A large number of trees were set along the 
 streets in 18 1 6. The land is broken, rocky and hilly. The rock is 
 chiefly an inferior granite. Iron- ore, tourmaline imbedded in quartz, 
 and fine specimens of mica are found. The soil of the uplands soon 
 gets down to sand and gravel. In the northwest is a spring whose 
 waters are impregnated with iron and sulphur. In the same quarter 
 there are traces, in rupture of rocks and depressions of surface, of the 
 effects of an earthquake which occurred in 1755. About a mile 
 south of the central depot is a curious depression in the land, about 
 four acres in extent, called " Pleasant Valley." Steep banks, whose 
 sides are covered with birch and oak, surround it ; but the whole en- 
 closed area is level and smooth, and when covered with fresh ver- 
 dure presents a very pleasing picture. Maiden Hill, in the westerly 
 part, and other eminences, afford extended views. The Worcester and 
 JTashua Railroad runs along a ridge above the valley of the Nashua 
 River ; and from the station, near the centre of the town, the eye 
 sweeps over the busy manufacturing villages near by on the east; 
 or, turning northward, enjoys a fine view of Mount Wachusett, some 
 ten miles distant. The Quinepoxet River from Holden on the west, 
 and the Stillwater River from Sterling on the north, unite in the midst 
 of the northern section of the town and form the south branch of 
 the Nashua ; which flows south through the centre, then eastward 
 through rich intervales into Boylston. These streams afford valuable 
 hydraulic power. Three iron bridges span the rivers, one of which 
 is 100 feet in length ; and there is a massive stone bridge of three 
 arches, 120 feet in length. 
 
 There are cotton mills both at Oakdale and the lower villages, — six 
 in all ; having a total of 42,42S spindles, and employing about 75<> per- 
 sons. There are a boot factory, employing in June, 18.H5, 148 men, two 
 small woollen mills, and two or three saw and grist mills. Other 
 manufactures were baskets, clothing, carriages, furniture, machinery 
 and other metallic work. The value of the textiles made in 1885 
 was $513,145; of boots, $31,160; of wooden goods, $19,055; and of 
 food preparations, $54,360. The value of the aggregate product was 
 •638,237. The value of the products of the 122 farms was $122,590. 
 A savings bank was incorporated here in 1*88. The population is 2/927; 
 of whom 506 are legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $1,161,850; 
 with a tax-rate of $18 on 11,000. There were 464 taxed dwelling- 
 houses. The public schools are graded, and include a high school. 
 They occupy nine buildings, valued at $28,500. There is a good 
 library building, supplied with about 3,000 volumes. The four 
 churches are Congregationalist, Baptist, Methodist and Roman Cath- 
 olic. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Boylston, Holden and Ster- 
 ling, and was incorporated January 30, 1808. The original settlers 
 were from Marlborough, and occupied this place as early as 1720. A 
 
678 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Congregational church was formed in 1797. In several of the 
 school-houses are beautiful tablets bearing the names of the 27 or 
 28 soldit-rs lost by the town in the late war. 
 
 Erastus Brigham Bigelow, LL.D., an eminent inventor, and 
 founder of the town of Clinton, was born here in April, 1814. Rob- 
 ert Bailey Thomas, who edited "The Old Farmer's Almanac" from 
 17<)3 to lK-Hi, was Ion™ a magistrate and surveyor here; and died at 
 Oakdale, May 1'.), 1H 16, at the age of KO, The sale of this almanao 
 rose to 225,000 copies in 18G3. Mr. Thomas was an honest and a 
 liberal man. 
 
 Wpct "Rrir1cn*w3l-<*r one of our oldest settlements, ifl 
 est OriUgeWdlCI, situated i„ t h e north westerly part 
 
 of Plymouth County, 25 miles south of Boston. The main line of the 
 Old Colony Railroad skirts the eastern border, with stations at Mat- 
 field and Satucket ; sending from the former a branch to Easton, 
 which has stations at West Bridgewater centre and Cochesett. The 
 last two places and Matfield are the post-offices. The other village 
 is Jerusalem. 
 
 The town is bounded on the north by Brockton, on the east by 
 East Bridgewater, on the south by Bridgewater, and on the west by 
 Easton. The assessed area is 9,822 acres ; of which 2,890 are wood- 
 land, containing pine, maple, oak and birch. The underlying rock 
 is sienitic and carboniferous. The surface is remarkably even, with 
 a gentle inclination toward the south. Nearly 1,000 acres are in 
 swale, or wet meadow, which produces a valuable hay-crop. The soil 
 is generally a sandy loam. The town is drained by Salisbury-Plain 
 River in the northeastern, Town River in the central, and Hook- 
 amock Brook in the western section. These streams furnish motive 
 power of considerable value. There are good roads, and the appear- 
 ance of the farms and dwellings indicates thrift and respectability. 
 
 There are two boot and shoe factories, a shovel factory, one mak- 
 ing eyelet machines, and others of less importance. The value of 
 the aggregate manufactures in 18S5 was $134,461. The product 
 of the 51 farms was valued at $103,043. The population was 1,707; 
 of whom 443 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $969,589, 
 with a tax-rate of 1.45 per cent. There were 3S2 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 The ten public school-houses — occupied by primary and grammar 
 schools — are valued at $7,200. The high-school instruction is 
 given in the Harvard Collegiate Institute, whose two edifices are 
 valued at $115,000. Beside the school-rooms, the main building con- 
 tains a large lecture hall. This institution was founded in 1*83 by 
 a bequest of $80,000 left by Benjamin B. Howard for the purpose 
 about 20 years ago. He also left $2,000 to aid in establishing pub- 
 lic lectures, and the sum of $20,000 to the Unitarian Church in thi* 
 town. The other churches are the Baptist and Methodist. 
 
 This place was settled in 1052. The surnames of some of the 
 principal settlers were Hayward, Willis, Basset, Washburn, Gan- 
 nett, Brett, <'arv, Tompkins' Harris, Fobes, Mitchell, Lathrop, 
 Leonardson, Keith and Edson. The orthography of some of these 
 
WEST BROOKFIELD. 679 
 
 lias "been changed. The descendants of one family of Haywarda 
 omitted the y, and, later, transformed the word to Howard. Cary, 
 ■was sometimes written Carew, and Lathrop Laytlwrpe. During 
 King Philip's War, the settlers erected a stockade fort, and reso- 
 lutely defended themselves against the incursions of the enemy, who 
 burned many buildings, but succeeded neither in killing or capturing 
 any inhabitant. In 1G76, Col. Benjamin Church, whose force included 
 20 Bridgewater men, conquered a tribe of 173 Indians ; the prisoners 
 taken being brought to Bridgewater and confined in the cattle pound. 
 
 " They were well treated," says the annalist, " with victuals and 
 drink ; and the prisoners laughed as lo"d as the soldiers, not hav- 
 ing been so well treated for a long time. „ t Jacob Allen of this 
 town was killed at the capture of Burgoyne. West Bridgewater was 
 incorporated on February 16,1822; being the last formed, though 
 the first settled, of the original town of Bridgewater, which em- 
 braced the territory of this, with that of Abington, Whitman, Brock- 
 ton, East Bridgewater, and of the present original corporation of 
 Bridgewater. The Kev. James Keith, ordained in 1664, was the firsk 
 minister. 
 
 About 210 men from this town went into the Union service dur- 
 ing the late war, and 25 were killed in battle or died in consequence, 
 of the service. There is a monument to their memory, erected at » 
 •cost of §4,000. It consists of a granite column about forty feet ic 
 height, surmounted by an eagle with lifted wings and perched upon 
 a glo 1 " \ John Reed (1781-1X60), an able statesman, and a member 
 of C01 Tess from 1813 to 1x17, and from 1821 to 1841 ; Cyrus Alger 
 {1782- 856), the eminent South Boston iron-founder ; Caleb Reed 
 {1797-^ 54), for more than 20 years editor of the " New Jerusalem 
 Magazine;" and Sampson Reed (1800-1880), merchant, editor ana 
 author, were all natives of this town. 
 
 Wlf*at Rrnnkfiplrl * s a pi ctures 1 ue anc ^ beautiful farm- 
 VV CSL JJIOUKHCIQ j n ^ r an( j manufacturing town lying 
 
 in the southwestern part of Worcester County, <>!) miles west of Bos- 
 ton by the Boston and Albany Railroad. It contains one handsome 
 village, which has the post?office and the railway station for the 
 town. 
 
 The territory is very irregular in form ; being broad at the north 
 and tapering to a point at the south, serrate and convex on the north- 
 east and east, and concave on the west. New Braintree lies on the 
 north ; New Brookfield east of the main section ; Brookfield, on the 
 east, southeast and south ; "Warren on the southwest, but south of 
 the western projection ; and Ware on the west of the broad northern 
 part. The assessed area is 12,138 acres. There are about 2,300 
 acres of oak and chestnut. At the pleasant village are many maple, 
 elm, ash, spruce and horse-chestnut trees, some being of unknown 
 antiquity. The village is further beautified by a shady common and 
 adorned by a fountain. The town scenery is rendered beautiful by 
 many wooded and cultivated eminences', and fertile valleys through 
 which "flow many streams. Whortleberry and Ragged hills diver- 
 
Tim TOWN LIBRARY AM) RWUJ1M, UUUM, WLST UROOKK1ELB* 
 
WEST CAMBRIDGE. 681 
 
 eify the northern part; Wigwam and Foster hills, the eastern; 
 Long Hill, the southern ; and Coy's Hill, the western part of the 
 town. A little west of the centre is Wickaboag Pond, about 430 
 acres in extent, one of the sources of the Chicopee Eiver ; one branch 
 of which, flowing from Quaboag Pond, in Brookfield, crosses the 
 southern section of the town. Ellis River flows southeast through 
 the western part of the town ; Sucker Brook drains the north, and 
 Coy's Brook the eastern part. The underlying rock is granite and 
 gneiss. The soil of the hills is a clay loam, and that of the lower 
 lands a sandy loam, — both very fertile. 
 
 The number of farms is 98, and their product in 1885 was 
 $144,249. They required the labor of 196 men. There were five 
 boot and shoe factories, employing 184 persons, and turning out 
 goods to the amount of $238,864. The manufacture of corsets em- 
 ployed 139 persons, and a book and job printing office employed 11. 
 Wrought stone, wooden, leather and metallic goods, carriages and 
 food preparations were other items of the manufactures ; whose en- 
 tire value for the year was $309,498. The population was 1,747, of 
 whom 444 were legal voters. The valuation was $7K;*,112, with a tax- 
 rate of 1.33 per cent. There were 361 taxed dwelling-houses. There 
 are a convenient public hall, and a fine library building containing a 
 reading-room and a collection of about 6,000 voIuhjps. The six 
 public school-houses are valued at nearly 120,000. The Congrega- 
 tionalists, Methodists and Roman Catholics each have a church edi- 
 fice here. 
 
 This town was formerly the West Parish of Brookfield ; and was 
 set apart and incorporated, March 3, 184*. The first meeting-honse 
 here was built on Foster's Hill. On what is called " Indian Rock," 
 on the northwest side of this hill, was a tower, erected as a lookout 
 for Indians. Mark's Garrison stood near the southwest end of 
 Wickaboag Pond, on a knoll below the junction of its outlet with the 
 Quaboag River. It is related that Mrs. Marks, being left bore alone 
 one day, discovered hostile Indians near, apparently watching for 
 an opportunity to attack the settlement. She immediately put on 
 her husband's wig, hat and greatcoat ; and, taking his gun, went to 
 the top of the fortification. Here she marched to and fro, calling in 
 a coarse tone, like a vigilant sentinel, " All's well ! all's well ! " The 
 Indians no doubt thought the place could not now be taken by sur- 
 prise; for they retired without doing any injury. 
 
 Lucy Stone (1818), prominent as an advocate of woman's rights ; 
 Rev. Austin Phelps, D.D. (1820), an able divine, and long a profes- 
 sor of rhetoric in Andover Theological Seminary, were natives of 
 this town. Also natives, or long-time residents, were Jedediah Fos- 
 ter, a judge of the supreme court from 1776 to 1779; D wight Fos- 
 ter, a judge of the court of common pleas from 1866 to 1869, and U.S. 
 Senator; Alfred D. Foster, judge of probate, Worcester County ; and 
 David Hitchcock and Jabie Upham, members of Congress. 
 
 West Cambridge. See Arlington. 
 
682 GAZETTEER OP MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 West Centre Village, inAndover. 
 
 West Corners, u village in Kandolph. 
 
 Western. See Warren. 
 
 W_ cf "tT nrrnc a village in Northampton; also, one fa 
 esr r arms, Wes tneid. 
 
 WeStfleld, a village in Dedham. 
 
 WpdfipU * 3 a ^rge an< l flo^ishing town in the westerly 
 VV eSineiCl p art f Hampden County, 108 miles from Boston 
 and 10 from Springfield. The Boston and Albany, the Holyoke and 
 Westfield and the New Haven and Northampton railroads intersect 
 at the centre. At this point is the principal village, which is the post- 
 office for the town. The other villages are East Farms, Little 
 River, Middle Farms, West Farms and West Parish. 
 
 The boundaries are Southampton on the north ; Holyoke, West 
 Springfield and Agawam on the east; Southwick on the south; and 
 Granville, Russell and Montgomery on the west The assessed 
 area is 24,931 acres; of which 6,924 were forest. There is such 
 diversity of soil that the flora is unusually interesting to the bota- 
 nist ; and it is said that a greater variety of native trees, shrubs, 
 grasses and flowers is here presented than in any other township 
 in the State. The geological structure is miocene tertiary and cat 
 ciferous mica-schist, in which serpentine, steatite, scapolite, kyanite, 
 schiller-spar and actinolite are found. Grindstone Mountain, in the 
 northwest, is an extensive elevation, but the most prominent is 
 Pochassic Hill, a beautiful and sightly eminence northwest of the 
 •centre. The Westfield River, a clear and rapid stream, flows south- 
 eastward through the middle section, affording valuable hydraulic 
 power. Its affluents in this town are Westfield-Little River, entering 
 it near the centre ; another stream entering at Little River village, 
 in the southeast; and on the north side, Sacket's Brook, — each 
 affording useful power. Pond Brook, the outlet of Hampton, Horse 
 and Buck ponds, in the northeast, and Arm Brook, are affluents of 
 Sacket's Brook. The scenery of the town is very pleasing. The 
 central village occupies a basin-like valley in the midst of wooded 
 hills and bluffs ; and these, with the river, conspire to form a land- 
 scape of striking and unusual beauty. 
 
 The agricultural productions are those usual to the region, except 
 that tobacco receives more attention. This crop in 1885 was 406,030 
 pounds in quantity, — worth $47,780. The stock of neat cattle was 
 1,004 ; the horses and colts numbered 511 ; and the sheep and lambs 
 320. The number of fruit trees was 17,114; and there were 92 
 tobacco barns. The total farm product of the 329 farms was valued 
 at $440,093. The manufactures consisted of textiles, metallic goods, 
 whips, tobacco and cigars, paper of various kinds, coffin trimmings, 
 piano legs, organs, carriages, trunks, clothing, powder, stone, lumber, 
 
WESTFIELD IilVEIi. 686 
 
 furniture, and other articles. There are iron-works, a powder-mill, 
 three paper-mills, three saw mills, and two or three grain mills, and 
 numerous establishments making whips and cigars. The whole 
 number of manufactories in 1S85 was 163. At that time 481 per- 
 sons were employed in making whips ; 386, in working tobacco and 
 making cigars; 2o7, in making iron goods ; 171, in paper-making; 36, 
 in making cigar boxes ; 46, in making coffin trimmings ; 36, in making 
 piano legs ; and 27, in making organs. The value of the machinery 
 and other metallic goods made was $411,321. The value of all 
 manufactures was $3,009,048. The aggregate capital of the two 
 national banks was $400,000. The savings bank deposits at the 
 close of last year amounted to $832,778. There is also a co-opera- 
 tive bank with a fair volume of business. The population was 
 6,961 ; of whom 2,346 were legal voters, — which is an unusually 
 large proportion for a manufacturing town. The valuation in 1888 
 was $6,576,514,— with a tax-rate of $15 on $1,000. There were 
 1,610 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 Westfield has a good town-hall, and the libraries more or less 
 accessible to the public embrace in the aggregate 21,563 volumes. 
 The Westfield Atheneum library building is valued at $10,000, and 
 contains a reading room and upwards of 12,000 volumes. The Unions 
 Street Improvement Society has a small collection of books, and 
 the Normal School has some 6,000 volumes. The latter has also a cabi- 
 net of minerals. The newspapers are the " Times and News-Letter " 
 and the "Valley Echo." The town has mixed and graded schools, 
 including a high school. They occupy 22 buildings, valued in 1885 
 at $69,950. The State Normal School in this place has a fine set of 
 buildings. The appropriation for the third ediiice (a boarding hall, 
 just completed) and the necessary land was $150,000 ; making the 
 value of the entire property $315,000. The institution is now 
 admirably fitted for the education of the excellent young men and 
 young women who naturally seek its advantages. The town has 
 nine religious societies, some of which have very handsome edifices. 
 These are two Congregationalist, two Methodist, a Baptist, a Prot- 
 estant Episcopal, a Roman Catholic, a Second Advent and a Uni- 
 versalist. Many of the residences are beautiful places. The streets 
 of the chief village especially are ornamented with ancient trees, 
 and have neatly paved sidewalks. The water-supply is excellent. 
 
 The Indian name of this place was Woronoack. The English set- 
 tlements were commenced a little after the middle of the 17th cen- 
 tury. The town was incorporated on May 16, 1669, and named 
 from its location. It suffered much from the incursions of tho 
 savages, and troops were stationed here for its defence. The sound 
 of the drum served as the call to worship as well as to battle. A 
 church was organized here, August 27, 1679 ; and the first pastor 
 was Rev. Edward Taylor. The soldiers from this town lost in the 
 late war for the Union are commemorated by a suitable monument. 
 
 \\T t.C U T> :,,«,. (sometimes called the Agawam 
 WeStnelCj KlVer ^iver) ga thers its first waters in 
 
686 GAZETTEEli OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Savoy and Windsor, in tho northeast section of Berkshire County;, 
 its main stream traversing Cumin iugton, Chesterfield, Huntington, 
 in Hampshire County, and Russell and Wi-sthVld in Hampden 
 
 County; thence ilowing lulu n Wi-st Springfield and Agawaui to 
 
 tho Connecticut. It has many brandies and numerous falls. 
 
 Wpctfnrfl ' s a P ros P erous farming and manufacturing town 
 
 VV cSlIOIU f 2,1!).'5 inhabitants, occupying an elevated site 
 between the Merrimack, Concord and Nashua rivers, near the centre 
 of tho northern section of Middlesex County. The Stony Brook 
 Railroad, passing across the midst of the township, is intersected at 
 Graniteville, in the western part, by the Nashua and Acton Kail- 
 road. Tho Lowell aud Framingham Branch of the Old Colony, by 
 its station at South Chelmsford, is convenient to the southeastern 
 part of the town. The post-offices are Westford (centre), Cold- 
 spring, Forge Village, Graniteville and Nashua. The other villages 
 are Chamberlain's Corner, Parkeville and South Westford. 
 
 The town has Tyngsborough on the northwest and north; Chelms- 
 ford and Carlisle on the east ; Acton on the south ; Littleton on the 
 southwest ; and Ayer and Groton on the west The assessed area is 
 18,000 acres; of which 8,461 are forest, consisting of oak, pine, 
 maple and birch. At the junction of this town with Ayer and 
 Littleton is Forge Pond, of 170 acres ; in the northern section are 
 Nubanassuck, Sought-for and Keyes" ponds, of 12.'*, 107 and 40 
 acres ; north of the centre is Burge's, of 25 acres ; and Flushing and 
 Grassy ponds, of 20 and 18 acres, are also pretty sheets of water. 
 The outlets of most of these are tributary to Stony Brook, which 
 runs northeasterly through the midst of the town, furnishing valu- 
 able motive power. Nashoba Brook drains the southwestern part 
 of the town, and the feeders of Hart Pond, on the Chelmsford 
 line, the southeast part. The surface of the town is frequently, but 
 not greatly, varied by hill, valley and plain. The village in the 
 centre stands on a commanding eminence, from which Wachusett, 
 Monadnock and the White Mountains are often distinctly visible. 
 Calcareous gneiss and Merrimack schist constitute the geological 
 formation ; and at Graniteville there aro valuable granite quarries, 
 in which large quantities of stone are prepared for use under the 
 name of "Chelmsford granite." An immense ledge near the cen- 
 tre still bears upon its surface the furrows made by tho ancient 
 glaciers. Upon the faco of this rmk is a rudely carved figure, sup- 
 posed to be the work of some Indian of artistic aspirations. 
 
 The manufacturing villages are on Stony Brook. The largest 
 establishments aro the worsted factory, employing upwards of 225 
 persons, and ;i machine-shop employing nearly 50 men and boys. 
 ■Nome 70 men aro engaged in quarrying and dressing stone. Leather 
 goods, carriages, clothing and fooil preparations arc made to a 
 limited extent. The value of tho aggregate product in 1SS5 was 
 ♦1,020,752. The product of the 250 farms — employing 27S men — 
 was $1 NO, 136. There were in tho town 5,990 peach-trees and 
 28^648 apple trees. The apple crop was valued at $,752 ; the straw- 
 
WESTBAMPTOtf. 587 
 
 berries, at $2,007 ; cranberries, $2,590 ; and blackberries — of which 
 there were picked 94,142 quarts — $9,672. The number of voters 
 was 509, and-of taxed dwelling-houses, 454. The valuation in 1888 
 was $1,064,618, with a tax-rate of $12.60 on $1,000. There are 
 10 public-school buildingo, valued at $13,900. The Westford 
 Academy, incorporated in 1793, has a building valued at $4,000. 
 The public library contains about 6,000 volumes ; and the Village 
 Crab-House has a small library. The weekly "■ Gazette " efficiently 
 gathers the local news. The Unitarians, Congregationalists and 
 Methodists each have a church edifice here. The town-house is r 
 superior structure ; and there are in the town a dozen fine private 
 houses and numerous beautiful residences. 
 
 Westford was originally a part of the Chelmsford grant ; and, 
 after a long controversy, it was, on September 23. 1729, incorporated 
 as a separate town. The first church was established here in 17L'4 ; 
 and the Kev. Willard Hall was settled over it in 1727. The Con- 
 gregationalist society was organized in 1828 ; and the first pastor 
 was the Kev. Leonard Luce. Westford sent 135 men into the 
 Union armies during the late war, of whom 48 died on the field or 
 from wounds received in battle. 
 
 Among the eminent men of the past were Willard Hall (b. 
 1780), an able jurist, author, and M.C. from 1817 to lSl'l ; Ezekiel 
 Hildreth (1784-1856), an able teacher, and author of " Logopolis, or 
 City of Words," and other works ; and Thomas Church Brownell, 1>.D., 
 LL.D. (1779-1865), an Episcopal bishop of Connecticut, first presi- 
 dent of Trinity College, and author of several works. 
 
 \A/V»cfriorrmfnn * s a farming town of 541 inhabitants, sit- 
 VV CSllldllipiUll ua ted centrally in the western section of 
 Hampshire County, 123 miles west of Boston, and, by highway, 8 
 miles west of Northampton (village). Its nearest railroad stations 
 are those of the New Haven and Northampton Eailroad in the four 
 adjoining towns eastward. The post-office is Westharapton (centre). 
 The other village is Loudville, on the line of Northampton, with a 
 post-office in the latter town. 
 
 Chesterfield and Williamsburg bound it on the north ; Northamp- 
 ton and Easthampton, on the east; the latter, also, on the soutli ; and 
 Huntington and Chesterfield on the west. The form of the town- 
 ship is rhomboidal, with length north and south, and bounded by 
 straight lines. The assessed area is 14,5.53 acres ; of which 4,7'J(i 
 are forest, consisting mostly of chestnut and maple. Several promi- 
 nent elevations, as Hanging Mount in the north, Turkey Hill iii the 
 east, and Cub Hill in the west, impart a wild and romantic aspect to 
 the scenery. There are several small and pretty ponds. The north 
 branch of the Manhan River flows diagonally through the central, 
 and Manhan Brook through the southwestern, section of the town. 
 The soil, which is rather sandy and gravelly, yet fertile, rests on a 
 bed of calciferous mica-schist and granite. In the former are found 
 argentiferous galena and pseudomorphous quartz. 
 
 Apples, blackberries, blueberries and strawberries are a large prod- 
 
<J88 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 uct ; tobacco is much cultivated ; and considerable quantities of 
 maple sugar and molasses are made. The value of the aggregate 
 product of the 102 farms in 1*85 was *'.)7,946. There are in the 
 town three or more saw, grist and wood-turning mills. Small quan- 
 tities of leather, paper and metallic goods are made ; the entire 
 manufactures amounting to §25,000. The number of voters was 144; 
 and of dwelling-houses, 115. The valuation in 18X8 was §245,951, 
 with a tax-rate of $15 on $1,800. The eleven public school-houses 
 are valued at $10,500. The Westhampton Reunion Library contains 
 some 1,200 volumes. There is one church, which is Congregation- 
 alist. it is a well-constructed and commodious edifice, and stands 
 upon an elevation. 
 
 The first minister was the Rev. Enoch Hale, who was ordained in 
 the barn of Ebeuezer French, September 29, 1709. A brother of his 
 was Capt. Nathan Hale, executed as a spy by the British in 1776. 
 Westhampton was formerly a part of Northampton; and was set 
 apart and incorporated, September 29, 1778. The town has produced 
 several eminent men, of whom are the following: Nathan Hale, 
 LL.D. (1784-1863), for many years editor of the "Boston Daily Ad- 
 vertiser;" Justin Edwards, D.D. (1787-1853), an able theological 
 •writer; Sylvester Judd (1789-1SG0), editor of the "Hampshire 
 Gazette," from 1&W to 1835; Enoch Hale, M.D. (1790-1848), a 
 noted physician ; Dorus Clarke, D.D. (1797-188-), an eminent divine 
 and author ; and lie v. Sylvester Judd (1813-1853), a Unitarian 
 clergyman, and the author of " Margaret," one of the most original 
 fictions ever written by an American. 
 
 West I si and, south of Acushnet, in Buzzard's Bay. 
 
 \A7pcfrn insfpr ' s an e ^ evate< i an d pleasant farming and 
 VV CbLIllUlislCl manufacturing town, situated upon the 
 highlands in the midst of the northern part of Worcester County, 55 
 miles northwest of Boston by the Fitchburg Railroad, which crosses 
 the northern section of the town, having a station for Wachusett 
 Village, and one at the village called Westminster Depot The 
 post-offices are the latter, Westminster (centre) and South Westmin- 
 ster. North Wachusett is another village. 
 
 Fitchburg lies on the east, and on the north of an eastern projec- 
 tion ; Leominster, on the east ; Frinceton on the southeast ; Hub- 
 bardston, on the southwest ; and Gardner and Ashburnham both on 
 the northwest and north. The assessed area is 22.484 acres ; of 
 which 4,051) acres are forest, consisting of bireh, beech, maple, oak, 
 chestnut, walnut, pine and hemlock. The underlying rock is ferru- 
 ginous gneiss, dolerite, and, in the east, Merrimack schist. Graphite 
 is found in small quantities. The soil is various, but generally fer- 
 tile. The land is high and broken, but there are no great elevations, 
 in comparison with Wachusett Mountain, which rises in Frinceton 
 from the southern border. Hall Hill at the southeast, Fean-porridge 
 Hill in the north, nnd Beech Hill at the western border, are the 
 highest. Frospect Hill, near the central village, is a beautiful eleva« 
 
WEST XEW BOSTOX— WEST NEWBURY. 689 
 
 tion. "Wachusett Pond, of 2.">0 acres, in the southern part ; Meeting- 
 house Pond, of 172 acres, near the centre; South Gardner Pond, on 
 the western border, adorn the landscape and are pleasant summer 
 resorts. Whitman's River coming in from the north, Flag Brook in 
 the central part, Centre Brook, and Flag Brook in the east, form the 
 drainage system of the town. The streams are generally rapid, and 
 the waters are mostly well stocked with trout and other fish. 
 
 The wood product of fuel, electric poles and railroad ties in 1885 
 was §37,561'. Apples, pears and blueberries were also large items in 
 the product of the 22!» farms; the total yield of which was $[{K>.'X',1. 
 There were four furniture factories; and about 100 men were engaged 
 in making chairs and settees ; the wooden goods made amounting to 
 8123,992. There were also a paper-mill, a tannery and several ether 
 limited manufactories ; the total value of goods made being 82.s,'5.462. 
 The Westminster National Bank has a capital of $100,000. The . 
 population is 1,556; the legal voters, 444; and the assessed dwelling- 
 nouses, 373. The valuation in ISSN was §7*»i>,2.">(i, with a tax-rate- 
 of §14.50 on $1,000. There are a good town-hall, a public library of 
 about 2,000 volumes, and 12 public school-houses ; the latter valued 
 at nearly S10.0OO. The schools are graded, ami include a high 
 school. The churches are one each of the Congregationalists, Bap- 
 tists and Universal ists. 
 
 This town, originally called " Xarragansett Number Two," was 
 granted for services rendered in King Philip's War. The settlement 
 was commenced in 17.'i7, by Cat>t. Fairbanks Moore and IVaeou 
 Joseph Holden. A church was organized in 1712, and the Rev.. 
 Elisha Marsh ordained pas tor. In the ensuing year ten forts were 
 built for protection against the Indians. The town was incorporated 
 April 20, 1770; being named for one of the seven boroughs nf Lon- 
 don, Westminster sent 1G0 men into the Union service during the 
 late war, and lost .'54. A beautiful monument of rollstone granite 
 has been erected to their memory. 
 
 WeSt NeW BoStOn, a village in .SandisfiVl.l. 
 
 W^cf lSJ^wKurv is a remarkably pleasant agricultural 
 VV ei>[ INCWUUiy town in the !lor therly part of Essex 
 
 County, 38 miles northeast from Boston. The Merrimack River sepa- 
 rates it from Haverhill and Merrimack on the northwest, and from 
 Amesbury on the north. Newbury port bounds it on the east ; New- 
 bury on the southeast; and Grove'land on the southwest. Near the 
 middle point of the Merrimack River border, a fine bridge, one third 
 of a mile in length, connects it with Bocks Village, in Haverhill; 
 and a street railroad connects with Haverhill and Groveland. The 
 places mentioned, and the Byfield station at the south, afford rail- 
 road conveniences. The post-offices and villages are West Newbury 
 (centre) and Artichoke in the eastern section. 
 
 Long Hill, Indian Hill, and other eminences, with Crane's and 
 Dole's ponds, beautifully diversify the landscape. Indian Brook 
 from the centre, and Artichoke Brook in the eastern part of the 
 
690 OAZETTEEli OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 town, flow into the Merrimack ; and Beaver Brook in the south, into 
 Parker Kiver. The assessed area, or the town is 8,107 acres ; of 
 which 434 am forest, consisting of pine, maple and birch, chiefly. 
 The frequent orchards, and the numerous elms and maples, from the 
 sapling to the monarch of a century, which adorn many streets and 
 highways, give the town a woody appearance. Merrimack schist 
 (quite slaty ) and sienite constitute the geological structure; and 
 iron-ore is found in some localities. The soil is mostly a rich 
 clayey loam. 
 
 The value of the products of the 151 farms amounted in 1885 to 
 $1N3/JN4. The nursery products made up §10,790 of this sum; 
 apples, $9,558 ; and strawberries, S8,8'.)6. Pears and cranberries 
 also formed considerable items. There were kept 660 milch cows, 
 1)5 oxen and 315 horses. The manufactures are chiefly boots and 
 shoes, and combs and other horn goods. For the first, there were 
 two factories, employing 441 persons ; and of the latter, three facto- 
 ries employing 51 men. There were other small manufactures ; the 
 .aggregate product reaching the value of £94,023. The population 
 -was 1,899 ; of whom 532 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 
 ■was .$'.(53,137, with a tax-rate of S15 on Sl.ooo. There were 383 
 taxed dwelling-houses. There are four public school-houses, valued at 
 some §5,000. The schools are graded, and include a high school. 
 Three associations in the town have in the aggregate about 3,000 
 volumes. The town newspaper is the " Messenger," issued bi-weekly. 
 The Congregationalists have two church edifices ; the Baptists, Roman 
 Catholics and Friends one each. 
 
 This town was formed from Newbury, February 18, 1819, and 
 incorporated as the town of Parsons ; and on June 14, 1820, the 
 name was changed to the one it now bears. The first church was 
 formed in 1698, when the Rev. Samuel Belcher was settled as pastor. 
 West Newbury lost 22 soldiers in the late war for the maintenance 
 of the Union. Cornelius Conway Felton, LL.D. (1807-1862), an 
 eminent Greek scholar, and writer, was a native of this town. 
 
 \A/p«;tnn ' s an a S r i cu l tura l town having unusual scenic 
 VV CSIUU beauty, and situated in the southern section of 
 Middlesex County, 13 miles west of Boston. The Boston and 
 Albany Railroad has a station at Riverside, in the southeast part of 
 the town. The Fitchburg Railroad runs through the northeast 
 section, having a station at Stony Brook, near the middle of the 
 eastern side; at Kendall Green i Weston station); and at Silver 
 Hill (North Village). The Massachusetts Central Railroad crosses 
 the middle section, having stations at Weston (centre) and Cherry 
 Brook. Weston and Kendall Green are the post-offices. Lincoln 
 lies upon the north, Waltham and Newton on the east, Wellesleyon 
 the south, and Natick and Wayland upon the west. The assessed 
 area is 10,416 acres ; yet the late census states the farm land as 
 11,217 acres ; in which are included 4,351 acres of forest. 
 
 There are many small ponds about the centre and in the southern 
 flection, several of which are very beautiful. Stony Brook, with its 
 
WEST FAMISH— WESTPOHT. 691 
 
 affluents, drains the northern part; a fine streamlet, furnishing 
 small powers, flows through the centre ; and the southern part is 
 drained by other small streams. All are tributaries of the Charles 
 ' River, whose devious line forms the division between Weston and 
 Newton. The twin summits of Doublet Hill, in this town, are 360 
 and 364 feet above sea-level. Brown Hill is 360 feet in height. 
 There are rough ledges, and a romantic gorge called " The Devil's 
 Den," near Stony Brook. The population is principally along the 
 street which runs medially through the town from east to west ; yet 
 many of the hills are crowned with dwellings, and some with hand- 
 some residences owned by families whose chief interests are in the 
 metropolis. The highways and bridges are kept in excellent order, 
 and the streets are adorned by numerous shade trees. Though 
 somewhat rocky, the soil is strong. There are a great many apple, 
 pear and peach trees. 
 
 The blackberries picked in 1885 amounted to the sum of $1,260 ; 
 raspberries, $1,708; and strawberries, $7,523. The value of the 
 milk sold was $70,535. The vegetable crop was large, especially 
 that of cucumbers; of which there were raised 2,741,050 bushels. 
 The value of the entire products of the 149 farms was $253,388. 
 The local manufactures consisted chiefly of furniture, leather goods, 
 stone, hosiery and knit goods, cord and twine, carriages, metallic 
 goods, and food preparations. The value of the aggregate was 
 155,762. The inhabitants numbered 1,427 ; the legal voters, 324 ; 
 and the assessed dwelling-houses, 286. The valuation in 1888 was 
 $2,076,600, with a tax-rate of $6 on $1,000. The public schools 
 consisted of primary and a high school. The seven school-houses 
 were valued at $14,000. The town library contains about 7,000 
 volumes. The three churches are Baptist, Methodist and Unitarian. 
 The territory of Westcn was formerly the western part of Water- 
 town ; and this circumstance probably suggested its present name, 
 under which it was incorporated January 1, 1712. This town fur- 
 nished 131 men for the Union cause in the late war, 16 above all 
 demands ; and of whom 6 were commissioned officers. Their names 
 are recorded on a mural tablet in the public library. 
 
 At the point where Stony Brook enters Charles River is to be 
 seen the curved line of an old ditch, enclosing, perhaps, a space of 
 half an acre. Prof. E. N. Horsford regards this as the remains of 
 an old fort built by the French ; who, he says, came here about the 
 year 1540, and built the fort of Norumbega. The Norumbega 
 Tower is near by, in Waltham. 
 
 \\7 P ' Vi a villa e e in Haverhi11 > also > one in West * 
 
 \\T 4- r-f is a lar 8 e agricultural town, with some manu- 
 W eStpOlL futures, forming the southwest corner of Bristol 
 County, adioining Rhode Island. The extreme length of the terri- 
 tory, north and south, is about 15 miles; and the width about 5 
 miles. The assessed area is 28,529 acres. Fall River bounds it on 
 the north, Dartmouth on the east, Buzzard's Bay on the south, and 
 
692 OAZETTEEB OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Tiverton and Little Compton, in Rhode Island, on the west. The 
 woodland embraces 10,735 acres ; the trees being chiefly oak and 
 maple. Parts of Watuppa Pond and Sandy Pond, connected at 
 the south, divide the land of the northern section from that of 
 other towns on the west. Acoaxet River enters it at the northeast 
 from Dartmouth ; and on, this stream, on the line between the towns, 
 is the village called Westport Factory or Westport Mills. Acoaxet 
 Kiver West Branch enters at the southwest, and joins the main 
 river on the north of Horse Neck. Each stream becomes a broad 
 arm of the sea for about 3 miles, and both here contain many islands. 
 Between them lies a broad peninsula, at whose southern extremity 
 is the village of Westport Point, having a good harbor. Central 
 Village is on the river near its broadening; and on the river north- 
 ward is Westport Village. These, with Smith Westport at the 
 southeast extremity, are the post-offices. Other village names are 
 Acoaxet, Horsneck, Quansett, Indian Town and Westport Harbor. 
 The south side of Horse Neck is a fine long beach, curving from the 
 western point southeastward, and ending at the long southward pro- 
 jection of Gooseberry Xeek. The land is level and the soil produc- 
 tive. A few low hills about Central Village are the principal 
 elevations. The underlying rock is granite and felspathic gneiss. 
 There are a large number of apple trees, which yield well. Cran- 
 berries, strawberries, cereals, corn and vegetables are large crops. 
 The wood produet in ISs.", amounted to 810. 4S2; and the poultry 
 product to Sal. 218. The value of the aggregate product of the 330 
 farms was 8338,5-50. Only 118 farms exceeded 60 acres in extent, 
 and only 10 contained over 150 acres. The cotton factory, in 1886, 
 employed nearly 150 persons. There are one or more saw and grist 
 mills, a carriage factory and a shipyard. The manufactures con- 
 sisted chiefly of cordage and twine, carpeting, carriages, metallic 
 goods, and food preparations. Textiles amounted to £200,288. The 
 value of all goods made was $321,533. The fisheries, consisting 
 of tautog, swordfish, alewives, bluefish and bass, yielded §4,986. 
 The population was 2,700; of whom 732 were legal voters. The 
 valuation in 1888 was 91,31 2.525, with a tax-rate of 812.80. There 
 were 702 taxed dwelling-houses. The public schools are graded, 
 and include a high school. They occupy 18 buildings, valued at 
 821,000. A public library was established in the earlypart of 1889. 
 The local newspaper is the "Westport News." issued weekly. The 
 Oongregationalists, Methodists, ami Friends each have a church in 
 the town; and the Christian denomination has rive. 
 
 This town was formerly a part of Dartmouth ; from which it 
 was set apart and incorporated, July 2, 1787. Its early name was 
 Acoaxet, of Indian origin. 
 
 WestnorT Milk or Wost P ort Partory Village, in 
 VVCbljJUIl IVlllIb, D;„t mou tl, and Westport. 
 
 West ^nrincrfifUl in tno centre of Hampden County, 
 
 vvcsi opilllgllCIU, extends along the west bank of the 
 
 Connecticut River, embracing a rich alluvial valley, flanked by wild 
 
WEST SPRINGFIELD. 693 
 
 and wooded eminences on the west. The West Springfield station 
 of the Boston and Albany Railroad, at the village of Mitteneague, 
 on the Agawam River, is 101 miles southwest of Boston. This 
 place, with West Springfield (northeast of it on the Connecticut) 
 and Merrick, at the north, are the post-offices. 
 
 In the northeast is the pleasant village of Ashleyville ; the paper- 
 mill village is in the northwest; and Paugatuck, Riverdale and 
 Tatham mark other quarters of the town. A noble bridge across 
 the Connecticut, at the southeast, connects this town with the city 
 of Springfield. The boundary on the north is Holyoke ; on the 
 east, Springfield ; on the south, Agawam ; and on the west, West- 
 field. The assessed area is '.1,427 acres ; of which 2,294 are wood- 
 land. The Agawam or Westfield River forms the southern line of 
 the town. The other considerable stream is Black Brook, the out- 
 let of Ashley Pond in Holyoke, which flows through the western 
 section to the Agawam, furnishing power for the paper-mills and 
 an excellent water for use in manufacturing. The west and north- 
 west are somewhat hilly, and the extreme southeast marshy. The 
 geological formation consists of the middle shales, sandstones, and 
 dolerites; in which are found a variety of minerals, — as phrenite, 
 aukenite, celestine, satin-spar, and bituminous coal. The soil is 
 mostly very fertile. 
 
 The aggregate product of the 15!) farms in 1KS5 was $211,925. 
 The manufactures consist of writing and other papers, paper-boxes, 
 soap, cotton goods, buttons, carriages, wagons, sleighs, steam-oars, 
 guns, cigars, stone and lumber. The paper-mills employ about 200 
 persons, and the cotton-mills about the same number. The value of 
 the paper goods made in 1885 was $594,633. The population was 
 4,44« ; of whom 943 were legal voters. The valuation in Imss was 
 #3,264,171, with a tax-rate of $1-1.20 on Sl,ouO. A good town- 
 house, and 22 public school-houses (valued at S 200,350) are the 
 principal public edifices. The schools are graded, and imlude a 
 high school. There is a public library of some 1,000 volumes. The 
 churches consist of three Congregationalist, two Roman Catholic, 
 and one each of the Baptists and Methodists. 
 
 This town was formerly a part of Springfield; from which it was 
 detached, and incorporated, February 23, 1774. The first church 
 was organized in June, 16!>S, and the first meeting-house em-ted in 
 1702. The third minister was the Rev. Joseph Lathiup, D.D., set- 
 tled in 1756; his pastorate continuing over 60 years. During this 
 time he composed about 5,000 sermons, seven octavo volumes of 
 which were published. 
 
 West Springfield sent 228 men to aid in maintaining the Union 
 cause in the late war, and has erected a handsome monument to 
 honor those who were lost. Among the eminent natives of this 
 town were Rev. Jonathan Parsons (1705-1776), celebrated for his 
 eloquence; Gen. David B. Morgan fl773-184S), an efficient officer; 
 and the Rev. Justin Perkins, D.D. (1805-1869), a missionary to the 
 Historians, and author of " Missionary Life in Persia." 
 
694 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 WT a.^*- Qfrvolrkn'/^n-o li es midway of the western 
 VV est OtOCKDriUge bor( i er f Berkshire County and 
 
 of the State, 102 miles west of Boston. The Boston and Albany 
 Railroad crosses the northwest corner, having a station at State 
 Line (village), where it forms a junction with the west branch of 
 the Housatonic Railroad. The latter follows up the valley of Wil- 
 liam's River through the eastern section, having a station at Wil- 
 liamsville, in the south, and another at West Stockbridge Village, 
 in the northeast. 
 
 Rawson's Brook, flowing northward, and Wilson's Brook south- 
 ward, drain the western section. The former, with Cone and Griffin 
 brooks from the north, unite at West Stockbridge Village, forming /" 
 a mill-pond, from which issues William's River, a tributary of the 
 Housatonic. "West and northwest of this village are Crane (or 
 Great Quapan Kuk), Cranberry (or Small Quapan Kuk), and Mud 
 (or Gilder) ponds. The town is bounded by Richmond on the 
 north, Stockbridge on the east, Great Barrington and Alford on the 
 south, and by Austerlitz, in New York, on the west. The assessed 
 area is 11,353 acres ; of which 2,903 are forests embracing a large 
 variety of the trees common to the region. The land is rough and 
 broken, and includes a part of the Teutonic range of mountains. 
 The scenery is picturesque and pleasing. Levis limestone and 
 Lauzon schist form the rock-basis of the town ; and hematite, 
 fibrous pyrolusite, and spathic iron occur. White-veined and 
 clouded marble is found in abundance, and large quantities are 
 wrought for exportation. Many large and handsome edifices have 
 been constructed partially or wholly from this material ; among 
 which is the celebrated Girard College, in Philadelphia. 
 
 In lSSS/i, 7S men were employed in mining the iron-ore. The 
 principal manufactories consisted of half a dozen mills making 
 horse-feed, meal and flour, and lumber,. Other manufactures were 
 lime, carpetings, cotton articles, paper goods, furniture, leather, 
 clothing, carriages and machinery and metallic goods. The value of 
 the manufactures in lss,"> was S 125.174. The value of the product 
 of the 121 farms was §l,'i.'!,l>Ml. The Miners' Savings Bank, in this 
 town, at the close of last year, held deposits to the amount of 
 $'.13,403. The population was 1.048; of whom 343 were legal voters. 
 The valuation in 1«S8 was *<>tSl,6S4. with a tax-rate of S1G on 
 $1,<)0<). The number of assessed dwelling-houses was 365. There 
 are a good town-hall and eight public school-houses ; the latter 
 valued at some .510,000. The high school library contains about 
 200 volumes. The churches are one each of the Congregationalist, 
 Methodist, Episcopal and Roman Catholic. The post-offices are 
 Went, Stockbridge Village, West Stockbridge Centre, State Line, 
 and Rockdale Mills. The other villages are Four Corners, Leet 
 Ore lied and Willianisville. 
 
 This town was taken from Stockbridge and incorporated, Febru- 
 ary 23,1771. A church was organized Juno 1, 1780, and the Rev. 
 Oliver Ayers was the iirst regular pastor. John S. Stone, D.D. 
 (b. 17'.), r >), author of "The Living Temple," and other works; and 
 
WESTVALE— WEYMOUTH. 695 
 
 Marcius Willson (b. 1813), an author of a series of readers and 
 other school text-books, were natives of West Stockbridge. 
 
 W est Vale, a village in Concord. 
 WeStVl lie, in Sturbridge; also, in Taunton. 
 West Woods, a village in Washington. 
 
 Weweantitt River, in wareham. 
 
 AA/Vvmniltll * s a b us 7 industrial and progressive town 
 vvcyiuuuui 8 i tua t e( i a "t the southerly extremity of Boston 
 Harbor (or Bay), in the northeasterly section of Norfolk County. 
 An arm of the sea, called Weymouth Fore River, separates the 
 territory from Quincy and partly from Braintree, which form the 
 western boundaries; and another arm, called Weymouth Hack 
 River, separates it from Hingham, which is the boundary on the 
 east; both bodies of water being nearly three miles in length and 
 receiving streams as their interior formation. That on the east is 
 the outlet of Whitman's Pond, near the centre of the town, having 
 an area of some 240 acres. This receives the outlet of Oreat Bond, 
 in the southwest part of the town ; which contains about 2*0 acres, 
 and has a pretty island in the centre. The Shore Lino of the. old 
 Colony Railroad runs through the northern part of the town, having 
 a station at Weymouth Landing (W. P. O.l. in the west, a station 
 for North Weymouth, and one at East Weymouth, — where are 
 located the iron-works; and the Hanover and Plymouth Branch, 
 running through the southern section, has a station at South" Wey- 
 mouth. The post offices are Weymouth (village and landing), 
 Weymouth Centre, East, North and Soutn Weymouth, other 
 villages are Lovell's Corners and Old Spain. < >u the southern 
 border of the town is Ahington; and the northern extremity is a 
 peninsula called '' Lower Weymouth Neck." Off the northern point 
 is Grape Island; and the passage of water between the two is called 
 "Lower Narrows." The length of the territory, north and south, is 
 about eight miles, with east and west lines parallel, and all straight 
 except on the water side. The assessed area is 11,224 aires; of 
 which 2,724 were forests. Along the village streets and about 
 some old country mansions are many handsome shade trees. There 
 is an elm at East Weymouth whose trunk is 22 feet in circumference 
 at the base and 20 feet 2 inches at the point of branching. The 
 surface of the town is agreeably diversified by hills, valleys and 
 plains, but is without high elevations. The underlying rock is almost 
 entirely metamorphic granite, with some archaean slate forma- 
 tions in the north part. Many rough ledges appear. The surface 
 material is largely a coarse gravel of glacial formation ; and in the 
 north part are some fine moraines (" horse-backs "). The soil in 
 most parts is poor. 
 
696 GA7.ETTEEU OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The product of the 148 farms in 1885 was valued at §138,552. 
 There were then, according to the recent census, 54 boot and shoe 
 factories, employing 1,920 persons. There were 141 men employed 
 in making fertilizers; 103 men were ironworkers ; CC, nail makers; 
 21, quarrymen ; 31, tanners ; 23, wooden-box makers ; and 20 girls 
 were engaged in making paper boxes. Some other manufactures 
 were food preparations, glue, polishes and dressing, clothing, car- 
 riages, fireworks, and cordage and twine. There are two printing 
 offices; and there is a weekly newspaper entitled "The Weymouth 
 Weekly Gazette," of good circulation. The value of the boots and 
 shoes made was •S3,35o,.X7S ; of iron and metallic goods, £303,342 ; 
 food preparations, *123,1)30 ; leather, $5.S,22* ; and of wooden goods, 
 $74,134. The value of the abrogate wa s *5,2'J4,1.S3. The fishing 
 product was but $142. The Union National Bank of this town has 
 a capital of £400,000 ; and the Weymouth Savings Bank, at the close 
 ■of last year, held $566,055 in deposits. The population was 10,740, 
 of whom 2,1)30 were legal voters. The valuation in 1SS8 was 
 $5,901,114, with a tax-rate of S 10.4(1 on $1,000. There were 2,194 
 assessed dweUing-houses. There are a good town-house and several 
 halls for entertainments. The 24 public school-houses were valued 
 at §115,000; and attached was $12,000 worth of other property for 
 school use. The system is graded, and includes a high school. The 
 Tufts Library contains nearly 10,000 volumes. The Congregation- 
 alists have six churches in this town; the Roman Catholics, four ; 
 the Universalists, three; the Methodists, two; the Baptists, one; 
 the Unitarians, one ; and the Protestant Episcopal Church, one. 
 
 Weymouth was incorporated^eptember 2, 1635. 
 
 In 1G22, Thomas Weston, a merchant of good reputation in Lon- 
 don, having procured for himself a patent for a tract of land in Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay, sent two ships, with 50 or (JO men, at his own charge, 
 to settle a plantation. Many of the adventurers being sick on their 
 arrival at Plymouth, most of the company remained there during the 
 greater part of the summer, and were treated with hospitality and 
 kindness by the inhabitants. Some of their number, in the mean- 
 time, finding a place in the liay of Massachusetts, named H~t$s$arjus- 
 srt, which they judged convenient for a settlement, the whole com- 
 pany removed to it, and began a plantation. This was a rather 
 disorderly company, there being, it is stated, '-many of them rude 
 and profane ; *' and, being badly governed, they fell into disorder, and 
 experienced much suffering from their extravagance, and conduct 
 toward the natives, such as taking their corn. The Indians were so 
 incensed against them, that they entered into a conspiracy to de- 
 .stroy the whole company. This was prevented by a daring* exploit 
 ol' Captain Slandish. Such, however, was the reduced state of the 
 colony, and their danger from the natives, that it was deemed pru- 
 dent to break up the sett lenient. It appears, however, there were a 
 few inhabitants here in 1024; as it is stated " that the few inhabitants 
 <>l U'ensni/ii.t.ti'f receiving an accession to their number from Wey- 
 mouth in Kngland, the town is supposed to have hence been called 
 ' Weymouth.' " 
 
wiiately. 697 
 
 The town was attacked by Indians on February 25, 1676, when 
 several dwelling-houses and barns were reduced to ashes. Wey- 
 mouth sent its full quota of soldiers to the defence of the Union in 
 the late war ; and to the 99 who were lost in the service it has erected 
 a handsome monument. Of the noted persons born in this town 
 were Abigail Smith (1744-1818), who in 1764 became the wife of 
 John Adams, second president of the United States; William 
 Cranch, LL.D. (1760-1855), an able jurist ; and Joshua Bates (1788- 
 1864), a successful financier. 
 
 "\X7"L „ *.„] v is a pleasant farming town lying on 
 VV llcllCiy of the Connecticut River, in the soi 
 
 the west bank 
 southern border 
 of Franklin County, about 116 miles west of Boston and 10 miles 
 south of Greenfield. The Connecticut lliver Railroad and the New 
 York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad run through the town. 
 The base-line of the Trigonometrical Survey of the State lies across 
 the eastern section. 
 
 Conway and Deerfield bound the town on the north ; Sunderland, 
 on the east ; Hatfield, on the south ; and Williamsburg and Conway, 
 on the west. The northern line is irregular. The assessed area is 
 12,211 acres ; of which 2,807 are forests of chestnut, maple, beech 
 and spruce. The land is low and swampy next the Connecticut, but 
 high and broken in the west. Mount Esther, in the north of the 
 northwest section, has an altitude of 995 feet ; and at the southwest 
 is another elevation called Grass Hill. The scenery is further beau- 
 tified by Belden's, Moore's and Bardwell's ponds. Mill River (called 
 by the Indians Capawong) flows south through Whately (centre vil- 
 lage and post-office), receiving, near the south line, West Brook, which 
 runs diagonally across the western section, and en which is situated the 
 other village, West Whately — also a post-office. Roaring Brook and 
 Popple-hill Brook, in the north and northwest, are the other consid- 
 erable streams. In the cistern part of the town are several chalyb- 
 eate springs. Whately Glen and Warner's (rlen have a local celeb- 
 rity lor picturesque beauty and iinpre.^siveness. Lower sandstone 
 and calciferous mica-schist constitute the geological basis. Veins of 
 galena have been found in the western part ; and a stratum of umber 
 and sienna was discovered here in 1SU4. 
 
 The yield of apples is large, amounting in 1SM5 to *9.547 from 
 6,900 trees. Tears, quinces and berries are also a source of much 
 profit. Maple sugar and molasses are regular annual products ; and 
 there are 265 sugar-houses in the town. There were also 97 barns 
 for tobacco. The crop of this plant in the year mentioned was 
 valued at *28,577. The number of neat cattle was 1,313. The 
 value of the entire product of the 151 farms was S19X.959. Two or 
 more saw mills, a broom shop employing 15 persons, a hoop shop 
 employing seven, constitute the largest manufacturing establish- 
 ments. Other manufactures are carriages, straw and tobacco goods, 
 and metallic articles. The, value of all goods made was 842,236. 
 The population was 999 ; of whom 277 were legal voters. The val- 
 uation in 1888 was 8396,056, with a tax-rate of $14.50 on §1,000. 
 
698 GAZETTEER OF MASSA K UUSETTS. 
 
 There were 201 assessed dwelling-houses. The six public school- 
 houses were valued at $4,20(1. There are a high school, a town hall, 
 a town library of about 1,000 volumes, and a Congregationalist church. 
 This town was settled about the year 17.'i.~>, by Lieut. Ebenezer 
 liurdwcll and others. It was then a part of Hatfield; from which 
 it was detached and incorporated, April I'l, 1771. The name was 
 adopted in honor of Thomas Whately, who was a friend of Thomas 
 llutehinson, at this time the royal governor. The first church ivas 
 organized in the year of the incorporation, and the Rev. Rufus Wells 
 was the first minister. The town furnished 82 soldiers for the Union 
 cause in the late war. 
 
 WheelerVllle, in Millbury ; also, in Athol. 
 
 \A/l">if^lri11 P^t-^1 in Hopkinton, included in the Bos- 
 VV nUCndll rOnU, ton Waterworks system. 
 
 White Island Pond, in Plymouth. 
 
 W fllte S, a village in Eastern. 
 Whlteville, in Mansfield. 
 WhltinSVllle, in Northbridge. 
 
 Wrii'tmnn is a lively manufacturing town of small area in 
 
 VV m Lilian the nor thwesteru section of Plymouth County, 21 
 miles south of Boston ou the Ahingtou and Plymouth Branch of the 
 Old Colony Railroad. The post-offices are Whitman (village) and 
 South Abington Station. Auburnville is the other village. The 
 town is bounded on the north by Abington, on the east by Rockland 
 and Hanson, on the south by East Bridgewater, on the southwest by 
 the same, and on the west by Brockton. The assessed area is 4,303 
 acres. 
 
 There is an elevation at the northwest and two considerable hills 
 in the northeast. There is a marsh at the north and another at the 
 south on the stream that Hows from Abington through the midst of 
 the town. Hobart l'ond, near the centre, is a tine sheet of water one 
 half mile in length by one fourth in width. The town is well clothed 
 in forests of pine, oak and birch, of which there are 2,807 acres. 
 Kim, maple and chestnut trees, some very large, adorn the village 
 streets, and shade many an old mansion. Streets and buildings gen- 
 erally appear in the best condition. The underlying rock is sienite 
 and carboniferous. Some bog iron, bluo slate and peat are found. 
 
 The soil is good, and the T~ farms in l*8."> yielded products to 
 the value of *.">*, 4 12. The manufactories consist of several boot 
 and shoe factories, employing in 1SS.1, ">S2 persons; two tack factor- 
 ies, employing about !"><> persons; two box factories, employing 39 
 men ; one casket, factory, employing 14 men ; and a large grain 
 mill. One of the tack factories has a building 183 feet in length 
 
WRITTENTON— WILBRAHAM. 699 
 
 by 48 feet in width, to which is attached an ell 334 feet long by 67 
 feet wide. Other manufactures are carpetings, clothing, carriages, 
 leather goods, and wrought stone. The value of the boots and shoes 
 made in 1885, was $1,316,700 ; of metallic goods, $680,550 ; and of 
 wooden goods, $162,000. The entire manufactured product amounted 
 to $2,371,342. Whitman Savings Bank at the close of last year 
 held $65,666 in deposits. The population in 1885 was 3,595; 
 of whom 1,049 were legal voters. The six public school-houses are 
 valued at $22,500. There is a graded system, including a high and 
 grammar and primary schools. The public library contains some 
 5,000 volumes. The churches are a Congregationalist, Baptist, Meth- 
 odist, Unitarian and Roman Catholic. 
 
 This town was formed from parts of Abington and East Bridge- 
 water, and incorporated March 4, 1875, under the name of South 
 Abington. The name was changed to Whitman, May 4, 1886. A 
 portion of the new town was annexed to Brockton, April 24, 1875. 
 For further history, consult the articles on the parent towns. 
 
 WhittetltOn, a village in Taunton. 
 
 Wickaboag Pond, - m Brookfieid. 
 
 W'lU U occupies a central position in the eastern 
 
 llDra.n3.m 8ec ti n of Hampden County, and is 89 miles 
 southwest of Boston. The Boston and Albany Railroad has a sta- 
 tion at North Wilbraham in the northeast part of the town. This 
 village and Wilbraham (centre) are the post-offices ; and the other 
 villages are Glendale and West Wilbraham. 
 
 Ludlow forms the boundary on the north ; Palmer and Monson , on 
 the east; Hampden, on the south; and Springfield, on the west The 
 assessed area is 12.901 acres; and of this 3.40.5 acres are woodland 
 The underlying rock is calcareous gneiss and upper e, mglomerate. A 
 range of hills, entering near the middle of the southern side, extends 
 northeastward past the centre. The local scenery is remarkably 
 beautiful ; the land spreading out into winding glades and valleys, 
 or rising into picturesque eminences, from or near which small 
 streamlets flow in various directions through the territory Ihe 
 Chicopee River washes the entire northern border, and Ml River 
 has ite origin in the town ; the south branch gathering its , rills in .the 
 southern slction, and the north branch flowing Bouthwestward from 
 Nine Mile Pond in the north, then running nort ^'"^ * or * 
 couple of miles, it enters Springfield. This branch, for nearly its 
 whok length in the town, is bordered by a cedar swamp. Appte 
 orchards are numerous, and huckleberries are a source of some 
 
 According to the recent census report, the value of the , product of 
 the 144 farms in 1885 was .¥143,818 The ^f^g^To^ 
 establishments are the paper mill, employing in 1SS , « persons , 
 tho twine mill employing 30 : the woollen mill, 31 persons , ana tne 
 g^ ^U, employLg y i6 g men. The value of the aggregate product 
 
700 
 
 GAZETTEEB OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 was $644,622. The population was 1,724 ; of whom 356 were legal 
 voters. The valuation in 1888 was $625,715, — with a tax-rate of 
 $10.40 on $1,000. There were 303 assessed dwelling-houses. The 
 nine public school-houses were valued at $0,200. 
 
 ACADEMY BCILDINCS, WILBRAHAM. 
 
 The Union Philosophical Library has about 1,200 volumes, and 
 the Wesleyan Academy upwards of 4,000. The latter institution 
 was incorporated in 1824, and is one of the oldest and best known 
 schools in the country. Pupils are received from 10 years of age 
 
 UOAUDINr-UOCSEi WILIIIIAIIAM ACADEMY, VIUHIAHAU. 
 
 and upward, nnd of both sexes. The course of study is systematic 
 and extrusive, and includes all those branches which prepare the 
 pupil for the common business of life, or for a higher course of 
 collegiate or professional study. There are three Methodist 
 «• lurches, and one each of the Congregatioualists, Adventists, and 
 Union churches. 
 
WILD HABBOJt— WILLIAlfSBVRG. 701 
 
 The Indian name applied to the original territory of the town was 
 Minechaug, meaning "berry land." The first white settler was 
 Nathaniel Hitchcock, who came to the place in 1730. The Rev. 
 Noah Merrick, the first minister, was ordained in a barn in 1741 j 
 and m 1748 the first meeting-house was erected. The town was 
 very patriotic during the Eevolutionary struggle. During the late 
 war it furnished 243 men for the army of the Union,— of whom 26 
 were lost in or by reason of the service. Joseph Badger (1707- 
 1846), an early missionary west of the Alleghanies ; John Stearns, 
 M.D. (1770-1848), an eminent physician ; Abraham Avery, an emi- 
 nent Boston printer ; and the Rev. Rufus P. Stebbins, D.D., were 
 natives of this town. 
 
 Wild Harbor, in Bourne. 
 
 Wilkinsonville, in sutton. 
 
 Wilkinsville, in Hudson. 
 
 \A/i"11iamcKiirrr is a h ^ town, devoted to farming and 
 vv iliiauiSDUlg manufactures, in the northern border of 
 the west section of Hampshire County, lo,'! miles west of Huston. 
 The New Haven and Northampton Railroad extends into tin- town, 
 and has stations at Ilaydenvillc, in the southeast, and at Williams- 
 burg (centre), — which are the post-offices. Tin- cither villages arte 
 Searsville and Skinnerville. 
 
 The boundaries are Conway and Whately on flu- north ; the latter 
 and Hatfield on the east; Northampton and Westhainpton on the 
 south; and Chesterfield and (loshen on the west. The assessed 
 area is 15,168 acres ; and of this, 3,41.'*> acres are forest land. The 
 rock-bed of this town is calciferous mica-sehist and granite. The 
 land is generally elevated and quite mountainous. High Ridge, in 
 the northeastern corner, has an altitude of 1. ISO feet, and was a sta- 
 tion in the Trigonometrical Survey of the State. Other noted eleva- 
 tions are Walnut Hill, Day's Hill and Shingle Hill in the eastern, 
 and Miller's Hill in the southern section. Mill Bmok, running in a 
 diagonal course southeasterly through the town, receives Wright 
 and Beaver brooks from the eastern part and another stream from 
 the west, and at the southern part of the town becomes Mill River ; 
 whence it pursues its course through Northampton to the Connecti- 
 cut, furnishing much useful power all along its way. This is the 
 stream of the thrilling occurrence known as the " Mill River Disas- 
 ter," which inflicted great damage and loss of life, both in this town 
 and Northampton. 
 
 " Early on the morning of May 16, 1874, the ill-fated reservoir, located about 
 three miles north of Williamsburg village, covering an area of 111 acres, with 
 an average depth of 24 feet, broke from its insecure fastenings, and rushed 
 like an avalanche upon the beautiful villages in the valley below. . . . The 
 wasted and death-stricken villages were Williamsburg, Skinnerville and Hay- 
 denville in the town of Williamsburg, and Leeds in Northampton. It has 
 
702 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 been estimated that the losses in these four places alone amounted to fully 
 $i,ooo,ooo, without including damages to land and highways. The whole 
 number of lives lost was 138. . _ 
 
 "The State legislature, then in session, promptly voted an appropriation for 
 rebuildingthe roads, the sum expended not to exceed $150,000. Only $92,000 
 were used." 
 
 There arc now in the rebuilt villages and other parts l.'J manufac- 
 tories ; of which the largest are the brass-works, employing in 1XX~> 
 210 persons ; the woollen mill, employing 52 ; and the wood-turning 
 mill, employing 8 men. Metallic goods were made to the value of 
 '$267,047. 'other manufactures were carpenters' planes, buttons, 
 carriages, leather, and food preparations. The Talue of all goods 
 made was 8 174, S27. The 131 farms yielded their products to the 
 value of 8130,2*0. Tobacco, apples, maple sugar and molasses were 
 considerable, items. The Haydenville Savings Bank, at the close of 
 last year, held $204,404 in deposits. The population was 2,044 ; of 
 whom 498 were legal voters. The valuation in 1x88 was S*74,482. 
 There were 404 assessed dwelling-houses. The public school-houses 
 are 11 in number, and valued at $10,. r ><JO. The library associations 
 at the two principal villages possess about 2,<>(>0 volumes. At each 
 of these villages is a church edifice of the Congregationalists ; and 
 the Methodists and Roman Catholics in the town have one 
 each. 
 
 This township formed the west part of Hatfield until its incorpo- 
 ration, April 21, 1771, as Williamsburg. 
 
 Willinmcfmim forms the northwestern extremity of 
 lUlcimSlOWIl Berkshire County and of the State. It 
 is noted as the seat of Williams College, and contains .'i,729 inhabi- 
 tants. The town is about 140 miles west by northwest of Boston, 
 and some 25 miles north of Pittsfield. The Fitchburg Railroad has 
 stations at Blackinton on the northeast border, and at Williams- 
 town (North). These, with South Blackinton and Sweet's Corners, 
 are the post-offices : and the other villages are Beechdale, Coleville, 
 Slab City and North Williamstown. 
 
 The town is bounded on the east by North Adams and Adams, 
 south by New Ashford and Hancock, west by Berlin and Peters- 
 burgh in New York, and north by Pownal in Vermont. The assessed 
 area is 28,184 acres; of which U,5?U are forests. About the town on 
 every side are lofty mountains. Mount Hazen, in Clarksburg, on 
 the northeastern border, rises to the height of 2,272 feet ; Greylock, 
 the highest elevation in the State, lifts his head to an altitude of 
 3,5<i. r > feet, in the southeast ; Berlin Mountain, in the Tacouic Range, 
 which forms the western barrier, has an elevation of 2.814 feet ; 
 and the mountains on the north ascend to nearly this height. The 
 township, therefore, occupies in the main a beautiful valley, en- 
 closed by these lofty wooded eminences ; through which the Hoosac 
 River finds an opening on the east and north, and the two branches 
 of the (ireen Uiver an entrance on the south. The view of these 
 bold mountain ramparts from the college buildings, in the central 
 village, is on every hand magnificent. The valley in which the two 
 
wiLHAMSTOiry. 703 
 
 branches of the Green Eiver meet is rich and beautiful ; and the 
 land of the whole town is productive, and remarkably well adapted 
 to grazing and to the growth of the cereals and timber. The under- 
 lying rock is Levis limestone, Lauzon schist and the Potsdam series, 
 with here and there a bed of clay and iron-ore. Fine crystals of 
 quartz are sometimes found. Near the south village is a mineral 
 spring, the waters of which remain at a temperature of about 70 
 degrees throughout the year, and are said to be efficacious in the 
 cure of some diseases of the skin. 
 
 The mountain sides are admirably adapted to sheep-husbandry ; 
 and the sheep in 1885 numbered 2,361. At the same time the num- 
 ber of neat cattle was 1,606. Apples, maple sugar and molasses are 
 considerable products. The value of the aggregate product of the 
 177 farms, according to the census of 1885, was $285,469. Manu- 
 factures are slowly increasing in the town ; the largest, in the year 
 mentioned, being the woollen mill, employing 161 persons; and the 
 •cotton-mill, 191. Ten men were employed in brick-making. There 
 were three lumber mills, and one or more grist-mills. Other manu- 
 factures were furniture, leather, boots and shoes, wood and metallic 
 goods. The aggregate of manufactures amounted to the sum of 
 $591,364. The "Williamstown National Bank has a capital of 
 $50,000. The number of legal voters was 736 ; and the number of 
 dwelling-houses, 662. The valuation in 1888 was i?l, , .)84.. , i.".0 ) with 
 a tax-rate of $12.50 on §1,000. The 12 public-school buildings were 
 valued at $7,500. There are two high schools, and the necessary 
 ones of lower grades. The Glen Seminary and the Greylock Insti- 
 tute, in this town, are well-appointed private schools. The two or 
 three village libraries aggregate nearly 6,000 volumes ; the Greylock 
 Institute has some 500 volumes; two learned societies nearly 
 10,000; and the College upwards of 22,000. The "Williams' 
 Fortnight," a bi-weekly journal, is the principal' periodical publica- 
 tion in the town. There are three Congregational churches (includ- 
 ing the college church), a Baptist, a Methodist, a Protestant Episco- 
 pal, and an undenominational church having the somewhat romantic 
 title of the "Church of Christ in the White Oaks." 
 
 This town, previously called " West Hoosac," was incorporated 
 June 21, 1765, being named in honor of Col. Ephraim Williams. 
 The first church was organized in the same year, when also the Rev. 
 Whitman Welsh, the first pastor, was settled. Williams College, 
 named, like the town, for Colonel Williams, was established in 17 ( J<> 
 (inc. 1793) ; the legislature accompanying the charter with a grant 
 of $4,000. The institution has now 21 buildings, several of them 
 modern and elegant structures. Under the conduct of Dr. Franklin 
 Carter, the present president, the college has received gifts to the 
 .amount of about $700,000. The first president was Dr. Ebenezer 
 Fitch. The celebrated Dr. Mark Hopkins presided over the institu- 
 tion from 1836 to 1872 ; during which period the institution attained 
 high rank. President Paul A. Chadbourne succeeded him ; and on 
 his decease in 1881, Dr. Carter was selected for this important place. 
 The college buildings are situated on a broad and beautiful street 
 
704 (iAZKTTEER OF MASSACIIISETTS. 
 
 which runs over three charming eminences, forming apparently a 
 part of the fine grounds of the institution. In this locality stands 
 a linn monument of freestone, honoring the memory of the soldiers 
 from Williams who fell in the late war for the Union. Near by is 
 a mitrble shaft surmounted liy a globe, which indicates the spot 
 where Samuel J. Mills and his companions met by a haystack 
 in 1807, and there made a consecration of themselves to foreign, 
 missionary labor; whirh occurrence proved the origin of the Ameri- 
 can Hoard of Foreign Missions. Both the central villages are places 
 of unusual beauty ; and one by one the mansions of summer residents 
 are rising on the hills which encircle the college village. 
 
 Charles A. Dewey (17'X'>-1MU\), attorney-general, also a justice of 
 the supreme court of the State, was a native of Williamstown. He 
 was the son of Daniel Dewey, a member of Congress and judge of 
 the supreme court, and a resident of this town ; which has been the 
 residence of many eminent men. 
 
 WilliimSVllIp * n ^ u ' ,1)ar ^ ston ; a l so > i Q West Stock- 
 WilHmansett, a village in < Ihicopce. 
 WilloW Bridge, a village in Snmerville. 
 Willowdale, a village in Ipswich. 
 
 Wilminrrfnn ' s s ' tlulte ^ > H tne northeast part of Middle- 
 VV Hilling IUI1 sex CountV; J,-; mi i eS north of Boston, and 
 
 contains 'Ml inhabitants. Wilmington and North Wilmington are 
 the post-offices. Other villages are Wilmington Centre and Wil- 
 mington Junction. The town is intersected by the Western Divis- 
 ion of the Boston and Maine Railroad, the Boston and Lowell, and 
 the Lowell and Salem lines, which have stations convenient to all 
 the villages. 
 
 Wilmington is bounded by Andover and TVwksburv on the north, 
 by North Beading and Heading on the east, by Woburn on the 
 southeast, by Burlington on the southwest, by Billeriea on the west, 
 and by Tewkslmry on the northwest. The assessed area is 0,845 
 acres ; and 1,001 acres — nearly one half — are woodland, containing 
 pine, oak and maple. The land is rolling, with considerable plain. 
 The underlying rock is chiefly calcareous gneiss, which in one 
 locality crops out in a picturesque ledge called the "Devil's Den." 
 In the northern part of Wilmington is a fine old estate, noted as the 
 location of "Elniwood Spring;" around which buildings are being 
 constructed for summer occupancy. Silver Lake is a pleasant sheet 
 of water, in the northwestern part of the town, which affords a good 
 supply of ice; a branch from the Boston and Lowell Railroad afford- 
 ing convenient transportation. Maple-meadow Brook drains the 
 southern part of the town, and Lubber's Brook and others the cen- 
 tral section; all meeting in a small marsh on the eastern border^ 
 
WILMINGTON. 
 
 705 
 
 •whence issues the Ipswich River. The northern part is drained by- 
 feeders of Martin's Pond, near the northeast border in North Read- 
 ing. 
 
 The soil is sandy. Fruits and berries are plentiful ; and the culture 
 of the cranberry is increasing. This crop in 1885 amounted to $ /i,;"i37. 
 The entire product of the 213 farms (including 73 detached lots ) 
 •was valued at §76,000. The well-known Baldwin apple originated 1 
 in this town, and the parent tree is still shown. Many cattle are 
 slaughtered here for the city markets; for which business there are 
 11 slaughter-houses, employing two or more men each. Tlnve grist 
 and saw mills are operated a part of the time; and others gone to 
 ruin add an element of picturesqueness in their locality. The 
 largest manufactory is the Perry's Tannery, employing about 60 
 
 HIOII SC1IUUL UlILDINU, UIL.MIM.1' 
 
 men. Carriages, metallic articles, and boots and slices are made t<> 
 a limited extent. The value of the total manufactured product of 
 .■he town in 18S."> was ijC'U.al.S, The number of legal voters is I'll), 
 and the dwelling-houses, I'.V.I. There were a good town-hall, a pub- 
 lie library of about l,4o(t volumes, aud five public school-houses, 
 the latter valued at So, 000. An excellent high-school building was 
 erected recently. The churches are a Congregationalism, a .Meth- 
 odist and a Roman Catholic. 
 
 This town was formed of parts of Woburn and Reading (before 
 its division), and incorporated September 'J'j, lT.'SO. It was named 
 for Lord "Wilmington, then a member of the British privy council. 
 Wilmington is the birthplace of Timothy talker, LL.D. (1802- 
 1856), an able jurist; Sears Cook Walker (1S0.T-1S53), a noted 
 mathematician and astronomer; and of Joseph Reynolds, M.l). 
 (b. 1827), author of several popular books. 
 
706 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Winchell's Mountain, twT®*' ^ ** " 
 
 W\r~in\-\c±r\i\r\r\ ^' ,,,s ' n * ne '"""tUern border of Worcester 
 lllLIlCIlUUIl ( :, )UntV) ,;, s m ii es northwest of Boston on 
 
 tin- Cheshire kaili'oail, which runs through the town, connecting 
 with the Fitchlmrg liailioad at A.sliburnham Junction. The latter 
 road runs through the southwest corner of the town, convenient to 
 the village of New Boston, The post-offiees are Winchendon (cen- 
 tre) and Waterville, on Miller's River, about one and a half miles 
 northwest of the centre. Other villages are Bullardville, Centre- 
 ville, Harrisville, Ilydeville, Spring Village and Springville. 
 
 The boundaries are Ashburnhara on the east, (Jardner on the 
 southeast, Templeton on the southwest. Royalston on the west, and 
 Fitzwilliam and Rindgc, in X. 11., on the north. The assessed area 
 is 24,758 acres ; of which ."»,*'.».") are forest. The land is elevated and 
 hilly, especially in the central part. The principal eminences are 
 Rocky Hill in the northeast, Town-line Hill in the southeast, Bride 
 Hill in the southwest, Tallow Hill in the northwest, and Benjamin 
 Hill and Mount Pleasant — very attractive eminences — in the cen- 
 tral part. Denison Lake, *7 acres in extent, is a beautiful sheet of 
 water near Xew Boston ; and Monomce I'ond, of 114 acres, sends a 
 valuable tributary into Miller's River. Many small streams, fed by 
 never-failing springs, circulate through the territory, affording good 
 mill-sites; but the principal hydraulic power — to which the place 
 is indebted for its rapid growth and prosperity — is furnished by 
 Miller's River, a very handsome and steady stream which enters the 
 town on the eastern border, and, by a very circuitous route, runs far 
 towards the northwest, then turns southward, and leaves the town 
 at the southwestern border. 
 
 The largest manufactories are a cotton mill, employing, in 1885, 
 1 '.).'> persons; a pail and tub factory, a machine shop, and a toy fac- 
 tory. Twelve persons were employed in making bit-braces, .".7 in 
 making chairs and other furniture; 14 in the two saw mills; 11 in 
 the two tanneries ; l!S in making sewing and other machinery ; L\'> in 
 making toys, and !.'•">!» in making pails and tubs and other wooden 
 goods. Wrought stone, brooms, carriages, clothing, beverages and 
 other food preparations are also made to a considerable extent. The 
 value of the aggregate product was 81.;ilb\4'_'0. The liiii farms 
 yielded the amount of *S'.),<>(>4. The First National Bank of this 
 place has a capital of $200,000 ; and the Winchendon Savings Bank, 
 at the close of last year, held §>tiG(>.4(lS in deposits. The population 
 was 3,872 ; of whom 014 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 
 ■was ^l.'.KJl.L'DC, with a tax-rate of $ 1 1.40 on #1,000. The number 
 of assessed dwelling-houses was 7f>'.t. Winchendon has a good town- 
 hall, a public library of some 4,000 volumes ; and two weekly news- 
 papers — the " Advertiser " and the "Courier." There is a graded 
 system of schools, which includes a high school. These occupy 10 
 buildings valued at $">2,400. The churches consist of two Congre- 
 gationalist, a Methodist, a Baptist, au Advent Baptist, a Unitarian 
 and a Roman Catholic. 
 
WJXC1IJ-JSTE11. 707 
 
 Iii June, 1734, the land at this place was granted to Lieut. Abra- 
 ham Tilton, to be divided into C>3 equal parts, one for the minister, 
 one for the schools, one for the ministry in future, and the rest to 
 60 persons, mostly of Ipswich ; hence the settlement received the 
 name of Ipswich Canada. In 1752, the town had ten families, some 
 of whom left the place from fear of the Indians ; and those who 
 remained turned their dwellings into garrisons. The first church 
 was organized in 1752, when the Rev. Daniel Simpson was ordained 
 pastor. The town was incorporated, June 14, 17(14 ; its name having 
 been conferred, it is stated by Mr. Whitmore, by Governor Francis 
 Bernard, in honoc of a town in England in which he had an heir's 
 interest. 
 
 Hon. "William Barrett Washburn, a governor of the Common- 
 wealth, and a U.S. senator, was born in this town, January 31, 
 1820. Winchendon, on October 16, ISS'J, dedicated a handsome 
 monument to her fallen soldiers. 
 
 AA/inrVifcrpr * s a delightful suburban town in the easterly 
 VV 1I1C11CSLC1 sect i on f Middlesex County, eight miles west- 
 by-northwest of Boston, on the Boston and Lowell Railroad, which 
 here sends off a branch to Woburn. The stations are Mystic, Win- 
 chester (centre) and Cross Street. Winchester is the post-office ; 
 and the small villages are North Winchester, Synime's Corner and 
 Cutler's Village. 
 
 The form of the township is irregularly triangular, with the base 
 line running northeast and the apex southeast. The adjoining towns 
 are Woburn on the northwest, Stoneham and Medford on the east, 
 the latter and Arlington on the south, and Lexington breaking off 
 the angle on the southwest. The assessed area is 3,300 acres; of 
 which 641 are forest. The underlying rock is sienite and dolerite, 
 in which occurs a bed of copper ore. Several wooded eminences 
 impart a charming variety to the scenery in the eastern and west- 
 ern sections of the town. Through the midst flows, in a devious 
 course, the beautiful Mystic 1 liver; which, on the southern border, 
 spreads out into the celebrated Mystic Bond. A charming sheet of 
 water called "Wedge Bond," in the centre, is noted for the lilies 
 which numerously bespangle its waters in the summer. It is said 
 that the swallow makes its earliest annual appearance swiftly flitt ; n£ 
 over this lake. Fruits and berries, greenhouse products and vegeta- 
 bles, especially the last two, are furnished to the Boston markets in 
 great quantity from this town. There were 13 establishments de- 
 voted to flowers. The number of farms is 65 ; and their aggregate 
 product in 1885 was $151,388. In manufactures, there are a machine 
 shop, a saw mill for ornamental woods, factories for piano cases, keys 
 and actions, for clocks, watch-parts and jewelry, for artisans' tools, 
 for cotton batting, cotton and wool wadding and felting, food prepa- 
 rations, and furniture, the last employing 30 men. There are seven 
 tanneries and currying shops, employing in the aggregate 314 men. 
 The number of establishments was 41 ; and their product in 1885 
 was $2,410,942. The Winchester Savings Bank, at the close of last 
 
708 GAZETTEEJi OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 year, carried $3*0,000 in deposits. The population was 4,390; of 
 whom 1,010 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $4,407,851, 
 with a tax-rate of $10.70 on §1,000. There were 782 assessed dwel- 
 ling-houses. The ten public school-houses were valued at $47,600. 
 The schools are g,-aded, and include a good high school. The pub- 
 lic library contains about 7,000 volumes. The Winchester Histor- 
 ical and Genealogical Society also has a library of some 300 volumes 
 suited to its objects. The weekly newspaper of the place is the 
 " Star." There is one church each of the Congregationalists, the 
 Baptists, M ethodists, Protestant Episcopalians, Unitarians and Ro- 
 man Catholics. 
 
 Many of the citizens arc engaged in business in Boston, and others 
 upon various transportation lines. Many of the private residences, 
 situated on beautiful swells, or occupying commanding positions 
 upon the hillsides, present a beautiful appearance. The streets are 
 kept in fine order, and ornamented by numerous shade-trees, and the 
 whole town has an air of comfort, thrift and independence. 
 
 Winchester was formed from parts of Woburn, Medford and West 
 Cambridge (Arlington), and incorporated, April 30, 1850. The town 
 furnished 224 men for the Union armies in the late war, of whom 
 ten were lost in the service. 
 
 \\^inrlcr»r is situated in the northeastern part of Berkshire 
 VV UlUbUI County, about 150 miles from Boston, and 12 
 miles from Pittsfield and 7 from Dalton by highway. The last 
 two afford the nearest railway stations. The villages are Windsor 
 Hill (Windsor P.O.) at the" centre, and East Windsor (P.O.), or 
 Jordanville, in the extreme southeast. 
 
 Savoy bounds this town on the north ; Plaintield and Cummington, 
 on the cast; Peru and Hinsdale, on the south; and Dalton and 
 Cheshire on the west. The farms arc reported in the State census 
 as containing 23,204 acres, of which 7,300 acres were woodland. The 
 assessed area is 21,705 acres. The township is about seven miles 
 in length and five in breadth. The geological structure is calcareous 
 gneiss and the Quebec group, in which abound the minerals, zoisite, 
 actinolite and rutile. The general surface is not greatly varied in alti- 
 tude, yet tli ore are several considerable elevations, of which the most 
 prominent is Windsor Hill, near the centre, which bears a Congrega- 
 tional church and the chief village. A picturesque pond, covering 
 107 acres, in the northeastern corner, is a principal source of the 
 Westficld liivcr; which, with its branches, drains the eastern, while 
 tliu streams forming the Wast Branch of the Housatonic, drain the 
 western section of the town. A very pleasing feature in the scenery 
 is the Wahconah Kails, on one of the latter streams in the southwest- 
 ern corner. The water here tumbles over a rocky precipice some 
 70 feet, filling the air with spray and music, and forming one of the 
 finest scenic pictures in this region. 
 
 Orchards of the sugar maple abound ; and there are not less than 23 
 sugar-houses. Apples arc a fair crop, good stocks of cattle are kept, 
 and large quantities of butter made. The value of the product of 
 
, it \ v w 
 
 
 
WINETUXET— WINTHROP. 709 
 
 the 118 farms in 1885 was $121,271. Two saw mills and three grist 
 mills were operated in the town. Wooden-ware, edge-tools, scythe- 
 stones and leather are the other principal manufactures. The aggre- 
 gate value of goods made was $11,311. The population was 657 • of 
 whom 163 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $210,579 
 with a tax-rate of $15 on $1,000. There were 138 assessed dwelling- 
 houses. The eight public school-houses were valued at $2,000. The 
 East Library Association has some 300 volumes. 
 
 The land of this town was originally purchased by Noah Nash, 
 June 2, 1.62, for £1,430. It was incorporated July 2, 1771, under 
 the name of " Gageborough," in compliment to Governor Thomas 
 Gage (•' General Gage "), hut the name was changed in 1778 to the 
 present one. The Indian name was Ouschanpamaug. 
 
 WinetUXet, a village in Plymouth. 
 
 WinneCOnnet, a village in Norton. 
 
 Winter Hill, a hill and village in Somerville. 
 
 W^inthrOD cons ^ sts °f an irregular peninsula forming the 
 P northeastern boundary ol Boston Harbor, five 
 miles from Boston ; being tne easterly extremity of Suffolk County. 
 The Boston, Winthrop and Shore Kailroad makes a circuit of the 
 town, and connects with places outside by means of the Boston, 
 Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad at "Winthrop Junction. The nine 
 stations of the former road are one-half mile apart and furnish ex- 
 cellent accommodations for all sections of the town. At Winthrop 
 Junction connection is also made through East Boston with Boston's 
 system of street railroads. 
 
 The post-office is Winthrop, which is the central and chief village. 
 Other sections are Winthrop Highlands, overlooking the sea and 
 rapidly becoming occupied ; Ocean Spray, the lengthwise cluster of 
 family hotels and cottages facing the ocean; Winthrop Beach, a 
 part of which, Great Head, is a bold promontory with line residences 
 and well-appointed club houses; Point Shirley, the site of Taft's 
 famous hotel of world-wide fame for its game and fish dinners. 
 Sunnyside, Woodside, Bartlett and Cottage Parks are beautiful 
 grove-adorned resorts commanding fine views of the Blue Hills, 
 Boston and the inner harbor. 
 
 The assessed area is 829 acres, and there are about 8 miles of 
 beach. Shade and ornamental trees are scattered freely along 
 the streets, about the dwellings and among the summer cottages. 
 Apple, pear, peach and other fruit trees are numerous. The 
 farms are fast becoming divided into cottage lots, and but one 
 manufactory, a currier's shop, is now standing; the town is fast 
 building up, not only as a summer resort, but an. all-the-year- 
 round place of residence for Boston business men. In 1885 the 
 fisheries, consisting wholly of lobsters, clams and perch, brought in 
 $20,850. The population in 1885 was 1,370. In 1m.n0 this had in- 
 
710 tlAXETTEEll OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 creased to 2,200 permanent inhabitants and a summer population of 
 0,000. The total valuation in 1889 was $3,2~ M .4'>5, the number of 
 dwellings 7W, the debt less than 2 per cent, of the valuation, the 
 tax rate $13.50 on SI, 000. The town has just completed a system 
 of sewerage. The streets are lighted by electric lights, and pure 
 water pumped from wells in Kevere is supplied to every part of the 
 town. A pressure of 75 pounds enables the town to maintain an 
 efficient fire department without steam fire-engines. The town-hall 
 contains the public library, town officers' rooms, etc. The square in 
 front of the hall is ornamented by a beautiful fountain. Two 
 recently erected school-houses afford accommodations for 8 schools. 
 The Methodists, Baptists, Unitarians, Episcopalians and Roman ' 
 Catholics each have church edifices, and at the beach are two union 
 chapels where worship is conducted in the summer. The " Visitor," 
 a weekly paper, gives the local news of the town. Winthrop votes 
 unanimously against the sale of liquor, and the enforcement of this 
 vote is the reason that the place is so remarkably free from rowdyism. 
 Winthrop was settled about the same time as Boston. Deane 
 Winthrop, the sixth son of Gov. Winthrop, built a house here about 
 1G49 which is still standing. Deane died here in 1704, and when in 
 1852 the town was set off from North Chelsea (now Revere) the name 
 Winthrop became the legitimate appellation of the town. Winthrop 
 was formerly called Pullen Point and Chelsea Point, and was a part 
 of Boston until 1739, and then until 1846 it was a part of Chelsea. 
 
 Wire Village, in Spencer. 
 
 \\J f~\ T> T T T) "\J is a very pleasant and prosperous city in 
 VVUDUIMX the eas terly pa rt of Middlesex County, 10 
 miles from Boston. The Boston and Lowell Railroad runs through 
 the eastern section of the town, following the valley of a tributary 
 of the Mystic River, having a branch to Woburn centre, and 
 another to Stoneham in the opposite direction. Woburn (centre), 
 Montvale, North Woburn and Cummingsville are the post-offices. 
 The other villages are Central Square, Durensville, Highlands, 
 Horn Pond, Thompsonville, East Woburn and AVoburn Watering 
 Place. 
 
 Tho form of the territory is that of one angle and the adjacent 
 sides of a hollow square, with the angle southeastward. On the 
 northwest are Burlington and Wilmington ; on the east are Read- 
 ing and Stoneham ; on 1 1n- southeast is Winchester ; on the south- 
 west, Lexington; anil on the west, Burlington. Tlie assessed area 
 is 7,<>.">3 acres; of which 1,1.17 acres are forests of oak, maple and 
 pine. Tho lots, lawns and streets of the central village contain so 
 many shade and ornamental trees that it has been termed '' The City 
 of Trees." They are elm, maple and horse-chestnut; and some are 
 said to he 200 years old. Apple and other fruit-trees abound. The 
 underlying rock is sienite; a huge mass of which, called "Rag 
 Rock," lifts its head near the central village. The surface of the 
 town is finely varied by hill and valley ; and three bold eminences 
 
iro/u'fi.v. 711 
 
 — Whispering Hill, Zion's Hill and Horn Pond Mountain — mark 
 the landscape. The last eminence, by its numerous springs, supplies 
 the Woburn Water-works, — which have, an ample reserve source in 
 Horn Pond, near this hill on the northeast. This beautiful sheet 
 of water has an area of 103 acres and an average depth of 20 feet. 
 Richardson's Pond, in the northeast section, covers about 0O acres. 
 
 The city is remarkable for the number and extent of its tanneries, 
 of which in 1885 there were 27, and now a larger number. In that 
 year, according to the recent census report, the number of their 
 employees was 1,4NN ; and the value of the leather prepared for mar- 
 ket by these and finishing establishments was $5,455,117. There 
 were 21 boot and shoe factories, employing 519 persons, and making 
 goods to the amount of $631,809. Chemicals, glue, shoe-stock, 
 artisans' tools, machinery and other iron goods, tin-ware, cordage 
 and twine, harnesses, carriages, furniture, and many other articles, 
 are produced in large or small quantities. The value of the entire 
 manufactures was $7,105,^97. The aggregate product of the 107 
 farms amounted to $132,075. 
 
 The First National Bank has a capital of $300,000; and the 
 savings bank, at the close of last year, carried £970,050 in deposits. 
 The valuation in 1888 was $8,575,523, — with a tax-rate of $ 19.70 on 
 $1,000. The number of assessed dwelling-houses was 2,085. Tho 
 population in 1885 was 11,750; including 2,905 legal voters. There 
 has been a large increase from these figures ; and a population of 
 about 15,000 is now claimed. There have been larpe accessions of 
 Swedish people, as well as of native stock The 13 public school- 
 houses were valued at $lso,000. 
 
 There is a very handsome library building of red sandstone and 
 light trimmings, in the Romanesque style, and having a tower mid- 
 way of the front. It was built at a cost of 1100,000, from a bequest 
 of $140,000 for this purpose of the late Charles Bowers Winn, a na- 
 tive and a citizen. The library is free to all inhabitants of the city; 
 and now contains about 25,000 volumes. Tho rooms are adorned by 
 a large number of paintings, formerly belonging to Mr. Winn's 
 father, who had purchased them mostly in Europe. A fine cabinet of 
 minerals, presented by Hon. John Cummings, adds to the attractions 
 of the edifice. Other structures of which the citizens are proud are 
 the water-works, the savings-bank building, the Dow block, th<» 
 opera-house, Lyceum Hall, the central railroad station, and several 
 others, old and new, whose designations are not at hand. Fine 
 residences are numerous in the entire city. There are two or more 
 very handsome churches, — of which the city, in 1«H5, possessed 
 eight. The Congregationalists and the Roman Catholics had two 
 each ; and the Baptists, Methodists, Episcopalians and Unitarians 
 each had one ; and one has recently been erected by the colored 
 people. The " Advertiser " and the " Journal,' - of this city, are wide- 
 awake and useful weeklies. 
 
 Woburn was originally known as "Charlestown Village," having 
 been settled under the auspices of people of the late town of Charles- 
 town. It was incorporated May 18, 1042 ; and adopted its present 
 
712 (IAZH1 ■ LEIill OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 name from regard for Woburn in the county of Bedford, England. 
 The first church was organ i/.r-d August 14, 104L'; and the Rev. 
 Thomas Crane was ordained minister by the laying on him the 
 hands of two members of the church, — in the truly Congregational 
 way. The number of soldiers furnished to uphold the Union cause 
 in the late war was 775 ; and in honor of the <S^I who were lost there 
 has been erected, at a cost of $10,000, a beautiful monument, 
 whose summit is the figure of a soldier in bronze, designed by Mil- 
 more. 
 
 Woburn is the birthplace of the following eminent men : Samuel 
 Rlodget (171'4-1S07), an enterprising inventor; Gen. James Reed 
 (ITL'4— ISO"), a gallant officer, present at the battle of Bunker Hill; 
 Samuel Locke, D.D. (17.'>L'-1 7SS), president of Harvard University 
 from 1770 to 177.'!; Jeduthan Baldwin (l~.'£i-17SS>, an able engineer; 
 Col. Loammi Baldwin (1745-1*07), an able surveyor and officer ; Sir 
 Benjamin Thompson f Count Rumford) (17."i.J-l 814), a very distin- 
 guished statesman and physicist; and Roger Minot Sherman, LL.D. 
 (1773-1844), an able jurist. 
 
 WollaStOn Heights, a village in nuincy. 
 
 Woodbridge's Island, jVrthXf 60 ' Xewbuiy " 
 Woodbury's Village, in sutton. 
 
 Wnnrl TH*t-ir1 l ^ e outermost part of the peninsula (now be- 
 ' come a long island) guarding Provincetown 
 harbor, bearing a light ; also, a southeastern point of Kockport 
 (formerly Ernerson's Point), devoted to summer residences. 
 
 Wood's H ol 1, a harbor and a village in Falmouth. 
 
 Woodville, in llopkintou; also, in Wakefield. 
 
 W nPPpQTpR tlu ' capital of Worcester County, 
 VV v_>/ 1\. \^ ELr J^ 1 I-.lv, j s an en terprising mercantile 
 
 and manufacturing city, 44 miles west-by-southwest of Boston, 
 43 wiles northwest ol Providence, and .".'! miles northeast-by- 
 east of Springfield. Its latitude is 4 'J" !(>' 17'' north, and its 
 longitude 7P' 4S' \\\" west. The city is the eenteriug point of six 
 railroads, namely, the Boston and Albany Bailroad, the Norwich 
 and Worcester (leased by the New York and New England Rail- 
 road), the Worcester and Nashua, the Providence and Worcester, 
 the Worcester and l'iti hburg, and the Boston, Barre and Gardner 
 Bailroad. Willi these roads entering at various points of the com- 
 pass, transportation facilities are. afforded convenient to the outly- 
 ing villages. These are Lake View, (Juinsigamond, Barbers (which 
 are the posf-olliccs), Barnurdville, Blithewood, Bloomingdale, 
 (ireendale, Jainesvillc, Lecsvillc, New Worcester, Northville, Tat- 
 ntiek, Trowbridge.villc, Bast Worcester, South Worcester and Wor- 
 
)vouci:srh:i:. 713 
 
 cester Junction. The Union Passenger Station at Worcester, of 
 hewn granite, is one of the handsomest and best-equipped stone 
 structures of the kind in the country. 
 
 The adjoining towns are West Boylston on the northeast corner, 
 with Eoyalston nearly in contact ; Shrewsbury on the east ; Grafton 
 at the southeast angle ; Milllmry and Auburn on the south ; Leices- 
 ter on the west of the southern section, succeeded by a corner of 
 Paxton ; while Holden lies along the northwest line. The form of 
 the town is quite irregular. The area is about .'!<; square miles, of 
 which 2tt,S:i."> acres are assessed land. The woodland embraces L'.OL'.'I 
 acres ; containing a variety of trees, with a large proportion of chest- 
 nut in the eastern part. The geological structure of the territory 
 consists of the St. John's group, Merrimack schist, and ferruginous 
 gneiss, in which occur steatite, beds of clay and peat and of iron-ore. 
 The land is charmingly diversified by rounded hills and winding 
 valleys, through which some of the tributaries of the Bkickstouc 
 lliver make their way, and furnish some motive power. Mill Brook 
 runs through the city proper, furnishing much power, and affording 
 a terminal channel for the excellent sewerage system. It has its 
 origin in North Pond, in the northern part of the town, and is the 
 main stream of the Blackstone lliver. The other principal streams 
 are Broad-meadow Brook in the southern section. Kittle Brook in 
 the southwest, and Tatnuek Brook in the western section. Hills 
 and elevated land surround the township; and within are 'Winter 
 Hill in the north, Tatnuek Hill in the west, Prospect Hill in the 
 centre, and Millstone Hill in the east commanding a line view of 
 Lake Quinsigainond and the hills and vales of Shrewsbury, divided 
 from the city on its whole eastern side by this beautiful sheet of 
 water. These and lesser eminences, as well as the vaies and plains, 
 are covered with well-cultivated farms, orchards and gardens, inter- 
 spersed with attractive farm-houses, and often with handsome, resi- 
 dences. 
 
 "There is scarcely to be met with, in this or any other count rv," 
 says Prof. I'M ward Hitchcock, referring more especially to tin- 
 central section, "a more charming landscape than Worcester pre- 
 sents from almost any of the moderately elevated hills which sur- 
 round it. The high state of agriculture in every part of the valley, 
 and the fine taste and neatness exhibited in all the buildings of this 
 flourishing town, with the great elegance of many edifices, and the 
 intermingling of so many fine shade and fruit trees, spread over the 
 prospect beauty of a high order, on which the eye delights to 
 linger."' 
 
 The extensive territory of this city embraces the large number of 
 340 farms ; whose product in lxs,"i was .si;i'(),7.">0. The manufac- 
 tures are exceedingly numerous. The leading articles are boots and 
 shoes, cut shoe goods, carriages, rail-cars, boilers, rolled and sheet 
 iron, machinery, tin, copper and brass goods, wire-work, fire-ovens, 
 edge-tools, wrenches, files, :hoe and other artisans' tools, ploughs 
 and other agricultural implements, doors, sashes and blinds, screws 
 and other metallic articles for mechanics' uses, furniture, organs, 
 
714 
 
 (1AZETTEEB OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 men's clothing, corsets, hosiery and other cotton, woollen and 
 worsted goods, cards, card clothing, looms, dye-stuffs, chemicals, oils 
 and paints, bricks, tiles and pipes, paper, envelopes, boxes,cards and 
 other paper goods, leather, belting, harnesses, trunks and valises, 
 packed and butchers' meat. Hour and meal, tobacco articles, and bever- 
 ages, The whole numberof establishments, asenumerated inthem- 
 dustrial census for 1885 (recently published), was 771' ; employing 
 aboul 25,000 persons, and producing goods to the value oi 128,699,524 
 Worcester is the location of the Washburn and Modi Manufacturing 
 Company, noted lor its wire: the G. EL Whitcomb Company for its 
 envelopes ; the Ames Plough Company, for its ploughs,— of which r 
 makes 30,000 a year, of 150 or more patterns. There are other 
 makers of the first two articles. The power-loom industry originated 
 in Worcester, and there it has been developed to an extent that has 
 made the Worcester looms famous throughout the world. There are 
 now three loom works m the city, the annual product of which is 
 valued at $2,500,000. 
 
 Worcester has seven national hanks, whose aggregate capital stock 
 is $2,250,000 ; and four savings hanks, rarryingdeposits, at the close 
 of last year, to the amount of 123,081,684 The population in 
 1885 was 63,389 ; of whom 14843 were legal voters. The valuation 
 in 1888 was $64,502,636,— with a tax-rate of 116 on $1,000 There 
 u ere 8,720 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 The public schools in the city are graded, and include a high school 
 and a Slate Normal School. The school-houses belonging to the city 
 
 were 13 in number, and were valued at $1,034,939. Severalof them 
 
 — the high school especially — are superior structures. The Wor- 
 
 cester-County free Institute of industrial Science is a school of great 
 value and high repute. Its principal building is constructed of col- 
 ored stone from Millstone Hill, and occupies a tine eminence in the 
 northern section of the city. It is a Ire school of technology. 
 founded by the liberalitj of the late John Boynton, of Templeton, 
 in Worcester County, who gave $100,000 for the institution on con- 
 dition that the city of Woroester should furnish the buildings. A 
 grant ol $50, 000 was made by the State and a donation of $100,000 
 
WORCESTER. 
 
 715 
 
 by the Hon. Stephen Salisbury, for the school. It was also provided 
 with a well-furnished machine-shop, costing about S80,000, by the 
 generosity of the late Ichabod Washburn. The Oread Institute, a 
 picturesque structure of stone, in the form of a feudal castle, and. 
 occupied as a young ladies' seminary, makes an impressive appear- 
 ance in the southern section. The College of the Holy Cross is de- 
 lightfully situated on the northern acclivity of 1'aekarhoag Hill. 
 Other schools are the Highland Military Academy, the Worcester 
 Academy, the Orphanage of the Sisters of Mercy, the Union Church 
 
 TUB PUBLIC HIGH SCHOOL, M'ORCT.sTLIl. 
 
 Free Kindergarten, two business colleges and several others. The 
 (State Normal School has a beautiful building of i olored stone mi a 
 commanding eminence in the easterly section of the city. A valuable 
 feature of this school is the apprenticeship system in teaching; and an- 
 other is the systematic psychological observation of children. 
 
 The Worcester Free Public Library contained, in 18*5, about 
 63,000 volumes, and occupied a building valued at S 10,uo<>. There 
 is a new and noble structure for the purposes of a public library now 
 building. This institution has been made uncommonly useful to 
 
716 
 
 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 the community through its connection with the city schools ; a 
 result which has been largely owing to the exceptional qualifications 
 iind zeal in this work of the librarian, Mr. Samuel S. Green, — of 
 long experience and wide repute. 
 
 'I lie latest, and prospectively the greatest, of the institutions of 
 this city, and possibly of the country, is the Clark University, estab- 
 lished in 1.N.S7 by Hon. Jonas (J. Clark, a citizen who, by enter- 
 prise ami the exertion of great native ability, had acquired a very 
 large fortune. For years lie cherished the purpose of founding an 
 institution that would not interfere with, but supplement all others, 
 by making its object the enlargement of the boundaries of human 
 knowledge. He wisely chose to guide the formation of the institu- 
 tion himself, and has then lore, while still in the vigor of life, given 
 the sum of >C',<»0( >.(>()( I for a basis of an institution of philosophical 
 research, to be eventually extended in all directions within the 
 
 THE OREAD INSTITl'TE, WOIUISTJ R. 
 
 scope of human observation. He has associated with him in the 
 
 conduct of the institution several gentlemen of acknowledged emi- 
 nence; and l'rof. C. Stanley Hall, of the Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity, has been chosen as the president; and several teachers of high 
 ability have already been associated with hiin. 
 
 Several of the institutions have large and excellent libraries; and 
 the aggregate number of volumes in the public, professional and 
 association libraries in the city (excluding those of church and 
 Sunday schools) was I'.ill.T.-.it. of these was the county law library, 
 of *>,<*< Ml volumes ; that of the Natural History Society. 'an active and 
 lienelicial institution; and of the American Antiquarian Society, 
 founded in 1 S 1 '_' by the inunilieence of Isaiah Thomas, the most cele- 
 brated American printer id' his time; which has a lai"e collection of 
 books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and objects of biolo-y " and the Wor- 
 cester Antiquity Society, which has similar collections, but of a more 
 local and social nature. The Worcester County .Musical Association, 
 
WORCESTER. 
 
 Ill 
 
 having its organic centre in this city, was started some thirty years 
 ago, and is now fitted, probably, to do more for music than any 
 
 l : . " : .J S3? 
 
 sss eel PIS 
 
 ar =i 
 
 
 j i 
 
 gMslE] ^=^ £=£?- BBC )85£ 
 
 
 
 EB9H ,'gsa SH^ • Ul 
 
 J '' 
 
 ?" 
 
 
 other institution of the kind in the country. Its annual musical 
 festivals have won for the city the reputation of being an important 
 musical centre. The influence of the society in the city is nowhere 
 
•■'•... * 
 
WOnCESTEll. 
 
 719 
 
 more quickly perceived than in the churches. The number of these 
 is forty-one. They include 9 Congregationalist, 7 Baptist, 6 Meth- 
 odist, 6 Soman Catholic, 3 Protestant Episcopal, 2 Unitarian, 2 Uni- 
 versalist, a Free Baptist, an Evangelical Lutheran, a Friends, a First 
 Church of Christ, an African Methodist, and an undenominational 
 church. 
 
 Some of these edifices are noble church ly structures ; of which 
 St. Paul's — a strictly Gothic form — is esteemed one of the finest ; 
 and All Saints (Episcopal) and the Central Church (Congregational- 
 ist) are notable fortheir beauty. The new quarters of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association are such as reflect credit upon the architect 
 and the city. Among the public institutions of Worcester of a spec- 
 ially benevolent character, 
 the Worcester Lunatic Hos- 
 pital stands at the head. Its 
 enormous granite structure 
 is delightfully located by the 
 lake in the eastern section 
 of the city. It has 1,000 
 feet of frontage, and consists 
 of a central administration 
 building with thirteen wings 
 extending from each side ; 
 each one being so constructed 
 as to admit light and air on 
 all sides. In May, 18*9, 
 this building contained over 
 800 patients. Another pub- 
 lic building of note is the 
 county court-house, a hand- 
 some structure of granite. 
 Mechanics' Hall is the place 
 for great audiences — seat- 
 ing about 2,000 persons; and 
 the elegant theatre will ac- 
 commodate, probably, two 
 -thirds as many. Horticul- 
 tural Hall Washburne Hall, 
 Grand Army Hall and Insurance Hall, fall successively from the last 
 number, but are mostly pleasant places. There are many handsome 
 business blocks, while some of the factories have a very striking 
 abearance The Old South Meeting House — of the first parish of 
 tKSSS organized in 1716 -has recently disappeared; but its 
 old neighbor, the town-hall, though neither imposing nor beautiful, 
 still stands serving well the city uses. From its social and polit- 
 ical influence! Worcester is sometimes, and not inappropriately, 
 n*x\oA " The Heart of the Commonwealth." 
 
 a TWs place wasTncorporated as atown, October 15, 1604; and wa. 
 named for the ancient city of Worcester on the Severn in Engknd 
 Its incorporation as a city occurred February 20, 1848. Quinsiga- 
 
 TRINITY METIIODIHT-EPISCOPAL CIILUC1I. 
 
720 UA'/.KTTEF.n OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 vwnil, now applied to the lake at its eastern border, was the Indian 
 inline for Worcester. The Indians inhabiting here were probably 
 Nipnmcks. They were much under Christian influence, and King 
 Philip tried in vain to induce them to join his cause against the 
 wliit.cs. Tin- first permanent settlement by the latter appears to have 
 been in 171.'i, when .fonas Pi<e returned to the home from which 
 dread of the Indians had driven him and others, — the wife of one 
 (Dickory Sargent) having been killed by them in 1704. In 1718 a 
 number of Scotch- Irish families, from Londonderry, came in. The 
 people evinced a sturdy patriotism during the Revolutionary war, 
 and were active in suppressing Shay's Insurrection. During the 
 war of the Slaveholders' Jichellion the city was prompt to furnish 
 its full quota of men and to sustain its full share of the expenses. 
 
 "The Massachusetts Spy" was first issued in Worcester by Isaiah 
 Thomas (previously mentioned) May ■>, 177."). His press was set up 
 three days prior to the battle of Lexington ; and thus " the first thing 
 printed in Worcester" contained an account of the battle of Lexing- 
 ton. From this press, also, came the first folio Bible printed in the 
 Tinted States. The present newspapers and journals of the city are 
 the Evening Gazette, Evening Telegram, and the Spy. dailies; La 
 Travailleur (French), semi-weekly; the Sunday Telegram, the .Egis 
 and Gazette, the Massachusetts Spy, the Christian Weekly. Le 
 Courrier de Worcester (French), the Home Journal, < >stra Postfen 
 (Swedish), Veckoblad (Scan.), weeklies; the Eastern Medical Jour- 
 nal, semi-monthly; the Messenger of Truth, the Piedmont Mission 
 Builder, and the Pocket Guide, monthlies. 
 
 Worcester is the native place of the following distinguished per- 
 sons: Col. Timothy Pigelow (17.'! , .l-17 < .t<M, a Revolutionary patriot, 
 and member of the Provincial Congress 1774-177.") (to whom 
 there is an elegant monument); Benjamin Adams (17li">-lS.'!7), 
 r..U. 17*N, an able lawyer; Levi Lincoln, LL.D. ( 1 7*1.'- 1 NILS'), 
 governor of the Slate from 1S2."> to ls.'!4 ; Lewis Pigelow (17Sf>- 
 1*.".*), a prominent lawyer; Charles Allen. LL.I>. (17H7-W>'.»), an 
 able statesman; William Lincoln ( lM>l-ls|:;>, an editor and anti- 
 quary; George Bancroft. LL.D. (1S00\ an eminent historian and 
 statesman; Manton Marble (lS.'i.l), an able editor and author; and 
 Dorothea L. Dix, a well-known philanthropist. 
 
 W OrlCl S JlLnCl, a promontory at the end of a long penin- 
 sula forming the northern extremity of Gingham. 
 
 Wnrtl-iino-l-nn is;i fine f « rniin S aiul grazing town lying 
 vv Ui LiiuigiUll in tlu> northwesterly section of Hampshire 
 County, on the eastern declivity of the Green Mountains. It is 143 
 miles west of Boston and 17 miles (by highway) west of Northamp- 
 ton. Its nearest railroad stations are at Hinsdale, Williamsburg 
 and Huntington. The post-offices are Worthington (centre), West 
 Worthington, Ringvillo and South Worthington. Four Corners is 
 the other village. 
 
WRENTHAM. 
 
 721' 
 
 This town is bounded on the north by Cummington, on the east: 
 by Chesterfield, on the south by Chester, and on the west by Middle- 
 field and Peru. The assessed area is 10,N25 acres ; of which 5 189 
 are forest. The geological formation is the Quebec group, and'cal- 
 ciferous mica-sohist. Specimens of kyanite, in long-bin ded crystal- 
 lizations, are found. The surface is elevated, but there are few high, 
 hills. The several streams flow southeasterly, and are affluents of 
 the Westfield River. They are well stored with trout, and have fur- 
 nished power for many saw mills. The present number is three ; ' 
 and there are three or four grist-mills, l'lane, broom and rake handles, 
 bedsteads, children's sleds and baskets, some iron machinery, carri- 
 ages and food preparations are manufactured. The entire quantity of 
 goods made in 1885 was valued at $26,010. The 173 farms yielded 
 products valued, in the aggregate, at $132,394. The land is fairly 
 fertile. There are 17,021 apple-trees, and some of most other fruit 
 trees usual in the region. Berries also are plentiful. Maple sugar' 
 and molasses are made in large quantities, as the 77 sugar-houses 
 indicate. The product in 1885 was 58,644 pounds, valued at §5,497. 
 Good stocks of cattle and sheep are kept. The population is 763; 
 of whom 225 are legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was $304,408, 
 with a tax-rate of £17.50 on $1,000. The number of assessed 
 dwelling-houses was 1*7. The 11 public school-houses were valued' 
 at $3,500. The town library contains nearly 500 volumes. There, 
 is a Congregational church at the centre, a Methodist at South 
 Worthington, and one at West "VVorthington. 
 
 The tjwn was incorporated June 30, 1708. Natives of eminence 
 were Mrs. Jane Ermina (Starkweather) Locke (1 805-1859), a poeti- 
 cal author; and Gen. James Clay Rice (1829-1804), a gallant officer, 
 who died from wounds received at the battle of Spottsylvania Court- 
 house, Virginia. 
 
 \A/Y^nrham IS a *> °d °^ farming town lying in the south- 
 VV XCllUlcliii wes t corner of Norfolk County, about 27 miles- 
 southwest of Boston. It has six pleasant villages, — Wrentham 
 ^centre), South Wrentham, West Wrentham, Plainville, Sheldonville 
 (which are post-offices), and Shepardville. The Old Colony Kail- 
 road stations in the adjoining towns, north, south, east and west, are j 
 some four or five miles from the central village. 
 
 The town is bounded on the north by Franklin and Norfolk, east 
 by Foxborough, south by North Attleborough, and on the' west by 
 Franklin, Bellingham and Cumberland, in Rhode Island. Its 
 assessed area is 19,052 acres; of which 8,170 are woodland. The- 
 northeasterly section of the town is undulating. The scenery of 
 the central part is diversified by Knickup Hill and Bald Hill, and 
 two beautiful sheets of deep and clear water known as " Archer's 
 Pond " and " Whiting's Pond ; " while Red-brush Hill, rising to the 
 altitude of 456 feetj and Joe's Rock, to 486 feet above the sea, are 
 prominent features of the southwest corner. Mill River, a tributary 
 of Charles River; Furnace Brook, of Neponset River; and Abbott's* 
 Run and Bungay Brook, affluents of Blackstone River, furnish con-. 
 
722 GAZETTEER of MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 siderable motive power, which has been improved to some extent. 
 About a mile south of the centre there is a notable curiosity called 
 « Wampum's Rock." It consists of a cave about nine feet square 
 and eight feet high, surrounded by a ledge of broken rocks. It was 
 long the residence of an Indian family named " Wampum," but is 
 now merely a shelter for the cattle in storms. 
 
 There were within the town, in 1885, 298 farms (including 6 de- 
 tached lots) ; of which 65 contained above 80 acres, and 12 over 150. 
 The value of their aggregate product in that year was 9193,787. 
 The principal manufactures are straw goods and jewelry, for which 
 there are several small establishments each. There are also two 
 mills for crude woollen goods, and four or five saw and grist mills. 
 Some boots and shoes, leather, furniture, boats, carriages, wrought 
 stone, beverages and food preparations are made. The value of the 
 manufactures was $429,025. The National Bank of Wrentham has 
 capital stock to the amount of $52,500. The population in 1885 was 
 2,710 ; of whom 661 were legal voters. The valuation in 1888 was 
 (1,346,468, with a tax-rate of $13.50 on #1,000. There were 575 
 taxed dwelling-houses. The schools are graded, and include a high 
 school. They occupy 9 buildings, valued at #30,300. Two associa- 
 tion libraries and the high-school library aggregate about 700 volumes. 
 The other literary institution of the town is the " Review," a weekly 
 journal. The churches are one each of the Baptists, Congregation- 
 al Lsts, Episcopalians, Universalists, Roman Catholics, and the Latter 
 Day Saints. 
 
 The first English inhabitant of this town was Samuel Shears. 
 Several French families (of whom were Madame Arnlud and 
 Bartholdy) resided in this town during a later period. The Indian 
 same of the place was WoUmapauge. It was incorporated as a town 
 •October 15, 1673, and named for Wrentham, in England, whence 
 .some of the settlers came. The first church was organized April 13, 
 ^692, when the Rev. Samuel Mann was ordained pastor. Daring 
 King Philip's War, in 1676, the Indians burned every house in the 
 place except two in which were persons sick with the small-pox, 
 which the savages greatly feared. The town sent 336 men into the 
 Union service during the late war, ten of whom were commissioned 
 .officers, 
 
 James Mann (1759-1832), an eminent surgeon ; Benjamin Cowett, 
 ,(1782-1860), a distinguished lawyer and writer; and Enoch Pond, 
 i).D. (b. 1791), an eminent divine, author of many theological works, 
 ..•Hid for many years president of Bangor (Maine) Theological Semi- 
 -.nary , were natives of Wrentham. 
 
 Wyoma, a village in Lynn. 
 
 t I Wyoming, a village in Melrose. 
 
 VarmnnrK forms a section of the southern part of Cape 
 X dUUUUtu Cod( iu Barnstable County, 75 miles southeast 
 of Boston by the Old Colony Railroad, which passes through the 
 midst of the town ; ita Hyannis Branch skirts the western border. 
 
YARMOUTH. 728 
 
 The township extends from Barnstable Bay (forming the south- 
 ern portion of Gape God Bay) on the north to the ocean on the 
 south. Dennis bounds it on the northeast and east, and Barnstable 
 on the west. A peninsula of peculiar form, called Point Gammon, 
 projects far into the sea from the southern shore, marking very 
 nearly the middle of the south side of Gape Cod, and enclosing 
 Lewis Bay, which lies westward. This body of water and a mill 
 stream at the north mark the western boundary of the town ; while 
 Chase-garden River flows between it and Dennis on the north, hav- 
 ing, at its confluence with the bay, a small harbor called Bass Hole. 
 A series of connected ponds called Bass River lie along nearly the 
 entire eastern side, flowing southward, affording a very good harbor 
 at its junction with the sea. Yarmouth port, at the northwest, also has 
 a small harbor. The names of the principal ponds are Dennis in the 
 northwest; Mill and Follins ponds and Kelly's Bay in the east; 
 and Long, Swan, Flashes, Louis, Flax, Horn and Halfway ponds in 
 the southern part. The surface of the land is diversified to a small 
 extent by hill and valley, while the north shore along the bay is 
 marshy. The highest point of land is German's Hill, 138 feet in 
 height, near the centre of the town ; its summit affording a fine view 
 of- the sea on either hand. The soil, though sandy, is very good ; 
 and where not cultivated is generally covered with a growth of oak 
 and pine upon the upland, and of cedar in the swamps. On the bor- 
 ders of the ponds and streams are seen the azalea, or swamp honey- 
 suckle, the wild rose, grape, and the elder with its panicle of white 
 flowers in summer and its black berries in autumn. 
 
 Cranberries are cultivated to an unusual extent. This crop in 
 1885 reached 5,000 barrels, valued at $25,000. The entire crop of 
 the 14 farms (only four of which exceeded 100 acres) was but 939,953, 
 The manufactures are small, but numerous. There is now one estab- 
 lishment making salt ; which, at the beautiful village of South Yar» 
 mouth, was formerly the leading industry, when many acres were cov- 
 ered with the works, and a small army of windmills fought the air 
 with their arms, while they pumped the salt-water into the vata. Other 
 manufactures are boots and shoes, carriage-wheels, elothing, furni- 
 ture, leather, wrought-stone, metallic goods, chemicals, food pre para. 
 tions, and small vessels. The value of this entire product was 
 •64,038. The fisheries, consisting chiefly of eels, bluefish, herring 
 and perch, yielded 97,048. The commercial marine consisted of two 
 barques, three schooners and four ships ; aggregating 9,613 tona The 
 First National Bank of Yarmouth has a capital of 1350,000. Tha 
 population of the town in 1885 was 1,856 ; of which 540 were legal 
 voters. The valuation in 1888 was $1,363,874, with a tax-rate of 
 910 on 91,000. There were 549 taxed dwelling-houses. 
 
 There is a town library of nearly 4,000 volumes ; and there are 
 association libraries at South Yarmouth and West Yarmouth. The 
 newspapers are the "Cape Cod Item," the "Yarmouth Register" 
 and the "Mayflower,"— all weeklies with a good circulation; that of 
 the last being exceptionally large for a country publication. The 
 school system consists of the grades of primary, mtermediats and 
 
•^24 GAZETTEER OF MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 high. There are four school buildings, valued at $10,150. The 
 churches . are two Congregationalist, two Methodist, a Baptist, a. 
 Universalist, a Friends, a Roman Catholic, and a church of the New- 
 Jerusalem (Swedenborgian). The post-offices are Yarmouth, South, 
 Yarmouth, West Yarmouth, East Yarmouth and Yarmouthport. 
 The latter is one of the most beautiful villages of the county. The 
 handsomely shaded main street, with its rows of modern and antique 
 residences, solid and comfortable in aspect, has a very pleasing ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 This town, called by the Indians Mattacheese, was incorporated 
 September 3, lO.'W, and named from a seaport at the mouth of the 
 Yar in Norfolk County, England. The early records of the town 
 are lost. The Kev. John Millar was probably the first minister.. 
 There was omo an Indian town and meeting-house near .Swan's Pond; 
 and the Indian burial place is still visible. One of these Indians 
 was the first man of the provincial army to enter the grand battery 
 at Louisburg in 1745. "lie crawled in at the embrasure, - ' says Dr. 
 Alden, " and opened the gate, which Yaughan immediately entered, 
 the enemy having withdrawn from this battery ; though, at the 
 time, this circumstance was not known." Yarmouth has furnished 
 many brave and accomplished seamen to the country, and has mate- 
 rial for' an interesting town-history. It furnished about 250 men for 
 the service of the country during the late war. 
 
 Eminent men: Samuel West, D.D. (1730-1807\ an able clergy- 
 man and. writer; George Thacher (1754-1824), a distinguished law- 
 yer and judge, and an M.C. from 17N9 to lMU ; Timothy Alden,X>.D-. 
 (1771-1 S.'i'.l), author of "A Collection of Epitaphs," in five volumes, 
 published in 1*14 ; Oliver Alden Taylor (1801-1851), a clergyman; 
 and miscellaneous writer. 
 
 Z n „ r a rough and romantic tract of land on the left (north) 
 03.1, bank f the Deerfield River, near the mouth of the' 
 Hoosac Tunnel, was, by an act of legislature, April 2, 1S38, divided, 
 and one part annexed to liowe and the other to Charlemont. The' 
 name is now applied only to"a village within the limits of the tract' 
 in the western extremity of Charlemont. It has a post-office, a staA 
 tion on the Fitchburg Railroad, a saw mill, and several dwelling-, 
 houses, nestled in between Deerfield River and the mountains. 
 
 Xylonite, a village in Adams. 
 
 TIIE END. 
 
 CuppM pw#, Norton: 
 
 PRINTim ItV J. G. U'PPl.BS COMPANV.