LIBRARY ANNEX 2 '« Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924083903983 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 083 903 983 A Glimpse of Nature. SUNBEAMS OF HEALTH AND TEMPERANCE AN INSTRUCTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE HEALTH HABITS OF ALL NATIONS WITH INTERESTING INFORMATION ON ALL SUBJECTS RELATING TO HEALTH AND TEMPERANCE AFFORDING BOTH (J^ntertainment anh Inatruction for goung and ®15 ILLUSTRATED BATTLE CREEK, MICH.: Good Health Publishing Company. 1890. Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1887, By J. H. KELLOGG, M. D., In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Preface ,T the present time there is probably no class of wholesome literature which is receiving more attention from the reading public than works devoted to the subject of health. The general complaint against books upon hygienic and sanitary subjects is that they are " too prosy," in consequence of which they fail to interest a large class of readers who are somewhat interested in the subject, but have been so accustomed to a style of literature which appeals to the fancy as well as to the reason, that a purely philosophical work, even though the conclusions reached may be of the greatest practical interest, fails to command their attention. The authors of this work have undertaken to help supply the demand for popular health literature, and sincerely hope that their effort to prepare a volume which will interest as well as instruct the reader, has not been fruitless. In one particular at least, this volume is unique. Several chapters are devoted to a study of the habits and customs of various nations, particularly the primitive types of semi-civilized or barbarous tribes and peoples. This study has been pursued with special reference to the relation of personal habits and tribal and national customs, to health. The novel and interesting facts adduced are the result of many years study, observation and research, in which the writers have gleaned from many and widely various sources much that is rare and curious in matters pertaining to the subject matter of this volume. That no little labor has been expended in this undertaking will be apparent to any one who will take the trouble to read over the table of contents. The authors of this work have not been actuated by a desire simply to make a new book, but they have labored for the purpose of making a useful and interesting volume which would supply a place in the class of literature to which the work belongs, which has not been heretofore filled. That an interest is felt in the effort is clearly evidenced by the fact that within a short time of the first announcement that the work was in preparation, the publishers received orders amounting to 10,000 copies several months in advance of the first edition. Much care has been taken in the selection of the engravings for the work, a very large number of which have been made expressly for this volume. Engravings which could serve no useful purpose have been rigorously excluded, as it has been no part of the plan of the authors simply to prepare a picture book no matter how useful works of this sort may be in their place. It is believed that all classes of readers, young as well as old, will find in this volume something to interest and instruct, and it is certainly the sincere desire of both authors and publishers that it may prove of service in advancing the interests of all efforts in the direction of health and temperance reforms. * * * Table of Contents. THE HOUSE WE LIVE IN. The Creator's Masterpiece — Microscopic Wonders — The Beginnings of Life — A Peep through a Water Telescope — A Live Sponge — Men and Sponges — Two Hundred Bones — Cultivated Deformities — Feet of Chinese Women — Flattened Heads — Five Hundred Muscles — How a Muscle Works — Uses of the Muscles — A Live Pump — The Two Hearts — Arteries and Vein.s — Heart of the Dugong — A Frog's Foot Magnified — Six Quarts of Blood — Traveling Tinkers — Blood Corpuscles — How the Blood Circulates — How to Take Care of the Heart — Effects of Alcohol and Tobacco on the Heart — Bad Blood — Two Thousand Feet of Lungs — Drinking Air — Our Lungs — A Plant that Eats Flies — Venus Fly-Trap^ — Thirty Feet of Stomach — A Live Mill — Five Wonderful Fluids — The Pancreas and Spleen — Digestion of a Mouth- ful of Bread — Three and One-Half Pounds of Liver — The Business of Bile — Liver Work — A Self-Sacrificing Organ — Seventeen Square Feet of Skin — Uses of the Skin — The Kidneys — -Three Pounds of Brains — Twelve Hundred Million Nerve Cells — The Nerves — Some Curious Thinking — Brain and Mind — Our Eyes — How a Leech Sees — A Snail's Eyes — Our Ears — Ears of a Barnacle — rThe Ear of a Fish — Noses — How We Smell — How and What We Taste. . . . pp. 7-21 THE HABITATIONS OF MAN. The First House — Houses on Stilts — The Orinoco Indians — The Indians of Venezuela — New Guinea Pile Village — A Krooman Cottage — A Primitive Asiatic House — Houses of Central Africa — Negro Village in Africa — A Negro in Africa — A Negro in the South — The Houses of Japan — The Houses of the East — The Housetop — Damascus — Crystal Houses of the North Land — The Inside of an Esquimau Hut — Homes of the First Inhabitants — An Indian Wigwam — The Oldest House in the United States — Adobe Houses — A Pioneer's Cabin — A Healthy Home — What Constitutes a Healthy Home — Best Location for a Home— A Healthy- Building Site — Construction of a House — ^How to Ventilate a Cottage Home — Novel Methods of Ventilating a Home pp. 22-35 SOME STRANGE PEOPLE AND THEIR CURIOUS MANNERS. The Islands of the Sea — The Sandwich Islanders — The Maori — Polynesian Beauty — Picturesque Lands — Climate of the South Sea Islands — Some Interest- ing Facts — South Sea Island Arithmetic — South Sea— South Sea Navigators — New Zealand Archi- tecture — Native Ingenuity — Amusements of South Sea Islanders — The Pitcairn Islanders — The Dark Continent — A Mixed Multitude — The Shadoof — An Egyptian Home — An Egyptian Street — An Egyptian Scene — A Royal Mummy — Discovery of Pharoah — The Military Expedition of Moses — How Moses Made War with the Ethiopians — The Chil- dren of Israel in Egypt — Some African Curiosi- ties — Cheapness of Food in Egypt — An African Belle's First Look at her Face — African Dandies — A Race of Pigmies — Akka Dwarfs — The Fetish Sabbath — The Chinese and their Neighbors — Chi- nese Mode of Government — Chinese Hygiene — Chinese Proverbs — Chinese Houses — The Dress of the Chinese — Chinese Idea of Beauty — Significance of the "Pigtail" — A Foreigner's First Impressions in China pp. 36-50 THE WORLD'S BILL OF FARE. Diet of Primitive Man — The Golden Age— Diet of the Early Romans — Diet of the Primitive Greeks — Pythagoras on diet — Tropical Diet — Diet of Peru- vians — -Peruvian Runners — Diet of Tobasco In- dians — Central African Diet — -The Palm Tree — The Sago Palm — The Papuan Diet — The " Ginger- bread Tree" — The Mauritia Palm — The Waraus — Betel-nut Chewers — The Plantain — Natives of Uganda — Natural Bread — Bread-Fruit — The Trav- eler's Tree — Hunting Food » with Baboons — The Nutritive Plants of the Tropics — The Cassava Root — Tapioca — The Guava — The Pawpaw — The Shaddock — Diet of the Hottentots — A Nation of Rice Eaters — Hindoo Couriers — The Garrows — '- Polar Diet — The Missing Link — Diet of the Terra del Fuegians — Eskimo Gluttony — A Polar Lunch- eon — Islander Diet — The Lapp and his Rein- deer — A Russian Candle-Eater — Filthy Samoyedes versus Filthy Englishmen — Dietetic Habits of the Chinese — A State Dinner — A Chinese Restaurant — The National Beverage of the Chinese — The Jap- 111 CONTKNTS. anese — Diet of the Orient — Oriental Housekeeping — The Essenes — -The Butter of the Bible — An Ori- ental Churn — The Flour of Bible Times — -Indian Millers — Indian Milling Implements — Condiments — The Indian and the Pickle — Teufelsdreck — An Indian's First Taste of Mustard — Salt — Dietetic Curiosities — Roman Gluttony — Pate de Foie Gras — Clay Eaters — ^Steaks from a Live Ox — Intox- icated by Meat — Abyssinian Flesh Banquet — Cut- tle Fish and Oysters — Angle-Worm Pie — The Poi of the Sandwich. Islanders — Queer Dishes — Civ- ilized Abominations — Decayed Food — Rational Diet — As a Man Eateth, so Is He— Not Worth Eating — • Overworking the Stomach — Dining at Railroad Speed— Deluging the Stomach — A Bet- ter Way in Diet — Two Meals or Five — A Car- nivorous Appetite — Murder in the Kitchen — The Demon of the Kitchen — Fried Food — An All- Gone Feeling — Consumption or Dyspepsia, Which? — Death in the Pot — A Packing House — The Tri- china — Men Made of Oatmeal — A Change in Diet —A Vegetarian Chief— A Thanksgiving Dinner — A Millionaire's Breakfast — The Staff of Life — Vin- egar and Dyspepsia — A Gentleman of Color on Brown Bread — Results of Simple Diet — Vegetable Diet for Children — Diet and Work — Simplicity of Diet — White or Brown Bread — The Devastating Pie — Late Suppers — The Song of the Vegetarian — Abernethy on Overfeeding — St. Pierre on Veg- etarianism — Robert Collyer on Diet — A Simple Dietary — Natural History of a Worm — Plutarch on Simple Tastes — A Scavenger Bivalve, pp. 51-104 FASHION AND HER VICTIMS. Fashion in Deformity — Savage Fashions — Methods of Dressing the Hair — Papuan Hair Fashions — Pap- uan Dandies — "Bangs'' and other Antiquities — Some Odd Fashions — Flattening the Head — Fash- ionable Mutilations — Lip Ornament of the Boto- cudas — An Inconvenient Nose Decoration — ^"Im- proved" Teeth — Elongated Ears — Mutilation of the Hands and Feet — Chinese Woman's Slipper-^Tat- tooed Polynesians — Foot Bandaging — Tattooing — Japanese Costumes — ^Japanese Mother and Daugh- ter — ^Japanese Bride — A Chinese Beid — Chinese Fashions — Arab Dress — History of Costume — Cos- tumes of the Ancient Greeks — Roman Dress — , First Appearance of the Waist — Evolution of the Sleeve — -The Farthingale and Ruff — Curious Head- dresses — Queen Elizabeth in Full Dress — The Follies of Fashion (Plate) — Masculine Follies — How do Fashions Originate? — A Cruel Fashion — Savagery vs. Civilization — The Verm§ de Milo — A Parisian Belle — A Modern Instrument of Tor- ture — Fashionable Abuse of the Feet — Healthful Clothing for Women — Clothing of the Neck and Head pp. 105-127 HEALTH HINTS FOR SPRING. Getting Ready for Germs — March Winds — Flowers as Disinfectants — ^A Neglected Poultry Yard — Coun- try Smells — Weather Changes — Death under the House — Spring Colds — How to Test Well- Water — Danger under the Mackintosh — Weather Signals — Prevention Better than Cure — Look out for Slips — A Back Yard Examined— Death in a Well — In- ventory of a Cellar pp. 128-133 HEALTH HINTS FOR SUMMER. How to Avoid Summer Diseases — Hot Water to Re- lieve Thirst — The Back Yard — Disinfection — Test theWell- Water — Vaults — Cesspools — House Smells — What's in the Well? — How to Examine Water — How to Keep Cool— Leprous Houses — Decompos- ing Food — Sick Eggs — " Dog Days " — Sanitary Surveys — Danger in Ice — August Mortality. pp. 134-139 HEALTH HINTS FOR AUTUMN. Setting up Stoves — Clothing of Children — Cold Weather Diet — Winter Under-Clothing — Cellars — Fall Fevers — Bowel Complaints — Cold Weather Toning Up — How Not to Take Cold — Artificial Climates. pp. 140-143 HEALTH HINTS FOR WINTER. Jack Frost a Friend of Health — Dampers in Stove- Pipes— Barricading against Fresh Air — " A Apele for Are " — About Air and Some Other Things. PP- 144-147 HEALTH AND TEMPERANCE MISCELLANY. The Christmas Present — Ashamed of his Company — A Novel Prescription — Neither 111 nor Thirsty — A Parable— A Spittoon with a Moral to It— The Old Oaken Bucket — The Man who had Dyspep- sia — The Geese who got Drunk — Pat Flanigan's Logic — Mr. Stephens' Pericardium — Medicine by the Bucketful — Hoe-Handle Medicine — The Miss- ing Saw-Mill— "A Little Leaven"— Mrs. Prin- gle's Conspiracy — Sowing Wild Oats — Mr. Cough's Cigars — Tea Drunkards — A Queer Prescription—' tv Contents. Rip Van Winkle, M. D.— Slaves of the Rolling Pin — A Lesson from Nature — My Smoke House — Diet for Children — An Intemperance Inn — The Doctor's Story — Some Curious Baths — "The Devil's Own " — Candy — Luther at Home — Luther as a Sanitary Reformer pp. 148-182 HYGIENE FOR YOUNG FOLKS. 'No Medicine, if You Please"— My First Pipe— A Bad Lesson — Nothing but Leaves — Gertrude's Grave-yard — The Praise of Good Doctors — To- bacco Metamorphosis — An Apt Reply — A Boy's Logic — Mabel's Temperance Story— A Fine Speci- men — Tommy and his New Boots — New Name for Breakfast — The Crooked Tree — One Little Girl's Idea — I Eat Grahani Bread — A Strange Prescrip- tion pp. 183-195 SOME LITTLE-KNOWN REFORMERS. Capt. Joseph Bates, the First Teetotaler — James White — J. N. Andrews — Priessnitz. . . pp. 196-199 PLEASANT GLIMPSES OF HEALTHY PLACES. Bear River, Maine — Marble Canyon, Colorado — Ute Indian Camp — Cliff Dwellers of Arizona — Valley of Laughing Waters, Utah — Yellow-stone Park — " Old Faithful " Geyser — A Swedish Scene — The Yosemite -. pp. 200-208 SOCIAL PURITY. Social Purity Work — Objects of the Social Purity Move- ment — Our Girls — Pure Thoughts — No Distinction — A Medical View of Bad Literature — The Pledge too Strong — Reading Bad Books — Canon Wilber- force on Bad Books — Knowledge the Best Safe- guard — Aimlessness and Vice — Idleness, pp. 209-212 A FEW MEDICAL SUGGESTIONS. Remedies for Nosebleed — To Stop Hemorrhage — A Specific for Hiccough — Sun-stroke — Hot Water for Sore Throats — ^Fetid Feet — Another Remedy for the Nosebleed — Hot-Water Drinking — The Chi- nese Doctor — A Horse — Ancient Quacks — Cloth- ing of Children — Advice to Singers — Two Things to Teach Children — Dirt in the Eye — Open to Objections — A Modern Fetish — ^What to Do for Baby's Earache. ..... pp. 2 13-2 16 Full Page Illustrations. A GL/MPSE OF NATURE. (Frontispiece.) Plate lY.— DESIGN FOR A HEALTHY HOME. Plate I.— THE BONES AND MUSCLES. _ (Colored.) (Colored.) YY.Ki^ W.-HEART, BLOOD AND BLOOD-VESSELS. p^^TE Y.-RAMESES H. THE PHARAOH OP (Colored.) Plate \\\.— NOVEL METHODS OF VENTILAT- ING A HOME. (Colored.) MOSES. Plate Yl.—THE ROGUES' GALLERY. (Colored.) List of Illustrations. Jelly-fish, Floating with the Tide, 8 Live Sponges, 9 The Inside of the Heart 10 Double Heart of the Dugong, 11 Portion of Frog's Foot, 11 Capillaries of Frog's Foot, 11 Blood Corpuscles, 11 Heart and Lungs, 13 Bronchial Tubes and Air Cells, 13 Frog Drinking Air 13 Venus Fly-trap, 14 Thirty Feet of Stomach, 15 The Pancreas and Spleen, 15 The Mill 15 Section of Skin (Greatly Magnified) 17 The Kidney, 18 The Brain, 18 TheNerves, .... 18 Left Half of the Brain, 19 Brain and Spinal Cord, 19 The Eye, 20 A Snail, 30 Section of the Eyeball, 31 The Ear, 31 The First House, 33 Houses on Stilts,'. 32 A New Guinea Pile Village, 83 A Krooman Village, 24 Primitive Asiatic House, 24 Houses of Central Africa, 25 A Negro Village in Africa, 35 A Negro Cabin in the South, 26 A Japanese Cottage, 27 A Street in Damascus, 28 The House-top, 28 The Crystal Houses of the Northland,. ... 39 Indian village, 30 The Oldest House, 31 The Pioneer Cabin 32 Good Ventilation, 33 Bad Ventilation, 34 A Stove Ventilator, 35 Australian Hunting Kangaroo, 36 A Maori Cottage and Family, 37 Natives of Hawaii Leaping into the Sea, . . 89 A South Sea Island Swing, 40 The Shadoof 43 The Children of Israel in Bondage, 45 Gate of Pekin 48 Street in a Chinese City, 49 Pythagoras on Diet, 51-53 Scene m Western Africa, 53 Palm Trees, 54 Cocoanut Tree, 55 Betel-nut Manufacturer 56 Bread-fruit, 57 The Plantain, 57 Traveler's Tree, 58 Cassava Root, 59 Making Farina, 59 The Shaddock, 60 Guava and Paw-paw, 61 Garro ws Cooking Rice, 63 Arctic Explorers 63 Eskimo Eating Meat 64 A Russian Feast of Candles, 64 Lapp and Reindeer, 65 A Chinese Restaurant 67 Tea Taverns of Shanghai, 68 Chinese Opium Dien, 69 Washing Hands in the East, 70 Oriental Churn, 71 Women of the East Grinding Wheat, 73 Indian Milling Implements, 73 Indian Milling Implements, 74 Cayenne and its Congeners, 75 The Indian and the Pickle, 75 Tending the Young Geese in the Field, ... 77 Sold to Fatteners in the Strasburg Market 78 SuflFering Geese, 79 Awaiting the Executioner, 79 Abyssinian Flesh Banquet, 80 The Octopus 80 German Limburger & Burmese Gnappee 81 Not Worth Eating, 83 Dining at Railroad Speed, 85 The Demon of the Kitchen, 87 A Packing House, 90 Young Trichina in Pork, 92 Encysted Trichinse 93 A Thanksgiving Dinner, 94 A Gentleman of Color on Brown "Bread. . 97 Natural History of a Worm, First Act, . . 103 " " " " Second Act., 103 •' " " Third Act,... 103 Natural and Depraved Instincts, 104 Votaries of Fashion, 105 Women of Central Africa, 106 Papuan Dandies, 107 South American Indian witli Bangs, 107 Flathead Indian, 108 Lip Ornament of the Botocudos, 109 ALipBing 109 Teeth Decoration, 110 Chinese Foot, Ill Chinese Slipper Ill Tattooed Polynesian, Ill Tattooed South Sea Islander 112 Japanese Mother and Daughter, 113 Japanese Bride 113 Women of Northern China, 114 Japanese Woman at her Toilet, 114 Chinese Bed Chamber, 114 Street Scene in China, 115 Arab Dress, 115 A Modern Greek, 116 Grecian and Hawaiian Dress, 116 Peasant's Tabard, 116 10th and 11th Century Dresses, 117 12th and 14th Century Dresses, :. 117 Court Lady, Early 16th Century, 117 Farthingale and Buff, 118 Curious Head-dresses, 118 Queen Elizabeth, 118 Countess of Arundel, 15th Century, 119 Sideless Gown, 14th Century, 119 Head-dress of 1780 119 Lady of the 15th Century, 119 Puritan Lady, 119 Periwig, 119 Lady with " paire of locks and curls,". . . . 119 Head-dress of Musquito Indians, 122 Venus de Milo, 123 Parisian Belle, 133 Healthy Chest, 133 Deformed Chest, 123 15th Century Shoes, 134 18th Century Shoes, 134 The Gorget 137 Spring, ■ 138 Inventory of a Cellar, 133 A Summer Scene, 134 What's in the Well, .~ 136 In Apple Harvest, 140 Winter, 144 The Christmas Present, 148 Ashamed of his Company, 149 A Novel Prescription, 149 A Spittoon with a Moral to It, 151 The Old Oaken Bucket, 158 Dead Drunk, 154 Receiving their Jackets, 155 Mr. Stevens' Pericardium, 156 Hoe-handle Medicine, 159 A Surprise, 163 The Cigar Account, 164 Water Tigers 167 Over the Falls 168 A Spree on Tea, 169 Mr. Gough's Cigars, 169 Rip Van Winkle, 170 Making Pies, : 173 The Wise Choice, 174 An Intemperance Inn, 175 The Doctor's Story, 176 Parisian Bath Houses, 177 The Baths of Leuk, 177 The Devil's Own, , 179 Luther at Home, 180 No Medicine, if You Please 183 My First Pipe, 184 Tobacco Leaves, 186 Killed by a Pipe, 187 Tobacco Metamorphosis, 187 Mabel's Temperance Story, 190 A Fine Specimen, 191 New Boots, 192 Pulls Them On, 193 Says, Oh, Don't they Look Nice, 192 Wishes the Boots Were Off, 192 Can't Stand it any Longer, 193 Going Home a Cripple, 192 Healthy Foot, 193 Deformed Foot, 193 As the Twig is Bent the Tree is Inclined, . 194 Capt. Joseph Bates, 196 Jas. White, 197 J. N. Andrews, 199 Pressnitz, 199 Bear River, Maine, 300 Marble Canyon, Col 201 Valley of Laughing Waters, 203 Homes of the Clifi Dwellers, 203 "Old Faithful" Geyser, 204 Encampment of Ute Indians, 205 Zurich Lake, Switzerland, 2O6 A Cascade in Norway, 207 A Swedish Scene, 208 To Stof) Hemorrhage, 213 The Chinese Doctor, " 2\i The Dying Brahmin '..', 215 VI Jhe gou|e We Iiiue In. INGS and millionaires have built costly and gorgeous palaces, and adorned them with rare and mar- velous works of art ; but of them all, not one has ever approached in beauty and grace of form, in symmetry and delicacy of struct- ure, in the transcendent skill of its workmanship, that often much- neglected dwelling which we call the body. Let us devote a few pages of this book to a study of this wonderful re- sult of omnipotent skill. Let us invite you at the outset, kind reader, to consider for a moment the thought that in these bodies of ours we see the highest product of that creative skill which framed the worlds and attuned the universe to that grand harmony, " the music of the spheres." Come with us to Rome, if you are a lover of art, and we will show you a shrine to which every year brings multitudes of worshipers from every quarter of the globe. On the time-"stained walls of an antiquated church, hangs a canvas, painted by an artist whose ashes have been moldering in the grave for centuries. Every year thousands of men and women from all Christendom make a pilgrimage to this shrine of art, and, as the monk draws aside the costly covering which protects it, reverentially speak the artist's name, and say, " That was his master- piece." The artist who is thus reverenced was but a man, and his work, wonderful as it is, is but the shadow of a human form. The artist himself was a work of art as infinitely superior as eternity is greater than a day. Man, the paragon of creation, is the crowning work of the Divine Artist — the Creator's masterpiece. A gold watch, with its carved or polished case, is a beautiful object to look upon ; but it is only when the case is opened, exposing to view the delicate wheels and levers by which the hours and minutes are accurately measured off, that, we begin to appreciate the wonderful ingenuity and skill displayed in this useful mechanism. So it is with the human body. Its beautiful and sym- metrical exterior excites our admiration; but it is only when we inspect in detail its intricate machinery, its va- rious tissues, organs, and apparatuses, and witness their marvelous processes, that we begin to appreciate the in- finite skill and wisdom of the Divine Artist who designed and executed this most marvelous of all created works. Jlii^FO^i^opii? Wonder^. The human eye, when aided by all the other senses, is not able to discern the exceeding delicacy of form and structure which pervades the entire human form ; and it is only when that adroit revealer of nature's secrets, the microscope, is brought to bear upon each little thread of tissue in the body, that its infinite grace and beauty of structure and marvelous delicacy of form and composition are discovered. A philosopher has said, " The proper study of mankind is man." For ages, many of the noblest men have de- voted their lives to the study of the "human form di- vine," bringing to their aid every appliance afforded by the whole range of art and science, and applying them- selves with untiring energy and patience to the effort of compelling nature to divulge at least a few of the secrets enshrouded in the mystery of human life. Every fibre of the human body has been subjected to the most search- ing scrutiny of microscopes so powerful as to make the finest grain of sand equal in apparent size to an enormous rock. This mode of studying the body reveals it to us as a community of living, active individuals, which the scientist calls cells. These are gathered into groups called organs. Each structure and organ has been named and care- fully described ; and to such a degree has knowledge on this subject accumulated, it has become the work of a life- time to become fully acquainted with the minute details of the body and its work. In this brief chapter we can only glance at a few of the leading characteristics of the body, and the curious processes by which human life and activity are sustained. ^he Beginning! ol Life. One warm, sunny afternoon, the writer, having run away from the stern rigors of a Northern winter, was coasting in a little yacht among the mangrove-covered . isles of Florida Keys. The helmsman had run our little ship into a sheltered bay, where scarcely a breath stirred the glistening waters. While slowly floating with the tide, we seized the opportunity to study life beneath the ocean wave. One of our two sturdy seamen brings out a water tel- escope, by the aid of which, leaning over the vessel's side, we are able to look down through the crystal waters SUNBKAMS OF HBALTH "JELLY-FISH, FLOATING WITH THE TIDE. twenty, fifty, even a liundred feet, and see with won- derful distinctness the curious and luxuriant vegetable growths and strange and uncouth animal forms which people, in tropical climes, the vast bottom of the briny deep. There are broad fields of branching, somber-col- 8 ored sea-weeds, with great sea-crabs running out and in among them ; all sorts of bivalves and univalves, half imbedded in the mud ; lovely corals and madrepores, attached to frag- ments of rocks, or clinging to some marine plant ; all kinds of sponges — red, green, yellow, black ; queer little star-fish, slowly crawling along over the rocks ; and wonderful jelly-fish, floating with the tide. fii livoe Sponge. We thrust down a long pole, with a hook in the end, and seize one of those great yellow sponges. Hauling it up into the boat, we examine the queer, vegetable-like animal. It seems to consist of a horny mesh-work cov- ered with slime. When we get home, if we put a drop of this slime under a microscope, we shall find it to be alive. This, in fact, is the real sponge, to which the part familiar to us as the sponge acts simply as a mechanical support, or skeleton. This living slime represents life in one of its lowest forms. Its substance is homogeneous. It really has no structure, yet it feeds, breathes, feels, and possesses, in a primitive form, most of the character- istics of higher animals. J^en and Sponge|. Strange as it may appear, there is an affinity between the sponge, at the lower end of the scale of life, and man, who stands at the top. If we follow the life history of a human being back to the earliest moment of existence, we find only a little speck of living jelly, substantially like the live portion of a sponge. This living bit of jelly has no nerves, yet it feels ; has no lungs, yet it breathes ; no stomach, yet it di- , gests ; is without hands, yet it works. The sponge was once a mere little drop of slime, which grew, and gathered in material from the surrounding waters, and from this material it built for itself a skeleton over which to extend, and upon which to live. So the human jelly-drop works and grows and de- velops and builds cells, fibres, structures, and organs. Muscles. Skeleton. Muscle Acting as a Pulley. Section of Bone. The Muscles of Expression. Plate I. The Bones and Muscles. And Tempkrancb. till at last the human body, with all its wonderful de- tails, is perfected. In this marvelous process of develop- ment, in which there seems to be ever present a guiding intelligence, taking the materials of our food and arrang- ing them according to a definite and wonderful plan, we have one of the most convincing arguments of the exist- ence of a beneficent and all-wise Creator. 5Ju30 jgundFed Bone^. The body, like the house in which we live, requires a frame-work to give to it firmness and symmetry. This frame-work must be not only firm, but flexible, in order to enable us to use our bodies easily in the great variety of movements required of them. To meet this requirement, the skeleton is possessed of a large number of separate bones, (see Plate I.,) two hundred in all, which are held together by bands, or ligaments, forming joints. In early infancy the bones are soft and flexible ; but in adult life they become hard and rigid. In old age their composition is changed in such a way that they become brittle, and are easily broken. The bones are not entirely matured until some years after the body ceases to grow in height, or about the age of twenty to twenty-five. During the years of development, the soft bones may be easily bent out of shape by bad positions in sleeping or sitting, or by im- proper clothing. It is in this way that curvatures of the spine, round shoulders, narrow waists, and other deformities are produced. Gulliuated DefoFmitief. Some of the most conspicuous examples of deformi- ties produced by artificial means are the feet of fashion- able Chinese women, which are converted into queer stumps by the operation of bandaging, which doubles the toes completely under the feet ; the heads of certain lead her to the vain and foolish attempt to improve the masterpiece of the great Artist by distorting it into a form which, though symmetry in an insect, is deformity in a human being. In another chapter we shall speak more fully upon this point. This flexibility of the bony frame-work of the body in early life, clearly indicates the importance of training the body to a correct and symmetrical development during the years of childhood and youth, while it is de- veloping and being molded into its permanent form. The subject of exercise and physical development will re- ceive special attention in another chapter, which it is hoped the reader will carefully peruse. 500 J^u^t^lel. The beefsteak or mutton- chop which you had for break- fast was a portion of the muscle of an ox or sheep. The lean meat of all animals is com- posed of muscular tissue, which also makes up the great bulk of the fleshy portion of our own bodies. A piece of lean meat that has been salted, aft- er being boiled may be sepa- rated into bundles, each one of which may be divided into a large number of delicate threads. If one of these is placed under a microscope, it may be divided into fibres al- most too small to be seen with the naked eye. LIVE SPONGES. fibres, cover an Each one of these minute several hundred of which would be required to inch in space, if laid side by side, possesses the power to contract and then to return again to its nat- ural length. By the combined action of the thousands of these little living threads which constitute each muscle, these organs are enabled to do the work assigned them in the body, which is that of producing motion by con- traction. The total number of muscles in the body is about two tribes of North American Indians, which are flattened hundred and fifty pair, which, with very few exceptions by the compression of a board upon the forehead, or are arranged symmetrically, each side of the body being elongated into the shape of a cone by the application provided with muscles exactly like those of the opposite of firm bandages ; and the wasp-like waist of the fash- side. The muscles of the front of the body are shown ionable civilized woman, whose perverted ideas of beauty in Plate I. SUNBKAMS OF HKALTH U^e^ oi J^u^(?le^. By means of the muscles of the legs, acting upon the bones of the legs, we are enabled to walk, run, leap, etc. The muscles of the arms and hands enable us to work, write, play upon musical instruments, and engage in all sorts of manual pursuits. The muscles of the trunk sus- tain the body erect, and form the walls of cavities which contain the internal organs. Those of the chest are also useful in breathing, in which they act together with a re- markable muscle within the body, called the midriff, or diaphragm. By delicate little muscles, the eye is moved in various directions. Still more delicate muscles adjust the ear to various sounds. It is by the action of the THE INSIDE OF THE HEART. muscles, also, that the face is able to assume such a vast variety of expressions. Anger, scorn, jealousy, grief, and joy are all pictured upon the face by varying movements of the delicate little muscles which lie just underneath the skin. Every movement of the body is the result of muscu- lar action. Without muscles, a man would be as helpless as a plant or a tree, which spends its whole life just where its seed happened to take root in the soil. The heart, which by its incessant beating supplies each part of the body with life-giving blood, is simply a muscle, and even the blood-vessels, which convey the blood to the various portions of the body, are scarcely more than muscular tubes. It is by means of muscles, acting upon other organs, that we are able to speak, laugh, and sing, as well as move about. The muscles also add to the beauty of the body, rounding out the form, covering the ugly protuberances of the bones, and giving to the human form that grace and symmetry which place it so far above all other liv- ing forms in point of beauty." How the muscles may be developed, and how they become diseased when not prop- erly exercised, we shall study in a future chapter. ^ liim Jlump. Place your hand upon the left side of the chest, just above the lower border of the ribs. You feel something which goes thump, thump, thump. Get a friend to let you place your ear upon his chest at the same spot. You hear something saying lub-tup', lub-tup'. There is a live pump in there, the heart, which keeps working away all your life, from infancy to old age, making sixty to sev- enty strokes every minute, never stopping to rest even for five seconds, though sometimes it becomes tired and flags a little, and at other times gets excited and runs away at a frightful rate, sometimes so fast one can scarcely count it. The heart, as we have already learned, is a hollow muscle. A man has a little more heart than a woman. His heart weighs about ten ounces, while a woman's heart weighs but eight. Roughly estimated, the heart may be said to be as large as the fist. A man with a big fist has a large heart to furnish the brawny arm with an abundance of blood. The heart of a whale is as large as a wash-tub, while that of some small creatures is mi- croscopic in size. Jhe Jtuo geart|. The heart has a partition through the middle, the longest way, which divides it into halves, each of which is again separated into two chambers. Each side of the heart may be considered as a distinct heart. In some lower animals, as a dugong, the two sides are connected only by a band of tissue. Some insects have three or four hearts. The cavities of the heart are connected with every part of the body by means of a set of tubes, which at the heart are as large as the thumb, but by subdivis- ion become so minute in the tissues as to be invisible to the naked eye. Some of these are so small that more than a hundred would be required to equal an ordinary pin in size. ^Fteriel and Yein^. There are two sets of these tubes, one, called arteries, communicating with the lower chambers of the heart, the other, the veins, communicating with the upper chambers of the heart. These two sets of tubes run side by side through the various parts of the body, finally joining at the small ends by means of very small tubes, the capillaries. lO The Heart. The Circulation Vertical Section of the Heart. The Blood. Plate II. Heart, Blood and Blood-Vessels. And T^EIVCPKRANCK. Thus they become, virtually, a single set of tubes, which are large at each end and small in the middle. The lower chambers of the heart pump the blood out into the various parts of the body through the arteries ; while the upper chambers receive it back through the veins. The blood which leaves the left side of the heart Double Heart of the Dugong. Portion of Frog's Fool (slightly magnified). very sharp, If the microscope is a good one, you will see here and there a corpuscle somewhat larger than the rest, and of a white or grayish color. This is called a white blood corpuscle. One of these is found to every three or four hundred of the red. The blood corpuscles are not inert bodies, which float in the blood current, but are living creatures. Each one leads as independent and individual a life as the fishes that swim in the water, or the birds that fly in the air. The red corpuscles are simply white corpuscles grown old. The life of a corpuscle is supposed to continue about six weeks. Several thousand die every second of our lives, their dead bodies being destroyed and removed from the blood by organs appointed for the purpose. returns through the veins to the right side of the heart ; while the blood which leaves the right side of the heart, after passing through the lungs, returns to the upper chamber of the left side. By means of openings guarded by valves, the blood is enabled to pass from the upper to the lower chamber on each side of the heart, but can- not pass from one side to the other, except by going the roundabout road of the arteries, capillaries, and veins. Six Quarts ol Blood. The arteries and veins of a body of average size con- ■ tain about twelve pounds, or six quarts of blood. If you wish to know something about this wonderful fluid, you must thrust a pin into the end of your finger, squeeze out a tiny dfop, spread it upon a slip of glass, and put it under a microscope. Looking at it through the instru- ment, you will see that it is no longer red, but of a light amber color, and on looking closely you will see that it is made up of a clear fluid in which are floating count- less numbers of little round bodies, called blood corpus- cles. Some QueeF Jhing^ in the Blood. By far the larger number of the blood corpuscles are flat, or disk-shaped bodies, thinner in the middle than at the' edge. They are so small that thirty-five hundred of them arranged in a row would extend only an inch. The separate corpuscles are yellow or amber colored; but when crowded together in great numbers, as they are found in the blood, the mass appears red, from which fact they are called red blood corpuscles. By looking jMTjeling Jinl^erl Both kinds of corpuscles perform very important offices in the body. The white corpuscles travel from point to point in the body, repairing diseased or injured parts. They are like the traveling tinkers, who go about look- ing for umbrellas and tin pans to mend. The red blood corpuscles are devoted to the business of carrying oxy- gen, which they find in the lungs, and transmitting it to every part of the body. Each corpuscle has the ability to carry a load of oxygen much larger than itself It is only while the corpuscles are loaded with oxygen that the blood is red. It becomes a dark purple color after the oxygen has been removed. It is for this reason that the blood is red in the arteries and dark purple in the veins. The colorless portion of the blood, called plasma, con- tains the various substances out of which the muscles, bones, and other tissues are formed. These substances are derived from the food which we eat and digest. Capillaries of Frog's Foot (greatly magnified). Blood Corpuscles. This portion of the blood also contains various waste substances, which result from the wear and tear of the body, and are being carried to the several organs set apart for the business of removing them, and thus keep- ing the vital fluid pure II SUNBKAMS OF" HKALTH gou3 fee Blood GiF?ulate|. The business of the heart is to circulate the blood, which it does so rapidly that a quantity of blood equal to the whole amount in the body passes through the or- gan every half minute. The heart of a vigorous man pumps not less than three hundred barrels of blood daily, in doing which it exercises as much energy as would be required to lift one thousand stones, weighing one hun- dred pounds each, from the ground to the shoulder. HEART AND LUNGS. At each heart beat, a wave of blood starts from the heart, and travels to the most remote ends of the arter- ies. Where the arteries come near the surface, this wave can be felt, and is called the pulse. The pulse rate is usually about seventy beats per minute. It is somewhat more rapid in young children, and is increased by exer- cise. The blood starts out from the lower chamber of the left side of the heart, from which it is propelled through the arteries to the various parts of the body. Thence it is gathered up by the veins, and carried to the upper chamber on the right side of the heart. From this it passes to the lower chamber of the same side, whence it is forced through a large artery to the two lungs, through which it passes for purification. It is then carried by veins to the upper chamber of the left side of the heart, whence it passes to the lower chamber of the same side, from which it is again distributed to the various parts of the body. The blood thus makes two circuits before it gets back to its starting point, one from the lower left chamber of the heart to the upper right chamber, another from the lower right chamber to the upper left chamber. A portion of the blood goes through two sets of veins before getting back to the heart. The blood from the stomach, 'spleen, and other abdominal organs is gathered up in a large vein, which distributes it through the liver by means of a second set of veins and capilla- ries. After passing through the hver, which produces some remark ible changes in it, it is carried by another vein to the large vein which gathers blood from the whole lower part of the body, and empties it into the right side of the heart. This is called the portal circulation. JEou] to Jalge Gare of the geaFt. A vigorous heart is essential to a healthy and a long life. A man with a weak heart is as poorly fitted for the voyage of life as a ship would be to cross the Atlantic with a small or inefficient engine. Every organ in the body depends upon the heart for its supply of blood, without which it cannot do its work. Without a sufficient supply of blood, the bones deterio- rate, the muscles become weak, and every organ suffers. Proper exercise strengthens the heart. If you count the pulse while lying down, you will find it to be about sixty. On sitting up, the beats increase to sixty-six or eight. On standing up, the pulse rate rises to seventy- four or five. On taking active exercise, as in running or jumping, the pulse may be quickened to one hundred beats per minute or even more. The heart is a muscle, and proper exercise, by thus increasing its activity, may increase its vigor. Exercise, by increasing the activity of the heart, also secures a more rapid distribution of the blood, and thus quickens all the vital processes of the body. Too violent exercise may injure the heart by overtax- ing it, and may even cause rupture of one of the delicate ligaments by which its valves are controlled. The effects of tobacco, alcohol, and all kinds of stim- ulants are particularly serious upon the heart, weakening it, at first temporarily and afterward permanently, by causing degeneration of its tissues into fat. A great share of the deaths from so-called heart disease may fairly be charged to alcohol and tobacco. Bad Blood. The blood may be poor in quality from containing impurities gathered from the tissues and not removed with sufficient rapidity, or injurious substances which have been taken in along with the food, or from indulgence in stimulants or narcotics. It may be impoverished by having an insufficient supply of the elements required to nourish the tissues. To keep the blood pure and of good quality, one must be careful to keep in good active oper- 12 And Temperance. ation the skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, and bowels, — chan- nels through which its impurities are removed, — and must carefully avoid taking into the system substances which cannot be used and which must be removed. Of this class, alcohol, tobacco, and the various stimulating condi- ments, such as mustard, pepper, pepper-sauce, etc., are among those most commonly used. An examination of the blood after a sleepless night, or when an insufficiency of food has been taken, shows a very great decrease in the red blood corpuscles, which sufficiently emphasizes the necessity for an abundance of sleep and nutritious food. An eminent New York phy- sician claims to be able to tell by examination of the blood whether a person has slept well the previous night, or whether he has been indulging in excesses of any sort. If the blood is kept pure and well supplied with the elements necessary to build up the body, the organs of the body will be pretty certain to be maintained in health. JiDO Jhouland ^feel of Iiung^, Did you ever see a frog drink ? — Very likely not. Let us go in search of some place where- the croakers abound. Here we are, and there is a big fellow sitting on the bank. Now he goes, splash! into the water, and BRONCHIAL TUBES AND AIR-CELLS. away down out of sight in the mud. Never mind, we will sit down and rest quietly ; pretty soon we shall see him coming up to the surface again to get a drink. There he comes now. As he gets almost to the surface of the water, he lets out of his mouth three or four big bubbles of air. He comes slowly to the top, and pro- trudes above the water the mere tip of his nose, in which we shall see, by looking closely, two little holes scarcely larger than a pin. Drinlgmg fiif. Now notice his broad throat. We will see that it moves up and down as though he were drinking. In fact, he is drinking, not water, but air. The frog lives in such damp places, he probably never gets dry, and so does not have to drink water, but air he must drink, or he dies. If some cruel fellow should catch that frog and cut off his hind legs to eat, you might dissect his body, and in do- ing so you would find inside of it two pretty good sized air-bags, connected with the frog's mouth by a little tube. Before the frog goes under water, he swallows air suffi- cient to fill these bags; then, after being under water awhile, he comes up to exchange it for a fresh supply. OuF Iiung^. We have in our bodies air-bags, called lungs, similar to those of the frog, only much more complicated in structure. A frog is obliged to swallow air because he has no ribs; but we are enabled, by the arrangement of the ribs forming the chest, to expand the lungs, and thus suck in the air through the mouth or nose. A frog only needs to exchange the air in its lungs once in ten or fif- teen minutes, and may under some circumstances go with- out breathing for a much longer time. But our lungs require that the air which they contain should be changed eighteen or twenty times a minute when we are quiet, and twice as fast when we run or engage in any violent exercise. The use of the lungs is to remove certain impurities from the blood. To facilitate this work, they are lined with a delicate membrane which, if spread out, would cover a surface of more than two thousand square feet, or about eighty square rods. Underneath this membrane, an amount of blood equal to the entire quantity contained in the body, passes every minute for purification, giving off certain poisonous elements, and taking up the life-giv- ing oxygen, which it carries to all the tissues, thus giving" them life and activity. 13 Sunbeams of Hbalth .^ PlanI thai Eal^ Jlief/ Did you ever see a plant eat ? — Probably not. Most plants eat in such a sly, quiet way that we do not ob- serve them take their food. Plants usually take in most of their food through their roots. They also take in car- bonic acid gas, a sort of gaseous food, through their leaves. There is, however, a queer plant which grows in North Carolina, which actually eats flies with its leaves. triple purpose of heart, lungs, and stomach. In many of the lower orders of animal life, the heart and stomach are all one organ ; but in man the three processes of blood-circulation, air-breathing, and food-digestion are carried on by three distinct organs. As commonly used, the term stomach includes all the organs employed in digesting food, of which the stomach proper is only one, and by no means the most important. The digestive apparatus consists of a very crooked tube some thirty feet in length, which extends from the lips to the other extremity of the trunk. Along this tube are ranged various organs which have more or less to do with the process of digestion. fi: him J^ill. VENUS FLY-TRAP. More than this: it not only eats flies, but it catches them. It has a curious arrangement of its leaves by means of which they become efficient traps and catch flies just as a steel trap catches rats, and holds them fast until they die, and then digests and absorbs them. In the picture may be seen one of these plants, and several of its leaves may be observed in the act of catch- ing flies. When a fly touches a leaf it shuts up and holds the fly a prisoner. After about a week, the leaf opens, and, strange to say, the fly has disappeared. The leaf not only catches the fly, but afterward secretes a fluid which digests it, and after it is dissolved, it absorbs it. The fly has actually been eaten. This curious behavior of the Venus Fly-Trap affords us the simplest illustration of digestion. JMrly Jeel of Stomach. A tiny creature that lives in the warm waters of the tropics, has within its body a little sac, which serves the At the upper end of this tube are placed the teeth, which, with, the jaws, constitute a mill, where the food is ground so as to enable the succeeding organs to act upon it with ease. Some animals, which are not supplied with teeth in their mouths, have very excellent teeth in their stomachs, by which the food is masti- cated in a most thorough manner. When dis- posed to eat too fast, we should remember that our stomachs have no teeth; and, hence, if the food is ever chewed at all, it must be done be- fore it is swallowed. The tongue aids in the grinding process, by keeping the food between the teeth, and moving it from one side to the other. Three pairs of glands, arranged on either side of the mouth, pour into it a clear liquid, the saliva, which is mixed with the food to soften and otherwise change it. A narrow tube leads from the back of the mouth to the stomach proper, situated just below the lower end of the breast bone. The stomach is simply a dilated portion of the digest- ive tube, or as it is sometimes called, the alimentary canal. It holds about three pints. In its walls are curi- ous little pockets, in which is formed -the gastric juice. The lower end of the stomach joins the small intestines, which are folded up in the abdominal cavity, and meas- ure about twenty-five feet. A few inches below the stomach, a small opening is found in the small intestines, through which enter two very important liquids, the pancreatic juice and the bile. The first is formed by the pancreas, a hammer-shaped gland which lies just back of the stomach ; the latter, by the liver, which lies at the right side of the stomach, partially overlapping it. All along the small intestine are scattered minute little glands buried in the mucous membrane, which make an- other fluid, called the intestinal juice. At the lower right- H And Tkmpkrancb. hand corner of the abdominal cavity, the small intestine widens out into the colon, or large intestine, which is about five feet in length, and completes the digestive apparatus. fiwe Wonderful jpMd|. As we have al- ready moted, there are several fluids concerned in the process of digestion, — the saliva, the gas- tric juice, the bile, the pancreatic juice, and the intestinal juice. These are all used to dissolve the food so it can be ab- sorbed by, or taken into, the blood. Eachfluid has its particular work to do in transforming some portion of the food into a substance different from what it was, and prepar- ing it to be received into the blood and converted into tis- sue. Thus, the saliva acts upon the starch of the food, changing it to sugar. The gas- tric juice digests al- bumen. The bile -di- gests fat, and aids in the absorption of oth- er portions of food after being digested. The pancreatic juice digests starch, albumen, and fats, 30 FEET OF STOMACH. tinal juice digests each of the kinds of food elements mentioned above, and also cane sugar. It is important to notice, that cane sugar is digested only by the intes- tinal juice, which acts, not throughout the whole alimen- tary canal, but only in the intestinal portion of it. Dige^lion ol a J)iIoutliful of Bread. If we could see a morsel of bread undergoing diges- tion we should notice, first, that while it is being chewed, the saliva converts a small portion of the starch into sugar. After it is swallowed, the gastric juice begins its work, and digests the albuminous portion of the bread, THE PANCREAS AND SPLEEN, the three most important elements of food. The intes- THE MILL. known as gluten. Just after it passes out of the stomach into the intestine, the liver and gall bladder contract, and pour out a quantity of bile, which searches out any little portion of oil the bread may contain, or the butter which may have been eaten with it, and converts this fatty matter into a creamy substance, which is readily absorbed and distributed throughout the body. The pancreatic juice next finds the digesting morsel, and completes the work begun by the saliva, the gastric juice, and the bile, doing the work of these three fluids much more thoroughly and efficiently than they are capable of doing it them- selves. The intestinal juice acts upon any little portion of cane sugar which may have been taken with the food, and gives the finishing touches to the work which has been begun by the preceding digestive fluids. IS Sunbeams or Health Thus the mouthful of bread is completely digested. It is next absorbed by millions of hungry little mouths, which are ready to suck up the digested food into the blood-vessels, by which it is carried, first to the liver, and thence to the heart, from which it is distributed to the various parts of the body. JhFee and One-gall pounds of hm^ Neatly tucked away under the lower ribs of the right side, is one of the most wonderful organs of the whble body, the liver. If you should put a little bit of its chocolate-colored tissue under a microscope, you would find it made up of thousands of little round cells, each of which is a busy little worker, devoted to the trade of bile-making. The whole structure of the liver is made up of these cells, together with the vessels which convey blood through it, and the delicate system of sewers which collect the bile, when it is formed by the bile- making cells, and convey it into a large sac placed on its under surface, called the gall bladder. A small tube leads from the liver and gall bladder to the small intes- tine, into which it opens a few inches below the stom- ach. The weight of the entire organ is about three and one-half pounds, being the largest of all the glands in the body. Jhe Bufinelf of Bile. The Bile is one of the most useful, and certainly the most remarkable, of all the fluids of the body. It is a golden yellow color in human beings and dogs. The bile, or gall, of an ox is green ; and in certain diseases persons vomit bile of a green color, which has led to the sup- position that human bile is green also, This is not cor- rect, the green color of vomited bile being due to changes which take place in the stomach, where it comes in con- tact with the gastric juice. The bile has more uses than any other fluid in the body. 1. As we have learned, it aids digestion, helping to change the fats of our food into a creamy substance, called an emulsion, which can be easily absorbed. 2. The bile aids in all of the digestive processes which take place in the small intestine, by destroying the activity of the gastric juice, which is strongly acid, and, except for the neutralizing influence of the bile upon it, would prevent the action of the pancreatic and intestinal fluids. Bile also excites the intestines to con- traction, by which the digesting food is moved along, and in some mysterious manner helps the mucous mem- brane to absorb the food after it has been digested. 3. It consists largely of waste substances which have been gathered from various parts of the body. When the liver does not do its work properly, these foul matters accumulate, and the person "feels blue." Liuep WofI^. But the liver does something more than make bile. As before stated, most of the blood which passes through the abdominal organs — the stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen — is gathered into one large vein, which carries it to the liver, through which it is distributed, (See Plate U.J The object of this arrangement is to enable the liver to complete the process of digesting such elements of food as have been absorbed before the work was fin- ished, and especially to remove from the blood deleterious substances which have been absorbed with the food. One of the most important offices of the liver is to gather out of the blood and store up in itself, in the form of a kind of animal starch, the large amount of sugar which is sometimes eaten with our food, and is always formed in the process of digestion when starchy foods are eaten. If these were allowed to enter the general circulation at once, great mischief would be done to many organs of the body; and it is to prevent this that the liver sepa- rates the greater portion of it, and doles it out to the blood in small doses, in the intervals between our meals. It is readily apparent that if a person habitually eats more sugar than it is possible for the liver thus to take care of, great harm may be done to the liver, as it will be overtaxed in trying to do its duty to the entire body. Another serious injury which results from the excessive use of sugar as connected with the liver, is this: When the liver fails to convert all of the saccharine matter brought to it with the digested food, the sugar passes on into the circulation in a form in which it cannot be used by ■ the system. To prevent the serious damage which would otherwise result to other organs and tissues, the kidneys exert themselves in removing the surplus sugar, and thus is set up the disease known as diabetis. This is a malady so serious and so difficult of cure that it is cer- tainly the part of wisdom to carefully avoid the causes by which it is produced. There is really very small excuse for the use of sugar in its usual form, as nature gives us an abundance of sweet fruits. fi. Self-Saigrilii^ing Organ. The liver is a most sacrificing organ, not hesitating to remove from the blood poisonous substances, even retain- ing them in itself, instead of allowing them to circulate in the rest of the body. Hence it is that when a person dies in a drunken fit, the liver is found to contain more 16 And Tempkranck. alcohol than any other part of the body. The same is true of mercury, arsenic, and other metallic poisons, in cases in which death has resulted from their use. Hence, also, follows the great mischief to the liver from the use of mustard, pepper, pepper-sauce, and all hot and irritating condiments. Notwithstanding the generous behavior of the liver, it is blamed for a vast number of human ail- ments for which it is not responsible. Take good care of your liver, and it will never tire of taking excellent care of you. Seventeen Square feel of Sl^m. The anatomists tell us that if the entire skin of the body were removed and spread out, it would cover an area of seventeen and one-half square feet, — considerable more territory than one would be likely to estimate. SECTION OF SKIN (GREATLY MAGNIFIED). Viewed by the unaided eye, this covering of the body is not particularly interesting. Viewed with the micro- scope, the skin is found to be a very complicated and wonderful structure. Its outer portion is composed of several layers of little flit scales, which overlap one another, and form a sort of horny protection for the more delicate parts beneath. Its lower portion contains the elements which constitute the true skin, and these con- sist, first, of a network of elastic fibres, which give to the skin its great distensibility. As the body develops, the skin is stretched to accommodate itself to the growing form. The outer skin contains — besides this elastic net- work, and dispersed among its meshes — various nerves, which give to it sensibility to touch, and the power of discerning differences in temperature, and, most impor- tant of all, great numbers of little tubes, each a small fraction of an inch in length. The lower portion of each of these tubes is coiled up deep down in the skin, while the upper part passes obliquely to the surface. These are sweat glands, of which, taken altogether, there are sev- eral million in the body. The objects of the skin are — 1. Protection. It is a good non-conductor of heat, and so protects the sensitive tissues beneath from ordi- nary changes of temperature, and by its toughness pro- tects them from harm which would otherwise result from contact with objects. 2. Respiration. The skin, like the lungs, is a breathing organ. A frog can breathe with its skin so actively that one has been known to live for some days after its lungs had been removed. The human skin is less active as a breathing organ than that of the frog; but its action in this respect is quite too important to be safely ignored. It is through the interference with this breathing proc- ess that neglect of cleanliness of the skin results in harmful effects. To allow the skin to become covered with impurities is just as much a choking process as con- striction of the neck or compression of the waist. 3. Excretion. The skin is an organ of excretion, carrying away out of the body, through the sweat, a large amount of impurities. This is evidenced by the fact that persons who eat large quantities of salt observe that the perspiration has a very saline taste, and by the offensive odor soon acquired by the sweat if not removed by bathing. 4. Temperature. The skin performs a very important office in regulating the bodily temperature. The. tem- perature of the interior of the body is always about one hundred degrees, although the surrounding temperature may vary from seven degrees below, to three hundred degrees above. It is through the action of the sweat glands and the evaporation of moisture from the skin that the body is enabled to endure the high degrees of temperature to which it may be subjected, for short periods at least, without injury. 5. Sensibility. The skin is an organ of sense, giving us information concerning the form and consistence of objects, their temperature, and also the degree of press- ure which they exert. Sensibility to pain also serves as a warning to protect other organs of the body from injury. 7 SUNBBAMS OK HEALTH Jhe IJidney^ Imbedded in the tissues of the body, at the back of the abdominal cavity and a little below the stomach, are placed two of the most important organs of the body, the kidneys. These important organs, though very unlike the skin in appearance, are in some respects closely related to it. The kidney is chiefly made up of little round cells, from each of which runs a delicate tube. The tubes run from the outside of the organ inward, joining together to form larger tubes as they approach the center, where they communi- cate with quite a large cavity, from which a large tube, called the ure- ter, leads to the bladder. The busi- ness of the cells and tubes is to separate from the blood a fluid con- t a i n i n g various poisonous sub- stances. When we thrust a pin into the end - of the finger, it gives us pain because there are some little cells in the brain which send out long, hair-like fibres which end in the skin covering the part where the pin is applied. The cells in the brain recognize the pain, and refer it to the finger. These curious little organisms are called nerve cells. Jijoelue gundred J^illion J^erue Gell^. There are supposed to be more than twelve hundred million of these cells in the brain and spinal cord. These THE KIDNEY. Jhpee pounds ol Epain^. The brain of an average man weighs about three pounds. A woman's brain, like her body, weighs a little less. If we examine a little speck of brain substance under the microscope, we find it to be largely composed of curious living cells, some of which look very much like a tadpole with a long tail ; others, like a spider with legs p r o j e c t i n g on all sides. Each of these lit- tle cells, half a thousand of which would be re- quired to make a row an inch long, is a living creature, and has its par- ticular work to do. If we examine with sufficient care, we shall find that the tails, or fingers, pos- sessed by the little creat- ure while in its natural position in the brain, be- fore it has been torn from its surroundings, are im- mensely long, running to all parts of the body. Some of these fingers are so small that a hundred million of them would be required to make a bundle as thick as your thumb. Thousands of these fibres gathered together form thenervesandgreatcrpart of the spinal cord, by means wonderful cells control the whole body. All the oth of which the brain is connected with all parts of the body, organs of the body may be considered as simply servants THE BRAIN. THE NERVES. er And Tbmpkranck. of the brain. The little cells send out their long fingers to the muscles, glands, lungs, heart, stomach, liver, and all the other organs, and through them send impulses to these various organs, by which they are made to act. Thus, when we wish to move the hand, the cells in the brain which communicate with the muscles of the arm, send down an order to the muscles to contract, and do our bidding. The heart beats, the lungs breathe, the liver makes bile, — all in obedience to the commands received from the nerve cells which preside over them. The nerve cells are divided into classes, each of which has its particular work to do. Some Queer Jhinlging. The chief business of nerve cells is to think and feel. The nerve cells found in the spinal cord are chiefly of two classes. One class receives impressions brought through their fibres from the outside of the body. These impressions they communicate to another class of cells, which, through their branches, send out impulses to the parts from which the impressions came, or to other parts, causing them to act. For example, when the bottom of the foot is tickled, the limbs draw up in spite of us. It does the same thing if we are asleep, or if the limb is paralyzed so that we cannot control it by the will. This is a very simple kind of thinking, which is done by the nerve cells of the spinal cord. There is a special collec- tion of nerve cells in the enlarged upper end of the spi- nal cord, called the medulla, which does a little higher grade of thinking. These cells regulate the activity of the heart, bowels, liver, and other internal organs. At the base of the brain a large col- lection of nerve matter constitutes what is called the little brain, which has for its impor- tant function the duty of regulating the action of those nerve cells that control the mus- cles, so that the muscular move- ments may be or- derly and able to accomplish what is desired of them. Arranged at the under part of the brain are found nerve centers having charge of the organs by which we are able to see, hear, smell, taste, etc. When we see objects, it is because impressions are received by the eye, and are carried by nerves to the cells at the base of the LEFT HALF OF BRAIN. brain which have charge of the sense of sight, and which are thereby made to act. Whatever causes these cells to act, will give us the impression of light, as illustrated by the effect of a blow upon the head, or a fall upon the ice, which causes us to see stars, by communicating a shock to the nerve cells that have charge of the sight. Overtopping all the rest of the nerv- ous system is to be found the great bram, which does the highest kind of thinking of which we are capable. It is with this part of the brain that we are enabled to reason. Here is also located the mem- ory and all the various mental and moral faculties. This portion of the nervous system rules all the rest. It is the organ of mind and of will. Bpain and |Iind. BBAIH AND BPINAI. COBD. The next question, " What is the mind .' " we do not need to discuss, more than to observe that it is the result of the action of the brain, the highest kind of thinking done by nerve cells. How brain action results in thought, we cannot understand ; but it is also quite as difficult for us to understand how brain action results in muscular action, or in the manifestation of force of any sort. That the brain is the organ of mind, and that mind is the result of its activity, is evidenced by a number of important facts : — I. When the brain is injured by dis- ease or by accident, the mind is im- paired or destroyed, though the rest of the body may remain in comparative health. When the brain ceases to act, as in sound sleep, consciousness and mind action also cease. 2. The amount of intelligence which an animal is able to exhibit, depends upon the size of the thinking portion of the brain in proportion to its body. Man is the most intelligent of all animals, simply because he has more cells capable of thinking than any other animal. There are animals which possess a larger brain than man, but none in which the thinking portion of the brain is so great, in proportion to the size of the body. It is also observed that men whose brains are largest in proportion to their body, - other things being equal, possess the greatest intelligence. For example, a man who has a four-pound brain is more likely to be a philosopher, or to be distinguished for great mental powers, than a man whose brain has only the average weight of three pounds ; while a man whose brain weighs but two pounds, is certain to be an idiot. 19 SUNBEANIS OK liBAIvTH Women have smaller brains than men, the average weight of a female brain being about six ounces less than that of the average man. This fact is often cited by a certain class of philosophers to prove that woman has a weaker mind than man ; but the argument is not conclusive. Those who urge it overlook the fact that woman has a smaller body than man. This fact being taken into account, it is found that the ayerage woman's brain is as large in proportion to her size as the brain of the average man. puF Eye^. Nearly all animals possess certain nerves which are sensitive to light. Even the jelly-fish, which has hardly THK EYE. any nerves at all, and certainly has no eyes, seems happiest in the sunlight, and is disturbed whenever a cloud passes over the sun. Did you ever see a leech, — one of those curious creatures which the doctor sometimes applies to draw away a little blood from an inflamed part ? If you should examine one of these strange animals, you would find, close to the little opening which constitutes its mouth, a circular row of minute red spots. These are its eyes. By examining one of these red spots with a microscope, it is found to consist of a little dark pigment, or color- ing matter, over which is spread a thin, transparent skin. Between the colored and the transparent layers is placed a very delicate membrane, which contains the nerves of sight. These nerves pass from the eye-spots back into the creature's little brain, where they unite with certain cells which have charge of the sense of sight. The leech has the simplest kind of a seeing apparatus. The human eye is made upon essentially the same plan. The eyeball, as the round globe of the eye is called, has a dark colored lining at its back part and a transpar- ent membrane in front. Just inside of the delicate lining is stretched out the membrane which contains the nerves of sight. The space between this and the transparent membrane in front is filled up with transparent substances through which the light readily passes. In front, and just behind the transparent portion, is placed a little curtain with a hole in the center, which contracts and enlarges accord- ing to the intensity of the light, so as to protect the delicate nerves of sight from injury upon exposure to too bright light. A snail's eyes are perched up on two long stems which most people call feelers. When he wants to look in different directions, he simply twists his eye stalks around ; and when he is frightened, he pulls them in and tucks them away in two little pockets in his head. Our eyes are set back in deep bony sockets so as to be protected all the time, and we do not have to be at so much trouble to take care of them. OuF Eap^. The little barnacle which passes its life clinging to the slimy bottom of some old ship, has the simplest kind of an ear imaginable. 'The organ in this animal is a little sac filled with fluid, which hangs in a chamber communi- cating with the surface, and filled with sea water. In the walls of this sac, the nerves of hearing, for which, in its vegetable-like life, it can have very little use, are dis- tributed. The ear of a fish consists of a small sac, containing two or three chalky masses called ear bones, placed in a chamber adjacent to a sac containing the ear fluid and nerves of hearing. The fish's ear is entirely inclosed in a hollow in the skull. It hears by means of the vibration A SNAIL. of the water, which is communicated to the bones of its head, thence to the' ear bones, and then from these to the delicate sac from which the nerves of hearing convey the impression to the brain. The human ear, consisting of the same essential feat- 20 And TrEIV[PKRA.NCB. ures as that of a fish or a barnacle, is much more com- has two openings in the face, which communicate with plicated in its structure. There is, within a hidden recess the large nasal cavity, partially divided into two com- in the skull, a curiously shaped sac filled with fluid, and partments by the septum of the nose, and which commu- contalning a number of minute ear stones. This sac is nicate at its back part through a single opening to the mouth, and thence with the air passages leading to the . lungs. On either side of the nasal cavity, three scroll-shaped projections, ranged one above the other, are to be found. The mucous membrane covering the uppermost of these projections, together with that which lines the other por- tions of the roof of the nasal cavity, contains the nerves of smell, by means of which we are able to distinguish odors. In civilized human beings, this sense is by no mean's as acute as in the lower animals and in members of savage tribes. This is undoubtedly due to the neg- lect to cultivate this important sense. It may also be attributed, in part at least, to the very general prevalence of nasal catarrh, which often results in partial or com- plete destruction of the sense of smell. This disease, its causes and proper treatment, will be referred to in an- other chapter. SECTION OK THE EYEBALL. ffOII] aild What WG ^alfc. connected by means of a chain of bones with a vibrating "^^^ "^''^^^ °^ ^^^^^ ^""^ located in the tongue and the membrane, which closes the end of the canal connected ^^^^ P^*"* °^ ^^^ mouth. Substances must be dissolved, with the external organ ordinarily known as the ear. ^° ^^ tasted. The tongue, as well as the skin, is an organ Sounds are produced by vibrations in the ear. These °^ ^o"'^^- Indeed, it is much more sensitive to touch vibrations are gathered by the external ear, and cause vibration of the membrane, which, from its striking resem-' blance to that of a druni, is called the drum membrane. This vibration is carried by the chain of bones across the cavity in which they are placed, termed the drum cavity, to the delicate sac, within which are found the ear stones and the nerves of hearing. The little ear stones dance up and down upon the ends of the nerves, and produce sensations which are, carried from the ear to the brain. The vibrations produced are known as sound. Rules for preserving the health of the ear are given else- where in this work. _Po^e^. The nose, one of the most conspicuous features of the face, though one of the most neglected organs of the body, is useful as well as ornamental, and worthy of at least a moment's notice. The primary office of the nose , is to receive air to supply th,e lungs. For this purpose it THE EAR. than the skin. Substances which have an acrid, saline, or astringent flavor, like mustard, pepper, salt, etc., prop- erly speaking, we do not taste at all, but feel. Many other substances which have a pronounced odor are smelled rather than tasted. 21 Jhe Jabitationf oi ^len. |[he f ir|t Jou|e. HO was the inventor of the first house, and just how the primi- tive dwelUng was planned, is one of the questions to which the fragmentary accounts which have come down to us from the early- days of the race afford no posi- tive answer ; but reasoning from what knowledge we pos- sess of the conditions of life which surrounded our earliest ancestors, and what is at the present time observed among THE FIRST HOUSE. Our humble cousins, the chimpanzee and the orang, content themselves with a nest among the leafy boughs of the trees which afford them sustenance ; and it is not unlikely that man, while his wants were still as simple and as easily supplied as those of his inferior relatives, was content with much the same sort of an abode. But the building instinct must have been acquired early in the history of the race ; and if we try to form a conception of the result of the first attempt at architecture, we will not unlikely see in imagination something not unlike what the artist has presented us as a representation of the first house. Two small trees, standing near to- gether, with their tops inclined so as to meet, and fastened with a rope of bark, form the beginning of the framework of the house, which is completed by a circle of small trees uprooted for the purpose, and dead branches which the wind has cast upon the ground. Twigs and stems woven into this rude _ ^ framework would form "^ ^ quite an efficient pro- tection from the wind; and if after a time ex- perience taught our primitive house-builder to cover his hut with a layer of earth, he might in the course of a generation o r two have discovered that tiles of sun-dried and roasted clay might be so arranged as to afford very complete protection from melting snow and rain. The hut of the Bushman of South Africa is really modeled upon the plan described, and is very little more elaborately constructed. tribes living under much the same physical conditions, we may properly suppose that the first dwelling was simply a shady nook, a bower, or a mere shelter beneath the thickly intertwining branches of some great forest tree. HOUSES ON STILTS. gou^e^ on Stilt? There are at the present time many savage tribes whose dwellings are scarcely less primitive than our hypothetical "first house." The Waraus of South America, a tribe of Indians who live upon the banks of the Orinoco River, dwell, for a considerable part of the year, in low huts elevated upon piles, ten to twenty feet above ground. This is made necessary by the annual rising of the great river between May and September, during which it over- flows its banks and submerges vast districts of country. But the Warau sometimes builds his hut in a tree-top 22 Health and Temperance. from choice. He searches through the forest until he finds a tree which suits his fancy, then proceeds to fashion a hut among its lower branches. When the annual floods come, he floats it off to some locality which suits him better. These huts are by no means models of neatness. The floor is made of slabs split fro^m the palm tree, and covered with clay. A fire is built upon the clay floor, around which the half-clad men and women and naked children squat in filth and squalor. These wretched people are excellent fishermen, but subsist most of the time . upon the native productions of the virgin forests in which they live. A single tree, the ita palm, according to Hum- boldt, often affords them not only the planks for their houses, but their sole sustenance. The starchy pith is dried in thin slices, and remotely resembles ■bread. The fruit, which re- sembles a reddish pine cone, is also edible and nutritious. The Maracaibo Indians of Venezuela also live in pile dwellings to escape the attacks of the musquitoes which abound in that region. It is the ap- pearance of their villages which led the Spaniards to give to their country the name it bears, which means, literally; " Little Venice." The different houses of a pile village are connected by means of rude plank bridges. In the cut, a portion of a fam- ily may be seen embarking in one of their boats, which are "dug-outs," made from a single tree. The pile dwelling offers at least one- advantage over the average civilized house. However dirty it may be inside, its premises are necessarily clean, and there is no possibility of poisoning from cellar air, one of the most common causes of disease, and sometimes of death, in civilized homes. Africa, as well as South America, furnishes illustrations of this unique style of architecture, as shown in the ac- companying engraving. The chief object of this form of construction in this country is probably to secure better protection from the wild beasts and the venomous ser- pents and noisome insects which abound in the unsub- dued wildernesses of the Dark Continent. J^ 5^oom.aii Gollage. The finest negro race of Western Africa is the tribe known as Kroomen, who have been called " the Scotchmen of Africa," on account of the readiness with which they leave their homes in search of fortune. They are the best of sailors, and ships bound for the tropics often stop in the vicinity of Cape Palnias to take on a number of them. The accompanying engraving represents the NEW GUINEA PILE VILLAGE. curious abodes of these strange people, which are evidently quite an improvement upon those we have noticed ; but still they furnish but a very rude shelter from the ele- ments. A hole through the roof gives exit to the smoke arising from the open fire burning in the middle of the one room of the dwelling. In these queer looking huts the Krooman rears his family and teaches them the strange superstitions of his forefathers. The Krooman is said to possess " the head of a Socrates," and " the body of the Apollo Belvidere." Capt. Burton describes these people as he first saw them : — "A more magnificent development of muscle, such per- fect symmetry in the balance of grace and strength, my eyes had never yet looked upon." It is evident that the simple habits of life of the people are conducive to a 23 SUNBKAMS OF" HbALTH high degree of physical development, and their rude houses are doubtless very satisfactory dwellings in their mildly temperate climate. The Krooman, like many of his African neighbors, is a polygamist, and invests his A KROOMAN VILLAGE. spare capital in wives, just as another might invest in cattle or lands. With the exception of the use of tobacco and rum, the Krooman lives very simply as regards diet; but he loves the twin intoxicants dearly, and offers them in sacrifice to the demons which he worships, as a propi- tiation for his crimes, to insure a speedy passage through the Kwiga Oran, a dismal sort of purgatory to which Krooman theology consigns even the best of her dis- ciples. ^ Jrimitiue j^^iali? gou^e. The Aryans, the primitive inhabitants of Central Asia, seem to have been the first to devise something in a measure resembling the fire-place of more modern times. As will be seen in the accompanying cut, their rude house, constructed of sticks neatly fastened together, was surmounted by a chimney built after the fashion of a child's cob-house. To afford the frail structure support, it is built against the side of a huge rock. The porch in front of the house affords shelter from the hot afternoon sun, and is a suggestion of luxury, or something beyond the bare necessities of life. Just in front of the entrance is the low altar on which these pagans burned their morning offering to the sun-god. It is an interesting study to trace from these first rude at- tempts at architecture the gradual development of those fantastic and gorgeous palaces which the traveler now finds in the land of the celestials, which we will notice more at length on another page. Jou^ef of Gentpal j^Mi^a. The eminent author of "The Races of Mankind," Prof Brown, who has probably studied the various fam- ilies of the human race in their native habitats more extensively than any other living man, thus de- scribes the houses of the natives of Central Africa: — "Their dwellings vary much. Some are square, mud built, and flat topped, while others are built of grass with a palisade of poles. A very common form is the conical, and this prevails, in one variety or another, over a great extent of Africa. " In every Wanyamuezi village worthy of the name, there is a sort of common meeting-house or 'club,' which is of a large size and different construction than the ordinary houses. Benches covered with cow skins are arranged along the side of it for visitors to sit on. Into this building strangers are first ushered until a permanent or temporary place of residence is provided for them, and here the village gossips assemble every -I- HOUSE. 24 And TPeimpkrance. evening to join in what Colonel Grant calls ' that interminable talk which seems one of the chief joys of a native African.' Here they perform kindly offices to each other, such as pulling out the hairs of the eye- lashes and eyebrows with their curious little tweez- ers, chipping the teeth into the correct form, and marking on the cheeks and temples the peculiar marks which designate the class to which they be- long. Smoking,- drinking, and gambling goes on ; indeed, all the occupations which are supposed to be carried on within the walls of a club, — reading the newspapers being excepted, there being none to read, though gossip supplies their place, — and abus- ing the government, an amusement which renders life of too precarious a tenure to be' safely indulged in." " The huts are sometimes shaped like cornstacks, supported by bare poles, fifteen feet high, and fif teen to eighteen feet in diameter. Sometimes their grass roofs would be protected from sparks by ' michans,' or frames of Indian cornstalks. There were no carpets, and all was as dark as the hold of a ship. A few earthen jars, made like the Indian ' gurrah ' for boiling vegetables or stirabout, tattered skins, an old bow and arrow, some cups of grass, some gourds, perhaps a stool, constitute the whole of the furniture. Grain is housed in hard boxes of bark, and goats or calves have free access over the house." HOUSES OF CENTRAL AFRICA. jfFegpo gcu|e| A NEGRO VILLAGE IN AFRICA. Not all the Africans are ne- groes. The African tribes com- prise a vast number of very dif- ferent types. Among them may be found tribes, the individuals of which possess the heads and faces of philosophers, and who, notwithstanding their wild, de- graded life, have the dignified bearing of the descendants of royal and cultured ancestors. There are among these numerous and widely difiering people, those who claim for ancestors the heroes whom the great Hannibal once led to victory, and others the color of whose sH'ns and whose type of features attest af- finity with the Mongols of Asia. The negro pr®per, in fact, oc- cupies but a 'small part of the "Dark Continent ;" but wherever 25 SUNBKAMS OK HkALTH he is to be found, he is the same indolent, thriftless creat- ure whom we find so abundant in the southern part of our own country. The real character of the negro, when left to himself, is well seen in the wretched huts which constitute their villages in their native land, a good view of one of which the artist has given us in the accom- panying cut on the preceding page. enlightenment and civilization, but the writer has seen hundreds such in the rural districts of Alabama and Florida. The negro seems to have a natural tendency to relapse into his original state, even after he has tasted the advantages of civilized life. This is well illustrated by the "bush-negroes" of Guiana in South America, who, having been released from slavery, very quickly relapsed A NEGRO CABIN IN THE SOUTH. Not very much superior to these are the log cabins occupied by the negro in the southern part of our own country. In one of the rude huts shown in the en- graving may be found anywhere from four to a dozen shining black faces, huddled together in winter time, about an open fire in a rude fire-place, and sharing their quarters with a number of dogs, chickens, and often goats or pigs. The house has not a pane of glass in it, and only three holes, with the exception of the numerous chinks between the logs, through which the passer by may almost always see peering out at him several pair of black eyes belonging to dusky faces. It seems almost past belief that such hovels should be inhabited by human beings in the midst of f the Arctic and Aiitarctic cir- cles, where life is one long struggle \\-ith ice and snow and frost. Those who are so unfortunate as to find their homes in these desolate wastes, see !-iature in her most inhospitable mood. No bread- fruits dangle before their e}'es, no plantains offer their luscious ^\'ares to whomsoe\'er will pluck them; on the contrar}', every means of subsistence must be \\-rested from reluctant nature as though from the hands of an enem}-. R"eason would suggest that such sterile regions are not the proper and natural abode of man, a theor}' which is strongly corroborated b}- the stunted growth and diminish- ing numbers of the Eskimos, Fuegians, and other Arctic and Antarctic tribes. 5^he J^issing liinlv On the island of Tierra del Fuego, at the southern extremit}- of the .South American Continent, li\-e a class of people whom naturalists agree in assigning to the low- est round of the ladder of humanity. Says Mr. Brown, ■■ K\-er}-tliing about the Fuegian is disgusting, animal, and almost brute-like. The spectator turns away from him in Stjnbbams of Hkalth the belief that surely now man created in the image of his Maker has reached his lowest type, or brute ascended to the highest stage. He moves about in a crouching, stooping posture, his person is covered with the filth of generations, and his long, mane-like locks, which his van- ity or superstition induces him now and then to rake out with a comb made of a porpoise jaw, almost without any alteration, are crawling with a disagreeable insect. Expe- rience has shown them to be savage and deceitful in the extreme, and they are well known to have murdered the crews of several vessels which had been so unfortunate as to come within their power." These wretched people live almost exclusively on a diet of flesh, a few tasteless berries being the only edible substance of a vegetable nature produced by the island. Shell-fish and the blubber of an occasional whale form their principal articles of food, and "in times of scarcity they will dine off their aged rela- tives — in preference to their fish-hunting dogs — reasoning very logically, if somewhat cold-blood- edly, that the one is only an incumbrance to them, while the latter can at worst provide for their own maintenance." ESKIMO EATING MEAT. ESKIMO GLUTTONY. Considerably above the Fuegians in intelligence, though still of a very low order of both intellectual and physical development are the Eskimos, who inhabit the northern- most regions of the Western hemisphere. They live al- most wholly on the flesh of the walrus, seal, and a few other Arctic animals. Many stories are told of the enor- mous quantities of meat which an Eskimo will inflict upon his long-suffering stomach at a single meal. To eat eight or nine pounds of raw or frozen meat at a sitting is quite an ordinary feat. An Eskimo in the act of eating his dinner has been sketched by our artist in the accompany- ing picture. The process is a peculiar one. The Eskimo first cuts a strip of flesh a foot or more in length, and places one end between his teeth. Then with his knife he cuts off as much as he can stuff into his mouth, and as soon as that is disposed of, repeats the process until the whole strip is eaten. When repletion has reached a point where it renders him unable to move, he will lie on his back and let his wife feed him with bits of blubber until he becomes fairly unconscious, after which he will He in a state of torpor for a day or so, like a boa-con- strictor. After this, it is not surprising to learn that the Eskimos are a race of dyspeptics. Many of the Arctic explorers have cultivated the habit of excessive flesh-eating, in imitation of the gluttonous Eskimos, thinking that the consumption of large quanti- ties of fat and oil were essential to the maintenance of the heat of the body ; and some of them have recorded their ability to make way with their eight pounds of seal blubber per day. That these enormous quantities of flesh, or indeed any flesh food at all, are not absolutely essen- tial to sustain life in the Arctic regions, should have been ap- parent to these explorers from their observations of the A RUSSIANS FEAST OF CANDLES. habits of the musk-ox, reindeer, and other Arctic ani- mals, whose food is composed of mosses, lichens, and a few other hardy vegetable growths which are able to withstand the rigors of the long Arctic winter. As a matter of scientific fact, the albuminous elements, which are the most abundant in flesh food, are not those which supply the largest amount of heat to the body. The heat- producing elements are the carbonaceous, of which vege- table foods contain a large proportion in the form of starch, sugar, and fat. In the narrative of the expedition of the Polaris in the Arctic regions, a quotation from the jour- nal of Captain Hall mentions that when traveling on foot among the ice and snow, within a few degrees of the North Pole, in the month of October, when the long, dark, cold winter night had already begun, in company with his companions he lunched on graham crackers. The entire 64 And Tenipkrance. crew of the Polaris, as appears from other entries in the journal, maintained good health on a diet such as would not be considered extravagant for a laboring man in a mild climate, and on two meals a day. We would sug- gest, therefore, to any of our readers who are ambitious to win fame in searching for the North Pole, that they eschew the excesses of the ignorant Eskimos, and confine themselves and their companions to a moderate vegetable them, and appear in some of their worst forms. Scurvy and leprosy are common in the island, occurring especially on the western coast, where the inhabitants depend chiefly upon fishing, and where the pastures are inferior in ex- tent and produce. Scurvy is observed to occur with great frequency. For its cure a vegetable diet is employed, in as far as the circumstances of the Icelanders will admit of such means." LAPP AND REINDEER. diet. Such a diet would at any rate be efficacious in warding off attacks of scurvy, through whose ravages many Arctic expeditions have been defeated of their pur- pose. The evil effects of an exclusively flesh diet among the Icelanders are thus set forth by Mackenzie in his " Travels in Iceland " : — " The diet of the Icelander consists almost solely of animal food, of which fish, either fresh or dried, form by far the largest proportion. During the summer they have milk arid butter in considerable abundance; but of bread and every other vegetable food there is the utmost scar- city, and among the lower classes an almost entire priva- tion. As an effect of these circumstances in the mode of life of the Icelanders, cutaneous diseases, arising from the cachetic state of the body, are exceedingly frequent among ^he Iiapp and Ji| Reindeer. The Laplanders who inhabit the northern portion of Europe, estimate their wealth by the number of reindeer of which they are possessed, the flesh, milk, butter, and cheese of these animals forming their main subsistence. So dependent is the Lapp upon his reindeer, that many of his ways of life are fashioned after those of the intel- ligent quadruped. A favorite dish consists of the blood of the reindeer boiled with fat and flour, while reindeer's blood fresh and warm from the recently slaughtered ani- mal, is his panacea for all shocks that flesh is heir to. He frequently has occasion to apply his remedy for the cure of the water-brash, with waicU tlie race is much 65 SUNBBAMS OK HEALTH afflicted. A wild berry is sometimes mixed with their food with the idea of preventing scurvy. fi ^u^^ian Gandle-Eatep. An abnormal appetite for fat seems to characterize most of the inhabitants of Northern Europe. Of the Ya- kuts, a people of Siberia, Wrangel says that " fat is their greatest delicacy. They eat it in every possible shape — raw, melted, fresh or spoiled." It is noticeable, however, that they will not touch the flesh of the hog, a laudable aversion which they share with the Votiaks, an allied tribe. Train-oil, a foul-smelling substance obtained by boiling whale's blubber, is much used for frying meats in Northern Russia, very greatly to the disgust of the traveler, though it is probably quite as cleanly and wholesome as the lard which is commonly used in its place in this country. Train-oil is also much used in Russia for making candles, so that to the Russian la- borer a candle stands as a representative both of light and of food. In the annexed engraving our artist has represented a Russian emigrant devouring a bundle of tallow dips which he has purchased at a grocery store. A scene of this sort is not uncommon in the Russian settlements of our large manufacturing cities. pithy Samoi^edel n^. pithy Englishmen. The filthy habits of the Samoyedes, a drunken race of people living along the shores of the Arctic ocean in both Asia and Europe, are often mentioned by travelers. They " consume their fish or their reindeer flesh raw; and their smell is so weak that they appear insensible to the putre- fying odors arising from the scrapings of skins, stinking fish, and other offal which is allowed to accumulate in and about their huts." A recent traveler among them, Mr. Rae, thus comes to their defense: — '"Filthy beasts!' said an English gentleman to whom I related a few Samoyede traits on my return to England; and when he had said so, that gentleman went home and swallowed oysters alive; ate game in so decomposed a condition that it would offend a Samoyede, and cheese so decayed that a Samoyede dog would avoid it on the tun- dras; then he took a glass of brandy, and thanked good- ness with a shudder that he was not as those Samoyedes were." DietefUi^ Jabitf of the Qhine^e. In the preceding chapter we have remarked upon many curious and, as they seem to us, grotesque customs of the Chinese in reference to dress, etiquette and govern- ment; but probably there is no particular in which the Celestials differ more from us in their habits of life than in their dietetic customs. As in the case of the Hindus, the national food is rice. With all classes rice is the synonym for food, and it is difficult for foreigners to con- vince them that such is not the case the world over. Even the names of their meals are derived from this indispensable article of diet. Breakfast, taken at about lO A. M., is called " morning boiled rice," and supper, which is eaten at about 5 P. M., "evening boiled rice." It will be observed that the Chinese, like the ancient Greeks, eat but two meals a day, a custom which has many argu- ments in its favor on the score of health. The Chinese have a singular repugnance to the use of milk; and butter, cream, or cheese are rarely found on their tables. To atone for its absence they dress many of their dishes with castor oil ! It is only fair to say, however, that the castor oil of the Celestials ,is a very different substance from the nauseous drug with which many of our readers may have had unpleasant relations in their childhood days. Owing to the wide prevalence of the Buddhist religion, beef is hardly known as an article of diet; but fish, fowls, and wild game are liberally used by those who can afford them, and " a favorite article of food (but it is a luxury) is a well-fattened dog." A particular breed of dog is reared especially for table use. It is shaped like the common greyhound, with a long muzzle and large tufts of hair in front of its ears. By centuries of inheritance, these dogs have acquired an instinct of aversion to a butcher, and run for their lives with piteous howls whenever they catch sight of one of the professional murderers of their kin. fi. State Dinnep. Among those of high rank a dinner, and especially a dinner of cereniony, is prolonged to a tedious length, the bill of fare containing so prodigious a number of courses that the guest, unless he is provided with superhuman stomachic capacity, can do no more than taste of each dish. At a dinner given to a party of Englishmen by a Mandarin of Hong-Kong, the following were a few of the innumerable viands served: salted earthworms, Japan leather, pigeons' eggs with the shells softened with vine- gar, sharks' fins, birds' nests, deer-sinews, chopped bears', paws, flesh of puppies and cats, fowls' livers floating in hot oil, and cooked eggs of various descriptions, contain- ing embryo birds! " But the surprise of the entertain- ment was yet to come," says one of the guests in his account of the affair. " On the removal of some of the flower vases a large covered dish was placed in the cen- ter of the table, and at a signal the cover was removed. The hospitable board immediately swarmed with juvenile crabs, who made their exit from the vessel with surpris- ing agility, for the crablets had been thrown into vinegar before the guests sat down, and this made them sprightly in their movements; but fast as they ran, they were 66 And TTemperancr. quickly seized by the nearest guests, who thrust them into their mouths and crushed them without ceremony, swallowing the strange gelatinous morsels with evident gusto." A surprise indeed! But the Mandarin was equally amazed to find a dish of ice-cream among the delicacies offered to him at an English refreshment-table, and warned his English friends that its habitual use would be fatal to health and sound digestion. ]k Ghine^e PJeStaurant. It is easy to understand how etiquette may occasion- ally compel a foreigner to attend a dinner of the sort above referred to, but that any civilized human being should have the hardihood voluntarily to explore the mysteries of a Chinese restaurant is almost beyond belief. Yet the feat has been accomplished, and it is eminently fitting that the Frenchman, with his penchant for mule-steak, don- key-sausage, snails, and green oysters, should be the venturesome individual to make the experiment. Some time ago a French aj'my officer made a visit to a Chinese eating-house and recorded his experience in a letter, from which we present the following: — " Our Coolies arranged beforehand that the price was to be two piastres per head, a large sum for this country, where pro- visions arc so cheap. As a preparation for dinner, we had to thread our way through a labyrinth of lanes, crowded with dens in which crouched thousands of ragged beggars, poisoning the very air with their exhalation. At the en- trance to the open space in front of the eating-house, stood numerous heaps of refuse composed of old vegetable stalks, rotten sausages, and dead cats and dogs; and in every hole and corner was a mass of filth as disagreeable to the nose as to the eye. It required a strong stomach to retain an appetite after running the gauntlet of such a horrible mess. A few tea- drinkers and card-players were seated at the door, and seemed to care very little for the pestilential character of the neighborhood. We tried to be equally courageous, and", after admiring the two immense lanterns which adorned the entrance, and the sign inscribed in big let- ters, ' The Three Principal Virtues,' we ventured to hope that honesty would prove one of them, and that the tavern-keeper would give us our money's worth. " Our entry into the principal room created a little excitement; for, accustomed as the Chinese are to see us, we still, in the quarters of the town where Europeans seldom venture, cause a certain amount of curiosit)', not unmixed with alarm. Two small tables, surrounded by wooden benches on which had been placed, as a particu- lar favor, some stuffed cushions, had been prepared for us. The waiters thronged around us with red earthen tea-pots and white metal cups. Tliere were no spoons. Boiling water was poured on a pinch of tea-leaves, placed at the bottom of the cups, and we were obliged to drink the infusion through a small hole in the lid. When we had got through this ordeal like regular Chinamen, we called for the first course, which consisted of a quantity of wretched little lard cakes, sweetened with dried fruit; id for -5 d'cB2ivre, a kind of caviare made of the intes- X CHINESE RESTAUR.A.NT. tines, the livers, and the roes of fish pickled in vinegar, and some land shrimps cooked in salt water; these were really nothing but large locusts. "We did not get along very well with the first course, but it was immediately followed by the second. The waiters placed on the table some plates, — or rather, sau- cers, for the)' were no larger, — and some bowl-shaped dishes full of rice dressed in different ways, with small pieces of meat arranged in pyramids on the top of it Chopsticks accompanied these sa\'or_v dishes. What were we to' do .? Nobod)HDut a regular Chinese can help him- self with these two little bits of wood, one of which is us- ually held stationar)' between the thumb and tlie ring finger, while the other is shifted about between the fore 67 SUNBBA]V[S OK HBALTH and middle fingers. The natives lift the saucer to their lips and swallow the rice by pushing it into their mouths with the chop-sticks, but we tried in vain to accomplish this, and all the more so, that our fits of laughter pre- vented us from making any really earnest attempt. It was, however, impossible for us to compromise the dig- nity of our civilization by eating with our fingers like savages, and happily one of our number, with more fore- thought than the rest, had brought with him a traveling- case containing a spoon, and a knife and fork. We then each in turn dipped the spoon into the bowls before us, with an amount of suspicion, however, that prevented the stew of ginseng roots — but it appears that such delicacies as these must be ordered for days beforehand, and paid for by their weight in gold. The day was drawing to a close; the tavern rooms, which were at first, nearly empty, were filling with customers, who, after furtively scanning us, betook themselves to their usual occupations. The waiter kept calling, out in a loud voice the names and the prices of the dishes that were ordered, and these were repeated by an attendant standing at a counter, be- hind which sat the master of the place. Some shop-keep- ers were playing at pigeon fly; one held up as many of the fingers of both hands as he thought fit, his antago- TEA TAVERNS OF SHANGHAI. proper appreciation of the highly-flavored messes they contained. At last some less mysterious dishes, in quantity enough to satisfy fifty people, made their appearance; chickens, ducks, mutton, pork, roast hare, fish, and boiled vegetables. " White grape wine and rice wine were at the same time handed us in microscopic cups of painted porcelain. None of the beverages were sweet, not even the tea; but to make up for it, they were all boiling hot. The meal was brought to a close by a bowl of soup which was really an enormous piece of stewed meat swimming about in a sea of gravy. " Satiated rather than satisfied, we should have preferred some more Chinese dishes — some swallow's nests, or a nist had to guess immediately how many, and to hold up simultaneously exactly the same number of his own. The loser paid for a cup of rice wine. " The room was beginning to reek with a nauseous . odor, in which we recognized the smell of opium smoke. It was the hour for that fatal infatuation. Smokers with sallow complexions and hollow eyes, began to disappear mysteriously into some closets at the end of the room. We could see them lying down on mat beddings with hard horse-hair pillows." Jhe j^ational BeijeFage oi the Qhine|e. Pure, unadulterated water, as a drink, is almost un- known among the Chinese, tea being the universal bever- 68 And Xenipbranck. age. As in the case of most of the customs of the Chinese, the habit of tea-drinking can be traced back for thousands of years, though it was not until comparatively recent times that the use of the tea-leaves spread to the adjoining countries. The tea which is exported to this country is always of inferior quality, as will readily ap- pear when it is stated that the products of noted gardens will bring in their own country from $15 to $100 per pound. Besides this, most of the imported tea is adul- terated with a multitude of mineral and organic substan- ces, some of which are decidedly injurious when taken into the human system. As was indicated in the article just quoted, the Chinese use neither sugar nor milk in their tea, this being a device invented by Western nations to conceal the unpleasant taste of the drug. It is not likely that many in this country would ever become ad- dicted to the use of tea if they were compelled to drink it after the Chinese fashion. In other countries various other substances are used for the same purpose. In some parts of Asia tea is salted instead of sweetened. The Tartars mi.x with it tallow and cheese. The Russians impart an acid flavor by means of lemon juice, and the Swiss season it with cinnamon. The raising of tea forms a large part of the industries of the Chinese Empire. Most of that which is raised for export finds its way to the city of Shanghai, whence it is shipped to all parts of the world, the United States taking more than one-third of the entire quantit)'. Shanghai is famed for its tea- taverns, of which our artist has made an accurate repro- duction in the accompan)'ing picture. Every one knows the effects of drinking a strong cup of tea upon the "nerves" of the drinker, and it is not surprising to learn that the long continued habit has ex- ercised a marked influence upon the character of the Chinese. Says the eminent Dr. Bock, of Leipsic, " The snappish, petulant humor of the Chinese can certainly be ascribed to their immoderate fondness for tea." The only people who compare with the Chinese in fondness for tea are the Russians. Lady Verney says of them: " In a bettermost household the samovar, the tea- urn, is always going. If a couple of men have a bargain to strike, * * '" they will go on drinking boiling hot tea, in glasses, for hours. The samovar, how- ever, is a completely new institution, and the old peasants will tell you, ' Ah, holy Russia has never been the same since we drank so much tea.' " nothing but their dark faces and peculiar physiognomies will remain to remind the stranger that they are not of the Anglo-Saxon race. Prof Edward S. Morse pays the following high tribute to the character of the Japanese:- — " If some of the indications of civilization are to treat each other kindl)', to treat their children with unvarying kindness, to treat the animals below them with tender- ness, to honor their father and mother, to be scrupulously clean in their persons, to be frugal and temperate in their habits — if these features be recognized as civilized, CHINESE OPIUM DEN. then this pagan nation in these respects is as far ahead of us as we are ahead of the Tierra del Fuegians." Rice and fish are the chief staples of food, the former entering into the composition of every kind of dish, and until late years supplying the place of bread. A singular practice is noted by Prof Morse: — "It is interesting to note that the Japanese eat un- ripe fruit to an inordinate extent. The moment fruit shows the slightest signs of being soft as an evidence of ripeness, it is considered by them as unfit to eat. It is astonishing to see them eat hard, green peaches — clinching them in the fist, as a country boy does a hard apple, and biting off each mouthful with a loud snap." That fatal re- sults do not follow from the use of such indigestible sub- stances is explained by Prof Morse as due to the frugal habits of the people and the care with which they re- in many respects the Japanese are far ahead of their move sewage-matter from their houses. Upon the marked brethren of the mainland. They take much more kindly infrequency of sun-strokes among the Japanese, he com- to the ways of the foreigner, and so fast are their old ments as follows: " If exposure of the head to the direct habits giving way before the inroads of English and ra)-s of the sun is the inducing cause of sun-stroke, then American customs, that it will not be many years before here, in latitude 35° we should expect numerous cases, 69 Jhe Japanese. SUNBKAMS OF HEALTH while if over eating and over drinking — in other words intemperate habits — are the inducing causes, then we can understand the immunity of the Japanese from this mal- ady; for a raore temperate and frugal people do ru)t ex- ist on the face of the globe." The effect of these temperate habits is seen in the re- markable muscular development of the people. Almost every Japanese is' a gymnast, and wrestling is the na- tional game. Diet ol the Orieni Simplicity of diet is the ch-i'-;.:t?ristic of the Orient, as luxury and multitudinous dishes are of the western nations of the Old World, and part'cularly of this more WASHING HANDS IN THE EAST. prosperous and less frugal country. Here and there in the larger cities of these ancient lands are to be found colonies of foreigners who have brought their western ideas with them, and have succeeded in impressing them to some extent on their new-made acquaintances of the East; but their influence reaches only a very narrow circle. The great mass of the people are satisfied to live as their fathers did, and generation after generation follows, even in the most minute detail, the habits and customs of those which have gone before. The Arab of to-day is, in language, in dress, and in dietetic customs, essentially identical with the children of Esau, who wandered over the deserts of Arabia four thousand years ago. He wears garments made in the same style and of the same kind of material, and eats the same kinds of food cooked in the same manner, as his wandering ancestors, who occupied the same territory while the children of his brother Jacob were making brick for the pyramids and digging irrigating canals for Sesostris 11., king of Egypt; and it is wholly probable that the Arab's home-life of to-day presents, in many points, a fairly correct picture of what might have been seen inside of the tent of one of the patriarchs of olden times. With these facts in mind, one cannot but read with much interest the following sketch of the eating cus- toms of the East, as written by that eminent oriental scholar, the author of " The Land and the Book:" — "Orientals are far behind the day in almost every branch of domestic economy, especially in table furniture and in their mode of eating. The general custom, even of the better classes, is to bring a polyagonal stool, about fourteen inches high, into the common sitting-room. On this is placed a tray of basket-work or of metal, gen- erally copper, upon which the food is arranged. The bread lies on the mat beneath the tray, and a cruse of water stands near by, of which all participate as they have need. On formal occasions the cruse is held in the hand by a servant, who waits upon the guests. Around this stool and tray the guests gather, sitting on the floor. "The dishes are most generally stews of rice, beans, burgul (cracked wheat), with soups or sauces, as the case may be, in deep dishes or bowls. Some use wooden or metal spoons for their stews and thick soups, but the most common way is to double up bits of their thin bread spoon fashion, and dip them into the dish. There is fre- quent reference to this custom in some of the most in- teresting and solemn scenes of the Bible. The richer sort use silver spoons; but they have neither knives nor forks, nor do they know how to use them. This is a very meager set-out, certainly, but they will tell you that it is all they want, and is every way more qonvenient than our custom, and immeasurably less expensive. High ta- bles and chairs would not only be out of place at the time, but in the way at all times. They do not have a separate dining-room, and hence they want an apparatus that can be easily brought in and removed, and this they have. They all eat out of the same dish; and why not .' It is within reach, and it gives a better relish to dip their thin bread into the general hot mess, than to take out a portion on separate plates and use spoons. As their meat is always cut up into stews, or else cooked until it is ready to fall to pieces, knives and forks are useless; and when they have chicken, it is easily torn into pieces with the fingers. Nor do they see any vulgarity in this. The very polite a la mode Oriental will tear up the best bits, and either lay them next to you or insist upon putting them into your mouth. I have had this done for me by digits not particularly fair, or even clean. You observe that things correspond with each other. And there is this great economic advantage irv their way, that it demands much less labor than ours. If our system were introduced at once, and the females of the family (who do all the work) were required to carry it out correctly and decently, their labor would be in- creased tenfold. Not only must an entirely new appara- tus be procured, and kept clean and bright, but also the table, table-linen, chairs and the separate rgom must be 70 And Tbnipkrancb. provided. Indeed, an entirely new and foreign depart- ment must be instituted and maintained under every dis- advantage. Where this has been attempted in the fami- lies of native consuls, and others aping European man- ners, it has generally proved a miserable failure. The Icnives, forks, and spoons are rusty; the plates, dishes, and glasses ill-assorted, dirty, badly arranged, and not in sufficient quantity; the chairs are rickety, -and the table stands on legs spasmodic and perilous. The whole thing, in short, is an uncomfortable burlesque or a provoking caricature. " Then, worst of all, the cookery must be Frank as well as the furniture. I have stood in terror before some of these compounds of dyspepsia and nightmare. No, no; let the Arabs retain their own commissary and dietetic regulations, at least until things are better prepared for a change than at present. In their own way their cook- ing is good, and their set-out respectable. " Of course, after such a meal as we have described, washing the hands and mouth is indispensable (it ought to be before, but is not), and the ibriek and tusht — their pitcher and ewer — are always brought, and the servant, with a napkin over his shoulder, pours water on your hands." Jhe Ellene? This sect, one of the three important Jewish sects, is barely mentioned in the Bible, but receives considerable attention in Josephus and Philo, and is mentioned by Pliny. The sect seems to have originated one or two centuries before Christ, and was distinguished for the au- sterity and purity of its rules and the piety and fidelity of its adherents. In all their habits of life, the Essenes were simple and frugal to the last degree. They dwelt in huts or tents, and devoted themselves to agriculture. They dressed in white garments, and made no change of clothing until it was utterly worn out. They gave great attention to cleanliness, however, bathing daily in cold water. The diet of the Essenes was made up wholly of the fruits of the soil. They would not even take life in the offering of sacrifices, as did the other Jews. They ate but two meals a day, the first about eleven o'clock in the forenoon, the second late in the afternoon. By this we see that the two-meal-a-day plan of eating is not so modern an idea as some persons suppose. Indeed, it is probable this custom, as regards the number of meals ■per diem, was generally prevalent among the Jews, as it certainly was among the Greeks. The Essenes lived chiefly by themselves, fearing pol- lution by contact with those who were less pure. Pliny says that they dwelt upon the shores of the Dead Sea. Their number was four or five thousand. The Essenes were chiefly celibates, adopting the chil- dren of others, and rearing them in their tenets with the greatest care. A branch of the Essenes were less strict as regards celibacy, taking wives, but disregarding their vows only with strict regard to the preservation of the species. The Essenes were noted for their great length of life, undoubtedly the result of their simple habits, a fact which affords good evidence in support of the claim made by eminent medical authorities that celibacy is entirely com- patible with excellent health and longevity. It is believed by some Bible scholars that John the Baptist was reared among the Essenes, and some even claim that Christ was a member of this society. These views are, of course, supported only by conjecture. Jhe ButeF of tlie lible. The accompanying cut' shows the Oriental method of churning. Sometimes the goat or young buffalo skin, ORIENTAL CHURN. half-filled with milk, is suspended from a tripod formed by three poles set up together. A woman stands by and swings and kneads the bag until the butter comes. Two kinds of butter seem to have been known to the ancient Jews; one was very much like our butter, only it was boiled after churning, so that it became, in that warm climate, practically an oil; the other, a sort of cur- dled milk. The juice of the Jerusalem artichoke was mixed with the milk, when it was shaken in the same way until a sort of curd separated. 71 Sunbeams ok Heai^th The word "butter" is used in the Bible in many places in which cream would be a more correct translation, as in Isa. 7 : 15-22. ^he Jloup ol Bible Jime|. There are, doubtless, those who imagine that the coarse wheat flour known for the last forty years as gra- ham flour, is a novelty; whereas, in truth, it is the most ancient form of all grain preparations. The ancient Jews, in. common with the most primitive nations,- ground their WOMEN OF THE EAST GRINDING WHEAT. wheat, or corn (the name by which they called all forms of grain), by means of the hand-mill, which is thus de- scribed by the learned Robinson: — "The hand-mill consisted of a lower mill-stone, the upper side of which was concave, and an upper millstone, the lower surface of which was convex. The hole for receiving the corn was in the center of the upper mill- stone; and in the operation of grinding, the lower was fixed, and the upper made to move round upon it with considerable velocity by means of a handle. These mills are still in use in the East, and in some parts of Scot- land. Dr. E. D. Clarke says: ' In the Island of Cyprus I observed upon the ground the sort of stones used for grinding corn, called querns in Scotland, common also in Lapland, and in all parts of Palestine.' These are the~ primeval mills of. the world; and they are still found in all corn countries, where rude and ancient customs have not been liable to those changes introduced by refinement. The employment of grinding wheat with these mills is confined solely to females; and the practice illustrates the prophetic observation of our Saviour, concerning the day of Jerusalem's destruction: 'Two women shall be grind- ing at the mill, one shall be taken and the other left.' Matt. 24:41. Mr. Pennant in his ' Tour to the Hebrides,' has given a particular account of these hand-mills, as used in Scotland, in which he observes that the women always accompany the grating noise of the stones with their voices; and that when ten or a dozen are thus employed, the fury of the song rises to such a pitch that you would, without breach of charity, imagine a troop of female de- moniacs to be assembled. As the operation of grinding was usually performed in the morning at daybreak, the noise of the women at the hand-mill was heard all over the city, which often awoke their more indolent masters." The flour made by this process was a coarse meal, from which was produced the sweetest and most whole- some bread. The accompanying cut well illustrates the manner of using one of these primitive mills. Indian JVIilleT^I. In almost every tribe of people the function of the miller is one of great importance. This is especially true of the North American' Indians, whose food was in ancient times composed largely of maize and acorns, which, unlike the food staples of tropical races, require grinding or crushiiig to convert them into palatable arti- cles of diet. The following interesting information re- garding the implements and methods of the .aboriginal American tribes is taken from an article by Mr. O. T. Mason, the archeologist: — 11 " The tribes from which the illustrations are drawn are the Hupa, of Northern California (i), from the collection of Lieut. P. H. Ray, U. S. A.; the Pima and the Yuma stock, around the mouth of the Colorado River (2), from the collections of Edward Palmer ; the tribes formerly east of the Mississippi (3); and the Utes of the great in- interior basin (4), from the collections of Major Powell and other officers; with glimpses of the Sioux and the Pueblo millers. It must be remembered that the active agent in all the varied operations of milling, among the savage tribes — as well as of tanning, shoemaking, tailor- ing, weaving, the manufacture of pottery and other peace- ful industries — is always a woman. 72 And ITkivipbrancb. INDIAN MILLING IMPLEMENTS. " In describing the illustrations, I shall first refer to the sketches in Plate I. The Hupa, like all other primi- tive millers, has to gather the grist before she grinds it. For this purpose she uses a light but strong carrying basket (Fig. 5), made with warp of osier, and weft of the same material, split and twined. A soft buckskin strap surrounds the basket, and passes around her forehead, which is protected by an ingenious pad (Fig. 7). Her basket being filled with acorns, she trudges to her camp, and deposits them in a granary of closely woven, twined bas- ketry (Fig. 6). Her mill is both novel and ingenious, consisting of a pestle, a hopper, a mortar- stohe and a receiving basket-tray (Fig. 9.) The pestle is like its congeners all the world over; and the hopper has no bottom, its lower margin merely resting upon the mortar-stone, to which it may or may not be united by means of pitch. Acorns are poured into this and hulled, and afterward reduced to meal. In those instances where the hop- per is not fastened to the stone, the hulls remain above, and the powdered acorns sift down into the basket tray. Water-tight baskets for 'stone-boiling' mush and for other culinary operations are made by this tribe. The mush-paddle of wood (Fig. i), the ladles of horn (Figs. 2, 3), and the small stone paint mortar (Fig. 4), must not be overlooked. ' The Pima or Cocopa miller (2) has for her outfit a carrying-net, a bean-crusher, a trough-mortar, a granary, and a ' metate,' besides a great variety of pottery, which the Hupa does not make. The bean- crusher (Fig. 10) is a cone of coarse strong wattling set in the ground. It is carried to the bean- trees, and in it the pods are broken up by means of a long wooden pestle (Fig. 12), so that the miller can get a heavier load into her net. In other words, her ' first-process ' is crushing the pods in the field. The carrying-net of these tribes is most ingenious, consisting of four frame-sticks, a hooped rim, and a net woven in a very curious and difficult stitch. Besides the net, there is a back-pad made of palm-leaf, a padded head-band and a forked rest-stick. 73 SUNBKAMS OF HbALTH /'^T£;^ INDIAN MILLING IMPLEMENTS. which the harvester miller uses as a cane when carry- ing her load. The gathered beans are stored in bee- hive granaries (Fig. l6) of various patterns, made of straw sewed in a continuous coil by means of tough bark. The ' second process ' is the reduction of the broken pods to coarse meal in a wooden trough or mortar (Fig. 13). The last process is that of the ' metate,' or mealing slab (Fig. 15). The jars for holding the meal (Fig. , 14) are cream-colored decorated in black. In summer the miller works in an open shed (Fig. 17), but in cooler weather she trans- fers the scene of her operations to a mud-covered walled hut (Fig. 18). " Let us now turn to Plate 2. In the eastern part of the United States are found multitudes of well-wrought pestles, such as those shown in Fig. 3; but there is a scarcity of good mortars from the same section. This scarcity may be accounted for by the fact that the mortars were perishable, being made of wood. It must not be forgotten that this is the region of maize (Fig. 2) and hom- iny, and until very recently the hominy-logs or wooden mortars survived on our So^ithern planta- tions. Even at the present day it would not be difficult to find them in use in the more remote regions. Mr. Schoolcraft gives an illustration (Fig. 3), showing how the ingenious miller has invoked ' the elasticity of a limb to lighten her task, and it would be inter- esting to know whether the mill- er or the bowyer was the first to make use of this labor-saving device. " The Sioux Indians formerly dried buffalo meat until it could be reduced to meal or pemmican. The outfit of the Sioux miller then consisted of a bowl made of the toughest dried rawhide and a maul (Fig. i). The stone head of this maul was bound to the slender wooden handle by means of a hood of rawhide, put on green and allowed to shrink. The Ute miller, living in the deserts of the great interior basin, has to utilize every kind of seed that will sustain life. Her set of tools includes a conical 74 Akd T^emperancr. carrying-basket (Figs. 8, lo), a gathering wand (Fig. 9), a fanning and roasting tray (Fig. 7), and a ' metate,' or mealing slab (Fig. 11). These mealing slabs (Figs. 11, 12, 13) are common in tropical and sub-tropical America. The conical basket is closely woven, with a buckskin bot- tom, and has a soft head-band for the miller's forehead. The gathering-wand is an open-work, spoon-shaped frame of twine basketry, and is used for beating seeds into the CAYENNE AND ITS CONGENERS. carrying-basket, as shown in Fig. -8. The fanning and roasting tray is shallow and shaped like a cream-skim- nier. It is used to separate chaff from seeds, or to parch the seeds which are put into the tray with a hot stone, and the whole deftly shaken together. The parched seeds are afterward reduced to powder on the mealing stone." Gondimenl^. Cayenne, or red pepper, with its bit- ing flavor, is a fair representative of the whole brotherhood of condiments, which includes a number of substances which sting and smart as they go down the throat, chief of which are mustard, gin- ger, black pepper, spice, pepper-sauce, and other hot sauces, horse-radish, etc. None of these substances are of any value as foods. They are used only to impart to our foods such flavors as are thought to be agreeable. Whether the flavor is an agreeable one or not, de- pends wholly upon the habits or tastes of the individual. One of the best illustrations of the — :: — influence of habit in the formation of tastes in matters of diet, and a most excellent evidence of the artificial char- acter of the relish for condiments of all sorts, is found in the fact that asafcetida, a drug which to an English nose or palate is most loathsome and disgusting, is in some countries much esteemed as a condiment. This drug is chiefly produced in Persia and the Punjab. It is carried from the sea-ports of the Persian Gulf to Bombay. So powerful is the odor, it is necessary to use special ships for its transportation-r' The Germans call this bitter, ill- smelling drug by the term teufelsdreck, a word too loath- somely significant to bear translation. Notwithstanding the repugnance with which we regard this medicinal substance, it is highly esteemed and is much used as a condiment in Persia and India, and is even in demand in France for use in cookery. In some parts of India gnappee, or rotten fish, is used to impart a delicate flavor to certain articles of diet. Curry-powder, so often referred to by travelers in In- dia, and how much used both in Europe and this country, is a fiery compound of black pepper, poppy seeds, mustard, ginger, garlic, cinnamon, cloves, vinegar, mace, nutmeg, saffron, allspice, salt and cardamoms. To its liberal use can be traced the liver disorders so common among the British residents of India. So universal are these disorders in fact, that " How's your liver T' is said to be the ordi- nary salutation of British officers upon meeting each other in the morning. In the use of hot spices, however, the Spaniards and their relatives in Central and South America surpass ev- THE INDIAN AND THE PICKLE. ery other nation. Among the Peruvians, red pepper is the mildest condiment in the list. The yerba blanca, a whitish-green herb which is used raw with olive oil in sandwiches as mustard is used in this country, is of so /5 SUNBBAMS OK HEALTH biting a character that none but a trained Peruvian tongue can endure its tortures. It is not uncommon for a Mexican to mash a couple of red peppers on his plate and chew them down as though they were dried figs. ^n Indian' I pr^t ^a|te ol |Ii]|taM. A wholly unsophisticated palate will reject pepper, mustard or any of the long list of condiments, instinctively recognizing their harmful character. It is related of two Indian chiefs, who had come to a city on business, that they were invited to dinner by a gentleman interested in their race. One of them, seeing a yellow-looking stuff (mustard) took a spoonful of it, which he swallowed whole. Tears soon ran down his cheeks. His companion noticing this, said, " Oh! my brother, why do you weep.'"' The other replied in a mournful voice: "I am thinking about my poor son who was killed in such and such a battle." Presently the other chief took a spoonful of the same stuff, which caused his eyes to weep as did his brother's, who in return asked him: "Why do you cry.'" upon which he replied: "Oh! I weep to think that the man who made this yellow poison was not killed when your son was." A soldier on the frontier once gave a spiced pickle to a starving Indian. The. hungry savage spat it out with great vehemence, and imagining that he had been made the victim of a practical joke, was with difficulty restrained from executing vengeance on his would-be benefactor. Sail Many of our readers may no doubt be surprised to find salt reckoned in the list of condiments, for its use is almost universal. It is properly classed under this head, however, and there are many millions of human beings who live healthful lives without it. The Voguls and other Siberian races do not use salt for any purpose, and the same is true of many South African peoples; and it is claimed by travelers in South Africa that even the antelope of this region show no fondness for the saline mineral. Numerous experiments have been made with both human beings and animals which are accustomed to the use of salt, and it has been found that the appetite is quite readily overcome, and that high health can be maintained without its use. The conclusion from these facts might be that the use of salt as an ingredient of food is unnecessary; but if we do not insist upon this, we may at least and with perfect safety assert that its use is by no means so essential as is generally supposed, and that it may be used very sparingly without any detriment to health. Indeed, an abundance of facts are available in support of the belief that a very little grain of salt is an abundance, and that much harm often re- sults from the too free use of this condiment. Diefetii? GiLFio|itie|. The bills of fare which have been laid before the reader in the preceding pages have been diversified enough, we imagine, to suit the most fastidious taste, yet we have enumerated but a small proportion of the sub- stances that are used for food by the different nations of the earth. There is scarcely a member of the animal kingdom, and very few of the vegetable kingdom, which the stimulus of famine or a perverted appetite has not driven some of the races of mankind to regard in the light of food. Even mineral substances, as we shall see later on, are sometimes used to stay the cravings of hun- ger or to satisfy an unnatural appetite. ^oman Sluttony. In the matter of dietetic follies no nation^ has ever been able to rival the Roman Empire in its degenerate days. It is related of Pollio that he was wont to kill a couple of young slaves every week and throw them into his fish-pond to improve the flavor of his carps, while the Emperor Domitian once actually assembled the Roman Senate in special session to discuss the merits of a new sauce. " A cook in those times," says Dr. Oswald, " could often earn a talent ($1,200) a day, which sum, Petronius remarks, would have sufficed -to hire a dozen philosophers for a year. It was the age of complete degeneration of the once so frugal Romans, who now tolerated men like Pyt- tilus, who got an asbestos sheath fitted to his tongue to enable him to swallow the hottest dishes and spices with impunity." The glirarium was an establishment attached to every respectable household in imperial Rome, and is described by Athenaeus as a large brick structure, divided by wire partitions into small cells, from five hundred to two thou- sand in number. In every cell was imprisoned a rat, which was fattened on rotten fish and other offal until it was just large enough to be squeezed through the door of its cage. When a rat had obtained its maximum size it was taken out and killed, stuffed with' crushed figs, and served in a sauce of olive oil. The gluttony of the Roman emperors has passed into a proverb. Nero, Claudius, Vitellius and Heliogabalus ate meals which lasted for days at a time, never leaving off until the utmost limit of distention was reached, when a peacock's feather was brought into requisition, as the ancient historians note, to relieve the stomach and pre- pare it for new excesses. 76 And Tbmpbrancb. pate de Joie &ra|. Most of our readers have heard the story of how geese are fattened at Strasburg until their livers become enormous masses of disease, through fatty degeneration. A correspondent of a popular journal has recently vis- ited one of these establishments while operations were in progress, and has made some pictures showing the whole operation from beginning to end, which, together with his description, we here append: — by the tenacious Germans, pate de foie gras is for the most part prepared. The delicious morsel is, as is well known, the liver of a goose that has been crammed or overfed, in fact, an enlarged liver. To Mathieu, cook to Cardinal de Rohan, Prince-Bishop of Strasburg, belongs the infamy of first inventing liver pies. The manufacture has since developed into a profession. The quality of water is said to affect the fattening, some districts sup- plying much better livers than others. The sale of these pies in Strasburg amounts annually to $500,000. Where is the Alsatian Bergh ? TENDING THE YOUNG GEESE IN THE FIELD. "The correct thing at this hour of writing is to eat pate de foie gras during the middle of a swell dinner. It comes in as an entree, and is muchly relished by the knowing ones whose digestions admit of luscious tidbits at perilous hours. That pate de foie gras is a tidbit that wooes indigestion is beyond the region of controversy, and the human goose who partakes thereof, is as much of a goose as the unlucky bird whose liver has been en- large^ that sybarites may dine. " Sidney Smith defined paradise as a place where one eats pate de foie gras to the sound of silver trumpets. This is a queer, quaint notion of heaven, but it goes far to prove that Smith thoroughly believed that dyspepsia reigneth not within the golden gates of the better land. "Within sight of the beauteous spires of Strasburg Cathedral, and enclosed by the grirn fortifications erected " Let an Alsatian goose tell the story of his brief but not uneventful career. 'I am a native of Alsace,' says the goose, 'but I do not meddle with politics. I have no special love for Frenchmen or for Germans. Bitter ex- perience has taught me that these featherless creatures begin with kindness, only to end in cruelty. But let that pass. My earliest recollection is of a vast field, shaded by veteran oak trees, and intersected by pools of stag- nant water. Here I and a large flock of my brethren were placed under the care of a little girl, who passed her time in spinning hemp and in keeping us out of mis- chief, in which latter part of her business she was aided by a dog. So long as daylight continued, we spent our time in fishing up delicious morsels of food from the marshy ground, but just as soon as the sun went down, our active little commander-in-chief drove us off to the 77 Sunbeams ok Health village. Such a commotion there used to be as we went to roost ; for all took to their wings at once, and we banged and pushed against each other in the rudest manner, quacking and shrieking enough to frighten any- stranger who had never been in goose-land. " ' But this pleasant life of liberty did not last long. At the beginning of autumn my master took me to Stras- burg, whither one hundred and fifty thousand of my brethren are carried every year, and sold me to a "fat- tener," a cruel woman, who either by magic or by long experience can tell, directly she handles a goose, whether '"Why did the "fattener" watch night and day by our cages with a great knife in her hand .■' Alas ! I too soon discovered. I saw a neighbor of mine in the next cage (he was an old village companion, and we had had many a romp together) — I saw this unlucky, bloated fel- low stagger and fall. "Apoplexy," I said to myself I had scarcely murmured the words when the ogress (she was really a pretty young woman, and had a sweetheart who adored her) seized my poor old pal by the neck and cut his head off. He was then hung up in a cool place for twenty-four hours, when his liver, swollen to hideous SOLD TO " FATTENERS " IN THE STRASBURG MARKET. it is the right sort for stuffing till its liver becomes un- naturally big. Now martyrdom began. I had bade fare- well forever to the green fields and the shady nooks un- der the old oaks. First I was fed on broad beans, after- ward on maize scalded with hot water. Hungry or not, I was compelled to eat. The "fattener" used to take me between her knees, keeping my wings imprisoned. With on 2 hand she held my bill open ; with the other she crammed maize down my throat till there was not room for one grain more. A little gentle exercise or a fly through the air, would have aided digestion, but such privileges were rigorously forbidden. Instead of these, I was put into a slightly heated oven, where I experienced all the sufferings of seasickness without the relief of being able to vomit. During the last days of my torture I was inflated like a balloon, and could only breathe by gasps. I was transferred to a cage open at the top. dimensions, was taken out and sold to a " pie-maker." The pie-makers give from three to six francs for these livers, according to size, as they form a chief ingredient in the pates or terrines de foie gras. " ' I indite these memoirs from the center of one of these precious concoctions, and I hereby give fair warning that I intend to inflict a terrible indigestion on the man or woman who dares to eat what was once part of ill- used me.'" Glaij Ealep|. Many races of people are addicted to the eating of mineral substances, for which they acquire such an appe- tite that it is as difficult for them to break off as for the toper to give up his glass. The name of Panama is de- rived from fanamante (originally pan-de-monte, mount- 78, And Tenipkrancb. ain-bread) a kind of gypsum which the Indians of Cen- tral America mix with their flour. The same or a sim- ilar mineral substance is eaten by the natives of Brazil and of many other parts of South America. Humboldt describes a tribe of Indians in Northern Brazil who have been addicted to the use of panamante for generations, and were distinguished by a peculiar protuberance and hardening of the abdomen. The Indians of the Am- azon eat a kind of loam, the Peruvians a sweet-smell- ing clay, and in the markets of Bolivia is regularly sold a mixture of talc and mica as an article of diet. In Gui- STUFFING THE GEESE. ana the Indians mix clay with their bread; the New Cal- edonians stuff their stomachs with a white earth com- posed of magnesia, silica, oxide of iron, and chalk; while the Fijians, when they cannot obtain their favorite dish of " long-pig," will deaden the pangs of hunger by swal- lowing mouthfuls of dirt. The Ugandas of Central Af- rica are also clay-eaters, and Speke, the traveler, thus de- scribes an episode of a dinner which he took with their queen: "She had a platter of clay-stone brought, which she ate with great relish, making a noise of satisfaction like a happy guinea-pig. She threw me a bit, which, to the surprise of everybody, I caught, and threw into my mouth, thinking it was some confe'ction ; but the harsh taste soon made me spit it out again, to the great amuse- ment of the company." Sleal^l from a hme 'Ox. A celebrated dish of the Abyssinians is raw meat cut directly from a live ox. The aninial is led to the door. the meat skillfully sliced off, the wound closed, and the poor beast allowed to run at large again. At table " the company are so arranged that one gentleman sits be- tween two ladies. After the former has cut from the blocks of meat on the table a goodly sized steak, one of the women takes it up, seasons it with pepper and salt, and drops it into the gentleman's mouth, he meantime sup- porting himself with each hand resting on his neighbor's knee, his body stooping, his head low and forward, the mouth open like an idiot. The operation is performed at the risk of choking him, but as it would be a breach of good manners to receive his food in any other manner, or in smaller portions, grandeur must be kept up at what- ever risk." As a consequence of eating so much raw meat, most of the natives are afflicted with the tape- worm. What a pity it is that the Abyssinians do not know enough to cook their tape-worm eggs before eating them, as civilized people do! Intoxii^ated by J^eat. Another consequence of excessive meat-eating is a pe- culiar form of intoxication, which is simply an exaggera- tion of the stimulating effects which result from even the moderate use of flesh-foods. The after effects of the flesh-banquets above referred to are identical with those which follow a drink- ing-bout . Francis Galton thus describes the effect of an un- wonted supply of meat upon a poor woman in Central Africa who had been left to die by the members of her tribe: "When she had devoured what I gave her, the meat acted as it often does in such cases, and fairly intoxicated her; she attempted to stand, and sang, and tossed her lean arms about.'' Dr. Dundas Thompson, in a paper entitled, "Experi- mental Researches on the Food of Animals," quotes the following account of the effects of eating meat upon a party of native Indians whose diet had previously been of a vegetable character: — " They dined most luxuriously, stuffing themselves as AWAITING THE EXECUTIONER. 79 SUNBKAMS OK HKALTH if they were never to eat again. After an hour or two, to his [the traveler's] great surprise and amusement, the expression of their countenances, their jabbering and ges- ticulations, showed clearly that the feast had produced jlngle-WoHn Jie. ABYSSINIAN FLESH-BANQUET. the same effect as any intoxicating spirit or drug. The second treat was attended with the same result." Guttle-f ilh and Oy|teF|. The cuttle-fish, in one form or another, is eaten all around the world. In Naples they are sold in the mar- kets, and, prepared with vinegar and spices, are regarded as a great delicacy, although it would be hard to imagine a more repulsive-looking animal than a live cuttle-fish, with his slimy tentacles and wicked-looking little eyes. The Chinese dry them as we do codfish, and so preserve them for years. The Indians of British America consider it a great piece of good luck to catch a monster octopus, and do not hesitate to cut pieces from the slimy mass and devour them raw. As a matter of fact, however, the cuttle-fish is not one whit more uncleanly than the oyster, to whose appearance custom has made us indifferfent. Any one who pauses to reflect for a moment upon the probable contents of the distended, globular sac which forms the larger part of the oyster, will certainly feel in- clined to agree with the poet who says, — "That man must had a palate covered o'er With brass or steel, who, on the rocky shore, First broke the oozy oyster's pearly coat, And risked the living morsel down his throat." Angle-worms are quite as wholesome for food as oys- ters, and they even offer an advantage so far as the jiat- ure of the food is concerned; for while the oyster is a professional scavenger, the angle-worm lives upon vegeta- ble food. We might add as an argument in favor of the worm that the most edible portion of the oyster is its enormous liver, its chief organ of elimination doing the work of both liver and kidneys, while the angle-worm, be- ing a vegetarian, and not a scavenger, needs no such provision for the escape of filth from its system. Apropos of this subject is the following paragraph from the 'Pall Mall Gazette (London), describing an angle- worm feast recently held by a party of French gor- mands: — "Fifty guests were present at the experiment. The worms, apparently lob-worms, were first put into vinegar, by which process they were made to disgorge the famous vegetable mold about which we have recently heard so much. They were then rolled in batter and put into an oven, where they acquired a delightful golden tint, and, we are assured, a most appetizing smell. After the first plateful, the fifty guests rose as one man, and asked THE OCTOPUS. for more. Could anything be more convincing-? Those who love snails, they add, will abandon them forever in favor of worms." And why, we may ask, should not those who love oysters and pork abandon those also in favor of the new and more healthful delicacy.' 80 And TPenirkranck. Jhe poi of the Sandii]i(?li Iflandepf. A favorite dish of the Sandwich Islanders is a prepara- tion known as 'poi, which is thus described by a corre- spondent: — "Poi is made from the root of the kalo or arum es- culentum. The root, which is about the size and shape of a large beet, is baked in an underground oven and then pounded in a hollow stone or board and mixed with water until it has the consistency of printer's paste. It is next laid aside for a few days and allowed to ferment. When ready for use, it has a slightly sour taste and a pink or lilac color. The taste is not unlike that of sour book- binder's paste, and is anything but palatable when one first essays to make a meal of it. But a liking for it, as for almost anything else, is easily acquired. Eating poi according to native fashion is quite an art, and requires considerable manual, or, rather, digital dexterity. The index finger, or this and the second finger together, are dipped into the pasty mess, when it is quickly and deftly GERMAN LIMBURGER AND BURMESE GNAPPEE, twirled around them and then elevated above the mouth and allowed to trickle down the throat in a way that simply astonishes any one but a born Kanaka." QueeF Di^he^. The Hottentot, in times of need, resorts to the rings of leather which the women wear about their ankles. He prefers, however, a meal of cast-off shoes, and will fre- quently lay up a supply of these appetizing articles of ^iet against a threatened day of want. "Their manner of dressing 'em is this," says a quaint writer of the last century: " they singe off the hair, then, having soak'd 'em in water, broil 'em on the bare fire until they begin to wrinkle and run up, and then they devour 'em." The Papuans occasionally indulge in fat white cater- pillars, while their neighbors, the Samoans, depend large- ly upon the falolo, a repulsive-looking greenish-colored worm, from an inch to a yard in length, which rises to the surface of the sea at certain seasons of the year. The following list of singular food-stuffs is from the pen of Ernest Ingersoll, the well-known naturalist: — " Farther down in the animal scale, the insects fur- nish food to many savages hard-pressed for nourishment. Thus the miserable Indians of Utah and the Colorado desert, and the Bushmen of Africa, who live in a hot, dry, open region, gather grasshoppers, crickets, and some sorts of beetles, and make a meal of their dried bodies, which they crush and mix into a sort of paste with ber- ries or seeds, or else they devour the insects raw. "As for locusts, they are called the "national dish' of the Zambesi region in South Africa; and are on the bill of fare of such half-civilized people as the Arabians, Persians, and Egyptians, while their young were considered a dainty by the Romans. "The grasshopper and locust are hard-shelled, vegetable feeders, and should inspire no more disgust than the roasted shrimps of which the New York school-boys used to be so fond. When we come to the soft-bodied in- sects, this disgust is strongly felt; yet many species are eaten by savages in all parts of the world. "Thus some Africans of the Congo country are excessively fond of the ants that build those great conical hard-walled houses which form so prominent a feature of the African land- scape. In the forests of the Amazon, also, ants are eaten, besides white grubs, a kind of moth, and several beetles. " The Californian Indians, especially those of the lower peninsula, eke out their scanty subsistence with mag- gots, young insects and spiders of certain kinds, not hes- itating even at earth-worms, out of which a soup is made — vermicelli this time, with a vengeance ! "From plants an immense variety of food is ob- tained. Of the sea-weeds used for foods, Europe and America know but little, beyond the Irish moss, that used in the United States coming chiefly from the tide- flats off Scituate, Massachusetts, 8i SuNBEAivis OF Health " But to the people of every degree dwelling in the South Sea and on the coasts of the Pacific, where kelp grows in great luxuriance, sea-weeds form a valuable ed- ible. In China it is dried and sent inland, taking the place both of a thickening and a salty seasoning for their eternal ' paddy ' broth. " To the natives of the Colorado desert, the cacti stand in much the same position, the gigantic pitahaya (cereus giganteus) exclusively affording them food for two months of the year, and parts of other species — both stem and fruit being eaten at other times. " The only other vegetable food of most of the Indians west of the Rocky Mountains is obtained from berries, roots, acorns and grass-seeds. To the aboriginal Califor- nian the acorn took the place of wheat. " On the Columbia river fern-flour was much used, while Canadian Indians are very fond of the wild rice which grows so abunrlnntly along the Great Lakes, and of the seeds of the lotus and water-lily which sprout among its reedy stems." Giijilized jS^bomiiialionl These articles of savage diet become almost toothsome, however, when compared with certain dishes common among civilized peoples. What shall we say, for instance, of the celebrated schneffendreck of the North German, which consists of the faeces of the common woodcock, or of the still more celebrated limburger, which is simply cheese in an advanced stage of decay } In France and England game of all sorts is commonly eaten in a state to which.' plain-speaking people would not hesitate to ap- ply the blunt old Anglo-Saxon term, " rotten." When de- cay has progressed so far as to give to the flesh a distinctly putrescent odor, it is said to be "high," and is then con- sidered ripe for the table. In France the -degree of pu- trescence or haut gout, as it is there termed, is generally greater than in England. Deijayed |^ood. We have already spoken of the gnappee, or decom- posed fish of the Burmese. The loathsome stuff is thus described by a correspondent of the London Times: — " This horrible mass of putrefaction is one of the choicest dainties of the Burman. A quantity of fish, caught in the sea is pickled, and then buried in the earth, and then left there to attain the desired pitch of rottenness, for a time varying from one to four years, according to the taste of the market for which it is destined. Just as the wine manufacturers of Epernay and Rheims give to their champagnes particular flavors to meet the various tastes of their clients, so the dealers in gnappee ar§ said to prepare their delicate commodity. Whether kept for one or four years, it is absolutely putrid and swarming with loathsome animal life. Not only do the Burmans love the horrible viand itself, but they actually revel in its effluvium, and the native passengers on the flats which carried it, nestled and snuggled up to the vicinity of the nastiness, inhaling its stench with as much gusto as a hungry London gamin sniffs the odors of a cook-shop. Can human beings consume this loathsome putridity without suffering evil consequences } In Burmah there are two facts which may have some relation one with the other: that this putrid, pickled fish is an extensive article of consumption as human food, and that leprosy is so prevalent in the jail of Rangoon that it is found neces- sary to have a special ward for lepers." In the accompanying engraving our artist has pre- sented an imaginary dinner-table at which are seated a German with a dish of his favorite limburger, and a Bur- mese nobleman on the point of lifting to his mouth a forkful of the .unsavory gnappee. It is not easy to see where either of these gentlemen has the advantage of the other in point of refinement, nor is there any good reason why they should not be classed, as our artist seems to think they should be, with the hyena and the buzzard who are waiting impatiently for their share of the ques- tionable dainties. The story is told of a Spanish officer who, when invited to partake of the fragrant limburger by a German table- companion, coolly refused. " You think it unhealthy to eat that T' inquired the Hamburger in a tone of polite astonishment. "Unhealthy,"' exclaimed the Hidalgo, with a withering look and a gasp for a more adequate word — " sir, I think it an unnatural crime!" Rational Die! The reader who has perused attentively the foregoing pages, noting carefully the relations existing between na- tional character and national food, will have drawn for him- self many shrewd conclusions respecting the proper diet of man. To confirm these conclusions and to aid the reader in reducing them to some sort of system, the next few pages will be devoted to a consideration of the most important principles of correct dietetic living, which will be pre- sented not in the form of an exhaustive treatise, but in a series of brief and readable paragraphs which "he who runs may read." "j^l a ]S([aii EaMh, ^o I^ ge." The old German proverb, " As a man eateth, so is he," is an exact statement of a scientific fact. If a man g2 And TPemperancb. eats gross food, his blood will be gross, his tissues will be gross, his brain will be gross, and he will have gross thoughts, and very likely he will commit gross acts. The Concord philosopher says, " The man who lives chiefly upon hog, is in danger of becoming piggifie^." The young lady who lives chiefly upon pickles and bread and butter, with a liberal supply of mustard, washed down with strong tea or coffee, must be expected to have a temper as acri- monious as her diet. A man whose diet consists chiefly of flesh food, must expect to find himself more nearly re- lated to the animal in his instincts than the man who satisfies his palate with milk, fruits, and farinaceous seeds, — the primitive diet of the human family. Byron refused to eat flesh because, as he said, " It makes me ferocious." Writing in his journal in 1814, he said, " Meat I never touch. . . . The worst is, the Devil always comes with it till I starve him out ; I will not be the slave of any appetite." No man knew better than Byron, a man of strong appetites and passions, the influence of diet upon both mind and body. Many have recognized the same truth which he expressed, but com- paratively few have shown the same resolution in making a practical application of it. The man who wants to make the most of himself will take care that his body is built out of good material ; in other words, will use discretion as regards the sort of stuff" he puts into his stomach. The Hebrews could make brick without straw much more successfully than the sys- tem can make good brains out of strong coffee, Saratoga chips, and fried sausage. The bustling business man sits at a table in a down town restaurant, calls for a bill of fare, rattles off an order to the waiter, and presently finds himself surrounded with a dozen dishes containing as many varieties of abominable mixtures called " French cookery," which he supposes his stomach will convert into material for brains, with which he will be able to devise sharp schemes for money-get- ting, which will again convert brains into dollars. But the transmutation does not take place according to his calculations. Half an hour after dinner his abdomen swells up like a bass drum, his cranium feels like a cabbage head, his heart pounds away like a fire-engine, and he runs off" to the doctor to get him to feel of his pulse, look into his eyes, and tell him if he isn't going to have a stroke of apoplexy, or if he isn't threatened with spftening of the brain, from too much mental work, and if he had not better take a trip to Europe or visit some celebrated mineral spring, with a taste of sea water and a smell of perdition. If the doctor has the good sense and the bluntness of old Dr. Abernethy, he will say to him, " You are a fool and a glutton. Stop stuffing yourself with roast goose and cranberry sauce, fricasseed liver, pig's feet and fate de foie gras, and making a gourmand of yourself Treat your stomach decently, and your brains will be all right." J^ol Worth Ealing. When one sits at a hotel table, and observes what sort of stuff" people are trying to make bones, muscles, and brains out of, he is constrained to think that a hu- man stomach must be made of cast-iron, or that there is a day of trouble and retribution coming. If you ask any of those people if they ever suffer with indigestion, they will invariably reply with indignation in their tones, "Never." Watch the same people after dinner for half an hour, and you will see them gulping up off'ensive gases out of their stomachs, drinking noxious draughts of alkaline mineral waters at the drug stores, or swallowing big doses of some neutralizing cordial, never once think- ing that the indigestible stuff which they bolted at the dinner table has anything to do with the horrible state of affairs under their jackets. Some years ago an itinerant clergyman, traveling through a Western State, spent a night with a farmer, NOT WORTH EATING. and in the morning sat down with the rest around the breakfast table, to prepare for the long horseback journey which lay before him. The host invited him to ask a blessing upon the food about to be eaten. The reverend gentleman glanced over the table, taking a mental in- ventory of the food prepared for the dozen hungry mouths awaiting it. There were hot biscuits steaming from the oven, semi-transparent with lard and yellow with salara- tus; there were savory mince-pies, rich preserves, pickles green as grass, coffee black as ink, fried pork, fried eggs, fried potatoes, and a generous supply of fried cakes on the sideboard. Pausing for a moment, after his survey of the indigestible viands, with a solemn voice the clergyman 83 SuNBKAivrs OK Hkalth said, "Friends, this breakfast is not worth a blessing," and concluding that a breakfast not worth a blessing was not worth eating, he went on his journey without it. The farmer doubtless considered the blunt preacher a very ungrateful guest, and it is doubtful whether the les- son was of any practical value to him; but certain it is that a great share of the breakfasts and dinners eaten are not fit to be blessed or to be swallowed. Food, to be worth eating, must consist of such mate- rial as will properly nourish the body, and in such form as will be easily digested. It is also necessary for the welfare of the body that the food should consist of differ- ent nutritive elements in proper proportion. A man who undertakes to live upon sugar, or fat, or starch, or albu- men, exclusively, will die almost as soon as a man who eats nothing at all, although a mixture containing each of these elements in proper proportion is capable of sus- taining life indefinitely. OuePUDorl^ing the Stomaigli. Given proper food, properly prepared, one of the first questions which arises is. How much must a person eat to sustain life and keep himself in good working order .■■ Everybody knows the story of Cornaro, the dissipated Italian, who fourld himself a wreck at thirty; but by adopting a vegetarian diet consisting of ten ounces per day, was able to prolong his life to a full century, and found himself when an octogenarian more active and vig- orous than when a youth of twenty. A Frenchman lived for many years, working hard and preserving good health, on fourteen ounces per day. On the other hand, a Ro- man emperor ate as many pounds of meat per diem, and an Eskimo has been known to eat as much at a single meal. The amount of food required varies with each in- dividual, with weather changes, and with the kind and amount of labor performed. The only proper guide to the quantity of food is a healthy appetite ; and when the palate is not tickled with savory comestibles, and the ap- petite stimulated by irritating condiments, nature will in- variably say, " Enough," when a full allowance has been taken, by substituting a sense of satiety for the keen relish of hunger. A person when no longer feeling a real demand for food, should stop eating. The symptoms which result from hasty eating and over- eating are very similar. Indeed, the two processes are very likely to be combined, as one who eats too fast is very likely to eat too much. The most common sensa- tions after excess or abuse of the digestive organs in this way are a sense of fullness at the stomach and drowsiness after eating, which are pretty likely to be followed an hour or two later by eructations of gas, with heart-burn or sour stomach, the result of fermentations of the food. After a time, the digestive organs may become §9 weak- ened that even a small quantity, though properly eaten, will be very imperfectly digested, and the whole system suffers in consquence. Indigestion is something more than simply a-n incon- venience. A body which is served with food by a dys- peptic stomach, receives very poor material of which to rebuild its tissues. None of the food is perfectly digested, and hence the quality of all the tissues is deteriorated. Besides this, the septic changes which take place in the stomach and bowels produce various poisonous substances, which are absorbed along with the food, and which poi- son and irritate the brain and nerves, and produce vari- ous disorders and discomforts which are ofttimes attrib- uted to other causes. Even the imperfectly digested food is treated by the system as waste or poisonous material, and instead of being used to repair the wastes of the body, is excreted, or thrown off, by th» liver and kidneys with the waste elements of the system. The stomach sometimes holds up wonderfully under the heavy burden laid upon it, and digests a much larger amount of food than is necessary to supply the wants of the body. In such cases, the excessive amount-of nutri- ment received is either at once excreted, or accumulates in the tissues, clogging the various organs and interfering with their proper activity. Accumulations of this sort are the chief cause of gout, rheumatism, biliousness, and nu- merous other disorders which are usually attributed to other causes. As regards the influence of weather and occupation upon eating, it may be briefly stated that we need to consume more food in cold weather than during the warm season, for the simple reason that one of the most im- portant uses of food is to furnish fuel to keep us warm. In cold weather, the consumption of fuel in our bodies, as well as in our stoves and furnaces, is necessarily greater than in the warm season; and hence we need a larger supply of food. Hard muscular labor, accompanied by active mental occupation, consumes the greatest amount of tissue in a given time, and produces the demand for a larger amount of food than either purely physical or purely mental oc- cupations. The hard mental worker really requires as much food as the muscle worker, but should remember that he can indulge in excess with much less impunity. The woods- man, whose monotonous occupation makes of him prac- tically a mere chopping machine, consumes without ap- parent harm, several pounds daily of coarse and indigest- ible food, and a surplus of bodily energy enables him to digest what would be absolutely poisonous to a brain- worker of sedentary habits, who can take with safety only just so much as his system actually requires. For the average man, the amount of food required each day 84 And T^EMPKRAKci^. probably varies not far from one and one-half pounds of dry graham bread, or its equivalent in other foods. There isi vastly more danger of eating too much than too little. The mother who fears her child may starve to death before morning if sent to bed without its supper, would undoubtedly find it difficult to believe that Dr. Tanner could live forty days without tasting food, a pe- riod which has been in other instances of fasting consid- erably exceeded. The manner of taking food is a matter of quite as great consequence as the quantity eaten. The very best food, hastily bolted, after the fashion of the av- erage American, may be digested less perfectly than food naturally difficult of digestion, but which has been delib- erately and thoroughly masticated. DINING AT RAILROAD SPEED. The precipitate and reckless manner in which many people actually thrust their food down their throats in down-town restaurants and railroad eating-houses, is a prolific source of profit to the manufacturers of stomach bitters and a vast army of charlatans who profess to be able to cure all sorts of stomach disorders " without at- tention to diet." Most diseases of the stomach are due to a violation of the laws of good digestion, and no rule of wholesome living is more frequently violated than that which requires thorough mastication of the food. It is reported of Mr. Gladstone that he requires his children to make forty movements of the jaws for each mouthful of meat before swallowing it; and if the ex- prime minister himself follows the same rule, this may possibly be one of the secrets of the remarkable strength of mind and body which enable him to do more work at the advanced age of fourscore years than most of his countrymen are^ able to do at half this age. Deluging the Stomai^ii. It is not an uncommon thing to see a diner at a hotel or restaurant beginning a meal with one or two glasses of ice-water, and ending it with an equal quantity of some harmful beverage, with a glass or two of iced tea or some other drink sandwiched in between. One would think from the way people sometimes deluge their stomachs that they were trying to drown out a ground squirrel, or some other inhabitant of the subterranean regions which had surreptitiously taken possession of their inner man. When habitual, the practice of swallowing great quanti- ties of liquid at meal times is productive of the greatest harm to the digestive functions. Liq- uid of any kind, in large quantity, is prejudicial to digestion because it de- lays the action of the gastric juice, weakens its digestive qualities, and overtaxes the absorbents. In case the fluid is hot, if in considerable quantity, it relaxes and weakens the stomach. If it is cold, it checks digestion by cooling the stomach's contents down to a degree at which digestion cannot proceed. Few people are aware how serious a disturbance even a small quantity of cold water, ice-cream, or other cold substance, will create when taken into a stomach where food is undergoing digestion. This process cannot be carried on at a tempera- ture of less than that of the body, or about lOO". Dr. Beaumont observed that when Alexis St. Martin drank a glassful of water at the usual temper- ature of freshly drawn well water, the temperature of the food undergoing digestion fell immediately to 70° and did not regain the proper, temperature until after the lapse of more than half an hour. Of course the eating of very cold food must have a similar effect, making digestion very tardy and slow. If any drink at all is taken, it should be a few minutes be- fore eating, or an hour or two afterward. If the meal is mostly com.posed of dry foods, a few sips of warm or moderately hot water will be beneficial rather than other- wise, taken at the beginning of the meal or at its close. The habit of drinking during the meal should be discon- tinued wholly. If the diet is of proper quality, and the food is well masticated, there will be little inclination to eat too much. When the food is rendered fiery and irritating with spices and stimulating condiments, it is no wonder that there is an imperious demand for water or liquid of some kind to allay the irritation. 85 SUNBKAMS OK MeALTH jSt BetteF Way in Diet. Eating when tired, and engaging in active mental or physical exercise immediately after a hearty meal, are two of the most common sins against dietetic rectitude in our modern civilization. An old medical writer tells us that a hundred years ago it was the custom among the merchants of Edinburg to take two hours' "nooning" for dinner in the middle of the day, during which time the shops were closed, and all business suspended. It is quite hopeless to attempt a resurrection of this good old- fashioned custom in these fast times; and the best thing we can suggest is that no hearty meal should be eaten during the active business hours of the day, unless at least an hour or two can be allowed after the meal has been taken, to give the stomach opportunity to get the digestive process well under way. The plan which our personal experience leads us to prefer is to defer the hearty meal, as did the Romans, until the latter part of the day, say four o'clock in the afternoon, taking, if necessary, an apple, a bunch of grapes, an orange or two, or some equally simple food at midday, to appease the clamoring of the stomach until it has become accustomed to the lengthened interval be- tween the first and second meals. Ju]o Jealf OF pue? One of the most pernicious customs of modern society is that of frequent meals. This custom is seen in its ex- treme development in England more clearly than in this country, five meals a day, including lunches, being there thought none too many. The idea seems to prevail that the stomach must never be allowed to become empty under any circumstances. In this country, three meals is the general custom, though more are often taken. Healthy digestion requires at least five hours for its, com- pletion, and one hour for rest before another meal is taken. This makes six hours' necessary for the disposal of each meal. If food is taken at shorter intervals than this, when ordinary food is eaten, the stomach must suf- fer disturbance sooner or later, since it will be allowed no time for rest. Again, if a meal is taken before the preceding meal has been digested and has left the stomach, the portion remaining, from its long exposure to the influence of warmth and moisture which especially favor fermentation, is likely to undergo that change in spite of the preserv- ing influence of the gastric juice, and thus the whole mass of food will be rendered less fit for the nutrition of the body, and the stomach will be liable to suffer injury from the acids developed. There is good reason to be- lieve that for a large share of those who now take three to five meals a day, two would be much better. The ancient Greeks and Romans took but one meal fer diem. During the republican era, the Roman custom was to eat but twice a day, breakfast being simply a light repast of fruit and bread. At the present time, the two- meal-a-day plan prevails quite extensively in France and Spain, especially among the better classes. The inmates of the hospitals of Paris are supplied with but two meals a day. The same is true respecting the soldiers of the French army. This was the prevailing custom in olden times. In- deed, the modern frequency of meals is the outgrowth of a gradual losing sight of the true function of food and of eating, and making the gratification of the palate the chief object instead of the nourishment of the body. It is distinctly a modern custom. That the system can be well nourished upon two meals a day is beyond contro- versy, seeing that not only did our vigorous forefathers require but two meals a day, but hundreds of persons in modern times have adopted the same custom without in- jury, and with most decided benefit. Students, teachers, clergymen, lawyers, and other literary and professional men, will be especially benefited by this plan. For more than twenty years the writer has eaten but two meals a day, and the amount of hard work done in that time convinces him of the superiority of this plan. The spe- cial advantages gained by it are, i. The stomach is al- lowed proper intervals for rest; 2. Sleep is much more recuperative when the stomach is allowed to rest with the balance of the body ; 3. Digestion cannot be well performed during sleep. ^he 2aniii30FOii| _^ppetite. When the practice of meat-eating was introduced into the human family, history does not positively inform us, but certain it is that primitive man was not carnivorous in his habits. In this one thing, at least, Darwin agrees with Moses. Bible accounts represent man in his primi- tive innocence as subsisting wholly upon the fruits of the soil. Darwin professes to trace back the origin of the human family to a four-handed beast that obtained its sustenance from the fruits and ground-nuts of the pri- meval forests through which it roamed. Pythagores, one of the most renowned of Grecian philosophers, was a rigid vegetarian, as were all his followers. More than one modern philosopher has found himself able to do his best work when imitating the plan of Byron, who, during his stay in Venice, wrote to a friend, " I stick to Pythagoras." Plato and Seneca, two other celebrated philosophers, were vegetarians as was also Shelley, and Benjamin Franklin, at least during a portion of his life. The great Newton, while writing his most celebrated mathematical treatises, abstained wholly from flesh-food. Wendell Phillips, the " silver-tongued orator," informed the writer a few years 86 Akd Temperanck. before his death that for fifty years he Lad been practically a vegeta- rian, and rigidly so during a con- siderable portion of the time, though while traveling about the country, he sometimes tasted fish when meagerly supplied with wholesome vegetable food. The author of " Lit- tle Women," as well as the little women themselves, as we were in- formed by her father, the eminent Concord philosopher, were all reared vegetarians. The writer has been a vegetarian for more than twenty years, and from personal experience is convinced that the practice is in every way conducive to health, and is capable of sustaining mental and physical strength during protracted and most arduous labor, both mental and physical. It must be allowed, however, that meat may be used in moderation in connection with fruits and grains, without immediate ill effects, unless the flesh is obtained from a diseased animal, which, unfortunately, is an accident quite liable to occur. Tri- china, tape-worm, and other parasitic diseases, besides consumption, possi- bly scrofula, and some other con- stitutional maladies, are liable to be contracted by the use of the flesh of diseased animals. Flesh of all kinds should be thoroughly cooked. JVIurder in the ^i^i^hen. The story is told of a physician, who, when the cook of a wealthy family which he had attended for many years, was about leaving, made her a present of fifty guineas, which he offered as a token of his regard and obligation; for, as he said, he would have had no busi- ness in her master's family if it had not been for the dis- ease-producing dishes which she had concocted in the kitchen. In the above engraving our artist has undertaken to present a portrait of the " demon of the kitchen." Al- though the picture is somewhat overdrawn, it must be ad- mitted that the imagination of a hygienically enlightened person can easily discover in the boiling pot in which many a dinner is cooked, a regular " witch's caldron," the vapor rising from which weaves itself into imps and hob- goblins of disease which haunt the kitchen of many a kiii£SI THE DEMON OF THE KITCHEN. household. The skillet bears as its appropriate emblem the skull and cross-bones, while from the death-dealing gridiron is suspended an imp that has committed suicide by hang- ing, in despair of finding any more deadly weapon of at- tack upon human life and health. The table bears the usual assortment of domestic poisons. In the distance, seen through the window, a hearse is conveying away a victim of the "demon's" deadly work, following which is another victim tottering in the last stages of disease, and soon to be borne in like manner to the grave. The real object of cooking is to render the elements of food more digestible. It is intended, indeed, to be a sort of partial preliminary digestion of the food; but the numerous devices of cooks and caterers, complex com- pounds, and indigestible mixtures, have so far subverted the original design of the process as to render cooking a means of making food indigestible as often as otherwise. Altogether too little attention is paid to the subject of cookery as a science. In the majority of cases, the task of preparing food for the palate — the stomach is seldom 87 SUNBE^AMS OF HkALTH thought, of — is intrusted to ignorant servant girls or col- ored cooks who compound mixtures by " the rule of thumb" and without any reference whatever to the phys- iological wants of the body. We are glad to see a slight indication of reform in this direction in the establishment of schools of cookery in the larger cities, and lecture- ships on the subject in some of our female seminaries. To become a good cook requires as much native genius and far more practical experience than to become a mu- sician or a school teacher, or even to enter some of the learned professions. The position of cook ought to be made so respectable and lucrative that it will attract per- sons of sufficient mental capacity and culture to make the art subservient to the purpose for which it was first em- ployed and designed. A bad cook in a family is a worse enemy to the health, the comfort, and even the morals of the household than would be a swamp generating ma- laria a half mile away, a cesspool fever-nest at the back door, small-pox across the street, or a Chinese Joss-house in the next block. ' Give us good cooks, intelligent cooks, cooks who are thoroughly educated, and we, will guarantee the cure of nine-tenths of all the dyspeptics without money and with- out medical advice. SouF Stomach. jpried food. Of all dietetic abominations for which bad cookery is responsible, fried dishes are the most pernicious. Meats, fried, fricasseed, or otherwise cooked in fat, fried bread, fried vegetables, doughnuts, griddle cakes, and all other similar combinations of melted fat with other elements of food, are most difficult articles of digestion. None but the most stalwart stomach can master such indigestibles. The gastric juice has little more action on fats than wa- ter. Hence, a portion of meat or other food saturated with fat is as completely protected from the action of the gastric juice as is a foot within a well-oiled h6ot from the snow and water outside. It is marvelous, indeed, that any stomach, under any circumstances, can digest such food, and it is far from remarkable that many stomachs after a time rebel and retaliate most vigorously for the abuses to which they have been subjected. It is principally for this same reason that " rich '* cake, "shortened" pie-crust, and pastry generally, as well as warm bread and butter, so notoriously disagree with weak stomach, and are the efficient cause in producing disease of the digestive organs. The digestiori of the food being interfered with by its covering of fat, fermentation takes place. The changes occasioned in the fat develop in the stomach extremely irritating and injurious acids, which ir- ritate the mucous membrane of the stomach, causing congestion, and sometimes even inflammation. Said a lean, cadaverous looking man to the writer one day, " My stomach is just like a swill barrel." The ex- pression, though not elegant, was certainly appropriate as well as significant; for no sooner would the poor man swallow his dinner than it became converted into a sour, fermenting mass, which he was soon glad to rid himself of, provoking vomiting by thrusting his finger down his throat. In this wretched condition he had been for months, indeed, much of the time for years, and had sought relief from doctors of all pathies, and from patent medicines of every description, until at last he was almost in despair of ever being rid of his " tormentor," as he styled his dyspeptic stomach. The following -prescrip- tion was given the poor nian: — One hour before breakfast, drink two or three glasses of hot water to rinse out your sour stomach, and get it in fit condition to receive the morning meal. One hour before dinner do the same. Half an hour before going to bed, again rinse out the s'tomach by two or three glasses of hot water. For breakfast, take two or three glasses of hot milk, sipping it slowly and eating along with it a couple of generous slices of graham bread, toasted in the oven until hard and brown. For dinner take bread and meat instead of bread and milk, a tender steak or mut- ton-chop, free from fat, broiled rare and without butter. For supper, nothing but hot water. After continuing this diet until the stomach no longer sours, gradually enlarge the bill of fare until able to eat fruits and grains simply prepared, avoiding tea, coffee, vegetables, spices, fat meats, preserves, sugar, and all foods hard to digest. In six weeks the patient was well, and had added to his avoirdupois an average of half a pound per diem. j^n ^U-Grone feeling. " There is such a terrible, all-gone feeling at my stomach. I feel as though I wanted to eat all the time, and yet nothing satisfies me," said a fashionable lady pa- tient one day. "What do you eat.'" "Oh, beefsteak, bread and butter, tea and coffee, veg- etables sometimes — whatever I like." "Pickles".?" " Yes, always. I can't eat anything without pickles." " Mustard on your meat .'' " " Of course. If I do n't eat mustard, meat always lies heavy on my stomach. It do n't seem to digest." " You take your coffee pretty strong, I suppose .' " " Yes, I want it good or not at all. None of your dish-water for me." 88 And TempkrAKce^. ' You take ice-cream after dinner, sometimes, do you not ?" . " Oh, yes, most every day in hot weather. No harm in that, I suppose, it is so cooling." " Do n't eat anything between meals ? " " Yes, I do. I have fruit-cake or candy or something else good close at hand all the time, and eat whenever I get hungry." " You eat considerable confectionery, then, do you .''" " Oh, not so very much. There is a five-pound box of peppermint drops over there my husband just sent me. That will last me almost a" week." " There are some more boxes over there just like this one. Do they contain peppermint drops too ? " "No; I have eaten those up. In the last five weeks I have eaten just twenty-three pounds of those pepper- mint drops. You don't think they will do me any harm, do you .' " " Oh, no ! Peppermint applied to the skin, the tough, outside covering of your body, will raise a blister, but a stomach that has been abused like yours probably has no more feeling than an old boot. I presume you could take half a pint of peppermint oil, and could eat mustard and red pepper like a Mexican, without knowing that there was anything unusual happening in your stomach, unless it were a little extra touch of ' all-goneness ' an hour or two afterward. The trouble with your stomach, madam, is total depravity. It has been so abominably treated that its natural tone and vigor are ' all gone,' and it is of little more consequence to you than a leather bag. " It is n't any wonder that your face is pale and hag- gard, your cheeks thin, your naturally fair skin covered all over with unsightly brown patches, and that you are so afflicted with general good-for^nothingness. Your blood is thin and poor for want of well-digested food. Your nerves are distracted with exciting and irritating con- diments, and your liver is half paralyzed by its frantic ef- forts to dispose of some of the wretched stuff you have been putting into your stomach. The wonder is you have not died of starvation, of spinal anaemia, or inflammation of the, stomach, or winter cholera, or some other proper kind of punishment for your unnatural treatment of your digestive organs. " If you expect to get well, you will have to turn over a new leaf immediately. Throw away your spices, con- diments, confectionery, and ices, and stop eating between meals. Take only the most simple food twice, or, at most, three times a day. You will soon find yourself getting more enjoyment out of a simple, natural dietary than you ever dreamed of finding in your richest and most highly seasoned viands. You will have better blood ; your sys- tem will make better brains and nerves, better muscles, and a better liver. The dingy brown hue will disappear from your skin, your eyes will resume their natural bright- ness, the horrid nasty taste will get out of your mouth, and the ' all-gone ' feeling will be all gone." She didn't like to give i up her tidbits and peppermint drops, but she so longed to get rid of those ugly brown patches, which " French chalk" and " Magnolia balm" would not cover up, that she reformed ; and although a " leopard may not change his spots, nor the Ethiopian his skin," this fashionable woman changed hers. Gonlumption of Dylpep^ia, WMigh? " Doctor," said the mother of a lad of seventeen, as she brought him into the office, " I want you to tell me if this boy has consumption. He has been growing thin- ner and paler and weaker every day, until I have been obliged to take him out of school, and I am afraid he is n't going to be good for anything." '• Have a seat, madam, and I will look your boy over." " Take off your coat and vest, sir, — shirt, also, if you please. Now stand up before the light here and let me see you breathe. Chest flat, shoulders round, lungs evi- dently rather weak. Have n't very good wind, I guess. How far can you run without getting all out of breath." " I can't run at all. Can't even walk very fast ; it makes my heart beat so that it seems as though I could not get my breath." " Now let me listen at your chest with the stetho- scope, while you take a deep breath. That will do. Now hold your breath a few seconds, while I listen at the heart. Very good. Now let us see your tongue. A thick yellow coat on it. You have a bad taste in your mouth in the morning .■• " "An awful nasty taste." " Have a good appetite ? " " Sometimes want to eat all the while, and other times can't eat at all." " Have the headache sometimes .'' " " Have sick headache every Monday morning." " Have any bad feelings in your stomach .? " " It seems as if there was a big stone there after ev- ery time I eat." " Bowels regular .' " " Have to take a dose of pills every other day, or they would n't be." " Do you have any indigestion .■■ " " I do n't know ; but I have something that comes up into my mouth and scorches my throat worse than red pepper after almost every meal." " What do you eat .' " " Oh, I eat most anything I like. I did n't suppose it made any difference what I ate." "You like ham and eggs, fried sausage, 'Welsh rare- 89 SUNBBAMS OF HeALTH bit. mince-pies, doughnuts, griddle cakes, fried oysters, and stewed lobsters ? " " Oh, yes, I like all those things, and a good many more." " Madam, it is plain that this boy has no consump- tion, but it is equally clear that he has a full-grown dys- pepsia." " Do you think so. Doctor .' " " It is perfectly evident, madam." "Old Dr. M , who examined him a few weeks ago, said that he ' was going into a decline,' and that I had better take him out of school and giv€ him a change of climate." " He is already in a decline, madam. A change of climate won't do him any harm, but what he needs most is a change of diet." " What do you think I had better give him to eat, Doctor ? " " Give him plenty of good fruit and grains, meat spar- ingly, eggs occasionally, and all the good rich milk and cream he wants." "What sort of grain preparations do you think would be best for him .' " " Well, let him have oatmea.1 mush or cracked wheat for breakfast, grits, rice, and boiled peas or beans for din- ner, with good graham bread at both meals." " But he do n't like grains, Doctor." " Very likely ; but he must learn to like them." " Do you think such light diet would be sufficiently strengthening for him ? You know his blood is rather thin, and he is pretty weak. The other doctor said that I ought to give him very hearty food, as he needs to be built up ; and he gave him some ' beef, wine and iron tonic ' to take." " A light diet, do you say, madam .■• Why, one pound of oatmeal or cracked wheat is worth three pounds of beefsteak for nourishment, and is a good deal easier to digest than fried oysters, and those other abominations your son has been eating." " But what about the supper, Doctor ? " "Well, if he must have a little supper, let him take a glass or two of milk, with a little stale bread and fruit ; but his digestion is so slow that he will be a good deal better off without anything at night. His sleep will be sounder, and when he wakes in the morning, he will pretty soon be rid of that ' awful nasty taste' in his mouth, and have a better appetite for breakfast. Try my prescription, and before a month's time you will be con- vinced that it is a good one." The prescription was tried, not one month, but six months — a year in fact ; and now the pale weak lad has grown to be a tall, broad-shouldered, muscular young man, with stout lungs, good digestion, and no more indi- cations of an approaching decline than a growing pumpkin. Death in the Jot. Reader, does it ever occur to you that the tender beef-steak or juicy mutton-chop which you so much rel- ish for breakfast may be less wholesome and nourishing than you have supposed it to be .■* In Bible times, and indeed among most nations at the present day, bread was the staff of life; but the average American evidently believes that beef or flesh food of some kind is the chief means by which strength is to be replenished. The error of this opinion is shown by the fact that millions of hu- man beings are practically vegetarians, and yet enjoy most excellent health; and the additional fact that the ae— M m ^^K Wl^^ll ^E& kiim^S^vm w 1 a HH Wu H i \*''Mk*C^W^^^^a Bgfe i 1 B8^^^^^5^ A PACKING HOUSE. strongest and the longest-lived of all members of the an- imal kingdom are not flesh-eaters. Our object is not, however, to argue the question whether the use of flesh food is harmful or unnecessary, but- to call attention to the fact that much of the flesh food consumed is either in a diseased state or liable to be diseased. All of the domestic animals which are used as food are liable to diseases, many of whiph are similar to those from which human beings suffer. Consumption, scrofula, rheumatism, typhoid and malarial fevers, small-pox, scarlet fever, pleuro-pneumonia, influenza, carbuncle, and jaundice are a few of the diseases to which food-animals are liable, to say nothing of such functional disorders as torpid livers, dyspepsia, and deficient or disturbed secretions. Besides these diseases, there are those terrible maladies, tape- worm and trichinosis, which are known to arise from the use of diseased flesh, and from this cause only. These dis- orders are exceedingly prevalent among cattle and hogs, and increasingly so. Reader, do you feel no uneasiness on this subject ? Then come with us for a visit to a packing house in some large Western city, where thousands' of animals, cattle, sheep, and hogs, are daily slaughtered and prepared for market. We will not undertake to study the whole im- mense business in all its details, but will just glance about here and there and note what we may see that has 90 A.ND TkiVIPKRANCE^. a bearing on the question which we are considering. Per- haps the first thing we note is a long inclined plane up which is being driven, in single file, a long line of hogs, fat, unwieldy, and blear-eyed. Most of them look as though they were not enjoying the best of health, and a few appear to be positively sick. There is one that is evidently scarcely able to walk. He totters slowly along, and at last falls in the middle of the procession. If he had held out to the other end, he would have been seized by the legs, swung up, his throat cut, and in a twinkling he would have been in the course of preparation for the pork barrel. Now he is doomed to go to the rendering establishment, where he- will be thrown into a great caul- dron, and stewed up with a lot of other sick hogs, for a few hours, after which a great part of him will appear in the shape of first-class steam-refined lard, and shortly he will be on his way over to an artificial butter factory, to be converted into oleomargarine. There is no question that vast numbers of hogs sick with hog cholera, and other diseases to which the animal is subject, find their way 'in one form or another into the stomachs of the people. If the sick porker had been able to reach the top of the inclined plane, he would have been eaten without so much circumlocution ; and if his con- sumer had died of some mysterious disease, it probably would have been charged to Providence or the weather instead of the pig or the packer. Unquestionably, thou- sands of deaths of this sort do occur every year, the real cause of which is seldom ever suspected. A few years ago, a family in Michigan was made sick by the use of steam-refined lard. A portion of the lard was sent to an eminent microscopist, who reported that he found in the lard the germs of hog cholera, which certainly was suffi- cient explanation of the sickness. Let us take a look at the dressed carcasses which are lying about in scores. Here is one, the flesh of which is of a dark purple color. The color signifies that the ani- mal was suffering with an acute fever when it was killed. Will' this flesh be likely to make pure blood and healthy tissues .' Here is another which has a pale pink color. What does this signify .' Simply that the butcher got the start by a month or two of a consumption, which was preying upon the animal's vitality. If we had seen its lungs, we should have found them studded with tubercles. It is more than likely that those who eat the flesh of this an- imal will consume some millions of tubercles in so doing ; and it is possible that some of them who happen to take their steaks a little rare will contract the disease. It is very probable that this is one of the most common sources of the rapid increase in prevalence of this greatest of all the scourges of civilization. According to the most re- liable statistics, it appears that about one-fifth of all who die fall victims to this most incurable of maladies. Here is one source of infection with the disease, which it would be wise to avoid. That carcass over there which has a golden yellow cast, was from an animal which had jaundice. The flesh is stained with bile ; and yet some one will eat it with no thought of the grossness which he is consuming. Suppose we take a closer view of some of the fine rounds and roasts which are going to be served up on somebody's table before a week has passed. Here is a piece of splendid looking meat, which would be quite likely to make a carnivorous man's mouth water for a liberal slice of it. Let us cut off a bit and put it under a pocket microscope which we happen to have with us. You notice some little white specks scattered here and there. Do you ask what they are } These are small cysts. In each one of them is curled up a little tape- worm. When the flesh is eaten, the sac will be dissolved by the gastric juice, and the little worm will be liberated. It will soon fasten itself by a pair of minute booklets to the side of the intestine, and will begin to grow, feeding upon the digested food which ought to nourish the host who furnishes him a lodging. Our worm may go on growing until it reaches the length of fifty or a hundred feet, or even more. The careful study of tape-worms which has been made within the past few years has de- veloped the fact that in nearly all cases these loathsome parasites are derived from beef or veal. A large proportion of all hogs are afflicted with tri- chinje. When this infected pork is eaten, as most of it undoubtedly is, it is liable to give rise to a disease known as trichinosis, one-half the cases of which prove fatal. It has been ascertained in England that the use of the flesh of animals which have died of pleuro-pneumonia is a cause of a malignant and very deadly form of disease known as malignant carbuncle. Dr. Livingstone observed the same thing in South Africa. It has been asserted by a most eminent authority on this subject. Prof Gamgee, that one-fifth of all the meat sold in the markets is from diseased animals. Prof Brown, of England, asks the significant question. What becomes of all the hundreds and thousands of "rotten" sheep which we see in the fields ? Hear his reply : " To bury them would require whole catacombs ; the real cat- acombs are the intestinal canals of the human body." Reader, do you care to have your stomach used as a sepulchre ? If not, then look carefiilly after the character of what goes into it. You may become through a care- ful investigation of this subject so thoroughly convinced of the unwholesomeness of flesh food that you will be led to abjure the use of flesh altogether. Should you desire to do so, you may undertake a vegetarian regimen with the full assurance that in so doing you will run no risk of experiencing other than benefit, both physically and mentally. 91 SUNBBAMS OF HeAL'TH Jhe Jpii^liina. This parasite has been so well and so frequently de- scribed that we hardly need enter upon a lengthy descrip- tion here. For a long time after it was discovered, the general public received reports concerning the new para- site with incredulity ; but so many cases of fatal poison- ing from this source have f p^l- \l u now occurred that no one longer doubts. The trichina is found usually in pork, though it may infest the flesh of numerous other animals as well. Cases have been reported in England in which it was found in calves. It has also been recently discovered in the hippopotamus. It exists only in the , lean flesh of animals, and is found among the mus- cular fibres, or inclosed in little sacs or capsules. It is almost always found in the latter con- dition. As found in these conditions, the Fig. 1. Young Trichinae in Pork. •. • „ ■ . " ^ parasite is a minute, thread-like worm, about one-thirty-fifth of an inch in length, and about one-six-hundredth of an inch in diam- eter. This is the embryonic or undeveloped form of the worm. When taken into the stomach by the eating of the flesh containing it, the worm is soon liberated from its capsular prison, and in the course of a week under- goes complete development, reaching a size much greater than that described, so that it even becomes vis- ible. During this time it is buried in the mucus of the stomach and intestines. When development is complete it speedily brings forth young in immense numbers, a single worm producing, it is stated, one thousand or more young. The young worms very quickly begin to pene- trate the system, either by boring their way through the intestinal walls and thence to the muscles, their final destination, or by getting into the blood-vessels and be- ing swept along with the blood current. Which is the exact method has not yet been determined. After reaching the muscles it , penetrates the sheaths of the fibres, and finally becoming quiet, coils itself up and after a time becomes encapsulated, in which con- dition it is shown in the engraving. Fig. 2. This was drawn by the aid of the camera lucinda, from a specimen found in a piece of pork sent to us by a gentleman in Wisconsin, who was led to suspect that a neighbor had been poisoned with the parasite, by the peculiarity of his symptoms, which puzzled the physi- cians in attendance. There were several deaths, but the cause was unsuspected, except by the gentleman referred to, until the pork was sent us for examina- tion. The astonishing apathy of the peo- ple to the subject a few years ago was well illustrated by the fact that neither the poisoned family nor the attending phy- sician would believe the true nature of the case, even after- we published an account of the examination, with a cut of some of the worms found, but persisted in calling the disease cholera morbus, though it oc- curred in mid-winter. After some months the walls of the capsules become impregnated with carbonate of lime, when they appear like small, white specks, as seen in the accompanying cut which are readily seen by the naked eye. We frequently, found these evidences of the presence of the worm in human muscles when dissecting as a medical student at Bellevue Hospital, New York. Prof. Janeway, then Dem- onstrator of Anatomy, in- formed us that he had ob- served the proportion of tri- chinatous bodies for a num- ber of years, and believed that about one in twenty was thus a ff e c t e d . The worms were found still alive in cases in which they must have been encapsulated for more than twenty years, so great is the vitality of these creatures. After they have once entered the tissues nothing can dislodge them ; they will remain as long as the individual lives. How- ever, they do not, as some erroneously suppose, multi- ply after entering the mus- cles. They generate but once and in the intestinal canal. The entrance of this par- asite into the system, except when it is received in very 1 most serious disturbance of first the symptoms resemble those of cholera morbus, dysentery, or some other se- rious bowel disturbance. When the young- worms begin to penetrate the system, the symptoms become more Fig. 2. Encysted Tricliinae. small numbers, occasions the vital functions. At 92 And Temperance. general, and simulate rheumatism, cerebro-spinal menin- gitis, typhoid fever, and other diseases. This is the rea- son why the malady is so often overlooked. Indeed, there is reason for believing that the largest share of the cases of this disease are not detected. Whether or not death results, depends upon the number of parasites received into the system and the vitality of the patient. Death us- ually occurs from exhaustion, but may be caused by paraly- sis of some of the muscles involved in respiration. That the disease is rapidly on the increase is shown by the fact that the examinations of pork, made in Chicago, the great- est pork mart of the world, a number of years ago, showed the average number affected to be about one in forty. Re- cent examinations made under the direction of tjje health officer of that city, show that at the present time one out of every twelve hogs packed in that city is infected with the disease. In some parts of the country a still higher percent- age of infection is fo.und. As there is no means of arresting the disease after a person or an animal has once been in- fected, it appears very probable that at no very distant date the hog race will be universally infected with this pest. Already it has been found necessary in most foreign countries open to the importation of American products, to prohibit the reception of American pork. If a law were enacted in this country requiring that the raising of the beast and consumption of its carcass should be to- tally discontinued, we doubt not that the result would be in the highest degree beneficial to health, and, in the end, in no degree damaging to the material interests of the country. We fear, however, that the thrifty farmers of our West- ern States will look upon this view as quite too Utopian to be received. Very likely the world has not yet reached a sufficiently high state of civilization to enable the aver- age citizen to sacrifice pecuniary gain in the interest of health unless Death stares him in the face. Undoubtedly there are thousands of pork eaters who are carrying about with them in their muscles millions of these uncanny parasites. When calcarious degeneration of .the cell walls with which they are invested has taken place, they have the same effect upon the muscles as would so many small particles of chalk, sand, or other foreign ma- terial. In other words, they act like foreign bodies, and frequently set up an irritation of the tissues, which is un- doubtedly in most cases regarded as muscular rheumatism. An eminent German physician, who has given this matter much careful study, asserts that so-called muscular rheu- matism is in a very large proportion of cases due to this cause. So our pork-loving friend, whenever you feel a tingle of " rheumatiz " in your chest or shoulder, let it be a re- minder to you that you are undoubtedly the host of some millions or billions of the wretched worms which find in your muscles very comfortable quarters, The incurable character of the malady produced by these parasites, and the extreme liability of contracting it, seem to us to be ample grounds for discarding the use of pork altogether. The hog is well qualified to act the part of a scavenger, for which he was evidently designed by Nature; but there is plenty of food for human beings far superior in quality to swine's ilesh. J)ilen Jlllade ol Oatmeal. No article of food has increased in general favor in the last few years so rapidly as oatmeal.. A few years ago it was used almost exclusively by the Scotch and Iri.sh, with a few invalids who were looked upon by their friends either as a " little cracked," or poor unfort- unates forced to do penance on account of previous transgressions. Now this highly nutritious food is found upon the breakfast table of the better classes everywhere. All first-class hotels and restaurants supply it to their patrons at least once a day. Dr. Johnson entertained a great hatred of the Scotch, and lost no opportunity of saying bitter things against them. He once defined oats as " in Scotland food for Scotchmen ; but in England food for horses.'' He was well answered by the indig- nant Scotchman, who replied, " Yes, and where can you find such men as in Scotland, or such horses as in Eng- land .? " In the " Life and Letters of Macaulay " it is mentioned that Carlyle, catching a glimpse of Macaulay's face, remarked, " Well, any one can see that you are an honest, good sort of a fellow, made out of oatmeal." A contemporary well says, " If oatmeal can make such men as Walter Scott, Dr. Chalmers, and Lord Macaulay, we may well heap high the porritch "dish, and bribe our children to eat of it. One thing we do know, that it is far better for the blood and brain than cake, confections, and scores of delicacies, on which many pale little pets are fed by their foolishly fond mothers. ' The Queen's Own,' a regiment of almost giants, recruited from the Scotch Highlands, are, as Carlyle said of Macaulay, 'made of oatmeal.' " fi Ghange of Diet. The following amusing story suggests the thought that what the people need is not so much to be informed respecting what a healthful diet is, but to be made to feel the importance and necessity of making " a healthy change " : — "A member of the sanitary police force came across a boy the other day who was wheeling home a load of oyster cans and bottles, and, curious to know what use the lad could put them to, he made a direct inquiry. " ' Going to throw them over into our back yard,' re- plied the boy. ' I took two loads home yesterday.' ?3 SUNBKAMS OK HkALTH " ' But what do you use 'em for ? ' " ' It's a trick of the family,' grinned the boy. '"How trick?' " ' I'd just as lief tell,' continued the boy, as he spit on his hands to resume his hold on the barrow. ' We're go- ing to have some relashuns come from the country. We may not have much to eat, but if they see these cans and bottles and boxes they'll think we've had isters, champagne, figs, and nuts till we've got tired of 'em and are living on bread and taters for a healthy change ! ' The officer scratched his head like a man who had received a new idea." fi. Vegetarian Ghiei The following is an extract from a speech made by an Indian chief to his people, to be found in Schoolcraft's report on the Indian tribes of the United States: — " See ye not that the pale-faces feed on grains, while we feed on flesh ? that the flesh takes thirty months to grow up, and that it is often scarce .'' that every one of those wonderful grains which they strew into the earth yields to them a thousand-fold return ? that the flesh on \yhich we live has four legs to flee from us, while we have only two to run after it ? that the grains remain and grow up in the spot where the pale-face plants them .' that winter, which is the season of our toilsome hunting, is to them a season of rest .■" No wonder, then, if they have so many children and live longer than we do. Therefore I say to every one of you who will listen, that before the cedars of our village shall have died of age, and the nntaples of the valley have ceased to give us su- gar, the race of the corn-eaters will have destroyed the race of the flesh-eaters, unless the hunter should resolve to exchange his wild pursuits for those of the husband- man." fi. Jhanl^^gii]ing Dinner The following sketch of a Thanksgiving dinner, by the famous author of the " Widow Bedott Papers," has so good a moral that we think it well worthy the perusal of our readers. " Elder Sniffles, let me give you another piece o' the turkey." "I'm obliged to' you, Mr. Maguire ; you probably rec- ollect that I remarked in my discourse this morning that individuals were too prone to indulge in excessive indulgence in creature comforts on Thanksgiving occasions In view of the lamentable fact that the sin of gormandiz- ing is carried to a sinful excess on this day, I, as a preacher of the gospel, deem it my duty to be unusually abstemious on 3uch occasipns ; nevertheless, considering the peculiar circumstances under which I am placed this day, I think I will waive objections and take another small portion of the turkey." "That's right. Elder — what part will you take now.'" " Well, I'm not particular ; a small quantity of the breast, with a part of a leg, and some of the stuffing, will be qufte sufficient." " Pass the cranberries to Elder Sniffles, Jeff — Elder, help yourself; wife, give the Elder some more of the tur- nip sass and potater." A THANKSGIVING DINNER. " Thank you, Mr. Maguire, I am an advocate of veg- etable diet — and have always maintained that it is more congenial to individuals of sedentary habits and intellectual pursuits, like myself, than animal food." "Jeff", my son, pass the bread. Sister Bedott, send your plate for some more o' the turkey." " No, I'm obliged to ye — I've had sufficient." "Jeff", cut the chicken pie." " Sure enough — I almost forgot that I was to carve the pie. Aunt Silly, you'll take a piece of it, won't you.'" "Well, I don't care if I dew take a leetle mite on't. I'm a great favorite o' chicken pie — always thought 't was a delightful beverage — do n't you. Elder Sniffles ? " "A very just remark, Mrs. Bedott — very indeed; chicken pie is truly a very desirable article of food." " Allow me to help you to some of it, Elder." " Thank you, my young friend ; as I before remarked, I am entirely opposed to an immoderate indulgence of the appetite at all times, but particularly on Thanksgiv- ing occasions — and am myself always somewhat abstemi- ous. However, I consider it my duty at the present time to depart, to some extent, from the usual simplicity of ^^4 And Xbniperancb. my diet. I will, therefore, comply with your request and partake of the chicken pie." " Take some more o' the cranberry sarse, Elder, cran- berries is hulsome." "Avery just remark, Mrs. Maguire — they are so; nev- ertheless, I maintain that we should not indulge too freely in even the most wholesome of creature comforts ; how- ever, since you desire it, I will take a small portion more of the cranberries.'' "Husband, dew. pass that pickled tongue — it haint been touched — take some on 't Elder Sniffles." " I 'm obliged to you, Mrs. Maguire — but I confess I am somewhat fearful of taking articles of that description upon my stomach, as they create a degree of acidity which is incompatible with digestion. Is it not so, my young friend .-' You are undoubtedly prepared to decide, as you are, I believe, pursuing the study of the medical science." " I think you are altogether mistaken. Elder Sniffles. We should always take a due proportion of acid with our food, in order to preserve the equilibrium of the internal economy, and produce that degree of effervescence which is necessary to a healthy secretion." " Exactly. Your view of the subject is one which never struck me before. It seems a very just one. I will partake of the pickled tongue in consideration of your remarks." "Take a slice on't. Sister Bedott. You seem to need some tongue to-day — you're oncommon still." " What a musical man you be. Brother Maguire ! but it strikes me when an indiwidual has an opportunity o' hearin' intellectible conversation they'd better keep still and improve it. Ain't it so, Elder Sniffles.'" "A very just remark, Mrs. Bedott ; and one which has often occurred to my own mind." " Take some more of the chicken pie. Elder Sniffles." " Excuse me, my young friend, I will take nothing more." " What ! you don't mean to give it up yet, I hope, Elder." " Indeed, Mr. Maguire, I assure you I would rather not take anything more, for as I before remarked, I am decidedly opposed to excessive eating upon this day." " Well, then, we '11 have the pies and puddin's. Jeff my son, fly around and help your mar change the plates. I'll take the puddin', Melissy, you may tend to the pies. Jeff, set on the cider. So here's a plum puddin' — it looks nice — I guess you've had good luck to-day, wife. Sister Bedott, you'll have some on't.'" "No; I'm obleeged to ye. I've got ruther of a head- ache to-day, and plum puddin 's rich. I guess I '11 take a. small piece o' the punkin' pie." "Elder Sniffles, you'll be helped to some on t, of course .'' " " Indeed, Mr. Maguire, the practice of indulging in articles of this description after eating meat is esteemed highly pernicious, and I inwardly protest against it ; fur- thermore, as Mrs. Bedott has very justly remarked, plum pudding is rich; however, considering the peculiar circum- stances of the occasion, I will for once overstep the boundaries which I have prescribed for myself" " Am I to understand that you '11 have some, or not ? " " 1 will partake, in consideration of the time and place." "Jimmeni, wife, this is good puddin' as I ever eat." " Elder Sniffles will you take some o' the pie — here is a mince pie and punkin pie." "I will take a portion of the pumpkin pie if you please, Mrs. Maguire, as I consider it highly nutritious ; but, as regards the mince-pie, it is an article of food which I deem excessively deleterious to the constitution, inasmuch as it is composed of so great a variety of ingredients. I esteem it extremely difficult of digestion. Is it not so, my young friend .■■ " " By no means. Elder ; quite the contrary — and the reason is obvious. Observe, Elder, it is cut into the most minute particles ; hence it naturally follows, that being, as it were, completely calcined before it enters the system, it leaves, so to speak, no labor to be performed by the di- gestive organs, and it is disposed of without the slight- est difficulty." " Ah, indeed ! your reasoning is quite new to me, yet I confess it to be most satisfactory and lucid. In con- sideration of its facility of digestion I will partake also of the mince-pie." " Wife, fill the Elder a glass o' cider." " Desist ! Mrs. Maguire, desist, I entreat you ! I en- treat you! I invariably set my face like a flint against the use of all intoxicating liquors as a beverage." "Jimmeni! you don't mean to call new cider an in- toxicatin' liquor, I hope. Why, man alive, it's jest made — hain't begun to work." " Nevertheless, I believe it to be exceedingly insalu- brious, and detrimental to the system. Is not that its nature, my young friend.'" " Far from it, Elder — far from it. Reflect a moment and you will readily perceive, that, being the pure juice of the apple — ^wholly free from all alcoholic mixture — it possesses all the nutritive properties of the fruit, with the advantage of being in a more condensed form, which at once renders it much more agreeable, and facilitates as- similation." "Very resonable — very reasonable, indeed. Mrs. Ma- guire, you may fill my glass." " Take another slice o' the puddin'. Elder Sniffles." "No more, I'm obliged to you, Mr. Maguire." " Well, won't you be helped to some more o' the pie .'" " No more, I thank you, Mr. Maguire." 95 Sunbeams ok Health " But you '11 take another glass o' cider, won't you ?" " In consideration of the nutritious properties of new cider, which your son has abundantly shown to exist, I will permit you to replenish my glass." " So you won't take nothin' more, Elder ? " " Nothing more, my friends — nothing more whatsoever — for, as I have several times remarked during the re- past, I am an individual of exceedingly abstemious habits — endeavoring to enforce by example that which I so strenuously enjoin by precept from the pulpit, to wit — temperance in all things." fi JVIillionaire'^ lFeaya|!. It is related by a gentleman who had an appointment for breakfast with the late A. T. Stewart, that the butler placed before them both an elaborate bill of fare. The visitor selected a list of rare dishes, and was quite abashed when Mr. Stewart said, " Bring me my usual breakfast, — oatmeal and boiled eggs." He then explained to his friend that he found simple food a necessity to him; otherwise he could not think clearly. It has been aptly said that "the man who eats pork, thinks pork; if he eats bread, he thinks bread." The remarkable com- mercial success of Mr. Stewart shows what can be ac- complished by a man who thinks boiled eggs and oat- meal. fhe Stall ol Iiile. An English writer has recently called attention in a popular journal to the fact that in these days of general degeneration, the " staff of life " is but a broken reed to lean upon as a staple article of food. When grain was ground by wind and water-power, it was ground slowly and in small quantities; now it is ground wholesale, and the grinding is rapidly finished. We suffer a small evil from the fact of too much wheat being ground in the autumn and too little in the spring. Flour, like ground coffee, loses flavor, and tasteless bread begets a craving for condiments and stimulants. Has it been noticed that in the countries where the peasants bruise their own corn and bake their own flour, bread is the staple food, even though fruit, vegetables, fish and meat be abundant ? The reason is that good bread supplies in itself the nourishing properties of many kinds of food. It contains albumen, fibrine, gluten ; it makes bone, muscle, blood, and tissue. The wandering Arab lives almost entirely upon bread, with a few dates as a relish ; and this is not because nneat is scarce in his part of the world, but he feels no need for it. He would soon have to alter his diet, though. to set up its mills in the desert. Now-a-days the axiom that bread is not enough of itself to feed a young Christian has penetrated into the most poverty stricken quarters ; so that we see the unsightly mess of treacle, the quarter- inch of dripping, or the deadlier yellow grease, in the making of which no cow ever had a share, maternally doled out for the gratification of little urchins who could bite at plain bread heartily enough ~^if it were good. All this heaps wasteful expense on the households of the poor, where bread, instead of being the chief article of diet, is being eaten less and less. This is being no- ticed in France, which till now has been a great bread- eating country. Workmen and servants have come to want meat twice a day^ soldiers grumble at getting noth- ing but plain roast and boiled; a Staffordshire miner knocks down his wife for having served him roast veal three • Sundays running, notwithstanding his statement that he was sick of that meat; and thus a cry being raised for variety in food, we have schools of cookery trying to teach our women how to sophisticate honest joints with unwholesome sauces. Our people overfeed themselves and drink too much as a consequence, without deriving from their mixed diet a tithe of the sinew which their fathers drew from sound bread. Would it surprise our modern discontented work- ingman to hear that the yeomen of Elizabeth's reign, who drew their bow-strings to their ears, and sent a cloth- yard shaft whistling through a barn door at eighty yards, ate meat about once a week, and lived the rest of the week on bread and cheese .' And as for servants, what would a Belgravian footman think of the Jeames of the last century — the Jeames who often had to do battle for his master with highwaymen, and who was a tough fel- low, though his nourishment was beef on Sundays only, and a thin mutton chop on other days, with bread — but good bread. A. bread diet is not advocated, only the purification of bread, that it may be restored to its proper function as the staff of life to those who can ill afford fancy props. Let those who please buy dear meat and bad butter ; but let those who would desire to live largely on bread be enabled to do so. It might be done if half the attention which is paid to checking the adultera- tion of beer were bestowed on stopping the poisoning of the loaf The well-to-do who patronize fancy bread at fancy prices, are treated to as much adultei;ation in their flour as the poor ; their breakfast rolls are whitened with alum, which is an astringent, hindering the digestion, and which, also, be it noted, acts as a corrosive on the teeth, caus- ing the enamel to decay prematurely. The rich, however, have only themselves to blame if their bread is not pure wheaten, for pure wheat yields a grayish loaf, and if whiteness and sponginess be insisted upon, they can only if an enterprising wholesale flour-producing company were be obtained at the expense of quality. Those who seek 96 And Ti^ENlPERANCB. to escape from adulterated bread by eating brown bread are very often cheated by admixtures of rye and pea flour. In England it is the millers who are mainly re- sponsible for adulterations. In this country the difficulty arises from the use of stale flour, flour made from inferior qualities of grain, and the arts of the bakers, who take more pains for the appearance of their loaves than for their quality. People who occasionally go into the country, where they get bread made from freshly ground flour by house- wives who understand their business, are often wonder- struck at the great difference between the farmer's bread and the baker's. But it must be admitted that the. art of bread-making, even in the country, is in many places a lost art, and the traveler who should undertake to sub- sist on bread alone would have a rough time of it. It is also too true that the arts of the town have found their way into the country. All the deleterious substances that are employed for raising bread and promoting whiteness are for sale in country stores, and find thousands of cus- tomers. It is almost too much to expect that as a peo- ple we shall ever be permitted to eat good bread again. YinegaF and Hy^gep^ia. For some time a lively discussion has been in progress in Paris among the medical savants of that learned city respecting the subject of digestion and hygiene of the di- gestive organs. The discussion has finally terminated in a public lecture by one of the most eminent physicians of France, M. Charles Richet, in which were presented many most interesting and eminently practical facts re- lating to the relation of different articles of food to the organs of digestion. For several years we have main- tained that vinegar, baking powders, and similar sub- stances were active causes of dyspepsia, notwithstanding these same articles are highly recommended by not a few eminent writers on food and dietetics. Now M. Richet, at the head of an august body of French' savants, comes forward and asserts that by careful experiment he has proved that these things are " bad food for the stomach." He does not hesitate to pronounce vinegar and tartaric acid as prolific causes of dyspepsia, and highly condemns the use of vinegar and pickles by young ladies. It is no wonder that young ladies who indulge in these unwhole- some articles of food grow pale and " interesting " with dyspepsia. According to M. Richet, the use of acetic and tartaric acids causes a decrease in the secretion of gastric juice, without which no digestion can take place. The Doctor also asserts that eating between meals is a ntost pernicious practice. He affirms that no food should be taken into the stomach after the meal is fin- ished until the work of digestion is entirely completed, gince th? intrgdugtion of food checks the process of di- gestion and greatly disturbs it. He also lays special stress upon the importance of regularity of meals. It will be seen that "the discoveries of Dr. Richet are quite opposed to the teaching of many who have been looked upon as authorities in dietetics. The theory that acid foods aid digestion he has proven to be the opposite of truth, as also the theory that a weak stomach needs food often, since it is evident that the weaker the stom- ach the more slowly will digestion be performed, and, consequently, the longer will be the interval required be- tween the times of taking food. fi. (jenlleman of GoIof on iFoiun Bread. An English paper, Evans' Journal contains the follow- ing by an indignant " black man " : — " I nebber could understandify why I get out ob temper ober dis white bread question, but I do. When I A GENTLEMAN OF COLOR ON BROWN BK1.---D. tink how de people are 'frauded in dis matter, someting seems to burn up widin me wid all de furnace-power ob a ton o' coals. It makes me wonder what I'se made of When dis poor old nig wasn't much bigger than a good sized nob o' coal, somebody taught him dat man was made ob dust. Since den I've found out dere are a great many kinds ob dust, and derefore a great many kinds ob men ; and I hab come to the 'elusion de kind dat I am made ob must be coal dust, and dat's why I get so red- hot sometimes, in fact always, when I see folks being cheated. " ' Half a loaf is better dan none,' as de proverb- mongers say. Guess dey mean half a quartern loaf. Seems to me dat most people hab only half a loaf, when 97 SXJNBEAIMS OK HEALTH nature meant dem to have a whole one. Dey hab de white half, dat is nearly all starch, and all de odder part is gibben to de rabbits and pig's. De good old Book says, * Look not on de wine when it is red ; ' and I wish it said, ' Look not on de bread when it is white,' for de Englishman is worse dan cheated when he eats bread de same color as himself. Say dat darkness am light, disease am health, write a big book to prove dat happiness and pain are bofe de same, but for goodness' sake, for break- fast's sake, for dinner's sake, for de sake of ebbery meal in de day, don't call a white loaf de 'staff of life,' be- cause it is a fib dat can nebber come true. " Dere are thirteen minerals in de human body, and dey are all packed away in dat lubly loaf called a grain ob wheat. Dey are all in dat same little loaf, for good old Mother Nature hid dem dere wid her own kind hands. Den let no one in future steal anything from dis old lit- tle bread-basket, which our Father has so richly stored wid physical blessings. In^ some tings it don't matter whedder we're cheated or not. Your hand will be jus as good and useful for all honest work if dat ring on your finger is arter all only worth fourpence, though you paid twenty poun for it. De smallest act ob kindness dat hand may bestow on de poor, God will bless, even if dere is no ring dere at all. " Dere ! I've said what I tink ob such willful unwise- ness, and I'm willin' to len' my pen to any one who'll use it on de same topic. Let us foller up de subjec' right to de berry door ob ebbery baker in de land. Come, gen'l'men ob de press, whose turn is it ? Do n't let dis poor, untutorvated ole nigger hab de ink-bottle all to hisself ober dis vital question." ^e^ullt ol Simple Diet The following truthful bit of history well illustrates the influence of habits of frugality upon national char- acter : — " The Danes were approaching, and one of their bish- ops asked, ' How many men can the province of Dalarna furnish.'" 'At least twenty thousand,' was the reply; 'for the old men are just as strong and as brave as the young ones.' ' But what do they live upon .■" ' ' Upon bread and water. They take little account of hunger and thirst, and when corn is lacking they make their bread out of tree-bark.' ' Nay,' said the bishop, ' a people who eat tree-bark and drink water, the devil himself would not vanquish.' And neither were they vanquished. Like an avalanche from the mountains they fell upon their foes, beat them with clubs, and drove them into the river. Their progress was one series of triumphs, till they placed Gustavus Vasa on the throne of Sweden." Yegekble Diet foF GhildFen. In a recent article. Dr. T. S. Clouston, lecturer on mental diseases in the University of Edinburg, says: — " My experience is that children who have the most neurotic temperaments and diathesis, and who show the greatest tendencies to instability of brain, are, as a rule, flesh-eaters, having a craving for animal food too often and in too great quantities. I have found also, a large proportion of the adolescent insane had been flesh-eaters, consuming and having a craving for much animal food. I have seen a change of diet to milk, fish, and farinaceous food produce a marked improvement in regard to the nervous irritability of such children. And in such children I most thoroughly agree with Dr. Keith, who, in Edinburg, for many years, has preached an anti-flesh crusade in the bringing up of all children up to eight or ten years of age." Diet and Worlg. A few years ago. Dr. Frankland, an eminent English chemist, made a very extended series of experiments for the purpose of determining the value of various articles of food in sustaining the strength during severe muscular effort. The following table prepared by him shows the amount of various articles of food required to enable a man to raise his own weight to a height of io,ooo feet, as in going up a mountain of that height, showing also the comparative cost of the several classes of food in England: — Oatmeal, Flour, Peameal, Bread, Potatoes, Rice, Cabbage, Hard Boiled Eggs, Milk (per quart) Lean Beef, It will be noticed that oatmeal stands at the head of the list. The smallest quantity is required for doing the work, and at the same time it is the cheapest in price, 5| cts. per S). We would require 20^ ozs., the total cost being 7 cts. It is very closely run by wheat flour, which costs ^ ct. more, and ^ oz. more of it would be required. Potatoes are very low, and are expensive when you come to measure the work. loj cts. worth is needed to do the work that is done by 7 cts. worth of oatmeal. The quantity of cabbage required is absolutely ridiculous. A man, to do the work, would require to eat about a stone Price per lb. cts. Oz. rehired. Cost, cts. 5i 20.5 7 . 5i 21.0 7i 6i 21.4 9 . 4 37.5 9i 2 81.1 lOi . 8 21.5 11 2 192.3 25i . 13 35.8 30 10 128.8 32 . 25 56.5 88 98 And Tkivepkranck. of cabbage ; and who is sufficient for that ? Of course it must be understood that this table merely gives the the- oretical quantities that would produce the force. It is ob- viously impossible to digest a stone of cabbage, or five pounds of potatoes in addition to subsistence diet, nor would it he healthy to take large amounts of unbalanced food. Oatmeal and wheat flour have the advantage of being nearly balanced, and with the addition of milk, it would be possible to live on either of them for long pe- riods of hard work." It will be observed that nearly three times as much lean beef as of oatmeal is required to enable a man to perform the same amount of labor, and the cost is more than twelve times as great. This fact ought to be a suf- ficient answer to those who argue against the employ- ment of fruits and grains as an exclusive diet, that they are not sufficiently nourishing to sustain physical and mental vigor. Simplii^iti] of Diet The stomach is sometimes called a " delicate organ," and yet it must be a little like old Weller's turkey, " pretty tough," to stand, through childhood and youth, up, to full manhood often, more overloading with good and bad things and unnatural condiments than a horse or mule can stand for half the time. What would be ex- pected of a horse if his appetite craved such stuff — and he got it, too — as is found on thousands of civilized ta- bles ? He would have more cramps and stomach-aches, toothaches and neuralgies, headaches and shortness of breath, weakness of lungs and heart palpitations, than a hundred other horses around him ; and if he did not die at eight or ten years of age instead of thirty, it would be a marvel. But a human stomach, which cannot di- gest hay, or unground corn, or raw potatoes, or even suc- culent clover, is yet competent to take to itself hot tea, and coffee about as thick a glycerine or mucilage, bread, short-cake, meat of various kinds, eggs, butter, cheese, lard, milk, vegetables of about every sort, along with the everlasting pie or other pastry, puddings, cakes, and con- diments t,hat are sweet, sour, fiery, mild, laxative, and lunatic ! What a spectacle it would be to see them all mixed before eating ! And the stomach is expected to be run on this plan day after day for seventy years at least ; anything short of that is " a mysterious dispensa- tion of an inscrutable Providence " ! White OF BFOuan Eread. A writer in the Nineteenth Century makes the follow- ing sensible argument for the use of wheat-meal bread: — "The earliest agitator in the matter observed. years ago, when traveling in Sicily, that the laboring classes there live healthily and work well upon a vege- table diet, the staple article of which is bread made of well-ground wheat meal. " The Spartans and Romans of old time lived their vigorous lives on bread made of wheaten meal. In north- ern as well as southern climates we find the same thing. In Russia, Sweden, Scotland and elsewhere the poor live chiefly on bread, always made from some whole meal, — wheat, oats, or rye, — and the peasantry of whatever cli- mate, so fed, always compare favorably with our South English poor, who, in conditions of indigence precluding them from obtaining sufficient meat food, starve, if not to death, at least into sickness, on the white bread it is our modern English habit to prefer. White bread alone will not support animal life. Bread made of whole grain will. The experiment has been tried in France, by Magendie. Dogs were the subject of the trial, and every care was taken to equalize all the other conditions^to proportion the quantity of food given in each case to the weight of the animal experimented upon, and so forth. The result was sufficiently marked. At the end of forty days the dogs fed solely on white bread died. The dogs fed on bread made of the whole grain remained vigorous, healthy and well nourished." Jhe Deija^tating Jie. An entertaining contributor to a prominent religious weekly thus arraigns the pie for its numerous crimes against the laws of hygiene : — " The origin of the pie is involved in some obscurity. Its inventor is unknown to fame, but inasmuch as he did not get out a patent on it, there are not wanting cynical sufferers from its baneful effects to assert that it was originated by the devil. He never takes out a patent on any of his devices. Others are inclined to believe that the pie is the result of evolution — that differentiation caused it. We have seen, indeed, with the naked eye, in the species called mince-pie, certain minute particles which resemble molecules, and if they do not constitute a protoplasm, we have never seen one. But the origin of the pie is a subject about which one can have no well grounded opinion. " The value of the pie is not much more easily de- termined. There is a certain class of Christians who maintain that a dyspepsia is a disciplinary means of grace. That it is a raging purgatory, no one who has encom- passed a real corroding indigestion will be prepared to deny. But the pie problem is beset with difficulties, and about the question of the religious use of dyspepsia, there may well be two opinions. We incline to the be- lief that if there is anything in this world that has power 99 SUNBEAIVES OK HKALTFT to topple a man over into spiritual ruin, dyspepsia is that thing". It is a dry delirium tremens, solid horror, so to speak. "The ability of a pie to create a dyspepsia no one will dispute. Here at last we can find agreement. The pie which has descended to us from a Puritan ancestry of great gastric force, was adopted by them as a. pen- ance — to make the situation as uncomfortable as possible ; but we, like the Irishman who boiled the peas that he was ordered by his confessor to wear in his boots, have epicurized the pie just as we have refined the Puritan Sabbath, and have made a pleasure out of an instrument of discipline. The pie is an alluring spectacle. When well baked it is hard to resist. Its odor is enough to knock over the good resolutions of the most confirmed dyspeptic. He sees, he smells, he falls. We are convinced that at the bottom of most church and family quarrels there will be found pie ; that the pie is the natural adjunct of ultra Galvanism ; that the Sunday pie causes more blue Mon- days than Sunday over-work or nervous expenditure ; that the sky would be brighter, life more alluring, and death less terrible, were the digestion -devastating pie evicted from the daily bill of fare." Iiale SuppeF^. Eating late at night, when the muscular and nervous systems a're exhausted by the labor of the day, and then retiring soon to rest, is one of the most active dyspepsia- producing habits to which modern society is addicted. " A tired stomach is a weak stomach ; " and in addition, we may add, a sleepy stomach is a sluggish one. Secre- tion must of necessity be deficient in both quantity and quality, owing to the exhausted condition of the system ; and with the further obstacle afforded to prompt diges- tion by the slowing of the vital operations during sleep, it is almost impossible that there should be other than disturbed digestion and disturbed sleep, in consequence. It is under these circumstances that people often suffer with obstinate insomnia, bad dreams, nightmare, and sim- ilar troubles, from which they arise in the morning un- refreshed, and unrecuperated by nature's sweet restorer, the work of assimilation, by which repair takes place, having been prevented by the disturbed condition of the nerves. No food ought to be taken within four hours of re- tiring. This will allow the stomach time to get the work of digestion forwarded sufficiently to enable it to be car- ried on to completion without disturbance of the rest of the economy. The last meal of the day, if three meals are taken, should be a very light meal, preferably con- sisting of ripe fruit and simple preparations of the grains. The custom which prevails in many of the larger cities of making dinner the last meal of the day, eating of the most hearty and difficultly digestible articles as late as six or even eight o'clock, is one that ought to be dis- countenanced by physicians. It is only to be tolerated at all by those who convert night into day by late hours of work or recreation, not retiring until near midnight. But in such cases, a double reform is needed, and so there can be no apology offered for this reprehensible practice on any physiological grounds. Jhe Song ol ihe Vegetarian. Away with your beef and your mutton ! Avaunt with your capers and sauce ! For beefsteaks I do n't care a button ! Veal cutlets !— I count them as dross; Lamb-stew, chicken-salad, don't mention; With my stomach roast pig do n't agree; From such messes I practice abstention — Farinacea 's the forage for me ! stay me with rice and with porridge! comfort me sweetly with grits! Baked beans give me plenty of courage, And cracked wheat enlivens my wits. From such food new youth I shall borrow, lill, as hearty as hearty can be, 1 expire of old age, like Cornaro- Farinacea 's the forage for me! When night comes, ah! sweet the reflection, . (As my senses are muffled in sleep). Nothing living to serve my refection Has been butchered — not even a sheep. No lamb has been led to the slaughter; No calves hung up by their feet; No lobsters been drowned in hot water; No cows killed that I might have meat. Clean of heart I encounter the cattle — Let brutal carnivora blush! When my soul is oppressed with life's battle, 1 forget all about it in mush. Begone with your flesh-pots of Egypt; To the dogs with your cofifee and tea; Let your pates de foie gras be reshipped — Farinacea 's the forage for me! Avaunt with your beef and your mutton! Away with your capers and sauce! For beefsteaks I do n't care a button! Veal-cutlets! — I count them as dross; Lamb-stew, chicken-salad, do n't mention; With me no such viands agree; From such messes I practice abstention — Farinacea 's the forage for me. j^bemethy on Overfeeding. The importance of recognizing and teaching that most individuals, men, women, and children in modern society eat more than is good for them, is so manifest that we quote the following passage from Abernethy, which shows that he fully grasped this keystone of successful prac- tice: — lOO And ^empbrakce. "There can be no advantage in putting into the stomach m-ore food than it is competent to digest, for the surplus can never afford nourishment to the body; on the contrary, it will be productive of various evils. * * * Nature seems to have formed animals to live and enjoy health upon a scanty and precarious supply of food, but man in civilized society, having food always at command, and finding gratification from its taste, and a tempo- rary hilarity and energy resultant from excitement of his stomach, which he can at pleasure produce, eats and drinks an enormous deal more than is necessary for his wants or welfare ; he fills his stomach and bowels with food which actually putrefies in those organs ; he also fills his blood-vessels till he oppresses them and induces dis- ease in them as well as in his heart. If his digestion be imperfect, he fills his stomach with unassimilable sub- stances, from which nutriment cannot be drawn, and which must be injurious. In proportion as the powers of the stomach are weak, so ought we to diminish the quantity of our food, and take care that it be nutritious and as easy of digestion as possible. . . . We should proportion the quantity of food to the powers of the stomach, adapt its quality to the feelings of the organ, and take it at regular intervals thrice a day. A patient lately gave me the following account of his own proceed- ing with reference to diet. He said, ' When thou toldest me to weigh my food, I did not tell thee that I was in the habit of weighing myself, and that I had lost fourteen pounds weight per month for many months before I saw thee. By following thine advice I have got rid of what thou didst consider a very formidable local malady, and upon thine allowance of food I have regained my flesh, and feel as competent to exertion as formerly, though I am not indeed so fat as I used to be. I own to thee that as I got better, I thought thy allowance was very scanty, and being strongly tempted to take more food, I did so ; but I continued the practice of weighing myself, and found that I regularly lost weight upon an increased quantity of food ; wherefore I returned to that which was prescribed for me.' " St. Jieppe on Yegetariani|m. The noted French author, St. Pierre, giving in one of his books his views upon national education, thus speaks of the importance of accustoming the young to a simple diet: — "The peoples living upon vegetable foods, are, of all men, the handsomest, the most vigorous, the least ex- posed to diseases and to passions, and they are those whose lives last longest. Such, in Europe, are a large proportion of the Swiss. The greater part of the peas- antry, who, in every country, form the most vigorous part of the people, eat very little flesh-meat. The Rus- sians have multiplied periods of fasting and days of ab- stinence, from which even the soldiers are not exempt ; and yet they resist all kinds of fatigues. The negroes, who undergo so many hard blows in our colonies, live upon manioc, potatoes, and maize alone. The Brahmins of India, who frequently reach the age of one hundred years, eat only vegetable foods. It was from the Pytha- gorean sect that issued Epaminondas,, so celebrated for his virtues ; Archytas, for his genius for mathematics; Milo of Crotona, for his strength of body. Pythagoras himself was the finest man of his time, and, without dis- pute, the most enlightened, since he was the father of philosophy among the Greeks. - Inasmuch as the non-flesh diet introduces many virtues and excludes none, it will be well to bring up the young upon it, since it has so happy an influence upon the beauty of the body, and upon the tranquillity of the mind, inis regimen prolongs childhood, and, by consequence, human life." ^oberi GoUyep on Hiei The eminent clergyman once remarked, " One great reason why I never had a really sick day in my life was that as a boy I lived on oatmeal and milk, and brown bread, with butter once a week, potatoes, and a bit of meat when I could get it, and then oatmeal again." The Scotch country boy rarely tastes a morsel of flesh food, and so far as we were able to observe, he does not suffer at all by comparison with his English cousins, or with the average American farmer's boy, in point of- na- tive intelligence or physical development. Oatmeal is ac- knowledged to be the best of food for horses, and expe- rience shows it to be of equal rank as a food for man. fi Simple Dietary. According to Count Rumford, the Bavarian wood- chopper, one of the most hardy and hard-working men in the world, receives for his weekly rations one large loaf of rye bread and a small quantity of roasted meal. Of the meal he makes an infusion, to which he adds a little salt, and with the mixture, which he calls burned soup, he eats his rye bread. No beer, no beef, no other food than that mentioned, and no drink but water ; and yet he can do more work, and enjoys a better digestion and possesses stronger muscles than the average beef-eating Englishman or sausage-eating Dutchman. Those who talk of starvation diet when a man simply excludes flesh and a few unwholesome condiments from his dietary, should consider facts of this sort before be- coming too loud in their denunciations. lOl feuNBBAMS OK HKALl'ri J^atoal gi^ioFij oi a Wonn. " Professor, won't you please tell us about that funny little worm the papers talk so much about now-a-days ? Tree-China, I believe they call it. I judge from its name that it used to live in a tree in China, but since it was FIRST ACT. imported into this country it has gotten into the hogs, and I understand is becoming quite a pest. It must be a very curious worm indeed. Is it anything like a cat- SECOND ACT. " Do," " DO," chimed in half a dozen other young ladies who were spending an afternoon with the chief speaker. The professor, a friend of the young lady's father, who was spending a portion of his summer vacation at the country residence of his old friend, looked up from his book in some surprise at the volley of questions poured in upon him, but he had already become accus- tomed to the impulsive ways of his host's daughter, a rather volatile girl of seventeen, who was recently home from boarding-school, and so did not allow his gravity to be upset by the ludicrous idea suggested by the ques- tions respecting the origin of the name of the well-known pork parasite, trichina. " And so," said he, " you would like to know the nat- ural history of the trichina, would you .? (By the way. <=^ THIRD ACT. erpillar Do tell or a ringworm .' What does it look like, anyway .? us about it, professor." I believe Webster pronounces the word as though spelled, tre-ki-na). Well, then, I must tell you that the worm does not hail from China. So far as is known, it was discovered first by a medical student in Germany. It was first found in human bodies, afterward in pork, and more recently in veal and in many small animals, such as rats and various rodents. " And then they don't live in trees } " " Certainly not. They are found only in the bodies of other animals. They belong to the class of creatures known as parasites." "Oh ! and then they are parasites, like some kinds of climbing vines and Florida moss and other curious plants. Dear me, how interesting ! " " Yes ; and like tape-worms and a lively species of in- sect that sometimes abounds among the uncombed locks of persons of uncleanly habits. " 102 And Tkniperancb. "Ugh! How disgusting! Do people really get these horrible worms into their flesh by eating pork, as some of the newspaper reporters claim ? " "Certainly they do, and great numbers of them too, doubtless many more than any one knows; and many per- sons die of the effects produced by these creatures with- out the nature of the disease being known. There are thousands of persons too, who complain of pains here and there in their bodies which they call the rheumatism, which is due to the presence in the muscles of millions of these minute worms. " " Is that what causes pains in the chest and shoul- ders .? " " Sometimes." " I ate a ham sandwich for breakfast, and I declare I almost feel the horrible things wriggling in my flesh this moment. Will anything kill them after they once, get into the body .? " " No, nothing. They live as long as their host does." " Terrible guests these for one to entertain. I hope I am not inhabited by the loathsome creatures." " It is more than likely that some millions of them are just now snugly nestling among your muscular fibres. I have noticed that you are very fond of raw ham." "Don't speak of it, I beg of you. I shall go dis- tracted with the idea of a million worms wriggling around inside of my flesh. Be assured I shall never touch another piece of pork as long as I live." " I think that is a very good resolution. The hog is by nature a scavenger, and was never made to be eaten. Would you like to hear anything more about the trichina .■" " " Oh ! yes. You have told me that we get the worms by eating the hog ; now I want to know where the hog gets them." " There is a difference of opinion. Some think hogs get them by eating the carcasses of other hogs that have died of the disease induced by these worms; others think the hog is infected by eating rats." " But how do the rats get them ? " " Probably by eating dead hogs, and perhaps by bur- rowing in cemeteries or visiting dead houses or dissect- ing rooms." " Now I have it. A man eats a hog, a rat eats the man, another hog eats the rat, and then another man eats the hog, and so the trichina travels around, one scav- enger eating another. Is that correct > " "1 think you have it about right." " Now I understand the meaning of those sketches I saw on your table the other day." " Yes ; they were intended to illustrate these very facts. I have just finished them. Here they are." "If I had copies of those sketches I would place them in the hands of all my friends." " You may have them, for they will pretty soon be printed in a book with this conversation, which I have been taking down verbatim." " Oh ! dear ! who ever thought I would get into print so soon, and in connection with such a subject. Pray do n't give my name, and say that I am never go- ing to eat any more scavengers or parasites." Plutarih on Simple 5Ja|ie^. This ancient philosopher discovered, even in his day, reason for sounding the alarm at the decadence of nat- ural tastes. Even then the tendency to the cultivation of depraved and abnormal appetites was becoming so marked as to alarm those whose knowledge and experience had taught them the evil results of a departure from the simplicity of nature. Here is what the philosopher taught respecting sim- plicity in diet : — " The farther we remove from a natural mode of liv- ing, the more do we lose our natural tastes ; or, rather, habit makes a second nature, which we substitute to such a degree for the first that none among us any longer know what the latter is. It follows from this that the most simple tastes must also be the most natural, for they are those which are most easily changed ; while by being sharpened or irritated by our whims, they assume a form which never changes. The man who is yet of no country will conform himself without trouble to the cus- toms of any country whatever, but the man of one country never becomes that of another. This appears to me true in every sense, and still more so applied to taste properly so-called. " Our first food was milk. We accustom ourselves only by degrees to strong flavors. At first they are re- pugnant to us. Fruits, vegetables, kitchen herbs, and, in fine, often broiled dishes, without seasoning and without salt, composed the feasts of the first men. The first time a savage drinks wine he makes a grimace and re- jects it ; and even among ourselves, whoever has lived to his twentieth year without tasting fermented drinks, cannot accustom himself to them. We should all be ab- stainers from alcohol if we had not been given wine in our early years. In fine, the more simple our tastes are, the more universal are they, and the most common re- pugnance is for made-up dishes. " Does one ever see a person have a disgust for water or bread .'' Behold here the impress of nature I behold here, then, our rule of life ! Let us preserve to the child as long as possible his primitive taste ; let its nourish- ment be common and simple ; let not its palate be fa- miliarized to any but natural flavors, and let no exclu- sive taste be formed. I have sometimes examined those 103 SUNBBAMS OK HEALTH people who attached importance to good living ; who thought, upon their first awaking, of what they should eat during the day, and described a dinner with more exactitude than Polybius would use in describing a battle.. " I have thought that all these so-called men were but children of forty years without vigor and without consistence — -fruges consumere nati. Gluttony is the vice of souls that have no solidity {qui n'ont j>oint d'etoffe). The soul of a gormand is in his palate. He is brought into the world but to devour. In his stupid incapacity he is at home only at the table. His powers of judg- ment are limited to his dishes. Let us leave him in his employment without regret. Better that for him than any other, as much for our own sakes as for his.'' fi. Si^anenger Biuabe. "Doctor, what do you think of oysters.?" said a young friend to the writer one day. " Do you really wish to know.? " he replied. " Certainly." "Are you ready to hear the real truth about the bivalve, even at the risk of losing your appetite for oys- ters forever.'" " Oh ! you need not be afraid of hurting my appetite. I shall always eat them, no matter what you may say about them." "Very well, then. The oyster is the scavenger of the sea. In fact, he is the scavenger of scavengers. Nature placed him at the bottom of the sea for this very reason. The numerous things that die in the sea, as well as on the land, must be in some way disposed of The dead and decaying fish, and other animals, need to be con- sumed to prevent pollution of the water. There are many classes of scavengers.. Some carry on their oper- ations near the surface, others deeper down. The oyster finds his place at the bottom. There he lies, with his back stuck in the mud, his mouth wide open, looking up, ready to swallow any dainty bit of corruption which may have been left or rejected by the other scavengers, big and little, which subsist on the same sort of diet.'' " Ugh ! are you really in earnest } " " Certainly I am. All you have to do is to put a drop of slime from an oyster's mouth under a microscope, and you will be satisfied. Oyster juice is alive with germs, just such as you find in decaying substances of any sort. A Frenchman, who has looked into this matter, has sug- gested that oysters ought to be disinfected before being eaten." " Who ever would have thought an oyster such a loath- some thing ? But don't you think raw oysters are very digestible ? " "There are a good many things which would probably be digestible enough, but which one would not like to eat. How would you enjoy a dish of snails or earth worms, which a Frenchman thinks rare delicacies .? Just imagine yourself and the oyster changed places. What would you think of a monster that should come along and swallow you alive .■' " " Oh ! but an oyster does not have any feelings to be hurt." " How do you know that ? And besides, do you think it a very pleasant thing for one to have half a dozen live animals in his stomach ? A lady came into my office NATURAL AND DEPRAVED INSTINCTS. one day in great distress of mind. She was sure she had a live animal of some sort in her stomach, and was almost beside herself with the thought. A few days after, she wanted me to order for her some live oysters on the half shell. You see she wasn't so afraid of live animals after all." " Oh, dear, don't tell me any more about it. I am afraid I shall never be able to eat another oyster as long as I live," said the lady. Our artist has given us his idea of the propriety of using these scavenger creatures as food, in the accom- panying cut. A monkey is reaching far out on a limb to grasp an apple, while a man is raking in the mud be- neath in search of slimy bivalves. Is not this a strangely perverted taste. 104 Jfafliion and ger Yiigtim? Jalhion in Deloraiity. O alter or disguise the natural forms of the body in imitation of an ac- quired deformity on the part of some other member of the community, is a propensity seen in the human race in every stage of development. "The savage and the civilized," says Mrs. Linton, " ' run curricle ' in their devotion to the fetish each creates and worships; and though each ridicules the idol of VOTARIES OF FASHION. the other, to the philosopher, judging both impartially, there is not much to choose between them. Where the savage runs a fish-bone or a piece of wood through the under-lip hanging thereto a huge disc, which enlarges the aperture and pulls down the flesh, the civilized Darwinian bores a hole in the lobe of the ear, to hold a piece of wire, heavily weighted with a stone, which does the same thing. Where some careful parents, trouserless and tattooed, anxious for the future well-being of their children, dress their heads into an enchanting flatness, others crush their daughters' feet into an amorphous mass of pulp, which then they call "golden water-lilies;' and otherp again found their hopes of ultimate good settlements on a waist of which the dimensions impede the circulation of the blood, paralyze the liver, and play the mischief generally with all the internal organs alike. Where the savage anoints himself with rancid oil, or crowns himself with a pat of butter, the French fine lady ' exhibits ' cold cream, and abjures water as sedulously as if she were a replica of Lot's wife. Where the savage makes himself 'terrible and dear' with blue and red paint, the fine lady injures her eyesight with belladonna and her skin with rouge and blanc de perle. If the savage twists his elf-locks into a thousand fantastic forms, adding thereto all manner of hideous ornamentation, the civilized lady follows suit, and makes her head the crowning-point of her folly." In the illustration we have represented several leaders of fashionable society criticising each other's garb, as leaders of society are wont to do. The young lady at the left is greatly scandalized by the appearance of the tattooed savage, who on his part seems greatly amused by the insect-like contour of the young lady's waist, and perhaps also by the deformed and almost useless feet of the Chinese woman, which the young lady's French heels seem designed to imitate. Saijage |^a^liion|. It is possible that "the practice of deforming the body among civilized people may be a vestige of the bar- barous tendencies of the race when in an uncivilized state. With this thought in mind it is interesting to study the customs of various nations with respect to deformities. What is the origin of the fantastic and often laughable fashions of the ignorant children of the forest and the jungle, is a question which can be an- swered only by the wildest hypotheses. Some of them have apparently arisen from religious or superstitious ob- servances ; others may have been adopted to give the inventor a resemblance to some wild beast, and have been handed down from father to son until the original significance was forgotten ; still others — and this theory, as we shall see, has its counterpart among the practices of civilized nations of the present day — may have been devised in flattering imitation of the natural or accidental deformity of a king or chieftain. Whatsoever their origin may be, however, their perpetuation will in most cases IDS Sunbkams ok Health be found to be due to a desire not to appear singular, or in other words, to a lack of originality and inde- pendence. J)iIetliod| of tlFe^^ing &e Jair. The readiness with which the hair submits to manip- ulation of every sort has made it a favorite plaything in the hands of fashion. Innumerable variations in the length and method of arrangement are to be found among all known conditions of civilization. Among sav- age races the dressing of the hair often constitutes an important part of the duties of life, and the vagaries in its arrangement are carried to a most absurd length. A few of the numerous fantastic styles of hair dressing in vogue among the Central Africans are shown in our illustration. of ivory, metal, or bamboo, measuring twenty-two inches across, in the upper lip, the orifice for its reception be- ing gradually enlarged from early girlhood, until it can receive the full-sized ring, which among the Manganja belle constitutes the acme of female loveliness made per- fect. The wearing of this hideous ornament alters the whole appearance of the face, and renders it impossible for the woman to pronounce the labial letters. Hence the women in this tribe speak differently from the men. It is not pleasant to record of a nation so fond of dress that they seemed to be entirely unconscious that in civ- ilized eyes cleanliness is a virtue which ranks even higher than tattooing. They are filthy in the extreme. One old man denied that it was true that he had never washed himself; he had really done so once, but it was so long ago that he could not trust his memory to say how many years had elapsed since that notable event. WOMEN OF CENTRAL AFRICA. A "The most favorite form of dressing the hair," says Mr. Brown, " is to take a couple of pieces of wet, pliable hide, and shape them into the form of ox or buffalo horns, after which they are allowed to dry. They are then fastened at either side of the forehead, and the hair trained over them, and plastered into position by means of grease or clay. Two horns are the favorite ornament, but sometimes only one is used ; in the latter case the wearer looks like a black bipedal unicorn. Others vary this style of hair-dressing by twisting a number of locks all over the head into the shape of miniature horns, so as to cause a porcupine-like appearance in the practicer of this extra- ordinary style of head-dress. Pig-tails, so far as their short " wool " will allow, are also in vogue. - The women, as might be expected, are by no means without fastidi- ousness in dressing and ornamenting the hair, but this is quite overshadowed by another effort in beautifying in which they excel — viz., in wearing the 'pelele,' or ring It is almost superfluous to add that skin diseases are, in consequence, common amongst them, and exhibit most persistent, and virulent forms." Papuan Jaip- Jfa^hiont. Among the Papuans, hair-dressing is cultivated as a fine art, and with the most astonishing results. The hair of these people is naturally kinky, but by continually combing it with an instrument devised for the purpose they manage to make it stand out from the head in a balloon-shaped mass that suggests a prize cabbage at a county fair. Most of the chiefs employ a professional hair-dresser who devotes a large part of his time to the work. "Whatever may be said about the appearance be- ing unnatural," says Wallace, "the best coiffures have a surprising and almost geometrical accuracy of outline, io6 And T^^ENlPKRANClt. PAPUAN DANDIES. combined with a round softness of surface and uniformity of dye which display extraordinary care and merit some praise. They seemed to be carved out of some solid sub- stance and are variously colored. Jet-black, blue-black, ashy-white, and several shades of red prevail. Among young people bright red and flaxen are in favor. Some- times two or more colors meet on the same head. Some heads are finished both as to shape and color nearly like an English barrister's wig. On one head all the hair is of uniform length, but one-third in front is ashy or sandy and the rest black, a sharply-defined separation dividing the two colors. Not a few are so ingeniously grotesque as to appear as if done to excite laughter. One has a large knot of frizzy hair cut away, leaving three or four rows of small clusters, as if his head were planted with small paint-brushes. A mode that requires great care has the hair wrought into distinct locks, — radiating from the head ; each lock is a perfect cone about seven inches in length, having the base outwards, so that the surface of the hair is marked out into a great number of small cir- cles, the ends being turned in, in each lock, towards the center of the cone." As may be supposed, the Papuan dandies take great precautions to preserve these elaborate structures from the effects of the dew or rain, generally covering them v/ith a dried banana leaf, which serves for both hat and umbrella. In addition to these monstrous heads of hair they will often wear still more monstrous wigs, with an effect which may be imagined. "Bangl" and Other j^ntiquitie^. It is surprising how slow civilized people are to adopt novel ideas and customs. For example, it was half a century after tea was brought to Eng- land from China before it came into common use ; and tobacco, which the "noble red men of the forest" had chewed and smoked from time imme- morial, was almost a century working its way into popular favor. We have been just as slow to adopt other of the habits and manners of those who have gone before us. Indeed, it seems that we have only very recently begun to appreciate the beauties of the antique. We have lately learned that the old bronzes, long ago buried in the earth, corroded by time, and green with ver- digris, are far more beautiful than the brightly polished brasses of our grand- mother's time, and so demand that modern andirons and chandeliers and imitation candle-sticks shall be thickly smeared over with imitation verdigris. So, too, we are just finding out that the distorted and grotesque figures of Japanese art are far more beautiful than the graceful patterns to which we have been so long accustomed. So, also, in matters of dress. How long it has taken our ladies to discover the esthetic advantages of wearing the hair in the form known as bangs! The dusky belles of South Africa and of the South-Sea Islands, and the wild Indians of South America, have from remote ages worn their hair in this manner ; but it was not until a French woman whose morals were not above suspicion, and whose forehead was disfigured by an un- sightly scar, adopted this style of dressing the hair to cover a de- formity, and the fashion makers of the wicked capital decreed in favor of this most absurd fashion, that the wo- men of the civilized world really brought themselves to think that an intellectual forehead, so much ad- mired in man, is a blemish in a woman, and to be disguised as far as possible by wearing the front hair in the eyes like a poodle or a mustang. Those who imagine that in following this silly custom they are in the height of fash- South American Indian with "Bangs.' 107 SUNBKAMS OK HkAL'TH ion ought to kno\v that they are a long way behind their humble sisters of Africa and the islands of the Pacific. Indeed, the fashion of banging the hair is even more an- cient. According to Herodotus, the Arabians of his day acknowledged no other gods than Bacchus and Urania, and they ascribed to Bacchus the peculiar fashion of dressing their hair, which they wore " in a circular form, banged round the temples." Some Odd Jfalhion^. In many of the islands of Polynesia the natives con- vert their naturally jet-black hair into a tawny-brown by the application of lime which they obtain by burning the coral found everywhere in the islands of the Pacific. This practice bears a curious resemblance to the " bleach- ing" process so common among the would-be fashion- ables of this country a short time ago. Under the influence of this " craze " many young ladies submitted to having their dark-hued locks transformed into an ugly brownish- red, only to find after a few months that fickle fashion "had changed her mind again, and was smiling upon the dark-haired. The different tribes of the Gallas, of Eastern Africa, are distinguished by a distinct fashion of wearing the hair. "European ladies," says Robert Brown, "would be startled at the fact that to perfect the coiffure of a man requires a period of from eight to ten years ! However tedious the operation, the result is extraordinary. The Latookas wear most exquisite helmets, all of which are formed of their own hair, and are, of course, fixtures. At first sight it seems incredible, but a minute examina- tion shows the wonderful perseverance of years in pro- ducing what must be highly inconvenient. The thick, crisp wool is woven with fine twine from the bark of a tree until it presents a thick network of felt. As the hair grows through this matted substance it is subjected to the same process, until, in the course of years, a com- pact superstructure is formed like a strong felt about an inch and a half thick ; this has been trained into the shape of a helmet. A strong rim of about two inches deep is formed by sewing together with thread, and the front part of the helmet is protected by a piece of pol- ished copper, while another piece of the same metal, shaped like the half of a bishop's mitre, and a foot in length, forms the crest. The framework of the helmet being at length completed, it must be perfected by an arrangement of beads, should the owner of the head be sufficiently rich to indulge in the coveted distinction. The beads most in fashion are the red and blue porce- lain, about the size of small peas. These are sewn on the surface of the belt, and so beautifully arranged in sections of blue and red, that the entire helmet seems formed of beads ; and the handsome crest of polished copper surmounted by ostrich plumes, gives a dignified and most martial appearance to this head-dress." In some parts of Africa the women take great pains to pluck out their eyebrows, in order that they may not " look like horses." Jlatlening the Jead. Flat-Head Indian. With many tribes of American Indians, the operation of flattening the skull is considered an essential part of a child's early training. In fact, it is looked upon as a sign of great disgrace if the head is not deformed. The heads of the children of slaves are not allowed to be treated in this manner, and one little Indian boy will sometimes shout to another, " Oh ! your mother was too' lazy to flatten your head ! " whereupon the young- ster with the unflattened cranium will skulk off to the paternal wigwam to hide the sign of his humiliation and brood over his wrongs. The process is begun immediately after the birth of the child, and continued through a pe- riod of from eight to twelve months. " It might be supposed," says a writer who has spent much time among the Indians of the northwest, " that the operation would be attended with great suffering; but I never heard the infants crying or moaning, although I have frequently seen their eyes starting from their sockets with the great pressure ; but seemingly on the contrary, when the thongs were loos- ened and the pads removed, I have noticed them cry until they were replaced. From the apparent dullness of the children while under the pressure, I should imagine that a state of torpor or insensibility is 'induced, and the return to consciousness occasioned by its removal must be nat- urally followed by a sense of pain." There are many different styles of head-flattening. Sometimes the pad will be applied merely to the fore- head, producing the effect shown in the picture. In other cases boards will be applied both to the front and back, so as to force the skull into a peak at the crown. The Peruvians and Indians of Vancouver Island tie band- ages of deer's hide encircling the infant's skull just above the ears, thus producing a circular depression accompanied by an elongation of the head. In Europe this barbarous custom not only dates back to a very remote period, having been mentioned by Herodotus as prevailing among the people then living in the Caucasus ; but is even to be found in certain parts of France at the present day. So common is it still in the neighborhood of Toulouse for the ignorant country-people to bandage the heads of their children, that a special form of head produced in io8 I And Tkviperanck. this manner is known as the ^^deformation Toulousaine" or deformity of Toulouse. Nothing is definitely known about the effects of this cruel practice upon the physical and mental development of the Indians, but in France, where its results have been closely watched by medical observers, it has been proved by "positive and numerous facts, that the most constant and most frequent effects of this deformation, though only carried to a small degree, are headaches, deafnesses, various cerebral difficulties, and epilepsy ; that idiocy or madness often terminates this series of evils, and that the asylums for lunatics and imbeciles receive a large number of their inmates from among this unhappy people." What American mother, even without reading this sickening list of penalties for the transgression of nature's laws, would not- shriek with horror at the idea of submitting the head of her tender infant to the torture of an unyielding bandage .' And yet how many of these same mothers, a few years later, will hesitate to clasp about the waists of their growing daughters that modern instrument of torture, the corset, which is responsible for results incalculably more harmful and far-reaching .'' Jafhionable JV[utilatioii|. The nose, the lips, and the ears have in almost all savage races been made the subject of more or less hid- eous mutilations for the purpose of rendering the owners beautiful in the eyes of their fellow-savages. The Boto- LIP ORNAMENT OF THE BOTOCUDOS. cudos, a people inhabiting the southern part of Brazil, sport a lip ornament similar to that shown in the engrav- ing. " It 'consists of a conical piece of hard and polished wood, frequently weighs a quarter of a pound, and drags down, elongates, and inverts the lower lip, so as to ex- pose the gums and teeth in a manner which to our taste is hideous, but with them is considered an essential ad- junct to an attractive and correct appearance." M. Beard, a French traveler, mentions a novel use made of the in- ner end of the wooden tablet. He noticed a Botocudo .-<#;1---^ ' ' '-'"mi mi . ■$.^\% % A LIP RING. take a knife and cut a piece of meat on it, and then tumble the meat into his mouth. A similar custom pre- vails among the women of a certain tribe of British Amer- ican Indians, who insert into the lower lip "a bone in- strument, concave externally and internally, and more than an inch long and about half an inch broad, the result of which is to cause the lip to protrude like a shelf, ex- posing the interior and completely concealing the exterior of it. They commence to get it inserted when very young, in the form of a metal tube, gradually increasing the size of the ornament until it flourishes in all its full- sized ugliness. I have heard it often asserted that an old woman will allow her food to remain on this shelf until it is sufficiently cooled, when she will empty the natural platter into her mouth. To witness an old hag, with this 'ornament' in her lip, attempting to whistle, is to witness one of the most ludicrously hideous feats in the world." In the above engraving is represented a similar custom practiced upon the upper lip by a tribe in Central Africa. A hole is made in the upper lip, into which is inserted a piece of bone or metal, which is gradually enlarged until a ring or circular disk an inch or two in diame- ter can be inserted, producing a most ugly protrusion of 109 SUNBKAMS OK HBALTH the upper lip, but which the reversed tastes of the Dark Continent lead the natives to regard as a great im- provement upon t'he natural features. .^n Im^onuenient Jfo^e De^oFation. Rings in the nose are common among the Hindoos, the West African negroes, and the natives of most of the islands of the Pacific. Captain Cook in the first book of his voyages thus describes what must be an extremely uncomfortable nose ornament in vogue among the inhab- itants of the Eastern coast of Australia: — "Their principal ornament is the bone which they thrust through the cartilage which divides the nostrils from each other. What perversion of taste could make them think this a decoration, or what could prompt them, before they had worn it or seen it worn, to suffer the pain and inconvenience that must of necessity attend it, is perhaps beyond the power of human sagacity to de- termine. As this bone is as thick as a man's finger, and between five and six inches long, it reaches quite across the face, and so effectually stops up both nostrils that they are forced to keep their mouths wide open for breath, and snuffle so when they attempt to speak that they are scarcely intelligible even to each other. Our seamen, with some humor, called it their sprit-sail yard ; and, indeed, it had so ludicrous an appearance that, till we were used to it, we found it difficult to refrain from laughter." "ImgFODed" Jeeth. Dentists assert that they are not infrequently called upon to create cavities in perfectly sound front teeth, for the purpose of afterward filling them with gold, in or- der to give the face an expression thought to be attractive. If we regard with pity the depraved taste of the savage or half-civilized wonian, what shall be thought of those who resort to similar practices in the midst of the culture and enlightenment of a modern civilization. In the accompanying sketch our artist has illustrated a few of the many different methods of "improving" the teeth, in favor among the various nations of Africa. "The African women would be much handsomer than they are," says Dr. Livingstone, " if they would let themselves alone ; though unfortunately that is a failing by no means pecul- iar to African ladies ; but they are by nature not partic- ularly good looking, and seem to take all the pains they can to make themselves worse. The people of one tribe knock out all their upper front teeth, and when they laugh are perfectly hideous. Another tribe of the Londa country file all their front teeth to a point, like cat's teeth, and when they grin put one in mind of alligators ; many of the women are comely, but spoil their beauty by such unnatural means." It is to be said in palliation of this habit of mutilating the teeth, that it produces re- sults not one whit more repulsive than those which re- sult from decay of the teeth through neglect among civ- ilized people. Were it not for the skillful services of the dentist, a large proportion of the fashionable women of TEETH DECORATION. this country would not venture to open their mouths in company — which might not be an unmixed evil. Most savage nations, owing to their ignorance of confectionery, suffer little from decayed teeth. Not content with deforming and mutilating the out- side of the head, the tyrant fashion has even seized upon the only remaining feature of the face which is visible to the eye, the teeth. The Mohammedan lady of fashion dyes her teeth a dark brown with "henna." The dusky belles of Central Africa are not content unless their teeth are dyed as black as their ebony skins. Elongated Ear| Piercing the ears for the insertion of ornaments of gold or precious stones is a mutilation not altogether un- known among enlightened nations, although it seems in a fair way to become extinct in this country. Probably few of the most ardent remaining devotees of the custom would be in favor of carrying it to such lengths as fash- ion dictates for the Pampean Indians of South America. At an early age the ears are bored and pieces of wood inserted. "These holes," says Robert Brown, "are con- stantly enlarged for the admission of larger and larger pieces of wood, until they will sometimes attain a diam- eter of two inches and a half, if not more. Sometimes by this means the ears will reach down as far as the collar-bone." The same practice prevails among the Gar- rows of India, except that in the latter instance the or- naments are heavy brass rings weighing several pounds. no And Tkmpbrance. Mr. G. P. Sanderson, Superintendent of elephant-catching for the British army in India, on his recent visit to this country, told the writer that he had inspected ears of female Garrows in which the aperture caused by the weight of the rings had attained such proportions that he had no difficulty in passing his double fist through it. Most of the women's necks were colored a hideous green by contact with the brass, and in many cases the lobe of the ear, transformed into a greenish shred of human leather, almost brushed the shoulder. JPutilationl ol the gand| and" feet The artificial deformities practiced upon the hands usu- ally consist in chopping off one or more fingers as part of a religious ceremony or as a testimonial of respect to a superior. The Fijians are much addicted to the habit, and will frequently part with a finger or two on the most trivial pretext. CHINESE FOOT. Most famous of all methods of abusing the human form is the Chinese custom of bandaging the feet of little girls so that they will become permanently stunted and deformed. The deformity is produced by tying tight lig- atures around the feet of the girls when about five years old. The result is thus described by the author of that interesting work, " Women of the Orient : " — CHINESE SLIPPER. In the course of six or eight years, if daily attended to, the elongated bone of the heel, which is about all that is left of this part of the foot, is brought within a very few inches of the great toe ; the broken instep and folded toes are bound together with the ankle in an ugly bunch bulging outward above what seems to be the foot, and the great toe and the heel alone are thrust into the little embroidered shoe, and it is pronounced a perfect lady-foot. The heel is usually an inch or more higher than the toe, and a block of wood is placed in the back part of 'the shoe to support it. This gives the woman TATTOOED POLYNESIAN. the appearance of walking upon her tip-toes, as she wrig- gles along, stepping with nervous rapidity, and throwing out her arms to balance herself. A lady with very small feet is obliged to use a cane in walking, or to rest her hand upon the shoulder of a servant, which is a mark of especial gentility. The wide and embroidered trousers conceal the un- sightly bunch above the shoe, and the uninstructed ob- server supposes that he is looking upon a tiny but per- fectly formed foot. The length of the shoe is really a mere matter of taste. The most fashionable length is, I think, about three inches, although I have a pair in my possession, once worn by a woman in Foochow, which are but two and one-half inches long on the bottom. Of course, as far as any heavy work is concerned, small- footed women are useless ; and the housework in families where the women have small feet is always performed by males, or by female servants who have natural feet. At first the operation of bandaging is very painful. The bandage is removed every morning ; the foot is cleansed, carefully inspected, and then rebound. Of course, before the foot is utterly " dead," as it is termed, the quickening of the circulation when the bandage is re^ HI Sunbeams of Health moved and the severe compression when it is again ap- plied cause excruciating pain. In the early morning hours the traveler, in moving about a Chinese city, will hear from almost every house the cries of little girls under- going their daily torture. A well-known missionary gives the following il- lustration: — " I remember being greatly distressed one day by the crying of a child : ' O Auntie, Auntie, do n't do so, it hurts ; it hurts so much ! ' And then fol- lowed a long, quivering, sobbing ' O-o-oh! ' I tried not to mind it at first, and kept on with my writing for a little while, but I couldn't stand it very long, the sobbing was too piteous. So I laid down my pen, put on my hat, and went round the cor- ner into the alley where the sounds came from. It was dirty enough and narrow enough, I can as- sure you : but that was nothing. I only wanted to find out what could be the cause of this pitiful outcry, and what it was that 'auntie '"was doing. So I pushed open the door that led into one of the court-yards, and there I saw how the matter stood. On a high bench, with her feet dangling half-way to the ground, sat a little girl about five years old, her face swollen with crying, and the tears pouring down her flushed cheeks ; and near by, seated in a chair, was that dreadful ' auntie,' a fat, middle-aged woman, who held one of the child's feet in her hand, while the other foot was hanging down bandaged very tight, and looking more like a large pear, tied round with blue cotton cloth, than a natural shaped foot. There the old auntie sat, with the other little bare foot in her hand, looking at it -first on one side and then on the other, and particularly examining the parts where the little toes had been turned under and compressed by the band- ages which had just been removed. She found these parts full of cracks and sores, and into these what do you think she put.' Powdered saltpetre, to keep the sores from mortifying; and then she bound up the foot again as tight as she could, and left the poor little suf- ferer, with streaming eyes and dangling feet, still sitting on the bench ! " Jattooing. TATTOOED -POLYNESIAN. A good example of the tyranny of fashion among many savage na- tions and especially among the Polynesians, is seen in, the prevalence of the laborious and pain- ful custom of tattooing. In the engravings are shown specimens of the art carried to the high- est degree of complexity. Various designs of tat- tooing are thus set forth by Mr. Ellis :— " I have often seen a cocoa-nut tree correctly and distinctly drawn, its root spreading at the heel, its elastic stalk pen- ciled, as it were, along the tendon, and its wav- ing plume gracefully spread out in the broad part of the calf. Some- times a couple of stems would be twined up from the heel, and divided in the calf, each bearing a plume of leaves. The ornaments a ro u n d the ankle and upon the instep make them often appear the elegant Eastern sqndal. The sides sometimes tattooed from the ankle up- gives the appearance of wearing panta- seams. Every variety of .figure as if they wore of the legs are wards, which loons with ornamented is to be seen — cocoa-nut and bread-fruit trees, with con- volvulus wreaths hanging around them, boys gathering 112 And Teniperanck. the fruit, men engaged in battle, in the manual exercise, triumphing over a fallen foe. " Each one makes a selection according to his fancy ; and I have frequently thought the tattooing on a man's person might serve as . an index to his disposition and character. The females used the tattoo more sparingly than the men, and with greater taste. It was always the custom of the natives to go barefooted, and the feet, to an inch above the ankles of the chief women, were often neatly tattooed, appearing as if they wore a loose sandal or elegant open-worked boot. The arms were frequently marked with circles, their fingers with rings, and their wfists with bracelets. The thin, transparent skin over the black dye often gave to the tattoo a tinge of blue. The females seldom, if ever, marked their faces ; the figures on their feet and hands were all the ornaments they ex- hibited. Many suffered much from the pain occasioned by the operation, and from the swelling and inflammation JAPANESE MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. that followed, which often continued for a long time, and ultimately proved fatal. This, however, seldom deterred others from attempting to secure the badge of distinction, or embellishment of person. " We look with pity upon these benighted heathen, whose infatuation for an absurd fashion leads them to undergo the most severe torture, and yet we witness in civilized lands a devotion to fashion still more abject, which confines the most vital parts of the body in an iron cage and subjects it to far greater suffering and de- formity. Japanese Go|tum.e|. In spite of the rapid inroads of English and American customs, the Japanese women still retain their simple and healthful dress. The principal garment is the kirimon, a kind of long dressing-gown, which is folded across the breast, and kept in position by a silk or cotton sash. Undergarments are rarely worn, but in compensation for ^:fiyym\\\\\ JAPANESE BRIDE. this apparent disregard of cleanliness, they make a habit of bathing the entire body at least once a day, and often twice a day. A complete costume among the poorer classes may be obtained for one or two dollars. In the engravings are seen representations of the costumes of the better class, which are sometimes quite elaborate. The scene represented in our illustration of a Japanese woman at her toilet, is one very easy to see in any city of Japan, for the reason that Japanese houses are so con- structed that there is no privacy about their in-door life. The lady of the house is visible to every passer-by as she sits upon the floor before a mirror and dresses her hair, powders her face, and blackens her teeth. This last singular custom is said to date from very ancient times, and is supposed to insure the wife's fidelity to her husband by making her less attractive to other men. II- SxJNBKAlVrS OK HEALTH fi Ghine|e led. WOMEN OF NORTHERN CHINA adopted father, brother, and grandmother. The' grand- mother is an old lady of eighty-six." The use of the pillows above described is necessitated by the elaborate headdresses with which the women adorn themselves, specimens of which are ~ shown in the picture. Ghine^e Ja|hioii|. We are wont to consider a bed a place in which to rest; but if the accompanying picture is an accurate rep- resentation of a Chinese bed, we imagine that the slumbers of an American woman, accustomed to the spring mat- tresses and downy pillows of her native land, would be anything but sweet, if compelled to sleep in it. A lady missionary gives the following graphic description of the home and sleeping accommodations of one of her pupils : — " What would you think of living in a house only twelve feet long and ten wide .' In one corner is the bed, and I must tell you what that is like. Two narrow benches, across them about seven boards, and over the boards a piece of matting. That is all. Two hard, queer- looking things, which you might think were boxes or stools, but would never guess were pillows, are lying on the bed. In winter there is one very thick cotton comforter. In front of the bed is a narrow table ; it is three feet long and two wide, the only table in the house. It stands lengthwise, so as to make room for one bamboo stool be- tween it and the doorway. This is the only seat in the house. " There is no door ; a piece of an old mat is hung up to keep out the sun, wind, and rain. Against the wall is the furnace where the rice is cooked ; but sometimes there is no rice to cook. At the foot of the bed is a Whatever may be said in condemnation of Chinese small cupboard. Even with these few things there is only fashions from an esthetic point of view, they have at least a narrow passage left, one advantage over our kaleidoscope fashion-plates, — they The house rent is two are permanent. A Chinaman can afford to purchase gar- ments for his family of the very best material that money will buy, 1 nowing that they can 1 e worn by his descend- nts to the third and f jurth generations, if the latefial will last so long, nth no possibility of their wearers ever being out of the fashion." In fact, for a Chinaman to make any innovation in the matter of costume, especially on a public occasion, would bring him under the censure of the Board of Rites and Ceremonies by whom all the "modes" are prescribed. thousand and forty cash — about two dollars and ten cents In the accompanying engraving representing a street a year. scene in one of the Chinese cities, are shown a variety " In this poor little house lives ,Ling-Ling and his of costumes of both the lower and upper classes. The JAPANESE WOMAN AT HER TOILET. — CHINESE BED-CHAMBER. 114 And Temperancb. rsTt?"l^~r-=^ costumes for the sexes are so similar that at a distance they are undistinguishable except by the difference in the head and foot wear. A long tunic, loose flowing trousers, and, in the case of the women, a short under- skirt, are the principal garments. The sleeves of the tunic are made long enough to answer for pockets, and can be drawn down over the hands to take the place of mittens. A lady writer thus eulogizes the dress of the Chinese women : — " It covers the whole person, and unlike many Western costumes, which make more noticeable what they profess to conceal, it shields the contour of the body from ob- servation. It takes but eight yards of yard-wide cloth for a complete set of winter garments, and there is no waste in cutting and no false nor unnecessary appendages. Its truest economy, however, is the saving of mental worry, which comes from always cutting by the same pattern, and the obviation of all need of fitting. It allows un- restricted play to every muscle, is of the same thickness over the whole body, is not in the way when at work, and has little weight, while it has all needful warmth. Many women look handsome in it who are ugly in West- ern attire. This desirable dress may make us less sorry that half the women in the world are Chinese. Careful consideration of the effects of modes of dress in both coun- why, with floorless and windowless houses, poor food, and unwholesome surroundings, Chinese women live to very old age." We commend to our lady readers a careful study of the dress of their sisters in China, in which they will find many profitable suggestions. STREET SCENE IN CHINA. fi.mh tlre||. Among the Arabs, as with many of the Eastern na- tions, the dress for the men and women differs very little, the principal variation being in the method of putting the garments on. The inner garment consists of a tunic or cloak reaching to the knees. It is made by sewing to- gether at the edges two long pieces, and resembles a bag with holes for the arms. The abba, or outer garment, is an oblong piece of cloth about five feet wide by fifteen feet long. It is either wrapped around the body or thrown over the shoulder like a shawl, with the ends hanging down in front. A long tunic without sleeves is sometimes worn as a third garment between these two. An impor- tant part of an Arab's wealth frequently consists of " changes of raiment." Ji^toFy ol Go^lume. AKAB DRESS. tries have made me sure that the custom of binding the feet hampers the body and soul of Chinese women less than the changing and following of fashions does that of American women. This healthful dress may be a reason The earliest costumes of which we have any accurate representation are those of the ancient Assyrians and Egyptians as rudely portrayed upon the bass-reliefs of Nineveh, and the sculptured monuments and tombs which are the sole records of long forgotten Egyptian dynasties. The records show the higher classes dressed in long, un- "5 SUNBKAMS OK HEALTH ainly robes, cunningly ornamented with designs in eedlework. The laboring classes wore only a woolen pron, or a short tunic bound at the waist with, a rope. Costumes of the Ancient Greeks. With the rise of the Greeks, dress, like almost every ;her feature of Grecian civilization, came under the juris- iction of art, and was thus made the exponent of ideas ' beauty. Nothing that has ever been devised in the A MODERN GREEK, ay of costume is simpler or more beautiful than the Oman's dress shown in the engraving. It consisted of fo portions, the iumc interior, a sleeveless undershirt, id the chiton, a loose tunic with sleeves which were asped, not sewn, together. The chiton was made long, id caught up by a girdle about the hips, forming broad Ids about the waist. Corsets, it need hardly be said. GRECIAN AND HAWAIIAN DRESS. ;re unknown. The principal outer garment was the mation, a large, square piece of cloth, which was thrown er the left shoulder, drawn across the back to the right side below the right arm, and the end thrown over the left shoulder. There were many variations of this arrange- ment, and the art of wearing the himation gracefully was studied by the young Athenians of both sexes, with no small amount of zeal. Sandals were worn upon the feet, and several varieties of hats were known, although their use wa;s almost wholly confined to travelers and farmers. Umbrellas, parasols, and canes were in common use, but gloves were worn only by those who were engaged in work of a kind to stain the hands. Bright colors for ordinary clothing were shunned as savoring of vulgarity. The men never shaved, and the women were satisfied to use simply the hair which grew upon their own heads. The modern Greeks, like the rest of the world, have departed from the simplicity of their forefathers, although as will be seen" by the accompanying cut, their costume is even now less fantastic and picturesque than that of many moderns. Roman Dress. The early Romans borrowed their costumes directly from the Greeks, the stola corresponding to the chiton, and the pallo, or toga, to the him- ation. In the days of the em- perors many modifications were imported from the races of the North, as, for instance, the kind of trousers called braccae, for which they were indebted to the Britons. The long period of the decline of the Empire witnessed the gradual assimilation of ideas of costume borrowed from the surrounding nations, and many of the costumes of the present day seem to be the unfortunate results of the struggle between Roman . simplicity of dress and the bar- baric love of finery which char- acterized the rude tribes of the North. PEASANT'S TABARD. First Appearance of the "Waist." For most of our modern costumes we are indebted directly to the French, th^ importation having been be- gun at the time of the Norman conquest of England and kept up ever since without regard to considerations of health, comfort, or comeliness. Previous to the fourteenth century, ladies' dresses were cut in one length, falling straight from head to foot. They were not fitted to th? U6 And T'EivrPE^RANCit. sleeves, and pyramidal petticoat make up a costume which for ugliness and discomfort can hardly be surpassed by the latest creations of the most fashionable Parisian modistes of the present day. 10th Cent. 11th Cent. RISE AND DECLINE OF THE OUTER SLEEVE. waist with seams, but bound around with a girdle. This girdle gradually tightened and widened, until, about the year 1360, it took the form of a waist, appearing first upon the person of Jeanne, the wife of the French Charles the Wise. However much the French king may have merited his complimentary title, his wife certainly deserved to be called Jeanne the Unwise, for she set a fashion which has been responsible for untold suffering among the daughters of men during the last five hundred years. In the accom- I2TH AND 14TH CENTURY DRESS. panying series of engravings, which are arranged in their proper historical order, the reader may observe the grad- ual decadence of woman's dress, from the comfortable peasant's tabard of the tenth century with its loose waist and short skirt, down to the hideous attire of a court lady of the sixteenth century, whose waspish waist, superfluous COURT LADY, EARLY i6TH CENTURY. Evolution of the Sleeve. In the same series is also illustrated the evolution and subsequent deterioration of the outer sleeve. At first merely a shoulder strap, as in the peasant's dress above referred to, the sleeve gradually lengthened until it be- came a bottomless sack reaching below the knee, and finally grew to so preposterous a length that it was gath- ered up and tied about the wrist to form a bag for carry- ing a large amount of personal property. From this point it shrunk and dwindled until the fourteenth century it was merely a long floating filament. Farthingale and Ruff. With the last half of the sixteenth century came in the farthingale and ruff which gave a woman of that pe- riod the appearance of having just risen from the interior of a hogshead, with the cover about her neck. The ex- treme to which this costume was carried is well illustra- ted in the engraving of Queen Elizabeth, who, with her bloated sleeves stuffed with bags of eider down, her long and narrow "stomacher," her spindling waist, her mighty 117 Sukbbams o^ Hkal^pi. petticoats, and her wing-like head-dress, resembles some huge bird of an extinct species, perhaps the fabulous roc of the Arabian Nights, rather than a woman and a queen. But even Elizabeth shrank from the extravagances of her sisters across the channel, and was fain to reduce the circumference of her shoulders from eight feet to iive, the former being the measure of the costumes of the ladies at the court of Henry III ! The rise of the Puritans brought with it a strong influ- ence toward simplicity of dress which lasted for many years in England, and can still be traced in many parts of the New England States. The costume of a Puritan lady, as shown in our illustration, is a model of dignified simpleness of attire. Between that period and the present day, dress has undergone kaleidoscopic changes too numerous to spec- ify. Several curious costumes have been sketched by our artist, and will serve as sam- ples of the transformations which Dame Fortune works at will upon the dress of her submissive subjects. FARTHINGALE AND RUFF. 1830. 1790. Curious Head-Dresses. But in no one particular of costume has fashion so plainly manifested its inherent disposition to run riot, as in the development of the head-dress. The famous steeple head-dress is well shown in our illustration. It consisted of a roll of white linen rising to a height of some eight- een inches above the head, sometimes pointed directly toward the zenith, and again, as in the picture, inclined backward at an angle of forty-five degrees. , From its peak floated a long strip of white lawn, which either trailed on the ground or was caught up under the arm of the wearer. Two horns curving upward from the ears came into fashion soon afterward, and gave women a QUEEN ELIZABETH. fanciful resemblance to cows. An extreme case of this ludicrous fashion is shown in the portrait of the Countess of Arundel, whose " horns " were each about two feet in length, and had suspended between them a heavily em- broidered veil. We must come down to the latter part of the last century, however, to find the head-dress in its most mon- strous form. Says Mrs. Haweis, speaking, of this grotesque and uncleanly fashion, "It was about 1780 that the heads of the ladies were at their biggest. They had been steadily growing for some years, and according to the published directions for hair-dressing by the fashion- able barbers of the period, they rose rapidly from 'one foot' to 'three feet' high. Of course no human hair could 118 COUNTESS OF ARUNDEL.— 15lh Cenlury. LADY OF 15TH CENTURY. PURITAN LADY. SIDELESS GOWN.— 14th Century. HEAD-DRESS OF 1780. "TRUNK HOSE." LADY WITH "PAIRE OF LOCKS AND CURLS." 17th Century. PERIWIG. The Follies of Fashion. 119 SUNBBAMS OF HbALTH cover a cushion as tall as this, and proportionally wide ; the monstrous curls and rolls were, therefore, chiefly false, stuffed with tow, and additionally trimmed with ten yards of ribbon, vulgarly large ropes of beadsj arti- ficial flowers, immense plumes of ostrich feathers and scarfs of gauze, as well as other ornaments, and to reach the acme of bad taste — models in glass of ships, horses, chariots, caterpillars, and litters of pigs (very much liked, and certainly suggestive), and many more." Another writer notes that the women of that time could not use a coach, as it was constructed, but had to have the roof raised. " The work of building up the hair was so ardu- ous, and the hair-dresser's art was in so much demand, that when bur fine madam was going to a rout, she was often obliged to have her head dressed a day or two be- fore the event, sleeping bolt upright in her high-backed chair, so as not to damage this monstrous superconstruc- ture." An admirable representation of one of these huge " heads " is seen in the engraving. Jalpline f oUiet. Masculine costumes have not been always wholly ab- solved from the influence of the fickle goddess. The long and powdered periwig, shown in the cut, still sur- vives in the prescribed costume of the English barrister, although the " trunk-hose," which date from a somewhat earlier period, have happily gone oiit of vogue. The latter, one form of which is shown in the illustration, were short breeches gathered in just above the knee, and stuffed out with horse-hair and bran to enormous and al- most incredible proportions. We have the word of vera- cious chroniclers for it, that they sometimes attained to the circumference of nine feet about the hips. It is recorded that the trunk-hose of a dandy of the time of James I. were explored by an officer, and the stuffing found to consist of the following materials: a pair of sheets, two table-cloths, ten napkins, four shirts, a hand- glass, a comb, and a night-cap. goTi] do _patliion| Originate? This is a question which has never been satisfactorily answered even by those who are supposed to know the most about it, and to have the most to do with setting what are vaguely called " the fashions." Why is it that one year red is the popular color, the next year brown, and the year after some indescribable shade of green ? Why do bonnets rise at one season of the year and fall at another ? Why do dresses now cling tightly about the limbs of the wearer, now swell out to the proportions of a balloon, and again hang in folds of Grecian simplicity .' The only answer that can be given is that these things are arbitrarily regulated by fashion, a ruthless tyrant whose exact abode no one seems to know, except that it is somewhere in the neighborhood of Paris, but whose commands are rigorously obeyed without regard to the dictates of reason. An entertaining writer in one of the leading dailies thus accounts for the origin of several of the most pronounced of the fashionable follies of modern times, putting his argument into the mouth of a city milliner: — " ' Don't try to reason logically about fashion,' said a dainty little milliner, shaking her head disconsolately, as she reviewed the latest pattern plates, and frowned as they failed to meet with her approval ; ' for, of all illogical and unreasonable laws, those which govern fashion are positively the worst. Perhaps you imagine that the various styles which invade the ladies of to-day are the result of carefully considered experiments, or that meetings are held and cer- tain fashions unanimously declared desirable. You make a great mistake. Such is not the case. Nearly all the fashions which have become popular in civilized countries have simply been the result of accident. I am not exagger- ating. Let me give you illustrations. In France, the beautiful Ferroniere was once— I grieve to say it — smoking a cigarette. She was not accustomed to indulge in that habit, you may be surprised to hear, and met with a slight accident. She removed the cigarette from her mouth, held it between her fingers, forgot, presumably, that it was there, was about to rest her forehead on her hand, when -the lighted end of the cigarette came in contact with her brow and burned it. It made an ugly scar. Do you think that worried her .'' Not a bit of it. The next day she cov- ered the scar with a jewel, and the following week every lady of the court, who valued her reputation as a society star wore a similar jewel on her forehead. Ha ! ha ! That's one instance. The Princess of Wales, as everybody knows, has an unfortunate limp, which nothing under the sun could render beautiful. But the foolish London ladies seeing this said to themselves: " Dear me ! how cMc that limp is." The " Alexandri limp," as it was called, be- came extremely fashionable, and it was obtained by making the heel of one boot shorter than that of the other. The Princess of Wales has also a very long and meager neck. She was absolutely obliged to wear only high dresses, close up to the throat. But the thousands of English ladies who had not very long necks followed her example, and made themselves ridiculous. Dear me 1 How stupid the fashion- able world is ! ' " The little milliner sighed at the frailties of her sex, but tortured herself by relating still more of them. ' Do you know the origin of puckered sleeves } It was simply this: The Countess of Dudley — one of the most beautiful women in England, by the by — was invited to a dinner one night, and was expecting to shine in a very elegant costume, which was being made especially for the occasion. When 1 20 A ND T^^ENIPERAKCB. the countess was about to dress, her maid informed her that the dressmaker had not yet sent home the costume. The countess was in despair. What could she do ? She wrote a note to the deHnquent, demanding that the dress be sent immediately, finished or unfinished. It came within an hour — unfinished. The countess felt bound to don it, as several society papers had already expatiated upon the wonderful design. The sleeves were only tacked in. The countess was not daunted. She took a needle and hastily sewed in the sleeves — so hastily, indeed, that over each shoulder the material puckered and stood up in alarming folds. She wore the dress as it was, how- ever. She knew she could wear anything. A week from that time puckered sleeves were all the rage in London.' " The milliner blushed with shame at this new instance of female weakness. ' Do you know who originated high- heeled boots .■" ' she asked. ' Oh, that woman has a great deal to answer for, I can tell you ! It was the Marquise de Pompadour. She was so small, and it was the fashion to be so tall, that she invented high heels, in a fit of des- peration. That lady also originated the black patches which were so fashionable in the French court, and which people suppose to-day that the ladies wore in order to heighten the brilliancy of their complexion. They were thus simply an imitation of La Pompadour. She had an aggravating pimple on her cheek, of which she tried hard to get rid. All her efforts were unavailing. She covered the offending growth with black plaster, and set the fashion. Anne of Austria introduced the fashion of short sleeves. She was not a beautiful woman, but her arms were magnificent, and in the same spirit with which Katisha expatiates on the beauty of her left shoulder-blade, Anne of Austria resolved to exhibit her arms. Short sleeves were almost unknown before her time. Marie Antoinette had masses of exquisite hair, and the huge coiffures and outlandish designs which are so much ridiculed to-day were simply the result of that fact. She could do noth- ing else with her hair, as there was so much of it. But her ladies imitated her, and actually bought false hair in order to reach a proper standard of perfection. Fashions originate in the most ridiculous way. It is absurd to say that one person sets the fashion. She may have a great deal to do with it, but she is not alone in her empire over her sex. The Princess of Wales does a great deal, but she is aided by the Countess of Dudley, Lady Ran- dolph Churchill, and the Marchioness of Kildare. In Paris, it is an acknowledged fact, that at the present day the demi-monde exert considerable influence over the fashion. I could mention at least a dozen instances all illustrative of the fact that fashions are the result of accident and of accident merely — but I won't do it — no, I won't do it,' and the little lady plied her needle in si- lence." The above facts have long been known, or some of' them at least, and women are as much enslaved to fashion as ever. fi. Gruel Ja^hion. It is well-known that many of the Parisian fashions are started by the fallen women who throng that gay capital ; and these fashions clearly bear the impress of their origin. Satan himself would be puzzled to invent devices more deadly and devilish than many of the popu- lar fashions of the present day, — fashions which distort the form, compress the vital organs, cramp and maim the feet, disfigure the face, and rob the countenance of its beauty and expression, to say nothing of the immod- esty by which they are characterized, the extravagance which they entail. And yet Christian women follow these base-born and horrible customs, instead of obeying the precept which says, " Be not conformed to this world." The following paragraph from T/te Nation gives the origin of one of the fashions which for wanton, causeless cruelty, is well worthy of the source from which it sprung: — " Some seven years ago there appeared in Paris, at a ball of the demi-monde, a woman wearing on her head- dress a dead bird. The bird had artificial eyes, and its wings and tail were spread out so as to give it a life-like appearance. It was a small, stuffed bird, not a bird's skin stretched on wires. Its introduction as an ornament in fashionable, bad society was not received with much favor at first, although the wearer succeeded in attracting attention to herself by the singularity of her adornment. This was all she desired or intended to accomplish by fastening a bird's corpse to her head-gear. She had not the slightest expectation that she would be imitated even by her immediate companions, still less that the whole world of fashionable, good society in France, England, and America would fall into line at her heels. Probably her only thought was that the oddity of her costume would serve as a striking advertisement, and cause her to be talked of among the males and females of her kind. " Strange indeed are the caprices of fashion. Seven years have passed by, and we find the eccentricity of a woman of the town becomes the craze of millinery — so great and deadly a craze that State legislatures are con- sidering bills to prevent extinction of our song birds." SauageFi] u^. Giijili^atioii. The following imaginary conversation between a white man and a savage is evidently intended as a satire upon some of the fashionable follies of the day : — White Man. I am very glad to make your acquaint- ance, sir, although, while you are in your present unre- generate condition, I must decline rubbing noses with you. After you have had a bath, it will give me great pleasure to take you by the hand. I understand that 121 SUNBBAMS OF HeALI'H you mean to eschew your savage customs, and take up with the ways of civilization. Savage. That is my resolve. W. M. And a very commendable resolution on your part, I am sure. I trust that you fully appreciate the superiority of our modern civilization to the wretched mode of life which you have pursued hitherto. 5. I must confess that at present I have but a vague and incoherent notion of what civilization means. I will be greatly obliged to you, if you will make more clear to me the difference between it and my present condition. W. M. I shall be delighted to. Savagery, you must know, means ignorance, falsehood, selfishness, degradation, and superstition ; civilization means knowledge, truth, generosity, refinement, and reason. Savagery is the tri- HEAD-DRESSES OF MUSQUITO INDIANS. umph of the body over the mind ; civilization is the tri- umph of the mind over the body. As a savage, you eat, and drink, and dress, without knowing why you do these things in one way rather than in another. After you have become civilized, you will do everything because it is the right thing to do. S. I think I understand. W. M. Very likely you do not, though. You savages never can understand anything without some visible sign. Let me illustrate my meaning. I have here a picture of some of your relatives, — the Musquito Indians of Central America. Pray notice those ridiculous head-dresses. S. Very beautiful head-dresses they seem to me. W. M. That is because you are still a degraded sav- age, with your esthetic tastes in a rudimentary stage of evolution. When you have become civilized, those head- dresses will appear to you hideously ugly. S. Why > W. M. For two reasons : first, because they lack the elements of beauty ; second, because they are not adapted for their purpose. Such massive towers of feathers, and grass, and wood, and strings, accumulate filth, heat the head unnecessarily, and give rise to scalp diseases. Be- sides this — excuse my mentioning it — do they not breed a peculiarly prolific and troublesome — ahem — you understand. 5. I am sorry to confess — W. M. Let us say no more about it. To a civilized mind, I assure you, the subject is quite revolting. S. Then am I to understand that no civilized person would wear anything of this sort .' W. M. It would be quite impossible. S. Will you be kind enough to explain to me a passage which the interpreter read to me from one of your books, while we were waiting for you } As nearly as I can remember, it ran as follows : — " The fashionable Englishwoman of one hundred years ago erected upon her head a massive tower composed of hair, tow, beads, feathers, ribbons, artificial flowers, and glass ornaments, which frequently rose to the height of three feet ; so that she could not use a coach as it was constructed, but was obliged to have the roof of it raised. The interior of this monstrous pile was explored only at certain intervals, when the accumulated filth made a sight not to be described, nor yet too vividly imag- ined." Excuse my mentioning anything so re- volting, but is not the reference here to this same peculiarly prolific and trouble- some — ahem — you understand .■' W. M. But, my dear sir, you forget that this was a hundred years ago. 5. Then I am to understand that your ancestors of a hundred years ago were savages .' W. M. Heaven forbid ! I fear these distinctions can- not be made clear to your untutored mind, but I will try another illustration. Perhaps you may know of cer- tain relatives of yours who make a practice of binding a board upon the heads of their children, so that as they grow up their skulls will be squeezed into an absurd semblance of the peaked roof of a house, and their men- tal capacity reduced to that of an idiot. 5. I have heard of this practice. If you will notice the shape of my forehead, — W. M. Pardon my rudeness. Nothing personal was intended, I assure you. You must see, however, even with 122 And Ti^EMPE^RAisrcit. your undeveloped reasoning powers, that such a hin- drance to the natural development of the body cannot but work harm. 5. Am I to understand that civilized people do noth- ing of this sort ? W. M. It would be looked upon as a crime. 5. Indeed ! but I have been told that among civil- ized people it is quite common to bind around the waists of young female children a stout bandage made of cloth and bone, by which the ribs are gradually pressed out of shape, the liver almost cut in two, and the lungs com- pressed to one-half their natural size. And further, that this bandage is worn not only during childhood, but even until old age. Is not this true .' W. M. You must talk to my wife about that. .S. Ah ! I see. It is only the men who become civil- ized ; the women remain savages. W. M. No, no ; you are wholly on the wrong track. It is principles that make civilization. I do not deny VENUS DE MILO. PARISIAN EELLE. that these things are wrong, but, do you not see? we know they are wrong. That is the important thing. S. Oh, now I understand the difference. The civil- ized man does wrong, and knows that it is wrong. The savage does wrong, and does not know it. Is that it "> W. M. (To interpreter.) Take this man away. If I talk with him much longer, I shall make myself out more of a savage than he is. ^ JVIodern In^tmment of JoFture. The blood curdling stories told of the horrible cruelties practiced by the Spanish Inquisition, under the guise of religion, arouse our indignation and call down upon the heads of the human monsters who perpetrated those atrocities the anathemas of all Christendom ; but right in the face and eyes of the whole civilized world, a modern instrument of torture is being used by that most merci- less and relentless of tyrants. Dame Fasliion, with quite as deadly effect as any of the tools of cruelty employed in the Dark Ages, and that with scarcely a protest. The baneful effects of corset-wearing are now so well understood that few women will venture to deny that the practice is harmful, but they endeavor to shield them- HEALTHY CHEST. DEFORMED CHEST. selves by declaring that they are sure their corset does them no harm, that it is very loose, etc., etc. We scarcely ever met a lady who would admit her corset was tight, and we have had occasion to speak with hun- dreds of ladies on this point in making medical examin- ations. We read the other day in a newspaper of a young woman who actually broke a rib in the attempt to gain another half-inch on her corset string. She well deserved the accident, no doubt ; but the chances are ten to one that she would assert in the most positive terms, if ex- postulated with about the matter, that her corset was " quite loose," and to demonstrate the matter would show you how much more she could pinch up when she tried, or something of the sort. The fact is, ladies do not really know when their clothing is tight about the waist and when it is loose. Ancient Grecian women were by law required to con- form to the rules of health. As a result, their sculptors were able to leave behind in the Venus de Milo and other statues, models of perfection in the human form such as are now seldom found, except among uncivilized tribes. In contrast with the graceful form of the Venus de Milo is shown the form of a Parisian belle, whose fig- ure no artist would ever seek for a model. Just beside the figures is placed a truthful representation of the bony framework of the chest of each of these figures, which eloquently tells its own story of the folly of fashionable dress. 123 Sunbeams ok Health fa^hionaMe j!^bii|e oMhe feet. Though we have not space here to elucidate fully the subject of the hygiene of the feet, we cannot forbear call- ing attention to the very common evil practices which relate to them. Nothing could be more absurd than the- modern mode of dressing the feet. If some of the shoes and boots which we have seen worn, and which seemed to be highly prized by the wearers as being in the height of fashion, had been constructed by the Inquisition, and the same individuals had been compelled to wear them in punishment for some real or alleged crime, they would have been regarded as diabolical instruments of torture ; and so they are. Who has not seen a young Miss minc- ing along in a wholly unnatural way, vainly striving not to seem to limp, in the sinful attempt to compel her feet to be reconciled to the scanty capacity of a pair of shoes two sizes too small for her.' Within a short period. Fashion has let go her iron grasp upon the young men ; but she still holds as firm a grip as ever upon the ten- der feet of misses and maidens as well as their elder sis- ters and mothers, and compels them to place upon their feet pretenses of coverings which cannot but produce dis- comfort and disease. The narrow soles, and high, nar- row heels set forward near the middle of the foot, are qualities most worthy of being heartily despised ; and the man or woman who invented the foot-covering pos- sessing these properties, so finely adapted to torture the feminine foot, is responsible for an amount of discomfort and misery, individual and domestic unhappiness, and possibly of actual vice, which certainly entitles him to the- dishonor of being despised and reproached by the whole human kind. A few years ago, we thought Fashion had concluded to be sensible at last, at least in the matter of foot-cov- erings, but alas for our hopes ! Another turn of the wheel and she comes up as fickle and untrue to the re- quirements of nature as ever, and demands that woman shall wear French heels, or be ostracized from the society of the elite, which to the majority of fash- ionable women would be a fate as bad or worse than death. We declare without mental reserva- tion and without the slightest remorse of con- science, as a professional man and as a professed cham- pion of truth, that a French slipper or shoe, as made at present, is as unfit for a human foot as a horseshoe. Far more sensible would it be to return to the ancient custom of wearing the rude, homely sandals which protected the feet of the maiden of ancient Egypt and the' Orieiit. 15TH CENTURY SHOES. • Those who imagine that in wearing the absurd French -shoe, with its high heel and narrow toe, they are adopting the latest fashion, may be quite shocked to learn that really they are a, whole century behind the times. Here is the identical shoe reproduced from a fashion plate of the eight- eenth century. If our fashion -makers are determined to drag out old and musty styles which have long been forgotten, let them go a little farther back, say to the fifteenth century, and resurrect the heelless shoe with room to let in front. Deprived of its unnecessary length in front, this shoe could hardly be improved as a healthful and comfortable foot-gear. But let us look a moment at the real evils of these fashionable coverings for ladies' feet. A tight shoe pre- vents the proper circulation of the blood in the foot, causing it to become cold. If the shoe or boot is thin, the foot is still further chilled, and the blood which cir- culates with difficulty through it is sent back to the in- ternal organs with a temperature much below that required for health. Exposure to cold causes the blood-vessels to contract, so that less blood can circulate through them. Thus one evil creates another. Thin soles, being insuf- ficient protection against wet, allow the moisture of damp walks to reach the feet, making them wet as well as cold. When the ex- tremities are chilled; the internal organs and the brain become congested, too great a quantity of blood being crowded into them. This is a common origin of the headaches from which school girls suffer so much, and which are usually attributed to study. The custom of wearing tight shoes with narrow soles and high, narrow heels, begins in childhood, and some- times the absurd fashion even seizes upon the child as soon as she leaves the cradle; for the precocious little one is so smart she must be a lady at once, and so must dress as ladies dress. At this period the bones are so soft and flexible, the ligaments so yielding, that they are easily forced into almost any mold, and the process of deforming them begins. The small boot or gaiter worn, — and it is always as small as can possibly be pressed upon the foot with the thinnest possible stocking, — allows no room for development of the organ, and the improper shape produces deformity and distortion. The fashionable American girl does in a somewhat more limited degree exactly what is done for the Chinese maiden by a process of bandaging. The narrow soles and small toes cramp the foot and prevent it from supporting the weight of the body upon its whole under surface, as designed by I 8th century shoes. 124 And Tenipkrancb. nature. The high heel throws the weight forward upon the toes, which still further embarrasses them in their cramped condition, and greatly increases the injury arising frofli narrow toes and soles. High, narrow heels do not afford sufficient support for the foot, and it is easily turned to one side, often re- sulting in, serious sprains. The chief weight being thrown forward upon the forepart of the foot, it becomes weary, in walking, much sooner than it otherwise would. The narrow soles which usually accompany high and narrow heels are likewise productive of injury, from not allowing the whole flat of the foot to sustain the weight , of the body as it should. Corns, bunions, and various distortions of the feet are caused by wearing improperly fitting, shoes or boots. We have often witnessed these unfortunate young women tiptoeing along the streets, evidently conscious of appearing awkward and uncouth, and vainly endeavoring to conceal their crippled gait. The farther toward the toes the heel is set, the worse this difficulty becomes. In some of the latest foreign styles the wearer is barely able to touch her toe to the ground, except at the risk of tipping over forward, and when walking, appears like a person stumping along on stilts. We heartily believe in laws against stealing, defrauding, taking life, and disturbing the peace, and we can conceive of no reason why the shoemaker who deliberately goes to work and manufactures an instrument of torture which he perfectly well knows must spoil the happiness, ruin the temper, and make cripples of half of the women of Christendom, should not be placed under the ban of the law and visited with pun- ishment commensurate to his crimes. But perhaps we are beginning at the wrong end. It cannot be denied that ladies can obtain, if they wish, loosely fitting shoes, with broad soles, wide toes, and low and wide heels, and made of leather sufficiently thick to afford at least as much protection as a good quality of brown paper from the dampness and chilliness of the moist walks which must be encountered during the greater part of the year out of doors. If ladies will do their duty by themselves and their daughters, the evil may be speedily corrected; for French heels will not be made only so long as there is a demand for them. We are not sure, after all, but they owe their existence far more to female vanity than to any malignant designs on the part of the shoemakers. Jealthlul Glotliiiig for Women. "What shall we wear.?" is a question we have often been asked by ladies who had patiently listened to a de- scription of the evils of fashionable styles of dressing. We should certainly be very remiss in our duty if we failed to point out a better way than that which we have condemned. If ladies could only be induced to ignore fashion altogether for a time, there would no difficulty arise in the effort to conform to the order of nature in the matter of dress, and in so doing they would soon be delighted to find themselves emancipated from the numer- ous ills which afflict them in consequence of their present mode of dress, which have been already pointed out. It may be that circumstances will not always allow of the adoption of a dress which shall be wholly physiological in every respect, which is to be regretted. Custom has so long ruled that we are forced to yield a little to its mandates, though reluctantly. But it is quite possible for every woman to adopt a dress which shall be, in all es- sential particulars, free from serious defects, and that without sacrificing an iota of her native grace or modesty, or making a martyr of herself or her friends. In the first place, the corset and all its substitutes and subterfuges, tight belts, and every other device for com- pressing the waist or any other part of the body, can be at once discarded without the attention of any one being drawn to the fact, unless it be by the more elastic and graceful step, the brighter color of the face, and the gen- eral improvement in health in all respects. Suppose the waist does expand a little — or a good deal, even— beyond the standard seventeen inches ; is it any disgrace .' No, indeed. A woman ought to be proud ot a large waist. A large waist indicates large lungs, and large vital or- gans, which, in turn, represent the probabilities of long life. A small waist indicates precisely the opposite. Grecian ladies had no use for corsets, and did not even confine their loose robes with a belt. The same is true of the Hawaiian and Hindoo ladies of the present day. The latter, at least, have no trouble with the fash- ions, for two reasons: i. Their fashions are in conformity to health ; 2. Their fashions never change. Women must ejnancipate themselves from fashion before they can ac- complish anything in the direction of reform. Why should woman — the gentler sex — be compelled to wear a strait-jacket, like a madman or a criminal, while man is allowed to go untrammeled by any such impediment ? A strong popular sentiment in favor of large waists, would soon do away with the foolish emu- lation to look frail and slender. If required, a suitable garment may be made to support the bust, which will fit the form neatly without compressing any part. Several such garments and patterns for others are manufactured and sold by various parties in the large cities east and west. [See advertisement in Appendix.] Able physicians declare that compression of this part of the body, and the wearing of an undue amount of clothing, thus pro- ducing a local increase of temperature, is the cause of many of the peculiar diseases of woman, acting through reflex influence upon internal organs. The next important step should be to regulate the 125 SUNBKAMS OF MbALTH clothing properly. The whole body should be clad in soft flannel from neck to wrists and ankles nearly the year round. It is better to have the underclothing for the upper part of the body and that for the limbs combined in one garment. If arranged in two garments, they should only meet, and not overlap, as this gives too much additional heat over the abdominal organs. A woman's limbs require as many thicknesses as a man's ; and a garment which fits the limb closely will afford four times the protection given by a loose skirt. Thick shoes or boots with high tops, and heavy woolen stockings which are drawn up outside the undergarments clothing the limbs, complete the provision for warmth. Leggins should be worn in cold weather. All the undergarments, including the stockings, should be suspended from the shoulders by means of waists or suspenders. Waists are doubtless the better for the pur- pose. If several garments are to be suspended from the same waist, the rows of buttons to which they are attached should be arranged one above another, to avoid bring- ing several bindings together. The two most important particulars having been se- cured, — freedom from compression and uniform tempera- ture, — the outside dress may receive attention. It should be as simple as possible consistent with the mental com- fort of the wearer. Gaudy colors and conspicuous orna- ments betray poor taste and a vain, shallow mind. Many flounces, folds, and heavy overskirts are objectionable on account of their weight, to say nothing of the useless ex- penditure of time and money which they occasion. The proper length of the skirt is a question of interest in this connection. How long shall it be } If physiology alone were asked the question, the answer would be that women do not need long skirts more than men, and that they are really an impediment to locomotion, and often very inconvenient. Custom says that women must wear skirts. Fashion says she must wear long skirts. Custom and fashion have prevailed so long that they have created an artificial modesty which seems to demand that woman's dress must differ from man's by the addition of a skirt, at least, even if they are alike in all other particulars. This being the case, the best we can do is to modify the skirt so that it will be as free from objections as possible. The great evils of long skirts are, unnecessary weight, the accumulation of moisture which is transferred to the feet and ankles, and sundry inconveniences to the wearer in passing over rough places, up and down stairs, etc. The obvious remedy for these defects is to curtail the length of the dress. The train must be discarded at once as too absurd and uncleanly, with its filthy load of glean- ings from the gutter, to be tolerated. Any further im- provement, to be of practical utility, must shorten the skirt to the top of the ankle, at least. DFeffing foF WaFinth. On the whole, a woolen fabric is the best material for under garments. It should be of fine texture, and prefer- ably of white color. If irritating to the skin, a thin cot- ton or silk garment may be worn next the body. The under-clothing should reach to wrists and ankles, and should be supplemented by warm woolen stockings. The feet should be protected by thick, warm shoes, with tops high enough to afford extra protection to the ankles, which are easily chilled, having less tissue than other parts of the legs. Many heavy skirts afford much less protection than half the same thickness, and many times less weight worn in a garment fitted to the body. More clothing is of course necessary in winter than in summer, but the difference in the amount of clothing re- quired is less than the difference in temperature. We are all conscious of the fact that we suffer more from a tem- perature of forty in the summer than from a much lower temperature in winter. This is due to the fact that the system undergoes a change with the season, by which it adapts itself to the new conditions. This change produces what is termed a "winter constitution'' for winter, and a "summer constitution" for summer. The winter constitu- tion is well adapted to resist cold ; while the summer con- stitution is prepared to resist heat ; consequently, the re- verse of the conditions for which the body is prepared, are severely felt. On this account, we need more clothing in summer than in winter, at the same temperature. The fashion of putting off and resuming winter or sum- mer clothing at certain dates, as is customary with many persons, is a mischievous one. The advice of Boerhaave is applicable to most parts of this country as well as his own. This eminent physician advised that the winter clothing should be put off on a midsummer day, and put on again the next day. Flannel under-clothing may be worn the year round with advantage by most persons. In winter, several suits of under garments may be worn, and afford more warmth than the same weight or thickness in a single garment, as the warmth of a garment is due, not so much to its thick- ness, as to the amount of air which is entangled in the meshes of the fabric, or between its layers. An extra suit of flannel affords almost as much warmth as an ex- tra coat or cloak, and is both cheaper and less cumber- some. A change from warm to cold weather, or the reverse, at any season of the year, should always be met by a corresponding change in clothing. The outer garments may remain the same, but the under garments should be constantly modified as the existing weather may indicate. 126 A.ND Tempkranck. Observance of this rule will amply repay the slight trouble involved, in the saving of sickness and consequent la- bor and loss of^time. The different parts of the body should be so clothed that all will be kept equally warm. It is evident that the feet and limbs, being farther away from the heart and great centers of life and heat, must require abundant cov- ering ; yet many persons permit them to be so thinly clad in cold weather that they are never properly warm. Their development is checked, and a large part of the blood which they ought to contain is crowded into the head and other organs which already have a full supply, thus doing double mischief The absurd manner of cloth- ing little children, exposing the limbs to cold air, with little or almost no protection, is the cause of much sick- ness and death among children. At each end of life the system is less able^to provide a proper amount of heat, and extra warmth is needed. Most of the deaths among old people occur in cold weather. Such persons should expose themselves to se- vere cold as little as possible, and should protect them- selves by a liberal supply of clothing. It is stated on good authority that in St. Petersburg, where the winter is longer and colder than in most parts of this country, one- third of all the children die before they are one year old, and that one-sixth of the deaths are due to cold. GlolMng ol the ^e(k, and gead. The clothing of these portions of the body is by no means a matter of small consequence. A very large share of colds and sore throats are the result of expos- ure of the head and throat. The Gorget, worn in Eng- land in the fourteenth century, must have been produc- tive of much mischief to throats, besides occasioning great discomfort to the wearer. If the head and throat were never covered, they would learn to take care of themselves ; but if cov- ered part of the time, and then occasionally exposed, se- rious mischief may result. Coverings for the head and throat should be sufficient, but not so warm as to cause perspiration, as this will insure taking cold. Persons who " coddle " themselves most are the ones who are most liable to colds. It is well to accustom one's self to endure THE GORGET. a certain degree of cold ; and when this " hardening " process is conducted properly, it is quite wonderful to what an extent the system is able to defend itself against cold. Travelers say that many of the natives of Tierra del Fuego wear no clothing, although there is frost at all seasons of the year. Even the little children run about naked, with the temperature at 40° F. The ancient in- habitants of England wore no clothing but paint, yet, ac- cording to historians, were able to endure most severe cold. Persons who have the head covered during the day, and at night sleep in cold rooms, or with a window open, should wear a night-cap in cold weather. The head ought not to be covered except when really necessary, as it is heated, and thereby rendered sensitive, in conse- quence of which the hair may become diseased and fall away. Many cases of baldness originate in this manner. 127 gealth gin!^ Iof Spring. Getting ^eadij hv Gerait. March is the proper month in which to prepare for the annual spring cleaning up of house and premises. Now is the time to clear out of the cellar the odds and ends of perishable things which have been accu- mulating during the v/ inter. Apples, potatoes, cabbages, all sorts of fruits and vegetables which have been stored for winter use in the " dark hole under the house," which consti- tutes the average cellar, should be gotten out before they begin to de- cay, if they have not already begun to fill the air with the germs and gases of decompo- sition. Clear away from the back yard the ac- cumulations of chips, and garbage, and rubbish of , all sorts, which careless "hired help" have al- lowed to gather during the winter months, when the frequently falling snows have hidden these sanitary sins under a mantle of white. The first thaw exposes these unsightly heaps in all their hideousness, and, if they are not removed, the warm April sun will speedily set them into an unhealthy f e r m e n t , sending out myriads of active and disease-pro- ducing germs, a potent cause of spring fevers, diphtherias, "contagious colds," and "malaria." The best remedy for germs is starvation. Furnish them no food, and like tramps and other vermin. they will patronize some other back door where they find a more hospitable reception. " March winds," synonym for chapped hands and lips, sore eyes, and a multitude of small ailments popularly attributed to winds and *T| rough weather. Nervous invalids and consump- tives who undertake to winter in a northern climate without proper protection find this a most trying season. Every east wind brings new tortures to the vic- tim of neuralgia and rheumatism, and makes business lively for the doctors. March is called a spring month, but the astronomer insists that fully two-thirds of the month belong to winter, and it is the worst kind of winter weather. Not much snow, but plenty of ice and sleet and slush. The ice storms cover the trees with spangles, and the walks with a glassy film which makes business for the bone-setters, and fills the sky with optical stars. "•■■ ■"^'i;,1u • rr iff ifU* " the elder Lancaster inquired quite humbly. " I've got to be in the city a month or more, and it would be a true deed of charity to take me in, and do for me." " She's a merciless tyrant. I tell you that to begin with," said John. " Will she be willing to tyrannize over me > that's the point," his brother replied. " It is just the occupation my soul craves," Mrs. Lan- caster laughingly responded, " and we might as wgll be- gin at once, Because we had deprived you of your wine, 162 And Xenipkrancb. I was going to gfve you some coffee; but I cannot treat my patient as I would my guest, so no coffee to-night." A few days after the above conversation, Charlie Lan- caster added a postscript to a letter to his mother some- thing like this : — "John's wife must be an excellent cook; for every- thing that comes on her table is delicious. Things don't taste any better than the home grub used to, — that would be quite impossible,— but they feel better in a fellow's stomach, and that I am bound in honor to admit. John is entirely cured of his dyspepsia, and he never drinks a drop of anything stronger than a glass of milk. I do n't slavery, and isn't it worse than that, outrageous wicked- ness, to spend valuable time, and destroy one's nerves, in cooking stuff with which to poison one's friends.?" " I think I had feeble glimmerings in the olden time that such was the case," Mr. Lancaster replied, " and es- pecially when I was called upon to draw the water from the well, and keep the tea-kettle filled. But there was a little comfort in the odor, Fanny. Reformed gormand that I am, I must admit that." The dreaded moment arrived at last, and both pairs of parents appeared on the scene. John Lancaster looked at his wife with a curious smile as the baggage was believe there'll be any mince-pies, or pastry, or fruit-cake, brought in. Father and mother Leslie traveled with two or anything of the kind, here at holiday time; so if you trunks, ditto father and mother Lancaster, are likely to hanker after the Egyptian flesh-pots, you " Looks as if the old folks were not on good terms," had better stay where you are, or else bring them along, t^^ gentleman remarked when be was alone for a mo- Do n't think I am speaking one word for you and two "^s"* with his wife. "But did you notice an unusual for myself; for I would n't eat a piece of mince-pie for a hundred dollars. I tell you, John's wife has got brains." " I believe you could lead a forlorn hope," Mrs. Lan- caster told her husband after this first ordeal was over. "And how came I to ever call you a coward.'" " It was only a superficial kind of cowardice, Fanny, that assailed me with Charlie," her husband replied. " But just wait till mother comes, and then you'll see what manner of man you have married." " I expect your mother will want to stay the rest of the winter, and have me doctor her," said the young wife demurely. " My mother glories in her infirmities, and the worst of it is, Fanny, she believes them to be Divine dispensa- tions. She seems to be entirely sustained by her pride in the strength of character that enables her to keep about when any other woman — according to her statement — odor about either of those arks 1 No 1 Well, I did. They've brought us ' vittles,' Fan, the proper holiday 'vittles,' or my nose has lost its smellers." These words proved to be prophetic. As soon as practicable, Mrs. Leslie took her daughter aside for a private interview. " I've brought you some pies and things, Fanny," she said, " for fear, with your new notions, you might neglect to properly prepare for your father and mother Lan- caster, and that would never do, you know." " What in the world shall I ever do with all these things .' " said the bewildered housekeeper, as her com- panion lifted the lid of her trunk. "You can give 'em to the poor if you don't want 'em yourself," the elder lady responded in a huff. If Mrs. Lancaster had not been able to see the lu- dicrous side of this picture, her case would have been a hard one. To wound the feelings of this mother who would go to bed and stay there. You would n't have her had been to so much trouble and expense to keep peace lose her will-power for want of practice, would you .' My mother has the reputation, too, of making the best mince-pies in the State; and her English plum-puddings that are boiled for a week, and then put to pickle in brandy that peaches have been preserved in, take the in the family, was impossible. It was on the very end of her tongue to ask her mother what grudge she sup- posed she had against the poor, that she should wish to make them more miserable than they already were. ' Why, mother," she said instead, " you have worked rag off of every other plum-pudding bush that ever grew." just as hard as though you had stayed at home and had " Well, I'm not going to be frightened, even by such accomplishments," said his wife. " But, John, dear, is n't it dreadful, is n't it pitiful, that lives which might have been so useful should be so wantonly ruined .'' Look at this one item in the plum-pudding business, the least of all, perhaps, but enough to tire one to death just to think of The water in which these wonderful puddings are cooked must always be kept at boiling point. This means gallons and gallons and gallons of water, poured first into a tea-kettle and then into the pudding-pot. This process of drawing, and filling, and boiling, cannot be lost sight of for a single moment. Now isn't that abject a house full of company. I did hope that this visit would prove a real rest and help to you." " Say, Fanny, look here, will you .' " said Mr. Lan- caster a few moments later, his bright face so full of fun that his wife knew there was another surprise in store for her. " I want to know what to do with the provender in mother's second trunk. She's awfully afraid that you will be displeased, but her excuse for loading up so is, she could n't bear to think that your father and mother should be disappointed in their mince-pies, plum-pudding, and cranberry tarts, and goodness knows what else. Fan, I shall hav? to eat sonse of that pudding if it kills 163 SUNBEANIS OK HBALTH me. Mother has n't had any servant for a month, and she has crooked her poor old elbow to that tea-kettle and pudding-pot, with so generous and heroic a motive that I do n't know but I ought to agree to eat all the stuff she has brought." "John Lancaster," his wife remarked with shining eyes, and a compression of her pretty lips that meant business, "just leave the whole matter to me. We must not hurt our mothers' feelings if we can help it. But I believe I can so cater to their depraved appetites that they will not want or even think of the provender they have provided. And I am going to send both of these women home feeling' better, and if I do not convert our respected papas before the week is over, then have I studied psychology in vain. And you shall not touch the plum-pudding either. Now do n't hinder me with your but's and if's and doubts and fears," as her husband opened his mouth to speak. " All I ask of you is passive acquiescence." Mrs. Lancaster was as good as her word. She not only entirely converted and radically helped her brother- in-law, but so wrought upon the parents of both sides that they were obliged to confess that there was some- thing in these " new-fangled ideas " that was worth try- ing. Papa Leslie's spinal column seemed as self-sustain- ing after dinner as before, and father Lancaster neither dozed in his chair, nor said bad words about his gouty foot; while mother Lancaster was the greatest wonder of all; for every dish that particularly pleased and agreed with her, she made a note of, and was not the least ashamed to ask her daughter-in-law for any information that seemed necessary. "Why, John, I think your mother is just lovely," said the young wife to her husband when the visit was over_ " How could you ever have been afraid of her.'' " "My mother has behaved like a lamb," said John. Further than that, deponent saith not. "Verily, a little leaven leaveneth the whole lump." J&f^. Jringle'^ Gon^pipai^i]. "There's grandmother, dear — run and bring her in." Tiptoe toddled out to meet the brisk-stepping, fresh- faced, oldish (not old) lady who came in at the gate. " Come to spend the day, have n't you, mother.' How nice of you! " Young Mrs. Pringle had never yet discovered that her husband's mother was her " mother-in-law " in the popu- lar acceptation of the term. "Yes, I've come, Kate; but don't stop your work; 'tis a nice, cool morning for sewing — go right on." So after ensconsing her visitor in an easy chair, and supplying her with fan and footstool, Mrs, Pringle re- sumed her basting and fitting, with an occasional ten minutes or so of rapid stitching, the only interruption to the stream of talk which seemed in no way to interfere with the motions of her deft fingers. "There!" she exclaimed, as noon drew near. "Come here, pet." She proceeded to try on Master Tiptoe the result of her morning's work, a jaunty thing of tucks and ruffles which hardly reached to the knees of the chubby morsel. It was duly pulled down, jerked around, patted smooth here, puffed out there, and quickly tied about with a sash improvised from a strip of Hning-muslin snatched from the floor. " Now," with a kiss and a shake, " run to grandmother, and say, ' Is n't I sweet, grandmother.' THE CIGAR ACCOUNT. "Isn't — mamma — feet — ganmuzzer.'" came with a heroic attempt at very precise pronunciation. " No, no; that is n't it," laughed mamma; but " gan- muzzer" caught the merry urchin in her arms. " That is it, exactly. Tiptoe. I declare, Kate, you are as industrious a little soul as I ever saw! And what a knack you have at such things! and for everything else as far as I can see. I'm sure if Robert do n't get on it won't be your fault." The kindly woman had never been blessed with a daughter of her own, and this son's wife of her's was well-nigh perfect in her eyes. But the affectionate speech failed to bring an answer- ing smile. A troubled expression rose to the younger woman's face, and tears slowly gathered in her eyes, 164 And Tempkrancb. She unbuttoned Tiptoe's slip, unmindful of his protest against having on his " ugly ol' dress " again, but compro- mised matters by tying on the pink muslin sash over the buff chambra. The machine was righted and closed up, and the cuttings gathered from the floor before the un- burdening came which the mother knew would come. "I do n't know, mother; sometimes I feel quite dis- couraged, and really think it is not much use for me to try." "Why, Kate, dear, what do you mean.' Are things going wrong with Robert.'" "Oh, no, mother! Nothing, I mean, for you to worry over. It's only that I am anxious about Robert's smoking so much. I know it is hurting him in more ways than one." His mother's face grew grave. "Is he smoking more than formerly.'" "Yes; I'm sure it is growing on him. From what I see and what I can guess at, I think he smokes eight or ten cigars a day. I have known him to smoke a dozen in a day." "Too bad," said his mother, with a sigh. "Of course it must be a great injury to him in time if it is not already." "And then, he cannot afford it. I don't think he realizes at all what a drain it is. I know he needs every cent he can keep in his business, and I try my best to save in every way I can; but, mother, I do get out of heart sometimes when I see, that with all my pinching and scraping, I can't save as much in a week as he spends on cigars in a day." "I see, dear." "And I know it is a selfish way to look at it, but I often feel impatient and angry at going without so many little things that I would like to have. I'm perfectly will- ing to do without, you know, only I can't make it seem right that I should do all the going without." "It is not right." " Still, it is really Robert's only fault, so perhaps I ought not to complain. Think how much worse some men are. Supposing he drank, now. " "That's a poor excuse, Kate. You wouldn't excuse a person for being a liar because he was not a thief." "Well! " Young Mrs. Pringle drew a long sigh. " I don't know what to do about it, I'm sure. When I try to talk to him about it, he either puts me off" or laughs at me, and tells me not to bother my head about things I do n't understand." " Suppose, Kate, you ask him for the same amount he spends for cigars, for you to spend for your own gratifi- cation. " " But I could n't have the conscience to spend money on superfluities, mother. I remember how Emily Brand used to do that. She thought she was quite justified in spending three or four dollars a week in trash, because her husband spent the same in cigars. So he smoked and she spent, and he broke up in business; and now they are living, nobody knows how, in some little western town." " I think you might manage to open Robert's eyes a little, though, Kate. Listen — " Mrs. Pringle, the elder, smiled as if in admiration of some clever scheme within her brain, yet shook her head in solemn appreciation of the serious character of the subject. A very earnest counsel followed, brought to a sudden end bj' the appearance of the son and husband, carrying his young heir, who had run to meet him, on one shoulder, and a small parcel under his other arm. " A new book, Robert.' " asked his mother, glancing at it aftfr greetings had been exchanged. " Oh," put in Kate, " is it that ' Carlisle ' we were speaking of.' You said you'd bring one up." "No, it is not. I went for a copy, but they had none of the cheap editions, and I thought it hardly worth while to pay two dollars for one." He leisurely unwrapped his "parcel, showing Tiptoe a picture inside, untied various bits of yellow ribbon, giv- ing them to him to tie on Carlo's ears; he then took out a cigar which he smelled critically before setting it ap- provingly between his lips. "What does such a box as that cost you, Robert.' "^ asked his mother. "About eight dollars and a half, ma'am," he answered, with a perfectly unsuspecting smile. " I frequently buy by the box because I find it quite a little saving, and, of course, I have to watch the corners, for our expenses nat- urally increase a little each year." His look of virtuous frugality seemed, however, lost upon his mother, as she said, dryly: " I'm glad you ap- preciate the need of it. How long does a box last you.'" " Well, — I can hardly say. Perhaps a month, perhaps not so long." " But it seems to me, Robert, you spend more money on yourself than you do on Kate." Mrs. Kate hid her face behind Tiptoe's curls to con- ceal a smile at her mother-in-law's light skirmishing. "What!" said Robert, looking up in surprise. "Don't you have money enough, Kate.' Why did n't you tell me, dear.'" Her tender heart was disarmed at once, and she was about to protest that she never wanted anything; but Mrs. Pringle, the elder, struck in, with a warning glance at her: " You know, Robert, it is not pleasant for a wife to be always obliged to ask for what she wants for her own little fancies. Now I think it would be a very good plan for you to hand her the same amount you spend in cigars, monthly, say — for her own personal gratification." " That's a good suggestion, mother. I'll do it." " Then bear in mind." Mrs. Pringle was very fond of 165 SUNBBAMS OK HkAL'TH clinching a thing when she want at it, " your best way will be to keep a careful account of your own expendi- ture, and hand her, regularly, the same." " Agreed, ma'am." He sat for awhile after dinner enjoying his mother's visit, chatting pleasantly, smoking three cigars meanwhile and putting a few more in his pocket as he started down town, never dreaming that, according to his wife's mental calculation, he could burn up more money in an hour than she could save by sewing all her spare time for half a day. Robert Pringle conscientiously made an entry, in a cor- ner of his private memorandum-book, of every cent he spent in tobacco during the following month, beginning with the box of cigars. It lasted exactly eleven days, but was promptly replaced, and smaller purchases made as convenient. To do him justice, his really generous and rather uncalculating disposition had gone far, as his wife had asserted, toward preventing, on his part, any fair understanding of his own extravagance; for he by no means smoked all he bought; but in the usual course of polite exchange, which prevails among gentlemen, a man of his open-handed disposition was sure to bear the heavier burden. " Phe-ew-w-w! " he ejaculated, as he cast up the items for the month succeeding his agreement with his mother. He went over the short column from the bottom up, then from the top down. There was no mistake — figures never asserted themselves more vigorously than those. which calmly stared him in the face, expressing, — " 26th, . . . ■ I 75 " 28th, . . . 75 " 29th, . . 8 50 June lOth, • I 75 " 13th, . . . 2 25 $23 50 It looked large. And when he came to writing out a check for the same amount for Kate, it looked verj/ large. " I've been going a little too strong on it this month, Kate," he said, as he handed it to her. He had a half-hope that she would decline to take it, but without showing any surprise at the amount, she laid it in her desk with a very matter-of-course " thank you." A few days after, she challenged his admiration of a lace collar she was wearing. "Prettier than cigars, isn't it.?" she asked archly. " Is that your cigar money, dear.' Yes, very pretty, but they do manage to crowd a good deal of money into a very small show, eh.'" " That's real lace, Robert — not at all high for such a quality! - But — what have you to show for your month's money.' " He laughed and shrugged his shoulders, assuring her she should get less next month. By a heroic effort at self-sacrifice he lowered the sum by several dollars; but the following month it rose higher than at first, and Rob- ert began to feel a little surprised at the nonchalant way in which Kate accepted so much money to lay out in mere superfluities. He was obliged to acknowledge to himself as she displayed a pearl brooch with great ap- parent satisfaction, that he was somewhat disappointed at her discovering so much relish for such trifles. " Pearls, eh.' My mother used to wear something like that." " Ah.' I suppose so; pearls are never out of style, you know." Kate colored a little as she said it, and began to talk of something else. In due course of time an encyclopedia appeared. This purchase met with Robert's approval; for both had often felt the need of it, but he had never felt able to buy one. But when a fancy chair was set in the parlor where there was already no lack of fancy chairs; and a picture, small in every respect but the price, he thought, was hung in the sewing-room, he felt a little annoyed, more especially when Kate airily remarked: "I did n't need it, of course, but as I have just so much to spend, I thought I'd like it." He was ashamed of himself for feeling so, for he told himself over and over again, that it was a perfectly fair arrangement. Kate's money made an important figure in his business, and if she had had none, he had chivalrous notions on the rights of industrious and economical wives. And then, what right had he to criticize her mode of spending, when she was not injuring herself or any one else by it, — which he knew in his very heart could not be claimed for his way .' Still, he had rather hoped that it would occur to her to pay some of the house-bills, but it never had; they had continued to present them- selves with their usual aggravating regularity, serving to increase an irritating consciousness of the presence of un- necessary articles about the house, the purchase of which was not warranted by his means. At all events, he might justly allow himself to fall back upon a little relief for his well-concealed annoyances, in his feeling of surprise that his wife had not taken the least advantage, so far as he knew, of this liberal supply of pocket-money to carry out any of her old desires for doing good. He had not observed that she had given a cent to any of the missionary societies, or to relieve the poor. In his own growing sense of discomfort at the view he was forced to take of the hitherto unimagined extent of the cost of his pet self-indulgence, there was some consolation in reflec- tions on Kate's short-comings. He sat alone one day looking over his accounts. He 166 And Temperanck. came across SIX " stubs " of ch They ran: — $23 17 25 SO ss 25 24 50 24 00 23 25 of checks he had given her. $ij8 05 His own expenditure doubling the amount gave $276.1 this for six months making the yearly sum of $552.20. A blank expression overspread his countenance as he thought of his partner's strong desire to extend their bus- iness, and of his utter inability to co-operate in such ex- tension unless his private expenses could be cut down. He looked again at the sum. It was twice the hire of a servant, one-third more than their house rent. And the blank expression on his face grew blanker as a further calculation showed him that this nice little game of "superfluities" between his wife and him- self, was played at an expense amounting to the interest on a fraction less than eight thousand dollars, at seven per cent. One month later he handed his wife a paper. " Here's your check, Kate." She opened it and found it — blank! Her arms were around his neck in a mo- ment. " O Robert, have you really given it up for good .'' I knew you were trying to stop it, dear; but do you mean it for always .'' " " I hope so, Kate. I never quite took in, till lately, how far the thing was car- rying me, but I find there is only one right thing for me to do, and the sooner I do it thoroughly, the better. But what will you do without your spending- money, little woman.'" With a ringing laugh she ran to her desk and took out some papers. " I do n't know what I should have done," she said, with a desperate little shake of the head, " if this money business had gone on much longer. Now, Robert, did you imagine I was- fooling away all that money.' " " Why, I believed just what you told me." " I never told you so, sir. I simply showed you the things and let you believe — what your mother and I in- tended you should ! " " Aha! A conspiracy against me, eh .' " " But it was all her doing, Robert. She set me up to it, and I should have stopped it long ago, for I could hardly bear to let you think me such a simpleton; but she domineered and domineered over me in the most dreadful manner, and I could n't. Here— ^" she laid the papers in his hand, " there are five of the checks, the other went for that cheap encyclopedia. That's the only bona fide purchase I've made." " How came you by all the laces, and jewelry, and other stuff, then.' " asked Robert, in surprise. " They all belong to your mother." "Deceit! Treachery! Double-dealing! What is the saying about a man's foes being of his own household.' Really, Kate, I think an lionorable man might entertain WATER TIGERS. conscientious scruples against quitting tobacco as the re- sult of such practices upon him! " " Give me back the checks then." But he kept them, and Mrs. Pringle, the younger, never got another to spend on " mere superfluities." A Scotch farmer once took his wife to see the won- ders of the microscope. The various curiosities seemed to please the woman very well, till the animalcules pur- ported to exist in a drop of water were shown off. These seemed to poor Janet not so pleasant a sight as the oth- 167 SuNBBAM^ OK MeALTP^ ers. She sat patiently, however, till the water tigers, magnified to the size of twelve feet, appeared on the sheet, fighting with their usual ferocity. Janet now rose in great trepidation, and cried, "Come awa, John!" "Sit still, woman, and see the show," said John. "See the show, monl What wud come o' us, if the awfu'-like things should brak out o' the water.? " Soiling Wild Oat|. Young men say (and I have heard them more t'.ian once) that they " must sow their wild oats." Remember this, young gentlemen, " Whatsoever a man soweth, t'lat OVER THE FALLS. shall he also reap." If you sow corn, you reap corn. If you sow weeds, you reap weeds. If you sow to the flesh, you will of the flesh reap corruption. But if you sow tj the Spirit, you will of the Spirit reap life everlasting. Ah, young men, look at that reaping, and then contem- plate the awful reaping of men to-day who are reaping as they have sown, in bitterness of spirit and anguish of soul. " When I find out that it is injuring me, THEN / will give it up" Surely that is not common sense. Such is the fasci- nation thrown around a man by the power of this habit, that it must have essentially injured him before he will acknowledge the hurt, and consent to give it up. Many a man has been struck down in his prosperity, has been sent to prison for crime, before he acknowledged that his evil habit was injuring him. I remember riding from Buffalo to Niagara Falls, and I said to a gentleman, "What river is that, sir.?" "That," he said, "is Niagara River." "It is a beautiful stream," said I, "bright, smooth, and glassy; how far off are the rapids.'" "Only a few miles," was the reply. " Is it possible that only a few miles from us we shall find the water in the turbulence which it must show when near the rapids.?" — "You will find it so, sir." And so I found it, and that first sight of Niagara Falls I shall never forget. Now, launch your bark on that river; the water is smooth, beautiful, and 'glassy. There is a ripple at the bow of your boat, and the silvery wake it leaves behind adds to your enjoyment. You set out on your pleasure excursion. Down the stream you glide; oars, sails, and helm in proper trim. Suddenly some one cries out from the bank, "Young men, ahoy!" "What is it.?" — "The rapids are below you." "Ha, ha! we have heard of the rapids, but we are not such fools as to get into them. When we find we are going too fast, then we shall up with the helm and steer to the shore; we will set, the mast in the socket, hoist the sail, and speed to land. Then on, boy's, do n't be alarmed, there's no danger." " Young men, ahoy there! " " What is it.? " — " The rapids are below you." " Ha, ha! we will laugh and quaff; all things delight us. What care we for the future.? No. man ever saw it. Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof We will enjoy life while we may; we will catch pleasure as it flies. This is enjoyment; time enough to steer out of danger when we are sailing too swiftly with the current." " Young men, ahoy! " " What is it.?" — "Beware, beware! the rapids are below you." Now you feel them! See the water foaming all around! See how fast you pass that point! Up with the helm! Now turn. Pull hard; quick, quick! Pull for your lives! Pull till the blood starts from your nostrils and the veins stand out like whipcords upon the brow! Set the mast in the socket, hoist the sail! Ah, ah, it is too late; faster and faster you near the awful cataract, and then, shrieking, cursing, howling, praying, over you go. Thousands launch their barks in smooth water, and realize no danger till on the verge of ruin, boasting all the while to the last, " When I find out that it is injuring me, then I will give it up." The power of this habit, I repeat, is fascinating, is deceptive, and men may go on arguing and coming to conclusions while on the way down to destruction. JVIr Gough'^ GigaF^. In giving his experiences as a public speaker, Mr. Gough, the renowned temperance lecturer, relates an in- cident in which he encountered an embarrassment, which he could not overcome:— " It was my own fault, and proved a sharp lesson to me. i68 And Temperance:;. "I was engaged to address a large number of chil- dren in the afternoon, the meeting to be held on the lawn back of the Baptist church in Providence, R. I. In the forenoon, a friend met me, and said, — " ' I have some first-rate cigars. Will you have a few ? ' '"No, I thank you.' "'Do take half a dozen.' "'I have nowhere to put them.' MR. cough's cigars. " ' You can put half a dozen in your pocket.' " I wore a cap in those days, and I put the cigars into it, and at the appointed time I went to the meeting. I ascended the platform, and faced an audience of more than two thousand children. As it was out of doors, I kept my cap on for fear of taking cold, and I forgot all about the cigars. Toward the close of my speech I be- came more in earnest, and, after warning the boys against bad company, bad habits, and the saloons, I said, — " ' Now, boys, let us give three rousing cheers for temperance and for cold water. Now, then, three cheers. Hurrah! ' "And taking off my cap, I waved it most vigorously, when away went the cigars right into the midst of the audience. " The remaining cheers were very faint, and were nearly drowned in the laughter of the crowd. I was mortified and ashamed, and should have been relieved could I have sunk through the platform out of sight. My feelings were still more aggravated by a boy coming up to the steps of the platform with one of those dread- ful cigars, saying, ' Here's one of your cigars, Mr. Gough.'" Mr. Gough long before his death discarded the use of tobacco, and would doubtless have considered it extremely inconsistent to warn others against the power of evil habits, while constantly indulging his own appetite in that most foolish practice — smoking. Jea Dpunl^apd^. It will probably be news to most people when told that there is as much intoxication in a cup of strong tea as in two or three glasses of lager beer. This is nevertheless a scientific fact. Tea contains an intoxicating poison. Many cases of tea drunkenness have been reported, and several cases of delirium tremens from tea. The scene depicted in the accompanying cut represents a party of London journalists who meet together every Saturday and have a regular " spree on tea." ' JCi.aa.. ^ A SPREE ON TEA. A Queer Prescription. — Dr. Lyman Beecher used to tell an amusing story about his aunt, who used to say to him when he had a sour stomach after eating pie, " Ly- man, go into the milk-room and get a piece of cake, you do n't look well." Quite equal to the above is an anec- dote related of an elderly New England gentleman, who upon returning home late at night, entered the pantry, as was his custom before retiring, in search of pie and cake. Finding none, he awoke his wife, who had retired, and in tones of severe reprobation exclaimed, "Mary: I am greatly surprised to find no pie or cake in the house. What would you do if some one should be sick in the night.' " False friends are like shadows, — keeping close to us while in sunshine, but leaving us the instant we cross into the shade. 169 Rip Van Winkle. HkaivTh and Tkjviperance^. ^ip^Yan Winl^le, JVI. D. OLIVER W. HOLMES. An After-Dinner Prescription. Taken by tbe Massachusetts Medical Society, at their meeting held May 25, 1870. Canto First. Old Bip Van Winkle had a grandson Bip, Of the paternal block a genuine chip, A lazy, sleepy, curious kind of chap; He, like his grandsire, took a mighty nap Whereof the story I propose to tell In two brief cantos, if you listen well. The times were hard when Bip to manhood grew. They always will be when there's work to do; He tried at farmings-found it rather slow — And then at teaching — what he did n't know; Then took to hanging round the tavern bars. Too frequent toddies and long-nine cigars. Till Dame Van Winkle, out of patience, vexed With preaching homilies, having for their text A mop, a broom-stick — aught that might avail To point a moral or adorn a tale, Exclaimed — "I have it! " Now then, Mr. V., He's good for something — make him an M. D.! The die was cast; the youngster was content; They packed his shirts and stockings, and he went. How hard he studied it were vain to tell — He drowsed through Wistar, nodded over Bell, Slept sound with Cooper, snored aloud on Good; Heard heaps of lectures — doubtless under- stood — A constant listener, for he did not fail To carve his name on every bench and rail. Months grew to years; at last he counted three. And Bip Van Winkle found himself, M. D. ' Illustrious title! in a gilded frame He set the sheepskin with his Latin name, BiPUM Van Winkelum, quem we — scimus — know Idoneom esse — to do so and so; He hired an olBce; soon its walls displayed His new diploma and his stock in trade, A mighty arsenal to subdue disease Of various names, whereof I mention these: Lancet and bougies, great and little squirt, Ehubarb and Senna, Snakeroot, Thorough- wort, Ant. Tart., Vin. Colch., Pil. Colchias, and Black Drop, Tinctures of Opium, Gentian, Henbane, Hop, Pulv. Ipecacuanhse, which for lack Of breath to utter men call Ipecac, Camphor and Kino, Turpentine, Tolu, Cubebs, "Copeevy," Vitriol —white and blue — Fennel and Flaxseed, Slippery Elm, and Squill, And roots of Sassafras and " Sassafrill," Brandy — for colics — Pinkroot — death on worms — Valerian, calmer of hysteric squirms. Musk, AssafoBtida, the resinous gum Named from its odor — well, it does smell some- Jalap, that works not wisely, but too well. Ten pounds of bark and six of Calomel. For outward griefs he had an ample store. Some twenty jars and gallipots, or more; Ceratum simplex — housewives oft compile The same at home, and call it "wax and ile;" Unguentum Resinosum, — change its name. The " drawing salve " of many an ancient dame; Argenti Nitras, also Spanish flies. Whose virtue makes the water-bladders rise — (Some say that, spread upon a toper's skin, They draw no water, only rum or gin) — Leeches, sweet vermine! don't they charm the sickv And sticking-plaster — how it hates to stick! Emplastrum, Ferri — ditto Picis, Pitch; Washes- and Powders, Brimstone for the which. Scabies or Psora, is thy chosen name Since Hahnemann's gopsequill scratched thee into fame. Proved thee the source of every nameless ill. Whose sole specific is a moonshine pill. Till saucy science, with a quiet grin, Held up the Acarus, crawling on a pin? — Mountains have labored and brought forth mice: The Dutchman's theory hatched a brood of twice I've nearly said them — words unfitting quite For these fair precincts and for ears polite. The surest foot may chance at last to slip. And so at length it proved with Doctor Bip. One full-sized bottle stood upon the shelf, Which held the medicine that he took him- self: What e'er the reason, it must be confessed He filled that bottle oftener than the rest; What drug it held I do n't presume to know — The gilded label said "Elixir Pro." One day the Doctor found the bottle full. And, being thirsty, took a vigorous pull. Put back the "Elixir" where 'twas always found. And had old Dobbin saddled and brought round. — You know those old-time rhubarb-colored nags That carried doctors and their saddle-bags; Sagacious beasts! they stopped at every place Where blinds were shut— knew every patient's case — Looked up and through— the baby's in a fit — That won't last long— he '11 soon be through with it; But shook their heads before the knockered door Where some old lady told the story o'er. Whose endless stream of tribulation flows For gastric griefs and peristaltic woes. What jack o' lantern led him from his way. And where it led him, it were hard to say; Enough that wandering many a weary mile Through paths the mountain sheep trod sin- gle tile, O'ercome by feelings such as patients know Who dose too freely with " Elixir Pro.," He tumbl — dismounted, slightly in a heap, And lay, promiscuous, wrapped 'n balmy sleep. Night followed night, and day succeeded day, But snoring still the slumbering Doctor lay. Poor Dobbin thought upon his stall, And straggled homeward, saddle-bags and all; The village people hunted all around. But Bip was missing — never could be found. "Drowned," they guessed; — for more than half a year The pouts and eels did taste uncommon queer; Some said of apple brandy — other some Found a strong flavor of New England rum. Why can't a fellow hear the fine things said About a fellow when a fellow's dead? The best of doctors —so the press declared — A public blessing while his life was spared. True to his country, bounteous to the poor. In all things temperate, sober, just and pure ; The best of husbands! echoed Mrs. Van, And set her cap to catch another man. So ends this Canto— if it's quantum suff. , We'll just stop here and say we've had enough. And leave poor Bip to sleep for thirty years; I grind the organ — if you lend your ears To hear my second Canto, after that We'll send around the monkey with the hat. Canto Second. So thirty years had past, but not a word. In all that time, of Bip was ever heard; The world wagged on — it never does go back; The widow Van was now the widow Mac; France was an empire; Andrew J. was dead. And Abraham Jj. was reigning in his stead . Four murderous years had passed in savage strife. Yet still the rebel held his bloody knife. At last one morning — who forgets the day When the black cloud of war dissolved away? — Tbe joyous tidings spread o'er land and sea, Bebellion's done, for Grant has captured Lee ! Up every flag-staff sprang the Stars and Stripes, Guns going bang! from every fort and ship — They banged so loud, at last they wakened Bip. I spare the picture — how a man appears Who's been asleep a score or two of years; You all have seen it to perfection done By Joe Van Wink — ^I mean Kip Jefferson. Well, so it was — old Bip at last came back. 171 Sunbeams ok Health Claimed his old wife — the present widow Mac,— Had his old sign regilded, aad began To practice physic on tlie same old plan. Some weeks went by — it was not long to wait — And "Please to call" grew frequent on the slate. He had, in fact, an ancient mildewed air, A long gray beard, a plenteous lack of hair— The musty look that always recommends Your good old doctor to his ailing friends. Talk of your science! After all is said. There's nothing like a bare and shiny head; Age lends the graces that are sure to please; Folks want their doctors moldy, like their cheese. So Bip began to loolt at people's tongues. And thump their briskets (called it "sound their lungs "), Brushed up his knowledge smartly as he could, Kead in old Cullen and in Doctor Good. The town was healthy; for a month or two He gave the sexton little work to do. About the time when dog-day heats begin. Measles and mumps and mulligrubs set in; With autumn evenings dysentery came. And dusky typhoid lit its smouldering flame; The blacksmith ailed, the carpenter was down. And half the children sickened in the town. The sexton's face grew shorter than before; The sexton's wife a brand-new bonnet wore; Things looked quite serious — Death had got a grip On old and young, in spite of Doctor Rip. And now the Squire was taken with a chill. Wife gave "hot drops" — at night an Indian pill; Next morning, feverish— bedtime getting ^ worse. Out of his head— began to rave and curse; The Doctor sent for, double-quick he came: Ant. Tart. Oran duo, and repeat the same If no et cetera. Third day — nothing new; Percussed his thorax — set him cussing too— Lung fever threatening — something of the sort — Out with the lancet— let him bleed— a quart; Ten leeches next — then blisters to liis side; Ten grains of calomel— just then he died. The Deacon next required the Doctor's care- Took cold by sitting in a draught of air; Fains in the back, but what the matter is Not quite so clear— wife calls it "rheumatiz." Kubs back with flannel, gives him something hot; "Ah!" says the Deacon, "that goes nigh the spot." Next day, a rigoj — run my little man. And say the Deacon sends for Doctor Van. The Doctor came — percussion as before, Thumping and banging till liis ribs were sore — ' ' Right side the flattest " — then more vigorous raps — Fever, that's certain, — pleurisy, perhaps. A quart of blood will ease the pain, no doubt. Ten leeches next will help to suck it out, Then clap a blister on the painful part. But first two grains of Antimonium Tart. Last with a dose of cleansing calomel Unload the portal system — that sounds well! But when the self-same remedies were tried. As all the village knew, the Squire had died; The neighbors hinted,"This will never do, He's killed the Squire— he'll kill the Deacon, too." Now when a doctor's patients are perplexed, A consultation ooiae?, in order next: You know what that is? In a certain place Meet certain doctors to, discuss a case. And other matters, such as weather, crops, Potatoes, pumpkins, lager beer and hops. For what's the use? — there's little to be said, Nine times in ten your man's as good as dead — At best a talk (the secret to disclose) Where three men guess and sometimes one man knows. The council summoned came without delay — Young Doctor Green and shrewd old Doctor Gray— They heard the story. "Bleed? " says Doctor Green, " That's downright murder! cut liis throat, you mean ! Leeches! the reptiles! Why, for pity's sake. Not tty an adder or a rattlesnake? " Blister! Why bless you, they're against the law. It's rank assault and battery if they draw! Tartrate of Antimony! shade of Luke, Stomachs turn pale at thought of such re- buke! The portal system! What's the man about? Unload your nonsense! Calomel's played out! You've been asleep — you'd better sleep away Till some one calls you " — " Stop!" says Doctor Gray; "The story is you slept for thirty years: With Brother Green, I own that it appears You must have slumbered most amazing sound; But sleep once more till thirty years come round, You'll find the lancet in its honored place, Leeches and blisters rescued from disgrace, Your drugs redeemed from Fashion's passing scorn, And counted safe to give to babes unborn." Poor sleepy Rip, M. M. S. S., M. D., A puzzled, serious, saddened man was he; Home from the Deacon's house he plodded slow. And filled one bumper of "Elixir Pro." "Good-bye," he faltered, "Mrs. Van, my dear! I'm going to sleep, but wake me once a year; I don't like bleaching in the frost and dew; I'll take the barn, if all the same to you. Just once a year, remember! no mistake! Cry 'Rip Van Winkle! time for you to wake ! ' Watch for the week in May when laylocks blow. For then the Doctors meet, and I must go. " Just once a year the doctor's worthy dame Goes to the barn and shouts her husband's name, " Come, Rip Van Winkle," (giving him a shake) — • Rip! Rip Van Winkle! time for you to wake! Laylocks in blossom! 'tis the month of May — The Doctors' meeting is this blessed day. And, come what will, you know I heard you swear You'd never miss it, but be always there! " And so it is, as every year comes round, Old Rip Van Winkle here is always found. You'll quickly know him by his mildewed air, The hayseed sprinkled through his scanty hair, The lichens growing on his rusty suit — I've seen a toadstool sproviting on his boot; VJho says I lie? Does any man presume — Toadstool? No matter — call it mushroom. Where is his seat? He moves it every year; But look, you'll find him, he is always here; Perhaps you'll trace him by a whiff you know— A certain flavor of "Elixir Pro." Now then I give you— as you seem to think We can drink healths without a drop to drink — Health to the mighty sleeper; long live he — Our Brother Rip, M. M. S. S., M. D.! 172 And Teniperanck. Slaijet 0^ the polling -Jin. Pies again! Always pies! One, two, three, four, this is the fifth time within, say, ten days or a fortnight that to my knowledge pies have stood in the way of better things. First, my hostess, Mrs. Fennel, could not leave to take a ride with me a few mornings ago, because "we are en- tirely out of — pies." Mrs. Fennel, poor woman, is far from well; and with husband, grown-up boys, and two small children, not to mention myself as a boarder, she has a large family to cook for, and only her daughter Martha to help do the work. That breezy morning ride would have raised her spirits; it would have put new life into her; but — pies (This is one time). Then Miss Martha, who is fond of reading, declined the loan of my library book the other day, on account of having to help mother make — pies (Two times). Last evening she could not run up on the hill to see the sun set, because they were try- ing to get the meat and apple ready over night for — pies (Three times). When poor Mrs. Fennel was taken from her work the other day by one of her frequent ill turns, Mrs. Melendy came in with offers of assistance. " Now I can stay just two hours by the clock," said Mrs. Melendy in her sprightly way, " and what shall I take hold of first ? Shall I tidy up the room, read to you, bathe your head, make you some gruel .■" Or shall I take hold of the mending, or see to the dinner, or what .'' Mrs. Fennel raised her languid lids, and faintly mur- mured, " Out of pies." "Dear me!" cried breezy Mrs. Melendy, "I know what the feeling is well enough; and 't is a dreadful feel- ing! Why, I should no more dare to set out a meal's victuals without pie, than I should dare to fly! for my husband, he must have his piece of pie to top off with, whatever's on the table." And the sympathizing sister bared her willing arms, and wrestled womanfully with the rolling-pin, I know not how long. The fifth time was this morning. While sitting in the room adjoining the kitchen, the- doors being open be- tween, I heard Martha ask her mother why they could not take a magazine. " I do long fer something to read," she said, "and all we have is just one newspaper a week." " Oh I we could n't get much reading-time," said Mrs. Fennel, " If it is n't one thing, its another, and sometimes both. There's your father, now, coming with the raisins. These pies will take about all the forenoon." Miss Martha afterward spoke to her father about the magazine. " We ca n't afford to spend money on readin,'," he answered in his usual drawling monotone. " It costs a sight to live. Now if we did n't raise our own pork, we should be hard pushed to get short'nin' for our pies." Such constant reiteration had made me desperate. I strode to the doorway. " And why must we have pies.'" I demanded, in tones of smothered indignation. " Why not bread and butter, with fruits and sauce instead .' Why not drop pies out altogether.' Yes, drop them out of the world." Miss Martha was the first to recover from the shock of this startling proposition. MAKING PIES. " Our men folks could n't get along without pies, Mr. McKimber," she said. "Pie crust does make a slave of a woman, though," said Mrs. Fennel. " There's nothin' harder than standin' on your feet all the forenoon, rollin' of it out." " Dunno 'bout doin' without pie," drawled Mr. Fen- nel. " 'Pears as if bread 'nd sarse'd be a mighty poor show for somethin' to eat." " ' Twould take off the heft of the cookin'," said Mrs, Fennel thoughtfully: "but (with a sigh) you couldn't sat- isfy the men folks." I rushed to my chamber in despair. Pie, then, is one of the household gods in Tweenit. But what can I do about it.' Something must be done. Suppose 1 write an Appeal to Women, and read it at the sewing circle, pre- tending it was taken from a newspaper published in — well, in Alaska, or Australia, or the Orkney Islands. We gentlemen are expected to help along the entertainment in some way. 1^3 Sunbeams ok Health Hark, now, to the music of the rolling-pin, sounding from below! That music shall inspire my — " APPEAL. " My dear friends, this is an age of inquiry. Can any one tell us who first imprisoned our luscious' fruit in a paste of grease and flour, baptized the thing with fire, and named it pie.' And why is this pie a necessity.'' That is what confounds me. Mothers with families, hard pressed with work, consume time and strength in endless struggles with the rolling-pin. Fathers of families lengthen their bills to shorten their pies. And all this to what end.-" — The destruction of health. Every stroke on the board demands strength which is worse than thrown away. Every flake of pastry is so much food which were better left uneaten. And as for time consumed in this kind of labor, who shall count the hours which are daily rolled away, and chiefly by overburdened women, who complain of 'no time' and 'no constitution'.' " One Saturday forenoon I stood on the hill which commands a view of the village. It was ' baking day.' Being a clairvoyant, _I looked through the roofs of the houses, and saw in every kitchen a weary woman, stand- ing on her feet, rolling, rolling, rolling. Close around some, stood their own little children, tugging at their skirts, pleading for that time and attention which right- fully belonged to them. One frail, delicate woman was actually obliged to lie down and rest twice before her task was ended. Another, the mother of an infant of not many months, accomplished hers with one foot on the cradle-rocker. " We read of despotic countries, where galley-slaves were chained to the oar. They, however, after serving their time, went free. Alas, for poor woman chained to the rolling-pin! Her sentence is for life. We read, too, in ancient story, of powerful genii, whose control over their slaves was absolute; but this terrible genius of the household exacts from its slaves an equally prompt obe- dience. Is there one among them who dares assert her freedom.' — No; their doom is inevitable. Woman is fore- ordained to roll her life away. Is there no escape.' — No escape. The rolling-board is planted squarely in the path of every little daughter; and , sooner or later, if her life is spared, she will walk up to it. May we not call it an altar upon which human sacrifices are performed daily.' "I observed, on the morning just mentioned, that in the intervals of pastry-making the genius of the long- handled spoon took control, demanding its customary tribute of eggs, sugar, fat, spices, etc., demanding, also, the usual outlay of time and strength which goes to the compounding of cakes; and thus, with rolling, beating, and stirring, the forenoon wore away, leaving in each house its accumulation of unwholesome food, ■ "You do know, madam, that plain living- is better for children. You would like more time to devote to them, or for books, or for recreation.' Then, pray, why not change all this.' Is palate forever to rank above brains.' Change your creed. Say, ' I believe in health, in books, in out- doors.' Why don't you rise, slaves.' Now is your time. Now, when slaves everywhere are demanding their free- dom, demand yours. "Company.' Thanks for teaching me that word. The kind hospitality of this social little village of Tweenit en- ables me to be 'company' myself very frequently. And I am aware that much time is spent in the preparation of viands to set before me, which, for variety and rich- ness, could not be excelled. Shall I add that whenever, at the bountifully-spread tea-table, I have attempted to start a rational conversation, it usually has been a failure.' Books, public men, public measures, new ideas, new in- ventions, new discoveries, what is doing for the elevation of women, — on none of these subjects had my entertainers a word to offer. Their talk was, almost without excep- tion, trivial, not to say gossipy. " Therefore, as a member of that institution, — ' com- pany,' which, as everybody says, ' makes a sight of work,' THE WISE CHOICE. — I protest. I petition for less variety in food, and more culture. , And your petitioner further prays that some of the spices and good things be left out in cooking, and put into the conversation. "But the 'men folks'! Ah, to be sure! Perhaps,, after all, it is they who need an appeal." fi Iie^^on from j^ature. In the accompanying engraving the artist has under- taken to teach a lesson jn dietetics. The man and the monkey are both helping themselves to the food which suits their respective palates, Th? man is attacking a 174 And Tbmpbrancb. " rare roast " in a manner and with an expression which indicates his carnivorous disposition, while the monkey reaches to the far side of the table for a ripe peach. Which is the truer to natural instincts? Which has the more elevated taste, the man or the monkey? The scientist tells us that the monkey is of all ani- mals the most nearly related to man, not only in his structure, but in the natural requirements of the system. The monkey finds no occasion for faking the life of any fellow-creature, to supply himself with food. Man, who is infinitely superior to his humble relative intellectually and morally, does not hesitate to slay and devour the unre- sisting ox, the innocent and inoffensive lamb. Surely, man has departed far from the pure and simple ways of his primitive ancestors, who, like the ape, found ample suste- nance and full gratification of his palate, in the luscious fruits and nourishing seeds of the world. Some time ago the writer was walking along the street with a gentleman, whose attention was suddenly arrested by a fine ox which was being led to the slaughter. As he looked at the magnificent animal his eyes shone with a look of satisfaction, and he began smacking his lips, say- ing, " How I would like a steak from his loins! " "How horrible!" we replied. , ])(I\] Smol^e gou^e. A man who lives in Albany, and whose business is that of a clerk, said that he had lately built him a house that cost him three thousand dollars. His friends ex- pressed their wonder that he could afford to build so fine a dwelling. " Why," said he, " that is my smoke house." "Your smokehouse! What do you mean?" " Why, I mean that twenty years ago I left off smok- ing, and I have put the money saved from smoke, to- gether with the interest, into my house. Hence I call it my smoke house." Now, boys, we want you to think of this when you are tempted to take your first cigar. Think how much good might be done with the money you are beginning to spend in smoke. Diet for Children. — Many wise parents are learn- ing that children do not require large quantities of flesh food. Indeed, it is certain that young persons may dis- pense with the use of flesh as food altogether, provided the dietary is properly regulated. Milk is a perfect substitute for all the good qualities of flesh food; and it is not im- possible, as has been suggested, that parents may often find cow's milk far better than cow's hide in the manage- ment of hot-headed and refractory sons, fin IntempeMiii^e Inn. An English nobleman, who is an active worker in the cause of temperance, relates that many years ago an old English inn in one of the country towns of England dis- played the sign, " Dead Drunk for Two Pence — Clean Straw Free," as represented in the accompanying engraving. It is rare indeed that the venders of intoxicating drinks ex- press so frankly upon their signs the character of the bus- ■^ss^r^^^^^* AN INTEMPERANCE INN. iness in which they are engaged. The sign referred to must have been "a great card" for the proprietor at the time, when it was perfectly respectable to get drunk, and when the most thorough-going of the so-called temper- ance societies imposed a fine of only one shilling upon a member for getting beastly drunk, and expressly stipu- lated in the pledge that the signer was released from ob- ligation to keep the pledge on such occasions as wed- dings, funerals, and raisings, when getting drunk seems to have been considered a part of the regular program. Litt/e Dot. " What's the matter with my nose, mam- ma.' Mamma. " You went out yesterday without your rub- bers, and got your feet wet.'' " Well, I do not see why that should make my nose wet." Little Mamie is sick in bed, but refuses persistently to take the prescribed pill. Her mother, however, resorts to stratagem, concealing the pill in some preserved pear, and giving it to the child to eat. ' After a while mamma asks: "Has my little dear eaten her pear?" "All except the seed, mamma dear," 175 Sunbeams . p„F Health ^he Doi^ioF'^ Stopy. Good folks ever will have their waj' — Good folks ever for it must pay. Kut we who are here and everywhere, The burden of their faults must bear. We must shoulder others' shame — Fight their follies, and take their blame. Purge the body, and humor the mind; Doctor the eyes when the soul is blind; Build the column^ of health erect On the quicksands of neglect. Always shouldering others' shame — Bearing their fault and taking the blame! THE doctor's story. II. Deacon Rogers, he came to me; " Wife is a-goin' to die," said he. "Doctors great, and doctors small, Have n't improved her any at all, "Physio and blisters, powder and pills, And nothing sure but the doctors' bills! " Twenty women, with remedies new. Bother my wife the whole day through. " Sweet as honey, or bitter as gall — Poor old woman, she takes 'em all. " Sour or sweet, whatever they choose, Poor old woman, she daren't refuse. " So she pleases who'er may call, An' Death is suited the best of all. "Physic and blister, powder an' pill — Bound to conquer, and sure to kill! " III. Mrs. Rogers lay in her bed. Bandaged and blistered froru foot to head. Blistered and bandaged from head to toe, Mrs. Rogers was very low. Bottle and saucer, spoon and cup, On the table stood bravely up. Physics of high and low degree; Calomel, catnip, boneset tea; Everything a body could bear. Excepting light and water and air. - IV. I opened the blinds; the day was bright. And God gave Mrs. Rogers some light. I opened the window; the day was fair. And God gave Mrs. Rogers some air. Bottles and blisters, powders and pills, Catnip, boneset, sirups and squills; Drugs and medicines, high and low, I threw them as far as I could throw. " What are you doing?" my patient cried; "Frightening death,' I coolly replied. "You are crazy! " a visitor said: I flung a bottle at herhead. V. Deacon Rogers he came to me; "Wife is a-gettin' her health," said lie. "I really think she will worry through; She scolds me just as she used to do. "All the people have poohed an' slurred — All the neighbors have had their word; " 'Twere better to perish, some of 'em say. Than be cured in such an irregular way." VI. "Your wife," said I, "had God's good care, And his remedies, light, and water, and air. "All of the doctors, beyond a doubt. Couldn't have cured Mrs. Rogers without." VII. The deacon smiled and bowed his head; "Then your bill is nothing," he said. " God's be the glory, as you say! God bless you. Doctor! good-day! good day!" If ever I doctor that woman again, I'll give her medicine made by men. ^Wm CarletQn. iy6 And Temperance. Some Guriou^ Ba!li|. Michelet, the historian, asserts that for a thousand years the bath was unknown in Europe; but at the pres- ent time the popular bathing resorts are almost innumer- able. A well-bred Englishman considers his morning tub PARISIAN BATH-HOUSES. an essential part of his toilet, so that the bath-tub is thought to be necessary to the furnishing of an English house. The Frenchman has not yet acquired quite so great fondness for aquatic habits, so that he does not demand that his bath-tub shall always be in readiness for use, but when aquatically inclined, he sends out a messenger and calls in a bathman, who brings with him tubs, towels, shampooing brushes, hot water, — everything in readiness for the operation. One may see almost any day passing along the crowded thoroughfares of Paris, these itinerant bathing establishments, varying in size from immense tanks on four wheels, Carrying several bath-tubs, appar- ently of sufficient capacity to bathe a whole neighbor- hood, down to the small two-wheeled affair drawn by a donkey or a couple of men, as shown in the accompany- ing cut. But the most unique of all baths are the "Baths of Leuk," located at Loecke-les-Bains, Switzerland. At the head of the narrow valley of the Dala, a tributary of the Rhone, nearly surrounded and sometimes overhung by the steep walls of the Gemmi, lies a curious nest of odd brown houses, known as Leukerbad. Nestled down here amid some of the grandest scenery of all Europe, this ancient lit- tle hamlet, with its roaring torrent, its green meadows, — a sort of oasis in a desert of bare rocks and snow clad peaks, and most of all its renowned springs and curious baths, has for two centuries or more attracted annually thousands of visitors during the few weeks of its -short alpine summer. Out of the mountain-side gush innumerable springs of every possible flavor, most of them icy cold, but a few with a temperature of ii6" to 124° Fahrenheit. The hot springs number about twenty, but only three or four are used for bathing purposes. There are several bath-houses, all of which are built after the same plan. On one side of a long hall, perhaps thirty feet wide and nearly as high, is arranged a series of little dressing rooms, each provided with a stool on which to sit while dressing and undress- ing, and a peg on which to hang clothing, but without other furniture. On the other side of the wall is a prom- enade eight or ten feet in width. The intervening space is a large tank, not unlike a fish pond in a fish-breeding estab- hshment. The tank extends the whole length of the room, and occupies about two-thirds of its width. It is divided into several departments by partitions, on the top of which is a narrow walk constituting a bridge, by which the bathers inS ,v y 1 \ ^■ "hBTl-li' „j.'^"-i^^fe?^-:a THE BATHS OF LEUK. may cross from the dressing-rooms to the promenade on the opposite side. From each dressing-room a pair of stairs leads down into the tank. The accompanying engraving was made from a photo- graph, and is an accurate representation of what may be seen almost any day during the " season." At five o'clock in the morning the bathers descend into the steaming vats, — a mixed multitude of all ages, sizes, sexes, and nationalities, clad alike in loose woolen 177 SXJNBEAIMS OK HEALTH gowns. They remain in the water from five o'clock to ten in the forenoon, and from two to five in the after- noon, making eight hours per day for the full regimen. Breakfast is taken in the bath, on little floating tables, which the bathers push around before them, and on which they also play cards, write letters home to their frionds, and drink beer and coffee at their leisure. The odd ap- pearance of half a hundred human heads floating about upon the steaming pool, some chatting, laughing, making grimaces, and others looking as stolid as statues, patiently enduring the tedious hours of waiting for the magic influ- ence of the all-healing waters to charm away their dire disorders, can be better imagined than described. Water is especially recommended for skin disorders. It is chiefly applied externally, although dyspeptics are expected to take copious quantities of hot water direct from the springs, one of which, the St. Lawrence, the lar- gest of all, is located in the very center of the town, and provided with facilities for drinking. The water in the soaking vats is said to be changed once a day, but whether or not the tanks are ever cleansed or disinfected is a question upon which we could obtain no authentic information. Our observation would incline us to the opinion that sanitary measures are not very much thought of in these regions. From three to six weeks is the tirne usually consid- ered necessary to effect a cure of ordinary cases, though on what principle a cure is effected we were unable to learn, unless, as a visitor to the baths suggested, it might be that explained by an Irish bathman in a Hydro- pathic establishment. " You see, sir," said he, " that the shock of water unites with the electricity of the system and explodes the disease." As the visitor referred to re- marked, the shock of one's feelings for decency and cleanli- ness at these baths ought to be sufficient to explode any disease in Europe. If there is truth in the theory held by some of the old-fashioned doctors of by-gone days, that one disease sometimes neutralizes another, it might be con- ceived that the apparent good effects of these baths re- sult rather from the miscellaneous mingling of maladies than from any peculiar potency of the water. [ When we entered the bathing apartments, one great tank had just been emptied of its occupants, who had been macerating since early morning, and had just gone out for their noon-day rest. As we peered into the clouds of odorous vapor, arising from the huge steaming vat, our / imagination easily pictured ghostly shapes of e.xorcised diseased demons of every description, misshapen, dis- torted, pain-racked, rheumatic phantoms, mingled with the lank, sallow, woe-begone imps of chronic dyspepsia, the ruddy-nosed, rosicund, wine-bloated ghost of gout, and the scaly, fidgety, ever-scratching ghost of some loathsome skin disease. We arranged for a bath in a tank containing water fresh from the spring, yet, as we entered to try the novel experience of a bath in this modern Bethesda, our un- comfortable imagination made us experience strange crawl- ing, tingling, and rather curious sensations, as though we were being attacked by all the belied, diseased entities which the waters were supposed to have extracted dur- ing the eight or ten generations since the baths have been in operation. We soon succeeded, however, in quiet- ing our morbid sensibilities, and really had a very enjoy- able bath, occupying a part of the hour we spent in the bath in writing a letter home on one of the little wooden tables, several of which floated about in each tank, for the accommodation of the bathers. After the bath, we had a shampoo a la Leuk, a style of shampooing different from anything else we encountered in any of the bathing establishments of Europe, We were taken from the large bathing room to a room in the upper story, the temperature of which would be barely comfortable with the clothing on, and for one clad only in a wet sheet it was decidedly uncomfortable. After be- ing deprived of even the small comfort of our dripping covering, we were made to take hold of an iron bar, sup- ported about four feet from the" floor, and instructed to brace ourselves firmly and hang on tight, the necessity of which we very soon discovered as a large stream of water spurted upon us from the rear, and struck us with such force between the shoulders that we should have been thrown to the floor without the aid of our support. Our attendant directed the stream by means of a nozzle which he held in one hand, and at the same time, with the other hand, vigorously rubbed and kneaded the mus- cles in such a manner as to prevent the severe shock which we expected to experience from the contact' with the cold water. Instead of being thoroughly chilled, as we expected, we found ourselves, at the conclusion of the bath, in a warm glow, and feeling quite renovated from the effects of a week's riding and climbing among the steep Alpine peaks. After doing up the day's soaking, the bathers stroll about the various pleasant mountain paths in the vicinity of the village. One of the most romantic and interesting leads off to the south down the Dala. For about a mile the path lies through a lovely mountain meadow. Innum- erable springs are found bursting out from the ground by the road-side, and running across or under the pathway, and gurgling down the hill-side to join the gushing Dala, which here finds its source. Mountain flowers of every description grow in abundance among the scattered rocks, which from time to time have fallen down from the pre- cipitous mountain-sides. Another half mile through a nat- ural growth of evergreens completely overshadowing the pathway, brought us to a place known as the Ladders, of which we caught a glimpse from the. other side of the valley, as we were approaching Leukerbad. At this point 178 And T'kjveperanck. the rocky wall is nearly two thousand feet in height, and slightly overhangs the valley below. On the top of the cliff is located a little village known as Albinen, the only direct communication to which is by a series of ladders set up against the rocky wall, and fastened in a most as- tonishingly careless manner. Accompanied by a young friend who had joined our party for a trip through the Alps, we undertook the ascent of this unique pathway, first divesting ourselves of all superfluous clothing and encumbrances. The first two ladders brought us to a little cave, excavated in the face of the rocky wall, to furnish travelers over this novel road a place of retreat from the winter storms. Another lad- der brought us to a landing-place which consisted of the tap-root of a stunted tree. The upper end of the ladder rested upon this, with a foot or two of rock surface, where rested the foot of the ladder next in the series. Ascending this ladder for a short distance, we found two or three rounds broken, but managed to clamber to the top, where we found the ladder fastened to the wall by a green withe nearly worn in two. As we clambered on, we found one or two ladders so old and rotten as to be barely able to sustain the weight of the body, and some were supported only on one side, and threatened con- stantly to turn out of their places, and precipitate one into the abyss a thousand feet below. All of the ladders were shockingly insecure, and very different from what one would expect to find in such a perilous position. Half way to the top our curiosity was entirely satis- fied, and when we turned to descend, for a moment we grew dizzy and slightly faint, as we gazed down into the rocky bottom, hundreds of feet below, and imagined our ladder slipping away from its frail hold upon the bare granite wall, and plunging down upon the rocks below. Turning our eyes steadily upward, we clambered down, and drew a long sigh of relief when at last we reached the foot of the last ladder, well satisfied with our experi- ence in ladder climbing, and concluded that we were bet- ter at home or elsewhere than in the lonely village just beneath the rocky cliffs at the top. This ladder road is in winter the only means of com- munication between Albinen and the outer world; and at all times it is the only means of reaching Albinen from Leukerbad except by a very long and circuitous road down the valley and up a rugged mountain path; and, notwith- standing its perils, in summer-time it is in constant use by the natives of Albinen, who carry on their backs their milk, butter, cheese, and garden produce down the lad- ders, bringing back from Leukerbad the merchandise for which it is exchanged. The bathing season of Leukerbad is only for a few weeks during the middle of the summer. During the rest pf the year the hotels are shut, and the few inhabitants hibernate in their little brown houses, almost entirely se- cluded from the rest of the world. "Jhe Deml'^ On]n." Passing a London cigar store the other day, we no- ticed the above words on a flaming placard as the name of a new brand of cigars just produced by the manufact- urers. The name impressed us as exceedingly appro- priate, and we wondered that so expressive a cognomen had not before been utilized. The cigar is undoubtedly one of the devil's favorite instruments for converting boys who might become respectable citizens and useful men, into loafers, vagabonds, drunkards, and criminals of every description. Notwithstanding the repeated exposures which have been made of the dangers to life and health incurred by the use ofthe filthy weed, the number of its devotees seems to be constantly upon the increase. The tobacco habit must be regarded and treated as a moral disease which has fastened itself upon society, — one of the " devil's own " means for degrading and deprav- ing humanity. How perverted, indeed, are the instincts of the human being who de- liberately defiles the image of his Maker till every trace of the di- vine workmanship is obliterated by the scourge of the stinking weed, and it becomes fit only to be labeled, the " devil's own" ! THE devil's own. Candy. — How long does it take for a small boy to find out that candy is not good for him.' How many of our young readers can tell .■• Generally, it is not until his digestion is ruined and his teeth decayed to mere stumps, till he feels the horrors of that awful disease, dyspepsia, and the sharp twinges of toothache. About that time he begins to think that maybe candy and sweetmeats are not so good as they taste. 179 HkaIvTh and Tkniperance^. liuiher at Jome. Nothing is much more conducive to the health of a family, or of its individual members, than a happy, cheer- ful atmosphere about the domestic circle. In this, too, the great reformer set an example worthy of imitation. Notwithstanding his great labors, he had yet sufficient time for social and paternal intercourse with his little ones, to whom he was a wise instructor as well as a fond parent. Our engraving shows Martin Luther with his family gathered around a table, while two of his children are singing to the accompaniment played by himself upon the lute. "The artist has selected a happy moment for illustrat- ing the domestic and social qualities of Luther, who, from unconscious cooing babyhood to his latest years, loved to solace his soul with melody, and made music a recreation as well as a study, instructing his children also in this beloved art. He says of music, ' It is the finest and most magnificent of God's gifts. Satan hates it. It dispels temptations and evil thoughts.' His com- positions generally breathed a spirit of peace, and he certainly merited the title of ' Swan of Eisleben,' which was bestowed upon him; but his noblest creation and best known work, that stately hymn, the war-song of the Reformation, familiar to us all, ' Eine feste Burg ist unser Gott' (A Mighty Fortress is our God), is anything but swan-like in its sonorous energy. "Our engraving shows a pleasing group: Martin and Madeline, the loved eldest daughter, ' so sweet, so amia- ble, so full of tenderness, ' who was taken from her griev- ing parents at the early age of fourteen, stand affection- ately together, singing from the written score, while Paul, the sturdy little fellow with a cap on his head, sits with folded hands, meditatively gazing at his father. Paul, later in life, became a physician, well known in Gotha, Berlin, and Dresden. Little Margarethe, familiarly called Greta, afterward wife of the German Herr von Kunheim, rests her blonde head on her tiny hand, and, hardly comprehending the situation, seems to be in an infantile reverie. Perhaps the music brings to her mind some of the fairy-like visions which cloud the comprehension of childhood. "The 'learned lady' and ' gracious housewife,' Luther's Kathi, sits placidly contemplating her children, with ma- ternal satisfaction in 'their pursuit; and the friend of the family. Magistrate Lipps, leans on the back of the settle, smiling and interested with the little group. "These are not the entire number of Luther's children; John, commonly called Hans, the eldest son, has already gone to his studies at Torgau, and, eight-months-old baby Elizabeth sleeps in the grave. " Ink and pen lie on the note-sheet, that the composer may correct the technique of the music, if any inequality appears as the children's fresh young voices essay the new melody; for the Doctor does not join in with his powerful bass, lest he should overwhelm the fainter war- blings of his little ones. " The great reformer tenderly cherished his children and their mother, his amiable wife, whom he married ' to please his father, to tease the Pope, and spite the devil,' and whom he prized 'above the Kingdom of France or the State of Venice.' Of her he always spoke, as of all good women, in terms of respect and affection. She was the ex-nun, Catherine von Bora, who escaped from her convent, with several other young women, impelled by Luther's preaching to quit a cloistered seclusion. " The noble figure of the reformer is the chief object of interest, as a portrait of the leader of the people; but the characteristics of the children's faces are well pre- served, and the likeness of the boys to their comely mother is quite apparent. The sweet face of the quaintly attired little maiden Madeline is a study of itself, and one can well realize the sorrow of her parents in losing her at such a promising age. Their exalted faith, how- ever, led them to expect an eternal reunion, and to look to a future life for consolation; as their hope was ex- pressed in Luther's favorite Psalm, CXVIII, ' I shall not die, but live.'" Iiuther a^ a Sanitary ^elormep. Doubtless most of our readers revere the memory of Luther as the leader in one of the greatest moral and social revolutions which the world has ever seen. It is more than probable, however, that few have recognized the fact that the whole world is also to a great degree indebted to this great man for the marvelous advancements which have been made in sanitary science in modern times. The same religious power which introduced so many superstitious rites and ceremonies into religious worship, and for centuries held in abject bondage the consciences of men, taught disrespect to the body. It .was considered to be a virtue to neglect and maltreat the poor body in the hope that thereby the soul might be benefited. In- deed, there was a time when personal uncleanliness was looked upon as highly creditable. According to a recognized authority, St. Ignatius was accustomed to appear abroad " with old, dirty shoes. He never used a comb, but allowed his hair to clot, and re- ligiously abstained from paring his nails. One saint at- tained to such piety as to have nearly three hundred patches on his breeches, which, after his death, were hung up in public as an incentive to imitation. St. Fran- cis discovered by certain experiences that the devils were i8i SUNBKAIVIS OK HkALTH, frightened away by such kind of breeches, but were an- imated by clean clothing to tempt and seduce the wear- ers; and one of their heroes declares that the purest souls are in the dirtiest bodies. Brother Juniper was a gentle- man perfectly pious on this principle, indeed, so great was his merit in this species of mortification, that a brother declared he could always nose Brother Juniper within a mile of the monastery, provided the wind was at the due point. Many stories are told of lions and other fierce beasts of prey rushing upon such holy men in the desert, but suddenly stopping in their career, and flying away with every sign of fear and terror; which may well be credited, the 'odor of sanctity' being too much for the olfactory nerves of a lion." In the act of burning the Pope's bull, and emancipat- ing himself from its tyranny, Luther defied the authority of the head of the papal church, and by the revolution which followed many millions were enabled to shake off the shackles which had bound them, and began to think and reason for themselves. Instead of " cursing the comet" to cure the cholera or the plague, they began to enact sanitary laws and regulations. Instead of regarding sick- ness as a visitation of Providence or an attack of evil spirits, they began to inquire into the relations of cause and effect. It is interesting to note that Luther not only opened the way for freedom of thought in this direction, but was himself an effective and original thinker upon thi3 as well as more strictly religious or theological subjects. His contemporaries have preserved a few of his apt and sug- gestive sayings upon health matters, some of which we are able to quote from an old edition of his " Table Talk " which the writer happens to have in his possession. " The best days were before the deluge, when the peo- ple lived long, were moderate in eating and drinking, be- held God's creatures with diligence, celestial and terres- trial, without , wasting, warring, or debate; then a fresh, cool spring of water was more sweet, acceptable, and bet- ter relished, than costly wines. " What need had our early ancestors of other food than fruits and herbs, seeing these tasted so well and gave such strength.' The pomegranates and oranges, without doubt, yielded such a sweet and pleasant smell, that one might have been satisfied with the scent thereof; and I am sure Adam, before his fall, never wanted to eat a partridge; but the deluge spoiled all. It follows not, that because God created all things, we must eat of all things. Fruits were created chiefly as food for people and for beasts; the latter were created to the end we should laud and praise God. Whereunto serve the stars, but only to praise their Creator.' Whereunto. serve the ravens and crows, but to call upon the Lord who nour- ishes them. "Before Noah's flood the world was highly learned, by reason men lived a long time, and so attained great ex- perience and wisdom; now, ere we begin rightly to come to the true knowledge of a thing, we lie down and die. God will not have that we should attain a higher knowl- edge of things. " We have the nature and manner of all wild beasts in eating: The wolves eat sheep; we also. The foxes eat hens, geese, etc.; we also. The h iwks and kites cat fowl and birds; we also. Pikes eat other fish; we also. With oxen, horse, and kine, we also eat salads, grass, etc. " Sleep is a most useful and most salutary operation of nature. Scarcely any minor annoyance angers me more than the being suddenly awakened out of a pleasant slumber. I understand, that in Italy they torture poor people by depriving them of sleep. 'Tis a torture that cannot long be endured. "When I was ill at Schmalcalden, the physicians made me take as much medicine as though I had been a great bull. Alack for him that depends upon the ai'd of physic. I do not deny that medicine is a gift of God, nor do I refuse to acknowledge science in the skill of many phy- sicians; but, take the best of them, how far are they from perfection? A sound regimen produces excellent effects. When I feel indisposed, by observing a strict diet and going to bed early, I generally manage to get round again, that is, if I can keep my mind tolerably at rest. I have no objection to the doctors acting upon certain theories, but, at the same time, they must not expect us to be the slaves of their fancies. We find Avicenna and Galen, living in other times and in other countries, prescribing wholly different remedies for the same disorders. I won't pin my faith to any of them, ancient or modern. - On the other hand, nothing can well be more deplorable than the proceeding of those fellows, ignorant as they are complaisant, who let their patients follow exactly their own fancies; 'tis these wretches who more especially people the grave-yards. "Able, cautious, and experienced physicians are gifts of God. They are the ministers of nature, to whom hu- man life is confided; but a moment's negligence may ruin everything. No physician should take a single step, but in humility and the fear of God; they who are without the fear of God are mere homicides. I expect that exer- cise and change of air do more good than all their purg- ings and bleedings, but when we do employ medical remedies, we should be careful to do so under the advice of a judicious physician. See what happened to Peter Lupinus, who died from taking internally a mixture de- signed for external application." To one who is at all familiar with the medical prac- tice of the time in which Luther lived, his strictures upon doctors and their theories will seem none too severe. In the last three centuries there has been vast progress in the development of rational medicine. 182 :ygieni J^edirine, if You Jlea|e." HAT do you suppose is the mat- ter with the Httle fellow in the picture? He seems to be ob- jecting to something- wliich his nurse or liis mamma is oFfering him in a big spoon. "I guess his mamma is trying to feed him, and he isn't hun- gry," says one little boy. How man)' little boys and girls think this is what is tlic matter that makes this fine little boy make up such a wry face.'' Not very many think so, I g u e s s. Here comes a little boy who thinks he knows what the raatter is. "I think his mamma w ants him to take some med- icine, and he do n't like it. She tells him it is good, but it has such a bad taste he thinks it is n't, and so lie cries, and doesn't want to take it." That's what is the trouble, is it not.' You see there is a bottle of nice milk on the table. He would just as soon take tliat as not, but the bitter medicine, he would like to be ex- cused from taking. I am sure we all feel sorry for him. Most of us would feel about the same as he does if we were in his place; wouldn't we.'' ma had made for company expected in a few days, and Do you know why we do not like bitter and bad tast- before any one knew it, he had eaten a large piece of it; ing things.? God could have made us so that we would and pretty soon he began to feel sick and to cry, and his 'NO MEDICINE, IF YOU PLEASE.' have liked these things just as well as we like sweet and pleasant tasting things. If you should ask a very learned man who knows all about the body and other things that God has made, he would tell you that the reason why we are made to dis- like things with a bad taste, is that the)' are not good for us. Things that are good for us, like milk and fruits, and all the nice food that -we eat to cive us strength, God has made with a pleasant taste. He has put into these things nice tasting flavors that cause us to like them. This is to tell us that they are good for us. God has put a bad taste into some things to tell us that they are not good for us, and that they are likely to do us harm. This is the way the Indian, away off in the wild forest, knows what is good for him, and what will do him harm. But, you will say, medicine is sometimes necessary for us. That is true. Sometimes lit- tle folks eat bad food, candy, and such things, and the doctor has to give them some bad tasting medicine to make them vomit it up again. But children who eat proper food very rarely have to take medicine, and ^\'ise par- ents will very seldom give their little ones medicine. What do you suppose made the little boy sick so that his mother thought she must give him some medicine.'' He found a huge, rich cake, which his mam- 18.1 SunbkAms ok Heali'h mamma ran for the medicine bottle, and is giving him a dose. Do n't you. think it would be better not to have rich cake in the house, and then it would not make either the little folks or the old folks sick? Do any of you know of any other bad tasting things that people sometimes take besides medicine? Yes; a good many of you hold up your hands. Now let us hear some of them. There is tobacco, which has such a sickish taste, and tea, which is bitter, and pepper, and mustard, and pepper-sauce, and other hot things, which smart and burn as they go down the throat. All of these things are bad for us, and if we take them, they will be very likely to make us sick and do us harm in many ways. Maybe you can think of some more things which have a bad taste, and are had for us. What do you think of alcohol ? You have never taken any in your mouth, I hope, but if you should do so, you would find that it did not have a pleasant taste at all. It would burn and smart, and make the mouth feel numb and bad; and if you should take some pleasant tasting thing in your mouth afterward, you would find that you could not taste it any more than if it had no flavor at all. Why do you think God gave to alcohol such a very bad taste? Men fix the alcohol up with other things so that it will not taste so bad; but the alcohol is there, and does all the mischief just the same. So you see we must look out for things that have a bad taste; and we must remember that a bad taste is a kind of a sign that God has put into bad things to tell us that we must let them alone. f y pm pipe. (adapted from the FRENCH OF ANDRE THEURIST.) A good many years ago, when I was a small lad in roundabout and knickerbockers, the desire for smoking raged like an epidemic among boys of a tender age. For- tunately that is all done away with nowadays No? Is it not? Then perhaps you will be interested in the story of my first pipe, which was the occasion both of my first crime and of my earliest aspiration toward nobility of character. It was while I was in the second class at school that the incident which I am about to relate occurred. The •height of our young ambition at this particular time was to go through the streets of our little village with the stem of a pipe between our lips. To smoke! Ah, what a divine foretaste that would be of the enjoyments and prerogatives of manhood! We made believe to smoke, of course, as all boys do. We pulled away at the dried stems of the clematis, and even tried the pungent leaves of the peppermint, which we gravely smoked in little clay pipes that cost us a penny apiece. But this did not answer. We aspired to real tobacco in real pipes — such pipes as we noted with envy between the lips of smokers of note in our neighborhood. One of these famous smokers especially excited my admiration. He was a dealer in cutlery, Peterson by name, whose shop faced ours on the principal street of the village. In the evening, when the streets were swarming with men and girls returning home from the factories, I used fo see old Peterson, lean and yellow, sitting in an old arm-chair just inside his door, and watching the stream of passers- by, while blowing copious whiffs, of curling blue smoke from his pipe. And such a marvel of a pipe it was, with its Jong^cherry stem, its egg- like meerschaum bowl, whiclj had taken years in coloring;- and its rich silver mounting. I could not gaze enough at it, and at night it came float- ing about my head in my dreams, borne on clouds of thin blue smoke. " Oh, that Peterson! what an idle fellow!" my father would exclaim a dozen times a day. " Always a pipe in his mouth. He thinks more of his smoking than of his business." My father, rotund, cheerful, and active, was the very opposite of old Peterson. Busying himself all day about his drug store, he lived a very laborious life, between his sister, my Aunt Elizabeth, who had remained an old maid, and my grandfather, who having retired from business, spent his leisure time in cultivating a small garden situ- ated behind our house. Old Peterson with his everlasting clouds of tobacco smoke and his interminable loafing, was a constant thorn-in-the-flesh to my father. Whenever, between the colored flasks in our shop window, he caught sight of our opposite neighbor sitting idle in a halo of smoke, he would shrug his shoulders and mutter to him- self, " That man will come to a bad end yet." And to a bad end he came, sure enough. One morn- ing I awakened to behold a big red flag hung out in front of the closed shutters of the opposite store. Old Peter- son's goods had been seized by his creditors, and there was to be a sale of his merchandise. " I told you so," exclaimed my father, not without satisfaction. " There, you see what smoking leads to, and tea, and coffee, and all the bad habits that go with them. [My father had peculiar ideas on the subject of tea and coffee drinking, as you see.] Let this be a warning to you, Harry. Old Peterson is ruined, and he has his pipe to thank for it." MY FIRST PIPE. 184 And TEMPKRANCEt. For my own part I must confess that what caused me most concern was the fate of old Peterson's pipe. Had that been seized with his other effects? I would gladly have attended the sale, but unfortunately it took place during school hours, and my father would listen to no nonsense on that subject; and so for a week I lost sight of old Peterson's pipe. But one evening as I was returning home from school I x^appened to glance at the show-window of a second- hand store, when I suddenly experienced a violent men- tal shock. , Behind ' the window-panes, between a rusty flint-lock pistol and a stringless violin, lay the object of all my longings, old Peterson's beautiful pipe! Without the power to resist, my legs carried me straight into the shop, where the second-hand dealer was ■ sitting in the wreck of an easy chair, engaged in polishing a tar- nished silver coffee-pot. " That pipe there," I stammered, " how much will you take for it.?" " Too much for your pocket, youngster," replied the dealer, eyeing me suspiciously. " It's worth two dollars and a half if it's worth ten cents. Genuine meerschaum, and so mild to 'smoke, — a perfect honey of a pipe," — and he took it from the window and fondled it tenderly. My heart went out toward it, but two dollars and a half! With my slender allowance of pocket-money it would take months of the most scrupulous economy to save so much. " I will think it over," I said with a reddening face. " I will call again." " Oh, yes — when two Sundays come in a week,'' said the dealer ironically. " A child like you to think of smoking. Well-a-day, there are no children nowadays." I went home in despair, and all the next morning, while I was conning my geography lesson, I was so nerv- ous at the thought of some one else carrying off my pipe — I already thought of it as mine — that I could not have told whether Timbuctoo was in Europe or Africa. Finally, just before school time, my grandfather laid down his paper, took off his coat and vest and went out, as was his wont, to work in the garden. In gathering my books together I inadvertently struck against the rocking- chair upon which hung the vest. The vest fell to the floor, and I heard a tinkling sound as of coins striking together. I could not resist examining the pockets. One of them contained two silver dollars and three quarters. Two dollars and seventy-five cents, — that was more than enough to purchase old Peterson's pipe. I held the coins in my hand, as though mesmerized by the sight of so much money. An evil thought gradually insinuated itself into my mind. My reflections ran something like this: — " What if I were to take it.' Yes, but he will miss it. No, he must be made to think he lost it. Suppose there was a hole in the bottom of the pocket. So, there is a little one. My thumb will make it larger— like that." Suiting the action to the thought, I thrust my thumb right through the hem, which was already* unsewn in part. A little wiggling this way and that made a hole big enough to pass the coins. I dropped them through several times, to make sure, and then was off for school as though a thousand imps were at my heels. At four o'clock the pipe was mine, and- grandfather's money jingled in the horny palm of the second-hand dealer. Furnished with tobacco and matches, I took a lonely path leading to the woods, pausing every now and then to feel if the pipe was actually in my pocket. It was mine — mine! — and at last I was to smoke a real pipe and real tobacco. ' Having reached the edge of the wood, I sat down and proceeded leisurely to fill the pipe. I lighted it with great solemnity and drew the first whiffs. What delicious tobacco! What beautiful blue wreaths of smoke I sent curling upward into the branches of the trees. The second-hand dealer was right; it was as sweet as honey. But before a quarter of an hour had elapsed my en- thusiasm began to weaken. A peculiar sensation of dis- comfort took possession of my whole being. My head seemed to grow heavy, and felt as though It were slowly turning round and round. I laid the pipe down on the grass beside me, hoping that this feeling would soon pass away, but it did not. My eyes twinkled, my mouth filled with bitter saliva faster than I could spit it out, and my "Stomach rose in revolt to my very lips. A cold sweat broke out on my forehead, and my whole being was racked with frightful retchings. Retribution had overtaken ' me. When the worst was over, I rose from the ground, pocketed my pipe, and went staggering homeward. I felt anything but buoyant, and I found the honey of old Peterson's pipe as bitter as wormwood. With pallid face and quivering lips, I entered the room behind our shop, where I was vexed • to find the whole family assembled. My aunt was sewing up the torn pocket of the vest, while my grandfather scolded her for allowing his clothes to go in such neglect that he must lose all his money. " Bless me, how pale you are," cried my aunt, catch- ing sight of me. " Are you sick.'' " " Not at all, aunt — that is — " I sank into a chair. The whole room was whirling like a top. " Come here," said my father. " Whew! You smell like a barn-yard." Then, shaking me by the arm, "You little rascal!" he continued, " you've been smoking." He shook me so hard that the pipe came part way out of my pocket. He snatched it, and at once recog- nized it. " What, you wretched boy! It is old Peterson's pipe. The pipe of a bankrupt! When did you get the money to buy this?" 185 Sunbeams of Health He shook me as though I were a plum-tree. I saw that a terrible punishment was in store for me, but before I could frame words for an answer, my good grandfather spoke out: — " Tut, tut! Joseph," said he, " do n't be hard on the boy. It was I who gave him the money; I am most to blame." "You.?" exclaimed my father. "You did very wrong to encourage the vices of a good-for-nothing, who will some day come to just such an end as did old Peterson." Then he hurled the pipe to the floor, where it broke into a thousand pieces. " So I should like to serve all the pipes in creation. Now go to your room, and do not leave it till you have permission." I mounted the stairs, feeling miserable enough. A few moments later the door was silently opened, and my grand- father entered. " Harry,'' said he, in a broken voice, " I did not think I had a thief for a grandson." I could only bury my face in the pillows, while I felt ev^n my neck redden with shame. " But I have pity on you. No one shall ever know of your crime but myself; and if you are ever tempted again, remember, Harry, that I, an old gray haired man, told a lie to save you from punishment." Ah, dear, kind-hearted old man! I raised my head from the pillows, and saw him wjth tears streaming from his eyes, holding open his arms for me. I threw myself upon his breast, and by the violence of my sobs he knew that my repentance was sincere. And that is the story of my first, and, let me say, my last, pipe. — F. N. S. A Bad Lesson. — " Johnny, what would you like for breakfast.'' Shall I help you to some oatmeal mush.'" Johnny shakes his head, and says: " I do n't like oat- meal." " Well, have some nice graham bread and milk." " I do n't like graham bread, I won't have bread and milk," whined Johnny. " Well, Johnny, what would you like.'' " " I want pie," said Johnny. And pie his mamma gave him; for she always gave the little boy just what he wanted. Was not that a very, bad lesson to teach Johnny } It taught the little boy that the thing for him to eat was TvAai he liked, whether it was good for him or not, which is a very great mistake. We should eat what is good for us ; and if we do not like it so very well at first, we will soon learn to like it. This is much the better way. If all little boys and girls were brought up to eat and drink what they ought to eat and drink, rather than what they like, we should never have any drunkards. J^othing but Iieauel. "Nothing but leaves" — the words came low. In saddened tones so full of woe; My heart with anguish then was stirred, While to my ears there came a word — Tobacco. "Nothing but leaves;" yet many a slave Has early filled the drunkard's grave. And sadly owned the tempter's power. And cursed the day and cursed the hour When first he used tobacco. TOBACCO LEAVES. "Tobacco is a poison weed, It was the devil who sowed the seed;" To raise a crop of gin and rum. Dear friends, I think, most every one Commences with tobacco. "Nothing but leaves; " yet something more When once we see the dreadful power It has upon the sons of men Who chew and smoke, and chew again, The filthy weed— tobacco. A slave to just a few poor leaves, No matter whose dear lieart it grieves — Whoever is a slave like this Can never find in endless bliss A place for his tobacco. In heaven tobacco has no place. On earth it is a foe to grace; And the devil, who sowed the seed, Will say: "Come homo slaves of the weed. My harvest from tobacco.'' A Parsonville boy conscientiously objects to taking Ayer's pills, "because," he says, "if them pills is Ayer's pills, why jest let Ayer take 'em. I don't want what belongs to him." 1 86 And ^ElVCPKRANCR. GeFlPude'l Gmije-yard. Gertrude Murray was a decided enemy of tobacco. She used to say she hated it. Now hate is a strong, bad word, I know. My mother has often said to me, "My dear, you should hate nothing but sin," and I never use the word but I think of my dear mother and her advice. But I think, as Gertrude did, that it is quite proper to say "hate" in speaking of tobacco, for it is a terrible poison, and injures more persons, body and soul, too, than poeple are willing to believe. But she did something besides hating it and calling it bad names. She tried to persuade every one who used it to give it up. She was a queer child. She never acted like other children, but had a way all her own, which sometimes made folks cry and some- times laugh, and always made them shake their heads, and say, "What a queer child Gertrude Murray is!" She took a notion into her head one day that she would have a little grave-yard all her own. There was quite a large piece of ground in the old garden behind the house where nothing was planted. There was a long row of blackberry busl^es which hid this corner from the house, windows, and she often used to go down there to play alone. It was one day after she had been to visit James True, the village undertaker, that she got the idea of having the graveyard. She went straight off to the woods and brought home four pretty little hackmatack trees, which she planted in the four corners of the lot she had chosen, and then, happening to think it would be better to secure the ground by asking her father to give it to her, she went in pursuit of hjm. "Papa! papa!" she called aloud, as he was threshing grain in the barn. " Papa, will you give me the north-west corner of the garden.?" "The what, child.?" " The north-west corner of the old garden, papa. It is bounded on the north by the seek-no-further apple-tree, east by the walk, south by the blackberry bushes, and west by the field of sweet corn." There was a general laugh over this speech. Father and all the threshers stopped their work, and held their sides, while such peals of laughter resounded through the great barn as brought mamma and Hepsy out to see what was the matter. "You need not make fun of me," exclaimed Gertie; "I tried to be particular, just to save you the trouble of going down." " Gertie wants me to deed her the north-west corner of the garden, mother," said Mr. Murray as soon as he could speak; "are you ready to sign the papers.?" "What do you want it for, deary.?" asked her mother; "are you going to build a doll house.?" Her mother knew that particular spot was her little girl's favorite resort, and that scarcely a day passed but the dollies were taken there, too. So she thought, of course, that Gertrude was planning some sort of a dwell- ing for them. She was quite unprepared for the answer, and the roar of laughter, which was repeated as the child looked up very meekly and replied, " I want it for a grave-yard, mamma." When her father had recovered the power of speech, he pursued his inquiries further. KILLED BV A PIPE. " What are you going to bury, dear.? " Quick as a flash of light, Gertrude picked up her father's pipe which lay on the wooden bench by the door. "This first," said she, and off she ran. So quick was her motion and the words that accompanied it, that no one of the amused group perceived what she had done; and as she flitted down the garden walk, they thought that she was only running from their mirth. But when the work was done and the farmer was ready for his evening smoke, the pipe was nowhere to be found. "Where's my pipe.? Who's seen my pipe.?" shouted the father, up and down the yard, in no very pleasant tones. " I buried it, papa, in my new grave-yard," said the child coolly. " Come and see." The heavy steps of the tired man and the light trip-trip of the child's feet fell together on the garden walk, as they proceeded to the north-west corner of the garden, where Gertrude pointed to a neat little mound about a foot long, nicely rounded and turfed, at the head of which was placed a bit of shingle with the inscription, — 187 SuNBKAMs OF Health HERE LIES MY FATHER'S PIPE. REST FOREVER. The astonished parent was at a loss what .to say. He hesitated whether to laugh or chide. He finally con- cluded to do neither, but to try to get at the child's meaning in all this. So, sitting down on an overturned wheelbarrow, he took Gertrude on his knees and began to question her. "Why did you do so, child.?" "Because, papa, I didn't want you to die as Mr. Thurston did, of pipe. It's a fact, papa," seeing a smile gathering in his eye. " I heard Dr. Small say so when we were coming home from the funeral. Miss Simpson asked him what ailed Mr. Thurston, and Dr. Small said, 'Pipe, Miss Simpson, pipe. He smoked Tiimself out of this world into — well. Miss Simpson, I can't say exactly where he has gone. If folks get so used to their pipes in this world, I don't see what they are going to do in the other. Seems to me they will want to keep up smok- ing, but I'm most sure they can't do it in Heaven; for you know, Miss Simpson, Heaven is a clean place, and they are not going to let anything in there that defileth. So I do n't know.' Now, papa, you see I want you to be my papa a long, long while first before you die, and then I want you to go to Heaven. So you see, I thought I would dig a grave and bury the old pipe. You won't dig it up, will you, papa.'" The farmer held his peace for a few moments. Then he spoke slowly, but firmly: — "No, Gertie, your father is no grave robber. I shall miss the old pipe, I suppose; but I must say about it as we do about everything that's put m the grave, ' Thy will be done.'" " That's good, papa," said the child with a kiss. "Now I have a good, clean, everlasting papa. Ain't ev- erlasting what we call things that don't die.'" she added again, perceiving a smile. " Yes, dear, but then none of us are everlasting, ex- actly; we all have got to wither and die sometime." " Why, no, papa; do n't the Bible say we shall live forever.' " " Was that what you wanted this grave-yard for.' " asked the father smiling again, and seeking to divert the conversation, which he feared might get beyond his depth, " was it only to bury that old pipe.' " " No, indeed," exclaimed Gf rtrude earnestly, " I'm go- ing to bury lots of such things here. I expect I shall have a funeral almost every day. I'm going to bury old Aunt True's snuff-box next." "How will you get it.'" "Oh, I'll get it; I'll manage, papa, and then there's Joe's tobacco, and Uncle Henry's cigar, and lots more of the nasty things." Gertrude proved a busy little undertaker, and before a week had passed more than a dozen interments had been made in the new cemetery. The graves were all made evenly, side by side, exactly the same size, nicely rounded and turfed, and at the head of each a tiny board, on which was printed, with pen and ink, some simple epi- taph. These head-boards cost the little girl a good deal of time and labor. On one was "Aunty True's snuff-box. Closed forever." On another, "Joe Tanner's pigtail. Lost to view." On the next, " Cyrus Ball's cigar. Burned out." All were equally characteristic. The north-west corner lot was at length full. Over sixty neat little graves were there in rows as regular as the children's graves in Greenwood. The seek-no-further spread a friendly shade over the spot, and the blackber- ries ripened beside them; and many a visitor was taken slyly down the garden walk to see Gertie's grave-yard. But the very best part of the whole was that for every little mound in that quiet spot there stood a man or wo- man redeemed from an evil habit, a living monument above it; and all alike bearing testimony to the faithful- ness and perseverance of that queer little girl, the hater of tobacco, the lover of purity and health. Jhe pFai^e ol Good Doi?for|. A SONG. The best of all the pill-box crew, Since ever time began. Are the doctors who have most to do With the health of a hearty man. And so I count them up again And praise them as I can; There's Dr. Diet, And Dr. Quiet, And Dr. Merryman. There's Dr. Diet, he tries my tongue. " I know you well," says he: "Your stomach is poor, and your liver is sprung. We must make your food agree." And Dr. Quiet, he feels my wrist, And he gravely shakes his head: " Now, now, dear sir, I must insist That you go at ten to bed." But Dr. Merryman for me, Of all the pill-box crew! For he smiles and says, as he fobs his fee: "Laugh on, whatever you do! " So now 1 eat what I ought to eat, And at ten I go to bed. And I laugh in the face of cold or heat; For thus have the doctors said! And so I count them up again. And praise them as I can : There's Dr. Diet, And Dr. Quiet, And Dr. Merryman. i88 And Teivlpbrance. Jobai^^^o ])!letamorpho|i^ BY F. N. S. Come, all ye children, gather round, And hearken what befell A little boy who loved cigars, Not wisely, but too well; And now upon a roof-tree perched, He moves nor hand nor foot; His arms are cased in mortar. And his throat is choked with soot; But all day long he stands and smokes, - He can't do aught beside, — And as he wished to learn to smoke, Let's hope he's satisfied! Come gaze upon these pictures Which portray his awful fate. And learn a timely lesson Which so many learn too late. When Johnny Smith was twelve years old. His downward course began; "I guess," said he, "I'll learn to smoke, Like every other man." He bought himself a big cigar. And down the street he went To puff away in filthy smoke The money that he'd spent. But ere he'd smoked a single week, — So fast the poison worked That in the vile tobacco Like an evil demon lurked, — Before he'd smoked a single week, A dreadful change, alas! In Johnny's form and visage Was by smoking brought to pass. His legs grew thin and spindling, His hat changed to a cone; His arms clung fast unto his sides, His coat turned hard as stone; His brains dried' up within his skull. His head grew melting hot; And all at once he found himself Changed to a chimney-pot. An Apt Reply. — A gentleman offered a little girl wine at a great dinner where wine was being freely drunk. She very properly refused it. Said the man, "Did not Paul tell Timothy to take a little wine for his 'stomach's sake.''" "Yes," replied the little girl, " but my stomach does n't ache." A Boy's Logic. — One day a teacher told her scholars that it was wrong to chew tobacco; when a small boy, with quite an important air, replied that he had seen a fellow chew because his teeth ached, and stoutly averred that it was not wrong for any one to chew tobacco if his teeth ached. This seemed to please the school very much, and the teacher was at first puzzled to know how to answer such a stunning argument. At last she said to the bold boy, " Horace, if a girl should have the toothache, and want to chew tobacco, what should she do } " Horace scratched his head, and then said resolutely, " She ought to have the tooth pulled." The use of tobacco in any form is just as foolish and wicked for boys as for girls. 189 SUNBKAMS OK HEALTH " It is a lovely book! " exclaimed Mabel, as she took it from the table, and nestled down in an easy chair to have a good time. " I should think so, judging by the way you devour it," remarked her older brother, glancing up from his his- tory. "I wish I could get as much unbroken time to study, as you seem to get for that story.'' But Mabel did not answer. She was already deeply In a few moments she was stretched out on her snowy bed, looking as though she had been there an hour. Milton studied until nearly time for recitation, then took his hat and went out. The afternoon passed as all afternoons do; it was no longer, no shorter. But when the boy returned from school, and found his sister still reading, he felt that he could be silent no longer. " What is that book, anyway,' " he asked, coming up the steps where she sat. "What kind of story is it.?" " It is a temperance story," she answered, " and it is buried in the scenes of which she was reading. Milton was obliged to work very steadily to prepare splendid, his lessons at the academy, while many things were re- "That is a grand subject," he said It is a very quired of him at home. He had to cut the wood for the kitchen fire, and keep the wood-box well filled, carry in coal night and morning for the other stoves, and do a host of little things hardly worth mentioning, but which took all the odd mo- ments, and left hiiri lit- tle time for recreation of any kind. " I wish it might be different," his mother often sighed; but it was not in her power to al- ter circumstances. He was the oldest of the family, and as his fath- er's business called him away from home much, a great deal of care fell upon Milton. "It is hardly fair that girls should have .MABELS TEMl'EKA>,Cli STORY. broad one, too. Does it speak of intemper- ance in anything be- sides drinking.'" "Why, no," she an- swered; "isn't that all.'" "I think we can be intemperate about a good many things," he continued. "There is intemperance in eating, intemperance in exer- cise, and, in fact, in rlmost ever}'thing. I I'.o n't think even you are thorough!)- temper- ate." "Why, Milton.'" " Well, you have been reading — reading at that book all day. You hardly stopped for dinner. The book may be good enough, but )'Ou were reading it when I went out, and mother was toil- everything so easy," he thought, looking over at the cosy ing hard in the kitchen at work }'ou might have done. figure in the arm-chair. But he said nothing. Milton was not given to idle talking, when things could not be made better. "Oh, children! }'ou make such a noise!" Mabel cried, impatiently, as the j'ounger children laughed over their toys. "There isn't any pleasure in trying to read where you are." As she spoke, she arose from her chair, and left the room. "Where are you going.'" asked Milton, looking after her. " Up to my own room," she answered without look- ing back. "I like to have things quiet.'' Wasn't that being intemperate.'" Mabel blushed, and looked troubled. "I never thought of anything but the story," she said. "That shows how )-ou are losing control of yourself" said her brother. " That is the way people grow intem- perate in playing games, and in many other things. The)' forget all their duties. Now we must watch, Mabel, and when anything comes to that point, we must stop it." " I think I'll go and set the supper-table," said Mabel, rising and shutting her book. "That will be a good be- ginning, won't it.' " "Yes, indeed," he answered, smiling; "I thinly it will." 190 A Fashionable Tippler A Fa?t Woman. A Fast Man. Plate Vli. ^Vhv Road to Ruin. — First Staee. A Hard Drinker. A Lost Man. A Lost Woman, Plate- A^IIl. T!t' Ro.'ui to Ruin. — Second St:i«M And T;^kmperancb. fi. pne Spei^imen, How many of the little boys and girls who read this know what a specimen is? Some of you undoubtedly do; but for fear that some of you do not, we will explain. If you should visit. a watch-maker's shop, and he should give you a beautiful watch which he had made, that would be a specimen of his work. If the watch should turn out to be a bad one, you would say he was a bad workman. the men who keep saloons. Do you not think it a very appropriate sign for a grog-shop.' Perhaps if we had a large copy of this picture, placed in a frame and hung up in the window of every saloon, many boys and young men would be warned to keep out of them. We hope none of you will ever become " a specimen of the work done inside" one of these haunts of sin. Let each with diligence his duty know, And in that dwelling happiness shall flow. A FINE SPECIMEN. If a man should show you an ingenious machine which he had made to kill people with while they were fast asleep, and thus enable him to rob them, what would you say.' Would you say he was a bad workman.' No; you would say he was a bad man engaged in a bad business. His machine may have been made very well indeed, and a very gopd specimen; but it shows that the man is en- gaged in a very bad business. The accompanying cut represents what we call " a fine specimen;" not because it is a nice looking object, but because it represents so well the kind of work done by A LITTLE girl's mother wanted her to go to bed before she felt sleepy. " But the moon has n't sent her children to bed yet," objected the little astronomer, petulantly. It so happened that a storm was brewing, and heavy clouds were gathering in the heavens. " Go and see if she has n't," said her mother. The little head was popped out of the window, and the sky was scanned eagerly. "Well, I guess I've got to go to bed now," she said, after the survey; " the moon is covering up her children, and tucking them in." 1.9 1 SUNBKAMS OF HKALTH Jommi] and gi| J^eu] Boot|. Tommy was in high glee because his papa- had brought him home a pair of new boots from the city, with nar- row toes and high heels, just like those he had felt so envious about whenever he had met WilHe Smith, a little boy whose father was supposed to be the richest man in the town, and who lived in the big, brown stone house together in half the space they need, and there is a place that hurts on the top oFhis foot, and something that digs into the back of his heel as though it was put there on purpose to hurt him; but he is sure the boots must be all right, for they are just like Willie Smithy's and Willie's father is the richest man in town. So he makes up his mind to endure it manfully, and proudly walks into the parlor to take a look at them in the big pier glass where NEW BOOTS. PULLS THEM ON. SAYS, "OH, Co NT THEY LOOK NICE. with a beautiful lawn and two great stone lions in front of it. It had been the height of his ambition to have a pair of fashionable boots with red tops just like Willie Smith's; and now that they had come, he was almost beside him- self with joy. See how he is capering about; and he swings the boots in a gay fashion for the benefit of a he saw his sis;er Jane admiring her finery when she wa.s dressed up for the party the other night. He feels now that he is of just as much importance as Willie Smith or any other boy, even, if his father is not the richest man in town; for he has on a pair of bran new boots of the latest and most fashionable pattern. WISHES THE BOOTS WERE OFF. can't STAND IT ANY LONGER. GOING HOME A CRIPPLE. school-mate who, he knows, is looking over the fence, but does not wish to seem to notice. Anxious to see how his new boots will look on his feet, Tommy runs into the house, pulls off his shoes, and after a deal of tugging and grunting, succeeds in getting his feet into them. It does seem as though there was not quite room enough for his toes, which are all twisted up Tommy feels so proud of his new boots, that he soon runs out to find Sammy Jones, who was looking over the garden fence when he first got them. He thinks to him- self, Won't all the boys wish they had some boots like mine, too; and won't they feel ashamed of their bare feet or old fashioned shoes! Tommy finds Sammy close by, with a fishing rod un- 193 And T;^e:iv[pkrancb. der his arm. He is going down to the brook to catch minnows, a cruel kind of sport which Httle boys some- times amuse themselves with; so Tommy thinks it will be nice to go too; and he hunts up his toy ship, and feels sure he will have some fine sport playing "Go to sea" with his little sail boat. You see Tommy and Sammy talking together about toy ships and new boots, and Sammy wishes he had a pair too, but Tommy's feet be- gin to ache so badly he really wishes they were off But he would n't have Sammy know it for anything, so he trudges along and pretty soon they get to the brook; and Sammy runs up and down the bank, and jumps over the stones and the old logs, chases the ground squirrels into their holes, and has so much fun, he forgets all about catching the minnows, which was lucky for the minnows, was n't it.? Tommy just sits down on the bank and sets his boat afloat, and watches the current carry it slowly down the stream. By and by, it gets almost out of sight, and he thinks he will run after it before it gets lost. He hops up as though he was going to catch it in a moment; but he finds his feet so lame and sore he can hardly stir, and they feel so clumsy he cannot run as fast as the boat goes, and so he calls for Sammy to run and bring his boat for him. He feels so vexed with those new boots he wishes he had never seen them, and he almost begins to cry. It is no use to try any longer to conceal how much they hurt him", and so when Sammy gets back, Tommy sits down on a big stone and begs him to pull off the ugly boots. He finds his toes looking red and bruised, a HEALTHY FOOT. DEFORMED FOOT. sore spot on the top of his foot, and a big blister on each heel, which smarts just as bad as though it had been burned. He feels too sore and disappointed to even pretend to enjoy his sport any longer, and so he tells Sammy that he thinks it is about time for him to go home now, and both boys start home again, Sammy quite a distance ahead as you see, and Tommy, with his sore feet, limping along . behind, carrying his ship under one arm, and his boots find stockings in his hands. Do you think Tommy ever tried to wear tight boots again.? I am sure you will all say. No; but he did. Some one told him that it was necessary to wear boots for a few days to get them " broken in," and that new boots always hurt one's feet, so he very heroically tortured him- self every day until by and by he got his feet squeezed into the shape of his boots, — you see it was his feet that had to be "broken in," — and after awhile he got a lot of corns on his feet, and in-growing toe nails, and a bunion on one of his big toes, and his toes were twisted out of shape so badly that you would never suspect, from look- ing at his feet now, that they had ever been anything but deformed and ugly looking feet. The artist has made two pictures fbr us, to show just how one of Tommy's feet looked before he wore tight boots, and how it looked afterward. Do you not think it very foolish for a person to wear boots or shoes which will make them suffer so much and get their feet so badly out of shape.? New Name for Breakfast. — Here is an original and very good name for breakfast, recently proposed: — " Turn, mamma, leth's do down to thupper," said a little toddler to her mother, one morning, recently. "Why, we don't have supper in the morning," replied her mother. " Den leth's go down to dinner," urged the little one. " But we do n't have dinner in the morning," corrected the mother. " Well, den, leth's do down, anyway," pleaded the child. " But try to think what meal we have in the morn- ing," urged mamma. " I know now,'' said the toddler, brightening up. " What meal do we have in the morning.? " "Oatmeal. Tum on, leth's do." If all the little folks who are old enough to talk and to chew, were given a nice dish of oatmeal and milk every m.orning, with a nice bit of graham bread, toasted brown and crisp, there would be very little work for the dentists as soon as the present toothless genft-ation is off their hands; and there would be less business for the doctors, too. "What makes that girl walk so funny.?" inquired De Smythe of Browne. " Is she intoxicated .? " " Oh, no ; she is not intoxicated," responded Browne. " It's only her shoes that are tight.'' One day when they had a boiled dinner, papa asked Roy what kind of vegetables he would like. " I'll have all kinds of vegetables except meat," was the quick an- swer. 193 SXJKBEAMS OK HKALTH ^e GFOolged ^Fee. Herbert and Bertha were two bright little folks, who, with their father and mother, lived in a beautiful home on the shore of Lake Ontario. The house, which was a large one, was surrounded by fine grounds, shaded by- rows of maple-trees, that afforded a delightful play-ground for the children, who, like most little folks, dearly loved "Oh, papa! may we go and see if done?" asked Bertha. "Yes; get your hats, and as soon as I have finished my writing, I will go with you," said her papa. -When Herbert and Bertha and their father reached the place where the men were at work, they found that the men had driven two strong stakes, — one on each side of the tree, — and with a stout rope attached to these, AS THE TWIG IS BENT, THE TREE IS INCLINED. to be out of doors in the summer time. Herbert and Bertha were very observing children; and they had no- ticed that while most of the trees that grew upon the grounds were straight and graceful, -there was one that was very crooked; and they had often asked their father why he did not have something done to straighten it, for they thought it looked very ugly. One morning, just as they had finished breakfast, their Either said to the workmen who took care of the grounds, "You may get a rope this morning, and we will try to straighten the crooked tree." were pushing and pulling^ with all their strength to straighten the tree, as you see in the picture. Although they tried very hard, and worked till the perspiration fell . in drops from their . faces, they were able to straighten the tree only the least bit; arid at last one of the work- men said to Mr. Brown, "Indeed, it is no use to try any longer, the tree will not yield." "No," said Mr. Brown, "the tree has been crooked sd' long that it can never be made straight, and we shall have to cut it down, and plant another in its place. If, when the tree was young and slender, we had tried to 194 And ^empkrancb. straighten it, we might easily have done so; but it has been allowed to grow crooked so long that it cannot now be changed." Then turning to the children, he said, ■' This tree is like a great many people." "Why, papa! how can a person be like a tree.?" asked Herbert. "I know," said Bertha, "for I once saw a boy with a hump on his back, who looked almost as crooked as this tree." "Oh!" said Herbert, "papa did not mean in that way, did you, papa.? " " No," said Mr. Brown, " I was not thinking of out- ward looks, but of their actions and habits." "What are habits, papa.'" asked Bertha, who, not be- ing quite five years old, did not understand the meaning of all words. "Habits," answered her papa, "are good or bad things that we do and keep on doing, until after awhile we get so we do them without thinking about them. The crooked tree is like a person who has formed bad habits; for when a person has got into the habit of doing any- thing wrong, it is almost as impossible for him to stop doing it as it is for us to straighten the crooked tree. Bad habits, too, are very apt to make people appear ugly, like the crooked tree. Herbert, can you tell of some bad habits that make people resemble the crooked tree.'" " I think you mean the use of liquors and tobacco," replied Herbert. " Yes," said his father, " but cannot you think of some other bad habits which boys and girls often form when they are small, and which they find it hard work to break off when they grow older.? " "Is eating cake and candy one of them.?" inquired Bertha, who was very fond of sweets, and was in the habit of spending all her pennies for such things. "Yes, that is a bad habit; and what may seem strange to you, it is a habit which is very apt to lead to other bad habits. Children who get in the habit of eating candy .are very likely to forget that they ought not to eat anything except at meal-time, and to form the bad habit of eating between meals. They are also quite apt to get such a love for sweet things that they will eat too much of what they like, and so form the bad habit of gluttony. These habits are all very hard to break; and any one of them is apt to do a great deal of harm to the stomach, and make little children feel so nearly sick that they become cross and ill-tempered, and wear frowns and pouts on their faces so often that they grow to look quite ugly." "Drinking tea and coffee is another bad habit, isn't it, papa.?" asked Herbert. " Yes; eating or drinking anything that is harmful, eating too much, eating too fast, and eating between meals, are all bad habits; and if little boys and girls have formed these habits, they ought to correct them at once, because if they indulge in bad habits until they grow to be men and women, they will find that the hab- its, like the tree, have grown so strong they cannot straighten them. The tree at first was just as straight and pretty as any of the others; but something bent it just a little; and every time the wind blew, it bent it a little more, until it became very crooked; but if we had tried to straighten it when it was small and first bent, we could have done so. It is just so with our bad habits; if we try to break them off when we are young, we Will find we can do so far more easily than if we wait until we become older." One Little Girl's Idea. — "Why didn't you take some of the cherry pie at dinner.?" asked Mamie of her little cousin Nellie, who was visiting her. " Because I had already eaten all I cared for," answered Nellie. "Oh! but cherry pie is so nice I can always find room for that, even if I have eaten enough." "Why, Mamie Brown! I should think it would make you sick to do that way. I don't eat things just because they taste good. Mamma says we must not live to eat, but eat to live; and I would rather eat things that will make me grow, and keep me well and strong." I Eat Graham Bread. — A number of years ago, when the use of graham bread was by no means so general as at the present time, a man who was too ignorant to know the advantages of graham bread over the poor white stuff then in general use, and too bigoted to investigate, was talking to a crowd which had gathered in a store, about the ill-appearance of persons whom he called " bran- bread eaters." Just then a rosy cheeked little boy came in. " Here," said he, " is a boy that looks healthy. He has plenty of ham and eggs and beefsteak, I warrant. Look here, Johnnie, what makes you so fat .? " " ' Cause I eats graham bread." The speaker quickly changed the subject. A Strange Prescription. — A great man told a cu- rious story of a prescription which his good aunt made for him when he- was a boy. He had eaten so much mince pie that he had a very severe pain in his stomach. The kind-hearted old aunt whose pifes and cakes were always temptingly toothsome but dreadfully indigestible, noticing that he looked ill and seemed to be suffering, said to him: "Samuel, you look pale; you had better go into the pantry and get a piece of cake." It is to be hoped that Samuel had good sense enough to take a drink of hot water instead of the rich cake, and that he was wise enough to let the good auntie's pies severely alone after having suffered their effects. 195 Some LcMe-^noimi ^efopmer? HE men whose lives are 'most useful to their fellow-men, who leave behind them the largest impression upon the sands of time, are not always those of whom the public hear most dur- ing their lives. History records nu- merous examples of individuals who lived and died in ob- scurity, but whose names were, centuries after written upon the highest pinnacles of fame. We take pleasure in giving to our readers brief sketches of the lives of four men whose names may be new to them, but whose labors entitled them to highest recognition as reformers and hu- manitarians. Gaptain Joseph Bate^. [the first TEE-TOTALER.J The subject of this sketch was born at Rochester, Mass., in the year 1792, and died in 1872, in the eightieth year of his age. At the age of fifteen years, he obtained what had long been his heart's desire, his father's consent to go to sea, and sailed from New Bedford, Mass., as a cabin boy. Capt. Bates followed the sea for twenty-one years, during which time he endured many hardships and privations, was several times shipwrecked, twice a pris- oner of war, and experienced many marvelous deliverances from death. At the age of twenty-six, while trading upon the west coast of South America, without other inciting influence than his own noble and manly impulses, he abandoned the use of strong liquors, then almost universally em- ployed not only among sailors, but by all classes of so- ciety. In 1824, Capt. Bates became a total abstainer from all intoxicating liquors, including beer, wine, and cider, and shortly afterward he organized the first temperance society in America, of which effort the following is his own account, which we quote from his autobiography : — * " Since I had ceased to use intoxicating drinks, I was constrained to look upon it as one of the most important steps that I had ever taken. Hence, I ardently desired the same blessing for those around me. Elder M. was the first person whom I asked to aid me in this enter- prise ; failing with him, I moved out alone, and presented my paper for subscribers. Elder G., the Congregational minister, his two deacons, and a few of the principal men of the place, cheerfully and readily subscribed their names, twelve or thirteen in number, and forthwith a meeting was called,, and the ' Fairhaven Temperance Society ' was organized." " Inquiry was made whether there were any temper- ance societies then known. A statement was made that certain individuals in Boston had recently agreed together that instead of purchasing their liquor in small quantities at the stores, they would get it by the keg, and drink it *A most interesting volume, published by the Review & Herald Publishing House, Battle Creek, Michigan. CAPTAIN JOSEPH BATES. in their own houses. This association was called the ' Keg Society.' If any temperance societies had ever been organized previous to the one at Fairhaven, we were un- acquainted with the facts." "Arrangements were soon made, and a Bristol County Temperance Society was organized, and the Massachu- setts State Temperance Society soon followed. Temper- ance papers, tracts, and lectures multiphed throughout the land, and opposition began to rage like the rolling sea, causing the tide of temperance to ebb awhile. Then came the 'Cold Water Army.'" "As I examined my papers the other day, I saw the book containing the names of nearly three hundred chil- 196 HkaIvI'h and TKlVrPKRANC:^. dren who had belonged to our Cold-Water Army at Fair- haven." Capt. Bates retired from the sea in 1828, and devoted the remainder of his life to advocating the various moral and physical reforms in which he became interested. On Washington's Birthday, in 1822, Captain Bates abandoned the use of tobacco, taking the weed from his mouth, and throwing it into the sea as he set sail from Peru on his homeward voyage. In 183S, Captain Bates abandoned the use of tea and coffee, to which he was led by the following circum- stance, as related by himself: — "After retiring from a tea-party at midnight, my bed companion said, ' What is the matter, can't you lie quiet and sleep .' ' ' Sleep ! no,' said I. ' Why not .'' ' was the next question. ' Oh ! I wish Mrs. Bunker's tea had been in the East Indies. It's poison ! ' Here I forever bade adieu to tea and coffee. After awhile my wife joined me, and we discarded them from our table and dwell- ing." In 1843, our reformer also abandoned the use of flesh meats, and a few months later he discarded the use of all kinds of spices, condiment rnd hot sauces of all sorts, and all rich and highly seasoned foods. He continued this abstemious mode of life until his death, and believed that to his simple diet he owed the remarkable physical and mental vigor which he enjoyed until the last year of his life. His tall, erect,, and symmetrical figure, and his noble appearance and dignified bearing, marked him to the most casual observer as one of nature's noblemen. His life and character afforded an example most worthy of imitation. Jamef WMle. James White was a descendant of the Puritans, tracing his ancestry to Peregrin White, famous in history as the first child born in the colony of the Pilgrims, who landed from the tempest-tossed Mayflower upon Plymouth Rock in the year 1620. He was born August 4th, 1821. His mother was a granddaughter of Dr. Samuel Shepherd, an eminent Baptist clergyman, who in his time was one of the most noted divines of New England. He was a rather weakly and feeble child until the age of fifteen, in conse- quence of which his early educational advantages were poor. He was, however, allowed abundant opportunity for out-of-door life, and improved so rapidly that at the age.of nineteen he was possessed of greater strength than any other man in the community in which he lived. At this time he entered upon a course of higher stud- ies at a neighboring seminary, and made most remarkable progress. At the age of twenty, however, he became intensely interested in a religious effort in his native town, and was thereby led to devote himself to the gospel ministry. He started out at once as an itinerant preacher and lecturer, and devoted the balance of his life to the advocacy of great moral and physical reforms. Excessive overwork brought upon him in a few years symptoms which pointed to an early decline, as the re- sult of which, his attention was turned to the study of the laws of health. He soon found that the causes of the greatest portion of the physical ills from which human be- ings suffer lie in bad habits of life, particularly in relation to eating and drinking. Through various sources, and from his own experience and observation, he acquired a great fund of knowledge relating to hygienic reform, and. ^^w^x^Wi. ^Y\;:v\i>\\>^\^w^A\\\\\\w\\s^^^\\w^^ JAMES WHITE. finding his own health reinstated by following the princi- ples which he had adopted, he became very earnest and enthusiastic in their advocacy. James White was from earliest manhood an advocate of the most thorough-going temperance principles; and, largely as the result of his labors, an organization of Christians was built up which now numbers more than 30,000 persons, and who advocate and practice more rad- ical and thorough-going temperance principles than anj' other body of Christians in the world. A glance at the portrait of the subject of this sketch is sufficient to indicate to the reader that he was a man of remarkable qualities of mind and character. He was naturally possessed of great sagacity, foresight, penetra- 197 Sunbbams of Hbalth tion and energy. He was indeed born to be a leader of men and an organizer of great enterprises; and tliough from excessive labor and exposure he died prematurely at the age of sixty years and two days; the good which he did lived after him, and the various enterprises which he founded and fostered during their infancy continued to prosper, and to such a degree that many of them have un- doubtedly far outreached his highest hopes and anticipa- tions. John J'. ^ndreiD^. John Nevins Andrews was also a descendant of the Pilgrims of Plymouth Rock, where his paternal ancestors landed eighteen years after the first arrival of the May- flower. He was born, July 22, 1829. Although -his early advantages for education were not great, he was possessed JOHN N. ANDREWS. of such a Ihirst for knowledge that he pursued his studies by himself incessantly, and acquired more than a liberal education. His studious habits acquired in early youth were maintained through life; and he became so inter- ested in the studies which he was pursuing that he de- prived himself of proper sleep, and was seldom known by his most intimate friends to allow himself any respite from his arduous labors for the purpose of relaxation or recre- ation. Naturally being of rather a delicate constitution, it is not a matter of surprise that, at the early age of twenty-one, when he began the ministerial work, he appeared to be in great danger of early death from consumption. Fortu- nately, however, he soon acquired a knowledge of the principles of healthful living advocated by Sylvester Gra- ham and other reformers, including the subject of the pre- ceding sketch, and through adopting them he was en- abled not only to sustain the arduous labors of his lifetime, but to make a very great improvement in his physical condition. In 1874, Elder Andrews left his na- tive land and visited Bale, Switzerland, for the purpose of establishing a missionary station in that city. He soon became known as an earnest advocate of most thorough- going temperance principles, and in a few years acquired a good knowledge of the French and German languages. Having gathered about himself a number of earnest work- ers, through whose efforts, accompanied with his own, the foundation was laid for a reformatory Work which has now extended into every part of Europe, reaching even into Russia, Roumania, Hungary, as well as Italy, France and Germanyj from which countries it has also been car- ried to Egypt. He died aged 64 yrs., 2 mos., and 29 days. We have said nothing by way of eulogy respecting this man, whose natural gifts and acquirements were of a most distinguished character, and the brief mention we have made of his labors gives a most inadequate idea of their painstaking excellence and far-reaching importance. His rare personal qualities were such as to cause all who enjoyed his acquaintance to feel that in his death they had suffered a personal and irreparable loss. Yinijent prie^^nite. The following brief account of a very remarkable man we quote from an English periodical : — " In all ages water has been held in more or less re- pute as a therapeutic agent. Two thousand years ago it was not inaptly described by a Grecian sage as being 'the blood of nature.' Hippocrates used water with fric- tion and rubbing, and Galen assigned a high place to wa- ter in his list of remedies. In our own country, too, its virtues have not been altogether overlooked. Early in the eighteenth century Sir John Floyer published his cele- brated ' History of Cold Bathing' (first edition, 1702), and in subsequent editions Dr. Baynard contributed the re- sults of his own experience as a water doctor. These two doughty champions of the pure element were remarkably successful in cases where ordinary treatment had failed. 198 And Tbmpbrancb. Nor did they stand alone in treating- disease with water. One Jonathan King, of Bungay, in Suffolk, issued a book in which he described his method of treatment. King did not wholly rely upon the cold bath, but he resorted to a bath somewhat analogous to the Turkish bath for induc- ing perspiration. From an advertisement appended to his book it would seem that King had an establishment in which he received and treated patients. VINCENT PRIESSNITZ. "About the same time, too, Dr. Hancock, D. D., is- sued his ' Febrifugum Magnum ; or. Common Water the Best Cure for Fevers, and probably for the Plague ' (eighth edition, 1726), while in the same year appeared ' Mobrifugum Magnum,' which claims that cold water will cure every disease. Fifty years later, a Dr. Wright tried the water cure with success in cases of fever. And still later. Dr. Currie, of Liverpool treated, with extraordinary success, a contagious fever in that city, by cold affusion. " We could multiply instances of the partial application of those processes which were afterward formulated into a system by Priessnitz, as, for instance, the case recorded by Sir John Sinclair, in his ' Code of Health,' of a noble- man who lived to a great age, who was rubbed by his servant every morning with a wet sheet ; but we have said enough to indicate the high esteem in which water was held by the profession in various ages before Priess- nitz's day. " Vincent Priessnitz, son of a small land proprietor, was born at Grafenberg, a small hamlet near Friewaldau, in Austrian Silesia, on the 4th of October, 1799. He at- tended the ordinary schools, which presented very few advantages. His want of education, however, was com- pensated for by a more than ordinary share of natural shrewdness and sagacity. While quite a boy he noticed that a wire-worker, casually employed by his father, who had accidentally torn his hand, bathed it freely in cold water, and afterward applied a piece of wet calico to the wound. At thirteen he sprained his wrist, and, not for- getting the wire-worker's remedy, he resorted to water, and after bathing it applied a wet cloth, which gave him immediate relief, and which he renewed as soon as it be- came uncomfortable. Shortly afterward he crushed one of his thumbs, and he resorted to his old remedy with complete and speedy success. When sixteen years of age he met with an accident so serious that his life was de- spaired of While engaged in a hay-field, a young horse he was driving took fright and bolted, but Priessnitz clung to him until trampled down. A wheel of the cart passed over his body, and when he was picked up he was found to be insensible. Three of his ribs were broken, and he was otherwise injured. The government surgeon at Friewaldau was called in, but he pronounced him in- curable. When consciousness returned, Priessnitz deter- mined upon resorting to his previously tried remedy. He had the surgical bandages removed and replaced by wet ones ; he forced his ribs into their place by pressing his abdomen against a table and expanding his chest by holding his breath, — a painful process in which he perse- vered until he had succeeded. Wet bandages were then applied, and with low diet and plentiful water-drinking he speedily recovered, although he felt the effects all through life. " This incident reindered him famous in Grafenberg and the adjoining villages. He was consulted by neighbors, and, being successful, he gradually acquired an extensive practice, and to meet the requirements of his patients he set up the establishment in connection with which he achieved a world-wide fame. " Among those who resorted to Priessnitz were the rich and the poor, the high and the low. He was equally attentive to all. In 1845, the Crown Prince of Austria, Archduke Charles, paid Priessnitz a visit, and the follow- ing year he was publicly presented with a gold medal of merit awarded him by the Emperor. " For some years he had an average of 400 patients continually under treatment. The anxiety consequent on so responsible a position, together with the vexatious op- position with which he had been assailed, told upon him, and at the early age of fifty-two, he died from a third attack of paralysis." Our engraving is copied from a portrait by Otto Meyer, taken at Grafenberg, in July, 1842. 199 ■-''V ^ 80Q Bear River, Maine. plea|an! Qlimp|e| of jjealthy 5^^"?^^- Traveling for health is the popular prescription nowadays for chronic invalids; and so large a num- ber of persons are in- duced by inclination or the failure of other remedies, to adopt this method of cure, that at the present time quite a large proportion of the traveling public are made up of seekers after health, who have been led to try this method of escaping from the clutches of some chronic nervous disease, a disordered liver, a demoralized stomach, or some other uncomfortable malady. In too many instances, those who seek health in this manner, carry along with them the real causes of their various maladies in the form of sundry bad habits, as disregard of the rules of rational diet, the use of strong tea and coffee, the use of tobacco, late suppers, and various other forms of dissipation. Unfortunately,persons who have . forgotten to leave their bad habits behind them, are often heard to MARBLE CANYON, COL. which they charged so much of their wretchedness was really generated with- in their own bodies as the result of inat- tention to the plain- est laws of health. But it is not our intention to point out the various mistakes and faults of health- seekers, although we have one word more to say upon this point. If your doctor pre- scribes traveling f o r your health, do not start off on a trip to |l New York or Boston, or any other large city or series of cit- ies. By all means turn your back upon the great cities with all of their depraving and deteriora.ting in- fluences, and turn your steps toward the wilderness or some rural retreat, where you may drink in deep draughts of God's life-giving oxy- gen, and may com- mune with Nature in her various moods, to find rest for weary brain and nerves, and recuperation from the wasting toils and pleasures of our mod- ern d e at h- inviting modes of civilized life. complain bitterly of this climate or that climate as not In lieu of such an excursion as we have recommended, agreeing with them, failing to find in the change of lo- we will give our readers, as our heading indicates, "a cality or climate the recuperation which they expected, few pleasant glimpses of healthy places," the influence and overlooking the fact that the imaginary malaria upon of which, we trust, will be to lead them to sometime tear 201 < D in w o O w V I AliWift''— ■ ^rfe"**" ' o Health and Tkm:perance. themselves away from the onerous cares and wearing toils and g-randeur are not to be excelled by an}- ^\nich have of every-day life, and behold with their own e)-es some met the e)-e of man. Amonij the \-iews ^\-hich may be of the grand and beautiful scenery which may be so read- less familiar to our readers, we present a i)icture of the ily encountered in our own as well as foreign lands. Marble Canyon, ia which we have an illustration of the Our artist presents to us first a charming view upon a prodigious energy possessed bv little river in Maine, in sketching which he seems M^' ■ ■ -^ to have so entirely caught the spirit of the scene that we can almost hear the rushing of the waters along the river's rocky bed, a deep-toned ac- companiment to the mu- sic of a thousand merry songsters overhead. One can almost imagine him- self comfortably lounging on a mid-summer's day within the shade of one of those over-hanging rocks, drawing in health at every breath and gath- ering inspiration from the sweet subduing influences around, which must chase away from the chamber of his mind the hobgob- lins of disease and the imps of sordid thoughts, and make of him a purer and a better man. One think's of Maine as the State of stony farms, close-fisted tradesmen, brave soldiers and indus- trious fishermen, and the home of Neal Dow and prohibition; but if we may believe our eyes, we must add to its other char- acteristics the charm of natural scenery which f i- vorably compares in quiet beauty with that to be seen in an}' quarter of the globe. But if one wishes to see Nature in her grand est moods as displayed in American scenery, he must crevices of the rock, looking travel toward the setting sun. Let him visit the " Switz- which has been worn b\' some mountain stream, are to be erland of America," where, as he abruptly climbs from the found the deserted homes of a people whose histor\' dates broad and arid plains of Kansas upon the backbone of the so far back in the misty past that even the memory of continent, he will encounter views which for uniqueness them has been forgotten. Possibly these mysterious peo- HOMES OF THE CLIFF-DWELLERS. mountain torrents, which, in rushing down the steep declivities of solid rock, have gradual!)' cut for themseh-es narrow chan nels hundreds of feet deep, lea\'ing the precipitiius striated sides, presenting an appearance as though, some race of giants of the olden time had here worked a quarry to ob- tain building material for some fortress or monu- ment long since destroyed by the tooth of time. By way of contrast, let us take a peep into a Ute Indian Camp. As one beholds these crouch- ing, half-clad children of the forest, and peers into the darkness of their "wretched huts, he can but feel that man in a prim- itive state exhibits in either himself or his work little of the sublimity and grandeur -with which Na- ture so lavishly surrounds him. Indeed, one can easily imagine the most beautifLd landscape spoiled by an aggregation of the wretched hovels of these representatives of a de- generated race. Stepping over into an adjoining State, we may encounter a view, which the artist has copied for us in the accompan\'ing picture, of the homes of the Cliff Dwellers of Ari- zona. Here, among the out uprin a deep gulch 203 S04 "Old Faithful" Geyser. (YELLOWSTONE PARK.) Hkalth and Tkmpkrance. pie are the ancestors of the present race of Indians fully plucked, the down separated from the quill and known as Pueblos. Thousands of these cliff houses have carefully wound around twine strings, and the whole been found in Manco's Canyon and the adjoining mountain worked into a skirt about two feet in length." districts. A recent visitor thus speaks of this curious If the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico are really the architecture: — descendants of the Cliff Dwellers, they have certainly " They are more numerous in the canyons running into greatly degenerated since they left their mountain fast- the main canyon, than in the main canyon itself Some nesses. houses are so high, and so built to conform with the out line of the cliff, as to be almost invisible. The buildings were built for comfort; the ceilings are high, walls are built of fine sandstone, plastered with gypsum, immense beds of which .can be found in almost any place in South- ern Colorado. Some of the rooms will compare favorably with the best work of to-day, though it has been thousands of years since they were built. Many people who have never seen cliff houses have an idea that the rock has been cut away by human hands, but the hand of nature cut out the ledges years ago, how, many men cannot conceive. The water cut away the softer strata of sandstone, in some places five feet, in others fifty feet, and even more, and varying in depth, sometimes fifty feet back in under the overhanging cliff The roof and floor are of solid sand- stone. In some places the overhang- ing cliff protects the buildings, so that there has never a drop of rain or flake of snow touched them. This accounts for the state of preservation in which they are found. " During my stay in the canyon I gathered dozens, yes, hundreds of rel- ics that would have made the heart of an antiquarian glad, but did not carry one away with me when I left. I found many specimens of pottery. Everything from drinking cups to water pots holding fifteen or twenty gallons, The pottery is decorated in many curious designs. In different ruins I found mocca- sins made from the leaves of the soap-weed, or Spanish bayonet, varying in size from No. 6 to No. 9. In many places the imprint of a hand covered with gypsum can be found. The hands are all small, though, from the moc- casins, their feet must have been those of average-sized people, Passing westward in our search for beautiful air and beautiful scenery, we find ourselves in Utah Territory, which has derived its notoriety chiefly from its great Salt Lake, and its Mormon population. One who has never vis- ited this part of the United States is inclined to think of Utah as a land of dreary wilds and brackish waters; but ENCAMPMENT OF UTE INDIANS. in the accompanying cut the artist gives us a glimpse of the charming " Valley of Laughing Waters," shut in on all sides by precipitous crags, which stand up like huge sentinels, as though keeping guard over one of nature's sanctuaries against profanation by surrounding wickedness. Between the towering rocks ripples a little laughing mountain stream, from which the valley gets its name; while receding in the distance may be seen a procession I -found a great many coils of twine and pieces' of snow-capped peaks surmounting a gigantic wall of rock. of rope made of fiber resembling hemp. The twine was not larger than a large-size fishing line, and time has not hurt it in the least, as it is so strong that a man cannot break it easily with bare hands. The finest specimen I found was a dress skirt made from feathers, or rather from the down; the outside of the feather had been care- which echoes back the strains of Nature's liquid melody. But one is not prepared to form a proper estimate of the wonderful variety of natural scenery afforded by this country, who has never visited the Yellow-Stone Park of Arizona and the Yosemite of California. We have not space for a lengthy description of either of these most in- 205 Health j^jsiu Tkmperakce.. teresting localities, but give in the accompanyint,'' tut a scries of artistic views from differtnt standpoints of one of the mar\ clous geysers, of which almost countless numbers iil to be found ^\ ithin the area of a few snm miles of the Yellowstone reoion One o these geysers which his been carefull) measured is twenty feet in diameter and with a column full\ fift\ feet m height The water of this geyser is sufficiently hot to co in our engraving, know n as ' Old Fii teresting peculiarity Its spoutmgs o about an hour each, throwing a colu amctcr to a height of one hundred and side of the river from this gc) sei is an regularly once in t\\ent)-foui hours, th the height of more than two hundred The wonders of this inteiestmg legi paid the time and Hbfir required to explore it, even when the journey was necessarily made on horse back or by stage coach, though now the increase of railroad facilities in the West en- ables one to ride within short stag- ing distance of the Park in a comfort- able parlor coach or Pullman car. In the frontis- piece of this vol- ume may be seen a representation of the beautiful Mirror Lake of the Yosemite, whose clear waters re- flect from their smooth s u r fa c e views of some of the most sublime scenery to be found upon the continen Yosemite is the only one of the nume State whicli are celebrated for their en is possibly of still greater interest to m in this highly favored portion of our c fertile vallej-s and among its towering mountain streams and charming lakes and fascinating landscajies, but mild an laden breezes, and an absence of thos many portions of the world productive of a vast amount of disease and death. We have glanced at only a ver)' few of the beautiful, romantic, and awe-inspiring pictures which Nature has prepared for those who 207 V ( VSC VLii, IN ^ Oh Sunbeams ok Hkalth. wish to commune with her in this great land of ours, our readers will enjoy, — one, a dashing cascade in Nor But it may be of interest to our readers to catch a way; the other, a rural scene in Sweden. few glimpses of what the seeker after health in other lands may find; and first we have a charming view of the beautiful Zurich Lake, of Switzerland, on the banks of which stands the city by the same name not- ed for its Uni- versity, its mu- seums of nat- ural history, its polytechnic school, and its superior manu- factures. The Lake of Zurich, although twen- ty-three miles long, is but two and one-half miles in width, — really a sub- merged valley. Its shores and the surrounding- mountain peaks present land- scapes which are rarely sur- passed an y- where in Europe for their pict- uresque beauty. In recent years, European travel has been deviating more and more from the beaten track of the last half century, and travelers are A SWEDISH SCENE The natives of both of these countries have been noted for their hardihood as well as their industry; but in recent years the drink habit has prevailed to such an ex- tent that there has been a no- ticeable deteri- oration in the ph\-sical stam- ina of these people, not- withs landing the great ad- vantages which accrue to them from the salu- brity of their climate, and their simple habits of life in nearly all par- ticulars, with the exception of their addic- tion to the use of potato brand)-. This fact illustrates the truth that climate alone will not secure the health of any people. Indeed, a care- ful stud)' of this subject during a good many years has con- \' i n c e d the writer that in- dividual habits have much more to do with health than weather or climatic conditions. The now not infrequent!)' attracted toward "the land of the midnight sun," «'here the)' find landscapes with a beauty apparent benefit which many persons receive on making a peculiar!)- t!!;-ir own, two specimens of wliich we feel sure change of climate is ordinarily the result of a change of habits. Z08 Soi^ial Juriti]. Social purity WofI^. HIS great moral reform movement has been organized in England with- in the last few years under the name of the White Cross Army. The movement is supported in Eng- land by the Rt. Rev. J. B. Lightfoot, bishop of Durham, and other persons of eminence as philanthropists. In this country the move- ment is being carried forward by the Young Men's Chris- tian Association and the National Woman's Christian Temperance Union. It has also been undertaken more re- cently by the American Health and Temperance Associ- ation. This Association has auxiliary societies in almost every State in the Union, from which pledges can be ob- tained by those who wish to sign them or to present them to others for signature. The following are the forms of pledges adopted by the American Health and Temper- ance Association: — Pledge for Men. / hereby solemnly promise by the help of God — 1. To obey the law of purity in thought and act. 2. To refrain from and to discountenance in others, vul- garity of speech, and indecent jests and allusions. 3. To avoid all books, amuse- ments, and associations calcu- lated to excite impure thoughts. 4. To uphold the same stand- ard of purity for men and wo- men. 5. To oppose all laws and customs which tend to the deg- radation of women, and to la- bor for their reform. 6. To endeavor to spread the knowledge of these principles, and to aid others in obeying theni, Pledge for Women. / hereby solemnly promise by the help of God — 1. To obey the law of purity in thought and act. 2. To refrain from and to discountenance in others, all conversation upon impure sub- jects, and to avoid all books, amusements, and associatidns which tend in the direction of impurity. 3. To be modest in lan- guage, behavior, and dress. 4. To uphold the Tame standard of purity for men and women. 5. To oppose all laws and customs which tend to the deg- radation of women, and to labor for their reform. 6. To endeavor to spread the knowledge of these prin- ciples, and to aid others in obeying them. These Pledges in the form of book-marks can be ob- tained from the publishers of this work, by those who desire to circulate them. Oup Girl^. The only hope for the race is in the future of its girls. If there is to be any permanent, thorough-going reform, it must start with the girls and young women of the world. They are to be the mothers of the next generation. They will mold the characters of the men and women who are to rule in politics and society a score or two of years hence. They are to cradle the men who through the press and the pulpit will give tone to the religious sentiments of the gen- eration to come. Whatever they are, their children will be like them. Woman's responsibility to the race is vast and incomprehensible. Jure 5!liough!§, Many a man has said, " I would give the world if I could wholly cast out of my mind evil thoughts." How many would give worlds, if they possessed them, to be rid of the impure mental imagery thrust into their minds when young, by evil companions or evil books! This defiling of the mind is terrible business. A person who deliberately robs childhood of its purity and inno- cence by evil communications, ought to be quaran- tined as much as one afflicted by the cholera or the small-pox. It is almost as easy for a leopard to change his spots as for an unclean mind to become pure. The most ear- nest human effort, aided by the divine agency of prayer, alone can succeed. Here is a suggestion which the writer has often made to those who sought advice and help: Write upon a card a list of suggestive words or short sentences which will call to mind the most interesting or the purest experiences of one's life. When an evil thought or sug- gestion enters the mind, at once bring out the card and seek to divert the mind by recalling the sentiments or ex- periences which it suggests. Many have found this sim- ple device of service. j^o !]ipni?tion. That quaint personage, Josiah Allen's wife, offers the following sensible thoughts respecting an equal standard of right for both sexes; — ■ 20^ SUNBKAIVIS OK HEAI^TH "Josiah Allen's children have been brought up to think that sin of any kind is jest as bad in a man as it is in a woman; and any place of amusement that was bad for a woman to go to, was bad for a man. "Now, when Thomas Jefferson was a little feller he was bewitched to go to circusses, and Josiah said: ' Bet- ter let him go, Samantha; it hain't no place for wimmen or girls, but it won't hurt a boy.' Says I: 'Josiah Allen, the Lord made Thomas Jefferson with jest as pure a heart as Tirzah Ann, and no bigger eyes and ears, and if Thomas J. goes to the circus, Tirzah Ann goes too.' " That stopped that. And then he was bewitched to , get with other boys that smoked and chewed tobacco, and Josiah was jest that easy turn that he would have let him go with 'em. But says I, — " ' Josiah Allen, if Thomas Jefferson goes with those boys and gets to chewin' and smokin' tobacco, I shall buy Tirzah Ann a pipe.' "Josiah argued with me; says he, 'It don't look so bad for a boy as it does for a girl.' "Says I, 'Custom makes the difference; we are more used to seein' men. But,' says I, ' when liquor goes to work to make a fool and a brute of anybody, it don't stop to ask about sect, it makes a wild beast and an idiot of a man or woman, and to look down from heaven, I guess a man looks as bad layin' dead - drunk in a gut- ter as a woman does,' says I; 'things look differently from up there, than what they do to us — it is a more sightly place. And you talk about looks, Josiah Allen, I don't go on clear looks. I go onto principle. Will the Lord say to me in the last day, " Josiah Allen's wife, how is it with the sole of Tirzah Ann — as for Thomas Jefferson's sole, he bein' a boy, it hain't of no account.-"' No! I shall have to give an account to Him for my dealings with both of these soles, male arid female. And I should feel guilty if I brought him up to think that what was impure for a wo- man was pure for a man. If a man has a greater desire to do wrong — which I won't dispute,' says I, lookin' keenly onto Josiah, ' he has a greater strength to resist tempta- tion. And so,' says I, in mild accents, but as firm as old Plymouth Rock, ' If Thomas Jefferson hangs, Tirzah Ann shall hang too.'" fi Jilediigal Yieu] of Bad IiiteratuFe. The editor of the Southern California Practitioner speaks ably and bravely upon the subject of impure liter- ature and its evils, as follows: — " The field of medicine is broader than the mere ad- ministration of drugs for the bodily ailments of mankind. Nothing which pertains to either the bodily, the mental, and, one might almost say, the spiritual welfare of hu- manity, is foreign to its field. It is in this broader view of medicine that even the dime novel and all its l?rood of cheap horrors becomes a legitimate subject for medical investigation. " Probably, next to the grog-shop, the class of litera- ture known under the general designation of the dime novel, ranks as one of the most fruitful sources of harm in the structure of our modern civilization. It is not simply the tales of the "Black Flag" or the "Red Rover of the Border" type, that do the harm. These, with their crudely pictured scenes of blood, turn the immature heads of schoolboys, but the sober realities of after-life, and that blessing in disguise, the necessity of labor, soon, in the majority of cases, undo the harm. " There is a class of literature, however, if indeed it is deserving of the title, which is of a more insidious and dangerous type. It takes as its topic the various phases of society life. The outline of the picture may have, in the main, a certain degree of truth, and in this lies the danger. It is so lifelike. Yet all the while, the coloring is untrue; vice is skillfully made to assume the garb of virtue. " Below this, is another type of literature, where neither outline nor color is true. It is not necessarily gross. It is simply untrue. In it, evil becomes good, and good be- comes evil. The view of life is warped, distorted, pessi- mistic. It makes bad men. Of such is much of the liter- ature of communism, of socialism. "A still lower type is the prurient, the debased, the obscene. In it, and of it, is much of the so-called realistic school. It is of the earth, earthly. This type makes vile men. It is the old fable of Circe and her swine over again. " As physicians, we hold it to be our duty to teach sanitary laws, that disease may be prevented. As physi- cians, shall we not also deal with that which is a cause of mental and moral disease in the community.' Wherein and in what manner does our duty in the mat- ter of the epidemic cholera bacillus or the yellow fever microbe differ from our duty toward the endemic poison of debased and prurient literature.' Shall we be sanitari- ans of the body, but not^of the mind and the soul.' It would be but a low and unsatisfying view to take of med- icine. Brethren, in the broader day which is coming to medical science, shall we not speak of the diseased germ of a bad book, the poison microbe of an impure thought.' Then shall we indeed be healers of men." Progress. — It is very encouraging to note the growing interest in social-purity work. Everywhere there seems to be a disposition on the part of good people to stir the world on this subject. The N. W. C. T. U. has taken hold of the matter with a degree of interest never shown in any other subject. Eloquent champions for reformatory measures are springing up on all sides. Several of the twenty States in which the age of consent has heretofore been but ten years, have already raised the age to four- 2IO And Teni pkranck. teen, and the legislatures of the remaining States will be given no rest until they give this matter due attention. One of the beautiful results of this work, is that it en- nobles, purifies, and elevates those who engage in it. One who reaches out his hand to lift another up to a higher standard of life, lifts himself up in the effort. Such work is most profitable. Are there not hundreds more among the readers of this book who will willingly engage in this work for God and humanity.? There is room for all to do something. Jhe Jledge too Strong. A critic thinks our Purity Pledge too strong, " consid- ering the circumstances," and admonishes us that we ought to be "conservative" in our efforts in the direction of so- cial-purity reform. We have serious doubts of the pro- priety of a " conservative " method of dealing with this monster of iniquity. The conservative method is the one which has been followed for many years, and includes the system of licensed prostitution. Doubtless there were some men in Sodom, who thought the Lord was " too radical " in his method of dealing with impurity in that wicked city; and even righteous Lot seems to have been disposed to advise more conservative measures, but the Almighty thought best to put on record, for all time, an act which would, in the most striking manner, express the Divine opinion of the " conservative " method of deal- ing with this monster evil. We have no sympathy with conservative measures in a reform of this sort. Let us strike at the root of the evil, and strike in such a manner that we shall make the world understand what we mean, and at what we are aiming. An Ancient Marriage Law. — The heathen have shown greater wisdom in some matters than the most civi- lized races. For example, the sacred books of the Brah- mins forbid marriage after fifty years of age. Doubtless both health and morality would be greatly conserved by a siniilar law in Christian as well as in heathen lands. Reading Bad Eool^f. The celebrated Lord Bacon, to whom so many wise sayings are attributed, said, respecting books, "Some are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested." The poet Coleridge, though greatly less profound as a philosopher, was able to speak many things from personal^ experience, and added to the thought of Bacon the idea that some books are to be let alone. The following paragraphs from his pen are well worth regard- ing:^ " Never, under any any circumstances, read a bad book; and never spend a serious hour in reading a second-rate book. No words can overstate the mischief of bad reading. "A bad book will often haunt a man his whole life. It is often remembered when much that is better is for- gotten; it intrudes itself at the most solemn moments, and contaminates the best feelings and emotions. Reading trashy, second-rate books is a grievous waste of time, also. "In the first place, there are a great many more first- rate books than ever you can master; and in the secojid place, you cannot read an inferior book without giving up an opportunity of reading a good one. " Books, remember, are friends; books affect character; and you can as little neglect your duty in this respect as you can safely neglect any other moral duty that is cast upon you." Ganon WilberfoFi^e on Ead Bool^^. The following paragraphs from the pen of an eminent philanthropist and reformer, are well worthy the serious consideration of every parent: — " When once the amount of impurity that shelters it- self under the trashy inflammatory fiction that pours from the modern printing-press, has been recognized, it is obvi- ous that any attempt on the part of society for self-purifica- tion will include a searching censorship over books. If you would shrink from subjecting your daughter to the companionship of a man of coarse mind, wisdom would sug- gest the same compunction at subjecting her mind to the foul saturation of some of the popular novels of the day, and you will choose her books with as much discrimina- tion as you would choose her friends. " It is impossible to speak too emphatically of the ter- rible danger to intellect, heart, and spirit, of the bad book. Of such an one did an eminent Christian man speak, but recently, when he declared that for a quarter of an hour, when he was a boy, a book was placed in his hand, the evil impression of which had never kft him, though his hair was gray in the service of Christ. In such books there are serpent's fangs. " Many a ruined life and broken heart has owed its destruction to literary poison. Courvoisier attributed his assassination of Lord William Russell to a state of mor- bid sympathy with crime, induced by reading the popu- lar romance, "Jack Sheppard." And many a girl has fallen an easy prey to the seducer, from inflated notions, senti- mental ideas, and poisonous thoughts, instilled into her mind through novels, feuilletons and suggestive poetry. Thus far, at least, may we fairly look to the instinct of self-protection in society to check corruption, resist injus- tice, spread information, and generally to elevate the moral standard." 211 SuNBKAMS OK Health. 5nou]ledge the Bep SaleguaM. Unchastity being a secret sin is afl the more danger- ous, and calls for the utmost vigilance from parents and teachers. The poison is passed on and on from genera- tion to generation, by inheritance of weakened will and vitiated tastes; and more directly in lessons in solitary and in social vice handed from youth to youth, in ways and places that unwary parents dream not of Children are scarcely beyond the primary-school age when sexual precocity begins to show itself, and often becomes an actual hinderance to the mental progress of pupils. The infection is so subtle and so all-p3rvading, that no child is absolutely secure against the contagion; and no father or mother should dare to rest in the assurance that his household is safe, and to excuse himself from the per- plexing duty of fortifying it against danger. Knowledge is the great safeguard. Do you say, " I wish my chil- dren to have the innocence and purity of ignorance " ? They cannot remain ignorant, they ought not to remain ignorant, and it is to father and mother — the authors of their being — that they have a right to look for the in- struction that, wisely and lovingly imparted, will save them from physical and moral ruin. To that father or mother who stands in awe before the mystery of being, who feels the sanctity of life and its relations, the way will open clear and bright, when in loving sympathy with the innocent ignorance of his little one, he seeks to give him such knowledge of himself as will secure the truest manhood or womanhood. j^imle^|ne|^ and Yii^e. Respecting the influences which lead young girls astray, a writer in a recent number of T/ie Home Guardian, makes the following statements: — "Much of the danger to young girls lies in the fact that their minds are not trained in any channel of con- tinuous thought,: — that they often have so little to think of Lacking systematic home training, having no con- stant or regular employment, unoccupied and uninterested, they drift outside of home for entertainment. Here is where the mother often fails. Occupied with home duties, fully employed with careful thought for her loved ones, she does not realize how much her daughter's active mind craves employment, and she sacrifices her daughter's best good to secure to her the very leisure which is so dangerous. Instead of training her to the habitual thought- fulness which industry and economy naturally cultivate, she supplies her with all the money she can obtain, and all the freedom her self-sacrifice can secure for her, and lets her drift about on the cars, in the stores, to con- certs, dances, and the theater, with no object in life but to pass the hours in pleasure-seeking. It may be that the daughter is unwilling to share the home cares. But this, too, is the mother's fault, and the result is the same. And so these young girls, without the balance-wheel of deep thought in any direction, without the habit of systematic action in any line, fall easy victims to the influence of a stronger mind." "The conventional training of young girls seems to have been to let them grow up in a sort of haphazard way. Without definite aim, without any positive motive of action, looking in a vague way to marriage as a destiny, to old maidism as a disgrace, the average young girrl seems to feel that to win the attention of a young man is the end for which she lives. Instead of demanding the respectful deference of men simply because she is a woman, and accepting admiration as a part of her birthright, she gig- gles and simpers at attention that is but little better than rudeness, and looks upon an offer of marriage as some- thing for which she must ignobly strive. Instead of grow- ing up with a reverence for her own body in its possibili- ties of motherhood, she treats it as a lay-form, on which to hang her finery, display her paint, or disfigure with the monstrosities of fashion." "As we see them, day by day, passing up and down our streets and thronging our places of amusement, know- ing as we know the hidden snares and covered pitfalls that lie in their way, the wonder is, not that so many fall, but that so many escape. But if mothers impress upon the minds of their girls in earliest childhood what life really is to an earnest, thoughtful woman, it seems as if by that alone they might be saved from frivolity and sin. Girls should be taught to feel that all through their lives, the very fact of womanhood gives them claim to every queenly dig^ nity, and that they should wear their crown as becomes their rank. Idlenef^. To maintain purity, the mind must be occupied. If left without occupation, the vacuity is quiclvly filled with unchaste thoughts. Nothing can be worse for a child than to be reared in idleness. His morals will be certain to suffer. Incessant mental occupation is the only safeguard against unchastity. Those worthless fops who spend their lives in " killing time " by lounging about bar-rooms, loaf- ing on street corners, or strutting up and down the boule- vard, are anything but chaste. Those equally worthless young women who waste their lives on sofas or in easy- chairs, occupied only with some silly novel, or idling away life's precious hours in reverie — such creatures are seldom the models of purity one would wish to think them. If born with a natural propensity toward sin, such a life would soon engender a diseased,, impure imagination, if nothing worse. ?I2 fii few JVIedii^al ^ugge|tion|. EMEDTESfor Nosebleed.— Kere are two of the best remedies for this very common and sometimes dangerous affection: — ^, 1. Have the patient raise both arms above the head. This will cause contrac- tion of the blood-vessels in the arms, and simultaneously in the mucous lining of the nasal cavity. In mild cases, this remedy will uniformly succeed with promptness. A dry handkerchief should be held at the nose in the meantime. 2. Administer a nasal douche of a hot solution of common salt. Dissolve a tablespoonful of salt in a quart of water at a temperature of 30°, and administer with a fountain syringe, inserting the nozzle of the syringe in the nostril which does not bleed, and allowing it to run out at the other To StopL Hemorrhage. — One of the most serious accidents re- quiring immediate attention is the rupture of a large blood-vessel. Persons have often bled to death before the arrival of a physician or a well-informed and self-possessed person, whose lives might have been TO STOP HEMORRHAGE, saved as well as not if only the proper thing had been done at the right moment. A bleeding vessel may almost always be controlled by pressure. If the blood comes in spurts, and is of a bright red color, the wounded vessel is an artery, and the pressure must be made between the wound and the heart. If the color is dark purple, and the blood flows with a steady stream, a vein is wounded, and will be best controlled by pressure upon the side of the wound farthest from the heart. Often there is bleeding from both a vein and an artery at the same time. To make sure, it is well to make strong pressure both above and below the wound. Pressure may be made by means of the thumbs, or by grasping the part with the hands, or, as shown in the cut, by tying a handkerchief or band about the wounded limb and then twisting it tight by slipping a stick through the loop. Be careful to make the pressure just tight enough to control the bleeding, no more, as harm may be done by keeping up too strong pressure for a very long time. A Specific for Hiccough.— Dr. Henry Tucker recommends, in the Southern Medical Record, the use of the following very simple remedy in the treatment of hiccough: Moisten granulated sugar with good vinegar. Of this give to the child from a few grains to a tea- spoonful. The effect, he says, is almost instantaneous, and the dose seldom needs to be repeated. He has used it for all ages — from infants of a few months old to those on the down-hill side of life, and has never known it to fail. The remedy is certainly a very simple one, and although no theory is advanced to account for its wonderful action, it merits trial. Sunstroke, — When a person is suffering with sunstroke, the face is red, the temples are throbbing, and the skin is hot. The proper treatment is to immediately put the patient in a cold bath if possible, or douse him with cold water. Pouring cold water on the head and over the body is a means which should be employed, if a well is near. No time should be lost in applying this important measure of treat- ment. Heat exhaustion is a condition very different from sunstroke. The surface is likely to be cool instead of hot, and the patient re- quires hot applications instead of cold. He should be put into a hot bath or have hot fomentations applied to the head and spine, while the body is sponged with hot water. Sot Water for Sore Throats.— We have for years made use of hot water inside and outside in inflammation of the throat, acute and chronic; and with most satisfactory results. Dr., Geo. R. Shepherd, of Hartford; Conn., writes on this subject to the Me:dical Record as fol- lows: — "I have used hot water as a gargle for the past six or eight years, having been led to do so from seeing its beneficial effects in gyne- cology. In acute pharyngitis and tonsilitis, if properly used at the commencement of the attack, it constitutes one of our most effective remedies, being frequently promptly curative. If used later in disease or in chronic cases, it is always beneficial, though perhaps not so im- mediately curative. To be of service, it should be used in consider- able quantity (a half pint or a pint) at a time, and just as hot as the throat will tolerate. I have seen many cases of acute disease thus aborted, and can commend the method with great confidence. I be- lieve it may be taken as an established fact that in the treatment of inflammations generally, and those of the mucous membranes in par- ticular, moist heat is of service, and in most cases hot water is prefer- able to steam. I feel confident that those who employ it for that most annoying of all slight troubles to prescribe for, viz., a cold in the head, or acute coryza, will seldom think of using the irritating drugs men- tioned in the books, or of inducing a complete anassthesia with chloro- form in preference to the hot-water douche. Fetid Feet, — To relieve fetid perspiration of the feet, rub the parts with dry carbonate of bismuth night and morning. 213 SUNBBAMS OK HEALTH Another Hemedy for the Nosebleed. — Nosebleed may gener- ally be controlled by simply raising the hands above the heail, or sit- ting in an upright position; but as this cannot always be accomplished so easily, it is well to have several other resoitrces at hand. One of the best means which can be readily employed by skilled persons is the insertion in the bleeding nostril, as high up as possible, of a piece of cut sponge previously saturated with lemon juice or vinegar. The person should then lie horizontal, with the face down. The vinegar or lemon juice will cause coagulation of the blood, and if the face is turned down, the slight amount of blood whicli flows after the intro- duction of the sponge will form a firm clot, by which the hemorrhage will be effectually checked. Hot-Water Drinking. — Drinking hot water, which has now be- come very common, is not so novel a jiractice as might be imagined. Dr. iVIcLeans, ex-President of Princeton College, says that he liasprac- Tlie Chinese Doctor, — In the accompanying cut the artist shows us a picture of a Chinese doctor examining a patient. The doctor has a very kindly look, and no doubt is interested in his patient's case. Very likely he will give her some very bad tasting medicine made from things a civilized invalid would strongly object to taking; and possibly most of his medicines are of very little real value except as they excite the patient's superstitious faith. Really, faith is a very great aid to recovery, and often does more good than medicine. One good thing has been said of the Chinese doctor. He never gives his patient "back-setting medicines." It would not be to his in- terest to do so, as he is paid for keeping his patient well, rather than for curing liim when sick, so it is for his interest to get him well as soon as he can. THR CHINESE DOCTOR. ticeil hot-water drinking for more than fifty j'ears, having laki'n hot water with a little milk, instead of tea and coft'ec, since 1S29. He sa3'S, resi)ecting the use of hot water: "If exhausted by speaking in public or by mental effort, ray usual resort is to a cup of lioiling water, not only because it is a safer means of recnuting my impaired energy tlian the use of exhilarating drinks of any description, but for tlie further reason tliat it is also as effectual as any other, since by its heat and moisture it diffuses a pleasant warmth through the system, often re- moving the necessity of tising a stronger stimulant and all desire for it. Some years ago I happened to mention to a friend, one of the lead- ing physicians of Philadelphia, what was my customary drink, upon which he replied that if one was ailing and knew not what aileil him, he could not do a better thing than sip a cup of boiling water as liot as he coubl take it. And upon repeating his remark to an emint^t surgeon of New York City, he gave me to understand that he was fully of the same raind. ~ It is reported that a sect has been formed in Southern Russia, with the sole oliject of poisoning children with narcotics. Manufact- urers of Mrs. Winslow's Soothing S3'rup are certainly entitled to be- come honorary members of this strange organization. A noKRE — one horse a day — taken regularly is both a preventive and a cure for nearly all human maladies. To some, advice must be given to ride slowly; but to others we may say in the language of the old polypharmaceutists: " Wlien taken, to ))e well shaken." Ancient Quaclcs. — A scientific journal lias recently discovered that patent medicines are not modern inventions. It seems that the priestesses of Ephesus sold the earth of Jjcmnos in bowls, to which was fixed a trade-mark. This was about the time of the siege of Troy. 214 And Temperanck. AAvice to Singers, — Clara Louise Kellogg, one of the most noted prima-donnas of modern times, is scrupulously careful of her vocal or- gans, and yet, as she stated to the writer a few years ago, she is not nearly so particular as some. She considers sweets, highly spiced foods, and ice water as the worst of all things for the throat, stating that ice water taken just before singing, leaves a soreness of the throat as though a severe cold had been taken. Clothing of Children, — The season of the year will soon be at hand when every mother will begin to experience a great addition to the trouble of caring for her children, in consequence of the frequent colds which are "caught "or acquired in some other way; and all sorts of cough syrups, balsams, etc., are brought into requisition. Most of those colds can be prevented by proper attention to clothing. The clothing at night should be sufficient, but not enough to produce sweating, and should be carefully adapted to the varying temperature of this season of the year. The day clothing should consist of warm woolen under garments and thick woolen outer clothing, re-enforeed by an overcoat on going out of doors. Children should not be allowed to run out of doors bare-headed, or without proper protection. They should be taught to keep their feet warm and dry, and if their feet be- come wet by accident, to dry them and change wet shoes and stock- ings for dry ones. A little attention to these matters will save much serious illness, and the contraction of many chronic ailments of the nose, throat, and lungs. Dirt in the Eye. — Dirt ore the eye would be'a more proper expres- sion, as foreign bodies lodged upon the surface of the eyeball, or be- neath the lids, are not really in the eye, but upon it. Although they sometimes cause serious mischief, as well as much pain and incon- venience, they are by no means so dangerous as foreign bodies lodged in the eye or within the eyeball. Particles of sand, dust, or other sub- stances in the eye, may be very easily removed by the corner of a handkerchief, or by drawing the upper lid away from the eye, and gently stroking over it in a downward direction. Violent blowing of the nose, with the eyes tightly shut, will often suffice to remove parti- cles which are not imbedded in the mucous membrane. Little bodies known as eye-stones, obtained from certain mollusks, have no specific virtue, although they are often used for th% purpose of removing dirt from the eye. Flaxseed is often employed for the same purpose. The way in which these objects operate is by producing a profuse flow of tears, which carries away the obstruction. They are not to be recom- mended. When particles of iron, cinders, or other foreign substances are imbedded in the mucous membrane, some blunt instrument may gen- erally suffice to effect a removal, unless the cornea is the part involved. When the particle is imbedded in the cornea, cai-e should be used in attempting to, dislodge it, that it is not pushed farther into the tissues. Such particles may generally be dislodged in the following manner: Let the patient hold the eye perfectly still, while the operator passes back and forth before the cornea, and over the object, a toothpick with a bit of cotton wound about the end, gradually approaching nearer to the surface, until finally the foreign body is removed. When this is skillfully done, the eye may not be touched at all, as the foreign body generally portrudes a little beyond the membrane. If the particle is imbedded in the eye so deeply that it cannot be removed by any of the means described, a surgeon should be at once consulted, as much in- jury may result if the obstruction is not speedily removed. A Modem Fetish.— The "mind-cure" craze still rages in certain districts; and some good people, even those who are intelligent on many subjects, are sometimes beguiled into the ranks of the worship- ers of this modern fetish. The wild contortions of the Indian " medi- cine man," and the weird incantations of the " rain-maker" of Uganda are no more at variance with the plain dictates of reason and science than are the preposterous claims and the absurd procedures of the so- called "mind-cure," alias "Christian science (?)." alias "Christian metaphysics (?)," alias "metaphysical cure," et al. This mode of cure cjrtamly rivals homeopathy in the cheapness of its medicines, and far outstrips the high potencies of Hahnneman in its attenuations. Even the latest of homeopathic novelties, a human hair dissolved in the lake of Geneva (Jaeger), is strong medicine compared with the diluted extract of an idea, spread out over a million squart miles of space. A constitution sensitive to such a marvelously " poten- tized " remedy as this, should be most carefully protected from such coarse and powerful agents as starlight and moonshine, terrestrial magnetism and such like forces. A person so easily affected, would hardly be safe outside of a diver's coat of mail or a glass case. " But it can do no harm, if it does no good," say the votaries and the friends of this new school of medicine. As a rule with few excep- tions, it is true that remedies which are impotent for harm, are power- less for good. But who knows how many valuable lives have been sac- rificed by the "innocuous desuetude," to use a newly coined political THE DYING BRAHMIN. phrase, of this modern delusion. Here is a picture of a pious Brahmin, whose faith in the power of a sacred cow to rescue liim from death, is juat as good a substitute for rational treatment as is the mummery of the modern " mind-cure" magicians. If the time spent in holding on to the cow's tail and muttering prayers to the bovine divinity had been devoted to cool baths to quench the fever's fire, or if he had even mounted the cow and rode away from the pestiferous swamps into the health-giving breezes of the hills, our pious, but deluded Hindoo might now be well, his black eyes sparkling with the light of health, rather than grown dim and lusterless with the haze of death. The "mind-cure" philosophy claims affinity with the mystic religion of Brahma. It is not inappropriate that there should be such a marked affinity in its modes of treatment. Who can number the innocent, trusting, suffering invalids who may have gone down into the dark waters of death fondly clinging to a figurative cow's tail under the name of " mind-cure." 215 SuNBKAMs OK Health. "Doctor, do tell me what makes this awful pain at the back of my neck." " Madam, your case is a very peculiar one. You have neurasthenia of the spinal cord, which has produced hypersemia of the nerves, and hyperesthesia of the vertebra prominens." " Indeed, I am so glad that you have found out what is the matter of me. 1 have asked a dozen doctors about this pain, and never found one before who could tell me what the trouble was." Sun-Stroke. — When a person falls with sun- stroke, he should at once be taken to the coolest place available. His clothing should be removed, and cold applications made to his head and over the whole body. Pieces of ice may be packed around the head, or cold water may be poui'ed upon the body from a water-pot. The ice-pack, to the spine and cold enemata will also be found of advantage. As a preventive measure there is nothing like keeping out of the sun; but where this is impossible, as in the case of laborers and others, a device similar to that represented in the accompanying engraving, consisting of a cloth or large handkerchief fastened to the hat-band, will be found of advan- tage in shielding the back of the head from the sun's rays. What to Do for Baby's Earaclie.—" What makes the baby so cross to-night? " says Jones. " Oh! he has taken cold, and got the earache. I guess he will be all right as soon as Mary Ann gets back from the drug store with the laudanum," says Mrs. Jones. And so when Mary Ann gets back a good dose of laudanum is poured into baby's ear, and very likely a few drops get into his stom- ach too, if he don't get quiet without. Perhaps some old lady in the neighborhood will drop in, and insist that he must have an onion poul- tice on the outside of his ear, or chloroform inside of it, or a mustard plaster to the back of his head, or a dose of Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup, or something else equally inefficient. Here is the proper thing to do. Pour a little warm water into baby's ear. Now wet a soft sponge or folded flannel in hot water, wring dry, and apply to the ear. A hot ear douche, taken with a syphon or fount- ain syringe, allowing the hot water to run slowly into the ear with little force, is still more efficient. This simple remedy has the advan- tage that it not only eases the pain, but removes the cause by stopping the inflammation. The application of hot water may be made as often as necessary, or all the time. Keep the ear warmly covered during the intervals. If the baby has really taken a cold, a warm blanket pack, to produce a good sweat, should be used in addition to the applications to the ear. The significance of earache is generally not understood. Quite a proportion of the cases of deafness occurring in adults without immedi- ate cause, are Justly attributable to the oft-recurring earaches of child- hood. Hence the importance of giving to a matter of this sort early and effijient attention. The notion that in cases of severe earaclie there is nothing to do but to wait for the ear to " break " or discharge, is a mischievous one. When this occurs, it is usually the result of neg- lect, and the efiect is amore-or less permanent injury to the ear. This " breaking " should be prevented by prompt treatment. If the earache is not speedily relieved by the hot-water ear douche,— .which may be used almost continuously, if necessary, — a skillful physician should be consulted without delay. It is sometimes necessary to lance the drum membrane. It i.s always important that an ear which has been subject to se- vere inflammation should be treated after the inflammation has sub- sided. The eustachian tube must be inflated by means well known to physicians. This will also drive out of the ear, secretions, which, if left for the slow process of absorption, may permanently injure the hearing. Craj»p.— This term is applied to a sudden spasmodic contraction of a single muscle or set of muscles. It most frequently occurs in the caU of the leg. It sometimes extends to tlie whole body. It is often very painful. In many cases the spasm is preceded by a crawling or tingling sensation, or stiflfening of the parts affected. Treatment. — When the cramp is confined to a single muscle, as in cramp of the leg, it may be relieved by simply grasping the muscle and pressing it with considerable force. A gentleman who was much troubled with this peculiar aflfection, and to whom we recommended compression as a remedy, had made for the purpose, two straps, furnished with a buckle at each end, which he always carried with him. When he felt the first symptoms of attack, he would apply the straps to the calves of the legs, where the cramp always began, buckling them as tightly as possible. The application of heat and cold to the spine, with fomentations to the af- fected part, are useful measure.^. When the cramps extend to various parts of the body, a general warm bath will usually afford relief. Some cases are best relieved by application of ice to the spine. Ice may be applied by the ice pack, or by rubbing a piece of ice, inclosed in a piece Of muslin, up and down the spine. The patient should be kept as quiet as possible, as the least motion will often induce^ a return of the spasms after they had ceased. Gentle manipulation of the af- fected muscles, if very cautiously performed, will sometimes relieve the tendency to spasm. A YANKEE doctor made a patient sleep sweetly, for years, by the nightly administration of a sugar-coated dried huckleberry, which the patient supposed was an opium pill. Open to Oljections, — On a certain occasion a child was brought to the droll Dr. Abernethy, who was suffering with a disease of the skin, but suffering still more from neglect of the bath. "The Doctor, seeing at once that the latter misfortune was the cause of the former, said to the boy's mother, ' I can soon cure your son if you will strictly follow my directions. Get a large tub, fill it every day two-thirds full of warm water, put the little fellow into it, and then rub him all over with the best Castile soap and a coarse towel.' 'But, Doctor,' exclaimed the astonished woman, 'that would be giving the child a bath.' ' True, ' replied the physician, ' it is open to that objection.' " Nothing contributes more to the health of a child than the bath . The idea that the bath is necessarily weakening is an error which should be eradicated from the popular mind. Tlie temperature of the bath should be a few degrees less than- that of the body. It is invigor- ating, and encourages growth and development. Two Things to Teach Children. — There are two things which, among many others, should be taught to every child, and which we mention specially because they are pretty certain to be neglected: — j 1. Every child should be taught to breathe through its nose. The habit of mouth-breathing is frequently established by a succession of colds, which render nasal respiration difficult or impossible. The continued habit of mouth-breathing is apt to produce diseases of tlie throat and larynx, a deformity of the chest known as pigeon breast, and even distortion of the face. If it is impossible for the child to breathe through the nose freely, it should be taken to a physician for examination, and the cause ascer- tained. The obstruction of the nose may be due to a hypertrophy, or over- growth of the walls of the nasal cavity, or the growth of different forms of polypus. When such obstructions are present, they should be removed by a surgeon, and such treatment should be employed as will prevent their re-formation. 2. Every child should be taught to spit whenever there is any- thing present in the nasal cavity which requires expectoration. It is quite possible that the swallowing of catarrhal secretions from the nose and throat may communicate disease to the mucous membrane of the stomach. 2l6 And Tenipkranck. Hot Water in Eye Diseases.— There is no single remedy capa- ble of such wide usefulness in the treatment of diseases of the eye as hot water. Nearly all inflammatory and painful affections of the eye are benefited by the proper use of hot water, which should be of such a temperature as may be borne by the end of the finger held in it. The following are a few of the most useful methods of applying hot water to the eye : — 1. Simply bathe the eye with hot water, holding the head for- ward, and lifting the water with the hand. This ia not the best method ; first, because the head must be held forward, a position which tends to increase the congestion; and secondly, because water of a suf- ficiently high temperature cannot be readily applied in this manner. The eye can easily bear a temperature of 130° to 135°; if not at first, after water of a slightly lower temperature has been applied for a few minutes. This method is veiy serviceable, however, in treating chronic affections of the eye, such as granulated lids, etc. 2. Let the patient lie upon the side corresponding with the affected eye. Place a little absorbent cotton wet with hot water upon the eye, . so as to cover it about one-fourth of an inch deep. Now allow water as hot as can be borne, to run slowly upon the cotton, the head being held in such a position that the water may be received into some convenient vessel. An ordinary fountain or siphon syringe may be used. This method is especially applicable in cases in which but one eye is affected, but may be used in cases requiring treatment of both eyes ; and the application of the hot water through the absorbent cotton will be found much more agreeable than when it ia allowed to fall directly upon the eye. Two or three thicknesses of sheet lint or several folds of some soft cotton fabric may be used instead of absorbent cotton. 3. A hot spray to the eye, in which several fine streams of hot water are allowed to fall upon the eye with gentle force, seems to pro- duce better results in some cases, especially chronic cases in which there is little or no tenderness of the lids or eyeball. The spray may be di- rected in an upward direction, the patient leaning forward until the eye is brought into a proper position. 4. Fomentations may be applied to the eye as well as to other parts. Very soft cloths should be employed. Pieces of sheet lint two inches wide and three inches long, folded to two thicknesses, are best for this purpose. The fomentation should be covered with a dry fiannel cloth, and should be changed every two minutes. 5. Pill a small tumbler with hot water. Hold the tumbler in the hand, and lean forward until the rim can be adjusted to the side of the nose, the eyebrow, and the cheek, without spilling the water. By slight pressure against the face, the mouth of the glass may be so completely closed that the patient may assume a horizontal or any other comforta- ble position without spilling a drop of the water. This is an excellent means of applying hot water to the eye, aa the eye may be opened, and thus the hot water find its way between the lida, and reach the entire diseased surface. A cupping-glass, the rim of which is protected by rubber, is more convenient for this purpose than an ordinary tumbler. 6. Some eye diseases are probably due to the presence of disease germs. Water at 130° F., a temperature which may be borne by the eye, will destroy these germs ; and consequently hot water is not only an excellent means of reducing inflammation, but is a germicide at the same time, and hence helps to remove the cause, as well as the effects, of the disease. Feeding in Sickness. — The following simple principles of feed- ing in illness will be found of service : — . • In ordinary fevers the food should be liquid, and should be given rather cool. Milk, gruels, and fruit juices are to be preferred to teas, or any form of animal food. In case of a tendency to vomiting, tlie food should be given cold. Sips of iced milk, or even frozen milk, are often of great service in cases of constant vomiting. In acute diseases of the lungs, such as pneumonia, pleurisy, bron- chitis, and croup, food should be given warm. Liquid food is to be pre- ferred to solid. In cases of collapse, foods should be liquid, and should be taken as hot as the patient can bear. If the patient is unable to swallow the fluid, food should be given by enema. In this case, chicken broth or beef tea given in considerable quantity by enema are often of great service. For Nasal CatarrU. — Here are a few excellent prescriptions for nasal catarrh, which, by extensive experience, we have found to be tlie most satisfactory, in ordinary cases, of any remedies which we have ever employed : — 1. To a pint of water, add 3 drams of baking soda and one of borax. Apply to the nose with an atomizer giving a coarse spray. The spray should have sufiicient force to carry the fluid through to the back of the throat. If there is muci dripping in the throat, the spray should also be applied by means of a tube to the post nasal region at the back of the throat, by throwing the spray up behind the soft palate. This solution is for the purpose of cleansing the mucous membrane, and should be used thoroughly in all cases where there is a discharge from the nose, either a fluid discharge or masses of dried mucus. 3. To a pint of water, add two or three ounces of listerine, which can be obtained at any drug store. Use this with an atomizer same as directed with No. 1. 3. When there is a very profuse discharge from the nose, use the following in the place of No. 8 : alum, 3 drama ; listerine, 3 oz. ; water, 1 pint. 4. In all cases of catarrh in which there is less discharge, but much thickening of the mucous membrane, as indicated by the obstruction of the nostrils, breathing, and snoring during sleep, use' the following so- lution to follow No. 1 : Iodide of zinc, 3 drama ; iodine, 5 grains ; lister- ine, 3 oz. ; water sufficient to make 1 pint. Water- Drinking before Meals. — When the stomach ia empty, its walla are Often covered with mucus. This ia eapecially true in caaea of dyspepsia and slow digestion. A person who has a bad taste in the mouth and a foul coat on the tongue, may be sure that his stomach ia in thia atate. Mucus is indigestible, and thus often interferes with the digestion of food. By swallowing a glass or two of water half an hour before meals, this adhesive mucus may be waahed off. Cold water may be uaed by persons who are strong and comparatively well, but warm or hot water is usually to be preferred. Catching Consumption. — A recent experimenter showed that a lap-dog caught consumption from its mistress. A whole drove of hogs caught consumption from a herd of sick cows. Careful investigations show that meat of consumptive animals will communicate the disease, even after it has been salted a long time. Milk will communicate the disease, not only when raw, but after it has been made into cheese. In one case the cheese waa two and one-half months old. For HaMtual Constipation. — Constipation due to lack of sen- sibility of the rectum may usually be relieved by the use of glycerine one tablespoonful with three or four of water. Inject and retain for a few minutes at the usual hour for the bowels to move — half an hour or so after breakfast. In some cases it is best to take the preparation in the evening before retiring, and retain it over night. The action of this remedy ia usually prompt and certain. 217 SuNBEAivis OF Health Tlie Period of Incubation. — Most contagious and infectious dis- eases undergo a certain period of incubation after exposure, before the first symptoms make their appearance. This period is somewhat variable. As a rule, the shorter the period of incubation, the more severe will be the attack. The following list includes the most common contagious maladies : — Measles, seven to fourteen days. Chicken-pox, one to two weeks. Scarlet-fever, one to fourteen days. Diphtheria, two days to two weeks. Small-pox, one to three weeks. Whooping-cough, four to fourteen days. Mumps, one to three weeks. Typhoid fever, twelve days. To Setnove Cinders. — A railroad engineer says that the best method of removing a cinder from an eye, is to rub the eye which has no cinder in it. If the well eye is rubbed toward the corner, the cinder will work down toward the inner corner of the other eye, and will presently be found upon the cheek. To Prevent Nervous Headache.—That "an ounce of prevention is better than a pound of cure," is universally acknowledged to be true, but the proverb is too infrequently applied in practice. The principle holds good with regard to nervous headaches in a variety of ways : — Nervous headaches are the result of nerve exhaustion, which means some form of physical abuse. Not infrequently an attack of headache is the result of some special strain, which could not well be avoided. A mother, for example, has lost a night's rest, through attendance upon a sick child. The next day she worries through her usual duties, though feeling exhausted and weary ; and by night is herself seriously ill, and suffering from an attack of nervous headache, which perhaps confines her to her bed, and compels the abandonment of her duties for several days. If, instead of compelling him- self to go through his usual routine of work, a person who feels premonitions of nervous headache would take a nap of an hour or two, before the attack is really commenced, it might often be averted. If, in addition, and before lying down to sleep, a hot foot-bath, with a hot fomentation or hot sponging to the spine, is taken, the impending illness will be much more surely averted. Arsenical Wall-Paper. — The manufacturers of wall-paper, finding that the apprehensions of the public have been lulled to sleep by their declara- tions respecting the absolute freedom from arsenical colors of the wall-papers at present manufactured, have again taken to using the poisonous dyes. Re- cently, a lady in Missouri lost her life through confinement in a room which had been re-papered a few days before. This is the season of year when houses are being renovated, and walls re-papered, and we apprehend that our readers will appreciate the value of a simple means of testing wall-papers for the presence of arsenic. The following method, which we have tested and know to be reliable, is quoted from the " Household Manual " : — • "Take a piece of the paper and, holding it over a saucer, pour upon it strong aqua ammonia. If there is any arsenic present, this will dissolve it. Collect the liquid in a vial or tube, and drop in a crystal of nitrate of silver. If there is arsenic present, little yellow crystals will make their appearance about the nitrate of silver. Arsenical green, when washed with aqua ammo- nia, either changes to blue, or fades." We hope every reader who purchases wall-paper in the spring, will employ this test before placing the paper upon the walls. Summer Food for Sabies.^-lt is important that mothers should know that the disorders of stomach and bowels which prevail so extensively among children during the summer season, belong chiefly to the class known as germ diseases. That is, they are due to the action of certain forms of microscopic plants allied to mold, or fungi, which, finding entrance to the digestive organs, set up changes in the food, causing fermentation, souring, putrefaction, etc. These germs are taker! in with food at all times of the year. Ordinarily, their action is prevented by the gastric juice, but when their num- bers are greatly increased, as is the case in the summer time, particularly when the whole system is weakened by excessive heat, and the digestive organs are consequently less vigorous in their action than usual, the germs become active, and disturbing processes are set up, resulting in the various forms of indiges- tion, catarrh of the stomach and bowels, cholera infantum, cholera morbus, or simply summer diarrhea, or dysentery. An important practical fact, with which every mother should be acquainted, is that these diseases may be almost certainly prevented by the use of sterilized food. By "sterilized" food we mean food in which the germs referred to have been destroyed. This may be most effectively accomplished by simply boiling the food. To insure safety, it is necessary, of course, that every article of food taken be subjected, but a short time before it is eaten by the child, to a boiling temperature, for at least a few minutes. If several hours elapse after the food is cooked before it is eaten, it is likely to re-absorb germs from the air, unless it be protected in a well-corked bottle or a sealed can, or by other means kept from the air. The best means of keeping milk is in a f ruitjar, which has first been thoroughly scalded. After the milk is poured in, a mass of cotton which has been baked in the oven fifteen or twenty minutes, may be tied over the mouth. This will allow air to circulate out and in the can, but will at the same time prevent germs from entering. It is equally important that the water taken by the infant be boiled, as this may also be a medium for conveying germs. Remember to boil every particle of food and drink the baby swallows, and it may thereby be carried safely through the months so dangerous to infant life. The Garbage-box. — The garbage-box, or, as this receptacle of filth sometimes is, the swill barrel, is an enemy of health, which ought not to be tolerated in a civilized community. The idea that the saving of such refuse matter as usually goes into these receptacles is a measure of economy, is a grave error. The infinitesimal saving is vastly more than balanced by the enormous waste incurred in the injury to health. The best method of disposing of these waste substances is consumption in the kitchen or furnace fire. The objection some urge, that the odor of burning vegetable trimmings, scraps of meat, etc., is offensive, is without forcCtSiiHie the gases produced by the consumption of coal or wood are vastly-more poisonous in character than are the odors objected to ; and if the draught of the stove is sufficient to carry away these dangerous gases, it is able to dispose -of the odors as well. Our earnest advice is to burn the garbage, and the garbage-box also. Danger in Dust. — ^Whoever thinks of dust as anything more than an inconvenience ? Of what is dust made up ? Think of this a moment, and its very complex and dangerous character will become apparent. Here are a few of the components of dust : fine earth, fragments of wood, cotton, wool, feathers, and almost everything under the sun, dried excreta, spittle, filth from the gutter, and every possible kind of offensive matter. Dr. Mackenzie, of London, has observed that there is much more sick- ness in dusty weather than at other times. Sore throats, catarrhs, colds, sore eyes, and numerous other maladies abound during dusty Weather. House dust is simply street dust brought indoors by the wind, or adhering to uncleaned ' boots and shoes. Diet in Fevers. — In all classes of fevers, the diet should be farina- ceous in character. The reason for this is that the kidneys are overworked, and the use of meat not only adds to the overwork, but also increases the pro- duction of heat. Besides this, in fevers there is a tendency toward accumu- lation of the products of waste within the system. This also is greatly in- creased by the use of a flesh diet. The free use of milk may be equally ob- jectionable in some cases. The best food for fever cases is some preparation of grain, such as gruels made of whole-wheat flour, barley meal, oatmeal, etc. The objection to the use of these foods is that in cases in whidh the tempera- ture is high, the action of the salivary glands is almost wholly suspended, so 2l8 And T^empbrance. that the digestion of starchy foods is interfered with. This objection applies with much force to other foods as well. Fortunately, this difficulty is not difficult of solution, as regards grain foods. By the prolonged action of heat, as well as by the action of malt, the work of the saliva may be accomplished before the food is received into the stomach. Granola, wheatena, avenola, and gofio, — health foods prepared by the Sanitarium Food Co., — are heat-digested foods, and are exceedingly valuable in the nourishment of fever patients. They may be eaten with water in the form of gruel, or with the addition of milk, or milk and water. A New Theory of Malaria. — At a late meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Cincinnati, Dr. H. B. Baker, Secretary of the Michigan State Board of Health, and Chairman of the Section of State Medi- cine of the American Medical Association, read a very valuable and interest- ing paper, in which a new theory of the causation of malarial diseases was presented. The essential element of the theory advanced by Dr. Baker was that the principal cause of malarial disease is variations in temperature, by which the body becomes chilled, particularly the great difference between night and day temperature. A great array of facts was set forth in support of this theory, and a. number of scientific observations are found to be in accord with this view. If the truth of this theory be admitted, it at once becomes apparent that malarial attacks may be prevented by proper attention to the maintenance of equable temperature, of the body, by clothing or otherwise. At night, one should be especially careful to avoid chilling during sleep, while the vital forces are naturally lowered, and the ability to react against chilling is necessarily lessened. This theory is certainly interesting, and in the writer's opinion, promises to explain much which has heretofore been inexplicable, respecting this widely prevalent class of maladies. How to Move a Sick Person in Sed. — Very feeble patients, and those suffering with painful diseases, are often moved in bed with great diffi- culty, especially if the attending nurse happens to be deficient in strength or skill. Dr. Roche, writing to a contemporary, suggests the following simple device for facilitating the handling of patients in bed : — "Fasten smoothly to the mattress, with strong safety-pins, a rubber blanket or piece of enameled cloth, rubber or enamel side up. Upon this, place with enamel surface down, a similar rubber or enameled cloth, if possi- ble somewhat wider, so as always to keep the under one covered. Cover with a sheet and make up the bed as usual. Between the rubber or enameled sur- faces, sprinkle soap-stone powder, kept by all shoe-dealers, or glove powder ; or, if nothing better can be had, the common graphite, known as stove polish, will do. Now, by grasping the edge of the under sheet and upper enameled cloth at the same time, it will be found easy to ro// over or move the heaviest person with slight .effort and little pain or straining, either to nurse or patient. "If the device prove too slippery when not wanted, a few strong pins fastening it to the bedding beneath will prove sufficient to prevent it." Sidi-Hetldaclie, — Any one who has ever had a sick-headache, remem- bers the experience. Perhaps, if his memory is good, he can also remember the cause of it. He has a recollection about a plum-pudding, a Thanksgiving turkey, a "boiled-dinner," or a late supper with ice-cream and cake, or a big piece of mother's mince pie, or some other dietetic abuse or abomination. He went to bed feeling well contented with having satisfied his appetite, but awoke in the morning with a splitting head-ache, feeling as though he never wanted to eat again, but as a little girl said, would " like to unswallow him- self." Sick-headache is always the result of stomach disturbance. Generally, there has been gross violation of dietetic laws. Too many sweetmeats, dainties, fats, or other indigestible things are eaten. (Any quantity of these things is too much.) The sick-headache is Nature's punishment for the transgression of her laws. But what shall one do who has incurred the penalty, and is suffering for his sins ? Doubtless the repentance is genuine for the time being. So we may help him out for this tirne, exacting n promise that he will sin no more against his much-abused stomach. On this condition, tell him to swallow at once a quart of hot water. If he vomits, well and good ; let him swallow another quart. Also take a copious enema to free the bowels, which are gen- erally loaded. He must take no food for twenty-four hours. When the stomach feels empty or bad, fill it up with hot water. A hot fomentation over the stomach, a hot foot-bath, and sponging the head with hot water, are simple measures which generally afford relief. A hot full bath, when it can be taken, is also useful in many cases. For a Sum, — If a person has been burned by the clothes catching fire, remove the clothing as soon as possible, taking care to keep the burned surface drenched with tepid water : and be sure not to drag upon the injured skin in such a way as to pull it off, as it is the best possible protection for the tender flesh beneath. When the clothing has been removed, keep the burned surface covered with cloths wrung out of soda-water, made by dissolving a teaspoonful of soda in a pint of water. Tliis is an effectual method of treating burns, and is far superior to the old dressing of carron-oil, u mixture of linseed-oil and lime- water. Cold Feet. — At this season of the year, thousands of persons suffer almost constantly with cold feet. The chief causes are thin shoes or boots, neglect to protect the feet from dampness, sedentary habits, and diseases which disturb the circulation, such as dyspepsia, etc. So much for the causes. What are the remedies ? Here is one : Change the stockings for clean ones daily, and bathe the feet every night with cold water, according to the following directions : Pour into a pail or a foot bath-tub about a pint of water, or sufficient so that when the feet are placed in the water it will rise about them to the extent of one fourth or half an inch. Hold the feet in the water for about ten minutes, and then take out and rub dry and warm. In some cases it is better to bathe the feet with hot and cold water in alternation, applying the water with a sponge, or simply dipping the feet into pails of water of different temperatures, one as hot as can be borne, the other of the temperature of the surrounding air or even colder. If you wish to have warm feet, by all means avoid the common habit of toasting them over a stove or register. This of itself is a potent means of causing chronic cold of the feet. Colds. — ^Johnnie and Janie, and Thomas and Hannah, and all the rest of the children are coughing and sneezing and hemming and complaining with colds. How and where each contracted his cold is a source of much discussion, although this is now a matter of minor consequence. The thing of importance is to know how to get rid of the cold. The management of a cold depends upon the time which has elapsed since it was contracted. If but a few hours have elapsed, the proper thing to do, is to take a warm bath and go to bed. If two or three days have elapsed, the warm bath must be taken just the same, but it will do little toward the eradica- tion of the cold ; it will simply relieve the clogged state of the system, and help to prevent the contraction of further colds, provided the matter is properly managed, A cold which has got two or three days' start, will run its course in spite of everything that can be done for it. Generally several days, and more often two or three weeks, are required for a cold to run its course. Un- doubtedly something can be done to shorten the course of a cold, even when it has got a good start. The most important thing is to prevent the taking of more cold, for this is one of the most powerful causes of the prolongation of colds. This will not be best accomplished by the taking of hot baths, as is so commonly practiced. The better way is to take one or two baths at the outset, and then to employ only such means of treatment as are calculated to fortify the system against cold by producing a good surface circulation. Saline baths taken daily, rubbing the body with moist salt, and taking daily and vigorous exercise in the open air, are among the most useful measures. Men who spend most of their time in the open air, seldom suffer long with colds. ' The writer has often known persons to cure a hard cold when first taken by riding a day 219 Sunbeams ok Health in a cold, crisp atmosphere. An abundance of pure air seems to be effective in W£^shing out a cold in a marvelous manner. The common practice of sitting down in the house when a severe cold has been contracted, and coddling one's self for fear that more cold will be contracted, is a mistaken and injurious one. Water-drinking is another means of washing out a cold, which is well worth employing. From two to four pints of hot water should be taken each day. A little extra clothing should be worn, and it is also well to oil the body thoroughly after each bath. If the chief seat of the cold is the nose, in the form of nasal catarrh, appropriate remedies, such as have been elsewhere rec- ommended for acute catarrh, should be employed. One of the most efficient of these is the hot saline nasal douche, admin- istered with a sponge. The proper strength for the solution is one teaspoonful of salt to the pint of water. For the unpleasant running at the nose which characterizes the first stage of a cold "in the head," the inhalation of menthol or strong vapor of ammonia is a remedy to be recommended. Chronic Tliroat-AU, — One of the best remedies for tliis troublesome ailment is packing the throat over night. On going to bed, apply to the throat a towel wet in cold water and wrung as dry as possible, over which put three or four thicknesses of dry flannel, and cover all with oiled silk or muslin. In the morning, remove the bandage, and bathe the throat with equal parts of vinegar and water, or salt and water, a table-spoonful to the quart. Before breakfast, gargle a half pint of water, hot as it can be borne. Keep the skin active, and do n't take cold. The Flaxseed Fallacy. — Prof. A. D. Williams, an eminent oculist, thus exposes the fallacy that a flaxseed is an effective means for removing for- eign substances from the eye : — " If we were to ask every man and woman in almost any community. What is the best way to get any foreign substance out of the eye ? probably fully one-half of those questioned would say : ' Put a flaxseed into the eye ; it is a sure cure.' Every few days some one who has followed this advice comes to me for relief. Only a day or two ago, a young man with an eye full of flaxseed came to me, stating that the seed had been in the organ all night, and that he could not sleep, because he ' could feel the seed chasing the foreign substance around and around under the lid ; ' but for some strange reason the substance ' could not be forced out.' " I have never seen any account of the origin of this superstition, — for it Ts nothing more, — but it is probably very ancient ; yet, in fact, unlike most ancient superstitions of this sort, it has absolutely no basis. Any one who has a foreign substance in the eye, and sends a flaxseed to ' chase it out,' simply adds fuel to the flame. It is fortunate that the seeds are smooth and comparatively unirri- tating, as otherwise the fallacy would be a more serious one. Another and similar superstition is that foreign matters may be chased out by ' a stone from a crab's eye,' which is nothing more nor less than the crystalline lens of the eye of the crustacean, ^hardened by boiling. In their eagerness to do something in emergencies, the great mass of people rarely use common sense ; if they did, they would know that when one is not absolutely certain what to do, the best plan is to do nothing." Poultices. — A poultice rightly used, is a sovereign remedy for many ills, especially local inflammations and swellings. Here are a few of their ap- propriate uses : — Always poultice a boil as soon as its character is detected. Change poultice often enough to keep hot until the boil is softened. Then have the boil opened, and continue the poulticing, changing less frequently unless discharge is free. Poultice a felon in the same way, but do not wait for the swelling to soften. Open as soon as convinced of its character. Waiting often causes death of bone. , Apply a poultice to any angry-looking, hard swelling, if grateful to the feelings of the patient. A joint swollen and painful from a sprain, is often wonderfully relieved by a poultice changed every hour or two. In pneumonia and pleurisy, after the acute onset of the disease has passed, nothing gives the patient more relief than a hot poultice changed often. Other deep-seated inflammations, as inflammation of the liver, chronic gastritis, and inflammation of the bladder, and other pelvic organs, are often relieved by poultices thoroughly applied. In some cases of chronic dyspepsia of long standing, relief is most speedily obtained by the use of poultices applied over the stomach almost continuously for several days or weeks in succession. The eflicacy of the poultice is due to its warmth, moisture, and emollient properties. There is little special virtue in the particular article used. Bread, linseed, and slippery elm, are the most useful in the majority of cases. It is seldom necessary to apply the material of the poultice directly to the affected part. It is much cleaner and more convenient to put the poultice in a bag of thin muslin or cheese cloth. Poultices should never be applied to the eye. Bow to Cure a Cough. — First of all, stop coughing. Three-fourths of the coughing is from sheer force of habit. There are thousands of people who spend an hour every morning of their lives in unnecessary cougning. A little irritation is felt in the throat. A cough is set up, and habit keeps it going until the irritation provoked by the cough, produces a really serious disease. Coughs ai-e something contagious. Some old lady who has a pet cough which she has nursed for twenty years or more, sets the ball rolling in church just when the minister begins to read the hymn. Another auditor takes up the tune, another and another from all quarters of the house, until they fairly make the arches ring with chin music. The minister continually raises his voice in his efforts to drown the noise, but he is no match for a hundred people, hemming and hawking and interjecting chest coughs, and throat coughs, and chin coughs, and every variety of this sort of vocal exercise ; for the higher he raises his voice, the louder grows the din. By and by, he gives up the contest in sheer despair, and stops reading. Now observe what a change, — a silence like the "stilly night" begins as soon as the last cougher has time to get breath and clear his throat. No sooner does the speaker open his mouth again, than the coughers take up their dismal refrain. Is not this fact as good evidence as one needs, that coughing is an act under control of the will in a very large number of cases, and that a little application of the "mind-cure" is appropriate? The writer has cured many chronic coughs by simply ordering them stopped. Try it. Save the Pieces. — If by accident you loose a piece of a finger or a toe, be sure to save the piece. If carefully adjusted, and held in position, and kept properly warm, the severed part will grow on in most cases. Two Russian soldiers cut off, one a finger, the other a thumb. After the lapse of two hours, the parts were replaced and grew fast. A man in getting over a railing was caught and suspended by a ring on one of his fingers. He hung for a moment, then dropped, stripping the flesh from the bone as he did so. He gathered up the fragments, replaced them about the bone, and the result was a useful finger. Artificial Digestion. — The modem craze for predigested foods, has created a new and immense industry. Scores of firms are competing with each other in the production of novelties in the line of digested foods. By the delusive descriptions of the merits of these preparations, many people are deceived into the belief that the digestive process to which these foods are subjected, is a real substitute for the natural process of digestion within the body. That this is not true was shown by the experiments of Sir Wm. Roberts. This eminent physiologist made an experiment with two healthy kittens. One he fed upon digested food, the other upon milk. The first named soon fell behind the other in weight, showing the superiority of food in a natural state as an ordinary diet. For Spongy Chims. — When the gums are spongy or congested, and bleed easily, or if they have a tendency to recede from the teeth, try the fol- lowing : Tannic acid, )4 oz. ; glycerine, a small quantity, barely sufficient to moisten the powder. Let it stand half ah hour until thoroughly mixed, then ap- ply to the gums by means of a little cotton bound around the end of a tooth-pick. 220 patent Jilediigine^ Exposed. Jt would seem that matters pertaining to the life and health of human beings should, above all others, command the highest degree of sincerity and honesty on the part of those dealing with these important interests. It is, however, a lamentable fact that the weakness and feebleiiess of disease, and the distress and suffering occasioned by illness, are made the occasion for the perpetration of the grossest frauds and the practice of the basest deceptions. Human vultures, preying upon the credulity of the sick, and taking advantage of that blind groping for relief so characteristic of the chronic invalid, have amassed stupendous fortunes by the manufacture and sale of the most worthless, nauseous, and in some instances, pernicious compounds. Illuminated by some taking title, these wjetched nostrums are displayed in every newspaper in the land, painted on every conspicuous rock along the leading lines of railway travel, and thrust upon the attention of passers-by, on fences, stumps, and trees along every common highway. Quacks and quackish nostrums have flourished in all ages ; but at no age of the world has the business of manufacturing and selling secret remedies and patented nostrums attained such gigantic prpportions as at the present. Thousands of adventurers, whose love of filthy lucre has rendered them , oblivious to the rights of their fellow-men, and unscrupulous as to the methods by which their ends are to be obtained, have by ingenious advertising and shrewd management amassed immense fortunes in the manufacture and sale of pernicious, useless, and in some instances, wholly ipert substances. The worst poisons are daily swallowed by thousands of persons who imag- ine that • they are receiving great benefit therefrom. A short time ago the writer received, from >■ former patient, a sample of medicine which she was taking, for which the quack doctor from whom it was purchased, charged her $20.00 an ounce. She thought the medicine more beneficial than any remedy she had ever tried, but thinking the price rather high, wrote to us for informa- tion as to its nature, so that it might be purchased at a drug store- at less ex- pense. An examination showed this precious medicine to be nothing more or less than chloral, which the dishonest charlatan was peddling out to his patients at the rate of $10.00 for five cents' worth. Even worse drugs are often used in this manner. Indeed, some of these infamous nostrum venders go so far as deliberately to train persons into the habit of opium-taking, for the purpose of enriching their own pockets. The two things necessary for the success of any new nostrum, are an at- tractive or striking name, and judicious advertising. The manufacturers nearly always keep the composition of their compounds secret, as mystery is orie of the essential elements of potency in a nostrum. The ignorant public hold tenaciously to the old superstition which has come down to them from the Dark Ages, that disease is cured by some mysterious magical process ; and as soon as the nostrum is divested of its'mystical shroud, and shown to be composed of inert or common substances, such as every person is quite familiar with, it loses its potency in the minds of the majority of per- sons at once. It is for the j^urpose of discouraging in this way the use of these unwholesome articles, which while constantly endangering life and health, rarely do anything toward preserving them, that we here present the composition of many of the most common patent nostruins. The analyses have been gath- ered from many different sources, and are believed to be in the main correct, most of them having been obtained by careful chemical analysis of the nostrums in question, by eminent chemists. all contain alcohol in quantities varying from the amount found in lager^beer and hard cider to the percentage of alcohol usually present in rum, gin, and whisky. For example, here are "Drake's Plantation Bitters," " Boker's Stom- ach Bitters," " Russian Bitters," "Warner's Safe Tonic Bitters," and "Job Sweet's Strengthening Bitters," all of which contain alcohol in quantities va- rying from that of ordinary gin to the amount found in West India rum and Ken- tucky whisky. ; Again, here is "Hostetter's Stomach Bitters," the chief ingredient of which is alcohol, which is present in the proportion of 44 3-10 per cent, while "Dr. Richardson's Concentrated Cherry Wine Bitters," recommended , to be taken in doses of a half wine-glassful or more, three times a day, " or when- ever there is a sensation of weakness or uneasiness at the stomach," contains nearly as much alcohol as proof spirit, or 47 5-10 per cent. The reader can easily see that the manufacturer of these nostrums is de- liberately engaged in the business of "drunkard-making,"' the medicine being prescribed in intoxicating doses, and the patient urged in addition to take a dram "whenever he feels a sensation of weakness or uneasiness at the stom- ach." ' ■ -'l Then there are the "Temperance Bitters," such as "Cobb's/ White Mountain Bitters," advertised as "not an alcoholic beverage," whicli>conlains as much alcohol as hard cider, or 6 per cent, and' " Hop Bitters " contains 12 per cent of alcohol. " Kaufmann's Sulphur Bitters," the manufacturers of which claim that "it contains no alcohol," by analysis shows that it contains no sulphur, but does contain 20 per cent of alcohol, or as much as the strong- est wine. And lastly, as a fair specimen of this wretched class of mixtures of "bad whisky " and "bad medicines," we may cite "Walker's California Veg- etable Vinegar Bitters," which is manufactured by Dr. McDonald, the Temper- ance Champion of California. This nasty mixture is thus described by Dr. Gibson in an address before the annual meeting of tlie California State Medi- cal Society, and in the Third Annual Report of Health of the City of Boston : — "This 'Bitters' is one of the nastiest nostrums introduced and largely sold by the most extensive and brazen advertising under the false . pretense of being free from alcohol. It originated with the cook of a party which traveled overland as a mining company to California in 1849. He settled in Calveras County, and having no success" as a miner, he turned his' attention tffthe bitter qualities of the herbs growing about him, and came to San Francisco with the idea of making-and vending a nostrum to be called ' Indian Vegetable Bit- ters.' He fell in with an enterprising druggist, who saw money in the project, and joined him. At the suggestion of the latter, the ' Indian ' was struck out, and as the decoction got sour by fermentation, it was concluded to call it 'Vinegar Bitters,' and to identify it with the temperance movement. The native herbs, which became rather -troublesome to' collect, were discarded, and aloes, being a cheap bitter, was substituted. ' Nine sick people out of ten,' said the druggist, 'will be cured by purging.' Therefore the aloes and Glauber's salts were used. So the cook turned doctor, the decoction became sour, and of Californian instead of Indian paternity, and 'Doctor Walker's Vinegar Bitters ' began a career in the newspapers and on the shelves of the drug stores." Bitters- — Among the most deceptive and the most generally used of these various nostrums, are those commonly kno«n as " Bitters." Under a variety of alluring titles, bad whisky, flavored with numerous nauseating drugs, is presented as a panacea for all the ills supposed to be alleviated by bitter tonics. An eminent Eastern chemist has taken the trouble to investigate many of the most common of these " Bitters," and with the result of showing that they Tonic. — Dr. Bennet F. Davenport recently reported to the State Board of Health of Massachusetts the analyses of a large number of tonics and bit- ters, every one of which contains alcohol, or something worse. In reading the portion of the report which we give below, please observe that nearly all the specimens contained as much alcohol as does wine, and some as much as gin or whisky : — "Dr. Buckland's Scotch Oats Essence, New York City. 'Enough alco- hol is added to dissolve resins and prevent fermentation.' ' Not a" temporary 331 Sunbeams ok Health and fleeting stimulant, but a permanent tonic. Its use must be regular, and continued over a considerable period. An extract of double and triple strength also made. Dose, ten to fifteen drops, or a teaspoonful, three or four times daily, increased as needed.' In the simple essence, thirty-five per cent of alcohol was found on assay. Further examination of this article reveals a still more dangerous ingredient in its composition. The sample analyzed was found to contain one-fourth grain of morphia to the ounce of the so-called 'Essence of Oats.' A more insidious and dangerous fraud can scarcely be im- agined, especially when administered as this is recommended, for the cure of inebriety or the opium ^habit. "Carter's Physical Extract, Georgetown, Massachusetts. Dose, one tablespoonful three times daily. 22 per cent of alcohol found on assay. "Hooker's Wigwam Tonic, Haverhill, Massachusetts. One tablespoonful three times daily. 20.7 per cent of alcohol found on assay. " Hoofland's German Tonic, Philadelphia. Admits Santa Cruz rum. Wine-glassful, fovir times daily. 29.3 per cent. BUYING PATENT MEDICINES. "Hop Tonic, Grand Rapids, Michigan. One tablespoonful to a wine- glassful three times a day. 7 per cent. " Howe's Arabian Tonic, New York. ' Not a rum drink.' Tablespoonful to wine-glassful four times daily. 13.2 per cent. "Jackson's Golden Seal Tonic, Boston. Admits Marsala wine. Half wine-glassful three times daily. Ig.5 percent. " Liebig Co.'s Cocoa Beef Tonic, New York. 'With sherry.' Two to four teaspoonfuls three times daily. 23.2 per cent. " Mensman's peptonized Beef Tonic, New York. 'Contains spirit.' One to three tablespoonfuls three times daily. 16.5 per cent. "Parker's Tonic, New York. • A purely vegetable extract.' 'Stimulates the body, witbQUt intoxicating.' 'Inebriates struggling to reform, will find its tonic and sustaining influence on the nervous system a great help to their efforts.' Dose as tonic, one to two teaspoonfuls, one to three times daily, 41.6 per cent. " Schenck's Sea-weed Tonic, Philadelphia. 'Distilled from sea-weed in the same manner that Jamaica spirits is from sugar-cane. It is therefore entirely harmless and free from the injurious properties of corn and rye whisky.' Dose, half wine-glassful three times daily. 19.5 per cent." Some Popular Nostrums Analyzed.— Coutovar) Oxygen. — Probably one of the most successful of recent fraudulent nostrums is that known as "Compound Oxygen." We have so often met persons who had spent large sums of money for this worthies^ . stuff without being in the slightest degree benefited, that we have felt it to be a duty we owed our fellow-men to investigate the matter flioroug^ly, and publish the results. We accordingly obtained fresh samples of "Compound Oxygen" and "Ox- ygen Aquae" which had just been received from the manufacturers in Philadelphia, and sent them for analysis to Prof. A. B. Prescott, M. D., pro- fessor of chemistry in the University of Michigan, which possesses one of the largest and most complete chemical laboratories in the country, and probably in the world. After subjecting the pompound oxygen, so-called, to a careful analysis. Prof. Prescott reported to us as follows : — "A solution of nitrate of ammonium and nitrate of lead in water, in not far from equal proportions, and together forming just three per cent of the liquid." It should be recollected that this solution is to be used by inhalation, a teaspoonful being added to a small quantity of warm water, through which air is drawn by means of a glass tube. Neither of the substances contained in the solution is volatile at the temperature at which the solution is used, so that it is impossible for any medicinal property whatever to be imparted by this boasted remedy, except what comes from the warm water, which is itself very healing when used in this way, as we have demonstrated in hundreds of cases. Prof. Prescott also tested the vapor given off from the pure solution when it was boiled, but foimd nothing more than the vapor of water. The "Compound Oxygen" is usually accompanied by what the manufact- urers are pleased to call "Oxygen Aquae,'' which they recommend their patients to take as an aid to digestion. The analysis of this showed it to con- tain nothing but water. The most careful tests revealed nothing else. The following description of a number of popular nostrums we quote, with the authorities, from The Popular Health Almanac for 1876 and 1877. As will be seen, many of them are dangerous and unfit for the purposes for which they are recommended : — Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Sirup comes in vials containing i^ fluid ounces ; it consists of sugar sirup strongly flavored with an alcoholic tincture of fennel — anise — and a little caraway-seed, or an alcoholic solution of their essential oils, and with or without an admixture of solution of sulphate of morphine in various quantities. While recently it has been found not always to contain morphine, at times as much as one-half of a grain and more has been found contained in each fluid ounce of the sirup, as often reported in the course of years in medical and pharmaceutical journals. In regard to the dan- gers of this nostrum, which conceals morphine under a legitimate designation, and offers it for administration to infants, a medical writer in the Pacific Med- ical and Surgical Journal, April 18, 1 872, remarks: "It would be scarcely possible to estimate the number of children which it sends to the grave before they reach their second year. Another still graver question is : How much of the physical disease, drunkenness, degradation, and vice, and how many of the weakened intellects, are due to the use of the soothing sirup in infancy ? ' ' John Hill's Pectoral Balsam of Honey. —Each bottle holds \){ fluid ounces of a brown liquid consisting of a tincture of 9 parts by weight of balsam Tolu, 2 parts of prepared balsam of storax, and i part of opium, in ^00 fluid parts of strong alcohol, sweetened with 80 parts of clarified honey. — Hager. Dalby's Carminative. — Each bottle contains i)4 fluid ounces of a whit- ish turbid liquid consisting of )^ fluid ounce of strong alqohol, i drop oil of 222 And Tenipkranck. anise-seed, lo drops of tincture of asafetida, a few drops of compotind tincture of cardamom, and ten drops of tincture of opium ; which mixture, when pre- pared, is added to a solution of lO grains of bicarbonate of potash and yi, ounce of sugar in I fluid ounce of peppermint water, or instead of the latter, in I fluid ounce of water intimately mixed with i or 2 grains of carbonate of mag- nesia and one drop of oil of peppermint. — Hoffmann. Brandreth's Pills. — Each box contains 240125 pills, each weighing about lYz grains. The 24 pills consist of 10 grains of the root of May-apple, 10 grains of the extract of the same, 30 grains of the extract of poke-berries, 10 grains of powdered cloves, 2 to 5 grains of gamboge, traces of Spanish saf- fron, and a few drops of oil of peppermint. — Hager, Ayer's Cathartic Pills. — Each box contains 30 sugar-coated pills, each weighing nearly 4 grains, and consisting of aloes, compound extract of colocynth, gamboge, Spanish pepper, and oil of peppermint. — Hager. Hoff- mann. Rad WAY'S Ready Relief. — 2J^ fluid ounces (in a 50 ct. bottle) of a light brown liquid consisting of 2 ounces of soap liniment, 2 drams alcoholic tinct- ure of Spanish pepper, and 2 drams of strong aqua ammonia (hartshorn). — Hager. Peckolk. Hoffmann. Radwav's Renovating Resolvent. — About 6 fluid ounces of a vinous tincture of cardamom and ginger sweetened with sugar. — Hager. Pierce's Golden Medical Discovery. — 7 fluid ounces of a dark brown liquid consisting of a solution of I dram extract of lettuce, I ounce of honey, Yt dram tincture of opium in 3 ounces of dilute alcohol, and 3 ounces of water. — Hager. Pierce's Favorite Prescription. — 10 fluid ounces of a greenish brown turbid liquid consisting of a solution of ^ ounce of sugar and i dram of gum arable in 8 ounces of a decoction made from 2 drams of savine, 2 drams of white agaric, I^ drams of cinnamon, and 2 drams of cinchona bark; to this mixture are added ^ dram of tincture of opium, and Y dram of tincture of fox-glove, and a solution of 8 drops of oil of anise-seed in i^ ounces of alcohol. — Hager. Sage's Catarrh Remedy. — Half an ounce of a green powder consisting of 200 grains of finely powdered common salt mixed with 8 to 12 grains of powdered camphor, the same quantity of carbolic acid, and colored with a mixture of 20 grains of finely powdered yellow Puccoon root with 2 grains of indigo. — Bowen. Hamburg Tea. — Each package, weighing about 2 ounces, consists of i ounce of senna leaves, ^ ounce of manna, Y, ounce of bruised coriander fruit, and ^ ounce of powdered cream tartar, or tartaric acid. — Hager. Van Buskirk's Fragrant Sozodont. — Each vial contains nearly 2 fluid ounces of a red liquid consisting of a filtered solution of ^ dram white Castile-soap in I ounce of strong alcohol, % ounce of water, and % ounce of glycerine, colored with cochineal, and flavored with the oils of peppermint, cloves, and winter-green. The powder which accompanies each bottle consists of a mixture of pre- cipitated chalk, powdered orris-root, and carbonate of magnesia. — Wittstein. Hofftnann. Tarrant's Effervescent Seltzer Aperient consists of a mixture of powdered sugar, Epsom salt, bicarbonates of soda and potash, and tartaric acid. — W. Schrage. i8yS- Billing and Clapp's Cincho-QuinineIs an arbitrary mixture of the four principal cinchona alkaloids ; its therapeutical value is fully represented by mixing 94 parts of sulphate of cinchonine with about 2 parts each of sulphates of quinine, quinidine, and cinchonidine. This nostrum, therefore, is not an alkaloidal representation of cinchona bark. — Ebert. 18J4.. Scheffer. Diehl. 187s. R. V. Pierce's Pleasant Purgative Pellets. — Each little bottle con- tains 28 to 36 small sugar-coated pills of unequal size, and weighing in all 18 to 22 grains. Their cathartic effect is solely due to podophylline, the resin of the root of the May-apple. —Z/ow. Hoffmann. Polenske. iSy6. Ayer's Ague Cure. — Each bottle contains six ounces of a dark red sirupy liquid, with a slight white sediment, a very bitter taste, and an odor of winter-green oil. It consists of an alcoholic tincture of cinchona bark, with the addition of about three grains of quinoidine and three grains of sulphate of cinchonine for each fluid ounce, dissolved by the aid of sulphuric acid; it is sweetened with sugar and flavored with oil of winter-green. The white sedi- ment consists of sulphate of lime. — O. L. Churchill. iSjb. Jayne's Ague Mixture. — Each bottle contains "}% fluid ounces of a mixture having the odor and taste of rhubarb, dandelion, and common molasses. It contains sulphate of quinine and traces of other cinchona alkaloids, but not enough to render the mixture very bitter. — O. L. Churchill, 1876. Rhode's Fever and Ague Cure, or Antidote to Malaria. — Each bottle contains 12 fluid ounces of a black turbid liquid, having a sweet and astringent taste. The sediment, filling about one-third of the bottle after standing, is powdered animal charcoal, while the solution is nothing but sweetened water with a little tincture of chloride of iron, with the addition of a little sulphate of iron (copperas). — O. L. Churchill. 1876. WiLHOFT's Antiperiodic Fever AND AGUE CuRE. — Each bottle con- tains four fluid ounces of a thin, dark red liquid, with the odor of cinchona bark, and a very bitter and acid taste. It consists of an infusion of cinchona bark made with water, and the addition of a solution of sulphate of quinine in aromatic sulphuric acid. Each fluid ounce contains 3 grains of sulphate of quinine. — O. L. Churchill. 1876. Christie's Ague Mixture. — Each bottle contains 7 fluid ounces of a very dark, sirupy liquid, one-fourth filled with sediment, and having a very bitter and peppery taste and the odor of common molasses. The sediment is powdered Spanish pepper and a little resinous matter. The solution consists of a tincture of cinchona bark, with the addition of sulphate of cinchonine and common molasses. — O. L. Churchill. 1S76. D. C. Frese and Co.'s Imported (?) Hamburg Tea consists of a mixture of broken senna leaves and remnants (leaf -stalks, stones, dust, etc.) from fan- ning and sifting partially inferior grades of commercial senna, coarsely powdered coriander fruits, and manna intimately mixed with tartaric atid. The quanti- ties of these ingredients in each package are, approximately : leaves, stalks, and dust of senna, together, 10 drams, coriander fruits lyi drams, manna 1% drams, tartaric acid 8 to 12 grains. — Hoffmann. 1876. Radway's Regulating Pills. — Each box contams 29 1031 sugar-coated pills of unequal size. They consist of 30 grains of aloes, 15 grains of jalap, 8 grains of gamboge, and of some inert substance. — Hager. 1876. MoRisoN's Pills. — Each pill weighs 2^ grains, consisting of equa- parts of aloes, colocynth, and cream-of-tartar ; those in boxes marked No. 2 contain, besides these ingredients, gamboge. — L. Buchner. Dehaut's Purgative Pills (French) consist of scammo'ny resm, pow- dered rhubarb-root, and the extracts of colocynth and dandelion root. They are coated with red-colored sugar. — Hager. Jacobsen. Blancard's Pills (Pilules de Blancard, Paris) consist of iodide of iron, honey, and the powders of licorice roots and marsh-mallow roots. They are covered with powdered iron, and coated with balsam of Tolu. Each pill con- tains about yl grain of iodide of iron. — Landerer. Franc's Life Pills (grains de Sante or Grains de Vie du Docteur Franc). — Each box contains about 50 two-grain pills, covered with silver-foil, and consisting of four parts,- by weight, of aloes, and one part of gamboge. — Wittstein. Papier Fayard-Blayn. —A French Paper for Rheumatism, etc., consists of nothing but a strip of strong silk paper, 16 by lo^ inches, saturated with overheated, dark brown lead plaster. — Hager. John F. Henry's Carbolic Healing Salve. — Each tin can contains about half an ounce of a whitish ointment, consisting of about half an ounce of simple cerate, five grains of carbolic acid, and 2 drops each of oil of bergamot and lavender. — Hager. Jacobsen. 223 Sunbeams of^ ^Health. Medicated Pads* — The sale of the various sorts of liver, lung, stomach, and other kinds of pads has been one of the most successful of the numerous frauds perpetrated upon the gullible portion of the people. Car loads of these worthless remedies have been sold in some States for "absorbing malaria out of the system." It is scarcely conceivable that any appreciable medicinal benefit is produced by the wearing of these precious bags, and we should not by any means wish to have our reference to them here construed to mean anything like approval of their use. The following are a few of the most popular : — • Say's Kidney Fad. Black Cohosh, Gum Benzoiu (powder), Gum Guaiacum (powder), Juniper Berries, Queen of the Meadow, Digitalis Leaves, Oil Juniper. Congress l¥ator« Stomacli Pad. Bayberry, Lupuline, "Wild Ginger, Sassafriis Bark, Uum Myrrh, iady's-slipper. Capsicum, Oil Fennel^ Oil Cloves. Iiuug Pad. Grlndclia Robusta, Scull Cap Leaves, Blueberry Koot, Blood Root, Yerba Santa, Gum Ammoniac, White Pine Turpentine Gum, Oil of Tar, Oil of Eucalyptus, Oil of Sassafras. Ijiver Pad. Mandrake Root, Bayberry Bark, Black Root, Red Cinchona Bark, Gum Guaiac (powder). Fenugreek Seed (powder). Oil Eucalyptus. Artificial Essences and Extracts* — It is not generally known, as it should be, that nearly all the essences made are wholly innocent of any ad- mixiure of the real fruit from which they are named. The following is be- lieved to be a correct representation of the composition of some of the essences niost commonly used with soda-water, etc : — Essence of Quince. Pelargonic Ether, Alcoho!, % per cent, Water, Color Yellow. Essence of Apple. Acetate of Oxide Amyl, Valerianate of Ammonia, Cologne Spirits, Water. Essence of Banana. Acetate of Oxide Amyl, Alcohol, Water. Peach Extract. Alcohol, Concentrated Nectarine Ether, Conrbntrated Pine-apple Ether, Oil of Orange (Portugal), Warm Water, Glycerine. Pine-Apple Extract. Butyric Ether, Extract Lemon, Tincture Orange Peel (.sweet), Alcohol, Color lightly with Caramel. Essence of Pear> Acetate Oxide of Amyl, Acetic Ether, Alcohol, 95 per cent. Water. Sarsaparilla Extract. Alcohol, Oil of Sassafras, Oil of Winter-green, Warm Water. Extract of Vanilla. Balsam Peru, Oil Orange, Extract Orris, Tonka Beans (coarse powder), Tincture Castor, Cologne Spirits, Carb. Magnesia, Water. Extract of Apricot. Glycerine, Chloroform, Butyrate of Ethyl, Valerianate Ethyl, Oenanthylate Ethyl, Salicylate of Methyl, Butyrate of Amyl, Alcohol, Color lightly with Caramel. Mineral Waters. — Most people, in drinking mineral waters, imagine that they are imbibing a fluid which in the hidden recesses of the earth has acquired some mysterious curative properties, connected with its unpleasant flavor, never once suspecting that in all probability the water was taken from some well or river in their own town, rather than from the distant or foreign spring, to which has been added a few chemicals, the nature of which the chemist has discovered by careful analyses of the various natural mineral waters. We do not wish to intimate that the artificial mineral waters are not equally as good as the original. Since they contain all the active ingredients of those which they imitate, we can see no reason why they may not be equally ?is gQod as the original, and, indeed, in some instances they may be even better; but we have very little to say in commendation of either one. The following fire the form\ll?e gaid to be used by the manf acturers of mineral waters : — Calcined Magnesia, Bicarbonate Soda, Hydrate of Soda, Common Salt, 1 ounce. 20 grains. 23 grains. 72i ounces. Seltzer IVater. Bicarbonate of Soda, Carbonate of Magnesia, Marble Dust, Muriatic Acid (C. P.), Water, 5^ ounceB. 7 drams. }4 ounce. 5f|£ onnces. 10 gallons. Kisslngen IVater. Bicarbonate of Soda, 1 dram. Carbonate of Lime, 2 drams+S scru. Precipitate Carb. Iron, 2 scruples. Phosphate Lime, Phosphate Soda, Sulphate Magnesia, Sulphate Soda, Muriate Ammonia, Common Salt, 2 drams+S scru. 13 grains. 2 ounces. 2 drams-f-S scru. 4 grains. 8 ounces. Vicliy-irater. Carbonate of Ammonia, Bicarbonate of Soda, Common Salt, Phosphate of Sqda, Sulphate of Soda, Sulphate of Potassa, 10 grains. 5J4 ounce^ G drams. 25 grains.' 4 scruples. 2 drams. Carlsbad Water, Sulphate of Soda, 100 grains. Carbonate of Soda, 25 grains. Sulphate of Magnesia, 15 grains. Chloride of Sodmm, . 16 grains. Chloride of Calcium, 15 grains. Tartrate of Iron and Pota;:sa, 10 grains. Water, 10 gallons, Unnyadi Janos IV^ater. Sulphate of Lime, Glauber Salts, Epsom Salt, Sulphate of Potassa, Water, XYz ounces. ^ ounces. _ 26 ounces. 1-dram. 10 gallons. MISCELLANEOUS NOSTRUMS. Godfrey's Cordial. Tinet. Opium, Molasses, Alcohol, Water, Carb. Potassa, Oil Sassafras. Elixir of lilfe. Powdered Rhubarb, Powdered Ginger, Powdered Aloes, Powdered Gum Myrrh, Powdered Cayenne, Powdered Saffron, Powdered Sassafras Bark, Powdered Golden Seal Boot, Brandy or Whisky. Tropic Frnlt I^axatlTe. Powdered Senna Leaves, Powdered Anise-seed, Tamarinds (pulp), Molasses. Slaarlem OH. Balsam of SulphUr, Barbadoes Tar, Crude Oil of Amber, Oil of Turpentine, Linseed Oil. Brown's Bronchial Troches. Pulv. White Sugar, Pulv. Extract of Licorice, Pulv. Cubebs, Pulv. Acacia, Fluid Extract Conium. Clilorodyne. Purified Chloroform, Stronger Ether, Stronger Alcohol, Powdered Ext. Licorice, Muriate of Morphia, Oil of Peppermmt, Simple Sirup, Hydrocyanic Acid. Jayne's Expectorant. Sirup Squills, Tinct. Tolu, Tinct. Camphor, Tinct. Lobelia, Tinct. Digitalis, Tinct. Opmm, Wine Ipecac, Antimon. Tart, August Flower. Rhubarb, Golden Seal, Cape Aloes, Peppermint Leaves, Carbonate of Potassa, Capsicum, Sugar, Alcohol, Water, Ess. Peppermint, Bromidla. Bromide of Potassa, Chloral Hydrate, Solid Extract Hyoscyamus, Solid Ext. Cannabis Indica, Alcohol, Soft Water. Thompson's Elye-Water* Sulphate of Copper, Sulphate of Zinc, Kose-water, Tinct. Saffron, Tinct. Camphor, 10 grains. 43 grains. 2 pints, 4 drams. 4 drams. Allen's launs Balsam. Tinct. Sanguinaria, Tinct. Lobelia, Tinct. Opium, Tinct. Capsicum, Essence Sassafras, Essence Anise, New Orleans Molasses. Safe Kidhey and Ijiver Cure. Fluid Ext. Buchn, Fluid Ext. Pareira Brava, Fluid Ext. Mandrake, Fluid Ext. Leptandrin, Spirits Nitre, Bulc, Oil Juniper, Bicarb. Potassa, Sirup Orange Peel. Worcestershire Sauce. Cider Vinegar, Sherry Wine, Allspice, powdered. Cloves, pbwdered. Black Pepper; powdered, Ginger, powdered, Cayenne, Mustard, powdered. Salt, Shallots, Sugar, Tamarinds, Curry Powder. Bromo-Chloralnin. Alum (coarse powder) , Boiling Water, Aqua Ammonia, sufficient. Muriatic Acid, Sufficient! Bromine, Water, sufficient. 1 pound. 2 pints. Yi ounce. Wlstar's Cough Ijozenges. Ext. Licorice, powdered. Gum Arabic, powdered, Sugar, poTvdered, OilAmses, ■ Sulph. Morphia, Tinct. Tolu: Water. German Rheumatic Remedy. Wine Colchicum, Tinct. Opium, Spirits Nitre, I)ul0^ 224 I INVALID FOODS. ^ J N the effort to meet the necessities of a large Sanitarium with its great varietv of patients, we have produced a number of food prepa- rations adapted to different diseased conditions, the merits of which are such as to secure for them a very large and increasing sale, not only to persons belonging to the invalid class, but to those who wisn by "good living" to avoid disease. The following are the leading preparations: — eta. per lb. Oatmeal Biscuit 13 Medium Oatmeal Crackers 10 Plain Oatmeal Crackers 10 No. 1 Graham Crackers 10 No. 3 Oraliam Crackers 10 Plain Graham Crackers [Dyspeptic] 10 "White Crackers 10 Whole-Wheat Wafers IS Gluten Wafers 30 Rye Wafers 13 rrult Crackers 20 Carhon Crackers [net]16 Wheatena 13 Avenola 13 Granola 13 Gluten Food 40 Infant's Food 40 White Gluten Food 35 Sample packages containing specimens of each of our foods sent post-paid for 60c. Selected Samples, 2Sc. All grain preparations can be supplied in large or small lots, as we Iteep a fresh supply constantly on hand of goods which are largely made expressly for us, of a superior quality of grain. Address SANITARIUM FOOD CO., Battle Creek, Mich. SANITARY TOOTH PASTE. CLEANSING AND ANTISEPTIC. WILL PREVENT TARTAB, AND YEL- LOWNESS, AND HARDEN THE GUMS. The Best Dentifrice lade ; Will Not Injure the Teeth. PRICE, POST-PAID, 25 CENTS. MANUFACTURED BY SA.BSrrTA.IST^' ®UI»E»Iv'S' CO- BATTLE CREEK, MICH. USES OF WATER. Bound in Cloth, i6o Pages, 6o Cents. Paper Covers, 25 Cents. A work for every family and every physician. It is the opjTiv^^ J300K: r»UBryi which gives tlie latest scientific knowledge regarding the uses of water as a remedy for disease. The instruction which it imparts is Plain, -Practical, and Complete. Every form of Bath is described, together with the conditions to wliich it is adapted. Address, GOOD HEALTH, Battle Ceebk, Mich. H E AIvTH • The following list of twenty-five new four-page tracts deals with almost every phase of the GREAT HEALTH QUESTION, Including the subject of Narcotics and Stimulants. The subject is con- sidered from a scientific standpoint, and the arguments made are striking and convincing. £ACIl TRACT IS ILLUSTRATED By a fine engraving made expressly for this series of tracts. They are just the thing for general circulation by Health and Temperance Organizations, and are offered at very low rates. More than One and a Quarter Millions of these Tracts were sold in advance of publication : — The Code of Health. How to Live a Century. Pure Air. How to Ventilate a Home. A Back Yard Examined. Inventory of a Cellar. What's in the Well! Cayenne and its Congeners. A Live Hog Examined. A Peep into a Packing House. The Contents of a Tea-Pot. Tea Tasters. Tea Drinking and Nervousness. These Tracts are sold at a very small advance above actual cost, are believed to be the cheapest literature of the kind ever published, are beautifully printed on fine paper. Prices are as follows : — Single Packages, post-paid, $ .10 300 Packages, 12 " " 1.00 500 " - 25 " " 2.00 1000 " 100 " " 5.00 1. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 13. 13. 14. Tea Topers. 15. Tea and Tippling. 16. Tobacco Poisoning. A Eelic of Barbarism. Tobacco Blindness. Science vs. Tobacco-Using. The Smoke Nuisance. The Rum Family. A Drunkard's Stomach. Gin Livers. A Eum Blossom. Alcoholism. They They $13.50 20.00 35.00 Put up in neat packages of 25 each. Address HEALTH PUB. CO., Battle Creek, Mich. Sanitarium Battery The above cut is a representa- tion of a battery which we have had constructed expressly for us,, to meet the demand constantly made by patients and others for a cheap and reliable battery for self-treatment or family use. This we can recommend, hav- ing thoroughly tested its merits. Directions for use accompany each battery. Price $10.00 Price with Hand-Book, li- brary style 17.00 Address SANITARIUM, Battle Creek, Mieli. THE Alcohol Detector. The accompanying cut shows a new and very simple appai'atns, by means of which Alcohol may be detected in beer, wine, and cider, as well as in the stronger liquors. The apparatus is so simple that a child can use it. The alcohol is made visible by a blue flame burning at the mouth of the flask. PRICE, SECURELY PACKED, $1.25. Address, GOOD HEALTH PUB. CO., Battle Greek, Mich. 4 Sapitaf iupi ^ ff aipipg ^ School ^fof 4 fl uf ses.f --siiP'i - -^ * Jib.. Ffe^ular 5er/T\s be^ip ffou. i. Students I^eeelu^d at /^py 5i/i\e. Gourde ol In|feu(?lion. tinuing through two years. Several lwrpi1-.«.JA pil T-ndiiziiriinri The instruction is both theoretical and practical. |iiCi:iIUU.$ UX: i § i^C ■ jgctures and recitations are given each week. Lectures This School has now been in operation for several years with constantly 'increasing patronage and success. The course of instruction comprises two series of lectures, recitations and practical instruction, con- JS^_^*BF ire illustrated by means of charts, models, fine French Manikins, and numerous experiments. ■.^jf.-'J', I ich student is required to become familiar with the subjects taught, by actual practice. The ^^.^.^jU '- "",'7 I [lowing are among the leading topics taught: Anatomy; Physiology; Elementary Chemistry; ^^^■^^" e and Causes of Disease; Language of Disease; Principles of Cure; Management of Common ; Dressing of Simple Wounds and Injuries; General and Individual Hygiene; Ventilation; Dis- infection; Air and Water Contamination; General Nursing; Surgical Nursing; Monthly Nursing; Bandaging; Hydrother- apy — theoretical and practical; Electricity — Faradic, Galvanic, Static; Diet for the Sick; Massage; Swedish Movements; Calisthenics; What to Do in Emergencies. StlPrisl "^itHTlSnt^nP^ "^^^ advantages offered by this school are in many respects superior to those offered by *->^\>~<*-'- jli-U.uailtayc§. ^^^ other, not excepting the older schools in the large cities. JT["Ct la "lyr CI students pay board and tuition in labor the first year J^i-Ci^jaiaj. ^^ggg g^j-g paj(j tiig second year. ^% For Circulars giving full information, address, SANITARIUM, Battle Cveehf Mich. Good Health.— A live monthly, devoted to Health, Tem- perance, and Sanitary Science, having the largest circulation of any journal of the kind, f 1.00 per year. The Home Hand-Book of Domestic Hygiene and Rational Medicine. — An encyclopedia of the subjects named in the title. More necessary for every household than a dictionary or an almanac. Contains 1634 royal octavo pages, over 500 outs, 26 colored plates. Send for circular. Digestion and Dyspepsia.— A thoroughly rational, prac- tical, and popular treatise on this prevalent malady. Illumi- nated frontispiece. Muslin, 176 pp., 75 cents. Uses of Water in Health and Disease.— Careful explana- tions and instructions given respecting the uses of water. Muslin, 176 pp., 60 cts. In paper cover, 136 pp., 25 cts. Alcoholic Poison.— The best compendium of the Temper- ance Question published. Statements brief, concise, and to the point. 128 pp., 35 cts. Diphtheria.- The most caretuliv written and reliable pop- ular treatise on the subject. Colored plates. Has saved many lives. 64 pp., 25 cts. Social Purity. — ^A new book now ready, which ought to be placed at once in the hands of every man, woman, and youth. A vigorous and stirring address on Social Purity, by J. H. Kellogg, M. D. Price, Evils of Fashionahle Dress, and How to Dress Health- fully. The subject of fashionable dress considered from a medical standpoint. 40 pp.. Proper Diet for Man. — A scientific discussion of the question of vegetable versus animal food. Ultra notions avoided. Paper cover, 15 cts. Temperance Charts.— A series of ten chromo-lithographic plates illustrating the effects of alcohol and tobacco upon the body. Size 24 x 37 inches. With chart exhibitor and case, $10.00 Health and Temperance Tracts. — A series of 25 four-page tracts, covering nearly the whole ground of the subjects of Health and Temperance. School Charts. — A series of ten chromo-lithographic plates, each 34x48 inches, illustrating anatomy, physiology, and hygiene, in a manner never before approached for com- pleteness. Plain rollers, $25. In single case, on spring roll- ers, $35. A liberal discount to Send for circulars. 1^- Any of the above publications will be sent free of postage to any address upon receipt of retail price. Health and Temperance Associations and those who buy in large quantities. A good commission to agents. 0^0013 H:E>A.I:^1MI I^IXB. OO., ]Battl© Oreek, JVIioli. HEALT HFUL i CLOTH ING FOR:- ^vv^O]m:e^]V j^iKTy oii^i^s. Skirt Supporter. Ladles' Over Drawort. 'jrilR ■undersigned are well prepared io supply Healtlipul Garments of all Descriptions, for li^onien and Girls, in- cluding "■ Mealtli I'Vaistsl' Skirt and Stocki7tg Supporters, Union Uiuler-Flan- nels, and every garment needed for a Q Q Emancipation Waist. COMPLETE OUTFIT IN HEALTHFUL DRESS. We liavc also reeentl}' aililed a Full Line of tlie Excellent and Pounlar .^gST;. Equipoise Waist, Shoulder Brace Hose Supporter. Which will enable any Seamstress to construct the most elegant and healthful articles of dress for women and girls at a moderate cost. For Price List of Goods and Patterns, address, SANITARY SUPPLY CO., BATTLE CREEK, MICH. ^•: jVEedicalf^yigica ^ 'SfiE±=sStti L ''^''M^mimttxj s'iififffiff fr -? 1 ' ,\U'M, Battle Creek, Mich. The Oldest and Most Extensive Sanitarium, Conducted on Rational and Scientific Principles, in the United States. Special /Advantages. ■y ' it--, — ' W^ * " An uli;-\'atcd nnd ]iictiirp>qno s!ti\ Kemnrk- nlilv ^ahil)r}uus MirrumidiiiL^. " Wntcr of ex- traordinary parity.''— /^ror. ,i. L\ F/\-'^i-o!t. ^ "^ ]5atlis of cvury dcpcriptii^u. •* Eluctricity in every fi>rm. MassaLTo and Swedish muvemeuts by trained ^^^^^ m.\nii)nlatoi's. Piu'umatie and Tarnnm trcotment. All sorts of jMecbaniral Applianci.-s. A line Gymnayiam with a iraincd dircctur. Claesifu'd dietaries. Unequaled vcnti'lalion, perfeft pewerage. ArLillcial climate cre^ated for those netdiiig special conditions. Tkoroui^hly aseptic sur^ictd wards and operating rooms. All conveiiiencca and comforts of a first-cla-^s hotel. Incurable and ollensive patients not received. ynt a "plrnsnrp n^snit," but an exi^i.dl.nit place fnr chronic invalids who '"' H -' ■■ I .T.i^ 'M wu>'-' 'ind trcal,;icnt nut readily ol)taiuable at home. For Circulars Address, e ■ ■! ^ ] 1 ^.cVi^i^j^mlixji^^j:^ [ • BATTLE CKEEK, MICH, ly.sjjyppgP pg*^y°''H'» ^yiia i" T IT r'l MI ' ' T lll ^ I. iiutf ^Ll ' ^iy < KiJ lfc^^ ^P*J8