^5^1«' 5Jgut ^ark i^tatB ($0Uege of Agriculture J^t (i^acnell Uniuecaitg 3titaca, US. $. ffiibrarji Cornell University Library HE 2355.R6 Traffic glossary 3 1924 013 955 426 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924013955426 INTERSTATE COMMERCE AND RAILWAY TRAFFIC COURSE Prepared under Editorial Supervision of Samuel MacClintock, Ph.D. The subjects listed below constitute the basic material of a course in Interstate Commerce and Railway Traffic. This course is especially designed to meet the constantly growing demand for efficiently trained men in railroad and industrial traffic work; to assist students to pass the exam- inations for government service under the Interstate Com- merce Commission; and to meet the demand for men com- petent to direct the work of commercial organizations and traffic bureaus. With the exception of the Atlas of Railway Traffic Maps, the subjects listed below are covered in an average of approximately 200 pages each. Atlas of Railway Traffic Maps Traffic Glossary Freight Classification; Some Ways of Reducing Freight Charges Freight Rates: Western Territory; Bases for Freight Charges Freight Rates: Official Classification Territory and Elastern Canada; Industrial Traffic Department Freight Rates: Southern Territory Publication and Filing of Tariffs Freight Claims ; Investigation of Freight Claims; Routing Freight Shipments; The Bill of Lading; A Primary Lesson in Transit; Demurrage Railway Organization; Statistics of Freight Traffic; Railway Accounting The Express Service and Rates Ocean Traffic and Trade Railway Regulation The Act to Regulate Commerce and Supplemental Acts Conference Rulings ; Procedure Before the Interstate Commerce Commission ; Grounds of Proof in Rsite Cases Application of Agency Tariffs The Law of Carriers of Goods Practical Traffic Problems LASALLE EXTENSION UNIVERSITY TRAFFIC GLOSSARY R. E. RILEY Instructor in Interstate Commerce and Railway Traffic, LaSalle Extension University Formerly Instructor in Railway Transportation at Y. M. C. A., New York City; Formerly with the I. C. R. R., N. Y. C. Lines, C. N. O. & T. P. Ry., C. H. & D. Ry., and B. & 0. S. W. R. R., and S. P. Co.— Atlantic Steamship Lines La Salle Extension University - Chicagfo ♦ 9-17 Copyright, 1917 LaSaixe Extension Univebsity OD Ml t.0 PREFACE The purpose of this work is to fill a long-felt need on the part of railway and industrial traffic men for a brief, concise, and authoritative medium defining the many , legal and technical terms and phrases, territorial descriptions, and abbreviations that are encountered constantly by them in the pursuit of their duties. A fact to be greatly deplored in connection with American jurisprudence is that little or no attention is paid to defining the various subjects of regulation and the means by which they are to be regulated. Foreign countries are chary of using phrases and terms of doubtful meaning, and where such terms and expressions are used, they are defined with the utmost exactness. As an illustration, the so-called ' ' Railway Act of the Dominion of Canada" defines such terms as board, charge, court, express toll, highways, goods, owner, railways, milling stock, traffic, working expenditure, thus eliminating any doubt or possible controversy as to the intent of the framers of the legislation. "We search in vain for exemplifications of a similar nature in our Act to Regulate Commerce. Many contracts of affreightment are couched in such a variety of legal terms and technical expressions with which the average traffic man is unacquainted that he is hopelessly at sea. The territorial groupings of the country are numerous and extensive, and the first section of this work is given over to a general description of them, and while minor changes may occur from time to time, the description will suffice where a general knowledge only of them is desired. Actual practice territorial directories lawfully on file at the various commissions control. It is the author's hope and belief that this work will find a welcome on the part of the shipping public and that it may iii prove instrumental in bringing about a greater appreciation of shipping as a profession and promote a greater degree of ef5fi- ciency on the part of railway and industrial men who have it in charge. E. E. Riley. Chicago, September 1, 1917, SECTION A TXRRITORIAI. TRAFFIC TERMS (1) Territorial Directory No. 3, or reissues, Central Freight Association, Transportation Building, Chicago; (2) Territorial Directory No. 1, or reissues, Western Trunk Line Committee, Transportation Building, Chicago; (3) Southwestern Lines' Territorial Directory No. 1, or reissues. Southwestern Tariff Committee, Century Building, St. Louis, Mo.; (4) Trans- Missouri Territorial Directory No. 1, or reissues, Trans-Mis- souri Freight Bureau, Midland Building, Kansas City, Mo.; (5) Exceptions to Official Classification, Central Freight Asso- ciation, Transportation Building, Chicago; (6) Circular No. 1, or reissues, Western Trunk Line Committee, Transportation Building, Chicago; (7) Trans-Missouri Rules Circular No. 1, or reissues, Trans-Missouri Freight Bureau, Midland Building, Kansas City, Mo. It is not necessary to give tariff numbers in requesting these publications ; but they are usually sent to inter- ested shippers only, except where the price of the publication is enclosed. 1. Associated Railways of Vieginia and the Carolinas Territory (Map 5 and description on back thereof) 2. Atlanta Subdivision Territory (Or Carolina Territory South of Walhalla) (Map 5) Atlanta Sub-Territory is divided into (1) Carolina Territory South of Walhalla and (2) Atlanta Sub-Territory proper. The back of Map 5 contains descriptions of these territories and the map shows them in colors. 1 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY 3. Atlanta Sub-Territory (Map 5 and description on back thereof) For a complete list of stations see Secton 1 of "Southeastern Territory" of this section. California Terminals California : East San Pedro Oakland Oakland Wharf Redondo Beach San Diego San Francisco San Pedro Western Pacific Mole Wilmington The more important "Intermediate Points" to which rates are based on the California Terminals are as follows: California : Alameda Cudahy Glen Fraser Alcatraz Dodsworth Granger Ambrose Dolanco Hercules Antioch Dolores Hermosa Beach Ardmore Dominguez Jet. Hobart Avon Dupont Hyde Park Bay Point Dwight Hynes Bells Earl Inglewooa Benicia East Oakland Kohler Berkeley Eckley Lawn Bixby Elftman Livny Blume Elmhurst Long Beach Brighton Beach El Segundo Los Angeles Bruce Emery Los Medanos Burnett Ferry Point Luzon Central Avenue Fitchburg Lynwood Cerritos Oil Spur Fleming McAvoy Christie Florence Mail Dock Clearwater Fruitland Maltby Compton Fruitvale Manhattan Bea Corbin Gaspur Marmarosa County Farm Gately Martinez Crockett Giant Marysville TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS California — Continued. Melrose Moeoco Mountain View Muir Nadeau Park National City N. C. & 0. Transfer Nevada Dock Nichols Nitro Nobel Ocean Avenue Oleum Opaco Ostend Pacheco Pacsteel Paraffin Peoco Peyton Pinole Pittsburg Port Costa Prince Redo Redwood Rheem Richmond Rodeo Rowley Sacramento Salt Works San Jose San Leandro San Pablo Santa Clara Schindler Schmidt Seaside Sedan Selby Seventh St. Slauson Sobraiite So. San Francisco South Vallejo Stege Stockton Stockyards Sunnyvale Terminal Island Thenard Tormey Torrance Tillman Tweedy Vallejo Junction Vigorit Vine Hill Watson West Alameda Weston Street Wildasin Wiseburn Workman Zinc 5. Canadian Freight Association® (Map 2) Comprising stations named below in New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia New Brunswick — All stations. Newfoundland — All stations. Nova Scotia — ^AU stations. Ontario — All stations, except : Argon Bigsby Barclay Biota Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Bonheur Braid ® Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freisht Association (Chicaso.). TRAFFIC GLOSSABY Ontakio — All stations , except— Continued. Brule Hawk Lake Osko Buda Hodge Ostersund Busteed Ignace Oxdrift Butler Ingolf Parry Carlstadt Kakabeka Pine Cross Lake Kalmar Poland Dagero Kaministikwia Port Arthur Dinorwic Keewatin Raith Dryden Kenora Raleigh Dyment Linko Savanna Eagle River Lowther Scovil Edison MacMillan Sheba English Margach Sunshine Falcon Martin Tache Finmark Megrund Tamarac Fort William Minnataki Upsala Garwood Murillo Vermilion Bay Gilbert Neebing Wabigoon Gull Niblock Westfort GuTine Osaquan Woonga Peince Edward Island — All stations. Quebec— All stations. Georgia North Carolina South Carolina . Carolina Territory® (Map 5) Comprising stations in Tennessee Virginia Georgia — Stations as follows: Blue Ridge Kyle Dillards Mineral Bluff GaUoway Murphy Jet. Mountain City Rabun Gap Sweet Gum. ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-Issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association (Chicago). TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS NoBTH Carolina- -All stations except those shown on page 87, South Carolina— -Stations as follows: Abbeville Birch Cantys Acton Bishopville Carharrt Ada Blackburn Carlisle Adams Blacksburg Carter Evans Log Adamsboro Blackstock Spur Adams Crossing ; Blair Carters Cross Adger Blakesvale Roads Airlee Blaney Cartersville Alcot Blenheim Cash Aliens Blue Brick Siding Cassatt Alston Blythewood Catawba Altamont Bonham Catawba Jet. Alton Bookman Cato Aman Borden Causey Ammons Bowlin Causey Platform Anderson Boykins Cedar Springs Angelus Brand Central Argyle Brent Chandlers Siding Ariel Bristow Chappell Ashland Brownsville Cheddar Atkins Bryant Cheraw Auburn Buck's Swamp Cherokee Falls Autun Buckroe Cherry's Ayers Buffalo Chesnee Barksdale Buffalo Lick Chester Bascomville Springs Chesterfield Bates Calhoun Chick Springs Bell's Crossing Calvert China Belton Camden Cbristman Bennett Camden Crossing Claremont Bennettsville Camden Jet. dairmont Berrys Campbell Clayton Bethune Campobello Clayton Mill Betts Mill Campton Clayburn Beverly Cana Clements Bingham Cane Savannah Clevedale TRAFFIC GLOSSARY South Carolina — Stations — Continued. Cleveland Dillon Fallis. Clifton Dinber Fair Forest Clinton Dixie Fairmont Mills Clio D. McL. Bethea's Fairwold Clover Spur Filbert Clyburn Donald Fitz Hugh Clyde Donalds Fletcher Cold Point Donclieno Fletcher's Gin College Spur Donoho Fletcher's Oil Mill Cokers Douglas Florence Collins Siding Dovesville Floydale Columbia Downs Floyds Congaree Drake Fork Conquest Dubose Fort Lawn Converse Due West Fort Jlill Cornwell Dunbar Fountain Inn Coronaco Duncan Fi-eese Cothran Durant Frost Courtenay Durants Spur Fudges Cowpens Dyson Fuller Crawford Easley Fulton Crawford Siding Eastover Gaffney Creight East Spartanburg Galavon Croburk Ebenezer Gandy Cross Hill (Harris Edgmoor Gantt Springs) Edwards Garlington Crosswell Elberry Gary Dalzell Elgin Genoa Danson EUerbee Gibson Siding Darlington Elliott Gillespie Darraugh Enola Godsey Dawkin Enoree Golden Grove De Kalb Evans Goldville De Loach Evans Mill Gopher Delphia Evansville Grace Delta Everetts Gramlin Denver Excelsior Gray Court TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS South Cabolina- -Stations — Continued, Great Falls Inman Layton Brick Greenville Irby Siding Greenwood Islay Leeds Greer Jalopa Leland Gregory James Lenoker Groce James Crossing Leslie Guess Jefferson Lester Guthries Jenkins Spur Lewis Hagood Jonesville Libby Hamer Jordania Lides Hammond Junction Little Rock Hancock Kaolin Works Littleton Hares Siding Kelly Locke Harmony Kemper Lockhart Hartsville Keowee Lockhart Jet. Hayne Kershaw Long Cane Haynesworth Kilgore Loring Heath Springs Killian Lota Helen Kimberly Lowrys Helena Kinard Lucknow Hellams Kings Creek Lugoff Herbert Kirkwood Lumber Hicklin Knox Lunn Hickory Grove KoUocks Lydia Hickson Lamar Lykes Hillside Lancaster Lylesford Hodges Lando Lynchburg HoUis Landrum Lynch River Holmesville Landsford Lumber Co. Honea Path Laney McBee Hoovers Siding Lanford McCabe Hope Latham McCoU Hubbard Latta McCoU's Siding Hyatts Laughlin McConnells Iceman Mill Laurens McCoys Indian Siding Law's McCutchen 8 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY South Carolina — Stations — Continued. McDaniels McDonald McGill Mclnnes McKennon McKeown McLaurens McLaurin's Mill McNeills Maddens Madeline Mallory Malta Mannville Maplehurst Maple Mills Maple Swamp Marietta Marion Marion County- Lumber Co. Marlboro Mars Bluff Mascot M. & S. Jet. Mauldin May Mayesville Mayo May's Brick Yard Meadows Meeks Siding Melier's Meredith Mickel John Lumber Co. Middendorf Miller Mintum Monaghan ■ Monarch Montague Mont Clare Montgomery Montrose Moore Moore's Ballast Pit Morrell Mt. Crogan Mountville Mount Zion MuUins Munster Neals Shoals Newberry New Market Newport Nichols Ninety-Six Nitrolle Norris Norton Oak Grove Oakvale Ogden Old Point Old Town Omohundro One Mile Siding Ora Orrs Oswego Owings Pacolet Pageland Pages Mill Palmetto Paris Parker Parks Patrick Paulson Peak Pee Dee Pelzer Pendleton Phinneys Pickens Piedmont Pierces Pinedale Pleasant Hill Pomaria . Pontiac Pride Prosperity Red Bluff Red Point Remberts Renno Republic Cotton Mills Revells Siding Richburg Ridgeway River Falls Rivers Riverside Riverview Robins Neck TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS South Carolina — Stations — Continued. Rock Hill Rockton Rocky Bluff Roddy Rodman Roebuck Rogers RoweUs Royster Ruby Ryttenburg St. Charles Salliehill Saluca Sandy River Sandy Springs Santuc Scapo Scotts S. A. L. Crossing Seals Segars Sellers Seneca Shamokin Sharon Sharp Shaw's Quarry Shelton Shepard Sheriff Shoals Jet. Sibley Sigsbee Silver Street Simpson Simpsonville Sims Smallwood Smith Smithboro Smyrna Society Hill South Clinton Southern Ry. Jet. Southern Crossing Spalding Spartanburg Spearman Spence Springdel Squires State Farm State Park (Formerly Dent) Stockton Stoneboro Stornoway Strickland Strother Sumter Swandale Swifton Switzer Syracuse Tabor Tatum Taylor Taylors Thicketty Thompsons Timmonsville Tirzah Todd's Still Toxaway Traveler's Rest Trexler Tucapan Una Union Van Wyck Walhalla Wallaceville Ware Shoals Warner Wateree Bridge Waterloo Watson's Brick Yard Watson's Siding Weatherby Weddell Wedgefield Welch Wellford West Anderson West Maripn Weston West Union Westville Wheelers White Horse White Oak Whites Whitestone Whitmire Wilburn Williamstown Winburn Winnsboro Winona 10 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY South Carolina — Stations — Continued. Woodruff Wylie Zemps Woods Wysacky Zion Woodward Yorkville 'ennessee — Stations as follows: Addison Browns Crandall Afton Buckeye Crows Alcoa Buladeen Dante Allegheny- Bulls Gap Dedies Alnwick Burnett Delano Alpha Butler Del Rio Amarco Calhoun Denton Amerine Cambria Disney Apalachia Carden's Bluff Doe Arden Carnegie Doone Arline Carter Dove Armona Caryville Ducktown Athens Caswell Duncan Austral Chandler Earhart Avoca Charleston Ebenezer Azah Chestnut Ridge Edwina Bacon's Ferry Chestoa El Dorado Jet. Bearden Childers Elizabethton Benton Chilhower Elkanah Binfield Chotah Elk Valley Blevins Chuckey Embreeville Bluff City Clear Springs Englewood Bluffton Cleveland Erwin Black Oak Clinton Etowah Block Coal Creek Ewing Boyd Coffman Pagin Boyd's Creek Coile Farner Braemar Concord Fishery Brieeville Copperhill Fish Springs Bridgeport Copper Ridge Ford Bristol Crabtree Friendsville Bristol Road Craijfmar Frog Level TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 11 Tennessee — Stations- —Continued. Garber Leadville Mountain City Gillman Lenoir City Mt. Olive Gouge Lilac Mt. Vernon Grady Limestone Naillon Greenback Limestone Cove Neubert Greeneville Little River Neva Gudger Loudon Newcomb Hall Louisville New Market Hamilton Loves Newport Hampton McCains Newport Jet. Hartford McGhee Niota Hass' Mill McFarland Nonaburg Heiskell McKelder Oak City Hiwassee McMahan Qffutts Hodges McMillan Okolona HoUand McMuUens Oster Hubbard Madisonville Oswald Dome Hunter Maple Siding Oswego Jacksboro Marbleton Paint Rock Jefferson City Marion Anna Pardee Point Jena Marmor Patty Johnson City Martel Peak Jonesboro Maryville Philadelphia Jukes Mascot Piney Flats Katherine Mashburn Pioneer Keenburg Maymead Pitners Keplinger Meadow Plank Kincaid Melrose Pleasant Grove Kincaid Spur Mentor Powell Kingsley Midway Probst Kingsport Miller Rader Kiser Milligan College Rankin Knapp Mint Reagan Knoxvillt Mohawk Red Aal), Laban Montvale Reg» La FoUette Morristown Reeves Lanceville Mosheim Reliance 12 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Tennessee — Stations- -Continued. Renfroe Sparkville Vasper Revilo Stanfiel Vestal Riceville Stansbury Vonore Riverside Straw Plains Walkers Roan Mountain Sunline Walland Rockford Sunshine Washington Roe Sutherland College Rorex Sweetwater Watauga Roseberry Zinc Sycamore Shoals Wautauga Point Works Talassee Welwyn Russell ville Talbott West Knoxville Sadie Tasso West Myers Sanford Taylors Wetmore Sawton Telford White Pine Scottville Tellico Plains White Rock Sevierville Titus Whitesburg Seymour Toms Wilbur Shady Topsive Willards Shell Creek Townsend Wilson's Station Shocks Turley Wilton Springs Shouns Turtletown Wiltshire Siam Turtletown Jet. Winner Singleton Unaka Springs Witt Smalling Unicoi Wolf Creek South Knoxville Valley Forge Woolridge Sowles Vance Wyncote Virginia— Stations as follows: Adams Grove Apple Bassett Aiken Summit Arey Berry Hill Alberta Arral Blaine Alexanders Arringdale Bocock Alms House Ashley Bookers Altavista Axton Boones Mill Alton Bannister Boxwood Angle Barksdale Boydton Antlers BaskerAille Boykins TEREITORIAL TRAFFIC TEEMS 13 Virginia — Stations- -Continued. Bracey Collier 57 Mile Siding Branchville Corapeake Jet. Finchley Brictile Courtland Finneywood Brinkley Critz Fishburn Bristol Cross Roads 41 Mile Siding Brodnax Crystal Hill 49 Mile Siding Brookneal Crystal Springs 55 Mile Siding Brooks Cypress Fontaine Buffalo Jet. Dahlia Forbes Buffalo Lithia Damascus Foremans Springs Dan River Fort Mitchell Bufords Danville Foxes Burgess Dauntless Franklin Burnt Chimneys Davis Freeman Burts Delaware Galveston Burts Siding Dennis Garst Butterworth Denniston Gays Siding Butts De Witt Gisnal Caleb Dinwiddle Glade Hill Capron Dip Gladys Carlisle Drakes Branch Goebel Carrsville Drewryville Grandy Carson Drol Gray Cascade Dry Fork Green Bay Casey Durmid Green Plain Cashie Siding Earlys Greer Charlie Hope Edgerton Gretna Chase City Edgewood Grizzard Chatham Eley Hagood Chatmos Elwood Hairston's Siding Christie Emporia Handsom Clarion Esnon Henry Clarksville Evington Herbert Clarkton Fall Creek Hickory Ground Clover Farmer Hilda Cluster Springs Fentress Hitchcock Mill Cochran Ferrum Hogan Siding 14 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Virginia — Stations- Holland Homeville Houston Hugo Hurt Huske Isaac Jarratt Jeffress J. L. Jennings Kempsville Keysville Kibler Koehler Kress La Crosse Lanahan Lawrenceville Lawyers Leaksville Jet. Lees Mill Lennig Lima Logdale Lone Jack Lumberton Lummis Lusks McBride McGuffin McKenney Martinsville Mason Mayo Mays & Oowder Spur Meadowfield -Continued. Meherrin Melton Siding Merideth Milk Landing Modat Montview Mossingford Motley Naruna Nathalie Nelson Newbill Newell News Perry Newsome Lumber Co. Newsoms Nichols Nilpond Noding Northwest Nurney Oak Hill Ockward Old South Quay Ontario Ory Otter River Pace Pacoman Siding Patrick Springs Paynes Pedigo Pen Hook Pettyg Philpott Pickerels Pierce & Aker Pig River Pittsville Pleasant Shade Pope Powell Preston Prilliman Providence Jet. Purvis Racume Randolph Rawlings Reams Redwood Reigate Ridgeway Ringgold Riverview Roanoke Brick Co. Rocky Mount Rorer Mines Rustburg Rux Ryan St. Brides Sandy Level Saunders Saxe Scottsburg Selby 72 Mile Siding Siddon Skelton Skipwith Soudan South Boston TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 15 Virginia — Stations- South Clarksville South Emporia South Hill South Quay Spencer Starkey Stella Stokesland Stony Creek Story Stuart Sutherlin Sycamore Tanwood Taylor Continued. Taylorsyde ToUey Toshes Trego Turner 22 Mile Siding 28 Mile Spur 39 Mile Siding Union Hall Union Level Urguhart's Spur Vabrook Vey Vindrew Virgilina Waller Wallers Walumco Ward Springs Warfield Wassett Whaley Whittle Wilson Lumber Co. Winfall Wirtz Wolf Trap Wrights Yale 7. Carolina Territory South of Walhalla (Or Atlanta Subdivision Territory) (Map 5) For a complete list of stations see Section 2 of " Southeastern Territory" of this section. 8. Central Freight Association Territory® (Map 8) Comprising the stations named below in Ontario Pennsylvania West Virginia Wisconsin Illinois Michigan Indiana Missouri Iowa New York Kentucky Ohio Maryland including prorating points subject to the Official Classification and Exceptions thereto Illinois — All stations except: Alden Dakotah Galena on C. & N. Buena Vista Durand W. Ry. Davis Genet ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association (Chicago). 16 TEAPPIC GLOSSARY Illinois — Stations — Continued. Hebron Orangeville Roscoe Siding Latham Park Red Oak Ruby Lawrence Rock City Scioto Mills McConnell Rockton Shirland Millbrig Roscoe Winslow Indiana — All stations Iowa — Stations as follows: Beck FoUetts Pleasant Creek Bellevue Ft. Madison Pleasant Valley Bettendorf Galland Princeton Bricker Gordon's Ferry Sabula Buffalo Green Island Sandusky Bullard Kemper Shaffton Burlington Keokuk Shoecraft Camanche LeClaire Shopton Cascade (Des Linwood Spring Grove Moines Co.) Lyons Tile Works Clinton Macuta Viele Dubuque Montpelier West Burlington Davenport Montrose West Keithsburg Elk River Jet. Mooar Wever Fairport Muscatine Kentucky— Stations as follows: Altamont Buena Vista Dayton Ashland California Deep Cut Ashland Jet. Carntown Dover Augusta Carrs Bdgington Beagle Carter Fair Grounds Beckett Catlettsburg Fayette Bellefonte Chaffee Fire Brick Bellevue Chalkley Foster Bradford Clyffeside Frost Brent Concord FuUerton Broshears Covington Garrison Bruce Davis Georgetown TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 17 Kentucky — Stations- Glenn Glen Park Gray's Branch Greenup Henderson Hermann Higginsport Hodges Hoist Irwin Ivor K. C. Jet. Kirkville Latonia Le:dngton Limeville Little Sandy Lloyd Lock No. 35 Louisville L. & N. Jet. Manchester Maysville -Continued, Melbourne Mentor Mitchell Newport New Richmond Normal Norton Oneonta Owensboro Paducah Paris Pence Pike Crossing Poplar Quincy Red Brush Riverton Rock Crusher Rock Springs Rome Ross Ruggles Russell Maryland — Stations as follows: Buffalo Run Geices Friendsville Kendall St. Paul Sand Hill Siloam Silver Grove Smith's Creek South Portsmouth South Ripley Springdale SuUivans Tannery Taylor Trace Upper Bruce Utopia Vanceburg Walton Water Works Wellsburg Williams Willow Grove Winchester Wright Wurtland Selbysport Michigan (Lower Peninsula) — ^AU stations. Michigan (Upper Peninsula) — Stations as follows: Manistique Menominee Thompson Manistique Wharf St. Ignace MissouEi — Stations as follows: Alexandria Canton Ashburn Clemens Busch Dnnsford Fenway Gregory Hannibal 18 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Missouri — Stations — Contimied. Helton La Motte St. Louis Huiskamp Louisiana Saverton Ilasco Hunger's Switch West Quincy La Grange Reading White Rock Lamb Riverland New York — Stations Abbott's Road Angola Ashville Athol Springs Bay View Beach Ridge Big Tree Black Rock Blasdell Brainard Brocton Buffalo Buffalo Creek Buffalo Dock Buffalo Jet. Buffalo Lake Buffalo Ore Dock Buffalo Town Cambria Cassadaga Cattaraugus Cemetery Cheektowago Cherry Creek Clover Bank Clymer Cold Spring Collins Concord Conewango as follows: Dayton Depew Derby Dunkirk East Buffalo East Buffalo Stock Yards East Buffalo Transfer Ebenezer Echota Eden Centre Eden Valley Elk Elwood Park Falconer Falconer Jet. Farnham Fentonville Forestville Forks Forsyth Fredonia Frewsburg Gales Gardenville Gerry Gowanda Hamburg Hamburg-on-the- Lake Harriet Hodgeville Hoffman Hurlburt Indian Church International Jet. Irving Jamestown Kellogg Kennedy Kensington Lackawanna Lake View Lakewood Lancaster Laona La Salle Lawtons Lewiston Lily Dale Little Valley Lockport Main St. (Buffalo) Mapleton Markhams Martinsville Mayville Moons TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 19 New Yoek — Stations- Murphy's Niagara Falls Niobe North Collins North Evans North Tonawanda Nortons Nypenn Onovilie Panama Peeks Siding Pendleton Centre Pennsylvania R. R. Jet. Perrysburg Persia Pomfret Portland Pratts Prospect Quaker Bridge -Continued. Randolph Red House Ripley Roland Salamanca Sanborn Sand Siding Sheridan Sherman Silver Creek Sinclairville Smith's Mills South Dayton South St. (Brocton) State Line (Chau- tauqua Co.) Steamburg Summerdale Suspension Bridge Tunesassa Lumber Co., Nos. 1 and 2 Van Buren Waite's Crossing Walden Avenue (Buffalo) Wanakah Washburn Water Valley Watt's Flats Westfield West Perrysburg West Salamanca West Seneca Weyer Whitmier , Williamsville Winchester Woleben Wolf Run Wurlitzer Ohio — All stations. Ontario — Stations as Ainslie AUanburg Alvinston Amherstburg Appin Appin Jet. Arkwood Arner Attercliffe (Monck Co.) Aylmer Bairds Ballsville follows : Bartonville Beach Road Beachville Beamsville Bear Line Belle River Belmont Black Creek Blackeley Blenheim Blenheim Jet. Blytheswood Bothweli Brandy Creek Brantford Bridgeburg Brigden Brookfield Brownsville Burford Burgessville Burke Buxton Cains ville Caledonia Canfield 20 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Ontario — Stations- -Continued. Canfield Jet. Eastwood Harrow Caradoc Eberts Hatchley Cayuga Eddy's Hawtrey Cedar Springs Eden Haycroft Chantler Edgars Hewitt Charing Cross Edward Hickson Chatham Ekfrid Highgate Chautauqua Jet. EUaton Holmesdale Chippawa Elmstead Huffs Churehs Ennett Humberstone Coatsworth Essex Hyde Park Jet. Colemans Falls View IngersoU Comber Fargo Inwood Cooks Fenwick lona Copetown Fletcher Jarvis Corinth Fonthill Jeanettes Cornell Forrestville Jeanette's Creek Corunna Fort Erie Jerseyville Courtland Garnet Jordan Courtright Glanford Kent Bridge Crumlin Glanworth Kerwood Currie Gleneoe Kimballs Darling Road Glen Rae Kingscourt Jet. Darrell Glenwood Kingsmill Deeewsville Gobies Bangsville Delhi Gordon Komoka Desmarasis Governor's Road Lake Beach Diltz Grassies Lake Erie Dorehester Griffin's Lake Shore Jet. Dover Center Grimsby Larkin Dresden Grimsby Beach La Salette Dufferin Hagersville Lawrence Dumfries Hamilton Leamington Dundas Harley London. Dunnville Harrietsville Longwood Dutton Harris Lowbanks E. & 0. Jet. Harrisburg Lynden TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 21 Ontario — Stations- Lynn Valley Lythmore McGregor McNab Maidstone Mandaumin Marshfield Marshville Melbourne Melrose Merlin Merritton Middlemarch Middlemiss Middleport Middletown Line Mineral Springs Mitchell's Bay Montague Montrose Montrose Jet. Mooretown Moulton Mt. Brydges Mt. Elgin Mt. Pleasant Mt. Vernon Muirkirk Mull Muncey Nelles' Comers Netherby Newbury New Canaan New Durham New Sarum Niagara Falls •Continued. Niagara Jet. Niagara - on - the- Lake Nixon North Appin North Bothwell North Chatham North Glencoe North Newbury North Thamesville Northwood Norwich Oakland O'Dell Oil City Oil Springs Oldcastle Onondaga Ontario Heights Ostrander Otterville Ouvry Paincourt Paincourt Jet. Paquette Paris Paxton Paynes Pelton Perry Petrolia Petrolia Jet. Piggotts Pike Creek Pleasant Ridge Point Edward Port Burwell Port Colborne Port Dalhousie Port Davidson Port Dover Port Lambton Port Robinson Port Rowan Port Stanley Port Weller Port Weller Jet. Prairie Siding Princeton Puce Putnam Queenston Ranges Renton Renwick Richardson Ridgetown Ridgeville Ridgeway Ringold Rodney Rond Eau Rosslyn Ruscomb Ruthven Rymal St. Anns St. Catharines St. Catharines Jet. St. Clair St. Clair Jet. St. Davids St. George St. Joachim 22 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Ontario — Stations — Continued. St. Thomas Stoney Point Walkerville St. Williams Straffordville Walkerville Jet, Salford Strathroy Wallaceburg Sandison Stringer Walsh Sarnia Stromness ,Wanstead Sarnia Tunnel Summit Waterford Scotland Taylor Watford Seneca Tecumseh Watson Sea Cliff Park • Thamesford Waubuno Shedden Thames River Wawanosh Sherks Thamesville Weidmans Shipyard Thorold Welland Shrewsbury Tilbury Welland Jet. Silverdale Tillsonburg West Lome Simcoe Townsend Westminster Smithville Tupperville Wheatley Sombra Vanessa' Whitebread Souterville Vaughn Whites Southwick Victoria Wigle Southwold Victoria Park Wilkie Springfield Vienna Windham Springford Villa Nova Windsor Stamford Vineland Winona Staples Vinemount Woodslee Stevens Vittoria Woodstock Stevenson Vosburg Wyoming Stevensville Wainfleet Yarmouth Stony Creek Walkers Zorra Pennsylvania — Stations as follows: Ache Jot. Acosta Ajax Acheson Adah Akeley Ackleson Adams Aladdin Acme Coke Works Adamsville Albion Acme Ovens Adelaide Alice Mines (PennCokeCo.) Aiken (Allegheny Alicia (Fayette Acme Works Co.) Co.) TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS ^ Pennsylvania— Stations— Continued. Alicia Workg Aliquippa Allegheny Allegheny (Ander- son St.) Allegheny (Chest- nut St.) Allegheny (Locust St.) Allegheny (North Ave.) Allegheny (Pitts- burg, North Side) Allegheny (Preble Ave.) Allegheny (South Ave.) Allegheny Valley Brick Co. Allenport Allison Allison Park Allison Works No. 1 Allison Works No. 2 AUsworth Alpsville Althom Alverton Amasa Ambridge American Works No. 2 Anderson Anderson Road Andrico Annandale Antram Apollo Ardara Arden Arensberg Argentine Argyle Armstrong Arona Arnold Arnold City Aspinwall Atchison Atlantic Atlantic ColUery No. 2 Atlantic Mine Atlantic Refinery Colliery No. 36 Atwells Crossing Aultman Avalon Avella Avonmore (Westmoreland Co.) Baden Bagdad Bagdad Colliery Baggaley Bailey Point Baird Bakerstown Bamford Banksville Banning Barber 'g Barking Barnes Crossing Baum Beachley Mine Beadling Bear Lake Bear Run Beatty Beatty Collier Beaver Beaver Falls Beaver Road Becks Run Beechmont Belle Bridge Belle Valley Belle Vernon Bellevue Belmar Ben Avon Benicoll Bentleyville Besco Bessemer Bessemer Transfer Best Siding Bethany Works Bethel Biddle Bidwell Big Bend Big Meadow Run Bishop Bitner 24 TBAFFIC GLOSSARY Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. Bitner Coke Works Bittner Ovens Blackburn Black Diamond Black Lick Blackstone Colliery Black's Run Blairsville Blairsville Inter- section Blaisdell Jet. Blue Stone Quar- ries Blythedale Boggs Bolivar Bonnie Brook Border Borland Boston Boswell Boughton Bouquet Bovard Bower Hill Boyce Boyer Works Brackenridge Braddock Bradenville Braeburn Branch Branchton Brandon Braznell Brent Brevard Brewster Mine No. 1 Brewster Mine No. 2 Bridgeport Mine No. 1 Bridgeport Works Bridgeville Bridgewater (Beaver Co.) Briar Hill Briar Hill Works Brightwood Brilliant Brinker Brinkerton Briquette Broadford Broadford Jet. Brook Brown Brownfield Browning Coke Co. Brownsdale (Alle- gheny Co.) Brownsville Brownsville Jet. Brownsville Road Brownsville Works Bruceton Bruin Brush Run Ovens Bryant Buchanan Buckeye Buena Vista Buffington Works Buhls Burger Bunola Burchinal Ovens Burdine Burgettstown Burrell Bute Butler Butler Jet. Butler Transfer Cabot California California Provi- sion Co. Callery Calumet Cambridge Springs Camden Campbell (Alle- gheny Co.) Cannellton Canonsburg Carbon Carbon Brick Co. Carbon Center Carlton Carmona Carnegie Carney Mine Carter Carter Iron Co. Casselman Castle Shanon Catfish TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 25 Pennsylvanu— Stations— Continued. Cecil Claysville Concord Cedar Creek Claytonia Conemaugh (Westmoreland Clevers Confluence Co.) Cliif Mine Confluence & Oak- Celia Cloe land Jet. Centre ville (Craw- Clokey Conneaut Jet. ford Co.) Clyde Colliery Conneaut Lake Centreville Coal Blufe Conneautville Washington Coal Centre Connellsville Co.) Coal Run Mining Conhellsville Century Coke Co. Co. (West Side) Siding Coal Valley Connellsville Century Works Cobham Transfer Chambers Cochran's Mill Consolidation No. Chambersville Cochranton 114 Champion Works Coffey's Crossing Consolidation No., Charleroi Coffman Works 115 Charlestowu Cokeburg Consolidation No. Cheat Haven Coleman 116 Cherry Valley Colfax Continental Works Chester Mine College No. 1 No. 2 Collier Continental Works Cheswick CoUinsburg No. 2 Chewton Colonial Coke Continental Works Chicora Works No. 3 Childs (Fayette Colonial Colliery Conway Co.) No. 1 Cool Spring Christy Park Colonial Colliery Copeland Church Hill No. 2 Coral Clairton Colonial Colliery Corapolis Clare Works No. 3 Corry Claridge Colonial Colliery Corydon Clarksburg No. 4 Coulson Clarks Colliery Colonial Colliery Coulter Clark's Crossing No. 296 County Home Clark's Mills Columbus (Allegheny Co.) Clarksville Colza 26 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. County Home (Westmoreland Co.) Courtney Courtney 's Mills Coverts Cowan Cowansburg Cowanshannoc Cowden Crabtree Crafton Craigsville Craigsville Branch Jet. Cramer Colliery Cramer, Joseph Cranesville Crayton Creekside Creighton Crescent Coal Works Crescentdale Crescent Mine No. 35 Cribb Cribbs Siding Crossland Crossland Ovens Crouches Crows Nest Col- liery Crucible Crystal Ovens Culmerville Cummings Cunningham Curtisville Cyrilla Colliery Daniels Run Darent Darlington Darnley David Ready Davidson Davidson Siding Dawson Dawson Run Dearth Works Debo Demmler Denbo Denny Denny Colliery Derby Derry Derry Colliery No. 2 Dewey (Armstrong Co.) Dexter Transfer Dick Dickerson Run Dick Sand Co. Spur Dicksonburg Dilliner Dilworth Colliery Dinsmore Dixmont Donald No. 1 Works Donald No. 2 Works Donald No. 3 Works Donnelly Donohoe Donora Dorothy Coke Works Dotter Doughty Douglass Downieville Drake Dravo Dravosburg Duffs Dumas Dunbar Duncan Dundale D u n 1 a p s Creek Works Dunlevy Dunn's Eddy Duquesne Duquesne Wharf D. U. Tower Duvall Eagle Rock Eagle Transfer East Brady Bastbrook East California East Carnegie East Charleroi TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 27 Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. East Connellsville Works East Frederick- town East Greensburg East Liberty East Millsboro East Millsboro Works East New Castle East Olivet East Pittsburgh East Primrose East Rice's Landing East Riverside East Roscoe East Sandy Eberhardt Eclipse Economy Edenborn Edenborn Works Edenburg Edgecliff Edgewater Edgeworth Edna Edna Colliery Edri Eighty-four Eisaman Eleanor Works Eleanor No. 4 Works Elfinwild Elgin Elizabeth Elk Creek Elk Creek Siding Ellrod Ellsworth EUwood City Ellwood Jet. Elm Grove Ovens Elrama Emblem Emery Ovens Emlenton Emma Emme Emorton Emsworth End of Andrews Run Branch End of Avonmore Branch End of Axle Works Branch End of Baileys Run Branch End of Bessemer Coke Branch End of Black Legs Creek Branch End of Boyer Run Branch End of Brinker Run Branch End of Brush Creek Branch End of Bull Run Branch End of Dunbar Branch End of Fair- chance Branch End of Grind- stone Branch End of Hunker Branch End of Indian Run Branch End of Jamison Branch No. 2 End of Jeanette Branch End of Lyons Run Branch End of Mahoning Branch End of Manor Branch End of Morrell Branch End of New Flor- ence Branch End of Overton Branch End of Ruffsdale Branch End of Shoonmaker Branch End of Stonerville Branch End of Streets Run Branch End of T a r r Branch 28 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Pennsylvanu — Stations — Continued. End of Tearing Run Branch End of Turtle Creek Branch End of Unity Branch End of Westmore- land Branch End of Whitehall Branch End of Wynn Branch Enlow Enoch Enon Enterprise Coke Works Erie Ernest Espyville Essen Etna Euclid Eureka Evans Evans City Everson Ewing's Export Exposition Park Fairbank Fairbanks Works Fairchance Fairchance Trans- fer Fair Haven Fairmont Fairmount Fair Oaks Fairview Fallston Farrell Fayette City Federal Feldner Ferguson Ferris Fetterman Ficht Fieldmore Springs Fife Filbert Works Finleyville Finley Works Fishers Siding Fitz Henry Flanigan Fleming Quarry Floreffe Foley's Siding Fombell Footedale Footedale Works Forbes Road Forest Grove (Al- legheny Co.) Ford City Fort Hill Ft. Pitt Foster (Armstrong Co.) Foster (Venango Co.) Foustwell Foxburg Frances Mine Francis Francis No. 2 Works Franklin Fredericktown Fredonia Freedom Freeport Fretts Works Friedens Friendship Hill Frisco Frye Fuller (Fayette Co.) Fulton Run Jet. Fulton Run Tipple Gallatin Gamble Gans Gardner Ave. Yard Garland Carver's Ferry Garwood Works Gascola Gastonville Gates Gates Works Gawango Geary Geiger Genuine Connells- ville Coke Co. George TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 29 Pennsylvania — Stations— Continued. Gibsondale Gibsonia Gibsonton Gilbert Gilkeson GiU Hall Gilmore Coke Co. Gilmore Ovens Gilpin Colliery Girard Gist Gladden Glade Glanford Glassmere Glassport Glen Glencairn Glenfield Glen Osborne Glenover Glensbaw Glenwood Glynden Godfrey Goehring Goff Goss Mine Grace Siding Graceton Grand Valley Grant City Grapeville Gratztown Gray Grays Landing Great Belt Greene Jet. Greenlee Greenock Greensburg Greensburg Col- liery No. 2 Greenville Greenwald Greer Gregg Griffin No. 1 Works Griffin No. 2 "Works Grindstone Grove City Grovedale Groveton Guffey Guyasuta Gwendolen Hackett Haddon CoUiery Hadley Hahntown Hall Hallston Hamilton Coal Mining Co. Hammondsville Hanlin Hannastown Harbison Harbison - Walker Refractories Co. Harbor Bridge Harbor Creek Harmarville Harmonsburg Harmony Harmony Jet. Harrison Harrison City Harrisville Hartstown Harwick Hawkins Hays Hays Connection Haysville Hazel Kirk Hazelwood Hazen Heath Hecla Hecla No. 1 Hecla No. 3 Helen Hemlock Hempfield Collier- ies Nos. 1, 2, and 3 Hendersonville Henlein Henry's Bend Henry Siding Herbert Works Herman Herminie Hermitage Herrs Island Hewitts Hickman Hickman Run Jet. Hickory High House 30 TEAFFIC GLOSSARY Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. High House Coal Co. Highland Hill Hilliards Hill's Hillside Hillsville Himebaugh Hoboken Holsopple Home Homer City Homestead Homestead Trans- fer Homewood Hooker Hooks Hoovers Distillery Hooversville Hoover Works No. 1 Hoover Works No. 2 Hope Mills Hopwood Horn Homers Delivery Siding Horning Horse Shoe Bottom Hostetter Houston Houston Jet. Huff Hulton Hulton Ferry Humphrey Hunker Hunter Huron Huron Colliery Husband Huston Huston Run Huston Run Mine Hutchinson Hutchinson Col- liery Hyde Park Hydetown Hyland Idlewood Ifield Imperial (Allegheny Co.) Indiana Indian Creek Industry Inghams Ingram lola Coal Works Iron Bridge Irvineton Irwin Isabella Isabella Works Iselin Mine No. 4 Isle Ivy wood Jackson Jackson Centre Jacksonville Mine Jet. Jacobs Creek James Siding, Bel- mar Jamestown Jamison Jamison Colliery No. 1 Jamison Colliery No. 2 Jamison Colliery No. 3 Jamison Colliery No. 6 Jamisonville Jeanette Jeffreytown Jenner Jerome Jerome Jet. Jerome Mines 1 and 2 Jewell Jimtown Johnetta Johnstown Josephine Jet. Browns Run Branch Jet. Cats Run Branch Jet. Lilly Run Branch Jet. Lou Phos Jet. Middle Run Branch TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 31 Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. Jet. Moser Run Branch Jet. Parshall Branch Jet. Redstone Cen- ter Jet. Shamrock Branch Junction Transfer Juneau Juniata Ovens K. 0. Jet. Kanty Karns Katherine Works Kaylor Keeling Keenan Keepville Keister Kelly Kendall Kennard Kennerdell Kent Kenwood Keppel Keystone Store Kimmel (Indiana Co.) Kimmelton Kinder Mine Kinzua Kiskiminetas Jet. Kittaning Kjiob Mine Knopp Koppel Kremis Krings La Belle La Belle Works Lachman Lafayette Mine Lakeville Lambert Lambert Works Landstreet Lane Landon Langdon Lardin Large Large Delivery Large Distilling Co. Larimer Latrobe Latrobe Colliery No. 2 Latrobe-Connels- ville Colliery Laughlin Jet. Lavenia Lawrence Jet. Layton Lead Works Leasdale Leasure Siding Le Boeuf Leckrone Leckrone Ovens Leckrone Works Leechburg Leesburg Leetsdale Legionville Leisenring Leisenring No. 1 Leisenring No. 2 Leith Lemont Lemont Ovens No. 1 Lemont Ovens No. 2 Liek Run Jet. Lidalia Mine Liggett Ligonier Mine No. 2 Lilly Coal & Coke Co. Lincoln Mine Lincoln Siding Lincoln ville Lindencross Linesville Linn Listie Listonburg Litton Siding Litzenberg Siding Livermore Lockport Locust Logans Logan 's Ferry Logansport Lone Tree Longview 32 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. Longview Jet. Lottsville Lotus Lovell Lowber Lower Hillville Low Phos. Low Phos. Works Loyalhanna Lucas Lucasville Lucerne Jet. Lucerne Mines Lucesco Luzerne Works Lynces Jet. Lyons Lytle 's Siding McAbee McAdams McBride McCalmont McClintock McClure McConnell'sMill McCoy McCune McDonald McGuggia Mclntyre McKean McKeef rey Works McKeesport McKees Rocks McKelvey Hine Co. Mackin McLaughlin McMurry Madison Magee Magnus Maher Colliery No.l Mahoning Mahoningtown Mammoth Mancha Manor Manorville Manown Maple Glenn Maple Ridge Mine Marguerite Marianna Marion Center Marion Jet. Marion Ovens Markleton Mars Marshall Martin (Fayette Co). Martin Works (Fayette Co.) Marwood ' Masontown Masontown Glass Co. Maxwell Mayfield Meadow Lands Meadville Meadville Jet. Meharg Melrea Mercer Mercer Jet. Mercer Road Merrill Merritts Merrittstown Mesta Machine Co. Messmore Metcalf Midland Midway Mifflin Mifflin Jet. Mifflin Mine No. 1 Mifflin Mine No. 2 Milbell Milesville Milford (Somerset Co.) Millburn Miller (Westmoreland Co.) Miller Farm Millers Millers Grove Millsboro Millsboro Works (Bessemer Coke Co.) MUltown Millvale Mill Village Mitchell-Watson Millwood Colliery TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 33 Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. Monaca Monarch (Leisenring No. 3) Monastery Coke Works Monessen Monongahela Monongahela City Monongahela Clay Mfg. Co. Monongahela Jet. Monroe Monterey Montgomery ville Montour Jet. Moon Run Moores Jet. Moorhead Morado Moravia Morewood Morewood Coke Works Morgan Morganza Morrell Morrellville Morrison Siding Moser Run Jet. Mosgrove MostoUer Mountain Mine No.l Mountain Mine No. 2 Mt. Braddock Mt. Pleasant Mt. Pleasant-Con- nellsville Coke Co. Mt. Royal Ceme- tery Mt. Sterling Mt. Sterling Works Moyer Moxham Moxham Siding MuUins Munhall Murdock Murraysville Mutual Myoma Nadine Naomi Nashua National Nat '1 Car Wheel Co. Natrona Nealy's Negley Branch Nellie Mines No. 1 Nellie Mines No. 2 Nelsons Bridge Nesbit Run Jet. Neshannock Falls Neville Island New Alexandria New Alexandria CoUiery No. 1 New Alexandria Colliery No. 2 New Alexandria Colliery No. 3 New Brighton New Castle New Castle Jet. Newcomer Newell (Fayette Co.) New Florence New Galilee New Geneva New Kensington Newlinsburg Newport New Salem New Stanton Newton Newtown New Wilmington Nichola Nilan Niles Nobles Noblestown Noeline North Bessemer North East North Girard North McKees Rock North Oakland North Rochester North Sewickley North Star North Star Jet. 34 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. North "Warren Nukoal 0. & B. Short Line Jet. Oak Oakdale Oak Hill Oak Grove Oakland Oakmont Oak Tree Ocean Colliery No. 2 Odell Ohio Pyle Oil City Oil Well Supply Co. No. 6 Old Home Works Old Junction Oleopolis Oliphant Furnace Oliver Oliver No. 3 Oneida Option Orangeville Orient Orient Works Oriental Powder Co. Branch Osborne Spur Osgood Outcrop Overton Branch Jet. Pack Saddle Paddock Siding Paint Creek Painter Palanka Palmer Palmer Works Pardoe Parke (Allegheny Co.) Parker Parkers Landing Parkers Siding Park Gate Parkwood Parnassus Parshall No. 1 Works Parshall No. 2 Works Paynes Pecan Pechin Penn Pennine Penn Manor Shaft Nos. 1, 2, 3 & 4 Penn Manor Shaft No. 5 Pennside Pennsville Percy Perryopolis Pershing Peter's Creek Peter's Creek Col- liery Nos. 1 & 2 Peter's Creek Col- liery No. 3 Peterson Petroleum Center Petrolia Phillips Mine Phillipston Pierce Pike (Allegheny Co.) Pike Mine Pine Creek Pinkerton Pioneer Pitcairn Pittsburgh Pittsburgh (Birmingham) Pittsburgh (Butler St.) Pittsburgh (Duquesne) Pittsburgh (11th St.) Pittsburgh (Grant St.) Pittsburgh (Penn. St.) Pittsburgh (Point Bridge) Pittsburgh (Produce Yard) Pittsburgh (16th St.) Pittsburgh (22d St. Produce Yd.) TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 35 Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. Pittsburgh (26th St.) Pittsburgh (29th St.) Pittsburgh (33d St.) Pittsburgh (34th St.) Pittsburgh (43d St.) Pittsburgh (54th St.) Pittsburgh (South Side) Pittsburgh (South Side) (Carson St.) Pittsburgh (South Side) (12th St.) Pittsburgh (South Side) (23d St.) Pittsburgh (U. S. Yards) Pittsburgh Coal Co. (First Pool Mine No.l) Pittsburgh Coal Co. (First Pool Mine No. 2) Pittsfield Platea Plum Creek Plumer Works P. McK. & Y. Connection Point Marion Poland Poland Works Polk Polk Jet. Portersville Port Royal (Westmoreland Co.) Power Preble Ave. Jet. Prentice President Presto Pretoria Mines 2 and 3 Primrose Princeton Pulaski Pymatuning Quaker Falls Quaker Valley Quarry Queen Jet. Quemahoning Jet. Rachel Mine (Allegheny Co.) Rachel Mine (Washington Co.) Raccoon Radebaugh Rainey Rainey Clay Works Rainey Jet. Rainey, W. J. Ralph Ralphton Ralph Works Rand Randolph Mine No. 1 Rankin Ray Colliery Raymilton Rea Reading Jet. Reading Mines Nos. 3 and 4 Ready, David Red Bank Redd's Mill Red Raven Redmond Redstone Jet. Reduction Reed Reed Jet. Reflectorville Reilly Reissing Remaley Renfrew Rennerdale Reno Republic Revere Revere Works Rhodes Summit Ribold Rice's Landing Riceville Ridgeview Park 86 TEAPFIC GLOSSAEY Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued- Ridgeview Sand Rumbaugh Seward Co. Rural Ridge Sewickley Rillton Russell Shadeland Eimerton Russellton Shadyside Rist Ruth Shafton River Coal Siding Rye Shamrock Works Riverton Rynd Farm Shaner (Allegheny Co.) Saegertown Sharon RiverAdew St. George Sharpsburg Roach St. Joe Sharpsvillc Roaring Run St. Vincent Shaw Jet. Robb St. Xavier Shaw Mine Robbins Salem Shaws Roberts Salina Shelocta Robinson Saltsburg Shenango Rochester Salt Spring Bot- Sheridan Rockdale tom (Allegheny Co.) Rockland Samson Shermansville Rockmere Sand Rock Sherrick Rockwood (Fayette Co.) Sherwin Ronco Sandy Creek Shields Ronco "Works Sandy Lake Shingiss Rook Sandy Lick Shire Oaks Roscoe Sappor Ovens Shoaf Rose Point Sarah Furnace Shoaf Ovens Rosslyn Sarver Shoup Rosstbn Saunders Shousetown Rostraver Savan Simpson Rothruck Scenery Hill Sta- Sinns Rouseville tion Sipes Rowena Schenley Sipesville Rowes Run Schollard Siverly Rowley Scottdale Smiley Royal Scott Haven Smiley Ovens Royal Coke Works Scotts Smith Ruffsdale Searight Works Smithdale Eugh Selkirk Smithfield TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 37 Pennstlvanu— Stations— Continued. S. & M. Jet. Smiths Ferry Smithton Smithville Smock Snowden Social Hall Solon Works Somerfield Somers Somerset South Brownsville South Carnegie South Duquesne South Heights South Oil City South Red Bank Southview Sowash Spartansburg Spencers Spur Springboro Spring Creek Springdale Springfield Stambaugh Standard Standard Coke Works Starbrick Star Jet. Star Mine Star Mines Starr Crossing Sterling Sand Co. Sterling Works Steubenpike Stewarton Stewart's Siding Stilleys Siding Stobo Stockdale Stokes Stoneboro Stony Point Stony Run Stoops Ferry (Allegheny Co.) Storage Stoughton Stoyestown Strangford Stringtown Strum Struthers Studa Sturgeon Sugar Creek Sugar Run Summit (Crawford Co.) Summit (Erie Co.) Summit (Fayette Co.) Summit Park Summit Transfer Sumner Sumner Mine No. 1 Sumner Mine No. 2 Sumnerville Sunshine Passing Siding Superior Colliery No. 2 Suter Swanville Swissvale Sygan Tarentum Tarr Taylorstown T. C. R. R. Jet. Templeton Terminus P. M. & S. R. R. Terral Texas Siding Thaw The Leon Works Thomas (Indiana Co.) Thomas (Washington Co.) Thomas Maher Colliery No. 4 Thomas Ovens Thomas Works Thompson Thompson Collierj Thompsonville Thornburg Thorn Crossing Thornton Jet. Tidioute Tinstman Tionesta Tippecanoe Titusville Torpedo 38 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Pennsylvania — Stations — Continued. Tower Hill No. 1 Works Trafford Transfer Trauger Tremont (Fayette Co.) Treveskyn Trotter Trotter Ovens Trunkeyville Tryonville Tub Run Tunnelton Turners Turtle Creek Two Lick Tylerdale Udell Unamis Undercliff Union City Uniontown United United Works No. 2 United Works No. 3 Unity Universal Upper Hillville Upper Middletown Ursina Ursina Jet. Utica Utley Valcourt Valencia Valley Camp Valley Camp Coal Co. Valley Mines Valley Mines Nos. 1, 2, and 3 Valley Works Vance Vance Mill Jet. Vanderbilt Vandergrift Vandergrift Dis- tilling Co. Van Emman Van Kirk (Allegheny Co.) Van Meter Van Port Van Voorhis Vanzant Veedhel Venango Venice Verners Verona Versailles Vesta Colliery No. 5 Vesta No. 4 Veteran Works Vienna Vigilant Mine No. 34 Vista Volant Volcano Wahls Wadsworth Walford Walker Walker's Mill Wallace Jet. Walnut Bend Walnut Hill Walnut Hill Mine Walsall (Engle- side) Walters, Alva. M. Waltersburg Waltz Wampum Warner Warren Washington Waterford Watson Watsons Run Watters Watts Mills Watts Transfer Weaver Weaver's Old Stand Webster Wells Creek Wendel-Wendel (Edna Mine No. 2) Wesley West Alexander West Apollo West Bellevue West Belt Jet. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 39 Pennstlvanu— Stations— Continued. West Bridgewater West Brownsville West Brownsville Jet. West Brownsville Jet. Scales West Columbia West Elizabeth West Elwood Jet. West End (Pitts- burgh) Westford West Hickory West Homestead Westland West Lebanon West Liberty West McDonald West Middlesex West Middletown West Monessen West Mosgrove West Newton West Overton West Pittsburg West Pittsburgh West Point Marion West Rochester West Saxonburg West Springfield West Union West Vernon West Winfield West Yough Transfer Wharton Wheatland Wheeler Wheeling Jet. White Whitney Whitsett Jet. Wick Wick Haven Wildwood Wilkensburg Willida Willock Willow Grove Wilmerding Wilmington Jet. Wilson Wilson Creek Jet. Winthrop Wittmer Woodell Wood Hill Woodlawn Woodleigh Woodrow Wood Run Woodward Worthington Wurtemburg Wyano Wylandville Wylie Wjom Works No. 1 York Run York Run Jet. Yough R. R. Jet. Yough Slope Mine Youngsville Youngwood Yowler Yukon Yukon Colliery Zediker Zelienople Zeno Zimmerman (Ralphton Mine (No. 6) West Virginia — Stations as follows: Aecoville Acme Carbon Black Co. Adamston Air Shaft Altman Alum Creek Amherstdale Angerona Annabelle Mine Apple Grove Arbuckle Archer Arroyo Art Glass Co. Ashford Ashton Atenville Aurora Mine Ballard Bane 40 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY West Virginia — Stations — Continued. B. & N. Jet. Barboursville Barnabas Barnestown Barrackville Barrs Baxter Beale Beebe Place Beech Bottom Beech Grove Mine Beech Hill Beechwood Belle Belleville Belmont Ben Lomond Bens Run Benwood Benwood Jet. Benton Ferry Big Creek Big Vein Billings Black Betsey Black Horse Blair Blennerhassett Blue Sulphur Springs Bluetom Board Tree Boggs Run Mine Bolin Boomer Bradys Branchland Brewster Bridge No. 51 Bridgeport Bristol Brooklyn Jet. Brosia Brounland Brown Brownsdale Brydon Brushton Buffalo Burton Cairo Calders Calvert Cameron Cannelton Captina Carbondale Carnegie Natural Gas Co.'s Siding Carter Carter Oil Co. Castlebrook Car- bon Co. Catawba Cedar Grove Central Ceredo Chapman ville Charleston Chauncy Chester Chestnut Hill Clarington Clarksburg Clausson Mine Clifton Clothier Clover Valley Coffman Colfax Collier Congo Consolidation No. 21 Consolidation No. 23 ConsolidationNo. 2i ConsolidationNo. 25 ConsolidationNo. 26 ConsolidationNo. 27 ConsolidationNo. 28 Consolidation No. 29 ConsolidationNo. 30 Consolidation Nos. 32 and 61 ConsolidationNo. 33 Consolidation Nos. 34 and 63 ConsolidationNo. 35 ConsolidationNo. 36 ConsolidationNo. 38 Consolidation No. 40 ConsolidationNo. 41 ConsolidationNo. 42 ConsolidationNo. 45 ConsolidationNo. 47 ConsolidationNo. 48 Conso-lidatiouNo. 49 ConsolidationNo. 50 Consolidation.No. 51 ConsolidationNo. 52 ConsolidationNo. 54 Consolidation No. 55 TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 41 West Virginia — Stations — Continued. ConsoIidationNo. 56 ConsolidationNo. 57 ConsoIidationNo. 58 ConsolidationNo. 59 ConsoIidationNo. 62 ConsoIidationNo. 65 ConsoIidationNo. 66 ConsoIidationNo. 67 ConsoIidationNo. 68 ConsoIidationNo. 70 Cook Coal & Coke Co. Mine Cora Cornwallis Cottageville Cox Landing Craneco Cresaps Cresaps Grove Crown City Ferry- Crow Summit Culloden Dam 15 Ohio River Dam 17 Ohio River Dam 28 Ohio River Dam 26 Ohio River Dam 26 Jet. Dana Danville Dartmont Davenport Davis T. B. Mine Davisville Dehu Delta Mine Denver Dickinson Dimension Lumber Co. Dobra Dola Downs Duckworth Dukes Dunbar Duncan Dunlap Creek Jet. DunlapvUle Ear ling Eaton Eden Park Edmund Elk EUenboro Elm Grove Elwell Emmons End of Line End of Track Engle Run Enterprise Erie Mine Ethel Eureka Evans Everson Fairmont Fairmont Brick Co. Fairmont Foundry Co. Fairmont Indus- trial Co.'s Ex- tension Jet. Fairmont Steel Co. Fairmont "Wall Plaster Co. Fairmore Mine Fallen Timber Farm Farnum Fayette Mine Federal Jet. Ferrell Ferrellsburg Fetterman Flaggy Meadow Flemington Flemington Mine Flower F. M. & P. Jet. Foley Follansbee Folsom Forks of Coal Fort Branch Foster Foundation Co. Siding Fowler Freedom Oil Co. Friendly Fry Fuqua Gallipolis Ferry Galmish Gaston Jet. Gauley Bridg* Gay Geo. Lilly Gill 42 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY West Virginia — Stations — Continued Girard Mine Girard Mine No. 2 Glasgow Glendale Glendale Mine Glen Easton Glen Falls Glen Ferris Glenwood Globe Glover Gap Godbys Grafton Graham Grant Town Granville Grape Island Graysville Great Scott Mine Green Bottom Greenview Greenwood Gripp Guyan Brick Co. Guyandot Guyandotte Guyandotte Tie Hoist Gypsy Hammett Siding Haning Hannibal Harewood Harless Harold Mine Harris Ferry Harry B. Mine Hartford Harts Hartzell Hastings Haywood Helen Henderson Henlawson Hepzibah Hero Mine Highland Hickman Run Jet. Hilderbrand Hinchman Hitchman Mine Hite Hoard Holden Holidays Cove Hollyhurst Homestead Hood Lumber Co. Hope Natural Gas Co.'s Siding Nos. 1 and 2 Hopkins Hornbrook Hoult Hubball Hudson School Furniture Co. Hugheston Humphrey Hundred Huntington Hurricane Hutchinson (Marion Co.) Hutchinson Coal Mines Indian Industrial School Inez Institute Irving Island Creek Mines Nos. I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10 Ivy Branch Jacksonburg Jamison Coal & Coke Co. No. 8 Jamison Coal & Coke Co. No. 9 Jayenn Jeffrey Joe Creek Julian Justus-Murphy Co. Kanawha Wood Co. Kanawha City Kellar Kelleys Kellogg Kenilworth Kenova Kilarm Jet. Kilarm Mine Kingmont Kingmont Mine Kings Kings Creek TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 43 West Virginia — Stations — Continued. Kisner, J. M., & Loudenville Millwood Bros. Low Gap Milton Eastler Lowsville Mines 7 and 8 Kitchen Lnmberport Minnie Lamberton McConnell Monarch Lambs MacCorkle Monaville Lates Siding McCoy Monitor Lattin McMechen Monitor No. 1 Lax McMillan Monitor No. 2 Lazearville Madison Monitor Jet. Leach Maggie Monon Lee Creek Maidsville Monongah Lehigh Mine Maidsville Mine Monongalia Mine Leon No. 1 Monroe Mine Leroy Maiden Montana Lesage Man Moores Letart Manbar Morgan Levi Mannington Morgan Mine Lewis Maken Morgansville Limestone Marion Planing Morgantowu Liacohi Mill Co. Moscow Linden Mine Martha Mound Little Falls Marting Moundsville Littleton Mason City Mt. de Chantel Liverpool Matamoras Murray Lock No. 12 Maud Murrayville Lock Seven Maxon Muses Bottom Logan Meadowbrook Myrtle Logan Planing Meadowdale Nancy's Run Mill Meldahls National Mine London Mendota Neibert Lone Cedar Mercers Bottom New Cumberland Longacre Metz Newell Long Dale Meyercord New England Long Reach Midkiff New Era Long Run Millender New Haven Lory Millersport Ferry New Martinsville 44 TRAFFIC GLOSSAEY West Virginia — Stations — Continued. N. Y. Mine Nicolette Nobles North. Cannellton North Fairmont North View Norway Nursery O'Gara Mine Omar Ona Opekiska Oral Ottawa Overholt Mine Owens W. Va. Bottle Co. Paden City Palatine Jet. Parchment Park Parker Run Mine Parkersburg Park Timber Co. Siding Peach Creek Pearl Town Peck's Mill Pennois Pennsboro Peter Cave Fork Petroleum Peytona Peytona Block No. 1 Phoenix Mine Pine Grove Plainfield Pleasant View Plymouth Poca Pohick Point Mills Pt. Pleasant Polks Pond Creek Porter's Falls Portland Powell Creek Powhatan Price Prickett Prickett Creek Jet. Proctor Pure Oil Co. Racine Radcliff Ralumco Ramage Randall Ranger Raven Rock Ravenswood Raymond City Reader Red House Reedy Reid's Sand Siding Rex Reynoldsville Rinehart Ripley Ripley Landing Riverdale Riverside Riverville Jet. Riverview Rivesville Roach Robey Robinette Robinson Coal Co. Rock Creek Rockdale Rochester Rolfe Roneya Point Rose Bud Rose Bud Mine Roseby Rock Rosemont Rosemont Mine Round Bottom Rum Creek Jet. Rumer Runkle Russell Siding St. Albans St. Marys Salama Salem Salt Rock Sand Creek Sand Lick Mine Sand Lick R. R. Jet. Sand Switch Sandyville Sattes Scary School House TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 45 West Vieginia— Stations— Continued. Scott Seaman Selman Seth Shamrock Sharpies Sheridan Sherman Shinnston Short Creek Short Line Jet. Shrewsbury Silver Run Silverton Simpson Sistersville Six Mile Slagle Smithburg Smithers Smithfield Smith's Wye South Charleston South Cresaps Southern Carbon Black Co. South Rivesville South RuflEner Sovereign Sparlin Spelter Spencer Spencer's Siding Spilman Spring Hill Spring Run Sproul Stafford Mine Star City (Sbriver, P. 0.) State Line, Pa.-W. Va. Steelton Sterling Stewart StoUings Stone Branch Stone House Stone Siding Stowe Switzer Sydnor Sylvester Mine Teays Ten Mile Terminal Jet. Theo. Bush Lum- ber Co. Thompson Thompson Mine Toll Gate Triadelphia Tri-State Gas Co. Turkey Run Uffington Underwood Upper Falls Utility Siding Valley Falls Valz Siding Van Camp Van Vorhis Vaucluse Veto Vienna Vina Virginia Virginia-Buffalo Co. Volcano Jet. Waldo Mine No. 1 Waldo Mine No. 2 Walker Wallace Wanda Warwood Washington Washington Springs Watson Watson Siding Watts St. Station (Charleston) Waverly Webster Wells Wellsburg Wells Pit Wells Siding Wendell Mine Nos. 1 and 2 West Charleston West Clarksburg West Columbia West Hamlin West Huntington West Siding West Union West Van Voorhis Wheeling Wheeling Jet. 46 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY West Virginia — Stations — Continued. Wliitman Williamstown Woodville Whitman Jet. Willow Grove Worthington WMttaker Willow Island Wyatt W. M. Wierton Wilson Yates Wilber Wilsonburg Yolyn Wilfong Witcher York "Willard Mine Wolf Summit York Mine Willard Mine Jet. Woodland Yuma "Willets Co. Woodruff Zalia Wisconsin — Stations as follows: Algoma Clyde Haven Bartel Colgate Honey Creek Bay View Corliss Ives Becher St. County Line Kansasville (Milwaukee) Cudahy Kewaunee Belgium Decker 's Kenosha Berryville De Pere Kenyon Big Suamieo Dillman's Kildare Bristol Dover Lake Brookfield Drueeker Lake Beulali Burlington Duck Creek Lannon Burlington Malt Duplainville Layton Park Co. East Elm Grove Lincoln Ice Co. Brookside Egg Harbor Lindwerm Butler Elba Little Suamieo Caledonia Elm Grove Luxemburg Calhoun Ephraim Manitowoc Camp Lake Fish Creek Maplewood CarroUville Forestville Marinette Casco Fox River Menomonee Falls Casco Jet. Franks ville Mequon Cedar Grove Gatliff Milwaukee Chestnut St. Granville Milwaukee Shops (Milwaukee) Green Bay Milwaukee Stoct Chickory Switch Green Bay Jet. Yards Cleveland Hadfield Mosel TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 47 Wisconsin— Stations- Mukwanago National Home New Butler New Franken Newton North Avenue (Milwaukee) North Burlington North Milwaukee Oakwood Oconto Getting Ice Spur Oostburg Pensaukee Peshtigo Phillips Pit Pleasant Prairie Port Washington Racine Racine Jet. -Continued. Ranney Rio Creek Rugby Jet. St. Francis St. Huberts Spur Salem Saranac Sawyer Sheboygan Shore Line Siding No. 6 Silver Lake Silver Springs Sister Bay Somers South Milwaukee Stone Quarry Sturgeon Bay Sylvania Templeton Tewes Ice Track Trevor Truesdell Two Rivers Ulao Union Grove Valentine Spur Vernon Washington Island Waukesha Wauwatosa Weeden's West AUis Wheatland Whitefish Bay Wilcox Wiswell Woodworth 9. Chicago Freight Disteict in Indiana The Chicago Freight District in Indiana includes that part of Indiana north and west of and including points on a line drawn from the Illinois-Indiana state line through Shelby, San Pierre, North Judson, Knox, Hamlet, Plymouth, Warsaw, Mil- ford Junction, New Paris, Goshen, Elkhart, and Granger to the Indiana-Michigan state line ; also the part of Michigan lying on and west of the line of the Big Four Railway from Benton Harbor through Niles to the Indiana-Michigan state line. 10. Chicago Junction Points As Defined in Exceptions to the Official Classification Blue Island 111. Calumet Park 111. Bradley 111. Chicago 111. Broadview 111. Chicago Heights 111. 48 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Chicago Junction Points — Continued. Coster 111. Joliet 111. Dolton 111. Kankakee 111. East Joliet 111. Kensington 111. Gibson Ind. Matteson 111. Gibson Yard Ind. Momenee 111. Grand Crossing 111. Momenee Transfer 111. Hammond Ind. Riverdale 111. Hartsdale Ind. South Chicago 111. Harvey 111. Steele lU. Hawthorne 111. West Hammond 111. Highland 111. West Pullman lU. 11. Chicago Switching District Beginning at a point on the shore of Lake Michigan, due north of Clarke Jet., Ind. ; thence south to and including Clarke Jet. (including freight interchanged between the I. H. Belt R. R. and Wabash Ry. at ToUeston, Ind.), thence southwesterly and south just west of the E. J. & B. to but not including Ivanhoe, Ind. ; thence southwesterly to and including Osbom, Ind. ; thence northwesterly to a point on the Little Calumet River just east of the P. C. C. & St. L. ; thence northw'esterly just east of the P. C. C. & St. L. to a point just south of Dolton, 111. ; thence southwesterly to a point just south of Harvey, 111. ; thence north- westerly just west of the G. T. to a point just west of Blue Island, 111. ; thence north and northwesterly just west of the B. & 0. C. T. and I. H. Belt to a point just south and west of McCook, 111. ; thence southwesterly just south of the C. & I. W. to and including Willow Springs, 111. ; thence northeasterly just north of the C. & I. W. to a point just west of McCook, 111.; thence north and northwesterly just west of the I. H. Belt to a point just south and west of Melrose Park ; thence westerly along the C. & N. W. to and including Proviso ; thence easterly along the C. & N. W. to and including Melrose Park; thence northerly just west of the I. H. Belt to a point just south and west of Franklin Park; thence westerly along the C. M. & St. P. to and including Godfrey Yard; thence east along the C. M. & St. P. to and including Franklin Park ; thence northerly just west of TEERITOEIAL TBAPFIC TERMS 49 the M. St. P. & S. S. M. to and including Des Plaines, 111. ; thence southeasterly just east of the C. & N. W. to the City Limits of Chicago ; thence east just north of the said City Limits to the Mayf air cut-off of the C. & N. W. ; thence northeasterly just west of the C. & N. W. to and including Greenwood Street Station ; thence southwesterly just east of the C. & N. W. to the City Limits of Chicago; thence east just north of said City Limits to the east line of Chicago Ave. or Clark St. ; thence northerly on the east line of Chicago Ave., 725 feet; thence east to the east line of C, M. & St. P. Ey. ; thence southeasterly to center line of Howard St. ; thence easterly on the said center line of Howard St. to the shore of Lake Michigan; thence southerly along the shore line to the point of beginning. 12. CoLOEAD© Common Points Colorado Springs, Denver, Pueblo, and Trinidad are the most important of these points, but some tariffs list more than 400 stations as taking the Colorado Common Point rates, some of which are located in Wyoming and New Mexico. 13. East Mississippi Rivee Ceossings (1) As Defined in Exceptions to the Official Classification® Illinois : East Burlington East Clinton East Dubuque East Fort Madison Fulton East Hannibal East Keokuk East Louisiana East St. Louis Keithsburg Quincy Rock Island Savanna (2) As defined in Western Trunk Lines Circular No. 1 and Illinois : Alton Bast Burlington East Clinton East Dubuque succeeding issues. East Ft. Madison East Hannibal East Louisiana East St. Louis Keithsburg Quincy Rock Island Savanna ©These crossings are shown on Map 1, Railway Traffic Maps. 50 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY 14. East of Illinois-Indiana State Line As defined in Trans-Missouri Rules Circular No. 1, or reissues, includes points shown below Connecticut — All points. Delaware — All points. District op Columbia — All poiats. Indiana — All points, except : Aetna Grasselli Republic Alco Griffith Robertsdale Buffington Hammond Roby Calumet Hartsdale Saxony Clark Jet. Highland Shed-Field Colehour Hessville State Line Dyer Hobart Tolleston East Chicago Indiana Harbor Van Loon East Hammond Maynard "Whiting Gary Osborn Wolf Lake Gibson Pine Kentucky — As follows : Aden B. K. Junction Lexington Anchorage Enterprise Limeville Ashland Ewington Louisville Ashland Junction Farmer Manchester Augusta Frankfort Maysville Broshears Frost Mentor Buena "Vista Garrison Midland Carrs Gates Moreland Catlettsburg Greenup Mt. Savage Chilesburg Hawesville Mt. Sterling Concord Henderson Netherland Covington Kilgore Newport Denton L. & E. Junction New Richmond Dover Leon Olive Hill TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 51 Kentucky — Continued. Olympia Owensboro Paducah Pine Grove Preston Quincy Riverton Ross Russell Salt Lick Shelbyville Soldier South Portsmouth South Ripley Also all points in the following states : Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (South- ern Pen.) New Brunswick Newfoundland New Hampshire New Jersey New York Nova Scotia Ohio Pennsylvania Springdale Stepstone Uniontown Vanceburg Welsburg Winchester Province of Ontario Province of Quebec Rhode Island Vermont Virginia West Virginia The same definition of this term is given in Western Trunk Lines Circular No. 1 and succeeding issues. 15. East op Mississippi River As defined in Trans-Missouri Rules Circular No. 1, or reissues, includes all points in the following states Alabama Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi New Brunswick Newfoundland New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Nova Scotia Ohio Pennsylvania Province of Ontario Province of Quebec Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin 52 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY 16. East op "Western Termini As defined in Western Trunk Line TarifiP No. 1, or reissues, includes all points in the following states Connecticut Delaware District op Columbia Maine Maryland Massachusetts New Brunswick New Hampshire New Jersey New York Nova Scotia Pennsylvania Province op Ontario Province op Quebec Rhode Island Vermont Virginia West Virginia 17. Fort Smith (Ark.) Group op Stations As defined in Southwestern Lines' Territorial Directory No. 1 Apex Ark. Arkoal Ark. Bashe Ark. Bonanza Ark. Burma Ark. Cameron Okla. Cavanal Okla. Cedars Ark. Dallas Ark. Denman Ark. Doubleday Ark. Excelsior Ark. Fenn Ark. Fidelity Ark, Ft. Smith Ark. Greenwood Ark. Gunther, No. 1 Ark. Gunther, No. 2 Ark. Hackett Ark. Harp Ark. Hartford Ark. Hartford Jet Ark. Hill Ark. Hoffman Ark. Howe Okla. Hoye Ark. Huntington Ark. Jenson Ark. Maney Jet Okla. Mansfield Ark. Midland Ark. Montreal Ark. Monroe Okla. Neff Okla. Oak Park Ark. Patterson Ark. Poteau Okla. Potter Okla. Prairie Creek Ark. Shaft Six Ark. Smokeless Ark. South Ft. Smith Ark. Van Buren Ark. Ward (Sebastin County) . .Ark. Williams Ark. Williams Okla. Wister Okla. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 53 18. Eastern Colorado and Wyoming As defined in Trims-Missouri Rules Circular No. 1, or reissues; includes the following points Ackerman Colo. Akron Colo. Altvan Wyo. Amherst Colo. Amity "Wyo. Areola Wyo. Arlington Colo. Arriba Colo. Atwood Colo. Avondale Colo. Balzac Colo. Barr Colo. Baxter Colo. Beethurst Colo. Beta Colo. Bethune Colo. Big Bend Colo. Boone Colo. Bovina Colo. Brandon Colo. Bristol Colo. Bronco Colo. Brush Colo. Buchtel Colo. Buckingham Colo. Burlington Colo. Byron Colo. Caddoa Colo. Calhan Colo. Camden Colo. Campstool Wyo. Carpenter Wyo. Casa Colo. Catherine Colo. Castile Colo. Channing Colo. Cheraw Colo. Chico Colo. Chivington Colo. Cornelia Colo. Crest Colo. Delite Colo. Derby Colo. Diston Colo. Eads Colo. Eckley Colo. Elder Colo. Eno Colo. Fenton Colo. Fergus Colo. Flagler Colo. Fleming Colo. Fort Morg£in Colo. Fowler Colo. Fowler Spur Colo. Galatea Colo. Galien Colo. Genoa Colo. Goodale Colo. Granada Colo. Gravel Pit Spur Colo. Grote Colo. Grover Colo. Hadley Colo. Halls , . Colo. Hartraan Colo. Hasty Colo. Haswell Colo. 54 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Eastern Colorado and Hawley Hayden Hays Haxtun Hereford Hillrose Hilton Holly Holyoke Hudson Hyde Inman Karl Keenesburg Keesee Keota Kilburn Kings Center Klink Koen Komman Kremis Kreybill LaFayette Laird La Junta Lamar Laura Las Animas Limon Lodi Lolita Lubers McClave Manzanola Markham Marlman Wyoming — Continued. Colo. Martin Colo. Colo. Mattison Colo. Colo. May Valley Colo. Colo. Melonfield Colo. Wyo. Merino Colo. Colo. Messex Colo. Colo. Millwood Colo. Colo. Minto Colo. Colo. Morse Colo. Colo. Nepesta Colo. Colo. Newdale Colo. Colo. Nowles Colo. Colo. Numa ' Colo. Colo. Nyberg Colo. Colo. Olney Springs Colo. Colo. Ordway Colo. Colo. Otis Colo. Colo. Padroni Colo. Colo. Paoli ...Colo. Colo. Parrish Colo. Colo. Peetz Colo. Colo. Pinneo Colo. Colo. Platner Colo. Colo. Prowers Colo. Colo. Pultney Colo. Colo. Ramah Colo. Colo. Randall Colo. Colo. Raymer Colo. Colo. Resolis Colo. Colo. Riley Colo. Colo. Riverdale Colo. Colo. Rixey Colo. Colo. Robb Colo. Colo. Roberta Colo. Colo. Rocky Ford Colo. Colo. Roggen Colo. Colo. Schramm Colo. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 55 Eastern Colorado and Seibert Shelton Shelton Jet Sheridan Lake Sligo Stein Sterling Stoneham Story Stuart Stratton Sugar City Sugardale Swink Tampa Tip Top Tonville Wyoming — Continued. Colo. Towner Colo. Colo. Trowel Branch Colo. Colo. Union Colo. Colo. Vallery Colo. Colo. Vineland Colo. Colo. Vona Colo. Colo. Warwick Colo. Colo. Waveland Colo. Colo. Weitzer Colo. Colo. Wiggins Colo. Colo. Wiley Colo. Colo. Willard Colo. Colo. Winston Colo. Colo. Wray Colo. Colo. Xenia Colo. Colo. Yuma Colo. Colo. Alabama Florida Georgia 19. Green Line Territory® (Map 5) Comprising the stations named below in Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Virginia Alabama — All stations except stations named on page 60. Florida — ^AU stations except Pensaeola. Georgia — All stations. Mississippi — Stations as follows : Aberdeen Jet. Belmont Burnt Cut Acker Bigbee Cauhorn Armory Black Creek Chancellor Arklet Brewer Dennis Becker Bumsville Gatman ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-Issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association (Chicago). 56 TEAFFIC GLOSSARY Mississippi — Stations- -Continued. Glens Kewaunee Russell Golden Leedy Smith's Spur Gravel Siding Log Spur Steens Greenwood McCrary Strickland Springs Neil Theadville Holcut Nettleton Tishomingo Houston's Mill New Hope Toomsuba Indian Mound Paden Walker luka Plantersville Wilcox Junction City Quincy Wise's Gap North Carolina — All stations. South Carolina — All stations. Tennessee — Stations as follows: Dresden, Gleason, Ralston, and all other stations except stations In Mississippi Valley Territory. Virginia — Stations Adams Grove Aiken Summit Alberta Alexanders Alms House AltaVista Alton Angle Antlers Apple Arey Arral Arringdale Ashley Axton Bannister Barksdale Baskerville Bassett Berry Hill as follows : Blaine Bocock Boone's Mill Boxwood Boydton Boy kins Bracey Branchville Brictile Brinkley Bristol Brodnax Brookneal Brooks Buffalo Jet. Buffalo Lithia Springs Bufords Burgess Burnt Chimneys Burt's Siding Butterworth Butts Road Caleb Capron Carlisle Carrsville Carson Cascade Casey Cashie Siding Charlie Hope Chase ' City Chatham Chatmos Christie Clarion Clarksville Clarkton Clover TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 57 Virginia— Stations- -Continued. Cluster Springs Finneywood Huske Cochran Fishburn Isaac Corapeake Jet. Fontaine Jarratt Courtland Forbes Jeffress Critz Fort Mitchell J. L. Jennings Cross Roads 41 Mile Siding Keysville Crystal Hill 49 Mile Siding Koehler Cypress 55 Mile Siding Kress Dahlia Foxes La Crosse Damascus Franklin Lanahan Dan River Freeman Lawrenceville Danville Galveston Lawyers Dauntless Garst Leaksville Jet. Davis Gisnal Lees Mill Delaware Glade HHl Lennig Dennis Gladys Logdale Denniston Goebel Lone Jack De Witt Grandy Lumberton Dinwiddle Gray Lummis Dip Green Bay Lusks Drakes Branch Green Plain McBride Drewryville Greer McGuffin Drol Gretna (formerly McKenney Dry Fork Franklin Jet.) Martinsville Durmid Grizzard Mason Edgerton Hagood Mayo Edgewood Handsoms Mays & Crowders Eley Henry Spur Elwood Hickory Ground Meherrin Emporia Hilda Merideth Esnon Hitchcock Mill Modat Evington Holland Montview Fall Creek Homeville Mossingford Fentress Houston Motley Ferrum Hugo Naruna 57 Mile Siding Hurt Nathalie Finchley Hurt Nelson 58 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Virginia — Stations — Continued. Newbill Newell News Ferry Newsome Lumber Co. Newsoms Nichols Nilpond Noding Northwest Nurney Oak Hill Oekward Ontario Ory Otter River Pace Pacoman Siding Patrick Springs Paynes Pedigo Pen Hook Pettys Philpott Pierce & Aker Pittsville Pleasant Shade Pope Powell Preston Prilliman Providence Jet. Purvis Racume Randolph Rawlings Reams Redwood Reigate Ridgeway Ringgold Rocky Mount Rorer Mines Rustburg Rux Ryan St. Brides Sandy Level Saunders Saxe Scottsburg 72 Mile Siding Siddon Skelton Skipwith Soudan South Boston South Clarksville South Emporia South Hill Spencer Starkey Stella Stokesland Stony Creek Story Stuart Sutherlin Sycamore Tanwood Taylors Taylorsyde 39 Mile Siding Tolley Toshes Trego Turner 22 Mile Siding 28 Mile Spur Union Hall Union Level Urguhart's Spur Vabrook Vey Vindrew Virgilina Waller Wallers Walumco Ward Springs Warfield Wassett Whaley Whittle Wilson Lumber Co. Winfall Wirtz Wolf Trap Wrights Yale TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 59 20. Junctions op Western and Central Freight Association Roads As defined in Exceptions to the Official Classification Alton 111. Ashland . . . . ; 111. Beardstown 111. Bloomingtbn 111. Blue Island 111. Calumet Park 111. Chapin 111. Chenoa 111. Chicago 111. Coster 111. Crandall 111. Decatur 111. East Hannihal 111. East Joliet 111. East Louisiana 111. East St. Louis 111. El Paso 111. Essex 111. Gardner 111. Gibson Ind. Gilman 111. Granite City 111. Hammond Ind. Jacksonville 111. Joliet 111. Kankakee 111. Kewanee Wis. Litchfield 111. Mackipaw City Mich. Manistique Mich. Manitowoc Wis. Marinette Wis. Mattoon 111. Mazon 111. Menominee Mich. Milwaukee Wis. Morton Jet 111. Neoga 111. Paxton 111. Pekin 111. Peoria 111. Santa Fe Jet 111. Seneca 111. Shattuc 111. Smithboro 111. Sorento 111. Springfield Ill Taylorville 111. Venice 111. 21. Mexico Common Points A list of these points is given under "Southwestern Tariff Committee Territory" of this section. 22. (Southeastern) Mississippi Valley Ti:rritort (Map 5 and description on hack thereof) This territory should be distinguished from Mississippi Valley 60 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Territory; the latter ia a rate adjustment territory, and the former a freight association territory. 23. Mississippi Valley Territory® (Map 5) Comprising the stations named below in Alabama Kentucky Mississippi Arkansas Louisiana Tennessee Alabama — Stations as follows: Alabama Port Pruitdale Pigford Barker Cotton Government St. Prichards MUls Grand Bay Rendell Bayou La Batre Gulfcrest Rolston Bradley Irvington Russell Burbank Kauffman St. Elmo Chunchula Kennedy Sans Souci Beach Citronelle Kushla Semmes Coden Lamberts Sidney Crary Langdon South Orchards Crichton Lloyd Tacon Crichton Pine Mann Taylor Products Co.'s Mauvilla Theodore Switch Mertz Three Mile Creek Deer Park Mobile Venetia Delchamps M. & B. S. Jet. Vinegar Bend Duff Moffett Spur Waleys Dwight Neely Warren Switch Eddy Neshota "Water Works Eight Mile Oak Grove Siding Escatawpa Orchard Whistler Faith Padgett Williams Farnell Parker Wilmer Fowl River Paynes Wood Spur Freiburg Pierce Yellow Pine Froshinn ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association (Chicago). TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 61 Arkansas — Station as follows : Helena Kentucky — Stations as follows : Almo Futrell Miller's Spur Arlington Glade Moscow Ballard Jet. Grafton Murray Bardwell Hardin Oaks Bai'low Hazel (State Line) Oakton Benton Heath Owens Berkeley Hickman Pryors Boaz Hickory Shucks Switch Bondurant Tola South Columbus Cayce Jordan State Line Clayburn Kemp 's Stubbs (Graves Co.) Kevil Thurman Clinton Krebs Tobacco Columbus La Centre Tyler Crutchfield Laketon Viola Dexter Laketon Sand Pit Water Valley Dodds Lang Wells East Cairo Ledford Wickliffe Elva Maxon Win ford Florence Mayfield Wingo Fulton Louisiana — Stations as follows: Abel Angle Bayou Paul Abita Springs Angola Bayou Sara Addison Anson Belle Helene Albany Areola Belle Point Alcazar Arlington Belmont Alniedia Baines Benton Alsen Baker Bingen Alton Bankston Spur Bird Amite Barmen Bogalusa Amos Baton Rouge Bolivar Angelina Battle Bolivar Jet. 62 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Louisiana — Stations- —Continued Bonifouca Corbin Geismar Bonn Cornland Genesee Bradleys Cosun Genesee Spur Brakel Cottage Farm Gentilly Brandon Covington Georgeville Breckwaldt Crespo Getreau Brittany Cumnock Giblin Brockdale Cutrer's Gills Spur Brooks Daniels Goodbee Brookview Day Good Hope Brothers Denham Springs Goodwin & Strick- Brown Dolsen land Spur Bruder Doyle Gourier Brims Dreyfous Gramercy Bullion Dunbar Grangeville Burnside Duren . Graves Burtville Dutch Bayou Greenlaw Busby Lumber Dyson Gullets Spur Eagle Gurley Bush East Kentwood Guzman Campbells Edenborn Hackley Carpenters Elvina Hamilton Carville Essen Hammond Catalpa Ethel Harahan Central Fallon Helvetia Chapman Florenville Hermitage Chattsworth Flukers Hester Chef Menteur Folsom Hillery Citrus Forest Glen Hill's Switch Claiborne Franklinton Holden Clifton Frellsen Home Clinton Frenier Honey Island Coburn (Tangipa- Frieler Hoods hoa Parish) Fulda Howells Coles Wye Gamble Spur Huggins Colomb Park Gardere Humphries Convent Garyville Hutchinson TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 63 LouisuNA — Stations — Continued. Hygeia McGehee North SlideU Independence McHugh Norwood Irene McManus Nott Irvings Magee Oak Hill Isabel Malarcher Oaklawn Jackson Road Manchac Oakley Jefferson Mandeville 106 Mile Spur Jenkins Manheim Oneida Johnsons Manske Onville Jones Marston Ormond Julia Maryland Ory Kassel Mason Ozone Park Keller Maud Paloma Kemp Micheaud Patterson Kenner Millards Paulina Kenner Jet. Milneburg Pearl River Kents Mill Mitch Pecan Grove Kentwood Montegut Pfalzheim Kleinpeter Montpelier Phillips Konstanz Montz Pico La Branch Moores Crossing Pigott's Lacombe Morgan Pinecliff Lake Catherine Morgans Pine Grove La Place Mt. Airy Pine Grove Wye Laurel Hill Mt. Herman Pineview Lee Mount Houmas Plettenburg Leescreek Murdock Ponchatoula Lewis Napton Poolsbluff Lewiston Natalbany Port Chalmette Lily Neckar Port Hudson Lindsay Nettie Powells Little River New Orleans Price Little Woods Newsom's Prospect Longwood Nichols Ramsay Lutcher North Baton Rapidan Luzon Rouge Rearwood McElroy North Shore Red Bluff 64 TEAPFIC GLOSSARY Louisiana — Stations- -Continued. Remy Scotland Trest Rescue Siegen Uncle Sam Reserve Slaughter Union Rhodes Slidell Varnado Richards Smith Velma Richardson Soest Viavant Riddle Sorrento Victoria Rigolets South Point Vidalia Rio Southport Jet. Villere Front Roberts Soulhwood Virgin Rose Sport Wakefield Roseland Spring Creek Waldeck Rost Stafford Walker Ruddock Steff Walsh St. Elmo Stein Warnerton St. Gabriel Stern's Factory Warren St. Joe Stevensdale Weber St. Johns Store No. 21 Welcome St. Mary Store No. 48 Welham Platform St. Rose Story Whitman St. Tammany Strader Wilhelm Salmens Strothers Wilmer Sarpy Sun Wilson Sauve Sunny Hill Wilton Seabrook Talisheek Witten Sellers Tangipahoa Woodhaven Sharp Terre Haute Woodland Sharpsburg Tickfaw Wortham Shaw Tie Spur Youngs Shiloh Timberton Zachary Shrewsbury Timberton Jet. Zona Scanlon Mississippi — Except stations shown on pages 95 and .96. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 65 Tennessee — Stations as follows : Alamo Conger Gibbs Aliens Cordova Gibson Alturia Covington Gilmore Arlington Crockett Gleason Atoka Crockett Mills Grand Junction Atwood Curve Greenfield Augustus Cuthbert Greer Bailey Cypress Grover Bartlett Darwin Gwin Baskerville Denmark Guys Bellevue Dresden Halls Bells Dudley ' Harris Bemis Duryea Hatchie Berclair Dyer Henderson Bethel Dyersburg Heneks Big Hatchie Bads Henning Bolivar EUendale Henry Braden Ensley Hickory Valley Bradford Falcon Hickory Withe Brighton Felts Hillside Brittain Ferguson & Hilltop Brooksdale Palmer Spur Humboldt Brownsville Finger Idlewild Bruce 's Finley Imperial Brunswick Flippin Ina Buntyn Forest Hill Jackson Burkitt Forty-Five Jones Cades Fowlkes K. C. Jet. CapleviUe Frettin Keeling Carroll Friendship Kenton Cedar Grove Fruitland Kerrville Chewalla Fruitvale Laconia Clamore Gadsden La Grange Clay Galloway Latta Cobbs Gardner Lawrence Colcutt Gates Leewood CoUierville Germantown Lenow 66 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Tennessee— Stations- —Continued. Lenox Paris Sitka Lucy Park Davis Somerville McConnel Parkers South Fork McKenzie Pea Point South Fulton McNairy Perry South Memphis Handles Phillippy Springdale Malesus Pierce Stanton Markham Pinson Stevens Jet. Martin Piperton Stinger Mason Pocahontas Switch No. 5 Master Polk Teague Maury Jet. Pomona Templeton Medina Proctor City Terrell Medon Puryear Tiger Tail Melrose Race Track Tigrett Memphis Raine Tipton Mengelwood Ralston Tiptonville Mercer Ramer Toone Middleburg Rialto Trenton Middleton Richwood Trezevant Milan Ridgely Trimble Millington Ridgeway Troy Minonk Ripley Union City Miston Rives Vildo Moffat Roberts Wade Montgomery Park Robinson Waldron Morris Spur Rogers Springs Warren Moscow Rossville Wells Mullins Ronton West National Cemetery Rutherford White Neely Saulsbury Whitehaven Newbern Scaife Whites Normal School Selmer Whiteville Oakfield Shandy Whitlock Oakland Sharon Williston Oakville Shepards Wilson Obion Shoffner Woodland MUls TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 67 Tennessee — Stations — Continued. Woodstock Wynnburg Wrights Yale Youngs 24. Missouri River Crossings® Proportional rates from territory east of the Illinois-Indiana State Line to Montana and other Trans-Mississippi Territory apply only on shipments moving through these crossings. Sioux City, la., is not a river crossing, but it is accorded the privilege of proportional rates in competition with Omaha, Neb. Armourdale Kan. Atchison Kan. Council Bluffs la. Kansas City Kan. Kansas City Mo. Leavenworth Kan. Nebraska City Neb. Omaha Neb. Pacific Jet la. St. Joseph Mo. Sioux City la. South Omaha Neb. Sugar Creek Mo. 25. Missouri River Points As defined in Trans-Missouri Rules Circular No. 1 and Succeed ing Issues. Agency Ford Mo. Amazonia Mo. Armour Mo. Armourdale Kan. Atchison Kan. Bartlett la. Bean Lake Mo. Beverly Mo. Bigelow Mo. California Jet la. Camden Point Mo. Coming Mo. Council Bluffs la. Coverdale Kan. Craig Mo. Curzons Mo. DeKalb Mo. Dearborn Mo. Edgerton Jet Mo. East Leavenworth Mo. Farley , Mo. Folsom la.. Forbes Mo. Forest City Mo. ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-Issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association (Chicago). 68 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Missouri Rivbb Points — Continued. Fortescue Mo. Fort Leavenworth .... Kan. Frazier Mo. Gower Mo. Greenwood Mo. Halls Mo. Hamburg la. Harho Mo. Harlem Mo. Haynies la. Hovey Mo. latan Mo. Island Park la. Kansas City Kan. Kansas City Mo. Kenmoor Mo. Langdon Mo. Leavenworth Kan. McPaul la. Missouri Valley la. Napier Mo. Nebraska City Neb. Nishnabatna Mo. Nodaway Mo. Omaha Neb. Onawa la. Pacific Jet la. Parkville Mo. Payne la. Percival la. Phelps Mo. Platte City Mo. Plattsmouth Neb. Pleasant Hill Mo. Raytown Mo. Rulo Neb. Rushville Mo. St. Joseph Mo. Settles Mo. Sioux City la. Smithville Mo. South Lee Mo. South Omaha Neb. Stillings Mo. Sugar Creek Mo. Vale Mo. Waldron Mo. Wallace Mo. Watson Mo. Weston Mo. Winthrop Mo. 26. Missouri River Points As defined in Exceptions to the Official Classification Armourdale Kan. Atchison Kan. Council Bluffs la. Kansas City Kan. Kansas City Mo. Leavenworth Kan. Nebraska City Neb. Omaha Neb. Pacific Jet la. St. Joseph Mo. Sioux City la. South Omaha Neb. Sugar Creek Mo. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 27. Montana Common Points 69 Anaconda Dawson Mares Austin Deer Lodge Mill Creek Avon Dempsey Mullan Birdseye Dough Jet. Race Track Blossburg EUiston Ross Boulder Garrison Schiffman Boyd Gregsons Silver Bow Bradley Hackney Stuart Butler Helena Walkers Butte Kohrs Warm Springs 28. Montgomery Sub- Territory (Map 5 and description on back thereof) For a complete list of stations see section 3 of " Southeastern Territory" of this section. 29. New England Freight Association Territory® (Map 2) Comprising the stations named below in Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire New Yobk Rhode Island Vermont Connecticut — All stations. Maine — All stations. Massachusetts — All stations. New Hampshire — All stations. New York — ^As follows: Brookview Buskirk Canaan Chatham Chatham Centre Claverack Eagle Bridge East Buskirk East Chatham East Shagticoke Ghent Harrison Hoosick Hoosick Falls Hoosick Junction ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-Issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association (Chicago). 70 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY New York — ^Stations- Hudson Hudson Upper Johnsonville Lansingburg Larchmont Manor Mamaroneck Mechanicsville Mellenville Melrose -Continued. Niverville North Hoosick Petersburg Port Chester Pulvers Rennselaer Reynolds Rye Shagticoke Troy Upper Hudson Valley Falls Van Hoesen Walloomsac West Valley Falls White Creek Rhode Island — All stations. Vermont — ^AU stations. 30. North Pacific Coast Terminals Trans-Continental Freight Bureau West-Bound Tariff No. 4 contains the list of these terminals shown below : Aberdeen Wash. Albina Ore. Anaeortes Wash. Astoria Ore. Ballard Wash. Bellingham Wash. Black River .Wash. Black River Jet Wash. Blaine Wash. Bothell Wash. Brooklyn Wash. Burlington Ore. Cosmopolis Wash. Dupont Wash. Earlington Wash. East Portland: Ore. East St. Johns Ore. Everett Wash. Fremont Wash. Fulton Ore. Georgetown Wash. Graham Ore. Hoquiam Wash. Interbay Wash. Kenton Ore. Latona Wash. Linnton Ore. Montavilla Ore. Portland Ore. St. Johns Ore. Seattle Wash. Seattle Piers Wash. South Aberdeen Wash. South Bellingham. . .Wash. South Tacoma Wash. Tacoma Wash. Tacoma Wharf Wash. University Ore. Vancouver Wash. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 31. Northwestern Tereitort® 71 Canada — All points in the Provinces of Alberta, British Colum- bia, Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Idaho — All stations, except when routed via Missouri River Crossings. Michigan (Upper Peninsula) — Stations as follows: Abbitosse Ewen Montreal Agate Fair Oaks Morgan Anthony Falls Murphy Baltimore Foy Murphy Pit Barclay Gale Nestor Basco Gem Nestoria Beaton Spur Gillet Newport Siding Bergland Gogebic Nobles Bessemer Groesbeck North Bessemer Bessemer Jet. Gunet Onyx Black River Hartley's Opal Blemers Hutula Paquette Braces Crossing Interior Paulding Camp Francis Ironwood Paynesville Carp Switch Jumbo Perch Chesberough Keeler Peshims Choat Kenton Pilgrim Clark King Lake Planter Clarksburg Kitchi Pryor Covington KroU Ramsay Craigsmere Lake Gogebic Robbins Crozier's Mill Leo Robinson Dorais Lewis Ruby Spur Duke Linstedt St. Collins Dunham Maki Sandhurst Emerson Marenisco Schriver Eriekson Massie Siding No. 339 Erlandson Matchwood Sidnaw ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-Issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association (Chicago). 72 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Michigan — (Upper Peninsula) — Stations- -Continued. Siemans Thayer Wakefield Silberg Thomaston Wall Sherry Tioga Watersmeet Spur No. 2 Topaz Watton Spur No. 3 Trout Creek Wellington Spur No. 7 Tula Whipple Spur No. 212 Tula Pit Williamson Spur No. 317 Turtle Woodroy State Line Vermilac Yukon Sylvania Verona Minnesota — All stations except Adrian Hills Round Lake Ash Creek Kanaranzi Rush more Beaver Creek Luveme Steen Bigelow Magnolia Warner Bruce Manley Worthington Ellsworth Org Montana — All stations except when routed via Missouri River Crossings. NoETH Dakota — ^All stations. Oeegon — All stations except the following when routed via Mis- souri River Crossings: Arcadia, Cairo, Huntington, Mallett, Nyssa, Ontario and Vale. South Dakota — All Annie Creek Siding Anthony's Apex Ardmore Argentine Argyle Avalon A^tee Belle Fourche stations except Bench Mark Benclare Berne Black Hawk Blacktail Bonesteel Booge Brandon Brennan Bucks Buena Vista Buffalo Gap Burke Burke's Siding Calcite Canton Central City Chilson Colome Corson TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 73 South Dakota — Stations — Continued. Crown Hill Hot Springs Provo Custer Hudson Rapid City Dallas Iron Creek Y. Redfern Deadwood Ivanhoe Rockford Dewey JeiBferson Roubaix Dumont Jones Rowena East Sioux Falls Juno Spur Rumford Edgemont Keystone Runkel Elk Point Kirk St. Charles Elmore Lead St. Onge Englewood Loring Savoy Erskine Lucile Spur Shindlar Este McCook Sioux Falls Evans Siding Marietta Smithwick Fairburn Maurice Spearfish Fairfax Mayo Stage Barn Canyon Fairview Millers Sturgis Galena Minnekahta Terry Galena Jet. Moll Tilford Garretson Mystic Underwood Gregory Nabant Valley Springs Hanna Nemo "Wasp No. 2 Spur Harrisburg Oelrichs West Nahant Havens Oreville Whitetail Summit Hermosa Piedmont Whitewood Herrick Pluma Winner Hill City Pringle Woodville Holloway Washington — All stations. Wisconsin — Stations as follows: Albertville Altamount Angus Alder Altoona Anson Alma Amery Appalonia Almena Amnicon Arnold AUouez Anderson Mills Ashland 74 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Wisconsin — Stations- -Continued. Ashland Jet. Boyeeville Clayton Athelstane Boyd Clear Lake Athens Boylston Clubine Jet. Atwood Spur Brick Yard Spur Cobban Augusta Bridgeport Cochrane Avoca Brill Coda Badger Mills Bruce Colfax Baldwin Brule Comfort Barksdale Brunet Comstock Barnum Burkhardt Coon Valley Barron Butternut Cornell Barronett Cable Cotton Bateman Cable Pit County Line Bay City Cadott Crocker Spur Bayfield Cameron Cumberland Bear Trap Campbell Mill Curlew Beebe Campbells Spur CusRon Beldenville Campia Cutter Bell Canton Cylon Belle Center Carlson Dallas Bellinger Caryville Danube Bennett Catawba Dauby Benoit Cedar Dedham Bena Cedar Falls Deer Park Benson Central Ave. Defer Berg Park Centuria Deronda Bibon Chapman Dewey Birch Chaseburg Donald Birchwood Chelsea Downing Blanehard Chetek Downsville Bloomer Chequamegon Jet. Dresser Jet, Blueberry C. St. P. M. & 0. Drummond Blue River Jet. Dunnville Bluff Creek Chippewa Falls Durand Bluff Siding Chippewa Mine Eagle Point Boardman Cirkle Spur Earl Boscobel Clarks Eau Claire TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 75 Wisconsin — Stations- -Continued. Edith Hammond Joel Edminster Spur Hannibal Jump River Eliot Hanson & Johnson Kennan Eleva Spur Kero Elk Mound Hatch Kimball Elmwood Haugen Kipling Ellsworth Hawkins Knapp Emerald Hawthorne KoU Enderline Hayward Kruger Engoe Hazel Park La Crosse Ester Headquarters Ladysmith Fall Creek Henderson La Farge Fennimore Hersey Lake Nebagamon Fifield High Bridge Lakeside Fleming Hillsboro Lampson Foaches Hillsdale Lancaster Forsman Hines Laree Forest City Holeombe Larsen Spur Foxboro Hopkins Le Claire Frederic Houghton Lehigh Galesville Howard Lenawee Gays Mills Hornersville Leonards Gile Hoj-t Liberty Gilman Hudson Linderman Girard Jet. Hudson City Lone Rock Glen Flora Hughey Luck Glenwood Hurley Lynch Glidden Huser Spur Lytles Glover Ingram Maiden Rock Gordon Ino Maple Gotham Ipswich Marengo Grand Crossing Iron Belt Marshland Grand View Iron River Marston Grantsburg Itasca Martel Grimpo Jewett Mason Gurney Jewett Mills Maxwell Hager Jim Falls McDougal Spur 76 TEAFFIC GLOSSAEY Wisconsin — Stations- McVickers Medford Melleii Menomonie Jet. Merit Middle River Midway Mikana Milltown Mineral Point Crossing Minong Mondovi Morse Moquah Muscoda Muskeg Narrows Neally Nelson Nettleton Ave. New Auburn New Richmond North. La Crosse Northline Nye Odanah Ogoma Onalaska O'Neill Orrville Osceola Oss'eo Park Falls Pearson Pembine Pence -Continued. Pennington Pepin Perley Petersburg Phillips Phillips Spur Phipps Pike River Pikes Pine Creek Platteville Pokegama Pokegama Jet. Poplar Porters Mills Poskin Lake Prairie du Chien Prentice Prentice Jet. Prescott Prescott Road Price Rath Reedstown Red Cedar Requa Rhodes Rice Lake Richardson Richland Center Rickard Spur Ridgeland Ritan Spur River Falls Roberts Rock Crusher Rockmont Rosedale Rusk Rustone Spur St. Croix Falls St. Croix; Spur St. Louis Salmo Sanborn Sand Spur Sarona Saunders Sauntry Savoy Saxton Schneider Spur Sedgwick Seeley Severance Shell Lake Sioux Slag Pile Spur Slowbridge Soldiers Grove Solon Springs Somerset Soudan South Range South Superior Spider Lake Spooner Spring Brook Spring Green Spring Valley Spur No. 68 Spur No. 91 Spur No. 104 Spur No. 130 TEERITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 77 "Wisconsin — Stations- —Continued. Spur No. 146 Sutherland Viroqua Spur No. 148 Sweden Wabash Spur No. 152 Teegarden Walbridge Spur No. 161 Thornapple Wascott Stanley Thorpe Washburn Stanton Tony Waster Spur Starr Topside Wauzeka State Line Traiuor Wentworth Stearns Tramway Werley Steele Trego Westby Steuben Trempeleau Westbora Stinnett Trevino West Superior Stitzer Truax Weston Stockholm Turtle Lake Weyerhauser Stoddard Tuscobia Wheeler Strauman Twentieth Ave. White River Strickland Twin Bear Wiehe Strum Twin Bluff Wildwood Summit Upson Wilson Superior Van Buskirk Winne-Boujoun Superior (East Victor Woodman End) Viola Woodville 32. Ohio Rivee Crossings As defined in Exceptions to the Official Classification Brookport 111. Cairo 111. Cincinnati Ohio Evansville Ind. Gale 111. Jeflfersonville Ind. Joppa 111. Louisville Ky. Madison Ind. Mounds 111. Mt. Vernon Ind. New Albany Ind. Thebes 111. Thebes Transfer HI. 78 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY 33. Prorating Points in Iowa and Missouri As defined in Exceptions to the Official Classification® Alexandria Mo. Ashburn Mo. Ballinger la. Beck la. Bellevue la. Bettendorf la. Bricker la. Buffalo la. BuUards la. Burlington la. Busch la. Camanche la. Canton Mo. Cascade la. Clemens Mo. Clinton la. Davenport la. Dubuque la. Dunsford Mo. Elk River Jet la. Fairport la. FoUetts la. Fort Madison la, Galland la. Gordon's Perry la. Gregory Mo. Green Island la. Hannibal Mo. Helton Mo. Huiskamp Mo. Ilasco Mo. Kemper la. Keokuk la. La Grange Mo. Lamb Mo. La Motte Mo. Le Claire la. Linwood la. Louisiana Mo^ Love Mo. Lyons la. Macuta la. Middle Lock la. Montpelier la. Montrose la. Mooar la. Mungers Switch Mo. Muscatine la. Pleasant Creek la. Pleasant Valley la. Princeton la. Reading Mo. Sabula Ja. St. Louis Mo. Sandusky la. Santuzza Mo. Saverton Mo. Shaffton la. Shoecraft la. Shopton la. Spring Grove la. Summit la. Tile Works la. Viele la. ©Shipments from these points eastbound and to them westbound are governed by the Official Classification. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 79 Prorating Points in Iowa and Missouri — Continued. West Burlington la. Wever la. West Keithsburg la. White Rock Mo. West Quincy Mo. 34. Rio Grande Crossings Brownsville, Tex.; Eagle Pass, Tex.; El Paso, Tex.; Laredo, Tex., are the Rio Grande Crossings. 35. Southeastern Basing Points® Augusta Ga. Hawkinsville Ga. Bainbridge Ga. Jacksonville Pla. Beaufort S. C. Johnson City Tenn. Birmingham Ala. Macon Ga. Brunswick Ga. Milledgeville Ga. Charleston S. C. Montgomery Ala. Columbia Ala. River Jet Fla. Columbus Ga. Rome Ga. Dublin Ga. Savannah Ga. Eufaula Ala. Selma Ala. Fort Gaines Ga. 36. Southeastern Freight Association Territory (Map 5 and description on back thereof) 37. Southeastern Mississippi Valley Association Territory (Map 5 and description on back thereof) This territory should be distinguished from Mississippi Valley Territory. The latter is a rate adjustment territory, and the former a freight association territory. 38. Southeastern Territory® (Map 5) ©The more important points only are shown (unofficial). ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association (Chicago). 80 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY 1. Atlamta Suh-Terriiory Comprising the stations named below in Alabama Georgia Tennessee Florida South Carolina Alabama — Stations as follows: Abanda Berwick Champion Adams Blake Chandler Springs Alabama City Blanche Chase Albertville Blanton Chepultepec Alexandria Blue Mountain Cherokee Mills Alfretta Blue Pond Chesterfield Allen Bluffton Chestnut Alpine Boaz Chinneby Alton Bolivar Choccolocco Altoona Borden Springs Citico Anderson Bostick Cliff Andrews Boyds Tank Coal City Angel Bradford Cobb City Anniston Bridgeport Coe Argo Bristow Cogswell Siding Armstead Brompton Coldwater Askew Browusboro Colgate Ashland Buckie CoUbran Atkinson Buck CoUinsville Attalla Buffalo Comet Aughtman Burgess Congo Bailey Bush Cooks Barclay Bynum Cook's Springs Barclays Caldwell Coosa Valley Bath Springs Carara Cox Spur Battelle Carara Junction Cragford Belle Mina Carlisle Cropwell Bensyde Carpenter Crudup Benjamin Cedar Bluff Crump 's Tank Bennett's Cedar Grove Cumberland Min- Berneys Cedric ing Co. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 81 Alabama — Stations — Continued. Curry Grasmere Killian Cusseta Gray Kiowa Daisy Graystone Kirk Dale Greenbrier Kymulga Dallas Greens Ladiga Dambmann Griffin & Ackers La Fayette Danway Gunter's Landing La Garde Davis & Crump Guntersville Landers De Armanville Gurley Lane De Bard Hammond Mines Lanett Dickert Harbin Laney Dixiana Hardwick Langdale Dolcito Harrison Langdon Dolcito Jet. Heflin Larkinsville Duke Henderson Lawrence East Alabama Jet. Hiawatha Leatherwood Eden Highland Leba Edwards Hilton Ledbetters Bdwardsville Hobbs Island Leesburg Elko HoUingsworth Lehigh Emauhee Hollywood Lehigh No. 2 Erin Huntsville Lester Ewing Ingram Wells Lewins Fackler Inland Lily Flagg Farm Ironaton Lim Rock Farley Iron City Lincoln Five Points Ivalee Lineville Flat Rock Jacksonville Little River Forsythe Jamestown Littleton Fort Payne Jenifer Lock Frog Mountain Jester Loop Fruithurst Johnson L. & N. Crossing Gadsden Kaolin McCalmont Gate City (DeKalbCo.) MeClendon Glass Keener McCuUoh Glencoe Kenny McElderry Government Spur Ketona McFall i2 TEAFPIG GLOSSAEY Alabama — Stations — Continued. McGinty Mackey Madison Malone Margaret Markstein Merrelton Mitchell Mountain Coal & Iron Co. Moody's Spur Moore's Cut Moragne Morris Mine Morris Mine Jet. Mountainboro Mt. Jefferson Mt. Pinson Moxley Mud Creek Munford Murrycross Muscadine Nelson Nolan Nottingham Oakland Odenville Ohatchie Oneonta Osanippa Owens Oxford Paint Rock Paint Rock Bridge Palestine Palmers Pana Parsons Patterson Peavy Peoples Pell City Pell City Cotton Mill Piedmont Pleasant Gap Porterville Prescott Price Prices Pyriton Quarry Spur Queenstown Ragan Ragland Ramsay Rayburn Read's Mill ReeseviUe Remlap Rendalia Renfroe Richardson Riverside Riverview Roanoke Robersons Spur Robinsons Spur Rock City Rock Run Rock Spring Rock Spring Quarry Roper Round Mountain Ruffner No. 1 Ruffner No. 3 Rylands St. Clair St. Ives Sanie Saunders Spur Savage Schuler Scottsboro Seaboard Coal & Coke Co. Seddon Selfville Shawmut Sherbrook Shocco Sico Siding 71 Siebert Silver Run Slackland Sligo Spring Garden Springville Standing Rock Steele Stemley Stephens Stevens Gap Stevenson Stockdale Strouds Sycamore Taff Tait's Gap TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 83 Alabaua — Stations — Continued. Talladega Vigo Whitney Teciiinseh Village Springs Williams Tennys Vulcan Wilsonia Tokio Wadley Wimberley Tredegar Walineta Woodall Trussville Waldo Woodlawn Tumlin Gap Walker's Crossing Woodville Turkey town Wapella Woolfolk Turner Weathers Word Upton Welch Wynn Valley Head Wellington Yamme Valley Mines Whites Yellow Creek Vanns Whites MUl Zuni Varners Spur Flortoa — ^AU stations except those in Montgomery Sub- Territory. Georgia — ^AU stations except those shown on pages 4, 85 to 87 and 94 to 95. South Carolina — Stations as follows: Adams Run Beldoc Cannons Allendale Bennett Cave Almeda Berry Hill Charleston Appleton Besleau Cherokee Armstrong Bidgood Colleton Ashepoo Blakes Coopers Ashepoo Crossing Bowers Coosaw Ashleigh Brabhams Coosawhatchie Ashley Jet. Brennan Copes Ashton Brown's Hill Corbetts Averills Brunson Cordes Backfields Bryans Cowden Barnwell Bulow Coxes Barton Bulow Mines Crockettville Bashan Burton Croghans Beaufort Bush Cross Roads Beech Island Caldwell Cummings Behling Camp Branch Davidson 84 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY South Carolina- -Stations — Continued. Drawdys Hattieville Padgetts Drayton Hethington Padgetts Mill Dukes Hoffs Parkers Ferry Duneman Hollywood Pecan Dupont Horris Pineland Early Branch Island Road Platts Edash Jackson Pon Pon Ehrhardts Jacksonboro Port Royal Ellenton James Island Purysburg Ellis John's Island Quigley Estill Kathwood Rantowles Ethel King Ravenel Fairfax Kline Ravenel Platform Fechtig Kress Rhodes Ferebee Lamb 's Jet. Rickenbockers Plyville La Roache Ridgeland Frampton Lena Ritters Fraziers Lightsey Ruffin Furman Lodge Rumph Gannons Long & Bellamy St. Andrews Garnett Luray Salkehatchie Garris Luther Sanders Geraty's McCants Savannah River Gifford McGibson Pit Goodrich McLeod Schofield Goshen Magnolia Scotia Govan Magwood Seabrook Grays Martins Seigling Grays Hill Mathis Sheldon Green Pond Meggetts Smithville " Grimes Miley Smoaks H. & B. Jet. Millett Standard Halsted Moores Gravel Pit Steel Creek Hampton Moselle Stokes Hankinson Myers Stone Hardeeville Okeetee Storage Harrison Olar Sycamore TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 85 South Carolina— Stations— Continued. Tarboro Ulmers Welch Tavora Valentine Whipple Ten Mile Vamville White Hall Thayers Voorhees Williams Tillman Walterboro Yemassee Tomotley Wappoo Yenome Toogoodoo Warrens Yonge 's Island Towles Weekley Spur Youmans Twigg TENNEssKii — Stations as follows : Alton Park Howardville Southern Exten- Apison Jersey sion Yards Black Pox Kings Bridge Summit Blue Springs Ladds Tennga Boyce Lookout Thatcher Chattanooga McCarty Tucker Springs CMckamauga McDonald Tyner Citico Marble Switch Vulcan Conasauga Ocoee Wauhatchie Cravens Oldfort Weatherley East Chattanooga Ooletewah Wells Etna Mines Shellmound Whiteside Hinch Whorley Southeastern Territory — Continued. (Map No. 5) 2. Ailcmta Subdivision, Sometimes Called Carolina Territory South of the WalhaUa Line Comprising stations in Georgia North Carolina South Carolina as follows: Georgia — Stations as follows; Air Line Arcade Asbestos Alto Armour Athens Anandale Amoldsville Attica 86 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Georgia — Stations — Continued. Auburn Cornelia Hartwell Autry Crawford Hays Crossing Avalon Cross Keys Heardmont Ayeraville Currahee Helen Bairdstowu Dacula Hillman Baldwin Deadwyler Hills Bedingfield Decatur Water Hilton Dodge Bell Works Holders Bellton Deercourt Hollywood Belmont (Hall Deerland Hoschton Co.) Demorest Howells Belt Jet. Dewberry Huff Berkeley Dewy Rose Hull Bethlehem Doraville Hutchings Bishop Duluth Inman Park Bogart Dunlap JefPerson Bowman Dunwoody Joy Bowersville EastanoUee Kirkwood Braselton Edgewood Klondike Brookton Elberton Lavonia Buford Ethridge Lawrenceville Campton Evans Lexington Candler Farmington Lilburn Canon Fellowship Church Little River Carl Felsen Loganville Cauthan Ficklin Lula Center Flowery Branch LuxoniTii Chamble Fortsonia McLeroy Clark Gainesville Malloryville Clarksboro Gillsville Martin Clarksville Gloster Martinez Clayton Goss Mathis Clermont Grayson Maxeys Cleveland Gresham Maysville Colbert Habersham Meldean Comer Hard Cash Middleton Commerce Harper Mina TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 87 Georgia — Stations — Continued. Monroe Pittman Tiger Montreal Pratt's Spur Tignale Morgan Jet. Redstone Toccoa Morris Siding Roswell Tucker Mt. Airy Royston Tumerville Mulberry Russells Turpin Murray Hill Spur Sanitarium Vanna Nacoochee Sells Wallace's Mill New Holland Sharon Walker Park Nicholson Sidney Washington Norcross Smithonia WatkinsviUe Norman Sneads Whitehall North Decatur Statham White Sulphur North Helen Stephens Wiggs Oakdene Suwanee Wiley Oakwood Sweet Water Wilsons Church Oconee Heights Tallulah Falls Winder Oglesby Tallulah Lodge Winn's Spur Ottley Tallulah Park Winterville Pearl Talmo Woodville Pendergrass Thurmack Yonah ORTH Carolina — Stations as follows: Atwood El Paso Roseland Bolivia Emerson Southport Brown's Spur Garesville Town Creek Brunswick Lanvale Wards Clarendon Loughlin Winabow Coolvale Mt. Tabor South Carolina — Stations as follows: Abbeville Apia Aynor Adams Arthur Badham Aiken Ashleigh Balentine Alcolu Ashley Jet. Bamberg Aliens Ashley Phosphate Barber Andrews Attaway Barnes TRAFFIC GLOSSARY South Carolina — Sts itions — Continued. Barnwell Carris Du Rant Barr Cayce Earle Batesburg Centenary Edgefield Bath Chaffee Edmund Bayboro Chapin Effingham Baynham Checkley Siding Elko Beard Childs EUoree Bell Clarks Hill Elsie Benbow Clearwater Embree Berlin Connor Ethon Blackville Conway Eulonia Blakely Cool Springs Eureka Bloomville Copes Eutawville Bonneaus Cordova Pairview Bordeaux Coward Fechtig Bowyer Crabtree Felder Bradley Creco Ferguson Branchville Creston Fersners Siding Britton Croft Fifty-Eight Britts Culler Fishburn Broadway Dargan Lumber Flyville Brockinton Co. Fogle Brogden Darraugh FoUey Lumber Co, Brooks Davis FoUeys Bulls Dawson Ford Burton's Mill Deans Forreston Bussey Deep Creek Fort Motte Byrd Denmark 41 Mile Siding Cades Dietz Four Holes Cades Siding Dixiana Fowle Calhoun Falls Dolcy Fredonia Cameron Donora Gadsden Cana Dorange Gapway Canes Mill Dorchee Garrick Cannon's Crossing Dorchester Gaston Carolina Lumber Drainland Georgetown Mfg. Co. Dunbarton Georgetown Jet. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 89 South Carolina — Stations — Continued. Gilbert Java McBeths Glenn Jedburg McCorkle Spur Gourdins Jennings McCormick Graniteville Johnson Macedon Grants Johnsonville McElveen Siding Graves Johnston McLeod Grays Jordan Madison Greeleyville Kaolin Malphus Gresham Kings Crossing Manchester Hamburg Kingstree Manning Hamville Kingville Maxwell Harbin Kirby Meads Harby Kneece Melons Harleyville Knights Meriweather Harvin Koonce Midland Park Heinemans Ladson Midway Hemingway Lake City Millard Henry Lake View Millard Jet. Hester Lanes Milledgeville Hibemia Langley Milligan Hilda Latimer Mills Lumber Co, Hilton Leapharts Mims Hix Lebama Mixson HoUyffiU Lee Modoc Homewood Leesville Moncks Comer Hopkins Lesesne Siding Monetta Howard Levi Montmorenci Howe Lexington Morrisville Howells Lincolnville Morson Hudsons Little Mountain Mt. Carmel Hutto Livingstone Mt. Holly Immaculate Mines Lone Star Moy Ingleside Long Cane Munn Inglewood Loraine Myer's Mill Irmo Loris Myrtle Beach Iva Lowndesville Naval Station Jamison Ludgate Neeces 90 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY South Carolina — Stations — Continued. Nesmith Read Phosphate Seloc New Hope Works Shelley New Zion Reevesville Shirer Bros. North Remini Shuler Oakley Reynolds Silver Oakwood Rhett Simons Olanta Richland Singleton Olin Ridge Spring Sistrunk One Mile Siding Ridgeville Sixty-Six (City Water Riley Slighs Works) Robbins Smith Spur Orangeburg Robinson Smithville Otranto Roseland Snellings Otside Rowesville South Anderson Ott Rush South Atlantic Packsville St. George Oil Mill ParkhiU St. Matthew Southern Crossing Parksville St. Paul Sparrow Parlers St. Stephens Spigener Paroda Jet. Salak Springfield Peerless Mines Salem Squires Pelion Sallys Starr Perry Salters Steedman Petigru Saluda Stilton Pigate Samaria Stones Pine Island Sanford Strawberry Pinewood Santee Styx Plum Branch Santee Brick Co. Sulton Poston Sardinia Summerland Pregnalls Sato Summerton Privateer Saxon (Water Summerville Privetts Works) Summit Prosperity Scranton Sumter Jet. Rains Seaboard Lumber Sunnybrook Rayflin Co. Swansea Raymond Seivern Taft TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 91 South Carolina — Stations — Continued. Testo Vaucluse Westminster The Farms Verdery Weston (formerly Lar- Wagener Whaley sons) Walker White Pond Thigpen "Waller White Rock Thor Ward Williams Tindall Warrenville Willington Tionesta Warsaw Williston Tonmey Wateree Wilson's Mill Trenton Watts Windsor Trio Week Wolfton Troy Wellings Mill Woodford Truit Lumber Co. Wells Woodlawn Two Thirty-Five West Andrews Woodstock Mile Post West End Yale Vances Alabama Southeastern Territory — Concluded (Map No. 5) 3. Montgomery Sub-Territory Comprising stations in Florida Georgia Mississippi as follows: Alabama — ^AU stations except those shown on pages 60 and 80 to 83 and the following points on the N. C. & St. L. Ry. : Bass Coalton Mitchell's Spur Bell Factory Deposit New Market Bobo Elkwood Normal Card Harvest Plevna Chase Lax Ready Clark Mercury Toney Florida — Stations as follows : Abe's Springs Accord's Apiary Alford Alliance Altha Alum Bluff Apalachicola Apalachicola Lumber Co, A. N. R. R. Land- ing Argyle Armstrong's Mill Aspalaga 92 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY IliORiDA — Stations — Continued. Atkins A. C. L. R. R. Landing Auburn Aycock Bagdad Jet. Bakers Bank's Lower Barkley 's Barrineau Park Barth. Battle Bend Bay City Bayou Siding Bear Head Betts Bloody Bluff Blounstown Bluff Springs Botemia Bonifay Braxton's Brent Brick Yard Brick Yard Island Brigman Bristol Lower Bristol Upper Bryant's Buckeye Buck Horn Burgess Creek Butlers Calhoun Cairo Camp Campbelltown Campton Cantonment Caraway's Caraway's Lower Carr's Carter's Caryville Cedar Bluff Century Chattahoochee Chipley Chipola Chipola Cut Off Claroy Cockran 's Cocoanut Bluff Coe's Compass Lake Coon Coopers Point Corn Bluff Cottage Hill Cotton Bluff Cotton Bluff Lower Cottondale Cox Crestview Criglar Curtis Cutoff Camp Cypress Cypress Creek Dalkeith Danzing Darling Slide Dawson's Deerland De Funiak Springs Degrees Dehu Dicks Point Dixons Dolores Doris Douglass Drer's Camp Dunwoody's Durham Earnestville East Lake Grove Eleanor Escanbia Estes Camp Estiffanulga Upper Esto Everett Ferrell's Fields Flint Flowers Still Floyd's Camp Forristers Fort Gadsden Fouler 's Camp Fountain Fox Hughs Franklin Frozen Bluff Galliver Gait City Garden City Gaskin's Siding Gehu G. F. & A. Ry. Landing TERRITOEIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 93 Florida — Stations — Continued. Glinds Godwin 's Gonzales Gothic Goulding Graceville Gradan Grahams Grand Ridge Greenhead Griffin Gull Point Gunn's Hale's Barge Halfcox Camp Rally's Hardee 's Hardwood Hare's Camp Harold Hart Hawley's Haywood's Hickory Hoffman's Camp Holts Hoodless Howards Cane Mill Howells Hugh's Inwood lola Isbell's Apiary Jacobs Jarl Johnson's Camp Jack "Wood's Kennedy Creek Kentucky Lake Grove Lake Merial Lakewood Lamberts Camp Lampkins Camp Lanier's Apiary Lanier's Apiary, Lower Langfords L. & N. R. R. Landing Laurel Hill Laxley's Mills Leonards Siding Lewis "Wood Yard Liddon's Lockey's Camp Long Pine Look & Tremble Sholes Louisa Loxey's Mills Lulaton McDavid McKimmonville Macon Magnolia Majette Malone Marchant 's Marchant's Camp Marianna M, B. Ry. Landing Mary's Mignon Mill Bayou Mill City Milligan Millville Jet. Milton Molino Mory's Mossy Head Mt. Chipola Mulat Muscogee Mucogee Bluff Musquito Naiad's Landing Natgoona Neal's Needles Eye Camp Niles Nixon Noma Nulsen Oakdale Ocheswe Odena 0. K. Landing Old Blountstown Old Woman's Bluff Olive Owl Creek Owens Oxton Pace Jet. Panama City Paramore's Parish Camp 94 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Florida — Stations — Continued. Patrick's Rock Creek Tennile 's Paxton Rock Island Point Tervin Pease's Kemp 's Thos. Whitehead Penhook Point Roky Three Brothers Pensacola Round Lake Tilton Peri Russell 's U. S. Landing Pine Barren St. Marks Camp Unji Pine Forrest S. A. L. Ry. Union City Pineway Sampsons Valdin Piney Grove Saunders Valle Ponce de Leon Sawlor Vicksburg Port St. Joe Scott's Ferry Visschere Planter's Sharpstown Walmor Point Coloway Shepherds Cane Washington Pole Bluff Mill Watson 's Porter's Shingle Wausau Port Jackson Shuler's Wayside Pringle Shulman Welchton Queen City Silver Lake West Owl Creek Quintette Simla West Pensacola Raines Simsville Westville Ramsey's Sink Creek West Wynton Ramsey's Camp Slough White Oak Randlett's Sneads White River Camp Rankins Camp Southport Wynnlum Red Bull Bluff Stanfill's Yabbo Riscoe's Bluff Steel Bridge Yetti Riverside Steel City Yniestra River Side Sugar Mill Yon's Upper Roast Year Summerville Yon's Lower Robertson Svea Yorick Robinson's Camp Sweetwater Youngstown Rock Bluff Tenile Zorid EOBGiA — Stations as follows : Adam's Anglin's Bermuda Allen's Bartow Berry's TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 95 Georgia— Stations— Continued. Bluffton Grier 's Peacocks Boland's Grimsley's Porter's Ferry Bradley's, Lower Gunn's Powell's Bradley's, Upper G. Y. Banks Rambo's Brannons Hall's, Lower Rankin's Catchens Hall's, Upper Rawls C. of Ga. Ry. Haysville Rick's Landing Hardens Roanoke Chinmey Bluff Hare's Rood's Cody's Harvey's Rooney's Colomokee Hawks Scherling's Columbus Hobb's S. A. L. Ry. Cunningham Homes Landing Dickenson's Howard's Shackelford's Dickersons Humphries Sheffield Donaldson's Indian Mound Shepherd's Dr. Burnetts Jefferson 's Sherlings East Bank Jemigan's Lower Shoemake's Fairchilds Johnson's Smart's Farmers King Rocks Sou. Ry. Landing Fitzgerald's D. B. Kings Speight's Florence Koonce Starke's Clay Floumoys Lawsons Steam Mill Fontaine's, Upper Lokey's Stewart's Fontaine's, Lower Mandyville Tillmans Fort Gaines Midland King Trawiek's Freeman's Millport Tnnnage's Fry's Mott, Boykins Turner's Gaulding's My ricks Turnipseed's Gibson 's Navy Yard Wash's Gilbert's Orange Point Wm. Burnett's Gillis Parada Womack's Georgetown Paulk's Woolfolks Mississippi — Stations as follows: Aberdeen Jet. Amory Becker Acker Arklet Belmont 96 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Mississippi — Stations- Bigbee Black Creek Brewer Burnsville Burnt Cut Cauhom Chancellor Coke Crandall Davis Dennis Gatman Glens Golden Gravel Siding -Continued. Greenwood Springs Holcut Houston's Mill Indian Mound luka Junction City Kewaunee Leedy Log Spur McCrary Neil Nettleton New Hope Oldham Paden Pigford Pine Ridge Plantersville Quincy Russell Shiloh Smith's Spur Steens Strickland Theadville Tishomingo Toomsuba Walker Wilcox Wise's Gap 39. Southwestern Tariff Committee Territory® (Map 6) Comprising the stations named below in Arkansas Louisiana Mexico Oklahoma Texas Arkansas — All stations. Louisiana— All stations, except stations shown on pages 61 to 64. Mexico — Common Agua Nueva (Coahuila) Amecameea Amozoc Apizaco Atlixco Atzacoalco Barrientos Bermejillo Buena Vista (Coahuila) Points as follows : Bustilloo Calera (Durango) Cameros Casa Colorado Cazadero Celaya Cerro Gordo (Mexico) Chihuahua Cholula Ciudad Juarez Cobian Conejos Cordoba Cuantitlan (Mexico) Culiacan Durazno El Carmen (Puebla) El Castillo El Rio (Coahuila) ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-Issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association Territory (Chicago). TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 97 Mexico — Common Empalme Eneantada (Coahuila) Escalon Esperanza (Puebla) Fresno (Chihuahua) Garcia (Nuevo Leon) Gloria Gran Canal Hercules Homos Huehuetoca Irolo Ixtlahuaca (Mexico) Jalapa (Vera Cruz) La Compania La Griega La Junta (Chihuahua) Leal Lecheria Linares Llano (Chihuahua) Los Charcos Los Cocas Mai Paso Marfil Mariseala Matehaula Mena (Tlaxcala) Merida Points — Continued. Mesa (Chihuahua) Mexico Minaca Monterey Munoz (Tlaxcala) Nogales ( Sonora ) Nopola (Hidalgo) Noria (Coahuila) Oaxaca Otumba Ozumba (Mexico) Pachua Palomas (Chihuahua) Parral Paso del Toro Pedernales (Chihuahua) Polotitlan Puebla Puenta de Ixtla Queretaro Ramos Arispe Rio Blanco Rosendo Marquez Salamanca Salas Salinas (San Luis Potosi) Saltillo San Andres (Chihuahua) San Andres (Puebla) San Antonio (Chihuahua) San Bias (Sinoloa) San Cristobal (Mexico) Sandoval (Hidalgo) San Geronimo (Oaxaca) San Juan (Coahuila) San Luis Potosi San Marcos (Puebla) San Miguelito (Vera Cruz) San Pedro (Coahuila) Santa Ana (Tlaxcala) Santa Eulalia Santa Isabel (Chihuahua) Santa Julia Santa Lucrecia Santa Rita (Hidalgo) Santa Sabina Sauceda (Coahuila) Tabalaopa Temosachic Teocalco Teoloyucan Tepa Ticul Tlalnepantla (Mexico) 98 TEAFFIC GLOSSARY Mexico — Common Points — Continued. Toluca Trasquila Viesca Torreon Tulacingo Zacatecas Torres (Sonora) Tultenango Zitacuaro Trancoso Vente de Cruz Oklahoma — All stations. Texas — ^AU stations. 40. Tbxabkana Points List of points taking same Territorial Application as Texarkana, Ark.-Tex. 1 (1) Arkamas Points Acorn Bryan Doddridge AUene Buchanan Dolph Alton Buckner Dotson Anderson Bussey Eagleton Arcadia Canfield Emerson Arden Carr Kingsworthy Experiment Arkinda Spur Foreman Ashdowu Cauthron Fort Lynn Austin (Drab Clear Lake (Little Fouke P.O.) River Co.) Frostville Baker Clear Lake (Miller Fruit Junction Bates Co.) Fruita Bear Creek Junc- Clipper Spur Fulton tion Coaldale Gamma Bellaire Combs Spur Garland City Belton Comet Geneva Bingen Compton Genoa Black Diamond Conley Gilham Blevins Coulter Gotham Box Factory Spur Cove Grannis Boyd (Miller Co.) Deaneville Gravel Pit Bradfords DeQueen Guernsey Bradley Dian Hafton Brister Dierks Hatfield TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 99 Arkansas — Points — Continued. Hatton Mena Red Bluff Hennessy Mena South Redland (Dixon Highland Switch P.O.) Homan Mineral Richmond Hon Mineral Springs Rich Mountain Hope . Mohawk Roberts (Miller Horatio Moore Co.) Howard Morris Ferry Schaal Hudson Murfreesboro Sheppard Joella Nashville Sprudel Johnson Neal Springs Stamps Kerlin Norvell Stranger Kiblah Ogden Sweet Home Kilgore Oliver Taylor Kings (Sevier Co.) Orchard Siding Texarkana, Ark.- Kress City Orton Tex. Lewisville Ozan Tharp Locksburg Paroloma Thrasher Long Patomos Tokio (Hempstead Lumber Patton Co.) McCaskiU Pattsville Vandervoort McKami Paup Waldo McKinnie Pleasure Island Waldron McNabb Post Pipe Co. Spur Washington McNeil Potter White Cliffs Magnolia Powers Wickes Mandeville Prairie Oil & Gas Willard Matthews Co. Spur Wilton Maxwell (Pike Provo Winthrop Co.) Pullman Wortham Mayton Ravanna (2) Oklahoma Points and from the Oklahoma points named ielow: Fogels Spur Hodgens Perry (Le Flore Forrester Page Co.) Heavener Thomasville 100 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY 41. Texas Common Point Teebitoey (Map 6) 42. Teans-Mississippi Rivek Teeeitoet® (Map 1) BizoNA — Stations as follows : Aguila Calumet Erman Alicia Calva Escala Alrich Cavot Eugenie Alta Cerbat Fields Alto Chirieahua Florence Anita Clifton Flores Apache Clune Forepaugh Apex Cochran Forrest Arey Coconino Frankenburg Arizona City- Coledon Frisco Ariz, and Colo. College Peak Galena Jet. Congress Gila Audley Cordes Gilbert Bawtry Coronado Gilson Bernardino Corta Glade Biddle Creamery Golden Block Crook Grand Canyon Bloxton Crown King Guthrie Blue BeU Cunningham Haeckel Bon Davern Hamm Bouse Deer Trail Hansen Jet. Branaman Denny Helena Brills Divide Henrietta Buchan Dome Hereford Bunkers Douglas Higley Burch Drury Holmes Burns Duncan Hopi Buttes Eloy Hull Bylas Enid Humboldt ©Territorial Directory No. 3, or re-issues, by the agent for the car- riers of the Central Freight Association Territory (Chicago). TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 101 Arizona — Stations- -Continued, Iron King Patio Springs Junction Pearce St. David Kelvin Peck Stark Kendall Peterson Stoval Kennard Pica Sunshine Kim Piedra Talklai Kingdon Pinal Tanque Kiser Pitt Theba Lancha Poland Jet. Thomson Land^ Crossing Polvo Tinnaka Lee Prairie Tombstone Lewis Springs Price Topock Linskey Prieta Tufa Lirim Providence Turkey Creek Lockhart Puntenney Twelve Mile Spur Lowell Queen Creek Twin Buttes R. R, McQueen Radium Jet. Marana Rankin Union Marrs Red Lake Utting Miami Riverside Vaile Middleton Russell Vanar Mineral Saddle Vicksburg Mobile Salome Warren Mohawk Station Servess Warrior Moores Spur Sheldon Webster Morenci Shope Wenden Naches Silicia Willaha Naco Silverbell Winkleman Navajo Simon Wood Spur Osborn Smith Wooley Pan Solomon York Parker South Siding Zellweger Patagonia Arkansas— All stations. Colorado — All stations. 102 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Idaho — All stations when routed via Missouri River crossings (named as defined in Exceptions to the Official Classification). Iowa — All stations except the following: Beck FoUetts Pleasant Creek Bellevue Fort Madison Pleasant Valley Bettendorf Galland Princeton Bricker Green Island Sabula Buffalo Gordons Ferry Sandusky BuUard Kemper Shaffton Burlington Keokuk Shoecraft Camanche Le Claire Shopton Cascade (Des Linwood Spring Grove Moines Co.) Lyons Tile Works Clinton Macuta Viele Davenport Montpelier West Burlington Dubuque Montrose West Keithsburg Elk River Jet. Mooar Wever Fairport Muscatine Kansas — All stations. Mexico — All stations. Minnesota — Stations as follows: Adrian Hills Round Lake Ash Creek Kanaranzi Rushmore Beaver Cr^ek Luverne Steen Bigelow Magnolia Warner Bruce Manley Worthington Ellsworth Org MissouEi — All stations except the following ': Alexandria Hannibal Munger's Switch Ashburn Helton Reading Busch Huiskamp Riverland Cantoo Ilasco St. Louis Clemens La Grange Saverton Dunsford Lamb West Quincy Fenway La Motte White Rock Gregory Louisiana TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 103 Montana — ^All stations when routed via Missouri River crossings except the following: Anaconda Clough Jet. Mares Austin Dawson Mill Creek Avon Deer Lodge MuUan Birdseye Dempsey Race Track Blossburg EUiston Ross Boulder Garrison Schiffman Boyd Gregsons Silver Bow Bradley Hackney Stuart Butler Helena Walkers Butt© Kohrs Warm Springs Nebraska — . A.11 stations. Ni!)w Mexico — All stations. Oklahoma— -All stations. Oregon — Stations as follows when routed via Missouri River crossings : Arcadia Mallett Ontario Cairo Nyssa Vale Huntington South Dakota— -Stations as follows: Annie Creek Black Hawk Central City Siding Blacktail Chilson Anthony's Bonesteel Colone Apex Booge Corson Ardmore Brandon Crown Hill Argentine Brennan Custer Argyle Bucks Dallas Avalon Buena Vista Deadwood Aztec Buffalo Gap Dewey Belle Fourche Burke Dumont Bench Mark Burke's Siding East Sioux Falls Ben Clare Calcite Edgemont Berne Canton Elk Point 104 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY South Dakota— -Stations — Continued. Elmore Keystone Redfem Englewood Kirk Roubaix Erskine Lead Rowena Este Level Siding Rumford Evans Siding (Note B) Runkel Fairbum Loring St. Charles Fairfax Lucile Spur St. Onge Fairview McCook Savoy Galena Marietta Shindlar Galena Jet. Maurice Sioux Falls Garretson Mayo Smithwick Gregory Millers Spearfish Hanna Minnekahta Spruce Harrisburg Moll Stage Barn Havens Mystic Canyon Hermosa Nahant Sturgis Herrick Nemo Terry Hill City Oelrichs Tilford HoUoway Oreville Underwood Hot Springs Piedmont Valley Springs Hudson Pluma Wasp No. 2 Spur Iron Creek Y Portland "West Nahant Ivanhoe Pringle Whitetail Summit Jefferson Provo Whitewood Jones Rapid City Winner Juno Spur Reckford Woodville Texas — All stations. Utah — All stations. Wyoming — All stations. 43. Tkans-Missodei Territoet The Trans-Missouri Freight Bureau has jurisdiction over all freight traffic which has both origin and destination in the states of Kansas and Nebraska and in Missouri, west of Marshfield, Territorial traffic terms 105 Sedalia, and Pleasant HiU and south of the main line of the Mis- souri Pacific Railway, upon all freight traffic originating within the territory just described and destined to points outside, except I'rans-Continental traffic; also upon all traffic to and from Colo- rado and Utah having origin and destination east of a line drawn from Cheyenne, Wyo., to Trinidad, Colo. Map 1 of Railway Traffic Maps shows the borders of this territory. 44. Tkunk Line Association Territory (Map 2) Comprising the stations named below in Delaware New York District of Columbia Pennsylvanu Maryland Virginia New Jersey West Virginia Delaware — All stations. District op Columbia--A1I stations. Maryland — All stations except those shown in Central Freight Association Territory. New Jersey — ^AU stations. New York — All stations except those shown on pages 18 to 19 and 69 to 70. Pennsylvania — All stations except those shown in Central Freight Association Territory. Virginia — ^AU stations except those shown in Green Line Territory. "West Virginia — ^AU stations except those shown in Central Freight Association Territory. 45. Utah Common Points Ogden and Salt Lake City are the two chief common points, but there is a varying list of points that take the Ogden-Salt Lake City rates or arbitraries over. Every tariff carries its own list of points that take the Ogden-Salt Lake City rates or arbitraries over, some of which are located in Wyoming and New Mexico. 106 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY 46. Virginia Gateways The Virginia Gateways through which freight moves between Southern territory and territory north and west thereof are shown below. Alberta Lynchburg Portsmouth Altavista Meherrin Richmond Brookneal Norfolk Roanoke Burkeville Petersburg St. Paul Jarrat Pinner's Point Suffolk Kilby 47. Virginia Common Points 1. As defined in Exceptions to the Official Classification Alexandria Va. Basic Va. Berkeley Va. Buchanan Va. Buena Vista Va. Burkville Va. Charlottesville Va. Clifton Forge Va. Doswell Va. Farmville Va. Port Monroe Va. Glasgow Va. Gordonsville Va. Hampton Va. Kilby Va. Lynchburg Va. Lexington Va. Manchester Va. Newport News Va. Norfolk Va. Orange Va. Petersburg Va. Phoebus Va. Pinner's Point Va. Portsmouth Va. Richmond Va. Roanoke Va. Salem Va. Smithfield Va. South Glasgow Va. Staunton Va. Strasburg Va. Suffolk Va. Waverly Va. Waynesboro Va. West Point Va. and several hundred stations taking same rates as named in east- bound guide books and billing instructions. This list has rate significance in connection with eastbound rates only. TERRITORIAL TRAFFIC TERMS 107 2. The Virginia Common Points named above and some 800 other stations are grouped in two rate groups for westbound rates. Map 9 shows the two groups as the Lexington group and the Virginia Cities group. 48. Western Termini Points As defined in Exceptions to the Official Classification Allegheny Pa. Irvineton Pa. Ashland Ky. Kenova W. Va. Bellaire Ohio Niagara Falls N. Y. Black Rock N. Y. North Tonawanda N. Y. Buffalo N. Y. Oil City Pa. Buffalo Jet N. Y. Parkersburg W. Va. Charleston W. Va. Pittsburgh Pa. Corry Pa. Salamanca N. Y. Dunkirk N. Y. Suspension Bridge. . .N. Y. East Buffalo N. Y. Titusville Pa. Erie Pa. "Wheeling W. Va. Huntington W. Va. 49. Western Trunk Line Territory (Map 1) In the restricted meaning of the term, Western Trunk Line Territory lies roughly west of Lake Michigan and the Junctions of the Western and Central- Freight Association roads, Chicago to St. Louis, as listed above; east of the Missouri River and western border of North Dakota; and south of the Canadian border. However, the Western Trunk Line Committee has a wide jurisdiction and overlaps in tariff publication much of the surrounding territory. On the other hand, the Central Freight Association and other freight committees in tariff pub- lication invade Western Trunk Lin© Territory. Northwestern Territory overlaps on the north, and Central Freight Associa- tion Territory on the east. The restricted borders of this terri- tory are shown on Map 1 of Railway Traffic Maps. SECTION B TECHNICAI. TRAFFIC TERMS a'bandonment. The giving up of all claim to property with an intent not to reclaim it. In the law of commerce the owner is permitted to abandon property and hold the carrier liable for its value only when it has been damaged in transit to sucTi an extent as to be worthless. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. absorption. In connection with special services or privileges (here- inafter described) incidental to transportation, the carriers, under certain conditions, pay or make an allowance for the expense of such special services or privileges out of the gross revenues they receive for the transportation of the shipments. This is known as ' ' absorption. ' ' For example, the New York Central Railroad out of the revenue it receives for the transportation of a shipment from New York to Chicago will absorb connecting line switching charges at Chicago necessary in effecting a desired terminal de- livery. See Beducing Freight Charges. abstract (railway accounting). An abridgment or sjrnopsis of a rec- ord or account which disregards unnecessary detail. See Bailway Accounting. of title. A condensed history of the title to land, consisting of a synopsis or summary of the material or operative portions of all the conveyances of whatever kind or nature which in any manner affect said land. ■' acceptance. The receipt of property tendered by another with an intention of executing a contract obligation which may be ex- pressed or implied. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. accessorial services. Services incidental to the transportation of prop- erty but not included in transportation itself, such as the switeh* ing, spotting, or icing of ears. See Bases for Freight Charges. 108 TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 109 Accident Report Act. An act requiring carriers engaged in inter- state commerce to make full reports of accidents to the Inter- state Commerce Commission and authorizing the necessary investi- gation by the Commission. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. accounting. car accounting. The development of the movement of line equip- ment, that of the owning road, and the movement of foreign line equipment on the reporting road to establish credits and debits imder per diem rules for the use of equipment. See Railway Accounting. materials. Accounts kept by general storekeepers and district storekeepers, showing material and supplies on hand and dis- position made thereof in accord with bona fide requisition. See Railway Accounting. railway finance. The recapitulation of revenues derived from and expenses incurred in the operation of transportation agencies. acquiescence. A silent appearance of consent. (Worcester.) A shipper is said to acquiesce in the terms of a bill of lading when he or his agent signs or accepts it without protest as to the con- ditions (any or all) which appear thereon. See The Law of Carriers of Goods, act. As used in traffic work: (1) A law, as the Act to Regulate Commerce. (2) The effect of the exertion of power, as the act of God. The following acts will be found described under the proper alphabetical headings: Accident Beport Elkins Prevention of Cruelty Ash Pan Expediting to Animals Boiler Inspection Hours of Service Safety Appliance Clayton Antitrust Immunity of Witnesses Transportation of Compulsory Testimony Parcel Post Explosives District Court Juris- diction See The Act to Regulate Commerce; also The Law of Carriers of Goods. act of God. Any accident due directly and exclusively to natural causes without human intervention, which by no amount of fore- sight, pains, or care, reasonably to have been expected, could have 110 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY been prevented. A term used very extensively as a valid reason for the limitation of liability of carriers of passengers and prop- erty. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. Act to Regulate Commerce. A law enacted in 1887 and amended several times since. The object of this Act is to regulate certain phases of the transportation of persons and property in inter- state commerce, particularly the charges for transportation serv- ices. The principal agency specified is the railroads. In addition, however, many other agencies are subject to the Act to some extent, including water lines under the ownership or control of rail lines, express companies, and telephone and telegraph com- panies. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. address. In transportation circles, the data necessary to enable the United States postal authorities to make the delivery of the notice of arrival of freight and to enable carriers to deliver property at the proper location. Where there is more than one delivering point in a city or town, the address differs from the destination in being more specific. The latter term generally signifies the city or town where the delivery is to be made, while the term "address" signifies the street number or other specific location. See Freight Classification. addressing. See maeking. adjacent foreign country. A foreign country which borders on the United States. Mexico and Canada are adjacent foreign coun- ties. Alaska is not so recognized. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. adjustment (of rates). (1) The relationship expressed in figures which the rates in the locality under consideration would bear to other rates in the same or in other localities. (2) The authorized basis (arbitrary or percentage) on which rates are to be con- structed with respect to basing rates. See Freight Rates — Western Territory. administrative function. The work of a court or regulative body in providing for the actual carrying on of the business of govern- ment. The term is often used in contrast with the word ' ' judicial ' ' where it is desired to signify that a body such as the Interstate Commerce Commission may provide regulations for carrying on transportation as well as passing upon the legality of past actions. The Interstate Commerce Commission, in declaring a TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 111 rate or regulation which has applied in the past, illegal, may be said to act in a judicial capacity, and in providing the rate or regulation for use in the future is acting in an administrative capacity. See Bailway Regulation. admiralty. In England a court which has very extensive jurisdiction over maritime matters. The court of original admiralty jurisdic- tion in the United States is the United States district court. From this court causes may be removed, in certain cases, to the circuit Courts of Appeal or to the Supreme Court. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. adoption notice. In connection with the transfer of the ownership or control of an interstate carrier, a notice must be filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission by the new carrier, agent, or receiver acquiring the interest, signifying that the publications of the former carrier or agent are adopted by the interests filing the notice. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. ad valorem duty. See duty. advances or advanced charges. Those charges which have been paid to an originating or intermediate line by a connecting or terminal carrier. These charges are separately indicated on the waybill from those of the line which "advances" the charges. See Bailway Accounting. advantage. A factor often considered in determining the reasonable- ness or unreasonableness of rates. The principal kinds of advan- tage are as follows: advantage of location. An advantage possessed by one point or shipper over another by virtue of situation with respect to prox- imity to markets of consumption, sources of supply, or trans- portation agencies. artificial advantage. An advantage possessed by one point or shipper over another because of some action on the part of some transportation line or some other agency. For example, the establishment of water-compelled rates applicable from seaboard cities to inland points. natural advantage. An advantage possessed by one point over another from such causes as proximity to navigable bodies of water, abundance of transportation service, and topographical 112 TEAFFIC GLOSSARY and geographical considerations. The terms "natural" and "artificial" advantage are often used to contrast the advantages due to the actions of nature, with such advantages as favorable rate adjustments. See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. affidavit. A statement or declaration in writing sworn or affirmed to before some officer or magistrate vested with authority under the law to administer an oath. Statements so attested are frequently required in connection with loss and damage claims. See Freight Claims. affreightment. The contract by which a vessel or the use of it is let out for hire. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. agency. A department, a station, or an association in charge of a duly accredited representative. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. agent. One who undertakes to transact some business or to manage some affair for another, by the authority and on account of the latter, and to render an account of it. The term is one of a very wide application and includes a great many classes of persons to which distinctive appellations are given, as factors, brokers, attorneys, cashiers of banks, auctioneers, clerks, supercargoes, consignees, ship's husbands, masters of ships, and the like. The terms "agent" and "attor- ney" are often used synonymously. Thus a letter or power of attorney is constantly spoken of as the "formal instrument by which an agency is created." Agents are general or special. A general agent is one author- ized to represent his principal in all matters (in which case he is sometimes called a "universal agent") or in all matters of a particular class. A special agent is one authorized to act only on one occasion or in one transaction. The distinction between an agent and a servant is that the former acts as a substitute for his principal — ^that is, represents him in some transaction with a third person, whereas the latter merely performs the master's work. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. agreed valuation. A valuation placed upon a shipment by the ship- per and accepted by the carrier at a rating conditioned on that valuation, and further conditioned by the fact that the shipper's right of recovery in the event of loss or damage is not to exceed the agreed valuation. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 113 allocation (of expense). In connection with transportation account- ing, the apportionment of the expenditures and revenues to the respective divisions of the organization. For example, the cost of the maintenance of way and structures must be divided between passenger and freight service in that they are used by both. See Bailway Accounting. allowances. In connection with freight transportation generally the amount paid by carriers to shippers or receivers of freight for performing some service or furnishing some material incidental to the transportation of the shipment. For example, an allowance for the furnishing of grain doors or mileage allowance on private equipment. See Bases for Freight Charges. all-rail. An expression denoting that the carriage or movement is exclusively by rail lines as compared with movements partly by rail and partly by water. The term "all-rail," however, is broad enough to contemplate those lines where car-ferry or lighters are employed in effecting the transportation. See Freight Bates — Official Classification Territory. alternative basis. An adjustment which provides two or more classes of rates between the same points and further provides for the application of that one which results in the lowest charge. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. ambiguous. As applied to tariff publications, those rules or regula- tions which are susceptible of several constructions or interpre- tations, thereby raising some doubt as to their intent. A practice which is condemned by the Interstate Commerce Commission. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. amendment. A change made in an existing law or publication, al- though as applied to the latter the term more generally used is "supplement." For example, if a statute provides for a fine of $500.00 and is changed to provide for a fine of $1,000.00, the article or statute effecting the change is known as an "amend- ment." See The Act to Regulate Commerce. analogous articles. Unnamed articles which are similar to named articles from the standpoint of use, construction, ingredients, weight, risks, value, or other classification principles. See Freight Classification. announcement, A formal statement or notice given out by a carrier 114 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY or a commission with respect to its intent with regard to estab- lished practices or a finding in some particular case. See Confer- ence Bulings, annual reports of carriers. A recapitulation of all the expenses entering into and all the revenues derived from the operation of the property, together with the disposition made thereof. of Interstate Oommerce Commission. The tabulation of the ex- penses incurred, complaints investigated, orders entered with re- spect to matters coming before that body for review, and sug- gestions for additional legislation. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. apparent good order. A term used in contract of affreightment indicating that from an exterior or superficial survey a shipment is free of damage and in good condition. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. application of rates. The points from, to, or between which, and the route or routes over which, rates obtain, indicate the application of the rates. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. of tariffs. The points or territories from, to, or between which the provisions of a tariff or other publication apply. For example, a tariff naming rate between Chicago and Chicago rate points on the one hand and Ohio Eiver Crossings on the other is said to apply between the points mentioned. apportionment of tonnage. From a traffic standpoint, the distribution of com- petitive traffic among competing carriers without preference in order to promote cordial relations. From a railway standpoint, the apportionment as made by the carriers upon an agreed basis between themselves, this being known as "pooling" and for- bidden by the Act to Regulate Commerce. of vehicles. The distribution of vehicles among shippers, usually upon some definite basis. As an example, in the distribution of cars to coal mines, the apportionment is often made on the basis of the number of cars used during a specified period or on the TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 115 number of ears loaded daily. Quite often the mine output deter- mines the mine rating. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. appurtenances. As applied to shipping, the term includes whatever is on board a ship or vessel for the object of the voyage and adventure in which she is engaged, belonging to her owner. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. arbitraries. Amounts added to base-point or terminal rates to pro- duce through rates. As the term indicates, arbitraries are amounts arbitrarily fixed by the carriers and do not of necessity bear a definite relation to other rates in the territorial adjustment in connection with which they may be used. They may be expressed per hundred pounds, per package, per car, or per other shipping unit. For example, a rate may be made 15 cents per hundred pounds plus an arbitrary of $3.00 per car irrespective of weight. See DiiTERENTiALS ; also Freight Rates — Western Territory. artificial person. A body, company, or corporation considered in law or in commercial transactions as an individual. Tor example, The New York Central Railroad and Swift and Company are artificial persons. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. as cnstomary (or with all dispatch as customary). When in a con- tract of afEreightment refers to the customary manner of doing work, but does not have regard to the period of time in which the work is to be performed. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. as fast as a steamer can deliver. A clause embodied in charter par- ties providing for the discharge of the cargo with the utmost dispatch practicable, having regard to the custom of the port, the facilities for delivery possessed by the particular vessel under the contract of affreightment, and all other circumstances in existence at the time. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. Ash Pan Act. An act providing that locomotives used in interstate or international commerce shall be equipped with ash pans con- forming to certain standards. See The Act to Regulate Commerce and Supplementary Acts. assent. Approval of or concurrence in something done. For exam- ple, by means of a concurrence a carrier assents (or agrees) to the publication of rates to, from, or via points on its lines which may be published by another carrier, or agent. See Publication and FiUng of Tariffs. 116 TRAFFIC. GLOSSARY assignee (or assign). One to whom property is assigned or trans- ferred. See The Bill of Lading. assignment. The transfer to a third party of some property right or title. This term is frequently used in connection with bills of lading which are indorsed (assigned) over to another party (the assignee, or assign) by the owner of the bill (assignor). Such indorsement gives to the party named title to the property covered by the bill of lading. See The Bill of Lading. assignor. One who transfers or assigns property. See The Bill of Lading, associated railways. A federation or organization of different rail- way interests in a common aim, such as the supervision of rates, standardization of equipment, uniform procedure, and the like. See Railway Organization and Management. association. As applied to carriers, an organization consisting of designated representatives of the carriers, comprising the mem- bership, delegated to perform some special function where it is desirable that carriers act in unison in order to insure uniform practices and to attain other desirable ends. The most compre- hensive railway association in the United States is the American Railway Association, which has jurisdiction over a great variety of matters of mutual interest and importance to tie carriers of this country. See Application of Agency Tarifs. assumption of risk. In connection with the transportation of freight indicates that under the contract of shipment the carrier, or the shipper, or both as the case may be, assumes certain liabilities in case of loss or damage. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. astray freight or astray freight. Freight which has become sepa- rated from the regular waybill or for which there is no waybill. Astray freight may be divided into three general classes: (1) that which has reached destination without complete billing infor- mation; (2) that which is found at some other point than desti- nation without necessary billing information but whose destina- tion is evident by marks or other information; (3) that which is found at some point without billing information or sufficient information on the freight itself to determine what disposition to make of it. In the third class is included freight which has no identifying marks on it, as in cases where tags have been torn off. See Railway Accounting. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 117 attendant. A term applied in classifications and tariffs to caretakers in charge of property, such as live stock, live poultry, fruits, and vegetables, which require the personal attention of the shipper or his agent during transportation. See Freight Classification. attorney-general. An officer appointed by the president of the United States and a cabinet officer, whose duties are to appear for the United States in all suits in the Supreme Court to which the United States is a party, and to give his opinion on questions of law when requested by the president or heads of departments. Some states also have an attorney-general. See The Act to Begu- late Commerce, attractiveness of trafGlc. A rate-making factor denoting greater desirability of some articles as a transportation subject than others, which takes into account such elements as value, risks, bulk freight, and financial returns. See Freight Classification. auditor. An accountant who examines, analyzes, and passes upon the accuracy of accounts. In railway organization the chief accountant is usually the general auditor, to whom report the auditor of freight receipts, the auditor of passenger receipts, the auditor of disbursements, and other subordinate accountants. See Bailway Accounting. anthority. All services for and incidental to transportation of inter- state and in some cases intrastate commerce are required to be on file with the respective commissions in publications bearing distinctive numbers. The citation of the , number of the issue containing the charge assessed is the authority for the rate applied. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. automatic coupler. A safety device for fastening cars together in trains and otherwise which obviates the necessity of employees' endangering life or limb by going between cars to effect the union. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. average (Marine Insurance). The adjustment and apportionment of maritime losses between the parties to the adventure made in proportion to their respective interests and losses in order that one interest may not suffer the entire loss, but that it be dis- tributed equitably among them. general average (also called gross). A contribution according to value made by the associated interests which form a marine ad- 118 TRAFFIC GLOSSAEY venture, comprising (1) the ship itself, (2) the merchandise she carries, and (3) the freight she earns. The object of this con- tribution is the repayment of some expense incurred or the resti- tution of something of value which has been sacrificed for the benefit of the whole. particular average. A loss happening to a ship's freight or cargo in a maritime adventure which is not to be shared by contribution of associated interests but must be borne by the owner of the subject to which it occurs. In this sense it is used in contra- distinction to general average. petty average. A term used to denote such charges and disburse- ments as, according to occurrences and the customs of pvery place, the master necessarily bears for the benefit of the ship and cargo. This may be at the place of loading or unloading or on the voyage, and includes the hire of a pilot, towage, light money, beaconage, anchorage, bridge toll, quarantine, etc. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. average agreement. An agreement between consignors or consignees on the one hand and carriers on the other, by which the shipping public are given credit for vehicles held over the allowed free time where other vehicles have been loaded or unloaded in less than the allotted free time. See Demurrage and Car Efficiency. average hauL The distance traversed by a freight shipment multi- plied by the number of tons in the shipment gives the number of ton miles represented by that particular shipment. When a large number of shipments are taken into consideration aggregat- ing many tons, the average distance in miles traversed by each ton of the aggregate may be ascertained by dividing the total number of ton miles by the total number of tons. This is called the ' ' average haul. ' ' See Statistics of Freight Traffic. B back haul. A haul which involves a movement in the opposite direc- tion, to a terminal or junction in forwarding it to its ultimate destination. See Freight Rates — Western Territory. baggage. Such wearing apparel and articles for personal necessity, comfort, convenience, or recreation as would be needed by the owner on his journey and to accomplish its object. That is to say, it is the ordinary effects that are reasonably needed by one TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 119 upon his journey and to accomplish its object that are termed "ordinary baggage." In determining this question there must be considered (1) the station in life of the passenger, (2) his business or occupation, (3) the object of his journey, (4) whether the effects are personal to him, and (5) the reasonableness in amount for the journey and its object. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. baggage check. A numbered metal or cardboard tag issued to a passenger by a carrier as a receipt for baggage or personal effects carried as such. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. bailee. In law, one who receives certain personal property in trust to perform some act in respect to it and to return it after the act has been performed, as a banker receives money for deposit or as a carrier receives goods for transportation. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. bailment. A delivery of goods in trust on a contract expressed or implied that the trust will be duly executed and the goods rede- livered as soon as the time or use for which they are bailed shall have elapsed or have been performed. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. bailor. A person who delivers property to another (the bailee) in trust for a specific purpose. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. balance. An equality between the two sides (credit and debit) of an account. Also the amount remaining due from one person to another on a settlement of an account involving a mutual dealing. See Railway Accounting. barratry. In maritime law, an unlawful or fraudulent act, or very ■ gross and culpable negligence of the master or mariners of a vessel in violation of their duty as such and directly prejudicial to the owner and without his consent. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. bases for (or of) rates. Formulas, provisions, or rules made for the construction of freight rates of the carriers. Bases for rates should be distinguished from the rates themselves in that a basis provides a formula establishing the relationship of rates, rather than stating the rates themselves. As an example of formulas used in connection with rates, the rates between Trunk Line Ter- ritory and C. F. A. Territory are constructed by taking percent- ages of the New York-Chicago rates. See Freight Bates — Official Classification, 120 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY basing point. A point the rates to which and from which are used individually or in conjunction with others in establishing through rates to other destinations. See Freight Bates — Southern Terri- tory. basing rate. See rates. basing tariffs. See taeiff. beaconage. Money which is paid for the maintenance of a beacon. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. bedding. In freight traffic, the covering of car floors with straw, hay, sawdust, or sand as an aid in the transportation of live stock. See Freight Classification. belt line or railroad. See lines. berth rates. See bate. betterment. That which is added to the equipment of a plant and contributes to its value. See Railway Accounting. billing (or waybilling). (1) The act of preparing waybills. (2) The waybill covering a particular consignment. billing (audit office settlement). (1) Billing used in connection with any commodity, such as coal, grain, or other bulk freight for which it is not possible to ascertain the actual weight at the time of shipment. The property is weighed en route, and the billing is stamped to the effect that settlement will be made through the auditor's office on the basis of the weight so ascertained. This is a practice very commonly applied in connection with material and supplies purchased by carriers, such as fuel, rails, ties, and other items that enter into their upkeep in large volumes. (2) Billing covering shipment moving over two or more carriers and not showing the subdivision of revenue as between the interested carriers that enjoyed the haul. The revenue is apportioned in the auditor's office; hence the term "audit office settlement." foreign. Billing applying from a station on one line to a station on another line. free astray or estray. Billing which is issued to cover shipments that have gone astray in the course of transportation and have TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 121 become separated from the billing issued at the time of the receipt and forwarding of the property. Usually billing of this kind carries no weight or charges, a notation being made to the effect that the agent at final destination is to demand the surrender of the original bill of lading and to assess charges in accordance therewith in the event that he is not holding the regular billing covering the shipment waiting for the goods to materialize. line. Billing applying in connection with some fast freight or dispatch lines. local. Billing applying from one station to another station on the line of the same carrier. overhea,d. Billing applying from one point to another point, neither of which points is on the intermediate line or lines handling the shipment. For example, on a shipment moving from Buffalo, N. Y., to Louisville, Ky., by way of The New York Cen- tral Railroad to Toledo, the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Rail- way to Cincinnati, and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- road to Louisville covered by through billing, the billing would be regarded as overhead by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway in that neither the point of origin nor the destination is on its line. See Bailway Accounting. bill of entry. An account of the goods entered at the customhouse both incoming and outgoing. It must state the names of mer- chants exporting or importing, the quantity and species of mer- chandise, and whether it has been transported and when. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. bill of exchange. A written order from one person to another direct- ing the person to whom it is addressed to pay to a third person a certain sum of money therein named. A bill of exchange may be negotiable or nonnegotiable ; if negotiable, it may be transferred either before or after acceptance. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. bill of health. A certificate properly authenticated that a certain named ship or vessel sails from a port or place and that at the time of sailing no contagious distemper prevailed and that none of the crew at the time of her departure were infected with any such distemper. It is generally found on board ships coming from the Levant or from the coast of Barbary, where the plague pre- vails. It is necessary whenever a ship sails from a suspected port 122 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY or where it is required at the port of destination. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. bill of lading. A shipping form serving a dual purpose. (1) A receipt given by the carrier for goods received. (2) A contract setting forth the conditions of carriage as between the carrier and the shipper. clear or clean. A bill of lading upon which no exceptions are noted as to the quantity or the quality of the goods, or exceptions as to the printed conditions incorporated thereon. exchange. A bill of lading issued in lieu of or in exchange for a previous bill of lading or receipt covering the same consignment. export. A form used on shipments destined to a foreign country by oceanic carriers, in which the liabilities of the rail carriers on the one hand and the water carriers on the other are separately established. government. A form used in conjunction with shipments made by or for the account of the federal government from and to various quartermaster depots, army posts, and naval stations. standard. A form used by certain carriers in the southeastern section of the United States wherein certain conditions vary from those incorporated in the so-called "uniform bill of lading" defined below. through. A bill of lading that covers the liability of the carriers from point of origin to final destination. uniform. A bill of lading, the form of which (but not the con- ditions) has been approved by the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion and is in general use throughout the United States except on certain roads which continue the use of the so-called "standard bill of lading." See The Bill of Lading. bill of sale. A written agreement, often under seal, by which one person transfers his rights to, or interest in, goods and personal chattels to another. The seal is not essential. It is in frequent use in the transfer of personal property, especially that of which immediate possession is not or cannot be given. In England a bill of sale of a ship at sea or out of the country is called a "g^nd bill of sale," but no distinction is recognized in this coun- try between grand and ordinary bills of sale. The effect of a bill of TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 123 sale is to transfer the property in the thing sold. See Freight Claims^ bill of sight. A written description of goods admittedly inaccurate, but made as nearly true as possible, furnished by an importer or his agent to the proper officer of the customs to procure a land- ing and inspection of the goods. It is allowed by an English statute, where the merchant is ignorant of the real quantity and quality of goods consigned to him, so as to be unable to make a proper entry of them. The entry must be perfected in three days after landing the goods. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. bill of store (in English law). A kind of license granted by the customs officials to merchants to carry such stores and provisions as are necessary for their voyage. Custom free. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. blank. (1) A space left in writing to be filled in with the inser- tion of one or more words to complete sense. (2) A skeleton document in which the formal words are printed and blanks left for the insertion of words necessary to adapt the same to one particular case. (3) Shipping forms of various kinds, such as bills of lading, waybills, vouchers, and the like, are often referred to as blanks. See Railway Accounting. blanket policy. A fire or marine insurance policy, not on par- ticular goods but on whatever there may be at a certain time or a varying quantity, such as on a stock of goods subject to a sale and replenishing, or the cargo of a vessel on a particular voyage. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. blanket rates. See bate. block. (1) A unit applied to grouped points of origin or grouped points of destination and used in determining rates. (2) The dis- tance between two automatic signals on a railway. See The Express Service and Bates. blockade. (1) The investment of a port or other place by hostile ships or troops with a view to preventing the passage of supplies and compelling a surrender. (2) In a general way, a condition which makes it impossible to move passengers or property to or from a specified point. (See Embaego.) See Ocean Traffic and Trade. blocking or (and) bracing. Wooden or metal supports or blocks 124 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY used in holding property in place in or on ears. See dunnage. See Freight Classification. bine sky laws. Laws passed in a number of states for the purpose of regulating the issue and sale of securities, stocks, bonds, short- term notes, etc., in such a manner as to protect the purchasers of such securities from the more obvious forms of swindling and fraud. The term originated in the idea that with many of these wild-cat promotion and get-rich-quick schemes the sky seemed to be the only limit. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. board. (1) A governing body of officers of a corporation, munic- ipality, or sovereign power, members of which may be called "com- missioners" or "directors." (2) A body or commission invested with the control or supervision of particular functions and matters of government, as public health, charity, improvement, or utilities. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. board of trade. See Chambee of Commeece. body. A collection of individuals united for a common purpose. Used of a natural body or of an artificial one created by law such as the Interstate Commerce Commission. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. body corporate. A corporation. This is held to be the only, and undoubtedly correct, term to apply to a corporation. See The Law of Carriers of Goods, Boiler Inspection Act. An act providing for the inspection of boilers and steam-generating apparatus on locomotives engaged in inter- state or international commerce to safeguard life and property. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. bona fide. In good faith; without deceit. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. bona fide valuation. A valuation which is given in good faith as the actual value of an article, commodity, or shipment. See Freight Claims. bona peritura. Perishable goods. The law holds that an executor, administrator, or trustee is bound to use due diligence in dispos- ing of perishable goods, such as fattened cattle, grain, fruits, or any other article which may be worse for keeping. See The Law of Carriers of Goods, TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 125 Bona Vacantia. Goods to which no one claims a property right, as shipwrecks, treasure trove, etc. ; vacant goods. These belonged Tinder the common law to the finder, except in certain instances where they became the property of the ruler of the domain in which they were foimd. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. bond. A written acknowledgment, under seal, of a debt or con- tract to pay. A common form of bond is that issued by a cor- poration (a railroad), as security for money loaned, authorizing its return plus an agreed rate of interest. See Railway Accounting. bottomry bond. A contract in the nature of a mortgage by which the owner of a ship or the master as his agent borrows money for the use of the ship and for a specified voyage or for a definite period. It pledges the ship (or the keel or bottom of the ship, taken to represent the whole ship), as security for the payment of maritime or extraordinary interest on account of the marine risk to be borne by the lender, it being stipulated that if the ship be lost in the course of the specified voyage, or during the limited time, by any of the perils enumerated in the contract, the lender shall lose his money. Where the loan is made on the credit of the cargo alone, the loan is called "respondentia." See Ocean Traffic and Trade. indemnity bond. A contract whereby a person insures the car- rier against some loss or damage that may arise from the car- rier's compliance with a request. When an original order bill of lading is lost or delayed a carrier usually requires the party who desires to secure the goods covered by this bill of lading to file a bond of indemnity, indemnifying the carrier against loss or damage due to any action that may be taken against the carrier by other parties who are interested in the shipment and who may hold the original bill of lading. See Freight Claims. Bond-aided roads. Those railroads that have been assisted finan- cially by municipal, state, or federal authorities through the issu- ance and sale of bonds. bonded freight. Freight from foreign countries upon which duties are not paid at the port of entry but which, after being passed by the proper customs authority, is loaded into freight cars which are locked or sealed by government officials and so transported to final destination or to some interior point or port of entry. Duties may be paid and other formalities necessary to release the 126 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY goods may take place at the point of destination or some other point where customs offices are located. As an illustration, ship- ments received from European countries may be received at port of New York and transported in bond to Chicago, where the goods will be appraised and released by local customs officers. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. bonded warehouses. A system of public stores or warehouses estab- lished or authorized by law in which an importer may deposit goods imported in the custody of the revenue officers, paying storage but not being required to pay the customs duties until the goods are finally removed for consumption in the home market, and with the privilege of withdrawing the goods from the store for the purpose of re-exportation "without paying any duties. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. booty. Personal property captured by a public enemy on land, in contradistinction to "prize," which is such property captured by such an enemy of the sea. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. bottomry bond. See Bond. boundary. Any separation, natural or artificial, which marks the con- fines or lines of two contiguous estates public or private. A natu- ral boundary is a natural object remaining where it was placed by nature; e. g., the St. Lawrence River. An artificial boundary is one created by man; e. g., the Mason and Dixon Line. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. branch lines. See lines. branding. A mode of addressing wooden packages by means of hot irons, also employed on cattle to denote ownership. See Marking. breach. The breaking or violating of a law, right, or duty, either by acting or by failing to act, as in the case of a carrier not delivering goods, which it has contracted to transport, or in the ease of wrong, short, or insufficient delivery. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. break bulk. The removal of a portion or all of the lading of a car. See Freight Classification. bridge tolls. Charges assessed by bridge terminal companies for the passage of property or persons over their bridges. In many cases the bridge toll represents only an arbitrary amount that is TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 127 deducted before dividing the balance of the through rate. In other instances, however, the bridge toll is in addition to the through rate and as such is a charge in which the shipping public is concerned. See Freight Bates — Official Classification Territory. brief (a law term). (1) A concise statement in writing of the law and authorities relied upon in trying a case. (2) A summary of the record submitted to the court by opposing counsels in a legal controversy. (3) In practice before the Interstate Commerce Commission a brief may contain a summary of the facts and circumstances or propositions of the law affecting the case, particularly the testi- mony upholding the contention of the party filing the brief. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission and Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. brokers. Those who are engaged for others in the negotiation of contracts relative to property with the custody of which they have no concern, and who receive commissions for the conclusion of these negotiations. bill and note brokers. Those who negotiate the purchase and sale of bills of exchange and promissory notes. exchange brokers. Those who negotiate bills of exchange drawn on foreign countries or on other places of this country. insurance brokers. Those who procure insurance and negotiate between the insurers and the insured. merchandise brokers. Those who negotiate the sale of merchan- dise without having possession or control of it as factors have. ship brokers. Those who negotiate the purchase and sale of ships, and the business of freighting vessels. See Ocean Traffic and Trade, bulk freight. That .which is neither in packages nor in units of sufficient size to admit of being readily handled piece by piece; e. g., coal, brick, or potatoes. Used in contrast with piece and package freight. See Freight Classification. bulletin. An officially published notice or announcement concerning the progress of matters of public importance. See Trade and Transportation Bulletin. 128 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY bullion. The term "bullion" is commonly applied to uncoined gold and silver in the mass or lump. See The Express Service and Bates. bunching in transit. A daily tender of cars by the carrier in excess of the daily deliveries by the consignor. For example, assume that the consignor delivers to the carrier four cars a day for four days in succession; if they are tendered to the consignee in an unlike manner or in excess of four cars per day, such cars con- stituting the excess are said to be bunched in transit. See Demurrage and Car Efficiency. buoy. A piece of wood or an empty barrel or other thing moored at a particular place and floating on the water to show the place where it is shallow and to mark the channel or to indicate danger to navigation. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. burden of proof. The duty of proving disputed facts. The Act to Regulate Commerce provides that the burden of proof is upon the carriers to prove that the rates increased since 1910 are rea- sonable rather than on the party who attacks the rates to show that they are unreasonable. See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. Bureau of Commerce. One of the departments under the jurisdiction of the federal Department of Commerce. This department is particularly concerned in handling foreign trade matters. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. by-product. An accessory product resulting from some specific process of cultivation or manufacture which has some value. Straw is a by-product of oats, and bran is a by-product of wheat obtained in the milling of flour. See A Primary Lesson in Transit. caboose. See gabs. calling public. A term applied to the performance of services which are a public necessity, such as the operation of transportation agencies. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. caUing stations. Points located on transportation lines at which trafiBc may be received or delivered as distinguished from interior or inland points which have no transportation facilities. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 129 call ports. See poets of call. canal. An artificial cut or trench in the earth for conducting and confining water to be used for transportation. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. cancellation. The revocation or annullment of a schedule of charges, rules, or regulations. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. capacity. In connection with cars or boats, the amount of freight that can be carried expressed in terms of weight or measurement. Tor example, if a car is stenciled as to capacity 80,000 lbs., this implies that the car can be safely loaded to that figure with freight that may be conflnied therein. See Freight Classification. As concerns water transportation, the capacity of a vessel may be expressed in tons on a weight or measurement basis and freight rate charged accordingly. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. capital. The amount of money invested in the property of an or- ganization, such as a railway company. See Railway Accounting. caretakers. Attendants not in the employ of the transportation com- pany necessary to take care of shipments of live stock, live poul- try, fruit and vegetables, and other products while in transit. See Freight Classification. car-ferry. See cae-float. car-float. A scow or barge with or without power fitted with tracks upon which cars may be placed and conveyed from one locality to another by water. While car-floats are generally utilized for short distances as in New York Harbor, they are also used in extended journeys, such as between the Michigan shore and the Wisconsin shore of Lake Michigan, in which case they are com- monly known as ' ' ferries ' ' and are of a somewhat different type of construction. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. cargo. That part of a vehicle's lading upon which profits for transportation are to accrue as distinguished from property belong- ing to the vehicle's owner and implements and appliances neces- sary to the conduct of transportation. The term may be used to include passengers as well as freight, but it generally signifies property only. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. cargo rates. See rati:. 130 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Oarmack Amendment. An amendment to the Act to Regulate Com- merce establishing certain provisions as to carriers' liability, particularly in making the initial carrier liable. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. car mile. See kile. car-mile revenue. A traffic unit denoting the revenue earned per car per mile. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. car performance. A traffic unit involving the number of miles trav- eled both loaded and empty by a car in a given period, the amount of freight carried, whether revenue or company material, the receipts for transportation, average daily movement, and the like. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. carrier. One who undertakes to transport persons or property from place to place with or without reward. Carriers are commonly divided into two classes, private and common. common. A common carrier differs from a private carrier in two important respects: (1) In respect to duty, he being obliged by the law to undertake the charge of transportation, which no other person without a special agreement is; (2) in respect to rates, the former being regarded by the law as an insurer, the latter being liable like an ordinary bailee. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. participating. One who joins with others for some purpose. For example, to form a through route, as a party to joint rates, etc. private. A private or special carrier is one who agrees to transport goods, property, or persons by special agreement by contract, from place to place either for hire or gratuitously and does not engage in such a business as a public emplojrment. carrier's lien. The right of a carrier in property as security for the collection of freight charges. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. cars. Vehicles employed in railway transportation for the move- ment of property or persons. The principal kinds used in move- ment of property are : box. Covered cars used for the transportation of property requir- ing protection from the weather and pilferage. caboose. Cars designed for the use of crews handling freight TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 131 trains. These cars contain kitchen and sleeping facilities together with other equipment for use while on the road. company. Cars owned by the company over whose line they are being operated. Also, in some cases, cars used in different ways by various departments of the railway company in connection with construction or other work. flat (or platform). Running gear equipped with a platform used for the transportation of lumber, logs, steel girders, and other property which on account of its length or bulk or both, cannot be loaded into closed equipment. gondola. Cars without tops but with sides and ends projecting above the platform of the car and used in the transportation of such commodities as coal and gravel and other bulk or piece freight not susceptible to damage from exposure to the elements. hand. Cars operated by one or more men, generally section hands, in connection with track inspection and repair work. Hand power, however, to a great degree has been supplanted by gaso- line, storage batteries, or other motive power. hopper bottom. A gondola car equipped with a collapsible bot- tom and sides by means of which the lading of the car may be dumped in bins or on storage piles. private. Cars whose ownership is vested in a company not engaged primarily in transportation. The transportation of many commodities is so highly specialized that cars of special con- struction are required. For example, practically all packing- house products are transported in cars owned or leased by the packing interests. refrigerator. Cars having facilities for the storage of ice and so constructed as to permit the circulation of cold air throughout the car so as to protect the lading against extremes of heat. stock. Cars especially arranged for the transportation of live stock, often with a slatted superstructure instead of solid sides as in a box car, thus permitting a free circulation of air through- out the car. For the accommodation of small stock, swine, sheep, and goats, tiered platforms are often used which permit the loading of the stock on two levels instead of one, such cars being known as "double-decked live-stock cars." 132 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY tank. A car having a tank as a superstructure and employed in the transportation of liquids such as cider, oil, vinegar, and wine. ventilator. Cars used in the transportation of perishable goods such as fruits and vegetables. These cars have ventilators (com- monly called "vents") which can be opened or closed according to the nature of the goods or the state of the weather. See Freight Classification. car service. The amount paid for the detention of cars or other vehicle owned or used by transportation companies. See demur- rage. Also in a broader sense the work performed by a car, such as the distance traveled in a designated time or the amount of business handled. In the latter sense the term car-performance is preferable. See Demurrage and Car Efficiency. car service association (or demurrage bureau). An association estab- lished by carriers for the purpose of establishing and enforcing rates and rules relative to demurrage charges. See Demurrage and Car Efficiency. cartage. A service often incidental to transportation by rail or water, usually applied to the movement of freight from one car- rier's terminal to another at a point where there is no rail or physical connection between the two. See Bases for Freight Charges. casualty. Inevitable accident, unforeseen circumstances not to be guarded against by human agency and in which man takes no part. casus fottuitus (Latin). A term used in maritime contracts of affreightment denoting an inevitable accident, a loss happening in spite of all human effort and sagacity. It includes such perils of the sea as strokes of lightning, etc. A loss happening through the agency of rats was held an unforseen, but not an inevitable accident. Accident happening under this caption excuses vessel owners from liability for goods intrusted to their care. See The Laio of Carriers of Goods. certificate of convenience and necessity. A certificate issued by a regulating body permitting a public utility corporation to enter upon a new undertaking, extend existing undertakings, or exercise a franchise privilege previously granted but not heretofore exer- cised. See Bailway Regulation. certificate of registry. A certificate that a ship has been registered TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 133 as the law requires. Under the United States statute every altera- tion in the property of a ship must be endorsed on a certificate of registry and must itself be registered. Unless this is done the ship or vessel loses its national privileges as an American vessel. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. certified check. A check which has been recognized by the propv,"' ofiBcer as a valid appropriation of the amount of money therein specified to the person therein named and which bears upon itself the evidence of such recognition. Certification of a check is usually accomplished by writing the name of the officers authorized to find the bank in that man- ner across the face of the cheek. See Freight Claims. chamber of cominerce. A society of the principal merchants and traders of a city who meet to promote the general trade and commerce of the place. Similar societies exist in all the large commercial cities and are known by various names as boards of trade, commercial associations, development companies, and the Uke. See The Industrial Traffic Department. changed circumstances. A factor in rate cases involving conditions that have arisen since a rate or practice was established which may warrant some change in the existing rate or regulation. For example, in the disappearance of water competition, rail carriers may see a change in circumstances warranting them to increase the rates between the two points where water competition has previously necessitated the establishment of sub-normal rates. See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. charge minimum. The least charge that will be accepted for the transportation of property, (1) as a single shipment, (2) as a carload. For example, it is commonly provided that 25 cents is the lowest charge that will be assessed for the transportation of freight no matter how small the shipment may be. charges. In trafiSc the amount to be paid for the transportation of persons (passenger fare) or property (freight charges) ; or for incidental services (switching charges) ; in connection with trans- portation proper. See Railway Accounting. charges advanced. See advances. charter (as a noun). An instrument of a governing body incor- porating individuals in the creation of a corporation for the prosecution of some imdertaking. See Bailway Regulation. 134 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY charter (as a verb). To hire; as to charter or hire a car or vessel for a particular voyage or purpose. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. charterer. One who hires a boat, car, or other vehicle for his exclu- sive use, or to be placed subject to his order. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. charter party. A contract of affreightment by which the owner of a ship or other vessel lets the whole or a part of her to a mer- chant or other person for the conveyance of goods on a particular voyage in the consideratiori of the pajrment of freight. The term is derived from the fact that the contract was formerly written out on a card and afterwards the card was cut in two from top to bottom and one part was delivered to each of the parties, each part to be produced when required. By this means, counter- feits were prevented. The card so cut was called "charta par- teta." See Ocean Traffic and Trade. The term "chartering" is also applied in railroad circles to the act of a shipper in ordering a car for the exclusive transportation of his goods, or to the hiring of a passenger car or train for the exclusive use of an individual or a party. checking freight. Comparing the contents of a car or other vehicle of transportation with the billing or shipping records covering it. See Investigation of Freight Claims. checking rates. A comparison of rates applied upon a shipment with the current tariff or other authority to determine whether the correct rate has been applied. The term "checking rates" is also used to signify that rates in effect or proposed are considered by representatives of the traffic department of railroads to ascer- tain their proper adjiistment. See Freight Bates — Official Classifi- eation Territory. chute. An inclined trough or platform used in the loading and unloading of live stock, grain, etc., from or to a high^ or lower level. See Freight Claissifveation. circuit court. The name given, in many states, to a class of courts having jurisdiction over several counties and holding sessions in each successively. They are the courts in which most law suits begin. One class of federal courts was known as "circuit courts" prior to 1912. In 1912 the United States circuit courts were abolished and their jurisdiction given to the district and circuit courts of appiSal. TECHNICAL TBAFFIG TERMS 135 circulars. Publications of the carriers, containing provisions for the handling of traffic. The term is often used to indicate publica- tions which are used for the carriers' own information but which are not filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission or other regulating bodies. In some cases circulars are issued by some central organization of the carriers as a guide to individual members in the matter of association legislation, the issuance of tariffs, or other matters of a like import. Circulars may also be distinguished from tariffs in that the provisions contained in the circulars are general in their application as contrasted with specific provisions contained in tariffs. For example, milling-in- transit circulars may provide milling-in-transit rules used over an entire territory, while the tariffs of the carriers contain pro- visions for use at specified points. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. civil service. Governmental service other than military or naval administrative functions, more commonly used, to signify those offices of the federal, state, or municipal government which are filled by appointment of persons competitively examined and passed for merit and ability irrespective of party affiliations. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. claim. In connection with the handling of freight traffic an asser- tion that one of the principals has suffered some loss due to some act or omission on the part of the other principal. The most common forms of claim against common carriers are those for loss, for damage, and for overcharge. damage. Claims involving the partial destruction or deterioration in value of shipments. For example, if a machine is so injured while being transported that it has to be repaired before it can be used, the claim for reparation is known as a "damage claim." loss. Claims involving partial or total loss of consignments through failure of shipments (in whole or in part) to reach des- tination. For example, if five cases of dry goods were shipped from a specified originating point and only four reached the destination point, a claim for loss involving the missing case would be filed. OTercharge. Claims in which it is alleged that charges have been collected based on a rate higher than the legal rate. For exam- ple, if a rate of eighteen cents per hundred has been collected 136 TEAPFIC GLOSSARY and it is claimed that the correct rate is sixteen cents per hundred, an overcharge claim for two cents per hundred is filed. See Freight Claims. class divisions. The different divisions or groups to which a class rate schedule is adjusted. These divisions vary considerably, according to the various classifications in use throughout the country. An example of class divisions will be found in the Western Classification under the described headings 1 to 5 and A to E inclusive, while the Official and Southern classifications make provisions for a varying number of classes designated by numbers or by numbers and letters. See Freight Classification. multiple classes. Classes made a fixed multiple of a lower class. Tor example, the three interstate classifications provide for classes l-!4) 1V2) and double the first-class rate whatever it may be. See Freight Classification. progression of classes. The relation of the higher classes to the lower or basic class, as for example the relation of 1^/^ times first class to the first-class rate. See Freight Classification. classes. percentage. Those which are made a stated percentage less or more than an existing class. For example, 90% of 6th, 85% of 2nd. standard. These are classes which are complete in themselves and involve no multiplication to determine them as is the case in multiple classes or percentage classes. classification. (1) A legal publication of the carriers enumerat- ing the principal articles of commerce and designating the class division or rating assigned to each article; also rules and regu- lations applicable to shipments moving on rates in tariffs governed by the classification. (2) The act of classifying freight for shipment in accordance with the provisions of the classification publications. (3) The making of provisions for classifying freight by classification committees or other organizations. See Ffiight Classification. classification territory. An arbitrary division of the country in which the carriers generally are members of a committee dealing with matters of classification and publish tariffs subject to the rules, regulations, etc., adopted by such committee. For example, the part TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 137 of the country in -which the Official Classification is generally ap- plied, is known as the ' ' Official Classification Territory. ' ' See Map 1 in the Atlas of Traffic Maps, and Freight Classification. Clayton Anti-Trust Act. An act making provision against combi- nation in restraint of trade. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. clear&nce. (1) A certificate given by the collector of a port in which it is stated that the master or commander (naming him) of a ship or vessel, named and described, bound for a port named, and having on board goods described, in case the master requires the particulars of his cargo be stated in such clearance, has entered and cleared his ship or vessel according to law. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. (2) In connection with rail transportation the amount of space above and beside tracks through cut channels, under bridges, and the like to permit of the passage of engines or cars. This infor- mation is very essential in connection with the transportation of freight of unusual width or height or vehicles of unusual dimen- sions. See Freight Classification. clearance table. A statement of the height and width of bridges, tunnels, etc., together with the dimensions of cars that will pass through them. See Freight Classification. clear days. Those working days free from weather interference, strikes, or governmental restraints. A specified number of clear days is to be reckoned exclusive of both the first and last day. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. clerical error. An error made by a clerk in transcribing or other- wise. A mistake in writing or copying any document. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. coast. The margin of a country bounded by the sea. This term includes the natural appendages of the territory which rise out of the water, although they are not of sufficient firmness to be inhabited or fortified. Shoals perpetually covered with water are not, however, comprehended under the name of coast. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. coasting trade. Domestic trade between ports in the United States as distinguished from trade between a port in the United States and a port in a foreign country. It has also been held to include trade between places in the same district on a navigable river. It does not, however, include the mere crossing of a river or bay 138 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY as by ear-ferry at New York or San Francisco. See Octan Traffic and Trade. collateral security. Security given to insure the performance of an obligation, as the deposit of stocks as security for the pay- ment of a note or the deposit of personal property to secure the payment of a personal loan. collector of the costoms. An officer of the United States, appointed for a term of four years, the duties of whom are to receive the entries of all ships or vessels and of the goods, wares, and mer- chandise imported in them, estimate the amount of duties pay- able thereon, and receive all such moneys paid. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. combination of railways. The merging or consolidation of two or more railways for various purposes, as for more economical management, the formation of through routes. See associated RAILWAYS. combination rates. See batb. commerce. Intercourse between different people or states, including not only the purchase, sale, and exchange of commodities, but also the instrumentalities and agencies by which it is promoted, the means and appliances by which it is carried on, and the trans- portation of persons as well as goods, both by land and by sea. Commerce Clause. Paragraph three, section eight, article one of the Constitution of the United States gives Congress the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several states, and with Indian tribes. This portion of the Constitution is therefore known as the ' ' Commerce Clause. ' ' The authority of Congress to regulate interstate transportation rests upon this clause. See 'Railway Regulation. Commerce Court. A court created in 1910 charged with the enforce- ment of certain provisions of the Act to Kegulate Commerce, including the passing upon actions which had been taken by the Interstate Commerce Commission. This court was abolished effective December 31, 1913. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. commerce reports. See consulae eepoets. commission. (1) A body of persons appointed or elected and so vested with the necessary power or authority to do certain things. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TEEMS 139 The Interstate Commerce Commission, for example, is a body created to administer the Act to Eegulate Commerce. See The Act to Regulate Commerce, (2) Compensation allowed for the performance of some service, as the sale or purchase of goods. See Conference Rulings. commissioner. (1) A person who is appointed or elected to act in some stated capacity, either as an individual or as one of a body or board. For example, individuals composing the Interstate Commerce Commission are known as "commissioners." (2) The officials of boards of trades, chambers of commerce, and similar organizations are often designated as ' ' traffic " or " trade commis- sioners." See The Act to Regulate Commerce. commodities clause. A portion of Section 1 of the Act to Regulate Commerce makes it unlawful for a railroad to transport in interstate commerce any article or commodity, other than tim- ber and manufactured products thereof, in which it is directly interested. This portion of the Act is known as the ' ' Commodities Clause." See The Act to Regulate Commerce. commodity, (1) In a broad sense, anything of convenience or profit. (2) An article of commerce which attains sufficient importance from a traffic standpoint to be accorded special treatment, such as the assigning of a special rate, differing from the rate which would normally apply under the provisions of the governing clas- sification. See Freight Classification. commodity rates. See bate. commodity tariff. See taeiit. common coutrol. The operation of two or more transportation lines by a single interest, or by friendly interests ; the actual managers, however, of the different lines, such as the operating officials, traffic officials, and accounting officers, may not be identical. See Railway Organization and Management. common law. That system of law which does not rest for its authority upon any express statute, but derives its force and authority from consent and usage. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. common law liability. See liability. comparison of rates. The comparison of one rate with another or of 140 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY one set of rates with another set of rates, with a view of estab- lishing some definite fact with respect to their reasonableness or unreasonableness. For example, if it is desired to show that a specified set of rates is unduly high, rates applying under the same circumstances and under similar conditions in other cases are used in comparison. Again if it is desired to show that rates on a specified commodity are too high, rates applying on the same commodity in the same locality and in other localities under similar circumstances and conditions will be employed. The term in a proper sense implies that the comparison has some real, definite value and does not simply put one set of figures against another — as for example, the rate on coal against those on fruit and vegetables. In other words, like rates or like trafBc must be used. See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. competition. The rivalry between interests in the securing of busi- ness or business advantages. active. That competition between two or more transportation agencies, commodities, or communities, which are all actively in operation, often used in comparison with potential competition, hereinafter defined. carrier. The competition between one carrier and another; as for example, the competition between the Illinois Central R. R. from Chicago to St. Louis, on the one hand, and the Chicago & Alton Railway, Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, and Wabash Railway between the same points, on the other hand. commodity. Competition between movements of the same article in different sections of the country, or between different articles, which may be or are used for like purposes. For example, lumber produced in the South may come into competition with lumber produced in the Northwest. Again, stone, brick, and iron come into competition with lumber for building purposes. direct. Competition between transportation agencies operating parallel to each other or in close proximity to each other. A rail line and a water line operating parallel to each other, as for example, the Chicago & Northwestern Railway from Chicago to West bank Lake Michigan ports and the Goodrich Transit Com- pany, operating between the same points, are said to be in direct competition. Again, two lines serving a specified point or points from the same point of origin are in direct competition, although their rails may be at a considerable distance from each other. TECHNICAL TKAFJb'iC TEKMS 141 indirect. Competition between carriers, commodities, localities, and the like, which is not apparent as in the case of parallel lines or lines operating directly between two specified points. That is to say, if there are two routes between two specified points, one of which requires five days for a specified transportation service and the other fifteen days, it may be said that there exists indirect competition. potential. Competition which is not actually in existence at a specified time. As an example, on a waterway running parallel to a railway, there may be no boats operating on the waterway because the rail carriers have reduced the differential between the respective rates to such a low level that the public will not patronize the boat line. However, were the rail lines to increase the differential between the respective rates, it might become profitable for the boat line to re-engage in the trade and to attract considerable business and thereby operate in competition with the rail lines. Frequent reference is, therefore, made to potential com- petition of rail lines and water lines. See The Act to Begulate Com- complainant. One who makes a complaint. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. complaint. A charge made before a proper officer or body that an offense has been committed by a person named or described. As applied to practice before the Interstate Commerce Commission, the term indicates a complaint made to the Interstate Commerce Commission, that a rate, rule, or practice is unreasonable or un- justly discriminatory or for some other reason in violation of a provision of the Act to Regulate Commerce. Complaints to the Interstate Commerce Commission are divided into two general classes, as follows : (1) formal complaints, which as the name indi- cates have to be handled by the regular formal procedure provided by the rules of the Interstate Commerce Commission, a definite complaint being filed, evidence taken, briefs submitted, argu- ments made, etc.; (2) informal complaints are protests made to the Interstate Commerce Commission by an interested party that there has been a violation of some provision of the Act to Regulate Commerce. Informal complaints are such as can be handled by correspondence between the parties interested. As the Act provides that carriers or others against whom com- plaint has been made are entitled to a full hearing, it is pos- 142 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY sible to handle cases informally only where the carriers do not for some reason insist upon their lawful rights. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commissiort and Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. comptroller. A railway official charged with the administration of the financial and accounting department of railways. See Railway Accounting. Oompulsory Testimony Act. An act providing that no person shall be excused from attending and testifying or from producing books, papers, etc., before the Interstate Commerce Commission or in obedience to the orders of the Commission. The act also provides that witnesses compelled to testify shall not be punished upon the basis of the evidence so given. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. concealed loss or damage. In connection with freight claims, those losses or damages which are not apparent from a survey of the exterior of the package containing them. For example, the con- tents of a case of china may be badly damaged but that damage would not be discovered until the contents of the case had been removed. Again, two pairs of shoes may have been removed from a case, but the shortage may not be evident until the case 'fyad been unpacked. See Freight Claims. concession. As applied to traffic subject to the Act to Regulate Com- merce, an unlawful departure from the published rates, rules, and regulations. In a more general sense, the yielding by a carrier of a right that it might legally enforce. For example, many privileges are allowed by the carriers in specified cases without extra charge which they might lawfully charge for. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. conclusive evidence. That which is not susceptible of control or that cannot be contradicted by any other evidence. See Grounds Of Proof in Bate Cases. concurrence. A form prescribed by the Interstate Commerce Com- mission and some state regulating bodies to be used in conjunction with the publication of rates for the transportation of persons or property. The carrier filing it gives to other designated carriers authority to act for it in some capacity, or to publish certain rates for its account. See Public'ation and Filing of Tariffs. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 143 conference. Prearranged consultation of two or more interests or members to discuss matters under advisement and to reach a mutual understanding. See Conference Rulings, conference rulings. Rulings of the Interstate Commerce Commission involving special facts which require the interpretation and con- struction of the Act to Regulate Commerce, tariff regulations, Commission orders, and the like. These rulings necessarily deal for the most part with generalities rather than with the specific condi- tions developed in the decisions of the Commission in individual cases. See Conference BuKngs. confiscation. The appropriation of private property to the public use or treasury, especially because of the wrongdoing of the owner. In transportation work, however, the term is often used to signify the appropriation of such freight as fuel, lumber, or oil, which is being transported by the carriers for private ship- pers for the use of the carriers. It is used in connection with rate matters to indicate that revenues are so low under the specified rate or set of rates as to result in little or no return on the investment for the carriers or other public utility corpor- ations. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. conflict of laws. The variance between the laws of two countries or states relating to the subject matter of a suit brought in one of them. In a more general sense, the difference between the law of one state on the matter in hand and that of another state or of the nation; for example, the conflict of laws regulating utilities in the various states. See Railway Regulation. connecting carrier. A carrier which forms a connecting link between two or more carriers. For example, if a shipment is routed over carriers A, B, and C, in the order named, B is known as the "con- necting carrier," as it is the intermediate link in the route. See Routing Freight Shipments. consignee. In mercantile law, one to whom a consignment is made. In freight traffic the party to whom the freight is consigned. See The Bill &f Lading. consignment. In connection with transportation, equivalent to ship- ment. Also, in some cases, property sent to another for sale for shipper's account. order. A consignment shipped subject to the terms of the order of bill of lading. 144 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY straight. A consignment made subject to the terms and conditions of the straight bill of lading. See The Bill of Lading. consignor. One who makes a consignment. The shipper. See The Bill of Lading. constituent. One who gives authority to another to act for him and in his stead, the constituent being bound by the act of his attorney and the attorney in turn responsible to the constituent whom he represents. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. constituted authority. The officers properly appointed under author- ity conferred by the constitution by the government of the people. Those powers which the constitution of each people has established to govern them, to cause their rights to be respected, and to maintain the rights of each of its members. They are called "constituted" to distinguish them from the constituting authority which has created or organized them or has delegated to an authority which it has itself created the right of establishing or regulating their movements. See The Act to Begu- late Commerce. constructive delivery. See deliveet. consul. A government representative appointed to a foreign residency to act as representative of his country and to foster and develop opportunities for trade development. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. consular invoice. A form required by this country and certain others in connection with foreign shipments, setting forth the shipper's name, the marks, number, and contents of packages, and the kind of goods, weights, values, etc. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. consular reports. Reports made by consular officers throughout the world on such matters as the movement of trade, its character and volume, comparative prices, weight, measures, trade oppor- tunities for specified classes of goods, etc. In this country these reports are given to the public through the medium of Commerce Reports issued by the Department of Commerce of the United States Government. The reports are issued daily and may be secured by a subscription placed with the superintendent of documents at Washington, D. C. containers. The exterior packing or package used for the transporta- tion of merchandise, such as boxes, crates, barrels, butts, firkins, hogsheads, drums, and tubs. See Freight Classification. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 145 continuous carriage. A movement of traffic from a specified point of origin to destination, not interrupted except by ordinary in- cidents of transportation. For example, if through some un- foreseen accident a car is delayed for five days en route, it is commonly said that there has been continuous carriage, although the ordinary time for transportation has been greatly exceeded. On the other hand, if the car is delayed through its having been purposely sidetracked to prevent reaching destination by a speci- fied time it is not considered that there has been continuous carriage. See Bouting Freight Shipments. continuous mileage. See mileage. contraband. As applied to freight shipments, that freight shipped with other or mixed classes of freight which is not authorized in the mixture or is in excess of the quantity allowed. See Freight Classification. contraband of war. Goods and merchandise which neutrals may not carry to any of the belligerents in the time of war without subjecting themselves to the loss of the goods, and formerly the owners, also, to the loss of the ship and other cargo if intercepted. The classification of goods contraband has much perplexed text writers and jurists. A strictly accurate and satisfactory classifi- cation is perhaps impracticable, but that which is best supported by American and English decisions may be said to divide all merchandise into three classes: (1) Articles manufactured and primarily or ordinarily used for military purposes in time of war. (2) Articles which may be and are used for the purpose of war or peace aecoirding to circumstances. (3) Articles exclusively for peaceful purposes. Merchandise of the first class destined to a belligerent country or place occupied by the army or navy of a belligerent is always contraband; merchandise of the second class is contraband only when destined to the military or naval use of the belligerent; while merchandise of the third class is not contraband at all, though liable to seizure and condemnation for violation of block- ade or siege. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. contract. An agreement between competent parties based upon a legal consideration to do or to abstain from doing some act; as for example, when a shipment is delivered to a railroad company 146 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY and a bill of lading signed, the bill of lading represents a contract between the carrier and the shipper. uniform live stock contract. A special form of agreement entered into between a shipper of live stock and the carrier. It includes a number of conditions which are necessary on account of the peculiar nature of live stock as compared with other commodities offered for transportation. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. conversion. In law, an unauthorized assumption and exercise of the right of ownership over goods or personal chattels belonging to another, to the alteration of their condition or to the ex- clusion of the owner's rights. In the handling of freight trafBe, it is sometimes said that a carrier is guilty of conversion because of the delivery of freight to a party other than the one for whom it is intended. The penalty to the carrier is generally greater if it is shown that the carrier has been guilty of con- version than if nondelivery has been made, due to some ordinary negligence. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. copy. A true transcript of an original writing. corporate name. The name imder which a corporation is formally authorized to do business and which must be used in legal papers, as in the form of complaints before the Interstate Commerce Com- mission. The term "corporate name" is often used in connection with carriers as distinguished from names by which the concern is popularly known or which may be applied by the corporation to itself. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. corporation. An artificial person or body of persons established under a corporate name for preserving in succession certain rights differing from those of the individuals or incorporators who constitute the corporation from time to time. There are many kinds of corporations, such as public or municipal, created wholly for public interest, and civil or private corporations cre- ated for purposes of private gain. Railroad corporations are generally private corporations created for private gain although performing a public seiviee. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. cost insurance and freight. Abbreviated C. I. F. A term applied to the delivery of export goods on board of steamships, with the prepayment (or crediting) of freight to the port of desti- TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 147 nation and the adequate insurance of the goods against sea risks. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. cost of operation. (1) In a general sense, the expense of carrying on a business. (2) In a more limited sense, as applied to trans- portation, the cost of moving trains and expenses directly inci- dental to such movements, as distinguished from other expenses of railroads, such as the securing of business or the construction of new buildings. See Railway Accounting. cost of prodnction. The actual out-of-pocket expense required in producing a thing; exclusive of profit based on the cost of produc- tion and the amount of capital invested in the enterprise. cost of service. In rate making, the expense to the carriers of performing a given transportation service. The exact meaning of this term often varies widely according to circumstances. In some cases it signifies simply outlay on the part of the carrier to perform a specified service, in other cases it includes a rea- sonable return on the property invested in the transportation agency. The term is indefinite for the reason that the actual cost of performing any transportation service is not generally obtainable. Particularly is this true of less-than-carload ship- ments. See Railway Regulation and The Act to Regulate Commerce. court review. The referring of the action of some body, such as the Interstate Commerce Commission, to a court of law for such action as the court is warranted in taking. For example, if the Interstate Commerce Commission orders certain carriers to take some specified action, the carriers may ask the court to pass upon the legality of this order. See Railway Regulation. cranage. A toll paid for drawing merchandise out of the holds of vessels. It derives its nam* from the fact that a crane is often used for the purpose. Se« Oeecm Traffic and Trade. credit list. A list of shippwrs and r«c*iV(Srs of freight to whom repre- sentatives of the carrier have authorized the extension of csredit in the settlement of freight charges. Settlement may be made upon a weekly, semi-monthly, or monthly basis, or to a certain sum. See Railway Aeoounting. crime. An act committed or omitted in violation of a public law. A breach or violation of some public right or duty due 148 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY to a whole community, considered as a community, in its so- cial aggregate capacity, as distinguished from a civil injury. The Act to Regulate Commerce specifies certain acts such as rebating, misdescribing, misbilling, etc., as crimes, and provides for punishment by fine and imprisonment. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. Cummins Amendment. An amendment to the Act to Regulate Com- merce relating to the limitation of liability of common carriers and prohibiting under certain circumstances such limitations and time requirements with respect to the filing of claims or institution of suits. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. cumulative remedy. A remedy created by statute in addition to one already in force. For example, where the law has pre- viously specified that a certain action shall be punishable by imprisonment, it may be provided that a fine also shall be assessed. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. current money. Lawful money or whatever passes current for money, whether coin or paper. In commercial transactions currency is confined to paper money to distinguish it from specie or coined money. It is not infrequent, especially as applied to ocean charges or shipments destined to foreign countries, that vessel owners demand the payment of charges in gold, not accepting current money for their services. customs court. A court of the United States created by Act of Congress in 1909 to hear and determine appeals from the decision of the revenue officers in the imposition and collection of customs duties. It is composed of a chief judge and four associates and sits at Washington, D. 0. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. customs duties. Duties payable on goods and merchandise imported or exported into or from various countries. See Ocean Traffic a/nd Trade. customhouse. A place designated by federal authorities where im- porters or exporters may go to comply with the laws regulating import or export traffic. In many cases the customhouse is located in the same building with the other federal offices, maintained at the respective community throughout the country. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TEEMS 149 damage, concealed. See concealed loss. damages. The amount claimed or allowed as sufficient to compensate the claimant for injuries sustained through the wrongful act or negligence of another; for example, if the earner contracts to transport a shipment and deliver to the consignee safely, and the shipment is injured by the negligence of the carrier, the damages represent the amount of money necessary to compensate the ship- per for the injury he has sustained through the violation of the carriers' common law or contract obligation. There are many kinds of damages that can only be accurately defined from a purely legal standpoint. The following definitions of some of the more important damages will, however, serve to indicate in a general way the kinds of damages with which traffic men are confronted. compensatory. Such as will compensate for the actual loss incurred and nothing more. conseciiiential. Compensation for injuries which naturally follow as the result of some direct injury. direct. Compensation for injuries which result immediately from the act complained of, such as the breaking of a part of a machine by the carelessness of the carriers. exemplary. Damages allowed as a punishment for an act com- mitted with violence or malice. general. Damages which necessarily arise from the act com- plained of. Those damages which are clearly implied by law. liquidated. Damages fixed by agreement of the interested par- ties, as where the parties to a contract agree as to the amount that shall be paid in case of violation of a contract. nominal. Damages which are assessed in very small amounts where it is shown there has been violation of a right but no result- ing damage has been proved. special. Damages which arise under the peculiar conditions of a specified ease and which are not definitely covered by law. substantial. Those damages which are considerable in amount and which are intended really to compensate for some injury. 150 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY The term "substantial" in connection with damages is often used in contrast with the word "nominal," which is above defined. unliquidated. Those damages remaining unassessed or unsettled, or whose amount has not been determined. dangerous goods. In a special sense, those articles which the car- riers are called upon to transport, which are liable to cause fires or explosions if improperly handled or carelessly packed. Spe- cial regulations are provided by the United States Government and by carriers for the transportation of such articles. See Freight Classification, dangers of navigation or dangers of the seas. Accidents peculiar to navigation that are of extraordinary nature, or arise from irresistible force or overwhelming power which cannot be guarded against by the ordinary exertions of human skill and prudence. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. dead freight. (1) When one who has chartered a vessel puts on board only a part of the intended cargo but as he has chartered the whole vessel he is bound to pay freight for the unoccupied space, the extra amount of freight thus due is called "dead freight." (2) Commodities which are not subject to depreciation or decay during transportation as distinguished from live stock and fruits and vegetables. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. debenture. A customhouse certificate given by the collector of cus- toms at the port of entry to the exporter or importer of goods which entitles him to a refund or drawback of duties paid on ex- ported or imported goods. See deawback, also Ocean Traffic and Trade. debt. A sum due from one person (the debtor) to another person (the creditor). floating. Those claims for the payment of which there is no money in the corporate treasury specifically designated, nor any taxation nor other means to pay, particularly provided. funded. A debt for the payment of which money has been specifi- cally appropriated. See Railway Accounting. decision. A judgment rendered by a competent tribunal; e. g., a decision of the Interstate Commerce Commission. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 151 defendant. The party against whom relief or recovery is sought in an action or suit. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. defense. In pleading and practice, the denial of the truth or validity of the complaint. The general assertion that the plaintiff has no ground of action. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. deficit. The amount by which the income of an oi^anization is less than the outgo or by which the amount on hand in some specified case falls short of what the books show should be on hand. See Railway Accounting, delivery. The act of transferring possession. In freight traffic the transfer of property from the consignor to the carrier, from one carrier to another, or from the carrier to the consignee is regarded as a delivery by one to the other. See Law of Carriers of Goods. constructive delivery signifies in general that the condition of delivery has been complied with so far as concerns one party to the transaction, but that the other party cannot for some reason actually receive the shipment. For example, if the consignee is not in a position to accept a car when the carrier is ready to deliver it, the carrier is said to have made a constructive delivery by notif3ring the consignee that the car is ready for delivery or is suitably placed for unloading. This term is often used in con- trast with the term "actual delivery," which indicates that the shipment is really delivered to the party entitled to receive it. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. delivery limit. In connection with the express services, the territory within which free delivery or pick-up service will be accorded. See The Express Service and Bates. delivery sheets. Forms used in transportation circles on which a record is kept of the delivery of property. In industrial traffic departments sheets may be kept giving full information as to all property delivered or received from transportation companies indicating in part the party to whom or from whom it was deliv- ered or received. See Investigation of Freight Claims. demurrage. The amount charged for the detention of a vehicle beyond some specified time. Formerly applied to the detention of a vessel but more recently to the holding of cars which 152 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY are being loaded or unloaded beyond some time specified in a tariff and elsewhere. "Demurrage" is sometimes used interchange- ably with the term "car service." See Demurrage and Car Effi- ciency. demurrer. The formal mode of disputing the sufficiency in law of the pleading of the other side in a case. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. denial. In pleading, a traverse of the statement of the opposite party. A defense. It may be general of all the allegations in a pleading or a particular part thereof or special of certain stated facts. See Grounds of Proof in Rate Cases. density. freight. In railway statistics, a statement of the number of ton miles handled per year for each mile of line, obtained by dividing the aggregate ton mile by the average miles of line operated. freight train. A statement of the number of freight train miles handled during a given year for each mile of line. It is ascer- tained by dividing the aggregate freight train miles for the year by the average number of miles of line in operation dur- ing the year. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. traffic. The amount of traffic handled by a carrier or number of carriers expressed by the use of some specified unit, such as the number of tons handled a year for each mile of line; also applied to the productivity of regions as concerns subjects of transporta- tion, such as the wheat yield in bushels per acre in territory tribu- tary to rail lines in the Northwest or the coal tonnage in coal- producing regions. destination. The place where delivery of a shipment is to be made. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. differentials. Amounts which are added to or subtracted from base point rates to establish through rates, as for example, rates from defined territories in the Texas common point rate adjustment, or to establish rates via more circuitous routes or via less direct routes, as in the rail-and-lake and ocean-and-rail rate adjustment as contrasted with the all-rail routes. The differential is influenced by distance, and as the distance on which the differential is based TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 153 becomes inconsiderable as contrasted with the entire distance eventually disappears. See Freight Bates — Official Classification Territory, digest. An abridged and methodically arranged analysis of decisions or statutes emanating from judicial and administrative bodies which is intended to develop the finding of facts and the points of law with respect thereto ; for example, a digest of the Interstate Commerce Commission's decisions shows the substance and vital portions of them without reproducing a large amount of non- essential or irrelevant information. See Grounds of Proof in Rate Cases. diligence. Prudence, vigilance, activity, attentiveness, or care exer- cised by the principals concerned with shipments. The law rec- ognizes three degrees of diligence: common or ordinary diligence — that degree of diligence men in general exert in respect of their own concerns, high or great diligence — extraordinary diligence or that which very prudent persons take of their own concerns. low or slight diligence — that which persons of less than common prudence or indeed of no prudence at all take of their own con- cerns. See NEGLIGENCE, also The Law of Carriers of Goods. direction of movement. (1) The distinction of "from," "to," and "between" in the application of rates. For example, a tariff may provide that a rate applies "from" point A to point B, or it may apply "between" point A and point B. In the first case the rate would only apply in one direction, that is, from A to B. In the latter, it would apply from A to B or from B to A. (2) In connection with specified traffic, the direction in which the trafSc generally moves from a particular point of origin. For example, if lumber is produced at point A and for the most part is shipped eastward from that point, it is said that the direction of movement is eastbound. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. directory, territorial. A publication of the carriers used in the handling of freight traffic which contains territorial descriptions. These publications are often used in direct connection with freight tariffs, as the Interstate Commerce Commission requires that where reference is made to a group of points a definite definition of this group must be provided in some publication. 154 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY For example, the points embraced in the term Central Freight Association will be found in a territorial directory issued by the chairman of that organization as agent for its members. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. discharge of cargo. The unloading of the lading of a car or vessel. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. discrimination. In connection with freight traffic, the according of advantages to one shipper, locality, or commodity, which are not accorded to some other. It is generally conceded that discrimin- ation is of two kinds: (1) just discrimination, in which may be included many common practices of the c'arrier, such as the pro- viding of lower rates for carload shipments than for less-than- carload shipments; (2) unjust discrimination, such as the extend- ing of lower rates to one shipper and not to another, when they both are situated in identical positions, so far as the han- dling of their traffic is concerned. It is unjust discrimination against which the Act to Regulate Commerce provides, and against which the laws of most of our states now make provi- sions. See Railway Regulation and The Act to Regulate Commerce. disinterested witness. One who has no interest in the cause or matter for a tribunal and who is lawfully competent to testify as to the matter or matters under consideration. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission, dispatch or despatch. (1) A message, such as a telegraph message. (2) More than the usual speed in the handling of some matter. dispatch companies. See fast peeight lines. dissimilarity of circumstances. This term is used to indicate that shippers, localities, or classes of traffic are not similarly situated from a traffic standpoint. For example, the rate from point A to point B, a distance of 100 miles, may be 20 cents, while the rate from point C to point D, also a distance of 100 miles, may be 25 cents on the same traffic. The difference in the rates may be justified by the fact that a rail carrier operating between points A and B is directly in competition with a water line oper- ating between the same points, while the carriers operating between points C and D, the same distance, may have no water competition. In such cases, it is said that there is dissimilarity of circumstances. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 155 distance of hatil. As a rate-making factor, the distance which a specified kind of traffic is hauled. The importance of this factor arises from the fact that, while rates increase with distance, they do not increase in proportion to the distance. For example, while the rate for 400 miles will be more than that for 200 miles, it will not under ordinary circumstances be twice as much as the rate for 200 miles. The return per mile on the 400-mUe haul will generally not be as great as for the 200-mile haul. In many cases, therefore, it is of importance to know the distance the shipment is hauled to ascertain whether the return per mile or other unit is higher than in some other case. See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. distance tariff. See tabiff. District Court Jurisdiction Act. An act transferring to the United States District Court matters previously under the jurisdiction of the Commerce Court. The act also provides for the abolition of the Commerce Court. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. diversion. A change as to the means, methods, or route by which a shipment is to be transported, effected after the shipping instruc- tions which name some other means, method, or route have been furnished to the carrier. This change may involve a substitution or addition as concerns the carriers handling the shipment, a sub- stitution of junction points, or directions that the shipment be handled by water agencies instead of rail, or a different destina- tion substituted for that originally given. The term is used synonymously with the term "reconsignment." See Bases for Freight Charges. dividends. A portion of the principal or the proceeds accruing in connection with the operation of an enterprise divided among the several owners of the property. See Bailway Accounting, division. railway. For the purpose of more effective operation and super- vision, railways are divided into units designated as divisions, these divisions varying in length and extent according to the nature of the country and density of traffic. These divisions are supervised by divisional or departmental officers, who in turn report to staff officers of the organization. See Railway Organi- sation and Management. 156 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY revenue. The apportionment of revenue received for some speci- fied service among the several carriers participating in the trans- action. The division may be accomplished on a mileage basis, each line being given a percentage proportion based on the relation between the distance it hauls the shipment and the total distance involved. A line hauling a shipment one-third of the total dis- tance, for example, would receive one-third of the gross revenue received for transportation, but infrequently an arbitrary basis obtains whereby a particular carrier or group of carriers is given a flat or stated sum regardless of distance. See Bailway Accounting. dockage. A charge against vessel owners or the owners of goods for the use of a dock or wharf. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. dock receipt. An acknowledgment given by water carriers for the receipt of property. The dock receipt is exchangeable for a bill of lading. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. drawback. An allowance made by the government to exporters for import duties which have been paid upon material contained in exported goods, which material has been originally received from foreign countries. For example, a manufacturer of men's ready- made clothing who uses English or German woolens may secure a refund of almost all the duty that has been paid on such por- tions of these goods as have been consumed in the finished exported articles. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. due bill. A bill rendered by a carrier against a receiver or shipper of freight when it has been found that sufficient charges were not collected and the original bill was rendered and paid. See Bailway Accounting. due diligence. A reasonable amount of care on the part of the carriers in performing specified duties or the amount of care required of them by law. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. due process of law. The procedure provided by law for accomplish- ing some object. For example, the Act to Regulate Commerce provides that the Interstate Commerce Commission, before requir- ing the carriers to make changes in their rates, rules, and prac- tices shall give the carriers an opportunity to present their side of the case. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. dunnage. (1) In maritime circles, pieces of wood or other mate- rial placed against the sides and bottom of the hold of a vessel TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 157 to preserve the cargo from the effect of leakage during the voy- age. (2) In railway transportation, stakes, timber, and other bracing used to hold in place the contents of a car, such as machinery. See Freight Classification. duplicate. When two documents are substantially alike so that each might be a copy or a transcript from the other, they are called "duplicates." Duplicate copies of various shipping receipts and forms are obtained by the use of manifold copies and carbon impression or by hectograph or similar processes. See The Bill of Lading. duress. Compulsion of threat or injury. A contract made under duress is often void or may be voided by proper action. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. duty. (1) A tax on merchandise exported or imported. In this coun- try duties are generally divided into: (a) ad valorem duties, based on a percentage of the value of the article; (b) specific duties, a fixed sum provided for each article according to its nature or other characteristics. See Ocean Traffic and Trade, (2) An obligation to perform some act expressed or implied by contract or by law; for example, the carriers' common law duty to transport goods with reasonable dispatch. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. earnings. That which is received as wages or a return upon money invested. As applied to business organizations, earnings are divided into two classes: (1) Gross earnings, the complete reve- nue received without any deduction being made. For example, the gross earnings of a carrier are the earnings received for the transportation of persons and property with all other income without the deduction for cost of operating the road, paying taxes, etc. (2) Net earnings, the earnings remaining after the neces- sary deduction for the cost of carrying on the concern has been made. See Bailway Accounting. eleemosjmary institutions. Institutions organized for the distri- bution of charity or alms, such as homes for the aged and hospitals. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. elevation. A transit service rendered in connection with certain sub- 158 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY jects of transportation involving a movement from a lower to a higher level, such as the hoisting of logs to river bank by incline or otherwise to a level sufficiently higher to enable them to be loaded on freight equipment, or the handling of grain through a grain elevator for the purpose of cleaning, clipping, drying, etc. See A Primary Lesson in Transit. elevator. (1) An equipment designed to carry persons or property upward or downwards in a building or elsewhere. (2) A build- ing equipped with apparatus for the movement of grain or other products from or to a car or from one part of a building to another for the purpose of milling, screening, sorting, etc. See A Primary Lesson in Transit. Elkins Act. An act providing penalties for violation of the pro- visions of the Act to Regulate Commerce. See The Act to Regulate Commerce, embargo. A notice issued by carriers to the public that certain traffic will not be accepted owing to their inability to effect delivery. For example, a certain road may issue notice that it will not accept freight destined to a specified point owing to congestion, strikes, wash-outs, or similar causes. See Freight Claims. eminent domain. The right of the people, through the government, to take property for public use. For example, a municipal gov- ernment may by due process of law purchase land for a city hall or other public buildings even against the wishes of the owner. The term does not generally signify that the government takes the property without paying for it, but rather that a reason- able amount will be paid, in many cases subject to determination by courts or other qualified bodies. The right of eminent domain is accorded to public service corporations such as railways because, while the railways in this country are generally operated by private capital, they are performing a public service. See Railway Organization and Management. employee. In a broad sense, one who is employed by another to perform some more or less definite class of work. In actual practice the term does not in many cases include the higher offi- cers of a corporation. For example, the term ' ' railway employees ' ' is often used to include those who are engaged in carrying on the activities of the road below the rank of such officials as the TECHNICAL TEAFFIC TERMS 159 president, vipe president, or other staff officers. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. enumerated powers. In law, power specifically mentioned as being granted to certain courts or other bodies. The term is sometimes used in contrast with the term ' ' implied powers ' ' to signify powers that are specifically granted in legislation as compared with a powers that may be exercised as being implied but which are not specifically mentioned. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. eciualization. The adjustment of traffic conditions so as to put ship- pers, receivers, markets, localities, or carriers on an equality with each other. For example, if there is a boat line operating between point A and point B, the rail carriers operating between these points may put into effect such rates as will give them a share of the business. Again, if the shipper on road A has a rate of 15 cents to a specified market, road B may put into effect the same rate from some point on its line to the same market in order to enable shippers at that point to compete with shippers on road A. The term "equalization" does not always mean that exactly the same rate or other traffic regulation is put into effect but rather that such adjustments are made as will enable one set of interests to com- pete with another set. In rate making the term signifies the pub- lication as a through rate (applicable via all gateways) of the combination of the locals via the gateway making the lowest rate. As an example, on business moving from C. F. A. territory to the Southeast the combination of rates applying via Cincinnati (the lowest combination) is equalized via all the other Ohio Eiver Gateways. On business moving from Louisiana to C. F. A. territory the combination applying via New Orleans is published as a through rate and equalized via East St. Louis or Cairo. See Freight Bates — Official Classification Territory. eqiiipment. In a broad sense, articles or supplies necessary for any particular service. In railroading, cars and other apparatus necessary for the operation of the road. See Railway Organiza- tion and Management. equity. In a broad sense, equality or fairness. In law, the adjust- ment of controversies upon the basis of right and justice rather than in accordance with the letter of the law, as in cases where the law does not specifically cover some practice that has arisen. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. 160 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY estimated weight. In a broad sense, the weight of an article or a consignment estimated upon a more or less definite basis. In con- nection with freight traffic, weights determined by definite meth- ods or weights that are in reality average weights. For example, it is impossible in many cases to weigh all shipments which are delivered to the railway company because of the lack of scale facilities or for other reasons. For the convenience of all con- cerned, the average weight of a number of shipments may be determined by actual scale or test weighing and the average weight so determined used as a basis for assessing freight charges upon similar shipments. In the handling of lumber of various kinds, it is customary to determine the average weight for one thousand feet. See Freight Classification. estoppel. A bar or impediment raised by the law which precludes one from alleging or from denying a certain fact or set of facts, in consequence of his previous allegation, or denial, or conduct, or admission, or in consequence of final adjudication of the matter in a court of law. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. estray. See asteat feeight. examiner. In law, an officer appointed to take the testimony of witnesses and to reduce it to writing. In connection with Inter- state Commerce Commission practice there are several kinds of examiners with varying duties, such as examiners of accounts, who investigate the accounts and accounting methods of the car- riers subject to the jurisdiction of the Commission, and examiners whose duty is to take testimony in rate eases, general investiga- tions, and other matters coming before the Interstate Commerce Commission. These latter examiners act in a somewhat broader field than the examiner in the ordinary legal sense in that they usually assist one or both sides in a ease being heard by them and write the decisions in the case (subject of course to the approval of the Commission). See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission and Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. exceptions to application of tariffs. It often happens in the issu- ance of tariffs, particularly agency tariffs, that carriers par- ticipating desire to take exception to the general applieatien of the tariff, in which case the exceptions will be carried under the heading of "Exceptions to the Application of Tariff." In gen- eral the term signifies such divergence from the provisions of a tariff as a carrier may provide. See Freight Classification. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 161 exceptions to classifications. (1) Variations from the provisions of a specified classification which are made to meet the needs of some particular traffic. The term as used in its broadest sense may include changes in carload weights, packing requirements, minimum charges, ratings, etc. When the exception provides that a certain rate shall apply on a certain commodity or a group of commodities regardless of the rate that would apply under the classification, the exception is specifically designated as a commodity rate. Exceptions to classification may be carried in special publications called "exceptions to classification" or they may be in other publications, such as tariffs. (2) A publication in which the carriers bring together a number of exceptions to classification applicable in a certain territory, as in the case of exceptions to Official Classification issued by Eugene Morris of the Central Ereight Association. See Freight Classification. execute. To complete; to make; to perform; to do; to follow out. In connection with transportation, often applied to the making out of various forms, such as a power of attorney, authorizing some carrier or agent to perform some specific duty. For example. The Act to Regulate Commerce provides that carriers or agents may act for other carriers or agents in issuing tariffs only when spe- cific authority so to act has been filed with the Interstate Com- merce Commission. In such a case, it is said that a concurrence or power of attorney has been executed. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. exemplary damages. See damages. exhibit. Document or other things shown to a witness when he is giving evidence, or referred to by him in his evidence. Usually documents referred to in a pleading or an affidavit are identified by letter or numbers. For example, in Interstate Commerce Commission cases, it is quite common for both sides in a rate adjustment case to introduce figures of various kinds in the form of rate tables and statistics, presumed to substantiate the contention of the party filing the exhibit or tending to prove that the exhibits of the other party are erroneous, incomplete, or immaterial. See Grounds of Proof in Rate Cases. ex parte. A legal phrase meaning literally on one side. As ordinarily used, in connection with legal matters, it signifies that only one party to a case has been heard. For example, a court may issue 162 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY an order without having all the interested parties before it. Thus, in a bankruptcy proceeding application by A, a creditor, might be described as ex parte. A; i. e., on the part of A. In such a case, it would be understood that parties B, C, and D had some interest in the case but had not been heard. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. expedite freight (or expedited freight). Freight which is given pref- erence in transportation and handled with utmost dispatch. Fruit, vegetables, and live stock are often included in this class of freight. Various terms are used to designate this special service, such as quick dispatch, red-ball freight, cannon-ball freight, etc. See Bouting Freight Shipments. Expediting Act. An act providing that certain cases arising under The Act to Regulate Commerce shall be given preference in Fed- eral Courts. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. expense bill. See freight bill. expert, trafSc. One who is skilled in matters relating to the handling of freight traffic through knowledge gained by study, practical experience, and observation. Often applied to one offering his services to the public in an advisory capacity as does the attorney-at-law. In many cases he acts for a number of small shippers or receivers of freight whose business does not warrant the retaining of an employee to devote his whole time to the interests of a single concern. See The Industrial Traffic Department, expiration notice. A notice in a tariff that the tariff or some portion of it will expire at or by a specified time. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. export traf5.c. Traffic which moves from this country to foreign countries. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. express service. One of the most important transportation agencies of this country. The principal features as compared with freight services are close supervision, quick handling, personal receipt and delivery of merchandise. See The Express Service and Rates. extenuating circumstances. Circumstances which tend to make a crime or other wrong-doing appear less blameworthy. For exam- ple, if the carrier has consumed an extraordinary long time in the transportation of freight, the fact that the delay was due to a TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 163 flood on its line is said to be an extenuating circumstance. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. facilities and privileges. To accommodate the varied demands of commerce, carriers have been compelled to install special facilities for the handling of some trafiSc and to make the shipper allowances on others. The more important facilities and privileges follow: compression of cotton. A service rendered in connection with the transportation of cotton where farm-packed or hand-compressed bales are machine compressed, increasing the density of weight per cubic foot and materially reducing their bulk. In some cases these presses are owned by the carriers, in others by various interests. The carriers often recognize the desirability of com- pression by special rate adjustment to and from compressing points. See A Primary Lesson in Transit. concentration privilege. A privilege by which the shipper is given the opportunity of assembling various shipments which move into the concentration point at less-than-carload rate and to reship on basis of the carload rate attaching to the particular commodity involved; quite often rendered in connection with cotton, butter and eggs, poultry, and various products of the farm. cooperage and baling. Not infrequently in the course of trans- portation barrel heads or hoops may start, with a consequent leakage of contents, or bales may become torn or other exterior packing damaged to some extent. In such cases repairs are made by the carrier at the owner's expense except when the damage is a result of the carrier's negligence. dnmping and trimming. To load and unload vessels economically, railroad companies at water terminals have installed mechanical devices as an aid. The charge for the use of these facilities is in addition to the rate as concerns the handling of coal ; for example, there is a charge for the dumping of the coal into the vessel 's hold and a further charge when the service is performed by the car- rier's representative, for the trimming or leveling of the coal in the hold of the ship. These charges, like the charges for trans- portation, are. subject to revision by the Interstate Commerce Commission. See A Primary Lesson in Transit. elevation. In the handling of many commodities, particularly 164 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY grain, it is necessary to pass the commodity through an elevator for the performing of various operations, such as mixing, cleaning, clipping, drying, and the like. These services so performed are referred to generally as elevation privileges. See A Primary Les- son in Transit. grain doors. In order to transport grain and prevent its shifting or leaking in transit, special doors, or grain doors as they are termed, must be installed in the doorway of each ear. Owing to the fact that these doors in some cases constitute a part of the equipment of the car and in other cases the car is not so equipped, has led to the establishment of refunding to shippers who install doors in cars not so equipped with them a sum sufficient to cover the average expense, subject to a fixed maximum. See Conference Rulings. milling in transit. A service accorded the shipping public whereby a shipment may be stopped short of ultimate destination for the exercise of some fabricating, milling, or manufacturing process. See A Primary Lesson in Transit. scale deduction. Owing to inclemency in the weather, the weight of vehicles may be increased by an accumulation of moisture, snow, ice, or dirt, and to compensate the shipper allowances are made from the gross weight sufficient to compensate for such increases. shrinkage in transit. Live stock when shipped by rail frequently loses weight or shrinks in transit. The usual custom is to allow five hundred pounds in the weight ascertained at point of origin in effecting settlement to the consignee at destination. staking. Where property is transported on open cars, especially such as laths, timber, girders, etc., stakes are necessary to prevent the loading of the ears from rolling off. As these stakes are fur- nished by the shipper, the custom has been for the carrier to allow for their free or reduced transportation. See dunnage. factor. In rate making, one or all of the rates which added together go to make a through rate from point of origin to destination. In an all-rail movement from New York to Colorado common points, the rate applicable from New York to the Mississippi River may be called one factor and the rate applicable from the Mississippi River to destination the other. false billing. In a special sense, the billing of freight in such a way TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 165 as to secure the payment of other than the charges that ^ould apply in connection with the specified movement. False billing may include the use of wrong weights, inaccurate descriptions of shipments, and many other devices for defeating the lawfully established charges. In a broad sense, the term "false billing" is used to signify any means by which other than the legal charges are collected. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. false floors. A freight ear fitting used in the transportation of fruits to keep the fruit or other commodity off the bottom of the car and to permit the circulation of air, so as to prevent damage due to dampness, etc. fare. The money paid for a voyage or journey. The word ' ' fare ' ' is often used to signify the charges for the transportation of passengers as compared with the word "rate" in connection with the transportation of property, although the term "rate" may often properly be used in connection with the transportation of passengers, as in the case where fares are based upon a charge per mile. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. fast freight lines. As the name indicates, organizations of the car- riers for the purpose of providing fast transportation for freight traffic. As the term is often used, it signifies simply the organ- ization of railways over which specified traffic passes for the purpose of providing through routes over the different roads (members of fast freight lines) rather than the providing of specially fast service. See Railway Organization and Management, federal courts. Courts having jurisdiction over federal matters as distinguished from state or other courts having jurisdiction over matters other than federal affairs. See The Act to Regulate Com- merce. Federal Reserve Board. Consists of seven members, five appointed by the president of the United States, and the secretary of the treasury and comptroller of the currency, ex-officio members. It is the essential governing and administrative body of the federal reserve banking system. It selects government directors in the federal reserve banks, establishes rules and regulations for the management of banking business in the several districts, reviews the rate of discount at federal reserve banks, and originates the rate of rediscount between federal reserve banks and regulates the reserve holdings of the several banks. 166 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Federal Trade Commission. A Commission of five members created for the purpose of aiding in the enforcement of the anti-trust laws of the United States and the carrying on of certain research and constructive work in behalf of American business. It exer- cises its greatest regulatory powers under section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act, which reads, "Unfair methods of competition in commerce are hereby declared unlawful." The procedure before the Commission is similar to that before the Interstate Commerce Commission. It has no jurisdiction over the methods of competition between transportation agencies. ferriage. The toll exacted for ferrying passengers or property across rivers or other bodies of water. It may be in addition to the rate of transportation or, as is most frequently the case, absorbed out of the revenues received for transportation. See Ocean Traffic and Trade, ferry. A transportation vehicle with or without power used in trans- porting persons and property across rivers or other inland bodies of water. The larger type of these crafts are designed to accom- modate a number of cars and enable them to be transported from place to place without the necessity of removing their lading. Car- ferries are distinguished from lighters in that the contents of the cars are moved by lighters but not the cars themselves. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. ferry cars. A term applied to ears loaded or unloaded at private sidings of industries when transported to or from transfer point, junction point, freight houses, and the like, where their contents are assembled or distributed according to their origin or destina- tion. The term arises in connection with a concentration service whereby numerous less-than-carload shipments may be assembled as a carload and moved on a per-car or per-hundred-weight basis between points within a railroad terminal, thus saving consider- able individual cartage expense so far as the industry is con- cerned. See Bases for Freight Charges. fighting ships. A term used to signify ships which are put into serv- ice where there is a strong competition for certain business. The fighting ship is in reality a ship used by one competing line to take business away from another. In some cases the fighting ship is made to appear independent of any line. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 167 fixed charges. Those charges in connection with the operation of a railway which do not fluctuate to any great degree according to the amount of business. Fixed charges include such items as inter- est on bonds and taxes. The term is often used in contrast with operating costs and othei* costs which vary to some degree accord- ing to the amount of business done. See Bailway Accounting. flag stations. Railway stations at which trains do not stop unless signaled by flag, lantern, or other device. See Railway Accounting, floatage. See lighterage. flying switch. A switch on which, after the cars have gained suffi- cient momentum, the engine is detached and they proceed to the desired location under the control of hand brakes. Owing to the risk, switches of this character are prohibited by law in some localities, particularly in congested districts. foreign commerce. Business intercourse between interests of the United States on the one hand and interests located in foreign countries on the other. See Conference Bulings of the Interstate Commerce Commission. foreign countries. Under the provisions of the Act to Regulate Com- merce foreign countries are divided into two classes, adjacent and non-adjacent. (1) Adjacent foreign countries are those adjoining this country, such as Canada on the north and the Republic of Mexico on the south. (2) Non-adjacent foreign countries include all others. So far as the rulings of the Interstate Commerce Com- mission are concerned with respect to the administration of the Act to Regulate Commerce, Cuba, the Philippine Islands, and the Canal Zone are considered as foreign countries. See Conference Rulings of the Interstate Commerce Commission. forms of action. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. forwarder or forwarding agent. In a legal sense, one who receives and forwards goods, taking upon himself the expense of trans- portation, for which he receives a compensation from the owners. He has no interest in the vessels or wagons by which the prop- erty is transported and no interest in the freight. The term is often applied to those who make a specialty of assembling less- than-carload shipments at some central point and reforwarding 168 TRAFFIC GLOSSABY them as a carload lot to some distant destination. The forward- ing agent generally arranges for the distribution of the goods at the point of destination. See Freight Classification, four seas. The seas surrounding England. These were divided into the western, including the Scotch and Irish; the northern, or North Sea ; the eastern, the German Ocean ; and the southern, the British Channel. The term "within the four seas" means within the jurisdiction of England. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. franchise, A special privilege or liberty conferred by the government and vested in particular individuals. In the United States fran- chises are generally exercised by corporations created for the purpose and deriving their powers under general or special laws. As an example of the use of the franchise, if a corporation desires to operate a street railway in a city, application is made to the proper body, perhaps the Board of Aldermen, for permission to carry on the desired operation. Eranchises may be granted for a specified number of years or for an unlimited term. In the former case, they are designated as "term franchises" in the latter as "indeterminate franchises." franchise value. As the right to carry on some business allowed by franchise is of material value to the person or corporation hold- ing the franchise, reference is often made to the franchise value in figuring the assets of a corporation. There is considerable difference of opinion as to the right to take these values into account in connection with public service corporations. frank. (1) (verb) The sending of matter through the mails, by ex- press or by other agencies, without the payment of charges. (2) (noun) The evidence of the right of the sender to have his let- ters or other matter handled without charge. It is customary in connection with the mail sent out by a congressman to have the congressman's signature on the envelope showing that it is to be transported without the payment of postage. In some cases a frank consists of a label attached to matter that is being trans- ported without charge. Franks are used in connection with tel- egraph messages and express matter. See The Express Service and Bates. free alongside (abbreviated f. a. s.). A term applied to delivery alongside a vessel in the harbor, or at the wharf, in a convenient TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 169 position to be reached by the ship's derrick or other apparatus. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. free-board. Having the wind from a favorable quarter to prevent collision of vessels. It is the duty of the vessel having the wind free to give way to the vessel beating up to windward and tack- ing. At sea such vessel meeting another at close hauled must give way if necessary to prevent the danger of collision. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. free on board (commonly abbreviated f. o. b.). A term indicating that property is to be delivered to the buyers free of all charges to some specified point. As an example, if goods are bought free on board, customer's place of business, they are to be delivered to the customer's place of business with all transportation charges including drayage charges at point of destination paid. Again, if shipments are bought f. o. b. point of origin, the consignment is to be delivered to the railway company with all charges neces- sary to delivery to the railway company paid. See Freight Classi- fication. free sMp. Neutral ship. "Free ships make free goods" is a phrase often used in a treaty to denote that the goods on board neutral ships shall be free from confiscation even though belonging to the enemy. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. free time. A period allowed the owner of goods to load or unload property before demurrage or storage charges begin to accrue. See Demurrage and Car Efficiency, freight. (1) As applied to traffic, the goods or property of a particu- lar kind or class transported. (2) As applied to revenue, the amount due a carrier for services in transporting a specified ship- ment. The term is in reality an abbreviation of freight charges. See Freight Classification, freight bill. A bill rendered to the consignor or consignee by a carrier. It states the place of origin, consignor 's name, nature of the article shipped, weight, charges paid or to be paid, etc. Frequently, this form is prepared in quadruplicate, one copy being mailed to the consignee as notice that the freight has arrived. The other copies are retained by the carrier for record — (1) as a record or amount of and payment of charges, (2) as to delivery of goods, (3) for accounting purposes. See Railway Accounting. 170 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY freight house. A building for the aecommodation of freight traffic, including the necessary office space and space for the handling of the freight (generally less-than-carload freight). At important points there may be two or more houses for the different branches of the freight business. Tor example, there may be an inbound freight house for freight coming into the station and an outbound house for the freight being sent out from the station. See Investi- gation of Freight Claims. freight revenue. The revenue which is derived by a railway com- pany from its freight business as compared with the revenue derived from the passenger or miscellaneous sources. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. full crew law. Legislation which requires carriers to use a specified number of men in connection with the operation of trains. The number varies with the class of trains and the provisions of the particular law. See Bailway Regulation. funding a debt. The pledging of a specific fund to keep down the interest and ultimately discharge the principle. When the extin- guishment of the debt is contemplated it is called a "sinking fund." ^BB Bail-way Accounting. G gallonago capacity. The capacity of vessels, including tank cars, expressed in gallons, by means of which in conjunction with the estimated weight provided for various kinds of liquids, the approx- imated weight of the contents may be ascertained. See Freight Classification. gangway. (1) A narrow wooden or metallic platform or bridge used as a temporary passage-way affording a runway from ear to car or from dock to vessel. (2) That part of a ship's side by which persons enter or depart or by which freight may be loaded or unloaded. See The Investigation of Freight Claims. gateway. (1) A point to or from which rates are constructed. (2) From the operating standpoint, a point through which traffic may move. Tor example, in movements of freight from the eastern part of the United States to California and other Pacific Coast states traffic may move via a number of different junction points called ' 'gateways. ' ' See Freight Rates— Western Territory. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 171 gauge. A standard measurement, dimension, quantity, or amount. In many cases the standard is determined by an instrument con- structed for the purpose. In connection with the construction of railways, the width between the rails of a railway track. The standard gauge in use in this country is 4 feet 8V^ inches. "Broad gauge" and "narrow gauge" roads have tracks respec- tively wider and narrower than standard. Both broad and nar- row gauge roads are constructed for the most part for special purposes. For example, narrow gauge roads are constructed in the mountains, mines, or other places where a standard gauge road could not be built or where it would not serve the purpose. See Railway Organization and Management. general special. A term at one time used in connection with the classification of express matter to indicate articles of food and drink to which a second-class rate is now applied. See The Express Service and Bates. goods. Personal property, such as household goods; also any kind of property that is transported. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. grab irons. See handholds. graded rates. See bate. graduated charges. In connection with express rates, charges for varying weights less than 100 pounds based on the rate speci- fied for 100 pounds. Graduated charges are assessed in accord- ance with provisions in express tariffs. The charges for the different weights do not bear the same relationship to the hun- dred-pound rate as the weights bear to 100 pounds. For example, suppose that the first-class express rate is 35 cents per hun- dredweight; the charge for 20 pounds will not be one-fifth of 55 cents but may be 27 cents. Again, the charge for 50 pounds will not be one-half of 55 cents but may be 37 cents. The term is sometimes used in connection with freight rates. See The Express Service and Bates. grain and grain products. The term "grain" signifies barley, buck- wheat, com, wheat, and other grains which have not been subjected to a manufacturing process incidental to their preparation as food stuffs. The term "grain products" applies to the resultant article after such process has been applied, such as cornmeal, flour, break- fast foods of various kinds, and the like. The term "grain prod- 172 TEAFFIC GLOSSAEY ucts ' ' is sometimes subdivided to indicate the by-products of grain ; that is, products that are left after some manufacturing process has been performed, the products themselves having some special value in the manufacture of poultry food, stock food, etc. The pub- lications of carriers give exact definitions of these terms and the class divisions to which various articles are assigned. See Freight Classification. gratuitous bailee. One who performs some specific service in con- nection with certain goods without any remuneration; for ex- ample, the carrier who performs a transportation service without remuneration. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. gratuitous carriage. Transportation of passengers or property for which the carrier receives no compensation. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. gravamen. The grievance complained of, the substantial cause of action. gravity yards. Railway yards arranged with an artificial slope from the crest of which cars are shunted and gain sufficient momentum to be carried to various storage and other tracks after they have been started from the top of the slope. See Freight Classification. gross weight. See vo:ight. groundage. In maritime law, the charge for space occupied by a vessel while in port. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. group rates. See bates. guaranty. The promise to answer for the payment of some debt or the performance of some duty in case of the failure of another person who is liable to such payment. The word "guarantee" is often used to mean the same thing. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. guide book. In a general sense, a book in which information as to some specific subject is to be found; for example, information as to the time of trains, etc. In a more limited sense the word is applied to publications issued by fast freight lines and indi- vidual carriers showing the points on their line or reached via their line, the base rates to apply, arbitraries to be used, etc. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 173 handholds (or grab irons). Pieces of iron or steel aifixed to the _ ends or the sides of passenger or freight cars to enable pas- sengers or trainmen to alight and ascend with ease. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. handling of property (by carriers). Any service affecting the move- ment of property after it has been delivered to the carrier for transportation and before its delivery to the consignee. In addi- tion to the actual transportation of the property such acts as the storing of freight in the ear and its transfer or distribution to other cars at junction points are included. See Investigation of Freight Claims. harbor. A haven or place of deep water so sheltered by the adjacent land or by artificial devices as to afford a safe anchorage for ships. The term harbor may be distinguished from the word ports in that the latter implies that there are wharves or that means and opportunity of receiving and discharging cargoes are pro- vided. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. hatch. An opening in the deck affording passage to the hold. Also the cover of the opening. The term hatchway is also used to indicate the opening. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. hatchway. See hatch. haul. In a broad sense the drawing of a vehicle or load from one place to another. In a technical traffic sense, the distance a shipment is transported. See Freight Rates — Official Classification Territory. joint haul. A haul in which two or more carriers participate. local haul. A haul over a single line of road. long haul. (1) the portion of a joint haul performed by the road over which the greater part of the distance is covered. (2) A haul over a considerable part of a carrier's line. short haul. A haul over a small part of a carrier's line. A carrier is said to be short-hauled when it might transport a given shipment over a long distance but is allowed to handle for a short distance only. haven. A place calculated for the reception of ships and so situ- 174 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY ated in regard to the surrounding land that vessels may ride at anchor in it safely. It does not follow, however, that a haven is a port, or port of entry, as it is simply a safe and snug harbor to which vessels may repair when in distress. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. hearing. In Commission procedure, the trial of a transportation issue. The hearing is conducted as follows: When the cause is called on, the pleadings of each side are opened in a brief manner to the court by the junior counsel for the plaintiff, after which the plaintiff's pleading counsel states the plaintiff's ease and the points in issue and then submits to the court his arguments upon them. Then the deposition (if any) of the plaintiff's witnesses and such parts of the defendant's answer as support the plain; tiff's case are read by the plaintiff's solicitor, after which the rest of the plaintiff's counsel addresses the court or Commission and the same course of proceeding is observed on the other side except that no part of the defendants answer can be read in his favor if it be replied to. The leading counsel for the plaintiff is then heard in reply, after which the Commission pronounces its decree. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission, heavy lift. A term applied to articles of unusual weight which require special facilities in loading or unloading and for which additional compensation is exacted. See Freight Classification. hectograph. A duplicating device used extensively in railway circles in obtaining additional copies of original documents or records. See Railway Accounting. high seas. In English law, that part of the sea which is more than three miles from any coast. In United States usage all the uninelosed waters of the ocean beyond low-v/ater mark. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. highways. Public ways either on land or on water which everyone has a right to use. Railways are commonly known as "highways," although in this country they are generally owned by private corporations. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. holding company. A company organized for the purpose of holding the stocks of various organizations which are under a common management. Often used in contrast with the term "operating company, ' ' which means a company actually operating some form TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 175 of business. For example, the stocks of several railway companies may be held by one company while the actual operation of the railroads is carried on by the separate companies. See Bailway Accounting, Hours of Service Act. An act specifying the number of hours which certain employees of the carriers may work when engaged in the transportation of interstate commerce. Iiouse cars. Cars for miscellaneous freight, loaded and unloaded in freight houses. Contrasted with cars carrying carload or other freight not handled in the freight house but on public team tracks, sidings, etc. household goods. In freight traffic, those articles which go to make up the necessary furnishings of a household, including orna- ments — except paintings, bric-a-brac, silverware, and articles of extraordinary value, which freight carriers do not hold them- selves out to transport, except under special contract. hoyman. The commander of a small hoy or coasting vessel, and as such comes within the class of common carriers if he engages in the business of carrying or transporting goods indifferently for all who may employ him. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. hump yards. See gravity taeds. husband of a ship. See ship's husband. I. C. C. An abbreviation for the words Interstate Commerce Com- mission. I. C. 0. number. A number placed upon a publication or record by the Interstate Commerce Commission or by the carrier when filing publications with the Interstate Commerce Commission. When the letters appear with figures before and after them, reference is made to the decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission. For example, 37-ICC-546 indicates the 37th vol- ume of the Decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission, page 546. The word report is sometimes used in connection with the abbreviation I. C. C. Thus the citation just given might be written 37-ICC report 546 or 37 I. C. C. rep. 546. 176 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY icing. The act of preparing refrigerator or other cars for the trans- portation of property requiring protection from the heat by placing ice in compartments or bunkers specially constructed for carrying it or elsewhere in the car. Also the placing of ice in cars while the shipment is in transit. See Freight Classification, identity of shipment (preserving of). The preservation of the characteristics of a shipment when delivered to the carriers or when stopped in transit, so that there will be no difficulty in determining that there has been no substitution of articles for the ones originally shipped. In the handling of certain com- modities which are stopped in transit for some operation such as the grinding of wheat into flour, the term "identity" does not signify that exactly the same wheat that was brought into the mill is shipped out, but that the product is from the same kind of wheat. See A Primary Lesson in Transit. id est. Latin for that is or that is to say. immigration. The moving into one place from another. Immigra- tion is the opposite of emigration. For example, one who leaves a European country to come into the U. S. may be said to have emigrated from the European country and to have immigrated to this country. Immunity of Witnesses Act. An act providing that witnesses giving evidence before branches of the government under compulsion shall not be punished on the grounds of such evidence. (Closely related to the Compulsory Testimony Act.) See The Act to Regulate Commerce. implied. In law, contrasted with "expressed"; i. e., not manifested by explicit and direct words but gathered by necessary deduction from the circumstances, the general language, or the conduct of the party. Thus, a contract may specifically mention that a certain thing is to be done, or the wording may be such as to indicate that the act is to be performed. In the first case, there is said to be an expressed contract to perform this act and in the second case an implied contract. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. imports. Goods brought into a sptcifled country from some other country. improvement. See betteembnt. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 177 increased rate. See bate. indemnity bond. See bond. indeterminate franchise. See iiiakchise. index of stations. An alphabetical list of freight stations appear- ing in a tariff or some other publication of the carriers. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. index, tariff. See taeipf index. indictment. An accusation in writing found and presented by a grand jury, charging that a person therein named has done some act or been guilty of some omission which, by law, is a public offense punishable on indictment. The term is used also in a somewhat inaccurate sense for any accusation of wrongdoing. See Th,e Act to Regulate Commerce. indifferently. Without bias or partiality. Common carriers are required to carry goods for all persons indifferently ; that is, with- out bias or unjust discrimination. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. individnal items. Those items appearing in freight publications which are separate and distinct from all other items. The term is often used of a provision applying to an individual item as against a provision appearing in general rules or elsewhere. See Publiba- tion and Filing of Tariffs. indorsee. The person to whom a bill of exchange, promissory note, bill of lading, etc. is transferred by indorsement, giving him a right to sue thereon. For example, a bill of lading may carry indorsement by which the owner of the bill of lading transfers ownership to someone else known as the ' ' indorsee. ' ' See The Bill of Lading. industrial. (1) Connected with producing as distinguished from trading. (2) Connected with the business of shippers and receivers as contrasted with that of carriers. For example, when reference is made to industrial traffic work, the traffic work of the shipper or receiver of freight is generally meant, as distin- guished from the traffic work of the transportation company. See The Industrial Traffic Department. industrial lines. See lines. 178 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY informal complaint. See complaiht. inherent defects. Defects which already exist in the commodity when shipped, as distinguished from damages that occur in trans- port. Tor example, it may be found that a casting is broken because of some defect in the casting itself rather than from any rough handling on the part of the carrier. See The Law of Carriers of Goods, initials, car. The initials used to signify the names of the road owning a freight or other car. The initials appear upon a freight car either in place of the full name of the road or in addition to it. In order to avoid confusion, owing to the fact that sev- eral roads may have the same initials, it is necessary in corre- spondence and records to use enough of the name to leave no room for doubt. For example, M. C. R. R. might mean Michigan Central Railroad or Maine Central Railroad. In such a case the term "initials" would signify enough of the name of the road to indicate clearly which road was meant. See The Investigation of Freight Claims. injunction. A judicial order or process requiring the party to whom it is directed to do or (usually) refrain from doing some desig- nated thing. For example, a court might issue an injunction forbidding the Interstate Commerce Commission to put some order into effect. There are many kinds of injunctions, among the most common being temporary injunctions; that is, injunctions forbidding or requiring some action for a limited time only, per- haps until the court issuing the injunction or some other court can pass upon the merits of the case. A permanent injunction is a permanent order to do or refrain from doing something. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. inland navigation. In the legislation of Congress upon the subject this phrase means the navigation upon the rivers of the country but not upon the Great Lakes. In general use, however, the term is used to signify navigation on any bodies of water other than the oceans surrounding the United States or the Gulf of Mexico. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. inspectors. Those employees of a private organization or of the government whose duties require them to ascertain whether cer- tain rules, regulations, or laws are being complied with. For example, the carriers have representatives whose duty it is to see TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 179 that the provisions of tariffs, classifications, and other regulations of the carriers are complied with. See Investigation of Freight Claims. instructions, shipping. The directions in bills of lading or other specified forms, including the name of the consignee, the desti- nation of the shipment, the route via which it is to be forwarded, and other instructions that the consignor may desire to give. See The Bill of Lading. instrumentalities. Agencies for performing some activity. For example, the instrumentalities for transportation include locomo- tives, boats, electric cars, gasoline cars, hoists, cranes, elevators, etc. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. insurance. A contract whereby for a stipulated consideration one party undertakes to compensate the other for loss by specified perils. Common examples of insurance are fire insurance, life insurance, burglar insurance, marine insurance, etc. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. interchange of traffic or ectuipment. The delivering by one carrier to another at some junction point of property or cars and the receipt of property and cars from the carriers with whom there are interchange arrangements. See Bouting Freight Shipments. interest on claim. In connection with certain kinds of freight claims it is quite customary to allow interest on the amount of the claim from the date at which it becomes due until the claim is paid. See Freight Claims. intermeddling. Interfering with property or the conduct of business affairs officiously or without right or title. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. intermediate. As used in traffic work, not operative either at the point at which traffic originates or at the point at which it is delivered but effective between the time and point of origin and the time and point of delivery. An intermediate carrier is a carrier which does not receive the freight for transportation from the consignor nor deliver it to the consignee, but handles the traffic from one point on its line to another. For example, suppose that a shipment is delivered to the carrier at a point on road A and that road B transports the shipment from a junction on road A to the junction of road C, which delivers the shipment to the 180 TRAFFIC GLOSSAEY consignee; road B would be an intermediate carrier. An inter- mediate point is a point which is between two other specified points. For example, suppose that a shipment moving from point A to point C passes through point B ; it would be said that point B is an intermediate point. See Routing Freight Shipments. intermediate points. See Intermediate. interstate. In the broadest sense, moving between states, whether .applied to telegraph messages, freight, passengers, or anything else. Under the provisions of the Act to Regulate Commerce the traffic is considered interstate if it moves between two points in the same state but passes out of the state in transit. Suppose point A to be a point of origin in New York state and point B a destination in the same state; where the traffic passes into the state of New Jersey in moving between these two points, the traffic would be interstate under the provisions of the Act to Regulate Commerce. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. Interstate Commerce Commission. A body created by Congress to regulate the rates, rules, and regulations governing the interstate transportation of persons and property, also certain other activi- ties such as the transmission of telegraph and telephone mes- sages. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. inter-territorial. Literally between territories. Used in connection with the handling of freight traffic to signify that movements or rates are applicable between territories created by the carrier. For example, a movement from Central Freight Association on the one hand to Trunk Line Association on the other would be an inter-territorial movement. See Freight Bates — Official Classifi- cation Territory. interurban. As applied to electric lines operating between cities — usually within a comparatively short radius, although some elec- tric lines now operate over distances which are limited only as compared with the longest steam roads. See Bouting Freight Ship- ments. intervener. One who voluntarily interposes in an action or other proceeding with the leave of the court or other bodies. In Inter- state Commerce Commission practice it is very common for parties other than those who at first appear in an action to intervene in the case for the protection of their interests. For example, TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 181 if complaint is made against certain carriers, other carriers may ask for permission to intervene in the case. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. in the rough. A term used in classifications and tariffs to indicate that articles are in the first or early stage of manufacture. See Freight Classification. in the white. A term applied to wagon wood and wood for other purposes which has been turned to shape but which needs to be painted or varnished to become a finished article. See Freight Classification. intrastate. Within a state. As applied to traffic indicates traffic moving entirely within a state and not passing out of the state at any point. intrinsic value. The intrinsic value of a thing is its true inherent and essential value, not depending upon accident, place, or person but the same everywhere and to everyone. (Bank of North Caro- lina V. Ford, 27 N. C. 698,) See Freight Claims. investigation and suspension docket. A division of the work of the Interstate Commerce Commission which deals with cases where the Commission has suspended changes in rates or regulations which the carriers have proposed to make. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. investigation of claims. As applied to freight claims, the necessary examination as to whether the statements made by the claimants or carriers are true with reference to the value of the article, its condition when delivered to the carrier, the handling of shipments while in transit, etc. See Investigation of Freight Claims. invoice. In commercial law, an account of goods or merchandise sent by merchants to their correspondents at home or abroad in which the marks of each package, with other particulars, are set forth. In business transactions, an invoice may be nothing more than the statement of the amount due, terms of sale, etc. See Freight Claims. invoice value, or valuation. The value of a shipment which is dis- closed by the shipper's invoice to his customers as distinguished from the value of the shipment that may be obtained in other ways, as the statement of the shipper as to the value regardless of the invoice value. See Freight Claims. 182 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY item. In an invoice, one of the various charges which make up the total sum. In tariffs, one of the divisions, or individual statements, generally designated by numbers. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. itemized bill. A bill in which the several items constituting the total are separately indicated so as to afford a ready and con- venient way to determine the accuracy of the total charge. See Freight Claims. jetsam. Things which have been cast overboard and sunk or thrown upon the shore. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. jettison. The act of lightening a vessel when in danger by throwing overboard the cargo or a part of it. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. jobber. One who buys and sells goods for others. One who buys or sells on the stock exchange. A dealer in stocks, shares, or securities. The jobber is usually distinguished from the retailer in that the jobber buys from the manufacturer in wholesale quan- tities and sells only to the retailer. As a rule, the jobber does not sell directly to the consumer, but if he does he is in reality a retail merchant to that extent. The term "manufacturing jobber" is sometimes used as indicating the jobber who in addi- tion to buying from other producers does manufacturing to some extent upon his own account, thus combining the function of the manufacturer with that of the jobber in the strict sense. joinder. In a legal sense, the coupling of two or more matters in the same suit or proceeding. Also the uniting of all plaintiffs or defendants who have the same right, or against whom the same rights are claimed or release is demanded. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. joint rates. See rates. judicial notice. The act by which a court in conducting a trial or framing its decision, of its own motion and without the produc- tion of evidence, recognizes the existence and truth of certain facts. These are facts which, from their nature, are not properly the subject of testimony or which are universally regarded as established by common notoriety, e. g., the laws of the state, international law, and historical events. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 183 judicial review. The power of the courts to pass upon the actions of the Interstate Commerce Commission or other bodies. For example, if the carriers believe that their constitutional rights have been violated by some action of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the matter may be passed upon by the federal courts, that is, reviewed by the courts. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. jurisdiction. In law, the power of the court to entertain and decide any action or matter. Also, the district over which the power of the court extends. When applied to an organization of the carriers, the authority which the organization has over rates, rules, and regulations of the carriers which are members of the organization. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. jurisprudence. In the proper sense of the word, "jurisprudence" is the science of law — namely, that science which ascertains the principles on which legal rules are based. See The Law of Carriers of Goods, justification. An explanation of the conditions complained of in a specified case, an assertion of the causes leading to it, and of the propriety of the right to continue the same. For example, rail carriers may admit that one point is given a more favorable rate adjustment than some other point but may show that the more favorable adjustment is warranted by competitive conditions, such as water competition. See Freight Bates — Southern Territory. E keelage. The right to demand money for the privilege of anchoring a vessel in a harbor, also the money so paid. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. kentlage. In maritime law, a permanent ballast, consisting usually of cakes of iron cast in a particular form or other weighty sub- stances, which on account of its superior cleanliness and the small space occupied by it is frequently preferred to ordinary ballast. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. keyage. A toll paid for loading and unloading merchandise at a quay (key) or wharf. See Ocean Traffic and Trade, knocked down (abbreviated K. D.). A term used in the handling of freight to indicate that a machine or other article is taken apart or that appendages, such as wheels, etc., are taken off and 184 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY put away so as to reduce materially the space that the article occupies. See Freight Classification. laches. Negligence or unreasonable delay in pursuing a legal rem- edy whereby a person forfeits his rights. For example, a shipper may be guilty of laches if he believes a rate unreasonable but does not promptly file a complaint. The Interstate Commerce Com- mission has thus described a laches: "Rates on lumber were increased in 1903. The complaint was filed in 1907. Although the rates attacked were proved to be unreasonable at the time of the hearing, no evidence was offered to show them unreasonable prior to 1903. Held, on account of the laches of complainant and the lack of proof, reparation could not be awarded on shipments made prior to the date of filing of the complaint." (Thompson Lumber Co. v. I. C. R. R. Co., 13 I. C. C. 657, 667.) See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. lake-and-rail rates. See rate. land agents. Employees of the carriers in charge of the department which deals with the sale of land and other property. See Railway Organization and Management. land-grant roads. Lines which have been assisted by governmental authority by grants of land. See Railway Regulation. latent defects. Defects which are not visible by external examina- tion but which may appear when the article is put into use or which may develop without use. For example, in the making of steel rails certain defects occur which do not appear upon the closest examination, but which may eventually result in breakage. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. lateral allowances. Allowances for some service performed by small transportation lines for trunk lines. For example, the N. Y. C. R. R. may make an allowance to some small connecting line for performing some limited transportation. See Freight Rates — Official Classification Territory. lateral lines. See lines. lawful or legal. The principal distinction between the terms ' ' lawful ' ' TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 185 and ' ' legal ' ' is that the former contemplates the substance of law, the latter the form of law. To say of an act that it is "lawful" implies that it is authorized, sanctioned, or at any rate not for- bidden, by law. To say that it is "legal" implies that it is done or performed in accordance with the forms and usages of law or in a technical manner. In this sense, "illegal" approaches the meaning of "invalid"; for example, a contract or will, exe- cuted without the required formalities, may be said to be invalid or illegal, but not unlawful. Again, rates may be filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission in accordance with section 6 of the Act to Regulate Commerce and therefore be the legal rates. They may, however, be unreasonable or unjustly discrimi- natory, thus violating certain other sections of the Act, as sectiona 1, 2, and 3, in which case they would be legal in that the form of the law had been complied with but unlawful in violating certain other sections of the Act. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. lay days. In maritime law, the time allowed to the master of a vessel for loading and unloading the same. In the absence of any custom to the contrary, Sundays are to be computed in the calculation of lay days. The term is used also in connection with miscellaneous water carriers, such as scows and barges. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. lease. A conveyance of property for life or years at will by one who has a greater interest in the property. The person conveying is called the landlord or lessor. The party to whom the convey- ance is made is the tenant or lessee. A consideration is usually made, as in the payment of a rent. For example, in leasing a house, the owner and the tenant make an agreement by which the tenant is to occupy the house for a specified time for a specified amount of money. See Railway Organization and Man- legal rates. See rate. legal tender. Lawful money which may be tendered in the payment of debts. Under the laws of the United States gold coin is full legal tender, while other coins are legal tender in varying amounts. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. legislative functions. In the Act to Regulate Commerce and the laws of some of the states, the regulating body, such as the Inter- 186 TKAFFIC GLOSSARY state Commerce Commission, has been given a legislative power — that is, power which ordinarily rests in the law-making bodies. The Commission in prescribing rates for the future is acting in a legislative capacity. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. legislative power. The power under the Constitution to make laws, and to alter and repeal them. See The Act to Regulate Commerce, lessee. One to whom a lease is made. lessor. One who grants a lease. letter of credit. In a strict sense, a letter written by a banker or correspondent to another person requesting him to give the bearer credit (with or without limit as to amount). The term is used also in a somewhat more general sense for letters sent by bankers in one section of the world to bankers elsewhere, stating that it is their belief that certain customers may be allowed credit up to a specified amount. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. letter of transmittal. A letter sent to the Interstate Commerce Com- mission with publications to be filed with that body. See Publica- tion and Filing of Tariffs. liability. Responsibility. The state of one who is bound by law and justice to do something which may be enforced by action. This liability may be specifically mentioned in a contract, such as a bill of lading or a live stock contract, or liability may be implied in connection with such contract or may arise from common and statutory laws of the state and nation. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. liability (common law). Responsibility under common law. lien. A hold or claim that one person has on the property of another as security for some debt or charge. See caeeier's lien. ligan. Goods cast into the sea tied to a buoy or float so that they may be found again and identified by the owner. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. light and bulky articles. Those articles which take up considerable room in a car or elsewhere as compared with their weight. For example, furniture as a rule is considered a light and bulky article. In maritime circles articles which do not weigh fifty-six pounds per cubic foot are generally taken as light and bulky TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 187 articles and charged for on a measurement basis. It should be noticed that the term "bulky" has an entirely different meaning from "bulk" freight. The latter term indicates that kind of freight which in a general way may be described as not included in packages. See Freight Classification. lighter. Small vessels used in loading and unloading larger vessels or in moving freight from one point to another on some small body of water, particularly in a harbor. Lighters may move under their own power or may be towed from one place to another by power vessels. lighterage. The moving of property by lighters. lighterage free. In freight publications indicates that traffic will be lightered without additional charge within certain territorial lim- its. When the carrier making provisions for free lighterage per- forms the service, no payment for the lighterage is made by anyone. If the lighterage is performed by some other carrier than the one making provisions for free lighterage, charges of the lightering carrier will be absorbed by the party offering the free lighterage; that is, will be paid by that carrier. See Bases for Freight Charges. lighterage limits. The limits within which freight will be transported by lighters; for example, the publications of the carriers make provisions that the freight will be lightered within certain pre- scribed limits around New York City. See Bases for Freight Charges. limitation of liability. Provisions by which a party performing some service specifies that his responsibility shall be limited to certain risks or shall not exceed a given amount. For example, carriers may provide in their bills of lading or elsewhere that the liability will be based upon the invoice value or that the liability will not exceed $10.00 per one hundred pounds. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. limited company. One wherein the liability of one or more of the members is, by compliance with certain statutory provisions, lim- ited to the amount of their contribution to the capital stock. This organization is peculiar to England and English colonial posses- sions and is indicated by the suffix Ltd. appearing after the firm's name. See Railway Organization and Management, 188 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY line or lines. A single transportation agency or a number of agen- cies united by ownership, traffic arrangements, or otherwise. See Eouting Freight Shipments, affiliated. Lines which are banded together by ownership, associa- tion, or agreement. belt. A railroad in or adjacent to some municipality and often connecting such lines as serve the particular point. Often used of switching or terminal lines passing around the edge of a city. branch. Lines radiating from the main or trunk line and related with it by ownership, as distinguished from tap lines, which do not belong to the owner of the trunk line. connecting. Lines which have a physical connection with each other so as to permit the interchange of trafi&e without the neces- sity of transferring the contents of cars. family. Lines which through stock ownership are controlled by or under a common management. independent. Lines which are not controlled by other lines. industrial. Lines which are operated or owned by some manu- facturing or other industry. The principle function of the indus- trial line is to serve the industry owning it, although traffic may be handled for others along industrial lines. lateral. Lines which radiate from a main or trunk line. They are to be distinguished from branch lines in that they are sepa- rately owned and controlled while a branch line is a part of the trunk line system. main. The principal stem or line of a transportation company as distinguished from branch lines. member. A transportation line which is a member of some asso- ciation; for example, a railroad belonging to the Central Freight Association would be said to be a member line of that association. short line. That line possessing the advantage of the shortest haul or mileage between two given points. tap. Lines constructed for the delivery of the output of some industry, such as a lumber mill, to a trunk line. trunk line. Originally employed to designate rail lines radiating TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 189 from the North Atlantic points to the so-called Western Termini points. The term is now used interchangeably with Main Line. lis pendens. A pending suit. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. litigation. A contest under the rules of the several courts authorized by law for the purpose of enforcing a right. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. Uve stock contract. A contract with the carrier which a shipper of live stock is required to sign before transportation is undertaken because of the peculiar nature of live stock as a subject for trans- portation. The live stock contract serves the same purpose in connection with transportation of live stock as does the bill of lading in the transportation of ordinary trafiic. See The Bill of Lading. Lloyd's. An association of English underwriters of marine insurance for the collection and distribution of maritime intelligence and the protection of their common interests and credit. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. loading or unloading. As a rule the shippers and receivers of freight are required to load and unload freight carried at carload rates. When the carrier, performs this service it is entitled to make, and often does make, an extra charge in addition to the transportation charge. In special cases however, carriers include this service in the transportation rates. See Freight Classification. local cnstom. One which is confined to a particular place or locality. See The Law of Carriers of Goods, log book. The ofiicial diary which every master of a ship is required to keep. In this book the master enters the daily observations, calculations of the day's run, statements as to the weather pre- vailing, unusual occurrences, icebergs in certain latitudes, the rescue of the crew of a ship in distress, etc. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. long and short haul clause. The fourth section of the Act to Regu- late Commerce is familiarly known as the "Long and Short Haul Clause." The principal provision of this section is that the car- riers may not charge more for a short haul than for a longer haul over the same route, subject to the limitation that the Inter- state Commerce Commission may allow of violations of this sec- 190 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY tion of the Act when circumstances warrant. For example, suppose point A to be a point of origin, point B a point one hun- dred miles from point A, on a specified line of railroad, and point C a second point on the same line, two hundred miles from point A. Through the provisions of the long and short haul clause, it would be unlawful for the carriers to charge more to transport specified traffic from point A to point B than from point A to point C, unless the Interstate Commerce Commission gave the carrier permission to violate this section. A B C The long and short haul clause is very fully discussed in the treat- ises on Freight Bates — Southern Territory and on Trans-Continental Bates. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. loss, concealed. See concealed. luggage. The English term for baggage. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. M mandamus. A writ issued by courts of superior jurisdiction com- manding that some specified thing be done. The order is generally issued against an individual as a public officer or as the officer of a corporation. For example, the United States Supreme Court might order the Interstate Commerce Conmiission to act on some matter that the Commission had previously refused to pass on. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. mandate. In a general sense, an order or command. Quite often used to indicate some formal order of a court or other official body. Used in this general sense, it may be said that an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission to the carriers to change a rate is a mandate. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. manifest. A written document setting forth the true description of the lading of a ship, car, or even a single package. The term sometimes signifies the bill of lading. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. manufacturing corporations. Corporations which are engaged in the production of some article, thing, or object by skill or labor. map routing. The routing of freight by the use of maps as distin- guished from the routing of freight from a knowledge of geo- graphical locations and transportation conditions. For example, TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 191 in studjdng maps it may be found that there is a route 500 miles in length, which is the shortest distance between two points, but a knowledge of transportation conditions may show that a route 700 miles in length would be better, all things considered. See Routing Freight Shipments, marine. Belonging to the sea; relating to the sea; naval. The whole naval power of a state or country. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. marine insurance. A contract of indemnity against losses by perils of the sea to ships, cargoes, and freights collectively, or any one of them. As in other insurance, there is a wide variation in the conditions of marine insurance policies, the rates to be paid, etc. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. maritime contracts. Those which relate to business or navigation upon the sea or to business pertaining to commerce or navigation to be transacted and done upon the sea or in seaports in such matters as the courts of admiralty have jurisdiction over, con- currently with the courts of common law. Such contracts include charter parties; bills of lading; contracts for services in build- ing, repairing, and navigating ships, respecting averages, etc. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. market competition. In rate making, the competition of one market as against another market. For example, Chicago is in competi- tion with a number of other cities in the handling of grain. Mil- waukee, Boston, and St. Louis are in competition in the handling of leather. Competition of markets with other markets naturally develops into competition between carriers when different carriers are serving the various markets. See Freight Bates — Southern Territory, market value. In many eases, the value of goods at destination after deducting unpaid cost of transportation. In various lines of business there are varying methods for determining the market value, particularly in the cases where there is a wide fluctuation in prices, as in the case of fruits and vegetables. See Freight Claims. marking. As applied to the handling of freight, the labeling of ship- ments to indicate clearly the name of the consignee and the desti- nation of the shipment and other particulars needed to show the carriers how shipments are to be handled. See Freight Classification. 192 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY maximum rate. See batd. measurement freight. That freight upon which charges are paid on the basis of linear or cubic measurement — in other words, the space occupied. In the handling of water-borne traflSc, chaises may be based either upon a measurement basis or upon a weight basis. Usually provision is made that charges will be assessed on whichever basis produces the higher charges. See bulk freight ; also Ocean Traffic and Trade. measure of damages. The rule, or rather the system of rules, govern- ing the adjustment or the apportionment of damages to compen- sate for injury in actions at law. For example, in a case where a rate is found unreasonably high, the measure of damages may be the difEerence between the rate which has been paid and the rate which the Interstate Commerce Commission finds to be the reasonable rate, or it may be found that the measure of damages is greater or less than this difference. See The Act to Begulate Commerce; Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Com- mission ; and The Law of Carriers of Goods. merchandise. (1) All commodities which merchants usually buy or sell, whether at wholesale or retail; wares and commodities such as are ordinarily the objects of trade and commerce. But the term is never understood as including real estate and is rarely applied to provisions such as are purchased day by day or to such other articles as are required for immediate consumption. (2) In connection with the handling of freight, small lots of freight in packages as distinguished from carload lots and freight not contained in packages. See Freight Classification. mile. A unit of distance which varies somewhat in different coun- tries of the world. In the United States a mile is 1,760 yards, or 5,280 feet. In freight statistics, the mile is frequently used as a unit of comparison. The following are some of the most common units: See Statistics of Freight Traffic. caboose mile. A unit representing the transportation of one ca- boose for the distance of one mile. car mile. The transportation of one car for a distance of one mile. Car miles may be subdivided into passenger car miles if the cars are passenger cars and freight car miles if the cars are freight cars. Other distinctions are made as to whether the cars are loaded or empty. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 193 locomotive mile. The movement of one locomotive for a distance of one mile. passenger mile. The transportation of one passenger for the dis- tance of one mile. Twenty passengers transported 200 miles would represent 4,000 passenger miles. ton mile. The transportation of one ton of freight for one mile. If twenty tons of freight are transported twenty miles, the result is 400 ton miles. train mile. The work involved in moving a train the distance of one mile. If the train runs over 100 miles of track, the service so performed is represented by the term "100 train miles. ' ' In ad- dition to the train mile, a number of other mile units are created in connection with the movement of a train. For example, each mile covered by the train represents one locomotive mile on the part of the locomotive, one caboose mile on the part of the ca- boose, one freight car mile on the part of each freight car in the train. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. mileage. (1) The miles of line or track in connection with a single railroad or a combination of railroads. (2) Compensation at so much per mile allowed to the owners of private car line equip- ment for the use of the equipment. (3) Sometimes used to indi- cate the distance a shipment moves. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. continuous mileage. Unbroken rail mileage between two given points as contrasted with those routes a portion of the haul on which is made up of water line and a portion of rail line. See Railway Accounting. milling in transit;. See facilities and privileges. minimum charge. The least charge that a carrier will accept for the transportation of a carload of freight or of a single shipment. The minimum charge for the transportation of a carload is deter- mined by the minimum weight. See minimum weight. The mini- mum charge for the small shipment is generally definitely pro- vided in tariffs, classifications, etc. It is quite common for the carriers to provide that in no case will the shipment be accepted for less than 25 cents, regardless of the charges that would accrue on the basis of the rate per hundred pounds. There are other 194 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY minimum charges, such as for articles which have to be transported on flat ears. See Freight Classification. minimum weight. The lowest weight upon which freight charges can be paid in order to secure the benefit of carload rates on certain traffic. Minimum weights are specified in various publica- tions of the carriers, such as tariffs and classifications. For example, suppose that a shipment actually weighs 18,000 pounds, while the tariff governing the movement of that particular ship- ment provides that carload rates will be accorded only upon a weight of 20,000 pounds. The specified weight of 20,000 pounds is known as the "minimum weight." While the minimum weight represents the lowest weight upon which charges can be paid in order to secure the benefit of the carload rate, the shipper can ordinarily pay charges upon the basis of 20,000 pounds at the carload rates, although the shipment actually weighed only 18,000 pounds. In such a case the shipment is billed "18,000 pounds as 20,000 pounds." There is generally a provision in tariffs, classi- fications, etc., that the charges on a less-than-carload basis must not exceed the charges that would accrue on the same shipment if billed on a carload basis, so that it is often necessary to figure charges on the carload and less-than-carload basis to determine which is the cheaper. See Freight Classification. Minnesota Rate Cases. A term commonly applied to a case decided by the United States Supreme Court. (230 U. S. 352.) In this case the court passed upon a number of important points relative to intrastate regulation of carriers and also laid down some con- crete suggestions as to factors to be considered in the adjustment of rates. See Railway Regulation. misdemeanor. Any offense less than a felony; a crime of a lesser grade. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. mixed carloads. Carload shipments which contain two or more dif- ferent kinds or classes of articles. In a somewhat restricted sense reference is made to the matter of billing the shipments. If the provisions of the carriers allow the application of the carload rate only to a single commodity in a shipment consisting of several commodities, it is said that the mixing privilege is not allowed. On the other hand, if the carload rate can be applied to several commodities shipped in the same car at carload rates, the load is known as a mixed carload. See Freight Classification. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 195 mixed shipments. Shipments containing articles that take more than one class in a classification or which take different rates. See Freight Classification. mixed trains. Railroad trains which contain cars of more than one kind. The term is often applied to trains operating on small roads where both freight and passenger cars are handled in the same train. Mixed trains, however, may comprise freight, pas- senger, baggage, and mail and express cars. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. moot point. A point or case unsettled and disputable, such as prop- erly affords a topic of disputation. For example, if shippers believe certain rates are unreasonably high because of the carload minimum weight, the term "moot point" may be used as to the minimum. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Com- mission, Mullen test. A test designed for determining the tensile strength of fibre boards, pulp boards, etc. The test is made by means of a machine especially constructed for the purpose. See Freight Classification. N natural differences. In the adjustment of rates, the differences be- tween localities or shippers due to the presence or absence of natural advantages or disadvantages such as waterways and mountains. Often used in contrast with the term "artificial differ- ences," such as rate adjustments. See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases, nature and propensity. The varying qualities and habits of differ- ent kinds of live stock as taken into consideration in connection with their transportation. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. navigable. Capable of being navigated: that may be navigated or passed over in ships or vessels. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. negligence. Want of care. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. negligence, contributory. When a person has by his own want of care contributed in bringing about a loss or accident to himself or his property, he cannot in many cases recover damages against the 196 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY defendant. Such remissness is known as "contributory negli- gence. ' ' negotiable instruments. The general name for bills, notes, checks, transferable bonds or coupons, letters of credit, and other nego- tiable written securities. Any written securities which may be transferred by indorsement and delivery, or by delivery merely, so as to vest in the indorsee the legal title and thus enable him to sue thereon in his own name. See The Bill of Lading, negotiability. - In mercantile law, transferable quality. That quality of bills of exchange and promissory notes which renders them transferable from one person to another. See The Bill of Lading. nesting. A method of loading buckets, tubs, etc., by which they are put one within the other to some extent. Nesting decreases the space occupied as compared with the space necessary if each of the articles had to be shipped separately. See Freight Classi- fication. new road. A railroad just completed and opened to the public for transportation. See Conference Rulings of the Interstate Commerce Commission. nominal damages. A trifling sum awarded where a breach of duty or an infraction of the plaintiff's right is shown but where no serious loss is proved to have been sustained. In suits for libel the jury will sometimes award damages of one cent. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. notice to the public. As applied to tariffs, the filing with the In- terstate Commerce Commission of tariffs or other publications constitutes notice to the public. In connection with legal matters notice to the public may be by a number of specified methods, such as by a publication in newspaper. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. not otherwise indexed by name. Abbreviated N. 0. I. B. N. As used in freight classification indicates the class of articles which may be indexed under a general head but not under a specified head, such as drugs N. 0. I. B. N., under which yellow root would be included because it is not specifically named, but is properly classified as a drug. See Freight Classification. not otherwise specified. Abbreviated N. 0. S. In freight classifi- TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 197 cation, applied to a miscellaneous lot of articles under a general heading. For example a classification may specifically provide a rating for hog bristles followed by a provision for bristles N. O. S. In such a case the N. O. S. rating would be applied to any other kind of bristle than hog bristles. See Freight Classification. oath of entry. One of the forms which has to be made out in con- nection with the importation of goods into the country. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. obsolescence. The wasting or shrinkage in the value of an asset due to the development of the art. (The phrase development of the art means the manufacture or construction of similar articles with a greater degree of efficiency in performing the work required or in otherwise serving the purpose of ownership.) A few examples may be cited: (a) Development of electrical systems of transportation, mak- ing obsolete horse cars and cable systems of transportation. (b) Development of four, six, eight, and twelve-cylinder gaso- line engines for vehicles, making obsolete for this purpose one and two-cylinder gas engines. (c) Development of air brake apparatus, making obsolete hand brake apparatus. See Railway Accounting. ocean lines. Lines of steamers engaged in the transportation of property and persons on the various oceans of the world. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. open station. A station at which there is an agent and to which goods may be consigned, freight charges to be collected. The term is often used in contrast with prepaid stations where there is no agent. See Freight Classification. operating ratio. The relation that the expense of operating a rail- road or other organization bears to the gross receipts. For exam- ple, if the cost of operating a certain road is 75 per cent of the revenue, the operating ratio is 75. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. opinions (Interstate Commerce Commission). Expressions of opin- ion by the I. C. C. relative to existing or proposed rates, rules, or regulations. option. In general, a power or right to choose. As used in connec- 198 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY tion with transportation, the right retained by the carrier to do or not to do something at his discretion, such as the assessing of charges on a weight or measurement basis. Also the right of the shipper to avail himself of different rates according to the liability involved. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. orders. In general, a command, such as the orders given by a super- intendent of a railroad. In business, the request to have specified goods shipped or to have services rendered. In connection with the work of interstate commerce an order is made after the Inter- state Commerce Commission has investigated some rate, rule, or regulation and finds it desirable to make some change or to forbid the carriers to make some proposed change. See The Act to Regu- late Commerce. organization. The systematic union of individuals in a body whose officers, agents, and members work together for a common end. For example, in a railroad organization the work is apportioned among various departments which are equipped to handle effi- ciently the various branches of railroad work. The operating department handles the movement of trains, the accounting de- partment deals with the receipt and expenditure of money, the traffic department makes rates, issues tariffs, secures business, etc. See Jtailway Organization and Management. original package. A package prepared for transportation and re- maining in the same condition as when it left the shipper; that is, unbroken and individual. A package of such form and size as is used by producers or shippers for the purpose of securing both convenience in handling and security in transportation. An unopened package. See Freight Classifieation. origin of traffic. The point from which a shipment originally moved as distinguished from a rebilling or junction point. Also, in a broad sense, the origin of some kind of traffic as a whole. For example, it might be said that the origin of most of the traffic in anthracite coal is in the Pennsylvania eoal fields. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. overcharge. A Charge in excess of what is lawfully or rightfully due. In connection with the transportation of freight, over- charges may be divided into two general classes: (1) rates that are collected in excess of definite tariff provisions; (2) those charges which are found to be too high after investigation by TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TEEMS 199 some body, such as the Interstate Commerce Commission, See Freight Claims. overloading. Placing more cargo aboard a ship or more property in a car than may safely be carried. As a rule freight cars may be loaded 10% in excess of their marked capacity. See Freight Classification, over short and damage reports. Reports by carriers' agents indi- cating (1) the receipt of property which does not belong at their station, (2) the receipt of property for which there is no billing, (3) freight not received, and (4) freight received in a damaged condition. In short, a report made to the proper authorities to indicate irregularity in the receipt or delivery of freight. The customary abbreviation for this report is OS&D. On many roads the various exceptions to the billing, such as freight being over or short, are indicated on different forms. owner's risk. In the transportation of some kinds of freight, the hazard is so great that the carriers refuse to assume the risk and oblige the owner to assume it in whole or in part. The goods are then said to be shipped at owner 's risk. See Freight Classification. package. In traffic work, any container used to inclose and protect goods, such as a box, crate, barrel, cask, or firkin. See Freight Classification. package car. Any car used for the accommodation of less-than- carload or package freight, as distinguished from cars containing full carload lots or freight not ia packages. See Freight Classi- fication. package freight. Freight that is inclosed in some kind of pack- age. The same commodity may be shipped in packages in one instance and without packages in another. For example, castings may be shipped in bags or boxes in one instance and in another without any container. See Freight Classification. Panama Canal Act. An act passed in 1912 which made provisions relative to the operation of boats through the Panama Canal and also gave the Interstate Commerce Commission added authority over water lines and the establishment of through routes. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. 200 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY parallel lines. Transportation lines which run parallel to each other but, in the common use of the term, not necessarily immediately side by side. For instance, if two lines operate between the same points, even though at some distance from each other, they are often considered as parallel lines. See Bailway Organization and Management. parcel post. The handling through the mail of packages and parcels not exceeding certain weight and dimension requirements. See The Express Service and Bates. Parcel Post Act. An act providing for the creation of the parcel post service in connection with the United States Post Office Department. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. parent company. A company which organizes and controls other companies. See Bailway Organization and Management. partial loss. A loss which does not involve the destruction or loss of an entire shipment. For example, if a shipment consists of ten packages and one package is lost, it is said that there has been a partial loss. Again, where part of a shipment of perish- able goods is delivered in decayed condition, it is said that there has been a partial loss of the shipment. See Freight Claims. participating carriers. See cabbieb. particular average. See average. pass. In connection with transportation authority for free trans- portation usually a written permission is issued by some official of a transportation line. Under the Act to Regulate Commerce the issuance of passes is forbidden except to specified classes of individuals mentioned in the Act. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. passenger traffic. In the narrowest sense, the handling of passen- gers; more broadly, the handling of baggage, mail, express, and other matters handled on passenger trains. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. passport. (1) An official document issued to a person by his own government, certifying to his citizenship and requesting foreign governments to grant him safe and free passage and all lawful aid and protection while within their jurisdiction. (2) A docu- mentary permission given by a neutral state to the master of a TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 201 ship to proceed on his voyt^e. (3) An official permit granted in time of war to protect persons or property from general opera- tion of hostilities ; properly called a safe-conduct. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. peddler car. A car on which the freight is paid to some final desti- nation, but from which the contents of the car are distributed en route at various intermediate points. The peddler car is in quite common use for the distribution of meat and other prod- ucts by the packers. As peddler car service is in reality the giving of less-than-carload service on carload freight, it can be accorded only when definitely provided for in the publications of the carriers. See Bases for Freight Charges. pen, stock. An enclosure adjacent to the railway lines provided with inclines and other equipment for convenience in loading and unloading shipments of live stock. See Bases for Freight Charges. penalty car. A car which has been away from the road owning it for so long a time that the owning carrier assesses charges in addition to the regular per diem charges made on cars away from their own roads. See Demurrage and Car Efficiency. percentages. See division. percentage system. The system of constructing rates used in Ofii- cial Classification Territory; the construction of rates according to varying percentages of the New York-Chicago rates. See Freight Bates — Official Classification Territory and Eastern Canada. per diem charges. A charge of so much per day levied by the carrier owning a car against the carrier on whose line the car may be. The charge is levied regardless of whether the car is empty or loaded. The per diem charge in this country has varied at dif- ferent times from 20 to 50 cents per day. As an example, s.uppose that a car of the New York Central Railroad is on the lines of the Pennsylvania Railroad for five days — ^the New York Central Railroad will assess the agreed amount of per diem charges for each day that the car is on the Pennsylvania Railroad. See Demurrage and Car Efficiency. perils of the sea. A term used very extensively in connection with water transportation and one of the principal exemptions from liability that apply in connection with water transportation. The 202 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY meaning of "perils of the sea" is discussed by Hutchinson on Carriers as follows: "While perils of the sea have been said to refer to those accidents peculiar to navigation which are of an extraordinary character or which arise from some irresistible force or over- whelming power which cannot be guarded against by the ordinary exertions of human skill and prudence, such exceptions, are by no means synonymous with those of the act of God and of king's enemies. They have a more extensive significance and include many perils which, according to the construction which has been given to those words, would not come within the casualties which the agency of the man has concurred in producing, which as we have seen would preclude them for being treated as the acts of God. Thus, disasters from collisions where the carrier who claims exemption from liability from the loss thereby occasioned by reason of such an exemption in his contract is not at fault, are held to be embraced in the meaning of the term 'the dangers of navigation.' " See Ocean Traffic and Trade. perishable goods. Goods which by their inherent nature depreciate in value and eventually become worthless. Fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ice are typical. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. per se. A Latin phrase meaning itself or of itself. It is very often used to indicate that a certain fact is true in considering a certain matter by itself, without relationship to other matters. For example, to say that a rate is reasonable per se, is to indicate that the rate is reasonable so far as being fair to carriers and shippers from the standpoint of revenue received and paid, etc., is concerned. It is often true, however, that a rate may be reasonable per se but unjustly discriminatory — ^that is, not a reasonable rate when considered with other rates applying under the same conditions. A rate of 30 cents per hundred pounds might be said to be reasonable per se and yet be unjustly dis- criminatory because a rate of 25 cents per hundred pounds was assessed on some other traffic handled under the same circum- stances. See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. petty average. Formerly, such charges and reimbursements as, according to occurrences and the customs of every place, the mas- ter necessarily furnishes for the benefit of the ship and cargo, either at the place of loading or unloading or on the voyage; such as the hire of a pilot for conducting a vessel from one place TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 203 to another, towage, light money, anchorage, bridge toll, quaran- tine, and such like. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. pliysical connection. A term indicating that two transportation lines are so connected that there can be an interchange of traffic by the moving of the vehicles from one line to the other, as in the case of two railroads which can switch cars from one line to the other. See Railway Organization and Management. physical valuation. Strictly speaking, the valuation of the tracks, stations, cars, etc., of a railway or other property, without tak- ing into consideration good will and other similar matters. As a matter of use, however, the term "physical valuation" is very often used to indicate that a valuation is being placed upon an entire property, including both the physical possessions and the other assets that may properly be considered in connection with a prosperous business. At the present time the Interstate Com- merce Commission is engaged in putting a valuation on all the rail carriers of this country. While the term "physical valua- tion" is quite commonly used in connection with this work, it is the intention of the Commission eventually to value each property taking everything into consideration. See The Act to Begulate Commerce, pick-up service. The collection from places of business or residences of property to be handled by a transportation company. In general, this service is confined to the express companies and is not rendered by those engaged in the transportation of freight. In some cases, freight carriers have made provisions by which freight will be picked up at the place of business and delivered to the transportation company or will be delivered to the con- signee's place of business, via a dray or otherwise. See The Express Service and Rates. pilot. (1) One who conducts a vessel into or out of a harbor, or where navigation is difficult or dangerous. (2) One who accom- panies a locomotive engineer or other representative of one com- pany, when conducting trains or cars over the lines of another company. The pilot on the locomotive is presumed to indicate to the engineer from the foreign line the nature of the road bed, signals, etc. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. pilotage. Compensation for conducting a vessel into or out of port. 204 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY pipe lines. Lines of pipe connecting pumping stations with oil refin- eries, storage tanks, etc. Pipe lines through which oil or other commodities are moved from one station to another are common carriers under the Act to Regulate Commerce if the transporta- tion is interstate. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. plaintiff. The person who brings an action; the party who com- plains or sues in a personal action and is so named on the record. S^e The Law of Carriers of Goods, plant facilities. See lines, industrial. pleadings. The system of rules and principles established in the common law, according to which the responsive allegations of litigating parties are framed with a view to preserving a tech- nical propriety and to producing a proper issue. The name "a pleading" is also given to any one of the forms of written statement of accusation or defense presented by the parties alter- nately in an action at law. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. point. A term used in a number of different senses in connection with traffic work; generally, however, indicating a single city, or town. The technical significance of various kinds of points used in traffic work is fully explained in the treatise on Freight Bates. The following are some of the more common: basing. A point on which combination rates are based or con- structed by employing the rate from the point of origin to the basing point and that from the basing point to destination. competitive. The point at which competition of carriers is more or less directly felt as compared with a point where the competi- tion of carriers is absent. common. (1) A point served by two or more carriers. (2) A point taking the same rate or rates in common with those adjacent to it. junction. Similar to the term common point, but differing there- from in that the carriers serving a junction point have physical connection for the transfer of traffic, which is not necessarily the case with the common points. local. A point served by a single transportation line. Used in contrast with competitive or common points. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 205 police power. (1) The power of legislative bodies to pass laws regulating and restraining private rights and occupations for the general welfare and security. For example, the enactment of public health laws comes under the police power of the various governments. (2) As applied to carriers, the authority exer- cised by the carriers in connection with their own rules and regu- lations. For example, the carriers provide for the proper en- forcement of their regu^tions relative to the application of mill- ing in transit privileges. To prevent the abuse of these privi- leges the carriers appoint inspectors and require records to be kept so that they may definitely determine that transit matters are being properly handled. See The Act to Regulate Commerce, pooling. In connection with transportation, the elimination of de- structive competition by combination. The business or the earn- ings are divided among the carriers interested in the pool on some prearranged basis. Pooling is forbidden by the provisions of the Act to Regulate Commerce. See The Act to Begulate Com- merce. port. A harbor or place for taking in or discharging cargoes, especially one where customs are levied. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. port charges. Charges for the handling of waterbome freight at ports. In such charges may be included pilotage, towage, dock- age, etc. Port charges may be paid by the owners of the boat or by the party paying the freight charges. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. port differentials. In adjusting the rates between inland points in the United States and the various ports in this country, such as New York, Philadelphia, and New Orleans, the carriers have adopted a method of establishing rates by which the rates to and from specified ports are amounts over or under the rates to and from other ports. To a considerable extent the rates applying between inland points and New York are taken as the basing rates and rates to and from other ports are constructed in relation to the New York rates. See Freight Bates — Official Classification Territory and Eastern Canada. ports of call. Those ports at which a specified vessel or line of vessels makes regular calls. Sometimes used in comparison with 206 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY those ports where stops are made only on special occasions or where no stops are made. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. ports of entry. In this country, indicates a port where there is a customhouse for the entry of goods. Neither in our own nor in any other country is a ship arriving from a far port permitted to land cargo at points on the coast, even at towns of importance or natural harbors that have not been officially designated as ports of entry. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. port toll. See poet chaeges. post entry. In maritime law, an entry made by a merchant in connection with imported goods, after the goods have been weighed, measured, or gauged, so as to take care of any dis- crepancies which arose in connection with the original entry, when the goods were first received. In many cases the importer cannot calculate exactly the duties which he is liable to pay and therefore makes an approximately correct entry which is afterwards corrected by the post entry. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. posting (of tariffs). The placing on file at freight stations and at certain other designated points at which they apply, of tariffs and other publications of the carriers which are filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission and which are consequently the legal provisions as to the handling of the traffic they govern. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. potential competition. See competition, potential. pound rates. Charges on packages weighing less than one hundred pounds, assessed as proportions of the hundred-pound rate. Tor example, if the rate for one hundred pounds is 60 cents, the charge for fifty pounds will be 30 cents; that is, one-half the charge for one hundred pounds. The term ' ' pound rate ' ' is used in contrast with the term "graduated charge rates," where the charges are fixed in accordance with definite provisions in the tariffs. See TTie Express Service and Bates. power of attorney. An instrument authorizing a person to act as agent or attorney of the person granting it. The authority which may be carried by such a document covers a very wide TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 207 range of subjects. In connection with the issuance of tariffs the power of attorney may be given by various lines to some carrier or agent to act for it in a more or less extended field. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. precooling. A system of refrigerating citrus fruits, such as oranges, that differs materially from what is known as standard refrigeration. There are two kinds of precooling: (1) Pre- cooling by the shipper in a cold room. The process of extracting the heat from the fruit continues until, at the end of from twenty-four hours to forty-eight hours, all parts of the box have been reduced to a uniform temperature of 33 to 35 degrees fahr- enheit. The box remains in this cold room at this temperature until it is to be loaded. When the car is ready, ice is placed in the bunkers of the refrigerator car and the fruit loaded. Under this plan no re-icing en route is involved. (2) The system of precooling, when practiced by the carrier, includes the placing of the refrigerator cars in a specially constructed cooling plant where a blast of cold air is driven through the cars for a speci- fied period, after which the fruit is loaded. It is often objected to the plan of precooling practiced by the carriers, that as the fruits are warm when placed in the preeooled car, injury is done to the fruit by the sudden application of cold air. The respec- tive merits of precooling and refrigeration of citrus fruits are very extensively treated in the case of Arlington Heights Fruit Exchange et al. v. Southern Pacific Company et al. 20 I. C. C. 106-123. preferred stock. See stock. preminm. (1) The sum paid or agreed to be paid by the insured to the underwriter as a consideration for insurance. Generally a cer- tain per cent on the amount insured. (2) A bounty or bonus, (3) A consideration given to invite a loan or a bargain. (4) A consideration paid to the assignor by the assignee of a lease, or to the transferor by the transferee of shares of stock, (5) An article given free with merchandise, such as soap. prepaid station. One at which there is no agent and where all freight charges must be paid before delivery is made at that sta- 208 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY tion. An "open station" is a station where there is an agent. See Freight Classification. prepayment. A sum paid in advance of transportation of freight. In many cases the regulations of the carrier require that such charges shall be paid before transportation is begun, because of the nature of the goods, because of the fact that destination is a prepaid station, or for other reasons. Also it is quite common for shippers to pay charges because the goods are sold to be delivered at destination without charges, or because of other arrangements between buyer and seller. It is generally the right of the carriers to demand prepayment of freight charges, and the fact that this right is often waived does not relieve the shipper from responsibility for charges. See Freight Classification, Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. An act providing that live stock must not be confined in cars more than twenty-eight hours except in specified contingencies. (Commonly known as the "twenty-eight-hour law"). See The Act to Begulate Commerce. prima facie. A Latin phrase, meaning at first sight, on the first appearance, on the face of it, so far as can be judged from cer- tain disclosures, presumably. A prima facie case then is one that is established by sufficient evidence and can be overthrown only by strong evidence produced on the other side. See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. primage. In mercantile law, a small compensation or allowance payable to the master and mariners of a ship or vessel. Payment is made to the former for the use of his cables and ropes to discharge the goods of the merchant ; to the latter for lading and unlading in any port or haven. In modern practice this fee reverts to the vessel and ship owners, rather than to the master and crew. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. private car lines. See caes. private carrier. See cakeiee. privileges. See facilities and privileges. procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. The formali- ties that must be followed in presenting and handling matters before the Interstate Commerce Commission. See Procedure be- fore the Interstate Commerce Commission; and Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 209 pro number. A contraction of progressive number. A serial number having a prefix or sufax appearing upon expense bills rendered by carriers by which the account and the particular shipment are identified. See Bailway Accounting. pro rata. Proportionately, according to a certain rate or propor- tion. For example, in the settlement of claims it may be said that the amount of damage is divided between the carriers pro rata; that is, the various carriers who handled the shipment divide the amount of damages among themselves in some agreed manner, as upon the basis of the revenue received, the miles transported, or some other provision. See Freight Claims. prorate. As a verb, to divide earnings or liabilities. For example, the carriers may divide their earnings upon specified traffic in accordance with the provisions of what are known as division sheets. This division of earnings is known as "prorating." proximate cause. The proximate cause is the basic cause of an action, one that necessarily sets the other causes in operation. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. publications. In general, books, pamphlets, circulars, etc. As ap- plied to freight traffic, the circulars, tariffs, billing instructions, guide books, territorial directories, classifications, exception sheets, etc., which in any way affect the handling of traffic. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. Q quarantine. In maritime law, the space of forty days or less during which the crew of a ship or vessel coming from a port or place infected or supposed to be infected with disease, are required to remain on board after their arrival before they can be permitted to land. The term is applied in modern usage to any isolation by law of infected persons or places. The same holds true with respect to the transportation of live stock by the carriers under orders from the Department of Agriculture. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. quay. A wharf at which are loaded or landed goods; sometimes spelled "key." In its enlarged sense, the word "quay" means the whole space between the first row of houses of a city and the sea or river. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. 210 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY E rack. A fitting sometimes used in freight cars, particularly in refrigerator ears for holding dressed meats. See Freight Classi- fication. railroad or railway. The terms ' ' railway ' ' and ' ' railroad ' ' are similar in their meaning in this country. Note the following from Black's Law Dictionary: "A road or way on which iron or steel rails are laid for wheels to run on for the conveyance of heavy loads in cars or carriages propelled by steam or other motive power. The word 'railway' is of exactly equivalent import. Whether or not this term includes roads operated by horse-power, electricity, cable lines, etc., will generally depend upon the context of the statute in which it is found. The decisions on this point are at variance." See Railway Regulation. rate (transportation). The unit used in charging for transportation services or services incidental thereto. Bates are assessed in accordance with a great variety of methods, such as on the basis of one hundred pounds, per ton, by the package, by the car accord- ing to space, etc. For the most part, rail transportation charges are assessed according to weight. Special services, such as switch- ing, are often assessed upon the basis of so much per car. So far as water line transportation is concerned, the unit of chaises is generally the space occupied; i. e., measurement basis. There are so many kinds of rates that it is not possible to define them all. The more important classes of rates are referred to and explained in the treatises on Freight Rates, Official, Western, and Southern Territories. The following, however, are those in most common use : advanced rates. Eates which it is proposed to put into effect or which are actually in efiEect, which are higher than the rates that were applicable before. For example, if the rate on specified traf&c January 1, 1916, was 50 cents per hundred pounds, while the rate previous to that date had been 40 cents, the new rate is known as an advanced rate. alternative rates. When there are two or more rates that may be applied on some specified trafiic, provision is often made that the rates which will produce the lowest charges will be used. For example, when class rates and commodity rates are included TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 211 in the same issue, provision may be made that either the class rate or the commodity rate, whichever is lower, will be used. any-quantity rates. Bates which apply on specified traflSc regardless of the quantity offered for shipment. In other words, an any-quantity rate is used in the place of both carload and less-than-carload rates. arbitrary rates. Bates which are established independently of or without relation to other rates. The word "arbitrary," as used in this sense, indicates that the carriers have established rates which appear to them to be reasonable in themselves instead of taking into consideration the relationship that those rates bear to other rates. See aebitearies. basing rate. A rate applying from point of origin to some specified point which when added to the rate from the specified point to the point of final destination furnishes the through rate from point of origin to final destination. In the diagram herewith suppose point A to be the point of origin, and point B a point part way between the point of origin and final destina- tion, which is indicated by the letter C. A rate of 45 cents applying from A to B, added to the rate of 30 cents applying from B to C, would give a rate through of 75 cents. The point on which the rate makes is designated the "basing point." ABC 45e 30c 75c berth rates. In ocean transportation, rates charged by regular steamship lines on general cargo offerings as contrasted with rates paid on full cargoes and rates assessed by chartered vessels. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. blanket rates. Bates applying over large areas of country as in the adjustment of transcontinental rates. See grouped rates; also Transcontinental Bates, block rates. In express business, rates applying between sections of the country which have been divided into blocks in the assess- ing of transportation ehaxges. See The Express Service and Bates. In a general way the term may be applied to freight schedules where rates are based on distance, as the rates apply for blocks of distance. 212 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY cargo rates. Rates applicable on consignments which take up all the freight-carrying space in a vessel. carload rates. Rates applicable in connection with carload quantities of freight or shipments upon which charges are paid on the carload basis. See Freight Classification. class rates. Rates applicable in connection with the scale of class divisions of a specified classification. For example, the Official Classification uses Classes 1 to 6 inclusive. A tariff which con- tains rates applicable in connection with the classes used in the Official Classification is known as a "class tariff." A classifica- tion and class tariff are dependent upon each other in that a clas- sification shows only the classes to which articles are assigned without giving any rate, and the class tariff shows only the rate applicable in connection with specified classes, but not the com- modities in connection with which rates will apply. See Freight Classification. combination rate. A rate composed of two or more rates which are added together to produce a through rate. A combination rate differs from a joint through rate in that the joint through rate is a single rate applicable from point of origin to final destination. commodity rates. Rates applicable on specified articles or com- modities as indicated in the various publications of the carriers. A commodity rate differs from a class rate in that the com- modity rate applies in connection with specified commodities, the class rate in connection with classes appearing in a specified classification. See Freight Classification. comparative rates. In securing a readjustment of rates by the car- riers or by regulating bodies, it is the custom to compare the rates which it is desired to have readjusted with rates applying under similar circumstances, a number of factors being considered, such as the length of the haul, the density of traffic, and other considerations. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission and Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. differential rates. Rates which are constructed by adding to or subtracting specified amounts from other rates. See dxtferential. distance rates. Rates which are based upon distance. Distance rates increase with the distance that a shipment travels but not TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 213 in proportion to distance. For example, if the first-class rate for 50 miles is 20 cents, the rate for 100 miles is not ordinarily 40 cents (that is, double the rate for 50 miles) but, might be 30 cents. experimental rates. Rates which are established with a view to determining what is a proper rate for use in connection with some specified trafi&c. Actual experience may develop that such rates are so high as to prevent the movement of traffic or so low as not to provide proper remuneration for the carriers. flat rate. One which is the same to all, on all traffic offered. graded rates. Bates which are so increased or decreased as to preserve the advantage of location to one point as contrasted with some other point. group rates. Quite often used in place of blanket rates but properly including comparatively small areas of closely related points. For example, all of a certain territory immediately adjacent to New York City may take the same rate as New York, in which case the points may be known as the "New York group." increased rates. See advanced charges. interline rates. See joint eates. (Usually applied to fast freight lines.) intermediate rates. Rates which added together go to make up the total rate between specified points. In this sense, the term "intermediate" may often be used in the same way as the sum of the local rates. However, the term "local rate" in its correct sense indicates the rates applicable over single lines of railroads, while the rates which are added together to make through rates may ofteil in themselves be through rates or other classes of rates, not correctly described as local rates. It was to provide against a limitation of the provision that a through rate between two points must not exceed the sum of rates apply- ing between the two points that the word intermediate was used in the Act to Regulate Commerce. See The Act to Begulate Commerce, interstate rates. Rates which apply on traffic moving between different states. Interstate traffic under the provisions of the 214 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Act to Regulate Commerce includes that traffic which moves from one point in a state to another point in the same state and which passes out of the state while enroute between the two points. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. intrastate rates. Rates applicable on intrastate traffic; that is, on traffic moving entirely within a state and not passing out of that state at any point. joint rates. Rates applicable between points located on different railroads. lake-and-rail rates. Those applicable over routes including rail lines and lake lines. legal or lawful rates. Those rates which are established under federal or state regulating bodies and which cannot be changed except under prescribed regulations. A distinction between lawful rates and legal rates is sometimes made, as indicated under LEGAL. less-than-carload rates. Rates which are confined in their appli- cation to small lots of freight or in cases where carload or any- quantity rates are not applied. local rates. Rates applicable over or between points on a single railroad. The term "local rates" is often used in contrast with "joint rates," which are rates applying over two or more railroads. maximum rate. The highest rate that may be charged by law or agreement, or is warranted by transportation conditions. For example, it is often provided that rates between specified points shall be constructed in a certain way subject to the provision that they shall in no ease exceed specified rates. mileage rates. See rates, distance. " minimum rate. The lowest rate that can be assessed under an agreement, tariff provision, etc. "missionary" rates. Rates which the carriers put into effect to encourage the development of traffic in the new territory or upon traffic which has not previously moved. Similar to experi- mental rates. paper rates. Rates on which there is little or no movement of TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 215 traffic. Such rates are of practically no value for comparative purposes in rate adjustment eases. For example, if a rate on coal is compared with another rate on coal and it is shown that there is no coal moving on the latter rate, the comparison is of no value. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Com- mission and Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. party rate. In connection with passenger traffic, a rate accorded to a nxmiber of people traveling in one party. past rates. Bates in effect previous to some specified time. In rate cases stress is often laid upon the fact that rates in the past have been higher or lower than the present rates. penalty rates. Bates higher than the regular local rates. These rates are assessed with the understanding that if the carrier bringing a shipment to a specified point is given the haul from that point to some other point, a refund of the difference between the penalty and the regular local rate will be made. If this condition is not complied with, the very extraordinary situation of a rate higher than the regular local rate exists. This class of rates is not now in use to any extent. postage stamp rate. A rate which is uniform throughout an extensive specified territory. So called from its resemblance to postal charges. proportional rates. Bates which as the name implies are propor- tions of through rates, the proportions being published as specific rates to be used as factors in conjunction with other proportional or local rates in arriving at through rates from point of origin to point of destination. The proportional is invariably less than the local rate applying between the same points. reasonable rate. One that reimburses the carrier for the actual cost of transporting the traffic and allows a fair profit. In some cases it is possible to determine these facts with a fair degree of accuracy in connection with traffic which constitutes a large part of the business handled by a specified carrier. So far as less- than-carload traffic is concerned, or most carload traffic, the determination of reasonable rates is in reality often a matter of comparison with other rates rather than a definite determination of the reasonableness of the rates themselves. See The Act to Regulate Commerce; Railway Regulation; and Grounds of Proof in Rate Cases. 216 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY reduced rates. Rates which are lower than they were before a specified time. For example, if a rate of 15 cents per hundre'd is now applicable between two points while the rate between the same points was previously higher, it is said that a reduced rate is in effect. relative rates. Rates regarded in relation to other rates rather than to the reasonableness of the rates themselves. For example, complaint is often made that specified rates do not bear the proper relationship to other rates. If there is a rate of 20 cents applicable on the traffic between points A and B and a rate of 18 cents applicable on the same traffic between points C and D, complaint may be made that the relationship of the 20- cent rate to the 18-cent rate is unjust to certain interests. released rates. Rates which are applicable in connection with some limitation of liability. For example, provision may be made that a rate of 20 cents per hundred pounds will apply on a specified commodity provided the shipper agrees with the carrier that in the event of loss or damage claim will not be made for more than 10 cents per hundred pounds. The majority of freight rates are released rates in that their availability is contingent on the use of the Uniform Bill of Lading. reshipping rates. In substance, the same as proportional rates, since they apply on traffic originating beyond a second shipping point and destined to some other point. These rates are fre- quently applied to grain and such products which have been stopped in transit for elevation or milling. They are provided to equalize the rates from various points of origin to final destination. As an example, suppose the local rates from point A, a grain producing center, to point B, a transit center, to be 8 cents per hundred pounds. It may be provided that a rate of 6 cents per hundred will be applied to the shipment for final delivery to point C. scaled rates. Rates -which are made in conformity with some distance or mileage scale provided by the carriers or by some regulating body. special rates. Rates designed to cover extraordinary transporta- tion movements, such as circuses. Such rates must of course meet all legal requirements. standard rates. Rates in effect via so-called standard lines as TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 217 compared with rates applicable via differential lines. To illustrate, the all-rail lines between New York City and Chicago, such as the New York Central* Railroad, are known as the "standard lines," while routes such as the ocean-and-rail lines via Virginia Ports and rail-and-lake routes via Buffalo and the Great Lakes are known as "differential lines." through rate, A single rate or combination of rates of various kinds, which furnish the total rate applicable between a specified point of origin and a destination. The term "through rate" is quite often used as indicating that a single rate applies from the point of origin to destination, but the through rate in reality is the entire rate necessary to move the shipment from point of origin to destination whether it is stated as a single rate or whether it is found by adding together two or more rates. zone rates. Similar to blanket rates, but the term is more com- monly applied to the adjustment of express rates. See The Express Service and Bates. rate bases. Formulas and rules under which rates are constructed. rate breaking points. The point or points on which rates are made or where the rate is divided. The term is often used as synony- mous with basing points. rate of exchange. The relation between the monetary systems of two countries. It is usually stated by giving the value of the unit of one system in the money of the other. Thus, the value of the English pound in American money at any particular time is given as the current rate of exchange between the two countries. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. rating. (1) In maritime circles, the order or class of a vessel accord- ing to its carrying capacity and construction. (2) In freight traffic, the necessary procedure in determining the proper rate to apply upon a shipment, such as reference to the classification or tariff. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. reasonable care. In connection with the transportation of freight such care and diligence as an ordinarily prudent man would exercise under the same circumstances. It is synonymous with ordinary care. (34 Wis. 318; 79 Ga. 44.) See The Law of Carriers of Goods. 218 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY reasonableness of rates. See reasonable rates. rebate. In mercantile and commercial transactions includes such matters as discount. In connection with the transportation of passengers or property it signifies a reduction from the published rate. While rebate in its strictest sense indicates the returning of a proportion of transportation charges that have been paid to the carrier, the term in its broadest sense is made to include a number of devices by which less than the published rate is paid. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. rebilling. In freight trafiic, the issuing of a new waybill prepared at a junction point when a shipment has already been waybilled by some carrier which has handled the shipment up to the junc- tion point. For example, if railroad A transports a shipment from New York City to Buffalo and there delivers it to railroad B for transportation to Chicago, road B makes out a new way- bill to cover the movement from Buffalo to final destination at Chicago See Bases for Freight Charges. rebutting evidence. Evidence given by a party in an' action to explain or disprove facts given in evidence by the other side. receipt of freight. The necessary procedure to meet the requirments of a legal delivery of the freight to the carrier who is to transport it or the delivery by the carrier. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. receiver. A person appointed, usually by an order of court, to receive the rents and profits of property, where it is desirable that these should come into the hands of a responsible and impartial person; e. g., in actions for dissolution of partnership, and in foreclosure of railroad mortgages. When appointed by the court, he is its officer and is required, as a rule, to give security for the due performance of his duties, and is responsible for good faith and reasonable diligence. A receiver is most commonly known to the general public in connection with bank- ruptcy proceedings, where he is appointed by the court to administer the affairs of the property until the property is again solvent. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. receiver's certificate. A certificate of indebtedness issued by a receiver as surety for money borrowed to carry on a receivership. reciprocal contract. A contract, the parties to which enter into TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 219 mutual engagement. Examples of mutual contracts are cases where partners in a partnership are on an equal basis, and cases where sales are made so that each party to the sale is equally benefited. reciprocal switching arrangements. Arrangements among carriers by which incoming and outgoing carload freight is switched under established switching charges. As a rule, the switching charges under this arrangement are absorbed by the carrier having tho line haul; that is, the carrier which performs the regular trans- portation service. See Bases for Freight Charges. recital in contract. The preliminary statement of facts explanatory of the purpose for which the contract is made or the reasons which lead to its execution. See The Bill of Lading. reconsignments. In its most accurate sense, a change in name of consignee or destination of a shipment. In the absence of a specific description of a reconsignment, however, it may include other changes, such as a change in routing. This latter change is generally known as "diversion." The term reconsignment is often specifically defined in publications of the carriers, in which case the provisions governing must be used. See Some Ways of Beducing Freight Charges. refrigeration. The provisions for protecting perishable goods against heat or cold, as by the use of ice. See precooling. refund. The amount returned to the shipper or consignee on account of excessive charges collected in connection with the movement of passengers or property. See Freight Claims. registration of vessels. Certificates of registration for vessels, after inspection, measurement, etc., have been made and after such other preliminary conditions as may be required by the laws of the country have been complied with, may, in a sense, be likened to citizenship papers. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. regulation. The supervision of the affairs of the carriers and other public service exercised by federal and state commissions. See The Act to Begulate Commerce and Bailviay Begulation. rehearing. In law, the second trial of a cause after judgment has been pronounced. In procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Commission will give any party interested in 220 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY any proceedings before it an opportunity to be heard again if it is felt that justice requires the matter to be reopened. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission and Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. released valuation. A specific statement from the shipper or his agent that the value of a specified consignment does not exceed a certain amount or that the shipper will not hold the carrier liable beyond a certain amount. The release is given in return for the assessing of lower charges than would be assessed if the release were not given. See The Law of Carriers of Goods and Freight Classification. relief from the Fourth Section of the Act. The Fourth Section of the Act to Regulate Commerce forbids the assessing of freight charges for a short haul greater than are made for a longer haul when the short haul is included in the long haul, and it also makes other provisions. Authority is given the Interstate Com- merce Commission to allow certain violations of this section in cases where the Commission believes such violations to be justified. The permission given under this authority is known as "relief from the Fourth Section." See long and short haul CLAUSE. See The Act to Regulate Commerce, remote damage. Damage said to be too remote to be actionable, when it is not the logical or natural consequence of the act complained of. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. rental. As used in connection with private cars, the amount that is paid by the carriers or others for the use of private cars, such as refrigerator and stock cars. See Bases for Freight Charges. reparation. In its broad sense, the redress of an injury or amends for some wrong which has been inflicted. For example, if the Interstate Commerce Commission finds that the rate which the carriers have collected is unreasonably high, it may determine what is a reasonable rate and award reparation for the difference between the reasonable rate and the rate which has been found unreasonable. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission; Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases; Conference Bulings. replevin. A form of action taken to recover possession of goods which have been unlawfully taken from the party complaining. For example, a replevin or replevin writ may be issued to secure possession of property in the possession of the carrier on which TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 221 some other person than the shipper has a claim. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. res judicata. A point already judicially decided. The phrase is very often nsed in legal work to signify that a matter in question has already been passed upon by some competent body. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. respondentia. The loan of money on a maritime interest on goods laden on a vessel with the understanding that if the goods are lost the money shall not be repaid. Respondentia differs from bottomry in that only the goods are involved instead of the goods and vessel. See Ocean Traffic and Trade, restraint of trade. Contracts or combinations in restraint of trade are such as tend or are designed to eliminate or stifle competi- tion, produce a monopoly, unnaturally maintain prices, or in other ways hamper the course of trade and commerce as it would be carried on if left to the control of natural and economic forces. The Sherman Anti-Trust Law and other legislation has been provided to prevent illegal restraint of trade. See The Act to Begulate Commerce, retroactive. A word of Latin origin meaning working back — affecting what is past. Commonly used in legal and traffic matters to signify the application of law, tariff provisions, or other matters to the time before the law or other provision became effective. For example, if a change in regulation for handling certain traffic became effective January 1, 1916, and an attempt is made to apply those regulations to traffic which moved in December of 1915, it is said that an attempt is being made to give the tariff a retroactive application. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. return cargo (or return load). A term used to signify the load which is received for a boat or a car upon its return trip after it has moved under load to or from a specified point. For example, if a boat moves under load to some port in South America and there secures a load of revenue freight for the boat on the return trip, it is said to have a return cargo. In connection with rail transportation, the carriers often make special rates and regu- lations in order to encourage the development of traffic that will move in the opposite direction to that in which the loaded traffic is already moving. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. 222 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY Safety Appliance Act. An act providing that railroads must provide their equipment with safety appliances, such as automatic couplers, air brakes, etc. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. salvage. In maritime law, compensation allowed to persons by whose assistance a ship or its cargo has been saved (in whole or in part) from impending danger or recovered from actual loss in cases of shipwreck, derelict, or recapture. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. salvage charges. This term includes all the expense and costs incurred in the work of saving and preserving property which is in danger. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. salvage loss. In the language of maritime underwriters, the differ- ence between the amount of salvage, after deducting the charges, and the original value of the property insured. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. scale. In transportation work an instrument for weighing property or persons. The following are the principal types of scales used in handling f eight : See Bases for Freight Charges. platform scale. A scale on an elevated platform on which prop- erty can be placed directly from the tail gate of wagons or trucks. track scale. A scale connected directly with railroad tracks so that loaded or empty cars may be weighed by being passed over a certain portion of track connected with the scales. wagon scale. A scale designed and placed for the weighing of loaded or empty wagons or trucks. scale of rates. A number of rates which are adjusted or scaled with relation to each other. See Freight Bates — Official Classification Territory. scale records. Records indicating the results of weighing property or vehicles, such as gross weight, tare weight, net weight. See Bases for Freight Charges. scalper. A person who buys and sells unused railroad tickets or parts of them. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 223 schedule. (1) A printed list, such as a tariff or classification, (2) The time used in connection with some specified movement of freight or passengers, or the times of arrival and departure of trains, etc. For example, if the time allotted to a movement between two points is two hours, it is said that there is a two- hour schedule or that the scheduled time is two hours. (3) The time at which trains, boats, or other vehicles are due to arrive at or depart from some specified point. It is said, if a train is due to leave a certain point at 7:30 P. M., that it is scheduled to leave at that time. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. seal. (1) An impression upon wax, paper, or other substance, in order to authenticate the document to which it is attached. (2) A metal die or other instrument with which the impression is made. (3) In connection with freight traffic, a piece of tin, wire, or other material used to fasten doors, windows, or other openings in a car so that they cannot be opened without breaking the seal. The most common form of car seal is operated by fastening the two ends of a piece of metal together with a piece of soft lead which is flattened by a sealing press carrying some specified letter, symbol, etc., so that it can be determined at what point the seal was affixed. There are other tjrpes of car seals which do not require the use of sealing presses, as in cases where the two ends when brought together automatically fasten them- selves, so that it will be necessary to break the seal in order to unfasten the door or window. See Investigation of Freight Claims. seal press. See seal. seal record. The record of the car seals on a car or number of cars. Seal records contain such information as the kind of seals used, identifying marks, and the condition of the seal. As an example of the use of seal records it may be found in one case that there was no seal on one of the side doors of a car; in a second case, that there was no identifying mark on the seal to show at what point the car had been sealed; in a third ease, that the seal gave indications of having been tampered with. See Investigation of Freight Claims, seals intact. Having seals at junctions or delivering points in the condition in which they were when leaving the point where the seal was attached. In the handling of claims, the responsibility of carriers or others for claims often hinges upon the condition 224 TRAPFIC GLOSSARY of the seal at some specified point. See Investigation of Freight Claims, seaworthiness. The sufficiency of a vessel in material, construction, equipment, officer's outfit, etc., for the voyage or service in -which it is employed. It is an implied condition of all policies of marine insurance, unless otherwise expressly stipulated, that the vessel shall be seaworthy. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. seizure. The act of taking possession of property for a violation of a public law or by virtue of an execution. In connection with the transportation of property, the phrase "seizure under legal process" or similar phrase may be used to indicate that property is removed from the jurisdiction of the carriers by some legal process, such as an order of court. See The Law of Carriers of Goods, serial numbers. Numbers which follow each other in consecutive order; often applied to the numbers given to publications of the carriers, such as tariffs. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. series. A succession of tariffs consecutively numbered by the car- riers for convenience, the numbers being printed on the tariffs with the proper designation before or after each. For example, if a tariff issued by an agent is designated as Tariff No. 50, when the tariff is reissued it may be known as Tariff No. 50- A, which in turn will be superseded by Tariff No. 50-B, etc. It should be understood that the number used in this way in connection with the tariff is entirely distinct from the number- ing of the publications for the Interstate Commerce Commission or other regulating body. The distinction may be illustrated as follows: when Tariff No. 50-A is reissued to supersede Tariff No. 50, the next consecutive I. C. C. number must be used for the Interstate Commerce Commission's Records, the series number having no official standing with the Commission. If Tariff No. 50 was designated as I. C. C. 1500, it may be that Tariff No. 50-A will be number I. C. C. 1600, the numbers between 1500 and 1600 having been used on publications filed with the Commission between the filing of Tariffs No. 50 and No. 50-A. See Pt/iilication and Filing of Tariffs. set-up (abbreviated S. U.). A term used commonly in connection with publications of the carriers indicating that articles, such as machines, are tendered for shipment in substantially the form in TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 225 which they are when in actual use. The term "set-up" is used in contrast with the term "knocked down," which signifies that some steps have been taken to take the machine or other article to pieces or to remove pulleys, etc., to decrease its bulk or mini- mize risks. See knocked down. See Freight Classification. shifting. The movement of the contents of vessels or other vehicles from the original position. For example, a ship may be loaded so that the load is in the middle of the boat, but in case of unex- pected shock to the vessel, such as collision, the load may move to one side or the other, thus causing the boat to lean over to that side. See Investigation of Freight Claims. ship. A vessel of any kind employed in navigation. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. ship chandlery. Everything needed to furnish and equip a vessel so as to render her seaworthy for an intended voyage. See Ocean Traffic and Trade, shipmaster. A captain or other officer in charge of a ship who con- trols and manages the ship and cargo and represents the owners for certain purposes. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. shipper. (1) The owner of goods who delivers them to a common carrier for transportation. (2) An employee who has charge of the shipping of goods, par- ticularly the part of the shipping which involves the physical labor in connection with shipping work (commonly called a ""shipping clerk"). See The Law of Carriers of Goods. shipper's load and count. The contents of a ear, including number of packages, condition, etc., as reported by the shipper who loaded the car but not definitely known to the carrier. Carriers often stamp bills of lading and other contracts of shipments "Shippers Load and Count" as a praceution "to relieve them- selves of responsibility for the contents of the car being as indi- cated in the shipping papers. This term is abbreviated S. L. & C. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. shipping clerk. See shipper. sMpputg directions. The instructions given by a shipper to the car- rier, such as name of the party to whom the shipment is to be delivered, where it is to be delivered, by what route shipped, and 226 TKAFPIC GLOSSARY any other information necessary to enable the carrier to make delivery of shipment in accordance with the shipper's wishes. See The Bill of Lading. ship's husband. In maritime law, a person appointed by the several part-owners of a ship, and usually one of their number, to man- age the concerns of the ship for the common benefit. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. ship's papers. The papers which must be carried by a vessel on a voyage, in order to furnish evidence of her national character, of the nature and destination of the cargo, and of the compliance with the navigation laws. Ship's papers are of two sorts: (1) Those required by the law of a particular country, such as the certificate of registry, license, charter-party, bills of lading, etc. (2) Those papers required by the law of nations to be on board neutral ships, to vindicate their title to that character and such as passport, sea-brief or sea-letter, proofs of property, and the muster-roll. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. ship subsidy. A bounty given by the government to the owners of vessels or the builders of them. The subsidy may be given in a variety of ways — ^by payment for carrying the mails, by the con- struction of ships, by the elimination of duties on materials intended for ship building, or in other ways. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. shortage. (1) As applied to equipment, a lack of sufficient amount of equipment to meet the needs of traffic offered. (2) As applied to freight, the same as short delivery. See Freight Claims. short delivery. Delivery of less than the amount of freight delivered to the carrier or less than the amount billed. For example, if ten packages of freight are delivered to the carrier and only eight are delivered by the carrier, it is said that there has been a short delivery. See Freight Claims. Shreveport Case. This case was decided by the United States Supreme Court in Houston v. U. S., 234 U. S. 342 and is often cited because it was held that the Interstate Commerce Com- mission was correct in deciding that intrastate rates might not be used as a reason for unjust discrimination against interstate traffic moving under similar conditions. See Bailway Begulation and The Act to Regulate Commerce. TECHNICAL TEAFFIC TERMS 227 shrinkage in transit. Loss in weight in transit due generally to the nature of the goods or other causes. For example, live stock loses weight in transit on account of the animals being on their feet without food and water, and the nervous condition created thereby. See Freight Claims. sidetrack. A spur or auxiliary track as distinguished from main line track. sinking fond. The a^^egate of sums of money set apart and invested, usually at fixed intervals, for the extinguishment of the debt . of a government or corporation by the accumulation of interest. See Bailway Accounting. snow sheds. Structures employed by the carriers in mountainous regions to prevent their tracks from becoming buried by a fall of snow by slides. See Railway Organization and Management, special damages. In general, those damages awarded for any peculiar injuries sustained by the party complaining beyond the general damages presumed by law. In connection with freight claims, special damages may be defined as damages not within the con- templation of the parties when the contract covering the ship- ment was made. Tor example, a shipper of grain has an oppor- tunity to sell grain in another town at an advance of 10 cents over the published market price if it is delivered on a certain day. He makes the shipment without informing the carrier of the special circumstances. The car is delayed and the shipper loses his 10 cents' profit by reason thereof, although there has been no decline in the published price. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. special services. See facilities and services. spotting (of cars). The placing of cars at some desired point. The term generally includes the placing of cars not only at a general location but at a specific part of that location. For example, in placing cars at a freight house for loading or unloading it is necessary to place them not only on a specified side track but at a certain point on that track so that they will be directly opposite a particular door-way, platform, or other car. See Bases for Freight Charges. staking.' See facilities and privileges. 228 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY statement of claim. A brief synopsis of the character and description of the shipment upon which a claim is made, together with the loss entailed. See Freight Claims. state regulation. See eegtilation. station. The place at which a carrier conducts the business of receiv- ing and delivering persons and property. See Investigation of Freight Claims. station or stational facilities. Facilities for handling freight or pas- senger traffic which exist at a specified station. For example, a dock where vessels may load or unload to or from freight cars, or have a crane for handling especially heavy freight. See Bases for Freight Charges. statute of limitations. A law fixing a certain period within which an action must be brought after the cause of action accrues, or the claimant will lose his right to enforce it by law. For example, the Act to Regulate Commerce provides that certain claims over which the Interstate Commerce Commission Las juris- diction must be filed within two years. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. statutory regulations. Enactments by legislative bodies governing public utilities and other forms of business. See Railway Regula- tion. stevedores. Persons employed in loading and unloading vessels, cars, or other vehicles. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. stock. The capital of a corporation equally divided into shares of fixed nominal value, the ownership of which is evidenced by cer- tificates. Stock is ordinarily divided into two classes,, (1) pre- ferred stock and (2) common stock. While the description of the two kinds of stock varies somewhat with the nature of the corporation, the provisions of the by-laws, etc., it is generally true that the preferred stock must earn a specified amount of dividend before any dividend will be paid on the common stock. On the other hand, it is quite commonly provided that all the earnings on 13ie stock of the corporation above the specified amount will accrue to the owners of the common stock. See Railway Organization and Management. Stopping or stoppage in transit. See rAciLiTiES and privileges. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TEEMS 229 storage. (1) In general, the keeping of goods in cars, warehouses, «r other buildings. In connection with transportation, the keep- ing of goods hy carriers in their own cars, freight houses, or warehouses, or in private warehouses. The liability of carriers for property which is being stored by them is generally much less than their liability as common carriers. (2) The amount of money charged or paid for the keeping of goods in warehouses or elsewhere. See The Law of Carriers of Goods and Freight Classi- fication. store door delivery. A term indicating that the carrier in addition to furnishing transportation service in the ordinary sense deliv- ers the trafiBc to the place of business of the consignee, by the use of drays or other vehicles. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. stowage. The storing, packing, or arrangement of the contents of cars or ships in such a manner as to protect the goods from friction, bruising, damage, or leakage. Stowage differs from loading in that the former term presumably indicates loading upon some definite plan so as to minimize the risk of damage while loading indicates simply the placing of the goods in vehicles either with or without a definite plan. See Investigation of Freight Claims. subpoena. A document issued by court or other body commanding attendance in court or elsewhere under a penalty. The term is sometimes used as a verb to indicate the serving of the subpoena. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. substantially similar circumstances and conditions. A rate-making term indicating that the conditions under which some specified traffic is handled are practically identical (from a transportation standpoint) with conditions applying in some other case or cases. As the phrase indicates, it is not to be understood that the con- ditions are necessarily identical in every respect. See The Act to Regulate Commerce; Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission ; and Grounds of Proof in Rate Cases. substitution. In general, the putting of some article in the place of some other article. In freight traffic a commodity is sometimes substituted for some other commodity in such a way as to defeat the regulations of the carriers, particularly in connection with transit privileges. For example, if hardwood lumber is brought into a mill and the products of soft lumber are shipped out from 230 TRAFFIC' GLOSSARY the mill upon the billing covering the hardwood lumber, it is said that there has been a substitution with an intention to defeat the provision of the carriers. See A Primary Lesson in Transit. sufficiency of evidence. Enough evidence to establish the particular point under discussion. For example, in a court or before some other body, if complaint is made that a rate was unjustly dis- criminatory it is necessary to submit enough evidence of the right kind to establish the claim. How much or of what kind depends upon the particular case. See Procedure before the Inter- state Commerce Commission and Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases, supplement. Something added that supplies a deficiency, especially in connection with a publication. So far as tariffs and classifi- cations are concerned, the term "supplement" indicates a publi- cation that provides for additions to or changes in the provisions of a publication already issued. Under the provisions of the Act to Regulate Commerce supplements to publications must be filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission in accordance with tariff circulars No. 18-A and No. 19-A. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. supplemental order. An order issued by court, regulating body, or other body having authority to issue such an order, to provide for changes from the provisions of an order previously issued or to make additional provisions. For example, the Interstate Commerce Commission may find, after issuing an order, that circumstances require some changes in the original'order or that some additional provisions should be included. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission and Grounds of Proof in Bate Cases. Supreme Court, A court of high powers and extensive jurisdiction existing in most states of the United States. In some cases the Supreme Court is the highest court in the state, but in other states, such as New York, the highest court is known as the "Court of Appeals." The United States Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the United States and deals not only with mat- ters which are ordinarily considered as federal but with matters where actions by the state courts or other actions appear to be in violation of the Constitution of the United States or other federal regulations. See Railway Regulation. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 231 suspense account. In railway accounting, an account for charges that have not been settled but are held in abeyance for some reason. See Railway Accounting, suspension order. In the work of the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion, an order by the Commission suspending the application of publications or portions of publications issued by the carriers. Section 15 of the Act to Regulate Commerce provides that the Commission may, at its discretion, suspend the operation of any publication or any part of it for a stated period so that it may investigate the matters included and render a decision of the propriety of the changes proposed by the carriers. See the Act to Regulate Commerce and Publication and Filing of Tariffs. sweating of cargoes and vessels. The term "sweating" in its general sense means the discharge of moisture through pores or the accumulation in drops of any moisture resembling perspiration, as on a leaf of a plant, on a pitcher, or on fruit. As applied to a freight vessel it indicates the accumulation of moisture in the hold of the vessel. In connection with fruit, such as oranges, considerable damage may be done by the moisture collected on the fruit with sweating. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. switch. In its most accurate sense the word "switch" indicates moveable rails connecting one track with the other, although often incorrectly used in referring to sidetracks at industrial plants or at other places. The term "switch connection" is then used to indicate what is commonly called a "switch"; that is, a track connecting two tracks. Section 1 of the Act to Regulate Commerce provides that the Interstate Commerce Commission may, under certain conditions, require the carriers to establish switch connections with lateral or branch lines, sidetracks, etc. As used in the Act it clearly signifies the connecting link between the railroad and the private siding or other tracks and does not refer to sidetracks. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. switching. The shifting of cars from one location to another by locomotives or other motive power. For example, a movement from one point in Chicago to another point in the same city would be considered a switching movement. The term generally signifies movements in comparatively small areas, such as within city limits, but in other cases includes more extensive movements. See Bases for Freight Charges. 232 TRAFFIC GLOSSAEY T tackle, ship's. The mechanism, including the mast, boom, and other parts of a vessel, by which the cargo is loaded into the ship or unloaded from it. Bates are frequently quoted "at ship's tackle," which means that goods are to be delivered close enough to the vessel to be reached by these appliances. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. tally. (1) To take a record of the amount of freight received from a shipper, loaded out of or into a vehicle, or delivered to a consignee. (2) The record that is kept when the freight is tallied. In some cases the record is made directly on the billing, shipping papers, or other papers. In some cases a special form provided for the purpose is used. A "blind tally" is a record made without reference to other records, such as billing, which indicates how much freight there should be. See Investigation of Freight Claims. tap lines. See lines. tare weight. See weights. tariff. (1) A list or schedule of articles or merchandise, with the rates of duty to be paid to the government for their importation or exportation. (2) A duty levied according to such schedule or such duties col- lectivBly, especially on one class of articles, as the tariff on silk. (3) In connection with transportation, a publication in which transportation charges are listed, together with rules and regula- tions governing the transportation. Tariffs issued by transporta- tion companies are of a wide variety as to name and purpose. For the most part the designation of a tariff indicates the kind of rates, rules, and reg^ulations included in the tariff. For example, the term "class tariff" indicates a tariff containing class rates; the term "transit tariff" indicates a tariff contain- ing provisions relative to the handling of transit matters, etc. Some of the most common tariffs are briefly described. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. agency, A tariff issued by a duly authorized agent acting for a number of carriers. For example, Mr. F. A. Leland, as agent, issues a number of tariffs for lines members of the Southwestern Tariff Committee. TECHNICAL TEAFFIC TEEMS 233 alternative. A tariff divided into two or more sections which carries the provision in each section that if the use of rates in some other section will produce lower charges than the rates in that section, the rates in the other section may be used. Alterna- tive provisions are very common where class rates and com- modity rates are included in the same issue. As an example of the use of alternative provisions, if a tariff is issued in four sections, authority may be given in section 1 by which the pro- visions of sections 2, 3, and 4, may be used if they produce lower charges than the provision in section 1. Again, provision may be made in section 2 that provisions in sections 1, 2, 3, and 4 may be used if they produce lower charges. basing. A tariff applying from or to specified basing points and carrying rates, rules, and regulations to be used in connection with other rates and tariffs in arriving at new rates to some final destination. For example, a tariff may carry a rate from point A to point B, to be used in connection with rates applicable from point B to point C in constructing the through charges from point A to point C. class. A tariff containing class rates ; that is, rates which are to be used in connection with the classes appearing in sgme specified classification. combination. A tariff containing two or more kinds of rates ; for example, a tariff containing class rates and commodity i-ates, or joint rates and local rates. commodity. A tariff naming rates on specified commodities rather than on the classes in a classification. Commodity tariffs may be divided, into two general classes : (1) specific commodity tariffs, applicable upon some specified commodity or class of commodi- ties, as lumber and its products; (2) general commodity tariffs, applying on a number of commodities not necessarily related to each other. distance. A tariff providing scales of rates for various distances to be used in connection with a mileage tariff in case distances are not incorporated in the distance tariff. interstate. A tariff containing rates applicable in connection with interstate commerce. intrastate. A tariff governing traffic moving entirely within a state. 234 TRAFFIC GLOSSAEY joint. A tariff containing rates or fares applicable in connection with two or more carriers. "Joint tariff" is often used in con- trast with "local tariff," defined below. lawful. A tariff that conforms to the requirements of some one or more regulating bodies and laws. For example, if a tariff is applicable on interstate commerce it must conform to the require- ments of the Act to Regulate Commerce and the requirements of the Interstate Commerce Commission, line. See guide book. local. A tariff confined in its application to traffic originating at and destined to points on one road. For example, a tariff carry- ing rates on traffic originating at and destined to points on the New York Central Railroad is known as a "New York Central local tariff." proportional. A tariff containing proportional rates. sectional. A tariff divided into two or more numbered sections. switcMng. A tariff providing charges for the switching move- ment of ears within some specified territory. For example, tariffs governing switching movements within the city of Chicago are known as "Chicago switching tariffs." tariff authority. A rate or regulation in a tariff, referred to in a claim or elsewhere. For example, in filing a claim for over- charge, reference is made to the tariff in which the rate held by the claimant to be the correct one is to be found. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. tariff index. A publication in which are listed the tariffs to which the carrier or agent issuing is a party either as an initial or as a delivering carrier. See Publication and Filing of Tariffs. tender. In a legal sense, the unconditional offer of money or some other specific thing in payment or performance of an obligation. For example, a transportation company may offer to deliver to the consignee a shipment upon which it has performed a trans- portation service. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. terminal. The end of a railroad or other transportation route, usually with special equipment for the receipt and delivery of freight, including warehouses, sidetracks, etc. See Investigation of Freight Claims. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 235 terminal charges. Charges incidental to transportation which accrue at terminals rather in connection with the movement of pas- sengers and property from one point to another. Included in terminal charges are switching charges, storage, demurrage, etc. Terminal charges often are carried in special tariffs and are assessed in addition to the regular transportation charges. See Conference Rulings of the Interstate Commerce Commission. terminal facilities. Mechanical or natural facilities which are used in connection with the handling of property at terminals, such as cranes, elevators, etc. See The Investigation of Freight Claims. terminus. A terminal. The word is often used in a narrow sense for the end of the transportation route without implying special facilities for the handling of freight. See Bases for Freight Charges. territorial directory. See dieectoey. through bill of lading. See bill of lading. through carriage. The continuous movement of passengers or prop- erty from point of origin to destination as compared with move- ments where there is some stoppage in transit for some reason. It is not generally considered, however, that the ordinary delays of transportation defeat the application of the term "through carriage"; for example, delays due to train wrecks, disabilily of card, etc., are incidental to transportation. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. through rates. See bate. tide. The periodic rise and fall, flow and ebb, of the oceans and waters connected with them, due to the attraction of the sun and and moon. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. tide waters. Waters that are obviously affected by the fluctuations of the tide, described as the sea board. For example, the Hudson River is affected for some little distance by the movements of the tide in the Atlantic Ocean. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. toll. A sum of money paid for the use of something. Generally applied to the consideration paid for the use of a road, bridge, or the like. It was formerly common to provide that roadways con- structed by private capital should have what is known as a "toll gate," where a payment for the use of the road was collected. In 236 TRAPPIC GLOSSARY modern transportation the term "toll" is most commonly used for an amount paid for passage over a bridge. See Bases for Freight Charges. ton. A unit of weight or measurement employed in the computation of transportation charges. gross. 2,240 pounds. long. 2,268 pounds. measurement. As a unit of measurement, tons vary from twenty to forty cubic feet and are generally applied to light and bulky articles, transported by water. net. 2,000 pounds. See Bases for Freight Charges. ton mile. See mile. ton mile charge. See mile. tonnage. In railroad circles, the weight of freight hauled over some designated distance, as an entire railroad, a branch line, a main line, etc. The term is often used to indicate the amount of prop- erty transported upon which charges are collected, as compared with the total amount of tonnage, which includes the transporta- tion of property belonging to the railroad company for the haul- ing of which no charges are collected. See Statistics of Freight Traffic. total loss. In insurance, the entire destruction or loss of the matter insured. In connection with transportation of property a com- plete loss of the shipment as compared with partial losses. See Ocean Traffic and Trade, tow boats. Boats which are used for drawing other vessels. In a general sense tow boats do not carry any other property than that necessary for the operation of the boat. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. tracers. In connection with transportation, forms, telegrams, letters, etc., sent out by shippers or carriers to locate freight which has been delayed in transit. See The Industrial Traffic Department. tiackage rights. Rights given by one carrier to another carrier to operate over its tracks for some specified distance. For example, TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 237 m large cities it is very common for a carrier having terminals, particularly passenger terminals, to allow other carriers to operate over its tracks into that terminal upon some agreed basis, such as the number of cars, the number of trains, or other units. See Bailway Organization and Management. tracks. Literally, a rail or set of rails on which engines or other vehicles move. As most commonly used the term signifies the two rails upon which cars and locomotives move. It is customary to refer to each set of two rails upon which ears and locomotives move collectively as a track, in which case reference is often made to a single-track road, indicating that there is only one pair of rails in use. When there are two pairs of rails in use the road is known as a double-track line. If there are more than two pair of rails, the road may be variously distinguished as three-track road, four-track road, etc. See Bailway Organization and Management. farm tracks. In terminals, the sidetracks where cars are placed for storage, particularly for extended storage, as in cases where freight is received at a terminal too late for delivery to a specified boat sailing for some foreign country to which trips are infrequent. sidetrack. A track connected with the main line of a railroad by a switch, upon which cars are placed for loading, unloading, or storage. storage tracks. Tracks designed for the accommodation of load- ing or empty equipments pending orders for the disposition of the cars. team tracks. Sidetracks so arranged that they are accessible to teams or trucks for the unloading or loading of cars placed thereon. The term "team track" is often used in distinction from the term "sidetrack" to indicate a track which is set aside for the use of concerns having to use trucks or other vehicles as against the tracks where cars are placed to be loaded or unloaded directly to or from the industry without the use of a truck or other vehicle. See Investigation of Freight Claims. track storage. A charge made for the storage of loaded or empty cars on tracts at delivering or receiving points. 238 TEAFFIC GLOSSAEY traffic. The exchange or sale of goods; commerce; trade. Two spe- cial meanings have been developed in railroading: (1) The work of negotiating business for a railway; negotia- tions with shippers and receivers of goods. This is the work of the ' ' traffic department. ' ' (2) That which is transported by a carrier, as distinguished from transportation which is the act of conveying. See Railway Organization and Management. traffic agreements or arrangements. Agreements entered into by car- riers relative to the handling and interchange of passengers, cars, and property. In the formation of through routes embracing two or more transportation lines there are necessarily traffic arrange- ments in efEeet. Certain traffic agreements, such as for the pool- ing of tonnage, are forbidden by the Act to Kegulate Commerce, See The Act to Begulate Commerce. train miles. See miles. tramps. Vessels not belonging to any particular line or operating between specified ports. A tramp vessel moves wherever traffic is to be had. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. transfer company. A company which transfers passengers or prop- erty between terminals in a large city. See Bases for Freight Charges. transfer points. Points at which property is interchanged between carriers either by the movement of the vehicles in which the pas- sengers or property are contained or by the transfer of the con- tents of the vehicle. For example, if there is a switch connection between roads A and B, freight or passenger cars may be trans- ferred by the movement of the ears from road A to road B, at some other point ; however, it may be necessary to remove the contents of the car from road A and load the freight into another car on road B. See Bases for Freight Charges. transit privileges. See facilities and privileges. Transportation of Explosives Act. An act providing regulations for the transportation of explosives and other dangerous articles, in interstate commerce, and fixing penalties for the violation of the regulations. See The Act to Begulate Commerce. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TEEMS 239 transshipment. (1) The transfer of passengers or property ' from one kind of transportation agency to another, as for example, the transfer of freight from a rail carrier to a water carrier or vice versa. (2) The transfer of foreign traffic from one steamship to another. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. trap cars. See ferry cars. tret. Allowance made for the water or dust that may be mixed with any commodity. tnmpike road. A road or highway over which the public has a right to travel upon the payment of toll and on which the parties entitled to such toll have the right to erect gates and bars to insure its payment. Although still operated to a limited extent, toll roads have largely been eliminated by the construction of roads by the nation, state, and city. See The Act to Regulate Commerce. two-for-one rule. A provision now commonly carried in classifica- tions, tariffs, and other publications of the carriers by which provision is made that if the shipper orders a car of specified capacity and the carrier cannot furnish a car of that capacity but furnishes two cars instead of one, the charges will be based upon the capacity of the car ordered rather than upon that of the cars actually used. This rule is generally understood to include not only cases of the kind just described but cases where a single car of greater capacity than .the one ordered is supplied. The substance of the rule is that the shipper must not be required to pay for greater ear capacity than ordered simply to meet the convenience of the carriers, subject to limitations carried in pub- lications of the carriers. See Freight Classification. V undercharge. A charge less than the correct transportation charge as shown by the tariff or other authority. See Freight Claims. underwriter. The person who insures another in a fire or life policy — the insurer. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. undue or unjust discrimination. A discrimination greater than is warranted by the circumstances in a particular ease. The terms 240 TKAFFIC GLOSSARY "undue" or "unjust discrimination" are used in contrast with "discrimination" or "just discrimination." For example, it is a fundamental principle of rate making that the establishment of carload rates as against less-than-carload rates, the making of low rates to meet water competition, and many similar forms of discrimination are not unjust, but that the establishing of different rates on traffic handled under similar or identical con- ditions is u.njust. See The Act to Regulate Commerce and Pro- cedure before' the Interstate Commerce Commission, uniform classification. A single classification publication to govern freight traffic throughout the United States, in place of the several classifications now in use. While there has been a great deal of agitation to have such a publication put into force the carriers have maintained that it would not be practicable to apply the same classification provisions in all sections of the country, and so far what has been accomplished is to bring many of the provisions of the Official, Western, and Southern classifications into harmony with each other. The work of uni- formity as far as it has been accomplished has been through the committee known as the "Uniform Classification Committee." See Freight Classification. universal agent. One who is appointed to perform all the acts which the principal can personally perform and which he may lawfully delegate to another. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. universal partnership. On^ in which the partners jointly agree to contribute to the common fund of the partnership the whole of their property of whatever character, future as well as present. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. unlawful. Opposed to law. Not strictly synonjrmous with "illegal," although often so used. "Illegal" means positively forbidden, while "unlawful" may include things which are inmoral or against the public policy. (Sweet.) See The Act to Begulate Commerce. unlictuidated damages. Damages which have not been reduced to a certainty in respect of amount, nothing more being established than the plaintiff's right to recover; or such damages as cannot be fixed by mathematical calculations from ascertained data in the case. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 241 vacate. To annul. To cancel or to render void. For example, the Interstate Commerce Commission may vacate an order suspend- ing certain proposed rates; that is, the rates which have been su^>ended may be allowed to go into effect by an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission. See Procedure before the Inter- state Commerce Commission. vacation notice or order. A decree of the Commission setting aside or vacating an order of suspension or some other order. See Procedure before the Interstate Commerce Commission. valid, Of binding force. Said of a deed, will, or other paper which has received all the formalities required by law. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. validity. See valid. (Of rates.) A term indicating that a specified rate is the proper rate to be applied under certain conditions. Venation Board. A special division of the Interstate Commerce Commission which is charged with the valuation of the railroads of the United States. See The Act to Eegulate Commerce. value. In freight classification and rate adjustment cases, the worth of a specified commodity according to some unit, as per article, per pound, etc. For example, in the adjustment of certain rates the carriers endeavor to ascertain the average value of ship- ments which are to move on that rate. It should be understood that the value of shipments is only one of the factors generally taken into consideration in the adjustment of rates and ia the making of cl-assiflcations. See. Railway Regulation and Freight Classification. value of service (to the shipper). As a factor in rate making, the worth of the work performed by the transportation agency. In its elementary form the value of service may be said to signify the value that is added to a shipment by transporting it from one pjaee to another. Under this theory, if an article is worth $1.00 at the place of shipment and $1.50 at the specified destination, the value of the service is 50 cents. As a matter of actual prac- tice, however, the value of service can generally be determined only in a very general way. See Grounds of Proof in Bate Cc.ses and Railway Regulation. 242 TEAFPIC GLOSSARY vehicle. Any contrivance used or capable of being used for trans- portation on land or water. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. ventilator cars. See cars. ventilators. Openings in vehicles which are designed to promote the circulation of air (often abbreviated "vent"). See Freight Classi- fication, venue. The neighborhood; the county in which an act is done or cause of action arises and from which the jury is taken for the trial of the case. A change of venue is the sending of a case to be tried before the jury of another county when circumstances render it impossible to have an impartial trial in the county where the cause of action arose. As an example, if it were charged that a crime was committed in Cook County, Illinois, and the party charged with the crime could convince the court in Cook County that he could not receive a fair trial there, the court might order that the case should be tried in Wabash County or some other county. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. vermin. Obnoxious small animals or insects, such as rats, worms, etc. vice. (1) A small defect or imperfection. In connection with the transportation of live stock, the habits of kicking, biting, etc. (2) In place of or instead of. For example, a vice consul acts on occasion in place of the consul in a specified district. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. vis major. A greater or superior force ; an irresistible force; in law of bailments, the interposition of violance or coercion proceeding from human agency (wherein it differs from the act of God). This kind of violence is of such a character and strength as to be beyond the powers of resistance or control of those against whom it is directed; for example, an attack of the public enemy or a band of pirates. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. void. Having no effect or force. The term "void" is often incor- rectly used in the sense of voidable, that is, to indicate that some- thing is of no effect when as a matter of fact it is effective until definite steps have been taken to render the matter of no effect. voyage. In maritime law the passing of a vessel by sea from one place to another. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 243 W wagon yard. In connection with freight terminals, a space set apart for the use of teams and trucks in delivering freight to the car- rier or collecting freight from the carrier. See The Investigation of Freight Claims. waiver. The giving up or surrender of some claim, right, or privilege or of the opportunity to take advantage of some defect or irreg- ularity. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. warehouse. A place for the reception and storage of goods and merchandise. In connection with the handling of freight, it is sometimes said that the carrier's freight house becomes a "ware- house" so far as the storage of freight is concerned. See The Investigation of Freight Claims. warehouseman. A person who receives goods and merchandise to be stored in his warehouse for hire. In law, it is quite commonly held that a carrier is acting as a warehouseman in the storing of freight before transportation has begun or after it has been completed. The liability of a warehouseman is much less than that of a common carrier in most cases. See The Law of Car- riers of Goods. warehouse receipt. A receipt given by the warehouseman for the property placed in his custody. Its return is usually required in order to obtain the property stored. By custom of trade, a ware- house receipt has become negotiable in many instances. Grain, provisions, and many other staple commodities are often trans- ferred by delivery or indorsement of warehouse receipt. See The Bill of Lading. watering stock. In the language of brokers, adding to the capital stock of a corporation by the issuance of new stock without increasing the real value represented by the capital. For example, if five hundred thousand dollars of stock is issued in connection with a corporation whose assets are not worth more than one hundred thousand dollars, it is said that the stock has been "watered." See Railway Begulation. waveson. Such goods as appear upon the waves of the ocean after a shipwreck. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. waybill. A printed form employed by carriers, having spaces for 244 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY indicating the point of origin, destination, consignor, consignee, number of packages, description thereof, rates, weights, and charges, on which a number of shipments may be entered. See Railway Accounting. waybilling. See billing. wear and tear. Deterioration or depreciation in value by ordinary and reasonable use of the property. For example, the wear and tear on railroad equipment is such damage as is due to the con- stant use of a car, locomotive, or other equipment. It may be used in contrast with injury done through accident, such as wrecks. See Bailway Accounting, weather working days. In connection with demurrage, clear days on which there are no interferences with the loading or unloading on account of the weather conditions. See Demurrage and Car Efficiency. weights. billed weights. Those inserted in the waybill of tbe carrier, upon which charges are figured. Billed weight may be (1) actual weight, that is, weight determined by actual weighing of the shipment, or (2) estimated weights, agreed upon between ship- pers and carriers or developed in other ways* See Bases for Freight Charges. estimated weights. Weights which are applied when the actual weight is unknown. As it is generally used, the term indicates those weights which are obtained by weighing parts, pieces, or quantities of the article or commodity in question and determin- ing its average loading, per cubic foot, per thousand feet, or per unit. In many cases, however, the estimated weight is obtained in much more indefinite ways. gross weight. The weight of a package including the container in which it is shipped. In the case of carload shipments the weight of the goods and the car together. net weight. In cases of carload goods, the gross weight less the weight of the car. tare weight. The weight of the container in which freight is packed. In some cases the tare weight includes the car and fix- tures in connection with the car. TECHNICAL TRAFFIC TERMS 245 weigM agreement. An agreement entered into between the carriers on the one hand and the shippers on the other, whereby goods shipped in standard packages, such as canned goods of various sorts, cooperage of various classes and sizes, etc., are taken at an average weight per package, or per parcel and charges assessed on that basis. Weight agreements carry such provisions as will enable the carriers to satisfy themselves that the estimated weights used by shippers are correct. See Freight Classification. whaxf. A quay or erection on the shore of a harbor, river, etc., for discharging or taking in cargo, passengers, etc. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. wharfage. The money paid for landing goods upon or loading goods from a wharf. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. wharfinger. One who owns or keeps a wharf for the purpose of receiving and shipping merchandise to or from it for hire. See Ocean Traffic and Trade. wholesale (trade). Selling of goods in large quantities as by the car- load and generally to dealers. The term is used in contrast with the word "retail," which is applied to the selling of goods in small quantities and direct to the consumer. wreck. (1) The destruction of a ship by its being driven ashore or on a rock, etc. (2) Ruins of a ship so destroyed. (3) To destroy or cast away anything, as a ship, by violence or force. (4) In connection with rail transportation, the result of acci- dents, such as collisions or breaking of rails, etc. See The Law of Carriers of Goods. X X car number. A term used to signify the ear from which a shipment was transferred. For example, if a shipment is delivered at final destination in car A. B. C. 400, the expense bill, may show "x" car C. B. E. 500, which would indicate that the contents of car 400 was transferred from ear 500. See Railway Accounting. yards. In transportation, that part of the railroad where cars are stored and made up into trains, or where other disposition is made of them. It is very common to refer to yard limits as 246 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY indicating the boundaries of such yards. Railroad yards are often presided over by an official known as " a yardmaster. ' ' See Railway Organisation and Management. hump or gravity. See gravity yards. make-up or classification yards. Yards where provisions are made for distributing cars according to destination, classes of freight, etc. See Bailway Organimtion and Management. stock yards. In the broadest sense, all the facilities for handling stock, including their slaughter. In somewhat more limited sense, the yards of more or less limited area where stock is kept before or after transportation. See The Bill of Lading. zones. Divisions of the country made for such purposes as rate mak- ing commonly used in connection with express rates. See The Express Service and Bates. SECTION C ABBREVIATIONS FREQUENTI.Y USED IN TRAFFIC PUBLICATIONS A, G. F. A.=Assistant General Freight Agent. Bbl.=barrel. Bdl.=bundle. B, 0.=buyer's option. C, I. F.=cost iasurance and freight. I%=care of. C. A.^commereial agent. C. L.^carload. C. 0. D.=collect on delivery (indicating that charges are to be collected on delivery). C. P. A.=certified public accountant. C. R.=carrier 's risk. C. T. B.=chief of tariff bureau. C'vsrt.=hundredweight. D. F. A.=division freight agent. Dl, or 2Tli=double first class. E. B.==::eastbound. e. g.:=:f or example. Est.-wt.=estimated weight. P. C. A.=freight claim agent. F. F. A.^f oreign freight agent. F. 0. B.=free on board (at a certain point) — indicating that there are to be no charges for drayage or other form of trans- portation up to the point designated. P. A. S.=free alongside. F. T. M.=f reight traffic manager. 6. F. A.=general freight agent. G. P. D.=general freight department. 247 248 TRAFFIC GLOSSARY G. 0.==general office. G. S.=:general specials — a term used to designate general special commodities in classification of express matter. Hhd.=liogshead. H. P.^horsepower (of engines). lb., ibid=ibidem (in the same place) — a term referring to a preceding footnote or other reference. I. C. C. Rep.=Interstate Commerce Commission Reports. Num- bers following this abbreviation refer to pages; those pre- ceding, to volumes ; e. g., 26 I. C. C. Rep., 135 should be read Volume 26 Interstate Commerce Commission Reports, p. 135. I. C. Rep. ^Interstate Commerce Reports. The first 11 volumes of the decisions of the Commission are published by one of the publishers with the word "Commission" omitted and are referred to by the above abbreviation to distinguish these reports from the other edition. i. e.:=that is. K. D.=knocked down — a term used to indicate that an article of freight or express is partially or entirely taken to pieces and packed in a more or less fiat form. K. D. C. L.=knocked down in carloads. K. D. L. C. L.=knoeked down in less than carloads. L. C. L.=less than carload. 24 Mass. 218= Volume 24 of Massachusetts Court Reports, page 218. Other court reports are referred to similarly. M.=one thousand. N. E. S.=not elsewhere specified. N. 0. H. P.=not otherwise herein provided. N. O. I. B. N.=not otherwise indexed by name — a term used in classification to designate articles which have not been spe- cifically named. N. 0. S.^not otherwise specified. Nstd., Nested=articles that are packed one within another. 0. R.:^owner's risk — a term indicating that the shipper relieves the carrier from part of the risk of transportation. 0. R. B.=owner's risk of breakage, meaning same as 0. E. 0. R. C.^owner's risk of chafing. 0. R. L.^owner's risk of leakage. ABBREVIATIONS 249 0. R. W.=owner's risk of becoming wet. p.=:page. pp.=pages. R. 25=Rule 25 — a term used in the Official Classification to denote a rate 15 per cent less than second class, but not less than third class. R. 26=Rule 26 — a term used in the Official Classification to denote a rate 20 per cent less than third class, but not less than fourth class. R.-28=Rule 28 — a term used in the Official Classification to denote a rate made by adding a certain specified amount to the fourth-class rate. S. U.=set up — a term used in classification to indicate that the article is put together. S. U. C. L. — set up in carloads. S. U. L. C. L.=set up in less than carloads. 16 U. S. 79=Volume 16 of the United States Supreme Court Reports, page 79. Other volumes and pages abbreviated in the same manner. v.=versus (against). W. B.=westbound or waybill. SECTION D APPLICATION OF CLASSIFICATIONS Map 1 of the Atlas of Railway TrafSc Maps presents the classification territories of the Canadian, the Mexican, and the three interstate classifications in the United States. This appendix gives in semi-tabular form the application of state classifications and the interterritorial application of interstate classifications. Appendix D is reprinted with slight corrections and changes from "Appendix to Official Map . ... issued under direc- tion of (the) Central Freight Association." (Transportation Building, Chicago, 111.) Because of the official source of the authority the tables are in general a reliable reference work. However, it should be borne in mind that the only legal authority for the application of classifications is that carried on the title page or within the current tariff which governs a shipment. I. Classifications Applying on Inteastate Tbaffic State Classificatioij Alabama ©Southern Arkansas ©Western Arizona ©Western California ©Western Colorado Western Connecticut Ofllclal Delaware Official District of Columbia Official Florida ©Florida Georgia © ©Georgia Idaho Western Illinois ©Illinois Indiana Official Iowa ©Iowa Kansas Western Kentucky ©Southern Louisiana I ^^®* °* Mississippi River ©Southern ■ ■ ( West of Mississippi River ©Western 250 APPLICATION OF CLASSIFICATIONS 251 ClASSIFICATIONS APPLYING ON InTEASTATE TeAFFIC Concluded State Classification Maine Official Maryland Official Massachusetts Official w-.^; ( Northern Peninsula Western Micnigan. . .| goytiiem Peninsula Official Minnesota ©Western Mississippi ©Mississippi Missouri ©Western Montana ©Western Nebraska ©Nebraska Nevada ©Western New Hampshire ©Official New Jersey Official New Mexico ©Western New York Official North Carolina ©North Carolina North Dakota ©Western Ohio Official Oklahoma ©Western Oregon Western Pennsylvania Official Rhode Island Official South Carolina ©South Carolina South Dakota Western Tennessee ©Southern Texas ©Texas Utah Western Vermont Official Virginia ©Virginia Washington ©Western West Virginia Official Wisconsin Western Wyoming Western ©Adopted In accordance with the order of the Circuit Court of the United States (Eastern district of Arkansas). ® Authorized by state commission. ® Between common points in the state of Georgia, Southern Classifica- tion applies. ® Between points on Chesapeake & Ohio Hallway in Kentucky, Official dassiflcation applies. Except otherwise stated herein the classification governing intrastate is as established by the railroads. Various exceptions have been established by the state commissions and the railroads, which also govern in connection with application of classifications as mentioned above. n. Inteeteeeitoeial Application of Classifications Sections 1, 4, 5, and 7 mention the interterritorial application of each of the Interstate Classifications, 1. e., these sections name the origin and destination points or territories from and to which the respective interstate classifications apply in addition to established territorial appli- cation as indicated by Map 1. Sections 2, 3, and 6 show the current extraterritorial application of intrastate classifications mentioned. De- scriptions of freight association territories mentioned below are given In Appendix A, and the territories are shown on maps 1, 2, 5, 6, and 8. 252 TEAFFIC GLOSSARY 1. Inteeterkitokial Application ot Canadian Classification Westbound FROM TO Oregon, North Pacific Ooast Tenninals in United ! States, Washington 2. Inteeteekitokial Application op Illinois Classi- Canadian Freight Association Territory BETWEEN® Groups, viz. : Burlington Iowa Clinton Iowa Davenport Iowa Dubuque Iowa Ft. Madison Iowa Hannibal Missouri Keokuk Iowa Louisiana Missouri Muscatine Iowa Princeton Iowa BETWEEN Groups, viz. : Dodgeville Janesville . Jefferson . . Madison . . . Milwaukee Platteville Watertown Waukesha ® The word "between" directions. FICATION AND Illinois — ^All stations, except as shown in section 3. Indiana — Stations, viz. : C. & B. I. R. R. Finney, Freeland, Judyville, and Pence, N. Y. C. B. R. Allison to Lake Village, inc. Schneider to Whiting, inc. B. J. & B. R. B. Edgemore to Gary, inc. AND Illinois — ^AU stations in A. T. & S. F. Ry. Ft. Madison, Iowa 0. & A. R. B.: Louisiana and St. Louis, Missouri 0. & E. I. R. R. : Freeland, Indiana C. B. & Q. R. R. : Burlington and West Burlington, Iowa Wisconsin Kemper to Keokuk, and Mooar, Iowa, . .Wisconsin inc. .Wisconsin -j Alexandria, Iowa, to St. Louis,. Mis- Wisconsin souri, inc. . .Wisconsin N. Y. C. R. R. Wisconsin Highland to Allison, Indiana, iac. .Wisconsin O. R. I. & P. Ry. : Wisconsin Fruitland to BoiElington, Iowa, inc. 1. C. R. B. : Hedrick to West Lebanon, Indiana, inc. M. & St L. R. R. (Iowa Cent.) : West Keithsburg, Iowa, Muscatine (North and South Ry.), Fruitland, Grand View and Wapello, Iowa T. P. & W. R, R. : Burlington, Keokuk and Warsau, Iowa Wabash Ry. Keokuk, Iowa, and St. Louis, Missouri signifies that the classification applies in both APPLICATION OF CLASSIFICATIONS 253 Milwaukee Wisconsin Interteebitobial Application of Illinois Classification — Concluded between and C. B. & Q. E. R. : Rutledge to Presoott, Wisconsin, Inc. I. C. R. R. : Clarno to Summit (Dane), Wisconsin, inc. Martintown to Dodgeville, Wisconsin, inc. BETWEEN AND Louisville and Nashville R. R. EvansvlUe and Mt. Vernon. Indiana stations in Illinois 3. Inteeteeeitoeial Application of Iowa Classification AND VIA BETWEEN Groups, viz.: Clinton Iowa 1 East Clinton, Fulton, 1 Davenport Iowa I Savanna, and Thomp- } O. B. & Q. R. R. Dubuque Iowa | son, Illinois . Princeton Iowa J Groups, viz. : Burlington .... Iowa Muscatine Iowa Groups, viz.: Clinton Iowa Dubuque Iowa Princeton Iowa East Moline, and Rock Illinois Moline, Island, C. R I. & P. Ry. Groups, viz. : Clinton Iowa Dubuque Iowa Muscatine Iowa Princeton Iowa C. M. & St. P. Ry. Carbon Cliff, East Mo-] line, Moline, and Rock | O. B. & Q. R. R. Island, Illinois J Albany, Carbon Cliff, Cordova, East Mo- line, Fay, Fulton, Hampton, Port By- ron, Rapids City, Rock Island, Savanna, Thompson, and Water- town, Illinois 4. Inteeteeeitoeial Application of Official Classification Eastbound FROM TO Groups, viz. : Baltimore, Maryland, Boston, Massa- chusetts, New York, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Prov- idence, Rhode Island, Washington, District of Columbia FROM TO Canadian Padflc Ry. sta- ] ^ „ ,_ ^ tlons wesfc of Montreal, \ Montreal, Province of Quebec, for export. Province of Quebec . . . Brookneal Virginia FROM TO f