COIAIMBIA 189i '•- = PkEK -'-^:>»K^.*KSg£li^;i>;?:->r^^^ Digitized by Microsoft® PA DIE fyxuW ^%mx%xii ^Wxmi BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Hienrg 19. Sage 1S91 J\..1.^0M:1>.. lhj9±_ Digitized by Microsoft® PA 26.078"'" ""'™™»l' Library Date! "'fllliiilllllSffiSlilSiite^^^ <" "enry Dri All books are subject to recall after two weeks Olin/Kroch Library DATE DUE -Hi-ill ajlJ vyr? ■j^ j'^w^m "MiiiUi,... 1 ; 1 1 GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A. Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation witli Cornell University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in limited quantity for your personal purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partial versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commercial purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® CLASSICAL STUDIES IN HONOUR OF HENRY DRISLER Digitized by Microsoft® Mm Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® cOUJ^^ nHTOTYPE, t. BIERBTAOT, Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® CLASSICAL STUDIES IN HONOUR OF Henry Drisler min f trtft MACMILLAN AND CO. AND LONDON 1894 p All rights reserved Digitized by Microsoft® t\. ^H-oM-i? COPYEIGHT, 1894, By macmillan and 00. NottoDoB ^xesB : J. S. Gushing & Co. — Berwick & Smith. Boston, Mass., U.S.A. Digitized by Microsoft® TO l^etirg Mxisltx, M^M. IN COMMEMORATION OF THE FIFTIETH YEAR OF HIS OFFICIAL CONNECTION WITH TUTOR 184-3-1845 ADJUNCT PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK AND LATIN LANGUAGES 1845-1857 PROFESSOR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 1857-1867 JAY PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 1867-1894 ACTING PRESIDENT 1867, 1888-1889 DEAN OF THE SCHOOL OF ARTS 1890-1894 AUTHOR, LEXICOGRAPHER, EDITOR SCijts "Ealume IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED BY THE CONTRIBUTORS HIS PUPILS A02IS OAirH TE *IAH TE Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® CONTENTS. On the Meaning of nauta and viator in Horace, Sat. i. 5, page 11-23 1 By Sidney G. Ashmoke. Anaximander on the Prolongation of Infancy in Man . . 8 By Nicholas Murray Butler. Of Two Passages in Euripides^ Medea 11 By Mortimer Lamson Earle. The Preliminary Military Service of the Equestrian Cur- sus Honorum 16 By James C. Egbert, Jr. References to Zoroaster in Syriac and Arabic Literature . 24 By Richard J. H. Gottheil. 'Literary Frauds among the Grreeks^ 52 By Alfred Gcdeman. Henotheism in the Rig-Veda 75 By Edward Washburn Hopkins. On Plato and the Attic Comedy 84 By George B. Hussey. Herodotus vii. 61, or Ancient Persian Armour 94 By A. V. Williams Jackson. Archaism in Aulus Q-ellius 126 By Charles ICnapp. On Certain Parallelisms between the Ancient and the Modern Drama 172 By Brander Matthews. Vll Digitized by Microsoft® VIU CONTENTS. -\ Ovid's Use of Colour and of Colour-Terms ^°^ By Nelson Glenn McCrea. A Bronze of Polyclitan Affinities in the Metropolitan Museum 1°^ 1 By A. C. Meekiam. (xeryon in Cyprus 204 By A. C. Mekriam. Sercules, Hydra, and Crab 218 By A. C. Merriam. '^- Onomatopoetic Words in Latin 226 By H. T. Peck. Ifotes on the Vedio Deity Piisan 240 By E. D. Perry. The So-called Medusa Ludovisi 245 By Julius Sachs. Aristotle and the Arabs 257 By William M. Sloane. \ Iphigenia in Q-reeh and French Tragedy 269 By Benjamin Duryea "Woodward. -> Grargettus, an Attic Deme 275 By C. H. Young. Digitized by Microsoft® ILLUSTRATIONS. PLATES. Portrait op Henkt Dkisler Frontispiece OpP. PAGE The Dieulafot Frieze of Archers from Susa .... 95 A Bronze in the Metropolitan Museum 195 Medusa (?) Ludovisi 245 Dying Amazon, Vienna . 251 EST THE TEXT. PAGE Persepolis Bas-relief 98 Persbpolis Guards 99 Behistan Bodt-guard of Darius 101 Shields of Gerton Statue from Cyprus 208 Hercules, Hydra, and Crab 220 Hercules and Hydra (Two Views) 224 ix Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® On the Meaning of nauta and viator in Horace, Sat. i. 5, 11-23. "Turn pueri nautis, pueris convioia nautae ingerere : ' Hue adpelle ! ' ' Treoentos inseris.' ' Ohe, iam satis est.' Dum aes exigitur, dum mula ligatur, tota abit hora. Mali culices ranaeque palustres avertunt somnos. Absentem cantat amicam 15 multa prolutus vappa nauta, atque viator certatim. Tandem fessus dormire viator incipit ac missae pastum retinacula mulae nauta piger saxo religat stertitque supinus. lamque dies aderat, nil cum procedere lintrem 20 sentimus ; donee cerebrosus prosilit unus ao mulae nautaeque caput lumbosque saligno fuste dolat. Quarta vix demum exponimur hora." Ah:hough the general sense of these lines is clear, yet two words in TV. 16-17 have occasioned much discussion, and in fact appear to defy exact definition. Nor do I believe that their real meaning in this passage can ever be determined to the entire satisfaction of Horatian students. It is the prevalence of opinion, however, in what seems to me to be the wrong direction that prompts me to avail myself of this opportunity to discuss the question somewhat at length, and to present a few points in favour of my own view of the matter. The words referred to are nauta and viator. It is the latter in particular that is the subject of dispute. What is the sense of viator here ? The question seems an easy one at first sight. Viator is a " wayfarer," " traveller," say the dictionaries very correctly. But this is insufficient for our purpose. It is important to know also whether viator in this passage is a passenger on board of the canal boat, or whether (taking the word collectively) it represents the passengers in a body, or whether the mule-driver is intended, or a foot-passenger of some sort on the bank of the canal. One of these four interpretations surely must be the correct one, for to imagine a B 1 Digitized by Microsoft® 2 SIDNEY G. ASHMOBE. fifth is impossible. Yet all four present difficulties of one kind or another. Again the word nauta must signify either a boatman at the rudder, or a boatman in charge of the mule and walking on the tow-path. Now it is evident that nauta is the same individual in vv. 16, 19, and 22. In w. 19 and 22 he is certainly represented as on shore. In the first instance he ties the retinacula of the mule to a stone ; in the second he receives a cudgelling from a person who leaps ashore to administer it. It is most probable then that he is on shore in v. 16 also, for the purpose of guiding the mule. If this be not the case, some one else must have been in charge of the mule — some other Tiauta whom Horace finds no occasion to mention, —for no one who has seen a canal can doubt that two persons are required to operate a canal boat successfully, and it is not likely that Horace's experience was different in this respect from that of other people. If, how- ever, the nauta of the text was at the rudder, it would have been the business of the other nauta to tether the mule, and it would have been he who should receive the beating at the hands of the cerebrosus. Hence it must be inferred that a nauta who is not mentioned was at the helm. Nor does this inference involve us in any serious diffi- culty. It is clear from vv. 4 and 11 that nautae were plenty at Forum Appi, and there is no reason to assume, as many critics do, that only one of these accompanied the party on the canal. The poet does not give us all the particulars of the journey, and it is often necessary to read between the lines. Though the principal business of the nauta kept him on the tow-path, he may have been none the less the person of highest responsibility for the safe con- duct of the boat, to whose will that of any other boatman would be subject, and whose determination to stop the boat during a portion of the night could not be disputed by his colleague. The view just presented is supported in part by Doderlein, Fritsche, and Keightley. Most of the commentators, however, place the nauta of the text on board the boat, or else leave the question undecided. To return to viator: it would be illogical to reason against the interpretation "mule-driver," on the ground that we have already found one in the person of the nauta, for the latter's place is a subject for argument in this paper. Yet there can be no harm in adding our decision regarding the nauta to accumulated evidence bearing on the question of the viator. Aside from this, of the four ways in which viator here may be understood the one just mentioned appears to be the farthest from the truth, in spite of Acron's note, nauta in Digitized by Microsoft® "NAUTA" AND "VIATOR" JW HORACE. 3 nave, viator qui mulam ducebat. Nowhere else in Latin literature is viator to be found in this sense. Moreover, there is the insuperable objection that such an hypothesis would compel us to expect viator in place of nauta in vv. 19 and 22, for it would then be the business of the viator to tether the mule, and it would be he, and not the nauta, who should be the recipient of the punishment described in the text. Besides, why should the nauta, who under these circumstances would be in the boat, go ashore to perform an of&ce that did not belong to him ? The number of commentators favouring this interpretation is small. Among them are the names of Heindorf, Chase, and, strange to say, Kiessling. Let us assume, now, that viator is a passenger, sitting or reclining in the boat. The word is so understood by Wickham, Koch (Wort, z. d. Ged. d. Q. Hor. FL), and others, and it is certainly a plausible theory. Yet the objections to it are of no slight importance. Chief among them are the derivation of the word, and its use, not only in other authors, but also in Horace himself. Of this, more will be said presently. A minor point is that if the nauta be on the tow- path, the viator should be there too. Looking at the text, we find the viator and the nauta always acting in company. It is nauta atque viator in v. 16, and in the following verses the words are again joined by ac. The viator fraternizes with the nauta, and it is by his example that the latter is guided in the matter of going to sleep. They should not then be separated, it would seem; and though the position of the nauta has been the subject of argument, yet if the decision already reached on this point is the correct one, it is certainly not to be lost sight of in determining the character of the viator. If we take viator as a collective noun, representing the passengers in a body (cf. miles, and other words so used), fresh difficulties pre- sent themselves. If viator is collective in v. 17, it should be collec- tive also in v. 16, since in the two places it has evidently the same meaning. But in v. 16 viator cannot be a collective noun, unless we suppose that all the passengers were vying with the nauta in singing of their absent lady-loves, — which is absurd. It has been argued in support of the collective idea that " it was their (the passengers') falling asleep that made possible the stopping of the boat, and that the scholiast Porphyrio so understood it " (see Kirkland's edition of the Satires and Epistles, and Orelli's note) ; but a scholiast's note may be of little value, and, as we have seen, Acron's on nauta is untenable ; and the consideration that under no circumstances could Digitized by Microsoft® 4 SIDNEY G. ASHMOBE. the nauta have been sure that he would be unobserved, ought to disabuse our minds of the impressiou that he waited till his passen- gers were asleep before venturing to stop the boat and rest himself and his mule. Had the nauta not been entitled to make at least a brief halt during the night, he would scarcely have dared to steal a nap on the assumption that the people in the boat were too deep m sleep to note what was happening. To understand it so is to make too much of sentimus in v. 21. The beating inflicted on the nauta, in V. 22, was owing merely to his having slept beyond a reasonable hour, —a fact due in part to the effect of the wine he had taken the evening before. The passengers were entitled to arrive at their des- tination in the early morning (of. Strabo, 233). They were now in a position to fail of this by perhaps three hours. The consequence is that one of them, less patient than the rest, vents his indignation on both nauta and mule, by administering to each a sound thrashing, the result of which, it may be inferred, was a quick start and a hasty journey the rest of the way to Teronia. It has also been argued that the expression, fessus dormire incipit, is applicable only to a person already either sitting or reclining, and that as no change, in the case of the viator, from an erect to a recumbent attitude, is mentioned, the viator could not have been walking on the tow-path before he went to sleep (see the notes of Fritsche and Schiitz). There would be more force in this argument were its premise unim- peachable. Incipit is certainly suggestive of preparation, and though the transition from the idea of physical activity to that of rest is a sudden one here, it is scarcely more so than at stertit, in v. 19. This is a way with Horace. He often goes with a bound from one thought to another, and many details are omitted from his story, which if given would add both smoothness and lucidity to the narrative. The theory that viator means " passenger " here is not supported by a very large band of critics ; but the same theory modified so as to make the word collective, has a backing numerically greater than that attaching to any one of the four possible interpretations given above. Among the critics belonging to this latter class are Orelli, Schvitz, Doderlein, Kirkland, the scholiast Porphyrio, and Dr. Charlton T. Lewis. Professor Greenough wavers between "passenger" and "passengers," and adds, "The word ordinarily means a passenger on foot, but here the supposition of a traveller on the tow-path seems absurd." This brings us to the main point. In spite of the great weight of opinion the other way, I do not believe that either " passenger " or " passengers " is what Horace intended, much less Digitized by Microsoft® "NAUTA" AND "VIATOR" IN HORACE. 5 what in general may be deemed a correct interpretation of the word viator. Of the four definitions already mentioned as possible, the fourth and last (i.e. traveller on foot) is in my judgment the true one, " absurd " as it may seem. It is the definition in whose favour the most may be said, and against which the fewest and least important objections can be brought. Let us look at the evidence. In the first place, on this hypothesis, most of the difiiculties already alluded to as existing in the text are obviated. The viator and nauta, both of them persons of low degree, may now fraternize to their heart's con- tent on the tow-path. When they are weary, — the one from his long tramp, via (cf. Livy, i. 7, fessum via Herctdem procubuisse) , the other because he is constitutionally lazy (piger) and half intoxicated, — they go to rest by the wayside, as is not uncommon with men of humble condition. There is no longer any possible incongruity in the appli- cation of the words absentem cantat amicam, and the confusion in the text, arising from making viator the mule-driver, no longer confronts us. The apparent absurdity, too, which Professor Greenough speaks of is diminished when we consider the proba- bility that the Appia Via was at this time in existence, and ran near to and parallel with the canal (see Strabo, 233) ; and that there must have been many a poor foot-traveller on this road who could not afford to pay his fare by boat. The fare may, possibly, have been small, but it was exacted without fail, or Horace would not speak of it as occupying nearly an hour in the collecting (see v. 13). 'Nov will it do to protest that if the nauta and viator were on the bank of the canal, their singing would not have disturbed the sleep of the passengers. The latter could hear the croaking of the frogs and the buzzing of the insects (v. 15), and the discomfort resulting from this would not have been lessened by the singing of two men on the tow-path, especially as each voice was raised in the effort to drown the other (certatim). Moreover, the voices were not far distant, for the boat was a light one, the canal narrow as compared with those of modern times, and the tow-rope of no great length. In the second place, over and above all these considerations, there is the one important fact that the common and classical use of the word viator is to denote a traveller by land, and not by boat. Horace distinctly adheres to this use in every other place where it occurs in his writings. The three instances are: Sat. i. 5. 90, ultra callidus ut soleat umeris (panem) portare viator; Sat. i. 7. 30, cui saepe viator cessisset magna conpellans voce cuculum; 0. iii. 4. 32, insanientem navita Bosporum temptabo et mentis arenas litoris Assyrii Digitized by Microsoft® 6 SIDNEY G. ASHMORE. viator. In the last of these, viator is distinctly one -who travels by land, in contrast to one who travels by sea. In the first and second examples, the viator is surely on foot. Again, in Cicero, de Fata, 15. 34, hoc enim modo viator quoque vestitus causa grassatori fuisse dice- retur cur ab eo spoliaretur ; Milo, 21. 65, quia non semper viator a latrone, non numquam etiam latro a viatore occiditur; Csesar, B. G. iv. 5, est autem hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti et viatores etiam invitos consistere cogant; Vergil, Georg. iv. 97, ceu pulvere ab alto quom venit et sicco terram spuit ore viator aridus; ^n. v. 275, qualis saepe viae deprensus in aggere serpens, aerea quern oblicum rota transit aut gravis ictu seminecem liquit saxo lacerumque viator; Pheedrus, Fab. ii. 1. 5, forte innoxius viator est deductus in eundem locum, feroque viso retulit retro pedem; Ovid, Tr. ii. 271, et latro et cautus praecingitur ense viator : ille sed insidias, hie sibi portat opem ; Martial, xi. 13. 1, quisquis Fl,a- miniam teris, viator, noli nobile praeterire marmor; Juvenal, x. 22, cantat vacuus coram latrone viator — in all of these examples viator has one and the same meaning, that of traveller on shore, though not in every case necessarily on foot. In Martial, ii. 6. 14, lassus tarn cito deficis viator, the lassus viator is a weary traveller on the Appian "Way. It matters not that in the epigram the expression is figurative, or that the traveller is not on foot. The words afford a distinct parallel to the fessus viator of our text. The examples cited should be suificient proof that the word viator is only properly employed of a person travelling by land, and that to stretch its meaning here until it shall serve as a synonym for vector (the regular word in Cicero, Vergil, Ovid, and other writers for a passenger by boat), is to induce Horace to depart from good usage. What then is the viator of our text? Clearly a man on foot, whose destination lay in the same direction as that of Horace's party, and who was too poor to pay his fare by boat. He joins the nauta who is guiding the mule, and the two men sing as they go. Singing was a common practice with pedestrians in ancient Italy (cf. Juv. X. 22, cited above), and if there were two persons in com- pany, the incentive thus to beguile the time was apparently the stronger. An illustration of this is the case of Lycidas and Moeris, in Vergil's ninth eclogue, v. 64, where the former says : cantantes licet usque {minus via laedit) eamus; cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo. JSTothing then is more natural than the view presented, while on philological grounds it would seem to have the best support ; and although the idea is not a new one, it may have been worth while to argue for it, since the general trend of opinion is the other way. Digitized by Microsoft® "NAUTA" AND "VIATOR" IN HORACE. 7 Among the commentators whose opinions are in the main in accord with the purpose of this paper, are Kruger and Dillenburger. The former after citing t. 90, and Sat. i. 7. 30, adds : " schwerlich ein in dem Kahne sitzender Passagier, vector, noch weniger samtliche Passagiere (der Singular kollektivisch gefasst, sodass auch Horaz mit einbe- griffen ware), sondern ein am Ufer nebenher Gehender, der sich zu dem Fahrmanne gesellt hat. Kaehdem jener sich zum Schlafen niedergelegt hat, ahmt dieser sein Beispiel nach, indem er das vom Kahne los- und an einem Stein gebundene Maultier grasen lasst." Dillenburger's note is : viator autem mulio non est, sed vilioris condi- cionis homo qui idem iter pedibus facit. I have omitted ut from v. 13, in accordance with Porphyrio's lemma and the reading of some good manuscripts. The result is an asyndeton that greatly improves the effect, and is quite in keeping with Horace's style. Sidney Gt. Ashmoke. Union College, Schenectady, N.T., March, 1894. Digitized by Microsoft® Anaximander on the Prolongation of Infancy in Man. A NOTE ON THE HISTORY OF THE THEOKY OF EVOLUTION. Ever since the doctrine of organic evolution began to attract serious attention, about forty years ago, students of Greek philoso- phy have repeatedly called attention to cosmological opinions put forward by the ancients that parallel in a curious way, or else directly foreshadow, discoveries that are a part of the glory of modern science. Zeller, in his brilliant essay, "Die griechischen Vorganger Darwins,"-' points out that not a few fruitful scientific ideas that were the property of the early Greek philosophers were first forgotten by the Greeks themselves, then overlooked by the Middle Ages, and finally re-discovered and fully demonstrated with great iclat by the modern scientific spirit. Among the pre-Socratic thinkers Zeller cites Anaximander and Xenophanes as leading examples of philosophers who exhibited this form of prescience. The close analogy between Anaximander's theory of the develop- ment of the earth from a fluid state of matter and of man from the lower animals, and the modern scientific theories, has been repeatedly pointed out. It is fully and ably discussed by Teich- muller,^ and his conclusions as to the essentially scientific character of Anaximander's opinions will not be denied. It is idle to dismiss them as mere guesses, when the grounds upon which they rest are stated. But while it has been noticed that Anaximander mentioned the fact that the period of infancy in man is longer than in the lower animals, the full importance of the passage has not been recognized, nor has its agreement with the extremely important contribution by Mr. John Piske to the general theory of evolution been pointed out. 1 Vortrdge u. Abhandlungen, ill. 37. 2 Studien zur Geschichte der Begriffe, S. 63. Digitized by Microsoft® THE PROLONGATION OF INFANCY IN MAN. 9 The passage in -which Anaximander's theory is preserved for us is quoted from Plutarch by Eusebius, Prcep. Evan., i. 8. 2. It is also collated by Diels, Doxographi Groeci, 579. 17. It reads as follows : — "Eti (j>rjvyyji iroXiT&v (ov a^iKero )($6va avTr) T£ TrdvTa ^vp,lpovcr 'laxrovi — yprep iieyiaTi] ytyverai crwTijpia, oTav yvvrj ir/jos avSpa p-rj Si,)(oi7TaTrji — 15 vvv 8 *X^P" '"'d.vra Kal vocrei to, lXTara. The passage dvSavouo-a . . . x^wa has long been a bone of conten- tion among students of Euripides. Indeed, their attention has been so much engrossed with such questions as whether avhavmitra be the right word in the right place, and whether vyrji. can be construed as it stands or is in need of emendation, that they have quite over- looked a point in v. 13 that would otherwise, it should seem, have been quite obvious. The word avTrj, as it stands, marks a contrast between two actions of the same subject, between the action expressed by cEvSavoutra (whether we read this or Nauck's kavda- vovda does not affect the point at issue) and that expressed by ivp,vyqL and xovos a mere blunder]. See Weil. Un Papyrus inidit., etc., Paris, 1879, and Blass in Ehein. Mus., new series, xxxv. p. 82 sq.) We must now decide upon the two other letters of the word. It should be noted that we have in the successive w. 11, 12, 13, the initial syllables |u-, ^v-, av-. The first and third are clearly sound; the second is in doubt. The v is in suspicious company with V both under it and over it ; the first letter might have arisen from attempted correction of a corrupted form, e.g. avyij. Let us see now what are the more probable attempts of modern scholars to correct vy^i, setting aside altogether such emendations as give TroXtVais or TToXiTas for TToXiTtav. (For the several conjectures see Nauck, Eurip. Studd., i. p. 107, and Wecklein's Krit. Anhang to his Medea.) Canter suggested <^vX^t (which, as Ekasley said, should at least be tj>v\ii>i) and i^x^t (much better) ; Wyttenbach, <\>v(Ta ; C. Hartung, i\r]. None of these satisfies the conditions of the case as stated above, and i^iXr) is in itself decidedly flat — a mere gloss on av8a- vov^ra. Musgrave, comparing Soph. Aj. 1153 and Pind. Pyth. 1. 8& (173), proposed opy^t — 'pleasing the temper of the citizens to whose land she had come.' This seems to be the very word we want. In such a position it could readily give rise to vyrii. (For the corruption of <^ into o cf. Eur. fr. 945, where Nauck has cor- rected oui/res to <^WT£S.) We might pause here, were it not that two other words iu our passage have been called in question, jjkv after av^avowa and tc after avrri {avrSii). The question as to the propriety of the latter particle is in great measure bound up with the discussion of the former. Let us first, then, examine /xev. Could the nurse's " futureless " wishes have been fulfilled, Medea would not have left home, nor have come to lolcus, nor have pro- Digitized by Microsoft® 14 MORTIMER LAMSON EARLE. cured the death of Pelias, nor have been dwelling at Corinth with her husband and children. The last clause is insufficient in this form. It is merely the beginning of the Corinthian chapter in Medea's history. This the nurse relates in true Greek fashion — general and past first, particular and present afterwards. The general and past are the happy and peaceful life of Medea, when she pleased the citizens and lived in harmony with him (afirolt) — her lord and master Jason. This is a wife's greatest security — perfect concord with her husband. But now all that is changed. Then follow the particulars of the present evil case. Vv. 6-16 thus form a logical unity. The participles avSavouo-a and ivfi,epova-a are the necessary complements of KaTwiKa, and with it form the introduction to the catastrophe ushered in by vvv 8'. KariaiKa with its concomitants is thus seen to be subordinate in thought to vvv S' ktL : ' nor would she, after a period of general friendship and of harmony with Jason, have incurred universal enmity and the ruin of her wifely estate.' So then fjilv appended to the former of the two important concomitants of KarmKa finds its proper correlative in the 8' that follows vvu. The wplv accepted in Prinz's text as a substitute for fuv is unnecessary, — the more so because the con- ttnuative force of the tense in the complex KaruiKa — dvSdvova-a — ^lj,epov(Ta requires, according to a familiar principle of Greek style, no external sign to indicate its nature as preliminary to a catastrophe. We come now at last to i-e. Inasmuch as jub finds its proper logical and grammatical correlative in 8' after vvv, a 8e after avrm would serve only to divert the mind of hearer or reader from the proper sequence of the thought. The re is amply sufficient at once to link the correlated participles and (thanks, perhaps, to the use of T£ . . . T£ as a light fjixv . . . 8e) to mark the balance between them. For similar sequences of /xey ... tc .. . 8e, cf. Med. 125-8 (an excellent parallel to the passage we have just discussed), 232- 240 (where the iilv after wpCtra finds its ultimate correlative in V. 238), Androm. 7-12 (cited above). In two passages of Sophocles (Ant. 1162-5 and Track. 1011 sq.) we find p-kv . . . re . . . koI vvv used, though within a briefer compass, precisely like p.kv . . . re . . . vvi' 8' in our passage of the Medea. To recapitulate, then, I would accept Musgrave's opyrji for fj>vy^i, change avri^ to avTmi, and follow the tradition of the Euripidean codices in the rest. Digitized by Microsoft® OF TWO PASSAGES IN EURIPIDES' MEDEA. 15 Vv. 502-4. vvv TTOi TpaTTiofuu ; TTorepa Trpoi TraTpos So/jxnii, ous COL Trpooovaa Kal Trarpav di^iKOjunvj i; TTpoi ToXaivai IleXiaSas ; ' Under these circumstances whither shall I betake myself ? To my father's house, which I abandoned for you, as I did also my native land, and — came? Or, etc' That is all the words can mean; and it requires only an attempt to interpret v. 503 to see that it needs emendation in the word a^Mop-yiv. This, as it stands, demands some expression of the goal, or of the concomitant, as in V. 32 sq. oiKovs &, ov% irpoSova-' dfjiiKero \ p-er avSpbs os kte. It is, there- fore, surprising that only Naber (Mnemosyne, nov. ser., x. [1882] p. 10) seems to have taken offence at the inadequacy of aiK6p.T)v. ("Balbutientis oratio est vs. 503," he says.) His emendation S.p.' k(Tir6p.r)v, ' I followed you ' ((Tot construed with a/i' ecr^r. as well as with TrpoSoCo-a?), is accepted by Weeklein in his latest edition of the Medea (1891). But such a correction has little palaeographical probability. The remedy is, I believe, much simpler. The error in the MSS. is due primarily to itacism; partly to v. 32 (cited above) ; and partly, perhaps, to an attempt to produce a formal concord between irpoSoBo-a and its verb. Eead a^-qKapev, 'which I abandoned for you and lost my country into the bargain.' On the forms ijKa/icv, lOr/Kap^, and eSuKa/icv see Veitch. Of. also Meisterhans, Oram. Att. Inschr.,^ p. 151, n. 1306. For examples of similar rapid shift of number between participle and verb in the first person see Eur. H. F. 858 and the examples in Paley's note ad loc. (all sing. part, with pi. vb.), and J. T. 777 (dual particip., pi. vb.). MoKTiMBE Lams ON Eable. Babnabd Colleoe. Digitized by Microsoft® The Preliminary Military Service of the Eques- trian Cursus Honorum. A STUDY IN LATIN INSCRIPTIONS. The predominating influence of military affairs in the history of the Roman state is a sufSeient explanation of the close relation existing between the civil and military administration of the gov- ernment of Eome, a relation which is clearly shown in the demand for military training as an indispensable qualification for one who aspired to official position in the civil government. Such a theory, prevailing generally before the seventh century of the city, was in that period legally recognized by legislative enact- ment, and military service of at least ten years was required as preliminary to the tenure of the qusestorship, the initial ofB.ce of a magisterial career. The later days of the republic witnessed modifi- cations in this law looking mainly to a reduction in the number of years of service. In the imperial period, the principle was recon- firmed by Augustus in the requirement that young men of senatorial rank should serve for one year as tribuni militum before entering upon their mirsus honorum. In conformity with early theories, and in imitation of the similar usage in the senatorial order, upon the reorganization of the equites and the selection of equites equo publico as the special body from which officers of administration should be drawn, Augustus made military experience requisite for an appointment to a procuratorship, the initial office of the equestrian career. A knowledge of this preliminary military service can be obtained from the inscriptions of the first three centuries of the empire. Tituli virorum dignitatis equestris regularly present the titles of the several offices of the military career, as well as those of the various procuratorships and prsefectures. These titles appear in an order determined by the importance and grade of the various positions, and arranged in an ascending or descending scale. 16 Digitized by Microsoft® THE EQUESTRIAN CUBSUS HONOBUM. 17 The accompanying table indicates in an ascending scale the various offices of the ecLuestrian military service preliminary to the procura- torship, obtained from inscriptions -which refer to procuratores and admit of approximate dating. The entire military service, as it appears in the inscriptions, is shown, with the exception of special appointments, such as praepositus, which may be considered as extra ordinem. The various positions indicated are those of centurio (C), in a legion or in one of the cohorts of the city garrison ; cohortes vigilum, (V. cohortes urhanae, cohortes praetoriae (C. j u., when held in succes- sion) ; primipilus (P.P.), centurion of the first rank ; praefectus fabrum (Pr. Fab.), commander of army engineers ; praefectus cohor- tis (Pr. Coh.), commander of an auxiliary cohort; tribunus militum (Tr. M.), a tribune of a legion; tribunus cohortis (Tr. Coh.), com- mander of certain auxiliary cohorts, as cohortes milliariae (No. 18), an officer who, like the tribunes of the city cohorts (Tr. Coh. < tr., when held in succession), was of the same grade as a tribune of a legion; praefectus alae (Pr. Al.), commander of an auxiliary cavalry squadron; praefectus castrorum legionis, the officer locating and superintending the camp. The praefectura fabrum is regarded by some ^ as one of the militiae equestres, but Mommsen^ has shown that, although the office was filled from the equestrian order, it cannot be considered as forming part of the official military career. It does not appear after the time of Septimus Severus. Primipilus iterum (P.P. II.) is a title which indicates that the eques returned to the grade of primipilus after higher military service, so as to enjoy certain advantages which belonged to those who left the army from that position.' It is to be distinguished from primipilus oi primipilus bis by the absence of the name of the legion which generally accompanies the title of the earlier office. The inscriptions have been obtained from the following collec- tions : Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (C.I.L.) ; XJorpus Inscriptio- num Grcecarum (C.I.G.) ; Inscriptiones Latince, Orelli-Henzen (0.) ; Exempla Inscriptionum Latinarum, Wilmanns (W.) ; Inscriptiones Latince Selectee, Dessau (D.). 1 Marquardt, Staatsverwaltung, ii.'^ ^ Staatsrecht, ii.' p. 98. p 5i7_ 3 Mommsen, C.I.L. v. 867. Digitized by Microsoft® 18 JAMES C. EGBERT, JR. 5 oa 1^ 00 eo ci f CD at Oi Oi to OO OD OO i-H tH q :^ Ph Ph Ph P-( <^ <1 <} i^' ^" -^ Pk Ph p4 ,>t3eM t>t3pk a a a 1^ s EH S B Eh H saga H &^ ^ H •sjiJoqoo ^ -^ -S •iimjqBj[ Ph Ph •etiRdjniiJ^ Pd P< CM CM PM 'oun^na^ 1=3 S H Pj S C I I I ■a S 6 3 .3 ■§ m r3 ^ ■g 1 CO pi g y M 1—1 o d PM & d a .2 ^ r. Q ^ czi o ti tc 1 o CO 1 i t V a o > ■? a > .a d C4 CO ■« )0 =a I Digitized by Microsoft® TBE EQUESTBIAN CUBSUS HONORVM. 19 00 00 00 I I Li S J. ^ 1 1. ^ 5 US TT TTT V 'I °J °l ^ 555 5 5S«sSs SsSggggsssE^^^^^ rHr-iTH rK THTHTHrHiHOI iHCTi-lrHrHTHrHT-liHrHiHrHrHr-lTH A (Si ^ ■ • • • ^ g' :^ S § ■ :5 g • . S fi ft ' ' ft ft u^ ' fi ft ' ' i; ' ' i^ f a a » a a i ^ s' ^! ^ ^' (Si s S '!•''' Ills isi (Si isi (Si S-gJo OOOO :oo : :o :oo ; b s ft e : : ft] ft; : : : : : : (ij : : © : : e S; fM : : ft' ft' : : : : : : (i; : : ft : : p; ti, ft' ft' ;s =3 g ■aigois "3Ssi£S5ft(3£l'S<2g| 3 hi e^ o hj d S Hi -3 m hi a e^' B e^' d g a c? hi o S t^ P ill I I i i g i ii I i i i i g ti X H )>: d 'F ► a 5j a a d .a 3 t >d cJ ^ &»<■, >^;^t>^t3(i;|~ tipL," p^•>:pcL;3■ >:tii; S S •s ^ o o o ^ *■ *■ 5 a s p E^ E-i •spjJOqoO "niruqB^i SnJOSJBBJJ •gundxtnLij ■0Lm:^Ti90 Ph Ph" Ph Ph' p; Ph Ph p; Ph' Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph Ph ^-t^Pn' ■ a B H a a B r— 1 m ^ ^1 .3 p< h4 S l-H w u^ 1 tH 3 fi o M a .a CJ 13 a s g s g s 3 S g S S !g S S S o n d -p 'a ig g S 3 g S 3 d Oi fK o eo ^ O ■N Kj S ■s d d Digitized by Microsoft® THE EQUMSTEIAN CUSSUS HONORUM. 21 The equestrian military service during the three centuries of its history assumed four different forms, each of which deserves special consideration. I. Tribunatus Militum. The tribunate of the soldiers is the prevailing form of service during the first century. This is similar to the preliminary service in the senatorial career, and the iascriptions show little variation in the way of an additional offtce during this period. In iascrip- tions Nos. 3, 7, 15, the praefectura alae follows the tribunate. Such additional service was not confined to the equestrian career, for Augustus made prospective senators pmefecti alae as well as tribuni militum, although later on the former position was held almost exclusively by those of the equestrian order.' The inscriptions show the conferring of the following ofBces upon tribuni militum : proc. Asturiae et Gallaeciae (xii. 1855) ; proc. Achaiae^ (ii. 2213) ; proc. Lusitaniae (vi. 1359) ; lw[Tpmo<; i^apx^^^ raXAtas 'AKviTavi^s CTt k^vo-ov {G.I.Q. 3751) ; iTriTpcmoi "S-irtCpov {C.I.G. ii. p. 983) ; proc. ab epistuUs et a patrimonio (vi. 798) ; proc. ludi famil. glad. Caes. Alexandreae ad Aegyptum (x. 1685) ; proc. divi Titi Alexandriae (ii. 4136) ; proc. ab alimentis (ii. 4238) ; proc. XX. hereditatium (ii. 2029), per Hispaniam etc. (ii. 4114), per Qallias (x. 7583), ^er Pontum etc., promagister XX. hereditatium (vi. 1620) ; proc. stationis privatae per Tusciam et Picenum (iii. 1464) ; proc. ludi matutini (xiv. 160) ; proc. ab actis urbis (viii. 11813) ; preefecti of provincial fleets (0. 3601, ii. 1970, iii. 726) ; proc. viae Ostiensis et Campanae (x. 1795) ; curator coloniae Arcensium (ii. 1180) ; praetor Etruriae XV. populorum (xiv. 172) ; sub proc. Mauretaniae (iii. 6065). II. Tribunatus cohortis vigilum, cohortis urbanae, cohortis prae- toriae. The tribunate of the three city cohorts was accepted as military service during the entire history of the equestrian career, though promotion of such ofl&cers to procuratorships occurs more frequently after the time of Septimius Severus. It is noticeable that these tribunates were held by those who had served as primipili. The following positions were conferred upon those who had per- formed the above-mentioned military service : procuratorships of Syria (x. 1127) ; JDalmatia et Histria (xi. 2698) ; Lusitania (0. 6767) ; Asturia et Gallecia (vi. 1599) ; Hispania Giterior, Asturia, Oallaecia, 1 Suetonius, Aug. 38 ; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 104 ; C.I.L. xiv. 2105. Digitized by Microsoft® 22 JAMES C. EGBERT, JR. (v. 634) ; Narbonensis (x. 5829) ; Britannia (vi. 1626) ; Sardinia (vi. 1336) ; (praeses) Sardinia (D. 1356) ; praefectus vigilum (xi. 1836, ix. 1582) ; proc. XX. hereditatium (t. 867, D. 1356). After the -tribunate of the praetorian cohort alone : proc. Lusitaniae (vi. 1645) ; proc. Britanniae (v. 6513) ; Noricum (v. 1839). III. Praefectus cohortis, tribunus militum, praefectus alae. Suetonius ^ declares that Claudius determined upon the praefectura cohortis, the praefectura alae, the tribunatus militum in the order given as the tres militiae equestres. The testimony of the inscriptions is at variance with the statement of Suetonius both as regards the order, since, almost without exception, the praefectura alae occupies the third place, as the higher ofiBce, and as regards the time when such a form of service was demanded, since there is no evidence of such a usage until the beginning of the second century. Claudius may have arranged a scheme of service which was required for a brief period in his own time and became finally established, with the praefectura alae as the third place, at about the time of Trajan. These tres militiae equestres were maintained with great con- sistency until the close of the second century, when irreg^arities appear. The following positions were conferred upon those who had served as praefecti alae : procuratorships of Sicilia (ix. 4763) ; Hellespontus (v. 876) ; ludaea (iii. 5776) ; Belgica (iii. 5212) ; Cyprus (x. 3847) ; A-chaia {Eph. Ep. v. 194) ; Armenia maior (0. 6947) ; Trium pro- vinciarum Qalliarum a censibus accipiendis (W. 1269) ; Oalliarum Aquitania, Narbonensis (x. 3871) ; prsefecti of the provincial fleets (viii. 8934, 0. 804, D. 1327) ; sub praefectus classis of Misenum and Ravenna (Eph. Ep. v. 699, ix. 6357, 6439) ; proc. monetae (viii. 9990, vi. 1625) ; praef. vehiculorum (x. 6976) ; proc. ad Miniciam (0. 516) ;