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 ^ THE "^ 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 POCKET LIBRARY 
 
 National Galleiy and Patent Office at Washington.— Principal Hall 273 feet long, es feet wide, and 30 feet bigh. 
 
 OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 COMPILED BY THOMAS C. CLARKE, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 L..gram7igs by T. H. Mumfom, James Monfv... 
 
 Entered according to Jict of Congress, in the year 1841, by THOMMS C. CZat^Cfi, 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania* 
 
 stereotyped by J. Fagan, 19 St. James Street. 
 
 
AMERICAN POCKET LIBRARY. 
 
 AGRICULTURE, 
 
 AxjTTSORniES. — Judge Buel, Sir Humphry Davy, Professor Colmaiif Pedder, 
 Biddle, J. Quincyy J. S. Skinner^ and others ; Papers of the Philadelphia jSgricul' 
 tural Society, and the principal Agricultural papers and magazines qf the day. 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Tbe task of working improvement dd the earth ia 
 much more delightful than all tbe vaioglory which do 
 be acquired hy ravaging it with the most uoioterrupted 
 career of conqueata." — JVashinston. 
 
 The preat business of our countn/ is agriciiUure. 
 Because it/e«i> uB,and furDishes \hemtUerials for our 
 clothing; it gives employment to five-sixths of our 
 population ; it ia the primary source of iudividual and 
 national wealth; it ia the Dursiag mother of mauufac- 
 tures and commerce; it ia essential to national inde- 
 penA:nce. Agriculture is worthy the most liberal 
 patronage of our governmeots, slate and national ; it 
 ought to be eDligbteued by a better (and thorough) edu- 
 cation of the agricultural clasa. Agriculture, maoufac- 
 turei, commerce, stand together ; but they stand toge- 
 ther like pillars in a duster, the largest in the centre, 
 and (hat largest ia agriculture. We live in a country 
 of amall farms; a country, in which men cultivate 
 \vilh.their own hands, their own fee-simple acres; 
 drawing not only their subsistence, but also their spirit 
 of independence, and manly freedom from ihe ground 
 they plough. They are at 'once ita owners, its culti- 
 vators, and ita defenders. And whatever else may be 
 undervalued, oc overlooked, let ua never forget, that 
 Ihe cultivation of Ihe earib is the most important la- 
 bour of man. Man, without the cultivation of the 
 earth, is, in all countries, a savage. When tillage be- 
 gins, other arts follow. The farmera, therefore, are 
 the founders of human civilization. If there lives the 
 man who may eat his bread with a conscience at peace, 
 it is the man who has brought that bread out of the 
 earth by hia own honest industry. The profession of 
 agriculture brings with it none of those agitating pas- 
 sions which are fatal to peace, or to the enjoyment 
 even of tbe common blessings of life: it presents few 
 temptations to vicious indulgence; it is favourable to 
 health and to long life; to habits of industry and fru- 
 gality ; to temperance and self-government ; to Ihe cul- 
 tivation of the domestic virtues ; and to Ihe calm and 
 delicious enjoyments of domestic pleasures in all their 
 purity and fulness! 
 
 Measures (a Subalilule).— A box 24 inchea by 16 in. 
 square and 28 in. deep, will contain a barrel. A bojt 
 16 inches by tti 8-10 in. square, and 8 inches deep, will 
 contain a bushel. A box 8 inches by 8 4-10 in. square, 
 and 8 inches deep, will contain one peck. A box 4 
 mches by 4 in. square, and 4 2-10 inches deep, will 
 contam one quart. 
 
 IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL 
 PAPERS. 
 
 A good agricultural paper, contribated to by praeti* 
 cal and scientific farmera, will be of service in many 
 points of view. It is a storehouse of agricultural know- 
 ledge, from which farmers may always draw some- 
 thing new and serviceable. For its contents are made 
 up of the best opinions and best practices, and accurate 
 experiments of the best farmers of the world com- 
 bined. 
 
 The leading object, indeed, in the publication of an 
 agricultural paper, is to afford to farmers a common 
 medium through which to impart and receive instroc- 
 tion. Amongst the most intelligent farmers in the 
 land are always found the best patrons of agricullnral 
 newspapers : where the land is in the highest state of 
 cultivation, and where the domestic economy is all 
 regulated in perfect order, you will invariably find ag- 
 ricultural newspapers, and intelligence to appreciate 
 them : but they are seldom met with, where neglect 
 and ignorance prevail I Some farmers may fall for 
 want of suflScient capital, but more for want of sufG- 
 cient knowledge. There is no class who place more 
 entire reliance on their skill than farmera, yet no one 
 who is acquainted with the general agriculture of the 
 country, will assert that it has yet reached the perfec- 
 tion of which it ia susceptible. Tbe intent of cultiva- 
 tion is to obtain the greatest possible amount of produce 
 from the soil ; the farmer's object being to raise it by 
 such means as will afford him the largest profit with 
 the least labour ; and there can be no doubt, that the 
 more scientifically he proceeds, the more effectually 
 will both objects be gained. 
 
 There is not a subject which abflolulely admits of a 
 greater improvement than the cultivation of the soil : 
 vast improvements are in progress, and will yet be 
 made to an almost infinite extent ; (he slumbering en- 
 ergies of the farmer are awakening up, and agricul- 
 ture, the broad foundation of a nation's prosperity, Is 
 unmanlling some of the brightest features of her hidden 
 glory! 
 
 EncowragB your Agricultural Papers. 
 
 Musty Grain is mnde sweet by putting it in boiling 
 water, (double the quantity of grain^, letling it cool in 
 tbe water, and then dry it well. Skim the waler. 
 
 A single Weed may di^w out tbe nourishment that 
 would have given fulness to half-a-dozen ears. To be 
 free from taxes, is far less important than to be free 
 from weeds. 
 
 _ 
 
AGRICULTURE. 
 
 From the Address o/McAdoi ftddZe, £sg., before the 
 PhUadelphia Agricultural Society, Oct. 1S40. 
 Besides lime and other enrictiing aubslances, the 
 cost of the mere animal manureg applied to the aoil of 
 Eo^land, amounts to three hundred millions of dol- 
 lars ; being mora than the value of (he whole of its 
 foreign commerce. Tet the grateful soil yields back 
 viih interest all that is thus lavished upon it. And so 
 it would do here, if we would only trust the earth 
 with any portion of oor capital. But this we rarely 
 do. A tarmer who has made any money qieods it not 
 in his business, but in some other occupation. He buys 
 more land when he ought to buy more manure ; or he 
 puts out his money in some joint stock company, to 
 convert sunshine into moonshine— or he buys shares in 
 some gold mine or lead mine. Rely upon it, our 
 richest mine is the barn-yard, and that whatever 
 temptations stocks or shares may ofTer, the best invest' 
 ment for a farmer is live stock and plough-sharea, 
 • ««#*» 
 
 No soil can withstand a succession of grain crops ; 
 and instead of letting it lie fallow in order to recruit 
 from its exhaustion, as was the old plan, the better 
 practice now is to plant in the same field a crop of 
 •roots. These draw their nourishment fkvm a lower 
 r^ion thui tiie grain crops do ; they derive a great 
 part of their fix)d from the atmosphere, by their large 
 leaves, which at the same time shelter the soil tiom 
 the extreme beats ; they provide a fresh and juicy food 
 for cattle during the winter, thus eoabling us to keep a 
 large stock, which, in addition to the profit on them, 
 furnish abundant manure with which to return to the 
 grain crops. Now this should be our effort— more 
 roots— more cattle— more manure— then more grain. 
 
 All these improvements which may adorn or benefit 
 our Ctou, are recommended to us not only by our own 
 individual interests, but by the higher sentiment of our 
 duty to the country. This ia esseotialty a nation of 
 farmers. No where else is so large a portion of the 
 community engaged in fanning ; no where else are (he 
 coltivalors of the earth more independent or so power- 
 ful. One would think that in Europe the great busi' 
 nesB of life was to put each other to death ; for so large 
 a proportion of men are drawn from the walks of pro- 
 ductive industry and trained to no other occupation ex- 
 cept to shoot foreigners aitoaya, and their own coun- 
 Irymen occanoually ; while here, (he whole energy of 
 all the oationisdireeted with intense force upon peace- 
 ful labour. A strange spectacle this, of one, and one 
 only, unarmed nation on the face of the earth ! There 
 is abroad a wild straggle between existing authorities 
 aad popular preteniiona, and oat own example is the 
 oommon theme of applause or denunciation. It is the 
 more important then ,for the farmers of this country 
 to be (rue to their own principles. The soil is theirs— 
 (he government is theirs— and on them depends mainly 
 tlie continuance of (heir system. That system is, that 
 enli|ffatened opinion, and the domestic lies are more 
 «tiible guarantees of social tranquillity (ban mere force, 
 and (ha( the government of the plough is safer, nnd, 
 when there is Uied. stronger than the government of 
 ebenroid. 
 
 IMFOE-TANT FACTS. 
 A spot of land which, when pastured upon, will 
 yield sufficient food for only one head, will abuncUintly 
 maintain four head of cattle in the stable, if the crop 
 be mown at aproper time and given to the cattle in 
 proper order. The soiling yields at least three times 
 Ihe quantity of manure from the same number of cat- 
 tle ; and (he best and most efiicacious summer manure 
 is made in the stable, and carried to the fields at the 
 most proper period of its fermentation. The cattle, 
 when used to soiling, will yield a much greater quan- 
 tity of milk, and increase &Bter in weight while fatten- 
 ing than when they roam the fields, and they are less 
 liable to accidents— do not suffer by (he heat, fliee or 
 '.Duects, and are not affected by the weather, scaping 
 also many disorders to which cattle always abroad are 
 liable. Each head of cattle fed in the stable, if plenli* 
 fully littered, yields annually uxteea large double cart- 
 loads of dung." 
 
 A visiter to the farm of Josiah Qulney, quoted in the 
 Farmers' Cabinet, says:— 
 
 His faim is extensive, and surrounded by a flourish- 
 ing hawthorn hedge, but there is not an interior fence 
 on the premises ; the whole presents a tingle field, de- 
 voted to all the various purposes of agriculture ; no 
 part of it is allotted to pasture, properly speaking, as 
 his cattle are fed in their stalls, and are never suffered 
 to roam over the fields ; and the advantages of this sys- 
 tem are thus given — formerly, there were seven miles 
 of interior fences to be kept in repair, but by keeping (he 
 cattle up, the whole of this expense ii saved : former- 
 ly, sixty acres of this farm were devoted to pasturage, 
 twt now, a greater number of cattle by one-third, are 
 kept on the products of twenty acres, and 1 never saw 
 cattle in belter condition. The saving by these means 
 ia enormous, and the immense advantages arising from 
 it too apparent to be dweH upon. During the summer, 
 Ihe cattle are fed upon grass, green oats or barley, cut 
 (he day before, and suffered to wilt in the sun, and the 
 manure which is thus saved will more than pay for the 
 extra expense and troutde. The farm is most highly 
 cultivated, and every kind of grain and vegetables have 
 a place. 
 
 Near London, it is the custom to sow large quantities 
 of oats, to be cut green for stall^^bedin^ the milk-cows 
 these are always sown on land most highly manured 
 for the purpose, with four, aod sometimes five bushels 
 of seed per acre ; the yield is prodigious, and is found 
 to be one of (he most valuable crops that can be grown, 
 coming off the land in time for a full crop of turnips 
 for the winter, or of late potatoes^ 
 
 I^ncei. Around each post hill the earth, to carry 
 off (he water, and chair (he end a few inches above 
 the surface. Cedar fences last about 15 years, which 
 should lead owners to Inquiro where the fences are to 
 come from hereafter. 
 
 Maaivre. — "Every farmer can double the quantity of 
 his domestic or yard manure, with scarcely any ad* 
 dilional expense. At least fifty per oent, of the nutri- 
 tive properties of yard manure are lost by drenching of 
 rains, excessive fermentations, and injurioua appUca* 
 tion to soil. 
 
4 
 
 AGRICULTURE, 
 
 MAWUKES, 
 Under the improved system of a rotallon of crops, 
 root culture, and alternatioD of grass and grain, com- 
 bined wilh yard and stall-feeding of slieep and cattle, 
 the quantity of manure produced on the farms has in 
 many instances been quadrupled, and the ameliontlion 
 of the soil has been in the same proportion. 
 
 Ship loads of bones have been carried from this 
 country to Europe to be crushed and used as bone-dust 
 in fertilizing their soils ; and we have been compelled 
 to purchase, at exorbitant prices, of those nations, the 
 wheat and other grain, that this same manure would 
 have produced at home, and at the same lime have lost 
 to our farms the fertilily it would have imparted. 
 
 Scrapings of streets, leached a^hea, lime, refuse from 
 skin, leather and soap boilers' shops, slaughter houses, 
 bone;:, weeds, salt, and any kind of animal or vegetable 
 substanees, by the addition of earth, may be largely in- 
 creased ioquaulily and made to enrich aad fertilize the 
 soil. 
 
 But whatever improvements or discoveries may be 
 made, it seems clear that the farmer for manure must 
 rely mainly on his stables and yards, and his study 
 should be to render these most efficient and available. 
 One main object should be to prevent the escape of the 
 liquid and volatile parts of the manure, as experience 
 proves that these are the most active in exciting or 
 supplying plants with food and thus accelerating their 
 growth. The yards and the stables should be pro- 
 vided with litter, such as straw, hay, leaves, weeds, 
 &c., with vegetable mould or muck, with the wash nf 
 roads or the overflowing of streams, in sufficient quan- 
 tities to absorb and retain the urine and other liquid 
 pari!) of the manure, and where these cannot be ob- 
 tained, common earth or dry sand will be found of great 
 utility in preventing the loss which must ensue where 
 these parts of the manure are allowed to escape from 
 the yard. If when the farmer cleans out his yards, he 
 were to cover tbem with a hundred loads of vegetable 
 or absorbent earth, he would find in the following 
 year a ^ealer number of loads of the most valuable 
 manure, the greater part of which, without such pre- 
 caution, would have been wholly lost. 
 
 Rotted manure may afford at times more benefit to 
 a particular crop, or may be more conveniently applied 
 to some crops ; But as a general rule, manure should 
 be rotted in the ground where it is wanted. Some 
 crops are rarely Injured by any quantity that can be 
 given tbem, as corn, potatoes, and ^roots generally ; of 
 course such should have the advantage of the first pro- 
 cess of decomposition in the manure, while jte after 
 effect is reserved for the grains and grasses. 
 
 The great object in the application of manure should 
 be, to make it afford as much soluble matter as possi- 
 ble to the roots of the plant ; and that in a slmo and 
 gradual manner, so that it may be entirely consumed 
 in forming its sap and organized parts. 
 
 At) green nuxulent plants contain Baccha.rine mu- 
 cilaginous matter,' with woody fibre, and readily fer- 
 ment. They cannot, therefore, if intended for ma- 
 nure, be used too soon after their death, 
 
 suffering them to remain for a few moDths, (heir i)» 
 composition would impregnate the soil with s«duble 
 malters, so as to render it an excellent manure, and by 
 mixing a little fresh quick -lime with i( at the time of 
 its removal, the disagreeable effluvia would be in a 
 great measure destroyed ; and it might be applied in 
 the same way as any other manure to crops. 
 
 Green vegetahles^ when put under the soil snd aub- 
 mitted to the process of decomposition, arc efficacious 
 in restoring exhausted soils. Buckwheat and clover 
 are striking instances of (his power m green crops io 
 fertilize 3otl3,.and both have been extensively med fur 
 this purpose. 
 
 PLOUGHmCJ. 
 
 Much time and labonr is saved id pTougbing long in- 
 stead of short ridges. For instance, suppose the ridges 
 are 78 yards long, four hours and thirty-nine minnles 
 are spent in turnings in a day's work of eight hours! 
 whereas, if the ridges are 274 yards long, one hour and 
 nineteen minutes are sufficient in (he same length of 
 time. 
 
 Plough deep. Let a farmer examine the extent and 
 depth to which the roots of grain, in a loose and 
 favourable soil, will spread, and he will cease to won- 
 der at the failure of a crop where the subsoil has never 
 been stirred by the plough. 
 
 Small fibrous roots of vegetation extend to a depth, 
 where the soil is loose and deep ; and where vegetables 
 thus take root they are much less affected by drought, ■ 
 The soil being turned up to the action of the bub and 
 air, becomes enlivened, and better fitted for producing 
 vegetation. An acre of land yielding a ton of hay, at 
 the usual season of ploughing greensward contains 
 more than twelve tons of vegetable matter, consisting 
 of the roots and tops of grass, and other vegetable re- 
 mains upon the surface. Such a method of ploughing, 
 then, as will be best calculated to secure for the benefit 
 of the crop, this mass of enriching substance, the farm- 
 er should not hesitate to adopt. By completely invert- 
 ing the sward, and laying it as flat and soiooth as the 
 nature of the ground will admit, and then cultivating 
 without disturbing the sod, with the application of a 
 dr^sing of compost, land may not only be kept in 
 heart, but wonderfully improved. 
 
 The Ploush. —By so placing the Multer as to form 
 an acute angle with the plane of the share, on the land 
 side, the beam is bronght more directly over tbe centre 
 of the plough, as is the case with Frouty & Mears' im- 
 proved plough, and thereby the power necessary to 
 move it, is applied more directly to the centre of re- 
 sistance, and the force required to move it, and over- 
 tbis resistance, is of course less than when a[H 
 plied, as in other ploughs, on one side. 
 
 The difference in the force required for ploughs now 
 in use, has been ascertained to be 100 per cent, ; show- 
 ing the great importance of its structure. The work 
 which one team of horses or one yoke of oxen can 
 
 By covering dead animals with five or six times perform at one plough, will require two yoke at 
 their bulk of soil, mixed with one part of lime, and [ another ! 
 
AGRICULTURE. 
 
 GRAmS. 
 General Remarhs, 
 
 The compoQtids id vegetables really nutritive, are 
 veiy few ; farttia, or the pure matter of starch, glu- 
 ten, sugar, vegetable jelly, oil and extract. Of these 
 the most nutritive is gluten, vrhich approacbeB nearest 
 in its nature to aDini:il matter, and which is the sub- 
 stance that gives to wheat tis superiority over evtty 
 other gndD. 
 
 There is a particniar period tCt tohich each species 
 of seed oaght to be soiumt in order to bring the plants 
 to a perfect state of ripeness. 
 
 The condition of the land is, in fact, the best guide ; 
 fbr, if it be in a mellow state, between drought and 
 moisture, tbe seed may be pat io with -conGdeDce. 
 Some kinds, however, prefer a dry and warm mil ; 
 others, that which is more humid and tenacious. Thus, 
 barley, lye, and buckwheat, succeed best on the for- 
 mer ; and wheat and oats on the latter. 
 
 TbiBdepth at uohich seed should be soum is a. matter 
 of nicety, as well aa of importance. If too deeply bu- 
 ried, germioatioD is impedel, atA may be altogether 
 prevented ; while, if sown too shallow, sufficient moist- 
 ore is not left in the -torface to afford nourisbmeat to 
 the roots of (he plaats. 
 
 The depth at which seed ought to be placed must, 
 therefore, be regulated by the nature of the soil. If 
 ati^ more moderate covering should be used (ban if 
 ^ight and porous ; wheat, bariey, and oats also require 
 more than rye or buckwheat ; but, except in a few in- 
 stances, trom one and a half to three inches, is in every 
 case, the lowest to which it should be carried. 
 
 Seed should t>e selected from the earliest and most 
 perfect growth of the preceding year. Too much at* 
 tentioo cannot be t}eatowed on this part of the opera* 
 tion, as every kind of seed will produce its like. Late 
 sowing requires one-third more grain to tbe acre, than 
 if put in early. Land, naturally very rich and too 
 highly manured, is apt to cause during the hot season 
 of summer a too rapid growth of the strawj at the ex- 
 pense of the seed. 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 The white are superior in (he quality of their pro- 
 duce; the red are the more hardy ; and in general, the 
 thin and smooth-chaffed are preferred to the woolly 
 and thick chaffed. 
 
 The produce of wheat sown in spring acquires the 
 habit of coming mocb sooner to maturity, than the 
 produce of that sown in autumn. Hence the farmer, 
 when he sows tvheat in spring, should sow the produce 
 of that which had been already sown in spring, and 
 not tbe produce of that whioh bad been sown in 
 
 This change in the habit of ripening, though it may 
 at fiiat view appear somewhat singular, fakes place in 
 alltbecereal grasses, and also in many other cultivated 
 jtTants. The minor varieties of any species of wheat, 
 nmder given conditions, will remain unchanged for an 
 indefinite period J under other circumstances, however, 
 they degenerate — and hence, particular kinds that were 
 once valued, have now ceased to be so. 
 
 The soils of the lights- class are tbe best suited to 
 wheat ; and it is an error in practice to force the pro* 
 
 duction of wheat on soils, and under circumstances 
 which are better suited to the production of the other 
 grains. 
 
 No wheat, however clean or beautiful, should be 
 sown without being soaked 12 hours in a pickle of 
 strong ley, brine strong enough to float an egg, or lime 
 water, and after being drained, should be rolled in pow- 
 dered lime* 
 
 As the wheat crap generally receives no afler-culture, 
 the soil should be brought into as fine condition us pos- 
 sible. Manuring and thorough culture are indispen- 
 sable. 
 
 If it' be desirable to sow wheat after a fallow crop of 
 ^rye, oats, &c., tbe land should be immediately plough- 
 ed or thoroughly harrowed after it is cleared— then one 
 good ploughing with sufficient harrowing is a good 
 preparation fbr the seed. 
 
 As a brge crop cannot be sowed in a few days, it is 
 better to begin a fortnight too early than a week too 
 late. 
 
 Two bush^ of seed to the acre of winter wheat, is 
 not too much: less (ban six or seven pecks should never 
 be sown. 
 
 By sowing too fbin, the growth of weeds is enoon- 
 raged to the great detriment of the growing crop and 
 the loss Of the owner. 
 
 Floughing in wheat is best, especially on worn land. 
 The depth at which tbe seed is buried is more regular, 
 ani gives the young plants a stronger hold on tbe soil. 
 
 Com. 
 
 As a general rule it may be laid down that any crop 
 which matures so large a quantity of seed, must exhaust 
 the fertility of a soil much more (ban a crop which 
 does not produce seed, such aa the root crops. 
 
 There is probably no other crop that produces so 
 jnuch nourishment for man and beast as this does. It 
 was tbe opioion of " Arator," that it was " meal, mea- 
 dow, and manure," And the manure which might be 
 made from the fodder that is produced, if returned 
 again to tbe soil from which it was taken, would keep 
 it in a constant state of fertility, and in fact increase it 
 fh)m year to year. 
 
 To Plant, plough well in the foil and early in the 
 spring. Manure and harrow well. Select fivm the 
 best stalks large sound ears — throw out the small, ill- 
 ahaped grains from each end. Soak in strong liquid of 
 rich manure 12 hours. Put four grains in hills four 
 feet apart each way. Cover one and a half inches 
 deep, and press down with foot or hoe. Apply leached 
 ashes or plaster, after the com is up. Use the cultiva- 
 tor instead of the plough, which cuts the roots and 
 makes them bleed— besides, all that is now needed is 
 to keep the ground loose, well pulverized and free 
 from weeds. 
 
 Tbe ravages of the wire-worm may be stopped by 
 slacked stone lime. 
 
 Of all (he grains, com is the most valuable, taking 
 into view quantity and price. Soaking the seed in a 
 solution of saltpetre keeps off the worm and largely 
 increases the crop. 
 
 Topping the stalks diminishes the grain from 6 to 8 
 bushels the acre, without a corresponding increase Of 
 fodder. 
 
 Grind com in tbe ear for feeding. Fare com meal . 
 does not appear sufficiently to distend the stomach to 
 
6 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 brings ioto exercise its digeslive Tacultieg Tully, without 
 lahJDg so mucb as to clog and impair ilii fuactioDs 
 eveDtually. For tbis reasoo, a mixture of less Dutri< 
 live materials is desirable^ and one of our most suc- 
 cessful feeders of pork lias assured us, that he always 
 mixed oats with bis corn, ia (he proportion of one- 
 fourth, previous to grinding, and thinks he should find 
 a profit in exchanging corn for oals, bushel for buahel, 
 rather than feed (he former to bis pigs clear. The cab, 
 possessing nulriment in itself, makes about the requi- 
 site mixture with the grain, and bence is of great value 
 for (he purpose of feeding. 
 
 Id any dis(rict where Indian com is extensively 
 grown, a miller would find il for his interest to attach 
 a cob-cracker to his machinery, as the farmers would 
 lind themselves well repaid by the great saving and 
 superiority of the meal so made, for feeding. 
 
 SEEDINS. 
 
 Ofall the practices constituting good biisbandry, none 
 are more replete with beneficial eOects, and which bet- 
 ter repay the outlay, than that of seeding. It has be< 
 come an established practice with good farmers to seed 
 frequently with clover and timothy. 
 
 The natural grasses yield less of quantity and nutri- 
 ment than either clover or timothy, and some others of 
 more recent introduction. 
 
 Independent of this, i(B fertilizing properties to the 
 soil must be considered. Whereas, grounds not seed- 
 ed, by being too much exposed, soon become of so com- 
 pact a nature as to render them in a degree impervious 
 to either heat or moisture, without which they cannot 
 be capable of (he lcaB( productiveness. 
 
 Autumn is deemed the best time for sowing timotb]', 
 and the spriug for clover. 
 
 ALTERNATE CROPS. 
 The summer and winter food must have a due pro- 
 portion to each other, and the fields of grain are not to 
 exceed the fields of meliorating crops,— these preserve 
 (be soil, as well as produce crops ; but grain reduces 
 the soil in producing the crops. Aim at income from 
 live stock, which tmjwoue*, rather than from grain, 
 which impoverishes your land, 
 
 SAVING CLOVER SEED. 
 
 The difTiculties of saving the seed are imaginary; 
 the process is simple and easy. After the clover field 
 has been cut or grazed, let the second crop come on. 
 
 The second crop produces more seed than the first, 
 and hence the economy of first cutting or grazing 
 the field ; though from that cut for hay, a careful 
 husbandman might easily save sufficient seed for 
 his own USB. Mow when about two-thirds of the 
 heads have turned brown, because, if cut sooner, too 
 many seeds are unripe, and if later, too many shatter 
 out of the beads la cradling and handling. 
 
 POTATOES. 
 
 Potatoes in general afford from one-fifth to one-se- 
 venth of their weight of dry starch. 
 
 One-fourth part of the weight of the potatoe at least 
 may be considered as nutritive matter. 
 
 The best potatoes are heavier than the inferior vari- 
 eties. 
 
 The American Fanner says : For some seasons past, 
 I have only planted the top eyes, and I have the best 
 crop and the driest potatoes in the country. After the 
 lop is cut off, the remainder keeps better and longer 
 fit for use. If housekeepers in (owns were to preserve 
 the cuttings of the tops of their potatoes, there would 
 be sufiicient to plant all the country, without the cost 
 of a cent for seed ! 
 
 JVejeruing-/>ofafou.— Potatoes should bedug during 
 dry weather. They should be exposed as short a time 
 as possible to the light, as it always injures their quality 
 for whatever use they are intended. They should be 
 kept in a state similar tu (bat before they are dug,— 
 that is, secure from air and light, with a Blight degree 
 of moisture to prevent withering, and a temperature so 
 low as to keep them from vegetating. The difference 
 in the quality caused by good and bad keeping m very 
 rarely appreciated. 
 
 Jn planting, have a good supply of rich earth 
 around; but elevate the hilbas little as possible after 
 planting, in order to leave the tubers to grow at the 
 depth which they choose for themselves. Besides, a. 
 more even surface a better adapted to obtain a supply 
 of moisture, by admitting the rain, &c. The distance 
 of the hills should be governed by the space occupied 
 by the tops ; for much of the nutriment of vegetables 
 is taken trom the air, and the tops should therefore be 
 allowed to expand. 
 
 STOCK. 
 Treat Domeatic Animals kindly and tenderly. 
 
 Domestic animals ofall kinds, from a horse down to 
 a chicken, should he treated with gentleness and mild- 
 ness ; men or boys who are rash and bad-tempered, 
 ought not to be permitted to have charge of them or to 
 interfere with their management. Animals that are 
 kept in constant fear of suffering never thrive well, 
 and they often become vicious and intractable by un- 
 kind and cruel treatment. 
 
 Keep Stock in good condition. 
 
 An animal may be kept abort of food in the latter 
 part of (be fall or first of winter, at a small saving of 
 food, but at a loss in the condition of the animal. II is 
 like salting a hog with a pound of salt — a saving of 
 salt but loss of bacon. One dollar saved by short keep- 
 ing of animals, will be a loss of five dollars. It will 
 cost more through the winter, and the profit from the 
 animals, either in growth or milk, will be lost. 
 
 Provide comfortable sheds and stables. Remember 
 that a want of comfort is always a waste of Jlesh, 
 Give a sufficiency of food and drink, with great regu- 
 larity. A meal ten minutes later than the usual lime, 
 causes the animal to fret, and fretting lessens flesh. 
 Most animals will drink several times a day, and 
 should therefore have it as often as they want il. 
 Tbey should have plenty of clean litter as often as 
 needed. With such management there will be an al- 
 most incredible saving of food. 
 
 IHght stables should always be ventilated. The 
 breath and manure from animals always causes impure 
 
AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Coaa'se hay and straw axe readily eaten by cattle, 
 wbcn brine is sprinkled upon them, 
 
 Com^taik fodder abould alwava be cut or chopped, 
 —otherwise the body of the stalk is wasted. This is 
 the liesi part. It is aWeetest and moHt nutritious. And 
 it is the chief part in bulk. Chop it fine, and catlle 
 wilt eat it, if the fodder has been well curdd. 
 
 Q^aniitl/.^^Aa acre of coTn-stalks, cut and well 
 secured, and chopped when fed, is quite as good as an 
 acre of hay. 
 
 Oufvyiniff.— Nothing contributes more to the health 
 and appearance of (attie, tlian frequent curryings and 
 rubbings ; and notbioe enjoys currying more, or shows 
 greater improveinent irom it, than hogs. 
 
 fibven tattle. — A band of straw, the size of the 
 wrist, placed in the mouth, drawing it li^ht, and mak- 
 ing fut the ends over the head, just behind the horns, 
 will cause the beast to endeavour to rid itself, by chew- 
 ing the band ; and the act of moving the tongue and 
 jaws wilt permit the pent-up air to escape. 
 
 Ouer-AedtTi^ — Administer a pint of cider and half 
 a pound of old cheese, grated and mixed. 
 MemaTlta on Neat Cattle. 
 
 1. The head small and clean, to lessen the quantity 
 of offal. 2. The neck tbin and cle&n. 3. The carcass 
 large, the chest deep, and the bosom broad, with (he 
 ribs Blandiag out full from Ibe ^oe. 4. The shoul- 
 ders should be light of booe, and round off at (he lower 
 point. S. The back ought to be wide and level through- 
 out ; the quarters long ; the thighs thin, and standmg 
 narrow at the round bone ; the udder large when full, 
 but thin and loose when empty — with targe dug-veins, 
 and long elastic teats. 6. The bones, in geueral, light 
 atad clean. 
 
 TtoSetefl/.— Adopt the practice of selecting best lambs 
 every year, for stock. In af few years you have first- 
 rate sheep. The same course will produce the same 
 effects in eveiy kind of animal. 
 
 THE HORSE. 
 
 There is no more danger of injury to the horse than 
 to ourselves by eating a hearty meal when warm. And 
 who ever beard of a man killing himself with a hearty 
 dinner, because he ate it when he was fatigued 
 heated! 
 
 Il is hard driving immediately afler eating grain 
 that killa the horse. Not an instance can be shown in 
 
 We have known men, prudent in most raatlers, yet 
 guilty of stuf&D| their horses wilh grain in the mom- 
 ingjust before starting' on a journey ! 
 
 How absurd to let your horse stand for hours, after a 
 violent exercise, to chop-up his own fodder and attempt 
 to appease his hunger on hay. 
 
 Give the horse half a bushel of oats or one peck of 
 corn — if he has been used to grain — as soon as yon lead 
 him Into the stable, and he will fill himself in an hour 
 or two, and be willing to lie down and enjoy a nap, 
 even before jou retire lo i«st yourself 
 
 In any part of the country, if you see the grain put 
 into the manger you may be pretty sure the hostler has 
 not forgotten his duty. 
 
 fVatering. — If you ride moderately, you ought to 
 let your horse dritrk at any time on Ihe way ; but if he 
 baa been long without water, and is hot, a load of cold 
 water, greedily swallowed, will chill and deaden the 
 tone of the stomach; buF two or three swallows are 
 really necessary to cool his mouth, and may be allowed 
 him at any time. 
 
 Spamru are seldom cared: though cures are made 
 by Bigler, at Frankford, Pa. 
 
 Heaiuet.—mix ashes in his food, and lime-water for 
 his drink. 
 
 Prevent Botts by cleanliness, and giving salt often 
 and regularly ; and, occasionally, a few potatoes. 
 
 When your animal has fever^ nature would dictate 
 that all stimulating articles of diet or medicine should 
 t>e avoided. Bleeding may be necessary to reduce the 
 force of the circulation-— purging, to remove irritating 
 
 substances from the bowels^tnoiift^'^ight, and easily- 
 digested food, that his weakened digestion may not be 
 oppressed— cool drinks, to allay his thirst, and, to some 
 extent, Compensate for diminished secret ions— rest and 
 quiet, (o preverit undue excitement in his syslem, — but 
 nothing to be doue without a reason. We might sum 
 oil in one general direclion ; — Treat your brutes like 
 meft. 
 
 Cuts should be Cleaned, laid smooth in the natural 
 position, and alloW^ time to cure. 
 
 Soifas, when Urge, shnilld be protected from the air 
 and exiernal irrilatlon. 
 
 Bruises and Sprains should be kept quiet, or In- 
 flammation will ensue : endenvour to reduce Ine heat, 
 if more than natural, and avoid the certain ' cure-alls.' 
 
 Colic, — The horse rolls and is in pain. Administer 
 a lable-apoonful of strong mustard, dissolved in a black 
 or junk bottle of water. Wrap the neck of the bottle 
 with twine, to prevent its breaking. If inflammation 
 is suspected, breathe a vein. 
 
 hS damp stable produces more evil than a damp 
 bouse ; it is there we expect to find horses with bad 
 eyes, coughs, greasy heels, swelled legs, mange, and a 
 long, rough, dry, staring coat, which no grooming can 
 cure. 
 
 £och-7aw.— Throw two or three hogsheads of water 
 on the spine. The skin becomes loose, then wrap in 
 blankets-~feed with gruel and nourishing diet. 
 
 Sotts are said to be loo deeply buried id the mucous 
 coat of the stomach, for any medicine that can be 
 safely ministered, to affect Ibem. Sympfom*.— The 
 horse bangs his head, is drowsy, and bites himself. Trv 
 a mixture of molasses and warm fresh milk, and rub 
 externally with spirita of turpentine ; all of which 
 m^y loose the botts — then work them off with a large 
 dose or two of oil- 
 
 iMmpas (the roof} sometimes grow level with the 
 ftant teeth, and impede the feeaing. Touch with a 
 lancet gently, and allow lo bleed freuy, instead of the 
 usual painful cure of burning. 
 
 jig's.— From 5, black cavity, like Ihe eye of a bean, 
 in two middle teeth of lower jaw, ia filled up. At 6, 
 the two second are filled upi and at 7 until 8, the black 
 marks of corner teeth of lower jaw fill up and disap- 
 pear, and the tushes are no longer concave on Ihe aur. 
 face next the tongue, but become round or convex. 
 The mnrks being now obliterated, the age cannot be 
 exactly known ; Ihough extreme length of upper fore 
 teeth, their yellow or brownish colour and projecting 
 over the under teeth, disappeariog of bars m the 
 mouth, and sinking in of Ihe eye-pits, are proofs of 
 great age. 
 
 Ring ^onu.— Blister of oil turpentine 1 oz., to 
 which add, slowly, vitriolic acid two and .a naif 
 drachms, lard 4 oz., powdered Spanish flics one ounce 
 and a half. Mix. 
 
 Spavins,— Blisler, same as Ring Bone, adding oil of 
 origanum half an ounce. Apply. First fire the part. 
 
 Sand Cj-acks, owing to excessive dryness of the 
 crust. Moistenin stable, or turn him out into moist 
 ground. 
 
 Verdigris is usef\]I in some cases of soreness or in- 
 flammation of the foot. 
 
 CoTTij.- Remove lbs shoe and cut out the corn. 
 Tack on the shoe after applying some tow dipped in 
 tar. 
 
 The Frog should never be cut away, nor raised by 
 Ihe shoe above pressure wilh the ground, as it then 
 loses its function of expanding the quarters of the foot, 
 and will also become diseased. 
 
 Canker.— Cut the diseased part away j apply each 
 day a fresh liniment of oil of turpentine 1 1-2 oz., sul- 
 phuric acid half an oz., mix slowly ; tar 3 oz. Fres- 
 Bure is one of the best remedies. 
 
 Shoes should nowhere be in contact with the homy 
 sole. 
 
 Pofc iluiZ.— Open and apply ointment, ho(, of oil of 
 turpentine 1 oz., verdigris half oz., yellow resin 3 oz. ; 
 mix. After disease is destroyed, dress as a common 
 
 Staggers jiToiiacei fay too hi^h feeding and little 
 exercise. Bleed largely and give aloes 7 drachms,. 
 
8 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Cutile soap 2 drachmB, vrater 1 piot : mix at one 
 draught. 
 
 Cropping or Docking manifeslB a want of feeling 
 and a want of taste, which should subject the operator 
 to the loss of a finger by the sanie useless and daogej 
 
 Glanders is so difficult of cure as to require a sur- 
 geoD, and is so fatal and contagious that be should hy 
 no means t>e allowed to go into the neighbourhood of 
 other horaes, nor feed from the sime bucket or rack, 
 nor use the same harness. Syniptoms are, discharge 
 at the nose, and swelling of glands under the thront 
 Soon as removed, purify the stall by lime, washing, Slc 
 
 Strangles. — Inflamm^ttion of under-jaw glands, with 
 cough. Give, once a day, Fever Powder, viz., anti- 
 monial powder 6 drachms, camphor 2 drachms. Mix 
 for three dosea. 
 
 Change from grass to hot stable is injurious, 
 
 CArontc Cou^-A,— Blister throat, keep moderately 
 warm, regular exercise, and each day lartarized anti- 
 mony 1 1-2 dr., aloes 1 1-2 dr., Castile soap 1 1-2 dr. 
 Syrup to form ball. 
 
 Fever. — Bleed. Give pint castor oil, faeep mode- 
 rately warm, feed warm bran mashes, and administer, 
 once or twice a day, this Fever Powder: camphor I 
 dr., antimonial powder 2 1-2 dr. Mix. 
 
 Excessive Purging creates inflammation and is 
 highly pernicious. Give opium, half a drachm, twice 
 a day. Rub well, keep warm and perfectly quiet. If 
 necessary, blister, and rub with turpentine. 
 
 Jaundice.— Give, daily, opium 1 dr., calomel 1 dr., 
 and syrup to form a bait. 
 
 Diabetes.— Give animal food, at Snt as broth, until 
 he will feed upon flesh, and omit vegetables and all 
 fiuidi as far as possible. 
 
 The Mange is occasioned by low feeding, want of 
 cleanliness, or by contagion. Rub with oil turpentine 
 2 oz., sulphur vivum 3 oz., lard 5 oz., mixed. 
 
 Wind Galls about the fetlock are from hard labour. 
 Cure by blisters and repose, 
 
 SaddU Galb.—Apply cold water, sugar of lead, and 
 water or vinegar. 
 
 Brandy and Salt, two thirds brandy and one third 
 salt, good for all kinds of galls, wounds, bruises, and 
 inflammatory sores. 
 
 SHEEP. 
 
 iMhdia (oV Indian tobacco) has been found good 
 where the symptoms of disease are a drooping, running 
 at the eyes, weakness in the back and loins, and losing 
 ttie use of their hind legs, &c. 
 
 Foul Noses.— Bip a small mop on the end of a stick 
 ID tar, then roll it in salt, and hold it in your sheep's 
 mouth. 
 
 Ttor,— During the season of grazing, give (ar, a] the 
 rate of a gill a day for every twenty sheep. Sprinkle 
 a little fine salt over it. This promotes their general 
 health. 
 
 COWS. 
 
 Cum/iTig',— Cattle are well known to thrive much 
 better where this operation is thoroughly performed, 
 and Dr. B. Rush, in a lecture upon the advantages of 
 studying the disenses of domestic animals, states that 
 there is an improvement in the quality of the milk, 
 and an increase of its quantity, which arc obtained by 
 currying the cow. 
 
 ' Be assured by experience of the truth of the saying, 
 that " one cow well milked is worth two badly milk- 
 ed," 
 
 Carwen, from three acres of grass, cut and fed thir. 
 ty milch cows with 28 lbs. each diy, for 200 days. 
 Their health was excellent, and ibeir milk superior. 
 
 MilA clean.— The first drawn milk contains only 5, 
 the second 8, and the fifth 17 per cent, of cream. 
 
 Kicking.— If the milker will keep his nails short, 
 not one cow in a hundred will kick. 
 
 Sores.— An ointment made of Unseed oil and white 
 lead, will cure cracked teats. 
 
 Drink. — Those who wish their -cows to give large 
 messes of milk in the winter season, should give Ihem 
 warm drink. Theextra trouble will be more than re- 
 paid in the increased quantity of milk. 
 
 In milking, be kind' and soolhiog: the cow will 
 give down her milk more freely. 
 
 Cream.— Jio not milk so far from the dairy as to let 
 Ine milk cool before it is put in the creaming dishes. I 
 
 OXEN. 
 Being well-mated, oxen are more easily trained ; and 
 the more eiuily to effect this, much self-denial on the 
 part of the driver, much coolness of temper, more 
 training by motion and less by voice, may be highly 
 advantageous to man and beast, 
 
 HOGS. 
 
 F^od.—U pumpkins, roots, apples, or any of tbem 
 be ftid to fattening hogs with corn, the advantage will 
 be salutary. Most of the food for swine should he 
 cooked. Swine fatten much faster on fermented, than 
 on unfermented food. Salt, charcoal, and once in a 
 while sulphur, are excellent fbr hogs under all circum- 
 stancai. 
 
 Good Medicine, — When your hogs get sick, you 
 know not of what, give them ears of corn, first dipped 
 in tar, and then rolled in sulphur. 
 
 tS Fact.— The first litter of pigs from a young sow 
 are naturally feeble and cjifficult to raise, and never per- 
 haps acquirethe size and weight that litters of the same 
 sow do afterwards. 
 
 BEES. 
 
 Every farmer should keep bees; a few Gwarms (o 
 furnish honey for his own use, if no more. They toil 
 with unremilling industry, asking but a full sweep of 
 the wing, and no monopoly. Every man, in either 
 town or country, can keep bees to advantage. Dr, 
 Smith of Boston has an apiary on his house top, from 
 whence his little winged labourers tmverse the air 
 eight or ten miles in search of ifbod. What a delicious 
 banquet they afford, from the rich nectar gathered 1 
 They collect honey and bread from most kinds of forest 
 trees, as well as garden flowers ; orchards, forests, and 
 trees— all-contribute to their wants, and their owner is 
 gratified with a lasle of the whole. . Sweet mignonette 
 IB especially mentioned as easily cultivated by drills in 
 a garden, and is one of the finest and richest flowers in 
 the world, tVom which the honey-bee can extract its 
 food. 
 
 The cobwebs must be kept away from the immedi- 
 ate vicinity of the hive, and all other annoyancea re- 
 moved. 
 
 "Never kill a bee." The smoke of the fungus 
 maximus, or cotnmon puff ball, wh«n dried so as to 
 hold fire, has a stupifying effect on the bees, and ren- 
 ders them as harmless as brimstone does, without any 
 of its deadly effects. By meins of this, weak swarms, 
 which would not live through the winter, may tie 
 united to strong stocks. It is a fact, home out by ex- 
 periment, that a hive thus doubled will not consume 
 more honey in the winter than a stock in its natural 
 state. This was discovered by a Swiss pastor, De Ge- 
 lior. The additional heat seems to serve instead of ad- 
 ditional food, to keep up the vitality of the half-torpid 
 bees. A cold, dry, dark room, is the best winter quar- 
 ters for bees. They will consume less honey than if 
 left on their summer stands, and will not be weakened 
 by the loss of thousands, which, tempted out by the 
 premature warmth, are caught by the cold winds, fall 
 to the ground and never rise again, 
 
 Drmess is essential j and venlilation, or proper air- 
 ing of the hives in summer, is the most valuame im- 
 provement in bee keeping. 
 
AGRICULTURE. 
 
 POULTRY. 
 
 Nearly everr family can, with very little (rooUe, 
 have ^1^ in pFeDty durine the whole year ; and of all 
 the aoitnals domeaticnted Tor Ibe use of mRii, the com- 
 mon duDghill fowl is capable of yielding the grealegt 
 posiible profit to (he owner. . 
 
 The- Hen-Houae should be warm in winter, well 
 ventilated in summer, whitewashed and kept clean. 
 RooBla of sassafras poles are less infested with lice. 
 Have no eround floor. Supply slacked lime, fine gra- 
 vel, or ashes, or burnt oyster shells, &c. 
 
 Feeding. — They will sing over Indian com with 
 more animation than any other grain. The hen must 
 have secrecy and myatery about her nest; watch her, 
 and she will forsake her neat, and stop laying. 
 
 They eat lees, if allowed to help themselveii to what 
 they want, than if fed in the usual way; for in the 
 latter case each tries to get as much as it can, and thus 
 bunJeuB itself, but finding in the former case that they 
 have abundance, they eat but little and that generally 
 in the morning early, and in the evening going to roost. 
 
 A farmer may keep an hundred fowls in his barn, 
 mayBuSenbRm to trample upon and destroy his mows 
 of wheat and other grain, and still have fewer eggs 
 than the cottager who keeps a single dozen, who pro- 
 vides secret nests, chalk eggs, pounded brick, plenty 
 of Indian com, a few oals, lime, water and gravel, for 
 them: and who takes care that his hens are not dis- 
 turbed about their nests. Three chiilk eggs in a nest 
 are better than a single nest egg, and large eggs please 
 tbem- 
 
 A single dozen fowls, properly attended, will furnish 
 a family with more than 2,000 eggs in a year, and 100 
 fnil-grown chickens for fall and winter stores. The 
 expense of feeding the dozen fowls will not amount to 
 IS bushels of Indian com. They-may be kept in cities 
 aa well as in the comitry, and will do as we^l shut up 
 the year round as to mn at large, with proper care. 
 
 A itact.— Eggs the nearest to roundness produce fe- 
 males, and throe pointed at one end always produce 
 males. 
 
 For F(Utming.—BcnUd Indian, wheat and barley, ie 
 better than oats, rye or buckwheau One-tliini is gain- 
 ed by boilm^, 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS HINTS. 
 fVild Onion ma^ be destroyed by cultivating com, 
 ploDghing and leaving the field in its ploughtd state 
 all winter. 
 
 fememfter,— The great rule in relation to animals 
 holds perfect in its application to vegetables: breed 
 only from the beat aniiuals ; dejecta aiiA imperfections 
 have always a tendency to propagate tTiemaelves, and 
 are cOwaiya, in a gretUer or leas degree, transmitted. 
 
 Wheat aboots strongest when there is an interval be- 
 tween the time of ploughing and sowing, but barley 
 is most vegetative when sown immediately after the 
 plough. 
 
 Grease JPheeti.—GO parts, by weight, of pulverized 
 black lead, 50 ot lard, SO of soap, and 5 of quick-sil- 
 ver. Rub the lard and mercury first together, then the 
 lead and soap. If well mixed, it is invaluable. 
 
 Plants, when drooping, are revived by a few grains 
 of camphor. 
 
 Flowers beginning to fade, can be restored by pat- 
 ting the stems in scalding water. 
 
 Bacon Hams in summer. — I^ck in a barrel, in 
 dean dry ashes or charcoal ; bead up the barrel and 
 putit where it is dry, and as cool as possible. 
 
 Timber cut in the spring and exposed to the wea- 
 ther toith the barb on, deaya much sooner than that 
 cut in the faU, 
 
 In Feeding with com, 60 Ibg. ground goes as far as 
 100 lbs. !n the kernel. 
 
 .^TTpiU.— Experiments show apples to be eanal to 
 potatoes to -improve hogs, and decidedly profitable for 
 uttening cattle. 
 
 Fears are greatly improved by grafting on the 
 mountain ash. 
 
 Rats and other vermin are kept away from cnin by 
 a sprinkling of garlic when packing the sheaves. 
 
 Wet Land.— Money skilfully expended in drying 
 land by draining or otherwise, will be relumed' with 
 ample intereit. ' 
 
 Qrasa — Sweet and nutritious grass gives a richness 
 and flavour to milk, attainable from no other source. 
 
 CuriTif Fodder. — Bundles may he so placed around 
 centre-poles as to form a hollow alack, having a found- 
 ation of brush, slicks, &c., admitting a circulation of 
 air tliat will thoroughly cure fodder m the shade. 
 
 Turnips of small size have 'double the nutritious 
 matter that large ones have. 
 
 Ritta Baga is Ihe only root that increases in nutri- 
 tious qualities aa it increases in size. 
 
 In transplanting treea, the hole should not be pn>> 
 portioned to the extent of the roots as they are, but to 
 their extent aa they may be and should be. 
 
 Tbads are the very best protection of Cabbages 
 againaC lice. 
 
 Peach Trees are protected from hard winters bv co- 
 vering (he roots a foot deep with straw, in January, 
 after ttie ground has become thoroughly frozen, which 
 keeps Ihe frost in the ground, and so prevento the sap 
 from starling until the Spring is fairly opened. 
 
 The Udder of a beef cow, salted, smoked and dried, 
 is rich, delicious eating. 
 
 Lard never spoils in wama weallier if it is cooAed 
 enough iu frying out. 
 
 IVash your Butter in cold water, work out all Ihe 
 buttermilk, pack it in a stone jar, stop the mouth air 
 tight, and it will keep sweet for ever. 
 
 Tomatoes make an excellent preserve. 
 
 Stoeet or Oliue Oil is a certain core for the Site of a 
 Rattlesnake. Apply it internally and externally. 
 
 To cure Scratches on a Horse. — Wash Ihe legs vrith 
 warm strong sD:ip suds, and then with beef brine. Tivo 
 applications will cure Ibe worst case. 
 
 A lump of Sal eratua or Pearlaab, crowded into the 
 pipe of a Poll Bvil or Thistteoios, two or three times, 
 will cure this incurable diaease. 
 
 Com Meal should nevfr ha ground very fine. It 
 injures the richness of it. 
 
 iZtce is often over-boiled. It should be boiled but 10 
 minutes, and in no more water than it will atnorb 
 
 Old £rine.~lt sweet and good, and has kept your 
 old pork good, it will keep tne new without boiling. 
 If Ihe brine is full of matter which it has received 
 from the old pork, it cannot extract the best juices of 
 the new, and is quite as sweet. 
 
 Salt is really necessary to horses, cattle, and sheep. 
 and they should be supplied with it at regular stated 
 intervals throughout all seasons of the year. 
 
 Manure, on a wet soil, produces but half its eGTect : 
 and gypsum, that grand stimulant of dry soils, OD a 
 wet one is useless. 
 
 Save your Fire Wood. — Mr. Madison, in his Notes 
 of Agriculture, says, " Of all tjie errors in our raral 
 economy, noneperbnps ia to be so much regretted, be- 
 cause none so difficult to be repaired, as the excessive 
 and injudicious destruction of fire wood." 
 
 Sorrel may be killed out by lime, while ashes hai no 
 effect on it. 
 
 Shumac or Sumac, a poisonous shrub or plant, 
 which grows wild in abundance, and frequantlv where 
 nolbinz else will, ia used for dyeing in England, at the 
 rate of thirteen thousand Ions per andum. II might be 
 made a source of profit to our farmers. 
 
10 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 £t7ii£.— A FeDDsylvania farmer raised 400 bushels 
 of wheat from a field of land which five years ago 
 
 Sroduced but thirty bushels. He spread fifieeo huQ- 
 red bushels of lime on said land. 
 Barley is becoming more an article of diet. It 
 makes the finest of cakes when prepared like buck- 
 wheat. Farmers are finding it as poor economy to 
 turn barley into beer to make paupers and criminals 
 for Ihem to support, as to convert apples inio cider to 
 create an-appelile in their children for stronger drink. 
 Ground, it is a moat valuable food for all kinds of stock. 
 
 Sunflorwer yields 140 bu&hels per acre, and each 
 bushel of seed one gallon of good oil. Cost of ex- 
 pressing, 25 cents per gallon. Its leaves furnish pro- 
 vender, and its seed la capital food for poultry, cattle, 
 and hogs. It is a profitable crop on poor soils, re- 
 quiriog out Utile labour. 
 
 An Emetic may be made in emergency by taking 
 two teaspoonsful of mustard mixed with water. 
 
 Rye is most thrifty on soil of a dry, sandy or gra- 
 vellj' texture, if well manured, and winters better the 
 earlier it is sowed. It isjhe least healthy of all the 
 grains. Sown early for winter a bushel per acre, and 
 m spring a bushel and a half, wilLgenerally be sufi!i- 
 cieot. The earlier harvested, the whiter the flour ; 
 later, (he grain may be heavier from the thickness of 
 the skin, causing more bran but no increase of flour. 
 Roor» well thatched with rye straw last 20 years. 
 
 Com. — Sprinkling with salt and water will check 
 the WevU. 
 
 See^in^ FruiU.—Thz three best, of eight different 
 modes, fairly tried, are, 1, covering in pure dry sand ; 
 2, in dry fern ; 3, in a deal box buried tn the earth j 
 in all cases placed in a cool situation. 
 
 Orchards of pear or apple trees are more subject to 
 blight and destruction, if open and sloping to the West, 
 than in any other exposure. Either ashes, iron or 
 soap suds, applied to the roots, have cured blight in 
 pear trees. 
 
 Caterpillars and other insects are effectually de- 
 slroyed by a drenching of tobacco juice. 
 
 Butter. — Heating the milk in winter, afier strain- 
 ing, to 130 degrees. Improves the quanlily and quality 
 of butter, and reduces the lime and labour of churning. 
 
 Borer.— KiW this insecl's eggs in apple and quince 
 trees by a solution of potash, applied with a brush 
 about the foot of the tree, occasionally, from April to 
 June. 
 
 Draining is important, and covered drains are 
 more lasting and valuable than open ditches. Cut 
 drains three or four feet deep, place a row of poles at 
 bottom, then a layer of brush to within ten inches of 
 the top, then a few inches of straw or dry leaves, and 
 cover with earth well rammed down. 
 
 Bone Ihist.--Aa English proverb says, " One ton of 
 bone dust saves the importation of ten tons of grain." 
 
 Ashes, although leached, form an excellent manure. 
 
 Pumpkins may be kept a year, sound and well fla- 
 voured, if carefully gathered and hung up in a dry 
 cellar. Or, take out the soft parts, slice, and dry in the 
 sun or oven. Keep dry, ana boil ; a rich good food. 
 
 DtwAff, when young, should have but little water, 
 and be fed exclusively on boiled food, potatoes, &c. 
 Hominy for fattening is good. 
 
 " Salt is health to a gosling, but death to a chicken," 
 is an old and true saying. 
 
 Ctder.— Cleanse barrels with lime, then rinse well 
 out. Half a pint mustard seed will preserve it good a 
 long time. Filtering through a hair sieve and racking 
 off improves it. 
 
 Roots. — Feeding with roots, especially wilh sngar- 
 beat, cannot be loo highly prized, being rich, juicy, 
 fattening, and economical. 
 
 Turnip Fly may bo expelled by the use of fish oil, 
 one or two gallons to the acre. 
 
 Fork Cured, Soon as cool enough to cut, and before 
 it freezes, pack a clean cask full, with plenty of salt on 
 all sides of each piece. Fill up with water, talcing 
 care, by means or a large stone, to keep the pork un- 
 der the pickle, and covered from flies, in a cellar. 
 Never boil pic6:le. 
 
 Fork Feeding. It is a well ascertained fact that 
 more meat will be made on half the weight of com, 
 if ground and made into mush instead of being fed 
 whole. 
 
 In Smoking Hams, &c., be careful not to have the 
 fire too nigh, or the smoke-house too light. It is best 
 done in an upper story to which the smoke is conveyed 
 in tubes, from oak or maple chips in the cellar. In 
 
 Eassin^ this distance, the vapour which smoke usually 
 olds, IB deposited, and the hama are perfectly dry and 
 cool during the whole process. 
 
 HoUow Horn. Where supposed to exist, feed half 
 peck potatoes twice a week, and treat your cattle 
 kindly in food and shelter. 
 
 Timber. To preserve, soak in lime and water, long 
 enough for the lime to penetrate. 
 
 SAccp must be fed well, kept dry, have salt onen, 
 and pure air, and be grazed in hilly stony pastures. 
 
 For packing FlaTits, use saw-dust. 
 
 As a general rule, with but few exceptions, sqnare 
 large fields are more advantageous than small irregular 
 ones, requiring less fence, and being more easily wa- 
 tered, manured, ploughed, and harvesledi 
 
 SXTCCESSFUL FARMING. 
 
 The Farmers' Cabinet relates an instance of a farm- 
 er in the neighbourhood of Amherst, N. H,, who com- 
 menced in the world as a day labourer, and who, not- 
 withstanding he has at various times sustained heavy 
 pecuniary losses in the investment of his funds, U now 
 worth at least one hundred thousand dollars. 
 
 " This man,.when thirty years of age, by the avails 
 of his industry added to a small legacy, was enabled to 
 purchase and pay, in part, for a farm of one bundted 
 and thirty acres of land, one hundred of which was 
 under cultivation, but in a very low state. The farm 
 is altogether upland, wilh a soil composed of loam, 
 clay, and sand, in the chief of which the latter pre- 
 ponderates, the former being least considerable. When 
 he commenced fanning, he adopted a particular sys- 
 tem of rotation, to which he has implicitly adhered 
 from that time to the present, which is forty years,-and 
 his success is the best comment on the worth of the 
 experiment. His mode was as follows; having di- 
 vided his farm into eight fields of equal size, as near 
 as possible, three of those fields were sowed with 
 wheat each year, one with rye, one planted with corn, 
 two in clover, and one an open fallow, on which corn 
 had been raised the year previous. One of the (wo 
 clover fields is kept for mowing, the other for pasture, 
 both of which are ploughed as soon after the harvest 
 as possible, and prepared for wheat in the fall. Alt 
 the manure which is made on the farm for one year is 
 hauled in the spring on the field intended for openial- 
 low, which is then ploughed,, and, after one or-two 
 cross ploughings through the summer, is'sJso sowed 
 with wheat in the fall. The field on which Ihe'ryb is 
 sown is that flrom which a crop of wheat has been; 
 taken the same year, and which bad yielded three 
 crops. Corn is planted on the field from which Tfe^ 
 had been taken the year previous, the stubbles of which ; 
 
THE SUGAR BEET. 
 
 11 
 
 are ploughed down in the blL Clover seed is bowd 
 early in the spring on two of the wheat fields, those 
 which have been most recently manured. By this 
 method, each field yields three ciapi of wheat, two of 
 clover, one of rye, and one of corn, every eight years. 
 Each field, in the mean time, has lain an open fallow, 
 and received a heavy dressing of manure, perhaps at 
 an average of fifteen four-borse loads per acre. Hia 
 crop of wheat is seldom less than fifteen hundred bush- 
 els, but oflcD much more. Bis average rye crop is 
 about four hundred and fifty bushels, and his corn crop 
 annually abont five hundred bushels ; all which grain, 
 at the present low prices, would amount to more than 
 two thoatand doUara annually, and at former prices 
 to double that amount, and hia form h withal very 
 highly improved)" 
 
 ROCKS 
 Are easily broken in pieces by building a fire on them, 
 and throwing on water while hot. 
 
 SMALL FAKMS. 
 In eondUHlon, we desire to impress on the common- 
 sense reasoning of every man, the paramount impor- 
 tance of having no more land in culture than can be 
 well cultivated. By no means attempt to manage more 
 than you can manage well. Ssa TARMEB, not a 
 mere earth-scraper, lazily scratching up sufficient earth- 
 to destroy the face of the soil, and' throw seed away, 
 or you will always have to scratch hard for a living. 
 But make your farm a source of pride, and it will 
 surely become a source of profit Make the object to 
 be not to have maavyj but RICH acres. 
 
 THE SUGAR BEET. 
 
 BT JAMES RONALDSON, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 In the feeding cattle, milk cows, and stock of all 
 kinds, every farmer who has tried the Sugar Beet, 
 knows (bat it is equal to any, and su^rior to most of 
 the feeds that are used. Its culture n attended with 
 little expense, and In our dry climate is more certain 
 of making a good crop than any other of the roots 
 grown for the purpose of feeding stock. 
 
 A gentleman interested in the erowing of sugar-cane 
 in Louisiana, states that a crop of Sugar Beets is found 
 to be superior to all other crops as a refresher and re- 
 novator of the land after (he fburth crop, that is, the 
 fourth year of suga.i^cane. If it proves suitable for 
 making sugar from in the cane latitude, the making of 
 Bu^ will assume an entirely new character ; and in 
 Louisiana, the boiling season will commence with the 
 beet, and close with the cane, whereby the same capi- 
 tal that is invested in (he works, machinery, &&, con- 
 nected with the boiling house, will prove a great sav- 
 ing on this portion of the planter's capital. 
 
 As yet the process of extracting sugar from beets has 
 not bKn made Bu£Sciently perfect to obtain the whole 
 saccbarioe matter as in toe case of the sugar-cane, 
 therefore the residue forms excellent food for cattle. 
 
 Cturim of GrouTtd.—SeBt thrives in the soil suited 
 to the potato. In the atnence of manure the roots will 
 be small, but where they grow fresh and healthy, it has 
 been found that small plants yield a large proportion 
 of Bi^r ; bnt ttus by no means makes up for the want 
 of mass. 
 
 Land essentially stiff clay is not suitable for beets, 
 because the seed germinates badly, and the root be- 
 comes forked and rises too much above the surface, 
 where it becomes hard and reedy. One of the evils 
 attending forked roots is, that stones, eravel, and earth 
 get enveloped in the interstices, and injure the ma- 
 chine, when the object is to make sugar. Clay soils 
 are improved by deep and frequent ploughing and har- 
 rowing : the manores best suited to this kind of ground, 
 are hajf-rotted straw, fresh stable dung, leaves, &c. 
 
 Pnparaium of the Ground.— Here, as tn alt other 
 d^tartmentB of the farming business, much of the suc- 
 cess depends on the skill and judgment of the farmer. 
 In many cases three ploughings will be necessary, and 
 one of these plDnghmgs should be before winter, that 
 the lumed-Qp soil may be mellowed by the frost ; the 
 last ploughing has to be in the spring immediately be- 
 fore planting the seed ; two ploughings in this countir 
 will be found soflScient ; io all cases it should be well 
 harrowed, and rolling will be an improvement that 
 amply repays the expense. Deep ploughing is gene- 
 rally useful, hut the farmer has to consiouer Che nature 
 of the substrata. It would be improper to turn up 
 
 much of the poor clay or gravel bottom, and where 
 the substrata is an open sand, deep ploughing is not 
 required. Manure in which the process of fermenta- 
 tion has not advanced far, will answer best for beets, 
 nevertheless all kinds are useful ; but the half-rotten 
 best divides the soil and suITers the roots fi-eely to ex- 
 pand. 
 
 Of Sowing in Seds.~'Bj this method the whole of 
 the seed is sown on a smalt portion of land compared 
 with what it is intended to occupy ; these plants will 
 be fit to pull up and plant out where they are finally 
 to remam, in a month or six weeks from the time of 
 sowing ; this planting is performed by means of a dib- 
 ble with which holes are made in the ground, always 
 a little deeper than the lenglh of the plant Ihat is to Se 
 put into them, and with this dibble the earth must be 
 carefully pressed close to the root. Ttiis mode of sow- 
 ing should be thought of only where seed is scarce, the 
 quantity to be sown not great, and labour easily pro< 
 cured. 
 
 SroadCasi. — This manner is the simplest. Six 
 pounds of seed will be required where two and a half 
 or three would have been enough when planted ia 
 drills by the band, and the produce is never as great a^ 
 by the following method ; 
 
 Rows or Drills.— The little furrows into which the 
 seeds are to be dropped are made by a harrow, having 
 the teeth at the distance one from another that the rows 
 of beets are intended to be from each other, and the 
 seed is dropped two or three into the drills nt the dis- 
 tance of twelve to eighteen inches apart from each 
 other. After^the planting is finished, the seeds are 
 covered by having a light narrow with plenty of teeth 
 in it drawn over the ground. In this way there is a 
 great saving of seed and the plants are regularly spaced. 
 Four boys will plant an acre in a day. By using a drill 
 di^wn by a hone, the labour is very much abridged 
 and the work will be expedited. This machine is 
 very important to those who plant large fields. In fix- 
 ing the distance that is to be between the rows, refer- 
 ence should be had to the kind of horse-hoe that is to 
 be used in keeping the crops free from weeds. When 
 the plants are far from each other the roots will grow 
 to a large size, and the contrary will result from plant- 
 ing them close. The seed should lie planted at the 
 depth of ftt>m one to two Incbes. 
 
 Time of Soioing. — This depends on (he position of 
 the place and the nature of the soil ; as a general rule, 
 the earlier the better. Provided the tand is dry and in 
 proper order, early sowing is particularly important 
 when the object is to make sugar, because the roots ar- 
 
12 
 
 VEGETABLES. 
 
 ing to commence early. | ^. ^^^ j, ^^^j^j^, ^g,^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ j^el^. ^^J jt n,ay bo 
 
 O/fltwinc".— Few plants suffer more than the beet useful to open the pita from time to time to air and 
 
 from neelecl, and tlie baneful iiitluence of weeds in tlie jtegp (hem frcHh, and if any are observed to spoil, they 
 
 first stages of its vegetation. The ground therefore has . j.[,ouii be carefully taken out. The preservmg of 
 
 to be kept free of weeds, and it should be kept mellow ]jgg,g jg ,i,e ^ogi difficult of all the branches connecled 
 
 during the plant's dcvelopement. Beets require one 
 
 or two hand thinnings, and as many hand hoeings. The 
 
 first of the hoeings should be about when four or five 
 
 of the leaves have put out, the second in from three to 
 
 '?e weeks afte ' *" " '"-'" * " """ ""'"' 
 
 ue pulled up ai .uv.-. — -. m -- — - i-- -^ ,-, 
 
 thinned, there will be a clusterof leaves, but very small 
 
 roots ; where there are blanks, they should be filled up 
 
 with those pulled up from where there are loo many. 
 
 After the rows have been carefully freed from weeds 
 
 and properly thinned, the horse-hoe, cultivator, or 
 
 drill harrow can be advantageously run between the 
 
 rows. After each horse-hoeing, remove the earth 
 
 thrown on hy the harrow, &c. If any of the beets 
 
 shoot out into the seed stalk, cut oflf these stalks, be- 
 cause this growth would be at the expense of the root. 
 Harvesting.— The evidences of the plant being ripe 
 
 are a falling down of the leaves, and those of a bright 
 
 freen, turamg yellow and brown. The influence of 
 rought mayonng on these appearances; the observ- 
 ing farmer will understand when this change is caused 
 by heat, or want of moisture ; indeed he has to attend 
 to the weather, and the appearance of Ihe approach of 
 winlcr, that he may take advantage of all Ihe crowing 
 season, and at the same lime not be loo late in narvest- 
 ing, and thereby expose the crop to be injured by frost. 
 The roots should be pulled by hand, or assisted by the 
 spade when necessary. Shake the earth off them, and 
 be careful not to strike one against another or in nny 
 way bruise them : bruising disposes them to rot. Cut 
 off the tops, being careful not to cut the beet. The 
 leaves being cut off lessens the disposition of the root 
 to vegetate, and it prepares ihem to be housed. The 
 beets should lay on the ground unlil they are dry be- 
 fore they are housed. 
 
 Preservation. — The roots must not be left long on 
 the ground exposed to the air, heat and moialure; 
 much ^eat or cold are both found detrimental, as a heat 
 of fi(^-six to sixly degrees Fahrenheit, in damp wea- 
 ther, will produce a lermentation sufficient to reduce 
 the quantity of saccharine matter; and on the other 
 hand, beets freeze very readily, so that only a few de- 
 grees t>elow thirty-two will dispose them to rot. 
 
 The best aired cellar is not better for securing the 
 beet than a judiciously made pit. It is most prudent 
 
 to maice them Urge, because if a part of the contents 
 
 of a pit begins to ^tpoi't the disease will spread through 
 
 the whole mass. They may be made from four to five 
 
 Grmmng of the Seed.— It is only in the ucond year 
 
 that it produces seed. The proper lime for choosing 
 
 fiVrwerk;Vft;rwafis/-All7heplant3.Bave ^^etrTwS^ktg %' Sc^pV.l^Sld^ 
 
 be pulled up at the«.me of hoe.np; if^npt proper'^J; ShJ, "lomewhal Ibove the mJiim size in length 
 
 and thickness ; well formed and no ways forked, and 
 of a fine light colour (If for sugar, perfectly white) ; 
 they should be kept through winter in sand or dry 
 earth, Mid placed in a temperate barn or cellar equally 
 guarded from the influence of heat and cold. They 
 should be planted out in March, or so soon as Ihe land 
 is in good order, and at the distance of two or .three 
 feet apart : the branches being liable to split off, and 
 break down, have to be supported by slicks or frames. 
 When the seed is ripe, which will generally be in Sep- 
 tember, the stalks are to be cut off and tied into bun- 
 dles to dry, and then the seed is beaten off or removed 
 from the stems by hand. The small seeds towards ihe 
 outer end of the branches do not ripen well. The next 
 process ia to expose the seed to the sun, and then it is 
 put into sacks and kept in a dry place, where mice and 
 vermin shall ool have access lo it. The average yield 
 of plants in France is from four to six ounces of good 
 seed. 
 
 General flcmarfa.— The Peet is found, under some 
 circumstances, to degenerate, the seed of the whi'e 
 plant producing yellow and red roots : this tendency 
 may be checked by changing the seed from clay to 
 sandy, and from sandy to clay soils. The seed, if care- 
 fully preserved from moisture, insects, and vermin, 
 will keep for several years j but after four _years, it 
 will not be prudent to sow it. When the object is to 
 make sugar, care should be taken to h-ive seed that 
 will produce while roots; and early sowing will afford 
 the opportunity of commencing the crushing and boil- 
 ing at an early period. The early bruisings produce 
 the largest proportion of sugar. 
 
 When Ihe Beet is employed in feeding cattle, one of 
 the effects will be, lo produce more and richer ma- 
 nure, and this will place in the farmer's power Ihe en- 
 tire commnnd of his farm ; he can do wilh it what- 
 ever he pleases. Every encouragement is held out for 
 the culture of bee*. It being a green crop, draws much 
 of its nourishment from Ihe atmosphere; and in place 
 of exhausting Ihe land, leaves It in fine order, for any 
 crop the farmer may choose to put on it. Beets i& n» 
 way interfere with the cultivation of wheat, clover, 
 barley, Indian corn, potatoes, turnips, 8cc, With the 
 aid of a fewr beets, the profitable effects of that most 
 useful grain, Indian corn, will be gceatly increased in 
 feeding cattle. Calves fed wilh beets or roots in their 
 first winter, will generally be as goed asimals at the 
 end of two years, as those that have been fad the first 
 winter on dry food and coin, will be at the end of 
 three years. 
 
 feet wide, and eight, ten, or twelve lone. One to two 
 feet is deep enough ; this hole is lo be filled with beets, 
 and piled up until they form a ridge, and the whole is 
 to be covered wilh the earth dug from Ihe pit ; a drain 
 should be cut round Ihe heap, to carry off all water, it 
 being of importance that the beet be kept dry, and for 
 this reason, ground naturally dry should be selected for 
 the pits : perhaps in our severe climate it may be ne- 
 
 VEGETABLES. 
 
 Jltiichoke.— Sow early in the Spring, in rows three 
 inches apart, or plant iiuckers. 
 
 Asparasus. — Sow in April, in good rich soil. 
 
 BBANS. English jDwar/«.— Plant as early in the 
 Spring as the ground will work. 
 
 Kidney Dwarfs, — Flant from end of April to about 
 ZDIh August. 
 
 Pole or Running.— Thot beginning of May, and at 
 intervals through the season. 
 
 Bee/*.— Sow in drills, from early fn the Spring till 
 the middle of Summer. Leave the plants 6 to 8 mcbes 
 apart in the drills. 
 
 SoreaiU is an excellent green. Sow in Fall, either 
 broadcast or in drills, as for W inter Spinach. 
 
 Srusseb Sprouts are cultivated for the smaUlaeada 
 which are attached to the stem. Sow in the middle of 
 Spring, HDd treat as Winter Cabbage. 
 
 SrocoH produces heads like Cauliflower. Sow in 
 seed bed about the middle of Spring. Transplant in 
 
HORTICULTURE. 
 
 13 
 
 ridi gronDd TfheD 8 or 12 inches high, and treat as 
 WintBP Cabbage. 
 
 Cabbagv.~¥or early cabb;»ge, sow in Autumn, lo 
 seed beda. Protect during Winter ; transplant early in 
 the Spring. For late cabbaee, sow in seed bed, middle 
 nf Spring, Transplant early in Summer. 
 
 Cardoon is tnach used for salads, soups, and stewB. 
 Treated much like Celery. 
 
 Caidiflower. — Sow, for early, in seed beds, in Au- 
 tumn : protect from frost, in cold frames, and trans- 
 plant in rich grouod after frost ceases. For Lite, Ina-' 
 nage .as Brocoli. 
 
 Carrots should be sown e:irly in the Spring, in deep* 
 dug and well-manured ground, in drills twelve or 
 eighteen inches apart. 
 
 _ Ce^ry should be sown earl^ in the Spring, in light 
 rich moist soil. Transplant m trenches, highly ma- 
 nured, when about tt inches high. Blanch by earthing 
 up as they advance in growth. 
 
 CluToiL — ^A small salad. Sow early in the Spring, 
 and after heat of Summer. 
 
 Cretf,— Used as a salad. Sow very thick, in shallow 
 drills, at intervals through the season. 
 
 Com Salad — Used as a salad during (he Winter 
 and Spring. Sow thick, in drills, about 1st of Septem- 
 ber, and cover with straw on the approach of cold, 
 
 Cucumbera should be planted first week in May, in 
 huts 4 feet apart : prepare the ground by in(»rporating 
 a shovelfull of rotten dung in each hill. 
 
 Endive. — Sow last of Spring to middle of Summer, 
 Id shallow drills. 
 
 Egg-Ptant.-~Sov in hot-beds early in the Sping; 
 transplant in rich warm ground late in the Spring, 
 -«t»ut SO inches apart. Egg-plant seed will not vege- 
 tate freely without a substanlial heat. 
 
 I^tuce should be sown in seed-bed, in the middle of 
 September ; protect the plants throueh ibe Winter, and 
 early in the Spring transplant in rich ground : or sow 
 in hot-beds in March, and at intervals throughout the 
 season. 
 
 Mebm. — Plant in hills, in light sandy earth, about 
 the first week in May. 
 
 Mushroom Spwum should be planted in hot-beds of 
 dung, covered with earth. 
 
 Mustard. — Sown like Crete, and used for a salad. 
 
 Nasturtium. — Sow in May. The flowers and young 
 leaves are used as a salad j the eeed-pods, with foot- 
 
 stalk, are gathered whilst green, and ptckled as a sub- 
 slitule For capers, 
 
 Okra, or GomlOf is one of the best of vegetables. 
 Plant in May. The seed should be sown thick, as it is 
 liable lo rot in the ground. Very rich ground is re- 
 quired. 
 
 Onioru should he sown in drills, early in the Spring, 
 in rich ground, thin, to stand 2 or 3 inches apart. 
 
 Parsley should be sown early in the Spring. Soak 
 in warm water before sowing. 
 
 Parsnip. — Sow in drills 18 inches apart, in good and 
 deep-dug ground, early in the Spring. 
 
 Peas.— The best soil for Peas is a light loam. The 
 early sorts require rich ground. Sow in drills as early 
 in the Spring as the ground will work. 
 
 Pepper.— Sow late in Spring, in drills, on a warm 
 border ; or in a ft:ame or bot-bed, in March s set oat 
 plants 18 inches apart. 
 
 PuinpAtn. — The Mammoth Pumpkin has been 
 grown to the enormous weight of 229 poiinds. Plant 
 eariy in May, in rich soil, in bills, 8 to 10 feet apart 
 each way. ■ 
 
 Sadisti. — Tlie early kinds should be sown as soon 
 as the ground can he worked, in a sheltered sitoation. 
 
 Jlhuba/rb should be sown in Autumn or early in the 
 Spring : when in the latter, transplant in the ensuing 
 Spring to desired situation. The stems are used for 
 birts, and are fit for use before green fruit can be ob- 
 tained, being a very desirable substitute. 
 
 Salsify, or Vegetable Oyster should be sown during 
 April. The roots boiled, made into cakes, with paste, 
 and fried like oysters, much resemble them. 
 
 Spinach should be sown as soon as the ground can 
 be worked. The soil cannot be too rich for Spinach. 
 
 Squash. — CuUivale same as Cucumber. 
 
 Tomato.— Sow in hills 3 feet apart, on a warm bor- 
 der, early in the Spring. As the plants advance in 
 growth, give them support. 
 
 Turnip. — For summer use sow early in the Spring. 
 For main crop sow close of summer. The Ruta Baga 
 requires more lime to mature, and should be sown at 
 mid-summer. 
 
 Aromatic and Sweet Herbs.— Aawe, Brazil (sweet). 
 Caraway, Coriander, *Fennel, ^Lavender, Marygold 
 Pot, Marjorum (sweet), 'Sage, Summer Savory, •Win- 
 ter Savory, •Thyme, •Mint, •Rosemary, Dill. 
 
 Those marked with a • are perennial, and when 
 once obtained may be preserved for years. The others 
 are annuals. 
 
 HORTICULTURE. 
 
 BY HENUT A. DKEER. 
 
 FLOWEKS. 
 General Directions for their CiHtivatian. 
 
 The Flower Garden has always been the object of 
 admiration: its refinement and delicacy have never 
 been questioned, while its proper cultivation and at- 
 tention are universally considered as evidences of taste 
 and intellect. 
 
 Soil.— The first requisite to ensure the healthy 
 growth of flowers, is soil. That most suited to the 
 cultivation of garden fiov/ers, is a rich mellow loam, 
 which should be well manured and pulverized late in 
 the fall, or as early as possible in the spring. When 
 ground is of a bam and clayey nature, the addition of 
 sand will lend to render it less adhesive, and thus en- 
 able your tender varieties to slrike their roots deep in 
 Ibe earth when Ihey might otherwise perish with 
 drought. The earden should have a regular supply of 
 manure every fall. 
 
 Annual seeds may be sown from the 1st April to the 
 1st June, with variations of success. Those sown ear- 
 liest, flower sooner and more profusely. Sow either in 
 small beds or in drills from one-fourth to one inch in 
 depth, according to the size of Ibe seed. In a month 
 to six weeks tbcnr will be ready to transplant. Be care- 
 ful lo do this during cloudy and rainy weather. Re- 
 move your plants carefully ; set the larger flowering 
 kinds m the rear, the smaller in front. Alxive all 
 things, be careful not to crowd Qiem, as one healthy 
 plant is more beautiful in a garden Iban fifty sickly and 
 attenuated. Tie your taller-growing kinds to painted 
 rods : this gives an air of -neatness, indispensable in a 
 prden. Ir Ibe weather, at (he time of transplanting, 
 13 dry and warm, nater them well for a week, and 
 keep them entirely shaded from the sun. So not set 
 all out at once, but from time to time, lest a hot season 
 should prematurely arrive. Many tender annuals, that 
 do not vegetate freelv in the open ground, and which, 
 after vegetation, a slight chill might destroy, may be 
 brought forward in the following manner : 
 
14 
 
 HORTICULTURE. 
 
 Cnltivators desiroua of obtaining an early bloom, 
 may commence by BOwing their seed early in March, 
 ID pots or boxes of earlh in the bouse, giving them ai. 
 much Bun as pwsible during the warmth of the day, 
 and protecting them from the ioflueoce of a chill dur- 
 ing night. This operation must, however, be per- 
 formed with great care, to scarcely cover the more 
 delicate kinds, while the stronger-growing may be 
 sown a quarter of an inch in depth. A very delicate 
 watering-pot, which suffers the water to fall like a 
 shower of dew over the earth without washing away 
 the most delicate seed, should be used. Give only a 
 sufficient quantity of water ; the greatest fault with the 
 inexperienced is their propensity to drown every plant, 
 which is equally injurious with depriving the plants 
 entirely of sustenance. Freaerve each kind disliDctly 
 labelled. 
 
 However, the most proper method, and that most 
 generally practised by families having large gardens, 
 18 to " throw up" a small hot-bed, in whicn the pots 
 conbiolng seed may be plunged to their rims, or sown 
 in shallow drills on earth previously placed over the 
 manure, and should then be labelled to prevent mis- 
 take. The Cyprus Vine, Scarlet Morning Glory, and 
 other species of the Convolvolacex, should be soaked 
 a few hours in warm water before being placed In the 
 ground. They wilt then vegetate much earlier and 
 more regularly, and will blossom sooner. Many vari- 
 eties will vegetate much sooner by covering them with 
 a hand-glass, which should be taken off shortly after 
 their appearance above ground, lest they sbould be 
 rendered^ weak and sickly oy confinement. 
 
 Cover the bed up carefully at night, for fear of sud- 
 den cold chilling the plants. Give them air by raising 
 the saih on every fine day : this will render them more 
 hardy, and capable of enduring tiansplantiog with less 
 danger. 
 
 Lupins delight in a half-ahady spot, and should 
 never be transplanted : the seed may be aown early in 
 March,'in the open ground, and, when in city culture, 
 kept moist after vegetation. Leaf or peat soil to mix 
 will prove advantageous. 
 
 Hardy perennial and biennial seeds may be sown 
 about the same time as the annuals. These do not 
 blossom the fint year ; they may therefore he thinned 
 out or removed from the beds in vrhich they have been 
 first planted : when their roots acquire sufficient 
 strength, set out in the places they are to occupy for 
 the succeeding year. They must be kept free from 
 weeds, and the ground occasionally loosened to facili- 
 tate their growth. Biennials are generally raised from 
 seed sown every year. Many varieties of hardy an- 
 nuals flower much larger and finer in the spring, If 
 sown the preceding summer or fall, so as to vegelate 
 previous to frost. Among these, the Dwarf Rocket 
 Larkspur, Branching Larkspur, Slrawberry Spinach, 
 Evening Primrose, Coreopsis Tioctorea, Sweet Wil- 
 liams, Finks, all kinds of Poppies and Gillias. 
 
 There are many kinds that do not endure (he frost, 
 
 it which vegetate much earlier by the seeds passing 
 the winter in the earth. Among these, the Marvel of 
 Peru, Double Balsamine or Lady's Slipper, Cypress 
 Vine, Euphorbias, Sweet Peas, Convolvolus, &c., stand 
 
 E re-eminent. These, however, answer nearly as well 
 y planting in March, April, and May ; and indeed, 
 we have seen seeds of all the varieties, aown in June, 
 flowering beautifully when the others were nearly 
 ended. As soon as a flower begins to fade, pinch it off, 
 and you will have several more equally as fine, to take 
 its place, besides always having your plant neat. The 
 strength given by the plant, to ripen seed, would then 
 be thrown into the production of fresh flower buds. 
 
 BienniaU are such as are of two years' duration ; 
 being sown one year, they flower, seed or fruit the 
 next, and soon after decay. Sow the seeds during 
 April, either in spots where (hey are to remain, or in 
 beds by themselves, distinctly marked ; to be trans- 
 
 Jilanted to desired situations early in the Fall. The 
 bUowing are among the most free-blooming and de- 
 sirable sorts : Rose Campion, Holyhock, Snap Bragon, | 
 
 Canterbury Bella, Wall Flower, Foxglove, Finks, 
 Dwarf Evening Primrose, and their varieties. 
 
 PerenniaZ herbaceous plants are those which die 
 down to the root yearly ; the roots of which remain 
 many years. There is no class of plants more deserv- 
 ing general culture in the flower garden than peren-' 
 nials ; for when once introduced they require hut tri> 
 fling attention : their increase Is also of the most en- 
 couraging nature, being, in most varieties, effected 
 by simply dividing or parting the roots in the autumn 
 or spring. Herbaceous plants may be divided into 
 three classes, viz. — Bulbous, as the Tulip, Hracinth, 
 and most Lilies j Tuberous, as the Dahlia andFaeony; 
 and Fibrous, as the Phlox and Perennial Aster. These 
 may again be divided into hardy and tender. Among 
 the bulbs. Tulips and Hyacinths are hardy; the Ja- 
 cobean Lily, Tiger Flower (Tigridia), and Gladiolus, 
 are tender. In tuberous roots, the P^eony is hardy and 
 (be Dahlia tender; and in fibrous, most kinds are 
 hardy, although in many cases Ihey are killed by the 
 winter and by wet saturating their crowns, on which 
 account it is necessary they should be partially covered 
 in winter to protect them from being injured in this 
 manner. 
 
 VINES. 
 
 Prune hardy kinds in the Spring, by cutting out all 
 dead or superfluous branches, regulating the remainder 
 at an equal distance apart, when they are nailed wttb 
 shreds of woollen or leather, or tied up neatly. In 
 summer, prune so that the branches may not be too 
 thickly crowded. 
 
 Provagate by taking off joints where (her have 
 rooted, and planting in the same manner and soil as the 
 parent, in September. Cover the roots with fine earth, 
 and keep moist. Some varieties, as the Honeysuckle 
 and Clematis, are readily propagated by layers and 
 cuttings. (See Plants.) 
 
 PLANTS. 
 
 Eoies should be pruned in the Spring : if allowed to 
 grow straggling they neither thrive nor flower well. 
 The rose always flowers from the young wood, and by 
 being well trimmed more are thrown out The rose 
 is easily propagated in a deep rich soil. The Moss 
 Sose will thrive on a clay bottom. 
 
 Althea, or Rose of Sharon, Snowballs, Honeysuckles, 
 and most kinds of soft-wooded plants, may be propa- 
 gated in the Fall or Spring, b}[ sticking cuttings one 
 foot long, half-way down, ten inches apart, in moist 
 shady ground, well dug and pulverized, with a north- 
 ern aspect. Press the ground bard round the cutting. 
 To propagate by layers, bend the plant down, making 
 an incision to the under part of the shoot or joint about 
 half an inch ; press perpendicularly two or three inches 
 deep, and secure it in the ground, which must be well 
 prepared. 
 
 Inocuiate by taking well-ripened buds, say in July 
 or August ; make an incision in the rind, taking care 
 not to cut through the albumen nor into the wood: cut 
 half an inch below and half an inch above the bud, 
 with alwut half the wood and hark; press the rind 
 gently back and insert the bud, carefully closingall 
 around and binding with bars or other strings. The 
 plants must be perfecUy healthy. 
 
 Cold, late in the season, must be guarded against] 
 Ihe tender plants removed to their winter quarters, and 
 those that remain out through the winter. At>out the 
 middle of November, protect all herbaceous plants by 
 covering them on their crowns aud roots with long 
 manure and leaves, tying the branches up neatly, and 
 covering with straw so as to turn off the rain ana frost. 
 
 Injects may be removed by a strong decoction of to- 
 bacco juice, or one made of soft scap, sulphur^ and 
 tobacco ; sponge or bathe over three or four (imes. 
 Keep (he ground, fences, &c., dean about the floweia, 
 by painting, whitewashing, &c. 
 
MANUAL, FOR PR0DIM3ING SILK. 
 
 IS 
 
 tn room», plants aliould eDjoy aa much of'the light 
 ajid sun ffom the window as poasible, be oftcD turned, 
 
 Siviug them a Buppty of fresh air in.finc, soft weather } 
 ivent them of ail dead leaves, and water them as na- 
 ture indicates liy the ffiirth drying in the pals. Too 
 much water sours and rots, too little dries up the plant, 
 and breeds insects, &c. Flanta in a growing slate re- 
 quire more water. 
 
 Seeds should be saved from the plants in t|]e health- 
 iest stale, and those first ripe are the best. Clean the 
 seeds, and preserve ooly those tliat are full and plump, 
 throwing out those of a light quality. 
 
 Zeaoes are the principal oi^ns of respiration, sy 
 noaymouB with the lungs of animals. Dead or decay- 
 ing leaves are apt to breed insects. 
 
 PUmts of all kinds should be so situated that the 
 aun and air may have free access to any part of the 
 leaves, fruit, and all parts as far as possible. 
 
 The Datiiia thrives best in a deep, rich, loamy soil, 
 with the full benefit of sun and air. In winter, (he 
 roots should in cleared of decaying parts, dead stalks 
 or tubers, and kept' in a temperature a few degrees 
 above freezing, for late flowers, plant late. Sow 
 seed in May, ia open grounds ; but in a pot of light, 
 rich, saody aoil, as early as first April, and transplaot 
 alxiut middle of May. Divide the roots and plant in 
 March as soon as the eyes b^in to push out, in pots or 
 neen-house, and transplant when the weather is set. 
 tied warm. 
 
 FKUIT TKEES. 
 
 Fruits, m a ripe and perfect stale, are beneficial to 
 health, if not ealeo to excess. 
 
 Stunted trees never become vigorous, nor when too 
 long crowded in nurseries. 
 
 In Grafting, 25 well placed are belter than 100 
 grafts placed at random, and ten placed injudiciously 
 will change (he whole top of a tree in a few years, 
 when 200 grafts may be so aciltered as not materially 
 to change the top of^tfae tree or ila fruit. Graft only 
 on such as are sound and vigorous. 
 
 Hatrgling oS limbs and branches and leaving 
 stumps on the trees, which rot off and let the water 
 into the trunk, soon destroys the tree; therefore al- 
 wavs cut or saw- off smooth, when the wound will heal 
 ana the bark grow over. 
 
 SouTid vigorous trees, and no other, should be set 
 out, as they take no more trouble or space than the 
 worthless ones. 
 
 Budding should only be done with ft'esh buds, on 
 very small slocks of vigorous growth. Begin after sw 
 starts, unlil IstJune. Later will do. Make incision 
 like a T ; raise the corners and insert the bud with as 
 lillle of the wood as possible, aad bandage, not too 
 light, for three weeks. 
 
 Sciona may be cut in February or March, before or 
 at the time the buds begin to swell ; Or take graJts size 
 of a pipe-stem, from bearing branches, not Irom side 
 shoots nor the rank growth of the top. Put in earib 
 one third their length, keep from frost, and occasion- 
 ally sprinkle to prevent shrivelling, but not so wet as 
 to sprout them. 
 
 Composition.~RtBm 8 oz., beeswax 3 oz. ; melt op 
 with lard, and work it like shoemakers' wax: for 
 wounds made in pnnung or grafting. 
 
 Split the stock, drive in a wedge 6 or 8 inches long, 
 open the ^lit so as to admit the graft freely, sharpen 
 end of graft and ini^ert, matching the wood of graft and 
 wood of the stock j remove the wedge carefnlly, and 
 cover smooth over with coDipositiou, tight, to exclude 
 air, and the aap will force its way to the graft. 
 
 5ced,— Select from healthy trees, sound, ripe and 
 fair fruit, and place in sand, in a cellar or other cool, 
 damp place, until time to plant. If kept too dry, they 
 seldom vegetate. Let the soil be good, well worked^ 
 not too wet; cover up and press the ground mode- 
 rately over. Plant in Fall, before the ground is frozen, 
 or in Spring sooo as the ground can be worked. 
 
 Soil. — Low, wet or marshy ground is not suitable. 
 Soil appropriate for crops of graiu is also adapted to 
 the cultivation of fruit trees, shrubs or vines. Occa- 
 sional digging, mellowing the ground, keeping down 
 underbrush and weeds, and manuring, are beneficial, 
 
 ClBaTilineas is essential. Destroy all caterpillars, 
 DDxiouB worms and inseela, and prune off all affected 
 parts. Scrape off rough ragged hark and oioss, and 
 wash well with soap suds or eover with a coat of liiiiB- 
 wash. Remove all suckers from (he rool^ side 
 brancties and excrescences. 
 
 Grubs, which occasion disease, may be prevented b* 
 coating the roots and lower trunk, about July 1, witL 
 tar, train oil, or whitewash, and sprinkling a little 
 lime, ashes, or soap suds, on the ground around the 
 tree. When seriously affected, dig the earth from the 
 roots near the surface, and search thoroughly in the 
 bark for the grub ; cleanse off the gum, £c., wash with 
 ley or soap suds, or rub dry ashes o-ver (hem, and clbse 
 up with good fresh earth. Doing Ibis aa occasion re- 
 quires, will ensure health and vigour. 
 
 A MANUAL FOR PRODUCING 
 
 aining Directions for growing the Mulberry Tree, corn, observing a dry, sandy 
 
 innmn? the I?s-?s. feeding t^p. Wnrmn. Rnniirin? vellv. or Gtonv soirs. nrodUce 
 
 SILK, 
 
 Containing Directions for growing the Mulberry Tree, 
 managing the Eggs, feeding the Worms, securing 
 (he Cocoons, aod 'reeline the Silk ; comprising the 
 whole process of Silk Miking. Compiled f^om au- 
 thentic sources, by the Secretary of the " National 
 Association for Promoting the Silk Culture in the 
 United States." Philadelphia, January, IS40. 
 
 Planting. — In the Middle States, plant the morns 
 mullicaulie from the I5th of April to the I5lh of May 
 — a little later or earlier, according (o the season. The 
 ground to be made fine ; furrows three or four feet 
 anarl ; distance in the furrow about the same. Some 
 plant one, and others one foot and a half apart. The 
 more distant, the more the tree will branch ; but the 
 increase of siirface to cultivate, increases the labour. 
 Plant the lai^ers or branches entire, or cut them into 
 two had cuttings, and bury them as yon would corn, 
 but not too deep. Be careful the first weetlisg. Hot, 
 onfennenled manure, is had. This part of the busi- 
 ness requires about the same skill ana.management as 
 
 corn, observing a dry, sandy loam ; sandy, light gra- 
 velly, or stony soirs, produce the sweetest leaf and 
 the finest silk. An acre wilt bold 14,500 trees, the 
 rows three feet wide, and trees one foot apart in the 
 row ; or it will contain, if three feet each way, 4840 
 trees. 
 
 PresBTviTig Eggs.—'Rev. Mr. M'Lean says he folded 
 his eggs in a small tea-chest, liued with lead, and co- 
 vered with flannel. This box was placed in one a 
 size larger, and the space between filled with char- 
 coal, covered with a loose board. Place in an ice-house 
 or cool cellar, where the heat will not rise above 45 
 degrees. Dennis says, put eggs in a glass jar, covered, 
 and set in the ground Iwo-lhirds of its height in a cool 
 cellar. Roberts says, use tin box or glass, not stopped 
 tight, and keep'in a drv, cool cellar, or any other cool 
 pUce where water will not freeze. 
 
 Some experienced Silk-growers think the retarding 
 process is unnatum) and improper, and that hatching 
 may be regulated to suit, at the same time, the require- 
 ments of nature and the supply of food. (See Journal 
 of Am. Silk Society. ByG. B. Smith, E8q.,Baltimore,] 
 
16 
 
 MANUAL FOR PRODUCING SILK. 
 
 Tlie Cocoonery.— Cool, airy siluations, are best, 
 euardiag as far as possible against extremes of sudden 
 beat or cold, dampness, or too great dryness. Cobb, 
 Smilb, Terhoven, and otbers, agree in three tiers of 
 pine boards fixed on upright posts, four feet wide, and 
 two and a half feet above oae another, with room to 
 pass all around the frame so as easily to reach any part 
 of it. 
 
 The Hatching. — Hatch the eggs in a pasteboard box, 
 or on sheets of paper, a table, or shelf. An ounce will 
 give about 30,000 worms, and upwards. Those that 
 appear red when batched are worthless, and should be 
 thrown away. Give (he worms young leaves, tc 
 which tbey will adhere; then raise tbe leaf, and thUE 
 convey them to their proper places. Keep off rats, 
 mice, roaches, and spiders, aud especially ants, which 
 guard against by smearing the upright posts, ends, &c., 
 with tar or molasses, or set the ends in a cheap pan, 
 which fill with water. Hatch when your leaves are 
 BufBciently forward to insure a supply. 
 
 Tfie Feeding. — Give the young worms as many cut 
 leaves as they will eat, and no more, feeding eight or 
 ten times a day, and as late at night as you can. Nei- 
 ther stint the worms nor waste the leaves. The leaves 
 should be fresh, clean, and not wet. (Since this 
 Manual was eompiled, an important invention has 
 been patented, by Mr. Edmund Morris, Burlington, N. 
 J., which in its simple, rapid and econnmical opera- 
 tion, not only promises io supersede all other modes of 
 feeding, but to effect a revolution in the business itself 
 forming a new era in the history of Silk Culture.) 
 Mr. MXean fed his worms without hurdles, removing 
 tbe litter every third day. Keep the worms quiet, 
 well ventilated, and do not handle or kill them by too 
 much care. Air-slacked lime sprinkled over the 
 shelves, and lightly over the worms themselves, once 
 in two or three days, during the latter part of the feed- 
 ing, is found highly advantageous. Some have pro- 
 duced a pound of silk from only 50 or 60 poune^ of 
 leaves, but 150 pounds is a fair and ample allowaqce. 
 
 The FTinding-.— Straw tied in small bundles and set 
 on the shelves will do, but green oak bushes seem 
 more natural to them, which they like to conceal them- 
 eelvea among. 
 
 I^eserving Cocoom.— Gather the cocoons from the 
 seventh to tbe tenth day, and spread them to dry. 
 Select those intended for seed, atrip off the floss, spread 
 them out thin, and in two or three days the moths eat 
 out. Each female lays al)out 450 eggs, on muslin or 
 paper hung up. The moth in your silk cocoons, im- 
 mediately kil!, either by exposing to a hot sun under 
 glasses, or by baking in an oven not too hot, or suffo- 
 cate the moth b;' burning charcoal in a close room ; in 
 each case omitting the operation as soon as the worm 
 IS dead, which ascertain by opening a cocoon. Gen- 
 erally from a half to one or two hours will answer. 
 
 Reeling.— The Piedmontese Reel is the best, and is 
 sold for about 15 dollars. For the double operation of 
 reeling and twisting, Brooks' machine has received thfl 
 highest commendation— price 40 dollars. To transport 
 cocoons, pack (hem in dry boxes or barrels, shaking 
 them down, but be careful not to mash or indent them. 
 In measuring, the bushel is heaped if the floss is on, or 
 level with it off. ' 
 
 Those who prefer reeling (hemaelves, m^y readily do 
 so b^; observing the following 
 
 XHrections.—BefoTe the reeling is commenced, the 
 cocoons must be stripped of their floss, and sorted into 
 separate parcels, according Io quality. The fine co- 
 coons are strong, hard, and of a fine close grain : the 
 demi-fine are larger, and of a more loose open grain ■ 
 the double cocoons are those formed by two worms, the 
 fibres cross each other, and renders Ihem diiBcult to 
 reel ; the aofi, thin, and coarse cannot be reeled. 
 
 Have a large basin of soft water, and keep at a proper 
 heat by charcoal, or any other convenient method. 
 Cocoons of the best quality will require a greater de- 
 gree of heat than those of a loose and more open texture 
 Cocoons also require less heat, and reel belter, when 
 
 done before the chrysalides are killed and thu cocoons 
 become dried. The heat of the water may be raised 
 to near^the boiling' point, when a handful or twn of 
 cocoons may be thrown into the basin, which jnust bo 
 gently pressed iinder the water for a few minutea,'with 
 a little brush made of broom corn. The beat of the 
 water will soon soften the gum of the silk, and tberehy- 
 loosen tbe ends of the filaments ; you then stir the co> 
 CO0D8 as gently as possible with the brush, until aibme 
 of the filamente adhere to it: they are then separated 
 from the brush, which is laid .aside, and -the filaments 
 raised up and the cocoons gently combed down between 
 the fingers, as they are raised out of the wafer; this is 
 continued, until the floss and false ends are all'drawn 
 off, and the fine silk begins to appear, the fibres are 
 then broken off aud laid over the edge of the basin ; lhs 
 floss is then cleared from tbe brush and laid aside as 
 refuse silk, and the operation continued unUl a sufficient 
 number of libres are thus collected to make a thread of 
 the size required ; you then unite the fibres, and passing 
 the thread through the eyes or guides, attach it to one 
 of the arms of (be reel. When two skeins are intended 
 to be reeled, another thread is prepared in like man- 
 ner, and passed through other guide wires and attached 
 to the reel. The threads being fastened to the reel, it 
 is turned with a steady motion, until the threads run 
 freely and easily, for it will happen that some of the 
 ends taken to compose the thread will prove false, ^n3 
 will require to be again added anew to keep up fho 
 number designed for the thread. It is necessary to put 
 in more cocoons than is intended to continue. While 
 the reel is turning, the reeler must continually be 
 gathering fresh ends to add to the thread as they may be 
 required, because the internal fibres are much finer thaa 
 those composing tbe external layers. In adding freib 
 ends, tbe reeler must attach them to the thread that 'is 
 reeling, by gently rolling Ihem betvveen tbe thumb and 
 finger, A handful of cocoons must occasionally bo 
 thrown into the basin, and wholly immersed in the 
 water, to be ready as wanted, to keep up the thread of. 
 the size required ; care, however, sboold be taken not 
 to add cocoons faster than is necessary for this purpose-, 
 for by being too long soaked in the hot water, they wilt 
 wind olT in burrs. As fast as the silk is reeled o^ the 
 chrysalis should be taken out of the basita. Have your 
 fingers smooth. 
 
 When the water becomes discoloured it Bhonld alwayt 
 be changed, say two or three times dailv. 
 
 When the cocoons are first put into Jhe vrater, if the 
 silk comes off in bunches upon the brush, it is a sign 
 the water is too hot; or if in reeling itrunsoffinbarrs^ 
 it is too hot ; when the ends cannot be caught, or whea 
 caught, do not run freely, the water is toe cold. A 
 pail of cold water should always be at hand, to ba- 
 added to tbe basin as occasion mav require. When the 
 cocoons give their threads freely, the reel may be 
 turned with a quicker motion, for the quicker thii' 
 motion the better the silk winds off. 
 
 Intrinsic value of Trees.— A eood tree will yield 
 from three to five cents worth of silk, more or less, 
 according to the skill and care in its management. 
 The capital which will yield this percentage is perhaps 
 the only correct criterion by which to fix the value of 
 the article. In Italy, each full grown mulberry tree 
 3 the government an annual tax of sixteen cents, 
 the early friends of the silk cause persevere in their 
 efforts to introduce this important branch of national 
 industry and wealth into tbe country. 
 
 THE SILK CULTURE. 
 The millions of dollars annually exported in specie 
 to pay for silk— the superiority of the silk grown in the 
 United States, and the ease with which, by proper ma- 
 nagement, it is produced— tbe adaptation of our soil and 
 climate to its culture — tbe highly favourable reports 
 made by committees in Congress, and in several Slate 
 legislatures— the fact that the actual produce of sUk in 
 1840 exceeded twenty-five thousand pounds — the recent , 
 
BIRDS. 
 
 17 
 
 American improTementi by which the cost of feeding 
 ii BO greatly r«duced| and the pm^bilily of aduty being 
 laid on foreign silk— the fact that h ^mer may raise a 
 fbfr pounds of silk without neglecGng bis other cropa 
 or any additional expense, and that were each farmer 
 to do BO, the balaiace'af trade waiild bjC turned so largely 
 in our'faTOur, and a stop put to the incessant DRAIN 
 of SPECIE, are among the private and public reasons 
 that should dispose all to give the silk culture at least a 
 fair trial. 
 
 Goreroor Seward, of New Tork, in his recent mes- 
 sage, presents the most cogent reasons for the advance- 
 iqent of the Silk culture, and the ioiporlant fact, that 
 two small districts in Italy, possessing less natural ad- 
 vantages than that State, export silks annually to the 
 amountof twenty-five miUions of dollars. 
 
 The instmctioo condensed in the foregoing Manual, 
 ia believed to be sufficient for any intelligeot mind. 
 
 Furlher information will be abundantly supplied in the 
 monthly Journal on Silk, by G. B. Smith, Baltimore, 
 Md., or by E. Morris, Burlington, N. J, 
 
 DUTY ON SILK. 
 In 1839 the imports of Silk amounted to 22,838,028 
 dollan i of which nearly ^,000,000 dollars was free of 
 duty. Had a fair duty been imposed on this Silk, the 
 impoverished treasury of the country would have gained 
 5,000,000 dollars, and the counlry itself would have 
 been twnefited many million dollars more, in aiding 
 the home production of the article. It may well be 
 said, (hat in imposing duties on all our produce, olher 
 countries evince a determination to protect tbeir own 
 industry, to encourage their own citizens, in short, to 
 lake care of themselves, leaving us to argue about the 
 doctrine of free trade, which is free only upon one side, 
 and whose only tendency, so far, has been to drain our 
 country of its precious metals. 
 
 BIRDS. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR FEEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. 
 
 Canaria become delicate and feeble from improper 
 treatment. Their docility, beauliflil plumage, and 
 sweetness of notes, render them general favoufites. 
 When young, feed on a paste made by bruising rape 
 seed, blowing (he chalF away, mixed with pieces of 
 bread powdered. Give a tea-spoonful with a litlle 
 hard egg and a. few drops of water, when turning sour, 
 mix fyeah. Add as they grow older, scalded rape seed 
 without bruising, chonp^ almond and chickweed, in 
 hot weather twice a day. If sick, give milk of hemp 
 seed, made by bruising clean se^ and straining it 
 (brough ilneo into water, taking the waier glass away 
 from the sick. As they advance in age, give rape and 
 canary, and occasioDalfy bruised hemp seed, taking Ihe 
 soft food away by d^ees. Cutlle-fish boue ia pre- 
 ferable to loaf sugar.- Cakes, apples, berries, bread 
 soaked, the water squeezed out and milk added, arc 
 good, and cabbage occasionally, when in season, is ex- 
 cellent 
 
 Perohei should he ronnd and strong without crevices 
 or shoulders for insects to breed or harbour, and every 
 comer of the eage should he brushed out and kept tho- 
 roughly clean. 
 
 Zm Clavu are sometimes so long as to occasion ac- 
 eideols by catching in the wires, in which case trim 
 tbeiQ. 
 
 Mortar placed in the cage facilitates the production 
 oleg^, 
 
 TfeOCA singing hyaeparating the bird from tfaeothers, 
 so that he may hear no singing, cover his cage for a 
 few days with a thin cloth, then play your flngeolet or 
 Irird organ several times each day, wirbont harshness. 
 At the end-of fifteen days, change the thin cloth for a 
 thick green or red serge, and keep covered till perfect 
 in Ihe air ^oa wish (o (each. Feed once a day and 
 night. It_|ti^ heller to teach one good tune well th^tn 
 several jinp^fectly. The tiird Will copy all iniper- 
 fectioni.'. 
 
 ' Sad or duU' singers are improved by heaiiog the 
 more spirited and perfect. 
 
 _Surjeit indicate^ by ^welKng of tower part of body, 
 ^Dd occasioned by too.mtich "cnickweed, salad, or soft 
 fbod. Put alum ih the water for three or four days, or 
 piff aTii^^ nail in thie water, or common salt Put the 
 R^^ if Dad, in lulcewarm milk a few minutes, (hen 
 wuh with water,~wipe aq| dry gently. 
 
 Sick Sirds may have boiled bread and milk with 
 canary seed boiled in it ; lettuce seed, and when moult- 
 ing, or renewing its feathers, indicated by drooping, 
 putting ils head under its wing, dropping small feathers, 
 give nourishing food, as hemp seed, sponge, biscuit, &c. 
 keep warm and quiet, and keep much in Ihe bud. A 
 cold air or draft is injurious. Put in the water a little 
 refined liquorice. 
 
 Sky Larhs.—Teei on seeds, but rarely on insects. 
 Give salad leaves, gravel with a bit of green sod. 
 
 Red Sird.—Teei on seeds of all kinds, whortle- 
 berries, cherries and other frnits, insects. Sic 
 
 JlTTurican Fellow jBird. — Beautiful plumage and 
 fine sotig. They are hardy, and the cage should be 
 often hung out. Give plenty of water, gravel, rich 
 oily seeds, with occasional sunflower and lettuce seeds ; 
 leaves of beet, salad, apples, and other fruits. 
 
 Gold Finch, — Treat similar to American Yellow 
 Bird. 
 
 Cardinal Groaheak- — Of splendid plomage and ex- 
 quisite song. I'hey are hardy and may be kept with- 
 out fire in a room most of the winter, except Id the 
 northern states. Allow frequent air and sun. Feed 
 on rough unhulled rice and hemp, wheat, browji gravel, 
 crack«l corn, and millet occasionally, with plenty of 
 water for bathing. These birds are long lived, Ihe 
 Philadelphia Museum having one which died when 
 twenty-one years old. 
 
 Java Sparrow. — Very deltcale, with pret'y plumage;, 
 but lillle mutiic. Feed on unhulled rice and canary 
 seed, with plenty of brown gravel. 
 
 Purple Finch or Linnet. — A delightful songster. 
 Give canary, hemp, millet, and sun«6ower seeds, with 
 juniper and cedar berries through the winter, salad and 
 beet tops in summer. 
 
 Any olber of ihe Finch tribe may be fed on seeds 
 generally, as the preceding. Perfect cleanliness of the 
 cage, and a constant supply of fresh water and gravel 
 are esienlial. 
 
 Baltimore Oriole. — A bird of delighlful plumage 
 and rich brilliant music, weitrepaying the utmost care. 
 They eat fruit of all kinds, seeds, insects, &c Give 
 
18 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 tbem a large cage, protection from froat, and an abua- 
 dance of insects. Rear sane as Mocking Bird. 
 
 E(ut India Oriole. — FosGeuea greater muaical 
 powers, and is to be treated same as tbe Baltimore. 
 
 .Smerican Mocking Bird.— The sweet "Bird of 
 many Voices," imitating almost every variety of notes 
 and sounds imaginable. Feed regularly every morning 
 wilb Indian meal mixed with milk, not very stiff. 
 Give wild cherries, cedar, elder, polie and wborll» 
 berries. An occasional egg, boiled hard and grated ; 
 a litlle raw minced beef, water for washing as well as 
 drink, with plenty of insects, grasshoppers, spiders, par- 
 ticularly during moulling, when they should be kept 
 quiet and away from cola drafts of air. 
 
 JUgular Feeding is important. Adopt a regular 
 hour, say eight in the morning for feeding and watering, 
 and strictly adhere to it. 
 
 IfSicldy, treat kindly, give spiders daily, and meal 
 
 worms; gravel the bottom of tbe cage and Keep very 
 qniet. 
 
 Tfi£ Male has a regular line of while feathers in the 
 wing, forming almost a regular curve from tip to 
 shoulder. 
 
 jimerican TtoZnn.— Sprightly, beautiful and musical. 
 Treat similar to Mocking Bird. 
 
 Sed Bird or Bob-o'link.—ls apt to die in November, 
 if too well fed. Give oats, buckwheat, and canary 
 seed, and abundant water for bathing. At other seasons 
 feed same indiscriminately, as the Finch tribe. 
 
 Sed Wine or Swamp Blackbird. Treat same as 
 Bob^o'linlE. 
 
 ChicMaeed or salad, which In proper season is ex- 
 cellent, are absolutely poison if given loo early, befoie 
 the bitterness is off, and the colaacrid juicea are dissi- 
 pated by the Eun. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 The importance of good newspapers 
 cannot be over-rated. The following 
 high testimony in their favour, in an ex- 
 tract of a letter from the "Father of his 
 Country," to the late Mathew Carey, 
 Esq. was written June 25, 1788. 
 
 "For myself I entertain a high opinion 
 of the utility of periodical publications. 
 I consider such easy vehicles of know- 
 ledge more happily calculated than any 
 other, to preserve the LIBERTY, stimu- 
 late the industry, and meliorate the mo- 
 rals of an enlightened and free people." 
 [Signed] ' George Washington. 
 
 JVo Family should be without one or 
 more newspapers. It cultivates in chil- 
 dren a desire for reading, and a disposi- 
 tion to learn and improve, renders them 
 considerate, intelligent, and more easily 
 governed. 
 
 The number of newspapers in England 
 is 230, and the annual average number 
 of convictions for murder is thirteen. 
 The number of newspapers in Spain a 
 few years ago was one, and the annual 
 number of convictions for murder was 
 upwards of twelve hundred. 
 
 How many thoughtless young men 
 have spent their evenings in a tavern 
 or grog-shop, which ought to be devoted 
 to reading! how many parents who 
 never spent twenty dollars for books or 
 for papers for their families, would glad- 
 ly have given thousands to reclaim a son 
 or a daughter who had ignorantly and 
 thoughtle'ssly fallen into temptation ! 
 
 ^n Editor^s positionis oneof great re- 
 sponsibility, too often misunderstood or 
 unappreciated, and too frequently as- 
 siiined by- the vicious and incompetent. 
 The only correction is in the people's 
 withholding patronage from such news- 
 
 papers, as indulge in personal abuse and 
 immoralities, which make some news- 
 papers as great a curse to the commu- 
 nity rfs others are blessings. 
 
 The Encouragement bestowed on the 
 press should be prompt, liberal, and 
 always in advance. Advance payments 
 are rendered essential to the welfare, if 
 not existence of a newspaper, from the 
 smallness of the sums, the distance to 
 which they are scattered, and the diffi- 
 culty of collecting, arising from the ab- 
 sence of subscribers when called upon, 
 the want of preparation when found, 
 and the various delays, vexations, and 
 expenses, always attending the collec- 
 tion of many small sums. Besides the 
 impositions to which publishers are ex- 
 posed, should make their real friends 
 willing- to concur in the only rule which 
 can anord protection against dishonest 
 delinquents. 
 
 A person receiving a newspaper is 
 bound by law as well as custom and jus- 
 tice, to pay for it so long as he may con- 
 tinue to receive it, notwithstanding any 
 agreement or direction that may have 
 been made for its discontinuance. 
 
 " A newspaper can drop the same 
 thought into a thousand minds at the 
 same moment. A newspaper is an ad- 
 viser who does not require to be sought, 
 but comes to you of its own accord, and 
 talks to you briefly every day of the 
 common weal, without distracting your 
 private affairs. Newspapers, therefore, 
 become more necessary in proportion as 
 men become more equal, and individuals 
 more to be feared. To suppose that they 
 only serve to protect freedom, would 
 be to diminish their importance; they 
 maintain civilization." 
 
HEALTH. 
 
 19 
 
 ADMONITION. —The (avera-haunter drinks 
 t^l he reels himself half-ruined; he ia wretched; he 
 drinks to drown his wretcbedaess j he does drowu it, 
 aud his soul along with it ! 
 
 To young men, beginning life, especially lo newly 
 married moo, ttaa couiuel is seasauable: Reoercnce 
 
 the Fireside. Admit no rival here. Let your chief 
 joya bo shared by her \vtio has forsaken all other 
 hearts and hopes for you ; by those who must inherit 
 honour or disgrace from your cpurae of life, ShuD the 
 bar-room and tbe purlieus of intoxicatioa. They are, 
 to thousands, the aveouea to infamy. 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 PUBLIC ECOi^OMY AND PUBLIC 
 HEALTH. 
 
 It has been n-ell said, by a recent writer, that if part 
 of the large sunts expended on ovei^fed Hospital pa- 
 tieots, and pampered uurses, on renis and Dispensaries, 
 and outlay of medicine, were appropriated to tlie. pro- 
 vention ofdistases among the poor, it is probable [hat 
 more extensive benefits would be conferred, than cin 
 bo afforded in the limited and local range of Infirma- 
 Ttes. If half the amount annually spent in tbe pur- 
 chase of liquors and medicines, for charitatjle institu- 
 tions, were early and jutUdousiy laid out in precau- 
 tioQaiy means of preventing diseases among the indi- 
 gent, the hoepital would have fewer inmates, and the 
 aGylums for orphans would not be so crowded. Among 
 these preventive means be it added, that the chief are 
 to ward off the evils of intemperance, and to protect 
 the system against atmospherical inclemencies. 
 
 Tbe expense of an establishment in every village, 
 fne ta the. poor., or at least at a small nominal rate, 
 where Ihey could eaiaj the advantages of warm and 
 tepid baths, with a drying stove for their clothes, and 
 such other auxiliary means as humanity might suggest, 
 would be a minor consideration, when put in competi- 
 lioD with the benefits resulting to Uie working classes, 
 in warding off impending diseases, and the inevitable 
 ruin which is almost invariably atlendant in their 
 train. 
 
 Almoat every village has its alma-house. True char- 
 ity ought to be displayed in preventing the necessity for 
 such buildings. Now we hazard little in asserting 
 that, if ander tbe same roof were to ba found public 
 baths, a public library, and a hall for a temperance as- 
 sociation, the poorer inhabitants of our towns and vil- 
 lages would be healthier than at present, and in place 
 of being a burden, would contribute their share to the 
 support of the slate. 
 
 DIETETIC MAXIMS. 
 
 L A healthy appetite is to be acquired by early 
 rising, regular exercise in the open air, and abstiaence 
 from inloxicatiog liquors. 
 
 2. The food sboulif be eaten slowly, and well masti- 
 cated. 
 
 3. Animal food is sooner digested in the stomacl^ 
 than vegetable; but it is more slimulatiDg or healinz 
 lo tbe system. Flesh long salted, dried hama, beef, 
 &C., are less easily digested and less nutritive than fresh 
 meaL 
 
 4. Farinaceous and vegetable food, generally, is slow- 
 er of digealion than animal, but it is less heating. 
 
 5. Solid food, orfbod of a certain fibrous or pulpy 
 cODsistence, is-more fitted for digestion in the stomdch 
 Uun rich soups, jellies, and all bigbly concentrated 
 
 6. Fish are not so Dourisbiog as the flesh of land an- 
 imals. The while fish are less apt to disagree with 
 the stomach than the red. 
 
 7. Boasted meat is more nourishing than boiled, but 
 much more stimulating, 
 
 8. Bread should be perfectly raised, fully baked, and 
 one day old. 
 
 9. Salt, and a moderate quantity of pepper, are 
 safe : beyond this, all seasoning becomes injurious, 
 
 10. Different dishes at one meal, ipterfere with di- 
 gestion, 
 
 1 1. All excess in eating should be avoided. The 
 best guide is to be found in the calls of a healthy ap- 
 petite. 
 
 12. Health, and strength of body, depend upon the 
 health of the stomach and consequent perfection of the 
 digestive powers. 
 
 13. Water is the most wholesome drink. Toast and 
 water, sweetened water, or water with a slight addi- 
 tion of a vegetable acid, are useful diluents during the 
 summer. 
 
 14. Distilled aud fermented liquors impede diges- 
 tion; and, when drunk lo any extent, invariably de-" 
 slrov the tone of the stomach, and of tlie system gene- 
 rally. 
 
 15. When the stomach is weak, but lillle fluid 
 should be taken during or after eating. 
 
 16. Sxcrcise should be used in tlie intervals between 
 meals, but not immediately before or after them. 
 
 There are few things in relation to which people 
 commit more egregious errors, than the proper assist- 
 ance to t>e rendered to individuals to whom an acci- 
 dental injury has occurred. In that of a wound at- 
 tended With a profuse discharge of blood, the patient's 
 life would be destroyed by a few moments^ delay ; 
 while in every case a trifling injudicious interference 
 in the offset, may add greatly lo the subsequent danger 
 and suETering : it is important therefore that the public 
 generally be made aware of the proper course to be 
 pursued, when an accident occurs, previously to the 
 arrival of the physician. 
 
 R^itnrf*.— The only proper dressings for these acci- 
 dents are such as are best calculated to keep tli^ 
 wounded surfaces in contact, and to defend them from 
 the air and' external injury. Tbe milder and softer the 
 materials of which they are composed^ the belter: 
 above all, everything of a heating or irritating nature 
 shoi||d be avoided. A simple cut, which might have 
 been healed perfectly in a few days, has often been 
 convened into a serious, painful, and tedious sore, by 
 such applications as brandy and sugar, turpentine, bal- 
 sams, and the like ; or by having crammed between 
 its edges a quantity of lint, tow, soot, charcoal, or cob- 
 webs; all of which are frequently resorted lo. They 
 invariably induce a d^ree of inflammation, which in- 
 terrupts tbe healing process of nature. 
 
 When a wousa has been received, tbe first thing 
 that claims attention is the presence of any foreign 
 substance, as splintera of wood, portions of stone, glass, 
 or bilB of cloln, &c. These should, if possible, be at 
 
20 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 once extracted, and the wound washed with a soft 
 sponge or ra§ and water. But when ihe exhaustion of 
 the patient is considerable, or the flow of blood pro' 
 fuse, whatever forei^ substances mny be contained in 
 Ihe wound, must be sufiTercd to remain unlil, in (he 
 judgment of the physician, it may be safe to attempt 
 tbeir extraction. 
 
 The bleedinjc from a wound, even (hough at first 
 profuse, will often in a short time cease spontaneously, 
 andj if the injured part be kept at perfect rest, will not 
 again return. Should this, however, not be the c9.se, 
 and the flow of blood is very considerable, especially 
 if it be in a continued stream or in jets, it should be 
 arrested without delay, by making pressure upon the 
 divided vessels, between the heart and the wound. 
 When Ihe injury has been received in either of the 
 limbs, a firm broad ligature or bandage should he ap- 
 plied a short distance above the wound. The best plan 
 IS to place around the limb a strong broad garter, suffi- 
 ciently slack to allow of a short slick being introduced 
 under if, and by which it is to be twisted until it is 
 tight enough to arrest the bleeding. Of course, this is 
 merely a temporary expedient, as the continuance of 
 such a bandage tor any length of time would be pro- 
 ductive of injury. In wounds situated in a part of the 
 Iiody where the above means cannot be resorted to, the 
 bleeding may be arrested by applying Ihe hand firmly 
 over the wound ; or, by the finger passed within Ihe 
 wound, pressure may be made directly upon the orifice 
 from which the blood proceeds. 
 
 In slight wounds^ which do not penetrate much 
 deeper than the skin, nothing better can be applied 
 than the common sticking-plaster. This, by keeping 
 the edges of the cut together, and preventing the con- 
 tact of the air, Slc, permits the process of union to go 
 on without interruption. 
 
 Persons who have received a severe wound, or in- 
 deed a severe injury of any kind, ought always to be 
 kept at rest, and perfectly composed. The part espe- 
 cially in which the wound exists, should be prevented 
 from any degree of motion, and be kept as elevated as 
 possible without ils being placed in any constrained 
 posture. Quiet and cheerfulness of mind are also of 
 impi#tancc. 
 
 _ Sprains mid Sruises. — The part in which these ac- 
 cidents have been received must be kept^t perfect rest, 
 elevated, and cnmple'ely free from any heavy dressings 
 or tight bandages. The best immediate applications 
 are cloths wet with cold water or cold vinegar and 
 water. It is a very common error, whenever any se- 
 vere accident of Ibis kind occurs, to have the indivi- 
 dual immediately bled. In all cases of accident, much 
 evil is liable to be produced by the loss of blood before 
 the' system has in some degree recovered from the de- 
 pression into which it is invariably thrown upon Ihe 
 receipt of any severe injury ; it is betler always to de- 
 lay bleeding until Ihe advice of a physician can be 
 procured. 
 
 Bums and Scalds. — When of moderate extent, and 
 occasioning only a redness of the skin, the best imme- 
 diale application to a bum or scald is cold water or 
 cold vinegar. The application or immersion should 
 be continued for some considerable time, and without 
 a monlent's intermission. When Ihe skin is raised in 
 large blisters, these should be puncture! ; after which 
 a mixture of one part of linseed oil and two of lime- 
 water, smeared over the burnt surface, will be found a 
 very soothing application. The buml part may Ihen 
 be wrapped in raw cotton. When the burn is exlen- 
 sive, and has completely destroyed the skin, Ihe appli- 
 cation of spirits of turpentine is attended with the best 
 effects: care should be taken to confine it to the in- 
 jured parts, not allowing it to come in contact with the 
 sound skin. As the ulcer consequent on a burn is 
 always tedious in healing, and, when mismanaged, 
 liable to b^ attended with an unsightly scar, or even 
 extensive deformity, the attendance of a physician 
 should be procured. 
 
 tkeatmeNt of drowned persons. 
 
 As soon as the body is recovered, wipe it dry, and 
 wrap it up in blankets, and place it in some conveuient 
 place, with the head slightly elevated; having free 
 ventilation in hot weather, and allowing no persons to 
 be present except those employed in operating, lal 
 the head be wiped dry, and covered with a woollen cap. 
 Several attendants should t>e employed in I'ubbingthe 
 body with stimulating articles, such as mustard, hot 
 brandy, &c., and bags of hot sand, hot bricks, &c., ap- 
 plied to the feet aod other parts of the body, Wbile 
 this is being done, the mucus should be removed from 
 the mouth and nostrils, and other persona should be 
 employed in inflating the lungs, as follows: Insert the 
 pipe of a common pair of bellows into one nostri], 
 close the other nostril and the mouth, then blow gent^, 
 and cause the air to escape by pressing on the cheat, 
 having first removed the finger from the Qostril. This 
 is to be continued for a long time, the object being to 
 imitate tlie process of breathing. Let this plan of 
 treatment be pursued until the arrival Of a physictan. 
 
 CAUSES OF DISEASE. 
 
 Insufficient Exercise,~-Hs who does not spend seve- 
 ral hours every day in some active exercise, must in> 
 evitably suSer from a diminution of l>odiIy strenglh, 
 defect of appetile, and imperfect digestion, and bb< 
 comes sooner or later the subject of disease, 
 
 XMte riHng a/nd late retiriTig. — There are few 
 things which contribute more to shorten life, than Ihe 
 habit of keeping late houni, and consequently of riBing 
 ft-om bed late in the morning. The advances of weak- 
 ness and disease from this cause are, it is true, by very 
 gradual steps, but not the less cerlaia to be ullinuilelf 
 felt, 
 
 breathing impure air.— A constant supply of firesh 
 air is highly important. The air is rendered impure 
 by being loaded with animal and vegetable exbalaliona, 
 by its free circulation being prevented by a number of 
 persons breathing it when confined in a close chamber, 
 and by the processes of fermentation and combuslioo, 
 
 InMtffidcrtt ablutions of the body, — It is not enough 
 for the preservation of health, that merely Ihe hands, 
 the feet, and the face be washed frequenily, but that 
 the whole surface of the body be repeatedly purified. 
 To all, the frequent use of the bath is an important 
 means of preserving health. Means fbr bathing should 
 be afibrded in every city, and in every extensive manu- 
 factory. 
 
 iTiattention to the dea/nliTKss of clothing and 
 dwfiiHng'*.— Independently of the injury which the 
 health of individuals sulfers from a neglect of strict 
 personal and domestic cleanliness, the contamination 
 of the air, from the decomposition of filth accumulated 
 in and about a dwelling, has not unfi-equently commu- 
 nicated disease to whole families and neighbourhoods. 
 Repeatedly white-waahing the walh of a house, and 
 scrubbing the floors, is not merely, therefore, a source 
 of tasteful comfort, but a direct means of preservine 
 health. 
 
 Food rendered pernicious h/ modem cookery ; — 
 Advlteration in foods amd drinks, and ahuse of ap- 
 petite. — While a moderate quantity of plain whole- 
 some food is essential to the maintenance of life, ;fll 
 excess in its use, all complicated processes of cookery- 
 keeping up the appetite beyond the wants of the sys- 
 tem — are decidedly injurious. The health and strength 
 ,pf Ihe body are not supported by the quantity of food 
 consumed, but only by so much as is capable of being 
 converted, by the powers of the stomach, into pure 
 chyle and blood. 
 
 The unnecessary or imprudent use of medicine.— 
 Domestic quackery has ruined many constitutions, A 
 dose of medicine taken with the view of preventing 
 an attack of disease, not unfrequently invites one 
 which otherwise would not have occurred.' 
 
HEALTH. 
 
 21 
 
 Defective and imjiroper cIoIAinf.— Injury to health 
 
 noe caused eitber by the clothes beiQg inadequate 
 efend the wearer nxini the cold, or mm sudden 
 changes in the weather, hy their impeding the free 
 motions of the limhs, or by their compressing or bind- 
 ing too firmly some part oi the body. 
 
 The tTifluenee of cad.—Dt8ease is produced by ex- 
 posure to the oight air or iaclement weather, after be- 
 ing heated in crowded apartments, or b^ esercise, as 
 dancing, ftc. In the poorer and improvident classes, 
 cold, during winter, is a-conlinued and fruitful source 
 of Boffering and disease. 
 
 Juteau ajgplicatioa ijf ffte ntvrul.— Alternate i^t 
 and activity, as well of the body as of the mind, are 
 essential to the support of health. Long continued 
 mental a^iplication, whether in study or the cares of 
 bosinesB, wears tint the system^ and exhausts the pow- 
 ers of life even more rapidly than protracted manual 
 labonr. 
 
 Oivinff way to the passions. — Experience fully 
 proves that nothing contributes more eO^tually to 
 guard the srstem from disease, and to prolong life, than 
 a calm ana contented state of mind. In cnTtivating a 
 peaceful and virtaouB dispoBitiao, a man not only in- 
 Bores his happiness but promotes his health also. 
 
 BeaTt'Stirrif Acidity of Stomadi, Water Brash. — 
 These are some of the Bymptoms of indigestion. As- 
 certain whether the stomach does not sufl^r most In 
 this way, after eating particular articles of animal food, 
 such as dried and salted meats and fish; and vegeta- 
 bles, such as salads, radishes, tomatoes, cabl>age, and 
 even potatoes. If no fault is found from these causes, 
 let the inquiry next he made into drinks, and whether 
 the accidental omission of a favourite beverage haa not 
 given relief. Has fresh bread or hot toast been habitu- 
 ally used with plenty of butter ? and if so, has stale 
 bread ever been substituted in its place ? Is the corn- 
 plainer a smoker or user of tobacco in any way ? If 
 aoj he ousht to abandon entirely the use of Ibis weed. 
 Disturbed slate of digestion coming on during the regu- 
 lar and moderate use of proper food, the next question 
 is, does the skin perfbnn its diUy 7 Is it properly co- 
 vered" with clothes? are the ftCil kept dry and warm? 
 are the pores kept free hy regular ablution and friction i 
 
 Indigettion or Dysp^gia, which includes the fore- 
 mentioned diBDrders, and numerous others, as well of 
 the stomach as of the heart, is shown by irregular pal- 
 pitation i of the Inogs, by aatbmatic fireathing ; of the 
 brain, by head-ache, ill-nature, and strange fantasies. 
 Here the dyspeptic must ask of him or herself the 
 same questions as in the preceding paragraph, with the 
 additional ones respecting regular daily exercise in (he 
 open air, regular hours-of sleep, early to bed and early 
 to rise, mastery of the passions, and an especial avoid- 
 ance of anxious cares, envy, or jealousy. 
 
 Bilioua disorders.~If a person is bilious, it is gene- 
 rally owing to errors in regimen. I^et these be re- 
 formed, and the comidainis will cease. But if a person 
 would be always bifions^ let him be often taking calo- 
 mel, or blue pill, or active purges, Lee's antibilious, 
 tie., and he will certainly succeed : the soundest liver 
 will not be proof against such remedies for bile. 
 
 Coftiveness. — ^Accidental or occasional costiveness 
 may readily b^ rendered habitual by oft swallowing 
 purgative medicines; the proposed core will, when 
 pernsted in, inevitably bring on the disease. If this 
 latter, by time or imprudence, has become habitual, 
 the only safe and effectual mode of relief will be in a 
 suitable rsimen; still trying to jget the proper food — 
 mild mucilaginous and saccharine substances of the 
 vegetable, and plain, not too much cooked^ meats, 
 among the animal kingdom. Add to this, suitable ab- 
 lation, fricUonB of the skin, and ont-door exercise and 
 labour, and the cure will be complete. 
 
 JVaiefuiness.—The cure for this is not in laudanum 
 and oj^ium, which, much used, constitutes a habit as 
 pernicuniB to bealtb and morals as drinking ardent 
 spirits. If something must be swallowed before going 
 
 to bed, Id procure sleep, let it be half a pint of hot 
 water: mind ! as hot as it can be sipped. But the true 
 cure will be by omiitlng tea or coffee, whichever has 
 been u^, in the evening; by taking plenty of exer. 
 cise in the open air : working at something to produce 
 a little fatigue ; and finally, rising early in the morn- 
 ing, whether inclined to do so or not. Be up by times ; 
 sleep not during the day ; and retiring in good time to 
 bedj there is no danger hut you will sleep soundly 
 dunng the night. 
 
 Nervousness, low aHrits, sick head-ache. — The 
 «iU3es are, bad habits, fahe indulgences. Leave Ibem 
 oS, and the cure will be complete. Neglect this ad- 
 vice, and you may be physicked until you arc a sha- 
 dow, and your pocKels empty, and you will still be, if 
 a iemale, hysterical ; if a male subject, hypochondri- 
 acal — miserable yourself and the cause of misery in 
 others. 
 
 TOAST AND "WATER. 
 
 An infusion of toasted bread in water, is one of the 
 most salutary drinks that can be taken by the sick and 
 valetudinary. A distinguished physician says, five or 
 six cups of this water, with or without sugar, were 
 more refreshing, and sooner took off any fatigue or un- 
 easiness, than any strong wine, strong ale, small beer, 
 warmed coffee or tea (for he ttied them all), or any 
 other liquor that be knew of. 
 
 It is seldom that toast and water ib {properly made, 
 and we therefore thiidc it proper to furnish our readers 
 with the following recipe ; 
 
 Take a slice of fine and stale loaf bread, cut very 
 thin (as thin aa toast is ever cut), and let it be carefully 
 toasted on boih sides, until it be cormiletely browned 
 ail over, but not blackened.or burned in any way ; put 
 this into a common deep stone or china jug, and pour 
 over it, from the tea-kettle, as much clear boiling wai- 
 ter as you wish lo make into drink. Much depends on 
 the water being actually in a boiling slate. Cover the 
 pitcher with a saucer or plate, and let the drink be- 
 come quite cold. It is then lit to be used ! the fresher 
 made, the better, and of conrse the more agreeable. 
 
 In dyspepsia, and a disordered state of the bowels, 
 toaat and water ought to he the habitual drink. 
 
 TiaHT DRESSING — CORSETS. 
 
 The only rational form of dress is that which pro- 
 tects the wearer from the vicissitudes and inclemency 
 of the weather, and allows to the limbs their natural 
 movements, and to all the parts and organs of the sys- 
 tem the free performance of their appropriate func- 
 tions. Every kind and article of drus which has a 
 contrary effect, is absolutely injurioas to bealth, and 
 ought at once lo he abandoned. 
 
 The motions of the body, as well as its erect posi- 
 tion, depend npon the action of numerous masses of 
 flesh, endowed with the property of active contrac- 
 tion, and denominated muscles. The perfection with 
 which these perform their ofGce in either of the above 
 respects, is always in proportion to their strength or 
 tone, and their freedom from every artificial restraint. 
 Now it is an invariable rule, that if constant pressure 
 be made on any set of muscles, b^ means ot a tight 
 dress or a bandage, they will soon diminish in size, and 
 consequently lose both their power of supporting the 
 body m its natural position, and their ability to pro- 
 duce the easy and natural, or in other words, graceful 
 movements of those parts to which they belong. This 
 is strongly exemplified hy the state of a limb that has 
 been ctmfined by the necessary dressings in conse. 
 quence of a fracture, or hy those impostors who, in 
 many of the European dties, bandage firmly their legs 
 or arms until they are diminished frequently to one 
 half their natural size, for the purpose of exciting 
 commiseration and extorting alms, or of avoiding mili- 
 tary duly. An unequivocal condemnation should he 
 pronounced, therefore, on all those binds of dress 
 
22 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 whicli compress, in the least degree, any part of the, 
 trunk or limbs, and which in that manner cramp the 
 free motion of the muacles, and reduce their size and 
 plumpness. Tight lacing, by means of corsets or 
 bands, and laces of all descriptions, as well as tight 
 Bleevea and garters, invariably produce, more or less, 
 these effects ; and so long as their uae is continued 
 there is no means of obviating the injury which re- 
 sults from (hem : and let it be recollected that this in- 
 jury is always greater, the earlier in life they are 
 adopted. 
 
 We have not yet enumerated all the evils produced 
 by firmly compressing the chest. Indefiencfeitlly of 
 the uneasiness which this compression inflicts upon the 
 female, from the constrained position she is forced by 
 it constantly to assume, indicated by the frequent 
 shrugging and writhing of her shoulders, and constant 
 restlessness when in full dress, and which, of itself, 
 often gives the back an ungraceful twiat, and throws 
 the shoulders out of their natural position, other serious 
 and permanent inroads upon health and beauty are 
 effected. The pressure of the corset depriving, in a 
 great measure, the muscles of the back, by which the 
 upright position of the body is maintained, of their 
 natural action, and the blood being prevented from cir- 
 culating freely through their vessels, Ihey become re- 
 laxed, and allow the body to bend ungraccrully either 
 to one side or forwards : in time, the curvature of the 
 spine which results, becomes permanent, aud the indi- 
 vidual is often in this manner deformed for life. But 
 this is not all : the health and vigour of the system, 
 the freshness and brilliancy of the complesiou, the 
 very activity and cheerfulness of the mind, depend in 
 a very great degree upon the blood undereoine a per- 
 feet purification in the lungs. This is cQected by its 
 being brought in contact, in these organs, with a sufG- 
 eienf amount of pure atmospheiicair: whatever im- 
 
 Sedes the free expansion of the chest in breathing, and 
 iminishes the amount of air inhaled into the lungs, 
 prevents this purification of the blood from taking 
 place. Now, the corset, by firmly compressing the 
 chest and loins,, does this to a very great extent; so 
 much so, that in all females who have been in the 
 habit of wearing it from their youth, the chest has ab- 
 solutely a diminished capacity, and loses that fine 
 arched form which constitutes the beauty of the female 
 bust. By numerous experiments it has been found that 
 females thus circumstanced take into the lungs a much 
 less amount of air than those who have never worn a 
 corset. The vigour of the whole system becomes in 
 consequence prostrated ; the akin assumes a sallow 
 hue, and all the funclion^t of life are performed imper- 
 fectly. The lungs and heart especially suffer, and in 
 many cases become sooner or later the seat of incura- 
 ble disease. The pressure by the corset upon the sto- 
 mach and liver, is also highly prejudicial to health, by 
 impeding digestion and the free secretion of bile; in 
 this manner, independent of the injury inflicted upon 
 the lungs, it causes discoloration of the skin, anda 
 haggard, wrinkled appearance of the countenance. 'We 
 urge, therefore, upon all, the disuse of this ridic)iIous 
 and pernicious portion of female dress, which, so far 
 from adding any real grace or beauty to the forni, is 
 the cause of disease, Butlering, and deformity. We 
 laugh at the folly of the Chinese belles, who compress 
 their feet until Ihey are no longer fitted for walking ; 
 and at the African, who flatten tlieir noses as an indis- 
 pensable requisite of beauty ; and yet our own females 
 are equally ridiculous, and even more criminal, when 
 they imagine that they improve the beuuty of their 
 chests and waists by distorting them from that form 
 which nature has wisely imparted to Ihem ; and thus, 
 by a perverted taste, entail disease and pain upon their 
 idaughters^ or hurry them into an early grave. 
 
 TIGHT LACING- 
 A physician in Albany gives a heart sicliening ac- 
 count of the decease of a fine and amiable younglady 
 who fell a victim to fashion : she laced hei-self to 
 death ! Apart from the prevailing iufalualion which 
 
 leads females to commit elegant and refined suicide, 
 she is said to have been an uncommonly intelligent 
 and promising girl. The body presented a dreadful 
 sight. The ribs were contracted, the chest was nar- 
 rowed, and not half the natural room was left for the 
 action of the heart and the inspiration of air into the 
 lunga. The consequence waa death ! 
 
 CAUSES OF DEATH AMONGST WOMEN. 
 The Registrar-General of England reports that thir- 
 ty-one thousand and ninety English women died in one 
 year of that incurable malady, Cormtmption, Will 
 not this impressive fact induce persons of rank and in- 
 fluence to set their countrywomen right in the article 
 of dress, and load them to abandon a practice which 
 disfigures the body, straggles the chest, produces nerv- 
 ous or other disorders, and has an unquestionable tend- 
 ency to implant an incurable hectic malady in the 
 frame ? Girls have no more need of artificial bunes 
 and bandages than boys. 
 
 CONSUMPTION. 
 
 This di<<ease is, doubtless truly, considered more 
 common than in former years. There are reasons for 
 this. 
 
 Half a century ago; people lived on common, sim- 
 ple, healthful food and drink, and were healthy. In 
 those days the dress of men and women was plain, and 
 soiled to the climate in which they lived, and to th& 
 various seasons of the year. At this time, how differ- 
 ent 1 The fashions of the pleasure-seekers of Europe 
 are brought to this country, and females of all classes 
 endeavour to imitate them, until Consumption follows, 
 and death ends the short race. 
 
 In addition to a thin dress, their clothes are tight, the 
 natural shape is crowded upon, and it is somelimES 
 hard for them to stoop or breathe easy. A violent cold 
 is taken, and a bad cough follows ; symptoms of con- 
 sumption are feared and mentioned, ana at last it is 
 seated, and the poor fashionable daughter or wife is 
 taken away by what is called the Quick Consumption, 
 
 THIN SHOES. 
 
 Tlie practice of wearing thin shoes is too common 
 among American women, and cannot be too strongly 
 animadverted upon. Let those who thus throw them^ 
 selves in the suicide's path reflect upon what they are 
 doing. 
 
 We say to every one, wear good sti^ng thick shoes, 
 and overshoes whenever there is water or snow in the 
 street. Never mind if your feet do look a little large; 
 even If Ihey should appear clumsy. A little-looking 
 foot is not of so much importance to health and happi- 
 ness as a good pair of lungs ; and those who act the 
 part of wisdom will dress to insure health, and let 
 Fashion aud Fashion's fools go to destruction in the 
 way that they love to travel, 
 
 'Fastingf distinct from religious ordinances, has been 
 frequently recommended and practised, as a means of 
 removing incipient disease, and of restoring the biHly 
 to its customary healthy sensations. Howard, the c^e- 
 brated philanthropist, used to fast one day in every 
 week. Franklin, for a period, did the same. Napo- 
 leon, when he felt his system unstrung, suspended his 
 wonted repasts, and tooK his exercise on horse-back. 
 This list of distinguished names might) if oecessuy, be 
 
 Baglivi, the celebrated Roman physician, mentions, 
 that during Lent, an unusually large proportion of the 
 sick in Italy recover their health. It is indisputable^ 
 that the fastiionable classes in England and this country 
 suffer from the effects of high living and the want of 
 proper occupation. It is one of the greatest misfor' 
 tunes that can befall human beings, to live without an 
 aim ; to have no noble object constantly to draw forth 
 the powers of the mind and the exertions of the body. 
 
HTEALTH. 
 
 S3 
 
 Croup requires ioatant attention. It arisea from 
 colds and ehowa itself in tightness of the breast, dif- 
 ficult breathing and fever. Immediately Boak the feet 
 in warm water, bathe the throat and breaBtwith goose- 
 grease, to which hartshorn may be added. Give a tea- 
 Bpoanful of Hive Syrup to a child two or three ^cars 
 old, and again in 15 minutes, until it causes vomitiog. 
 If very baS, and no Hive Syrup at hand, then use, 1. 
 Lamp Oil. 2. Goosegrease and Molasses, with Onion 
 Juice. 3. Wins and Molasses. 4. Apply a plaster of 
 Yellow SnuiT mixed with Lard to the breast: each 
 are good. After (he symptoms are abated, give some 
 mild pureptive. These remedies, promptly applied, 
 can be relied on where the physician is not at band. 
 
 PUea.—l oi. Cream Tartar, 1 oz. Salts Nilre, 1 oz. 
 Jalap, 2 oz. Linitive Electuary. Mix stiff in molasses. 
 Dose, 4 or 5 pills size of a pea. 
 
 Vinegar (good) is useful in inflammatory and putrid 
 diBordei's ; in weakness, binlings, or other hysteric af- 
 fections, bathe, smell, or drink : it cools the blood, 
 quenches thirst, extracts the firagrance from flowers, 
 &C. That made from cider or wine is best. 
 
 ChUdnn allowed to sleep with aged people, lose 
 their health and decline. The same is probably also 
 true, where the eick and the healthy habitually lie in 
 the same bed. 
 
 Toothacht is cured byjwwdered Alum, 2 drachma ; 
 Jtfilrous Spirit of £tlier, 7 dracluns : mix. See Brcm- 
 dy and Salt, 
 
 Sair is preserved by Onion Juice and Brandy, rub- 
 bed well in. Or, Tincture of Cantharides 10 parts, 
 Hog's Lard "90 parts : to be mingled and rubbed into 
 the roote. Or, one part of CantbarideH Powder to 
 eight of alcohol, carefully mixed. ' 
 
 Polypua of the Nostril is cured by the root of the 
 lan^inaria canadensis, or blood root A decoc- 
 tion is applied to the part. 
 
 SJieumatitm. — Dissolve half oz. Camphor in pint 
 Spts. Turpentine, and rub welt morning and night: 
 then apply aOannel. Good also for Bums, Scalds, and 
 Bruises. 
 
 Frott-Siiten J^^.— Dissolve half pound Alum in 1 
 ^lon warm waler, and soak 16 minutes. 
 
 Convuliion Fitt have been cured by drinking salt 
 and water two or three times a day. 
 
 Fegetable EatiTig, in promoting health and longev- 
 ity, has never yet been overrated. It will prolong and 
 render much more comfortable those afflicted with can- 
 cer, aneurism, ossification Of the heart, consumptian,&c. 
 
 Oxoltc Acid is neutralized by two ounces of Magne- 
 sia ; mix quart of waler : or, by same quantity of com' 
 mon whiting, thrown into the stomach. 
 
 Coush.r~Sroion Mixture.~-Sticb Liquorice_, 2 oz. ; 
 Gum Arabic, 1 oz. ; Paregoric, 1 oz. ; Antimonial 
 Wtnc, 1 oz. ; Bock Candy, 2 oz. Take a lable^poon- 
 ful J3 or 4 times a day. 
 
 ^Tiother.—Q spoonfuls Molasses, 1 do. Sweet Oil, 1 
 do. gooA Vinegar, to which may be added a few drops 
 Sweet Spts. Nitre. Take a tea-spoonful occasiooally. 
 
 For Tetter, 8ee.~-\ lb. fresh Butler, without salt, 1 oz. 
 White I^ipitale, half oz. good Turpentine : mixed 
 and heat (o an ointment. 
 
 Friction of the body is one of the most gentle and 
 salutary tdnds of exercise, cleaning the skin, dispersing 
 slagDating humours, promoting perspiralioD, strength- 
 ening the fibres, and increasing tho warmth and enBi;gy 
 of the wliole body. 
 
 ITie Complexion can only be preserved in freshness, 
 softness and beauty, by cleanliness, regular ezereise, 
 temperance, a plain diet and pare air, and a cheerful 
 
 Womu in children are by no means so pernicious as 
 many of the quack medicines which are advertised to 
 expel them. - 
 
 XfOneUfe may safely be iniured to all who enjoy 
 gpodgub without abusing stnf. 
 
 Srandy and Salt as a Med%cine.T-lt is useAil in the 
 reduction of inflammatjon of fractured limtn or bruises, 
 the alleviation of incurable sores, cure of ringwonos, 
 headache, toothache, inflammation in the eyes, ague, 
 colic, pains in the side, chilblains, bums and scuds, 
 cancers, sprains, open sores, asthmas, and complaints 
 of the lungs. Fill a l)OtUe three-quarters f\ill with 
 good Brandv, after which add as much Salt as will fill 
 the boltle for corking ; shake it together 20 minutes ; 
 let the Salt settle to the bottom, and do not shake it up , 
 before using. The clearer it is used the belter. A bot- 
 tle of this {jreparation should be constantly kept ready 
 for use, as its virlues have been fully tested. When 
 taken inwardly, for asthma, bowel complaints, Ac., 
 mix two spoonsful with equal quantify of warm waler. 
 
 Cancer. — Five out of six cases have been cured by 
 Brandy and Saltj described atwve. The pain is very 
 severe, but temporary. 
 
 Poison, from vines, may be cured by bathing in 
 Whiskey and Cream, and cooling with Bye Flour : if 
 obstinate, use a strong solution of Copperas. 
 
 S£ading aloud, speaking, and particularly singing, 
 affords a healthful exercise ; whUe wind-instruments 
 are injurious. 
 
 Meat is so little necessary, in (act, that millions of 
 the most rotmst and healthy population in Asia, Europe 
 and other parts of the world, subsist exclusively oo 
 such articles aa rice, wheat, and vegetables, alone. 
 
 Cravats or slacks should not be worn so tight as to 
 compress the many laive blood-vessels of the neck, 
 which connect with the orain. 
 
 Immire air of theatres, ball-rooms, and other 
 crowded and badly-ventilated buildings and sleeping- 
 rooms, is poison to the lungs. 
 
 Eye-SigTtt is best preserved by a moderate light — too 
 little Blrains— too much dazzles aud injures, bathing 
 in cold water is of service. 
 
 C(7iuufn})h'(m.— Bemedies.— Vigorous, daily, but 
 not violent, exercise, and free exposure to the airfare 
 important. As the great diflicullyin medicine is in 
 reaching the seat of this disease, frequently inhaling 
 certain fumes may bo a means of healinjg the lungs. 
 Sitting and sleeping in a room through which tlie fumes 
 of rosin, turpentine, or other similar gums are moder- 
 ately diuused, may be of service. 
 
 SmaU Pox is prevented by vaccination, if well done. 
 Never neglect vaccination. 
 
 In " tra/ining," an English boxer, to acquire the 
 greatest possible vigour, health, and animal spirits, 
 takes daily' four houis exercise in the air, keeps the 
 body and mind occupied ; food of eas^ digestion and 
 in small quantities J uses no ardent spirits, and sleeps 
 eight hours, observing strict temperance in all things. 
 Ey.these means his appetite and digestion become good, 
 (he mind cheerful, lungs strong, and the whole system 
 wonderfully improved. 
 
 Sed-rooms heated are pernicious to health. 
 
 Water is purified by — I, filtration through ^vel, 
 sand, or soft porous stone and charcoal. Or, 2, it may 
 be sweetened and improved by charcoal, coarsely pul- 
 verized and thrown into a vessel of water. 3, by boil- 
 ing and distillation. Water is greatly improved, in 
 wells or pumps that are frequently used. 
 
 VisiiUed Water, after being exposed to the air, is 
 the most salubrioas of all drinks, and ita daily use is of 
 the greatest importance in dyspepsia aud similar dis- 
 eases. 
 
 Feather Beds, especially in youth and In warm wea- 
 ther, enervate the system, destroying its vigour aud 
 health. Neither should beds te too nard. Sleeping 
 with (he head under the clothes ts pemiuous ; so also, 
 confined air caused by curtains. 
 
 The floor ts (be unbealtbiest part of a room, fhnn 
 the tendency of impure air to descend. 
 
 UlcerB that proceed from a bad stale of the body, 
 should never be dried up till the system becomes puri- 
 fied by regimen or medicine. 
 
24 
 
 HEALTH. 
 
 Midnight Studies ought to be avoided, as in the 
 bigbesi degree pcmicioiis. 
 
 iSruwcs.— Baihe with Vinegar, and feeep cloth wet 
 with Vinegar Qonalantly applied. If very violent, 
 bleeding may sometimes be necessary. Poultice of 
 Br«id, Elder or Camomile Flowers, with equal parts 
 of Vinegar and Water : leuew two or three times a 
 day. See page 20. 
 
 Bums or Scalds. — For two or three. days anoint 
 freely with Lime-water and Oil, mixed. Foullices of 
 Bread and Milk, softened with fresh Butler, to abate 
 the heat and intlammatioQ. Diet, and keep the body 
 open. See page 20. 
 
 Wounds.~~^,i external application aids the cure in 
 any olber way than by keeping the parts soft, clean, 
 and defending from the air. Nature alone eHecIs the 
 cure. See page 19. 
 
 „ -Between the heart and intended puncture 
 apply a bandage, an inch or two off, to swell the vein 
 and cause a free flow ; which must be gradually loos- 
 ened as the blood flows. In all topical aneclions, draw 
 the blood as near as possible to the affected part. Have 
 the bandage an inch or two wide and about a yard long, 
 and a compress of one or two small pieces of linen, 
 folded two inches square, to lay over the puncture when 
 the bleeding is stopped. Care must be taken not to cut 
 too deep, or over a tendon or artery. Though great 
 advantage may be had by bleeding in the begmning of 
 some Inflammatory fevers, in apoplexy, and after se- 
 vere injuries, &c., it should not be attempted by per- 
 sona not skilled in anatomy. 
 
 GENERAL REMARKS 
 
 On the Means of Securing Health. 
 
 In regard to receipts and " cure-alls, 
 however promising they may appear, it 
 should always be borne in mind, that 
 what for one person may have proved a 
 positive cure in a particular disease, 
 may prove positively injurious when 
 tried by another for the same disease, or 
 even when repeated for the; same indi- 
 vidual. The reason is obvious. So much 
 depends upon the different habits, con- 
 stitution, state of the humours, blood, 
 degree of weakness or strength, &c., in 
 different individuals, and at different 
 periods in the same individual. The 
 medicine which to-day would be proper, 
 by a change in the disease, may to-mor- 
 row be the reverse ;— and, in short, so 
 many objections will occur to any re- 
 flecting mind against the indiscriminate 
 use of remedies, that the greatest cau- 
 tion should be exercised, lest in tamper- 
 ing with disease you destroy health. 
 lli^e is so much adulteration in drugs, 
 BO nmny quaclc nostrums, pills and im- 
 positions, that in alt cases of doubt and 
 difficulty, the safer rule is to trust the 
 advice of an intelligent physician. 
 
 To PRESERVE HEALTH, — tO guard 
 
 against disease, should be the object, on 
 the score of economy, comfort, and safe- 
 ty; and this may be accomplished in all 
 cases, unless under rare and very pecu- 
 liar circumstances of exposure. A uni- 
 form state of health may be -maintained 
 until old age, by a careful observance of 
 the rules already set forth. 
 
 These are briefly — 1st. A PLAIN, 
 WHOLESOME DIET, bearing in mind 
 that high-seasoned compounds, hot 
 dough, under the name of cakes, &c., 
 or dough and grease, under the name of 
 pastry, will essentially ruin the best sto- 
 mach; and that intemperance in food, 
 drink, and dress, is the foundation and 
 cause of nine-tentlis of all the diseases 
 and distress which afflict the human 
 race. 
 
 2d. EXERCISE, observing that while 
 to the weakly too sudden, too violent, 
 and long-continued exercise, may be in 
 jurious, it is otherwise of the greatest 
 importance. Those who cannot take 
 other and better, may secure much of 
 the advantages of exercise by active 
 friction of the body on retiring to bed 
 and on rising, and by frequent exertion 
 and change of the position. 
 
 3d. CLEANLINESS. 4th. PURE AIR. 
 5th. To guard against taking COLD, 
 which may in all cases be done by ac- 
 quiring the habit of daily washing the 
 person in cold water, especially the neck, 
 breast, arms, feet, &c. This may be ren- 
 dered easy by habit, and safe at all sea' 
 sons, by commencing in warm weather, 
 and rubbing with a rough cloth until a 
 glow is excited. This will always be 
 found, and under any exposure, a means 
 of security from cold — that fruitful 
 source of consumption and death. 
 
 6th. A due regard to the ease and com- 
 fort of CLOTHING. See articles under 
 these several heads, also, "training," 
 page 23- 
 
 Some of these points are so important, 
 that we again say- 
 Observe to— 1. Rise early and never 
 sit up late, 2. Wash the body every 
 
THOMPSONISM. 
 
 25 
 
 morning with cold water, rubbing well 
 with a rough towel. 3. Bleep in rooms 
 well and thoroughly ventilated. 4. Cor- 
 rect symptoms of plethora and indiges- 
 tion, by eating less for a few days, j. 
 
 Never eat late hearty suppers, especial, 
 ly of animal food. 6. Keep the feet 
 warm, the head cool, and the body open, 
 and the physician's aid will be seldom 
 required. 
 
 THOMPSONISM, OR BOTANIC PRACTICE, 
 
 A list of the Simples used, witli their oames and the 
 properties ascribed to (bem : 
 
 Lobelitt, or Emetic Herb, to cleanse the stomftcb, 
 overpower the cold, and promote free per&piratioo ; 
 considered the most imporiant article in tnat system of 
 practice. This plant differs from IndiaD Tobacco. It 
 IB common in all parts of ttiis couolry ; i^rows at first 
 flat on the ground, but shoots up 12 to 16 inches hieh, 
 with branches, and in July has small pointed, pale blue 
 blossoms, followed by small pods, size of a " white 
 bean," with numerous small seeds. Gather in Sep- 
 tember, when the leaves and pods turn a little yellow, 
 though good at all seasons. Some seasoos it ia not to 
 be fooM at all, or in very small quantities. Cut, dry 
 it in-doors, and use the seeds and leaves powdered, or 
 ma^e tincture from the green herb, with spirit. Com* 
 mon dote, teaspoonfiil powder mixed with sugar in 
 half tea cup warm water ; take all at once, or three 
 limes at intervals of ten minutes. Water must be only 
 blood warm ; its power is destroyed by scaldiag. The 
 Tincture a made by the bruised green herb with er|ual 
 quantity good spirits or vinegar. Squeeze and strain it 
 to extract th^ juice, which save in a close-stopped bot- 
 tle. Dose, from half to a teaspoonful : in all cases the 
 dose must be reeulated by the Judgment. Taken for 
 asthma, complamts of the lungs, and applied inter- 
 nally or externally (o counteract poison ; also for lock- 
 jaw, spasms, and to bring out small pox, measles, &c., 
 and give warmth, animation, and vigour to the system, 
 lis operation in long-standing disease is sometimes very 
 severe, and will not remove a sealed disease unless its 
 stimulus is followed by some other more nourishing 
 medicine. 
 
 Cayenne, when good, is used in doses of fVom half 
 to a teaspoonful, in hot water sweetened, or a teaspoon- 
 ful in a gl'iss of cider, to promote free perspiration and 
 digestion, aud cures ague in face by laying some in a 
 fine cloth betiveen the teeth and cheek, sittmg by a fire, 
 covered warm. Ripe Red Peppers are good eubslitute. 
 
 Ginger, a powerful stimulant, has a warm, healthful 
 effect on the stomach. The root is chewed and juice 
 swallowed for consumptive habits. 
 
 Sayberry or Candleberry roots : the barb is used 
 for canker, tooth powder, scurvy, and disorders of the 
 bowels. Dose, a spoonful in hot water sweetened. 
 
 White Pond-Lily rools, used as the preceding. 
 Cleaned and dried in the Fall, 
 
 Hemlock, — The inner bark, powdered, though some- 
 limes used as the two preceding, is not recommended. 
 The boughs make a lea gnod for gravel and other 
 urinary obstructions, and rheumatism. 
 
 Marah Rosemoru, mixed with Bayberry hark, is 
 used for canker and sore mouth. 
 
 Surruuih: tbebnrk, leaves and berries dried when 
 full grown and full of sap, are uied either ns tea or in- 
 jection, fbr cleansing, comptnints of kidneys, stran- 
 guary and urine. Setter if used wilh Bayberry. 
 
 White Hpxel leaves, as tea, good for bleeding at sto- 
 mach, for canker, and most complaints of bowels. In- 
 jection good for pilea, bearing-down pains, &c. 
 
 Red-Raspberry leaves, excellent for women in tra- 
 
 vail, made into tea, sweetened and with milk ; also Ibr 
 bowel complaints of children, and sores. 
 
 Squaw Weed, or meadow scabish, grows four or five 
 feet high, narrow leaf and blue blossom : use the roots 
 and top for canker rash, rheumatism, dizzuess and 
 nervous affections. Make into tea. 
 
 Bitter Herb or ScUmony, about size of mint, whits 
 blossom like a snake's head, sweetish-bitter taste. As 
 lea, good to correct bile, promote appetite and diges- 
 tion, and keep the stomach in order. 
 
 Poplar Sar\ Barberry Bark, Bitter Root or Wan- 
 dering Milk-weed, Golaen Seal or Ohio Kercuma 
 Roof; each used as tea for same complaints as Bitter 
 Herb. 
 
 Peadi Meats, bark of poplar, meat of cherry stones 
 or bitter almonds, pounded and used as lea, for dysen- 
 tery and debility or slomach and bowels. 
 
 Oum Myrrh, recommended hiehly in wounds, old 
 sores, and rheumatum : improved by an addition of 
 Cayenne^ 
 
 Sjjiriti of Turpentine, to be used extematly, wilh 
 caution, with rheumatic drops, for itch and other bad 
 humours. 
 
 American Valerian or Ladies* Slipper: the roots, 
 dug late in Fall or in Spring, are highly extolled in 
 nervous affections and hysterical symptoms, safer and 
 better than opium. Give half teaspoon, finely pow> 
 dered, in hot waler sweetened, or put into Injections. 
 Grows in swamps, wet land, and high ledges ; large 
 clustered fibrous roots malted together and connected 
 with solid root ; several stalks two feet high, leaves 
 like poke leaf, female blossoms red, red and white, and 
 white. The male is called yellow umbil. The yellow 
 and red are bcstt 
 
 There are some others, as pennyroyal, mint, tansy, 
 ftc., which Dr. Thompson pronounces of less conse- 
 quence ; hut the preceding are declared by him to be 
 " all the important vegetables and herbs used in his 
 practice." For lobelia and some other medicines he 
 has secured a patent right. The charge for his book 
 and the right of administering medicines is twenty 
 dollars. But of late, much contention and division 
 have arisen among bis followers, leading to important 
 changes, principally caused by opinions unfavourable 
 to the acquirements and intelligence of the man, what- 
 ever virtues or merit may be ascribed to some of his 
 early discoveries, 
 
 Dr, Thompson lives in Boston. In bis account of 
 the system which he claims the merit of, be states 
 thai he was bom in New Aampshire, in 1769 ; dis. 
 covered lobelia when four yean of age, whilst search- 
 ing for cows in a field : be chewed the plant and 
 noted its effects. He commenced practice in 1805. 
 He places great reliance on exciting profuse perspira- 
 tion ; repudiates ihinerals, especially mercury, io all 
 lis forms, and is opposed to bleeding. 
 
26 
 
 TEMPERANCE. 
 
 TEMPERANCE. 
 
 Being satisfied from observation and experience, as well 
 as from medical testimony, that ardent spirits, as a drink, 
 is not only needless but hurtful; and that the entire disuse 
 of it would tend to promote the health, the virtue, and the 
 happiness of the community : We hereby express our con- 
 viction, that should the citizens of the United States, and 
 especially all young men, discountenance the use of it, they 
 would not only promote their own personal benefit, but the 
 good of our country and the world. 
 
 (SiaSTED) It f. ' 
 
 Ootj/m, cftuVvcu J^^aih^ 
 
 '^^^€S^^e_ 
 
 Fresident JEFFERSON* said, >' The habit of using 
 Ardent Spirits by men in public office, has produced 
 more Injury to the public aervice and more trouble for 
 me, than any other circumalaoce." 
 
 Ardent spirits has made at least two hundred tbou> 
 sand miserable paupers in the United Stales, many of 
 whom once enjoyed a competence, if not weallh. 
 
 It has annually destroyed thousands of onr felloiy' 
 citizens, cousigning tbem to a drunkard's grave, and 
 seriously multiplying widows and orphans. 
 
 It has filled the jails, prisons, and penitentiaries of 
 the United States with criminals, who have sacrificed 
 character, society, and friends, for strong drink. 
 
 It has iDvolved a waste of properly to the amount of 
 many millions of dollars. 
 
 It has burdened the country with a lax of millions 
 of dollars for the support of its paupers. 
 
 It has palsied the indusliyf corrupted the morals, 
 and degraded the character of Americans ; proving 
 itself more iujuriouB to our country than war, or 
 famine, or pestilence. • 
 
 And what good thing bas it done, or will it do, to 
 cnunterbalance these deplorable and alarming effects ? 
 Nat One. There is not a single redeeming quality. 
 It neither prevents nor cures disease. It does not aid 
 labour, nor promote domestic hafipincss. It adds 
 nothing to national wealth or prosperity. 
 
 Public attention has been awakened— an experiment 
 of a proposed remedy for intemperance has been suc- 
 cessfully made, proving by actual demonstration, that 
 the povrer to terminate the evils of intemperance rests 
 with the people. More than one million and a half of 
 persous have signed the pledge of total abstinence, and 
 as many more are practising upon the principle with- 
 out signing. Thousands of merchants, grocera, and 
 inn-keepers, have discontinued the sale of ardent spi- 
 rits ; many distilleries have put out their fires ; and 
 everywhere the spirit of freedem from a degrading 
 vice has been aroused. Light and love have awakened 
 every effort, and they will accomplish the object. 
 This abject is distinctly announced to be tlie total dU- 
 lite of iniozicatmg drmk in the United States and 
 throughout the world. 
 
 Parents, enlist your children on the side of total ab- 
 stinence. It can do them no injury, and may save 
 many of them from ruin. Let tbem adopt the senti- 
 ment of the following lines. 
 
 THE PLEDGE. 
 The pledge we sign, to drink no wine, 
 Nor brandy red, to turn our head, 
 Ifor whiskey hot, that makes the sot, 
 Nor fiery rum, to turn our home 
 Into a hell where none could dwell : 
 
 Tcs — here we PLEDGE pa-petuai hate 
 
 To aU thai can intoxicate. 
 
TEMPERANCE. 
 
 97 
 
 FEMALES 
 Are most deeply interested in the success of the 
 temperance reformation. As it advances, il dries up 
 the fountain of woman's grief, and turns her tears of 
 biltemesa into tears of joy. Ladies, sign the tempe- 
 rance pledge, and thus cast your influence on the side 
 of temperance. Tou can banish alcoliul from the 
 nursery, the sideboard, the social circle, and the festive 
 ball. Mothers, sinters, wives, we entreat you to throw 
 your gentle influence around society, to bold it t>ack 
 &om the cup of death. 
 
 A REMEDY. 
 Let It be enacted that the expense of aupporting all 
 paupers who are made such through the sale of intoxi- 
 cating liquors, shall be equally assessed upon the deal- 
 ers Id such liquors : let every man who takes out a 
 license be required to give ample security for the pay- 
 meat of his share of the tax ; and let the public au- 
 thorities see that the destitute wives, widows and chil- 
 dren of drunkards be well supported. This would put 
 an eod to niae-tenths of the groggeries ; and the fewer 
 the sellers became, the heavier would be the tax upon 
 them. Friends of suffering humanity 1 why may not 
 this plan be tried P 
 
 One cause of the prevalence of intemperance is the 
 low price of wine, brandy, &c. Fut down the spu- 
 rious compounds, and the genuine will not be so con- 
 stantly held out as a plausible templalion to young fae- 
 ginners. May not all who value health join in copy- 
 ing the following and obtaining signatures lo it ? 
 
 PETITION 
 
 To the Legislature of 
 
 The subscribers respectfully represent, 
 That inferior whiskey, coloured by logwood, cochi- 
 neal, &c., flavoured to resemble in taste the liquor 
 imitated and impregnated wilb spirits of turpentine, 
 cochilDB indicus, oil of vitrol and other poisonous drugs, 
 is sold throughout the country under the various names 
 of wine, gio or brandy ; and whereas this imposition is 
 most injurious lo health, and especially grievous to the 
 sick to whom wine may be prescribed : we therefore 
 pray your honourable Ixidy that such penalties may be 
 imposed, by fine and imprisonment, against all who 
 make or sell these or similar poisonous compounds, as 
 may effectually secure the health of our ciiizens from 
 such wicked and fraudulent practices. Asd your peti- 
 Uooers shall, &c. && 
 
 TETOTALISM. 
 The objection to beer, cider, S;c. is that all Drunkards 
 in the ontset commence on such mild drinks, and thus 
 form a taste for drinking which becomes habitual, and 
 Ibis habit becomes a second nature, leading slowly, it 
 may be, but sorely, to all the evils and horrors of 
 drunkenness. Besides which, aa temperance becomes 
 popular, the strongest liquors are mixed with, and 
 drunk aa cider, beer, &c ' 
 
 THE FRUITS ! ! 
 Some of the great advantages of the Temperance re* 
 
 formation are already realised. Witness the redaction 
 in the rate of insurance on ships manned by Temperance 
 Sailors, and Ihe improved and comfortable condition of 
 (he sailors themselves, who, in the wet, cold, and hard- 
 ships which tliey undergo, confirm the fact that liquor 
 in all cases is not only unnecessary, but worse than 
 
 el ess. 
 
 Witness the THREE MILLIONS who have given 
 the TEMPERANCE PLEDGE to Father Mathew in 
 Ireland ,- where distilleries have been turned into school- 
 houses, where, instead of crime, quarrelling, fighting* 
 poverty and rags, now shine forth the Temperance 
 blessings of peace, joy and comfort. 
 
 And many are the glorious results of Temperance, 
 so many, that a volume might be tilled with the glad 
 tidings, which urge on the patriot and ^he pbilanthro- 
 pist, and all good men to perseverance in this glorious 
 work of reform. 
 
 THE TREE OF DISSIPATION. 
 
 The 
 ain of 
 
 drunJcenness 
 expels reason, 
 drowns memory, 
 distempers the body, 
 defaces beauty, dimin- 
 ishes strength, corrupts 
 the blood, inflames the liver, 
 wealceng the brain, turns men 
 into walking hospitals, — causes 
 internal, external, and incurable 
 wounds, — is a witch to the senses, a 
 devil to the soul, a thief to the pocket, 
 the beggar's companion, a wife's woe, and 
 children's sorrow, — makes man become 
 a beast and a self murderer, — who 
 drinks to others' good health, 
 and robs himself of his 
 own ! Nor is this 
 all; it exposes 
 to the 
 Divine 
 
 >s> 
 
 
 The 
 
 root of all is 
 
 DRUNKBNN ESS!!!! 
 
38 
 
 MECHANICS AND WORKING-MEN. 
 
 MsECHANICS AND WORKING-MEN. 
 
 THE ABLEST MEN WERE MECHANICS. 
 There never was a doclrine more untrue than the 
 noir almost obsolete one, derived from tlie false dis- 
 tioctions iif monarcbiee, that mechanic professions 
 are menial, and Ijeneath the station of a true gCDtle- 
 man. The truth is, they are almost the only profes- 
 eiODS that have substance, and reality, and practical 
 utility. The greatest men in the annals of the world, 
 the men who have done most to enlighten it, and ad- 
 vance the prosperity and the liberties of the human 
 race^ have been mechanics. It is the directness of 
 mindj the plain good sense their pursuits inculcate, 
 which has led to th.Dse immortal discoveries thai have 
 enriched and ameliorated the condilioo of the whole 
 human race. Name but an Arkwright, a Fulton, a 
 Watt, a Franklin, a Whitney, &c, and where do you 
 find their equal } 
 
 HINTS TO MECHANICS AND WOKKMEN. 
 
 If you would avoid the diseases which your particu- 
 lar trades and work are liable to produce, attend to the 
 following hints : 
 
 Keep, if possible, regular hours. Never suppose 
 that you have done extra work, when you sit up till 
 midnight. 
 
 Abstain from ardent spirits, cordials, and malt li- 
 quors. Let your drink be, like that of Franklin, when 
 he was a printer — pure water. 
 
 Never use tobacco in any form. By chewing, smok- 
 ing, or ena£Gng, you spend money wliicb would help 
 to clothe you, or would enable you, if single, to make 
 a useful present to an aged molher or dependent sis- 
 ter; or, if married, to buy your wife a frock, or get 
 books for your children. You also, by any of these 
 filthy practices, injure your health ; bringing on head- 
 ache, gnawing at the stomach, low spirits, trembling 
 of the limbs, and, at times, sleeplessness. 
 
 Be particular in preserving your skin clean, by re- 
 gular washing of your hands, and face, and mouthy be- 
 fore each meal, and of your whole body at least once 
 a week ; and by combing and brushing the hair daily. 
 
 Always have, if possible, fresh air in the room in 
 which yon work, but bo that you shall not be in a draft. 
 
 Take a short time in the morning, if possible, and 
 always in the evening, or towards sundown, for placing 
 your body in a natural posture, by standing erect, and 
 exercising your chest and limbs by a walk where the 
 air is the purest. 
 
 If confined in-doors, let your food consist, in a large 
 proportion, of milk and bread, and well-boiled vege- 
 tables. Meat and fish ought to be used sparingly. 
 
 THE working-man's HOME. 
 Home! It marks the sacred spot to which the cares 
 and tumult of the world do not reach ; and where, ex- 
 cept in cases of extreme depravity, its vices do not in- 
 trude. If there are gentle afiections in the heart, they 
 will break forth around the hearth-stone ; if there is 
 
 an hour of tranquillity amidst perturbed life, it will be 
 that which is spent with wife and children. 
 
 I would have the house of the working-man his 
 most delightful resort. To be so, it should be pleas- 
 ing, even in its outside. It is Joo common for people 
 to think that because they are poo^lbey must be slo- 
 venly and dirty. A little whitewash, a little paint, a 
 little turfing, and a few days of labour about the vines 
 and flowers, will serve to change the whole appear- 
 ance of the humblest enclosure. Every body is more 
 cheerful in a neat than in a disorderly room. When 
 work is over, and everything in its place, the visiter is 
 more welcome, the husband's look is brighter, and an 
 affectionate glow spreads itself through the circle. 
 
 The common law has acknowledged the principle, 
 that every man's hoase is his castle. It is true in more 
 cases than one^ Home is the ciladel of all the virtues 
 of the people. For by home we mean something more 
 than one's house : it isthe family that makes the home. 
 It is the peculiar abode and domain of the wife j and 
 this one circumstance marks it out as human, and as 
 Christian. Sacred wedlock is the fountain not only of 
 its pleasures, but of its moral excellence. The poorest 
 man who has a virtuous, sensible, industrious and af- 
 fectionate wife, is a man of wealth. Home is the 
 abode of our children. Here they meet us with their 
 smiles and their prattle. He who unfeignedly enjoys 
 this, cannot be altogether corrupt ; and the more we 
 can make men enjoy it, the further do we remove 
 them out of harm's way. No men, therefore, are bet- 
 ter members of society, or more apt to become stable 
 and wealthy citizens, than such as are well married 
 and well settled. 
 
 HOME VS. TAVEPvNS. 
 
 The rivals of our Home are many and fearful. 
 Among the direst ts the drinking-place, whether 
 known as porter-house, grogshop, or tavern. The 
 man who spends his evenings in these sty^an fumes, 
 soon grovels, and wallows away half his dviTizalion. 
 Where ought he to be, but by his own warm fireside, 
 rewarding his wife for the solitary InboDrs and vexa- 
 tions ot the day, and recerving on his own part those 
 cheap but invaluable pleasures, which nre as much 
 above the delirium and ribaldry of the bar-room, as 
 the light of day is above the glimmer of a dipped-can- 
 dle? I am no enemy to tavern-keepers. They are a 
 useful class of men. Their offers of kindness {o the 
 stranger and the traveller, ought to be remembered 
 and repaid. The worst elTects of ill-conducted taverns 
 are felt, not by the wayfaring-man, for whose behoof 
 Ibe inn is instituted, but by the throng of villagers and 
 neighbours, who have, or who ought to have, homes 
 of their own; who need no tavern, and who resort 
 thither from idleness, from love of excitement, or 
 from beastly appetite. 
 
 Ah ! if that bar-room could tell the history of the 
 drunkards who have dropped off one by one, how 
 would the hideous revelation scare the very sot. 
 
DENTISTRY— THE HAIR. 
 
 29 
 
 The taTftTD-bauDler driDks till he feels himself 
 hnir-ruined ; he is wretched ; he drioks to drown his 
 wretchedaesaj be does drown it, and hia Boul along 
 with it E 
 
 To young men, bcgmniog life, especially to newly 
 married men, the counsel is seasonable: AcvereTicc 
 
 theFirende, Admit no rival here. Let your chieF 
 joys he shared by her who has forsaken all other 
 hearts and hopes for you ; by those who must inherit 
 honour or disgrace from your course of life. Shun the 
 bar-room and the purlieus of intoxication. They are, 
 to thousands, the avenues to infamy. 
 
 DEN'MSTRY, 
 
 ON THE AUTHOKITY OF HUNTER, KCECKER, HITCHCOCK, COMMON SENSE, 
 AND OTHEH DISTINGUISHED SURGEON DENTISTS. 
 
 Tht 7%efA.— Attention to the cleansing of the teeth 
 cannot l>e ioculcaled at too early an age. The oeglccl 
 of brushing and washing the teeth is invariably at- 
 tended with both disease and decay, which, by timely 
 and daily ablutions, might have been avoided alto- 
 gelher. Those who have grown up in the omission of 
 this salubrious habit, should lose not an instant in 
 availing themselves of a practice so essential to general 
 health and cleaoliness. The extremes of heat and cold 
 are injurious to the teeth ; therefore, the water with 
 which the teeth are cleansed should be what is termed 
 lukewarm. They should be well but gently brushed, 
 both night and morning; the brush shouldbe neither 
 extremely hard nor extremely soft, but should possess 
 a medium quality. Should the gums bleed slightly 
 during the operatioo, it will produce a salutary eOect. 
 The most efiectual, and indeed the only means of 
 keeping the teeth and gums in a firm and healthy 
 state, is by using the bru^ daily. Those who possess 
 good teeth should be careful to preserve them. When 
 they are in good order, and free th>m tartar, the use of 
 a soft brush once a day, with a little dentifrice occa- 
 sionally, will be quite sufficient to keep them so; and 
 with this the owner diould rest satisfied, 
 
 Tbofft Powder has afforded to quackery and impos- 
 ture a spacious field (br their operations, whereon the 
 credulity of mankind has enabled them for years to 
 reap a golden harvest. It la obvious (o all who give 
 themselves the trouble to think, that the simpler the 
 ingredients of its composition, the more beneficial it is 
 likely to prove. I know of none better or more 
 wholesome, dther for deansiDg the teeth or for 
 strengthening the gums, than cuttle-fish, prepared 
 chalk, and orris-root, commingled together in equal 
 quantities, which any one may procure separately 
 ttom any respectable chemis^ and mix himself, 
 
 Tartar. — This offensive sobstance, solely the effect 
 of negligence and a want of cUanliness, proves ruin- 
 ous to U^e teeth and injarious to health. Remove by 
 
 scraping, taking care not to injure the enamel ; at the 
 same time press against the point of (he tooth to keep 
 it firm in its socket. 
 
 Filing should never be permitted unless to remove 
 portions of rottenness that cannot otherwise be taken 
 out. In its unavoidable destruction of the enamel, 
 filing is highly pernicious. 
 
 Plugging cavities, either with gold or tinfoil, of 
 good quality, should never be neglected. Carefully re- 
 move all rotten portions ; thoroughly cleanse and dry 
 by means of cotton ; then introduce the metal gradu- 
 ally,, pressing it into all parts of the cavity with as 
 muim firmness as possible, until it becomes a solid 
 mass with the exterior surface, even and smooth. 
 
 Tobacco JuuXf whether from smoking or chewing, 
 stains the teeth a permanent filthy yellow, and under- 
 mines the enamel. 
 
 Initrumenta are required of such various sizes, 
 shape^ &c.. in most operations, as make the services of 
 a dentist advisable, ir not indispensable. One of the 
 evil consequences of neglect. 
 
 Children will be saved much future sofferiog, mor- 
 tification and expense, by having their teeth frequently 
 looked to, and by insistiog on the easily-formed habxt 
 of washing and cleansingathe teeth after every meiili. 
 
 Tooth Powder. — Many preparations, particularly 
 charcoal, are sui'e to wear away the enamel, and are 
 therefore pernicious. Use 1 oz. orris-root, 2 oz. pre- 
 pared chalk, one fourth oz. magnesia. Wild-cherry- 
 tree bark is an excellent deotifrice. When once clean, 
 teeth may easily be kept so by simple water and a 
 brush, 
 
 TootfuuM proceeding from the nerve, may be per- 
 manently cured by cauterizing or burning the nerve. 
 This is done by a wire filed to the size of the exposed 
 surface of the nerve, bent at the end in a suitable di- 
 rection. The saliva must be discharged, and the cavity 
 dried by cotton. Then, with Ibe extremity of the wire 
 held in a candle until it acquires a white heal, care- 
 fully but rapidly and slightly touch the nerve. It may 
 be necessary to repeat it. ]f the wire is merely red 
 hot it is painful, but if heated to a white heat the pain 
 is scarcely perceptible. 
 
 Burnt Alum, kreosote, oil of cloves, laudanum, 
 poultice of ginger, laudanum and vinegar, applied to 
 the face ; or mustard plaster, are sometimes of service 
 in toothache; and brandy and salt will remove in- 
 flammation and soreness of the gums. 
 
 THE 
 
 REVISED BT 
 Its Proper ManogemeTJf.— Under tbe ordinary cir- 
 cumstances of-health, in conjunction with temperance 
 and r^;ular exercise, the only safe and effectual means 
 of preserving the hair and of promoting its growth 
 ana beauty, is tbe frequent use or the como and brush, 
 and rmilar ablution. 
 
 It will be readily perceived, by a reference to tbe 
 slrnclure of the hair, that whatever has a tendency to 
 
 HAIR. 
 
 J. D. MOORE. 
 
 impede the passage of the fluids by which it is nour- 
 ished, from the root along the tube in the centre of 
 each hair, must necessarily prevent its proper growth, 
 render it thin, and deprive it of its soft and glossy ap- 
 pearance. There can be little doubt that this is the 
 effect, lo a certain extent, of the practice of twisting 
 the hair from its natural position, and of plaiting or 
 firmly braiding it The injurious coaaequpafX^pl such 
 
30 
 
 THE HAIR. 
 
 modea of dreraing tbe tuir can ODiy be obviated by a. 
 daily resort to (he comb and a hard brush, wbich, by 
 diseotangling, restores it to its natural direction, and, 
 freeing it from every restraint, enables it to receive a 
 due supply of its appropriate fluids. The growth of 
 tbe hair is not, however, always impeded by artificial 
 means: this may result, also, from allowing it to be- 
 come entangled and matted together — a condition to 
 which it 1b extremely liable from its peculiar form. 
 Hence, under all circumstances, frequently combing 
 and brushing it through its whole length, is absolutely 
 necessary to its proper preservation. 
 
 Independent of the good eS'ecIs of tbese operations 
 in rendering the hair pervious to the fluids wbich rise 
 from its roots, they facilitale its development also, by 
 freeing the scalp from accidental impurities, facili- 
 tating the circulation through its vessels, and thus en- 
 abling the hair to perform Ireely its functions. 
 
 Another means of promoting the growth of this 
 structure and insuring its permanency, is by frequently 
 outtiog it, II is in early life, particularly, that fre- 
 quent cutting will be found highly advantageous. 
 
 When the hair becomes thin and irregular, or its 
 beauty is otherwise impaired, we know nothing better 
 calculated to restore its proper growth than cutting it 
 abort 
 
 In children, beeping the hair short is a circumstance 
 of no little importance, and should not, from any light 
 consideration, be neglected. Their health is preju- 
 diced by a contrary practice. Nothing is more com- 
 mon than to see a luxuriant head of hair accompanied 
 in children by mienese of complexion, weak eyes, and 
 frequent complaints of headache. The following ex- 
 cellent remarks in a little work entitled *' Advice to 
 Young Mothers— by a Grandmother," are recommend- 
 ed to the attentive perusal of every parent. 
 
 " The hair in children should be cut short until they 
 are eight or nine years old— as the cooler the head can 
 be kept, the less danger there is of many maladies pe- 
 culiar to that part of the body, especially water on the 
 brain. Besides, there is good reason for believing, that 
 children who have a great quantity of bair, are those 
 most liable to eruptions, as scald head, &c. It is at 
 least certain, that in them, eruptions are very difficult 
 to remove. Tbe trouble, also, of keeping long hair 
 sufficiently clean, and the length of time necessary for 
 this purpose, is often a cause of much ill humour and 
 many cross words between children and their attend- 
 ants, which it would be better to avoid. 
 
 "Mothers whose vanity may be alarmed lest re- 
 peated cutting the hair for so many years should m^e 
 it coarse, may be assured they have no cause for this 
 apprehension, provided tbe hair be kept constantly 
 brushed." 
 
 when there is any tendency to sores or eruptions on 
 the head of children, fine combs are very apt to pro- 
 mote them. There Is no doubt that the heads of young 
 persons which are never louched by them, may be 
 preserved much cleaner by strict attention, than such 
 as are scratched and scraped every day. If any dirt 
 Appears on a child's head, which a brush will not re- 
 move, that particular part should be rubbed with a 
 towel and soap and water; but in general, the brush 
 wilt be found quite sufficient to keep it perfectly clean. 
 The seldomer, indeed, a fine comb is applied lo^ the 
 head, the better: when, however, those of ivory,' tor- 
 toise shell, or bone, are used, the greatest care is ne- 
 cessary lest they wound the skin and produce a sore, 
 or, by unduly irritating it, auo^ment the productiDD of 
 the scurf they are often intended to remove. 
 
 FTtw/wng- jyoir, — The beauty and permanence of 
 the hair are best promoted by the strictest cleanliness. 
 To prevent its becoming greasy and dirty, it ought to 
 ■- '— ' ' ' '"■ ' "toft • 
 
 lightly V 
 Objedi 
 
 ibjediona are made bysome to wetting the hair^ 
 but tbe prejudice against the pradice is absurd. No 
 possible injury, but, on the contrary, much good will 
 result from frequent washing of the head. 
 
 The females of the South Sea Islands, |«markab1e 
 for their fine long bair, promote its silky gloss and 
 beauty by regular and frequent washing. . 
 
 RygiA-M des Bamea, approving the practice of 
 washing, observes, in regard to the length of the hair 
 of females, that as the most beautiful hair is the mast 
 difficult to keep clean, it is precisely this sort which 
 requires to be washed often and careriilly, and the bath 
 is recommended as the most convenient means of doing 
 this. Besides, says the author, the finest gloss is im- 
 parted by the water, provided the hair be quickly 
 dried ancl immediately combed and brushed, 
 
 HeadachtB complained of by females are often occa- 
 sioned by a deficiency of moisture in the hair, by 
 which the comb or brush is prevented from fully de- 
 taching the scales that form upon the scalp and clog 
 up the pores deslined to the passage of the perspira- 
 tion. 
 
 HusbaTids ifavUne FauU.—Some men make their 
 wives very miserable by a thoughtless habit of finding 
 fault with everything which comes in their way. The 
 man who heedlessly finds fault on every occasion, only 
 lays the foundation for his own sorrow, for he takes 
 away an important motive which-actuates the wife to 
 faithfulness and pains-taking} and she must be more 
 than a common woman, who, in tbe face of repeated 
 fault-finding, can find a heart long to exert herself, only 
 (o receive again tbe samts reward. 
 
 Quarrda. — One of tbe commonest and most fool- 
 ish -things in the world, is to quarrel, no matter 
 with whom, man, woman, or child ; or upon what 
 pretence, provocation, or occasion whatever. There 
 is no kind of necessity in it, and no species or degree 
 of benefit to be gained by it. No man ever fails to 
 think less of himself after than he did before one : it 
 degrades him in his own eyes and in tbe eyes of 
 othen; and, wbat is worse, blunts his sensibility to 
 disgrace on the one hand, and increases tbe power of 
 passionate irritability on^ other. 
 
 THE WORLD: 
 
 ITS EXTENT AND POPULATION. 
 JHvisitmt of the Globe, in tJie Order of their Popu- 
 JousTteaa, loith their Population to a Square Mile, 
 
 Fop. to a Sq. Mile. 
 Europe ....-..- 65 
 
 Asia 28 
 
 Africa --•-■••--6 
 North America .-•••■•4 
 South America 2 
 
 ORDER OP POPULATION. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Asia S(}0,000,000 
 
 Surope 215,000,000 
 
 Africa 100,000,000 
 
 North America 25,000,000 
 
 Soulh America 14,000,000 
 
 ORDER or EXTENT. 
 
 Sq, Miles, 
 
 Asia I6;000,00D 
 
 Africa 12,000,000 
 
 North America 9,000,000 
 
 South America 6,500,000 
 
 Europe 3,500,000 
 
PHRENOLOGY. 
 
 31 
 
 5P5SIi^51W®a©^S©.^I^ S]|!5riD)51^ 
 
 FKEIiINGS, 
 
 Or Affective Faculties. 
 ' • Alimenl ivepe aa, appefite for food. 
 
 1. AMATIVErN'SSS, producea Sexual Love, 
 
 Desire ; Physical Love. 
 
 2. FHILOPROGENITIVENESS, Love of 
 
 Children, and Toune BeiDgs. 
 
 3.^NCENTRATIVEN£SS— conlinues 
 
 the Miod an Bmotian or Ideas. 
 
 4. M)H£SIV£N£:SS, Friendship, Sociabili- 
 
 ty \ Attachment ranerally. 
 
 5. COMBATIVENESS. Courage, Oppoai- 
 
 lion, Intreptdily, Quarrelsomeness. 
 
 6. DESTRDCTrVENESS, Desire lo De- 
 
 stroy, Torment: Harshness, Cruelty. 
 
 7. SECElETrVENESS, Concealment, Pru- 
 
 dence, Cunuing, HypocYisy. 
 & ACQUISITIVENESS, Desire to acquire 
 Property; Avarice, Selfishness. 
 
 9. OONSTRUCTIVENESS^Mectuuiical Ge- 
 
 nius, desire to build. 
 
 10. SELF-ESTEEM, Self-respect, Personal 
 
 Dignity, Pride, Hauehlmess. 
 
 11. APPR0BATlVEl«:SS,Thir8ttor Praise, 
 
 Fame, or Glory; Ambition, Vanity. 
 
 12. CAUTIOUSNESS, Circumspection, Ti- 
 . midily, Fear, Despondency. 
 
 '13. BENEVOLENCE, Universal Charity, 
 Mildness of Disposition, 
 
 14. VENERATION, Reverence, Suparsti- 
 
 tiouB Adoration, Bigotry. 
 
 15. FIRMNESS, Determmatfon, Persever- 
 
 ance, OtHtinacy, Resolution. 
 
 16. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS,Love of Truth, 
 
 Seme of Justice, Duty. 
 
 17. HOPE, Ezpecta future ^ood ; Cherishes 
 
 Faith, Love of Schemmg. 
 la WONDER, Desire of Novelty, Belief 
 in the Supernatural. 
 
 19. IDEALITY, Love of the Beautiful, or 
 
 Excellent, Poetic Feeling. 
 
 20. MmTHFULNESS,Wit. Humour, Glee, 
 
 Love of the Ludicrous. 
 
 21. IMITATION, Expression in Arts, or 
 
 Action; Mimiciy. 
 
 INTELLECT, 
 
 Or Knowing aitd EeftectiTig FataiUies. 
 
 INDIVIDUALITY — observes Existen- 
 ces, Simple Facts. 
 
 FORM, ot)serve Configuration and the 
 Shape of Badie.<i generally. 
 
 SIZE— gi ves the Idea of Space, Distance, 
 Dimension. 
 
 WEIGHT— perceives Momentnm, Re- 
 sistance, Equilibrium. 
 
 COLOURING— gives perception of Col- 
 ours, and their Harmonies. 
 
 LOCALITY— gives the idea of Relative 
 Position, Place. ,. 
 
 NUMBER, Talent for Calculation, quick- 
 ness in Figures. 
 
 ORtlER, Communicates the' Love oE 
 Physical Arrangement. 
 
 EVENTUALITY — observes and re- 
 members Occurrences and Events. 
 
 TIME— perceives Duration in Nature 
 time in Music. 
 
 TUNE, Sense of Musical Harmony, 
 Melody. 
 
 LANGUAGE, Verbal Memory, Fluency 
 in Speech or Writing. 
 , COMPARISON — discoveia Analogies 
 
 and Differences, 
 , CAUSALITY — traces the Relation of 
 Cause and Efiect. 
 
 Memory, is merely a degree of activity of the 
 knowing and reflecting organs, each organ enabling 
 the mind to recall the impressions wbica it served at 
 first to receive. 
 
 Jvdgment is thi decision of 34 & 35 upon feeliugi 
 and ideas fumisbeJ by the other faculties. 
 
 The facyltira, in themselves, are mere instincts, 
 the moral sentiments and intellect being higher than 
 the animal propensilies. Every faculty is good in 
 itself, but all are liable to abuse : their operations are 
 right only when they act in harmony with each other, 
 emightened intellect and moral sentiment holding the 
 supremacy. 
 
 Other things being equal, the size of the brain determines tbe strength of the mind ; though if the tempera. 
 ment be active, the same volumedf brain will produce proportionably greater mental energy. The size of each 
 organ mea8ure»tbe power of thai &cutty which is ^ercised by means of it. Each organ desires its own active 
 
 SLlification in proporlion to its developdineni ; the larger organs controlling the smaller. Firmness, Concen- 
 tiveness, and Secretivenesi, act through the other, fsculti^. 
 
 iVo^e.— Figures may be used iti (he margin to denote the relative sizes of the organs io individuals. Scale 
 from 1 to 20 :— organs marked below S, small ; from 8 to 12, iSoderate ; from 12 to 16, full ; from 16 to 20, large. 
 Note, — The subject of Phrenology has awjikened so much attention for a few years past, that it is thought 
 coDsistent with the plan of this work, lo devote one, page to a general and comprehensive view of the whole 
 matter, which we do in theabovesynopns, without designidg to express any opinion upon the relative merits 
 <a- demerits of the science. 
 
33 
 
 CANALS — RAIL-ROADS. 
 
 CANALS. 
 
 JVeiu York was the pioneer in the introduction of 
 tbis species of improvement. The Erie Canal, com- 
 menced in I8L7aitd finished in 1825; since when the 
 canals in this Slate alone have been extended to 950 
 mileg at an expense of 20,000,000; upon which the 
 tolls collected from 1829 to tSitS, amounted to 9,983,637 
 dollars. 
 
 TABLE, 
 
 SHOWING THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES 
 OF CANALS AND RAIL-ROADS. 
 
 s 
 
 ^^. 
 
 list 
 
 -a 
 
 til 
 
 Horses to 
 draw OR 
 canaZ the 
 loadofont 
 horse on a 
 rail-road. 
 
 ms. 
 
 h.m. 
 
 miles. 
 
 tons. 
 
 tons. 
 
 hoises. 
 
 3» 
 
 am 
 
 20 
 
 9.S 
 
 9.8 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 ft 
 
 20 
 
 7.5 
 
 9.75 
 
 1.3 
 
 & 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 4.8 
 
 9.M 
 
 2.08 
 
 ti 
 
 !tai 
 
 20 
 
 3.33 
 
 9 53 
 
 2.80 
 
 7 
 
 2fil 
 
 20 
 
 2 43 
 
 9.42 
 
 3.87 
 
 8 
 
 2IHI 
 
 20 
 
 1.87 
 
 9.31 
 
 5.31 
 
 9 
 
 a IS 
 
 20 
 
 1.48 
 
 9.22 
 
 6.2 
 
 10 
 
 '/. 
 
 20 
 
 1.2 
 
 9.68 
 
 7.2 
 
 11 
 
 14li 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 The splendid lines of artijicial navigation in the 
 United States, exceeding 4000 miles in extent, have 
 created internal trade, promoied agriculture and busi- 
 ness generally to an imniensc extent. 
 
 FRINCIPAL CANALS, 
 Finished or in progress in tjie United States. 
 
 In Maijie, Cumberland and Oxford, 20. Jn Massa- 
 chusetts, Middlesex, 27. Blackstone, 45. Farmington, 
 78. New York, Delaware, Hudson, &c., 82. Erie, 
 363. Champlain, 63. Black River, 76. Oswego, 39. 
 Chenango, 96. Cayuga, 20. Chemung, 23. Morris, 
 101. New Jersey, Delaware and Raritan, 43. Pmn- 
 sylvania, Delaware Canal, 60. Lehigh, 66, Schuyl- 
 kill, 108. Little Schuylkill, 20; Pennsylvania, 312. 
 Susquehanna, 39. Western Branch, 66. Northern 
 Branch, 76. Beaver, 30. French Creek, 46. Peon- 
 sylvania and Ohio, 82. Sandy and Beaver, 73. Dela. 
 ware and Maryland, Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, 
 14. Maryland, Chesapeake and Ohio, 186, Virginia 
 and North Carolina, Dismal Swamp, 23. Virginia, 
 James' River, 150. South Carolina, Santee, 22. 
 Georgia, Savannah and Alalamaha, GO. Brunswick, 
 12. Alabama, Muscle Shoals, 37. Louisiana, La- 
 fourche, 85. Ohio, Miami, 265. Ohio and Erie, 306. 
 Wabash and Erie, 110. Indiana,While Water, 76. 
 Illinois and Chicago, 96. 
 
 RAIL-ROADS. 
 
 Sail-Soade, in the facilities they furoisli of trans- 
 porting passengers, produce, and country mercbandisB, 
 as well as in the immense amount of employment fur- 
 nished to many thousand of labourers, mechanics, and 
 others, are justly considered among the greatest un- 
 provemeutsof the age. 
 
 Profits, — On eight rail-roads in Massachusetts in 
 1840, total receipts were 1,191,710 dollars 
 634,786 dollars, leaving a surplus of 656,924 dollars. 
 
 TABLE, 
 
 BHOWINO THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES 
 
 OF AHIUAL AND MECHANICAL LABOUR. 
 
 b 
 
 h. m. 
 
 i^ 
 
 j9 e *^ 
 
 10 
 640 
 5 42 
 5 
 4 
 
 320 
 2 61 
 2 30 
 2 13 
 
 SO 
 
 49.33 
 
 49 
 
 48.75 
 
 4a25 
 
 47.66 
 
 47.1 
 
 46.65 
 
 46 
 
 45.S 
 
 4S" 
 
 
 miles 
 
 PUmCIPAL HAIL-KOADS, 
 FinisTied or in progress in the U. Statea, cormeding, 
 Boston and Newburrport, 33 miles; Boston and 
 Lowell, 26; Boston and Worcester, 160; Providence 
 and Slonington, 47; Norwich and Worcester, 58; 
 Hartford and New Haven, 40 ; Utica and Schenectady, 
 84 ; Troy and Ballston, 25 ; Mohawk and Hudson, 16 ; 
 Saratoga and Schenectn^, 23 ; Utica and Syracuse, 60 ; 
 Auburn and Syracuse, 2o; Lockportand Niagara Falls, 
 20 ; Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 23 j Rochester and At- 
 tica, 47 ; Ithaca and Owego, 29 ; New York and Erie, 
 340; Jersey City and Palerson. 15; Jersey City and 
 Trenton, fiS ; Camden and Amboy, 61 ; Philadelphia 
 and Trenton, 26; Philadelphia and Columbia, 82; 
 Philadelphia and Baltimore, 93 ; Philadelphia and Nor- 
 rislown, 17: Philadelphia and Reading, 56; Danville 
 and Fottsville, 45; I^ncaster and Harriaburg, 37; 
 Westchester, 9; Ballimore and Susquehannan, 70; 
 Williamsport and Elmira, 74 ; Reading and Port Clin- 
 ton, 20; Little Schuylkill, 20; Harrisburg and Cham- 
 bersburg, 49 ; Wrightsville and Gettysburg, 42 [ New- 
 castle and Frenchtown, 17; Bal'imore and Ohio, 60; 
 Baltimore and Washington, 40; Winchester and Har- 
 per's Ferry, 30 ; Richmond and Potomac, 75 f Rich- 
 mond and Petersburg, 21 ; Peter6burgandBlakeIy,60; 
 Portsmoulh and Wildon, 80 ; H ickford and Gaston, 18 ; 
 Raleigh and Gaston, 86 ; Wilmington and Halifax, 161 ; 
 Charleston and Hamburg, 135 ; Savannah and Nmc«i, 
 200 ; Macon and Forsyth, 25 ; Augusta and Decatur, 
 160; Tuscumbia and t)ecatur, 45; Montgomery and 
 West Point, 85; Vicksburg and Jackson, 54; Jack- 
 son and Brandon, 8; Grand Gulf, 8; New Orleans 
 and Nashville, 500 ; Clinton and Port Hudson, 28 ; St, 
 FrancisvJIle and Woodville, 28; Memphis and La- 
 grange, 50; Dayton and Sandusky, 153 ; Louisville and 
 Lexington, 90; Detroit and St. Josephs, 180; Detroit 
 and Fontiac, SO; Toledo and Marshall, 90; Madison 
 and Idfayelte, ISO ; Lawrenceburg and Indianapolis, 90. 
 
RELIGION. 
 
 33 
 
 RELIGION. 
 
 GENERAL ENUMEKATION. 
 CbrUtians, .... 260.000,000 
 
 Jewa, .... 4,000,000 
 
 MobammedanB, . . - . St>,000,000 
 
 Idol&tan of all Bort^ - - 500,000,000 
 
 Total popuIaUoD ot the world, 
 
 SfiO,000,000 
 
 PRINCIPAL RELIGIOUS DENOMINA- 
 TIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Mfllbodiata, • 
 
 Protestant do, 
 
 Fresbytariana, 
 
 CoDsregalidnaliBfa, - 
 
 CatboliCa, (popnbtioii), 
 
 EpUcopaliaoB, do, • 
 
 Univenaliata, do. - 
 
 LotheranB, - 
 
 Dutch Reformed, 
 
 Cbriatians, 
 
 German Reformed, - 
 
 Uoilariana, - 
 
 Menoonitea, 
 
 Friends, 
 
 Jews, 
 
 Mnravians, - 
 
 MormODists, 
 
 Shakers, 
 
 New Jerusalem, 
 
 492,496 
 
 - 850,000 
 50,000 
 
 - S56,0S3 
 
 • 160 000 
 ■ 1,300,000 
 
 - 600000 
 
 - 600,000 
 63,ort0 
 
 - 22,550 
 
 - 150,000 
 30.000 
 
 • 180,000 
 
 - 30,000 
 
 - 100,000 
 15.000 
 
 6,eoo 
 
 65,000 
 6,000 
 
 11,000 
 Making toother, 4,859,030 profcssora of religion, and 
 allowing (bree or four amon^ tbe family or friends of 
 each, and the number so ascertained will include very 
 near, the entire population of the United S'ales na pro- 
 fessors, friends, or believers in the eternal truths of 
 Divine Revelation. 
 
 It has been trulj' observed that the Christian is the 
 only religion which will bear the test of a rational in- 
 vestigation ; that it is the only system which can pre- 
 tend to a divine origin, and the only one to which 
 mankind can look for a remedy against the various 
 moral evils which prevail over the world. 
 
 THE ATHEIST. 
 The assaults of reckless men, the cavilling of sceptics, 
 the sneera of the scoffer, from the most powerful in 
 times past down (o the miserable atheist of the present 
 day, have accomplished nothing. Their denunciations, 
 and reviliogs, and labours, have all resulted in cre-iling 
 DO good, in advancing no internal, in defending, or com- 
 (brting, or elevaliog none; in administering to the 
 wants, the sufferings, or hopes of no human being, 
 Their lalwurs, like their minds, are A blank— a blank 
 as cold and comfortless, as destitute of good here or 
 hope hereafter; a blank as dark and appalling as the 
 void to which tbey would drag down and degrade the 
 eternal and immortal scul. 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN. 
 Bow wonderful the contrast religion presents ! ! Rut 
 without adverting to the fruits of Christian love and 
 enterprize, witness throughout the civilized world, the 
 noon-daylight of Cfariatianity, every 'where abounding 
 in proportion as the human race rises in the sc^le of in- 
 telligence and civilization; and without denying the 
 
 evils of bigotry, or the hypocrisy of pretenders, alike 
 inimical to true religion—wilhoutappealing to the long 
 line of heroes, statesmeo, and philosophers ; and the 
 host of great intellects, who have made religion the 
 study of their lives, and sealed it with their deaths; 
 without enquiring if men are so bad with religion, 
 how much worse would they be without any— in short, 
 wilboul the multitude of reasons that urge men to pre- 
 fer the hope of immortal life, to the death of a brute, 
 let it be asked, Is it not true that the firm believers 
 in the Gospel have a great advantage overall othere? — 
 for this simple reason, that if true, they will have their 
 reward hfireafter ; and if there be no hereafter, they can 
 be but with the infidel iu hia eternal sleep, having had 
 the aasistance of an exalled hope through lifb. 
 
 Among the great multitude of the wise and good who 
 have recorded their testimony in behalf of Christianity, 
 the American citizen may proudly dwelt on the memo- 
 ry of WASHINGTON. A model of true greatness 
 through his whole life he exhibited an example, in all 
 the relaljnns of life, political and social, public and 
 private, which challenges Ibe admiration of the world. 
 In his FAREWELL ADDRESS he says- 
 
 " Of all the dispositions and habits 
 which lead to political prosperity, reli- 
 gion and morality are indispensable 
 supports. In vain would that man 
 claim the tribute of patriotism, who 
 should labour to subvert these great pil- 
 lars of human happiness, these firmest 
 props of the duties of men and citizens. 
 The mere politician, equally with the 
 pious man, ought to respect and to che- 
 rish them. A volume could not trace all 
 their connexions with private and public 
 felicity. 
 
 "'Tis substantially true, that virtue 
 or morality is a necessary spring of popu- 
 lar government. The rule indeed ex- 
 tends with more or less force to every 
 species of free government. Who that 
 is a sincere friend to it can look with 
 indifference upon attempts lo shake the 
 foundation of the fabric ?" 
 
 GEOBQE WABHIHGTOS. 
 
 THE CHRISTIAN WCftlLD. 
 This is the title of a periodical published in Phila- 
 delphia al one dollar and twenty-five cents per annum, 
 without advocating any particular sect. It is devoted 
 lo the advancement of Cbrislianity-*' Bible Chris- 
 tianity in its essential, peculiar, and incomparahle 
 glory." Edited by T. H. Stockton. 
 
34 
 
 MOTHERS. 
 
 INFLUENCE OF WOMEN. 
 
 BY JUD&E HOPKINSON. 
 ir men hold (he political power of society, women 
 ha.ve mainly in their hands the more important moral 
 power. There cannot be a moral comcnunity'.where 
 they are licentious ; there cannot be a refined society 
 where they are neglected and ignorant. Upon them 
 depend the earliest education and first impreBsions of 
 their children. They regulate, or materially influence, 
 the principles, opinions and manners o[ their husbands 
 and their sons. Thus the sound and healthful state of 
 society depends on them. It is a remarkable historical 
 fact, that the wife of Oliver Cromwell endeavoured to 
 persuade him to recall the exiled king, and that all his 
 children save one were loyal. We must believe they 
 derived their feelings and opinions from the^r mother. 
 Alfaed, one of the most extraordinary men of any age, 
 who rescued his country from her enemies by his cou- 
 rage, and by hia wisdom and energy rescued her from 
 extreme barbarism to a high degree of civilization, in 
 hia youth was given to idleness and pleasure. His mo- 
 ther roused in him the ambition and virtue that has 
 made him (he admiration of mankind for a thousand 
 years. Napoleon said tliat to the manner in which his 
 mother formed him at an early age, he principally 
 owed his subsequent elevation. It was his opinion that 
 the future good or bad conduct of a child depends upon 
 the mother. 
 
 Mothers, while you are proud of this distinction, re- 
 memember the responsibility it imposes on you, BE 
 WORTHY OF IT. 
 
 The list of great names mifiht have been 
 swelled by that of our WASHINGTON, 
 who has paid so beautiful a tribute to the 
 memory of her who formed his youthful 
 mind, and by those of many thousands nf 
 others wlio have ascribed to the affectionate 
 care and counsel of mothers all their virtues 
 their distinction and honours. 
 
 But recently the eloquent and popular 
 O'Connell thus publicly testiticd : 
 
 " I wept over the grave of my sainted mo- 
 ther, who early instructed and brought up 
 my infant mind to the possibility of failure, 
 but the impossibility that the lessons I re- 
 ceived could tarnish the morals or virtues of 
 her son ; and I do sincerely believe (hat, when 
 at her last expiring breath her sainted soul 
 poured forth a blessing on my head, what- 
 ever success 1 have had through life was 
 owin? to the efficacy of her last pleasing 
 though melancholy lesson.*' 
 
 THE PRECIOUS PEAKL. 
 Religion in a female secures all her inte- 
 rests. It graces her character, promotes her 
 peace, endears her friendship, secures es- 
 teem, and adds a dignity and worth indescri- 
 bable to all lipr deeds. How pleasant, when 
 the absent husband can think of home, and 
 reflect that angels watch the place ! When 
 about to leave her a widow, how consoling, 
 if her character is euch, that she can lean 
 on the widow's God. and put her children 
 under the guardianship of Him, who i» the 
 
 father of the fatherless ! Then he quits the 
 world calm and happy, supported by the 
 hope he shaU meet them all ia heaven. 
 
 A HINT. , 
 
 It is not Ihe money earned that makes a man weal* 
 thy GO much as what he saves from bis earnings. A 
 good and prudent husband makes a deposit of Ihe fruits 
 of his labour with his best friend: and if Ihat^endlw 
 not true to him, what has he to hope P If he dare not 
 place confidence in the companion of bis bosom, where 
 IS he to place it ? A wife ads not for herself only, but 
 she is the a^ent of many she loves, and she is bound to 
 act for their good, and not for her own gratification. 
 Her husband's good is the end to which she should aim 
 
 -bis approbation and love is her reward. 
 
 THE mother's DUTY. 
 
 Important as are schools, and invaluable as learning 
 may be, they are nothing, nay, worse than nothing, 
 unless right habits are formed at home. Without a 
 proper training of the mind in early childhood, the 
 learning of after life may only serve to direct bad ha- 
 bits to evil purposes, and lead Ihe way to greater 
 wickedness and crime. 
 
 All who have the care of children, or who feel an 
 interest in their welfare, can do them no greater good, 
 nor society a greater blessing, than by aiding in Ihe 
 correction of bad, and Ihe formation of good, habits. 
 
 Habits in youth are easily formed, and the hand that 
 aids in forming them is doubly blcwed. Let all thosB 
 who love little children— let mothers, especially, watch 
 unceasingly, and carefully nip >n the bud the slighleil 
 propensity in a child to exercise cruelty of any kind, 
 or upon any object, and early create an habitual abhor- 
 rence of dram-drinking, theft, and hypocrisy. Assidn* 
 obsly cultivate a love of truth, of industry, frugality 
 and order ; obsierving that though children may be go- 
 verned too little oT too much, they can never be go- 
 verned too well. 
 
 See "HABITS,^' page S9. 
 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 
 
 Whatever may be the views entertained towards Mr. 
 Adams as a politician, it is conceded by all acquainted 
 ivilh his private character, thai he is a man of high- 
 toned morals, and of the strictest integrity. The mo- 
 ther's character is shown in the following extrncl from 
 a letter, written to her son, then eleven years of age, 
 who was residing with bis father at Paris. 
 
 June, 1778. 
 
 My dear son, — The most amiable and most useful 
 disposition in a young mind, is diffidence of itself ; and 
 this should lead you lo seek advice and instruction. Im- 
 
 fnove your understanding l^ acquiring useful know- 
 edge— and virtue, such as will render you an ornament 
 to society, an honour to your country, and a blessiug 
 lo your parents. Great learning and superior abilities, 
 should you ever possess them, will be of little value 
 and small estimation, unless virtue, honour, truth and 
 integrily are added to them. Adhere to those religious 
 sentimeuts and principles which were eariy instilled 
 into your mind, and remember ihat you are accounta- 
 ble to your Maker for your words and actions. # • • 
 The inadvertency and heedlessness of youth require 
 line upon line, and precept upon precept; and, when 
 enforced by the joint efforts of both [arenis, will, I hope, 
 have a due influence upon your conduct ; for, dear as 
 you are to me, I would much rather you should have 
 found your grave in the ocean you have crossed, or that 
 an untimely death crop you in your infant yan. than 
 sec you an immoral, profligate, or gracelen chUa. 
 
PATENT OFFICE. 
 
 35 
 
 Patent Office, Washington City. 
 The prificipal Hall is 273 feet long, 63 feet zoide, and 30 feet high. 
 
 A National OaOay in the Fateot Office is opeo for 
 the reception o[ unpatented models and Bpecioiens of 
 Manufiictures and Agriculture. Preparation will be 
 made to exhibit aificleB deposited, to the t)est adv^- 
 tage, and every attention bestowed to protect them in 
 ^iua 4xueff, Arom JDJiiry or loss. 
 
 Few, very few, are aware of the progress of the arts 
 in the United States, and hence the scepticism as to the 
 ability we possess to supply oar own wants. Our fac- 
 tories, scattered over a widely extended surface, are 
 seen by travellers only, and they can visit but few, in 
 traversing the leading routes. Unlike the conceo. 
 trated eslablishments in Europe, where slenm power is 
 used, here, fitctories and work-ebops are found in re- 
 tired spots, where streams (a valuable portion of na- 
 tional eapiUl) give the most economical — the hy- 
 dfauUc f otrer. 
 
 Annval fairs, in many places, have done much good 
 and excited a laudable emulation ; but these have been 
 limited (o a short dur^ion, and designed for citizens in 
 their immediate vicinity. It is now proposed to es- 
 tablish, at (he Seat of Government, a Natiatial Gal- 
 lery, to remain a perpetual exhibition of the progress 
 and improvemeDt of the arts in the United Slates. 
 Here the most beautiful ipecimens of the genius and 
 industry of the nation will be found ; and what Amer- 
 ican can visit the Gallery, and not be alill prouder of 
 his country, and feel that while we are /ree, we are 
 iltoindepenSeni. 
 
 The rooms, though spacious, will not admit of cum- 
 brous articles ; samples and specimens, similar to those 
 exhibited at the principal Fairs, will be thankfully 
 received. I would observe, the F.ileat Office is fire- 
 proof, and guarded by a careful watch. 
 
 The Diplomatic Corps, and the Navy, are using 
 much effort to transmit to the Patent Office the most 
 valuable exotica, while from the agriculturists of this 
 ODuntry are expected the best specimens of indigeoous 
 seeds. 
 
 During the session of Congress of 1839-40, an act 
 was passed authorizing the Commissioner of Fatents 
 to collect statistics, and, in various other modes, to pro* 
 mote the agricultural interest of the United States. 
 
 D^Iy impressed with the importance of this sub- 
 ject, and regarding it as the commencement of a sys- 
 tem, Wlucb, if properly carried out, will confer incal- 
 
 culable benefits on our common coustiy, the Commis- 
 sioner embraces an early opportunity to invite co- 
 operation in introducing foreign Seeds which are rare 
 and valuable. ^blic~ vessels are fully authorized to 
 receive specimens. Beaioiiable freight, however, will 
 be paid by the Office, for ahipment in private vessels. 
 An ezhilHtion of the spike of the different grains, 
 indigenous and exotic, is contemplated in the new 
 Patent Office ; hence the importance of sending, if 
 possible, a specimea of the original stalk with the 
 graiu attached. 
 
 Dinctiona for putting up and transmitting Seeds. 
 
 With A view to the transmission of seeds ttotn dis- 
 tant couniries, the first okiject of care is to obtain seeds 
 that are fully ripe, and in a sound and healthy stale. 
 
 Those seeds that are not dry when gathered, should 
 be rendered so by exposure to the air, m the shade. 
 
 When dry, the seeds should be put into bags of com- 
 mon brown paper. A portion of the seeds may also 
 be put in other kinds of paper. Those that mnt ef- 
 fectually exclude air and moisture are the best for that 
 purpose. It would Iw proper, also, to enclose some of 
 the seeds in paper or cloth that has been steeped in 
 melted beeswax. Seeds collected in a moist country, 
 or season, may be packed in charcoal. 
 
 After being put up according to any of these modes, 
 (he seeds should be enclosed m a box, which should 
 be covered with pitch, to prevent them from damp, 
 insects, and mice. They should be kept in a cool, 
 airy, and dry situation ; not in the hold of (he ship. 
 
 The oily seeds soonest lose their germinating faculty. 
 They should lie put in a box with sandy earlo, in the 
 following manner : fir^t, about two inches of earth at 
 the bottom ; into this the seeds should be placed at dis- 
 tances proporlionale to their size ; on these another 
 layer of earth about an inch thick ; and then another 
 layer of seeds : and so on, with altem^ layers of 
 earih and seeds until the box is filled within about a 
 foot of the top, which space should be filled with sand ; 
 taking care that the earth and sand be well put in, thai 
 the seeds may not get out of place. The box should 
 then be covered with a close net-work of cord, well 
 
 {>i(ched. or with split hoops or laths well pitched, so as 
 D admit the air without exposing the contents of the 
 box to be disturbed by mice or accident. The seeds 
 thus put up will germinate during their passage, and 
 will he in a stale to be planted immediately on their 
 arrival. It would be well, also, to enclose some of 
 them (each seed separately) in a coat of beeswax, and 
 afterwards pack thebi in a box covered with pitch. 
 
 It is not intended, however, by these instniclions, to 
 exclude the adoption of any other modes of putting up 
 and transmitting seeds and plants, which are in use in 
 
36 
 
 EMIGRANTS. 
 
 any particular place, and which have been found suc- 
 cessful, especially if mere simple. Suggestions in re- 
 gard to Ihe Ireatmcnt of the plants during the voyage, 
 and their cullivaliou and use at'ierwarde, are desirable. 
 
 PATENT KI&HTS. 
 1. FalentB are granted for 14 years, for any new and 
 useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of 
 mailer, or any nevif and useful improvement on any 
 art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, 
 not known or used by others before. No patent is in- 
 valid by reason of the purchase, sale, or use (of the 
 iuveniion) prior to the application for a patent, except 
 on proof of abandonment of such invention to the pub- 
 lic, or that such purchase, sale, or public use has been 
 for more than two years prior lo such application for a 
 patent. 2. Joint inventors can only obtain a joint pa- 
 tent. 3. An inventor may assign hia right, all or part, 
 before the patent is oblained, the assignment being first 
 recorded, 4. The adminislrator or executor of a de- 
 ceased inventor can secure a patent for the heirs. 5. 
 All fees go into the Treasury ; and for a patent, thirty 
 dollars must be paid in advance — two thirds to he re- 
 paid ia case application is withdrawn. 6. No answers 
 
 are sent to enquiriea about previons Bimilar disco- 
 veries, 7. The petition must be signed, and witnessed 
 by two, and addressed to the Commissioner of Falents. 
 8. Plain drawings and specifications must be made, 
 witnessed, and duplicates sent. 9. The particular spe- 
 cification claimed must he pointed out. 10. The mo- 
 del must be sent or left as below, with the inventor's 
 name durably alRited. 1 1, The fees must be remitted 
 in coin or by certificate of deposite. 12. Persons liav- 
 in^ business with the Patent Office, will be furnished 
 with the printed laws, directions, forms, rules, &c, on 
 application. 13. Communications with (he Patent 
 Utiice are by law free of postage. 
 
 Models and Specimens, if deposited with any of the 
 following Agents, will be forwarded to the Patent 
 Office free of expense: Collectors at Portsmodlh, 
 N. H. ; Portland, Me. } Burlingipn, Vl. ; Providence, 
 R. I. ; {Surveyor at Hartford, Conn. ; Collectors at 
 Philadelphia, Fa. ; Baltimore, Md. ; Richmond, Va. ; 
 Charleston, S. C. : Savannah, Ga. ; New Orleans, la. ; 
 Detroit, Mich. ; Buffalo, N. Y. j Surveyor at SI. LouIb, 
 Mo. ; Collcclor at Cleveland, Ohio ; Surveyors at 
 Pittsburgh, Pa. ; Cincinnati, Ohio ; Louisville, Ky. ; 
 R. H. £ddy. Agent, Boston, Mass, : David Gardiner, 
 Agent, Custom House, N. T, 
 
 EMIGRANTS. 
 
 Bich lands abound to such nn extent, in almost every 
 variety of climate and situation, in our country, and 
 are so easily obtained, that no advice, for selecting, can 
 be necessary. Where there is so much to choose from, 
 ordinary intelligence can hardly go amiss. A few hun- 
 dred dollars, health, a disposition to labour and submit 
 to privations, are all that Is required to insure real 
 weallh and independence. 
 
 A Log Cabin Is made of round, straight logs, about 
 a foot in diameter, lying on each other and notched in 
 at the corners, the crevices s!opped with slips of wood 
 and mortar made of clay, with a roof of rafters co- 
 vered with hark, &c. This suffices till larger and bet- 
 ter accommodations can be made. 
 
 Clearing next follows. Fell the trees early in the 
 summer. Cut large ones first; let them fall in such 
 direction as will enable you to fell the largest number 
 of small ones on or along side them ; and fell all pa- 
 rallel as near as possible, for convenience in rolling to- 
 gether. Lop the limbs of large trees; cut the small 
 ones into suitable lengths to haul on to the large. . By 
 this process two men may heap and burn most of the 
 timber^ without a team. Never chop or dmw large 
 trees till reduced by lire. Fire the heaps the next 
 May, if dry; if not, wait till July or August. Heat- 
 ing the soil so destroys the green roots, and the ashes 
 are so beneficial ihat a good crop of wheat or Indian 
 corn may be had without ploughing or manuring. 
 Plough shallow in autumn, cross ploi^gh deeper in the 
 spring, harrow well, and be sure of golden crops. 
 Winter chopiiing is somelinies preferred, and Ine 
 burning done in the following August, if a dry season. 
 
 See PuiMc Lands— Agriculture— Health, etc. 
 
 ADVICE TO WESTERN SETTLERS. 
 The following good common sense directions are by 
 Ihe Rev. T. Flint. 
 "The most affectionate counsel we could give an 
 immigrant, after an acquaintance with all districts of 
 the western country, of sixteen years, and afler having 
 seen and felt no small share of all we have attempted 
 to record, would be lo regard the salubrity of the spot 
 selected, as a consideration of more importance thap 
 its fertility, or vicinity to a market." The advice lo 
 have a lancet, and learn how to open a vein, is good ; 
 and that to have a small and well labelled and well 
 supplied medicine chest, is not amiss, connected with 
 
 what follows, viz. "To be, after all, very cautions 
 about either taking or adminiatepiug its contents, re- 
 serving them for emergencies, and for a choice of 
 evils j to depend for health on temperance, moderation 
 in all things, a careful conformity, in food and dr^ to 
 circumstances and the climate ; and, above all, let 
 him obaerm a rigid and uiidemating abaiinmtx 
 from that loathsome and murderota viestem poi- 
 son — whiskey — which may be pronounced the pre- 
 valent miasm of the country. Let every immigrant 
 learn the mystery, and provide the materials, to make 
 good beer. Let every immigrant, during the season 
 of acclimation, especially the sultry months, take me- 
 dicine by way of prevention, twice or thrice, with ab' 
 stinence from labour a day or tw(f afterwards." 
 
 We should say, let the immigrant, when he first ex- 
 periences unpleasant bodily feelings in hot weather, 
 such as headache, with loss of appetite, fast and rest 
 from labour for a few days, and he will avoid sickness, 
 and prevent the necessity of taking any physic at all. 
 " Let* him," continues the author, " have a Bible for' a 
 constant counsellor, and a f^w good books for instruc- 
 tion and amusement. Let him have the dignity and 
 good sense to train his family religiously, and not to be 
 blown about by every wind of doctrine, in religion, 
 politics, or opinions. Let his rifle rest, and let the 
 game, unless it come in his way, live on. Let'him' 
 cultivate a garden of choice fruit, as well as a ^ne 
 orchard. Let him keep bees, for (heir management 
 unites ]ilea3ure and profit. Let him prepare for silk- 
 making on a email and gradual scale. Let him culti- 
 vate grapes by way of experiment. Let him baniiih 
 unreal wants and learn the master secret' of self-pos- 
 session, and be content with such things as be hat,'! 
 aware that every position in life has advantages and; 
 trials. " Let him assure himself that if an independent' 
 farmer cannot be happy, no man can. Let fiim jn^g- 
 nify his calling, respect himself, envy no onBi and jiiae 
 to the Author of all good, constant aspirations of thank- 
 fulness, as he eats the bread of peace and privacy .^^' . , 
 
UNITED STATES. 
 
 37 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 ARMY. 
 
 Army of the United Stata.—A Secretary of War ; 
 three Brigadier Generals ; Qr. Master General ; Fay- 
 maater General ; Sur^on General ; Chief Engineer. 
 The whole army consists of four regiments of artillery, 
 and seven rwimeols of infantry. The regular army 
 numben 12,6S9^ officoia and men. There are SB mili- 
 tary posts and arsenals in the United Stales, besides 
 otben in a stale of forwardness. Id times of fbreien 
 invasion, ingurrecUon, or rebelUoD, the militia of the 
 several states is under the coaunand of the general go- 
 vemineDt. 
 
 The Militaiy Academy at West Point, in Neiv York, 
 was established in 1802. The numher of cade's is 
 limited to 250. From the establishment of this institu- 
 tion to September 2, 1828, there had been 1289 cadets 
 admitted; 640 commissioned; 477 re«gned; 1^ dis- 
 charged ; 20 bad died: and in 1830, 213 remained. 
 The cost of this establishment to 1828, was 1,185,421 
 dollars. 
 
 From 1795 to 1817 indusiv^ there were made at the 
 Annory, at Harper^ Felry, Vii^jgia, ^,720 muskets, 
 11,870 repaired,and4,100pistDls; at Springfield, Mass., 
 there were made 1^,359 muskete, 1,2(0 carbines, and 
 45,800 jrepaired. The expenses at the latter place for 
 purcbaseL buildings, repairs, &c, was 1,820, 122 dollars. 
 The number of musbets manufactured in the United 
 States* annories in 1832, was 2S^; Hall's rifles, 
 4,360; screwdrivers, 16,960; wipers, 26,560; arm 
 cheats, 716; and various cither articles. Expendilurea, 
 405,944 dollars. 
 
 MILITIA of the United Slates, 1,492,444. 
 NAVY. 
 
 Navy of the United 8lata.—A Secretary of the 
 Navy and Board of Commissioneiv. There are 65 
 Captains ; 37 Masters Commandant ; 2% Lieutenants ; 
 64 Surgeons ; 42 Pursers ; 9 Chaplains ; and 12 Navy 
 Agents. A Chief Naval Constructor. There are 7 
 Navy Yards in the United States. One at Fortamoutb, 
 N. n. ; one at Cbarleslown, Mass. ; one at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y. ; me at Philadelphia, Penn. ; one at Washing- 
 ton, D. C ,' <Hie at Gosport, Va, ; one at Fensacou, 
 Florida. 
 
 The number of vessels in onr Navy is 56 ; vis : 11 
 ships of the line, 12 frigales of the first class, 2 frigates 
 of the second dass, 2t sloops of war, 4 brigs, and 8 
 schooners. In addition to the above, are the 2 steam 
 vessels, Missouri and Mississippi. The expense of 
 which, for the past 25 years, was 1^503,584 dollars. 
 
 The annnal cost of a 74 gun ship on a cruise, is 
 180,360 dollars ; in ordinarv, &433 dollars. Of a 44 
 gun frigate on a cruise, 112,0(K) dollars ; in ordinary, 
 5,000 dollais. Complement of a 74, 656 men ; of a 44, 
 450 ; and of a sloop of war, first class, 184 men. The 
 cost of a 36 to a 74 gun ship, is eiitimated at 4,500 dol- 
 lars per gon ; of a 32, 4,000 dollars ; and of a 20 gun 
 ship, 3,500 dollars per gun. 
 
 Two Dry Docks, one at Norfolk, the other at 
 Charleetown : constructed of hewn granite of unrivalled 
 masonry. The latter is 341 feet in length, 80 in width, 
 and 30 in depth, and cost 652,482 dollars. Thd dock 
 at Norfolk cost 872,220 dollars. 
 
 POST OFFICE. 
 
 Oeneral Pott D^<a.— Rates of Postage :— For every 
 letter of a »ngle saai, not over 30 miles, six cents ; over 
 30 to 80 miles, ten cents : over 80 to 150 miles, twelve 
 and a half cents ; over 150 to 400 miles, eighteen and 
 three-quarter cents ; over 400 miles, twenty-five cents. 
 Double, triple, and quadruple letters, in the same ratio. 
 No letter can be charged with more than quadruple 
 postage anless its weight nceeds one ounce, avoirdu- 
 foil. 
 
 Newspapers, or one sheet of printed paper, not over 
 100 miles to any state, and to any distance in ifae stale 
 where printed^ one cent ; over 100 miles out of the 
 state where printed, one and a half cents. Magazines 
 and punphlets,for every 100 miles, fourcenis per sheet ; 
 over 100 miles, six cents. If published ptriodicaUy, 
 
 fpr 100 miles, one and a half cents ; over 100 miles, 
 two and a half cents. 
 
 The privilege of franking, and receiving letters free 
 of postage, is given to the following persons, viz :— 
 
 President and Vice President of the United States; 
 Secretaries of State, Treasury, War, and Navy ; Post 
 Master Geoeral and Assistants Post Master General ; 
 Attorney General ; Compt's. of the Treasury ; Audi's. ; 
 Reg. Treas. ; Commissioner of the Geo. Land Oflicej 
 Ex-Presidents of the United Stales ; Members of Con- 
 gress (dariue the Session, and £0 days before and after 
 the same;) Commissioners of the Navy Board; Adj't. 
 Gen.; Comm'y. Gen.; Insp's. Gen.; Quart. A^s. 
 Gen, ; Pay Mast. Gen. ; Sect'y. of the Senate ; Clerk 
 of the House of Representatives ; Superintendent of the 
 Patent Office ; and Post Masters, not to exceed half an 
 ounce in weight, and one daily newspaper. 
 MINT, 
 
 Untfed Stata Mnt.— Commenced in 1792 at Phila- 
 delphia. The coinage eOected from the time of its ee- 
 tablishment to 1838, mcluding gold, silver, and copper, 
 amounted to 77j346,448 dollars. In 1840, there were 
 coined at Philadelphia, 2,260,667 dollars; at New Or- 
 leans, 915,600 dollars: at Charlotte, ]27,()55 dollars; at 
 Dahlouega, 123,318 dollars,— total, 3,426,632 dollara. 
 The number of pieces coined at Philadelphia was 
 7,053,074 ; at New Orleans, 3,446,900 ; at Cbariotte, 
 31,^8 ; at Dahlonega, 26,S31,— total number of pieces, 
 IO,n58,ffi6. The deposites in gold in Philadelphia 
 during the year, were 1,201,998 dollars, of which 
 176,776 dollara were derived from mines in the United 
 Slates. g 
 
 An eagle of gold, valued at ten dollars, must weigh 
 eleven penny-weights and six grains. A dollar must 
 weigh seventeen peniiy-weighls and seven grains of 
 silver; and a cent must weigh 'eleven penny-weights 
 of copper. All coins ceased to be a legal tender in the 
 United Stales on the ISth October, 1797, except federal 
 cuius and Spanish milled dollars. 
 
 PUBLIC LANDS. 
 
 Public Lwnds of tfie United States.~T]ie public 
 lands within the states and territories of the United 
 States, consist of those lands ceded by many of the 
 states to the United Stales ; the latter taking the respon- 
 sibility of extinguishing the Indian titles, together with 
 those lands obtained from France by the purchase of 
 Louisiana, and those by the cession of the Floridas from 
 Spain. 
 
 The minimum price of these lands is one dollar and 
 twenly-five cents per acre; and, since ISiO, no credit 
 is given to purchasers. These lands are surv^ed before 
 they are offered for sale. They are divided mto town- 
 ships of six miles square, which are divided into thirty- 
 six sections, one mile square, containiog each 640 
 acres ; and sold in sections and parts of sections. One 
 mile square in each township is reserved for a school 
 fund. They hold out a most inviting project to the 
 enterprising emigrant. 
 
 The quantity of unceded lands belonging to the In- 
 diaoB, and lying north and west of the states and terri- 
 tories of the United Slates, hut within the limits of the 
 United States, has been estimated at about 750,000,000 
 acres. 
 
 Allowing that the public domain was sold at the low 
 price of seventy five cents an acre, it would supply 
 ample means for constructing a double track Railroaa 
 of Quincy gr.mite and wrought iron, from ^lastport to 
 New Orleans, and furnish a fund to procure locomotive 
 engines, cars, &c., and keep the whole in repair for- 
 ever. It might also give to each state and territory a 
 mAool /wTid of three mHUpn doUari, and leave a 
 balance in the treasury of many millions fbr miifgllfh 
 neous expenditures. These lands are becoming more 
 valuable every day, and are cot only worth looSog a(, 
 but after. 
 
3S 
 
 GIRARD'S WILL. 
 
 ■■'-■■-'" -, -f- 
 
 The Giraid College for O 
 
 Stephen Girard was born in Bordeaux, France, in 
 1746, arrived at New York as cabin-boy in 1775, Eetlled 
 in Philadelphia in 1779, " a poor man, dealing in old 
 iron, old rigging," &c. He became a banker in 1812, 
 and aner, as ebipper, merchant, builder, firmer and 
 banker, amassing a forlune estimated at more tban 
 seven million dollars, he died in 1S31. After be- 
 queathing to his brother, sister and nieces various sums, 
 amounting to one hundred and fifly thousand dollars, 
 and other legacies to public and private purposes, the 
 Will proceeds : — 
 
 " XXI. 'And BO far as regards the residue of my per- 
 sonal estate, in trust, as to two Tnilliqn^ of doUarSy 
 part thereof to apply and expend bo much of that sum 
 as may be necessary — in erecting, as soon as practicably 
 may be, a permanent College, with suitable out-build- 
 
 ings, sufficjently spacious for the residence and accom- 
 modatioQ of at least three hundred scholars, and the 
 requisite teachers and other persons necessaiy in such 
 an institulion as I direct to be established : and in sup- 
 plying the said College and out-buildings with decent 
 and suitable furniture, as well as books and all things 
 needful to carry into efTect my general design, 
 
 "The said College shall be constructM with the 
 most durable material, and in the most permanent 
 manner, avoiding needless ornament, ana attending 
 chiefly to the strength, convenience, and neatness of the 
 whole : It shall be at least oae hundred and ten feet 
 east and west, and one hundred and sixty feet north 
 and south ; It shall be three stories in height, each 
 story at least fifteen feet high in the clear from the floor 
 to the cornice ; It shall be fire-proof inside and out- 
 side. The floors and the roof to be formed of solid 
 materials, on arcbes turned on proper centres, so that 
 no wood may be used, except for doors, windows, and 
 shutters: There shall be in each story four rooms, 
 each room not less than fifty feel square in the clear ; 
 the four rooms on each Jloor to occupy the whole space 
 east and west on such floor or slory, and the middle of 
 the building north and south; so that in the north of 
 the building, and in the south thereof, there may re- 
 main a space of equal dimensions, for an entry or hall 
 in each, for stairs and landings : In the north-east and 
 in the north-west corners of the northern entry or hall 
 on the first floor, stairs shall be made so as to form a 
 double staircase, which shall be carried up through the 
 several stories ; and, in like manner, in flie south-east 
 and 80Uth-we>t-corneTs of the southern entry or hall, 
 stairs shall be made, on the first floor, so as to form a 
 double staircase, to be carried up through the several 
 stories; the steps of the stairs io be made of smooth 
 white marble : The outside walls shall be faced with 
 slabs or blocks of marble or granjle, not less than two 
 feet thick, and fastened together with clamps securely 
 sunk therein,— they shall be carried up flush from the 
 recess of one foot formed at the first floor where the 
 foundation outside wall is reduced to two feet : The 
 floors and landings as well as the roof shall be covered 
 with marble slabs, Recurely laid in mortar ; the slabs 
 on the roof to be twice as thick as thnse on the floors. 
 In minute particulars, not here noticed, utility and 
 good taste should determine. There should be at least 
 
 four out-buildings, detached from the main edifice and 
 fVom each other, and in such positions as Bhall at once 
 answer the purposes of (he institution, and be consis- 
 tent with the symmetry of the whole establishment: 
 each bnilding should be, as far as practicable, devoted 
 to a distinct purpose; in that one or more of those 
 buildings, in which they may be most useful, I direct my 
 executors to place my plate and furniture of everv sort. 
 •' When the College and appurtenances shall have 
 been constructed, aaa supplied with plain and suitable 
 furniture and books, philosophical and experimental 
 instruments and apparatus, and all other niatters need- 
 ful to carry my general design into execution :-the in- 
 come, issues and profits of so much of the said sum of 
 two millions of dollars as shall remain unexpended, 
 shall be applied to maintain the said College accord- 
 
 ihe income, arising from that part of the said 
 sum of two millions of dollars, remaining after the 
 construction and furnishing of the College and out- 
 buildings, shall, owing to the increase of the number 
 of orphans applying for admission, or other cause, be 
 inadequate to the construction of new buildings, or the 
 maintenance and educalionof as many orphans as may 
 apply for admission, then such further av/m as ma/a 
 fi£ Twxssary for the construction of new buildings and 
 the malnlenance and education of such further number 
 of orphans, as can be maintained and instructed within 
 such buildings as the said square of ground shall be 
 adequate to, shall be taken from the final residuary 
 fund hereinafter expressly referred to for the purpose, 
 comprehending the income of my real estate in the 
 City and County of Fhiladelphia, and the dividends of 
 my stock in the Schuylkill Navigation Company— my 
 design and desire being,thatlhe oeneJitsof said mstitu- 
 tion shall be extended to as great a number of orphans 
 as the limits of the said square and buildings therein 
 can accommodate." 
 
 At a subsequent period having purchased 45 acres 
 of land, in the suburbs of the city, he says, I " direct 
 that the Orphan eslablishment, provided for in my said 
 Will, instead of being built as therein directed upon 
 my square of ground between High and Chestnut and 
 Eleventh and Twelfth Streets, in the City of Philadel- 
 phia, shall be built upon the estate so purchased tiom 
 Mr. W. Parker ; and 1 hereby devote tbe said estate to 
 that purpose, exclusively, in the same manner as I had 
 devoted the said square, hereby directing that aU the 
 improuermnts and arrangements for the said Orphan 
 establishment, prescribed by my said Will ai to said 
 square, shall be made and executed upon the said 
 estate, just as if I had in my Will devoted (he said 
 estate to said purpose." 
 
 OTHER LEGACIES.— To Philada. and N, Orleana 
 his Louisiana estates ; for improving Phila^ EOOfiOO 
 dollan, and Fcnna. 300,000 : to his brother Etienne 
 and niece in France a house in Bordeaux and 6,000, 
 and his brother's six children 5,000 each : to his mecea 
 in Philada. Mrs. HemphilI60,000, Mrs. Haslam 10,000, 
 and Mrs. Clark 10,000, and her daughter iM,000. To 
 his Captains l,fi00 each ; his apprentices 500 each— to 
 widow of Jared Ingersoll an annuity of 1000, aqd in 
 annuities to Mrs. C. Girard 400, his two housekeepers 
 500 each, and their sisters 300 each, to diSerent cluiri- 
 table institutions of Philadelphia 116,000 dollars. 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 39 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 A aberiff of Xiondon, afler adequate experience, de- 
 cUres that the moat promment causes of crime are to 
 ta traced to the want of education— the want of pa- 
 rental care, correction, and control, Ste. 
 
 habit! habit! 
 I truBt every thvag to habit ; habit, upon 
 which, ID all ages, the law-giver, aa well as 
 the schooI-maBter, has mainly placed his re- 
 Uaoce ; habit which makcB every thing easy, 
 and casta all difficulties upon the deviation 
 from the wonted course. Make sobriety a 
 habit, and iotemperaace will hei hateful and 
 hard ; make prudence a habit, and reckless 
 profligacy will be contrary to the nature of 
 the child grown an adult. Give a child (he 
 habit of sacredly regarding the truth^of 
 carefully respecting the property of others — 
 of scrupulously abstaining from all acts of 
 improvidence which can involve him in dis- 
 tress* and he will just as likely think of 
 rushing into the element in which he can- 
 -not breathe, as b'ing, or cheating, or steal- 
 fflg. — Lord Brougham. 
 
 FAMILY GOVERNMENT. 
 We can, therefore, hardly overrate the 
 importance of sound and wholesome family 
 discipline and instruction. Important as are 
 laws and civil government, family influence 
 is paramount. It is not for legislation to af- 
 fect materially the family, the most ancient 
 and venerable and permanent of all the 
 forma of society, commencing with man^s 
 history and ending only when man shall 
 cease to be a dweller upon earth. The 
 moral influence of families depends upon 
 themselves. Each family to answer the ends 
 of its existence, and contribute to the com- 
 mon weal and glory, must care for itself, 
 and attend to its own government, purity 
 and happiness. Each must firmly inculcate 
 within its own sacred enclosure the virtuous 
 and conservative principles of truth, reve- 
 fence, suboaission, peace, goodness, and love 
 of order, which alone can give stability to 
 the time, and safety and grandeur to the 
 
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION. 
 
 To ffliyrieal education belong the proper traioiae 
 and slToigtheDiog of all the powers of the bod^, and 
 the avoidance of^every thing calculated to injure its 
 stracture. 
 
 The fint and most Blriking error in phyaical educa- 
 fioo, is the unnecessary confinement to which the child 
 is subjected. No one (hat has observed a child, be- 
 
 tween the agea of three and six, can dauht that nature 
 requires that he should be almost constantly in motion 
 during his waking bours. How painful then, how un- 
 natural, must be bis situation in school! Pent up, for 
 six hours a day confined to one seat, and that a very 
 uneasy ooe, where he is farced to sif perfectly still and 
 silent, how irksome must be his condition, how pre- 
 judicial to bis health ! And what a^ravates the evil 
 IS, that it is wholly unneceseary. For the extended 
 confinement defeats the very purpose for which it is 
 imposed. " The body and mind," says Sterne, " are 
 like a jerkin and its lining. If you rumple the one, 
 you rumple the other." Besides the injury to his 
 health, bis mind becomes heavy and dull, and his 
 proenss, consequently, is not half what it would be 
 under a more rational course. 
 
 The school'TOom is loo small either fbr convenience, 
 comfort, or health. Most children go first to school 
 while many of their bones are still in a fanning state. 
 They go almost as early as when the Chinese turn 
 their children's feet into the shape of horses' hoofs. 
 And, at Ibis period of life, the question is, whether the 
 seals shall be conformed to the children, or the chil- 
 dren deformed to the seals. Let aoy man try the ex- 
 periment, and see bow long he can nit in an uprirht 
 posture, on a narrow bench or seat, without Iwing able 
 to reach the floor with his feet, vet, to this position, 
 hundreds of children are regnlarly confined, month af- 
 ter month ; Nature inflicts uneasmess and distress if 
 they do sit still, and (be teacher inflicts bis punish* 
 meuts, if they do not. The closet fbr hats and coats is 
 small, or altoeetber wanting, so that the children ac- 
 quire disorderly and wasteful habits with their clothes. 
 Tbe room la badly ventilated, so that in cool weather 
 when the doors and windows are kept shut, the chil- 
 dren are forced to breathe the same air over and over, 
 until it has become uufil for respiration, thus laying a 
 fnundation for debility and disease. — JPaInur>> Prize 
 Eaay, 
 
 Extracts from the Preface to Taylor'a 
 
 DISTRICT SCHOOL OK. NATIONAL. 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 All who are competent to judge, and will 
 give their due attention to the facts which 
 this book discloses, must unite in the conclu- 
 sion, that our present system of popular ed- 
 ucation is radically defective. 
 
 It is on this point chiefly that the public 
 mind requires to be disabused ; it is in rela- 
 tion to this that there exists — I speak espe- 
 cially of this Slate^ — a very general delusion. 
 We are told that under the fostering patron- 
 age of the government, more than half a 
 million of children are taught in our com- 
 mon schools, — our pride, as citizens of the 
 Empire State, is gratified, and we content 
 ourselves with the general statement, omit- 
 ting to inquire into the character and value 
 of the instruction which is thus imparted. 
 
 We know not, for we care not to know, 
 that it is in truth so imperfect and scanty as 
 hardly to deserve the name even of elemen- 
 tary,— that it is unconnected witb any thing 
 
 * New York. 
 
40 
 
 EDUCATION — THE BIBLE. 
 
 resembling moral discipline or the formation 
 of character. — that the teachers, inexpe- 
 rienced, transitory, snatched up for the oc- 
 casion, are paid by salaries which hardly 
 e:Kceed the wages of the menial servant or 
 the common labourer, — and that; as a neces- 
 sary consequencet ignorant and disqualified, 
 they are perhaps even overpaid by the pit- 
 tance vrhich thejT receive. 
 
 Yet it is in such schools and by such in- 
 Btructers that thirty-eight out of forty of the 
 children of the nation are, as we phrase it, 
 educated. We have lived in a pleasing de- 
 lusion ; but it is time ws should awake. 
 
 I do not hesitate to avow the belief, that 
 without regulations far more extensive than 
 have yet been introduced,— a control far 
 more enlightened and constant than has yet 
 been exercised, — and fiscal aid far more am- 
 ple than has yet been afforded, it is vain to 
 expect that the character of our common 
 schools can be truly and permanently im- 
 proved. It is conceded by all that nothing 
 can be done without competent teachers, 
 and such teachers, in the number and of the 
 qualifications required, we can never have, 
 unless they are properly trained, and pro- 
 perly examined, and watched, and controlled, 
 and, above all, properly rewarded. 
 
 The dissemination of this book, and of 
 the truths which it contains, will tend thus 
 to prepare the public mind, to produce the 
 right state of feeling and of thought ; for as- 
 suredly it will not be read in vain by parents 
 who are such in heart and in conscience, 
 not in name merely. 
 
 There are some truths which it may be 
 painful to confess, yet are most necessary to 
 be known. To the reflecting and the can- 
 did it will not seem extravagant to say that 
 the chief source of the evils, the disorders, 
 the crimes which afflict society, is to be found 
 in the heartless indifference of the higher 
 classes, the rich, the educated, the refined, 
 towards the comfort and well-being of those 
 they term or deem their inferiors, and their 
 consequent neglect of the intellectual and 
 moral improvement of those who always 
 have been, and would seem by the order of 
 Providence, always must be, the most nu- 
 merous class— those who depend on their 
 daily labour for their daily support. 
 
 It is this neglect, the alienation it pro- 
 duces, the ignorance it perpetuates, the vices 
 it fosters, which leave marked the broad line 
 of separation, on the one side of which are 
 the few, indolent, disdainful, proud, on the 
 other the many, restless, envious, discon- 
 tented. It is this which keeps the minds of a 
 multitude in a constant state of irritation. 
 
 and which, when the base demagogue seeks 
 to arra^ the poor against the rich, collects 
 the crowd of his willing auditors, and arms 
 him with his dreaded power. 
 
 It is this which caused the atrocities of 
 the French Revolution, and which deepens 
 and darkens the cloud that now hangs over 
 England.* It is this neglect — the grand 
 crime of civilized and Christian society, 
 which, in every country, sooner or later, 
 and in none more certainly than in our own, 
 if continued, is destined to meet a fearful 
 retribution. Here most emphatically is it 
 true, that the people must be raised to the 
 level of their rights and duties, must be made 
 the safe depositaries of the power which 
 they possess, or in the history of other re- 
 publics we may read our own fate ;— first, 
 lawless anarchy — next, the calm which feat 
 and the bayonet produce— the calm of mili- 
 tary despotism. 
 
 How then are these evils to be prevented 1 
 — this fate to be averted 1 I answer, all that 
 is odious, all that is dangerous in the dis- 
 tinctions which the free acquisition and the 
 lawful enjoyment of property must always 
 create, will soon vanish, and all classes be 
 united in the enduring bonds of sympathy 
 and gratitude, when the rich (I include all 
 who have the leisure or means to bestow) 
 shall understand and feel that it is their 
 paramount duty to improve the physical and 
 elevate the moral condition of their fellow* 
 beings, or, to express nearly the whole in 
 one word — to educate the poor. 
 
 Let those on whom the burden ought to 
 fall willingly assume — cheerfully sustain it, 
 and there will be no further obstacle to the 
 action of the legislature, no further difficulty 
 in organizing a system effectual, permanent, 
 universal. 
 
 *Tke Working Classa of England. — Nr. C. 
 Butler, in a apcecb in Farliament on s. late occaiion, 
 said : — " Whenever I contemplate the coDdilion of the 
 working claBscB— tbe deep sod dark gulf that separatei 
 them from the knowledge and sympathies of their bu* 
 periors in fortune, the utter ignorance in which weare 
 of their feelings and wants, the little influence which 
 we have over their conduct, and the little hold which 
 we appear to have on their affections— I shrink with 
 terror from the wild passions and dense ignorance that 
 appear to be fermenting in that mass of physical force. 
 
 ^IHI3^ IBHIHJILillo 
 A nation must be "truly blessed, if it were 
 governed by no other laws, than those of 
 this blessed book; it is so complete a sys- 
 tem, that nothing can be added to or taken 
 from it ; it contains every thing needful to be 
 known or done ; it affords a copy for a king,, 
 and a rule for a subject ; it gives instruction 
 and counsel to a senate, authority and direc- 
 
ALPHABET FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. 
 
 41 
 
 tioa to a magistrate ; it cautions a witneea, 
 raquires an impartial verdict of a jury, and 
 furnisbes a judge with his sentence ; it sets 
 the husband as lord of the household, and 
 the wife as mistrss of the table ; tells him 
 how to rule and her how to manage. It en- 
 tails honour to parents, aDd enjoins obe- 
 dience upon children ; it points out a faith- 
 ful and eternal guardian, to the departing 
 husband and father, tells him with whom to 
 leave his fatherless children, and in whom 
 his widow is to trust, and promises a father 
 to the former, and husband to the latter. It 
 
 defends the ri^ht of all, and reveals ven- 
 geance to . t he defrauder, over-ieacher, and 
 
 i||Sf^reB8Qr. It is the first book and the oldest 
 book in the world. It contains the choicest 
 matter, gives the best instruction, and affords 
 the greatest pleasure and satisfaction that 
 ever were revealed. It contains the best laws 
 jAnd piofoundest mysteries that ever were 
 
 'penned. It J^ings the best tidings, and af- 
 fords the best of comforts to the inquiring 
 and disconsolate. It exhibits life and im- 
 mortality, and shows the way to everlasting 
 glory. 
 
 THE PAST. TO THE FUTURE, 
 
 The following sentiment from an address delivered at the second centennial celebration 
 of the settlement of Bostpn, is significant and impressive : — " The great comprehensive 
 truths^ written in letters of living light on every page of our history,— the language ad- 
 dressed by every past age of New England to all luture ages, is this — Human happiness 
 has no perfect security but freedom; freedom none but virtue; virtue none but knowledge; 
 and neither iVeedom, virtue, nor knowledge, has any vigour, or immortal hope, except in 
 the principles of the Christian faith, and in the sanctions of the Christian religion." 
 
 DACTYLOLO&Y, (Finger Talking,) 
 
 OR 
 
 ALPHABET FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB, 
 
 This Alpbabet ezpluos itself. Half an hour is auffi- 
 cient to acqture a knowledge of it, and sbort practicfl 
 will give ease and rapidity. It may be made a tneana 
 of aiDiuement, and occaaioaally of real service; while 
 to none can it be without interest. Ttie first attempt at 
 instructing the Deaf and Dumb was made by a Spanisb 
 DiODk, who died in 1584. More has beeo done for 
 Ibem in Ibe United States than in any other country. 
 A BCD 
 
 Note.— J and Z are figured in the air : J with the lit* 
 lie finger, and Z with the fore finger. SigoificaDt ges- 
 tures ofteo express whole sentences, and by means of 
 the Manual Alphabet all the words and phrases of con- 
 versation can be expressed. The words should be sepa- 
 rated, either by a slight pause, or a horizontal molion 
 of the band from right to left, or a snap of the fingen. 
 
43 
 
 LAW. 
 THE LAW. 
 
 Every citizen ahould earne|tiy and opn- 
 Etantly bear in mind the important fact, that 
 his only safety, for person, property, liberty 
 and life, is in the absolute supremacy of the 
 constitution and the lawti. 
 
 Setting on elections.— Th\^ is an ej^tenEive and pe^. 
 Dictous evil, alike injurious to Ihe citizen and to the 
 purity of elections. All are interesleS in ils suppres-' 
 Gion ; let all ttien unite in getting up and presenting pe- 
 titions to the several state legislatures Tor ihe passage of 
 a law similar to that introduced into Ihe Legislature of 
 Missouri against betters and the stakeholders, and fining 
 both to the aniouDl of the money or properly bet. Also 
 punishing by fine, any person who may publish a bet, 
 or assist iu any way in making iti 
 
 A decision in Ohio makes proprietors of stages re- 
 sponsible for passengers' bageage, notwithslaadlng their 
 caution of " All baggaee at (Tie risk of the owners." 
 
 A Non-reaidBnt.—A. person having a place of busi- 
 ness in a city or town, and boarding asd lodging in an- 
 other, is a non-resident in his place of business. 
 
 TitUt of land derived under sales for lazes are de- 
 clared good by Supreme Court of Illinois. 
 
 A Saletman receiving a per centage is not thereby 
 constituted a partner, 
 
 Breach of trust is where valuables are received in 
 the course of employment, for or in the name of the 
 employer, and embezzled ; but if the valuables have 
 come to the possession of the employer, the offence is 
 larceny, 
 
 A Hushaiid: he is liable for goods furnished bis 
 wife, if, from ill trealmentorothersufScient cause, she 
 does not live with him ; but if she leave him from 
 unjustifiable cause, he is not liable even for necessaries, 
 whether the tradesman knows of such, separation or 
 not. 
 
 Erasing or altering an endorsement of a payment 
 on a note is forgery. 
 
 A tovm is liaise for damages occasioned by any ob- 
 struction placed on the road by human agency, and 
 ia bound (o make lOdds safe and convenient for travel- 
 lers. 
 
 Cmnmon Carriers.— The owners of a steamboat are 
 responsible to shippers of goods as common carriers. 
 
 Common carriers, if they make a wrong delivery, 
 are responsible for any loss. 
 
 The owners of goods must haye them properly 
 marked, and entered in carriers' books; and if he ne- 
 glects to do it, he must bear the loss. 
 
 ^ At the present day every man has a fling at the nn- 
 .certainty of the law, Tet upon investigation, it would 
 anp&r Ihat in at least nine coses out of ten, the uncer- 
 tainty complained of, is not in the Zaui, but in tbe/ocfa to 
 wbichit isto^^^pplied. The law hns sins enough of its 
 own to answer for;— defects sufficiently abundant — con- 
 tradictions— doubts— even absurdities, which ought to 
 1^8 removed or amended,— but, with all these, we re- 
 peat that, in proportion to the number of disputes which 
 arise between man and man, Ihere are very few cases, 
 in which, if Ihe facta were clearly ascertained, any re- 
 spectable member of the profession could not, without 
 hesitation, say what would be the law. 
 
 The event of liUsation is indeed almost always nn- 
 certajn: the law rarely so. Nor could any plan be 
 devised for deslroyin^Jhis quality Of llligatioD. If (he 
 most minute, distinct and intelligible rule were laid 
 down for every variety of possible circumstances, 
 (which, by the by, never has been or can be done,) there 
 would remain sources of uncertainty almost as fruitful 
 as those which now exist. For after all, what would ha 
 the rule of law proper to be applied in any case, would 
 depend entirely upon the facta, and those facts must 
 be proved by human testimony, and to the BatlBfaclioo 
 of a human tribunal ; the testimony and the tribunal 
 being both human, therefore both fallible ; — the former 
 liable to incorrectness or incompleteness occasioned 
 by intentional falsehood, imperceptible bias, or defect 
 of memory— the latter [throwing out of view wilful 
 error as of rare occurrence,) equally liable to misdeci- 
 sioD from prejudice, misapprehension or defect of judg- 
 ment. 
 
 These are faults not of this or that particular system, 
 but of human nature. They will be entirely cured, 
 whenever mankind shall be rendered perfect in ho- 
 nesty, memory, appreheoaion and judgment, but not 
 till then. 
 
 UirCERTAINTY OF THE LAW. 
 
 A man falls into a dispute with his neighbour, runs 
 to his counsel, tells his story in his own way, forgets 
 those facts which are against him,— relates the rest with 
 that sort of exaggeration which is natural to a parly, — 
 undertakes to prove the whole case as he has staled it, 
 — and asks for legal redress. After such an examina- 
 tion, a suit is instituted, — the trial comes on,— the plain- 
 tiff's witnesses are heard, they reduce in a great de- 
 gree Ihe colouring which Ihe parly himself had given; 
 the defendant's witnesses prove many new fncta, which 
 totally change the complexion of the case, — it is decided 
 in favour of the defendant, and the plainliiTever after 
 complains ot—tlie uncertainty of ihe law. 
 
 The f^ull, it is evident, was in himself. If he had 
 told the truth in the first instance, he might have saved 
 his money, time and temper. 
 
 A D .V I C E . 
 
 tn law, as in physic, it may truly be observed, that 
 prevention is better than Ihe risk of cure. The pre- 
 ceding remarks on the "Uncertainly of the law," are 
 full of instruction, and point out the risk, besides the 
 certain expense, delay, loss of time, vexation, ill-fbel- 
 ing and trouble of law-suits, which in every shape or 
 form should be avoided. " Agree with Ihine adversary 
 quickly :" do so even at a sacrifice, t»ing assured that the 
 intricacies of the law, with its twistings, and turnings; 
 its precedents innumerable, decisions contradiclory ; 
 its nice technicnlities, forms, and mysteries, are all m- 
 exhauslible and incomprehensible, and combine, too 
 frequently, to render law an overmatch for plain bo- 
 nesiy iind simplejuslice. 
 
 If differences arise, and a reference must be made 
 to others, let it be to mutual friends— to disinterested 
 persons selected by l>oth parlies, and make up your 
 mind to abide the result, « 
 
 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. 
 Public attention is becoming awakened to the enor- 
 mity of taking human life. Not only humanity but 
 policy is against it. There is not a point so well-esta- 
 blished in the Bcienceof Criminal Law as that of severe 
 punishments increasing crimes, except, perhaps, that 
 
PRESIDENTIAL ELEC TlO N — 1840. 
 
 43 
 
 of mild punishmeDts diminiBfaiDg tbem. The abtistica 
 on tbis subject are perfectly concluaive. InEngland, 
 ID 1821, there were 114 execulions, and id iS38 odIv 
 6, while crime williin that period has dimiDished in a 
 npid and remarkable degree. Similar results have 
 followed the partial disuse of the puoistipieut of death 
 in Ftance, Prussia, and Belgium. Whaler experience 
 has been acquired by this unexampled reform, has, at 
 Jeaat, been safely and ionocenUy gained. Some hun- 
 -dreds of olFenden, had they committed their crimes a 
 few years before, would have died by the hand of lbs ; 
 executioner. They have been allowed to live. Life, 
 the ooly season of repentance, with all its opportuni- 
 ties of regaining the favour of an offended Deity, has 
 been contiDued to them ; and from tbis leoity, society 
 has derived no injury, uo loss. 
 
 For murder, the penally of death, as an example, is 
 momentary, and of do beneficial eSect. It disgusts 
 tbe good, and brutalizes the had, who witoess the 
 spectacle. Aa an act of extreme violence, it teaches 
 violence to the people; as an act of deliberate homi- 
 cide, it dimioisbes the regard due to the sanctity of 
 life, and renders murder less revoUiog to the unin- 
 ■tructed mind. 
 
 When vrill those who are chosen to make laws for 
 ns, when will men who profess Chrisiianity, learn 
 and practise something of the Christian spirit, against 
 which every feature of this law is at opeu war ? Ca- 
 pital punisbmeDt is a blot upon our institutions, and 
 a disgrace to any civilized community. 
 
 ^n account current rendered and accepted without 
 objeclioiy|beiD^inade in a reasonable time, pjecludes 
 Dbjection^me^p^rds, and hiakes It a stated acctmnt. 
 
 i/I PFiU dictated and taken do^vn in pencil only, and 
 signed by two fitnesses, is valid, if deceased was in 
 sound miDd when be ^ve the iuslruclions. 
 
 Munfer.—Thepuaishmentof death is revolting, but, 
 nevertheless, while it continues to be (he law, the ju* 
 roi' who nicks hia mind for an excuse to avoid the per- 
 formance of a- painful duly, forgets that in sDving a 
 forfeited Iife,4ii8 verdict becomes a recorded liceiiH 
 for future assassinations. 
 
 NATURALIZATION LAWS. 
 
 Congress alone has power to make or r^;ulats the 
 laws of Naturalization. 
 
 An alien must renounce in court, allegiance, &c. to 
 any foreign power, and declare intention of becomiog a 
 citizen at least two yenrs before admission. Must 
 swear to support the constilulion, renounce any he- 
 reditary title or order of nobility, and must have re- 
 sided five years m the couoliy, and wtisly the court 
 that he has behaved as a man of good moral character, 
 attached to the principles of the Constitution of tbe 
 United States, and well disposed to the good order and 
 happiness of the same. 
 
 Excellent laws, if well admtnislered ; but how 
 shamefully disregarded ! The mockery too frequently 
 enacted io their administralioD, in at least some of our 
 courts, is matter of pain and humiliation, and to none 
 more so than the inlelligeot naturalized cilizeo himself. 
 
 Children of naturalized citizens, if under tweoiy-one 
 years of age at the time of their parents' naturatizalioD, 
 shall, if dwelling in the Unitea Slates, be coDsidered 
 as citizens. An alien baying declared his intention, 
 and dying before be was naturalized, his widow and 
 children, on taking the oalhs prescribed, shall be en- 
 titled to all the rights of citizenship. 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL E L E C TI ON — 1 8 4 O. 
 
 FOR PRESIDENT. 
 
 Votes in the Electoral College. 
 William Heory Harrison ---.,.-.. 234 
 Martin Van Buren 60 
 
 FOR VICE PRESIDENT. 
 
 John Tyler 234 
 
 Richard M. JobnsoD 4g 
 
 Lyttleton Tazewell II 
 
 James Folk 1 
 
 FoptOar Vote. Har. V. B. 
 
 Maiofc - - 46,612 46,201 
 
 New Hampshire, 26,434 32,670* 
 
 Vermont, - - 32,445 18,029 
 
 Massachusetts, 72,874 61,944 
 
 Rhode Island, 6,213 3,263 
 
 CoBoecticut, 31,601 25,296 
 
 New York, 225,813 212.519 
 
 New Jersey, ...... 33,360 31,034 
 
 FennsyWania, 144,019 143.676 
 
 Delaware, 6,967 4,884 
 
 Maryland, . - i. . . . • 33,028 28,732 
 
 Vircinia, 42.501 43,SS3 
 
 North Carolina, 46.376 33,7t3 
 
 Georgia, 40,275 31,933 
 
 Alabama, 28,471 33.992 
 
 Mississippi, 19,518 16,995 
 
 Louisiana, It,296 7,616 
 
 Tennessee, •■ 60,391 48,289 
 
 Kentucky, 58,489 32,616 
 
 Missouri, 22,972 29.760 
 
 Ohio, 148,157 124,782 
 
 Indiana, ■ - 65,308 51,685 
 
 Illinois, 45,537 47,476 
 
 Michigan, 22.907 21,008, 
 
 Arkansas, .-...-. 4.462 6.048 
 South Carolina, > • • chAseD by the Legielature. 
 
 THE MORAL OF THE ELECTION. 
 
 The spectacle of a free people Hubmitting 
 every thing to the ballot boxes, and abiding 
 the result in the decision of the majority, is 
 indeed delightful. In the preliminaries there 
 is lesB to rejoice at ; but in the quiet Bubordt' 
 nation to the great principles of oar social 
 system, which has just been exhibited, we 
 feel the highest joy. We have in it the as- 
 Burance that the people understand their high 
 responsibility, as freemen : that while each 
 citizen claims his own rights, he is willing to 
 accord as much to his fellows. 
 
 One reason for the superior quiet of the 
 late election is, that people no longer imagine 
 the existence of freedom and the permanency 
 of its institutions to depend on the result of 
 an election. Americans have grown confi- 
 dent in the stability of their systein, and if 
 the right men and right principles cannot be 
 made to succeed this time, they expect the 
 steady workings of a sound system to bring 
 all right at last. In the earlier days of our 
 nation, republicanism was an experiment, 
 which had before been often tried, and had 
 as often failed ; and it was thought it might 
 very possibly fail again in this its last and 
 best effort. But it is not so now. Few men 
 now feel doubtful as to the full success and 
 perpetuity of liberty in these United States. 
 
44 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL E LE C T I N — 1840. 
 
 APPROPRIATE. 
 
 PASSAGES FKOM THE FAB.EWELL 
 
 ADDUESS OF WASHm&TON. 
 "The uDity of governmeut wliioji conatitutea you 
 ODG people, IB now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it 
 is a main pillar in the edifice of your real indepeD- 
 deoce; the support of your Iranquillityat home; your 
 peace abroad j of your aafely ; of your prosperity ; of 
 that very liberty wlucb you ao bighly prize. 
 
 * * * 4t * * * 
 " It is of inGoite moment, that you should properly 
 
 estimate the immense value of your oational union to 
 your collective and individual happiness; that you 
 should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable at- 
 tachment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and 
 speak of ifas of the palladium of your polilical safely 
 and prosperity ; vratching for its preservation with 
 jealous anxiety j diacounlcnancing whatever may sug- 
 gest even a auspicion that it can, in any event, be 
 abandoned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first 
 dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of 
 our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sncred ties 
 which now link together (be various parts. 
 
 *' For this you have every inducement of sympathy 
 and interest. Citizens by birth, or choice, of a com- 
 mon country, that- country has a right to concentrate 
 your affections. The name of American, which be- 
 longs to you in your national capacity, must always 
 exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any ap' 
 pellation derived from local discriminations. With 
 slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, 
 manners, habits, and political principles. You have, 
 in a common cause, fought and triumphed together ; 
 the independence and liberty you possess, are the work 
 of joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings and 
 success." 
 
 When templed to the violence of heated parlizan- 
 ship, we have reverently remembered the farewell 
 counsels of that same pure and exalted patriot : 
 
 " The spirit of party is, unfortunately, inseparable 
 from our nature, having its root ia the strongest pas- 
 sions of the human mind. « * * * 
 
 "The alternate dominion of one faction over ano- 
 ther, sharpened by the spirit of revenge natural to 
 party dissensions, whicli, in different ages and coun- 
 tries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormities, is it- 
 self a frightful despoiism. But this leads at length to 
 a more format and permanent despotism. The disor- 
 ders and miseries which result, gradually incline the 
 minds of men to seek security and repose in the abso- 
 lute power of an individual; and, sooner or later, the 
 chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more 
 fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to 
 the purposes of his own elevation on the ruins of pub- 
 lic liberty. # » » * » 
 
 " It serves always to distract the poblic councils and 
 enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the 
 community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; 
 kindles the animosilies of one part against another; fo- 
 ments occasional riot and insurrection. 
 
 * * * * * + * 
 
 " In those of the popular character, in governments 
 
 purely elective, it is a spirit not to be eacooraged. 
 From their natural tendency, it is certain, there will 
 always bo enough of party spirit for cv^ lalutuy 
 purpose. And there being constant danger of eicesi, 
 the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion,, to 
 mitigate and assuage it. A lire not to be quonched, it 
 demands a jiQiform Tigilance to prevent it bursting 
 into a flame, lest, instead ol warming, it should con- 
 
 POLITICIANS — OFFICE HTJWTERS, 
 By Jvdgt Sophimon. 
 
 In the conclusion of the address,* the Lecturer et. 
 hortE;d the members to be constant and diligent in their 
 atleotioD lo the duties and exercises of tbeir associa- 
 tion ; to improve themselves by the exercise of their 
 faculties or the power of examining and discussing 
 subjects of science and literature ; in the art of com- 
 position and Ihe habit of delivering their opinions and 
 arguments in public, wjlh facility and propriety. He 
 proceeded — In this country, where every place of pub- 
 lic employment waits alike upon every citizen, where 
 the worth of Ihe man is his recommendation, and we 
 know nothing of the distinctions of birrh and blood, 
 who can suf that he may not be called to the perlbrm- 
 ance Of duties which will require a facility of speech 
 and pen. The balls of legislation are open lo ill. Tou 
 may find yourselves there, or in other situations of pnb* 
 lie trust, for which the exercises of your association 
 may be a necessary preparation to enable you to ac- 
 quit yourselves with honour and usefulness. 
 
 Do not, however, believe that I can be so treacherous 
 a counsellor as to mean to hold out to you inducements 
 to feeh political preferment. Bui it may seek you; it 
 may be put upon you at times and under circumstances 
 when, as good citizens, you cannot decline il. I would 
 rather say to you, avoid it, as a path beset witb diflfl- 
 culties and danger; mortifications and disappoint- 
 ments. The man who sets out in life to live by public 
 office will surely die in poverty and neglect. I wouM 
 not direct your aspirations to such objects. I would 
 Dot light up io your hearts Ihe low and disgraceful 
 ambition of an office- hunter. The only independent 
 man is he who depends upon himself, tiely upon the 
 power and skill of your own hands ; npOD the inge- 
 nuity and iutelligence of your own heads; upon your 
 industry, prudence and integrity. They will never de- 
 ceive or desert you ; you will never lose your popular- 
 ity with them. Make them the foundation of your 
 fortune and respectability, and they will not sink un- 
 der you. Serve your country, when your country 
 wants you, but seek not popular favour at the expense 
 of your honour, independence and self-reepeet. Of all 
 the occupations to which pride or idleness can drive a 
 mao, the most d^rading is that of a be^ng polkieiao, 
 a regular place-hunter. He is a conqwund of mean- 
 ness, hypocrisy and falsehood. He is ready to serve 
 all, and to betray all. He is true to nothing but his 
 own selfishness. 
 
 The age of the venerable lecturer and his station, 
 removed from the prejudices and coiifliets of parly, 
 give weight lo his admonitions, which should be re- 
 
 # A popular lecture before the Athenlso Insttlule, 
 FhllQdelphis. 
 
SYNOPSIS. 
 
 45 
 
 ceived as those of an impartial judg%. We are firm 
 in the cODviction that amoog the greatest evila with 
 vrhich our beloved country is or can be atRicted is the 
 bankering after oSSce, It is a curse alike pBrnicious 
 to the general and to individual welfare. Instances 
 eveiywbere alwund of men with good trades or with 
 talent and abilities to insure success in any honest and 
 independent calling, who have neglected their busi- 
 ness in hopes of securing an office. They forsake the 
 certain means of subsistence, if not independence, 
 which their business offers for the uncertainly of of- 
 fice. A regular business is neglecledor given up for 
 two or three years' enjoyment of office ; the emolumeot 
 of which is barely sufficient >o aftbrd a living. Sufi'er- 
 iog a constaDt tax on his time and purse, and the for- 
 mation of idle, dissolute or onsettled habits, he soon 
 finds himself turned out to make room for some new 
 favourite. It has been truly asserted that " nothiog so 
 much unfits a mau for the usual occupations of life as 
 office. The habit of having a salary to depend upon, 
 takes away the common stimulus to exertion, and the 
 idleness often attendant upon offic^ leads to a great 
 many tad habits difficult to correct. Salary men gen- 
 erally spend all their salaries, and have but lillle to 
 lay up for aickness or old age. A rich office-holder is 
 
 generally a novelly, and a contented office-holder is a 
 greater novelty still.'' 
 
 The Public welfare is no less endangered by this in* 
 ordinate thirst for office, since experience has so fre- 
 quently demonstrated the fact that measures of great 
 national importance have befen adtqited or neglected 
 solely with reference to their effects upon party. The 
 paramount interesis of tbe state or the ^untry have 
 been too often sacrificed in the unworthy scramble for 
 office. In the declaration that " to the victors belong 
 the spoils," the monstrous principle has been avowed 
 of "spoils and plunder;" as though tbe enlightened 
 freemen of the country of WASHINGTON were 
 called dd to exercise the glorious right of suffrage not 
 to preserve our free inatilutions, not to promote the 
 general welfare, not to maintain Ihe prosperity which 
 the country has so largely participated in, or to per- 
 petuate the liberties with which we are blessed, not for 
 objects so sacred as these, but for the unworthy and 
 unhallowed purpose of plunder ! ! Though judicious 
 changes in office may at times be proper and necessary, 
 yet the idea of holding up the offices of the country u 
 " rewards and spoils " for reckless partlzans is a senti- 
 ment that should be reprobated by every true Ameri- 
 can. 
 
 SYNOPSIS, 
 
 Showing the year in zohich each State of the Union was settledt and by what peoph 
 the number qf square miles— time of holding electiona—qualijication ofvotera^ and 
 number ^Representatives and Electors from each State. 
 
 MAINE. Settled 1630, by English; 32,000 square 
 miles ; capital Augusta ; General Election second Mon- 
 day inSeplember; Legislature meet first Wednesday 
 in January ; Voters must reside in tbe stale three 
 months before any election ; sends Members of Con- 
 gress, S; Electors, 10. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Settled 1623, by English; 
 9500 square miles ; capital Concord ; General Election 
 second Tuesday in March ; Legislature meets on the 
 first Wednesday in June ; Voters require no other qua- 
 lification than to be twenly-one years of age ; sends 
 Members of Congress, 6 ; Electors, 7. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. Settled 1620, by English; 7500 
 square miles ; capital Boston ; General Election second 
 Mond^iy in November ; Legislature meet first Wednes- 
 day in January ; Voters, one year's residence in Ihe 
 stale, and have paid a slate or county tax ; sends Mem- 
 ben of Congress, 12 ; Electors, 14. 
 
 VERMONT. Settled 1749, by Englisb; 10,200 
 square miles; capital Montpelier; General Election 
 first Tuesday in 5eptemt>er ; Legislature meet second 
 Thursday in October ; Voters, to reside in the state one 
 year ; sends Members of Congress, 5 ; Electors, 7. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. Settled 1636, by English ; 1360 
 square miles ; capital Providence ; General Eleclion for 
 governor and senators in April ; for represenraiivea in 
 April and August ; Legislature meet first Wednesday 
 in June and last Wednesday in October ; Voters must 
 be resident in the state three months, and bave a free-' 
 hold of 134 dollars; sends Members of Congress, 2; 
 Electors, 4. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. Settled 1633, bv English ; 4760 
 square miles; capital New Haven; General Election 
 first Monday in April ; Legislature meet first Wednes- 
 day in May ; Voters lo hold a freehold of 7 dollars 
 per annum, or have done Military duty, paid a slate 
 tax, and taken tbe prescribed oath ; sends Members of 
 Congress, 6 ; Electors, 8. 
 
 NEW YORK- Settled 1614, by Dutch ; 46,000 
 square miles ; capital Albany ; General Election first 
 
 Monday in Nov.Sdays; Legislature meet first Tuesday 
 in January : Voters, citizens 21 years of age, inhabitants 
 of state for last year, and resident of county for last six 
 months ; coloured men, 'a freehold of 250 dollars, paid 
 taxes, and been a citizen three years ; sends Memnen 
 of Congress, 40 ; Electors, 42. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. Settled 1624, by Danes^ 8300 
 square miles; capital Trenloo; General Election, se- 
 cond Tuesday in October ; Voters, to be citizens of the 
 state one year, and worth fifty pounds proclamation 
 money ; sends Members of Congress, 6 ; Electors, 8. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. Settled 16S2, by English * 
 44,000 sq. miles : capital, Barrisburg ; Gen. Elec 2d 
 Tuesday in Oct. ; Legislature meet 1st Tues. in Jan. ; 
 Voters, white, one year in slate, 10 days where voting, 
 and pay tax assess^ 10 days before election, between 
 21 and 22 vote without tax ; sends Mem. of Con., 28. ; 
 Electors, 30. 
 
 DELAWARE. Seltled 1627, by Swedes and Fins . 
 2100 square miles ; capital Dover ; General Election 
 2d Tuesday in October, or November ; Legislature 
 meet first Tuesday in January ; VoteiB, the same qua- 
 lifications required as in Fenosylvania ; sends members 
 of Congress, 1 ; Electors, 3. 
 
 MARYLAND. Settled 1634, by English ; 14,000 
 square miles; capital, Annapolis; General Eleclion 
 firat Monday in October ; Legislalure meet first Mon- 
 day in December; Voters, one year's residence in the 
 county where he shall offer lo vote; sends Members 
 of Congress, 8; Ellegtors, 10. 
 
 VIRGINIA. Setfled 1607, by English ; 64,000 square 
 miles ; capital Richmond ; General Election in April ; 
 Legislature meet first Monday in December ; Voters, 
 freehold of value of 25 dollars, or been a housekeeper 
 one year, or been assessed, amounts to almost univer- 
 sal suffrage; sends Members of Congress, 31; Elec- 
 tors, 23. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. Settled 1650, by. English J 
 48,000 square miles ; capital Raleigh; General Elec- 
 tion in August ; L^islature meet second Monday m 
 
46 
 
 MANUFACTURES— FOREIGN TRADE. 
 
 November; Voter, citizen of the state one year, may 
 votB'tor 3. member of the House of Commons, but must 
 own fifty acrea of land .to vote for a senator ; seiids 
 Member! of Congress. 13 ; Electors, 15. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA- Settled 1689, by English; 
 24,00f square miles; capital Columbia ; General Elec- 
 tion sefiond Monday in October ; Legislature meet 4lh 
 Monday in November ; Vfller, resident of the alate two 
 years, and six montUa of the district where voting ; 
 sends Members of Congress, 9 ; Electors; 11. 
 
 GEORGIA. Setlled 1733, by English ; 60,000 square 
 miles; capital Milledgeville ; General Election first 
 Monday in October; Legislature meet first Monday in 
 November ; Voter, citizen of the state, and six months' 
 residence of county where voting, and have paid all 
 (axes impo^') upon him ; sends Members of Congress, 
 9 j Electors, tl. 
 
 l!X)UISIANA. Settled 1699, by French; 48 000 
 square miles ; capital New Orleans ; General Election 
 firs! Monday in July ; Legislature meet first Monday 
 in January ; Voter, to reside one year in the county, 
 and paid taxes within tbe last six months; sends Mem- 
 bers of Congress, 3 ; Electors, 5. 
 
 OHIO. Settled 1788, by English ; 39,000 sq. miles; 
 capital, Columbus ; General Election 2d Tuesday in 
 Oct. J Legislature meet 1st Monday in Dec ; Voter, 
 one year's residence in the state preceding the election, 
 having paid, or been charged with, slate or county tax; 
 sends Mem. of Con. 19; Electors, 21. 
 
 KENTUCKY. Sett]edl776, by Virginians; 42,000 sq. 
 miles ; cap. Frankfort ; General Election first Mon- 
 day in August ; Legislature meet first Monday in No- 
 vember; Voters, two years' residence in the slate, and 
 in the county where offering to vote, one year preced- 
 ing the election; sends members of Congress, 13; 
 Electors, 15. 
 
 ILLINOIS. Settled 1749, by French ; 52,000 square 
 miles ; capital, Vandalia ; General Election first Mon- 
 day in August ; Legislature meet first Monday in De- 
 cember; Voter, residence in the state six months, but 
 can only vote in the county where he actually resides; 
 sends Members of Congress, 3 ; Electors 5. 
 
 INDIANA. Seltled 1730, by French j 36^000 sq. 
 miles; capital, Indianapolis; General Election first 
 Monday in August ; liCgistature meet first Monday in 
 December ; Voter, one year's residence in (he state 
 preceding the election, entitles to vote in county of 
 residence ; sends Members of Congress, 7 ; Electors, 9. 
 
 ALABAMA. Settled 1715, by Frenchj cap. Tub- 
 caloosa; General Election first Monday in August; 
 Legislature meet fourth Monday in October; Voter, 
 citizen of the United States, one year of this, and three 
 months' residence in the county where he shall offer to 
 vote ; sends Members of Con^ss, 5 ; Electors, 7. 
 
 MISSKSIFFL Setlled 1716, by French; capital, 
 
 Jackson; General Election first Monday in August ; 
 Legislature meet first Monday in November : Voter, 
 citizen of the Uaited Stales, aod one year's residence in 
 this, and in county six months, and have done military 
 duty, or paid taxes; sends Members of Congress, 2; 
 Electors, 4. 
 
 MISSOURI. Settled 1763. by French; 60,000 sq. 
 liles ; capital, Jefferson City ; General Election first 
 Monday in August; Legislature meet first Monday in 
 Novembt;r; Voter, citizen of the United Slates, one 
 year's residence in Ihis state next preceding the elec- 
 tion, and three months in the county ; sends Members 
 of Congress, Z ; Electors, 4. 
 
 TENNESSEE. Settled in 1765, by English ; 40,000 
 square miles; capital, Nashville; Gen. Election first 
 Tuesday in August ; Legislature meet fini Monday in 
 October ; Voter, citizen of the United States, and six 
 months in county where his vote is offered; sends 
 Members of Congress, 13; Electors, 15. 
 
 FLORIDA for near 200 years under Spain, was 
 ceded to United States in tSI9, and the East and West 
 formed one Territory in 1822 ; St. Augustine is the 
 oldest town in the United States ; Tallahassee is the 
 capital ; Fensacola U. S. naval station. 
 
 MICHIGAN. Settled in 1670, by the French; 
 contains 65,000 square miles ; Indiana, 30,000 ; capital, 
 Detroit; Soil rich; Iron, copper and lead cnines 
 abound ; Qualifications, kc. not ascertained. 
 
 ARKANSAS. Seltled by French from Louisiana, 
 and formed from a part of Missouri in 1819 ; containi 
 57,000 square miles ; admitted in the Union 183G ; cap. 
 Little Rock; Qualifications of voters, &c. not yet as- 
 certained. 
 
 WISCONSIN. Settled by emigrants from other, 
 principally New England Slates ; bounded by lakes 
 Michigan and Superior on the £., by Hudson Bay Co. 
 Territories on the N., Illinois on the S., Mississippi 
 and Iowa on the West; conlains 80,000 square miles; 
 capital, Madison. 
 
 IOWA, Territory, lies between Missouri and Misais- 
 sippi rivers, bounded on the N. by Hudson Bay Co. 
 Territories; conlains 150,000 square miles; purchased 
 of Sacs and Foxes, 1832; capital, Iowa City. 
 
 INDIAN or Western Territory extends from the 
 western boundary of Arkansas and Missouri to Red 
 river on tbe S., and the Punca and Flatte or Nebraska 
 on the N. ; roughly estimated at about 275,000 square 
 miles. The Western Territory, extending to the 
 Rocky mountains, contains 340,000 square miles. Co- 
 lumbia or Oregon Territory, claimed by the United 
 States, is about 850 miles long N. and S., 400 to 700 
 miles broad, and estimated to contain 350,000 sq. miles. 
 
 *** TWO SENATORS are sent from each State, 
 in addition to the preceding enumeration of Members 
 of Congress. 
 
 MANUFACTURES. 
 
 Estimated J3n7iual Value of Marmfac- 
 turcs.— Aegregate value $350,000,000. Cot- 
 ton manufactures $50,000,000. Woollen do. 
 $70,000,000. Leather do. $40,000,000. Linen 
 $6,000,000. Hals, caps, &c. $15,000,000. 
 Glass $5,000,000. Paper $6,000,000. Soap 
 and candles $10,000,000. Spirils $5,000,000. 
 Cabinet-ware $10,000,000. Iron $50,000,000. 
 
 FOREIGN TRADE. 
 
 Ex/portiio 
 
 Impoi-ts from 
 Great Britain and 
 
 dependencies, - $49,051,181 
 France and do. - - 18,0H7,]49 
 Spain and do. - - 15.97I,3P4 
 Netherlands and do. 2,436,166 
 
 China 4.764,536 
 
 Mexico - 3,500,709 
 
 TexQS - 165,718 
 
 OUE. TRADE WITH TRANCE. 
 In 1839 our exports to France amounted (o 18,336,- 
 3M dollars. The principal arricle which we send to 
 France is cotton. Of the aggregate exporis just named, 
 13,323,142 dollars was in cotton, 710,063 dollars in to- 
 bacco, and 320,911 dollars in rice. Our imports from 
 France during the same year, reached the aura of 32,- 
 rai,321 dollars, of which 15,099,478 dollars was in 
 siUu; l,379,97Ddollar8 in wines; worsted and woi^ted 
 
 $58,843,392 
 ^^16252,413 
 7,684;006 
 3.772,296 
 1,608,433 
 2,164,097 
 l,247,r" 
 
 stuff goods 1 ,500,000 dollars, linen 600,000 dollars, and 
 manufactured cotton goods less than one million of 
 dollars. This statement shows an excess of imports 
 over exports, of 14,I94,'16"' dollars for the year above 
 named. In a comparison of the imports from France 
 of 1S39 with those of the previous year, it appears that 
 they were nearly doubled— the difference in nlks alone 
 being nearly 10,000,000 dollars in 1839 over the im- 
 ports of 1838— while the increase of exports during 
 tbe same period was only 2,414,449. 
 
GENERAL DISTANCES— TRAVELLING ROUTES. 47 
 
 GENERAL DISTANCES. 
 
 FROM WASHINGTON TO THE METROPOLIS OR CHIEF 
 TOWN OF EACH STATE ." ALSO, FROM EACH METROPO- 
 LIS TO EACH OF THE OTHERS. 
 
 ;^B a g B S S af S-r 5 S-^ = E^2 " 2 I S = g g ^ 
 |=fcg 2.=:9f." i all i illK'K™-''^ i = 5- 
 
 
 oo 3 
 
 ESSSSESSi 
 
 I £ Wasbiogtoo 
 
 
 iig 
 
 iiiiiiii§ii§s§sisa 
 
 g 
 
 si 
 
 Portland 
 
 ii 
 
 
 
 Forlamoulh 
 Burlingloa 
 
 pisiiiiiiSiSsigga sSgiSI '""' ^"•' 
 
 SggggSNewTork 
 
 gsss 
 
 ssssssSessssss 
 
 o^Sot-^En 
 
 silislgPliiMelphia 
 
 S£^Si::SSgS%ggS S^gSSilisSSS Wilmington 
 
 siiallSgliiai ffig35i|g3slas=>"i°"'" 
 
 iSSSIlilSliS gggSSggglllg Richmond 
 li§sg§iigia 5ll§ISiSSIi§S Newborn 
 i3|iigSI|= sliSigiiliiiig Ch,rIo.ton 
 S3Si§i§3§ siilaiSSiiisilisapannah 
 
 iisisSsg lissliiiiililiiiM*'. 
 iSssSss gssiliiiiiliiliii""'!'- 
 
 S^SsSi SgiSiiSiisllsiSill New Orleans 
 
 liiiiililiE «""»"= 
 
 iSSSS^isiSS Louisville 
 
 ffiffiS SSaSfelia:3ESSFe££S2S!SSS;3 Cincinnali 
 2= g*.sg5g2|§|egg|2g|||||gNewAlb=my 
 
 sB^ffiiMiimiiiii liiiilii st. i^^^ 
 
 GENERAL TRAVELLKVG 
 ROUTES. 
 
 From Boatan to St. Louis, Mo. 
 To New York - . . . 228 Miles 
 Philadcdlpbia, 
 
 Pillsburg, 
 X^uisville, - 
 St. Louis, - 
 
 87 31S 
 
 394 709 
 
 587 1296 
 
 568 1854 
 
 From Boston to Augusta, Ga. 
 To New York, - - - - 228 
 
 CharlestoD, - - - 900 1128 
 Augusta, Ga. - - 136 1264 
 
 From New Fork to New OrUaav. 
 To Cbarleaton, • - - . 900 
 
 AuguEla, ... - 136 1036 
 
 Mobile; 640 1576 
 
 New Orleaos, - - 164 1740 
 
 From New York to St. Louit, Mo. 
 
 To Albany, 145 
 
 Buffalo, 363 508 
 
 Detroit, 317 825 
 
 Cbicaso.Il,, • • - 286 1111 
 St. Louis, • - • . 341 1462 
 
 From New York to St. Augtatiru, Fl. 
 
 To CharlestoD, • - • 900 
 
 SavaDoah, - • . • 108 1008 
 St. Augustine, - ■ 309 1317 
 
 From New York to Chicago artd Oa- 
 
 To Albany, • - 
 Buffalo, - - 
 Detroit, . ■ 
 Chicago, II., 
 Galena, • • 
 
 145 
 
 363 508 
 
 317 825 
 
 286 nil 
 
 161 1372 
 
 From New York to Q^el)ee, 
 
 To Albany, 145 
 
 Monircal, • • ■ • 252 397 
 Quebec, 170 567 
 
 From PhSadelphia to New Orleans. 
 To FitUburg, Fau, - • • 394 
 
 New OrleaDB, • - - 2003 2397 
 
 From Philadelphia to Mobile. 
 
 To Baltimore, - . . . 116 
 
 WasbingtoD, - • • 40 166 
 
 Milton, 14. 6..- • - 247 402 
 
 Torkville, S. C, - - 197 699 
 
 Abbeville, - . > - 106 705 
 
 Milledgeville, - - - 115 820 
 
 Columbua. ■ • . . 133 953 
 
 Mobile, Al„ - . • 283 1261 
 
 From Philadelphia to NashviOe, Ten. 
 
 To Balliinore, ■ . ■ - US 
 
 Wbeeling, . . - - 279 394 
 
 Louisville, ■ - ■ . 495 889 
 
 Nasbville, , • - • 524 1413 
 
 From Philadelphia to Detroit. 
 
 ToFlttaburg, . - ■ • S94 
 
 Beaver, 28 422 
 
 L^SauduBky, • • - 199 621 
 
 Detroit, .... - 102 723 
 
 From Philadelphia to Niagara litUs, 
 
 To Easton, Fa., . . - 66 
 
 £bDira,N. T., • - 16B 214 
 
 Canandaigua, • - - 70 284 
 
 NiagaiaFalls, . . . .101 385 
 
48 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THK UNITED STATES. 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in order to form a 
 more perfect Union, establish justice, insure donles- 
 tic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, pro- 
 mote tbe general welfare, and secure the blessings of 
 lilKrty to ourselves aud our posterity, do ordain and 
 eatablish this Constitution for the United States of 
 America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 Sec. 1. ,AI1 IcKislalive powers herein granted shall 
 be vested in a Congress of the United Slates, which 
 shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 Sec 2. The House of Representatives shall be com- 
 posed of members chosen every second year by the peo- 
 ple of the several Stales, and Ihe electors in each State 
 shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the 
 moat numerous branch of the Slate Legislature. 
 
 No pereOD shall be a Representative who shall not 
 have atlaioed to the age of twenty-five years, and been 
 seven years a citizen of the United Stales, and who 
 shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State- 
 in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Representatives and direct taxes shall he apportion- 
 ed among the several States which may be included 
 within this Union, according to their respect i vcnum- 
 bera, which shall be determined by adding to Ihe whole 
 number of free persona, including those bound to ser- 
 vice for a term of year?, and excluding Indians not 
 taxed, three-fiflhs of all other persons. The actual 
 enumeration shall be made within three years after the 
 first meeting of Ihe Congress of Ihe United States, and 
 within every subsequent term of ten years, in such 
 manner as they shall by law direct. The number of 
 Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
 thousand, but each State shall have at least one Repre- 
 sentative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, 
 the Stale of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 
 three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Provi- 
 dence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York 
 six, New Jersey four^ Pennsylvania eight, Delaware 
 one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, 
 South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 When vacancies happen in the representation from 
 any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue 
 writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 The House of Representatives shall choose their 
 Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole 
 power of impeachment. 
 
 Sec. 3. The Senate of the United Slates shall he 
 composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by 
 the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Sena- 
 tor shall have one vole. 
 
 Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- 
 quence of the first election, they shall be divided as 
 equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the 
 Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expi- 
 ration of Ihe second year, of the second class at ihe 
 expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at 
 the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may 
 be chosen every second year-; and if vacancies happen 
 by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the 
 Legislature of any State, the executive thereof may 
 make temporary appointments until the next meeting 
 of (he Legislature, which shall then fill such vacan- 
 cies. 
 
 No person shall he a Senator who shall not have at- 
 tained to Ihe age of thirty years, and been nine years a 
 citizen of the l7nited States, and who shall liot, when 
 elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he 
 shall be chosen. 
 
 The Vice President of the United States shall be Pre- 
 sident of the Senate, but shall b&ve no vote, unless Ihey 
 be equally divided. 
 
 The Senate shall choose their other ofHcers and 
 also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the 
 Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of 
 President of the United Stales, 
 
 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all im- 
 
 Eeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall 
 c on oath or affirmation. When the Preiident of the 
 United Stales is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; 
 aud no person slialt be cDnvicted without the concur- 
 retice of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 
 further thanto remo'val fiom office, and disqualifica- 
 tion to hold, and enjoy any office of honour, trustor 
 profit under the United Slates : but Ihe parl^ convicted 
 shall nevertheless be liable and subject {o indiclmentj 
 trial, judgmeufand punishment, according to law. 
 
 Sec. 4. The. times, .places and manner of holding 
 elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be pre- 
 scribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but 
 the Congress may at any time by law make or alter 
 such regulations, except as 10 the places of choosing 
 Senators. 
 
 The.Congres3 shall assemble at least once in every 
 year, and -such meeting shall he on the first Monday in 
 December, unless they shall by law appoint a different 
 day. 
 
 _ Sec. 6. £ach house shall he the judge of Ihe elec- 
 tions, returns and qualifications of its own members, 
 and a majority of eaeh shall constitute a quorum to do 
 business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day 
 to day, and may be authorized to compel the alteaa- 
 ance of absent members, in such manner, and under 
 such penalties as each house may provide. 
 
 Each house may determine the rules of Hi proceed- 
 ings, punish its members for disorderly behaviour, and) 
 with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, 
 and from time to lime publish the same, excepting such 
 parts as may in Iheir judgment require secrecy ; and 
 the yeas and navs of the members of either house on 
 any queslion shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
 present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, 
 without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than 
 three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
 the two houses shall be sitting. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall re- 
 ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascer- 
 tained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the 
 .United -States. They shall in all cases, except treason, 
 felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from ar- 
 rest during their attendance at the session of their re- 
 spective houses, and in going to and returning from the 
 same; and far any speech or debate in either house, 
 they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 No Senator or Represenlalive shall, during the time 
 for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil 
 office under the authority of the United Slates, which 
 shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof 
 shall have been increased during such lime; and no 
 
 gerson holding any office under the United Slates, shall 
 e a member of either house during his continuance in 
 office. 
 
 Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate 
 in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may 
 propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 
 Every hill which shall have passed the House of Re- 
 presentdlivcs and the Senate, shall, before it become a 
 law, be presented to the President of the United Slates; 
 if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return 
 it, with his objections, lo that house in which it shall 
 have originated, w^o shall enlcr the objections at large 
 on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after 
 such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 49 
 
 agr» to pasB the bill, it shall be not, together irilh the 
 objections, to the oiuer house, by which it shall liKe- 
 wise be leconaJdered, and if approved by two-thirds of 
 that house, it sball become a law. But in all such cases 
 the voles of both houses shall be delermiDed by yeas 
 and nays, and the names of the penoDs voting for and 
 ■gaiost the bill shall be entered on Ihe journal of each 
 house respectively. If any bill sliall not be returned 
 by Ihe President within ten days (Sundays excepted} 
 after it shall.have been presented to him, Ihe same 
 shall be a bw, in like manner as if he bad signed it, 
 unless tin CoDgreas by their adjournment prevent its 
 return, ia which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Every order, rest^utioD, or vole to which the concur- 
 >Knce of the.Senataaod House of Representatives may 
 be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) 
 shall be presented to tbe President of the United Stales ; 
 and, before tbe same shall take effect, shall be approved 
 by him^or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed 
 by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives, according to Ibe rules and limitations prescribed 
 inlhe case of abilL 
 
 Sec &■ The Congress shall have power— 
 
 To lay and collect laxes, duties, imposts, and excises, 
 to pay the dd>ls and provide for the common defence 
 and' general welfafe'of tbe United States ; but all du- 
 ties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout 
 the United Stales ; ^ 
 
 To borrow money on the credit of the United Slates j 
 
 To>r^ulate commerce wilh foreign nations, and 
 among the several Stales, and with the Indian Iribes ; 
 
 To establish an uniform rule of nnturalization, and 
 uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies through- 
 out the United States ; 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of 
 foreign com, aod 6x Ihe standard of weights and mea- 
 sures; 
 
 To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
 securities and currenl coin of the United Stales ; 
 - To establish post-offices and post-roads } 
 
 To promote the progress of science and nieful arts, 
 by securing for limited times to authors and inveotors 
 the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
 coveries ; 
 
 To GODstitnte tribunals inferior to the Supreme 
 Court ; to define and punish piracies and felonies com- 
 mitted-on Ibe high seas, and uffcsnces .igainst the law 
 of nations; 
 
 To declare war,^nt letters of marque and repri- 
 sal, and make rules concerning captures on land and 
 water J 
 
 To raise and support armies; but no appropriation 
 of money to that use shall be for a longer term than 
 two years; 
 
 To provide and mainlaio a navy ; 
 
 To make rules for the government and regulation of 
 tbe land and naval forces ; 
 
 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the 
 bwi of tbe Union, suppress insurrections and repel in- 
 vasions ; 
 
 To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, 
 Jbe militia, and for governing such part of Ihem as 
 may be empWed in Ine service of the United Stales ; 
 reserving to Ihe Stales respectively, the appointment 
 of the officers, and the authority of training the militia 
 according to Ibe discipline prescribed by (ingress ; 
 
 To exercise exclusive legislation in alt cas^ what- 
 soever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles 
 square) as may, by cession of particubr Sta'ea, nnd Ihe 
 acceptance of Conzress, become the seat of Ihe (3o- 
 vemment of the United Slaves ; and (o exercise like 
 autboriiy over all places purchased by tbe consent of 
 Ihe legiuature of Ihe State in which the s^nie shall be, 
 for Ihe erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock- 
 yards, and other needful buildings ; and 
 
 To make all laws which shall be necessary and 
 proper for carrying into execution tbe foregoing pow- 
 en, and all other powers vested by Ibis Constitution in 
 the Government of Ihe United Stales, or in any de- 
 partment or officer thereof. 
 
 Sec. 9. Tbe mifralion or importation of such per- 
 
 sons as any of the States now existing shall think pro- 
 per to admit, shall not be prohibited by tbe Congress 
 prior to Ihe year one thousand eight hundred and 
 eight ; but a lax or duty mnv be imposed on such im- 
 portation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 
 
 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpua shall not 
 be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or in- 
 vasion the public safety may require i(. 
 
 No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be 
 passed. 
 
 No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, un- 
 less in proportion to the census or enumeration herein 
 before directed to be taken. 
 
 No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
 from any State. No preference shall be given by any 
 regulation of commerce or revenue to Ihe ports of one 
 State over those of another j nor shall vessels bound to, 
 or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
 duties in another. 
 
 No money shall be drawn from Ihe Treasury bnt in 
 consequence of appropriations made by law; and a 
 regular statement and account of the receipts and ex- 
 penditures of all public money shall be published from 
 time to time. 
 
 No title of nobility shall be granted by Ihe United 
 States: and no person holding any office of profit or 
 trust under them, sh^ll, without the consent of Ihe 
 Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or 
 title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, pr 
 foreign State. 
 
 Sec. 10. No Slate shall enter into any treaty, alli- 
 ance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and 
 reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any 
 ihiqg but gold and silver coin a tender in paymeut of 
 debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or 
 law Impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any 
 title of nobility. 
 
 No Slate shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
 lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, ex- 
 cept what in-\y be absolutely necessary for executing 
 its inapeclion laws : and the netl produce of all duties 
 and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, 
 shall be for the use of Ihe Treasury of the United 
 States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the levi- 
 aion and control of the Congress. No Stale shall, with- 
 out the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, 
 keep troops oi' ships of war in time of peace, enter 
 into any a^ement or compact with another State, or 
 with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actu- 
 ally invaded, or in snch imminent danger as will not 
 admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE n. 
 
 Sec. 1. Tbe executive power shall fae vested in a 
 President of the Ijnited States of America. He shall 
 hold his office during the term, of four yean, and, to- 
 gether wilh the Vice President, chosen for tbe same 
 term, be elected, as follows : 
 
 Each State shall appoini, in such manner as Ihe le- 
 gislature thereof mav direct, a number of electors 
 equal to Ihe whole number of Senators and Representa- 
 tives to which Ihe Stale may he entitled in Ihe Con- 
 gress : but no Senator or Representative, or pei'sun 
 holding an office of trust or profit under the United 
 Stales, shall be appointed an elector. 
 
 Tbe electors shnll meet in their respective Stales, 
 and vote by tellot for two persons, of whom one at 
 least shall not be an inbahitant of tbe same Slate with 
 themselves. And they shall make a list of all the per- 
 sons \oted for, and of Ibe number of votes for each ; 
 which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit 
 sealed to the seat cf the Government of the United 
 Stales, directed to the President of the Senate. The 
 President of the Senate shall, in the presence of Ihe 
 Senate and House of Repreoentatives open all the cer- 
 tificates, and the voles shall then be counted. The pet- 
 son having Ihe greatest number of votes shall be the 
 President, if such number be a majority of the whole 
 number of electors appointed ; and if there be more 
 than one who have such majority, and have an equal 
 number of votes, then the House of Representative* 
 
50 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 shall immediately choose by biillot one of Ibem for 
 Fresidenr^ and if no person have a majnrity, theo 
 from the five highest on the list Ihe said house shall in 
 like manner choose the Preaident. Bui io choosing 
 the President, (he voles shall be taken by Slates, the 
 represental ion from each Stale having one vote; a> 
 quorum for (his purpose shall con>isl of a member or 
 members from two-thirdii of the Stales, and a majority 
 of nil (he Stales shall be necejaary to a choice. In 
 every case, after the choice of the President, the per- 
 son having the greatest number of votes of the electors 
 shall be (he Vice President. But if (here should re- 
 main two or more who have equal vote'*, the Senate 
 shall choose from ihem by ballot ihe Vice Freiident. 
 
 The Congress may determine Ihe time of choosing 
 the electors, and Ihe day on which they Bhall give their 
 votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
 Uiiiied States. 
 
 No pers"n except a. natural born citizen, or a citizen 
 of Ihe United States at the time of the adoption of this 
 Coiistilution, t>haU be eligible to the omce of Presi- 
 dent } neither shall any person be eligible to that office 
 who shall nut have aUaiued to the age of thirty-five 
 years, and been fourteen years a resident wilbia the 
 United Slates. 
 
 Id case of ihe removal of Ihe President from office, 
 or of his death, resignalinn, or inability to discharge 
 the powers and dui ies nf the said office, (he same shall 
 devolve on the Vice President j and the Congress may 
 by I^aw provide for Ihe cise of removal, death, resigna- 
 tion, or inability, both of Ihe President and Vice Pre- 
 sident, declaring what officer shall then act as Presi- 
 dent, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the 
 disability be removed, or a President shall be elecled. 
 
 The PresidenI shall, at slated limes, receive for his 
 services, a compensation, which shall neither be in- 
 creased nor dimmished during the period for which he 
 shall have been elected; and he shall not receive 
 within that period any other emolument from the 
 United Stales or any of them. 
 
 Before he enter on Ihe execution of his office, he 
 shall take Ihe following oaUi or affirmation : 
 
 " 1 do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faith- 
 fully execute the office of President of the United 
 Stales, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
 protect and defend (be CoDSIitulion of the United 
 Stales.*' 
 
 Sec. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief 
 of the army and navv of the United States and of the 
 militia of (he several Slates, when called into the ac- 
 tual service of the United Slates j he may require the 
 opinion in writing, of the principal officer in each of 
 the executive departmenls, upoD any subject relatine 
 to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shali 
 have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences 
 against the United States, except in cases of impeach- 
 meni. 
 
 He shall have power, by and with the advice and 
 consent of the Senate, to make Iroties, provided two 
 thirds of the Senators preseni concur; and he shall 
 nominale, and bv and with Ihe advice and consent of 
 tbs Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public 
 Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, 
 and all other officers of the United States, whose ap- 
 pointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and 
 which shall be eslablished by law. But the Congress 
 may by law vest tlie appointment of such inferior offi- 
 cers, as ihey think proper, in Ihe President alone, in 
 tbe courts of law, or iathe heads of departments. 
 
 The President shall nave power to fill up all vacan- 
 dies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, 
 by granting commissions which shall expire at tbe end 
 of Ibeir next session. 
 
 Sec. S. He shall, from time lo time, give to the 
 Congress iaf()rm.ition of Ihe s'ate of the Union, and re- 
 commend lo their consideration such measures as he 
 shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on ex- 
 traordinary occasions, convene boih Tiouses, or either 
 of them, and in case of disagreement between them, 
 with respect to the lime of adjournment, he may ad. 
 joarn them to such time as he shall think proper^ he 
 
 shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers ; 
 he shall lake care that Ihe laws be faithfully executed, 
 and shall commission all the officers of the United 
 Stales. 
 
 Sec. 4. Tbe President, Vice President, and all civil 
 officers of the United States, shall be removed from 
 office on impeachment for, and conwSction of, treason, 
 bribery, or other high crimes and miademeanore. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 Sec. 1. The judicial power of Ibe United States shall 
 be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such Inferior 
 Courts as Ihe Congress may from time to lime ordain 
 and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and 
 Inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good be. 
 havinur, and shall,' at slated times, receive ror their 
 services, a compensation, which shall not be dimia. 
 ished during Iheir continuance in office. 
 
 Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend lo all cases, 
 in law and equity, arising under this Constilulion, the 
 laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
 shall be made under their authority ; to all cases affect- 
 ing Ambassadors, olher public Ministers and Con- 
 suls: to all cases of Admiralty and Maritime jurisdic- 
 lioD ; lo controversies to which the United Stales shall 
 be a parly; lo controversies between two or more 
 Slates ; between a Slate and citizens of another State ; 
 between citizens of different Slates; between citizens 
 of Ihe same State, claiming lands under grants of dif- 
 ferent Slates ; and between a State or the citizens 
 thereof, and foreign Slates, citizens or subjects. 
 
 In ail cases affeciing Ambassadors, other public 
 Ministers and Consuls, and those in which aState shall 
 be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original ju- 
 risdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, 
 the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, 
 both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and un- 
 der such regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 The (rial of all crimes, except in cases of impeach- 
 ment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in 
 the State where the said crimes shall have been com- 
 mitted ; but when not committed within any State, the 
 trial shall be at such place or places as Ihe Congress 
 may by law have directed. 
 
 Sec. 3. Treason against the United Stales shall con- 
 sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering 
 to tbeir enemies, giving them aid and comfort. Mo 
 person shall be convicted of treason unless an the tes- 
 timony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on 
 confession in open Court. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to declare tbe pun- 
 ishment of Jtreaeon.; but no attainder of treason shall 
 work cori-uption of bloody or forfeiture, except during 
 the lite of the person' attainted. 
 
 . , ARTICLE IV. 
 
 Sec. 1. Full faith and credit shall be ^iven in each 
 Stale, to the public acts, records and judicial proceed- 
 ings of every other Slate. And the Congress may, by 
 general taws, prescribe the manner In which such 
 acta, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the 
 effect thereof. 
 
 Sec. 2. The citizens of each Slate shall be entitled 
 to all privileges and immunities of citizens in tbe 
 several Slates. 
 
 A person charged in anv State with treason, felony, 
 or other crime, who shall fee from justice, and be 
 found in another Slate, sha)), on demand of the execu- 
 tive au(hority of the State from which he fled, be de- 
 livered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdic- 
 tion of Ihe crime. 
 
 No person held lo service or labour in one State, uri'- 
 der the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in 
 consequence of any law or regulation therein, be dis- 
 charged from such service or labour ; but shall be de- 
 livered up on claim of the party to whom such service 
 or labour may be due. 
 
 Sec. 3. New Slates may be admitted by the Congress 
 into this Union ; but no new Slate shall be formed or 
 erected within (he jurisdiction of any olher Slate;- nor 
 any State be formed by the junction of two or mora 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 51 
 
 States, or parts of States, without the consent or the 
 Legislatures of the Slates concerned as well as of the 
 Congress. 
 
 Tbe Congress shall have power to disppse of and 
 make all neoiful rules aod regulalioua reapectins, the 
 territory or o\bSf properly belongiog to ttie tJoiled 
 States ; and DOlmng in this Coostituijoa shall be so 
 construed, as to prejudice any claims of the United 
 Slates, or of any particular Slate. 
 
 Sec. 4. The United States etiall guarantee to every 
 Slate in this UDion, a republican form of government, 
 and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and, 
 on application of tbe Xregislature, or of the Executive 
 (when the L^islature caoaot be convened}, against do- 
 mestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses 
 shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to 
 this Constitution, or, on the application of the Lxeisr 
 iatures of two thirds o( the sevenl States, shall call a 
 convention far proposing amendments, which, in either 
 cise, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part 
 of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures 
 of three fourths of tbe several States, or by conven- 
 tions io three fourths thereof, as the one or the other 
 mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress: 
 iYouided, That do amendment whiah may be made 
 prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
 eight, shall in any manner affect the first and fourth 
 clauses in theuinthsectionof the first article; and that 
 no State, without its consent, -Bhall be deprived of its 
 equal sufiirage id the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VL 
 
 All debts contracted and engagements entered into 
 before thA adoption of this Coostitulion, shall be as 
 valid against the United Slates under this Constitution, 
 as undU" the Confederation. 
 
 This Constitution and the Lavrs of the United States 
 wbtch shall he made in pursuance thereof; and all 
 Treaties made, or which shall be made under the 
 aathority of the United Slates shall be the Supreme 
 Law of the Land: and the Judges in every State shall 
 , be twund therebVi anything in the Conslilutioa or Laws 
 of any Stale Io (he contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, 
 and the members txf the several State Legislatures, and 
 jdt Executive and Judicial officers, both of the United 
 'States and of tbe several Slates, shall be bound by oath 
 or afBrmatinn, to support this Constitution : but no reli- 
 gious lest shall ever be required aa a qualification to 
 any office or public trust under ihe United States. . ~ 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 Tbe ratification of the Conventions in nine States, 
 shall be sofficieot for the establishment of this Consti- 
 tution between Ihe States so ratifying the same. 
 
 Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of 
 the States present, the seventeenth day of Sep- 
 tember, in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven 
 hundred and eighty-seven, and of the Independence 
 of the United States of America Ihe twelflh. In 
 witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, President, 
 arid Deputy from Virginia, 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall mafae no law respecting an eitablish- 
 ment of religion, or prohibiting Iheiree exercise thereof; 
 or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or 
 the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to 
 petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 
 ARTICLE IL 
 
 A well regulated Militia heing necessary to tbe secu- 
 rity of a free State, the right of the people to keep and 
 bear arms, shall not b8 infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE m. 
 
 No soldie'r shall, in time of peace, he quartered in 
 any house without the consent of Ihe owner, nor in time 
 of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by Law. 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, 
 houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable searche5 
 and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrantsshdil 
 issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oalh or 
 ai&rmation, and particularly describme the place to be 
 searched, and Ihe persons or things to Be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capilal or 
 otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or 
 indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in 
 the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in 
 actual service in time of war or public danger; nor 
 shall any person be subject for Ihe same offence, lo be 
 twice put injeo) ardy of lifeor limb; nor shall be com- 
 pelled in any criminal case lo be a witness against him- 
 self, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without 
 due process of law; nor shall private property be taken 
 for public use, without just competiaation. 
 ARTICLE VL 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enipy 
 Ihe right to a speedy and public trial, by an imparfial 
 jury of the state and district wherein tne crime shall 
 have been committed, which district shall have been 
 previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of 
 the nature and cause of the accusation ; lo be confronted 
 with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory 
 process for obtaining witnesses in his favour, and to have 
 Ihe assistance of counsel for liiit defence. 
 ARTICLE VIL 
 
 In suits at common law, where tlie value in conlro. 
 versy shall exceed twenty dollars, Ihe rieht of trial by 
 jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall 
 be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United 
 States, than according lo Ihe rules of the common law. 
 ARTICLE VIIL 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive 
 fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments in- 
 flicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, 
 shall not he construed to deny or disparage others re- 
 tained by the people. 
 
 ARTIQLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United Slates by Ihe 
 Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are re- 
 served to the States respectively, or to the people. 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 The judicial power of the United Stales shall not be 
 conslrued lo extend to any suit in law or equity, com- 
 menced or prosecuted against one of tbe United States 
 by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of 
 any foreign State. 
 
 ARTICLE XH. 
 
 The Electors shall meet in their respeclive States 
 and vote, by ballot, for l^resident and Vice President, 
 one of whom, at least, shall not be an iohabiiant of the 
 same Slate with themselves ; they shall name in their 
 ballots the person voted for as President, and in distioct 
 ballots the person voted for as Vice President, and they 
 shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as Pre- 
 sident, and of all persons voli;d for as Vice President, 
 and of the number of votes for each, which lists they 
 shall sign and cerlify, and Iransmit, sealed, to the seat 
 of the Government of ihe United States, directed to the 
 President of the Senate; the President of the Senate 
 shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives, open all the certificateg, and tbe votes shall 
 then be counted ; the person having the greatest number 
 of votes for President shall be tbe President, if such 
 number be a majority of the whole number of Electors 
 
52 
 
 POISON ANTIDOTES— STATISTICS. 
 
 appointed, and if no peraon bave such majority, then 
 from Ihe persons having the highciit numbers not ex- 
 ceeding three, on the fist of those voted for as Presi- 
 dent, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- 
 diately, by ballot, the President; hut in choosing Ihe 
 FresidenI, the votes shall be taken by 8lates, the repre- 
 senlalioD from each State having one vote j a quorum 
 for this piit-pose shall consist of a member or members 
 from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the 
 States shall be necessai-y to a choice. And if the Hnuse 
 of Representatives shall not choose a President when- 
 ever the right of choice shall devolve upon Ihem, be- 
 fore the fourth day of March next following, then Ihe 
 Vice Freaident shall act as President, as in ihe case of 
 the death or other Constitutional disability of tlie Pres- 
 ident, The person having Ihe greatest number of votes 
 aa Vice President, shall be the Vice President, if such 
 number be a majority of the whole number of Electors 
 
 appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then fVom 
 the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall 
 choose the Vice President; a quorum forttie purpose 
 shall consist of two-thirds of the whole namber of 
 Senators; and a majority of the whole number shall 
 be necessary lo a choice. Rut no person constihition- 
 ally ineligible to the office of President ^ahal I be eliei- 
 ble to that of Vice President of the United Statei, 
 ARTICLE XIII. 
 If any citizen of the United States shall accept, 
 claim, receive, or retain any title of nobility or honour, 
 or Khali without the consent of Congress, accept and 
 retain any present, pension, ofBce or emolument of any 
 kind whatever, from any Emperor, King, Prince, or 
 foreign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen 
 of the united States, and shall be incapable of holding 
 any office of trust or profit under tbem, or either of 
 Ihem. 
 
 POISON ANTIDOTES. 
 
 For Oil of Vitriol or Aqua-Fortis give 
 large doses magnesia and water, or equal 
 parts soft soap and water. 
 
 For Oxalic Acid give magnesia, or chalk 
 and water. 
 
 For Tartar Emetic cive Peruvian bark 
 and water, or a strong decoction of Ufa un- 
 til the bark can be had. 
 
 For Saltpetre give an emetic of mustard 
 and watet- ; afterwards mucilages and small 
 doses of laudanum. 
 
 For Opium or Laudanum give an emetic 
 of mustard, and use constant motion, and 
 if possible the stomach pump. 
 
 For Lunar Caustic give common salt. 
 
 Fur Corrosive Sublimate give the whites 
 of eggs mixed with water, until free vomit- 
 ing takes place. 
 
 For Arsenic doses of Magnesia are good, 
 but freshly prepared Hydrated per Oxide of 
 Iron is better. 
 
 Frost Bitten. — Spirits of Turpentine ap- 
 plied at once is a cure for freezing. 
 
 Insects taken into the stomach ma^ gen- 
 erally be destroyed by a small quantity of 
 
 vinegar, to which salt may be added. For 
 insects that may get into the ear, use a little 
 Ballad oil. 
 
 Bums, ^Scalds or Freezing are cured by 
 "Sovereign Water," an excellent remedy, 
 if rightly applied. Made by 4 grains White 
 vitriol, 1 grain Blue vitriol, i grain camphor, 
 half grain saffron, mixed witnS quarts Bolt 
 water. Wrap the sores with linen rags and 
 keep constantly wet. 
 
 An Ointment made of lime water and 
 sweet oil is a soothing excellent remedy for 
 burns, scalds, &:c. Slake lime in water, let 
 it settle and pour it off clear, and mix about 
 equal portions of this water and sweet oiL 
 See pages SO and 34. 
 
 Cure for a Burn.—Whea.\ flour and cold 
 water mixed to the consistency of soft paste, 
 is an almost instantaneous cure for a burn, 
 whether large or email. Kenew before the 
 first gets so dry as to stick. 
 
 Slippery Elm bark powdered makes an 
 excellent nealing ptiultice for burns, sores, 
 &c.. boiled with milk and about one-third 
 bread. 
 
 AMOUNT OF APPROPKIATIOWS, 
 
 Made at the 2d Seigion of the 26th Congi-ess. 
 
 Partial support of government, Congress, ^ 412,000 
 
 For civil and diplomatic expenses, . . - 8,030,005 
 
 Fnr the navy, 5,926,338 
 
 For the army, 5,441,916 
 
 For fortificalionB, 485,500 
 
 Forihe Military Academy, 160,522 
 
 For Pensions, 1,144,155 
 
 For the Indian Department, 875,260 
 
 For delegation of Western Seminoles, . - 15,000 
 For destitute Eicka poos, removal of Swan 
 
 Creek and Black River Indians, - - - 22,000 
 For survey of N. E. Roundary, - . . - 76,000 
 For lunatics in the District of Columbia, - 3,000 
 For refunding duties on French ship Alex- 
 andre, 1,050 
 
 For Avery, Seltmarsh & Co., 9,799 
 
 For private claims, (not pensions) amounts 
 
 specified, 4,645 
 
 ^2,606,193 
 
 COMPARATIVE AGRICULTURAL STA- 
 TISTICS. 
 According to the returns of the Marshals, by whom 
 Ifae late census was taken, the Stale of New fork is 
 behind Pennsylvania in the production of wheat to the 
 
 amount of about 2,000^000 bushels annually ; while it 
 excels Pennsylvania in the production of rye over 
 3,000,000 bushels, of Indian corn 2,500,000 bushels, of 
 oatB over 2,000,000 bushels, of buckwheat 300,000 
 bushels, of barley 2,300,000 bushels, of potatoes 
 21,000,000 bushels, wool nearly 1,000,000 pounds, hay 
 nearly 2,000,000 Ion!:, sugar over 8,000,000 pounds, and 
 of products of the dairy over 8,000,000 dollars. In the 
 produclion of wheat, Ohio exceeds Pennsylvania about 
 3.000,000 bushels, white Virginia is but about 1,500,000 
 hushels behind New York in that article. In Indian 
 corn, Tennessee lakes Ihe lead of all the Slates, pro- 
 ducing 42,500,000 millions of bushels yearly, North 
 Carolina 34,600,000 bushels, Virginia about 34,000,000 
 bushels, Illinois 28,000,000, Michigan 32,000,000, Ala- 
 bama J8,000,000, Missouri 15,000,000, Pennsylvania 
 13,500,000, and New York lO.OOOjOOO. Of neat cat- 
 tle. New York possesses 2,642,438, Pennsylvania 14G,- 
 418, Ohio 1,008,313. Of sheep New York has 5,381,- 
 225, Pennsylvania 3,396,431, Ohio 1,964,957, Vermont 
 1,393,420, Virginia 1,280,736. In the products of the 
 orchard, New York and VerjnonI lead the other slates 
 nearly Iwo to one ; the former be'ine to the amount of 
 1,732,357 dolhrs, tbe latter 1,109.387 dollars. In col- 
 ton, Mississippi bears the palm, producing yearly 
 289,838,818 pounds, Alabama 240,379,669 pounds, 
 South Carolina 148,907,880 pounds, Georgia 1S4,SS,- 
 755 pounds, Louisiana 87,640,185 pounas, Virsinia 
 10j767,451 pounds. 
 For detaib, see pages 54 and 55. 
 
MONEYS, WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 53 
 
 COMMERCIAL WEIGHTS, 
 
 Compared with tht mo$t fraptented portt mxordins to the Dutch Standard Grairu by which oH 
 ■toeighta an regulated. 
 
 lOO lbs. in 
 
 United States or 
 
 ZiOndon < 
 
 Amsterdam 
 
 Cadiz 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Havre 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Paris 
 
 ^1 
 
 100 
 108 2-3 
 101 1-2 
 
 106 9-3 
 116 2-3 
 
 74 4-5 
 90 
 
 107 3-4 
 
 913-4 
 100 
 
 93 1-3 
 
 98 
 107 
 
 68 3-4 
 
 84 4-5 
 
 98 2-3 93 3-5 
 107 1-6 102 
 
 100 
 105 
 114 2-3 
 
 95 
 100 
 109 1-6 
 
 73 2-3 70 
 88 2-3 84 1-3 
 106 1-4101 
 
 85 5-0 
 931-2 
 87 1-6 
 912-3 
 100 
 641-5 
 771-4 
 921- 
 
 133 2-3 110 5-6 
 145 1-2 120 3-4 
 135 3-4'll2 1-2 
 142 1-2 118 1-2 
 155 2-3 1 129 1-6 
 100 83 
 
 120 i-4;ioo- 
 
 144 
 
 1 119 3- 
 
 92 4-5 
 100 4-5 
 94 1-7 
 98 3-4 
 108 
 691-3 
 831-2 
 100 
 
 FOREIGN MONEYS, 
 
 WITH THEIR VALUES, AS ESTIMATED AT THE CUSTOM-HOUSE BY LAW. 
 
 JOdtars. 
 AiutCayeB^81-4IivTe8aree(]ualfo • - • 1.00 
 Blue OP current Dollar of Senmark, accord- 
 ing to tfae ezcbaoge of London. 
 Cayennne, 8 Uvlva 6 aols of," are equal to • - 1.00 
 
 Duct of Naples 80 
 
 Francof ]^Tance -• - - - 18 3-4 
 
 FloriU of Trieste ••.48 
 
 Gefloa,'Gl-Slivresare tairenaa l.OD 
 
 0iudaloupe, 8 livtes and 5 sola • • - - - 1.00 
 
 Guilder ojf Antwerp - - • .40 
 
 -" Crefelt .40 
 
 " Frantcfort, and otbera of tbe 24 
 
 florin rate .40 
 
 " HoUand 40 
 
 *' Nurembur? - 40 
 
 ■ " St. Gall, 0.40 36-100 
 
 " Trieste 48 
 
 . " , United Netherlands 40 
 
 Livre of France 18 1-2 
 
 " Geneva • - ' .29 
 
 " Genoa, 6 1-3 livres 1.00 
 
 " Lodioni, 6 1.2 livrea 1.00 
 
 Louis d^r BizdoIIar - 77 
 
 Marc BanooDf Hamburg • 331-3 
 
 Milrea of Brazil, accordiogto lateof ezcbanze. 
 
 Miijea of Madeira 1.00 
 
 " ForlDgal .-. 1.24 
 
 Ounce of Sicily '• 2.46 
 
 DcSilri. 
 
 Fezza of Legbom, 0.90 76-100 
 
 FiastT« of Turkey, according to rate of ezcbaoge 
 in London. 
 
 Found Sterliog of England, Scotland, and Ire- 
 land .' 4.80 
 
 Found Sterling of Antigua - - - 2.22 
 
 " Barbadoes ---..-. 3.Z0 
 
 " Bermuda •.•-... 3,00 
 
 « Halifax 4.00 
 
 " Jamaica -••■--•• 3,00 
 « New Frovidence 2.50 
 
 Rial Flate of Spain 10 
 
 Velon of Spain 05 
 
 Riz-dollar of Bremen - -••.77 
 
 " Denmark --•••-... l.oo 
 
 " Berlin, current, 0.63 29-100 
 
 " Hamburg ...-.--.. 1,00 
 
 ■■ Frussia, 0.6829-100 
 
 " Sazony .-.•-•....,69 
 
 *' Sweden 1.00 
 
 Ruble of Russia, according to tbe ezcbangB be- 
 tween LondOD and St. Petersburg. 
 
 Rupee of Bnnibay, Calcutta, and Sicca, each • • .50 
 
 Rupee of Madras, 108=100 Sicca rupees. 
 
 Star Pagoda of India - . • . • 1.84 
 
 St Bartbolomews, Ss. 3d. •••.•• -.1.00 
 
 St. Sitts, 9s. Od I.OO 
 
 Tale of China . . • • 1.48 
 
 CLOTH MEASURE. 
 
 Length of 
 a single 
 measure 
 
 tn Ragliah 
 iDcbea. 
 
 No. or 
 each equal 
 to 100 
 English 
 yards. 
 
 LeDgth of 
 a single 
 measute 
 
 in English 
 inohes. 
 
 Amsterdam, • 
 Batavia - • 
 Bengal - - 
 Bremen - • 
 Cbioa - - . 
 Constantinople 
 Copenbagep- 
 Eogland. • • 
 
 Florence - - 
 Franca • - 
 
 Hambutg - 
 
 Ell 
 
 £11 
 
 Cubit 
 
 Ell 
 
 Covid 
 
 Long Fie 
 
 Ell 
 
 Yard 
 
 Ell 
 
 Biaccio 
 
 Aune 
 
 Metre 
 
 £11 
 
 27.07 
 27.00 
 18.00 
 22.76 
 14.62 
 27,90 
 24.71 
 36.00 
 45.00 
 22,98 
 46.85 
 39,37 
 22,58 
 
 132.988 
 133.333 
 200.000 
 158.172 
 246.238 
 129.032 
 145.690 
 100.000 
 80.000 
 156.657 
 76.841 
 91.445 
 159.433 
 
 Legtiom - - 
 Malta - - - 
 Naples • - 
 Netherlands - 
 Frussia - - 
 Rio do Janeiro 
 Rotterdam - 
 
 Braccio 
 
 Cauua 
 
 Ciuna 
 
 £11 
 
 £11 
 
 Vara 
 
 £11 
 
 Arsbean 
 
 Pic 
 
 Vara 
 
 £11 
 
 Silk Braccio 
 
 SilkEU 
 
 81.90 
 83,00 
 39.37 
 26.25 
 43.50 
 2750 
 23,00 
 27.00 
 33,38 
 23.36 
 24.81 
 
 1S6.6S7 
 43.956 
 43.273 
 91,440 
 137.142 
 82,768 
 132.352 
 128.571 
 133.333 
 107.849 
 154.109 
 145.102 
 117.416 
 
54 
 
 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS FOR 1840. 
 
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AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS TOR 1840. 
 
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5G 
 
 STATISTICAL TABLES. 
 
 TABLES OF POPULATION. 
 
 STATES 
 AND TEREITOHIESi 
 
 POPDLiTION AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 
 1700, laoO. 1810. , 1620. , 18S0. 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire . - - - 
 Vermobt ...._-.-- 
 
 Massactiuaelts . - - - - 
 
 Rbodfl Islacd ------ 
 
 Coenecticut ------ 
 
 iCew York - - 
 
 New Jersey ------ 
 
 FeDQsylvaaia ------ 
 
 Delaware -------- 
 
 Maryland -------- 
 
 Virginia- -------- 
 
 Norlh Carolina - - - - 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 Georgia --------- 
 
 Alabama -------- 
 
 Mississippi • - 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Tennessee ------- 
 
 Kentucky - - 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois --------- 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Michigan -------- 
 
 Arkansas - - 
 
 Florida Territory - - • 
 Missouri Territory - ■ 
 District of Columbia • 
 
 275 
 240 
 430 
 S89 
 210 
 240 
 365 
 272 
 640 
 500 
 385 
 
 31,960 
 9,280 
 10,203 
 7,800 
 1,363 
 4,770 
 4ti,20O 
 6.000 
 
 '43,960 
 2,063 
 10,629 
 64,000 
 43,802 
 30,080 
 58,200 
 50,875 
 45,375 
 48,000 
 44,720 
 39,015 
 38,850 
 34,8P0 
 59,130 
 60,384 
 177,750 
 121,000 
 67,750 
 
 96,540 
 141,885 
 
 85,539 
 378,787 
 
 68,825 
 237,946 
 340,120 
 184,139 
 434,373 
 
 59,094 
 319,728 
 747,610 
 393,751 
 240,073 
 
 82,548 
 
 35,691 
 73,677 
 3,000 
 
 151,719 
 183,858 
 154,465 
 422,845 
 
 69,122 
 251,002 
 586,030 
 211,149 
 602,548 
 
 64,273 
 349,692 
 886,149 
 478,103 
 345,591 
 
 45,365 
 
 4,B75 
 215 
 
 228,705 
 214,460 
 217,895 
 472,040 
 
 76,931 
 261,912 
 959,019 
 245,562 
 810,091 
 
 72,674 
 380,546 
 974,622 
 555,500 
 415, U5 
 252,433 
 
 31,602 
 76,556 
 261,727 
 406,511 
 230,760 
 24,520 
 12,282 
 19,783 
 4,762 
 
 14,093 24,023 
 
 244,161 
 
 235,764 
 
 623,287 
 
 83,059 
 
 275,248 
 
 1,372,812 
 
 277,575 
 
 1,049,458 
 
 72,749 
 
 407,350 
 
 1,065,366 
 
 638,829 
 
 502,741 
 
 340,989 
 
 127,901 
 
 75,449 
 
 153,407 
 
 422,813 
 
 664,317 
 
 581,434 
 
 147,178 
 
 65,211 
 
 610,014 
 97,210 
 297,711 
 
 1,913,508 
 320,779 
 
 l,347,e72 
 "76,739 
 446,913 
 
 1,211,272 
 738,470 
 581,458 
 516,567 
 308,9^ 
 136,806 
 215,675 
 684,822 
 688,844 
 937,679 
 341,38! 
 157,575 
 140,074 
 31,260 
 30,383 
 34,723 
 
 CENSUS OF 1840. 
 
 STATES AND 
 TERRITORES. 
 
 Maine, 
 
 New Hampshire, . 
 Massachusetts, • ■ 
 Connecticut, - - ■ 
 Rhode Island, - • 
 Vermont, - - • . 
 New York, - - ■ 
 New Jeneyj - - ■ 
 Fennsylvama - ' 
 Delaware, - '- - . 
 Maryland, - - - 
 Virginia, - . - ■ 
 North Carolina, - 
 South Carolina, - 
 Georgia, - - - 
 Alabama, - - - 
 Mississippi, • - 
 Louisiana, - - - 
 Tennessee, - - 
 Kentucky, - - - 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana, - - - 
 IllinoiSj . - • - 
 Missouri, - - - 
 Arkansas, - - - 
 Micbigaii,- - - 
 Florida, - - - , 
 Wisconsin - - 
 Iowa - - - - 
 Dist. of Columbia ' 
 
 Wlale 
 
 Ff&e CO- 
 
 persons. 
 
 pertons. 
 
 500,443 
 
 1,353 
 
 283,951 
 
 
 728,932 
 
 8,534 
 
 301,858 
 
 6,111 
 
 105,593 
 
 3,239 
 
 291 130 
 
 718 
 
 2,382,571 
 
 60,261 
 
 350,724 
 
 20,970 
 
 1,619,115 
 
 60,571 
 
 58,581 
 
 
 431,441 
 
 52,000 
 
 735,812 
 
 48,425 
 
 484,172 
 
 22,752 
 
 259,002 
 
 8,279 
 
 363303 
 
 2,353 
 
 288,947 
 
 1,833 
 
 178,967 
 
 1.367 
 
 1 12,149 
 
 22,197 
 
 629,492 
 
 5,407 
 
 691,638 
 
 7,302 
 
 1,498,593 
 
 17,102 
 
 676,296 
 
 7,018 
 
 423,330 
 
 3,120 
 
 277,357 
 
 1,433 
 
 77,815 
 
 
 211,001 
 
 703 
 
 8,147 
 
 521 
 
 30,506 
 
 178 
 
 42,864 
 
 
 30657 
 
 8,361 
 
 31 
 2,613 
 105,000 
 447,207 
 246,186 
 327,158 
 253,508 
 188,664 
 195,765 
 115,292 
 188,168 
 183,040 
 
 184 
 
 48,941 
 
 7,000 
 
 1 
 
 6,334 
 
 Slaves in 1830, 2,000,990— ID 1840, 2,369,953. Free 
 coloured in 1840, 371,606. 
 
 1 POPULATION OF OUR CITIES 
 AND VILLAGES. 
 
 New Tork - 
 Fbiladelpbia 
 Baltimore - 
 Boston - • 
 Brooklyn - 
 Cincinnati - 
 St. Louis • 
 Washington 
 Fittsburg - 
 Wilmington, Del 
 Middletoa - - 
 Bridgeport - - 
 Norwich • - 
 New London -, 
 New Haven - 
 Hartford - - 
 New Orleans - 
 Savannah - - 
 Newburyport - 
 Wilmington, N. 
 Natchez . - - 
 Newport • - 
 Buffalo . - - 
 Portland, - - 
 Gardiner . - 
 Canandaigua - 
 Troy - . - - 
 Dover, N. H. - 
 Providence . - 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H. 
 Charleston • 
 
 101,378 
 
 84,401 
 
 36,283 
 
 46,382 
 
 24,585 
 
 22,777 
 
 21,236 
 
 8,367 
 
 7,210 
 
 4,370 
 
 7,239 
 
 6,528 
 
 14,390 
 
 12,793 
 
 102,191 
 
 11,214 
 
 7,161 
 
 4,268 
 
 4,826 
 
 8,321 
 
 18,356 
 
 15,218 
 
 6,044 
 
 5,653 
 
 19,372 
 
 6,438 
 
 22,042 
 
 7,884 
 29,253 
 
 61,392 
 12,903 
 
 18,827 
 12,542 
 
 2,800 
 6,179 
 4,356 
 
 10,678 
 9,789 
 
 60,103 
 
 2,700 
 2,790 
 8,010 
 6,321 
 
 12,601 
 3,709 
 5,162 
 
 11,405 
 5,449 
 
 16,832 
 
 8,082 
 30,289 
 
 109,645 
 
 70,135 
 
 21,753 
 
 A019 
 
 24,630 
 
 21,351 
 
 18,783 
 
 3,950 
 
 8,754 
 
 1,704 
 
 313 
 
 1,770 
 
 2,060 
 
 1,172 
 
 3,712 
 
 3,004 
 
 52,088 
 
 3,911 
 
 773 
 
 12,035 
 2,617 
 
 6,210 
 
 Decrease. 
 
 198 
 
 THE .POPULATION IN 
 1790 was 3,729,326 1 1820 was 9,638,166 
 1800 " 6,309,753 1830 " 12,866,407 
 
 1810 " 7,239,903 1840 " 17,141,876 
 
C O OKERY, 
 
 57 
 
 COOKERY. 
 
 THE GOLDEN RULE. 
 
 It may be laid down as a fundamental 
 principle and one that cannot be too 
 constantly kept in mind, that the more 
 compounded any kind of food is, the 
 more difficult it will be of digestion ; the 
 more corrupt the juices which are pre- 
 pared from it, and therefore the more 
 positively injurious to the digestive or 
 gans, to the blood, and to the health. 
 
 NUTRIMENT. 
 
 Animal Ibod has more nutriment than v^etatilL 
 
 when Mtimated by balk, but far less when compared 
 
 by weight, the true crilerion, as the following cnemi- 
 
 cil analysis correctly shows : 
 
 IpO lbs. Wheat contain 85 lbs. nutriment. 
 Do. Rica "90 " 
 
 Do. Rye " 80 " 
 
 Do. Barley " 83 " 
 
 Do. Beans " 89 to 92 •' 
 Do. Feas " 93 <• 
 
 Do.' Meat.av. '• S5 " 
 
 Do. Potatoes « 25 « 
 
 Beets, carrots, greens, turnips, &c. contain a much 
 BDoaller proporliOD. 
 
 o - 
 By RooitiTtg beef loses 22 per cent, of its weight, 
 mutton 24, lamb 22, gooiie 19, lurlcey 20, duck 27, 
 chickens 14. 
 
 Sy Sailins beef loses 15 per cent, of its weight, 
 mutton 10, turkey 16, cbickeu 13, ham 6, 
 
 MEATS. 
 
 All meat should be cooked till it is separated from 
 the blood, and the fibres become soft and easy of diges- 
 tion. 
 
 Meat should be eaten sparingly by children, and by 
 thrwe who take but little exercise, and should be en- 
 tirely abstained from when there is any symptom of 
 excited action or fever. 
 
 BoOxng i> tbe most economical mode of cooking 
 meat, if the liquid is used as II should be for soup or 
 broth. The slower njeat is boiled the more teoder It 
 is. Ten pounds should boil or simmer about three 
 boars, in cold weather longer ; allowing water enough 
 to cover the meat well. If il is very salt, soak it tor 
 half an hour in lukewarm water. 
 
 Sakvns is well for legs, loins, &c., but bad for lean 
 thio pieces which shrivel away. 
 
 Baaiting is most wasteful, though some pieces seem 
 best adapted for this mode. Wash th^meat well, dry 
 with a clean clolh, cover the far with pieces of white 
 paper lied with thread until half an hour before taking 
 up. Turn oflen. Pour off the fint dripping, which 
 being liquid bt is unhnlthy, and make gravy by add- 
 ing flour and water. Twenly minutes to each pound 
 of meat is the rule for roasting. 
 
 Stew Betf, ten pounds in five quarts wafer, with 
 two or three onions and some cloves, a few carrots cut 
 in quarters, herbs, and such other seasoning as you 
 like. Strain the gravy and add a little flour aim butler. 
 
 Pork is not a healthy food, though well enough for 
 those who labour hard. It should never be eat unless i 
 tboroDgbly cooked. 
 
 Mutton is the bealtfaieat coeat tbat is eaten. 
 
 Veta is a deli(6le meat, hut to be easy of dieeslioo 
 must be done tender. The knuckle stewed with herbs 
 ror about three hours is an excellent dish. 
 
 Yotms Turkeys may be known by their soft bills 
 and toes. Young eeeBC by fat white breast, yellow feet, 
 and web of the foot thin and tender. 
 
 Stuffing or dressing for fowls is made with grated 
 bread crumbs, minced suet or hnfler, sweet marjorum 
 or thyme, nulmeg or other spice, pepper, salt, and 
 beaten egg. Fme cut or grated ham may be added, 
 and potatoes. A good stuffing is made of potatoes 
 alone with suitable sensoning. 
 
 Soiled TYtrftcw.— Stuffing of bread, panley, lemon 
 peel, oysters, and an onion. Season with salt, pepper, 
 nulmeg, and one egg mixed with a bit of butter : lasleD 
 up the skm over the crop, put Ihe turkey iu cold wa- 
 ter, boil slowly, skim well, and let it simmer for two 
 hours— longer if very large. Chop the liver, 4c for 
 the gravy. ' 
 
 Fowls and chickens may be done thesame way, only 
 in less time. Boil till tender. Seasoning shodd be 
 according to (aste. 
 
 friawsee,— Wash and cut the chidteo into joinli, 
 acild and take off the skin, slew for an hour with a 
 sliced-onion, parsley, lemon peel, salt and pepper — or 
 season to suit yourself. Add pint of water and bit of 
 butter, and just before serving up add the yolk of two 
 eggs beaten up with a tea cup of cream, slirring it in 
 gradually. 
 
 In drawing poultry be careful not to break the gall. 
 
 Clackxm Baked in iZiee.— Cut into joints, season, lay 
 it iu a dish lined with ham or bacon, add minced 
 onion, a pint of water, and fill up with boiled rice, 
 pressed down as much as the dish will hold. Cover 
 with a crust of flour, and bake one hour in a slow 
 oven. 
 
 Gaese, like pork, should never be brought to Ihe ta- 
 ble unless thoroughly cooked. 
 
 SOUPS. 
 
 Soups are positively injurious to weak stomachs, and 
 to Dyspeptics. The experiments of Dr. Beaumont, 
 with gastric juice, prove soups to be the most injurious 
 and indigestible food that is taken into the stomach— 
 the reason being that before the process of digeHlion 
 can go on the water must be separated from the nour- 
 ishment, and hence double du^ is imposed on the di- 
 gestive powers. Soups occasionally eaten, and for 
 healthy stomachs may be well enough. For children 
 snups do well, with sufficient bread, rice and vegeta- 
 bles in the liquid. 
 
 5ave the liquor in which all meats are boiled, ex- 
 cept smoked meat, for soup or gravy, as it contains 
 much of the essence of the meat. 
 
 M(H^ TurtU Soup n made of calves head, boiled an 
 hour gently iu 4 quarts water well skimmed. Take 
 it out, cut the meat in pieces an inch .square. Slice 
 and fry in butler 2 lbs. leg of beef and 2 lbs. of veal — 
 slice 2 onions, and add all to the liquor, witb the bones 
 also ; then 2 onions, 2 ounces green sage, some parsley, 
 tea'^poon ground allspice, 2 do. black pepper, salt, 
 lemon peel : stew gently for five hours ; strain, ana 
 when cold take off the fat. Fart Ihe liquor and meat 
 from the head, add Madeira or Claret if you choosey 
 mix a spoonful of flour and a cup of butter with a lit- 
 tle of the broth, and stir il in. Then slew an hour till 
 meat is tender, when done add tea-spoon Cayenne, the 
 yolks of 12 e^s boiled hard, and 12 force meat balls, 
 if liked. 
 
 CoZuej feet make a good soup in imitation of the 
 above ; boiling four in two quarts water ; adding >Dch 
 of Ihe other ingredients as you choose. 
 
 Vegttdbl& 5ouj>.— 13 onions, 6 turnips, 3 celery, 4 
 
58 
 
 COOKERY. 
 
 carrots, 2 ounces butter ; slew gently till sofi ; then 
 add 4 quarts sexsoned ^ravy snup, made of roast beef 
 bones, stew 4 or 5 hours, and skim. * 
 
 Ric& Souj?.— Boil acrag end of neck venl in 4 quirts 
 water, with I lb. lean ham, ekim well and season, af- 
 ter boilin; down one-half strain it, add 1 lb, rice 
 which boil till tender. 
 
 'Souf for Invalids.— CmX small 1 lb. mutton or beef, 
 Blew gently in 2 quarts water, skim well, when re- 
 duced to a pint add salt, and take tea cup full at a 
 time 
 
 PUDDIKG-S. 
 
 Ajyple Pudding-.— Put in^ deep pan or dish a layer 
 of apples, pared and cut up, then a layer of bread 
 crumbs, then apples again nnd bread alternately until 
 the dish is full, adding sugar, and interspersing with 
 pieces of butter, and reasoning with spice. Bake at>out 
 an hnur. Good with cream or without. 
 
 iitce Pudding, — 6 ounces rice boiled in 1 quart 
 milk till lender, stirring it often, add tea-cup sugar, 
 half cup butter, 3 eggs well beat, aeason and stir> till 
 quite Gmooth. Bake in buttered dish about ah hour. 
 Add an egg more and I pint milk, if you wish It like 
 cuslard. 
 
 Bail the above if preferred, adding fruit to suit 
 taste, and serve with bulter and sugar. 
 
 Sweet Potatoa. — Boil and mash them smooth, to 2 
 cups full add 1 cup sugar, 1 of butler, 5 eggs, 1 nut- 
 meg, lemon rind, and bake with under crust. 
 
 Plain Bread Pudding-.— Pour ciuart boiling milk 
 on 4 oz. bread crumhs, cover till cold, then add 3 beat 
 eggs, tea-cup sugar, lemon peel, cinnamoD, bake in 
 buttered dish, and serve with sweet sauce. 
 
 Custard Pudding. — 1 table-spoon flour, 1 pint 
 cream or new milk, 3 eggs, rose water, ounce butter, 
 loaf sugar and nutmeg, ana bake in buttered dish halt 
 an hour. 
 
 Damson Pudding-.— Make a batter of 3 eggs, piot 
 milk, 4 large spoons flour, 4 do, sugar, stone a pint of 
 damsons, mix in batter, and boil hour and half.' 
 
 Pium Puddi7ig-,~Chop half pound suet, stone half 
 pound raisins, wash half pound currants^ 4 ounces each 
 of bread and flour, 4 eggs well beat, a little cinnamon, 
 mace and nutmeg, spoonful bait, 4 ounces sugar, an 
 ounce each of citron and candied lemon. Beat egg 
 and spiciis well together, then add milk and other in- 
 gredients by degrees, flour a fiue linen cloth, pour in 
 the baiter, and in tieing allow room to swell. Boil in 
 six quarts water 6 or 7 hours, filling up with hot water 
 as it boils away. Mix an hour or two before cooking. 
 
 "BREAD- 
 Zread making is an art, the importance of which 
 is too frequently overlooked or underrated. Heavy, 
 sour, hard bread should never be tolerated, because 
 good bread is more palatable, more healttiy, and it 
 should be borne in tnind, is really much leas expensive. 
 There is great saving in baking bread at home, and (his 
 saving is greatest when flour is cheapest. 
 
 Good flour and good yeast are requisites, but the 
 goodness of the bread depends much on Ihe kneading : 
 the more the dough is turned and pressed and worked 
 the lighter and better the bread will be. 
 
 Proportions.— 2 gallons flour, half pint slrong fresh 
 yeast, if home-made add more. 
 
 The Process.— Make a holo in the flour, in which 
 pour the yeast mixed with half a pint warm water. 
 Stir in the flour round Ihe edge of this liquid with a 
 spoon to form a thin hatter. After stirring it well for 
 two minutes, sprinkle a handful of flour over the top 
 of this batter, lay a warm cloth over it, and set it to 
 rise in a warm place. When it rises so as to crack on 
 the top add four spoonfuls fine salt, and begin to form 
 the mass into dough, pouring as much soft, lukewarm 
 water as is necessary to make the flour mix with the 
 batter. When the flour and batter are thoroughly 
 mixed, knead and work the whole till it is light and 
 Btifl*. Roll into 'a lump, sprinkle dry flour over it, 
 
 cover and put in a warm place when in half an hour 
 it will rise enough for baking, 
 
 Tlic quality depends mucn on the time of pulling 
 the dough in the oven. Dough readily runs inlo three 
 stages of fermentation. II should be put in the oven 
 during the first or saaharine, when if sufficiently 
 baked it will be sweet and wholesome. It afterwards 
 becomes sour and heavy. If put in too soon, it will be 
 light and as tasteless as saw dust 
 
 Good bread ia marked by fine pores and a sort of 
 net work of uniform appearance. 
 
 Keep bread wrapped in a coarse towel, and where it 
 will not dry up, or in a tight box. 
 
 If sour, from being mixed over night, melt a tea- 
 spoon of pearl ash in a little milk-warm waler, sprin- 
 kle it over the dough, and in half ao hour knead it 
 again. 
 Frozen dough is spoiled. 
 
 Indian is a good addition to wheat, and requires 
 more water, or make mush of it and then mix in. 
 
 The bittemess of yeast may be remedied by putting 
 in a little charcoal and then straining it. 
 
 Br/B and Indian Bread.~-M.ix 2 quarts of each wilh 
 3 pints boiling milk, table-spoon salt, and stir well. 
 Let it stand till lukewarm, (hen slir in half pint good 
 yeast. Knead to a stiff dough and put to rise near the 
 fire. When the top is cracked over, make inlo two 
 loaves and bake moderate two and half hours. 
 
 Common Feo*(.— Boil large handful hops in two 
 quarts water 20 minutes. Strain and pour ihe liquid 
 inlo 3 pints flour, Slir in half pint slrong yeast. Its 
 strength is increased by 6 tea-spoons brown sugar or 6 
 large spoons molasses. Cork the bottles loose till next 
 day, and then tight. 
 
 If tumir^ sour put tea-spoon pearl ash in eacb 
 bottle, 
 
 AnoVter.—'BoW. peel and mash mealy potatoes, 
 which veduce willi water or ale thin as common yeast. 
 To every pound add 2 ounces coarse sugar, and when 
 juat vvarm stir in two spoons of yeast. Keep warm 
 till fermentation is over and in M hours fit for use. 
 Let sponge eight hours before baking, 
 
 CAKES, 
 
 Should be.used sparingly. 
 
 In making cakes dry the flour before a fire, sift and 
 weigh it. Wash and dry currants, stone raisins, pound 
 sugar, roll it fine and sift. Dry spices first, then pound 
 and sift. Four hot water over almonds to remove the 
 skin, then throw them in cold water. Pare lemon and 
 orange peel, and then pound wilh a little sa^r. Wash 
 butler in cold water. The yolk and white of eggs 
 should be separated and beaten the last thing. 
 
 Sponge Cake. — 1 lb. pulverized loaf sugar, 9 ^ga, 
 12 ounces flour. Beat eggs half an hour, then beat eggs 
 and sugar together to a foam. Stir in the flour lighlly, 
 add a lillle nutmeg and cinnamon. Bake half an hour 
 in tins buttered and filled only half full. If a single 
 cake, bake an hour, A hoi oven, but not so hot as to 
 scorch, 
 
 Another. — 1 lb, flour, three quarters pound pulver- 
 ized loaf auMr, 7 eggs, grated peel and juice of a 
 lemon, a table-spoon rose waler. Beat all an hour, 
 butter a tin, line it with paper also buttered, sift sugar 
 over top, and bake an hour. 
 
 Seed Cdke.~-l lb. flour, 12 oz. fine sugar well beat 
 with 7 eggs, 1 oz. pounded cartway seeds, two large 
 spoons sour cream and tea-spoon pearl ash. Bake if 
 one cake an hour, in small tins 15 minutes. 
 
 Macaroons. — Beat the while of 8 eggs to froth, add 
 2 lbs. fine loaf sugar, 1 lb. blanched almonds pounded 
 to paste, with rose water. Beat all to thick paste. 
 Place drops on a buttered tin far enough apart to 
 spread. Bake 10 minutes in moderate oven. 
 
 Rice batter CoftM.— Boil rice soft and thin it vrilh 
 quart milk, add 3 eggs, salt, and sweeten or not as pre- 
 ferred. Bake same as buckwheat cakes or in tins. 
 
 Bice Caies.— Beat 8 yolks and 4 whites of eg^, add 
 6 oz. pounded sugar, and lemon peel grated, wt in 
 
C O OKERY. 
 
 59 
 
 ADDITIONAL. 
 
 halt pound ^uud rice, and beat all half an hour. | 
 
 ^SfJS^*'?-«t^ * m?r°m 'To\fr" m,arter buttar ouar- B^^<^ ^^"""-"^ CAojw.-Cut neck of mutton into 
 i.^S^ ^^5^™?; f J^fl2»r ^nT ,«z^r r^^^^^^^^ «hop8. BMSon, lay it in V buttered disli, and pour over 
 
 NUke).s.e>andcmio Imall cake«. and bake on 'l^-J^fi,^^^,^^;,^ ? - ^ou^^^^ f,^„^„ I„^j^^_ ^„, 
 
 Kif«* Prtl^ 1 nn.rt flmir <t n? h.ittpr mix ^7 "" salt pork fat till well done, or broil like a aieak. 
 
 JttoWiMt CaRe.-l quart floup, 4 02 nul'er, mii , ■'^„y ^^^ ^^y ^e cooked same as the veal, 
 with m.lk, 3 '^-F. 'P°°!'?).«f V; X'^f. CrnSi AnEcmomv^ll Dinner.-Cul 1 lb. Eau^eo in thin 
 and pnck with a fcrk, and bake m about 20 minutes. | , .^^ ^ ,^, ^^^ ^^ j^^ some^ions, aild 
 
 If youlMve sour m.lk omit yeast and pu tfl^'PiJon ^dd table-spoau flour mUed in one pint water, suasoo. 
 pearl uh in the m.lk, which pour in while efferves- ^ ^^^ ^i^„ .^t^ ,g„jg,_ ^ p„^,„^ ^J"^^^^ „f „ •t(Q^^ ^; 
 
 '"Sa Cote-Rub an oz. butter in lb. flour, with a ' °'"«' «"«»*' '"'^i' ''^ substiluted for sausages. 
 
 beaten egg and half tea-spoon sail. Wet with warm PICKLES. 
 
 mUk— make it stiff, roll thin, cut with top of tumbler PtcUe;.— Use no brass utensils, as the verdigris which 
 
 and bake quick. ' the acid corrodes is a powerful poison, and ilie risk U 
 Light CaJie —Found and half sugar, half butler, rub ' loo great for Ihc object, which is to give Ihe pickles a 
 ~fti " ■ ' ' "" '" -,-^.- -.-.. u-.-^. . . 
 
 in 2 lbs. flour, 1 glass rose water, 8 eggs well beaten, 
 half nutmeg, and bake in cups. 
 
 Hard Gingerbread.— Rub half lb. butter in one of 
 flour— rub in half lb. angar, two table-spoons ginger- 
 spoonful rose \valer; work it well, roll out, and bake 
 in flat pans about half hour moderate. 
 
 Common Gin^erifrreod.— One and half lb. flour, 
 mb ID tuJf lb. butler, add pint molasses, tea-spoon 
 pearl asb, and ginger to the taste ; roll out thin and 
 bake on nullerra tins. 
 
 IjuHan Batter CoAef.— 2 quarts milk, 1 ouart Indian 
 meal, I tea-cup wheal flour, 3 ^gs, well beat, Ihe 
 whiles separate, tea-spocnfut salt. Bake on griddle, 
 same as buckwheat. 
 
 Superior Johnny Cafte.— Take 1 quart of milk, 3 
 eggs, 1 lea-spoonful saleralus, 1 tea-cup wheat flour and 
 Indian meal, sufficient to make a batter of the con'sis- 
 tency of pancakes. Bake quick, io pans previously 
 buttered, and-eat warm, with either butter or milk. 
 
 A good Cafte.— 4 cups each of flour and Indian 
 meal, 1 cup molasses, 2 tea-spoons saleratus, some salt 
 Make batter and bake. 
 
 Doaer Cote.— Half pint milk, half tea-spoon pearl 
 ash, dissolved in little vinegar, 1 lb. flour, sifted, 1 lb, 
 powdered sugar, half lb. butter, 6 eggs, 1 glass rose- 
 water, spice to suit taste. Stir sugar ^nd butter to a 
 cream, and add the spice. Beat egga light, and atir 
 them into the butter and sugar with the flonr. Add 
 tbe milk, and stir all hard. Butter a large pan, and 
 put in the mixture. Bake two hours or more in a 
 moderate oven. If not thick, an hour or an hour and a 
 half will do. Wrap in a thicJc cloth, and keep from 
 air, and it will keep good for two weeks. 
 
 Ginger Loaf.~A pint Molasses, a pint buttermilk, 
 a tea-spoon saleratus disBolvsd in it, four eggs, flour till 
 stiff as for pound cake, add ginger and spices, 
 
 Jenette CaJies. — Quarter of sugar, quarter of butter, 
 beat to a cream to 2 eg^s, tea-spoon saleratus, tea-cup 
 milk, mix in enough flour, roll out thin, cut with a 
 tumbler, bake on buttered tin 15 minutes. 
 
 Froit or Icing for Cdka.—'Beat the whites of 4 
 eggs to a stiff foam, add gradually three-quarters of a 
 pound best loaf sugar pounded and sifted, mix juice of 
 naif a lemon, or tea-spoon rose-water. Beat (he mix- 
 lure till very light, place tbe cake near the fire, pnur 
 over tbe icing, and smooth with a knife or back,of a 
 spoon. 
 
 ffreakftut BtUter Caia,—l pint milk, 3 eg^s, large 
 spoonful butter, 2 do. yeast, and flour enough to make 
 stiff batter; let them stand to rise all night where it is 
 not too warm, and bake on a griddle or in tin riuEs. 
 
 Tea Baiter Caftcf.~Beat 2 eggs, add half pint milk 
 and tea-cup cream, half tea-spoon pear) asb, tea-spoon 
 salt, with nutmeg, cinnamon or rose-water. Add flour 
 till thick and smooth. Bake brown on griddle, 
 a buttered pan. 
 
 Fan Cakes maybe made very good by frying tbe 
 above bailer in hot lard. 
 
 Rice Ptidding. — 1 quart milk, quarter pound rice, 
 I ouQCB angar, tea-spoon ginger. Swell tbe rice with 
 water, and baiBb an hour. 
 
 flne'green. Pickles should be kept in stone or glass 
 jars, as the acid eatsinio and draws out theanenic 
 and other pernicious particles which are used in the 
 glazing of earthen ware. 
 
 Picble CucumterA.—Lay them in salt and water 
 strong enough to benr an egg ; let them remain a few 
 days, then scald in vinegar to green them, and jiut them 
 in well covered jars. Or they may remain in the 
 brine, taking them out, soaking them in fresh water, 
 and adding good vinegar a day or two before they are 
 to be eaten. They may be made green by scalding in 
 vinegar with vine or cabbage leaves. 
 
 Jmingoes.—Cul small hivles io Ihe sides of lai^e cu- 
 cumbers, to extract the seeds, which mix with mustard 
 seed!, horse radish minced fine, add mace, cloves, pep- 
 per and salt, mix well, and stuff tbe large cucumbers 
 or peppers full, and bind up with new thread. Then 
 boil vinegar with pepper, salt, ginger, and mace, and 
 poij it boiling hot over the mangoes 4 successive days, 
 or oftener. ^ck away close, filling up with ttie spiced 
 vinegar. When ihelons or peppers are used, instead 
 of holes in the sides, cut out the stem, and put in lime 
 for 8 days, and in strong vinegar for 18 days. A little 
 mustard and sweet oil may bo added to the stuffing, 
 and chopped garlic, if liked. 
 
 PIES . 
 MiTice Pies.—Ttib expensive and unhealthy dish is 
 made thus : boil 3 Iba. lean beef tender, and when cold, 
 chop tine ; chop 3 lbs. or less clear beef suet, and mix, 
 sprinkling in a table-spoon salt. Chop fine 6 lbs ap- 
 ples, and 4 lbs. raisins,and2 lbs. curr;ints well washed, 
 add all to the meat, season wirb a spoonful cinnamon 
 and powdered nutmeg, pounded mace and clov es, and 
 1 lb. brown sugar, half jwund citron, grated orange 
 peel, and thin it with good cider, and mix all well to- 
 gether, 
 
 Another.— 2 lbs. lean beef boiled, 1 lb. suet chopped 
 fine, 3 lbs. apples, 2 lbs. raisins or currants, 1 lb. sugar, 
 season and moisten with new cider or cream. Make 
 a good paste, and bake an hour. 
 
 To nave Mince at any time. — Prepare as above, 
 put in earthen put, pound it down and cover with best 
 molasses, and keep it from freezing. 
 
 Beets cut in square pieces, and add vinegar, sugar 
 and spices, makes a delica'e, beautiful pie. 
 
 Lemon Pies.— 3 good lemons, pare and slice thin, 
 add a tea-cup sugar, a tea-cup molasses, and a lea-cup 
 of water. Sprinkle in a little flour, and bake as a 
 gooseberry pie, which in taste it resembles. 
 PKESEKVES. 
 Glass is the best for preserves. Cover light and 
 keep dry. 
 
 Currants may be preserved without sugar, by care- 
 fully culling the fruit from Ihe stalks so as not to wound 
 it, when quile dry. Drop the currants in bottles, which 
 stop light wilh cork and bury in the garden, neck 
 down. , . _^ 
 
 Cherries and damsons may be preserved m the same 
 way. 
 Fruit, to preserve) ia better not over ripe. 
 Good sugar is cheaper in the end than poor, for pre- 
 serves. 
 
«0 
 
 COOKERY— USEFUL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 Raspberry /am.— Weigh equal parts of sugar and 
 raspberries. Mash and boil the fruit, then add ttie su- 
 gar ; when it boila skim well and let it boi! 20 minutes. 
 Strcnoberry Jam U made same as (be raspberry. 
 Peach /am.— Wipe, stone, and boil, adding one- 
 third sugar. 
 
 .jnotAer.— Feel and stoD& mash the peaches over a 
 fire tilt hot, then rub through a aiece, and add a pound 
 of loaf-sugar to each pound of peach pulp, boil 13 miC' 
 utes, and skim. 
 
 QutTwes.— Preserve by paring tbin, cut in quarterg, 
 and to every five pounds add tbree pounds sugar, and 
 half pint water. Cover tight, and simmer gently 3 
 hours. Or they may be preaerved whole. 
 
 Currant JeU^.— Strain Ibe juice, add pound and 
 quarter sugar to each pint juice. Boil gently, and 
 skim till it is clear. 
 
 Soapberry and strawberry jelly is made same as the 
 currant. 
 
 ^pple JeUy, — 4 lbs, apples, pared, chopped, and 
 boiled toiuicy pulp, 3 lbs. sugar, boil to a jelly, and fla- 
 vour with lemon. 
 
 DRINKS. 
 Table Seer, cheap and wholesome. 8 bottles water, 
 1 qiiart molasses, I pint yeast, 1 table-spooo cream tar- 
 tar, mixed and bottle in 24 hours. 
 
 Ginger Betr.—i dozen bottles may be made of 3 oz. 
 good ginger, 3 lbs. sugar, 1 oz. cream lartar, 2 lemons, 
 1 gill strong yeast, 3 and a half gallons water. Boil 
 the ginger and sugar 25 minuies, then pour it on the 
 sliced lemon and tartar, mix. and when milk-warm, 
 add the yeast. Let it work 2 or 3 days, and skim it 
 well. Strain it into a cask, bunged tight, and in a 
 couple weeks, draw off and bottle, tieing the cork 
 down. If necessary, add a little more yeast. 
 
 TemperaTice BeuerasE.—lO gals, water, 15* lbs. 
 lump sugar, whites of 8 eggs, well beat and strained ; 
 mix cold ; boil and skim well, add half pound ginger, 
 and boil 20 minutes. Four the liquor on the tbin nnds 
 of 7 lemons ; when cool, pour in cask with 2 spoons 
 yeast, stir 2 oz. isinglass shavings in 1 quart of the 
 warm fluid, and put all in the cask. Next day slop it 
 u|k and in 3 weeks bottle, and in 3 months it will be a 
 delicious and safe drink. 
 
 .finofAer.— 20 quarts water, 5 lbs. sugar, 6 oz. white 
 gineer, 1 oz. stick liquorice, boil well together, and 
 add, when cold, a little good yeast, barrel for ten days, 
 and then bottle it, putting a lump white sugar in each 
 bottle. 
 
 Spruce Seer. — Four 8 gallons boiling water in a 
 cask containing 8 gallons cold water, then ndd 16 lbs. 
 molasses, and a strong decoclion of the small twies and 
 leaves of the spruce, or a few table-spoons essence of 
 spruce, mix well, and then add half pint good yeast : 
 keep in temperate place, with the bung-hoie open till 
 sufficiently worked, then bottle it, and drink in a day 
 or two. 
 
 AJU)ther.—l oz. hops and spoonful ginger to each 
 gal. water, boil, strain, and add 1 pint molasses, and 
 half ounce easBDce of spruce. When cool, add tea-cup 
 yeast, and let it ferment in a clean tight cask till done, 
 and then bottle. Sprigs of spruce fir may be boiled 
 instead of the essence. 
 
 Sun7cft«Z, a pleasant, wholesome drink, is made of 
 molasses, vioe^r and water, mixed in suitable propor- 
 tions. 
 
 Common Beer.-~2 gallons water, large handful 
 hops, fresh gathered spruce, or sweet fern, and 1 quart 
 wheat bran; boil 2 orShonrs, strain and stir in, while 
 hot, 2 cups molasses. When lukewarm, pour in a 
 clean barrel, and add a pint yeast. Shake it well to- 
 gether, and use next day. 
 
 LerrtoruidB.—S lemons and half pound loaf sugar to 
 1 pint of water, makes a strong lemonade, pleasant, sa- 
 lubrious and refreshing. 
 
 IVater is the best beverage of the henlthy. Bad wa- 
 ter is doubtless injurious. II may be improved by fil- 
 tering, which cools and purifios it. 
 
 F^er waterby putting a bit of sponge in the hole nt 
 the bottom of a common flour pot, or spread a piece of 
 
 flannel over the bottom of a vessel perforated with one 
 or more holes, then over the flannel spread a layer of 
 fine charcoal, and over this a layer or bed of fine sand, 
 four or five inches thick, through all of which the wa- 
 ter will filler clear as chrystal. 
 
 Rain Water is the beet for drinking, cooking or 
 washing, when it can be had pure. Evei^ houBB 
 should have a reservoir in which to collect rain water, 
 which always, with, and sometimes without, filtering, 
 will be found an advantage, especially where water » 
 impure and hard. 
 
 PASTE. 
 
 Tot Piea, 6 oz. butter, 8 oz. flour, worked well to- 
 gether, with as little water aa possible. Roll out thin. 
 
 Another. — Quarter pound lard or suet, large table- 
 spoon butter, pound nour and water enough to mix 
 stiff. Roll thin. 
 
 For 7'artSj 1 oz. sifled loaf sugar, I lb. floor, make 
 into stiff paste, with 1 gill boiling cream, 3 oz. butter. 
 Work it well, and roll out tbin. 
 
 Cuitard Pudding.— I pint milk, 3 large spoons 
 flour, 6 eggs, salt, sugar and spice to your taste. 
 
 AnotM»:—2 eg^ and 3 large spoons sogar beat light, 
 1 pint milk, and spice to your tute. Bake in cups or 
 in paste. 
 
 Cup Cake.~3 cups sugar, 1 butter, 6 flour, 3 eggs, 
 tea-spoon pearl asb, all beat together, with spice ai yon 
 please. 
 
 Lemon Ice Cream.— Stir a pound of powdered loaf 
 sugar into a pint of cream, add the grated rind and 
 juice of 5 lemons, or flavour with essence or oil of le- 
 mon ; mix and beat all gradually into 3 pints of cream. 
 Cover and let it stand an hour, then strain it into the 
 freezer, (a long tin vessel, with a tight lid,) close and 
 stand in the ice tub, which fill with a mixture of equal 
 quantities of coarse salt and ice broken smalt, that it 
 may lay compact around the freezer. Snow is belter 
 than ice. Press down and keep turning till the cream 
 is froze, which wilt be in 2 hours. Occasionally scrape 
 down the cream. Be careful not to let the salt fall in 
 the cream, and do not freeze so long as to freeze out 
 the flavour. 
 
 When cream is deficient, e^gs aresomelimesheat up 
 with milk, or arrow root is powdered and rubbed 
 smnoth in a little cold milk, and added lo the cream. 
 
 Stranvberry Ice Cream.— Hull 2 quarts strawberries, 
 add half pound fine sugar, cover and stand an hour or 
 two,-<ithen mash through a sieve till all the juice is 
 pressed oat. Stir in sugar enough to make a thick sy- 
 rup. Then mix by degrees with 2 quarts cream, beat- 
 ing it bard. Freeze as above. 
 
 Baspberrvj piae-apple, and other fruit ice cream 
 make according to preceding receipt. 
 
 Vanilla ice cream made by splitting up ha]f a va- 
 nilla beau, boiling it slowly in half pint milk till the 
 flavour is drawn out. Mix it in same as the strawberry, 
 and freeze as directed. 
 
 TTSEFUL tHRECTIONS. 
 
 Ink spilt on a carpet take up with a spoon, then 
 pour on clean water and apply the spoon >^in, and 
 repeat this till the slain is out. 
 
 Polish Mahogany by nibbing it once a week wilh 
 cold drawQ Unseed oil, wipe off the oil, and mb with 
 a di^ clolfa. 
 
 Flies, — Keep from frames, glass, ftc, by boiUng 4 
 leeks in pint water, and waging over with a soft 
 brush- 
 
 Flarvral — Wash in hot, clean suds, and never rinse. 
 
 FTUCIo/Aeishould not be worn near a fire.nrtO'aa 
 lo occasion sudden heat. Keep in motion tilt dry can 
 be had, then change at once, and gtve the fbet a long 
 heating. 
 
 Slttik SiVa wash in warm smdl beer and milt. 
 Windows, clean with a dnmp linen cloth, then a 
 dry one, then dust over powdered whiting in muslin, 
 which clean ofif with wash-leather or dry cloth. 
 
 Clxan Paint without nsin;; cloth. Remove dirt 
 with a finabni^. If soiled, dip flannel in pearl ash 
 or soda water, wash and dry quickly. 
 
USEFUL DIRECTIONS. 
 
 61 
 
 Grease Spots are removed from cloth, silk, &c., by 
 esaBQce of lemon rubbed on with a ra^, 
 
 BaXb to l&ke out grease spots. Moisten dry Fuller's 
 earth with lemon juice, add powdered pearl ash, and 
 mix well, and make in little balla—dry well in the 
 EUD. Use by moillening (be spots with water, rub ou 
 the tHkll, then dry and bruah off. 
 - JIfotiU are kept away by oil of lavender, tobacco, 
 black pepper, or camphor. 
 
 Wood, fOr fuel, should be a^ dry as possible, as the 
 heat required to evaporate the moisture in greea wood 
 is eqiiivaleot lo a loss of 25 per cent. 
 
 Under Beds are made lasting, soft, elastic and sweet 
 from the muer busks of coro. 
 
 Qrease may be taken out of silk by powdered mag- 
 nesia applied immediately to the wrong aide, 
 
 iScia from apple butter, and some other acids, will 
 sometimes decompose theglaziog of earthen ware, and 
 renders it a dangerous poison. 
 
 Bed Bugs may be removed by a slroog decoction of 
 the ^lant called water pepper, or smart weed. But the 
 best remedy is strict cleanliness. 
 
 Pure Wkn£ is made of 3 gallons water, 5 lbs. bloom 
 raisms stoned, put in narrow-mouthed sione jug, covered 
 with a fine rag, kept near fire ten days, and then racked 
 o£. 
 
 Beets roasted like potatoes are sweeter and richer 
 than boiled. 
 
 Potatoes. — An Irish journal says : " Put them in a 
 pot or kettle without a lid, with water just sufficient to 
 cover them ; after the water has come nearly lo boil, 
 pour it ofE^ replace it wiih cold water, into which 
 throw a good portion of salt — the cold water sends the 
 heat from the surbce to the heart, and makes the po- 
 tatoes mealy— after they are boiled, and the water 
 ponred off, let them stand over the fire for 10 or 15 
 minutes to dry. 
 
 tnh on Mahogany. —Take out by diluted vitriol, 
 touch with a feather, then rub it quickly. 
 
 /7>£— Make with 2 gallons son water, pound and 
 half bruised galls, keep near a senile heat for 2 or 3 
 weeks, stirring often ; then add half pound each of 
 copperas, logwood chips, and gum arabic, some loaf 
 BDgar, lemon peel, and gilt braudy. 
 
 Starch, — Peel and grate a quantity of potatoes, put 
 the pulp in a coane cloth, and press between two 
 hoards to a dry cake. The juice so pressed out, mix 
 with equal quantity of water, and the starch settles at 
 the bottom. 
 
 A Creakine Door prevent by rubbing soap or oil on 
 the hingea. 
 
 Grease from boards or atone remove by strong ley 
 of pearl ash mixed with aa much unslacked lime as it 
 will take up. Let it selile and bottle for use. When 
 Dsed, weaken with water, and scour off very quick, to 
 prevent taking out the colour. 
 
 CriiAelt or roaches destroy by laying yellow snuff 
 on tbeir holes, wafers or assaftetida or elder busbes. 
 
 Iron mouid, ink or mildew, take out of linen, (white 
 only,) by oxalic acid. 
 
 Ariotner. — Take out mildew by soft soap mixed 
 with powdered siarch, half as much salt, and the juice 
 of lemon. Touch both sides, and lay on the grass 
 night and day, 
 
 many stains may be removed by dipping in sour 
 milk, drying in hot sun, and wash in cold water. 
 
 MiJAof Ave*.— Mix 4 oz. oil almonds, lialf gill rose 
 water, 40 drops oil of tartar. 
 
 Pomaium. — Beat a pound lard in water, then eoak 
 and beat in two rose waters, drain and beat with gill 
 brandy. Let it drain from this, scent as you please, 
 and keep it in small pots. 
 
 Cheese Whey b an exceedingly wholesome drink. 
 
 Carpeis wear longer ihe^oflener they are shook, at 
 dust beneath grinds out. Never use a stiff broom, but 
 keep a soft one or brash purposely for the carpet. 
 
 Strain carpet or matting wash with salt and waleTf 
 and wipe with a clean dry cloth. 
 
 To black a hearth, boil black lead, soft soap, and a 
 little water. 
 
 Clean Brass with flannel dipped in oil, than rub 
 with fine rotten stone, aud polish with wash leather. 
 
 Isinglass is a deticale starch for fine muslins. 
 
 Bed Curtainsaxe uohealihy, from confining the air. 
 
 Old Bread is much improved by steamiug it, or 
 warming it over. 
 
 Keep lard in tin, salt pork'fat in glazed earlhen, salt 
 in dry place, meal in coot, dry place, ice in the cellar, 
 wrapped in llannel, vinegar in wood or glais. 
 
 BtUter may be kept sweet for many months by 2 
 parts salt, 1 part loaf sugar pounded and well mixed ; 
 1 ounce welt mixed with each pound butter, and close 
 up In a proper vessel. 
 
 Sore Tftroaf.— Take aglass of olive or sweet oil, and 
 a half a glass of the spirits of turpentine, mix them 
 well together, and rub the throat externally, wearing 
 flannel around it at the same time. 
 
 Wbiteuiash. — Take clean lumps of well burnt lime, 
 (say five or six quarts,) slack (he same with hot water 
 in a tub, (covered to keep in the steam,) pass it in the 
 fluid form tbroii|h a fine8ieve;~add one-fourth of a 
 pound of whitening or burnt alum, pulverised ; one 
 pound of good sugar, three pints of rice flour, made 
 mto a thin and well boiled paste, aud one pound of 
 clean glue, dissolved by first soaking it well, and then 
 putting iiinto a smalt kettle, which should be put into 
 a large one filled with water, and placed over a slow 
 fire. Add five gallous of hot water to the whole mix- 
 ture. Apply with a painter's brush warm, if upon the 
 outside of the building— if within doors, cold. It will 
 retain its brilliancy for many years, 
 
 A Durable Whitewash.— Behre putting your lime, 
 which should be unslacked, into the water, saturate the 
 water with muriate of soda, (common salt.) 
 
 Beds, instead of being made up as soon as people rise 
 out of them, ought to be turned down, and exposed to 
 the fre^ air from the open windows through the day. 
 
 To purify Water.— A lable-spoonAil of finely pul- 
 verised alum sprinkled into a barrel of water, the wa- 
 ter stirred briskly. 
 
 Slacking, — Soz. ivory black, 6oz. molasses, Stable- 
 spoons sweet oil, 3 do. oil of vilriol, mix with 1 quart 
 vinegar, bottle and use in a week. 
 
 Ftithy smells in gutters, kc., obviate by using water 
 in which lime has been slacked, mixed with ley of 
 ashes, or soapy water that has been used in washing. 
 
 Cliarcoat, when burning, should have an uncovered 
 vessel of boiling water over it, the vapour of which 
 will counteract the deleterious fumes. 
 
 Powdered Charcoal will remove smells, impurities, 
 &c., from old glass vessels, after the grosser parts have 
 been scoured off with sand and ptitasb. 
 
 ^ Perfume for linen, kc., is made of rose leaves 
 dried in the shade, mixed with powdered cloves, 
 scraped mace, and put in little bags. 
 
 C&nent China with lime sifted through fine muslin, 
 to be dusted on after the edges aie moistened with white 
 of egg. Join quickly, ana tie secure. 
 
 Bust on Steel remove by sweet oil first, and in 48 
 hours rub with unslacked, powdered lime. 
 
 Mend iron pots, pans, &c,, by sifted lime mixed 
 with well beaten whites of eggs till reduced lo paste, 
 then add iroo file dust, and cover the cracks, &c. r 
 
 Merui Glass or China with 2 quarts litharge, 1 quid 
 lime, and 1 of flint glass, separately powdered fine, and 
 worked into a paste with drying oil. 
 
 Marble iron stains remove with spirits of vitriol 
 and lemon juice mixed, wet the spots, and iii few min- 
 utes rub with soft linen. 
 
 Clean tWA.— 1 quart soft water, 2 oz. lemon juice, 
 6 grains burnt alum, 6 grainssalt. Mix. Boil a min- 
 ute, strain and twttle for use. Rub teeth once a week 
 wiih it. See page 29. 
 
 White Teeth.— Vie a mixture of honey with purest 
 pulverised charcoal, but not so often as to wear the 
 enamel of the teeth. 
 
 Fire in chimneys extinguish by closing doors and 
 windows, and throwing on the coals water, a handful 
 flour of Bulpbui) or salt, and stop up the fire-place tight, 
 so as to shut off^all draft. 
 
 > 
 
62 
 
 GENERAL CONTENTS. 
 
 Substitute for Tea — 5 parts of petals of red rose 
 dried, 1 part rosemary leaves, 2 parts balm Jeaves, 
 Mix. a desert-spoonful makes half a pinl of ;nTu;.ioii. 
 Use vvilh cream and sugar, same as tea. Instead of 
 the injury to the nervous system which foreign tea oc- 
 casions, this is found to strengthen the stomach and 
 □erves, and keep up a healthy digestion. It is not only 
 far more healthy, but more economical, and quite as 
 palatable. 
 
 Another. —YoMn% strawberry flowers and leaves 
 dried, not in the sun, but in tlie air, and not washed, 
 and used same as China lea, are used in Germany, and 
 found a good substitute ; also, young and lender leaves 
 of the sloe tree, or black thorn, properly-dried. 
 
 flVwV.— Honey water promotes its growth, made by 
 mixing 4 lbs. honey, and 2 lbs. dry sand in a large ves- 
 sel ; distil with gentle heat, to a yellowish acid water. 
 —See page 29. 
 
 Sugar Vinegar.— \ gallon water, 2 lbs. brown su- 
 gar, and tittle yeast. Expose 6 months to the sun. 
 
 Cream and milk can be very well imitated by beat- 
 ing an egg, and Ihen pouring boiling lea over it gra- 
 dually, to prevent ils curdling. 
 
 .Sreaff should never be eaten until 1 day old. Un- 
 less where the digestive powers of an ostrich are pos- 
 sessed, fresh hot bread will sonner or later bring oo 
 Dyspepsia, with iis train pf miseries. 
 
 AMERICAN POCKET LIBRARY 
 
 OF USEFUL KNOWLEDGE. 
 Willi upwards of One Thousand Valuable Recipes. 
 
 GENERAL 
 AGRICULTURE. Comprising a mass 
 of information on the management of 
 Soil, Manures, Grass, Grain, Roots, 
 Horses, Cattle, the Dairy, &c., &c., 
 carefully gleaned a.'hH condensed from 
 the papers of the Philai3elphia Agri- 
 cultural Society, the agricultural pa- 
 pers of the day, and the actual experi- 
 ence of the best practical Farmers. 
 HEALTH. Furnishing instructions for 
 the treatment of Wounds, Poisons, 
 Bruises, and diseases generally, and 
 especially for the PRESERVATION 
 of Health; condensed, in part, from the 
 Journal of Health, conducted by an 
 Association of Physicians, and edited 
 by Dr. Bell, the best medical writer in 
 the United States, and which has re- 
 ceived the sanction of Professors in the 
 University of Pennsylvania and others. 
 Containing, in addition, a large num- 
 ber of valuable recipes. Sec, all of 
 which may at times be of importance 
 to families and individuals. 
 
 POLITICAI,. The Constitution of the United States, 
 entire, with the Amendments, a national document 
 which should be in the possession of every Free- 
 man. .Slso, the year in which each Slate was set- 
 tled, and by whom, number of square miles, time of 
 holding Elections, qualification of Voters, Members 
 of Congress, Electors. &c., in each Slate in theUnion, 
 Office Hunters, &c., by Judge Hopkinson. 
 
 SUGAR BEET- Here is furnished ample instruc- 
 tions for the cullivation of the Sugar Beet, by James 
 Ronaldson, Esq., who visited Europe ezpresslv for 
 the purpose of adding to the agricultural products 
 of the United States. 
 
 SILK CULTURE. Comprising the Manual for pro- 
 ducing and reeling Silk, growing the Foliage, m^n- 
 aging^the Eggs, Worms, and Cocoons, including the 
 whoFe process of Silk making, as approved by the 
 Legislature of I'ennsylvania, on the Report of Com- 
 mittees recommending the purchase of two large 
 edilions, 
 
 HORTICULTURE. Cultivation of Flowers, Plants, 
 Fruits, Vines, &c., by Henry A. Dreer, Seedsinan 
 and Florist.- 
 
 BIRDS. Instructions for tho feedinc and 
 genera) management of Canaries, Mock- 
 ing, ani^ other favourite songBters. 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 TEMPERANCE. A comprehensive outline of the 
 great Temperance movement, and a Certificate to 
 the Young Men of the Uuilcd States, by Ex-presidents 
 Madison, Jackson, Adams and Van Buren, accompa- 
 nied by engraved f.ic similies of the signatures as 
 written by each of those distinguished statesmen. 
 
 CANALS AND RAIL ROADS. All in the United 
 Slates, their Length, Locallon, FrolitB, &c., and Ta- 
 bles showing the comparative advantages of Animal 
 and Mechanical labour. 
 
 RELIGION. Enumeration of different Sects, Wash- 
 ington's Farewell Address, the Atheist, Stc. 
 
 STATISTICS. Valuable and interesting Slafistical 
 Tables, showing the amount of Grain of all kinds, 
 Hay, Cotton, Sugar, Wine, Lumber, Woo], Horses, 
 Mules, neat Cattle, in each and every State in the 
 Union, together wilh the Population of the whole 
 Country, Cities, Towns, &c. 
 
 COOKERY. Nutriment in different Food, 
 Directions for making Soups, Roasting, 
 Boilintr, Dreesin^, &c., Pies. Puddings, 
 Preserves, Pickles, Pastry, Cakes, &c., 
 wilh useful Recipes, on a variety of culi- 
 nary and household affairs. 
 
 AIjSO.- a Treatise on Ihe nreservation, 
 health and beauty of the TEETH, com- 
 piled from the best Dentiate. The erowth 
 and beauty of the HAIR, by J. Dalzell 
 Moore, the superior Hair Dresser. The 
 engraved Alphabet for the DEAF and 
 DUMB. The LAW. Important Advice 
 to EMIGRANTS and WESTERN SET- 
 TLERS, by Rev. J. Flint, the result of six- 
 teen years' experience in the West. MA- 
 NUFACTURES. FOREIGN TRADE. 
 Value of FOREIGN MONEYS ns fixed 
 by Law. Comparative WEIGHTS and 
 MEASURES in different Foreign Ports. 
 
 GIRARD'S WILL, and an eneravineof 
 the College for Orphans. THOMPSON- 
 ISM, showing all the plants &C., used in 
 the BOTANIC PRACTICE of Medicine, 
 with their properties, Mode of Adininisler- 
 ing, &.C., &.C., with valuable Directinne. 
 Recipes, &Cm amountine in nil to UP- 
 WARDS OF ONE THOUSAND. 
 
 ENGRAVINGS. Miniature Portraits of (he 
 Nine Presidents of the United Stotes. Gi- 
 rard Collece. Four Phrenological Heads, 
 and New Patent Office, and the splendid 
 NATIONAL GALLEfeY at Washing- 
 ton. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 A. Fagfl 
 
 AORICDLTUBE, Its ImpoTtanre. . a< 
 
 Superior FDrming 3 
 
 FhilBdelphia A«[iou1t. Bociet; 3 
 Improved HodeorFeediog.... S 
 
 MaDares 4 
 
 PlDuebing, beat luodeR, Sio. ... 4 
 GraioSt Nature and CuUivalion 
 
 of 6 
 
 GrOH, Potatoca, Ate fl 
 
 FeedioE and MaiiDgemciit of 
 
 Stock 7 
 
 Tbe Hone, wllb Ample In- 
 
 atruotloDa>.>. B 
 
 To Make Fencea S 
 
 Deep PlongbtDg 4 
 
 SoiUngCalUe 3 
 
 Stall Feeding 9 
 
 Snaceaaful FarmlDg 10 
 
 Oeoeral DirtiofioiiBt embmclnK 
 1 number of Uneni] Jteceipta 
 
 in Farming. 
 
 Apple Pudding, to Make 66 
 
 Altbea 14 
 
 Ascidenta and Bemedlea 38, 19 
 
 Adulterated Liquora— Semedy Pro> 
 
 poaed 27 
 
 Athelat S9 
 
 Armr 31 
 
 Aniidotea for VBrloiuPol«0Di..23, fiS 
 
 Alpbabet for Dear and Dumb 41 
 
 Advice Id Law... 43 
 
 Animal and other Food, Nutriment 
 
 or 67 
 
 Agricultural Stdtlitlca 64, 66 
 
 Araeudmenta to tbe United Blalea 
 
 Conatitution 62 
 
 B. 
 BEES, Hearing and MauBCement 
 
 of 8 
 
 Birda, Feeding, Training, and Qe- 
 
 neral management of 17 
 
 Bread, to Make, ^c es 
 
 Bread Pudding SB 
 
 Beer, to Hake 60 
 
 Bruiaea and Sprains, to Cure.. ..SO, 24 
 Borna and Scalda, Bemedlea for SO, 24 
 
 Blliona Diaordera ., 21 
 
 BedB of Feathers, Evile of 23 
 
 Bleeding, tia Danger, alaowhenNe- 
 
 ceaBai7,and howPerfonned 24 
 
 Boiauic Practice, or Thompaonfim 
 
 Explained, vilh Il«uription of 
 
 all the Plants, BoaaT^fcc., Mods 
 
 ofGatherlngiAdminialerlngiAc. 26 
 
 Bajberry, Ifa Froperliei 26 
 
 Bitter Herb, Its Use 2S 
 
 Bible 40 
 
 C. 
 
 Cows, management of..... 8 
 
 Cocoouerlea..... .>........., 16 
 
 Caiurles , 17 
 
 Cauiesof Diaeose SO 
 
 Cleanlineaa, Importance of ....20, 24 
 
 Clothing, Derecllve. Stv 21 
 
 Cold, Infliience of 21 
 
 Caalivenesa 21 
 
 Cofsela, abuse cf 21 
 
 Consumption 23, 23 
 
 Croap, Ua Danger and Cure 23 
 
 CongbfCnre for 23 
 
 Cayenne, Its MedicalPropertlcs.... 26 
 
 Custard Podding 68, SO 
 
 Cakea EB, 60 
 
 Canals and Bajl'Roads... .,., 33 
 
 Cbriitlan 83 
 
 Capital Punlebment 42 
 
 Constitution of the United Slatea 46 
 
 Cooker; 67 
 
 D. 
 
 Dntiea on ImportalloCB 17 
 
 Diet 19 
 
 How moat wholesome 24 
 
 Drowned Persons, Becoverr of. ., 20 
 Deathr Canae of among Women. .. 22 
 
 Page 
 Dinaipation, Its Appalling Frnila. . .. 37 
 DENTISTRY, comprising full Dl- 
 reollona for the Care and Preser- 
 vation of Teeth SO 
 
 Diatrict School SB 
 
 Dear and Dumb 41 
 
 Dislancce, Tables nf.i 47 
 
 E. 
 
 tBDonaibilitleE. 
 
 18 
 
 Economical Dinner... 6D 
 
 Exorcise, Importance of SO, 24 
 
 Early RlHlog 20 
 
 Eye Sight 28 
 
 Emigrants, Advice to 86 
 
 Education SO 
 
 Ekclion of 1840 48 
 
 Extent of each Slate ..j... 46 
 
 Elections, whenbeld in each Stale 46 
 Eleotora, number of in each Blate 46 
 
 F. 
 Fl0W6in Cultivation of, by Henry 
 A. DFcer, Seedsman and Floriat 13 
 
 Froat or Icing for Cokea 69 
 
 Fruit Trees.r. i& 
 
 Food, Abuse of, Ac... 20 
 
 Fasting, Beneflta of S2 
 
 Fruits of Temperance ST 
 
 Foreign Honeys, Value of as fixed 
 
 by Law 63 
 
 G. 
 
 Ginger Beer, to Make 80 
 
 Ginger, Medical Qualities of 2S 
 
 Giranl College 38 
 
 H. 
 
 Hogs, to Keep 6' 
 
 Hooeyauckles, to Cullivate 14 
 
 HEALTH, Means of Securing it.. 24 
 
 Heart Burn, Acidity, tea 21 
 
 Hair, on Ita Grontli and Beauty, 
 
 by J. Dalzell Moore 23, 29 
 
 Hemlock, ita Uses S6 
 
 Home vereoa Taverne S8 
 
 Horaee, Treatment of ■..■••..>... 8 
 
 Headache, Cause and Bemedy 91 
 
 I. " 
 
 Icing for Cakes 60 
 
 Ice Cream, to Make 80 
 
 Impure Air, its Evils SO 
 
 '1NTEMFEBA.NCE, its Deplorable 
 Evils, Publio and Private Miiie- 
 
 rleB,&c 20, 37 
 
 L. 
 Lobelia, or Emetic Herb, Account 
 
 of 26 
 
 Laws of^NalUTOlization. 36 
 
 Law, The 43 
 
 Legislatuiea, MeellngR of in each 
 Slate 46 
 
 M. 
 
 MacamotiB * 68 
 
 Mocking Bird 18 
 
 Hodern Cooker? Fernicioua SO 
 
 Mechanics and Workingmen, tbeir 
 
 Inleresta 28 
 
 Mothers, Duty of 84 
 
 Mint, United Stales 37 
 
 Moral of the Election 48 
 
 Mcala, to Coiik 67 
 
 MeBKures and Weighta, Compara- 
 tive Tablea In Foreign Porta.... 63 
 
 Medicine 19 
 
 MediciDiil Herba S6 
 
 Moneys Foreign, value of aa fixed 
 
 by Law 63 
 
 N. 
 
 Neat Cattle 7 
 
 Newspapers.. ...I.. 18 
 
 Nervonauesa ..■•• 21 
 
 Naturalization 80 
 
 Navy 37 
 
 0. Poge 
 
 Oxen " 
 
 Office Hunte^^ by Judge Hfpkln- 
 
 P. 
 
 Prealdenta, Nine, Portralta oft.. 1. 
 
 Pile ,. 
 
 Poultry 
 
 PiBnIs , - 
 
 Puddings __ 
 
 Plum Puddinn G8 
 
 Pickles, toMak 
 
 Preservea, to Make 
 
 Pasta fur Pies, dec „ 
 
 Pruning ]4 
 
 Public Health .• ]- 
 
 POISONS, Antidotes for S3, 6 
 
 Phrenology, with Engraved Heada 3. 
 Patent Offlue and Patent Lawa.... SO 
 
 Post Ofilce and Public Lands 31 
 
 Population of United Blalea ....... 66 
 
 Population of Cities and Towns. .. 60 
 
 Q- 
 
 dnackery. Domestic 20 
 
 Quincea, to Preeerve. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rosea. 
 
 Beeling Bilk ]6 
 
 RecelpjH, Remedies, dEc 23 
 
 Rtaeumatlami Cure for S3 
 
 Bail-Roada and Caoala S 
 
 Religion in ibo United BUte S 
 
 S. 
 
 Spruce Beer.. 6 
 
 Bheep 
 
 8 ucceastul Farming 1 
 
 Snull Forma , i 
 
 StrOAB BBBT, Complete Inatruo- 
 tlona for its Culture, by Jumea 
 
 Ronaldson ] 
 
 SILK, Manual for producing Bilk, 
 oppioved by the Legislature of 
 Pennsylvania.—............... 1 
 
 Sick Birds 1 
 
 Bprnina and Bruiaea ., 2 
 
 Bcalda and Burns ...>... 2 
 
 Bumacta, Ita Medical Virtues S 
 
 Squaw Weed, Quallliea of 2 
 
 Seeds, Directions for 3 
 
 Schools 3 
 
 Soups, to Make 6 
 
 Stales, Population of..... 6 
 
 Settlement of the several Btatea... 4 
 
 Bella, Treatment of 
 
 T. 
 
 ToBst and Water 2 
 
 Tight Dreealng, Ita Bvlla 2 
 
 Thin Bhoea, Advice about 2 
 
 Toothache Cured 2 
 
 Tetter S: 
 
 Tbompioniem 2. 
 
 TEMPERANCE, Important Teali- 
 
 mony of > 3 
 
 Tetotaliam, Its Blesainga 2 
 
 Travelling Routea 4 
 
 U. 
 
 Useful Directlona 6< 
 
 V. 
 
 Vegetable 12, 2 
 
 Vines ] 
 
 Vinegar, ita Virtue 3 
 
 Voters, Qualificationa of In each 
 
 State 4i 
 
 W. 
 Wounda, Dressing and Care of... 1! 
 
 Water, to Puril^ 2: 
 
 White Hazel, ita Virtues 21 
 
 WORLD, Extent and Population of Si 
 Women, Influence of, by Judge 
 
 Hopkinion 3< 
 
 Western Bet tiers. Advice to 8i 
 
 Washington's FarewellAddreaa, 93, 4' 
 Weighia and Meaanres, Compara- 
 tive Tablea In Foieign Poets.... 61 
 Water, to Filter • & 
 
 m 
 
1 
 
 it 
 
 ji "it™ 
 
 i , ■ ' ,