§ 4 ' 1 '.:■'■"■■■. : ..'■.' ■.■.•'■ |fll;: : Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924011954363 Cornell University Library R 283.W63 History of medicine in New Jersey, and of 3 1924 011 954 363 HISTORY OF Medicine in New Jersey, AND OF ITS MEDICAL MEN, From the Settlement of the Province to A. D. 1800. —BY- STEPHEN WICKES, A. M., M. D., Acting and Honorary Member of the Medical Society of New Jersey; Honorary Member of the New York State Medical Society; Member of the Ameri- can Medical Association; Fellow and Member of the Council of the American Academy of Medicine ; Life Member of the New Jersey Historical Society, &c. NEWARK, N. J.: Martin R. Dennis & Co.. 1879. //CORNELL UNIVERSITY \ LIBRARY COPYRIGHT, 1879. NEWARK, N. J.: PRINTED BY L. J. HAEDHAM. TO THE MEDICAL SOCIETY OF NEW JERSEY, IN OFFICIAL RELATIONS WITH WHICH,- FOR A SCORE OF YEARS HE HAS LEARNED TO KNOW ITS MEMBERS, TO ADMIRE THEIR ATTAINMENTS IN MEDICAL SCIENCE, AND THEIR INTELLIGENT ZEAL FOR ITS PROMOTION IN NEW JERSEY, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY AND MOST LOYALLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. INTRODUCTION. In the year 1875 the Medical Society of New Jersey resolved to publish its " Old Transactions," from its insti- tution in 1766 to 1800. My official relations to the Society involved the editorship of the volume. I had previously found, after much enquiry, that nothing was known of the character of its founders, not even their residence ; nor had anything been published heretofore, which furnished any information upon the condition of Medicine in New Jersey. A number of historical addresses had been read before the Society, and had been published. None of these covered the ground which I found myself prompted to occupy in the preparation of this work. It was begun with the purpose of making a record which should be a supplement of a few page's to the old records which I was charged with editing. I soon discovered that I had entered upon a pew historical field, and had commenced to glean " even among the sheaves." I did not resist the inviting opportunity which was pre- sented, and have, for five years, found pleasure and profit in thus employing my leisure time. VI INTRODUCTION. No small part of the pleasure derived in the prepara- tion of this volume has come from the cordial co-operation of those to whom I am indebted for information. My acknowledgments are especially due to Hon. Judge Bradley, of the United States Supreme Court, whose unsolicited and unlooked for MSS. notes of Essex County first led me to broaden my original plan. To Mr. Win, John Potts, of Camden, whose aid, (unsought also), by suggestions as to sources of knowledge, and numerous MSS. historical and genealogical notes, has been of special value. To my friend, Dr. Jos. M. Toner, of Washington, D. C, whose accurate and extensive MSS. historical notes have been, with his characteristic liberality, placed at my disposal. I owe a large debt also to my medical associates and others in the State. To Drs. H. H. James and A. H. Cory," of Union County ; Voorhees, of Middlesex ; Vought, Pumyea, Howell, Long, Imlay, and Miss Anna M. Woodhull, of Monmouth ; Bodine, of Mercer ; Parrish, Price, and Miss Eliza Neale, of Burlington ; Fithian, of Gloucester; Gibbon, of Salem. Also to Hon. Jno. Clement, of Camden County ; Prof. Cameron and Dr. Maclean, of Princeton ; Prof. W. H. B. Thomas, of New York, Edwin Salter, of Washington, D. C, and to others who have promptly responded to my application for aid in my researches. Credit has been given for material obtained from printed records. When no credit is given the record is derived from original sources. INTRODUCTION. Vll The medical history of Cumberland, Monmouth, Hun- terdon and Essex Counties has been written, and pub- lished in the " Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey." My records in these Counties have been only supplementary. The District Medical Societies of Warren and Sussex have appointed, each, its historian. Their histories are now written, and will soon be offered to the profession. I shall be more than satisfied if the readers of this volume shall derive a tithe of the pleasure, in its perusal, which has come to its author in its preparation. Orange, New Jersey, May, 1879. PART I History of Medicine CONTENTS TO PART I. PAGE. Beginnings of Population, - - 13 Medical Practice, 14 Disease and Pestilence, 17 Inoculation, 29 Medical Literature, 32 Medical Education, 35 Medical Association, 43 First Medical Societies, 51 Legislation, 54 Obstetrics, 57 Systems of Medicine, 61 Military Hospitals, 63 Revenues of Physicians, 69 Physicians in their Relations to the State, 76 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. BEGINNINGS OF POPULATION. The first occupation of New Jersey by Europeans was made in Gloucester County, by the Dutch, in 1623, and by the Swedes, in 1627. The settlements were small ; the controversies for possession, between the English and Dutch governments, discouraged immigration, till the final conquest of the English in 1664. At this date the occupation of the Dutch " had been of so little avail that in 1634 not a single white man dwelt within the bay of the Delaware. * * * * Here and there, in the counties of Gloucester and Burlington, a Swedish farmer may have preserved his dwelling on the Jersey side of the river, and before 1664 perhaps three Dutch families were established about Burlington ; but as yet West Jersey had not a hamlet." 1 The royal charter executed by Charles II. in 1664 to the Duke of York, included the provinces of New York and New Jersey and all other lands appertaining, with powers of government. 2 The Duke immediately exercised his proprietary powers by conveying to Lord Berkley and Sir Geo. Carteret, all that part of his grant which is now embraced within the limit of the State of New Jersey. From this time its permanent settlement may be said to date. The tide of emigration 1 Bancroft's History, s Smith's N. J. 14 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. to America having become fully established, the Proprie- tors by judicious measures sought to guide it for the occupation of lands within their own domain. The coun- ties of Essex, Monmouth and Burlington were notably attractive ; the two former to the Puritan emigrants, and the latter to the " Friends," who, equally with the Puri- tans, sought freedom from persecution and the enjoyment of an enlarged civil liberty. MEDICAL PRACTICE. In the early history of the Colonies, the practice of the healing art was chiefly in the care of the clergy. Many of them were men of profound minds and highly educa- ted. " For several years previous to their leaving England, anticipating the loss of their situations as clergymen, many of them turned their attention to the study of medicine, and for upwards of a century after the settlement of New England, numbers of the native clergy were continually educated to both professions." 1 The government of the towns at first was that of the church, as none but church members had a vote in town affairs. The minister of religion thus became a leader in all matters pertaining to the public weal, and was so recognized by the people. He was relied upon to draw wills, instruments of agreement and con- veyance, and State papers ; to settle questions of differ- ence and to instruct the young. The wants of the sick room came naturally within the sphere of his parochial duties. Many of them were distinguished for their knowledge in medicine, and were authors of some of the earliest medical papers printed in America. In some instances the schoolmaster was also the physician and surgeon of the neighborhood. When the literature of 1 Beck's His. of Med. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. I 5 the profession was confined to the few writers of those early days, it was easy for the student in literature and science to furnish himself with the theories of medicine and practice. 1 The Quakers, who were the early occupants of West Jersey, brought in their company physicians of education, men possessed of means, who came with their associates to settle the new lands and improve their fortunes. To the latter purpose, it would appear that they gave them- selves assiduously and quite successfully. We cannot doubt that the function of physician to the sick and suffer- ing was also maintained. In the earliest period of the set- tlements, there were many "Doctors" who took part in public affairs and in land speculations. As with the clergy who supplemented their limited revenues by prac- tising medicine, so the doctors gave attention, as oppor- tunities offered, to merchandise, farming and other remunerative pursuits. How those in New Jersey were regarded by one observer in 1685, we discover from a letter from Charles Gordon to Dr. John Gordon his brother, dated Woodbridge in East Jersey, 7th March, 1685. After describing the salubrity of the climate, he says : " If you design to come hither yourself, you may come as a planter, or a merchant, or as a doctor of medi- cine. I cannot advise you, as I can hear of no diseases here to cure, but some agues and some cutted fingers and legs, but there are no want of empiricks for these already. I confess that you could do more than any yet in America, being versed in Chirurgery and Pharmacie, for here are abundance of herbs, shrubs and trees, and no doubt medicinell ones for making drugs, but there is little or no Imployment this way." 3 1 Toner's Med Progress. 2 Whitehead's Contributions to His. of Amboy. l6 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. In the most sparely settled regions the sick were largely cared for by women. Kalm, in his travels, published in 1748, says: "An old Swede remembered that his mother cured many people of dropsy by a decoction of the root of sassafras in water, but she used at the same time to cup the patient on the feet." * * * * Patients were brought to this old woman " wrapped in sheets." Win- terbottom, in his History of America, 1796, says: " It is remarkable that in Cape May County no regular physician has ever found support. Medicine has been administered by women, except in extraordinary cases." Dr. Douglass, who settled as a physician in Boston, in 1718, in his "Settlements in North America," remarking upon the medical practice in the Colonies, says: " In our plantations, a practitioner, bold, rash, impudent, a lyar, basely born and uneducated, has much the advantage of an honest, cautious, modest gentleman. In general, the physical practice in our Colonies is so perniciously bad, that excepting in surgery and some acute cases, it is better to let nature take her course than to trust to the honesty and sagacity of the practitioner ; our American practitioners are so rash and officious, that the saying of the Apocrypha may, with propriety, be applied to them : ' He that sinneth before his maker, let him fall into the hands of the physician.' * * * * Frequently there is more danger from the physician than from the distem- per. * * * * In the most trifling cases there are a routine of practice. When I first arrived in New England I asked a noted and facetious practitioner what was their general method of practice. He told me it was very uni- form — bleeding, vomiting, blistering, purging, anodynes, &c. If the illness continued, there was repetendi and finally murderandi. Nature was never to be consulted or allowed to have any concern in the affair. * * * * HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 17 Bloodletting and anodynes are the principal tools of our practitioners." 1 Allowing a grain of exaggeration for these statements, we infer that Douglass' account of the state of medical knowledge and methods of practice of his time is substantially correct. Smith, in his History of New York, p. 326, says : " Few physicians amongst us are eminent for their skill. Quacks abound like the locusts in Egpyt, and too many have recommended themselves to a full practice and profitable subsistence. This is the less to be wondered at, as the profession is under no kind of regulation. * * * Any man at his pleasure sets up for physician, apothecary or chirurgeon. No candidates are either examined or licensed, or even sworn to fair practice." 2 DISEASE AND PESTILENCE. The early occupants of the provinces, when correspond- ing with their friends in England, uniformly expressed their delight with the climate of the country and its 1 It is but justice to note that abiographer of Douglass says of him : "He was a man of considerable learning, but his writings are filled with sarcastic remarks upon the magistrates, clergy, physicians and the people of New England. He lacked judgment and taste, and was apt to measure the worth of men by his friendship for them." — Allitone. 2 An illustration of Colony quackery is noted by Douglass, in an advertisement in the N. York Gazette, Dec. 6, 1751 : " In July, 1751, was committed to the care of Dr. Peter Billings, an experienced physician and man-midwife, and formerly in the King's service, the most extraordinary and remarkable cure that ever was per- formed in the world, upon one Mrs. Mary Smith, single woman, sister to Captain Arthur Smith, on James' River, County of Surry, in Virginia, aef. 46. She had been upwards of eighteen years out of her senses (most of the time raving mad), eating her own excrements, and was completely cured by him in two months, con- trary to the opinion of all who knew her, no doctor in the province daring to undertake her. N. B. The contagious distemper so frequently happening to the bold adven- turers in the wars of Venus, when recent, will be cured by him for three pistoles in hand, tho' the common price is five pounds all over North America. And all other cases curable in Physick and Surgery proportionable to the circumstances of the people." 1 8 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. salubrity. They declared it to be " wholesome of air and fruitful of soil. * * * * It is not right in any to despise or dispraise it, or dissuade those that find freedom from the Lord, and necessity put them on going." 1 " It was in those days (1665, when Philip Car- teret was appointed Governor), accounted by men of peculiar dispositions as worthy of the name of paradise, because it had no lawyers, or physicians, or parsons." 2 Notwithstanding their confidence in the healthfulness of their new home, they were not unmindful that sickness and plague might visit them in judgment. " Towards the close of the year 1680, the people were greatly alarmed by the appearance of a ' Dreadfull Comett Starr, 3 which was visible in broad daylight, with a very fiery Tail or Streamer.' It was accepted universally as an omen of ' Dreadfull Punishments.' A day of fasting and prayer was asked for, that by the penitence of the people, Heaven might be induced to avert the impending calami- ties. Lieut. Gov. Brockholst, of the Colony of New York, in reply to the application, informed the petitioners that it certainly threatens God's vengeance and judg- ments, but recommended that each one should keep his own day of fasting and humiliation and perform his duty by prayer, &c, as became good Christians." 4 Kalm, in his travels published 1748, says of Raccoon (a settlement of Swedes in Gloucester County), that the disease called by the English, Fever and Ague, was more common than any other. It was quotidian, tertian and quartan; prevailed the last of August and continued till Spring. It raged over a great part of the country during > Smith's His. of N. J. ^ Hilton's His. U. S. 3 The same that had appeared in the reign of Justinian. (Webster on Pesti- lence.) 1 Clute's His. of S, Island. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 19 some years, and in others " scarcely a single person was taken ill." Its cause was deemed by the physicians to be obscure. By some it was charged to " the peculiar quali- ties of the air" of the country. Others, and the most of them, asserted that it was generated by putrid and stand- ing water, as they observed that those residing "near morasses and swamps, or where stagnant and stinking water is met, with," were affected every year. It was most prevalent when the heat of the sun caused evapora- tion and filled "the air with noxious vapors." The fever was very violent in all places which have a low situation, and when the salt water comes up with the tide and unites with the fresh water of the country. " If an inhabitant of the higher part of the country, where the people are free from the fever, removes into the lower parts, he may be well assured that the fever will attack him at the usual time, and that he will get it every year as long as he continues in that country." Diet was also charged with causing the disease, in the use of fruits, melons, &c, teas, rum and other ardent spirits, and " largely, the loss of oderiferous plants with which the woods were filled at the arrival of the Europeans, but which the cattle have extirpated. These occasioned a pleasant scent to rise in the woods every morning and evening. It is not unreasonable to think that this cor- rected the noxious effluvia from putrifying substances." The remedies used were Jesuit's Bark, Bark of the Siriodendron Tulipfera, Root of the Cornus Florida, " Brimstone and Vinegar every night upon going to bed and in the morning before getting up, and three or four times in the interval, drinking some warm liquid to wash it down." The people in the Mohawk valley used the Geum Rivale, and found it one of the surest remedies, and as certain in its curative effects as the Jesuit's Bark. 20 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. The foregoing observations, so much in correspondence with those of this day, are recorded by Peter Kalm, a Professor in the University of Arbo, in Swedish Finland, who was sent by his government to this and other countries to make scientific and general observations in i747-'49. He further records that Pleurisy in Raccoon " is a disease which the people are subject to." The Swedes call it " stitches and burning," very common now (1748). In 1728 it swept away many at Penn's Neck. Almost all the Swedes there died of it, though they were not numerous. " It rested, as it were," till 1748, and then " made dreadful havoc, and every week six or ten of the old people died." It was so violent that those attacked seldom lived more than two or three days ; very few recovered. It killed most of the old people. It was not a true pleurisy, but it had a peculiarity of beginning with a great swelling under the throat and in the neck, with great difficulty of swallowing. Some said it was contagious. It began in November, yet some died in the Winter. Children were less subject to it. The physicians did not know " what to make of it," nor how to treat it. As to the cause, an old English surgeon who lived then in Raccoon, gave the following reason : " The inhabitants drink great quantities of punch and other strong liquors in Summer, when it is very hot ; by that means the veins in the diaphragm contract and the blood grows thick. * * * * When the people during the changeable weather are in the open air, they commonly get the disease." The southern part of New Jersey was for many years an unhealthy region. Fever and ague was almost univer- sal. J Judge Elmer, in his history, quotes from a journal of Ephriam Harris, of Fairfield, born 1732, died 1794. It 1 Elmer's Cumberland County. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 21 records : " That fatal and never-to-be-forgotten year, 1759, when the Lord sent the destroying angel to pass through this place, and removed many of our friends into eternity in a short space of time ; not a house exempt, not a family spared from the calamity. So dreadful was it, that it made every ear tingle, and every heart bleed ; in which time I and my family was exercised with that dreadful disorder, the measles (small pox ?) But blessed be God our lives are spared." The same author says : " Mr. Fithian enters in his journal, July 4, 1774, when he was in Virginia : ' With us in Jersey, wet weather about this time is generally thought, and I believe almost never fails being a forerun- ner of agues, fall fever, fluxes and our horse distempers.' " Date of August 9, 1775, when in western Maryland, he records : " News from below that many disorders, chiefly the flux (dysentery), are now raging in the lower counties — Chester, &c. I pray God Delaware may be a bar and stop that painful and deadly disorder. Enough has it ravaged our poor Cohansians ; enough are we in Cohansey every Autumn enfeebled and wasted with fever and ague. Our children grow pale, puny and lifeless." Kalm also noticed that Europeans in North America, whether born in Sweden, England, Germany or Holland, or in America of European parents, always lost their teeth sooner than common. This was especially true of women. The Indians, as he had observed, always had fine teeth. It did not therefore arise from the climate. He ascribed it to the use of tea and to the custom of eating and drinking everything hot. The same effect was pro- duced upon the Indian women, after they become addicted to the use of tea. " I asked," says Kalm, " the Swedish church warden in Philadelphia, Mr. Bengston, and other old Swedes, whether their parents and countrymen had likewise lost their teeth as soon as the American colonists, 22 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. but they told me that they had preserved them to a very great age. Bengston assured me that his father, at the age of seventy, cracked peach-stones and black walnuts with his teeth, notwithstanding their hardness, which at this time nobody dares to venture at that age. This confirms what I have before said, for at that time the " use of tea was not known in North America." One of the earliest pestilential diseases in America, of which we have any record, was the small pox, which wasted the Indians just before our ancestors landed at Plymouth. Some years after, in 1633, it was again fatal among the Indians, spreading from Narragansett to Piscataqua, and westward to the Connecticut river. 1 The nomadic habits of this people was doubtless one of the causes of the spread of this disease. Upon the permanent settlement of West Jersey, in 1677, endeavors were made to excite the hostility of the natives against the English, by insinuations that the latter sold them the small pox in their match coats. The distemper was among them, and in a company who came together to consult about it and its origin, one of their chiefs said : " In my grandfather's time the small pox came, and now in my time the small pox has come." Then stretching forth his hands towards the skies, said : " It came from thence." To this the rest assented. 2 The Europeans were nevertheless the instrumental cause of the spread of small pox and the venereal disease among the native inhabitants of America. 3 The New York Gazette, January 18, 1732, notes: "The small pox spreads very much in this Province, and in New Jersey, also at Amboy, New Brunswick and there away. Many 1 Webster on Pestilence. 2 Smith's His. of N.J. 3 Rush's Inquiries. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 23 have been inoculated, and not one of them have died, but have had the distemper very easy." The year 1638 was very sickly in America, with " Small Pox and Fevers." 1 The Winter of 1641 was very severe and was followed by a very sickly Summer. The mor- tality on the Delaware river, among the settlers in West Jersey who had recently migrated from the New Haven Colony, was so great that it broke up the settlement. 2 A catarrh appeared in America, the first of which we have any account. It is thus described in Hubbard's manuscript, quoted by Webster : "In 1647 an epidemic sickness was prevalent over the whole country, affecting the colonists, English, Dutch and French, and also the natives. It began with a cold, and in many accompanied with a light fever. Such as bled or used cooling drinks, died. Such as made use of cordials and more strength- ening things, for the most part recovered. It extended through the plantations in America and the West Indies. There died in Barbadoes and St. Kitts five or six thousand each." In 1767 catarrh was prevalent in Europe, and diseases among horses in New England and New Jersey. 3 In 1735, in the month of May, during a wet cold season, began 4 " at Kingston, an inland town in New Hampshire, situated in a low plain, a disease among children, com- monly called the ' Throat Distemper] of a most malignant kind, and by far the most fatal at that period known in this country. Its symptoms generally were, a swelled throat with white or ash colored specks, an efflorescence on the skin, great debility of the whole system, and a tendency to putridity." Its first victim was a child, who 1 Webster. 2 Ibid. a Webster. * Webster on Pestilence. 24 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. died in three days. Soon after, three children in another family, distant four miles, were seized, and died in three days. It now became epidemic. Of the first forty cases, none recovered. In three months thereafter it appeared in Exeter, a town six miles distant, and in a month there- after in Boston, fifty miles distant. In Chester, six miles from the place of its first invasion, it did not appear until the following October. It continued its ravages through that year and the next, gradually extending southward, almost stripping the country of children. The disease was infectious, but its spread was inde- pendent of that element. Those in the most seques- tered situations, and without the possibility of contact with the sick, were the subjects of attack. Its fatality was not uniform. Country hamlets suffered more than larger towns. We may note here that, Boston excepted, there was not, at that date, a town or city in America which had a population of seven thousand. It is mani- fest that the disease did not depend for its existence and spread upon local and artificial conditions. The pestilence extended its ravages through Connec- ticut and reached New York and New Jersey. In Elizabethtown, and the country surrounding, and at Crosswicks it was very fatal. In Zengers Weekly, N. York, Feb. 9, 1735-6, is the following notice: " Throat Distemper." " We are informed that at Crosswicks in West Jersey, divers persons have died lately with a distemper in the throat, and that that Distemper prevails there. We are therefore desired to publish the following remedy (which has proved successful) for the advantage of those who may hereafter be visited with the like distemper : — Take some Honey and the sharpest Vinegar with Allom dissolved therein, and let the patients often gargle it in their throats ; or if they be children, then HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 2$ take a feather and dip it in said liquor, and so wash their throats." We give another extract from Zenger of March l %> 1735-6. It is a notice copied from the Boston Gazette, evidently written by a physician : — " Method of Cure of Throat Distemper . What is used is as follows. First be sure that a vein be opened under the tongue, and if that can't be done, open a vein in the arm, which must be first done, or all other means will be ineffectual. Then take borax or honey to bathe or anoint the mouth and throat, and lay on the Throat a plaister Unguintum Dialths. To drink a decoction of Devil's bitt or Robbin's Plantain, with some Sal Prunelle dissolved therein, as often as the patient will drink. If the body be costive, use a clyster agreeable to the nature of the Distemper. I have known many other things used, especially a root called Physick Root, filarie or five-leaved physick ; also a root that I know no name for, only Canker Root. But be sure and let blood, and that under the tongue. We have many times made Blisters under the arms, but that has proved sometimes dangerous. * * * * It is a distemper which has spread in many places in this Colony," (Mass.) From Zenger, March 15, 1735-6. Boston, Mar. 1 . " The Distemper that so long prevailed to the Eastward is now got to the Western part of Con- necticut." Families there lost from three to five children. 1 This fatal disease was epidemic at the same time in France and in the British Isles. This disease and Scar- latina resembled the plague in Europe in this that their general course was Westward. " They were most mortal at first ; and they affected families with very different degrees of violence, slightly troubling some, and extin- guishing the lives of all the children in others." 2 1 Webster. " Webster. 26 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Rev. Jonathan Dickinson who saw and treated many cases of this disease, wrote upon its nature and treatment. 1 It remains to notice the Yellow Fever, the records of which carry us back to a very early date. In his history of Pestilence, Webster describes a fatal plague which in 1618 destroyed the natives in Massachusetts. It was so fatal that the warriors from Narragansett to Penobscot were reduced from 9,000 to a few hundreds. 2 When our ancestors arrived at Plymouth, they found the bones of those who had perished in many places unburied. The Indians described it to the English as a pestilential fever. A subsequent writer of authority (Gookin) says of it, " doubtless it was some pestilential disease. I have discoursed with some old Indians who were then youths who say, that the bodies all over were exceeding yellow both before they died and afterwards." Further testi- mony upon the disease says, that it " produced hemor- rhages from the nose." Webster in summing up his observations remarks that " the evidence of the origin of Yellow Fever in this country between the 41st and 44th degrees of latitude is complete, leaving no room for doubt or controversy. No intercourse existed in 161 8 between New England and the West Indies — nor did a single vessel pass between New England and these Islands till twenty years after that pestilence." The plague is noticed as occurring in 1699, in which 1 See early Med'l Writings, infra. 2 Cotton Mather when writing of the arrival of the Pilgrims in 1620 says. "The Indians in these parts, (Cape Cod and vicinity) had newly, even about a year or two before, been visited with such a prodigious pestilence as carried away not a Tenth but Nine Parts out of ten: (yea 'tis said Nineteen out of twenty) among them. So that the woods were almost cleansed of those pernicious creatures, to make room for a better growth." Magnalia, Rook 1, p. 7. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 2J year "raged in Charleston, S. C, and Philadelphia, 1 the most deadly bilious plague that probably ever affected the people of this country." 2 It is described in a letter from the former city as the " Barbadoes Distemper," tho' it is not intimated that it was communicated from thence by infection. It again appeared in Philadelphia and New York in 1741, and in the latter city in 1762. 3 It did not again visit either New York or Philadelphia till the last decade of the century, when it occurred in mortal form and in extensive ravages during a succession of years. During one of the epidemics (1798) it prevailed to some extent on the shores of the Delaware in New Jersey, where it seemed to find its origin. 4 Dr. Lummis, of Woodbury, in a letter to a physician of Philadelphia, December 4, 1798, thus writes: "During the late autumn, in the months of September and October, I visited several persons affected with the bilious yellow fever, who had no possible opportunity of deriving their disease from any foreign source. ****#! have no hesitation in believing their disease to have been the offspring of local causes. The majority of these cases have occurred in families living on farms situated on the Jersey shore of the Delaware. The most valuable part of these farms 5 consist of meadows. The proximity of these situations to the Delaware and large tracts of meadow-land lead me to ascribe their disease (aided by a peculiar state of the air) to the exhalations or marsh effluvia arising from the low grounds situated near the banks and the meadows in the 1 Philadelphia had then been founded about 17 years, and the population must have been small and nowhere crowded. 2 Webster. Also noted by Rush in his Inquiries. 3 Rush's Inquiries. « Rush. 6 The best soil furnishes the worst air. — Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. 28 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. vicinity of the Delaware. The peculiar disposition of these exhalations to produce disease and death was around early in the season, by the mortality which prevailed among the fowls and cats in this neighborhood. I am not alone in having seen cases of yellow fever which cannot be traced to contagion, similar facts having been witnessed this season by other physicians, in various parts of New Jersey." 1 Rush 2 in noticing the production by contagion of yellow fever, when the exhalations from the secretions of a patient act as an exciting cause in persons previously impregnated with marsh miasmata states, that " in the autumn of 1798 it prevailed upon the shores of the Delaware, in Gloucester County, N. J. A mild remittent prevailed on the high grounds, a few miles from the river during this time. If a person who had inhaled the seeds of the yellow fever in Philadelphia, afterwards came into a family near the river, the same disease appeared in several instances in one or more branches of that family ; but when persons brought the fever from the city, and went into a family on the high grounds, where mild remittents prevailed, there was not a single instance of yellow fever being excited in any of its members." Webster in a note, vol. ii, p. 151, remarks: "In 1798 the first cases of the fever in Chester and Wilmington originated from Philadelphia ; but the atmosphere also of the country in New Jersey and Delaware actually generated the disease, in the neighboring districts, and so it did in Connecticut." Before leaving the subject of pestilence we make note that the year 1701 was excessively dry in this part of ' Account of the malignant fever lately prevalent in the city of New York : by James Hardie, A. M., N. Y. 1799. 2 Inquiries, p. 149, vol. ii. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 29 America. It proved to be a pestilential period. During the dry summer of 1782, a rock in the Schuylkill river appeared above the surface of the water on which was engraven the date, 1701. 1 The engraver employed his chisel better than he knew, as it marked a fact noted by observers 81 years afterwards. In that year, 1782, a cedar swamp in New Jersey 20 miles in length and 8 in breadth, taking fire by accident, was totally consumed ; the fire penetrating among the roots to the depth of six feet : corn, grass and the forests withered. 2 INOCULATION. In the year 1721, Cotton Mather met with an account in the Philos. Transactions printed in London, of inocu- lation for the small pox, in Turkey. Being impressed with the importance of the method as a protection against the severity of the disease, he asked the attention of the physicians in Boston to the subject. They treated it with contemptuous indifference. He then recommended his friend Dr. Zabdiel Boylston to adopt the practice. The Dr. in the face of the most violent opposition, on January 27, 1721, inoculated first, his only son of thirteen years of age, and two negro servants. His success in these cases confirmed him as to the safety and value of the operation, and quieted the fears of others. During the same year and in the early part of the next, he inocu- lated 247 persons, and 39 were treated by others, in Boston and its vicinity. Of this number six died, the most of whom were supposed to have taken the disease before inoculation. During the same period S»759 took the natural disease, of whom 844 died. The opposition to the practice of inoculation was intense. The physicians, 1 Rush. 2 Webster. 3 Ibid. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 37 sketches make it apparent, that about the middle of the last century there were a number of physicians in East and West Jersey who acquired reputation as instructors, whose offices were resorted to in considerable numbers by students in Medicine. Here they read such works as the library of their preceptor afforded, compounded medicines for use in the current demands of his practice, and received such instruction as might be afforded by his familiar intercourse with them, and by occasional visits to his patients, with abundant opportunities for blood-letting and tooth- drawing. Giles Firman, in 1647, delivered lectures or readings on human Osteology, and is said to have had the first "Anatomy" in the country, "which he did make and read very well." He returned to England, was ordained as a minister, and died in 1697. 1 The first course of lectures on medical subjects delivered in America is believed to be a course on Anatomy, by Dr. Wm. Hunter, a Scotch physician and a relative of the cele- brated Hunters in England, in Newport, R. I., in 1754-5-6. The first attempt of which we have any record, to impart instruction by dissection was made in New York in 1750, by Drs. Bard and Middleton. They obtained the cadaver of an executed criminal, and used it in teaching Anatomy to a class of young men. Dr. Thomas Cadwalader, of Philadelphia, who com- menced his practice there in 173 1, after a course of study in London, was the first lecturer upon Anatomy in that city, and probably the first in America. Corson (p. 40) says : — " As Dr. Cadwalader had been established in Philadelphia some time before the year 1751, at which date he was appointed one of the physicians of the hos- pital, and gave lectures upon his return from Europe, the 1 Toner's Med. Prog. 38 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. probability is in favor of his having first entered upon this branch of teaching." The foundation of a regular school in medicine was laid in Philadelphia, in a course of lectures on Anatomy, by Dr. Wm. Shippen, in 1762-3-4. Those who attended his lectures received a certificate as a credential. (See Appendix E.) Drs. Shippen and Morgan, both natives of Philadelphia, while pursuing their studies abroad, con- certed a plan of " establishing a medical school " in their native city. 1 The former returned one year before his associate, and immediately entered upon the work of systematic instruction. The trustees of the College of Philadelphia, which was founded in 1759, in May 3, 1765, elected Dr. Morgan " Prof, of the Theory and Practice of Physic ; " and in September following, Shippen was elected " Prof, of Anatomy and Surgery." A medical school was thus engrafted upon the college. 2 A more complete organization of the medical depart- ment was effected in 1767. An enlarged course of studies was agreed upon, and rules were adopted for conferring medical honors. Additional lecturers were also appointed upon Materia Medica, Chemistry, and Clinical Study. In June, 1768, the degree of Bachelor of Medicine was conferred upon ten candidates, two of whom, Jonathan Elmer and John Lawrence, were from New Jersey. They remained in their native State and became an honor to it and to their Alma Mater as well. A medical school was founded in New York, in connec- tion with King's College, in 1767. Its organization was at first more complete than that of the Philadelphia school. It established chairs of Anatomy, Pathology and Physiology, Surgery, Chemistry and Materia Medica, 1 Rush. ' Carson. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 39 Theory and Practice, and Midwifery, and elected professors to fill the same respectively. Medical honors were conferred in 1769 upon two students. Between the latter date and 1774, eleven degrees were conferred. The occupation of New York by the British during the war arrested all efforts at giving instruction, and for a time practically destroyed the enterprise. In 1784 an attempt was made to revive the Medical School, so far as to appoint several professors according to the original plan. It proved a failure as well as other efforts made from time to time till in 1792 the trustees succeeded in effecting a more permanent organization. In January 11, 1791, Dr. Nicholas Romaine, a distin- guished physician and instructor in medicine in New York, presented a memorial to the Regents of the University, representing that he had established a medical school in the city of New York, and prayed the Regents to take it under their protection. The prayer was favor- ably received, but the project was opposed by the trustees of Columbia College, who were engaged in re-establishing a Medical Department in their institution. The petitioners were therefore unsuccessful. 1 The petitioners thereupon applied to Queen's 3 College in New Jersey, and in 1792 received therefrom the necessary authority under its charter for the completion of their organization. Their connection with Queen's College was continued with varying degrees of success in the process of Medical Instruction from 1792 to 1816, when the opponents of the school obtained an act from the Legislature of the State of New York, " declaring all degrees conferred by any college out of the State on students studying within the State, null and void, as licenses to practise medicine. 3 1 Hosack. 2 Chartered name changed to Rutgers in 1825. 3 McNaughton's address on the Progress of Medicine. 1837. 40 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Thirty-six medical degrees were conferred between 1792 and 1816, when the trustees " deemed it inexpedient thereafter to confer medical degrees. 1 Upon this the School availed itself of the chartered privileges of Geneva College, which had been about that time organized in Western New York. This institution agreed for a pecu- niary consideration to confer the degree of M. D. upon such as the faculty of the School in the city of New York should recommend. It had no other connection with it. This arrangement was soon dissolved by a law declaring that no college should " have or institute a medical faculty to teach the science of medicine in any other place than where the charter locates the college." 2 The students who, upon examination were deemed worthy, did not betake themselves to the academic groves of New Jersey or Western New York, there to be crowned with laureate honors, nor did the groves go to them. The diplomas were prepared by the medical faculty, and sent to the respective presidents of the colleges, which was by them returned duly signed. They were then delivered with some ceremonial by the faculty to the accepted candidates. The early history of the medical schools in New York reveals a state of discord and rivalship among the members of the profession, 3 intensified also by the state of political parties at that time, which arrested harmonious and successful efforts in promoting the cause of medical education. Added to all this its municipal authorities gave no encouragement, as in Philadelphia, either by appropriation of funds, or by grant of facilities for anatomical study. 1 College catalogue. 3 McNaughton's Address. 3 See writings of Hosack, McNaughton, Beck, &c. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 41 During the last, and for the greater part of the present century, students of medicine in New Jersey very gener- ally sought instruction in the Philadelphia school, and to the present day all from West Jersey, and the largest proportion of those in East Jersey, still receive their degrees in Philadelphia, excepting those who are more immediately contiguous to the Hudson river. In 1752, Thomas Wood, surgeon, advertised in a New York paper " a course on Osteology and Myology in the city of New Brunswick," N. J., of about one month's continuance, to be followed, if encouragement was given, by a " course on Angiology and Neurology," and conclude with, performing all the operations on the dead body. 1 In 1790, a course of medical lectures was given in Eliz l abethtown, by Dr. Paul Micheau, (see his memoir,) and in 1795, the trustees of Princeton College entertaining the design of founding a medical school in connection with that institution, appointed Dr. John Maclean, the father of ex-Pres. Maclean, to the professorship of Chem- istry, as preliminary to a more complete organization. The president of the College communicated this action and its design to the New Jersey Medical Society, which adopted a resolution giving assurance of its aid and sympathy in the measure. The project failed of execution at that time, and was again renewed in 1825. 2 It was again arrested by the death of Dr. John Van Cleve, on whose ability as a distinguished physician, the College relied to carry their plan into execution. 3 1 Toner's Med. Progress. 2 History of the College by Pres. Maclean. 3 The Medical Society of New Jersey in May, 1818, appointed a committee " to devise some method by which the degree of Medicinae Doctor maybe conferred" in New Jersey. The subject was presented to the trustees of the College by Dr. Vancleve, a trustee, who was also one of the Committee of the Society, with the inquiry "whether any arrangement could be made by the Board with regard to conferring degrees." A committee to whom the subject was referred reported April 13, 1819, " That, in their opinion it would be inexpedient to enter into such an arrangement previous to the establishment in the institution of a course of instruction in Medical Science." — Maclean's His. 42 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. MEDICAL PROGRESS. In the earlier days of New Jersey's history, as in that of the other Colonies, the supply of their material wants claimed the attention of the people. As the population increased and the land was subdued, progress in wealth and prosperity fostered advancement in knowledge. Many of the young men to secure a medical education sought the advantages of European institutions of learn- ing. Those settling in the larger cities acquired reputa- tion. It was in the centres of population alone that encouragements presented for young men of education. In the country at large, sparsely 1 settled and without opportunities of intellectual culture, the physician's call- ing was a trade, and those who pursued it were of a low grade of literary and medical culture. Down to the middle of the 18th century, three institutions had been founded for the higher grades of learning, viz: Harvard College in 1640, Yale in 1701, and Princeton in 1746. These were followed by King's College in 1754, and Queen's in 1770. These institutions graduated large numbers of Ameri- can youth, who became distinguished as statesmen and learned in law, theology and a limited few in medicine. We date a positive advance in medicine in New Jersey from the French and English war, 1758-1766. " The Province of New Jersey, in a Continental war, dreaded most an attack from Canada by way of New York." 3 They felt no apprehension from the French and Indians on the Ohio. 3 The people thus inspirited by fear were also roused by sentiments of patriotism. New Jersey raised a complement of one thousand men, built barracks 1 At the close of the 17th century, the population of New Jersey did not num- ber more than 15,000. — Gordon. a Gordon. » Ibid. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 43 at Burlington, Trenton, New Brunswick, Amboy and Eliz'town, each for the accommodation of three hundred men. It maintained this complement for the years 1758-9 and '60 ; and in the two succeeding years furnished six hundred, besides men and officers for garrison duty. By these measures it incurred an average expense of 40,000 pounds per annum. 1 These popular measures fur- nished the school much needed — for training a soldiery to be available for the defence of American liberty, a decade afterwards, and for the training of medical men no less. The physicians who were commissioned as sur- geons and surgeon's mates, being brought into association with the British officers, were led to know their inferiority, and were stimulated to improve their opportunities of practice and of intercourse with their more cultivated compeers. The memoirs which follow furnish abundant evidence of the advance of New Jersey physicians in medical and surgical knowledge in this period of the Colony's history. 2 MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The stimulus to medical progress, incident to the con- quest of Canada, was speedily followed in New Jersey by a measure still more potent in its influence — the organi- zation in 1766 of a Medical Society for the province. As this was the first society of the kind in the Colonies, and the basis upon which it was formed is so honorable to the scientific aims and high-toned ethical sentiments of its founders, a careful record of its institution is appropriate in our history. The original book of minutes is still in 1 Gordon. 2 " The war which resulted in the conquest of Canada, gave perhaps the first material improvement to the condition of medicine in America. The English army was accompanied by a highly respectable medical staff, most of whom landed in the City of New York, and continued for some years in the neighboring terri- tory, affording to many young Americans opportunity of attending military hos- pitals and receiving professional instruction." — Toners Med. Progress. 44 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. the possession of the Medical Society of New Jersey, in good preservation. 1 The volume, in its introduction, notices the low state of medicine and the difficulties and discouragement which had opposed its advancement in dignity and utility to the public. These considerations led to the project of founding a voluntary association of the principal practi- tioners, independent, for the time, of legislative protec- tion or interposition. It was at first deemed best thus to organize, but with a view to a more authoritative estab- lishment in the future. To carry out the purpose, the fol- lowing advertisement was published in the N. Y. Mercury : "A considerable number of the Practitioners of Physic and Surgery, in East New Jersey, having agreed to form a Society for their mutual improvement, the advancement of the profession and promotion of the public good, and desirous of extending as much as possible the usefulness of their scheme, and of cultivating the utmost harmony and friendship with their brethren, hereby request and invite veery gentleman of the profession in the province, that may approve of their design, to attend their first meeting, which will be held at Mr. Duff's, in the city of New Brunswick, on Wednesday, the 23d of July, at which time and place the Constitution and Regulations of the Society are to be settled and subscribed. East New Jersey, June 27th, 1766. On the appointed day sixteen physicians " met at New Brunswick and formed themselves into a Standing Society and Voluntary Incorporation according to the following plan." INSTRUMENTS OF ASSOCIATION AND CONSTITUTIONS OF THE New Jersey Medical Society. Whereas, Medicine, comprehending properly Physic and Surgery, is one of the most useful sciences to mankind, and at the same time the most difficult to be fully attained, so much so that, indeed, perfec- 1 The Society, in 1875, published as a supplement to the Transactions of that year, the old transactions from the institution of the Society to the close of the century. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 45 tion therein is perhaps never to be acquired, the longest life spent in its pursuit always finding something new to occur, and lamenting something still wanting to perfect the art. And, as every means, therefore, that will tend to enlarge the stock of knowledge and experience of the pursuit of this science, should be eagerly sought after and prosecuted ; and whereas, among those gentlemen of particular towns, neighborhoods or districts, who have already been initiated in the healing arts and engaged in the practice, nothing seems better adapted to such a desirable end than a friendly correspondence and communication of sentiment, especially if united in a well-regulated society ; the improvements of each, either from study or observation, being by this method diffused to many, and each member, as well as the public, thereby being essentially benefited — exclusive of the pleasures of social intercourse and the many useful refinements that might flow from thence. And whereas, further con- siderable advantages of societies of this kind, properly instituted, might frequently arise, particularly where the laws or custom has not estab- lished necessary regulations respecting the admission of candidates, the due rewards for practitioners' services, the maintenance of the dignity of the profession, and the security of the public from imposi- tions and the like, it being in such cases, till better remedies be pro- vided, in the power of a society, including the respectable practitioners of a city, county, or larger district, to do much for the advancement of their art, and the interest of the people among whom they reside. Moved by sentiments of this kind, and with the most upright and sincere intention of promoting the above-mentioned and other good purposes, we, the subscribers, Practitioners of Physic and Surgery in New Jersey, now assembled, have agreed to form ourselves, and do hereby form and unite ourselves into an amicable and brotherly Society, to be called and known by the name of The New Jersey MEDICAL SOCIETY. And for the better carrying our said good designs into execution, have voluntarily and unanimously consented to, ratified and confirmed the following Articles or Laws as the funda- mental Constitutions of our Association ; which Constitutions we do hereby engage, each for himself, to the whole, and to one another, as far as possible, inevitably to observe and fully to submit to, as obliga- tory on us. istly. That we will never enter any house in quality of our profes- sion, nor undertake any case, either in physic or surgery, but with the purest intention of giving the utmost relief and assistance that our art 46 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. shall enable us, which we will diligently and faithfully exert for that purpose. 2dly. That we will at all times when desired, be ready to consult or be consulted by any of our brethren, in any case submitted to us. And that in all cases where we conceive difficulty, and circumstances will admit, we will advise and recommend such consultation. 3dly. That we will not pretend to or keep secret any nostrum or specific medicine of any kind, as being inconsistent with the generous spirit of the profession, but will at all times be ready to disclose and communicate to any member of the Society, any discovery or improve- ment we have made in any matter respecting the healing art. Partic- ularly, we each engage that we will in all consultations, openly, freely, candidly and without reserve, give to each other our sincere opinion of the case, and of the means we think most likely to effect a cure. 4thly. That we will on all occasions treat one another as become the medical character, and that each of us will respectively do our utmost to maintain harmony and brotherly affection in the Society, to promote the usefulness of it both to the profession and the public, and at all times to support this Institution and advance the dignity of medicine. 5thly. That as we have separated ourselves to an office of benevo- lence and charity, we will always most readily and cheerfully, when applied to, assist gratis, by all means in our power, the distressed poor and indigent in our respective neighborhoods, who may have no legal maintenance and support from their county ; but where such legal provision takes place, there we shall expect a resonable reward from the particular town or county to which such poor may belong. 6thly. That we will hold meetings twice every year, at such time and place as the majority shall determine, at which meetings all matters not hereafter excepted or agreed to, be otherwise particularly decided, shall be determined by a majority of votes, every member meeting on an equal footing ; and each of us for himself engages punctually to attend the said half-yearly meetings, while he continues an inhabitant of this Province, under the penalty of three pounds proclamation money, except in case of sickness, or other reasonable impediment, to be judged and allowed of by the Society. 7thly. That as the widely dispersed situation of the members of this Society will for the most part render a general meeting oftener than twice a year inconvenient, and yet to answer its important purposes a HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 47 more frequent communication seems necessary. To remedy as much as may be this difficulty, it is agreed, that such members of this body, whose residence in respect of each other will allow, shall form them- selves into less Associations, and shall meet at least once in two months, in order to converse on some medical subject, to communi- cate any particular observation, or otherwise to advance the general scheme. And that each of these less Societies shall keep minutes of their several proceedings, to be laid before the General Society at their meetings. And that eveiy of these smaller Societies shall have power to make such By-Laws for their own better order and regula- tion as they shall judge proper, provided they are in nowise repugnant to the General Laws and Fundamentals of this Society. It is, never- theless, hereby intended, that if any member or members are so par- ticularly situated that he or they cannot conveniently give attendance at any such smaller Society, in such case the said member or members are to be exempted from the obligations of this article, and are left to his own election in this matter. But it is expected that such mem- bers will frequent the meetings of some lesser Society as often as they reasonably can, in the manner of visiting brethren ; and when any- thing worthy of notice occurs, that they will speedily and freely com- municate to one of the said Societies. Sthly. That at the half-yearly or general meetings, all such other laws and further regulations, as may from time to time be judged expedient or necessary, for promoting the good purposes of the Society, shall be constituted and established ; and that the Society will then take into consideration all such other matters as may come before them, either from the several inferior Societies, (which are to be esteemed as so many branches of this body), or proposed by individuals in any other proper way ; and will proceed in such manner therein, as they shall deem most advancive of the designs of this Institution. 9th, 10th and nth sections provide for the election of President, Secretary and Treasurer, and their duties. 1 2th section provides for extraordinary meetings. I3thly. That any gentleman hereafter desiring to become a member of this Society, shall at least one month before some general meeting signify his intention to the Secretary for the time being, who shall immediately notify the same to the several members ; and the said 48 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. •candidate shall, at the ensuing meeting, be regularly balloted for by means of squares and triangles or such other device as may be agreed on ; and if upon examining the ballots, it shall appear that three- fourths of the members present voted in the affirmative, he shall be declared a member — otherwise, not. i4thly. That this Society shall not be dissolved but by the concur- rence of seven-eighths of the whole body. Lastly, this Society will do all in their power to discourage and discountenance all quacks, mountebanks, imposters, or other ignorant pretenders to medicine ; and will on no account support or patronize any but those who have been regularly initiated into medicine, either at some university, or under the direction of some able master or masters, or who by the study of the theory and of the practice of the art, have otherwise qualified themselves to the satisfaction of this Society for the exercise of the profession. Given under our hands, at the city of New Brunswick, the twenty- third day of July, Anno Domini, 1766. ROBT. McKEAN, THOS. WIGGINS, CHRIS. MANLOVE, WILLIAM ADAMS, JOHN COCHRAN, BERN. BUDD, MOSES BLOOMFIELD, LAWRENCE V. DERVEER, JAMES GILLILAND, JOHN GRIFFITH, WM. BURNET, ISAAC HARRIS, JONA. DAYTON, JOSEPH SACKETT, Jr. Upon this basis of organization, equal in the amplitude of its aim to that of medical societies of this day, the New Jersey Medical Society was constituted. It con- tinued to hold its semi-annual meetings either at New Brunswick, Prince Town or Burlington till 1775, when the war arrested its meetings. It reassembled in November, 1781, " agreeable to advertisement." At the succeeding regular meeting in May, 1782, Dr. Beatty made a report upon the "State of the Society since 1775," which was agreed to and was as follows : That with regret we observe the vacation of six years in the Journal of this Society ; and to prevent any reflections which might arise, HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 49 unfavorable to its reputation in the minds of uninformed or disingenu- ous persons, it is thought necessary to assign here the cause and reason of this suspension in medical erudition. The war (which has been productive of the happy Revolution in America) having claimed the attention of all ranks of Freemen, most of the members of this Society took an early decided part in the opposition to British tyranny and oppression, and were soon engaged either in the civil or military duties of the State. Added to this, the local situation of the war (the scene of action being chiefly in this and the adjoining States), rendered an attendance on the usual stated meetings, not only unsafe but in a great measure impracticable, from the scattered and distant residence of the members. Sensible, how- ever, that improvements which would do honor to the most elevated understandings, are oftentimes hit upon by men of more confined abilities, and that in medicine, as well as in every other circumstance of life, it is our duty to avail ourselves as much as possible of all dis- coveries tending to the common benefit : as soon as sufficient order and harmony was restored to civil government and society, a conven- ing of the members was deemed necessary and proper ; as well to re-establish it upon its former liberal and reputable principles, as to place it under the patronage of the Authority of the State. The meetings were now sustained with regularity and an evidently increasing interest among its members till 1795. Ninety-one had been enrolled as members since its organization. From this latter date to 1807 there was a suspension of its sessions. The cause is to be found not in a waning interest in medical associations, but rather in a too great and not well regulated ardor in the same. A new society was organized in East Jersey in 1790, known as the u Medical Society of the Eastern District of New Jersey." The effort to establish it is noticed with reprehension in the Minutes of the New Jersey Medical Society as follows: " It being represented that Dr. Micheau has taken an active part in originating and establishing a Society in the County of Essex, new and independent of this corporation, and the Board 50 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. deeming his conduct as a member of this Society very reprehensible — Ordered, that the Secretary write to Dr. Micheau and enclose him a copy of this minute, and require his attendance at the next stated meeting to answer in the premises." Dr. Micheau, the originator of the enterprise, was a well educated physician in Elizabethtown, of high social position and of considerable influence. We infer from his record that he was self-confident and endowed with those elements of character which prompted him to leadership and prominence. He succeeded in organizing an efficient Society in East Jersey. 1 The injurious effect upon the old Society, and which it feared, was soon made manifest. Though constituted by members from all parts of the State, in its practical working only one- sixth were from West Jersey. Of that small number, not one-half attended its meetings with sufficient regu- larity to be relied upon. Of those usually in attendance, a majority were from Essex County, and the Counties contiguous. A new society in East Jersey, independent of the original Society, would deprive the latter of the sympathy and co-operation of its members. The move- ment was therefore viewed as injurious to its prosperity. This was the result. During the suspension of the meet- ings of the old Society, those of the new were well maintained, and were perhaps as promotive of the pro- gress of medicine as those of the original organization. The enthusiasm of the members of the Eastern District soon burned out, and in 1807 the Medical Society of New Jersey resumed its functions under its charter of 1 Dr. Clark, in his history of the medical men of Essex County, commits an error in saying that Dr. Micheau first suggested the formation of the Essex District Society. That Society was organized in 1816, in accordance with an act of the legislature, passed twenty-six years after the formation of the Society for the Eastern District. HISTORY OP MEDICINE. 5 1 1790. An act to ratify and confirm its proceedings was passed by the legislature, at its session, Dec. 1, 1807. FIRST MEDICAL SOCIETIES. New Jersey claims the honor of founding the first Provincial or State Medical Society in America. In the scope of its functions, it is eminently creditable to our New Jersey medical fathers and a great advance upon any enterprise of the kind which preceded it. It was not the first association of American physicians for mutual improvement, as will appear from the following facts : Dr. Douglass, of Boston, who wrote upon the " Throat Distemper" in 1736, addressed his paper " to a Medical Society in Boston." If he had used the definite article, we might infer that he used the term Society in the sense of Community. We infer from his language that there was some form of association among his compeers. Douglass, Boylston and some of the clergy there were as zealous in the pursuit of medical knowledge, as those of a later date. We have not found any farther record or testimony concerning this association. In the library of the N. Y. Academy of Medicine, — to which, by the courtesy of Dr. S. S. Purple, the accom- plished President of the Academy, we have had access, as also to his valuable private collection of books and manuscripts, — we find a manuscript with the following title : " An ESSAY on the nature of y e malignant Pleurisy that proved so remarkably fatal to the Inhabitants of Huntington, Long Island, and some other places on Long Island : in the winter of the year 1749. Drawn up at the request of a Weekly Society of Gentlemen in New York, and addressed to them at one of their meetings," by Dr. Jno. Bard, New York, 1749. In the text, the author describes the disease as " now prevailing." 52 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Dr. Peter Middleton, in his " Introductory Lecture at the opening of the Medical School in King's College," Nov. 1769, notices the " institution of Societies," or " well regulated Associations of Gentlemen " for promo- ting the honor of the Profession, and remarks, " And permit me to add as one of the many instances of the utility of these societies, that whatever merit there is in the present INSTITUTION, it was first planned and con- cluded upon in a MEDICAL SOCIETY now subsisting in this place ; and may IT LONG SUBSIST." In the same library is a book of minutes (manuscript) entitled, " Minutes of the Medical Society of the State of New York, from Nov. 14, 1794 to July 8, 1806." Its record opens thus, — " A number of Medical Gentlemen wishing to associate for the purpose of promoting friendly professional intercourse, determined to meet at the City Hall, on the evening of Nov. 14, 1794, when there ap- peared," — here follows the names of eighteen physicians, the list including those of the distinguished medical men of that date. The record proceeds, — "After some conver- sation on the subject of the meeting, it was unanimously resolved that the present associates will, on the dissolution of the Society known by the name of the " Medical Society," form themselves into a Society by the name and style of the Medical Society of the State of New York, and that they will use the seal of the same." From the foregoing records it appears that a Society existed in 1749; noticed by Middleton as "subsisting" in 1769, which in 1794 was merged into another, the latter adopting its sea/. 1 This Society of 1794 was in 1806 merged into the 1 The title of the new society, tho' a broad one, does not indicate the formation of the State Medical Society of New York, which was organized by Act of the Legislature in 1807, upon the basis of delegation. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 53 Medical Society of the County of New York, the legiti- mate descendant of an organized " Society of Gentlemen," to whom Dr. Bard read his paper in 1749. A Medical Society was formed in Philadelphia by Dr. John Morgan, soon after his return from Europe in 1765. Its records are not preserved, and nothing definite, so far as we have been able to discover, is known of the date of its formation, or its basis of organization. From a notice of it in Carson's history of the University of Pennsylvania, (Appendix p. 221,) it seems to have been a junto formed to promote social intercourse and mutual improvement, the meetings being held in the parlors of its members. The only allusion to it which is made by Carson, is as follows : " The first society established in Philadelphia originated with Dr. Morgan and a number of other practitioners. * * * It was called the " Philadelphia Medical Society." To this Association reference must have been made by Dr. Rush, while in England, in a letter to Dr. Morgan, in 1768, when he says : — " By means of Dr. Huck's and Dr. Franklin's friends, I have been introduced to Sir John Pringle, and have the honor of belonging to a Medical Society which meets every Wed- nesday evening, at his house. The plan of it is not unlike the Medical Society you have established in Phila- delphia. It consists of only eight or ten who are all Sir John's particular friends." In " Rush's Pringle," p. 303, ed. 1812, he says that Sir John " did him the honor to admit him when a student of medicine to a conversation party held at his house once a week, where he met a number of the most respect- able physicians of London, and from which he derived both pleasure and instruction." This junto did not survive the Revolution. After the War, about 1783, the American Medical Society was formed in the same City. 54 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. The College of Physicians was organized in 1787, and the Philadelphia Medical Society in 1789. 1 LEGISLATION. The early history of the American Colonies furnish little evidence of protection by law to medical men, or of the regulation of the practice of the healing art for the preservation of the health and lives of the people from the malpractice of pretenders. In 1636, " An act for regulating the fees and Accounts of the Practicers of Phisic," was passed by the Virginia Assembly. This act provides that charges shall be made according to a fee bill. One rate 'is allowed for " Surgeons and Apotheca- ries who have served an apprenticeship to those trades," and a higher rate to " to those persons who have studied physic in any university, and taken any degree therein." To the former was allowed, for eve'ry visit and prescrip- tion in town, or within five miles, 5s. ; — To the latter, for the same service, 10s. 2 In 1643, the extortionate fees of physicians being made a subject of complaint, in the same Province, an act was adopted compelling them, if required by the debtor, to state the cost of their medicines, under oath. 3 In 1662, "Avaricious and griping practitioners in physic and chirurgery," in Virginia, being still subjects of legislation," the courts were " authorized to examine them under oath, and to cut down their bills." 4 These acts are, as to time, much in advance of any in the more Northern Colonies. Upon the grant made by Charles II. to the Duke of York, in 1664, the latter promulgated in 1665 a code, known as the " Duke's 1 Carson. ' J Compendium of Medical Science, Jan. 18 s Hildreth's Hist, of U. S. * Ibid. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 55 Laws." One of these provided that chirurgeons and physicians were not to presume to exercise any force, violence or cruelty upon the bodies of young or old, or "to put forth any act contrary to the known approved rules of art in each mystery or occupation " without the advice and counsel of such as are skilled in the same art, if such may be had, or at least of " some of the wisest and gravest of those present," and the consent of the patient if he can give it : a law however not intended to discourage any from all " lawful use of their skill," but merely " to inhibit and restrain the presumptuous arro- gancy of such as through confidence in their skill, dare boldly attempt violence to the prejudice and hazard of life and limb." 1 A law similar to this was enacted in the Colony of Massachusetts, in 1649. 3 As New Jersey was a part of the Duke's domain, this is its first law relating to medical practice. At that early date, however, it was a wilderness, no part of it being occupied by Europeans, except the limited portions held by the few Dutch and Swedish settlers. No legislation was had in the Province till after the formation of the New Jersey Medical Society, in 1766. In 1771 the Society petitioned the Assembly for an act " regulating the practice of medicine," and resolved " that the members of the Society get petitions signed by the respectable inhabitants of their neighborhoods," and send them to the care of the committee of the Society charged with the prosecution of the measure before the Legislature. In September, 1772, the Act was adopted. (See appendix F.) It was probably framed under the supervision of Drs. Cochran and Bloomfield, who were 1 Hildreth. 2 Toner. 56 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. the committee of the Society to secure its passage. It provided for the licensing of physicians by Judges of the Supreme Court, after an examination before a board of medical men, 1 who were usually appointed by the Medical Society. Its effect upon the profession was immediate. It raised the standard of attainment, and thus stimulated students to careful study, and to improve the opportunities which were now beginning to offer themselves to students in medicine. One year after the passage of this act, the propriety of obtaining a charter of incorporation of the Medical Society became a subject of discussion. In 1774 it resolved unanimously to "carry the design into execution in the most ample and expedi- tious way." The measure was placed in the hands of a committee, but the distracting events of the war arrested further action. After the war the project was renewed, and in 1790 the first Charter of the Society was obtained, (See Appendix G.) constituting the members named therein, to the number of fifty, to be a body politic and corporate, for the term of twenty-five years. Expiring in 181 5, a new act was passed the next year, to which a supplement was obtained in February, 18 18, constituting the Society upon its present basis of delegation from the District Societies. The title of the Society adopted by its founders was the " New Jersey Medical Society." The act of 1790 changed it to the " Medical Society of New Jersey." By the act of 1816 it was named the " Medical Society of the State of New Jersey." The supplement to the act of 1816, which was passed in 1818, restored the title to that of the act of 1790, which has continued to the present time. 1 A similar act had been passed in the Province of New York in 1760. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 57 OBSTETRICS. Midwifery as an art and science received no attention from the people, or from medical men either in Europe or the Colonies, till about the middle of the last century. The practice was exclusively in the hands of women, "who were usually conceited in proportion to their ignorance. 1 The first instruction given at a medical school was in the University of Edinburgh, in 1726. A professorship was then founded, Mr. Jos. Gibson being appointed to the chair. He confined his instructions solely to the mid- wives. The profession of an accoucheur was esteemed very unbecoming a gentleman, and it was only in the most extreme cases that his advice or aid was sought. 8 Midwifery was not recognized as belonging to the duties of a regular practitioner. Dr. Smellie, who afterwards contributed so much to improve and perfect it, at the commencement of his career united the occupation of cloth merchant and practitioner of midwifery at Lanark. 3 It was not till 1756, that instruction was given by Thomas Young in the University of Edinburgh to a class of medical students. Its theory and practice had now begun to assume a more regular and scientific form. Smellie has the credit of first instituting observations upon the anatomical structure, in its intricate relations of one part to another, and to the foetus. He was the first writer who considered the shape and size of the female pelvis, as adapted to the head of the foetus, and pointed out the whole process of parturition. He abolished many superstitious notions and erroneous customs that pre- vailed in the management of women in labor, and of children. He had the satisfaction of seeing the most of 1 Carson. 2 Carson's History. 3 Ibid. 58 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. his maxims adopted in the greater part of Europe. He was the author of many valuable principles in the practice of the obstetric art, and contributed materially to the mechanical improvement of the instruments used to facil- itate labor in difficult cases. He published his treatise upon the subject in 1752. 1 An opinion had very generally prevailed, from the time of Hippocrates, that the fcetus in utero is in a sitting posture, and that about the eighth month, or at the commencement of labor as some taught, the head is forced down by the contractions of the uterus. Smellie observed that at whatever period the fcetus was expelled, it generally came head first. He was thus induced to consider it the natural position. His opinion was con- firmed by dissections by Hunter, of women who had died in different stages of pregnancy. 2 Van Swieten quotes several authors who advised lying- in women to keep their beds till the 10th or 12th day after parturition, and this was frequently done without changing their bed linen. The children were also at first encased from head to foot, so as to be totally deprived of the use of their limbs. 3 The first record we find of a man midwife in the Colo- nies is in a notice of July 22, 1745, of the death of a physician in New York, which reads, " Last night, died in the prime of life, to the almost universal regret and sorrow of this city, Mr. John Dupuy, M. D., and man midwife, in which last character it may truly be said as David did of Goliah's sword, there is none like him." 4 A notice of "Ancient Manners and Customs " in the same 1 Miller's Retrospect. 2 Ibid. • Ibid. 4 Valentine's Manual. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 59 work, records that " before the revolution, Dr. Atwood is remembered as the first Dr. who had the hardihood to proclaim himself as a man midwife : it was deemed a scandal to some delicate ears, and Mrs. Grany Brown, with her fees of two and three dollars, was still deemed the choice of all who thought women should be modest." These notices indicate that at this period an inroad was being made upon the ignorant prejudices of the people. It is noticeable too, that the names of neither of the medical men named, one of them honored by a degree in medicine, are associated in other professional relations with cotemporary physicians whose names have come down to us as distinguished in their day. Like the early obstetricians of England, they were not recognized as the peers of the regular physicians. Toner, in his Annals of Medical Progress, notices Dr. John Moultrie, of South Carolina, as a popular obstetrician and physician who practised between 1733 and 1773. Dr. William Shippen was the first public teacher of midwifery in this country. While pursuing his studies in Edinburgh, he gave much attention to the obstetrical art and gave evidence of his interest in it by his thesis, " De Placentae cum utero nexu." His first course was delivered in 1762. * Dr. John V. B. Tennent, a native of New Jersey, 2 gave instruction about the same time in New York. It was due to the efforts of Shippen and Tennent that midwifery began to assume its status as a science, and began to be taught as a regular branch of medical educa- 1 Francis' Denman. 2 He was son of Rev. William Tennent, of Freehold ; graduated at Princeton College, 1758 ; pursued his medical studies at Edinburgh, and like, Shippen, was attracted to the study of obstetrics. While in London he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. He died at an early age in the West Indies, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health. — Francis Demnaii. 60 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. tion. 1 The former published in the Pennsylvania Gazette, Jan. I, 1765, the following advertisement: 3 " Dr. Shippen, Jr., having been lately called to the assistance of a number of women in the country in difficult labors, most of which were made so by the unskilful old women about them : the poor women having suffered extremely, and their innocent little ones being entirely destroyed, whose lives might have been easily saved by proper management : and being informed of several desperate cases in the different neighborhoods which had proved fatal to the mothers as well as to their infants, and were attended with the most painful circum- stances, too dismal to be related ! He thought it his duty immediately to begin his intended Courses in Midwifery, and has prepared a proper apparatus for that purpose, in order to instruct those women who have virtue enough to own their ignorance and apply for instruction, as well as those young gentlemen now engaged in the study of that useful and necessary branch of surgery, who are taking pains to qualify themselves to practice in different parts of the country with safety and advantage to their fellow citizens." He also provided " convenient lodgings " for the accom- modation of a few poor women, which was practically a school, or hospital for lying-in women. Shippen by his intelligent and persistent measures was successful in elevating the art of midwifery and demonstrating its importance in its scientific relations to medicine. Its study was associated with the chair of Anatomy, and taught by Shippen, while he was the incumbent of that chair in the Medical School. It continued in this rela- tion till 1810, when a professorship of midwifery was instituted, and became henceforth one of the regular departments of the Philadelphia School. The Medical School in New York, which was founded two years after the School in Philadelphia, established from the first a professorship of midwifery, and elected 1 Hosack. Carson. 3 Carson. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 6 1 Dr. Jno. V. B. Tennent to the chair. He died in 1770, and was succeeded by Dr. Samuel Bard. SYSTEMS OF MEDICINE. The doctrines which in the earliest settlement of the country governed medical practice were those taught by Sydenham. These gave place to the advanced principles and maxims of the distinguished Boerhaave. He was appointed a lecturer of the Institutes of Medicine at Leyden, in 1701, at the age of 33. By his attainments and his facility of communicating knowledge, he gave a reputation to the Leyden School enjoyed by none other in Europe. He- lived to see his system universally adopted. He died in 1738. Rush 1 says, that in 1760 " the system of Boerhaave governed the practice of every physician in Philadelphia. * * * Diseases were ascribed to morbid acrimonies, and other matters in the blood, * * * medicines were prescribed to these and to incras- sate the blood, and diet drinks were administered in great quantities, in order to alter the qualities. Great reliance was placed upon the powers of nature, and critical days were expected with solicitude, in order to observe the discharge of the morbid cause of fevers from the system. This matter was looked for chiefly in the urine, and glasses to retain it were a necessary part of the furniture of every sick room. To insure the discharge of the morbid matter of fevers through the pores, patients were confined to their beds, and fresh and even cool air often excluded by close doors and curtains." Bloodletting in pleurisies, rheumatisms and inflamma- tions, with blisters ; purges and vomits in febrile diseases, were the physicians' resources in combating his cases. Bark was freely used in intermittents, notwithstanding 1 Inquries, vol. ii. 62 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. the popular belief that "it lay in their bones." Mercury- was in general use, though not for the production of the excessive salivary discharges which became popular in the early part of the present century. The system of Boerhaave was followed by that of Cullen. He lectured on the theory and practice of medicine in the University of Edinburgh, from 1766 to 1773, 1 in which lectures he combated the humoral pathology of Boerhaave with success, and in 1783 published his first edition of his " First Lines of the Practice of Physic." In his introduc- tion he writes, " When I first applied to the study of physic, I learned only the system of Boerhaave, and even when I came to take a professor's chair in this Univer- sity, (Edinburgh) I- found that system here in its entire and full force, and, as I believe, it still subsists in credit, and that no other system has been offered to the world, I think it necessary for me to point out the imperfections and inconsistencies of the system." Cullen's doctrines were accepted in this country, and his work became the general text-book on practice for the remainder of the century. The Anatomy of Cowper, Kiel, Douglass, Cheselden, Munro and Winslow ; the Surgery of Heister, Sharp, Le Dran and Pott ; the Midwifery of Smellie and Hunter, and the Materia Medica of Lewis were in general use from about the middle to the close of the century. 2 During the last century, Medicine in America made great progress. Its medical thinkers were to a striking degree independent of the doctrine and authorities of the 1 Am. Cyclopedia. [Cullen was the first teacher in medicine who, in the delivery of his lectures, substituted the vernacular English for the Latin, which before that was everywhere the canonical language of science. From this time, 1746, the use of the Latin was gradually abandoned.] — Carson's His., cVr. 3 Beck's History. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 63 old world. Many of the medical men, tho' trained in European Institutions, were untrammeled by their educa- tion in their conception and treatment of diseases, and were distinguished by free inquiry and bold and success- ful innovation. 1 They are entitled to the credit of instituting " a more simple and correct doctrine concern- ing the radical and universal relation of diseases, more just, accurate and consistent opinions concerning the origin and causes of epidemics and pestilential diseases, and more correct principles on the subject of quarantine." The same writer justly observes, that Dr. Rush " for a long period after the commencement of his course of instruction, did more than all other physicians collect- ively, to diffuse a taste for medical inquiries and to excite a spirit of observation among the students of medicine in our country." MILITARY HOSPITALS. After the battle of Long Island, and the subsequent occupation of New York by the British, the field of military operations was transferred from the east to the west side of the Hudson river. A general hospital had been established in the neighborhood of New York, which was transferred to Hackensack. Soon after this, in October 9, 1776, Congress resolved that William Shippen, Esq., provide and superintend a hospital for the army in New Jersey. That each of the hospitals in New Jersey and elsewhere be supplied by the respective Directors with such a number of surgeons, apothecaries, surgeons' mates, and other assistants : and also such quantities of medicines, bedding, and other necessaries as they shall judge expedient. Weekly returns to be made to Congress 1 Miller's Retrospect. 64 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. and to the Commander-in-chief, of the officers and assistants of each denomination : and number of sick and deceased in hospitals. Regimental surgeons were directed to send to the general hospital such officers and soldiers of their regiments as require nursing or constant attend- ance, and to apply to the Quartermaster General for convenient wagons, and also to apply to the Directors in their respective departments for medicines and other necessaries. The commanding officer of each regiment was required, once a week, to send a commissioned officer to visit the sick of his regiment in the general hospital, and report their state to him, 1 Congress had ordered in July, 1776, 3 the number of hospital surgeons and mates to be increased in proportion to the augmentation of the army, not exceeding one surgeon and five mates to every 5,000 men. The pay of hospital surgeons to be " one dollar and two-thirds of a dollar by the day." Hospital apothecaries same pay as surgeons. Hospital surgeons and mates to take rank with regimental surgeons and mates. Hospitals were established at Amboy, Elizabethtown, Fort Lee, New Brunswick, Trenton and Newark. The following return is from the American Archives : — Amboy, 1 Nov., 1776. " Dear Sir : — Enclosed is a return of the sick in my hospital. Besides these there are in each regiment a number called sick, that are not proper subjects for the hospital, and under the care of regi- mental surgeons, though there are no regimental hospitals. This will account for the difference between the no. of sick in Col. Griffins return and mine. Your obt. Serv't, WILLIAM SHIPPEN, D. H., &c." To Richard Peters. "A return of the sick in the hospitals of the flying Camp and Jersey Militia : 1 American Archives. * American Archives. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 65 At Amboy. — Two Hospitals. — Sick, 90 ; wounded, 7 ; total, 97. At Elizabethtown. — Sick, 54 ; wounded, 3 ; sick from Canada, 25 ; total, 82. At Fort Lee. — Sick of our own, 73 ; wounded, 9 ; distressed New England troops, 19 ; total, 93. Brunswick, — Sick, 10 ; total, 10. Trenton. — Sick, 56 ; do. 56. Amount of whole, 338. Dr. Shippen also writes that he " has not taken charge of near 2,000 that are scattered up and down the country in cold barns, and who suffer exceedingly for want of comfortable apartments, because Dr. Morgan 1 does not understand the meaning of the Hon. Congress, in their late resolve, and believing yet they are to be under his direction, although they are on this side of the Hudson's River. He is now gone over to take Gen. Washington's opinion. As soon as I receive the General's orders on the subject, I shall exert my best abilities, &c." The following extract, including a letter from Dr. William Burnet, is found in Dr. John Morgan's vindica- tion of his official and professional conduct while Director General of the Continental Army. It is interesting in itself and exhibits the hospital arrangements in Newark, in or about September, 1 776.2 " Thus were my exertions for taking care of the sick on the east side of the Hudson River crowned with the most abundant success. I had been no less careful to make the best provision for the accommodation of the sick on the west side of the Hudson River. I am now to prove this, which I shall ■A controversy existed at this time between Dr. Morgan, Director Gen'l, appointed July, 1776, and Shippen, who, in the October following was made Director of Hospitals for the Flying Camp and New Jersey Militia. The subject is treated at length by Dr. Toner, in his "Medical Men of the Revolution," who shows that the differences grew out of the difficulties which beset the Congress in their new work of organizing the Medical Department of the Army, and which reflected no dishonor upon either of those distinguished medical men. 2 From MSS. notes of Dr. J. M. Toner. 66 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. do on the authority of competent witnesses, and proceed to show that Dr. Shippen's appointment to take charge of the hospitals in the Jerseys, clashed with my exertions to take suitable care of the sick for whom I had appointed hospitals at Newark and Hackensack, by the express command of General Washington. For my repairing to Newark and establishing hospitals there for the reception of near a thousand men, I herewith produce Gen. Washington's orders at length, comprehended in his letter to the committee at Newark, dated New York, Sept. 12, 1776. Those orders I accordingly executed, and put the sick and wounded under the care of Dr. Foster, (new Deputy Director General of the Hospitals east of the Hudson River), and Dr. Burnet, now Physician General, and ten mates, with a commissary of purchases, and ward master, an issuing commissary and store-keeper, a clerk, several experienced purveyors, and all the attend- ants and nurses that were left of those employed at New York ; so that, at no time in the whole campaign of 1776 were the sick better taken care of. In proof of which Dr. Burnet testifies as follows, viz. : — ' that Dr. Morgan by application to him, as chairman of a committee, obtained use of the Episcopal and Presbyterian churches, the Court House and Academy for that purpose, and that he appeared to be diligent and faithful in discharging the duties of Director General, and that the sick and wounded then under his care did not suffer, that he knew of, for want of any assistance which he, or any of the gentlemen em- ployed, could give them, but on the contrary were as well attended, accommodated and provided for as in common hospitals, and with as much success. Wm. BURNET." 1 1 It is stated that in 1775, Dr, Burnet established and superintended upon his own responsibility, a. hospital in Newark. We do not find that any details or record have come down to us. Dr. Morgan in a letter to Washington, Sept. 12, 1776, says : " From the knowl- HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 67 Temporary provision was made in Morristown for the sick and wounded, in the fall of 1776. At that time 2,000 who were lying there were removed by order of Wash- ington, Dec. 3, to Bethlehem, Pa., where a general hospital was established. x After the battles of Brandy wine and Red Bank, 1777, a general hospital was opened at Princeton, in the college buildings. Dr. Tilton in his work on military hospitals, remarks of this hospital, as also of the others, that they are so " crowded as to produce infection, and mortality ensues too affecting to be described. * * * The flying camp of 1776 melted like snow in the field ; dropped like rotten sheep on their straggling route home, when they communicated the camp infection to their friends and neighbors, of whom many died." He was a prescribing surgeon in the hospital at Princeton. He says of it, " the sick and wounded flowing promiscuously without restraint into the hospital, it soon became infectious and was attended with great mortality." He afterwards visited the hospital at Bethlehem, Pa., and found upon investigation that the " malignancy and mortality (of the Princeton Hospital) bore no comparison " with that of Bethlehem — " all manner of excrementitious matter was scattered indis- criminately through the camp, insomuch that you were offended by a disagreeable smell almost everywhere within the lines. A putrid diarrhcea was the conse- quence." " It is impossible," he further remarks, " to account for the obstinacy and fatality of those bowel complaints which affected the soldiers, neither by the nature of the soil, but from a poisonous infection. * * * edge I have of New Ark, I am persuaded it is a place infinitely superior in all respects for the establishment of a General Hospital. There are but four miles of land carriage required ; all the rest is water carriage. The houses are numerous and convenient." — Am. Archives. 1 Toner. 68 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. I have no hesitation in declaring it as my opinion, that we lost not less than from ten to twenty of camp diseases for one by weapons of the enemy." The dysentery prevailed in the summer of 1777 in the military hospitals of New Jersey, but without mortality. It was followed by an " obstinate diarrhoea, in which the warm bath was found in many instances to be an effectual remedy. 1 This was prior to the period of which Dr. Tilton writes above. Washington addressed the Congress from Morristown, Feb. 5, 1777, 2 as follows : "The small-pox has made such head in every quarter that I find it impossible to keep it from spreading through the whole army in the natural way. I have therefore determined not only to inoculate the troops now here that have not had it, but shall order Dr. Shippen to inoculate the recruits as fast as they come to Philadelphia. They will lose no time because they will go through the disease while their clothing, arms and accoutrements are getting ready." The Commander-in-chief before issuing his order to inoculate the soldiers at Morristown, invited the Rev. Jacob Green 3 to a consultation about the measure. Convinced of its importance, 4 Mr. Green, assisted no doubt by the patriot clergy of his neighborhood, assumed the work of inoculating the people of their own parishes. " They arranged hospitals and dictated every plan with a precision and positiveness that was not to be disobeyed by their parishioners, and such was the weight of this authority, that it is said that very few disregarded it, and that few of them died of the foul disease." 5 The Hanover 1 Rush's Inquiries, a Sparks. 3 See his memoir. * Rev. Dr. Tuttle's Centennial Address at Morristown. « Ibid. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 69 church was used as a hospital for those who had the disease in the natural way. Scarcely one who was inoculated died ; whilst almost none who took the disease by contagion got well. This enforced inoculation of the people, because of the inoculation of the soldiers, added to the burdens which rested with crushing weight upon the people of Morris County. 1 REVENUES OF PHYSICIANS. Upon the organization of the New Jersey Medical Society, in 1766, its members gave early consideration to " the mode of charging for medical and surgical services " Prior to this time there was no law or custom in the Province for the payment of regular fees for advice and attendance. A committee appointed for the purpose reported the following comprehensive and forcible pre- amble and a " Table of fees and rates." The report and its recommendations were ordered to be engrossed in the minutes, the subject of adoption being laid over for further consideration. Its ratification was postponed from time to time, the Society deeming it inexpedient to make it imperative. It was practically the basis for charges till 1784, when it was unanimously adopted. PREAMBLE. The New Jersey Medical Society, considering the state of medical practice in this Government, and apprehending-, that as they have separated themselves to a profession that not only deprives them of many comforts and indulgences, which persons in other offices of life enjoy, by being at the call of any one, day or night ; but also exposes them to many disagreeable scenes and often to great dangers from contagious diseases, &c. ; besides the great expense of education, and the many painful years to be employed in preparatory studies, as well as that of the science itself, they are in an especial manner entitled to 1 Ibid. JO HISTORY OF MEDICINE. a just and equitable reward for their services, at least to live by this their useful profession. And observing- that their fees or rewards are not regularly settled by law or custom, and that many inconveniences arise from such defect and the consequent vague and indeterminate mode of practitioners charging for their services, and conceiving that it will be both for the interest of the people and practitioner to estab- lish one general and uniform mode, have unanimously agreed to the following table, in which they have affixed such reasonable rates to most of those articles that can be ascertained in an art that admits of such a diversification of forms and circumstances, as they hope will be universally satisfactory, and such as they sincerely think are consistent with equity, and by no means higher than the usual charges heretofore generally made. And this scheme they have adopted for the sake of justice and order, to prevent unnecessary disputes and differences between them and their employers, and as far as the usage of regular and principled practitioners will in that way extend to obviate the impositions of quacks and illiterate medicators. And they do hereby bind and oblige themselves at all times hereafter to keep their accounts according to the rates therein settled and ascertained, till the Legislature shall interpose, or some other happier method be devised for determining a matter so interesting both to the public and the profession. A TABLE OF FEES AND RATES. For sundry articles and services in medicine and surgery, as agreed on and established by the New Jersey Medical Society, at their general meeting in New Brunswick, July 23d, 1766. PROCLAMATION MONEY. (See Appendix H.) £ *■ d. Visits inT owns. Visiting in towns, whereby the physician and surgeon can readily attend the patient without riding, to be charged for according to the duration of the ailment and degree of attendance, viz. . In slight cases whereby a visit or two may be wanted o oo c Per Week In other cases requiring longer and daily care and attend- ance : for each week's attendance and in proportion for lesser or more time, exclusive of medicines o 10 o Visits in the \ Visits in the country under half a mile to be charged for tonntry. ) as m towns, viz., per week, &c o 10 o HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Jl £ '■ d. Above half a~\ mile &■ not I Every visit above half a mile and not exceeding a mile more than. \ an d a half o i 6 Above 1)6 ©O Every visit above one and a half miles and not exceeding not more > ., , than 15. ) fifteen miles, for each mile additional o I o Above fifteen'} Every visit above fifteen miles and not exceeding twenty- ^ ye m ji es> f or eac h ml j e a bove fifteen and under twenty- five o i 6 Above 25 Every visit above twenty-five miles, for each mile above twenty-five o 2 o Every visit in the night, exclusive of other things o 5 o Consultations. .Consultation Fees, viz.: Every first visit and opinion by the consulted physician or surgeon, exclusive of travel- ing fees o 15 o Every succeeding visit and advice by do. &c o 7 6 Surgical oJ>e-}~Fees for surgical operations and services, exclusive of ratu >. ns and \ visits and traveling charges, viz. . services. ) Phlebotomy 016 Extracting a tooth o 1 6 Cutting an issue 020 Cupping with scarification o 2 o Wounds As first dressing of all large or deep incised or contused wounds, including ung'ts, &c, except in very extraor- dinary cases, where the surgeon shall consult the Society, who will adjudge the proper charge in such particular cases o 7 6 Succeeding dressing of do. , each time 020 Sinuses and \ Opening large sinuses or abscesses and first dressing o 76 Abscesses. ) g ucc eeding dressing of do. , each 030 Inflammations .Advice for large inflammations and abscesses, when attended twice a day, per week, and proportionably for a greater or less time o 10 o Do. when attended once a day, per week, &c o 5 o Ulcers Dressing all malignant, putrid or phagedceme ulcers, each dressing o 2 o Dressing small cutaneous or superficial wounds, small and healing ulcers and small abscesses, each dressing. . 010 Opening small abscesses and sinuses 020 Drawing off the urine by the catheter, each time o 7 6 Administering a clyster o 3 9 Trepan Operation of the trepan 3 00 o Dressing each time o 3 9 72 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. £ *■ d. Couching, &c. Couching or extracting the cataract 3 00 o Cutting the Iris 3 00 o Fistula Lachrymalis 1 10 o Couching, &>c. .Each dressing do o 1 6 Bronchotomy 1 10 o Extirpation of the Tonsils 1 00 o Extraction of the polypus of the nose 1 00 o Operation for the Hare-lip 1 10 o Operation for the Wry-neck 1 10 o Each dressing in the five preceding cases o 1 6 Amputations. , .Amputations of the breast 3 00 o Ditto of the fore and back arm 3 00 o Ditto of the leg or thigh 3 00 o Each dressing for the first 14 days after the preceding amputations o 5 o Each succeeding dressing 026 Amputation of the fingers or toes, each o 15 o Each dressing do 020 Suture of the tendons and Gastroraphy, each 1 00 o Each dressing do o 2 6 Bubonocele Epiplocele and Hernia Femoralis, each 3 00 o Each dressing do o 5 o Exomphalos and Hernia Ventralis 1 10 o Each dressing o 2 6 Hydrocle Radical operation 3 00 o Ditto palliative by puncture 1 10 o Castration , each Testicle 3 00 o Each dressing do o 5 o Phymosis and paraphymosis o 7 6 Each dressing o 2 o Paracentisis 1 10 o Fistula in ano, deep, sinuous and of long standing 3 00 o Do. small and recent 2 00 o Each dressing in such Fistulas o 3 o Empyema 1 00 o Each dressing do o 2 o Extirpation of large encysted and large cancerous Tumors 1 10 o Dressing do., each time 030 Extirpation of small encysted and small cancerous Tumors o 15 o Each dressing do o 1 6 Cutting for the stone in the bladder 5 00 o Each dressing do o 5 o . Cutting for the stone in the urethra 1 10 o Each dressing do o 2 o Assistant Surgeon's fee in all operations HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 73 £ •>• d. Midwifery, z/Mr.Delivering a woman in a natural case 1 10 u In a preternatural case 3 00 o In a laborious case, requiring forceps or extrication with the crotchet, &c 3 00 o Inoculation Inoculation of the small pox, including medicine _ and attendance Fratturesand ? Reduction of a simple fracture, and depression of the Dislocations ) nosei w jt n necessary dressing during the cure 1 7 o Luxation or fracture of the lower jaw, with do 1 00 o Luxation of the neck, with do 2 00 o Luxation of the Humerus, and do 1 10 o Ditto of the Cubit, and do 1 10 o Simple fracture of the Clavicle, and do 1 10 o' Ditto of the fore and back arm, and do 1 10 o Dislocation or fracture of the wrist bones, with do 1 10 o Dislocation of the thigh bone, with do 2 00 o Ditto of the knee, with do 1 10 o Ditto or fracture of the Patella, with do o 15 o Ditto of the ankle, with do 1 10 o Simple fracture of the thigh or leg bones, with do 2 00 o Simple ditto of the heel, with do 1 10 o Dislocation of the fingers or toes, with do o 7 6 Compound fractures of all kinds, one-third more than sim- ple, besides the daily dressing, which is to be charged at the rate fixed for large wounds, when the fracture is of the thigh, leg or arm ; but at the rate of small wounds when of the fingers or toes, &c Other surgical cases not here mentioned, either to be pro- posed to the Society for their decision, or to be charged as nearly to the tenor of this table as possible. Rates of extemporaneous forms of medicine, exclusive of visiting and travelin g fees, viz : Bolus Cathartic or emetic o 2 o Ditto with musk o 3 o Every other do. alterative for persons above years of age. Every do. for persons under years Decoction with one ounce Cort. Peruv. and proportion- ably with greater or less quantity o 7 6 Other decoctions and wines made with foreign medica- ments, per pound o 7 6 Do. with indigenous or native medicines, per pound o 3 o Draughts, each 022 Electary Cathartic, per ounce o 7 6 Do. Alterative, per ounce o 5 o 74 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. £ '■ d. Elixirs and Essences, per ounce o 3 9 Emulsions o 1 o Epispastic plasters for the neck, side or back 030 Do. for the arms, wrists or legs, each o 1 6 Each dressing of the large blisters o 1 u ■Each do. of the lesser o o 6 Ingredients for nitrous decoctions, 1 pound o 7 6 Ingredients foreign for other decoctions, &c, per oz o 2 o Ditto for Gly sters ' o 3 o Musk Julap o 2 6 Julaps, per ounce o 1 o Linctus and Lohocs, per ounce o 2 6 Lqzen ges, per ounce o 3 o Mixtures compounded of aqueous and spirituous and Saline or solid substances, per ounce o 1 o Mixtures consisting solely of spirituous substances, such as Tinctures, Elixirs, Essences, &c, per oz o 3 9 Ointments, z'&.Mere-fort, per ounce o 2 6 Do. mit. , per ounce o 2 o Pills, viz Cathart. , 1 dose o 2 o Mercur. , per dose o 1 6 Anodyn, per dose o 1 o Alterative, per dose o 2 o Potion cathart., with manna, per ounce o 4 o Powders, Ca- \ Rhubarb, per dose o 3 o thartviz., 5 All others, per dose 020 Powders Emetic, per dose o 2 o Do. Alterative, per dose o 1 o Salts Cathartic, per dose o 1 6 Do. with manna, 1 ounce, per dose o 3 o Tartar Cream of, per dose o 1 6 All medicines charged by the dose to persons under three years of age one-fourth less than to those above that age. Tinctures, per ounce o 3 o Salivation, including medicines 3 00 o Simple Gonorrhoea, includ. do 2 5 o Gonorrh. attended with Chancres, or particular trouble.. 3 00 o All other prescribed forms not here specified, to be submitted to the direction of the Society, and rated as near as possible to the tenor of this Table. The Society reserves to themselves the right, at all times hereafter, of making all such alterations in and additions to this Table, as shall appear to them just and expedient. ROBT. McKEAN, President. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 75 Resolved and enacted, That every member of this Society, shall at all times hereafter, when he makes out a bill, charge exactly agreeable to the preceding fixed rates, without addition or diminution, and shall deliver it in this form and no other. But it is nevertheless meant and intended, that every member afterwards be at liberty to abate what part of such bills he may think proper, on account of poverty, friend- ship, or other laudable motives, but on no other considerations what- ever, under pain of expulsion. The popular error that our medical fathers had a low estimate of the dignity of their calling, and that the revenues from its pursuit were much below those of our own day, will be corrected by the study of the preamble to the above table of" fees and rates" adopted in 1766; and by carefully noting the accounts which follow. (See Appendix I.) They exhibit the sources of revenue in early practice and illustrate its methods. They are a transcript from the books of Dr. Moses G. Elmer, of New Providence, in Morris County, which were kept with much system and care, and are now in good pres- ervation. The reader is also referred to some accounts in the memoirs of Drs. Jno. Lawrence, William Stillwell and others. An estimate of the cost of the best style of living and the purchasing power of money during the period under consideration may be derived from the following facts : In 1749 Governor Belcher was voted by the Provincial Assembly, a salary of £1,000 per annum, proclamation money, equal to about $2,500 of our present standard of value. In 1760, the Governor received the same. In 1775 Governor Franklin received £1,200, equal to $3,000, same standard. He rented a house in Amboy, equal to the best in town, for £60, $144. 1 The first Governor, (Livingston,) of the State, in 1784 was voted a salary of £550, Yorke money, equal to $1,320, present standard. 2 1 Acts of the Provincial Assembly. 2 Acts of the New Jersey Assembly. y6 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. The salary of the President of the College of New Jersey in 1757, was .£200, with use of house and improved lands, and liberty of getting his wood from the lands of the corporation. The amount was doubtless deemed suf- ficient for a good style of living. The annual tuition fees of the college to 1758, were .£3.0.0 proc. From that time they were increased to £4.0.0.! In 1759—63 in East Jersey, wages in proc. money were per day, 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d. ; corn shelled per bush., 3s. 6d. to 4s. ; wheat, 5s. to 6s. 7d. ; rye, 3s. 6d. ; buckwheat, 2s. 6d. to 3s. ; flax, 9d. per lb. ; butter, is. 6d. ; oats, is. 6d. to 2s. ; sugar, 7d. When we consider the standard of living, the low price of lands, of which the physicians had their acres, the equality of rank, and the simple and frugal habits of former days, 2 we discover that the practice of medicine, though doubtless more laborious, was not as a rule less remunerative, relatively, than it is at the present time. PHYSICIANS IN THEIR RELATIONS TO THE STATE. This historical survey of our medical men would be incomplete, if we failed to mention them in their relations to the commonwealth and their efficient agency in pro- 1 Maclean's History. 2 " The farmers, being frugal and plain in their manners, always made both linen and woolen cloth for their own families and servants. I believe it may be de- pended upon that there is not one in ten of the members of the Legislature of New Jersey, who is not clothed in the manufacture of his own family, for the greater part, and many of them have no other clothing of any kind." — " .Ym» Jersey after the Revolution," by Rev. Dr. Wilherspoon, Cent. Com. Report. The name of "Jersey Blues," given to the New Jersey soldiery during the revo- lutionary war, had its origin in the fact that a volunteer company was organized near Lyons Farms, in Essex County, clad in tow frocksand pantaloons dyed blue. This homespun uniform was furnished by the patriotic women of the neighbor- hood, who had the satisfaction of knowing that the company became distinguished for its bravery and efficiency in the war. — Barber and Howes His. Coll. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. "J"] moting its highest interests. Down to the middle of the last century, the people were undisturbed in their peaceful pursuits and free from causes of popular excite- ment. Its first six decades were in striking contrast with the four which followed. This latter period opened with the events of the French and English war in America. The aid and sympathy heartily and most loyally rendered by the colonists, notably by them of New Jersey, and the triumphs of which they were partakers, broadened their temper and trained them to self reliance. Now followed the successive oppressive acts of the British Parliament, which excited the popular discontent and awakened the men of strength to leadership. They sought to give it proper direction, and, when it culminated in rebellion, to inspire the courage, enlighten the minds, and rouse the patriotism of the people ; and by personal devotion to aid in advancing their country's welfare. The leaders of public sentiment were largely from among the physicians of the Colony. Many of them were men of liberal education, graduates of colleges at home and abroad. Many without these higher advantages 1 were the peers of their associates in intelligence, and in the moral power, which a cultivated intellect and com- manding influence in the community enabled them to exert. With a very few exceptions they were earnest patriots. It is worthy of note also that the majority, and certainly the most influential of them were men of decided religious character, members and officers in the church of Christ. The records which follow, illustrate the prominent 1 It was not uncommon for the youth to be sent to clergymen who were distin- guished for learning, to be educated in the dead languages, an accurate knowledge of which is the true foundation of scholarship. Many boys were thus fitted for college, and many others completed their studies under these teachers. See Appendix K. 7 78 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. standing of many of them in the earlier days of the Province, the number of those who received the honors of institutions of learning, and the official positions by which they were honored during and after the Revo- lutionary war. Absalom Bainbridge. Thomas Barber. Oliver Barnet. John Beatty. Moses Bloomfield. Joseph Bonney. James Boggs. Isaac Brown. Ichabod Burnet. William Burnet. Thomas Cadwalader. Stephen Camp. Jabez Campfield. William Campfield. William Chandler. John Cochran. John Condit. Lewis Condict. Graduate of College of N. Jersey, 1762. Loyalist. Yale Col., 1762. Judge of the Court of Com. Pleas. College N. Jersey, 1769. Col. in the army. Commissary Genl. of prisoners. Member of Convention to adopt the Federal Consti- tution. Member of the Legislature and Congress. Secretary of State for ten years. Trustee of the Col. of N. J. and its Treas- urer. Member of Provincial Congress and Assem- bly. College N. J. 1793. Loyalist, Surgeon in the B. Service. Yale, 1729. Minister of the Gos. Loyalist. Univer. of Edinburgh. College of N. J. 1749. Chairm'n of Committee of Safety. Commissioner for issuing State Bills of Credit. Physician General of Hos- pitals, Eastern District. Member of Con- gress. Presiding Judge Court of Com. Pleas. First Chief Burgess of Trenton. An early writer on Medicine. Col. of N. J. 1756. Col. of N. J. 1759. Surrogate, Morris, 20 years. Col. N. J. 1784. King's College 1774. Loyalist. Director General of Hospitals. Revo. War. Member of Congress. Member of Congress and Legislature. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 79 S. F. Conover. David Cowell. Gershom Craven. John Darby. Saml. Dick. Jonathan Dickinson. Charles Doty. Henry Drake. Lewis Dunham. Jonathan Elmer. Ebenezer Elmer. Jacob Green. Thomas Henderson. Isaac Harris. Daniel Hendrickson. Robt. R. Henry. Ebenezer Howell. William E. Imlay. Moses Jaques. John Johnstone. Saml. Kennedy. John Lawrence. Henry Leddel. Trustee of Col. of N. J. Mem. Am. Phil. Soc. Col. N. J.' 1763. 1765. Yale 1748. Minister of the Gospel. Instructor in Medicine. Col. State Troops 1776. Member of Congress. Surrogate, Salem, for 22 years. Yale 1706. 1st Pres. Col. N. J. Minister of Gospel. King's Col. 1768. Loyalist. Surgeon in British Service. Queen's Col. 1793. Member Colonial Assembly. Provincial Congress. Sheriff. Member Prov. Congress, Legislature, Continental and Nat. Congress, (Senate) Presiding Judge Com. Pleas. Speaker of H. of Assembly. Mem. Congress, and its Com. to visit Hospitals. Adjt. Genl. of N. J. Harvard 1744. Minister of Gos. Member of Provincial Congress. Chairman of Com. which drafted the first Constitution of the State. Col. N. J. 1 761. Mem. Provincial Congress. Col. State Troops. Member Congress and Legislature. Surrogate, Judge Com. Pleas. Medical Instructor. Sheriff Monmouth. Col. N. J. 1776. Major Continental Army. Col. N. J. 1773. Capt. in Army. Member. Legislature. Speaker of Prov. Assembly. U. of Edinburgh. Minister of Gos. Med. Instructor. Col. N. J. 1764. Loyalist, Surgeon in British Service. Sheriff. Major in Army. 8o HISTORY OF MEDICINE. John Maclean. Nathl. Manning. Robt. McKean. Paul Micheau. Jno. A. DeNormandie. Jonathan Odell. Isaac Ogden. Bodo Otto. Robt. Patterson. Cyrus Pierson. Ebenezer Pierson. Isaac Pierson. Alex. Ross. Francis Bowes Sayre. Henry H. Schenck. Moses Scott. Nathaniel Scudder. Jno. Anderson Scudder. Charles Smith. Isaac Smith. Thos. E. Steele. Ebenezer Stockton. James Stratton. Peter I. Stryker. Edw. Taylor. Un. of Glasgow. Prof, of Col. of N. J. and at Wm. and Mary, Va. Col. N. J. 1762. Minister of the Gospel. Minister of Gos. and Missionary. 1st Presi- dent of N. J. Med. Society. Educated in Europe. Lecturer on Medicine. Loyalist. Distinguished as a writer on Medi- cine and Philos. Col. N. J. 1754. Minister, of Gos. Loyalist. Col. N. J. 1784. Memb. Legislature. Col. Army. Prest. Am. Philos. Soc. Prof, in Univer. Pa. Col. N. J. 1776. 1791. 1789. Sheriff. Member of Congress. U. of Edinburgh. U. of Pa. Queen's Col. 1772. Assistant Director Genl. of Hospital Depart- ment. Member of Congress. Instructor in Medicine. Col. N. J. 1751. Trustee of the same. Dis- tinguished for his influence as a patriot and writer during the war. Member of the Provincial and Continental Congress. Col. N. J. 1775. Mem. Assembly and Con- gress. Col .N. J. 1786. Trustee Queen's Col. Fel- low of the Col. Phys. and Surg. N. Y. Col. N. J. 1755. Tutor. Col. in the war. Justice Sup. Court. Mem. Congress. Fellow Col. Phys. and Surgs. N. Y. Col. N. J. 1780. Judge of the Court. Distinguished in civil and political affairs. Instructdr in medi- cine. Sheriff. State Senator and Pres. of Senate. Major Genl. Militia. Col. N. J. 1783. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 81 Lawrence Vanderveer. John Van Cleve. Abraham Van Beuren. Saml. Vickars. Thos. Wiggins. Lewis F. Wilson. Trustee Queen's Col. Col. N. J. 1797. Trustee. Lecturer on medi- cine. Trustee Queen's Col. Col. N. J. 1777. Yale 1752. Treasurer Col. of N. J. Col. N. J. 1773. COLLEGE GRADUATES. Princeton, . . 27 University of Pa., . . 1 Yale 5 Harvard . . . . 1 King's, .... 2 Foreign 6 Queen's 2 — Total, . 44 N. J. SURGEONS COMMISSIONED IN THE WAR OF 1776. Jno. Andrews, Isaac Harris, J Avert, Thos. Hendry, Cornl. Baldwin, James Holmes, Thomas Barber, Jonathan Horton, Oliver Barnet, Lewis Howell, William M. Barnet, Jacob Hubbard, Moses Bloomfield, Jacob Jennings, William Burnet, Uzal Johnson, William Burnet Jr., Timothy Johnes, Bernardus Budd, Chas. McCarter, Geo. W. Campbell, Jonathan F. Morris, Jabez Campfield, Fredk. Otto, Xno. Cochran, Bodo Otto, John Condit, David Pearson, John Cowell, Thomas Reed, Gershom Craven, Nicholas Roach. Robt. Cummins, Jno. B. Riker, Lewis Dunham, Moses Scott, Ebenezer Elmer, Henry H. Schenck, David Ervin, Garret Tunison, James English, Saml. Vickars, Thos. Ewing, Abr. Van Buskirk, Melancthon Freeman, William Winants, Jacob Harris, Lewis Wilson, Jno. Hampton, Jno. Witherspoon. 82 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Abr. Appleton, Steph. Ball, Jno. Darcy, Moses G. Elmer, Robt. R. Henry, Ephm. Loring, surgeons' mates. Ebenezer Stockton, Jno. Hammell, Robt. Patterson, Jno. A Scudder, Benj. B. Stockton. APPENDIX TO PART I. APPENDIX A. (Frontpage 31.^ In 1760, the directions for the mercurial treatment were substantially as follows : " The night before you inoculate, give a few grains of calomel well levigated with a like quantity of diaphoretic antimony unwashed, pro- portioning the quantity of calomel to the constitution of your patient ; from four grains to ten for a grown person, and from one to three for a child, to be made up into a bolus or simple pill with a little conserve of roses or any common syrup. The next morning give a purge of the pulvis cornachine, made with equal parts of diaphoretic antimony, scammony and cream of tartar. Repeat the bolus or pill three times, that is, once every other night after inoculation ; and on the fifth day give a dose of Boerhaave's golden sulphur of antimony ; about four grains of it for a grown person, with two or three grains of calo- mel made into a small pill will operate as a vomit and purge at the same time. In the intermediate days, give two or three papers of the following powders : diaphoretic antimony, ten grains ; sal. prunel. six grains ; calomel, one grain, mixed together (for a grown person) and one-fourth part of a paper for a child. These powders are to be con- tinued until the variolus or small-pox is over ; and while the fever is high, let your patient drink a cup of whey two or three times a day ; the whey to be made of cream of tartar instead of rennet, and those that are of full habit should be blooded once or twice within the first eight days, and must abstain from all spirituous liquors, and from meat of all kinds, broth, salt and butter.'' Toner's " Inoculation in Pa. B. (Frontpage 34 .) Obfervations On that terrible Difease, Vulgarly called 1 he 1 hroat Diftemper, With Advices as to the Method of Cure, In a Letter to a Friend. By J. Dickinfon, A. M. Boston : Printed and Sold byS. KNEELAND and T. GREEN, in Queen Street over againft the Prif- on. 1740. TO THE READER. The Reverend Mr. Dickinson, when at Boston nigh two Years since, being consulted by several gentlemen (anxious for themselves and others) about a most malignant Disease, which had raged for a long time in the Place where he lives, and which had commenc'd its fatal Progress in these Parts, was desired to draw up his Observations in writing, with a View to printing the same for the publick Benefit. Upon that Occasion he wrote the following Letter : which now that we have a fresh Alarm by a Return of that astonishing Distemper among us, it is thought a proper Season to publish it for a common Good. Several of our ablest Physicians, upon the perusal of it, have ex- pressed their Satisfaction in the Author's Account of the various Phasnomina of the Malady and his Method of Cure. — His Observa- tions are the Result of a long Series of Practice and Experience, and seem founded in the exactest Judgment. His informations are as full and particular, as any we've seen, and studiously deliver'd in the easiest Language, to accommodate unlearned Readers. — The surpriz- ing Mortality of this Distemper is enough to attract every one's serious Attention ; and in such an extraordinary Case every compas- sionate Friend to Mankind will be ready to impart any useful Reflections : Which is a sufficient Apology both for the Author and the Publisher. Cambridge, Aug. 5, 1740. A LETTER &c. Sir: In Compliance with your Desire, I shall now communicate to you some of those Observations I have made upon that extraordinary Disease, which has made such awful Desolations in the Country, commonly called the Throat-Distemper. This Distemper first began in these Parts, in Febr. I 73f- The long Continuance and universal Spread of it among us, has given me abundant Opportunity to be acquainted with it in all its Forms. The first Assault was in a Family about ten Miles from me, which proved fatal to eight of the Children in about a Fortnight. Being called to visit the distressed Family, I found upon my arrival, one of the Children newly dead, which gave , me the Advantage of a Dissection, and thereby a better Acquaintance with the Nature of the Disease, than I could otherwise have had : From which (and other like) Observations, I came pretty early into the Methods of Cure that I have not yet seen Reason to change. There have few Distempers been ever known, that have put on a greater variety of Types, and appear'd with more different Symptoms, than this has done ; which makes it necessary to be something particular in describ- ing it, in order to set it in a just View, and to propose the Methods of Cure necessary in its several Appearances. And I. I take this Disease to be naturally an Eruptive milliary Fever : and when it appears as such, it usually begins with a Shivering, a Chill, or with Stretching, or 9. " Visit o 60 4 " Visit. Elix. Cast. Vale- rian ?ij o 18 o " Neut. Camp. Mixt. ? 6 o 60 " Visit & Bol. Cath. No. 4 100 " Rad. Valerian Sylv. ?j o 3 6 5 " Visit & Consult. Dr. Darby o 16 o " Haust. Annod. & at- tend, omne Noct o " Phlebotomy o " Pulv. Purg o 5 6 I o li u 112 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Nov. 7 To Visit & Emp. Epispast. £ s. d. Dec (Max) ad Cap o 14 o " Dress, &c o 10 " Ant'l Mixt. ? 8 o 60 " Phlebotomy o 10 8 " Visit & Emp. Epispast. (Max) Caput o 14 o " Dress o 19 " Pulv. Cream Tart. 3ij ° 26 " Rad. Valerian Sylv. ?j o 36 " Pill Anod. No. j 010 " Gut. Annod. |ss o 16 9 " Visit & Dress o 70 ' ' Pulv. Cath o 20 10 " Visit & Emp. Epispast. (Max) Caput o 14 o " Dress do o to 11 " Visit & Dress do o 70 " Pulv. Cream Tart. 3 ij o 2 6 12 " Visit & Dress o 70 " V. S. & Pil. Antispas- mod, No. * o 30 13 " Visit & Dress Caput. .0 70 " Emp. Epispast. (Max) do o 80 " Pulv. No. ij Pulv. Jal- api o 30 14 " Antimon. Mixt. ? 8. . o 60 " Visit & Dress o 70 " Pulv. Cream Tart. 3 ] 'j 026 15 " Visit & Emp. Epispas. (Max) app. Caput. ... o 14 o " Dress & Pill And Spas. No .2 o 30 " Haust. Annod. Sss... o r 6 16 " Phlebotomy o 10 " Visit & Emp. Epispast. (Max) app. Caput. ... o 14 o " Pulv. Cream Tart 026 " Dress o 10 19 " Visit & Emp. Epispast. app. Capt o 14 o " Dress & Pil. anod, No. ij & Pulv. Purg o 40 22 " Visit & Antl. Mixt. ^8 o 12 o " Dress & Pulv. Cream Tart . 3>j o 36 " Pulv. Cream Tart. 3'j ° » 6 27 " Visit & Phlebotomy. . . o 70 " Pill No. j& Pulv. Purg. 030 " Pillant. spasmod. No.ij 020 1 To Visit & Emp. Epispast. £ s. d. (Max) app. Capt o 14 o " Antimonl. Mixt. ? 8. . o 60 " Pulv. Cream Tart. 3u ° 26 2 " Visit & Emp. Epispast. (Max) app. Capt o 14 o " V. S. & Pill No. j.... o 20 " Pulv. Cath. Jallapi... 020 " Gut. Annod. ?ss 019 3 " Visit & Emp. Epispast. (Max) app. Capt o 14 6 " Ant. Spasmod. ?ii.... 036 5 " Visit & Phlebotomy. . . u 70 " Gut. Ant. Spasmod. ?j u 5 o " An " Dress Head 010 " Visit & Pulv. Cream Tart. 3ij o 8 6 " Emp. Epispast. No. ij app . arms o 36 " An " Dress Head 010 12 " Visit & Pil. Anod. No.j 070 " V. S. & Pulv. Jallapi. 030 " Gut. Cephal -|j o 50 " Emp. Emplast. No. ij o 3 6 " Do. Do. app. Head 010 " Pulv. Cream Tart. 3'j ° 26 14 " Visit & Phlebotomy... 070 " Emp. Epast. 2 pair. . . 070 " Pil. Anod.No.j& Pulv. Purg o 30 16 " Visit & Emp. Epispast. (Max) app. Head o 14 o " Pulv. Crem. Tart. 3ij o 26 " Tinct. — Valerian ?j .. . 050 18 " Visit & Phlebotomy, Pedes o 70 " Do. Arm o 10 " Emp. Epispast. (Max) Capt o 80 " Ant. Spasmod. ?iss. . 050 20 " Visit& Emp. Epispast. No. ij o 96 " Pil. Anod. No. j o 10 ' ' Pulv . Jallapi o 20 " Phlebotomy & Ant. Spasmod . ? j o 46 " Gut. Cephal. ?j o 36 22 " Visit & Emp. Epispast. No. ij o 96 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. "3 £s.d. £s.d. Dec. 22 To Pulv. Cream Tart. 3i"j o Dress Head o Visit & Pulv. Jallapi.. o Emp. Epispast. (Max) Head o Do. do. No. ij, Legs o Pil. Anod. No. I o Visit& Consult. Doctrs. Stat & Howard n 16 o Nov Emetics & Attendance. 056 Pil. Ant. Spasmodic, No. 18 o 90 Pil . Anod . No . j o 16 26 28 5 o Dec.28 To Haust Annod o 10 " Pulv. Ant. Spasmod, 8 o No. 3 o Visit o (Mistake) Emp. Epis- past. (Max) Head.... o Do. Visit & Emp. Epis- past. No. ij o Gum Camph . 3'j 3° 8 o Nov. 5 36 1 o Dec. 23 1 6 3 o 6 o 5 ° 96 £39 1 6 Rec'd payment in full of Ephraim. Miller. [Note by Author. — In this bill are charged V. S., 13 times; Blisters, 26; Visits, 44 ; ^39 is. 6d., equal to $130 Proc. $104 Yorke money.] 'DIRECTIONS FOR MR. MILLER." " Once in a few days let blood be taken from the Arm, in Case the Pain con- tinues in his Head, this must be done as his strength will allow." "The Blister on the Head must be continued, and the Seton till all the Symptoms are removed, the Seton especially should be continued many months." " His Diet should be temperate & easy of Digestion." " Common cheese whey for daily Drink, and for a Change a whey made with Cr. Tart. "An Anodyne once in a while if occasion requires, perhaps every other Night, # or every third Night." " Calomel grs. 6, once in 3 or 4 evenings, with an Anodyne the same evening, to be purged off the next morning." " Rosemary or Valerian Tea maybe Drank at Bed Time if it appears necessary. " " $ Tart. Emetic, Grs. 6— Opium, Grs. 6, Spts. L. Comp. Coch. j— Water % pint — make palatable with Sugar. — On the days he takes no purge give one table-Spoonful 4 Times in 24 hours." These "Directions" were evidently penned by Dr. Darbe, and should have been dated Nov. 5, 1786, as on that day Dr. Elmer made a note of the consulta- tion, and soon after exhibited the Antimonial Mixture. On the back, in Dr. Elmer's handwriting, it bears, " Recife — Ephraim Miller, John Darbe, M. D ." " Dec. sth, 1786." " It will be proper that the Calomel be continued and purged off so as not to affect his Jaws." "The Seton in the neck, should be dressed with digestives to promote the Discharge if needful. " ii4 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. " It may be advisable to keep Blisters constantly running behind the ears — and if some should be applied to his Arms and Legs interchangeably, as they heal up, it may not be amiss." " Care should be taken, that his Diet should not be too gross." " For the Dizziness in the Head, he may take Sp. Lav. — com — ana, 30 Drops 4 or 5 times a day. Pill : Rusti, in Case of Costiveness will be very good, even if he has not any difficulty that way— it may still be good to take 2 or 3 daily— the Bigness of Small Pea . ' ' " If the Case requires let him be put into warm Bath." This, also, should have had the signature of John Darbe, M. D. It is fortun- ately, dated ; and addressed to " Dr. Elmer," after being folded. Mr. Miller recovered from this severe attack of disease in so far as to pay his bill ; which was not only a just and grateful act, but also a rational one. He died the " 12 or 13 February, 1791," a little over four years after this occurred. "Aug. 5, 1791, a. daughter of the Widow Miller ; Ephraim Miller's wife as was died, aged about ten years." " Sept. 24th, 1792, Widow Miller died, Ephraim Miller's Widow. Whose death is much lamented by the respectable of her acquaintance." Dr. Elmer made but few entries against them after 1786. BENJAMIN FORCE, Dr. 1784- £ s. d. Dec.25 To Visit &Pulv. Cath.Jal- lapi iij o 40 27 " Do. Do. Do. ... o 40 30 " Magnesia, ?ss o 10 1785- Jan. Feb IS 16 19 ' Ingred. ad Tinct. Sto- mac. Pulv. Cort. ?j.. o Do. do. do o 1 Do. do. do o 1 Visit (noct) self o ' Sperm Caeti opt. ?j . . o ' Elixr. Paregor. ?ss. . . . o ' Visit & Phlebotomy . . . o ' Sperm Casti Opt. ?j. . o 13 IS ' 16 ' 29 ' 8 o Apr . 1 8 o 80 12 ' 6 o 3 o 2 6 36 2 6 Mar. 9 Visit & Phlebotomy. Pulv. Febrif. Compt. No. 8 o 80 27 Mattl. ad Alter. Decoc . IbU o 50 28 Visit 016 30 Julep. Compt. iii Sp. Lavd . ? 6 o 70 Aug . 3 ' Sperm Cceli Opt. ?j.. o 36 Pil . Annod . N0.J....0 20 ' Visit o 16 5 Mattl. ad L. Decoct. 1786. fbj o s oAug.31 ' Visit o 16 £*■*■ Mar. 9 To Emp. R o 20 12 ' ' Visit & Pulv . Rhei iij . . o Sal Cath. Glaub. §j.. o Visit (noct) o Gut. Cephal ?j o Visit o Pulv. Cortie ?ss o Elixir Asthmat. ?ij--- ° Vitl. Alb o Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. V ° Consult. Dr. Elmer... o Salin. Mixt. iij Sp. L. 1 6 o Visit (noct) o Sudorif. Purg. Mixt. § 6 o Visit & Consult. Dr. Jones Visit pd o Phlebotomy. .... .Dick o Sperm Ceeti Opt. ?j.. o Visit self o Haust. Purg do. o Emetic. ..Scarifn o Pil. Ant. Hyst. No. 4. o 25 ' 5 o 1 6 6 o 36 1 6 3 ° 10 o 6 6 16 o 6 o 6 6 6 o 17 6 36 1 6 1 9 1 6 ; 2 Visits & Pulv, Diuret. No. 12 o 4 o IS o HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 115 Aug. 31 Sept. 3 4 26 Oct. 19 28 29 3° Novr.i £s. d. To Elixir Asthmat. ?ss. . o 2 6 Nov. " Visit o 16 "Do. & Pulv. Diuret. No. 12 o 13 6 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No.j. 05° " Gut. Asthmat. ?ij o 10 o " Visit o 16 " Visit & Gum Camph. ?ss o 30 " Empl. Mercl. ?j o to " Visit (noct) o 60 '■' Mattl. ad Sudorif. De- coct, ibj o 36 " Visit & Pulv. Diuret. No. 12 o 13 6 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No. ij o 10 o ■' Ingred. ad Tinct. Sto- mac. iij Pulv. Cort. ?j o 8 o " Visit pd. & Dress Leg. 020 " Do. do o 20 " Visit pd 010 " Visit & Elix. Asthmat. ?ss o 40 ' Mattl. ad Diuret. De- coct. ft>ij o 5° ' Visit o 16 ' Ingred. ad Decoct. Al. ter ftij o 50 1 Visit pd o 10 " Visit & Pulv. Diuret. No. 12 o 13 6 : ' Elix. Asthmat. ?j.... o 50 ' Visit o 16 " Mattl. ad Tinct. Sto- mac iij P. Cort . ?j o 8 o ' ' Visit pd o 10 ' ' Visit & Puncturn o 5 6 Dec. " Elix. ad Hemorrh. ?ij. o 50 " Extract Tooth o to " Visit o 16 " Uo o 16 " Visit & Pulv. Diuret. No . 12 o 13 6 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j o 11 o " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg 066 " Consult. Dr. Darby. . . ni6o " Visit & Scarifn. Leg.. .036 " Do. do. do. ... o 36 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j o 6 6 £*■ d. .9 To Scarifn. Leg 020 10 " Visit & Scarifin. do... 036 11 " Do. do. do o 36 " Dress o 20 " Pulv. Diuret. No. 12.. o 12 o 12 " Visit & Dress Leg Ung. Digest. ?j o 90 13 " Do. do. do. ... o 56 14 " Visit Inustn. Tumor. .036 15 " Dress Leg o 40 16 " Visit & Dress Leg. . . . o 56 " Visit, Inustn. [Cauter- izing] & Dress Leg. . . o 56 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j. o 5 o 17 " Visit & Dress Leg. .. . o 56 " Visit, Mattl. ad Stomac iij Cort. Peruv. ?j... o 96 ' ' Dress Leg u 40 20 " Visit, Inust. & Dress Leg 076 21 " Visit do. do. 056 22 " Do. do. do. o 56 23 " Visit, Inustn. do. do. o 76 " Pulv. Diuret. No. 16. . o 16 o 24 " Visit & Dress o 56 25 ' ' Do . do o 56 26 " Visit & Dress o 56 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j. o 50 27 ' ' Visit & Dress o 56 28 " Do. do o 56 " Ungt. Digest. ?ss 019 29 ' ' Visit & Dress o 56 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j. o 50 " Ungt. Digest. ?ss.... 019 " Gut. Annod. ?ss o 16 30 " Visit & Dress o 56 t ' ' Visit & do . do o 56 2 " Do. do. do o 56 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j. o 50 3 " Visit & Dress, Ungt. Digest. ?ss o 73 5 ' ' Visit do . do o 56 6 " 2 Visits do. do. . . . o 11 o " Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j. o 50 8 " Visit & Dress do o 56 11 " Do. do. & Haust. Annod o 70 12 " Visit, Pulv. Hydrarg. (noctj o 11 o " Dress Leg, Ungt. Di- gest. ?ss , o 59 u6 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. £s.d. Dec. 13 To Visit & Dress Leg o 5 6 Feb 15 ' ' Visit o 16 16 " Visit, do. do.... 056 " Ungt. Digest, fj o 36 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No.j. 050 " Visit & Dress Leg o 56 " Unguent. Digest. ?ss. 019 19 " Visit & Dress Leg o 56 " Ungt. Digest. |j & Pulv. Hydrarg. No. ij o 13 6 22 " Gut. Annod. ?j o 36 Mar 26 " Visit & Dress Leg, Ungt. Digest. ?j o 50 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No.j. 050 28 " Visit & Dress Leg, (noct.) o 16 o " Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j. o 5 o 31 " Ungt. Digest. ?j o 36 1787. Jan. 1 " Do. do. do. . . . o 30 2 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. Apl. No. r o 6 6 ' ' Gut. Annod. ?j o 36 " Dress Leg o 40 5 " Visit & Dress Leg o 56 6 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. (noct) o 11 o 10 " Visit & Pulv. Diuret No. 10 o 11 6 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No.j.. 050 " Dress Leg o 40 14 " Visit & Dress Leg o 36 " Ungt. Digest. ?j o 36 15 " Visit o 16 17 " Visit & Dress Leg 036 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j. . o 50 " Sal Cath. ^i o 16 26 " Visit, Scarif. & Dress Leg o 56 " Ungt. Digest. ?j o 36 30 " Visit & Dress Leg o 36 " Pulv. Hydrarg. No.j.. 050 Feb. 3 " Visit & Attend, (noct). . o 10 o " Pulv. Sudorific, No. j. . o 16 " Pil. Annod. No. j o 16 " Visit & Pil. No. ij o 46 " Pil. Saponai Laxal. No. 30 o 10 o 5 " Visit o 16 11 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. No. j o 60 £s. d. 23 To Visit & do. do. do. 066 25 " Visit o 16 26 " Visit & Consult. Dr. P. Elmer o 16 6 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. No. iij o 90 " Attendance 7s. 6d o 76 27 " Visit o 16 28 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. No. iij o 90 . 6 " Visit o 16 15 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. No. iij o 90 17 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. No. ij o 6 6 20 " Visit pd o 16 22 " Pulv. Diuret. No. 8 o 80 29 " Visit & Pulv. Hydrarg. No. iij o 90 " Pulv. Diuret. No. 8 o 80 2 ' ' Visit (noct) o 60 ' ' Elix. Paregor. ?j o 19 7 ' ' Visit & Scarif. Penis . . . o 36 " Mattl. ad Carminative Decoct, ibj o 36 " Gut. Pareg. ?j o 19 9 " Visit & Scarif. Penis . . . o 36 10 " Visit & Attendee o 36 " Scarifn. Testicles 020 11 " Visit & Punctn. do. . . . o 36 12 " Visit do. do. & Attend, o 5 6 13 " Visit & Elix. Purg. ?ss. 033 " Scarif. Penis & Test. . . o 20 14 " 2 Visits, Punct. Test. & Penis o 70 " Pil. ant. Cath. iij No. ij self 050 " Mattl. ad Carmin. De- coct. ft>ij o 36 15 " Visit & Consult. Dr. P. Elmer ,....0 90 " Attend o 40 16 " Visit & Attend'ce o 36 17 " Do o 16 18 " Visit & Dress Test o 56 " Ungt. Digest, ^ij o 70 " Diuret. Cart, iij Elix. Vit. |8 o 90 " Visit & Dress Test o 56 " Elix. Asthmat. ?j o 50 19 " Visit & Dress Test o j 6 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 117 23 ' 24' 25 ' 26 ' 27 ' 23 ' 29 • £s. d. Apl. 18 To Pulv. Diuret. ? ss o 6 o May 14 20 " Visit & Dress Test o 56 21 " Visit & do. do o 56 *5 22 " Visit & Dress Test o 56 ' Visit & Dress Test o 56 16 " Visit & Dress do o 56 " Gut. Cephal. ?j o 50 17 ' Visit & Dress Test o 56 ' Visit & do. do o 56 18' ' Visit & do. do 056 ' Do. do. do o 56 19 ' Elix. Asthmat. ?j o 50 20' ' Visit & Dress Test 056 21 ' ' Visit & Dress do o 56 ' Visit & do. do o 56 22 ' ' Visit & Inust, Dress 23 ' Leg o 46 24 ' ' Dress Test o 40 ' Visit & Dress Leg 036 25 ' ' Dress Test o 40 26 ' ' Visit & Dress Leg &' 27 ' Test o 6 6 ' Visit & Elixir Asthmat. 29 ' 5 j o 6 6 3° ' ' Visit & Dress Leg & Test o 56 ' Visit & Dress Test. . . . o 36 ' Visit & Dress Leg & Test o 5 6 June 1 ' ' Visit & Dress do. do. 056 ' Do. do. do. do. 056 3 ' ' Do. do. do. do. 056 4 ' ' Visit & Dress Leg & Test o 56 ' Visit & do. do. do. o 56 Ben J n Do. do. do. do. 056 May 1 3 ' 4 ' 5 ' 6 ' 7 ' 9 10 ' £s.± To Visit & Dress Test o 36 ' ' Haust. Annod o 19 ' ' Visit & Dress Leg & Test o 56 " Do. do. do. do. 056 " Gut. ?ss o 36 " Visit & Dress Leg & Test o 56 " Visit & do. do. do. 056 " Diuret. Max V. ? 6. . . o 60 " Visit & Dress Leg o 36 " Do. do. do o 36 " Visit & Dress Leg & Test o 56 " Visit pd. & Dress Leg. 036 " Visit & Dress Leg o 36 " Visit pd. & do. do. . . o 36 " Pulv. Cream Tart. 3U- ° 26 " Visit & Dress Leg o 36 " Do. do. do, o 36 " Visit & Dress Leg & Scarifn o 46 " Visit & Scarifn. do 026 " Visit & Pulv. Cream Tart. 3U o 40 " Visit & Dress Leg Ung. Mercl. ?j & Box o 56 " Pulv. Diuret. No. 8 o 80 '' Visit, Dress Leg & Test o 46 " Visit do. do o 36 " Visit & Dress Leg o 36 13 14 ' Force's Account is Paid. [Notes by Author. — Whole amount of Forceps bill ^66 8s. od., probably Yorke money, from December 25, 1784, to June 4, 1787. 71 Visits at is. 6d. is ^5 6s. The rest of the bill was for drugs and other service. Of the consulting physicians named in these accounts, Dr. Staats was of N. York City; Dr. Darbe, of Parsippany; Dayton, Sr. and Jr., of Springfield; Winans, of Elizabethtown ; Howard, of N. Brunswick ; Jones, of Morristown, and Elmer, of Westfield.] In 1786, John Simpson, seems to have had the same disease that Mr. Force had, as the same parts were affected. Dr. Winans was consulted in the case : Apl. 22, 1786. To Visit & Consult. Dr. Winans o 12 6 n8 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. kThis [case was! treated" from the 17th April to the 9th of May. Dr. Winans favored the " HYDRARG " treatment, as that was exhibited and pushed imme- diately after consultation. John Clark, Jun'r, in 1784-5 is charged in the sum of £1 13 o — and is credited : May 29. " By Congregation o 17 6 The Church helped its afflicted ones, and the Dr. had few patrons on the free list. There are no deaths recorded on Dr. Elmer's books — no intimations as to result of treatment in any case, nor any diseases named. 080 o 12 o 030 026 8 o SAMUEL PARSONS, Dr. 1787. £ s. . Jany i.ToVisit & Attendee, (om- ne noct.) " Cort. Peruv. |ij " Rad. Virgin. ?j " Gum Camp. ?ss " Scarifn. Fomens " Consult Dr. Elmer 2 " Visit " Pulv. Cort. Jj 3 " Ungt. Digest. ?ij 5 " Visit & Dress Arm. (noct) " Do. & Cort. Peruv. |iij Dress 6 " Visit & Dress Arm (noct) " Visit & Dress Praecip, Pulv. Cort. No, ij " Do. (noct) Dress & Pulv. Cort. |ij 7 " Visit Dress Ungt. Di- gest |ij " Visit, Dress Arm (noct) 8 " Visit, do 9 " Visit, Excisn. Thumb.. 11 " Do. & Dress " Do. Dress, Prascipt, Ungt. Digest. ?j o 56 Jan. 13 To Visit, Dress, Pulv. Cort. £ p o 14 " Do. & Dress o 15 " Do. do o 16 " Do. do o " Do. do. Excisn. Fin- ger o Visit & Dress o o 1 ■ o 6 - o 7 ' o 3 . o 12 ( o 3 ' o 3 1 o 13 1 o 7 < ° 3 o 2 ° 3 ° 3 17 18 19. 24 25 27 29 30 do. do. do. do. do. Feby.4 13 Mar. 30 May 7 Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Dress Hand o Do. do o Visit pd. Dress do o Do. do o Dress, Prsecipt. rub... o Visit & Dress, Proecipt. rub o Dress, Precip o Do. do o Do. do o Do. do o Pulv. Catht. Jallapi... o ' V. S o s. d. 10 o 2 o 2 O 2 O 3 ° 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O I O 1 O 2 O 1 O 2 O 2 6 2 O 2 O I 6 1 6 1 6 1 o Paid by note of hand. £7 17 ° Mr. Parsons recovered. Other cases of the same nature indicate a marked tendency to rottenness at that period — from what cause it is not apparent. The extreme severity of this case, and the free exhibition of Peruvian Bark, in which the Dr. showed more wisdom than is always evident at the present day, is a nota- ble feature. » [Note. — For this transcript from Dr. Elmer's books and the remarks accom- panying it, the author is indebted to the courtesy of Dr. A. M. Cory, of New- Providence . ] HISTORY OF MEDICINE. II9 K. (From page 77.) Rev. Caleb Smith who graduated at Yale Col. in 1743 was assistant to Rev. Mr. Dickinson in the classical school at Elizabethtown, which was the germ of the Col. of N. J. He studied Divinity with Dickinson and was afterwards settled in the Gos. Ministry at the Newark Mountains (now Orange). While there he opened in connection with his parochial duties, and as a part of them, a grammar school. He was a ripe scholar, a trustee of the Col. of N. J. and its Pres. ad interim in 1758. The following account for the instruction and care of the two sons of Mr. John Woodhull illustrates the bills for schooling which met the eyes of the fathers of the middle of the last century. Mr. Woodhull, a descendant of the 4th generation from Richard, was a resident of Brookhaven, Suffolk Co., L. Island. 1 His son " Billey," noticed in the account, was afterwards Rev. Wm. Woodhull, Pres. minister in Chester, Morris Co. He graduated at the Col. of N. J. in 1764. John who graduated at the same Col. in 1766 became the Rev. Dr. John Woodhull, of Freehold, Mon- mouth Co. JOHN WOODHULL. Yorke Money. £. .>. d. ■LTtf- Debtr. Oct. 26. To 1 Quire of writing Paper for your son 016 To the Newark Grammar, 2 o 2 6 To Clark's Introduction for making Lattin o 3 o Jan. To Soaling 1 Pair of Shoes by Jacob o 1 9 Feb. 15. To 1 Corderius & 1 Erasmus o 4 3 To half quire of Paper for your son o o 10 1 Genealogy of Woodhull, by Anna M. Woodhull, New York. Genea. & Biog. Record . 2 A Latin grammar prepared it is supposed by Mr. Aaron Burr, and was used in the College at Princeton, 1758. (Macleans His.) 120 HISTORY OF MEDICINE. £ s.d. Ap . 17. To Cash to your son when going home o 10 o May 6. To Cash paid to defray your Son's Expenses o 6 4 To an old Hat of Mine o 5 o To dressing the Hat by Nehemiah Baldwin o 2 2 Sept. 28. Paid the Steward for Billey's Board 5 8 3 1758. Paid Say re for mending his Shoes o 3 o To a Taylor for making a Banyan o 5 3 To — Yard for cloath & trimmings for Banyan o 17 8 To Mrs. Field for washing for Billey o 13 o To the Odds of the Money betwixt proc. & ym. in the last five articles o 19 5 To 1 Quire of paper of Gray o 1 9 Yorke Money. May. To a Lattin Dictionary o 17 o 1759. To a Eutropius o 5 5 Sept. 3. To a Salhist o 9 o Dec. 8. To 1 Quire of Paper o 1 1 Jan. 1. To 1 Greek Lexicon o 14 o 1760. To 1 Greek Testament o 5 o To 1 Greek Grammar o 2 6 To Ovid's Metamorphosis with English o 12 o To Soaling 1 Pair of Shoes o 1 9 To Wood & Candles in the Winter o 10 o To your Expenses in going Home o 7 3 To Billey's Schooling 1 o o June 12. To 1 Virgil at 14s. for Billey o 14 o 1760. To 1 Tully's Orations for Billey o 13 o Nov. 26. Then your Son John came to School at the rate of ^15. o. o. 1760. Yorke Money. To 1 Grammar for John 2s. 6d. p o 2 6 To 1 Pair of Shoes for Billey o 8 o Jan. 28. To Lucian's Dialogues for Billey o 10 o 1761. To an old Corduroy for John o o 9 To 1 Quire of Paper o 1 2 Feb. 18. To one Erasmus is. 8d o 1 8 To Billey's Wood and Candles for 1761 o 16 o To Lindley's Horse to Billey 14s. p. dy o 12 11 Mav 5. To 1 Latin Dictionary 14s o 14 o 1761 . To 1 Eutropius o 4. o To what Mr. Woodhull allows to be charged 25 8 9 ^26 6 9 These accounts as marked off. were credited by cash, books and board of one of his daughters. HISTORY OF MEDICINE. 121 L. (From page 75 J MEMBERS OF THE NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SOCIETY FROM ITS ORGANIZATION IN 1766 TO 1796. The names of the members are printed according to the spelling of the writers of the Minutes of the Society. A large number of the members signed the instrument of association. Their names are here recorded according to their autographs. Rob't McKean, Chris. Manlove, Jno. Cochran, Moses Bloomfield, James Gilliland, Wm. Burnet, Jona. Dayton, Thos. Wiggins, Bern Budd, Jacob Jennings, Jun., Nath'l Scudder, James Newell, Isaac Smith, Absalom Bainbridge, Samuel Kennedy, Nehe'h Ludlum, Aaron Forman, William M. Barnet, Lawrence V. Derveer, Jonathan Elmer, John Griffith, Isaac Harris, Jos. Sackett, Jun., William Adams, James Boggs, Hezekiah Stites, Nathaniel Manning, Thos. Budd, Geo. Pugh, John B. Riker, Sam'l Kennedy, Jun Daniel Budd, Charles Doughty, Henry Dougan, Jno. Beatty, Thomas Barber, Johnathan Odell, Lewis Dunham, Thos. Griffith Haight, Jonathan Ford Morris, Jacob Dunham, John A. Scudder, James Anderson, James Stratton, Thos. Griffith, Jun., David Greenman, Moses Scott, Jno. G. Wall, John F. Carmichael, C. Freeman, Geo. W. Campbell, John Cooper, Edward Taylor, Benj'n H. Tallman, Thos. W. Montgomery, Lewis Morgan, Sam'l F. Conover, Samuel Forman, Henry W. Blachly, Francis Bowes Sayre, Ebenezer Elmer, Rob. R. Henry, Isaac Ogden. The names following are not in autograph : Ebenezer Blachly, Stephen Camp, Perant,* Ham, Isaac Browne, Samuel (?) Browne, Thomas Henderson, Heartt.t Jabez Campfield, Abraham Canfield, Abel Johnson, Sam'l M. Shute, Cyrus Pearson, Jno. Reeve, Thomas Hough, Elisha Newell, Benj. Stockton, Hez. Stites Woodruff, Alex. Edgar, Chas. Abra'm Howard, Wm. Stillwell, Fred. Christian Focke, Paul Micheau, Archibald M'Cauley, Henry Schanck, William Camfield, J. Abr. DeNormandie, Wm. M. McKissack. * Pezant? t D.Hart? PART II. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF New Jersey Physicians, TO A. D. 1800. Physicians of New Jersey. To A. D. 1800. William Adams Was one of the original members of the New Jersey- Medical Society, in 1766. At the general meeting of the Society in November, 1773, it was "concluded" that as Dr. Adams was removed from the State, it is unnecessary to insert his name in the list of absentees. A physician of the same name served in 1776 in a Pennsylvania regi- ment. From 1758 to '63, during the English and French War, there were one thousand men furnished by New Jersey, and in 1761 and '2 a larger number. These were dispersed in Barracks erected in Burlington, Trenton, New Brunswick, Amboy and Eliz'town. Dr. Adams and some others of the early members of the Society of whom we have a very limited record, may have been attached to some of these battalions when the Society was formed in 1766. The call for the formation of the Society requested and invited " every gentlemen of the profession in the province who may approve of" 1 its design to unite in the enterprise. Some who were tem- 1 [Note. — While these sheets were going through the press, and after Part I was printed, the author received from Dr. J. M. Toner the following copy of a notice published in October, 1767, explanatory of the original advertisement respecting the formation of the Society. See p. 44, part I.] " The Members of the New Jersey Medical Society and those Gentlemen who stand Candidates for admission, are hereby notified that their next stated general meeting will be on Tuesday, the 20th of November following, at the house of Mr. William Hick in Princeton, when and where all concerned are desired to give their attendance. The Society beg leave to inform the Gentlemen Practitioners in the Western Division of this Government, that it was through mistake the former Advertisements respecting the forming &c. said Society was confined to 126 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Adams. Anderson. porarily in the province may have accepted the liberal invitation to be present and organize the Society, who, when their term of service expired, withdrew from the limits of the Association and received their credentials. James Anderson Was born in Monmouth County, near Freehold, in 1750. He is first brought to our notice as Captain of State Troops, 1st Regiment, Sussex, 1777. 1 While enjoying a social party with other officers, the house in which they were was surrounded, and they were taken prisoners by the enemy. Capt. Anderson remained a prisoner on Long Island for four or five years. While there, an English surgeon taking a liking to him induced him to study medicine. He continued under his instruc- tion till he was liberated, and thus acquired such a knowl- edge of the art of healing, as to warrant his entering upon its practice after the close of the war. His army record was honorable, as he was chosen a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, May 24, 1784, his certificate of membership being signed by Washington and Knox. After the war he married Helen Longstreet, the widow of Gilbert Longstreet, a prominent Whig of his time, who was shot at the door of his house by a band of British spies and robbers who infested Monmouth County during the war. He afterwards resided on the Longstreet the Eastern Division, it ever being the true Intent and Meaning of the first Pro- posers thereof, as well as the Society's after formed, that the same should be general and include the whole Government." Moses Bloomfield, Secretary. WOODBRIDGE, East New Jersey, Oct. 4, 1767. Penna Chronicle and Universal Advertiser, Monday, Oct 12, 1767. 1 Stryker's Register. / HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 127 Anderson. Andrews. Appleton. property. It was known at different periods as the " Old Forge," " Anderson Mills," and " Bergen Mills." By his marriage he had three children, — two daughters and one son, Kenneth, who removed to Ohio. The Doctor was of medium height, fair complexion, well marked features, deliberate in speech and of much decision of character. He became a member of the Medical Society in 1791. In the old Tennent churchyard, on a small tombstone, is the inscription : IN MEMORY OF CAPT. JAMES ANDERSON A Revolutionary Patriot who died 1825 in the 75th year of his age. John Andrews. In Toner's list of Physicians and Surgeons of the Rev- olution, Dr. Andrews is named as Surgeon's Mate. In Stryker's Register of Officers and men of New Jersey serving in the war, he is noted as " Surgeon of Militia." Abraham Appleton Was one of the original members of the Society of the Cincinnati of New Jersey. 1 In Stryker's Register — Surgeon's Mate, Second Battalion, 1st Establishment, Dec. 21, 1775, — discharged with battalion. Was also Second Lieutenant, Capt. Yard's Company, 2d Battalion, 2d Establishment, Feb. 5, 1777; Ensign 2d Regt., Lieut, ditto to date, Dec. I, 1777; discharged at the close of the war ; Capt. by brevet. 1 Toner. 128 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Avert. Aeents. I. Avert. Surgeon 3d battalion, Sussex, State Troops. 1 Jacob Arents, Also written " Arentz," was a resident of Newark in the early part of the last century, — a Hollander or a Nether- landish German by birth. In a register of early land surveys in Newark, there are more in number set off to him than to any other owner therein named. They extend in their dates from 171 7 to 1735. The surveys in Newark and Elizabethtown amount to more than twelve hundred acres. 2 He is always noticed as Doctor Arents, and probably practised the arts and mysteries of healing. We find no record of his professional life, but very much of his controversies between the original purchasers of the soil and their opponents, — the Lords Proprietors of East Jersey. He is charged by the latter as a dealer in sham titles and as " having cheated by tens and hundreds of acres." As two clergymen were named as participes criminis, and as many of the best Jerseymen of that period are noticed as acting with him, there is no doubt that the old Doctor was atrociously slandered in this ancient struggle for titles, grants, charters and possessory and homestead rights. In a family bible, once the property of Col. Edward ThomaS, a patriot of 1776, — with a London imprimatur of 1735, and doubtless once the property of " I. Arents," whose name is thus written on several of its fly leaves, are memoranda as follows : Stryker's Register. '■ In 1744 he was sold out by the Sheriff, Win, Chetwood HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 29 Arents. Assheton. "Memorandum Aug. 1 Anno 1739., Thy sole on Erth ; no abiding see It is a Spirit — and heavenlee. I. Arents. I was boren Nov. n, 1673, about two o'clock in the afternoon, in a city called London, belonging to the Duchy of Hols- tein Gottorp. This bible is a gift to my beloved daughter, Margeth Warne. She was born the 6th of Nov., 1703, at Mr. Sonman's plan- tation, near Amboy, in East New Jersey.'' " Newark, April 12th, 1742. A memorandum. In the course of my pilgermath I have read the Holy Bible from the beginning to the end, with the books called Apocrypha, from 1689, Jan. to this day, being the 1 2th of April, 1742, 42 times. I say 42 times. SOLI DEO GLORIA." A record worthy of its duplicated date and affirmation and giving us assurance of his conscientious character. We cannot think that so persevering a reader and lover of the Book of Grace and Truth should have been guilty of heinous malpractice in real estate transactions and land transfers, as charged by his old proprietary assailants. Dr. Arents did not die in New Jersey, or died intes- tate, as his will is not registered in Trenton. 1 We find in the old town Records of Newark, that as late as April 6, 17 19, the Dr. is recorded as taking part in town meetings at Newark. Ralph Assheton Appears to have practised medicine in Nottingham township, Burlington County, in 1765, and perhaps a short time previous to that date. In the latter part of the above year he fulfilled his intention of removing, as he is 1 Rev. Wm. Hall, in Newark Daily Advertiser. I30 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. ASSHETON. noticed as a subscriber from Pennsylvania to a book of Dr. John Morgan, in 1766. He was the eldest son of Ralph Assheton, Esq., and Susanna Redman, his wife. He, the latter, died July 9, 1773, aged 37, leaving a wife and children, and was buried in the vault of the Humphries family, in Christ Church burying ground, Philadelphia, where an inscription records some of the above facts. The Doctor was between 28 and 29 years of age when he practised in Burlington County. The family of Assheton was among the most prominent of the Colonial aristocracy of Pennsylvania, holding many offices under the Proprietaries, and members of Christ Church. William Penn claimed kinship with them, his letters occasionally containing reference to " Cousin Assheton." The family came early into the province of Pennsylvania, and was from Salford, juxta Manchester, in Lancashire. It was one of the most ancient families in England. The Christian name, Ralph, occurs in many generations for centuries. The ancient male line became extinct in this country in the last century. Descendants in the female branches are represented in the Humphries family. The following advertisement in the Pennsylvania Gazette of September 26, 1765, describes very minutely the house and premises of the Doctor, and affords an insight into his style of living : " To be sold at public vendue, on Thursday, the 24th of October next, between the hours of three and five in the afternoon, on the premises, a house and lot of ground situated in Kingsbury, Notting- ham Township, Burlington County, on the public road between Trenton Bridge and the Ferry, containing in breadth 60 feet and in depth 181 feet; the House almost new and neatly finished; the Lot inclosed with a good board fence ; there is a good garden and well in HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 131 ASSHETON. BAINBRIDGE. the yard, and, on the lot adjoining a good new stable and coach house, belonging to the house. The purchaser may have a lease of the lot on which the stable stands, pay, viz : Thirty Shillings per annum. Half the purchase money to be paid immediately — six months credit will be given for the remainder. Any person inclining to purchase before the day of sale, may know the terms by applying to Dr. Ralph Assheton, on the premises. N. B. — As the Doctor proposes returning to Philadelphia in a few weeks, he desires those indebted to make immediate payments, and those who have any demands to bring in their accounts for settle- ment." Dr. Assheton died intestate 4th January, 1774. Let- ters of administration were granted to Stephen Watts and James Humphries. 1 Absalom Bainbridge Was the fourth son of Edmund and Abigail Bainbridge, of Maidenhead, now Lawrenceville, Mercer County, and a grandson of John, an original settler of the same town, and a descendant of Sir Arthur Bainbridge, of Durham County, England. Dr. B. graduated at Prince- ton College in 1762. After preparing himself for the practice of medicine, he married Mary, a daughter of John Taylor, Sheriff of Monmouth County, who was a man of large wealth. He remained in his native town in the pursuit of his calling for about six years. In 1773 -4 he removed to Princeton, and in 1777-8, being a Loyalist, to Flatbush, L. I., and subsequently to New York. In 1778 he was surgeon in the New Jersey Volun- teers (British service.) 2 He held a high rank in his profession. Dr. Hosack, in 1 MSS. His. Notes of Wm. John Potts. 2 Sabine's Loyalists. 132 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Bainbridge. Baker. Baldwin. his published memoranda, refers to " Dr. Bainbridge " as confirming his views as to the nature and origin of Yellow Fever. He was one of the earliest members of the New York Medical Society. While in New Jersey he early connected himself with the New Jersey Medical Society, and was elected its President in 1773. By his marriage union he had fourteen children, one of whom, his fifth child, was Commodore William Bain- bridge. The Doctor died in New York, June 23, 1807, aged 65, and was buried with his wife in a Trinity Church vault. Doctor Baker Was the most ancient physician of Tuckerton, Burlington County. We find neither records nor memorials of him, any further than that he married the sister of Ebenezer Tucker, who has the credit of giving name to the town in which Dr. Baker exercised his skill in the art of healing. Cornelius Baldwin Is noticed in Stryker's Register, Surgeon 2d Regiment, Sussex, Feb. 28, 1776; Surgeon Col. Hunt's battalion, " Heard's Brigade," July 8, 1776. In the life of John Warren, M. D., by Dr. Edward Warren, may be found a letter which Dr. Baldwin wrote to Dr. Warren at Hanover, from Morristown, in relation to army affairs and operations. He was a son of Elijah Baldwin, son of Nathaniel, son of John Sr., a primitive settler of Newark. After the war he migrated to Virginia and died at Winchester, December 19, 1826, aged 72. He was an ancestor of Judge Briscoe Baldwin. 1 MSS. Biographical Notes. — Dr. Toner. Conger's Genealogical Notices. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 133 Ball. Bancroft. Barber. Stephen Ball. Surgeon's Mate, First Regiment, September 26, 1780. Resigned. 1 Daniel Bancroft. Daniel Bancroft appeared before the Council of Safety- April 22, 1777, and "being examined took the oath of Abjuration and Allegiance and was thereupon dismissed." A physician of this name, and probably the same person, married Mary Magdalen Valleau, a neice of Dr. Bard of New York and a relative of the Bards in Burlington, where the Doctor probably was in 1777. He was brother of Dr. Edward Bancroft (of distinction) See Allibone — Daniel was born at Westfield Mass., November 2, 1746 ; died in an apoplectic fit in 1796, at the residence of John Vaughn, Esq., in Philadelphia, while at a dinner party. In one period of his life he was confined for some ten weeks as a suspected spy. When released he went on board the Roebuck, and sailed with the British vessels to Savannah and Charlestown and thence to Halifax. In 1782 he returned to Boston and finally settled in Wilmington, Delaware, where he acted as an agent for his brother in commercial pursuits. But little is known of his practice as a Physician. He is mentioned in Miss Montgomery' Reminiscences of Wilmington. 2 Thomas Barber Migrated from Groton, Connecticut, to New Jersey, about 1765. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- Stryker's Register. > MSS. His. Notes, Wm. J. Potts. 134 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Barber. Barnet. ating in 1762. He settled in Middletown Point, now Matewan, where he practised his profession during the whole of his life. He was a reputable man and was es- teemed as a good physician, having all the practice of the town. He was commissioned Surgeon First Regiment Monmouth State Troops, February 3, 1776. Princeton College honored him with the degree of Master of Arts ad eundem 1 774. The Doctor married, but lost his wife when she was thirty-five years old. He had one son Jonathan, and one daughter Mariah ; both died unmarried. He died about 1806 or 1807 at about eighty years of age, leaving con- siderable property. His son studied medicine with his father and attempted to apply his knowledge to practice, but irregular habits and an enfeebled constitution caused his death in early manhood by consumption. The daughter also died comparatively young. The mortal remains of all of them lie in the old burying place of the town. No stone marks their place of burial, except that erected by the Doctor to the memory of the wife of his earlier years which reads : Sacred to the Memory of MARY wipe of DOCT. THOMAS BARBER, WHO DIED MARCH — 1788, IN THE 36TH year of her age. William Barnet Was born in 1723 and was a resident of Elizabethtown of which he was probably a native. He was distinguished as a physician and as an active and prominent Whig in promoting, in his various relations, the patriot cause before and during the Revolution. He was one of the volunteers HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 35 Barnet. who, under the command of Elias Dayton, manned the Shallops in order to take the ship " Blue Mountain Val- ley," January 22d, 1776. He was the surgeon of the ex- pedition. The vessel is described by Lord Stirling in his letter to Congress, as a ship of about one hundred feet from stem to stern, above, capable of making a ship-of- war of twenty six-pounders and ten three-pounders. The vessel was brought in safety to Elizabethtown Point. Subsequent to this he was Major of the Regiment of Light Horse in the Eastern division of the State, Wil- liamson, Col. He also served as a volunteer surgeon, but was not commissioned. He suffered largely by the plundering incursions of the enemy from Staten Island. In describing one of these after the war, the Doctor relates that " the rascals emp- tied my feather beds in the street and smashed my mirrors and windows. That was bad enough, but to crown all they stole from me the most splendid string of red peppers, hanging in my kitchen, that was ever seen in Elizabethtown." 1 He was probably a man of property, as he built a large brick mansion about 1760, which, after his death, was conveyed by Dr. Oliver Barnet his brother, as executor, to Jonathan Hampton in 1790. The house was subsequently owned and long occupied by Major General Scott as his home. It is still standing having been kept in good condition. Dr. Barnet is credited 3 with having introduced vaccina- tion into his town. This statement is open to doubt as Jenner's discovery was not made known to the world till 1796. His experiments were first instituted in 1776 and Dr. Barnet may have had some knowledge of them 1 Hatfield's His. of Elizabethtown. 2 Clark on The Medical Men of Essex Co . 136 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Barnet. before his death, which occurred in 1790, at the age of sixty-seven. He was esteemed a fine physician, genial and very polite in his manners. That he was a man of reputation and of progressive medical views appears from the fact noticed by Dr. Rush 1 who states that " in the year 1759 Dr. Barnet was invited from Elizabethtown in New Jersey to Philadelphia, to inoculate for Small Pox. The practice though much opposed soon became general." The Doctor alluded to was doubtless the subject of this memoir, as, at that date he was thirty-six years of age and the only physician of that name in his town. 2 His reputation as a promoter of inoculation probably gave rise to the tradition concerning his adoption of Jenner's discovery. His will was probated December 30th, 1790. It makes Oliver Barnet, his brother, his executor, and constitutes him sole heir and executor in confidence that he will ex- ercise a prudent liberality towards the testator's wife, child and grandchildren. 3 Oliver Barnet Born in 1743, was a brother of Dr. William Barnet. His home was in New Germantown, Hunterdon County. He was widely known in his day, as a man of distinction, and highly esteemed by those who sought his professional services. He was wealthy, endowed with civil offices, an 1 Inquiries into the Comparative State of Medicine in Philadelphia, 1760 — 1809. 2 Dr. Beck in his history of American Medicine says that " Dr. Barnet of New Jersey seems to have been the most conspicuous, " in establishing hospitals in dif- ferent parts of the country "for the purpose of carrying patients " through the process of inoculation. 8 Hatfield's History of Elizabeth, Win. Hall's Newspaper Sketches, et aliis. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 37 Barnet. earnest revolutionary patriot and successful as a physi- cian. He was surgeon 4th Regt. Hunterdon, Feb. 14th, 1776. 1 He was one of the associate justices at the trial in Westfield, of the murderer of Rev. James Caldwell of Elizabethtown. His name is still remembered in the place of his resi- dence in connection with many anecdotes illustrative of his peculiar character. One of them is furnished the wri- ter of this by the Rev. Dr. Messier of Somerville. Dr. Barnet had a colored man, Cuffy, who drove his coach and was a favorite. After building a vault on a sightly knoll for himself, he told Cuffy that when he died he might be put in the vault with him and Mrs. B. ; but Cuffy stammered " N-n-no Doctor, I guess not." " But why Cuffy, why would you not like to be put in the vault with me and Mrs. Barnet? " " Well Doctor," said Cuffy, " there will be a resurrection, and if the Devil comes for you, he might make a mistake and take me. No Massa, no, I don't want to be put there." The old Doctor laughed and said no more. He did not have the reputa- tion of a saint and Cuffy was afraid of the consequences. The Doctor died in 1809 aged sixty-six. His remains rest in the vault alluded to, erected on his own estate. Dr. Blane in his medical history of Hunterdon gives some further notices of the Doctor. William M. Barnet Son of Dr. William Barnet, of Elizabethtown, became a physician prior to 1772. A charge to Dr. Wm. Barnet Jr. appears in an account book now extant, date 1771. Stryker's Register. 138 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Barnet. Beatty. He was elected a member of the New Jersey Medical Society in 1772. He signed his name to the constitution making a dash under the '' M " probably to distinguish himself from his father who never joined the Society. He served as a surgeon in the war, first Battalion, 1st Establishment, December 8th, 1775 ; also first Battalion, 2d Establishment, November 28th, 1776. Surgeon First Regiment resigned. 1 Dr. Barnet, Sr., whose will was probated in 1790, left his estate in the hands of his brother Oliver (See notice of William Barnet). As it was a large property for that period, Dr. Wm. M. probably withdrew from the active duties of his calling and consequently made a very limited professional record. It is traditional that he removed from his native town to New Germantown, Hunterdon County, the residence of his uncle Oliver and died there. Dr. Blane in his Medical annals of Hunterdon County notices a Dr. William Barnet of New Germantown, as a nephew of Dr. Oliver Barnet, who commenced practice there about 1812 and died in 1821. He was probably a ^grand-nephew being a son of William M. and one of the " grand-children " alluded to in the will of 1790. John Beatty. Born December 19th, 1749 in Hartsville, Pennsylvania. His father was Reverend Charles Beatty of Pennsylvania and his maternal grand-father was Governor Reading. Dr. Beatty was educated in Princeton College; graduated in 1769. He was married (1) to Miss Mary Longstreet by Dr. Witherspoon, March 22d, 1774; (2) to Miss Kitty Stryker's Register. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 39 Beatty. Lalor. He was educated as a physician under the tui- tion of Dr. Rush. At the commencement of the Revolu- tion, in 1775, he immediately espoused the cause of Ameri- can liberty. In the Autumn of 1776 he was a colonel in the army, when bravely defending Fort Washington. By its capture he was consigned to imprisonment by the enemy at a crisis, when the severity of their treatment exceeded that of any other period of the war. It was a considera- able time before he was exchanged. The hardships which he endured, in his military career, materially im- paired his constitution and health, which required some years for its restoration. Being able at length to resume the active duties of life, he was appointed in 1778 as suc- cessor to Elias Boudinot, to the office of Commissary General of Prisoners, which he held till 1780. At the close of the war, Dr. Beatty settled in Prince- ton, where he pursued his professional calling with much success. One of the Doctor's cards was presented to the writer by Dr. W. W. L. Phillips, of Trenton. It is printed on the back of a playing card, and reads thus : f Doaor T. BEATTY, J ~T) EGS Leave to inform If If that having % ffl declined all publick Bufinefs, he propo- ^ || fes to apply himfelf wholly in the Line | |j of his Profeffion, and may be confulted || f| at all Times, at his Houfe near Prince- |f 1 t0n - I I WINDSOR-HALL, Tune 1785. J IS » 140 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Beatty. He was elected the first President of the Medical Society after the interruption of its meetings by the war. His membership in the Society dates from 1773. At different times he was elected a member of each House of the Legislature, and was chosen Speaker of the House of Assembly. He also represented the County of Mid- dlesex in the Convention which adopted the Federal Constitution. In 1793 he was elected to Congress, and served there with distinction. After the death of Sam'l W. Stockton, then Secretary of State, the Legislature conferred the office, in 1795, on Dr. Beatty. He held the office for ten years. At the time of this appointment he removed to Trenton, and erected a beautiful mansion on the banks of the Delaware, a short distance above the State House, then in the rural district. The office in which his business as Secretary of State was transacted, was located in a small one story brick building, on the east corner of the State House grounds. He was appointed care taker of the State House and its grounds, which he rendered profitable by keeping it as a pasture lot or cutting the hay. Upon his removal from office he was soon after selected by the Delaware Bridge Company to superintend the erection of the bridge across the river at Bloomsburg, in which important undertaking his usual habits of punctuality, activity and attention to business secured him the confidence of the Company, which he continued to enjoy till the day of his death. After the decease of Jonathan Rhea, he was elected President of the Trenton Bank, which office he held with unblemished reputation during the last eleven years of his life. In the various stations which Dr. Beatty was called to fill, either by the call of his fellow citizens or by the public authorities, his duties were performed with the HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 14I Beatty. strictest attention, fidelity, industry and success. In the private relations of life he was exemplary, urbane and polite, and uniformly sustained through a protracted life the character of an upright, useful and worthy citizen. The kindness of his nature is illustrated by an incident related of him by a friend, who when a boy thirteen years of age, in 1802, met him by accident at the stage office in Philadelphia, where he had gone to engage passage home. At that time it was necessary to engage passage two or three days in advance. General Beatty took him very kindly by the hand and enquired where he wanted to go, and offered him a seat in his carriage if he would be at his hotel at 1 1 o'clock, which invitation was gladly accepted. He had a pleasant and profitable jour- ney, as the General took delight in informing him of every place of interest, as well as the names, as he thought, of every land owner on the road. With all the lustre of his high character and elevated station, he was not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ. He made a profession of religion in 1808, and was for many years a sincere and consistent Christian, and a Ruling Elder in the Presbyterian Church in Trenton. His monument in the Presbyterian graveyard, Trenton, bears the following inscription : " Sacred to the memory of Gen. Jno. Beatty, born Dec. 10, 1749, died May 30, 1826. Educated as a physician, he early became distinguished for benevolence, assiduity and skill. In the War of Independence, in important military stations, he faithfully served his country. By the public voice he was called to the discharge of eminent civil offices, in the State and National Legislature repeatedly a repre- sentative and always active and influential. For many years a ruling elder of this church. In every walk of life, amiable, honorable and useful. He crowned the virtues of the man, the patriotism of the soldier and the sagacity of the statesman, by the pure piety and sincere religion of the devout and humble Christian." 1 1 Hall's 1st Chh., Trenton. Notices in Trenton Papers republished in History of Trenton Lodge, No. 5, 1863, Barber & Howe's His. Coll. of N, J., &c. 1 1 142 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Bektkon. Belleville. Abraham Bertron Was a practitioner, living on the South Branch of the Raritan river, in Readington. Tradition says that he was there about 1784. 1 Nicholas Belleville Was a native of Metz, France. He was born in 1753. He began the study of medicine under the tuition of his father, who was a surgeon of the military hospital in that town. He subsequently entered the medical schools of Paris, where, after seven years' study and practice in the hospitals, he received his diploma accompanied by testi- monials of the respect and esteem of his teachers. He was, soon after, favorably introduced to Count Pulaski, who was at Paris and about to embark for America to offer his services in our Revolutionary struggle. Dr. Belleville was induced to cast in his fortunes with him. They sailed from Nantes June 9, 1777, in a sloop of war of fourteen guns, with a crew of 105 men, having on board 1,600 stand of arms for the American troops. On July 22d they arrived at Salem, Massachusetts. Count Pulaski having made known his wishes to the government, and received from the Provincial Congress authority to recruit a legion, the Doctor accompanied the Count as surgeon while he was employed in visiting different parts of the country. For accomplishing his purpose, he spent some time in Trenton, where Belleville made the acquaintance of Dr. Bryant, then an old physician there, who, attracted by the character and attainments of the young Frenchman, persuaded him to 1 Blane's Med. His. of Hunterdon Co. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 143 Belleville. leave the army and settle in Trenton as a practitioner. The Count being unwilling to object to any measure which seemed to promise good to his young friend, assented to his proposal to abandon the service, and in the fall of 1778 Dr. Belleville became a permanent resident of Trenton. He married Ann Brittain. The issue of that union was two daughters — Mary, who married Dr. James Clark, and Sarah, who married Andrew Hunter. The Doctor was highly esteemed for his social qualities and general intelligence. He attained to much eminence as a man of skill in his profession, and was personally known to many of the most eminent medical men of Philadelphia and elsewhere, being often called in consul- tation with them. He had a large and lucrative practice over a large district of country. His deportment in the sick room was kind and soothing, inspiring at the same time confidence in his ability to successfully combat the emergencies of disease. Self-reliant and confident of his skill, he was not always patient of the whims and notions of fretful sufferers, but was firm in his own purpose, and not slow to rebuke them. He was the family attendant of Joseph Bonaparte, at his home at Bordentown, and was always a welcome visitor at his mansion. The ven- erable Charles Stokes, Esq., has communicated to the writer of this sketch a conversation which he heard at the mansion between his friend John Imlay, of Borden- town, and the Doctor. We give it in his own words : " Imlay remarked that he thought there was at that time a good opening for a doctor in Bordentown, and asked Belleville if he knew of one whom he could recommend. He hesitated, but said, ' If you get one good doctor, you get one good thing, but if you get one bad doctor you get 144 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Belleville. one bad thing. If you have a lawsuit, you get one bad lawyer, you lose your suit, — you can appeal ; but if you have one bad doctor, and he kills you, then there be no appeal.' My impression is that he made no recommenda- tion." That there were causes in operation to make him cautious in recommending a " good doctor " for Borden- tovvn, may be suspected from the following incident, communicated to the writer by the late Dr. James B. Coleman, of Trenton, who was a student of Dr. Belleville. After the Doctor had been attending Joseph Bonaparte for some time, the Count's secretary called to know the amount of compensation due for professional services. The Doctor asked the secretary if his attendance on the Count had been satisfactory. " Certainly, most certainly," was the reply. "Then," said the Doctor, " I am suffi- ciently paid, — that is sufficient compensation." Although the secretary remonstrated, the Doctor was determined. A few days after, the secretary returned with a check for six hundred dollars, and told the Doctor they could not judge what would be a proper amount, but to look upon the check as something to be increased if not sufficient The Doctor in answer said : " Whatever the Count and he thought was entirely satisfactory to him." " Gentle- men," said Belleville, when relating this to his students, " if I had made out a regular professional bill, it could not have been more than seventy or eighty dollars ; but you must recollect that I was dealing with a king, and when you have a king for a patient treat him as a king, and not as a common man, — with regard to money." The Doctor's reputation drew to his office many young men from different parts of the country for instruction in medicine. He devoted himself to their improvement with much fidelity, especially of those to whom he took HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 45 Belleville. DeBenneville. a liking. He withdrew from general practice some years before his death, but did not lose his relish for books, of which he had a large and valuable collection. To his habits of reading and study is doubtless to be attributed the mental vigor which distinguished him to the end of his days. He was a pew holder and an occasional attendant upon the services of the First Presbyterian Church, in Trenton, of which his wife was a member ; but he was more interested in the teachings of Voltaire than in those of Jesus Christ. His monumental inscription is in the Presbyterian churchyard where his remains were laid. It was compos- ed by Dr. F. A. Ewing one of his former students. Dr. Jno. Blane, in his Medical Annals of Hunterdon County, furnishes some further incidents of interest in the life of Dr. Belleville. This Stone Covers the remains of Dr. NICHOLAS BELLEVILLE Born and educated in France For 50 years an inhabitant of this city A physician Eminently learned and successful A man of scrupulous and unblemished integrity On the 17th day of Dec. 1831, at the age of 70 years he closed a life of honor and usefulness By all respected esteemed and lamented Hall's His. of Pres. Chh., Trenton, Trenton Gazette, etaliis. Daniel DeBenneville Was descended from George DeBenneville, a French nobleman of Normandy, who was born in the city of Rouen. He fled to England from religious persecution and found employment of honor at the Court of William III. 1 1 Many of the most renowned names of the middle ages in French history found an asylum in London and were well received at Court. 146 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. DkBenneville. He married Maria Granville in 1697 and died, as also his wife, in 1703, leaving their son, the father of the sub- ject of this sketch to the care of Queen Anne, who had charge of the first eleven years of his boyhood. This son, afterwards Dr. George DeBenneville of Philadelphia, thus brought up under royal parentage, so long as his foster mother, as he always called her, lived, came to America in 1745, residing first at Oley, Bucks County, Pennsyl- vania, where was a colony of Huguenots. Among them was the family of DeBertolet, who settled there as early as 1726. In the year of his arrival he married Esther De Bertolet and removed to Philadelphia, in 1755 , where he practised medicine. He collected around him many warm friends, and enjoyed an extensive practice. He died in 1793. The subject of this memoir was his eldest son. He was born in Oley, Bucks County, November 12th, 1753. When he was ten years of age, his father removed to Milestown, Old York Road, and afterwards pur- chased the farm in Branchtown, York Road, now a part of the consolidated city, on which the family burying-ground is situated, which upon the death of his father, became the property of Daniel, and which was his home during a considerable part of his life. After receiving an education under the care of his father, he began the study of medicine and entered the profession at the same time with Dr. Jos. Pfeifer of Phil- adelphia. He joined the Army soon after as a junior sur- geon of the flying hospitals of the Army, and in July 3d, 1 78 1, as surgeon of the 13th Virginia Regiment of infan- try, Continental Army. He was a cultivated man, and as a physician, held a high rank among his peers. As a surgeon in the. Army, he was distinguished for his sympa- thy for the wounded and distressed. This made him HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 147 DeBenneville. many friends, who, in after years spoke of him in the highest terms of praise. In appearance and disposition he was a perfect counterpart of Andrew Jackson, whose friend he was. He was eminently loyal to his country, and served it with all fidelity during its struggle for liber- ty. We have before us a letter addressed to a friend in the army stationed on the, then, remote frontier (Pitts- burgh) written at Philadelphia, October 2d, 1781, the day on which Major Andre was executed, which contains the following passage : " When I think of the villainous traitor Arnold, and others of his stamp, it fills my soul with hor- ror and amaze. She shrinks back upon herself and startles at such scenes of baseness and depravity. But were the stronger passions of avarice and pride predominant, they universally absorb the finer feelings of the soul, and reduce the mind to the most disgraceful standard. And I cannot but exclaim with Cato, ' O ! is there not some chosen curse ; some hidden thunder in the stores of heaven, red in uncommon wrath to blast the wretch that owes his greatness to his country's ruin.' ' After the war he married Elizabeth Coots, and about 1784 migrated to Moorestown, Burlington County, N. J. Whether his character underwent a change, or as years advanced its native elements developed themselves, we know not, but from this period of his life we find nothing concerning him very pleasant to record. While in Moorestown he exhibited an arrogant, perverse disposi- tion. He was erratic and irritable, imbued with deistical opinions, very profane and so disagreeable in every way, that he secured little practice and no respect as a physician or a citizen. His- marriage union, from which there was no issue, was dissolved by a separation from his wife, and he nemoved from Moorestown to Nicetown, I48 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. DeBenneville. Pennsylvania, and soon thereafter returned to his paternal estate at Branchtown, Pennsylvania. There he became the victim of unprincipled flatterers, who hoped to get possession of his property, but, failing in this, after he became infirm they carried off all his comforts and left him to die alone. In this condition he was discovered by a neighbor, who acquainted his family friends with his situation. He had long before alienated all his friends from him by his perversity. His brother, hearing of his forlorn state, dispatched a message to him as follows : " If Daniel will receive me, I will come and make him com- fortable." He soon returned an answer, accepting the offer. His brother hastened to his house and found him alone, helpless by paralysis, without food or fuel for two days, and nearly exhausted. He was removed to his brother's house and kindly cared for. In the brokenness of his proud and humbled spirit he confessed his errors and craved forgiveness. He was taken to his brother's house in 1826. He died in 1828, aged 75, and was buried in the family burying place, on his estate. His tomb- stone, in addition to the dates, notices his services to his country. A younger brother, Dr. George DeBenneville, was an eminent physician in Philadelphia, whose life, with that of his father, is noticed in Simpson's Lives of Eminent Philadelphians. The DeBennevilles had a distinguished ancestry. They did good service and hard work for the cause of religious liberty in the gloomy days of the Reformation, and some of them became martyrs to the cause. Pride of ancestry, without its accompanying inspiration of nobility of soul, seems to have been a snare to the subject of our memoir. The following incident, in this connection, is not without interest. Not long before the death of the Senior Dr. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 49 DeBenneville. Bloomfield. George DeBenneville, his son, Dr. George, Jr., called at the house of his father, and upon entering the room observed something burning on the hearth. He asked his father what it was. " It is the history of my family and life, but as Daniel has given me so much trouble, I thought it best to destroy it, for fear his pride will ruin him." Letters still held by his descendants indicate the historic value of this sacrifice to a loving father's solici- tude for the good of a wayward son. In this record, Dr. James DeBenneville, of Philadelphia, deserves incidental mention. He died September 5, 1866, from disease contracted in the Union army, while a prisoner in Libby prison. He was a surgeon in the War of the Rebellion, and one of those brave men who refused to desert his hospital when captured before Richmond, though many did. He remained with the sick and wounded in their trials. His widow is still living in Philadelphia. 1 Moses Bloomfield, Son of Joseph and Eunice Bloomfield, was a practitioner of medicine in Woodbridge, N. J. He married (1) Miss Ogden, of Elizabethtown, and (2) the widow of Dr. Sam'l Ward, of Cumberland County, who died in 1774, aged 37 years. The Doctor was a man of fine appearance and of more than ordinary culture and ability, and was considered one of the best physicians of his day. He became a member of the Medical Society in 1776, and was efficient and prominent in promoting its welfare. His opinion was highly valued and much sought in civil and church 1 MSS. Family Memorials. MSS. His. Notes, Wm. Jno. Potts. 150 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Bloomfield. matters. He was named a trustee in the charter of the Presbyterian Church, 1756, 30th, of Geo. II. Also trustee named in the charter, by Geo. Ill, of Free School lands in Woodbridge. At the town meetings of his town he was usually chosen Secretary, being a " good penman." This is made manifest by his records as Secretary in the minute book of the Medical Society. He was a man of fervent patriotism, and gave his energies to the cause of his county during the trials of the revolution. Was commissioned Surgeon United States Hospital, Continental Army, May 14, 1777, 1 and became senior surgeon. His children, by his first marriage union, were Joseph, afterwards Governor of New Jersey, born 1755, who married Miss Mcllvaine ; Samuel, a physician, born 1756 ; Hannah married General Giles, of Burlington, and Ann married Dr. Wall. In the correspondence of the New Jersey Journal, August 31, 1791. is a notice of the Doctor's decease, from which we copy his eulogy : He " maintained an eminent character as a scholar, a physician, a gentleman and a Christian. In the early part of his life he became acquainted with men as well as books. When the war commenced he took an early and decided part in favor of his country. He served in civil offices of trust and honor. When his assistance as a physician was called for by the public, he cheerfully stepped forward and served with faithfulness and reputation as senior physician and surgeon, until near the close of the war, when he retired to private life of his own accord. As a physician he was skilfull, attentive and successful ; easy and familiar in his manners and address. He was benevolent and liberal to the poor, without ostentation, religious without bigotry, never ashamed to own in any company that he was a Christian ; nor would he neglect his duty to God or to his fellow-men on any account 1 Stryker's Register. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. I 5 I Bloomfield. Blachly. whatever. His last illness, which lasted more than two years, he bore with an uncommon Christian patience and fortitude. In his death the State has lost a worthy citizen, and the Presbyterian Church an important member." The following inscription is on his tombstone in the graveyard at Woodbridge, New Jersey : " In memory of Dr. Moses Bloomfield, forty years a physician and surgeon in this town, senior physician and surgeon in the Hospital of the United States, representative m the Provincial Congress and General Assembly. An upright Magistrate, Elder of the Presbyterian Church, &c. Born 4th Dec, 1729, died 14th Aug., 1791, in his 63d year. Tim. i, 12 : 'I know in whom I have believed.'" 1 Samuel Bloomfield Was the second son of Dr. Moses Bloomfield. He be- came a physician and settled in Colestown, Gloucester County. His house was a small, hipped roof, frame building, near the church, taken down a few years since. The Doctor was a bon-vivant and being too much given to the pleasures of the cup did not make for himself much of a professional record. In 1790 he applied for member- ship in the Medical Society, but did not pursue his appli- cation and his name was dropped. He died in 1806 aged fifty. His remains lie in St. Mary's churchyard, Coles- town. Two of his, sons who survived him fell in the war of 1812. 3 . Blachly. The Blachly family of New Jersey was descended from Thomas Blachly of Hartford 1640, New Haven 1643, Branford 1645. He signed the agreements with those 1 Elmer's Reminiscences. Barber & Howe's His. Coll. Coll. His. Soc. of N. J. Daily's Woodbridge, &c. 2 Hon. Jno. Clement's MSS., His. Notes, &c. 152 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Blachly. who migrated from Branford to settle in Newark, but never came with them and did not receive a part of the division of the lands set off to him. He had children Aaron, Moses, Miriam and Abigail. Aaron married Mary Dodd, of Guilford — had Mary, Thomas, Ebenezer, Hannah, Daniel, Joseph, Benjamin, Sarah and Susanna in uncertain order. He returned and was of Guilford in 1683, when he sold to Thomas Huntington his land in Newark. 1 Ebenezer Blachly Probably son of Aaron, lived at Dix Hills, Huntington Township, Long Island. He had six children. 2 One of these Ebenezer, (2) born 1709, married Hannah Miller and had eight children and died at the Ponds, New Jersey. 3 His third son Ebenezer, (3) the subject of this sketch, married Mary Wick, daughter of Henry and Mary Cooper Wick and lived and died near Mendham, New Jersey. They had twelve children, seven sons and five daughters. 4 1 Conger's Genealogies in Newark. 2 Elizabeth, born March 8th, 1708. Ebenezer, born October 9th, 1709. Anna, borni.711. Joseph, born 1712. Benjamin, born August 6th, 1718. Daniel, horn August 6th, 1720. 3 Milford Township near Pompton. His children were : Frances, b. November 19th, 1731. Married, Woods, Long Island. Zophar, b. November 23d, 1733, lived at Roadston. Ebenezer, b. February 13th, 1735-6, Mendham. Miller, b. March 13II1, 1738, lived at Roadston. Sarah, b. November 23d, 1739, Married Daniel Robbins, Detroit. Cornelius, b. May 23d, 1741, died young. Mary, b. October 29th, 1742, married Joshua Robbins, Detroit. Marcy, b. March 31st, 1745, married (i) Daniel McKinna. 4 Children of Ebenezer Blachly and Mary Cooper Wick. Mary, b. March 9th, 1759, married Dr. Hezekiah Stites Woodruff. Ebenezer, b. December 6th, 1760, married Elizabeth Spencer. Henry Wickham, b. April 12th, 1764. Absalom, b. February 7th, 1765. William, b. October 3d, 1767, died 1791. Daniel, b. April 8th, 1769. Nathan, b. May 4th, 1771, died early. Cornelius Camden, b. January 1st, 1773. Hannah, July 16th, 1774. Judith, July 13th, 1776. Phebe, b. December 18th, 1777. Temperance, b. July 12th, 1780. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 53 Blachly. He was a practitioner of medicine and died at the age of seventy, on April 19th, 1805. He was one of the founders of the New Jersey Medical Society, in 1766. On a certain occasion he obtained by exhumation the body of a criminal who was hung and interred at Morris- town, and conveyed it on horseback to Mendham, about six miles off, for the purpose of dissection. Upon meet- ing any one in the darkness of his lonely ride, he would talk to the subject, as to a drunken man, telling him to sit upright and behave himself like a man, and thus reached home with it in safety. Dr. Hezekiah Stites Woodruff who related this incident, and married his eldest daughter, was one of his students, as also were Dr. William Leddell and Dr. John C. Budd, the former practised in Mendham and the latter in Chatham. Of his seven sons, five studied medicine. One, William, died before he had completed his medical studies, from an attack of haemoptysis, which occurred after a long ride with his father in the face of a cold snow storm, to visit a patient sick with pleurisy. The other four became esteemed men and experienced practitioners. The eldest son was Ebenezer Blachly, Born in 1760. He entered the American service, under age, as surgeon's mate to a North Carolina regiment, name unknown, which was encamped this side of the old Raritan bridge, in the winter of 1778, acting also as a volunteer assistant surgeon to a regiment in the Pennsyl- vania line. He was visited there by his brother Absalom. The latter left a memorandum of that visit. (Noticed hereafter.) Ebenezer was at the battle of White Plains in October, 154 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Blachly. 1776, in winter quarters at Valley Forge in 1777, and in the battle of Monmouth in 1778. After the war he married Elizabeth, daughter of Colonel Oliver Spencer, of Eliz'town, and settled in Paterson, where he enjoyed an extensive and successful practice. By his marriage union he had nine children, 1 two of whom studied medi- cine. The following is taken from a local paper of the time of his death, August 20, 18 12 : " Died at Pennington, on the 20th inst., Doctor Ebenezer Blachly, of the town of Paterson, in this State. For some weeks he had been abroad for the benefit of his health, but growing worse he was unable to return to his family. He was buried in Pennington, with the most friendly and becoming attentions of the inhabitants of the place. He was a man of rare activity and promptitude of mind. His enterprise and perseverance were remarkable. He died in the meridian of his life and usefulness. His family have sustained a heavy loss. His neighbors will feel the want of his friendship and medical assistance. His connections will long deplore of the sincerity, zeal and ability with which he performed the relative duties of life ; and the friends of the Revolution have lost one more of the early asserters and defenders of the rights and liberties of our country." Another obituary reads as follows : ********>> jj e ^ as c j osec i t ne morning of a sad and stormy life, replete with cares and exertions of mind and body. His complaint, which was of a most painful and afflictive kind, tortured -his bowels clay and night with excrutiating agonies for nearly a year or more. It is, however, a consolation that his mind and faith were not wrecked in his deeply moments. On the day preceding the morning of his exit, he dictated a solemn charge to his dear friends, and, at the closing scene, bestowed with great composure of mind a benediction on each of his relatives present. He retained his 1 Nancy, b. July 7, 1783. Ebenezer Spencer, b. Aug. 19, 1784. Henry Wick- ham, b. Apr. 17, 1786. Mary Jcrusha, b. Mays, x 789- Juliana, b. Aug. 11, 1791. Bayard Patterson, b. May 8, 1793. Eliza, b. Apr. 19, 1795. Joseph Warren, b. Aug. 7, 1797. Oliver B., b. Sept. 3, 1799. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 55 Blachly. senses to the last, and wished for the moment to arrive when the Divine will, to which he desired patiently to submit, would launch his soul into eternity, there to remain from trouble." 1 Henry Wickham, Second son of Ebenezer (3), settled at Pennington, then Hunterdon County. Was elected a member of the Medical Society in 1784. He lived to a great age and was highly esteemed for his ability as a physician and for his genial and affable manners. In his earlier manhood, being one of a social party he was bantered to wed one of the maidens present, who possibly was his partner in the dance, and being a gallant young man and his partner consenting to the proposal, a minister was called. Their intentions were made known to him and the ceremony was commenced and complied with on his part, but the lady then withdrew her word and he continued during the rest of his long life a half-married bachelor. Tradi- tion says that the lady, in process of time, married another, but did not do as well as if she had continued faithful to her engagement with the Doctor. His monumental inscription in the Presbyterian graveyard at Pennington, reads : HENRY WICKHAM BLACHLY, M D. Bokn April 12, 1763. Died Dec. 22, 1843. Absalom Blachly The next son of Ebenezer (3) first studied Law and was admitted to practice, but becoming dissatisfied, turned his attention to the study of medicine and entered upon 1 To his son, Bayard P. Blachly, Esq., of Morristown, who died December, 5th, 187S, the author of these annals is indebted for materials for his Blachly record. 156 HISTORY OP N. J. MEDICINE. Blachly. its practice, settling in the same town with his brother Henry W., where he continued during his prolonged life. After entering upon the duties of his profession, he was very methodical in his reading, epitomizing in a very plain and beautiful round hand much of what he read, that he regarded as important and valuable. His con- densed notes were written on good paper, were folded in book form, stitched neatly together and covered with coarse paper and kept at hand for reference. He was not only well read. He had the faculty of communi- cating in conversation much useful knowledge in a few words, fully to the purpose and in a modest manner. The letters which he has left, one written at the age of eighty-nine, indicate the fine and generous impulses of his nature, his devout character and his lively interest in the welfare of those to whom they were addressed. He lived and died in Pennington eleven years after the death of his brother. His monument records ABSALOM BLACHLY, M. D. BORN FEB. 7TH, 1765 DIED DEC. 3D, 1854. When his brother Ebenezer was engaged in the army service, he was visited by Absalom who made some memoranda on the leaf of a small note book. The writer has the leaf before him and gives some of the items which are quite illustrative. When he " visited Major Payette (Piatt) it was in the greatest fall of snow on record, 7th of January, 1776. In the winter of 1777 Our Army retired into Winter quarters at Valley Forge and E. B. with them suffered great hardships there. N. B. The British was in Philadelphia." "Ebenezer Blachly entered into the American Service under age (early in life) as an assistant surgeon to a North Carolina Regiment — the name unknown to me. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 57 Blachly. • Was encamped this side of the old Raritan Bridge in the Winter of 1778 and acting as a volunteer surgeon to a Regiment in the Penn- sylvania line — so denominated at that time. A. B. visited him there by a permit of an officer of that line in that season. They were (the officers and men) just fitted up with huts. Our bill of fare cooked by his waiter was potatoes Bread and rusty pork — morning noon and night." Cornelius Camden Blachly The youngest (medical) son of Ebenezer (3) studied and practised his profession in New York, in company with his nephew Ebenezer Spencer B. (infra). Cornelius was much of a book worm. He loved the society of the cul- tivated and learned. He did not confine himself with much attention to the practice of his calling. He died in New York. Of Ebenezer's (4) sons two became physicians, viz. : Ebenezer Spencer and Henry Wickham. Ebenezer S. Blachly Studied with his father in Paterson, attended medical lectures in New York and settled there on Greenwich, near Spring street. He was much respected and highly esteemed. He kept himself well posted in the new dis- coveries and literature of his profession. Was diligently attentive to the sick of all classes ; courteous in his man- ners, and very successful as a practitioner. He was attacked with haemoptysis after the fatigues of a trying obstetrical case, soon became consumptive and left this world "in deep, humility of heart and blessedness of spirit." 158 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Blachly. Henry W. Blachly, Brother of the above, named after his uncle at Penning- ton, studied in New York and subsequently settled in Washington County, Pennsylvania, where he married Hannah Loveridge. He was devoted to his calling and successful in practice. He had a large family, and many medical students. Two of his daughters married physi- cians, who had been students in his office. He practised medicine about forty years, ever holding a high position and doing the important surgery of a large section of country. He had four sons who became practising physicians, viz. : Ebeneser S., the eldest who received his medical degree at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, lived and practised in Waynesburg, Green County, Pennsylvania, for about twenty-eight years. Died July nth, 1854. He left one son Bayard M, now living and practising medi- cine in the same town. He graduated at the Cleveland, Ohio, Medical School. Stephen L., the next oldest (professional) son of Henry W. is now living and practising at Sparta, Washington County, Pennsylvania, in the same field where his father so long wore the wreath of medical honor. Pie graduated at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. He has a son recently graduated at the same school. Joseph W., the next son received his medical degree at the Cleveland Medical School, practised prosperously in his native county for some years, and died April 6th, 1864, aged forty. Henry IV., the last of the four sons in the profession and bearing the name of his honored father, graduated at Cleveland and is now practising in Vanwert County, Ohio. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 59 Blachly. Blackwood. We conclude our record of this family so remarkable for its medical proclivities and so honoring the profession by their history, by an incident related by Dr. Stephen L. Blachly, of Pennsylvania. He says : " An old friend and neighbor of mine informed me that my great-grand- father and my grandfather bled him when he was about sixteen, while they were in New Jersey. When a young man, he removed to Pennsylvania and settled near my brother, and he bled him ; later in life I bled him ; and in advanced life, being of plethoric habit, my son also bled him ; making five successive generations in the family who bled the same subject, with marked relief, and he lived to be eighty-five years old." John Blackwood, Son of Joseph and Rebecca Blackwood, was born July 28, 1772, at Blackwoodtown, Gloucester County. He married about 1799, Ann, the widow of Dr. Evan Clement, of Haddonfield, and a daughter of James and Elizabeth Wills. By this union there were two children, Elizabeth, (born 1800, who married (1) George W. Burr and (2) Shinn both of Mt. Holly) and Evan Clement, born in 1803, named for his mother's first husband. Dr. Blackwood was brought up a Presbyterian, but did not attend any church services whatever. His wife was a member of the Society of Friends at the time of her marriage, and was disowned by them for marrying " out- side of the Society." She always maintained her strict Quaker habits and attended " Friends' Meeting," when she attended any. She survived her husband twelve years. The Doctor died in Mt. Holly, March 16th, 1840, l6o HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Blackwood. Boggs. and was buried in the Friends' burying-ground immedi- ately adjoining his residence. His grave is unmarked and unknown, as at the time he died, the rules of the sect forbade a monumental stone. Dr. Blackwood commenced practice in Haddonfield. In 1796 he removed to Mt. Holly, where he spent the remainder of his life. He was a man of marked force of character, intelligent and shrewd — of frugal and even miserly tastes and habits. When he began life for him- self, his father gave him a horse and sulky and with them bade him seek his own fortune. He achieved success so far as to leave at his death thirty thousand dollars, quite a fortune in that day. In addition to the calls of his profession, he assumed the duties of postmaster at Mt. Holly, and was also a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas and Orphan's Court of Burlington County. James Boggs Was the son of Ezekiel Boggs, who came from Ireland, and settled in Delaware. He had but one son, James, born January 22, 1740, and one daughter, Rebecca, who married a Mr. Rish, of Philadelphia. James came to Philadelphia, where he studied medicine and afterwards settled in Shrewsbury, N. J. He married Mary, daughter of Robert Hunter Morris. The Doctor resided at Shrewsbury until the commencement of the Revolutionary struggle, when he joined the British army as surgeon and continued in it till the close, when he went to Halifax, N. S., were he resided till his death at an advanced age. He left his three eldest "children in the United States, HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. l6l Boggs. Bond. Bonney. under the care of his brother-in-law, Judge Morris. The eldest, Robert, studied and practised law with his uncle in New Brunswick. The second went into business in New York, and is one of the " Old Merchants of New York," mentioned by Dr. Francis. The third died young in Wilmington, Delaware. Dr. Boggs left a large family, many of his descendants having settled in Halifax, Prince Edward and Canada. He was highly esteemed as a physician, and manifested an interest in the promotion of the science of medicine. He united himself to the Medical Society the year after its organization, and was an influential member till the breaking out of the war. He was possessed of pleasant and gentlemanly manners. In his old age he took delight in the relation of incidents and adventures which occurred in his personal history, more particularly when the British were in possession of New York, and his family living at the time near Perth Amboy, whom he could visit only by stealth. He was the grandfather of Rev. Dr. E. D. Boggs, of Rear Admiral C. S. Boggs, U. S. N., deceased, and of Mrs. J. S. Blauvelt, of New Brunswick, to whom the writer is indebted for the materials of this memoir. Levi Bond Resided in Greenwich, prior to 1766; removed to Indiana in 1836, and died in that State at the age of 93. He was held in high esteem for his courteous manners and integ- rity of character. (See notice in History of the Medical Men of Cumberland County.) Joseph Bonney Was graduated at Princeton in 1793. He studied medi- l62 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. BONNEY. BOWEN. cine and practised in Bound Brook and Middlebrook. From thence he went to Short Hills, Essex County, where his father resided. He married Polly Davison, of Baskingridge, who died May 3, 1806, in her 29th year.. He died at Metuchen, and was buried in Rahway, where tradition says he practised medicine. The monument erected over his remains has the record : "In Memory of Dr. JOSEPH BONNEY WHO DIED NOV. 27, 1807 IN THE 38TH YEAR OF HIS AGE. Our days alas our mortal days Are short and wretched too Evil and few the Patriarch says And well the Patriarch knew." Three children of these parents lie beside them, who died between November, 1804, and December, 1805 — all under six years of age. He left other issue, as this meagre record is obtained from his grandson, now resident in Rahway. Elijah Bowen Was traditionally the earliest practitioner of physic in Cumberland County.^ He migrated from Rhode Island to Salem County. It is supposed that he commenced practice about 1730. He died in 1773, "very old." See His. of Med. Men of Cumberland County, as also for record of his son, Elijah Bowen, Jr., born 1714. Settled at Roadstown, died December 20, 1765. He was one of the founders of the Baptist Church at Shiloh, 1734. 1 1 Barber & Howe, p. 147. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 163 BOWNE. John Bowne Was born September 2d, 1767, upon a farm which was in June 28, 1778, the battle-field of Monmouth. As was common at that period, the Tories, emboldened by. the near approach of the British, threatened the lives and property of the adherents of the patriot cause. The Doctor's father was a zealous Whig and actively engaged in the militia of the county. He had just returned home suffering from intermittent fever. The family were so harrassed by the loyalists that it became necessary to leave their home two days before the battle, and take refuge in a woods at some distance. The house was in the meantime visited by a faithful slave, who conveyed to the family such comforts and necessaries as he could collect. They returned to their desolated home two days after the battle. The scenes which they then witnessed made such an impression on the mind of young Bowne, that he was able eighty years afterward to describe them with a vividness and clearness surpassing any written history. When his memory failed as to any recent events, he still remembered and recounted the events of the battle of Monmouth. Having taken a full course of study in the Freehold Academy, he studied medicine (1) with Dr. Moses Scott, of New Brunswick, and (2) with Dr. William Shippen, of Philadelphia. He was licensed to practice in 1791. He commenced practice in the same year in Prallsville, Hunterdon County, whence he migrated in 1795 to Ringoes, where he was engaged in active practice for more than sixty years. In addition to his practice he superin- tended and conducted the affairs of his farm with practical success. 164 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. BOWNE. BROGNARD. He was intelligently conservative in the adoption of new modes of practice. He advocated inoculation by small pox, and was very successful in its management. His biographer says that he had as many as three hundred patients with the inoculated disease at one time. It was his custom to select a house in each neighborhood to which the children, after a preparatory course at home, were sent, to remain during the course of the disease. When vaccination was discovered, he adopted it after putting his vaccinated patients to the severest tests and clearly proving its protective power. He was a man of cheer, fond of anecdote, quick in reply, and possessed of a temperament which rendered labor light. Business and duty were not hardships to him. He was a member of the Presbyterian Church at Mt. Airy, and for more than fifty years one of its ruling elders. In the eventful times in which he lived, he was warmly attached to the institutions and liberties of his country, and was ready on all suitable occasions to give expression to his opinions, and to sustain these with argument spiced with the wit and humor for which he was noted. He never descended to the vulgar, nor in any way brought reproach upon the Christian name which he so uniformly illustrated, and to which so early in life he connected himself. He accumulated much wealth, and died on November 4, 1857, on the farm on which he had lived for nearly sixty-two years. 1 John Brognard. John Baptiste Carone Brognard was born about 1761, 1 Medical and Surgical Reporter, Biographical Sketch by Jno. Blane, M. D., Nov. 1859. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 165 Brognaed. in Salino, Province of Franche Comt6 ; Jurisdiction 01 Besan^on, in France. He was educated for the profes- sion of medicine in Paris. At the age of eighteen years, and a little before he graduated in medicine, he entered the French military service as a volunteer, and was com- missioned as a sergeant in a corps of grenadiers. He came to America with his corps during the Revolution. Medical men being in demand, he was detailed to sur- geon's duty in the medical staff, in the Legion of the Duke de Lauzun 1 and continued in the service to the close of the war. Having nearly served his time in the corps to which he was attached and being determined to settle in America, he sought a release from further service. That he might not be obliged to return to France with his comrades in arms, his mother sent him money to purchase his dis- charge. The following is a copy : " MILITARY DISCHARGE." " We the undersigned certify to all whom it may concern that we have given a full discharge to the within named John Baptiste Brog- nard to go wheresoever he sees fit. Said Brognard is Sergeant in the Grenadier Company in the Corps of Foreign Volunteers of Lauzun, a native of Salino in the Province of Franche Comte in the Jurisdiction of Besangon, aged twenty-two years, five feet, seven inches in height, oval face, aquiline nose, black eyes, chestnut hair and eye brows, a scar under his right eye and slightly marked with Small Pox. Done at Wilmington the first day of the Month of May, 1783. Trentman. 1 This legion upon its arrival at Newport, July loth, 1780, Irving says, was es- pecially admired, having gained reputation in the preceding year by the capture of Senegal. The American struggle had inspired in many of the young French nobility a feeling of adventure and romance, and they sought this new field for the exercise of the traditional heroic and chivalrous courage of their fathers. l66 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Brognard. The said Brognard has served very faithfully in the Corps since the 13th Nov. 1778, until this time and has obtained his discharge by the payment of Three Hundred Pounds which he has paid into the treas- ury of the Corps." Being now released from military obligations he gave himself to the pursuit of his profession in civil life. He first settled in Burlington, his mother in France supply- ing him with funds necessary for his support, until he was established in practice. He married Sarah Smith of Burlington, to whom he had become attached, while in the military service, his betrothal to whom was the leading motive for his settle- ment in this country. He soon became distinguished as a physician and surgeon and acquired a large and profit- able practice, possessing in an eminent degree the confi- dence of the people. He did not long remain in Burling- ton, but removed to Black Horse, (now Columbus) where he spent the remainder of his life. He died on the 17th of April, 1823, aged about sixty-two. His remains, with those of his son Frank, were buried in the Friends' burying place at Mansfield. No monu- ment. Francis Brognard, Son of the above was an intelligent physician and the author of some published essays upon medical subjects. He practised his profession in the same town with his father, but did not succeed in acquiring practice. He became insane before his death which occurred in early manhood. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. l6j Brown. Rev. Isaac Brown Was descended from John Brown, one of the first settlers of Newark. He received his education at Yale College, graduating in 1729. He prepared himself for the minis- try and went to England to be ordained by a Bishop of the Church of England. He was received as a missionary of the Society for the propagation of the Gospel in foreign parts and appointed in 1733 to the mission at Brook- haven, Long Island (church at Setauket). After eleven years of service there, he was transferred to Trinity Church, Newark, New Jersey, to which he ministered from its foundation. He continued to labor there till the troubles of the revolutionary times compelled him to leave his mission. He appears to have been an earnest Loyalist, as in 1777 he was forced to seek refuge in New York, leaving his wife, servants and children and all the property of which he was possessed in the hands " of the enemy." In the last letter which he wrote to the Society, October 4th, 1782, he describes "the Loyalists as daily suffering for the truth's sake — driven from their homes, their property seized, plundered and sold, and themselves reduced to the most extreme poverty." Mr. Brown added to his parochial duties, the responsi- bilities of a medical practitioner and was elected a member of the Medical Society at its second meeting, November, 1766. After the death of the Rev. Mr. McKean of St. Peter's Church, Amboy, Mr. Brown informed its vestry that he had permission of the Society to remove to Amboy, and wished to know if it would be agreeable to them for him to do so. They declined to receive him. In letters subsequently written to the Secretary for the purpose of exculpating themselves from the charge of un- l68 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Brown. kindness to Mr. Brown, they state that the peace and harmony of the church made it necessary to refuse him. That his practising as a physician had been a fruitful source of contention with his parishioners in Newark, through the bills rendered by him in that capacity, and as they had experienced some bad effects from Mr. McKean's practising, they thought it advisable to avoid the possibility of dissensions by procuring some other clergyman. Mr. Brown remained in New York till 1784, when he went to Annapolis, Nova Scotia, where he remained till his death in 1787. 1 Rev. Samuel Brown, A son of the preceding, was elected a member of the Medical Society at the same time with his father. His first name is not recorded. We find no record of his set- tlement as a minister, but occasional notices of his hold- ing religious services after the order of the Church of England, in Second River and other places. It is not probable that he did as much as his father in the practice of medicine. He was compelled with his father to take refuge in New York during the war, and went with him to Nova Scotia. Joseph Brown. An autobiography of Franklin, 1723, 2 narrates how he quit the service of his brother, in Boston, when seven- teen years of age, and his journey from that city in 1 Prime's His. of Long Island. Hawkin's Missions of the Chh. of England. W. A. Whitehead contributions to E. Jersey History. 2 Spark's life of Franklin, Vol. I., pp. 31-2. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 69 Brown. October, secretly by sloop to New York, where he arrived in three days, as he says, "without knowledge of anybody, and very little money in my pocket." Finding no em- ployment there, he resolved to visit Philadelphia. After a stormy and somewhat eventful voyage to Am- boy, he travelled thence on foot to Burlington, expecting to take passage in a boat down the Delaware. At Bor- dentown he was entertained for the night at an inn kept by Dr. Brown, whom he thus describes : " I got to an inn in the evening within eight or ten miles of Burlington, kept by one Doctor Brown. He entered into conversation with me while I took some refreshment, and finding I had read a little, became very obliging and friendly. Our acquaintance continued all the rest of his life. He had been, I imagine, an ambulatory quack Doctor, for there was no town in England, nor any country in Europe of which he could not give a very particular account. He had some letters and was ingenious, but he was an infidel, and wickedly undertook some years after, to turn the Bible into doggerel verse, as Cotton had formerly done with Virgil. By this means he set many facts in a ridicu- lous light, and might have done mischief with weak minds if his work had been published ; but it never was. At his house I lay that night, and arrived the next morning at Burlington ; but had the mortification to find that the regular boats were gone a little before, and no other expected to go before Tuesday this being Saturday." It is reasonable to infer that the Doctor's name was Joseph, and that it was he who married Rebecca, daughter of Joseph Borden the founder of Bordentown. 1 In the old township book of Chesterfield, there occur 1 Woodward's His., chap. vii. 170 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Brown. Bryant. the following items i 1 " At a township meeting in 1738, ' 4 Shilings to Mr. Brown for y e cure of a poor woman; ' .£1. is. 8d. to Joseph Brown for y e trouble he had with a man who dyed at his house." It would seem that the people of the township had confidence in his skill, notwithstanding Franklin's doubts as to his regularity as a medical man. William Bryant Was a son of William Bryant " who in fifty-five voyages in the merchant service between the ports of New York and London approved himself a faithful and fortunate commander," died in 1772, aged eighty-eight, and was buried in Amboy. 2 Capt. Bryant had a daughter Mary, who became the wife of the Hon. William Peartree Smith, of New York, and subsequently of New Jersey. Dr. Bryant practised his profession with distinction and success in Trenton. He was an old man during the Revolutionary war. Being desirous of withdrawing from practice or its more onerous duties he associated himself with Dr. Nicholas Belleville. 3 The Doctor's will was probated 1783. It names his wife, to whom he gave a handsome portion, including " all his negro slaves except the boy William and the girl Peggy, upon the express condition that none of them shall be sent off or sold in the West Indies contrary to their own will and consent." He provided also for his " natural son William Bryant." The will also names his sister, Rebecca Deane, and her two children ; his brother- 1 Ibid. s Whitehead's Contributions. 3 Hall's Pres. Chh., Trenton. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 171 Bryant. Budd. in-law, William P. Smith, of Albany, his nephews, Belcher P. Smith, and William P. Smith, and nephew William Deane. He bequeathed legacies to all the per- sons named and to others. If his property realized the amount of his bequests, he was a rich man for his times. Budd. The progenitor of the family of Budd in New Jersey was Thomas Budd, Rector of Martosh Parish, Somerset- shire, England. He renounced his benefice and became a minister among "Friends" about the year 1657. His son Thomas, who owned a share of Proprietary in West Jersey, came to Burlington in 1668. After remaining for a few years, he returned to London for his family, with which he came again in 1678, arriving in Burlington in the ship Kent, being the second ship from London for the Western parts. 1 There came with him his brothers William, John and James with their families, amounting to some twenty-five souls in all. " Being men of sterling integrity and good business habits, they soon engaged in pursuits of industry which inured to them good profits. They were able to locate lands and to hold a sufficiency of them during life to leave their children large tracts for their future enjoyment and benefit." 2 John Budd, one of the brothers, soon after his arrival in Burlington, removed to Philadelphia and engaged in mercantile pursuits. At his death, which occurred prior to 1738, he left sons, Samuel, John and George. He was the progenitor of the Budds in Pennsylvania. James Budd resided in Burling- 1 Smith's His. of N. J. 2 Earl's address to the Surveyors Asso., West Jersey, 1873. 172 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. BUDD. ton, was a member of the Colonial Assembly in 1688. He was drowned in the Delaware at Burlington, 1692. He had issue, at least one son William, whose descendants now reside on the Monongahela river, Pennsylvania, in Ohio and Missouri. They first removed to Budd's Ferry on the Monongahela, whence the descendants migrated to other parts of the Union. William settled in the county of Burlington, where he largely located lands. Though one of the early pioneers of West Jersey he was less conspicuous in its early history than his brother Thomas, as he did not take an active part in the public affairs of the Colony. 1 Thomas, the eldest of the four primitive brothers, held many important trusts in the Province of New Jersey. When the first form of Government was established by the Proprietors, he was selected with others to assist the governor to establish a code of laws suitable to the main- tenance of good order. He entered into mercantile busi- ness in Burlington and continued there till 1690, when he 1 He died at his farm four miles from Mt. Holly, and was buried in St. Mary's churchyard. His monumental inscription reads " This is in memory of William Budd of Northampton Township who Dyed March ye 20th Anno Domini 1721-2 aged 73 also Ann*his wife who Dyed Sep. ye 30th Anno Domini 1722 aged 6y." He renounced Quakerism. Dr. Hill in his history quotes from Keith's Journal : "Wm. Budd and all his children is come over from Quakerism to the church." He was a warden in St. Mary's church in 1710 and 1711. In his will he left a bene- faction, also lands fijr the construction of a church. His children were William, married Eliza, daughter of Richard V. Stockton of Princeton, a relative of the signer who, being n loyalist, exiled himself to New Brunswick, where he died. (Sabine). Thomas born 1686, died 1742, married Deborah Langstaff. David married Catherine Allen. James, Susanna, Ann married James Bingham, who by the decease of an elder brother became Lord Ashburton, and Sarah. The issue of William and Eliza (Stockton) Budd, copied from a family tree by William Bradford, Attorney General, United States, was Mary Budd, married Joseph Shinn. Susan married Jacob Gaskill. Thomas married Jemima Leeds. William married Susanna Cole. Rebecca married Joseph Lamb. Abigail married John Theser. Ann married J. Lendell Cole. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 73 BUDD. too removed to Philadelphia and continued his business till his death in 1690. In the religious controversy of 1691 he renounced Quakerism and associated himself with the fortunes of George Keith. His will bears date September 9th, 1697, wherein he bequeathed to his sons John and Thomas and to daughters Mary 1 and Rose, leaving his widow and eldest son John as executors. This general history of the Budds, derived in part from an address, 1873, of F. W. Earl, before the West Jersey Surveyors' Association, is given because the family is re- markable'for the number of medical men it has produced and that the genealogy and relations of those whose me- morials are hereafter given may be more intelligently traced. We notice first those who were members of the Medi- cal Society, viz. : Berne, (Bernardus) Thomas and Daniel. Berne Budd Was a practitioner of medicine and surgery in Morris County. He was born in 1738, the son of John Budd. The latter being the eldest son of Thomas (1) removed into Hunterdon County (now Morris) soon after his father's death, no doubt taking offence at not having as the eldest son, more of the estate of his father, 2 the ex- ecutorship of whose estate he renounced soon after his death. After his mother Susannah, according to the will, sold enough property to pay the debts and legacies of Thomas Budd, then John commenced to sell the residue while he lived in Hunterdon County, where lands to a 1 Mary Budd married William Allen the ancestor of Chief Justice Allen of Pennsylvania, not Dr. Gosling as some records have it. 2 F. W. Earl's address. 13 174 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. BUDD. large amount had been located. While residing in Morris County, he conveyed by deed dated 1738, one-sixth of a whole propriety to his three cousins as follows : to Thomas, eldest son of William, (1) Samuel eldest son of John, (1) and to William son of James (1). The property was contiguous to and included Budd's Lake, where descendants of those named still reside. His will is dated September 6th, 1749, probated 1754, in which he speaks of " being very old." He left children ; (Dr.) John, (Dr.) Thomas, William, (Dr.) Berne, Susan and Catharine. He renounced the religion of the Friends while with his father in Philadelphia and became a member of the First Presbyterian church in that city, Reverend Jedidiah Andrews, pastor. He was doubtless one of the founders of the first church of the Presbyterian order in Morris County, (Hanover) in 1718, as he represented that church in the Synod of Philadelphia in the year 1722-3-4-8-9-30. Dr. Berne, his son, married Phebe Wheeler, of Morris County. He was highly esteemed for his social position and for his reputed skill in his profession. He fell, how- ever, '' into a most criminal deportment," 1 by being con- cerned in the crime of counterfeiting the bills of credit of the province of New Jersey. He was associated with Samuel Ford, of Morris County, who was supposed to be the leader of the gang. The Doctor with three others in Morris County and one in Sussex, were convicted and sentenced to be hung. The four Morris County convicts being men of high social position, with influential friends, were reprieved on the morning appointed for their execu- tion, and were subsequently pardoned. His professional skill was held in such high repute that his conviction of crime and his having been sentenced to death in conse- 1 Records of Med. Soc. of N. J. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 75 BUDD. quence, did not prevent his retaining his practice. The records of Court, 1773, show that he was embarrassed in his circumstances. He was sued for debt in several cases and judgment obtained against him. 1 He was appointed a surgeon in the army, State troops, Gen. Wind's brigade, Morris, September 12th, 1777. 3 He died of putrid fever three months thereafter and was buried on the Budd (John Budd) farm, two miles from Morristown, (now Columbia Bridge). No stone marks his grave. Dr. Clark, in his History of Medical Men, &c, says that he was the first signer of the constitution of the Medical Society at its formation, 1766. A reference to the original book of records makes it clear that the first signer was Rev. Robert McKean, who was the first President, his name being on the right of the document and followed by others. As is common when signers are numerous, a second column of signatures was begun on the left, Berne Budd stands at its head arid is the tenth signature to the document. He left children, John C, David and Sarah. One of whom John C. Budd succeeded his father as a practitioner of medicine in Morris County. Born 1762; died 1845. He was followed by a son Berne Budd, (2) practising for a time in Newark, then removing to New York where he died a few years since. His two sons Charles Budd and Berne Budd (3) practised medicine in New York. Both recently deceased. 3 1 Rev. Jos. F. Tuttle MSS. Notes of Morris County History. 2 Stryker's Register. s Quoud Berne (1). Whitehead's paper before His. Soc. of N. J. Early His. of Morris Co., by Rev. Jos. F. Tuttle. Minutes of N. J. Medical Society, etaliis. 176 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. BUDD. Thomas Budd, A brother of Berne (1), was a physician in 1766. The writer has seen a charge to him of that year, on the books of a fashionable tailor in Elizabethtown, for a pair of velvet breeches ; an index, we may assume of good social position. In May, 1767, he was admitted to the Medical Society. His credentials state that he had served a regular appren- ticeship in Salem, New Jersey, probably with his elder brother John, noticed hereafter, and had also attended Dr. Shippen's lectures on Anatomy, in Philadelphia. In November of the same year he received credentials from the Society, as about to visit the West Indies. From the traditions in the family concerning him we infer that he was somewhat of an adventurer ; being " fond of the sea." In 1777 he was in Charleston, South Carolina, where his brother John then resided. Early in that year the United States vessel of war, Randolph, put into that harbor for repairs, and in the early part of 1778 sailed thence with other vessels in search of British ships, Nicholas Bid- die commander. Dr. Thomas Budd sailed in her as sur- geon. On March 7th of that year, when east of Barbadoes, she fell in with the British vessel of war, Yarmouth, and in an engagement was blown up and all on board per ished. 1 It is not known that Dr. Budd ever married. Daniel Budd Was descended from the primitive William, who died 1722. His third son David, whose will was dated 1760, left four sons and one daughter. Daniel, the subject of His. of U. S. Navy. J. Fennimore Cooper, etaliis. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 77 BUDD. this sketch, was the fourth son. The Doctor and "his brother were left with considerable means, in the care of an uncle, probably William, who educated them in Princeton, under the tutelage of the College teachers. They did not take the honors of the college. It is be- lieved that after Daniel had studied medicine in Philadel- phia, he visited Scotland and graduated at the University of Edinburgh. He commenced practice in Mount Holly and also lived for a time in Pemberton. He became a member of the Medical Society in 1772. He removed to Schoharie, New York, prior to the Revolution. Here he married a daughter of J. J. Lawyer, a wealthy landholder. After his marriage, he removed to Schenectady, where he lived till the outbreak of the war, when he promptly joined the Continental army as surgeon. He was at the crossing of the Delaware and at Valley Forge. Was for some time a prisoner in the Camp of the British and Indians. He served till the close of the war, and then returned to Schoharie, to practise his profession. The Doctor was a man of medium size, of pleasing features, agreeable manners and exceedingly popular as a physician. Possessing a great fund of anecdote, his soci- ety was highly prized by the convivial. He was thereby exposed to the temptation of occasional over- indulgence and neglect of business. He was a poor collector and never hardly charged the poor for his professional services, He owned estates both in New York and New Jersey living occasionally on each. He and his father and grandfather were all owners of slaves. He was trained in his religious sentiments in the Episcopal church. He died of disease of the liver, at Old Schoharie, New York. His remains were interred in the Lutheran church 178 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. BUDD. cemetery of that town. His wife survived him nine years. The monumental inscription reads: In Memory of Doct. DANIEL BUDD WHO DIED March 15 Anno Domini 1815 Aged 64 Years This languishing head is at rest Its aching and thinking is o'er This still immovable breast Is heaved with affliction no more. Know thou, Oh Stranger to the fame Of this much loved, much honored name For none who knew him, need be told A Warmer heart death ne'er made Cold. In Memory of REBECCA LAWYER wife of doct. Daniel Budd who departed this Life January oth 1824 aged 71 years. MSS. Dictionary of Deceased American Physicians, by Jos. M. Toner, M. D. MSS. Notes of F. W. Earl, et aliis. John Budd Was the eldest son and child of John (2) who settled in Morris County. He was settled as a physician in Salem, New Jersey, as early as 1758. In the Pennsylvania Gazette, June 1st, 1758, is a notice of lands of John Budd, of Morris County, "to be sold by Dr. John Budd, of Salem." In the same paper July 18th, 1759, notice is given that the Doctor will receive subscriptions to the New American Magazine.^ He was married in 1758, to Rosanna, daughter of Samuel Shivers, of Gloucester County. In 1771, being then a resident of Salem, he prayed the Assembly for a release from his debts, and an act was passed granting his petition. 2 Subsequent to this date he migrated to Charleston, South Carolina, and 1 MSS. Notes of J. M. Toner, M. D. ' Acts of Provincial Assembly. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 179 BUDD. practised medicine there till his death, 1791. During the war he was appointed surgeon of a Regt. of Artillery, raised in South Carolina. He was taken prisoner and confined in the prison ship at Amelia Island. It may be inferred that he was a man of reputation as he became a partner in Charleston of Dr. Ramsay the distinguished physician and historian of South Carolina. That he was a man of self-reliance and originality of thought, appears from the fact that he performed the operation of transfusion upon a patient with success. He is remembered by a grand-nephew, now very aged, as a very fine gentleman whose long cue was an object of in- terest to him. His children were John Shivers Budd, died November 28th, 1799, who left sons, John, William and Thomas Shivers Budd ; the latter only surviving, now a resident of Charleston, from whom this part of his record is derived. He had daughters Hester and Sarah who died about 1801. Stacy Budd Was descended from William (1) through his second son Thomas, who married Deborah Langstaff. A son Thomas was the issue of this union, born 17 10, died 175 1 ; married Rebecca Atkinson; had issue, Stacy, Joseph, Elizabeth, Rachael, born 1750, who married Isaac Collins, the Printer. Dr. Stacy Budd was born in 1740. He studied medi- cine under Dr. Alexander Ross, in Burlington, finishing his medical studies in Philadelphia, under the in- struction of his stepfather Dr. Thomas Say. He let his house and land in Mount Holly which he inherited l8o HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. BUDD. from his father, to John Munro and boarded in the fam- ily, following the practise of his profession. During this time in 1762, he married Sarah, daughter of J. Munro, probably the most extensive owner of lands in West Jersey. The Doctor, for this marriage, was disowned by the Society of Friends. After the birth of her second child, she joined the Society and he was reinstated. He removed from Mount Holly to Moorestown, but after a residence of a year returned to his former home and remained on his patrimonial estate to the close of his days. 1 He was much esteemed in his profession, particularly by the poor, who always found in him a friend without respect of reward. His practice was so extensive, espe- cially towards the sea coast, that he was sent for upwards of forty miles to render medical service. Though his health had been declining for several years previous, his active life closed February 13th, 1804, after a short ill- ness. His remains were interred in the Friends' burial place, Mount Holly. His children were Margaret, married John Bispham, whose daughter Eliza married John Neale, Attorney at law. Mahlon, Sheriff of Burlington County, married Mary Shaw Sturling. Stacy died unmarried. Benjamin Say. Elizabeth, married Joseph Hatkinson. Rebecca, married John Comely, preacher among Friends. Rachael, married Benjamin West. Charles. Sarah, married Genl. Samuel J. Read, father of Dr. Zachariah Read. Ann, died unmarried. 1 Dr. Benjamin Say was half-brother to Dr. Stacy Budd, as after the death of his father, the widow married Dr. Thomas Say, son of William Say, of Philadel- phia. Benjamin Say was a druggist in Philadelphia and it is traditionary that he was for a time in partnership with Dr. Stacy. It is not known that the latter re- moved to Philadelphia. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. l8l BUDD. Benjamin Say Budd, Son of Dr. Stacy Budd studied medicine with his uncle Dr. Benjamin Say, of Philadelphia. Upon his return to Mount Holly, his father took him into partnership in his extensive practice and after his father's death he continued a practitioner of medicine to the close of his days. He married Hannah, daughter of Joseph Burr of Vin- centown, June 19th, 1793. 1 She died 1st of 8th month, 1797. In 1801, he married (2) Sarah, daughter of John Dobbins, of Mount Holly. After the death of his mother, 25th of 8th month, 1813, he removed to the homestead mansion where he resided till his death. He had a very extensive practice and was a very popu- lar physician. His personal presence was attractive, his manners easy and his disposition social. His costume neat and according to the genteel order of his day. He wore his hair long behind and held up by a comb. He indulged in well bred merriment and liked a joke — none the less if it was at his own expense. One of this char- acter he is reported to have related of himself. On his return from a visit to a convalescent patient he met a carpenter who was building a house near by. The Doctor asked him which would beat, he cure his patient or the carpenter finish his house. " I don't know," said the latter, " maybe I will, if I get a Frenchman to help me, who knows more than I do," alluding to the Doctor's consultation in the case with Dr. Brognard. 3 In St. Andrew's Churchyard is his tombstone record : DR. BENJAMIN SAY BUDD Born June 26 1769 Died Nov. 9 1833. » Dr. J. M. Toner. " Charles Stokes' Reminiscences. l82 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Budd. Burnet. By his first marriage union he had one daughter, who married John Beatty, Esq. By his second, he had Sarah Ann, Susan, Benjamin, Lucy, John, a dentist, Elizabeth and Mary. Benjamin Say Budd, Jr., The seventh child of Benjamin S. Budd, studied medicine but did not become a practitioner. He married Emily, daughter of Dr. Stout, of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. In the same burial place with that of his father is found the record : Dr. BENJAMIN SAY BUDD Son of Dr. BENJANIN SAY BUDD Born January io 1813 Died March 9 1863. Of the medical descendants of the primitive Budds, whose genealogy is uncertain, we notice Dr. Solomon Sharp, U. S. N., now deceased, son of Jemima Budd. Dr. Charles Henry Budd in Girard College. Dr. Abraham Ten Eyck Budd, practising in North Carolina. Dr. Samuel Budd, New York City. Dr. John Budd Pethe- ridge, grandson of Isaac Budd (1). Dr. William Newbold Bispham, son of Stacy and Ann (Newbold) Bispham, was grandson of John and Margaret (Budd) Bispham. Dr. Charles Bispham Neale, was grandson of same. Ichabod Burnet, Born in Southampton, Long Island, 1684 He was a son of Daniel Burnet and grandson of Thomas, who migrated from Lynn, Massachusetts, to Southampton about 1640. Ichabod came with his father from Long Island to Elizabethtown about 1700. He was a grad- HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 83 Burnet. uate of the University of Edinburgh and probably took his degree in medicine there. In 1730 he lived and prac- tised in Lyon's Farms, but afterwards it is inferred that he removed to Elizabethtown. The account following is found among the East Jersey Manuscripts, No. 40, in the New Jersey Historical Library. The names mentioned make it probable that the Doctor's visits extended to what is now Orange. Amos Williams Dttr March y e 29, 1742. . ■ £> s- d. To one visit to see his son Dttr 00. 07. oo- April 2 to one visit to see his son 00. 07. 00. To five ouncis of Ungd Dialthea 00. 10. 00. To twelve Dos Pill Mathea Dttr 00. 05. 00. April y 7 to one visit To his son 00. 07. 00. To Eighteen Dosis of Ant Diap 00. 08. 00. April y 1 1 To one visit to Joseph Rigd's . . . .00. 06. 00. Contrary credit by Medsons brought back . Due to me Ichabod Burnet. . 00. 06. 00. On the back of the account it is receipted thus : the New Jersey Sept. y e 19 day Ano Dom 1743 Then Received of Mr. Samuel Allin the Sum of one Pound fifteen shillings on the ac- count of Mr. Amos Williams. I say Received in full of all acco from me to this day. Ichabod Burnet. He is spoken of by Hatfield as one of the distinguished men of the town. He died July 13th, 1774, aged ninety. The historian notices his death as occuring in the midst of the agitation caused by the events which had just before transpired at Boston, and as the citizens of Eliza- bethtown were giving expression to their indignant feel- ings against the tyranny of Great Britain, which gave an impetus to the patriot movement of the whole Province. The Doctor's wife Hannah, died February 19th, 1758, aged fifty-six. They had two sons, William and 1 84 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Burnet. Ichabod, Jr. Both became physicians ; the latter died March 12th, 1756, in his twenty-fourth year. William removed to Newark. 1 William Burnet, Son of Doctor Ichabod {supra) of Elizabethtown, was born December 2d, 1730, O. S. He graduated at Prince- ton, 1749, studied medicine with Dr. Staats of New York, and settled in Newark as a physician. He had acquired reputation and popularity in his pro- fession when the Revolutionary war broke out. He at once relinquished a lucrative practice and assumed and maintained a conspicious part as one of the leaders in the popular cause in Newark and in Essex County during the war. As Chairman of the Committee of Safety, he exer- cised large powers and a commanding influence. On one occasion in 1776, he organized and dispatched to New York a force of three hundred men, and was treated as the recognized head of Essex County. He was also Deputy Chairman of the Newark Committee, and, in con- nection with Capt. Joseph Hedden and Samuel Hays really governed the town for several years. He was also 1st Judge of the County Courts. He suffered much in his private property by the depre- dations of the enemy. His large and valuable library was headed up in casks and carried off by the British or their allies, the refugees. At another time fifty head of cattle were driven off from his farm. 2 In July, 1776, he was appointed one of the three com- missioners for issuing State bills of credit, and making 1 Bradley's Notes. Hatfield's His. of Elizabeth. Thompson's His. of L. I. a Alden's Collections. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 85 Burnet. purchases of arms and ammunition for the public servicet He was Commissioned Surgeon Second Regt. Essex, February 17th, 1776. 1 He was elected a member of Congress, Continental, for 1 780-1. Early in the Session, Congress divided the thirteen States into three military districts, and by that Congress he was commissioned a hospital surgeon and physician of the army, and finally on the 5th of March, 1781, Chief Physician and Surgeon of the Hospital De- partment of the Eastern District. He resigned his seat in Congress and assumed the arduous duties of this responsible post, which he continued to discharge till the close of the war. The following incident is given upon the authority of his son Hon. Jacob Burnet, of Ohio : On a certain occasion Dr. Burnet, while stationed at West Point, was dining with others at the house of Genl. Arnold, when an officer of the day entered and reported that a spy had been taken below, who called himself James Anderson. It was re- marked by the persons at the table that this intelligence, so interesting to the General, produced no visible change in his countenance or behavior; that he continued in his seat for some minutes, conversing as before ; after which he arose saying to his guests, that business required him to be absent for a short time, and desired them to remain and enjoy themselves till his return. The next intelli- gence they had of him was that he was in his barge moving rapidly to a British ship of war, the Vulture, which was lying at anchor a short distance below the Point. Dr. Burnet married Mary, daughter of Nathaniel Camp of Newark, by whom he had a large family of children, 1 Stryker's Register. 1 86 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Burnet. viz: William, Jr., who was an eminent physician; Icha- bod, who was secretary of the Essex County Committee of which his father was chairman; and in 1777 became aid-de-camp to Major General Green, and continued such with the rank of Major throughout the war. He was a brave and efficient officer and greatly beloved by his Gen- eral. He died at Charleston, South Carolina, at the age of twenty-seven, just as the war closed ; John, Post- master of Newark from 1789 to 1803 ; Jacob, the eminent Judge and Senator from Ohio, who resided at Cincinnati, and was one of the early settlers ; and George Whitfield also a lawyer who settled in Ohio. He married (2) Gertrude Gouverneur, widow of Colonel Phillip Van Courtland, by whom he had three sons, the youngest of whom was David G. Burnet, the first provincial President of Texas in 1836, a brave, pure, high-toned and accomplished gen- tleman who lived to an advanced age and died in Galves- ton in December, 1870. Thus not only by his own high position but by the honorable reputation achieved by his sons, Doctor Burnet has become entitled to a distinguished place in the an- nals of his native state. His daughter Hannah married Abraham Kinney and became the mother of William B. Kinney, former United States Minister to Italy, and the well known Editor of the Newark Daily Advertiser. At the close of the war the Doctor returned to his family and devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. His homestead was in what is now the lower part of Newark, on the north-east corner of Lincoln Park and opposite the site or nearly so, of the present mansion of Mr. James R. Sayre. 1 Soon after his return he was appointed Presid- 1 He afterwards purchased a lot (six acres) on the east side of Broad street through which Kinney street was afterwards laid, where he lived many years. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 87 Burnet. Cadwalader. ing Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He was a member of the First Presbyterian Church in Newark, and for the last twenty-three years of his life one of its ruling elders. He was one of the original members of the Medical Society in 1766, and was elected President in 1767 and again in 1786. Being a fine classical scholar, on assuming the office on the first occasion he read an essay in Latin on the use of the lancet in pleurisy. He died October 7th, 1 79 1, aged sixty-one. 1 William Burnet, Jr., Son of the preceding, was born in 1754, died 1799. He practised his profession in Belleville and acquired a repu- tation. During the war he was commissioned Surgeon, General Hospital, Continental Army. 2 He married Joanna, daughter of Capt. Joseph Ailing, of Newark. He had daughters who married men who became emi- nent. Abigail married Caleb S. Riggs, a distinguished lawyer in New York, a native of Essex County, New Jersey. Mary married Chief-Justice Joseph C. Horn- blower. Caroline married William Pennington, a Gov ernor of New Jersey. 3 Thomas Cadwalader Was a native of Philadelphia. Born in 1707. His father, John Cadwalader, came to America with Penn, 1699. Soon after his arrival, he joined one of the settlements of 1 MSS. His. Notes, Hon. Jos. P. Bradley. Hon. Jacob Burnet's Notes, etc. 2 Stryker's Register. » MSS. His. Notes, Jos. P. Bradley. 188 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Cadwalader. his Welsh Countrymen, near Merion, a few miles west of Philadelphia. He is said to have been a man of high character and much literary culture. He married Martha, daughter of Dr. Edward Jones, an emigrant from Merion- ethshire. Her mother was the daughter of Dr. Thomas Wynne, an eminent physician, who had come over with Penn in the Welcome. The children of John Cadwalader were three daughters and one son, Thomas, who is the subject of our sketch. Dr. Cadwalader spent the most of his life in the city of his birth, and there achieved the highest standing as one of its most distinguished physicians. Simpson in his " Lives of Eminent Philadelphians," has given an inter- esting memoir of the Doctor, but makes no reference to his residence in New Jersey, with which he was identified, both by residence and as a large property holder. His early education was received in the Friends' public school, Philadelphia, taught by Thomas Makin, and further pursued at the Academy at Bensalem, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, under the instruction of Rev. Wil- liam Tennent. When eighteen years of age he was placed under the care of his uncle, Dr. Evan Jones, for the study of medicine and two years thereafter was sent to England, where he entered the Royal College of Sur- geons, in London. He graduated in medicine at this institution in 1730, and after another year's anatomical course under Cheselden, he returned to America for the practise of his profession. Plis chosen field of practice was Philadelphia. He is noticed in " Watson's Annals," as one among the few physicians, who, in that city, in 1736-7, inoculated for the small pox. Prior to 1751, it would appear that he divided his time between Trenton and his native city. In 1738, he married, "after the HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 89 Cadwalader. manner of the people called Quakers and according to the good order used among them," Hannah, daughter of Thomas Lambert, deceased, of Lamberton, now the Sixth Ward of Trenton. The latter was the son of Thomas Lambert, who, with his father-in-law, Mahlon Stacy, landed at Burlington from the " Shield," in 1678 and set- tled in Lamberton in 1679. Thomas Lambert (2) devised by will, February 12th, 1732, considerable lands, together with proprietary, rights, &c, to his four daughters, Elizabeth Biles, Hannah, Achshah and Margaret. This land consisted of " three tracts or parcels of land situated in the County of Hunterdon adjoining each other on Shabbakunk Creek: containing in the whole 713 acres." Upon a resurvey of these tracts, 138 acres overplus were found. By deed of partition in May 6th, 1738, between the heirs, these three lots, 851 acres, fell to Hannah, after- wards the wife of Dr. Cadwalader. In 1745 the Doctor wrote an essay, the title page being as follows: An Essay On the West India Dry Gripes with the method of preventing and curing that Cruel Distemper To which is added An extraordinary case in Physick. Printed and Sold by B. Franklin Philadelphia MDCCXLV. 12 mo. pp. 42. 14 190 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Cadwaladek. The preface to the above occupies five pages, and is dated at the close thus : " New Jersey Trenton March 25 1745 Tho. Cadwalader." Two editions of this essay were printed, the preface in both was signed as above. The following advertisement further leads to the inference that the Doctor claimed Trenton as his resi- dence in 1745. Penn'a Gazette, October 31, 1745 : " Run away on Saturday the 26th of October from Thomas Cad- walader of Trenton, a negro man named Sam a likely fellow." * * Signed, "Thomas Cadwalader." In the 19th of Geo. II. (1746), Trenton, which was founded a few years prior, received a charter as a borough, and the Doctor was chosen its first Chief Burgess. He resigned this office in 1750, and as a token of his regard for the citizens, gave .£5°° to establish a public library. That he was a large property holder in Trenton, appears from an advertisement copied from a paper of the day, and published in Hall's His. of the Pres. Church in Trenton. May, 1750. Thos. Cadwalader " offers 900 acres of woodland a mile and a half north of the town, watered by five streams, one of which the Trenton Mills stand on ; also a plantation of 700 acres on the Delaware, where Mr. Douglass now lives, north of Trenton about two miles. * * * also a large corner brick house in Queen street, in a very publick part of the town ; also 25 acres of pasture land in the upper end of Queen street." HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 191 Cadwalader. In the library of the His. Soc. of New Jersey, we find a deed from Thos. Cadwalader to James Rutherford, dated February 4, 1754, which describes Thomas Cadwalader "late of Trenton, at present of the city of Philadelphia, practitioner of Physick." After 1 75 1 he seems to have been wholly indentified with Philadelphia, as a citizen. In that year he was chosen one of the original trustees of the Philadelphia Hospital, and was appointed upon its medical staff. He was, in the same year, made a member of the City Council, and remained in office till 1769. He was soon chosen a member of the Governor's Council, and con- tinued such till the change of government in 1776. He was one of the founders of the " Library Company of Pennsylvania"; on the first board of trustees of the Academy of Philadelphia (afterwards the University of Philadelphia), 1749; a member of the American Philos. Soc. (organized 1743), and of the American Society for Promoting Useful Knowledge. Upon the union of the two Societies in 1769, forming the present American Philos. Society, he was chosen one of its Vice-Chancel- lors, and continued so till his death. In 1752, at the solicitation of Dr. Wm. Shippen, Sr., he gave lectures on Anatomy, the first upon the subject given in America, Dr. Shippen not lecturing till nine years thereafter. The Doctor's children were : I. Martha, wife of Brig. Gen. Jno. Dagworthy. II. John, born January, 1742, died 1786. Brig. Gen. during the Revolution ; served at Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. III. Lambert, born December, 1742, died 1823. Col. 1st Penn. Regulars ; taken prisoner at Fort Washington, 1776. I92 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Cadwalader. IV. Mary, wife of Maj. Gen. Philemon Dickinson. V. Rebecca, ditto, second wife. VI. Elizabeth, died 1799. VII. Margaret, wife of Brig. Gen. Sam'l Meredith. The Doctor ended his days at the Greenwood Mansion, Trenton, which became the property of his son Lambert, in 1776. 1 His death is thus noticed in the New Jersey Gazette (Trenton), Wednesday, November 17, 1779: " On Sunday last, in the neighborhood of this place, Thomas Cad- walader, Esq., late an eminent physician in Philadelphia, in the 72d year of his age, 2 universally regretted by his acquaintance and friends." His wife died in Philadelphia in 1786. We have met with no tradition or record in Trenton of the Doctor's practice there. It is, however, fair to infer that while a resident, his professional enthusiasm was none the less earnest, and that his fellow-citizens enjoyed the benefit of his medical counsel. For the personal characteristics and the extended pro- fessional relations of Dr. Cadwalader, the reader is referred to Simpson's Lives and Watson's Annals, to both of which this record is designed to be supple- mentary. 3 1 This noted mansion, with its old furniture and many valuable papers and heirlooms, was destroyed by fire on January 24, 1872. It was the residence of Col. Lambert Cadwalader, who, upon his death in 1822, bequeathed it to his son, Gen. Thomas Cadwalader, who died October 24, 1873. The house was imme- diately rebuilt and the property is still in the possession of the family. — Trenton Free American, January 25th, 1872. 2 73d, he was born in 1707. a MSS. His. Notes of Wm. John Potts. Newspaper Sketches by Wharton Dickinson, MSS. notes of Wm. H. Rawle, etalils. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. I93 Camp. Stephen Camp, A son of Nathaniel Camp, of Newark, was born in 1739. Studied at Princeton, where he graduated in 1756. After studying medicine he settled himself for its practice in Bridgetown, now Rahway, where he married Hester Birt, a daughter of a British officer of some distinction. He was one of the founders of the New Jersey Medical Society, being present at its first meeting. He died before he reached middle life. The Doctor was fond of company, " full of fun and frolic," and made many friends. He died in 1775. One son, John, survived him, who, though quite young, became a Tory and a refugee and was killed in Georgia during the Revolutionary War. He left also a daughter. Two sisters of Dr. Camp married : Mary, born in 1731, to Dr. Wm. Burnet, and Elizabeth to Dr. John Griffith, who succeeded to Dr. Camp's practice upon his decease. The house in which Dr. Camp died was occupied suc- cessively, perhaps not continuously, by Drs. Camp, Griffith, Lewis Morgan, and by the late Dr. Samuel Abernethy, who died in 1874. It is said to be the oldest house in Rahway. Monumental inscription in Rahway: Here lies the once useful and valued, But now much Lamented Doct'r Stephen Camp Who dy'd March 19th 1775 in ye 37th year of his age. How Iov'd How valu'd once avails the m To whom related or By Whom bego' A heap of Dust alone remains of the Tis all THOU art and all ye PROUD sh£ ■ MSS. His. Notes Hon. Jos. P. Bradley, tt aliis. 194 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Campfield. Jabez Campfield, Son of Benjamin, was born in Newark, early educated in the " Providence Plantations," and afterwards at Prince- ton, receiving its honors in 1759. He married Sarah Ward, of Newark. He became a member of the Medical Society in 1773, and practised his profession in Morris- town. He joined the Continental Army, in Boston or Cam- bridge, as a surgeon, under Green. Was in Morristown three winters with the army, including that when Wash- ington was there. During the war he was senior surgeon on Dr. Burnet's staff. In Stryker's Register his name appears as " Surgeon, Spencer's Regt. Continental Army, January 1st, 1777, discharged at the close of the war." In the proceedings of the Historical Society of New Jersey, will be found the Diary 1 of Dr. Campfield, where he accompanied Sullivan's Expedition into Western Penn- sylvania and New York in 1779, and this diary is his nar- rative of that campaign. He practised his profession to some extent after the war, but gave much of his attention to agriculture and other pursuits. He was surrogate of Morris County, from the beginning of the County records in 1784 to 1804. As a founder of the Old Morris Academy he was prominent, being the moderator of the public meetings, called to consider the project and subsequently President of the Board of Trustees. He instituted the Morris County Agricultural Society, which possessed a fair library, which was afterwards merged in the Apprentices' Library and finally became the Morristown Library and Lyceum As- sociation. After the war he resided in Morristown till his death, Contributed by Edmund D. Halsey, Esq. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. I95 Campfield. in May, 1821, aged eighty-three, having purchased a farm near New Vernon. In his will, dated August 17th, 1818, he devised his property to his son and only child, Dr. Wil- liam Campfield. He was buried in the graveyard of the First Presbyterian Church, Morristown. No stone marks his grave He was an infidel, and used to remark that he would as lief have his " body after death put out under one of the trees of his place, as buried at all." 1 William Campfield, Son of Jabez {Supra). He was a graduate of Princeton, 1784. He was more distinguished as a physician than his father. Was elected a member of the Medical Society in 1788. He was Captain of the Morris Squadron of New Jersey Cavalry from 1798 to 1807. He died in 1824, surviving his father but three years. His remains were laid in the same burial place with his father, no stone marking his grave. He married a daughter (Hannah ?) of Samuel Tuttle, whose family was one of the most cultivated and aristo- cratic in the County of Morris. She died about 1828, near Geneva, New York. Both father and son were men of much culture and high intellect. The latter is said to have been a very brilliant man. The old family mansion in Morristown is now standing in admirable preservation and is almost equally historic with the " Headquarters." Gen. Schuyler had his home there and there tradition says, Alexander Hamilton became enamoured of the General's daughter. The Doctor's children were ; Alexander, who became a 1 Edmund D. Halsey in N. J. His. Soc, et aliis. 196 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Campfield. Canfield. Campbell. physician, practising in or near Odgensburg, New York and died in 1874, aged about eighty-five, leaving issue, Charles, now living in Savannah, Georgia, Appraiser of the Port. Catharine, married Dunham, now a. widow, living in Augusta, Georgia, with the widow of her brother Edward, who was a planter and died 1872. Mary, married Rev. Brown, a Baptist minister and died about 1866. Abraham Canfield, Was a son of Abraham and a grandson of Israel Canfield, of Newark. His father migrated from his native town to Morristown, where the Doctor was born and where he practised his profession. He studied medicine with Dr. Jabez Campfield and received his license to practice in 1788. In the same year he was admitted to membership in the Medical Society. He enjoyed a good practice and was reputed as skillful in the treatment of the long ty- phus fevers, so prevalent in his day. He paid especial attention to drainage and the ventilation of bedrooms, as well as other parts and-surroundings of dwelling houses. His health failed him early in life and Dr. Ebenezer H. Pierson, who married his sister, succeeded to his practice. Dr. Canfield died at the house of his sister Hannah, near Schooley's Mountain Springs, about 18 10, at about forty- four years of age. His brother Isaac, was the father of Dr. Isaac W. Canfield, of Morristown, who died there about twenty years since. George W. Campbell Was born August 15th, 1758. He lived and practised his profession in Frenchtown, Hunterdon County. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 1 97 Campbell. During the war he was commissioned " Surgeon, Hospital Flying Camp, Continental Army, April nth, 1775." 1 Was elected a member of the Medical Society in 1787. For his memoir, see Blane's History of the Medical Men of Hunterdon County. John Campbell Was a son of Archibald Campbell, of Hackensack, who is noticed by the historian as furnishing the table of Gen. Washington, when he had his headquarters at the house of Peter Zabriskie, in November, 1776. When the Gene- ral was on the point of his departure from the town, before the approaching forces of Cornwallis, he called at the door of Mr. Campbell and asked for some wine and water. When the glass was returned, the latter with tears in his eyes, said to Washington, " General, what shall I do ; I have a family of small children and a little property here, shall I leave it." Washington kindly took him by the hand as he replied, " Mr. Campbell, stay by your property and keep neutral" then bidding him good- bye, rode off. On the next day the British took posses- sion of the town. In 1780, he was taken prisoner by the Hessian troops, on their passage through the town, -but escaped by hiding in a cellar. 3 He died in 1798. Dr. Campbell, his son, was born, February 13th, 1770. He was married in New York, November 28th, 1792, to Jane Waldron, who was born on Long Island, June 30th, 1772. The issue of this union was ten children. He spent his life in Hackensack, in the practice of his pro- 1 Stryker's Register. 2 Barber and Howe's His. Col. I98 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Campbell. Carmichael. Carroll. fession and was esteemed a good physician and an exem- plary citizen. He died December 15th, 18 14, aged forty- four. His wife survived him till January 2d, 1853. They both died and were buried in Hackensack. John Flavel Carmichael became a member of the Medical Society in 1787, having received his license to practice medicine in the same year. In November, 1788, he received a certificate from the Soc- iety, as a reputable member of the profession being about to leave the State. He was the second son of the Rev. Jno. Carmichael and Phebe Crane, whose mother became the second wife of Jonathan Dickinson. Dr. Carmichael studied medicine with Dr. Moses Scott, of New Brunswick. He entered the army as surgeon in 1788. After several years service, he resigned and settled in Mississippi, where he died in 1807, aged about forty-eight. 1 Edward Carroll Was a resident of New Brunswick. He is remembered as a man of high scientific attainments, great suavity of man- ners, a member of Christ Church and of devout piety. His monumental inscription in the Episcopal churchyard of New Brunswick reads : "In memory of Edward Carroll, M. D., who departed this life 1840, .E 73. Formerly of the Island of Jamaica, but for many years areputed inhabitant of this town. He was a physician, alike eminent for the Christian graces and virtues that adorned his life, and for the medical skill and science that ranked him high in his profession. The loveliness and purity of his character secured to him the esteem of all and the friendship of many." 1 SpragueVAnnals. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 199 Carroll. Chandler. He came to New Brunswick from the Island of Jamaica. He did not practise in New Brunswick, being wealthy. He married a wife much younger than himself, who after- wards married an actor named Ball, who was an adven- turer and soon squandered her property. Dr. Carroll became totally blind after his removal to New Brunswick. He died without issue. William Chandler, Son of Rev. Dr. Thomas H. Chandler, graduated at King's College in 1774. He was a native and resident, till the war, of Elizabethtown. He fled from there in 1776, on account of his own and his father's ardent loyalty to the Mother Country. He served as Captain of New Jersey Volunteers, (British service) and was stationed on Staten Island. After peace was declared he went to England and died there October 22d, 1784, in his twenty- ninth year. He was educated as a physician. An old account book, now extant, has his name entered as Doc- tor Chandler. The contest which opened just as he became of age, probably prevented the pursuit of his pro- fession. His attention seems to have been wholly given to military affairs. His father was a descendant of William Chandler, who came to America and settled at Roxbury, Massachusetts, in 1637. Rev. Dr. Chandler was the successor in St. John's Church, Elizabethtown, of Rev. Mr. Vaughan, in 1747. He was an unswerving and able advocate of Epis- copacy and as earnestly devoted to the support of the policy of the Mother Country towards the Colonies. In 1775, alarmed by the sacking of the house of his friend 200 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Chandler. Champneys. Chetwood. Myles Cooper in New York ; he took refuge with him on the Kingfisher, a British ship of war in the harbor of New York, and soon after sailed for Bristol, England, in the Exeter. He cherished almost to the last the expectation of the restoration of the royal authority in the American Colonies. As late as December, 1 781 , he wrote to a friend in America, "the late blow in Virginia (the surrender of Cornwallis) has given us a shock, but has not overset us. Though the clouds at present are rather thick about us, I am far, very far from desponding." He returned to America in 1785, in enfeebled health and too infirm to resume his parochial charge. He retained the Rector- ship and the Rectory of St. John's as long as he lived, and died June 17th, 1790, in the sixty-fifth year of his age. One of his daughters, Mary, married Rev. John Henry Hobart. afterwards the Bishop of the diocese of New York.i Benjamin Champneys. In the Presbyterian graveyard at Bridgeton : Sacred To the Memory of BENJAMIN CHAMPNEYS, M. D. Who Died on the i6th day of July 1814 JEtat 40 A history of Dr. Champneys is given in Bateman's Medical Men of Cumberland County. John Chetwood, Born in Elizabethtown, 1768, Son of the Hon. John Chet- wood of the Supreme Court. The earliest notice we 1 Hatfield's His . of Elizabeth. Sabine's Loyalists. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 201 Chetwood. Clark. have of him as a physician is an advertisement in the New Jersey Journal of May 4th, 1796, in which as "Doc- tor Chetwood " he offers drugs and medicines for sale and states that he "still continues the business in the house formerly occupied by Dr. John Clark, near the Episcopal Church." A year or more before this, as appears by another advertisement, he had a drug store in the same house, but then he appends his name as John Chetwood, Jr. He married a daughter of Joseph Jelf, Esq., one of the oldest merchants of the town, an Englishman and son-in-law of Jonathan Hampton of the same place, the great land surveyor and real estate broker of the Colonial days. The Doctor is spoken of as a genial cheerful- faced man. He had an uncommon flow of spirits. To his cheeriness of speech and manners, courageous, ener- getic, brusque yet gentlemanly, he owed as much for his success and popularity as a practitioner, as to professional skill. The Doctor left several children, one of whom was John Joseph, an eminent lawyer, deceased, and another, Geo. Ross, long a 1 practitioner of medicine in his native town, an ex-President of the Medical Society of New Jersey, who is still living. Dr. Chetwood died of cholera in August, 1832, having continued to give his services to his patients to within nine hours of his death. 1 Abraham Clark. His ancestor, Richard, came to Eliz'town as early as 1678, from Southold, L. I., originally from the New Haven Colony. He had sons Thomas, Abraham and > Newspaper Sketch by Rev. Wm. Hall. Clark's Med. Men of Essex Co. 202 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Clark. James. Abraham had Abraham, an only son, who was distinguished as a public man in provincial affairs prior to the war, and who became a member of the Continental Congress which adopted the Declaration of Independence, being a signer of the same. , His son, the subject of this sketch, was born 1767, in Eliz'town. His mother's name was Sarah, daughter of Isaac Hatfield. He is said to have studied medicine with Dr. John Griffith, of Rahway, whose daughter he married in 1791. In the New Jersey Journal, January 4th, of that year, is the notice : " Married, on Thursday evening last, by Rev. Dr. McWhorter, Dr. Abraham Clark to Lydia, daughter of Dr. John Griffith, of Bridgetown." He commenced practice in Eliz'town, and continued there till a little after 1800, when his name appears in the New York directory as living in the lower part of Broadway. He was there but a year or two when he removed to Newark, where he resided, pursuing his profession and his literary and scientific studies till 1830, when he removed to Kinder- hook, and in the house of his daughter, the widow of Dr. John Beekman, passed his declining years and ended his days in July, 1854, in his 88th year. Dr. Clark notices the Doctor in his History of the Medical Men of Essex, but is in error as to the name of his father, also as to his graduating at the University of Pa. 1 John Clark. Born in Eliz'town in 1758, where he practised his pro- fession till his death, April 29, 1794, aged 36. He died Hatfield's Elizabeth, Wm. Hall's Newspaper Sketch, et aliis. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 203 Clark. in the same year with the signer, who was related to him by a common ancestry, their fathers being cousins. The Doctor married Amy, daughter of Esek Hopkins, of Rhode Island, the first Commodore of the U. S. Navy, and a younger brother of Stephen Hopkins, the signer. He made her acquaintance during a visit to Providence, for the purpose of observing the characteristics of an epidemic which was prevalent there. His residence and office in Eliz'town were in an old-fashioned wooden house — his office with a bow window in which were dis- played the bottles and equipments of a drug shop. The late David S. Craig, of Rahway, was for a time a student in his office. 1 Dr. Clark was a youth of nineteen at the commence- ment of the Revolutionary War. In the official register of New Jersey soldiers enrolled, we find his name on the long list from Essex County. His native town, among the oldest in the State, was most distinguished of all for its contributions of military heroes. They had been trained to notions of liberty and their souls fired with patriotism by Dickinson and Caldwell. 2 After the Doctor's death, his widow with her sons Stephen and John H. returned to her father's residence in Rhode Island. The former was drowned while young. The latter lived to old age and died within a few years. 1 Rev. Wm. Hall in Eliz. Daily Herald, et aliis. 2 Parson Caldwell's Congregation, in addition to Gov. Livingston and Elias Boudinot, furnished of commissioned officers to the Army of the Revolution — four Generals, three Colonels, five Majors, thirteen Captains, eight Lieutenants, one Surgeon, three Quartermasters. We may well suppose that the fires of British hate towards those sturdy Presbyterian patriots burned as fiercely as the flames; lit by British firebrands, which consumed their goodly sanctuary. 204 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Clark. Clement. Cochran. William Clark. The only memorial we have of Dr. Clark is the indent- ure on p. ioo, from which we find that he was a practi- tioner in Freehold in 1760. Upon his decease his widow became the second wife of Dr. Gershom Stillwell. Evan Clement, Son of Samuel, was for many years a resident practitioner of medicine in Haddonfield. He had a considerable estate there. His family connects with Hon. John Clement. The public record of his marriage is preserved : " To Ann Wills, daughter of James and Elizabeth, 4 mo. 8d. 1795." He died soon after his marriage, and his widow married Dr. Jno. Blackwood. 1 John Cochran Was the son of James Cochran, a farmer in Pennsylvania, who emigrated from the north of Ireland and purchased lands in the Province of Pennsylvania, which as late as 1828 were in the possession of his descendants. The ancestor of James migrated from Paisley, Scotland, to the North of Ireland, in 1570, John was born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, September 1, 1730. Being desi- rous of entering a learned profession, his father sent him to a grammar school in the vicinity of his home, con- ducted by Dr. Francis Allison, one of the most correct and faithful grammarians that ever taught in this country. Having finished his preliminary studies, he commenced 1 Hon. Jno. Clement's Notes. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 205 Cochran. the study of medicine under the instruction of Dr. Thompson, of Lancaster. About the time when he com- pleted his medical studies, the war of 1758 commenced in America, between England and France. As there were at that time no great hospitals in the Colonies, Dr. Cochran perceived that the army would be a good school for his improvement in surgery as well as for the treat- ment of general disease. He obtained the appointment of surgeon's mate in the hospital department, and con- tinued in that office during the whole war, enjoying the friendship and advice of Dr. Munro and other eminent English Physicians. While lying off Oswego in a British vessel during that war, a shot from the French fleet entered the place where he was operating and carried away the operating table and his instruments. He quitted the service with the reputation of an able and experienced practitioner. He then settled in Albany, New York, where he married Gertrude, then a widow, the only sister of Gen. Schuyler. In a short time he removed to New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he con- tinued to practise his profession with great reputation. He was one of the founders of the Medical Society in 1766, and in November, 1769, was elected President, as successor to Dr. Burnet. Dr. Cochran became a zealous whig when the events occurred which resulted in the war between the Mother Country and her American Colonies. After hostilities commenced, he was driven from New Brunswick by the British, who burned his house. His family, after this event, went to the Manor of Livingston, on the Hudson River, a daughter of Mrs. Cochran, by her first husband, having married the lord of the Manor. The Doctor offered his services in 1776 as a volunteer in the hospital 15 206 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. COCHRAN. department. Gen. Washington appreciated the value of a physician, who joined an enlarged experience to dili- gence, fidelity and sound judgment, and in the winter of 1777 he recommended him to Congress in the following words: " I would take the liberty of mentioning a gentle- man whom I think highly deserving of notice, not only on account of his ability, but for the very great assist- ance which he has afforded us in the course of this winter, merely in the nature of a volunteer. This gentleman is Dr. John .Cochran, well known to all the faculty. The place for which he is fitted, and which would be most agreeable to him, is Surgeon General of the Middle De- partment. In this line he served all the last war in the British Service, and has distinguished himself this winter particularly in his attention to the small-pox patients and the wounded." He was accordingly appointed April 10th, 1777, Physician and Surgeon General in the Middle Department. In the month of October, 1781, upon the resignation of Dr. William Shippen, Congress was pleased to commission him Director General of the Hospitals of the United States, an appointment that was the more honorable because it was not solicited by him. He was attached to head-quarters, to Gen. Washington's staff. His pay was five dollars per day. When he received his commission from Congress, he was with the army at New Windsor. It was sent to him by Samuel Huntington, President of Congress, by letter, under date of January 18th, 1781. Upon the breaking up of the army at Newburgh, upon the ratification of the treaty of peace, Washington mani- fested his friendship and cordial relations with his army surgeon, by giving him all his head-quarter's furniture. One piece only is now left in the family, a small tea table HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 207 Cochran. now in the possession of Hon. John Cochrane, of New York, the Doctor's grandson. That cordial relations were formed early in the war between the Commander-in Chief and Dr. Cochran, appears from a letter from the former, which is published in Irving's life of Washington, vol. iii., p. 477, ed. 1861. The historian remarks of the letter that " it is almost the only instance of sportive writing in all Washington's correspondence." The letter informs the Doctor that he has asked Mrs. Cochran and Mrs. Livingston to dine with him on the next day and says that his table is large enough to hold the ladies, but deems it more essential to inform him " how it is covered. Since our arrival at this happy spot, we have had a ham, sometimes a shoulder of bacon, to grace the head of the table ; a piece of roast beef adorns the foot, and a dish of beans or greens, almost imperceptible, decorates the cen- ter. When the cook has a mind to cut a figure, which I presume will be the case to-morrow, we have two beef- steak pies, or dishes of crabs, in addition, one on each side of the centre dish, dividing the space and reducing the distance between dish and dish to about six feet, which, without them, would be twelve feet apart. Of late he has had the surprising sagacity to discover that apples will make pies, and it is a question, if in the violence of his efforts, we do not get one of apples instead of having both of beefsteak. If the ladies can put up with such entertainment, and will submit to partake of it on plates once tin, now iron, (not become so by scouring) I shall be happy to see them." The dinner party was at head- quarters, West Point, 1779. It is hardly necessary to observe that Dr. Cochran was indebted very much to his observation and experience while in the British service, for the great improvement he 208 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Cochran. made in the hospital department, from the time it was put under his charge. He seems to have been providentially raised up and trained for his work, as no other surgeon in the country was. Nor is it necessary further to observe and it is to his honor to add, that, while others high in the medical staff, were disgusting the public with mutual charges and criminations, Dr. Cochran always preserved the character of an able physician and an honest and patriotic man. Soon after peace was declared, he removed with his family to New York, where he returned to the duties of. his profession, in the quiet of civil life. Upon the adop- tion of the new constitution, his friend President Wash- ington, retaining, to use his own words, " a cheerful recol- lection of his past services," nominated him to the office of Commissioner of Loans for the State of New York. He held this office till a stroke of paralysis disabled him in the discharge of its duties. He therefore resigned and retired to Schenectady, New York. The Doctor must have been a favorite in the army. During the rough hardships of the war, the officers doubt- less had their seasons of relaxation and convivial mirth. It may be presumed that song and anecdote abounded, for from a song often sung by the Doctor, he was, we infer, often affectionately addressed by Washington and Lafayette in their letters as " Dear Doctor Bones." After the war the officers and leading men of the Revolu- tion, used frequently to dine at each other's houses. On one occasion, in the city of New York, a scene occurred of a somewhat startling character, at a table, when Wash- ington, Governeur Morris, the Doctor and many others were present. It was communicated to the author of these annals by his friend Gen. John Cochrane, to whom he HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 200, Cochran. is indebted for many of the interesting memorials of this sketch. He gives it in the General's own words : " It seems that that singular compound of ability and impu- dence, Governeur Morris, had wagered that he would take a liberty with Washington with impunity. Accord- ingly at dinner, he was seated next to Washington, when as it drew to a close, he, in the course of narrating some event, suddenly turned towards Washington and slapping him on the back, exclaimed ' Wasn't it so my old boy ! ' A silence, as if of death, fell upon the whole company, which thereupon disconcerted, uncomfortably broke up." Doctor Cochran died at Schenectady, April 6th, 1807, in the seventy-seventh year of his age. In early life he had received impressions under the instructions of a reli- gious father, which he never lost. Though he served long in the army, in which men are too apt to become infidels and deists, he never cherished a single doubt con- trary to the truths of revelation. His remains were removed to Palatine, Montgomery County, New York, by his sons, where his wife died in March, 181 3, in the eighty-ninth year of her age, and where she was buried by the side of her husband. When the Doctor's sons afterwards removed to Utica, they caused the remains of their parents to be removed thither. There they now repose in Forest Hill Cemetery. Doctor Cochran had three sons; John, who was killed when quite young by the kick of a horse, James and Walter Livingston. James married (1) Elenor Barclay, a sister of the late John Barclay, of Philadelphia, and (2) his cousin, Catherine V. R., youngest daughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler ; he died at Oswego, New York, at an advanced age. They had no surviving issue. Walter L. married Cornelia W, , only daughter of Peter Smith, of 2IO HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Cochean. Combs. Condit. Peterboro and sister of the late Gerrit Smith. He died in the city of New York, August 13th, 1857, aged eighty- six, leaving sons and daughters, of whom the eldest is Hon. John Cochrane, of New York. When after the Revolution, the Thetis frigate (British) lay in New York Harbor, her commander, an uncle of the celebrated Lord Cochran, (Lord Cochran then being on board the frigate as midshipman), visited Dr. Cochran at his house in Broadway. They there traced distinctly their relationship. The family name has been uniformly spelled without the " e " final. It was probably dropped when they emigrated from Paisley and came to Ireland. 1 A notice of the Doctor, with a portrait, was published in the American Historical Record of July, 1874. David Combs. in Memory of DOCT. DAVID COMBS Son of Joseph and James Combs who departed this Life the iitii of January in the Year of Our Lord 1795 aged 21 Years and 8 Months. Both old and young as well as me Must in due time all buried be Under the body of cold clay — Just in my prime I'm called away Alltho' I'm gone before its noon Christ Jesus thought it not too soon. Inscription in Tennent Churchyard, Freehold. John Condit Was descended from John Condit who emigrated to America from Wales about 1678. The original name was Conduit, its origin local, from residing near one. 3 John 1 Med. Philosophical Register. Thatcher's Med. Biography. Gen. Jno. Coch- ran's MSS. Memorials. 1 Lower's Patronymics. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 211 CONDIT. Condit came to Newark about 1690. His name appears at that date in its Town Records, spelled also Conduit and Cundit. He died in 1713, leaving two sons — Peter and John, the latter a minor who died without issue. Peter married Mary, daughter of Samuel Harrison. His will was probated in the same year as that of his father's. 1 The race of Condits in Essex and Morris Counties has its origin in Peter. He had issue, Samuel (1), Peter, John, Nathaniel, Philip, Isaac and Mary. Samuel, who married Mary Dod, and who died 1777, aged 81, had Daniel, Jotham, Samuel (2), Martha, David and Jonathan. Peter (2) and his brother Philip migrated to Morris County and were the heads of the large family tribe there. They changed the name to Condict to dis- tinguish it from the families in the County of their nativity. Peter (2) was the grand-father, through his son Ebenezer, of Dr. Lewis Condict, infra. Samuel (2) married Mary Smith and had issue, John, the subject of our sketch, Daniel, Moses, Joseph, Aaron, Jotham and Samuel. Dr. Condit was born in Orange, in July 8, 1755. We have no record of his preliminary or professional education. , We know that he commenced the practice of medicine at an early age, as at twenty-one he was commissioned " Surgeon Essex ; Surgeon Col. Van Cortland's battalion, Heard's brigade, June 29, 1776." He soon resigned and returned to his home to practise his profession. 2 The Doctor achieved a large success as a physician, his practice embracing a very wide circuit of the country 1 Conger's genealogies and family records.' 2 In Clark's " History of the Medical Men of Essex County," it is stated that he was also a Colonel during the war. This is an error. He was commissioned Colonel of Militia about the commencement of the present century, and was quite generally known as Col. Condit. His uncle, David, was a Lieut. Col. in 212 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. CONDIT. surrounding. As Clark says of him, "he kept many- horses and was perpetually on the road." He rode on horseback and was careful in his selection of fleet horses. It is related of him that owning one of remarkable beauty and speed during the war, and declining all offers for its purchase, a band of Hessians laid in wait for him on a certain road over which he had passed to visit a patient, intending to shoot him on his return and thus possess themselves of the coveted steed. It was provi- dentially ordered that the Doctor should return by another road, and thus preserve his life. He was a man of decided mark in the community, and gave his influence to promote its welfare. He was one of the first founders and trustee of the Orange Academy in 1785, which by his exertions and those of his associates became an institution of high standing in East Jersey. He was elected to the Legislature and to the United States Congress, and served as a representative of his district for a period of thirty years. This long public service interfered with the practice of his profession and led him to accept the office of Assistant Collector of the Port of New York, in Jersey City. For many years before his death he was attacked with paralysis, which laid him aside from active duties. This, with affliction in his family (the insanity of a son), directed his mind, which had been somewhat skeptical, to the contemplation of eternal things. He cordially embraced the truths of the Gospel, and for some years before his death enjoyed a Christian hope and died in the Christian believer's peace. the war, and fought at Monmouth. The verity of the incident related by Dr. Clark, of his meeting the funeral procession of his father, as he was returning from the battle of Long Island (at which he was), is made void by the fact that his father died in November — two months after the battle, and his grand-father in seven months thereafter. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 213 CONDIT. As a man of noble impulses, an amiable loving friend to all, of prompt and successful measures in the emer- gencies of medical practice, his memory is still fragrant with the few who now survive to speak of him. The Doctor married (1) Abigail, daughter of Joseph Halsey. By this union he had Caleb, Silas, Charlotte, wife of Dr. John Ward, Joseph and a son who died in infancy. Married (2) Rhoda, sister of his first wife, had John S., Abigail (Smith), Jacob. Caleb, John S. and Jacob died without issue. Silas, member of Congress, was the father of Dr. John S. Condit, born 1801, died 1848. Joseph, the father of Dr. Charles Condit (who died in 1832, aged 32), removed to Western New York, where his descendants now are. Dr. Condit's remains lie in the old parish burying place of Orange, over which we read the following monu- mental inscription : Sacred to the memory of DOCTOR JOHN CONDIT, A patriot, Soldier and Surgeon during the struggles of this country for freedom. a member of the n. j. legislature, and a Representative and Senator in the Congress of the U. S. for 30 years in succession. His honors were awarded him by grateful constituents, for his Sound and vigorous intellect, stern integrity and unwavering patriotism in time of peril and throughout a long life. On the 4th May, 1834, he died in Christian hope, revered — respected — and beloved by all who knew him Aged 79 years. 214 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. CONDICT. Lewis Condict, Son of Ebenezer and a descendant of John of Newark, 1790. He was born in Morristown, March 3d, 1773, and died there in his ninetieth year, May 26th, 1862. His early academic training was limited, as he commenced the study of medicine in his fourteenth year, with Dr. Timo- thy Johnes, of his native town. He subsequently attended lectures at the University of Pennsylvania and received' its medical honors in 1794. He immediately began prac- tice in Morristown, where he continued to reside till his death. In 1798 he married Martha, daughter of Rev. Nathan Woodhull, of Newtown, Long Island. He soon acquired popularity as a physician, and became active as a public man. In 1805, he was elected a member of Assembly, to which he was returned year by year till 181 1, when he was elected to Congress, serving three consecutive terms. While in Washington, he was asso- ciated with Clay, Madison, Randolph and others in the formation of the Colonization Society. In 1827, he was made a Trustee of Princeton College and served as such till 1861, when he resigned on account of the infirmities of age. In 1838 he was again a member of the State Legis- lature, and was one of a commission to settle the bound- ary line between New York and New Jersey. The responsibilities of political station did not diminish his interest in his profession. He was industrious and enthusiastic in efforts for its advancement. In 18 19 he was elected President of the State Society and till within a very few years of his death was one of the most con- stant attendants upon its meetings. Dr. Condict was for many years a member of the Pres- byterian Church and an earnest supporter of its interests. His children were Anna Byram, married Rev. George HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 215 CONDICT. CONOVEK. Bush, 1827, and died 1829. Sophia W., married James Cook, 1863. Silas S., physician, died in Jersey City. Martha M., married Daniel A. Hale, 1834, died 1835. Nathan W., physician, now living. Lewis Jr., died 1838. Martha L., married Rev. I. I. Brandegee. Four others died in early childhood. Samuel F. Conover, Son of Peter Covenhoven and Hannah Forman, of Cross- wicks or Upper Freehold, was licensed to practice in New Jersey, in 1788, and was at that date admitted to mem- bership in the Medical Society. Subsequent to his license, he attended lectures at the University of Penn- sylvania, and in 1791 , received his degree of M. D. The title of his thesis, which was published and which we haveseenin the library of Dr. Saml. S. Purple, of New York is as follows : " Inaugural Dissertation on Sleep and Dreams, by Samuel Forman Conover, of the State of New Jersey, member of the Medical Society of said State and of the American Medical Society of Philadelphia. Dedicated to the Professors of the University" and on another page, " to the Hon. Elias Boudinot, L.L. D., 1791." In the first years of his professional life, he lived in Monmouth County, at or near Imlaystown, for he had there a student of medicine, to whom he gave a certifi- cate, which he presented with his other credentials for license, in 1791. He subsequently removed to Philadel- phia, where he resided till his death. He was recognized as a man of science, being elected a member of the American Philosophical Society, about 2l6 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Conover. Cooper. 1804. In 1806, he read a paper before the Society. It is published in Vol. V., of its Transactions, entitled " An Essay on the Vermilion Color of the Blood, and On the Different Colors of the Metallic Oxides with an Applica- tion of These Principles to the Arts, by Samuel F. Conover, M. D.," read June 20th, 1806. In the list of members of the Society, he appears as a resident of Philadelphia. He died intestate in 1824, aged about fifty-eight. On July 9th, 1824, letters of administration were granted to Nathaniel Potts and Lewis H. Conover. Sureties quali- fied in the sum of 12,000 Dollars. Inventory amounted to $7,226.97. One item was 160 volumes of "books, Medi- cal History, at 25 cents each, $40.00." 1 John Cooper Was born at Long Hill, Morris County, New Jersey, March 24th, 1765. His great-grandfather came to Amer- ica about 1690, and settled on the Hudson River near New York. His father, Daniel, was a considerable land owner and farmer at Long Hill. He was High Sheriff of the county for two terms, and for many years a justice of the peace. His mother, Ann Cross, was daughter of the Rev John Cross, an Irishman by birth, and the first min- ister of the Presbyterian Church at Baskingridge, 1732, an intimate friend of Whitfield. From tradition pre- served in the church records Mr. Cross seems to have been self-willed and without much regard to church law or order. Daniel Cooper, though father of six sons and five daugh- ters, gave his children the advantages of as good an 1 MSS. Notes Wm. J. Potts, et aliis. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 2\"J Cooper. education as could at that period be obtained in that region. After preliminary study, John commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Caleb Halstead, of Connecticut Farms, and afterwards with Dr. Melancthon Freeman, of Middlesex County. He completed his medical course with Drs. Richard Bailey and Wright Post, in the city of New York. He was licensed to practice in New Jersey, November 6th, 1787, and immediately afterwards was admitted to membership in the New Jersey Medical Society. 1 In 1791, proposing to leave the State, the Society granted him honorable credentials. Subsequent to this he removed to Greenwich, Warren County, where he remained about a year, and then removed to Easton, Pennsylvania, in November, 1794, where he spent the remainder of his life in the pursuit of his calling. In May, 1798, he married Mary, daughter of Arthur Erwin, of Erwinna, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, who survived him a few years, By his marriage union he had one son and four daughters. In 1799 he was appointed by Governor Mifflin, a Judge of Common Pleas, which office he held continuously for more than forty years. In 1829 the University of Pennsylvania conferred upon him the honorary degree of M. D., a distinction so rarely and carefully conferred by that institution, as to indicate the reputation which he had acquired as a medical man. In his intercourse with the sick, his conduct was kind, sympathizing and encouraging. His reputation for skill in his profession was such that for many years a large proportion of the most difficult cases were visited by him, 1 About thai period and after the passage of the act making a license necessary to praciice, it was customary for those seeking it to assemble at the semi annual meetings of the Society and subject themselves to examinations for licenses. 2l8 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Cooper. in consultation with others, and not until increasing infirmities prevented, did he cease to visit the sick and suffering. He was heroic in his treatment and strong in his convictions as to methods of cure. He believed in calomel and venesection. Prof. Traill Green, M. D., of Easton, to whom the author of this sketch is indebted for much of its material, relates that if the Doctor's dreams were unpleasant at night he took a dose of calomel the day following, supposing that there was some functional derangement which required this agent for its correction. He was bold in the use of the lancet. When eighty-seven years of age he had an attack of rheuma- tism. Dr. Green called to enquire concerning his health, and was invited to his chamber. He was glad to see him and said, " Here is Dr. Ed. Smith who declined to bleed me ; his brother Joseph bled me seventeen years ago in a similar attack." Dr. Green replied, " Yes, Doctor, but seventeen years added to a man's life at seventy make many changes." " Yes, but I know blood-letting will do me good." The Doctors deemed it best to defer to his wishes, and they bled him. He was delighted to see the blood flowing from his arm, and said, " Do not stop it, it will do me good. I was never charged with killing more than three of my patients by blood-letting; two are still living and one died ten years after the operation, from want of bleeding. 1 In relations other than those of his profession Dr. Cooper was distinguished. He was a friend of good order and a supporter of the ordinances of religion. The cares of business did not interfere with his religious duties or prevent his regular attendance upon public 1 Transactions of Med. Soc. of N. J., 1875, p. 25. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 219 Cooper. Cowell. worship and the cultivation of his spiritual privileges. He was the firm friend of the colored race, and a warm advocate of the colonization scheme. In his public capacity as Judge of the Court, he was the faithful friend of the orphan, and the trusty administrator and executor of the estates of deceased friends and patients. In domestic life, the traits which characterized the good physician, the honored citizen and the courteous Christian gentleman, blended with the virtues of the husband, the tenderness of the father and the sympathies and graces of private life. After a protracted sickness, Dr. Cooper departed this life February 2d, 1851, aged 86, at Easton, Pennsylvania. 1 David Cowell Was a nephew of the Rev. David Cowell, first minister of the Presbyterian Church in Trenton, 1736. He received his academic degree at Princeton, in 1763, studied medicine in Philadelphia and settled in Trenton, where he practised his profession till his death. It is said that he served two years as senior surgeon in the military hospitals. If so it was in another State, as he was not commissioned as surgeon of New Jersey. He died from an attack of quinsy, December 18, 1783. While suffer- ing from the disease, and within a few hours of his death, he undertook to draft an outline of his will. Being unable to articulate, he hastened to make minutes of his intentions, and the paper was copied in the incomplete form in which he had drafted it. It began, " I, David MSS. Memorials Prof. Green. Newspaper Sketch, &c. ?.20 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. CO WELL. Cowell, being of sound judgment, but not able to talk much." One of the first items was, " My negro man, Adam, and the whole affair to the Presbyterian congrega- tion." In equally brief and informal phrases he noted a hundred pounds to the "grammar school in Trenton." Same to the College of New Jersey, and "to the Con- gress of the U. S. of America one hundred pounds if they settle themselves in Lamberton. 1 When the copy was ready for signature, he must have become too weak to write, as it was subscribed by his mark. A caveat was entered against the probate of the will, but the surrogate admitted it. His burial in the Presbyterian churchyard was attended by the trustees, tutors and students of the Academy, and a very large concourse of respectable inhabitants of Trenton. In regard to the legacy to the Government, a paper of the day remarked that " it was the first legacy we recollect to have been given to the United States, and is respectable for a person of moderate fortune." In the same paper (the N. J. Gazette), John Cowell Advertises that he has been prevailed upon by the friends of his deceased brother to establish himself as a physician in Trenton. He lived but a short time, as his gravestone marks his death January 30, 1784, in his 30th year. 3 He is noticed in Stryker's Register as "Surgeon Militia" during the war. 1 Lamberton was a suburb of Trenton. At that time there were proceedings in Congress concerning the location of the Capitol, Trenton being one of the places under consideration. 2 Hall's His. of Pres. Chh. Trenton, quoad David and John. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 221 COXE. Daniel Coxe, Never a resident of New Jersey, was nevertheless so identified with the earlier history of the Province, that a notice of him is appropriate to our record. He was a member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of London, where he had a large practice. Having pur- chased in 1687, of the heirs of Byllinge, the greatest part of the proprietary rights in West Jersey, he assumed its government, at the request of the other Proprietors. In his letter to the council of proprietors, September 5th, 1687, he says that he has assumed the title of Governor, and lays " claim to the powers and authority thereto annexed; and I am resolved, by the assistance of Almighty God, to exercise the jurisdiction by his Royal Highness, his last deed or grant unto me conveyed, with all integrity and faithfulness and diligence for the benefit and welfare of those, over whom divine Providence hath constituted me, under 'our Sovereign, superintendant or chief overseer." 1 Barclay was at this time Governor under the Proprietors in East Jersey, with whom Coxe entered into an agree- ment settling the line of partition between East and West Jersey, from little Egg Harbor to " the utmost north partition point," and thence east to the Hudson river. 2 This line, though not proving to be a final adjustment of a controversy which lasted many years, was, in a general way, substantially the line of division finally adopted. In 1691 Coxe conveyed the government to the West Jersey Society, composed of forty-eight persons, and 1 Smith's History. 2 Ibid. 222 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Coxe. Craig. finally sold out his interest to Sir Thomas Lane for £9,000. In a few years thereafter (1702) the Proprietors of East and West Jersey surrendered to the Crown all the powers of government which they supposed were vested in them, and were confirmed in all their rights in the soil with the quit rents. In November 16, of the same year, Lord Cornbury was appointed by the Queen, " Captain -General and Governor-in-Chief of Nova Caesa- rea or New Jersey in America." 1 David Craig. The Craig family (Craige, Crage, Crag, Cragg), came to Elizabethtown about 1680-85. Dr. David resided and practised medicine in Railway. He was born 1753, died 1 78 1. Dr. Isaac Morse who spent most of his life in Elizabethtown, succeeded to Dr. Craig's practice. Dr. David Craig was the father of David S., born 1774, who practised for a great number of years in Rahway. We find the following monumental inscription in the burial place of Rahway. "DR. DAVID CRAIG who departed this life March y e 24TH 1781 ag» 28 years ii mo. 3 days. This sculptured Stone the living see'th How one in youth and vigor fell In prime of life his fleeting breath He yielded to the power of death No age nor character but must Repay to earth the borrowed dust In silent slumber then to lay Until the solemn Judgement Day." » Ibid. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 223 Craig. Craven. Creed. Cummins. John Craig, A medical practitioner, died in Haddonfield, New Jersey, in 1738, having resided there previous to that time and had several children, as appears by his will. 1 Gershom Craven, Born 1744 — graduated at Princeton 1765. Practised in Ringoes. Surgeon Second Regiment Hunterdon during the war. Died 1819. Noticed in History of Medical Men of Hunterdon, by John Blane, M. D. George Creed Was a native of Jamaica, Long Island, October 1st, 1735. William Creed, probably his grandfather, was among the early settlers of that town, being a grantee under Don- gan's patent, in 1686. Dr. Creed, upon commencing practice, settled for a time in Flemington and then re- moved to Trenton where he spent the remainder of his life. He married Susannah Coleman, of Maidenhead, in 1762, who died in Trenton, September 1835, in her ninety- fourth year. The Doctor died suddenly of apoplexy, while on a visit to Jamaica, about I775- 2 Robert Cummins Surgeon's Mate, First Regiment, Sussex. 3 1 Hon. John Clement's notes. 2 Hall's Pres. Chh., Trenton. • Stryker's Register. 224 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Darby. Rev. John Darby Was probably a son or grandson of William Darbie (sic) who was a resident of Elizabethtown in 1688. He was born about 1725, graduated at Yale College in 1748 ; was licensed to preach the Gospel in April, 1749. He spent eight years on Long Island, preaching at several places on its eastern end. He removed thence to Con- necticut Farms, New Jersey, in 1758, and continued there two years, when he was settled as the pastor of the Pres- byterian Church at Parsippany, Morris County, where he remained till his death, December, 1805, aged ninety. During the war he was one of the stirring Presbyterian "rebel parsons" of the time. He was a man of varied attainments. His historian says of him that during the last sickness of Gen. Winds, of distinguished Revolutionary fame, he was his physician, his lawyer in writing his will, his minister in affording the consolations of religion ; upon his death the preacher at his funeral and upon the erection of his monument the author of the monumental inscription. He had a reputation as a physician and as a medical instructor, pupils seeking his instructions from distant places. The honorary degree of Doctor of Medi- cine was conferred upon him in 1782 by Dartmouth Col- lege. He was twice married. By his first he had one son and two daughters. Of these two, one, the eldest, married a British officer named Fox. His second wife was Hester White Hunting, a widow, of East Hampton, Long Island. They had one son, Henry White, and two daughters. Helen, wife of Gen. O'Hara, and Lucinda, wife of Chris- tian DeWint. Prime's His. of L. I. Hatfield's Elizabeth. His. Collec. of N. J. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 225 Darby. Darcy Henry White Darby, Son of the preceding, was born 1759. Studied medicine with his father and probably obtained his preliminary- education under his instruction. His name does not ap- pear as a graduate of any of the colleges established in his day. His reputation was good as a man of culture and as a physician. He pursued his calling in Parsip- pany, where he died at the age of forty-seven. The monumental inscription in the graveyard of that place is as follows : This stone is erected to the memory of DOCTR HENRY WHITE DARBY WHO DIED THE 6TH OF DEC. A. D. 1806. IN THE 48TH YEAR OF HIS AGE. John Darcy, Son of Patrick Darcy, was born in Cumberland County, October nth, 1760. He married May 14th, 1784, Phebe Johnes, a grand-daughter of the Rev. Dr. Johnes, pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Morristown. 1 One of his sons, recently died in his eighty-eighth year. He com- menced the study of medicine with Dr. Jabez Campfield, of Morristown. Early in the war of 1776, he enlisted in the army, as Surgeon's Mate. Was commissioned as such Spencer's Regt., Continental Army, January 1st, 1777. 3 The regiment with which he was connected was in the army under the immediate command of Gen. Washing- ton, concerning whom and Gen. Lafayette, the Doctor during his life, related to his friends many incidents of interest which occurred while he was associated with 1 By this marriage union he had seven children : Jno. S., Eliza, Timothy J., Caroline, Ed. A., William and Alexander. 8 Stryker's Register. 226 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Daecy. these distinguished Generals. When Lafayette visited this country in 1824, he inquired particularly after the "young Surgeon's Mate Darcy " and when on a certain occasion he was introduced to a relative, of the Doctor, the General, attracted by the name and being informed of the relationship to his old friend, embraced him cordially. Subsequent to the war he was awarded by the United States Government bounty lands in the State of Ohio. He settled in Hanover, Morris County, where he pur- sued the practice of medicine as long as his health permitted. He was a skillful physician and surgeon, and in the latter department of his profession was particularly eminent. He was often called to great distances to perform important operations. His practice extended over a great extent of country. Two of his sons, John Stevens and Edward Augustus studied medicine with their father. Dr. Darcy married (2) Phebe Miller, April 7th, 1806, by whom he had four children, one son and three daugh- ters. The son alone had issue. He died February 13th, 1822, of inflammation of the lungs. He possessed in early life a vigorous constitution ; was highly esteemed for his social qualities, and enjoyed the confidence of the entire community as a professional man and as a patriotic citizen. JOHN S. Darcy, born in Morris County, February 24, 1788, practised in his native place till 1832 when he removed to Newark, where he passed the rest of his life in the pursuit of his profession and as an influential public man. He died in Newark, October 22, 1863. His obitu- ary is published in the Transactions of the New Jersey Medical Society, 1864. He married Eliza Gray, of Whip- pany. The children of this marriage union were, Jose- HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 227 Darcy Davison. Dayton. phine Maria (Tuttle), Henry G., merchant in Newark, Caroline S. (Garthwaite). Edward Augustus practised medicine at Long Hill and Baskingridge with much success. In 1833 he was one of the chief agents in organizing a company of emigrants to Illinois. They were gathered from Essex, Morris, Somerset and Middlesex Counties. The town of Jerseyville, in that State, owes its origin to that move- ment. The Doctor being fond of surgery, exercised his skill for many years in caring for the surgical cases of his newly settled home, but did not attend to general medical practice. He married Mary, daughter of Dr. Hugh McEowen. Had children, Ann Caroline, married Fred- erick H. Teese ; and Catharine McEowen, married P. D. Cheney. Daniel Brinton Davison. In the Surveyor General's office, Perth Amboy, is a deed recording the sale of land April 12th, 1737, from Daniel Brinton Davison, of the County of Middlesex, in the Province of New Jersey, Physician, to Josiah Davi- son, of New Brunswick. 1 Jonathan Dayton Was descended from Ralph Dayton, who came to Amer- ica (Boston) about 1637. The next year he was a citizen of the New Haven Colony. His name in a covenant of habitancy there is signed " Deayghton." He lived in that colony about ten years ; is referred to in its early 1 MSS. Notes oi Wm. John Potts. 228 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Dayton. records as " Goodman Dayton." 1 He then removed to East Hampton, Long Island, with his son Robert, who was born in England and came to this country when he was about ten years of age. His father died on Long Island in 1657. Robert died in 1712. The latter left a son Samuel, born in East Hampton, in 1666, and died in 1746, leaving six children, one of whom, Jonathan, mi- grated to Elizabethtown in the early part of the last cen- tury. He was the father of Gen. Elias and grandfather of Hon. Jonathan of that town, who were active patriots and distinguished men in the Revolution. Another son of Samuel was Nathan, born 1703, married Amy Stratton, November, 1725, daughter of John and Elizabeth Strat- ton, of East Hampton. 3 The issue of this marriage was nine children, of whom Dr. Jonathan was the youngest. He was born in 1731. He left his paternal home in early manhood and settled in Elizabethtown, in the portion of the town afterwards (1793) erected into the township of Springfield. In 1766 he united in the formation of the Medical Society and was one of the signers of the " In- struments of Association." He continued his residence in Springfield till his death, where he was actively en- gaged in the practice of his profession. His field of med- ical service was large, extending to Summit and New Providence. He died in the early years of the war. The house in which he lived is still standing ; one of the three houses which were left, when the enemy, in 1780, burned the town. The cause of its escape from destruction may be inferred from the following incident : There had been stored in one of its rooms a considerable amount of arms 1 At that early period there was no uniformity in the spelling of patronymics, the parties themselves being indifferent to their uniformity. 2 The progenitor of the Strattons of West Jersey. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 229 Dayton. and other munitions of war. When the invaders entered the house for plunder, Mrs. Dayton then a widow, per- emptorily asked that she might see the officer of the day and forbid their further movements till they should receive further orders. The request was granted, the officer appeared and she informed him that a member of her family was lying in her house, seriously ill (her colored servant woman having given birth to a child the day be- fore), and claimed his protection as an act of humanity. The men who were standing by attempted to open the door of the magazine, when Mrs. Dayton urged her re- quest, repeating her statement that she had a sick member of her family and entreated that the door of that room should not be opened. The officer yielded to her request and placed a guard at the door of the secret stores, which throughout the day protected it from plunder. The house is now in good preservation and is notable tor a hole in its north end, made by a cannon ball on the day of the battle. Dr. Dayton had a son William W., who studied medicine and commenced practice with his father. He died early. 1 The following monumental inscriptions are copied from headstones in the new graveyard at Springfield to which they have been removed : Here Lieth interr'd the Remains of DOCT'R JONATHAN DAYTON WHO DECEAS'D AUG'T Y b 26 Anno Domini 1778 In the XLVII YEAR OF HIS AGE. 1 Had daughters, Mary, married William Steele, New York ; Margaret, mar- Thomas Salter, Elizabethtown ; other daughters who died young. 230 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Dayton. KETURAH widow of Dr. Jonathan Dayton died Nov ii, 1798 aged 63." "This stone has been erected by an Affectionate Mother to the Memory of her only son DOCT. WILLIAM W. DAYTON WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE MAR. 5 I788 IN THE 24TH YEAR OF HIS AGE. Dr. Dayton died intestate ; the administrators of his estate were Keturah Dayton administratrix and Elias and Jonathan I. Dayton, administrators. 1 Jonathan I. Dayton. was a practitioner of Medicine in Elizabethtown. He was born in 1738. Married Mary Terril (Terrill) Mar. 3, 1770, who died the latter part of the year 1790 or soon after. He was held in high esteem as a physician and was very popular. During the war we infer that he was a loyalist or neutral, as in September 30, 1777, he was cited to appear before the Committee of Safety as a dangerous person and on October 2d, entered into recognizance in the sum of .£300, for his appearance at the next term of the court. He subse- quently took and subscribed the Oaths of abjuration and allegiance. He died October 19th, 1794. In the New Jersey Journal he is thus noticed, " Sunday was interred in the Presbyterian burying ground, in the fifty-seventh year of his age, all that was mortal of Dr. Jonathan I. Dayton, who for many years labored under a paralytic affection which greatly impaired his bodily and mental faculties. As there was no 1 Thompson's His. of L. I., Wm. Hall's Newspaper Sketch, Hatfield's Elizabeth et ail is. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 23 1 Dayton. Dessigny. Dick. prospect of his emerging from the pitiable situation he was in, his relatives and friends must feel a melancholy pleasure in reflecting that his sufferings are terminated. As a physician he was popular ; as a member of Society, useful and enterprising ; as a husband, kind and affectionate ; as a parent, tender and indulgent. In short, he possessed many of the social virtues." He left two daughters, Phebe, married Jonathan Wade, and Cornelia R. who married a relative, viz., Horace ason of Elias Dayton. 1 Peter Dessigny is noticed by William A. Whitehead in his History of P. Amboy, &c, as a physician or " chirurgeon " resident at Woodbridge. He married Ann, widow of Robert Rogers in August, 1685, who was yet living in 1692. Samuel Dick Was of Scotch Irish descent, the third son of Rev. John Dick, a Presbyterian Minister from the North of Ireland, who is supposed to have come to America about 1735. He was settled as a minister at New Castle, Delaware from 1746 till his death in 1748. Dr. Dick was born November 14, 1740, at Nottingham Prince George County, Maryland. He was educated by Samuel Finley, afterwards President of Princeton College, Gov. Thomas McKean, of Delaware and Rev. Dr. McWhorter, of Newark, N. J. Under their instruction he laid the foundation of classical attainments of a high order. His medical education is supposed to have been pursued in Scotland. According to the family record, being then nineteen years of age, he served as Surgeon's mate in the Colonial Army in the 1 Rev. Wm. Hull, et aliis. 232 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Dick. French and English war and was present at the surrender of Quebec. In 1770 he settled with his mother in Salem, N. J., where he continued his residence and the practice of his profession till his death. In October, 1773, he married, at Philadelphia, Sarah, daughter of Andrew Sinnickson, a gentlemen of wealth and prominence in Salem County. In 1776 he served in the Provincial Congress, of New Jersey, being one of the committee of ten appointed to draft a constitution of the State. By that Congress he was commissioned June 20, 1776, Colonel of the Western Battalion of State troops of Salem County, in which capacity he served as an active and zealous officer, when not engaged in civil duty. In 1780 he was appointed Surrogate of Salem County, by Governor Liv- ingston by whom he was highly esteemed. This office he held for twenty-two years. On November 23, 1783 he was elected a member of the National Congress and was a member of that body when the treaty was ratified ac- knowledging the independence of the United States. In the year 1783-4-5 he was in Congress when it met at An- napolis, New York and Philadelphia. He was one of the " Grand Committee" appointed to revise the Treasury department, and report such alterations as it might think proper ; was also one of the committee selected to sit during the recess of Congress. With some of the mem- bers of Congress with whom he had served in committee, he formed friendships which continued through life. He was from early life on intimate terms of friendship with Benjamin Rush and Dr. James Craik, a Scotchman who settled in Virginia and who held a position in the Conti- nental Army and was afterwards the family physician of Washington. In 1789 Dr. Dick was again nominated to HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 233 Dick. Congress, but declined to accept. The following letter from Governor Livingston, on the subject, shows the es- timation in which he was held by that distinguished patriot. Elizabethtown, January 25, 1789. Dear Sir : Be persuaded that it is not through willful neglect that I have not until now acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 7th inst. I make it a rule to answer every letter, from the meanest creature in human shape, as soon as I have leisure to do it ; and I cannot there- fore be supposed inattentive to those gentlemen of distinction and ■ gentlemen who are endeared to me by old acquaintance and the amiableness of their characters. But the conjunction of bodily indis- position, and the greater variety of public indispensible business that I have for a considerable time past met with, made it impossible for me to do myself the pleasure of discharging so agreeable an office as that of answering sooner than I now do. But, my dear sir, I wish you had given me a more agreeable commission to execute, than I find I must, according to the tenor of your letter, carry into execution. Your requests, it is true, shall always with me carry with them the nature of a command ; but I am sorry that your present one — " aut volens aut nolens " be considered mandator}', for it seems you have left me no other choice than the alternative of erasing your name from the " List of Nominations," or to write against it, " Dr. Dick declines to serve.'' I had a particular reason to wish you to stand as a candidate, and finally appear to be one of the four elected, because (without compliment I say it), though we have had many in Congress, who in other respects were possessed of such qualifications as men in that station ought to be endowed with, a great part of them have been totally destitute of that knowledge of mankind, and that certain polite- ness, which Lord Chesterfield calls attention, without which the greatest talents in other things will never make a man influential in such assemblies. But if it must be so that either you cannot or will not go, I must submit. * Believe me, Your most humble Servant, To Dr. Samuel Dick, WILL* LIVINGSTON." Salem, N. J. 234 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Dick. Dickinson. In private life Dr. Dick was highly respected, being possessed of fine talents and polished manners. To a vigorous intellect he united a taste refined by a life-long cultivation of the classics. He enjoyed an enviable repu- tation for skill in his profession, and was a successful and discerning politician. He died in Salem, November 16, 1812, leaving a widow and five children, all now deceased. 1 Rev. Jonathan Dickinson. The distinguished services and imperishable fame of this learned theologian, and eminent civilian as well, need no memorial in our record. It is nevertheless proper to notice that to his services as an invaluable counsellor and organizer in defence of popular rights; and as a theolo- gian, of whom Erskine, of Edinburgh, said that "the British Isles have produced no such writers on Divinity in the eighteenth century as Dickinson and Edwards," he added to his accomplishments the study and practice of the healing art. As a physician he acquired a high repu- tation. The letter on the Throat Distemper, published in Part I., gives evidence of a mind skilled in the appre- ciation of morbid phenomena and an enlarged knowledge, for his time, of the principles of cure. He died in Eliz'town, — to which he came as a young minister, not twenty-one years of age, — October 7, 1747, in his sixtieth year. His remains repose in the Presbyte- rian cemetery. 2 1 MSS. Family Memorials. ' Hatfield's Elizabeth, &c. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 235 Dickinson. Dimsdale. John Dickinson. In Memory of DR. JOHN DICKINSON, Who departed this life September 16, 1834, Aged 75 years, ii months and 5 days. Inscription in the Old Baptist graveyard, at Cape May Court House. Robert Dimsdale Came to America with Wm. Penn in 1683. It does not appear that he attempted to make for himself a profes- sional record in New Jersey. He was a man of wealth, and his purpose in becoming a resident seemed to be to increase his estate by speculation in its inviting lands. His large purchases, both in New Jersey and Pennsylva- nia, and his character as a good citizen and worthy " Friend," have left their impress upon New Jersey history, and entitle him to a place in our record of the early physicians of the State. He located a large tract of land south of Mt. Holly, in Burlington County, on both sides of a stream of water called Dimsdales Run. On this tract he built a large brick house and cleared a farm. While in this country he contracted a second marriage with Sarah, daughter of Francis Collins, who came from the Parish of Stepney, Middlesex, England, and settled in Newton Township, Gloucester County, in 1682. His estate of five hundred acres in that town he named " Mountwell." This marriage took place some time prior to 1686. In 1688 he returned to England and resided there till his death, in 1718. 1 After the Doctor's death, his widow returned to New Jersey and resided at Had- 1 Hon. Jno. Clement. 336 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. DlMSDALE. donfield until her death, in 1739. She was an eminent member of the Society of Friends, and an intimate acquaintance of Elizabeth Estaugh, who was a witness to her will. In 1686 Francis Collins married Mary, widow of Dr. John Gosling. Previous to this marriage, a deed of trust was executed conveying the Mountwell property to his son-in-law, Robert Dimsdale, and James Budd, to and for the use of such children as might be the issue of such marriage, which was done to guard against the law of descents. This was defeated in 1716, when Francis Col- lins and his wife conveyed, together with the trustees, the Mountwell tract to the eldest son, Joseph, and in 1 717 the other children of the second marriage released their right to the same to their elder brother. 1 Joseph Smith, of London, in his bibliography " The Catalogue of Friends' books," says of the above physician: " Robert Dimsdale, of Hertford, where he suffered im- prisonment sometime of Bishop Stortford. In 1684 he accompanied Wm. Penn to America, but returned in a few years and settled at Theydon Garnon, near Epping, Essex. Robert Dimsdale's advice, How to use his med- icines (in the several distempers within mentioned), as also where they are to be had, with their prices, which he chiefly designed for his old Friends and acquaintance who earnestly desired it of him before he left England ; and to them they are chiefly commended. London : Printed and Sold by John Bringhurst, at the sign of the Book and Three Blackbirds, in Leadew Flail, Mutton Market, 4to, 1684." Dr. Dimsdale was confined in the prison in Hertfordshire for practising without a Bishop's license. He was a man of much talent in his profession, and an inventor of some popular nostrums. s Hon. Jno. Clement. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 237 Dimsdale. Doughty. Dougan. In Wm. Perm's private record of lands sold in Penn- sylvania, occurs: " 22d May, 1682, Robert Dimsdale, 5,000 acres, price paid, £2$." In Read's map of Penn- sylvania, among the purchasers of land is named " Robert Dimsdale, of Edmonton, in the County of Middlesex, Chirurgeon." Thomas Dimsdale, Baron, son of John and grandson of Thomas (1), was a physician in England, eminent for his diffusion of the practice of inoculation for the small pox, which led to an invitation from Catharine, Empress of Russia, in 1768, to visit St. Petersburg for the purpose of introducing inoculation. For this he was honored with high rank. He was a member of Parliament in 1780-4. He lost his sight by cataract, for which he was success- fully operated upon by Wentzell. 1 Charles Doughty (Doty) Received his degree of Master of Arts at King's College, New York, in 1768, and Bachelor of Medicine at the same in 1772. That he lived in New Jersey in 1774, appears from his admission to membership of the Medical Society in that year. He probably left upon the breaking out of the war, as his presence at the meetings of the Society are not noted, and we find him a surgeon in Col. Delan- cy's battalion, in 1782. 2 Henry Dougan Was elected to membership in the Medical Society at the same time with the foregoing, May 10, 1774. His name does not appear at any subsequent meeting. 1 MSS. Notes by Wm. John Potts, W. K. B. Thomas, F. W. Earl, Jno. Clement, in Proceedings of W. Jersey Surveyor's Asso. Blake's Biog. Diet. 2 Sabine's Loyalist. Triennial King's College. 238 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Drake. Draper. Henry Drake. Born in New Brunswick in 1773. His father was James Drake, the owner and proprietor of the Indian Queen Hotel, of that place. As New Brunswick was on the route of travel between New York and Philadelphia, this hotel was noted as a resting place for travelers. John Adams, Jefferson, Burr and other distinguished men sought the comforts of the hostlery. The elder Wallack, while traveling in his own carriage, met with an accident while crossing the Raritan Bridge, by which his leg was fractured. He became an inmate of this house during his enforced confinement. The New Jersey Medical Society, when it met at New Brunswick, frequently met "at the house of James Drake." The son, Henry, studied medicine and was reputed as a man of some talent and skill in his profession. He abandoned prac- tice and assumed the management of the hotel, becoming its proprietor. In his moral relations he bore an unen- viable character. He was a horse racer, a cock fighter and a hard drinker ; a keeper of harlots, and noted for his profanity. He died December 24, 1817, aged forty-four. " The years of the wicked shall be shortened." His remains are buried in Christ churchyard. Geo. Draper. Surgeon Militia; Surgeon Hospital, flying camp. 1 Toner, in his Annals of Medical Progress, notes him as among the New York army surgeons of the Revo- lution. 1 Striker's Register. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 239 Dubois. Dunham. Benjamin Dubois. Son of Rev. Benjamin Dubois, of Freehold. Born March 4, 1780. Studied medicine in New York ; admit-" ted to practice in New Jersey in 1801. Remained in his native State till 1805, when he removed to Franklin, Warren County, Ohio, where he pursued his profession to the close of his life. 1 Lewis Dunham Was the son of Col. Azariah, grandson of Rev. Jonathan, of Piscataway, and great-great-grandson of Edmond, who was the first white child born in Middlesex County. His father, Azariah, was an active Revolutionary patriot. In 1775 he was a member of the Colonial Assembly from Middlesex. Was selected by the Whigs as one of the committee of correspondence for the county, was a dele- gate to the Provincial Congress, and held other important offices growing out of the Revolutionary period. Dr. Dunham was born in New Brunswick in 1754, and died August 26th, 1821. He commenced practice in New Brunswick and continued it till the breaking out of the war. He was commissioned Surgeon, Third Bat- talion, First Establishment, February 21st, 1776; Sur- geon, Third Battalion, Second Establishment, November 28th, 1776; Surgeon, Third Regiment; resigned. 8 He became a member of the Medical Society in 1783, and was constant in his attendance upon its meetings. He was elected President in 1791, again in 18 16. Upon retiring from the chair the first time, he read a dissertation 1 N. J. His. Soc. Coll. * Stryker's Register. 240 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Dunham. on the beneficial effects of bathing. His character is set forth in the monumental inscription over his remains in the Presbyterian churchyard of New Brunswick. " Here lie the remains of DR. LEWIS DUNHAM who died August 26 1821 AGED 65 Few men have ever shown greater energy of character wisely and uniformly directed in all the relations of life. Truly a patriot, during the whole war of in- dependance, he was to his country a devoted son. In peace he resumed his pro- fession in this his native place ; and during a practice of more than forty years he was indefatigable beyond expression. He was tender and skillful, to multitudes the blessed instrument of restored health. As a friend and a relative he knew no change. Affectionate and ardent in social life, sincere and independent in his principles, he early acquired and always retained the highest confidence of his fel- low-citizens. He crowned a life of usefulness with a walk and example so chris- tian; He died so calm and collected, so full of hope, and of humble trust in the Blood of the Atonement as to leave to all the consoling belief The Spark that animated him from Deity given, now beams a glorious Star in Heaven." Jacob Dunham Was a brother of the foregoing, born in New Brunswick, September 29th, 1767, and died August 7th, 1832. He attended lectures in Philadelphia when he was nineteen or twenty years of age and was a classmate of Dr. Wil- liam P. Dewees, with whom he corresponded as long as he lived. There was a cordial intimacy between them. Dewees always sent him "author's copies" of his works as they were published. The Doctor's practice was an extensive one, in New Brunswick and the adjacent country, extending to Bound Brook on the north, Six Mile Run and Berrian's Tavern, on the west, Milestone, (then Dunham's Corner) Wash- HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 24 1 Dunham. Edgar. ington, Old Bridge and Cross Roads, on the south, and Piscataway, Woodbridge and Metuchen, on the east. His tombstone in the churchyard of Christ Church, New- Brunswick bears the inscription : In MEMORY OF JACOB DUNHAM, M. D. WHO Departed this life August 7TH, 1832 Aged 65 years. Alexander Edgar Was a native of Rahway, a son of William and grandson of Thomas, who came from Scotland about 171 5 or '20. At the May meeting of the Medical Society, at Prince- ton, 1784, he was admitted a member after an examina- tion as to his acquirements. At the same sitting, he stated that he intended to practice in a remote part of the State and desired such credentials as might be agreeable to the Society. A testimonial was drawn and approved as fol- lows : " To whom it may concern, Let this certify, that the bearer, Dr. Alexander Edgar was this day examined by the Medical Society of the State of New Jersey, and was found sufficiently qualified to become a member, and that the Said Society do recommend him as a person capable of the practice of physic and surgery to any people among whom he may reside." The Society had heretofore given credentials to apply- ing members who were about to leave the State. This is the only case in which they were granted to a resident. Dr. Edgar does not seem to have made any professional record. He never married and died young, as a stranger 242 HISTORY OP N. J. MEDICINE. Edgar. Eaton. Elmer. in Albany, New York. No particulars of him could be satisfactorily obtained by his family, nor could his grave ever be identified. Joseph Eaton. The first settler of the name of Eaton in Monmouth County, was Thomas, who came to Middletown and thence to Shrewsbury, in 1680. He was related to Theo- philus and Samuel Eaton of the New Haven Colony. Dr. Eaton was the son of John, who gave name to Eaton- town. He died April, 1750, and was buried in the Friends' burying ground. * The only memorial we can find of the Doctor is the record of his tombstone in the Shrewsbury churchyard, viz. : In memory of DOCT'R JOSEPH EATTON WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE April the sth A. D. 1761, IN THE 44TH YEAR OF HIS AGE He had a sister Valeria, who married Dr. Peter Leconte, of Middletown, and who died in 1788, in Orange, New Jersey, in her seventy-second year. Her remains are laid in the old parish burial place of that town, and a monument erected. Elmer. The family of Elmer in New Jersey descended from Edward, who came to America with the company of forty-seven, who comprised the church of the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 1632. This company constituted a church in 1 Newspaper sketch in Monmouth County Jerseyman. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 243 Elmer. Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1636, with their minister, and carrying Mrs. H. on a litter, driving one hundred and sixty head of cattle, for the sake of their milk to use on the way, and to stock a new settlement, went across the wilderness to Hartford, Connecticut. Elmer was a magistrate and a proprietor in that town. On the occasion of the great schism in Hartford, in 1655, he joined the settlers in North Hampton. He afterwards returned to Hartford in 1660 and made large land pur- chases in what is now South Windsor, and resided there till killed by the Indians, in King Philip's War, in 1676. The family name was originally Aylmer, in late years Aimer. Edward is believed to have been a grand-son of John Aylmer, educated at Oxford, a protestant, and a tutor of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey. He was made Bishop of London by the name of John Elmer. 1 The Elmer family is distinguished throughout its gen- erations for the number of the medical men which it has produced. In the last century, there were eminent phy- sicians of the name, both in East and West Jersey. 8 We notice first those of the latter. 1 Elmer family, privately printed. a Edward Elmer, died 1676, had children, John, Samuel, Edward, Joseph, Mary, Elizabeth, Sarah. Samuel, born 1649, died 1691, had Samuel, Edward, Jonathan, Daniel. (Rev.) Daniel Elmer (1), born 1689, died 1755, had Daniel, Margaret, Molly, Elizabeth, Rhuma, Theophilus, Theodoras. Daniel (2), born 1715, died 1761, had yonathan, Ebenezer and others. Dr. Jonathan, born 1745, died 1817, married Mary Seeley, had children, the only one leaving descendants was William. Dr. William (1), born 1788, died 1836. Married (1) Nancy B.Potter; had Jonathan, William, David P. married (2) Margaret K. Potter, had issue, Mary, Nancy P., Benjamin F., William. Dr. William (2) , born 1814, married December, 1839, Eliza R. Whitely. He survives. Biography in Toner's " Rocky Mountain Medical Association." Has had children, William, Margaret K., Macomb K., Henry W., Lewis B., died 1852. Dr. William (3), born 1840, now settled in Trenton. Married Alice Gray and has children William, Walter G., Arthur R. 244 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Elmer. Jonathan Elmer, The son of Rev. Daniel (2) was born at Cedarville, Cumberland County, November 29, 1745, and died at Bridgeton, September 3, 1817. He was one of the ten who, first in this country, received the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in the University of Pennsylvania. Three years thereafter he was advanced to the degree of M. D. He engaged actively in the practice of his profession and acquired a high reputation as a physician. At the time of his decease, L. H. Stockton, Esq., in a short notice of him in the Trenton Federalist, says that " in medical erudition the writer remembers his illustrious cotemporary the late Dr. Rush frequently say that he was exceeded by no physician in the United States." He laid aside how- ever, the duties of his chosen calling for those of political and civil life, owing doubtless to the stirring period in which he lived. He was an ardent friend of regulated liberty and entered with an earnest spirit into the meas- ures of opposition to the encroachments of British tyranny. When committees of vigilance were appointed he was one of them. It was with their secret sanction that a com- pany of men in disguise seized the tea stored at Green- wich, in November, 1774, and burned it. On the 25th of May, 1775, Chief Justice Frederick Smith presided at a court of oyer and terminer held at Cohansey Bridge, and, Dr. Henry Whitely Elmer, born 1847, now living in Bridgeton, unmarried. Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, born 1752, died' 1843. Married Hannah Seeley; had children Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus and Sarah Smith. L. Q. C. Elmer married Catharine Hay; has children, Hannah Seeley, Caroline Hay, Mary Hirst. Jonathan, son of William (1) married Ruth B. McLean, had issue Dr. Robert, Charles R., Hannah M., Nancy, Jonathan and one child died in infancy. Dr. Robert married Margaret Holmes, lives in Bridgeton, has children, Clias. Read, Julia F., Isabel. Theophilus, son of Daniel (1) was a Surgeon, U. S. A., settled and died in Louisiana. His son G. Eli now practises in Marksboro, La. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 245 Elmer. in the words of a journal of Ebenezer Elmer, "gave a large charge to the Grand Jury concerning the times, and the burning of the tea the fall before, but the Jury- came in without doing anything, and the court broke up." Dr. Elmer, the Whig Sheriff by the appointment of Gov- ernor Franklin, although he had not participated in the proceeding, knew perfectly who had, and took care to have a Whig Grand Jury, of which his brother Daniel was foreman, and they chose to ignore the whole matter. He was appointed to official station under the colonial government, delegate to the Provincial Congress during the war, to the Legislature of the State and to the National Congress prior and subsequent to our indepen- dence. His character in these relations is made to ap- pear in an extract from the journal of William Maclay, a fellow member of the United States Senate in 1789, as follows : " I know not, in the Senate, a man if I were to choose a friend, on whom I would cast the eye of confidence as soon as on this little Doctor. He does not always vote right — and so I think of every man who differs from me, but I never saw him give a vote, but I thought I could observe his disinterestedness in his countenance. If such an one errs, it is the sin of ignorance and I think heaven has pardons ready sealed for every one of them." He held also the office of presiding Judge in the court of Common Pleas in Cumberland County, which he re- signed in 1 8 14, on account of increasing age and infirmity, remarking to his associates), as he took his final leave of them, that it was forty-two years since he became an officer of the Court, and he had lived to see every person who was a member of it, both on the bench and at the 246 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Elmer. bar consigned to the house appointed for all the living. In his responsible duties as a civilian he always retained his interest in the medical profession and in association with medical men. While in Congress he was placed on the Medical Committee, visiting in this relation the various hospitals within his reach, and making long journeys on horseback for the purpose. He visited the military hospital at headquarters, Morristown, where he met his brother Ebenezer, on his return from his northern cam- paign. He was elected a member of the New Jersey Medical Society in 1772, and was chosen President in 1787, the year prior to his election to the United States Senate. The two papers which as presiding officer he read before the Society at its annual and semi-annual meetings are preserved in the archives of the Society, and were published in the recent Supplement to the Volume of Transactions 1766 to 1800. Being from the first of feeble health, he was disabled early in life for active exertion and therefore confined himself very much to study. He was always a most laborious and diligent student. Beside his knowledge of medicine and law, he was a well read theologian. In personal appearance he was slender and erect ; neat in his dress, and stately in his address. He possessed a firm and unbending selfwill, which was perhaps intensified by his secluded habits. He accumulated ahandsome fortune which his descendants still enjoy. He made a profession of his faith in Christ in 1798. Subsequently and for many years he was a ruling elder of the Presbyterian Church of Bridgeton. A beautiful summary of his character is found in his inscription upon his tomb in Bridgeton : HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 247 Elmer. Here rests In hope of a glorious resurrection the body of JONATHAN ELMER, M. D., and Fellow of the American Philosophical Society An Eminent Physician and Civilian a distinguished citizen and an Exemplary Christian who departed this life sept. 3D 1817 in the 72D year of his age. Attempt not on marble merit to portray a life well spent is man's best epitaph that life's well spent, which answers life's great end. 1 Ebenezer Elmer. A valuable memoir of Dr. Elmer will be found in Bate- man's History of the Medical Men of Cumberland County ; Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1871. The following notice of his public life is from the Bridgeton Chronicle, October 21, 1843 : 2 " It is with deep sorrow that we record the death of our oldest and most estimable citizen, Gen. Ebenezer Elmer, President of the New Jersey Cincinnati Society, and the last surviving officer of the New Jersey line of the Revolutionary Army : who died on Wednesday last, Oct. 18, aged 90 years. Gen. Elmer was born at Cedarville, Cumberland Co., N. J., and was the grandson of the Rev. Daniel Elmer, who came from Connecticut to Fairfield in the year 1727. He (Ebenezer) studied medicine with his brother, the late Dr. Jonathan Elmer, and was about establishing himself in practice when hostilities commenced between America and Great Britian. In January, 1776, he was commissioned an ensign in 1 Biography of the Elmer Family, by Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer, privately printed. Bateman's His. of Med. Men. of Cumberland Co. • Barber and Howe's His. Collections. 248 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Elmer. the company of Continental troops commanded by the late Gov. Bloomfield ; and served in that capacity and as lieutenant in the north- ern army till the spring of 1777, when, the army being reorganized, he was appointed as surgeon's mate. In June, 1778, he was appointed surgeon of the 2d New Jersey Regiment, and served in that capacity till the close of the war, never being absent from duty, After the war he married and settled in Bridgeton as a physician. In 1789 he was elected a member of Assembly, and in several successive years ; in 1791 and 1795 he was Speaker. In 1800 he was elected a. member of Congress, and sat in that body six years, during the administration of Jefferson, of which he was a supporter. He was Adjutant General of the militia of New Jersey, and for many years Brigadier General of the Cumberland brigade. During the last war with England, in 1813, he commanded the troops stationed at Billingsport, in this State. In the year 1807, and afterwards in 1815, he was a member of the Coun- cil of this State, and vice-president. In 1808 he was appointed collector of the port of Bridgeton, which office he resigned in 1817; was reappointed in 1822, and continued in that office till 1832, when he again resigned, having, at the age of fourscore, wholly declined public business. In his early years he was deeply impressed with a concern for his immortal interests, and has been for many years a member of the Presbyterian church. His great characteristic, through a long and useful life, was stern integrity. His generosity and benevo- lence are known wherever he was known, and ' his praise is in all the churches.' Gen. Elmer was buried on Friday. The funeral proceeded from his late residence to the church in Broad street, where the Rev. Ethan Osborne, one of his Revolutionary compatriots, preached an appro- priate sermon from Matt. xxv. 21, and then the body was interred in the Presbyterian burying ground." We add some further memorials from the privately printed biography of the Elmer family : " While a student of medicine, he was one of the party who burned the tea at Greenwich. Several of these men were sued in the Supreme Court, as it appears by the minutes that the plaintiffs after being non- suited for not having filed security to pay the costs at the May term, HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 249 Elmer. 1776, having at length obtained security procured the nonsuit to be set aside ; but the judges being displaced by the new Constitution adopted in July, and their places filled by tried Whigs, the action was never brought to trial." Dr. Elmer commenced to keep a journal in January, 1775, and continued it during the war. By this it appears that in January, 1775, he and his fellow-student, Lewis Howell, made a tour to Great Egg Harbor to inoculate for small pox, and in March they went there again, being absent several weeks. Almost every week he visited in different parts of the county, especially in Fairfield, often on horseback the whole day. He notes in his journal that " a very mortal uncommon dysentery came on about the last of May, and spread almost over the whole country." Of this his elder brother died. One of his entrys is, " Engaged in reading Van Swieten, but there is such a noise and confusion in the country but little can be done." Frequent mention is made of attendance at various places to engage in military exer- cises, the people being fully determined to oppose the measures of the British ministry, by arms if necessary, especially after the news came of bloodshed at Lexing- ton, April 17. In this way his military spirit seems to have become thoroughly aroused. December 10, he notes: "Mr. Bloomfield proposed that he should send a petition for himself as Captain, Jos. Seely first Lieut., and myself as second, to which I agreed." When he returned from his service in the line, March, 1777, he only stayed in Cumberland two weeks, and enters in his jour- nal, April 13 : " Took leave of my friends, and set out for Philadelphia, putting trust in the Lord of Hosts, Who, I am fully persuaded is able to preserve me through the 250 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Elmer. following, as well as the former campaign." It is believed that he was at home but once after this, till the close of the war. In the year 1777 he was with the main army, and wit- nessed the battle of Chadd's Ford, where Col. Shreve was severely wounded, and was with him at the battle of Germantown. He hutted at Valley Forge during the succeeding winter of suffering. June 28, 1778, he was at the battle of Monmouth. He frequently mentioned that in the morning of that day he took a crust of hard bread in his pocket, of which he occasionally chewed a portion, carefully avoiding drink, and went through the fatigues of the day with comparative comfort. The year 1779 was principally spent in the expedition under General Sullivan against the Indians. In the fall they returned to Morristown and wintered there. In 1780 in the neighborhood of New York, wintered at Pomp- ton in New Jersey. Went with the army to Virginia and was at the siege of Yorktown. employed principally in the hospital. 1782 he was at Peekskill, New York. In 1783 cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in April, and on the 6th of June his brigade received furloughs. On the 3d of November he was discharged having served two months, one day as Ensign; eleven months, twenty- one days, as Lieutenant ; one year, three months, four days, as Sur- geon's mate ; 5 years, three months, twenty-eight days, as Regimental Surgeon. In all, seven years, eight months, twenty-four days. Having had much experience as an army surgeon he was principally relied upon, after his retirement to private practice for surgical operations. Owing to his frequent absence from home, and for other reasons, he soon re- HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 2$ I Elmer. linquished general practice, but continued to be consulted in difficult cases for many years. He joined the Medical Society in 1789. His faculties of mind were but little impaired until about 1840, when he became blind so that he could not read. He lived till October, 1843, when he died of old age at the home of his only son with whom he lived. He was of medium height, stout and very strong, without personal grace, and very averse to everything which looked like conformity to fashionable life. Owing to a partial dislocation of his hip while engaged in some athletic ex- ercises while in the army service, he was quite lame during the latter years of his life. Perhaps the strongest trait of character was his incor- ruptible integrity and truthfulness. For many years of his life he maintained family worship, but did not become a member of the church till 1825. His journal of August 23, 1776, when he attained the age of twenty-four, con- tains some serious reflections, expressive of his concern for his immortal interests. Other papers at different periods of his life show the same feeling. He was the founder of the first Sabbath School established in the county ; also of the Bible Society, of which he was for many years president. William Elmer (i) Graduated as a Doctor of Medicine and was a thoroughly educated physician. He commenced practice in Bridgeton and married in 1812. He soon became the leading physician in the town and had a very large practice. Upon the death of his father in 18 17, from whom he 252 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Elmer. received an ample fortune, he retired from the practice of his profession, and during the remainder of his life turned his attention to the promotion of agriculture, doing much to bring into the county improved stock, the influence of which still remains. He was fond of horses and an accomplished horseman. A troop of cavalry which he commanded for several years, attracted great attention upon the occasion of the reception of Lafayette at Philadelphia, where they made a part of the military display. He was for several years afflicted with that hereditary disposition to rheumatism which oc- casioned his father's ill health and which hastened his death at the age of forty-eight. Elmers of E. Jersey. The first of these' was Rev. Jonathan, who was born at Norwalk, Connecticut, June 4, 1727. He was the son of Samuel, son of Edward (1). He graduated at Yale College in 1747. He settled in the ministry at Florida, Orange County, New York, where, in 1749, he married Amy Gale. He removed from there to Turkey (New Providence, New Jersey), 1757, 1 where he was the stated minister of the Presbyterian Church till November 13, 1765, when he was installed pastor. He continued in the charge of the church till October, 1793, when he was dismissed and never afterwards settled. One of his brothers, who was a Colonel in the Connecticut line, was commissioned as Samuel Elmore, and having after- wards adopted that spelling, his descendants have con- tinued it. s He died June 5, 1807, aged eighty. His 1 Hatfield's Elizabethtown . a Elmer's Cumberland. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 253 Elmer. wife died July 24, 1812, aged ninety-four. They had six children. I. Jonathan, born July 15, 1750. Married Susanna, daughter of Benjamin Bedell ; had Philemon, died March 29, 1784, aged thirty-four, and Hannah, who died young. II. (Dr.) Philemon, noticed infra. III. John, died at ten years of age. IV. (Dr.) Moses Gale, noticed infra. V. Sarah, born August 11, 1768. Married (1) April 4, 1779, Abraham Morrill, of Morristown; (2) Thomas Lovell, a merchant of New York. VI. Nathan B., born November 5, 1763. Married November 4, 1792, Sarah, daughter of Isaac Crane. 1 Philemon Elmer Was born September 13th, 1752. He married (1) Mary Marsh, by whom he had two children, viz.: Sally, married to Dr. Loring and Polly, married to Dr. Joseph Quimby, of Westfield. He married (2) Catharine, only child of Capt. John Sleight (or Slack), of New Brunswick, New Jersey. By this union had Betsey, married Ellis Potter of New York. Catharine, married Aaron Coe, of Westfield, (who had children Philemon Elmer Coe, an Episcopal minister, who built the First Episcopal church in Plainfield about 1852, and died 1874, of small pox. Also Catharine, who mar- ried Hon. Alfred Mills, of Morristown). Married (3) the widow of Charles Clark. 2 Dr. Elmer practised the greater part of his life in West- field, where he died May 16th, 1827. He had a large 1 Littell's Genealogies, &c. 2 Littell's Genealogies. 1 8 254 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Elmer. practice, was a man of ability and force of character and of fine social qualities. He acquired a property which has remained among his heirs to this day. The last resi- dents upon it were Rev. P. E. Coe, died ut supra in 1874, and his wife has died since. Moses Gale Elmer, Born September 26th, 1757, was a practitioner of medi- cine during his professional life in New Providence. He was nineteen years of age upon the breaking out of the Revolutionary war and entered the service as soon as his attainments in medicine permitted. He was commissioned Surgeon's Mate, Second Battalion, Second Establishment, August 28th, 1778 ; Surgeon's Mate, Second Regiment, September 26th, 1780 ; discharged at the close of the war. 1 His book of accounts which is still preserved and which are very accurate and carefully kept, was opened July 9th, 1783, at which time he was doubtless discharged from military service. He married December 2d, 1792, Chloe, daughter of Matthias Meeker, of Morristown. They had four children. I. Matthias, died young. II. (Dr.) Henry G., noticed infra. III. William M., died aged twenty-seven, July 6th, 1830. IV. Apollos Mor- rell. married (1) Mary Britton, (2) Theodosia Morrell. Removed to Elizabethtown ; was Mayor of the city died about i860, and was buried in New Providence. 2 Dr. Elmer owned the house and six acres of land on the south-east and south-west corners of the village of New Providence, and a tract of ninety acres, bounded on the north by the Passaic, and on the west by the highway to 1 Stryker's Register. 2 Littell's Genealogies. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 255 Elmer. Morristown, the front extending from the " Oak trees," near the village, to the Passaic Bridge. His practice was large, and extended over a wide dis- trict, which, during a practice of forty years, was trav- ersed on horseback. He was a person of medium height, well proportioned, of good constitution ; hair brown, features regular, Grecian nose and " blueish, hazel " eyes. In his morning walks of later life, he usually carried his cane on his shoulder. One who knew him well, often heard him early in the morning dancing in his barn for exercise. It was a long established habit with him to go to the " Mineral spring," by the old mill, near his orchard, to take his morning draught of water. He had a nervous temperament, and was easily excited to an intense de- gree, facetious, censorious and petulent by turns. He was a strong partizan in politics, but never assumed leadership ; a whig of the old school. He did not at- tempt anything in the way of public enterprises. In addition to his practice, he found employment in keeping out of idleness and mischief a number of slaves, who " vexed his righteous soul." There were in his town a large number of operatives connected with shoe and hat manufactories, whose raids at night upon his water-melon patch, caused him much annoyance. On one occasion he so doctored some of the finest melons that they produced, in those who had taken them, symptoms which de- manded treatment. The Doctor was summoned. The patients averred that they had " eaten nothing," but the administration of an emetic soon caused a disgorgement of the melons and a discovery of their tricks. He is said to have been rather timid as a surgeon, his sympathies getting the better of his judgment ; yet he was persistent in the pursuit of his adopted course of 256 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Elmer. treatment in the management of disease. He was unre- lenting in his prohibition of water to allay the thirst of an imploring patient. In one case of fever, the sufferer beg- ged the Doctor for water. " Tut, tut, tut, no, no, no, not one drop shall you have sir ; if you touch it, it will be at the peril of your life, sir." But the patient managed to creep on his hands and knees to a pail of cool, fresh water, drank all he could swallow, returned to his bed, perspired freely, convalesced, and then told the Doctor what had cured him. In his later years he abandoned the frequent use of phlebotomy. He also became more sparing in his administration of heroic remedies. When in 1828 an act was passed by Congress for the pensioning of survivors of the Revolution, the Doctor was placed on the list, and from that date to the end of his life received a pension of $240. When advanced in years, his son permitted an intimate friend of his, without his father's knowledge, to turn a large drove of cattle into the pasture field. The old Doctor, walking out the next morning, found them there, and became so excited thereby that it occasioned his death soon after. His wife died June 19, 1833, aged sixty. Their remains were buried in the Methodist burying ground at New Providence. On a plain marble slab is inscribed : Sacred to the memory of DOCT. MOSES ELMER, Who departed this life on the 3ist day of May, 1835, in the 78th year of his age. 1 MSS. His. Notes of Dr. A. M. Cory. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 257 Elmer. English. » Henry G. Elmer Was a son of the foregoing, born in 1799. Married Pamelia, daughter of Gabriel Johnson. He was in earlier years under the tuition of Charles Belden, of Morristown, in 1813-14. He studied medicine and was regarded as a very promising physician, being very popular and pos- sessing superior abilities. He died of intemperate habits at the age of twenty-five, and was buried beside his parents in New Providence. His monumental inscription reads : Sacred to the memory of DR. HENRY G. ELMER, Son of Moses and Chloe Elmer, who departed this life Feb. 11, 1824, aged 25 years ii months. 1 John C. Elmer, A relative of the Elmers here recorded, a direct descen- dant of Nathaniel, of Orange County, New York, who is supposed to be a brother of the Rev. Jonathan, was a practitioner in Morris County, and subsequently at Springfield, now Union County, where he died October 17, 1863. His obituary is published in the Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1864. James English Resided near Englishtown, Monmouth County, where he had an extensive practice and accumulated a fortune which he left to his children. His success in his profes- 1 Ibid. 258 History of n. j. medicine. English. Erwin. sion was more the result of attractive manners than of education and scientific attainment. He served as a surgeon in the army. His record in Stryker's Register is " Surgeon's mate, State troops; Surgeon ditto." His remains lie in the old Tennent churchyard, over which is the inscription : In memory of DOCT. JAMES ENGLISH, who departed this life on the thirtieth day of december, in the year of our lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Sixteen, aged fifty-nine years six months and fifteen days. There is also a monument to his wife, Hannah. His son, James English, Jr., succeeded to his father's prac- tice. He died in his forty-second year, of consumption, May 7, 1834. 1 Another son, David C, practised in Mat- awan, New Brunswick, and finally in Springfield, Union County, where he died. 3 Dr. Erwin Was a practitioner of medicine in Swedesboro early in this century and probably in the latter part of the last. His outfit was a poor, raw-boned, sluggish horse of the Rosinante make, his carriage a rickety one-horse vehicle, called a sulky. He was gross in person, with a face rough and red, ornamented by a nose of the tomato pattern, full of brag and a great talker. He had the con- fidence of the people and a very large practice, though it was a common saying in regard of him, " It is a pity that he will drink." He died about 1823. 3 1 Thomason's His. of Med. Men of Monmouth Co. 2 Ibid. 8 Recollections of Dr. Jos. Fithian. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 259 EWING. FARRAND. Thomas Ewing, Born at Greenwich, 1748. Studied medicine with Dr. Ward. Married Sarah, daughter of Samuel Fithian. He was one of the young men concerned in the destruction of the tea, at Greenwich, November, 1774. During the war, he was Surgeon, Heard's Brigade. Commissioned, June 2ist, 1776. He was subsequently commissioned Major, Second Battalion, Cumberland. 1 He was dis- tinguished for his services during the war, which are noticed in Bateman's History of the Medical Men of Cum- berland, from which the most of these items are taken. He died of consumption, at the age of thirty-four. Daniel Farrand. In the old graveyard at Newark, is this inscription : DOCT. DANIEL FARRAND died March 7 1764 in his 38th year. In the Town Records of Newark, the Patronymic ap- pears twice. 1736, Mr. Samuel Farrand was one of a committee to agree with (Rev.) Mr, Burr, as a candidate for the " work of the Ministry," in Newark. 1739, Sam- uel Farrand, Esq., was one of a committee " to treat with the people of Eliz'town, about settling a line between the two towns." Samuel Farrand, Esq., from Milford, son-in-law of Joseph Wheeler, of Newark, was a grand-son of Nathaniel, of Milford, 1645, and son of Nathaniel, Jr. of Milford. He died September 16th, 1750, aged sixty-nine. His will names children David, Samuel, Ebenezer, Nathaniel, Joseph, Sarah, Phebe, Elizabeth. 1 Stryker's Register. 260 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Faerand. Flood. Foeman. Doct. Daniel, died March 7th, 1764. Had daughters Hannah, Margaret, Lydia, perhaps other children. His widow, Margaret, married Elijah Hedden. Samuel, died 1760 or '63. Ebenezer, died January 22d, 1777. Nathaniel; in 1753, assessor; in 1779 collector in Newark. Had wife Mary ; children William and Phebe, perhaps others. Joseph, died August 8th, 1760, aged forty-one. His will names children Stephen, James, Enos. 1 "James Flood, Of the County of Cape May, Doctor of Physick bound over to Keep the peace towards Richard Tills .£20 Tues- day May 21 1734." 3 Flood is an ancient spelling for Floyd. Aaron Forman, Noticed by Blane, in his Medical History of Hunter- don, became a member of the New Jersey Medical Society, in November, 1767. He practised medicine in Hunterdon County, and was prominent as a physician and surgeon. He married a daughter of John Emly, a member of the Society of Friends, he himself being an Episcopalian. He was a man of strong convictions and firm of purpose. In July 25, 1777 " Dr. Aaron Forman appeared by warrant, and refused to take the oath, and being deemed too dangerous a person to go at large, was committed to close custody, in the common goal at Tren- 1 Conger's Genealogies. 2 Copied from Court Records, by Wm. Jno. Potts. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 261 FORMAN. ton." 1 He died January n, 1805, aged sixty. For a very pleasant notice of the Doctor, see Blane's History, &c. Samuel Forman, Was a descendant of John Forman, who, after imprison- ment, was banished from Scotland. He came to America and settled in Monmouth County, in'about 1685. From one branch of the family, descended David, a Brig. Gen. in the Revolutionary army. From another, descended David, Sheriff of Monmouth, during the war an active patriot and a zealous official, who, on the day of the battle of Monmouth, acted as one of the guides of Washington. 2 His son Samuel is the subject of this sketch. He studied medicine with Dr. Henderson, and it is said in Philadel- phia also. He did not graduate at the University there. He received his medical license May, 1788, and at that time was received as a member of the Medical Society. He commenced to practice in his native town, Freehold, in 1790, 3 and enjoyed a large and widely extended prac- tice, which he retained till near the close of his life, December nth, 1845. He married (1) 1790, Ann Rogers, of Bordentown, (2) Sarah Throckmorton, in 1795. His eldest son by his. second marriage, David, born September 23d, 1796, studied medicine, and received his medical license in 1820. Died in Freehold 1826. His other children were Richard, in early life a merchant, and later, retired to his farm in Monmouth, where he died ; and John F. T. For- man, a farmer in his native county all his life, the father of Dr. S. R. Forman, of Jersey City and Dr. McLean 1 Minutes of the Committee of Safety. 2 Barber and Howe's His. Col. 3 Thomason's His. 26?! HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Forman. Freeman. man, of Freehold, both now engaged in their profession. Dr. Samuel Forman was highly esteemed as a citizen and possessed a decidedly religious character. He was chosen one of the first elders in the Presbyterian church, in Freehold, of which he was one of the founders. His remains repose in the Tennent Churchyard, over them is the inscription : In memory of DOCT. SAMUEL FORMAN WHO DIED THE IITH DAY OF DECEMBER 1845 IN THE 82 YEAR OF HIS AGE I know that my Redeemer liveth And though after my Skin worms destroy this body, yet in my flesh Shall I see God. When Christ who is our life Shall appear then shall Ye also appear with Him in glory. Melancthon Freeman, Born in Piscataway township, 1746, died November, 1806, aged 60 years. He practised in Metuchen, and obtained considerable reputation as a medical man. His remains were buried in the place of his residence. He had a son and a grand-son, each bearing his name, who were physicians. Dr. Freeman was commissioned " Surgeon of State Troops, Col. Forman's Battalion, Heard's Brigade, June 2 1 st, 1776." 1 1 Stryker's Register. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 263 Freeman. Gaudonett. Clarkson Freeman Was a physician in Essex County. He was admitted a member of the New Jersey Medical Society in 1785. In that year he obtained his license to practice medicine. On account of irregularities in his conduct, he was sub- jected to the discipline of the Society, and in 1789, was suspended as a member until the next meeting, which occurred in May, 1790, when he was expelled. This action of the Society, in getting rid of an unworthy mem- ber, was justified by his subsequent history. In March, 1791, he was apprehended and committed to jail as an accessory to a band of forgers of State certificates. He was tried in Trenton, convicted of the crime and sen- tenced to imprisonment in Essex County. He broke jail, by means of a false key, in August, 1791. The sheriff offered a reward of one hundred pounds for his recovery, describing his person and designating him as " the infamous and notorious Doctor, Clarkson Freeman." 1 Francois Gaudonett, Born in France, in 1664. After or upon the edict of Nantes, he fled to England. The original record of his marriage, in his own handwriting, is in possession of his family, as follows: "On this day y e 29 of July 1688 me Francois Gaudonett and Mary Prou by y e Grace of God were married in y e church of y e refugees in y e city of Bristol (England) by Monsieur Linel Minister — April 24 1689. 'My two infants were baptized by Mr. Cour- veaux at my house in Southampton.'' About 1699, he came to America and lived in Bristol Pennsylvania, and Burlington New Jersey. His daugh- 1 New Jersey Journal, Aug. 1791. 264 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Gaudonett. Gay. Gilliland. ter, Henriette Elizabeth, married Dr. Jean Abram DeNor- mandie's father, also named Jean Abram. His second daughter, Sarah, married Anthony DeNormandie, brother to Jean Abram. Dr. Gaudonett died June 8th, 1725. His remains were buried in the graveyard of St. James' Church, Bristol, Pennsylvania, (of which he was a warden about 1726, written Gaudonet), 1 as also those of his second daughter, Sarah. 2 Edward Gay. Letters of administration were granted August 3d, 1687, to Edward Gay, " Doctor of Physick," for the estate of John Wren, deceased. This is the first mention of him. No hint is given of his previous history. He fre- quently appears as a witness to wills of the early settlers of Elizabethtown, probably his patients. He obtained a warrant, August 15th, 1693, for fifty acres of unappro- priated lands in Elizabethtown. No other trace of him remains. The family name appears in Dedham, Massa- chusetts, in 1639. 3 James Gilliland Was one of the first members of the Medical Society. In November of the next year, 1767, Dr. Gilliland "ac- quainted the Society," that he proposed to embark for Europe, and at his request the Society voted him creden- tials, as follows : " Let this certify that the bearer hereof Doctor James Gilliland has for a considerable time past 1 Hill's His. of St. Mary's. 2 MSS. family memorials, by Arthur Sands. 3 Hatfield's His. of Elizabethtown. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 265 Gilliland. Gosling. been engaged in this Province in the Practice of Physic and Surgery, with general approbation and success ; that he is at this time a member of the New Jersey Medical Society, in good repute and that the Said Society do from just grounds recommend him as a person of fair character, properly qualified for the exercise of the above profession, to any people among whom he may reside." Signed by President and Secretary. We find no further memorials of the Doctor. He pro- bably left the State, perhaps the country, at that time. In the Secretary of State's office, at Trenton, is the will of David Gilliland, of New Brunswick, probated, June 13th, 1769. He gives to his " Oldest son James." John Gosling Was one of the signers of " The concessions and agree- ments of the Proprietors, Freeholders and Inhabitants of the Province of West Jersey, in America," dated March 3d, 1676. It is probable that he came from England a short time prior to this date. He lived in the city of Burlington, where he is described as " Merchant and Phy- sician." He married 1685, Mary Budd, a sister, probably, of the primitive Brothers Budd, who came in 1678. 1 The issue of this marriage was one son, John, from whom des- cended the family of that name in West Jersey. In view of his going to the Island of Barbadoes, in 1685, Dr. Gosling executed his will. He died there, and was there buried in the Friends' burying ground. His widow Mary, afterwards married Francis Collins. - Many of the records note her as the daughter of Thomas Budd (1). His daughter Mary, was born at Burlington, 2d of 7th Mo., 1679 (Friends 1 Record). She was six years old when Dr. Gosling married. 266 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Gosling. Grandin. Gregg. Green. Gosling, Gostling, is from the Anglo-Norman, Christian name Jocelyn. 1 John F. Grandin, Son of Philip Grandin, of Hunterdon County. He studied medicine with Dr. James Newell, of Allentown, whose daughter he married. She was a grand-daughter of Elisha Lawrence, not Dr. James Lawrence, as Dr. Blane says. There was a Capt. James Lawrence, but no Doctor of that name. Dr. Grandin was a surgeon of the navy during the Revolutionary War. He settled in Hampden, Hunterdon County, where he had a very extensive practice. Died July 21, 1811. For further notice see Dr. Blane's His. of Med. Men of Hunterdon Co. John Gregg Practised in Flemington in the latter part of the last century. He left the State soon after 1800, and settled in Pennsylvania.*' Rev. Jacob Green Was a native of Maiden, Massachusetts, born January 27, 1723. Was educated at Harvard, graduating in 1744. Being educated for the Gospel ministry, he began the same as the third pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Hanover, in 1746, when some of the first settlers of the town were living. His historian 3 says of him that he was 1 Lower's Patronymics. Smith's His. of N. J. F. W. Earl, in proc. of Surveyor's Asso. MSS. His. Notes, Wm. Jno. Potts. ' Blane's His., &c. » Dr. Jos. F. Tuttle, HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 267 Green. a man of many callings, a very busy man. His salary was small, and he said himself, in his manuscript history of the Hanover Church, that his limited salary " led him to take more worldly cares and business than he would have chosen." His people encouraged him in this, answering him, "That country congregations could not have ministers unless ministers would take some care to provide and help support their own families." He studied and practised medicine. His salary was too small for the support of his family, and the Parish voted that " Mr. Green practice Physick if he can bair it, in order to help support his family, and the Presbytery approve it." He practised as a physician with much success for thirty years. In January, 1777, while in win- ter quarters at Morristown, Washington, to prevent the spread of small pox in the army, quartered the troops upon the families of the surrounding country. Mr. Green's family received ten officers and two waiters. The families were inoculated with the soldiers. At this time the old church was converted into a hospital for those on whom the natural small pox appeared. Extract from the minutes of the Council of Safety, November 26, 1777: " Agreed that the act. of Dr. Jacob Green be paid for administering physick to Wm. Mayhowder, who was sent by the board as a witness * * * * and then taken sick, the sum of £1. 10. 6., and for boarding the said witness and keeping his horse, ^3. 16." He also taught a school, 1 wrote and executed wills, and had a share in a gristmill and a distillery. Some wag is said to have addressed a letter to him with the com- prehensive superscription : 1 In 1774 he built a schoolhouse and set up a latin school with eight scholars, one of whom was his son Ashbel. 268 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Green. To the Rev. Jacob Green, Preacher, and the Rev. To the Rev. and the Rev. To the Rev. and the Rev. Teacher. Doctor, Proctor. Miller, Distiller. He says in his autobiography, referring to his numer- ous avocations, " When I entered upon worldly schemes I found them in general a plague, a vexation and a snare. If I somewhat increased my worldly estate, I also increased sorrow and incurred blame in all things except the practice of Physick." During the war he was an earnest patriot, and known as one of the rebel Presbyterian parsons of the region ; as such he was very obnoxious to the Tories and British officers, who sought his life. He was a member of the Provincial Congress, and Chairman of the committee which drafted the first constitution of the State. He also wrote papers and essays upon the times-, which were copied and republished throughout the country. He was erudite, both in the learned languages and in mathematics. He was one of the first trustees of the College of New Jersey, was chosen Vice-President, and for six months discharged the duties of President. 1 He was a stern looking man, very fixed in his plans, and sometimes met with opposition, especially when he selected the baptized children of the church in order to instruct them alone. He died in 1790. 2 The Rev. Ashbel Green, a former President of Princeton College, was his son. He was born in Hanover, 1762. Married a daughter of Rev. 1 Maclean's His. of P. College. J His monumental inscription is in Ferguson's History of Hanover Church. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 269 Green. Greenland. John Pierson, of Woodbridge, and a grand-daughter of Abraham, first President of Yale College. President Green died in 1848. 1 Henry Greenland Was one of the early settlers of Piscataway. His name appears in the annals of that town as one of those for whom lands were surveyed. He was styled " Doctor " in 1678, and subsequently " Captain," by which title he is designated in some disorderly proceedings in 1681, for which the general assembly declared him incapable of holding office ; an act however disallowed by the Proprie- taries. He was probably the person alluded to in the following extract from Coffin's History of Newbury, Massachusetts, pp. 64-66-7. " 1662 Doctor Henry Green- land and his wife came to Newbury. He appears to have been a man of good education, but passionate, unprinci- pled and grossly immoral. He, of course, soon became involved in difficulties with his neighbors, and caused great excitement among the sober citizens of the town, who had not been accustomed to such specimens of immorality as he had displayed before them." In March, for some gross offence against good morals, the Court sentenced him " to be imprisoned till the next sessions of the Court, then to be whipped or pay a fine of thirty pounds, and be bound to good behavior. One of the witnesses in his behalf testified that ' he had been a soldier and was a gentleman, and they must have their liberties.' Another asserted that as he was ' a great man, it would be best not to make on uprore, but to let him 1 Early history of Morris County, in His. Coll. and MSS. of His. Soc. of N . J., by„Jos. F. Tuttle. His. of Hanover Church, by Rev. J. A. Ferguson. 1 9 270 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Greenland. Greenman. Griffith. goe away privately.' " In September following (1664) he was convicted, with one other, of an assault, for which he was again fined and bound to keep the peace. He appealed to the general court, but his sentence was con- firmed, and he was ordered "to depart the jurisdiction and not to practise Physick or Surgery." From 1666 to 1672 he resided in Kittery, and it is probable that soon after this he became a resident of New Jersey. 1 On a map of Hillsborough township, made in 1685, Dr. Greenland is noted as a purchaser of a lot of land at the mouth of Stonybrook, on the Millstone River. 3 David Greenman Received his license to practice medicine in New Jersey, in 1787, and was that year admitted a member of the Medical Society. The only item we have obtained of Dr. Greenman, is from a slip of paper without date, found among the papers of a resident of Burlington, who died twenty-six years since. It reads thus : " Dr. Greenman died here of yellow fever." The first epidemic of the fever, in Philadelphia, was in 1793. It seems probable that the Doctor was a resident of Burlington, and con- tracting disease in Philadelphia, died at his home. John Griffith, One of the founders of the Medical Society, in 1766, resided in Rahway. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Nathaniel, and sister of Dr. Stephen Camp, and suc- ceeded to his practice, occupying the same house. He 1 W. A. Whitehead's contributions to E. J. His. a Corwin's His. of Millstone Chh. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 27 1 Griffith. was highly esteemed as a physician and citizen. An old lady, now living in Rahway, remembers him as the one who inoculated her for the small pox. She describes him as a stout, " quite stirring " man, pleasant and jolly. His monumental inscription reads : JOHN GRIFFITH M. D. BORN 19 Nov., 1736, died 23 Aug., 1805. He had issue, four sons and two daughters. Dr. Thomas; William Esq., of Burlington, a distinguished lawyer and author of "Griffith's Law Register, 1822;" John, a merchant of New York, and Nathaniel, who en- tered into partnership with John. One of his daughters, Lydia, married Dr. Abraham Clark. 1 Thomas Griffith, Son of the foregoing, was born in 1765. He died in Elizabethtown, December, 1799, at the age of thirty. His remains were buried in Newark, where he lived and where at his early age he acquired reputation in his pro- fession. The Sentinel of Freedom, published in Newark, date December 17th, 1799, says: " The death of Dr. Griffith is sincerely and universally lamented, being a great loss to his family, the town, and to society. He pos- sessed a considerable degree of literature ; was eminent as a surgeon and physician, and his liberality to his patients of poverty will long be remembered. In his deportment he was modest, manners agreeable, conduct through life amiable, his morals unblemished — an honor to his profession and left an example worthy of imitation.'' He became a member of the Medical Society in 1787. 1 MSS. Notes, J. P. Bradley. 272 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Haight. Halstead. Thomas Griffith Haight Was the third son of Joseph Griffith, and Hannah Haight, of Monmouth County. He was born March 20th, 1764. During the very limited period of his professional life, he was settled and practised at Shrewsbury. He became a member of the Medical Society in 1785. He died of phthisis, in his twenty-fifth year, April 17th, 1788, and was buried in the place of his residence. Robert Halstead Descended from Timothy, the first of the name in Eliza- bethtown, who came from England and settled first in Hempstead, Long Island, where his name appears on the tax list of 1685. 1 He became one of the associates of Elizabethtown, with his brother. 2 He died February 27th, 1734, aged seventy-six. Dr. Robert was probably his grand-son, and a son of Caleb, the oldest of twelve children. It is said of his father Caleb, that he was an old man during the Revolution, and probably feeble. When the British were seen coming over from Staten Island to the point, the people of his farm used to hide him in the wheat field, till the enemy passed by. Nancy, one of his daughters, married Joseph Camp, of Camptown, near Newark. She was noted during the war for her coolness and courage, in firing upon a foraging party of the enemy, and then giving the alarm to the Americans. For this act she was toast edand handsomely complimented by Washington, at a dinner party in Morristown. Caleb, 1 Thompson's L. I. * Hatfield's His. of Elizabethtown. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 273 Halsted. senior, married Rebecca, daughter of Robert Ogden, one of the eminent men of the State. Dr. Robert was born in 1746, and died November 17th, 1825, aged seventy-nine. He married (1) Mary Wiley, who died soon after the close of the war. Married (2) Mary Mills, who died in 1845, in her seventy-ninth year. The Doctor was held in high esteem as a physician. It is said that he was demonstrative, bold, energetic and sometimes stern in manner. He was strict in his observ- ance of the Sabbath, a regular church goer, and always in his seat at the hour of worship. It did not lessen his practice, nor convey the impression that he had little practice to detain him, while it ministered to the good of both soul and body. Though sometimes a little brusque in speech and manner, it was because there was no non- sense about him. He knew how to unite strength and earnestness with much large heartedness. He was de- cided and outspoken in his patriotic sentiments, at the outbreak of the war, and thus made himself obnoxious to the loyalists. He suffered in consequence, being arrested and taken to New York and confined in the old sugar house, where so many were imprisoned. His remains were buried in the churchyard of Eliza- bethtown, over which a fine marble monument has been erected. 1 " Caleb Halsted Was a brother of Robert. Born September 15, 1752. He married Abigail Lyon. Four of his children grew to mature life, viz : Mary, married Gen. Isaac Andruss ; Phebe Roberts, married Luther Goble ; Jos. Lyon, married 1 Rev. Wm. Hall's Newspaper Sketch. Hatfield's His., &c. 274 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Halsted. Hammell. Ellen Turk, and Caleb Stockton married Margaret Roome. The Doctor lived at Connecticut Farms. He was a man of fine presence, in height five feet eight or nine inches, slightly corpulent, weighed about two hundred pounds. He is remembered as a peculiarly cheerful, benevolent and genial man, very popular with all classes of society. During the French Revolution the French residents around Eliz'town, and there were many there, were very partial to him, and placed themselves under his professional care. " He held a high reputation as a theoretical and practical physician. In public and private life distinguished for his philanthropy and benevolence of character. He added to his other qualities, in an eminent degree, the virtues of a sincere and practical Christian. He died at the house of Luther Goble, Esq., in Newark." 1 He was buried in the churchyard at Con- necticut Farms. His tombstone bears the inscription : Sacred to the memory of Doctor CALEB HALSTED WHO DIED August the i8th, A. D. 1827 Aged 74 years ii months AND 3 DAYS. And I heard a voice saying unto me Write Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord. Yea Saith the Spirit that they may rest from their labors and their works do follow them. — Rev. 14-13. 2 John Hammell Was commissioned Surgeon's mate, Col. Van Cortland's Battalion, Heard's Brigade, July 24, 1776. 3 He did not 1 Newark Sentinel of Freedom . 2 Wm. Hall's Newspaper Sketch, et aliis. ' Stryker's Register. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 275 Hammell. Hampton. Harris. maintain his integrity as a patriotic officer, as appears by the following extract from the minutes of the Council of Safety, November 31, 1777: " Agreed that John Hammell, a surgeon in the service of his Brit- annic Majesty, who went from this State, of which he was a subject, since the passing of the Treason Law of this State, to join the British army, and lately taken prisoner on Staten Island by a detachment of the militia, commanded by Major Gen. Dickinson, be committed to Trenton Jail for high treason." He was subsequently released or escaped, as Sabine, in his " Loyalists," says that 1782 he was Surgeon of the 3d Battalion New Jersey Volunteers (loyalist). John Hampton. Bateman, in his History of Medical Men of Cumber- land, notices Jno. T. Hampton as born in Swedesboro, in 1753. Practised in Cedarville, and died September 29, 1794. Married Mrs. Mercy Westcott, who survived him many years. Stryker, in his Register, notes him as " Surgeon, Col. Enos Seeley's Battalion, State troops of Morris Co." Doctor Harris Is named among the list of members of the First Pres- byterian Church in New Brunswick, 1786. Isaac Harris Was born in 1741 and educated in East Jersey. He married Margaret Pierson, of either Morris or Essex County. The issue of this union was four children, two 276 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Harris. of them sons — Israel, who studied Jlaw, and Dr. Isaac, who practised his profession in Woodstown, Salem County, until his death, April 16, 181 1, aged forty. By a second marriage he had one daughter and four sons, one of whom, Samuel, practised medicine in Camden for twenty or thirty years previous to his death, which occurred about 1830, aged sixty-one. The subject of this memoir, in his early life and man- hood, settled near Quibbletown, Piscataway township, Middlesex County, where he practised his profession. He possessed an elegant residence and farm, which was purchased by the father of Lewis Stille, which the latter afterwards occupied. After the sale of his place, Dr. Harris removed to Pittsgrove, Salem County, about 1 77 1, where he lived many years, practising with great success. For many years his office was the resort of students from Somerset County and elsewhere. He pos- sessed a good medical library, and had a reputation as a prominent man in his profession. He was among those who first responded to the call for the formation of a medical society, and was the sixth signer to the " Instru" ments of Association." He then resided in Middlesex. After his removal to South Jersey, in November, 1 771, he gave as a reason for non-attendance at the meetings of the Society, his distant residence, and requested that he be considered a corresponding member. He was elected President of the Society in 1792. In the war of 1776 he was commissioned Surgeon in Gen. Newcomb's brigade, State troops. It is written of him that he " fulfilled with integrity and honor the various duties of husband, parent, physi- cian, patriot and public officer in the church, and in the state, crowning them all by the virtues of an eminently HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 277 Harris. DeHart. christian life." In addition to his sons who were physi- cians, we add the name of his grandson, Dr. Henry S. Harris,' 1 now living at about fourscore at Belvidere, from whose manuscript much of this memoir is derived. In the Presbyterian grave yard at Daretown, Salem County, stands his monument thus inscribed : IN MEMORY OF ISAAC HARRIS, ESQ., WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE A. D. 1808 IN THE 68TH YEAR OF HIS AGE. He sustained for many years the character of an eminent physician, an upright civil magistrate and a faithful elder and deacon in the Church of Christ. His piety was exemplary and his death triumphant. Dr. Isaac Harris had two brothers physicians, viz. : Jacob Harris, Surgeon's Mate, First battalion, Second Establishment, November 28, 1776; Surgeon's Mate, Fourth battalion, Second Establishment, February 26, l 777 '! Surgeon's Mate, First Regiment, September 26, 1780; Surgeon Third Regiment, November 16, 1782; discharged at the close of the war. 3 He dressed the wound of Count Dunop, at Red Bank, Commander of the Hessians, who died at a farm house at the mouth of Woodbury creek. After the war he migrated to Long Island, where he died unmarried. Benjamin Harris, who practised in Pittsgrove and died in middle life ; the preceptor and afterwards the father- in-law of Dr. James Stratton. Matthias DeHart. There were several brothers of DeHaerdt, as it was spelled in the earlier records, citizens of the old Dutch 1 His autobiography is found in Blane's His. of Med. Men of Hunterdon Co., published in Transactions of the Med. Soc. of N. J., 1872. 2 Stryker's Register. 278 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. DeHart. Hay. New Amsterdam, in 1658. One was a physician, Doctor Daniel, another, Belthaser, a wealthy merchant, who was the progenitor of the family in Elizabethtown. Capt. Matthias was his son who migrated to Elizabethtown about the close of the 17th century. He was the grand- father of Dr. Matthias. In the Weekly Post Boy, Novem- ber, 1752, the Doctor advertises for a runaway Irish servant man. Another memorial of him is a massive monumental slab in St. John's cemetery, with the record : DR. MATTHIAS DeHART, OLDEST SON OF COL. JACOB DEHART, DIED 1766, AGED 43 YEARS. Towards the close of his life he became blind, and had an African servant to attend upon him. This attendant made himself useful to his master with his needle, in repairing and binding on the lacework of his coat accord- ing to the fashion of his times. The Dr. married into the family of Kingsland, at Second River. He had sev- eral children. Three of his sons were in the Revolution- ary army, viz. : Maurice, Major and Aid-de-Camp to Gen. Irvine, and subsequently to Gen. Wayne. He was killed at Fort Lee. William, Major in 1775, and Lieut. Col. in 1777 ; resigned in 1780 ; a lawyer by profession, who lived in Morristown. Also, a young son who was killed, at the early age of 18, while storming a fort. 1 Adam Hay. Was a resident of Woodbridge as early as 1737. In that year his name appears as a subscriber to a fund for Hatfield's Elizabeth. Rev. Wm. Hall's Newspaper sketch. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 279 Hay. Henderson. enclosing the ground and plastering the church of St. Peter's, Amboy. In 1739 he was one of its vestrymen. His will, Adam Hay " Doctor of Physick " of Wood- bridge, is dated November 12, 1739. Probated, June 3-5, I74I- 1 Thomas Henderson, Was of Scotch descent. The graves of his ancestors are found in the Old Scotch burying place in Marlboro. The date of death on his father's stone is 1771 ; that on his grandfather's 1722. The little that is known of his parentage indicates integrity and piety, his father having been a ruling elder as early as 1744. Thomas was born in Freehold in 1743. He studied at the College of New Jersey, and received its honors in 1 761. He studied medicine with Dr. N. Scudder, and commenced practice in his native county, when he was about twenty-two years of age. He was admitted a member of the Medical Society at its second meeting, 1766, at the same time with his preceptor, Dr. Scudder. He married Mary Hendricks, granddaughter of Wm. Wikoff, who died very soon after her marriage, of con- sumption. The friends of the Dr. feared that the wife's disease had been communicated to him, as his health failed him, rendering necessary a removal to a warmer climate, (tradition says Cuba). The result of the change was satisfactory ; as his life was long and vigorous although terminated by consumption. In January, 1778, he married (2) Rachael, daughter of John Burrowes, of W. A. Whitehead's Contrib. MSS. Notes, Wm. J. Potts. 28o HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Henderson. Middletown Point. The house in which the marriage took place is still standing, and occupied by Dr. Pitman, dent- ist. The marriage ceremony was performed by Dominie Dubois ; Tennent the Pastor and valued friend of the Dr. having died in 1777. Coming into the maturity of his life in the stirring period of our country's history, the Doctor's earlier record is that of a public man. He was a member of the Pro- vincial Council, in 1777. His army record is as follows : "Second Major, Col. Stewart's Battalion, 'minute, men,' February 15th, 1776; Major, Col. Heard's Battalion, June 14th, 1776 ; Lieut. Col., Col. Forman's Battalion, Heard's Brigade ; Brigade Major, Monmouth." 1 At the battle of Monmouth, he was " supernumerary." None the less efficient on that account. He it was, who is noticed by the Historian as the " Solitary horseman," who rode up to Gen. Washington, at Freehold Court House, as he stood dismounted beside his horse, with his arm over its shoulder, and informed him of the retreat of Gen. Lee. A short time after the battle of Monmouth, an account of the depredations committed by the British when in the county, was communicated to the Jersey Gazette, sup- posed to have been written by Col. Henderson. He des- cribes the " devastation " made in some parts of Free- hold, which "exceeds perhaps any they have made for the distance in their rout through the State. They burnt and destroyed eight dwelling houses, all on farms adjoin- ing each other, besides barns and outhouses. The first they burnt was my own." He was elected to Congress and served in the last 1 Stryker's Register. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 28 1 Henderson. under Washington's administration. In 1794, Governor Howell, of New Jersey, went into Pennsylvania to aid in the suppression of the " Whiskey insurrection." Dr. Henderson, as Vice-President of Council, became acting Governor. During the remainder of his life he was con- stantly employed in public services, as Surrogate, Mem- ber of the Legislature, Judge of Common Pleas, and Commissioner to settle boundaries between New Jersey and Pennsylvania. He did not relinquish the duties of his professional calling. We have before us two of his bills for professional service, one dated November 12th, 1766; the other October 10th, 1791. They read as fol- lows : 1st. " For visits & attendance Negro's £2." 2d. " Acct against y e estate of Lewis Goodard is £27. 6s. us. in y e £ is £5. 6. I." Dr. Henderson was dignified as a gentleman, cool in his judgment, never allowing himself to be carried away by passion, very decided in his opinions and remarkably tenacious of his honor. When he was a candidate for office, it is said that he never sought a vote, and would not even be seen at the polls on election day. He was also a man of earnest piety, serving as a Ruling Elder in Tennent Church for more than forty years. In the Library of the Historical Society of New Jersey, is a manuscript written by him to Hon. Elias Boudinot, giv- ing incidents in Tennent's life, of which he was cog- nizant, and his impressions of him as a godly man, bear- ing testimony also to the effect of his instructions and the power of his exemplary life upon his own Christian char- acter. He was his minister's physician and was with him during the last twenty four hours of his life. He was buried in the old Tennent Churchyard. 282 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Henderson. IN MEMORY OF DR. THOMAS HENDERSON who departed thts life Dec is 1824 aged 81 years He served his Country and State faithfully Was honored and beloved He died in the hope of a better life Through the Merits of the Redeemer. And of RACHAEL HIS WIFE Born Sept. 1751 And died August 22d A. D. 1840 The memory of the Just is precious. His children (all by his second marriage, and daughters,) were : I. Mary married Richd. M. Green, of Lawrenceville ; had issue five children. II. Anna died 1843, unmarried. III. Catharine Burrowes married, 1818, Rev. Eli F. Cooley, of Trenton ; had issue two children. IV. Hope Burrowes married, 181 1, John B. Forman. of Freehold ; had issue three children. V. Jane died 1803, unmarried. VI. Eliza married Cyrus Bruen, of Freehold ; had issue two children. VII. Matilda married, 1813, Rev. John G. Bergen, of Madison, afterwards of Springfield, Illinois ; issue five children. Thus of three sisters we find three families, — Greens, Cooleys, Formans, Bruens and Bergens. The only one of Dr. Henderson's children, direct or by marriage, now living, is Hon. Cyrus Bruen, of Freehold (now ninety), who married Eliza, to whom the author of these annals is indebted for much of the material of this memoir. 1 1 Barber and Howe's Coll., &c. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 283 Hendrickson. Hendry. Daniel Hendrickson Lived in Middletown, Monmouth County, in 1698. He purchased a farm of large extent in that town, which had been conveyed by the Lords Proprietors, in 1676, to John William and Thomas Whittocks. That he was a physician appears from a statement made by his grand-son to a reli- able person now living (1877) and allied to the family, to the effect, that he was sometimes called in his practice to go as far as Crosswicks, a ride of about thirty-five miles. Whether he was educated as a medical man, is unknown. He was a man of standing, being High Sheriff of the county, in 1706. He died in 1727. The farm he owned and cultivated is now held by his great-great-grandson, Hon. Wm. H. Hendrickson, of the Senate of New Jersey. Thomas Hendry Was born in Burlington, where his ancestors settled in the early history of the Province. He settled for the practice of his profession in Woodbury, Gloucester County, where he became a popular physician and had an extensive practice. During the Revolutionary war he was commissioned Superintendent of Hospital, April 3d, 17.77; Surgeon Third Battalion, Gloucester. 1 "Testimo- nials from Gen. Dickinson and Gen. Heard certifying that Dr. Hendry had served as a surgeon to a brigade of mili- tia, that he had acted as a Director and Superintendant of an Hospital, and recommending that he should be allowed a compensation adequate to such extraordinary services, was read and referred to the Hon'ble Congress." 3 1 Stryker's Register. 2 Minutes of Council of Safety, April, 1777. 284 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Hendry. Henry. After the war he was an active politician, and was at one time Clerk of the County. He died at Woodbury in 1822. The Gloucester Herald and Farmer for Wednes- day, 18th September, 1822, has the notice : " In this town, (Woodbury) on Thursday afternoon last, Dr. Thomas Hendry in the 75th year of his age, long a valued and re- spectable practitioner of medicine. In him our country has lost one of the few remaining relics of that immortal band of patriots who ral- lied around her revolutionary Standard ; devoting their lives to the defence of that independence which we now enjoy." He left one son Dr. Bowman Hendry, who practised in Haddonfield, and died in 1838. The latter left three sons who were physicians : Charles, who lived in Haddon- field, Bowman, of Camden, and a third son (name not known). A memoir of Dr. Bowman (1) was published in 1848. x Robert R. Henry Was living, at the commencement of the Revolution, in Somerset County, having graduated at Princeton in 1776. He entered the service and was commissioned as surgeon's mate in General Hospital, Continental Army, March 17, 1777, 3 as assistant to Dr. Cochran, who had charge of the hospitals. He was afterwards commissioned in the regu- lar troops, serving four years in Col. Read's Regiment of the brigade of Gen. Poor, N. H. line. He was at the battle of Brandywine ; in the hospitals at Morristown and Danbury, Connecticut, in 1780; was in the fight at Croton River, when Col. Green, 2d R. I. Reg., and Major Flagg were killed by his side, and was himself seriously ' MSS. His. Notes Wm. J. Potts, et aliis . 2 Stryker's Register. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 285 Henry. Hole. wounded in the arm and taken prisoner. He was also with General Sullivan's expedition in Western New York. He continued in the service until the armies were disbanded, then settled at Cross Roads, Somerset County, New Jersey, where he died December 27, 1805. He was elected a member of the New Jersey Medical Society in 1785, from which we infer that he continued in the prac- tice of his profession after the war. While in Danbury, Connecticut, he married, April, 1780, Mary Hillard, of Reading, Connecticut, living a few miles from headquarters. His wife and ten children sur- vived him. His widow, in 1836, was living at Penn Yan, Yates County, New York, aged seventy-five. 1 John Hole, Son of Charles Hole, practised medicine in Washington Valley, between New Providence and Westfield, Union County. He married (1) Hannah Clark, (2) Mercy, daughter of Jeremy Ludlow. He had children, Jeremiah, Mary, Elizabeth, Jane. The latter married Jacob Mul- ford. 2 In the Presbyterian churchyard are two little brown headstones: "William, son of John and Massee Hole, died Aug' y e 24, 1785, aged 2 years." " Mary, daughter of Doct. John and Massee Hole, died July y e 12, 1787, aged 6 years 16 days." On the headstone of the latter: "A dropsy sore long time I bore Forsitions were in vain Till God above did hear my moan And eased me of my pain." 1 Toner's MSS. Biographies of Am. Physicians. 3 Littell's Genealogies. 20 286 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Hole. Holmes. At the time Dr. Hole lived, there was less uniformity than now in the mode of spelling, but even then refer- ence was had to the idem sonans. It is fair to infer that the Doctor had enjoyed very limited advantages in his educational training. In Dr. Elmer's accounts, supra, a consultation with Dr. Hole is noted. It is supposed that about 1792 he migrated with his brother Daniel and other families to Warren County, Ohio. James Holmes. " Surgeon, Battalion 'minute men,' Sussex, October 28, 1775. Surgeon, Continental Army, 2d Battalion, 1st Establishment, Dec. 21, 1775. Surgeon, 2d Battalion, 2d Establishment, declined." 1 He was one of the original members of the Society of the Cincinnati of New Jersey. 3 Dr. Blane, in his history of medical men of Hunterdon, notices a Dr. Holmes as a successful and skillful practitioner, residing early in the century in Timber Swamp, then Sussex, from whence he moved to Western New York or still further west. Josiah Hornblower Was a son of Josiah who came to America about 1745, for the purpose of superintending the opening and effec- tual working of a copper mine at Belleville, New Jersey. He married there and had a numerous issue. The Doctor was born at Belleville, May 23, 1767; read medicine with Dr. Thomas Steele, of Belleville. He 1 Stryker's Register. '■ Jos. M. Toner, M. D. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 287 HORNBLOWER. HOETON. commenced practice in the town of Bergen, now Jersey- City Hights, in] 1789, his field of practice extending to all that is now Hudson County, Old Hackensack and Fort Lee, in Bergen County, and also frequently crossing the Kill Von Kull to the northerly end of Staten Island. From 1789 to 1807 he was one of two or three physicians resident within that district. In the war of 1812 he was appointed surgeon, and assigned to duty at the old arsenal now standing on the Hights. He continued in active practice till 1844, and died May 8, 1848, aged eighty-one years. Two of his sons, Josiah and William, became physicians, of whom the latter survives. Three sons-in-law, Drs. DeWitt, Gautier and Zabriskie, were also physicians, and two of the sons of William are at present engaged in practice. Jonathan Horton. Dr. Horton is mentioned in the Transactions of the Provincial Congress, February 28, 1776, as ordered to be " a surgeon for the Western Reg' of Foot Militia," in the County of Morris, Jacob Drake, Esq., Colonel. June 29, 1776, he was ordered to be surgeon, and David Ervin (Ewin?) surgeon's mate, to the battalion directed to be raised in the counties of Morris and Sussex, under Col. Martin's command, destined to reinforce the army at New York. In October 5, 1776, in a return of officers of Col. Martin's Regiment fit for duty, he is named as surgeon. He was subsequently surgeon in General Hospital. Died in 1780. 1 MSS. Biography of Army Surgeons, J. M. Toner. ?.88 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Hover. Francis Hover Was descended from parents who came to America from Germany. They were among the early settlers of Salem County, New Jersey, where the Doctor was born. He received his licence to practice medicine, June 4th, I794> and commenced his professional life in his native town, where he remained for a few years, when he purchased a farm at Battentown, near Swedesboro, to which he re- moved in 1805. He was soon after married to Miss An- thony, of Philadelphia. He gave much attention to the cultivation of his farm, which by repeated accessions by purchase, and by skill and industry in its management be- came one of the largest and most fertile farms in the neighborhood. The family residence still standing was then the only brick house in the region, and has con- tinued till the present time to be the residence of the family to whom Dr. Hover sold it in 1812. In that year he settled in Camden. An endemic of typhus fever oc- curring just after, opened an opportunity for the practice of his calling, which secured for him reputation for skill in his methods of treatment, one of which contrary to the popular practice, was to give cold drinks ad libitum. He again returned to Swedesboro, where he practised for a number of years. He was a member of the Episcopal Church serving it as vestryman ; was active also in found- ing a Sunday School taking part as a teacher ; was also a Trustee of the Academy. It is due to his efforts as a public citizen that Mr. John Rink, then of Philadelphia, was induced to remove to Swedesboro, who by his enter- prise and business talents gave an impulse to the trade and manufactures of the town, the good effects of which remain. In 1821 he removed to Delaware, and settled in HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 289 Hover. Howard. the town of Smyrna, Kent County. He practised there for six years and until he was appointed a local magis- trate, which office he held till a dropsical affection asso- ciated with heart disease terminated his life May 29, 1832, at the age of sixty-nine. While a resident of New Jersey he was appointed to civil office in 1797 and 1808. Dr. Hover was courteous in his manners, well cultivated, benevolent of character, possessed a dignified presence, was tall of figure, with a well knit and not corpulent frame. As a politician he was a federalist. He was re- markable for his abstemious habits and republican sim- plicity. Good conversational powers united to a vivid and retentive memory rendered his society ever accept- able to his friends. His wife died in 1823. The remains of both lie in the old Churchyard, at Duck Creek on the Northern line of Kent County, Delaware. Four sons and four daughters survived them. Charles Abraham Howard. We learn of Dr. Howard first as a student of medicine with Dr. Alexander Ross in New Brunswick. His pre- ceptor died in 1775. It is supposed that he then went to New York and enlisted in the British service. While there, he married the widow of Dr. Ross, much his senior in age and returning to New Jersey resided at Ross Hall on the east bank of the Raritan. The disabilities of citizenship were removed at a meeting of the Council of Safety, at Princeton, September 11, 1778, when it was " agreed that Mr. Howard, late Surgeon to the British light infantry in New York be permitted to come and 29O HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Howard. Howell. settle in this State, upon his applying to a magistrate and taking the oaths of abjuration and allegiance with all con- venient speed after his arrival in the State." He spent the remainder of his life in New Brunswick. He acquired considerable reputation as a surgeon and held a high social position as a gentleman. He became a member of the New Jersey Medical Society in 1786. He was a member of Christ Church, and in 1790 a warden. His habits were those of an epicure and bon vivant. They probably became the occasion, or cause of intensifying, organic disease which terminated in extensive dropsical effusion previous to his death, which occurred before he had reached middle life. In Christ Churchyard is the in- scription, " Sacred to the memory of Dr. Charles Abra- ham Howard, who died the twenty-first of September, 1794." Lewis Howell. Born in the State of Delaware, 1754, where he was educated. He migrated to Cumberland County, and studied medicine with Dr. Jonathan Elmer. He joined the Continental Army and was commissioned, Surgeon Second Battalion, Second Establishment, November 28, 1776. Resigned July 5, 1778, a few days after the battle of Monmouth. He was with the army at Monmouth, but lay sick with a fever at the time of the battle. He died of the fever soon after, at a tavern near Monmouth Court House. 1 1 Bateman's Med. His. of Cumberland. Stryker's Reg. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 29I Howell. Ebenezer Howell, Was the second of twelve children of Jedidiah Howell and Elizabeth Goold, a daughter of a Presbyterian minis- ter, in Greenwich, Cumberland County, and afterwards in 1748, at Southampton, L. I. Dr. Howell practised his profession in Salem for several years, and had a fine rep- utation for medical skill. He was eminently genial in his disposition and of popular manners ; passionately fond also of active and field sports. Upon the breaking out of the war, he gave himself without reserve to the cause of his country, and took an active and prominent part in the contest. While the enemy'under Col. Mawhood occupied Salem, that officer issued a proclamation, May 21, 1777, offering pardon to all who would lay down their arms, and submit to the authority of the mother country — threatening in case of refusal, to ravage the neighborhood with fire and sword. In his paper, the British officer named seventeen promi- nent citizens who were to be visited with special punish- ment. In that list appears the name of Dr. Howell. He was commissioned June 22, 1776, Major in Col. New- comb's Battalion, Heard's brigade, State troops — which he declined. He received a commission with the same rank in the following November, in the Continental Army, 4th Battalion, 2d Establishment, which he held till Feb- ruary, 1777, when he resigned. As a mark of the confi- dence reposed in his prudence and courage he was entrusted by Gen. Washington, October 25, 1776, with a convoy of ammunition from Mount Washington to some point on the Southern field. For the successful perform- ance of this service, he received the thanks of the Com- mander-in-Chief, in an autograph letter. Upon the close of the war, he returned to Salem and 292 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Howell. Hubbard. resumed the practice of medicine. He married Lydia Tuckness, of Philadelphia, and left one child, a daughter, who married Col. John Sinnickson, the father of Clement H. Sinnickson, the present representative in Congress of the First District. Dr. Howell died in 1791, aged forty-three years. Jacobus Hubbard Was a native of Gravesend, Long Island, born 1739. This town was settled by English people, mostly from Massachusetts, as early as 1640, who gave it its name from the town in England from which they sailed, on their departure to America. 1 Among the immigrants was " Sargent " James Hubbard, " a man of respectability and influence," whose son James was the father of the subject of this sketch. He studied medicine with Dr. Clark of Freehold, (see pp. 100-1), and settled in Holm- del, Monmouth County. He married Rebecca Swart, a descendant of Jacob Swart, from Holland, a freeholder in the town of Gravesend, in 1650. The issue of this mar- riage was five sons, and one daughter (died young) viz. : Jacobus, Tunis, Samuel, John and Elias. The Doctor resided on the farm of his wife, and practised in its vicin- ity. He had a very large practice, and was very highly esteemed and successful as a physician. He died August 18th, 1807, aged sixty-eight years, two months and twenty-six days. He was buried on his farm, and about a year since his remains were removed to Fairview Ceme- tery, near Red Bank. The stone which marks his grave is the old style, brown stone, and bears the record as given above. His son, 1 Thompson's L. I. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 293 Hubbard. Hughes. Imlay. Jacobus Hubbard, Jr., Was also a practitioner of medicine, born in 1776, lived and practised at Tinton Falls, Monmouth County, and died February 25th, 1847, aged eighty-one. For his fur- ther record see " Thomason's History of Medical Men of Monmouth County." John E. Hughes, Son of Hugh Hughes, of Hughesville, was a skillful phy- sician and surgeon and enjoyed a large practice. He died July 7th, 1825, aged fifty-five. He left a son, John Beatty Hughes, who succeeded to his practice and died in 1858. 1 William Eugene Imlay, The eldest son of Peter and Susannah Imlay, was born in 1755- He was a graduate of Princeton College, in 1773. A slip of paper is still preserved, on which is recorded "Aug. 25, 1770, at night, Wm. Imlay went first to Col- lege ; " an event as memorable to young Imlay, as it is to the aspiring youth of the present day. It does not ap- pear that he studied medicine or practised till after the war. During the Revolution he was commissioned a Capt. Third Regiment, Hunterdon ; also Capt. Continen- tal Army. In 1785, he was engaged in mercantile pur- suits, in Imlaystown. The next year he received a letter of introduction (still preserved) from Gov. Livingston, of New Jersey, "to all whom it may concern," certifying " that Mr. Wm. Eugene Imlay who intends to settle in the western Country, is a gentleman who has during our 1 Blane's His. of Med. Men of Hunterdon Co. 294 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. IMLAY. late conflict with Gt. Britain approved himself a decided and active Whig, and as to his private and moral charac- ter, it is without stain or reproach. He is moreover a gentleman of a liberal education and highly esteemed by his acquaintances." Another letter given at the same time, and for the same purpose, signed by the members of the Legislative Council and General Assembly of New Jersey, speaks of him as " having served as a Captain in the Army, with reputation." If he went west at all his stay was short, as in 1791 we find him at Burlington, an applicant for a medical license. The three certificates which he presented at that time, are still in the possession of the family, and show that he studied medicine with Samuel F. Conover, and attended the lectures of Rush and Shippen, at Philadelphia. His license to practice bears the signatures of Dr. Jno. A. DeNormandie, James Stratton and Francis Bowes Sayre. As the certificates of character from the Governor and Legislature make no reference to his professional character, we infer that he studied medicine subsequent to 1785. He settled at Toms River and there practised medicine in connection with the sale of merchandise. He resided there till his death. The inventory of his estate made at Toms River, March 17, 1803, names in the list of articles "belonging to Wm. E. Imlay, dec," "Instruments of Surgery or Doctoring, $5.50." He was a prominent Universalist, and as a writer and lay preacher associated with Murray, Seagreave, Worth, Cox and others of the Universalist preachers in New Jersey, from 1780 to about 1796. He was buried in the old family burial ground at Imlaystown, New Jersey, where a fragment of a tombstone records that he died in the forty-eighth year of his age. His widow, Rhoda, HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 295 IMLAY. JAQUES. survived him seventeen years. She died November 18, 1820, and is buried in the same place. He was the author of a pamphlet on Universalism. His descendants migrated to the west. Moses Jaques Was a native of Rahway, born November 7, 1770. His early education was obtained in the schools of his native town. He studied medicine with Dr. Halstead, of Eliza- bethtqwn, and also attended the lectures of Dr. Rush, in Philadelphia. He practised in Rahway and in Philadel- phia. By reason of loss of health he abandoned the practice of medicine, and sold out to Dr. Ralph Marsh, of Rahway. After this he entered into mercantile life in New York, in which he was very successful. Early in 1800 he was elected to the Legislature from Essex County. He was a member of that body at the session when the law was enacted emancipating the blacks on their attaining a certain age. He was a warm supporter, if not the author of the law, for which an admiring con- stituency, his father among the number, severely censured him upon his return home, they, as well as himself, being holders of slaves. He was also a member of the Consti- tutional Convention in 1844, for the County of Middlesex. He was of a nature, kind and benevolent, with a firm- ness of purpose amounting it might almost be said to stubborness. If convinced that a principle was right in the abstract, he carried it into practice, if he could. In politics he was a Democrat, but not partizan. He moved from New York, in 1837, to Woodbridge, 296 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Jaques. Jennings. and on his farm engaged in agriculture, in which he found his enjoyment. He continued to reside there till his death, in August, 1858, in his eighty-eighth year. Jacob Jennings Was born in Somerset County, 1744, a son of Jacob Jennings. He first practised medicine in New Provi- dence. While here he became a member of the Medical Society, in 1770. He had there two children : Sarah, baptized January, 1770, Samuel Kennedy, baptized Sep- tember, 1771. He is supposed to have removed from New Providence in 1772. In 1776 he was commissioned Surgeon of "detached militia," Col. Thompson's Bat- talion. 1 He migrated to Readington, known at that time as North Branch, in 1784, 2 where he had an extensive and successful practice. He removed thence to Hardy County, Virginia. Returned to New Jersey and was licensed to preach the Gospel, and ordained by the Synod of the Reformed Dutch Church of New Bruns- wick, in 1789. In 1791 he was dismissed to the Presby- terian Church as a member of the " Old Redstone " Presbytery, extending indefinitely over Western Pennsyl- vania, the Virginia Pan Handle and the borders of the Northwestern Territory. 3 He was settled at Dunlap's Creek, from 1792 to 181 1. Though leaving New Jersey as a minister of the Gospel, he asked for and received from the Medical Society his credentials as a medical man. While in New 1 Stryker. 2 Blane's Med. His. of Hunterdon. 3 MSS. Notes Rev. Dr. Messier. Old Redstone, by Jos. Smith, D. D. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 297 Jennings. Johnes. Jersey he was a popular and successful physician, and secured the esteem of a large portion of the community. He was the father of the Rev. Obadiah Jennings (fourth son), of Pennsylvania, a distinguished divine, commemo- rated in Sprague's Annals of the Presbyterian Church. His first son, Samuel Kennedy, born in New Providence, became the Rev. S. Kennedy Jennings, M. D., of Balti- more, of the Methodist Church, and for sometime pro- fessor in Washington Medical College. He was also the grandfather of Hon. Henry A. Wise, of Virginia. Dr. Jennings died in Pennsylvania, February 17, 1803. From circumstances it would seem that he acquired wealth and rose in the esteem of his fellow-citizens. In New Jersey he left a reputation which was free from the least taint of evil, with a savor of much that was good and honorable. 1 Timothy Johnes. Born in Morristown about 1746, and died there in 1818. He was a son of Rev. Timothy Johnes, D. D. Timothy, Jr., was a practitioner of medicine, and resided in Morris- town during the whole of his life. In the war he was commissioned Surgeon, Eastern Battalion, Morris, Feb. 19, 1 776.2 At a meeting of the Council of Safety, at Princeton, May 6, 1778, it was ordered that Dr. Johnes be paid £"] . 7. 6 for cure of wound of son of Capt. John Lindsley. Also £S>. 7. 6. for cure of wound received in the service of Stephen Ogden. He was twice married, and had five sons and two daughters, most of them by the second marriage. Two 1 MSS. Notes of Dr. Messier. Gillett's His. of Pres. Church, &c. 3 Stryker's Register. 298 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Johnes. Johnson. of his sons were physicians, Timothy and John B., both of whom lived and practised in Morristown. Timothy, Jr., died about 1844-5. John B. died in 1863. One of the Doctor's daughters married Dr. Ebenezer B. Woodruff. Abel Johnson, A member of the Medical Society in 1788, practised in Marksboro, Hardwick township, Warren County. His reputation as a physician was good. He was taken sick while on a hunting excursion, and died at Jacksonburg, a small hamlet near Blairstown. He never married. David Johnson. Monumental inscription in the Newark burying ground : "DOCTOR DAVID JOHNSON DIED AUG 27 I77O IN 36TH YEAK." He was descended from Thomas, an original settler of Newark. He was a son of Capt. Eliphalet, who died in 1795, aged sixty-eight. He had brothers Dr. Uzal and Dr. John. James Johnson Came from Connecticut to New Jersey, first to Bridgeton and then settled in Roadstown. He married the daugh- ter of an Indian chief, of great beauty. Her mother was white. He was a very respectable practitioner in the early history of Cumberland County ; died May 26, 1759. 1 For further notice see Bateman's History of Medical Men of Cumberland County. 1 Bateman. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 299 Johnstone. John Johnstone, The head of the Amboy family, supposed to be a son of John of Ochiltree, was of the company of emigrants on board the ill-fated " Henry and Francis," that arrived in December, 1685. He was a druggist in Edinburgh, " at the sign of the Unicorn." He is said by Wodrow to have been married to Eupham, daughter of George Scot, before embarcation, but the family tradition has been that they were married on the voyage or soon after their arrival. An old record, the correctness of which there is no reason to question, confirms the latter supposition by giving as the date of their marriage April 18, 1686. On the 28th of July, 1685, in consideration of certain acts promotive of the advantage and interest of East Jersey, the proprietors in England granted five hundred acres of land to Geo. Scot, on condition that he should reside in the Province with his family. In January 1685— 6, his daughter petitioned the proprietors to have the same confirmed to her ; and in January 13th, following, her husband, Dr. Johnstone, was put in possession of the tract in Monmouth County. The Doctor established himself first in New York. It is not known when he first removed to Amboy. It must have been before 1707, as in that year he is mentioned as " of the Jersies," being the bail of the Rev. Francis Makemie, when arrested under the persecutions of Cornbury. For several years prior to that, he spent much of his time on a plantation in Monmouth County, named in his patent " Scotsches- terburg." In 1709, and the following year, he was a member of the Provincial Assembly of New Jersey, but was still occasionally styled as of New York. He soon after removed there, and was Mayor from 1714 to 1718. In 1720, 300 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Johnstone. he was a member of Gov. Burnet's Council, for that Pro- vince. About that time he removed to New Jersey, and permanently resided there, but was not superseded in the Council till 1723. 1 A few stones remained, until recently, on the banks of the Raritan, designating the site of the Doctor's mansion. It was not entirely destroyed until after the Revolution. It was a double, two story, brick house, with a large barn and other outhouses, and attached thereto was a spacious garden, a well chosen collection of fruit trees and a fine orchard, of which a few aged trees marked the site in 1856. In his profession he was skillful, and availed himself of the opportunities it gave to exhibit his goodness of heart, his charity and his estimable character. On his death, the following obituary appeared in the Philadelphia Weekly Mercury : "Perth Amboy, Sept. 19, 1732. On the 7th Inst, died here in the 71st year of his age Dr. John Johnstone, very much lamented by all who knew him, and to the inexpressible loss of the poor who were always his particular care." James Alexander, writing to the Doctor's friend, Gov. Hunter, September 20th, 1732, says: "Dr. Johnstone died the 7th of this month, being spent with age and fatigue in going about to serve those who wanted his assistance. I believe his family is left in tolerable good circumstances. I drew his will for him a few years before he died, when although he was worn almost quite away, he retained his good sense and spirit, and so I am in- formed he died to the last." He represented the people of Middlesex County, and of Amboy, thirteen years in the General Assembly of the » Valentine's Manual. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 30I Johnstone. Province, and for ten of them held the office of Speaker. He was one of the Commissioners for settling the boundary between New York and New Jersey, and at different times held other offices with credit to himself. He had several children, a full record of whom is given in " Whitehead's Contribution to East Jersey History," from which this sketch of Dr. Johnstone is obtained. Lewis Johnstone, Sixth son of Dr. John, (supra) was born in October, 1704. He resided in Amboy, in the house then standing near the site of the present mansion of Mr. Paterson, to which it gave place, in 1795. He adopted the profession of his father and was much respected as a man and as a physi- cian. His education was principally received at Leyden, in Holland, then the resort of all who sought the highest scholarship. After his return to this country, he kept up a literary correspondence with several eminent men of Europe. Some interesting letters to him from Grovonius, the botanist, written in 1735-6-7-9, are in the possession of Wm. A. Whitehead, Esq., extracts from which he has given in his " Contributions," &c. That he held a high place in the respect and confidence of his associates in the profession, appears in the fact, that in 1767, one year after the organization of the New Jersey Medical Society, it was resolved to appoint a com mittee " to wait upon Dr. Johnstone and invite him to Join the Society." The committee subsequently re- ported that they had waited on him and that " the Doctor 302 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Johnstone. declined to become a member, yet assured the committee that he highly approved ofthe institution of the Society, that he would countenance the same at all times, particu- larly that he would use his whole interest with the Legis- lative body of this Province, whenever requested, in order to obtain a law, &c, for the continuance, honor and advancement ofthe Society." Dr. Lewis Johnstone died November 22d, 1773, at an advanced age. The announcement of his death is made in the papers of the day, with the remark that he was " a physician of the highest reputation, and very greatly be- loved by all who knew him." He married Martha, daughter of Caleb Heathcote, of New York. They had two sons and two daughters. 1 In Rivington's (N. Y.) Gazette, January 27, 1774, James Parker, John Smith and Heathcoat Johnston, Executors, give notice to the Debtors and Creditors of Dr. John- stone's estate, for the settlement of unsettled accounts with the same, and on the 10th of February advertise to be sold, several tracts of land, being part of the estate, viz. : 660 acres adjoining the farms of Nicholas Van Vinckle and John Pue. Situated on the west side of and adjoin- ing the Matcheponix river, eleven miles distant from New Brunswick and Perth Amboy, and four from South river landing, in the neighborhood of two mills and two iron works, " both ready markets for all kinds of country produce, and has a fine out-let for cattle and hogs." The place in the possession of John Van Schaack, and " im- proved by a good house, a Dutch barn and a young bearing orchard. 300 acres are cleared land, 20 of which 1 Whitehead's Contributions. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 303 Johnstone. are good meadow and a great deal more may be made ; is very well watered. The upland well timbered and proper- for any kind of grain, and may be conveniently divided into two or three plantations." 670 acres, formerly the property of Hugh Taylor, about thirteen miles distant from New Brunswick and Perth Amboy, and adjoins the lands of John Combs, Jacob Sydam and John Johnston, with a large framed house and framed barn, a young orchard of about 200 apple trees, 200 acres of cleared land 30 acres of meadow, with a considerable quantity of bog meadow, capable of being made valuable by improvement. S50 acres, opposite Perth Amboy, adjoining the land of John Stevens, Esq., and the river Raritan ; well timbered, and so situated that the timber and firewood can be very easily transported to New York. 60 acres of this tract is described as " cleared land, whereon is a house and well- built barn, and a young bearing orchard of 200 apple trees, grafted with the best of fruit." 790 acres, situated " on the west side of South river, and near Manalapan river, being one-half of a tract remaining unsold and held in company with the devisees of Andrew Johnston, deceased," surrounding the village of Spotswood ; well wooded and timbered, and a great part of it in fine rich swamp, adjoining " the mills and iron works of Messrs. Perry and Hayes, which lay in about the centre of it ; the nearest part of it about half a mile and the most distant part about three miles from South river landing." The tracts are offered entire or to be divided to suit. Title clear and indisputable. 1 MSS."'His. Notes J. M. Toner. 304 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Johnson. Uzal Johnson Was a native of Newark, born April 17, 1757, descended in the fifth generation from Thomas, a primitive Newark settler. His father was Eliphalet, son of John, son of Eliphalet, son of Thomas (1). He had two brothers, John and David, who were physicians. He practised his profession in his native town before the war of 1776. In February of that year he was commissioned Surgeon in 2d Regiment, Essex, 1 but after July 4, 1776, he joined the British Army, and was commissioned a Surgeon of 1st Battalion New Jersey Volunteers (Loyalists). 3 He returned to Newark after the war, resumed his practice and resided there till his death, May 22, 1827. The Newark paper, in noticing his death, says : " After a long life of usefulness, he has left a very large circle of friends to lament his loss and revere his memory." He left two sons, Theodorus and Gabriel. Clark, in his History of the Medical Men of Essex County, notices him. 3 John Johnson, A brother of the foregoing. Like his brother David {supra) died in early life. His monumental inscription is in the old burying place of Newark : DOCT. JNO. JOHNSON died June ii, 1795 aged 26 years. son of eliphalet. 1 Conger's Genealogies. a Stryker's Register. 3 Sabine's His. of Loyalists. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 305 Kenned?. Rev. Samuel Kennedy Was born in Scotland, in 1720; educated at the Univer- sity of Edinburg. Upon the completion of his academ- ical course and after coming to America, he was licensed to preach the Gospel, in 1750, ordained and settled at Baskingridge, June 15th, 175 1. Reestablished a classical school there, which was of a high order, and extensively patronized. In addition to his calling as a pastor and teacher, he was a practising physician, and acquired repu- tation in the treatment of disease. He was in conse- quence called Doctor. He joined the Medical Society two years after its formation and was an attentive mem- ber. He died at Baskingridge, August 31st, 1787, aged sixty-seven. 1 Samuel Kennedy, Jr., The son of the foregoing, was probably educated in his preliminary course, and as a physician, by his father. He removed to Warren County, near Johnsonburg, and was the pioneer of the medical men of the county, having a large circuit of practice, and distinguished in his calling. He became a member of the New Jersey Medical Society, in 1769. Many of the older physicians of the county received their education from him. He died in 1804, and was buried at Hardwick. His history is in manuscript, and will be published with that of others in the " History of the Medical men of Warren County," now in prepara- tion by the Warren District Medical Society. 1 Sprague's Annals, &c. 306 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Keesay. Lawrence. Kersay. Extract from the town book, of Newton Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey, March 9th, 1730 : " And also to pay themselves ye sum of four pounds twelve shil- lings and ten pence, being due to them from this township on acct of the poor and to pay Kersay for physick to sd Hart, to Thomas Perry Webb, 12 Shillings, in assisting ye overseers of ye poor upon several accounts.'' These proceedings show that a special town meeting was held for the purpose of raising money to pay the extra poor charges of the township. Who Dr. Kersey was there are no means of knowing at this day, yet so far as as appears, he was the first physician within the township. 1 John Lawrence, Was a son of John Lawrence, of Monmouth County, born x 747> graduated at Princeton, 1764, and at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1768. He was one of the first ten who received literary honors from that institution, being the first medical degree conferred in America. He com- menced practice in Monmouth County. In the early months of 1776, we find him a practitioner in Amboy, where he was popular and successful. His political sym- pathies were with the Mother Country, and were pro- nounced from the first. In July of that year, Major Duyckink, sent to Amboy by order of Washington, in command of the Middlesex Militia, for the protection of the town, arrested the Doctor, with eight others, and sent them to Elizabethtown. 2 He was ordered by the Provin- cial Congress to Trenton, as a medical man, on parole. 1 MSS. Notes Hon. John Clements. ' Whitehead. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 307 Lawrence. In April, 1777, he was arraigned, with others and his father among them, before the Council of Safety. He finally withdrew from the State, to New York, where, and in its vicinity, he practised medicine, and was also in command of a company of volunteers, for the defense of the city. In 1783, he returned to New Jersey, where he spent the remainder of his days. 1 That Dr. Lawrence was held in high esteem in Amboy, is evident, from the fact that the ladies of that town peti- tioned the convention which held him under arrest, that the Doctor might be permitted to remain there, " appre- hending fatal and melancholy consequences to them- selves, their families and the inhabitants in general, if they should be deprived of the assistance of Dr. Law- rence." The following courteous reply was ordered to be sent to Mrs. Franklin, one of the petitioners, signed by the President : " Madam, I am ordered by Congress to acquaint you, and through you the other ladies of Am- boy, that their petition in favor of Dr. John Lawrence has been received and considered. Could any application have procured a greater indulgence to Dr. Lawrence, you may be assured yours could not have failed of success. But unhappily, Madam, we are placed in a situation that motives of commiseration to individuals must give place to the safety of the public. As Dr. Lawrence has fallen under the suspicion of our generals, we are under the necessity of abiding by the steps which are taken and are Madam, Yours &c." He used to say that his residence in Amboy, was the happiest part of his life, for the reason that the officers of the Crown, resident there, formed a social circle superior to that of New York or Philadelphia. 2 1 Sabine's Loyalists. 2 Whitehead's Contributions, &c. 308 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Lawrence. After his return to New Jersey, he resided at Upper Freehold, in a part of the town known as Mulberry Hill. He did not resume practice, being a man of wealth and leisure: He never married, but lived with his three sisters, two of whom died unmarried, and the other (Elizabeth), married William Leconte, member of the Provincial Congress of Georgia, and died without issue. The Doctor always rode on horseback, and sat very erect. He was a man of excellent judgment, and being very much of a gentleman, had a large practice while he pur- sued the duties of his profession. He was full of life and mirth, fond of games, and very convivial. He died while playing a game of chess. Fox hunting was his favorite amusement, and those who recollect him, tell of some astonishing leaps which he made, and of one which he did not make, his horse stopping while on full gallop, before a ditch, in which his rider was landed headlong. An old physician now living in Monmouth County, says, that once, when Dr. Lawrence was threatened with apoplexy he bled him almost every day, seventeen times in all, and then upon consultation he bled him again. He lived notwithstanding. He died in Trenton, while away from his home, and his remains where buried in the graveyard of the old yellow church, (Baptist) in Upper Freehold. His tomb bears this inscription : Sacred to the Memory of JOHN LAWRENCE, M. D, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE April 29TH, A. D. 1830 AGED 83 YEARS. Dr. John Vought, of Freehold, while recently looking over the papers of the late Dr. Samuel Forman, found an old account book of four hundred pages, which was kept HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 309 Lawrence. by Dr. Lawrence. The book was opened in 1769, the year after the Doctor graduated in Philadelphia, and con- tains charges as late as 1785. The entries show that his practice extended over all parts of Monmouth County, and into Middlesex. His charges to the families in Amboy and Woodbridge are from 1775 to July, 1776. After he retired to New York his practice was among the leading families there, among them Gov. Franklin and Philip John Livingston ; in Jamaica, Long Island, in the family of Col. James DeLancey and the officers of his brigade (stationed there), the rector of the Episcopal Church in Jamaica and Hempstead, among the families of these towns, and some visits at Hell Gate and also into Westchester County. An account found on Folio 368 is given in illustration of his method of charging for services : f. 368. GOVERN^ FRANKLIN. Dr. 1776. Amboy, £. 3 . d. Brot. from f. 336. 10 14 6 Mar. 9. Rd. Cort. Huxt. |iv. Ux. 6s. Rhab. 2s 8 Pul. Vermif. ix 9 19. Rd. Cort. 6s. Rhab. 2s. Pul. Vermif. ix 9s 17 23. Do. 6s. Syr. Chalyb. 5s 11 26. Do. 6s. Sper. Amar. 6s 12 April 7. Do. 6s 6 12. Rd. Cort., &c, lbss. 8s 8 19. P.ulv. Cath. dos. xii to Honey (or horses) 1 4 22. Rd. Cort. lbss. 8s 8 31. Do. 8s. Sol. Cath. ii. 2s 10 May 2. V. S. 2s. Solut. Mann., &c. 6s 8 3. Aq. Ophal. 3s. Rd. Cort., &c. lbss. 8s n 15. Rd. Cort. Huxt. Ux. lbss. 8s 8 27. Do. 8s 8 June. Do. 8s. to Mrs. Franklin 8 14. Rd. Anti-scorbut. 5s 5 20. Kd. Cort. repct. lbss. 8s 8 July j.. Do. 8s 8 15. Do. 8s. Elix.Pareg0r.5s. Laud. 3s 16 10 7 6 Attendance 2 i£i2 7 6 3IO HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Lawrence. Lea. LeConte. N. B. The acct. contracted since our leaving Amboy and settling in New York has been paid, but not being able to procure my books during the war, this acct. has not been delivered in. June, 1784. l Thomas Lea. In the Surveyor-General's office, Perth Amboy, men- tion is made that letters were granted to John Blanchard, of the County of Essex, on the Goods and Chattels and credits of Thomas Lea, Doctor of Physick, June 4, 1726. 2 Peter LeConte Was a son of William, who was born at Rouen, Nor- mandy, March 16, 1659, died at New York, 1720, of yellow fever, and on the same day with his wife (of the same fever) Margaret de Valleau. William emigrated after the edict of Nantes, 1685, to Martinique, where he married, and thence to New Rochelle, New York. Dr. LeConte was a resident of Monmouth County as early as 1734. At that date, September 5, 1734, a deed from Rob- ert Stout, of Shrewsbury, conveyed to " Peter LeConte, Physician and Chirurgeon of the town of Freehold," a tract of five hundred acres of land at Barnegat. He married Valeria, daughter of John Eatton, of Eatontown. She survived him, died, and was buried in Orange, New Jersey, 1788, in her seventy-second year. Her tomb is in the old parish burying place of that town. His daughter Margaretta married the Rev. Jedidiah Chapman, minister of the Presbyterian Church, in Orange. Their first child, 1 The uniformity of the chirography of the New York and Long Island accts. suggests the inference that such accts. were copied into the book from other papers. " MSS. Notes of Wm. John Potts. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 31I LeConte. named Peter LeConte, upon reaching maturity dropped his patronymic and adopted that of his grandfather, in consideration of the settlement upon him of his grand- father's large estate. He studied law and rose to emi- nence. He removed to Western New York, and died at Ovid in 1836, aged fifty-eight. He had three sons and four daughters. The sons died without issue to perpetu- ate the name. In Allibone's Dictionary of Authors, John I. LeConte is noticed, a naturalist, as born near Shrewsbury in 1784. He had a son, John Lawrence, also a naturalist. Born in 1825 ; graduated M. D. at College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 1846. In the old Presbyterian cemetery near Matawan is a large, grey, slaty stone, in excellent preservation, a vine sculptured around its border, and on it the simple inscrip- tion : DR. PETER LeCONTE died January 29 1768 in the 66th year of his age. There is a tradition that he sometimes preached as a minister. May 11, 1767, John Brown entered under Dr. LeConte's care to be cured of a distemper. 1 1 Town poor records, Middletown. William LeConte (i) had three children. I. William, born Dec, 1702, died 1760. Married Ann Beslie. Had Margaret and William Bailie. II. Dr. Peter, b. July 11, 1704. Mar. (1) Mary Pintard, 1735, d. 1735. (2) Valeria Eatton. III. Esther, mar. Ezekiel Bonyot. No issue. Peter and Valeria Eatton had William, b. 1738, d. Nov., 1788. Married. Elizabeth Lawrence. No issue. II. John Eatton, born Sept., 1739, d. Jan., 1822. Married Jane Sloane. III. Margaret, b. 1741. Married Jedidiah Chapman. One son, Peter, took the name LeConte. 312 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Leddell. William Leddell Was a son of a naval surgeon of the French Government, stationed at Cuba. Having left the service, he came from Cuba and settled in or near Elizabethtown, New Jersey, where he died prior to 1850. He had several children, only two of whom have left any record, John who was a physician in New York before 1760, and William, the sub- ject of this sketch. After his father's death, the latter went to Mendham, in Morris County, and " bound him- self" to study medicine with Dr. Blachly, of that place. He continued to reside there, in the practise of his profes- sion, till his death, in August 10th, 1827, at the age of eighty years. He married Phebe, daughter of Henry Wick, and lived on part of the Wick tract, at Washington Corner. The Doctor was a man of considerable distinc- tion, and of great energy of character. He was some- what eccentric, as may be inferred from the monumental inscription over the remains of his son Henry, {infra) IV. V. Thomas, Peter. No issue. John E., son of Peter, had I. William, b. 1777, d. 1S06. Unmarried. II. Louis, b. 1782, d. 1838, in Ga. Mar. Anne Quarterman. Died 1826. III. John Eaton, b. 1784, d. i860, in Phila. Mar. Mary A. H. Lawrence. Had John Lawrence, of Phila. Louis, son of John E. (1) had I. William, b. 1812, d. 1841, who had James, Anne, Wm. Louis, Sarah Ophelia. II. Jane, b. 1814, d. 1876. Mar. Jno. M. B. Harden. Had Lewis LeConte, M. D., Matilda, Anne, Ada Louisa. III. Elizabeth, d. young. IV. John, b. 1818, mar. Eleanor Josephine Graham. Has Mary Tallulah, dead, Louis Julian, John Cecil, dead. V. Louis, b. 1821, d. 1851. Mar. Harriet Nesbit. Had Harriet, Eveline, William, dead, Jno. Nesbit, Louis. VI. Joseph, b. 1823. Mar. Caroline Elizabeth Nesbit. Has Emma F., Sarah E., Josephine E., dead, Caroline Eaton, Joseph Nesbit. VII. Anne, b. 1825, d. 1866. Mar. Dr. J. P. Stevens. Has Ella Florine, Walter Percy, Louis Oliver, Anna Louisa, dead, Mabell, dead. 1 MSS. Prof. John LeConte, of Un. of California. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 313 Leddell. which was written by him. He was a Captain of cavalry in the war of 1812, and was Major in the Whiskey rebel- lion. His military papers are deposited in good preser- vation in the Library of the Historical Society of New Jersey. He was one of the first sheriffs of Morris County, serving two terms. His fortunes in life were varied by successive periods of prosperity and adversity. He had five children, viz. : Eliza married Dr. Wm. Hampton, of New York; Tempe married Dr. McRea ; Henry; Mary married John Latham, and John. Dr. Leddell and his associate in medical practice in Mendham, used to try small cases., before Justices of the Peace, where they were accustomed to berate each other, in true pettifogging style. On one occasion, one of them in his remarks, was led under the circumstances of the case to praise the learning and skill and eloquence of his " learned friend." The other when making his reply, said that his antagonist " did'nt know anything at all." • Henry Leddell, Son of the foregoing, was educated as a physician, but died too young to leave any professional record. We give his monumental inscription, written by his father, in the graveyard at Mendham. "HENRY LEDDELL son of Doct. William Leddell Having endured with fortitude the most acute pain for three days with becoming composure, he desired and attended prayer. After which with failing voice he delivered into his father's care, his loving wife and infant daughter. He died in the utmost agony of an Iliac passion, vomiting black choler and excrements on the 30th of January 1779 in the 23d year of his age." 314 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Leddell. Little. John W. Leddell, The youngest child of Dr. William, studied medicine with his father and commenced practice at the age of eighteen, in his native town. At twenty-one, he mar- ried Jemima, daughter of Samuel Wills, of Mendham. He remained in the latter place, where he was esteemed as a worthy citizen and successful practitioner, during the whole of his life, which was closed April 15th, 1865, at the age of eighty-one. His "remains were buried with those of his father, in Mendham graveyard. His wife survived him nine months. They had six children. The second son, Samuel W., a graduate of Union College, in 1831, studied medicine, but never practised. The son of his second daughter, Tempe, John L. Seward, M. D. is a Homeopathic physician, practising in Orange, New Jersey. Anthony Little (Littell) Lived and practised medicine in the Passaic Valley, at the head of the west branch of Green Brook. He mar- ried Anna, daughter of Caleb Maxwell, of Boston ; had issue, Caleb M., Elizabeth and Amos. He died in May, 1798.1 Dr. Littell is alluded to as a physician of standing, in " Spaulding's Memoir of Lawrence Vanderveer," and one of those who was attracted by the virtues of the Scutellaria Perfoliata in the Cure of Rabies. See sketch of Dr. Vanderveer. 1 Littell's Genealogies. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 3 1 5 LOCKHAET. LOEING. George Lockhart Was a "practitioner of physic," in 1679 ; a resident of Woodbridge, New Jersey. In 1683, then being in Eng- land, the Proprietaries mention him as possessing, accord- ing to his own statement, " a considerable plantation in the Province," and " desirous to have the Marshalls' place ; " he offering, in case they would grant him the commission and a lot of ten acres in " Perthtown," to build them a prison and town house. There is no record of the commission or the grant. A son Garven, is men- tioned several years thereafter, as a resident, and the births of several children are recorded in the Woodbridge book. 1 Ephriam Loring (Loree), Surgeon's Mate, Third Battalion, Second Establishment, Col. Elias Dayton, November 28th, 1776. Surgeon's Mate, Third Regt., September 26th, 1780,. Continental Army. 2 His name appears on the original list of mem- bers of the Society of the Cincinnati. 3 After the war, the Doctor practised in the vicinity of Turkey (New Providence, Union County). He married Sally, oldest child of Dr. Philemon Elmer. It is be- lieved that he left no issue. In 1786, his name is recorded among the list of members in the Presbyterian Church, in New Brunswick. 1 W. A. Whitehead's Contributions. 2 Stryker's Register. 8 J. M. Toner. 316 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. LOTT. LUDLUM. LUMMIS. Ralph. P. Loir. Sacred To THE MEMORY OF RALPH P. LOTT, M. D. who died Sept. 17TH, 1845 IN THE 75TH YEAR OF HIS AGE This inscription is in the Presbyterian churchyard, at Cranbury, New Jersey. The Doctor thus commemorated, studied medicine with Dr. Hezekiah Stites, attended lectures in Philadelphia, and practised his profession in the town where his remains repose. He had a large practice and accumulated property. His grandson, Wm. P Lott, was a physician ; educated at the New York University Medical College ; practised but little, and died of consumption, May 3d, 1872, aged forty-seven. Nehemiah Ludlum Graduated at Princeton 1762. His ancestors lived on Long Island. He became a member of the' New Jersey Medical Society in 1768, and died a few months after his election. In the graveyard at Cranbury is the inscription recording his death, in early manhood. Here lyes the BODY OF DOCTOR NEHEMIAH LUDLUM WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE THE 2D DAY OF OCT. 1768 AGED 29 YEARS. Dayton Lummis Was a native of Salem, New Jersey. Married a Miss Cooper, who died before him, without issue. He prac- tised in Woodbury, Gloucester County. He is described HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 317 Lummis. Maclean. as a dashing, energetic young man, popular and efficient as a practitioner. He was arrested in early manhood by disease, which terminated his life in 1 821. The Glouces- ter Herald and Farmer, in the No. August 8th, 1821, has the following notice : " Died on Sunday morning last, at his late residence in Woodbury, Dayton Lummis, M. D., in the forty-first year of his age, of consump- tion, after an indisposition of eight years, which he bore with almost unexampled patience and resignation. He was a good neighbor, a sincere friend and husband, and he died as he lived, beloved and es- teemed by those who knew him.'' His remains were buried in Christ Church burying place, Philadelphia, where was erected a stone bearing a brief description of his age and date of death. 1 William Lummis Was an elder brother of the above. He also practised in Woodbury, and was a physician of experience and intelligence. Dr. Rush, in his writings upon the yellow fever, alludes to him, and in 1798 he wrote a letter upon that fever as occurring in Woodbury, to which allusion is made in Part I. (Section " Pestilence "). In the early part of this century he left New Jersey and settled in Ontario, State of New York, when it was almost a wild- erness. We have found no further memorials of him. John Maclean Was a native of Glasgow, Scotland, born on the 1st of March, 1771. In his thirteenth year he entered the Uni- versity of that city, and after completing the usual MSS. Notes ofWm. Jno. Potts, etaliis. 22 3 18 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Maclean. courses in the arts and in medicine, he went successively to Edinburgh, London and Paris, with the view of prose- cuting in these cities, his studies in Surgery and in Chem- istry. At Paris, he had the opportunity of attending the lectures of Lavoisier, Bertholet, Fourcroy and other emi- nent masters of the chemical art, and became himself accomplished in the same ; so much so that by his friends in Glasgow he was regarded as having, in that city, no superior in his knowledge of the New Chemistry, as the French Chemistry of that day was then called. As a surgeon also he rapidly gained a good reputation, and a profitable practice, so much so, that upon leaving Scotland for America, while yet a young man of but twenty-four years of age, the Society of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow, of their own motion, gave him a certificate, expressive of the high esteem in which he was held by them, and their best wishes for his success in this country. He was attracted to the United States, as its form of government was more in accordance with his own ideas, than those generally held even by his own personal friends, in Scotland. Soon after he arrived in this country, in the Spring of 1795, he established himself at Princeton, in the practice of medicine and surgery, in partnership with Dr. Ebene- zer Stockton, the leading physician of the place, who be- came one of his best and most intimate friends. Upon his settlement in Princeton, he was invited by Prof. Smith, of the College, to give the students a short course of lectures and experiments in Chemistry. Such was the impression he made upon those who listened to him, that at the first meeting of the trustees, thereafter, he was chosen Prof, of Chemistry, in the College, with the under- HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 319 Maclean. standing that he would be at liberty to continue the practice of his profession. Dr. Walter Minto, the Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy, dying in the Autumn of 1796, Dr. Maclean was chosen his successor, in April, 1797, still retaining his department of Chemistry. This increase of his duties constrained him to give up the practice of his profession and devote himself to the work of instruction. While engaged in practice, the Doctor very successfully performed some operations, which in those days rural surgeons were not apt to attempt. As a successful teacher and a college officer, he has had few equals in our country. The whole period of his con- nection with the college was seventeen years, from the summer of 1795 to that of 1812, when resigninghis posi- tion in the College of New Jersey, he accepted the Pro- fessorship of Natural Philosophy and Chemistry in Wil- liam and Mary College, Virginia. In the Spring of 1813, while there, he had a severe attack of fever, from the effects of which he never fully recovered. Returning to Princeton, where he had left his family for the winter, he languished until the 17th of February, when he departed this life, in Christian hope, being within a fortnight of forty three years of age. Dr. Maclean was united in marriage on November 7, 1798, to Phebe, eldest daughter, of Dr. Absalom Bain- bridge, then of New York, but in earlier life in New Jersey. The issue of this union was six children — four sons and two daughters. His eldest son was Rev. John Maclean, D. D., &c, President of the College of New Jersey, from 1854 to 1868. Dr. Maclean's remains repose in the College burial lot at the Princeton cemetery : 320 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Maclean. Manlove. Laus Deo Optimo Maximo. Intra hoc Sepulchrum, deposita sunt spe resurrectionis beatae Reliquias Mortales JOHANNIS MACLEAN, M. D. viri admodum venerandi ; Omnibus dotibus animi prsecellentis. Qui Glascuae Scotorum Natus, Kal Martii A. D. MDCCLXXI. In Americam Migravit Anno MDCCXCV. Physicae Naturalis Scientia penitus instructus et Arte Chemica precipue florens. Earum Artium in Academia Nassovica professor designatus est Prid. Kal. Oct. ejusdem Anni Professoribus ac Juventuti in Collegio mire dilectus atque observatus. e vita eheu ! decessit Omnibus plorandus Idibus Februarri, MDCCCXIV.' Christopher Manlove Joined the Medical Society of New Jersey as one of its founders in 1766. He went to Virginia, receiving from the Society, 1767, credentials of his good standing, as follows : " To whom it may concern : Let this certify that the bearer hereof, Doctor Christopher Man- love, has, for a considerable time past, been engaged in this Province in the practice of Physic and Surgery, with general approbation and success ; that he is at this time a member of the New Jersey Medical Society in good repute, and that the said Society do, from just grounds, recommend him as a person of fair character, properly qual- ified for the exercise of the above professions to any people among whom he may reside. ROBT. MCKEAN, Pres. New Jersey, May 5, 1767. MOSES BLOOMFIELD, Sec'y." 1 MSS. letter of Rev. Jno. Maclean, D. D. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 32 1 Manning. Marmion. Nathaniel Manning Is believed to have belonged to the family of Manning who came to Amboy in the " Caledonia," during the troubles in Scotland in 171 5. He received his medical education under the tuition of the " Faculty of Philadel- phia," as upon applying for admission to the Medical Society in 1767, he presented testimonials from them as to his proficiency in medicine. He practised for a time in Metuchen, and was considered as an able and most excellent man. In 1771 he applied to the Society for a certificate of character as a physician, being about to leave the Province, which was granted to him. In 1772 he was present at the meeting of the Society. From that date his name does not appear. He went to England in 1 771, and in that year was ordained by the Bishop of London, for Hampshire Parish, Hampshire County, Virginia. In 1775 he was its incumbent. He graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1762, and is noted in its catalogue as a clergyman. There is no evidence that he, like many of his compeers, did not subsequently practise as a physician. He was in the same class in college with Rev. James Manning, not of the same family, a Jerseyman, who was afterwards President of Brown University. The will of Nathaniel Manning, of Piscataway, re- corded 1766, gives to son Nathaniel. Samuel Marmion. Born in England in 1650. Upon coming to America he lived first at New Castle, then in Philadelphia till about 1709. His daughter, Diana, married Col. Peter 322 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Marmion. Mason. Bard, in 1707. He was a physician, but it is not now known how much he practised his profession. During his late years he gave up medicine and engaged in mer- cantile pursuits. From old letters now extant, if would appear that Lord Cornbury, Peter Fauconnier, his Secre- tary, Peter Bard, 2d Judge, Montgsesson, 1st Judge, Pinhorne and Dr. Marmion, the old fathers of the hamlet, were all concerned together in land and land patents, and in " ventures to the Barbadoes," as well as in the politics of their time. The Doctor came to America in 1700. He married Elizabeth Parker, born in Lancashire, 1670, died 1729, a stately dame of good family and a woman of strong mind and great piety. He made his will in pericido mortis, January 24th, 1734, and says : " I give my brick dwelling house, lot of land and all my appurtenances to my daugh- ter Diana Bard, 1 my executrix &c. Said dwelling being situated on High St. in y e town of Burlington." Dr. Marmion died March 20th, 1734, at the age of eighty. His remains and those of his wife lie next to those of Peter Bard, his son-in-law, in the churchyard of St. Mary's, Burlington. 2 William K. Mason Was born at Pemberton, December 12, 1790, and studied medicine with his stepfather, Dr. Egbert, probably in Trenton. He went to Tuckerton soon after his marriage, and was in active practice there till within a few years of 1 By the Bard marriage union was a daughter, Mary Martha, who married Rev. Colin Campbell, Miss, of Soc. for prop, of the Gospel.— Hill's His. of St. Mary's, a MSS. Notes of Arthur Sands, &e. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 323 Mason. McCalla. his death, which occurred May 29, 1874. After the death of Dr. Sawyer, Mason had the field to himself for many years. His practice extended over a wide district. He was married twice but had no children. Having acquired a tolerable competency, he left by his will several small legacies for public and charitable purposes, one of which was five hundred dollars towards a public library, and another of three hundred dollars to be expended in fruit trees for poor people in his vicinity, who have small lots of ground. Thomas Harrison McCalla, Son of John McCalla, was born in Philadelphia ; prac- tised in Greeenwich between 1790 and 1800. He removed to Charleston, South Carolina, and died there. 1 Archibald C. McCalla, Brother to the foregoing, studied with his brother Thomas. He first settled as a physician in Salem. Married Marga- ret, daughter of Robert Patterson. He is doubtless the " Archibald McCauley," recorded as received to member- ship in the New Jersey Medical Society, 1787, being then twenty-four years of age and at the commencement of his practice. He was born February 11, 1763 ; died June 16, 181 1. An interesting memoir of him is found in the History of the Medical Men of Cumberland County. 1 His. of Med. Men of Cumberland Co. 324 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. McCarter. Charles McCarter. In Stryker's Register of officers and men of New Jer- sey who served in the Revolutionary War, Dr. Charles McCarter is noted as Surgeon in the Continental Army. As thus associated with the medical men of the State, we give him a place in our record. It does not appear that he was, in any other relations, connected with the profes- sion in New Jersey. The Doctor was a Scotchman by birth. He entered the Colonial service in New York City, soon after the war, the particular service unknown ; but soon after, he was attached as mate to the 4th Penn. Regiment, Cols. Butler and Morgan. Wm. Brown was commissary, and while the army was at Valley Forge he became very intimate with his family, who had been compelled to leave Phila- delphia during the occupation by the enemy. The Doctor was present at the battles of Trenton, Brandy- wine, the surrender of Burgoyne ; at Monmouth and at Yorktown. After the surrender of Cornwallis, he was appointed, April, 1782, Surgeon on board the armed ves- sel " Hyder Ali," commanded by Capt. Barnes, to sail with dispatches to France. On the passage out, having an engagement with a British vessel, they were compelled to put into one of the West India islands to refit. Off the Capes a prize was captured. One of the men was severely wounded and his life deemed by the officers to be in great danger. He performed the necessary opera- tions with success and saved his life. An excellent -medi- cine chest, found on board the prize, was presented to him for his skill and diligence. The Doctor was married to Rachael, daughter of Com- missary Brown, by a chaplain in the army, at or near HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 325 McCakter. McEowen. Yorktown, October 23, 1781. He died in 1800. His widow was residing in 1838-43 in Philadelphia, and alive in 1850, at the age of eighty-seven. 1 Hugh McEowen Was the son of Alexander McEowen and Mary Cross. The former was born in Scotland. Hugh, his son, studied medicine in Philadelphia. He was a student at the Penn- sylvania Hospital in 1784, and received his certificate of attendance at that institution, signed by Benjamin Rush and John Foulke, July 12, 1786. Having been licensed to practise in New Jersey, August 19, 1786, he immedi- ately settled at the place now called Millington, a little south of Baskingridge, where he continued to practise his profession, till laid aside by his last illness. He had a very large practice, extending to Long Hill, Baskingridge and to Mendham. Dr. McEowen married, when she was twenty-two years of age, Catharine Vail, of Baskingridge, June 2, 1801. By this union he had three children, viz. : Mary, married Dr. Edward Aug. Darcy ; Matilda, married Rev. Dr. Fairchild, and Alexander. The two former survive. There are no descendants of the name now living. An old family Bible, printed in 1765, formerly the prop- erty of Alexander, Sr., is in the possession of the daugh- ters. It has on its title page its bequest to his son Hugh. William McGill Lived near Frenchtown. Commenced practice in the closing years of the last century; died 1815, aged forty- six. He married a daughter of Thomas Lowry, the founder of Frenchtown, Hunterdon County. 2 1 MSS. in Library of J. M. Toner, M. D. u Blane's His. Mott's 1st Cent, of Hunterdon. 326 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. MdLVAINE. William McIlvaine Was born in Philadelphia, July 18, 1750. He was the son of William, who, with his brother David, came to Amer- ica and settled in Philadelphia in the early part of the last century. They were sons of a thriving merchant of Ayr, Scotland. David, the younger, died young and unmarried. William married Anne, daughter of Caleb Emerson, and grand-daughter of Sir Edward E. William was an Elder in the First Presbyterian Church, Philadel- phia, from 1760 to 1770, and died in 177 1. By his mar- riage with Miss Emerson he had three children, viz. : Joseph, William and Mary. Joseph was the father of Rev. Charles P. McIlvaine, Bishop of the Episcopal diocese of Ohio. Mary married Gen. Joseph Bloomfield, of Burlington, Governor of New Jersey from 1801 to 1812. William, the subject of this sketch, was his second son. At sixteen years of age he was sent to Scotland to per- fect his education, and received his medical degree at the University of Edinburgh. He returned to America and settled first in Bristol, Pennsylvania, where he married Margaret, daughter of Wm. Rodman, in November 6, 1773. By this union he had four children, perhaps others. Two, Hannah and Eliza, both died in infancy, and are buried beside their mother in St. James' churchyard, Bristol. Mary Ann, born 1774, died 1814, married Gen. Jonathan Rhea. Rebecca married Joshua Maddox Wal- lace, whose only surviving son, Prof. Ellerslie Wallace, of Philadelphia, is still living. His wife died February 22, 1781. He married (2) Rebecca, daughter of Wm. Coxe. She was born February 3, 1760, and died 1783. This marriage union was a short one. We have no record of any issue. He married (3), June 16, 1785, Mary, daughter of Chief Justice Shippen, of Pennsylvania, by whom he HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 327 MClLVAINE. had five children, viz. : William, Edward Shippen, Marga- ret, Joseph Bloomfield and Mary. After his second marriage he removed to Philadelphia, where he practised his profession till 1793. In that year of the yellow fever, he sent his family to Burlington, New Jersey, for refuge from the scourge, while he, true to his calling, remained at his post of duty. He was attacked with the fever and was nursed by an old black servant. He did not make known his sickness to his family, and was finally restored to health. Dr. Rush, in his "account of the Billious Yellow Fever of 1793," notices the cure of Dr. Mcllvaine as among the first trophies of his " new remedy," viz. : " Calomel 10 grs., Jalap 15 grs ; given three or four times daily till free purging is produced." 1 After the Doctor's recovery he joined his family in Burlington, and from that time became a resident practi- tioner there till his death, which occurred on the 16th of September, 1806. His wife survived him many years, departing this life March 14, 1831. Their remains and those of his second wife lie in the churchyard of Burlington. Dr. Mcllvaine was a man of distinction in his profes- sion, and as a citizen was admired for noble and upright purpose. Letters still preserved in his family, addressed to his son in college, 1801-2, indicate that he sought his happiness in the bosom of his family, and that his ambi- tion was to train his son to become a Christian scholar and gentleman. When in Philadelphia, he was a regular attendant upon the services of the First Presbyterian Church. He was by birth and education a Presbyterian. When living in Bristol and Burlington he attended the 1 Rush's Inquiries, vol. ii, p. 130. 328 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. MClLVAINE. Episcopal Church, and had his children baptized in it, giving his sympathy and cordial support to that Christian Communion as, at that date there was no Presbyterian Church in those towns. His religious impulses are illus- trated by two bound volumes, now in the possession of his grand-daughter, Mrs. Margaret S. Dickinson, of Philadelphia, containing Dr. Blair's sermons written by her grandfather, as he heard them preached, while he was a student at the University of Edinburgh. His name appears upon a subscription paper, in Rev. Dr. Hill's His- tory of St. Mary's Church, Burlington, for the support of an organist. In 1794 he was elected a trustee of Burling- ton Academy. In Dr. Hill's history is a letter addressed to its author by Bishop Mcllvaine, who writes : " Dr. Wm. Mcllvaine lived and died in the large house on the bank, which Mr. Chas. Chauncey afterwards occupied, and where before him lived the grandparents, John Griffith and wife, of the present Rev. Dr. Francis Wharton. His mother grew up there." During the Revolution the Doctor espoused the patriot cause. In 1776 he was Surgeon in Col. Read's Regiment. His name however does not appear among the commis- sioned surgeons of the Regiment. A large folio volume of photographs, published by Elias Dexter, New York, 1862, contains a likeness of the Doctor. The portraits in this volume were taken from the original collection of St. Memin, a French officer in Philadelphia, toward the close of the last century, and are said to be admirable likenesses. The Doctor's is thus described in St. Memin's handwriting : " Doctor Mcll- vaine, 1798 (the year it was taken), of Burlington, N. J., No. 187." The volume, which is very rare, is found in HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 329 MclLVAINE. MCKEAN. the library of the New England Historico-Genealogical Society in Boston. 1 " Mcllvaine " monumental inscriptions in St. Mary's churchyard, Burlington, New Jersey : " In memory of REBECCA Wife of Doctor William Mcllvaine and daughter of William Coxe, Esq. Born Feb. 3d 1760. Died September 13th 1783." " In memory of MARY ANNE RHEA consort of General Jonathan Rhea and daughter of Doct. William Mcllvaine. Born 10th Aug. 1774. Died May 30, 1814." "In memory of WILLIAM MclLVAINE, M. D. Born July 18th A. D. 1750. Died September 16th A. D. 1806. and of MARY MclLVAINE his Relict Born August 15 A. D. 1757. Died March 14 A. D. 1831." In St. James' churchyard, Bristol, Pennsylvania : "In memory of MARGARET wife of Doctor William Mcllvaine and daughter of William Rodman, Esq. Born September 20 1752. Died February 22d 1781. Also their children Hannah and Elizabeth who died in infancy." Rev. Robert McKean Was, in 1757, ordained to the Mission of New Brunswick, by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in For- eign Parts. He removed to Amboy in 1763. Previous to his settlement in Amboy, his mission embraced the towns of Piscataway and Spotswood. He devoted him- self to the conscientious discharge of his duties, as far as a somewhat delicate constitution would permit, and made occasional visits to Readingtown, twenty-five miles dis- tant. The result of his labors was a gradual increase of his congregations, till his removal to Amboy. 1 MSS. His. Notes Wm. Jno. Potts, and family sources. 330 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. McKean. McKissack. In a letter dated October 12th, 1767, Rev. Dr. Chand- ler, of Elizabethtown, informed the Society that " wasted away with a tedious disorder, the worthy, the eminently useful and amiable Mr. McKean is judged by his physi- cians to be at present at the point of death." He adds, " a better man was never in the Society's service." He died October 17th. He was also a practising physician. That he was dis- tinguished as such and for his zeal in promoting the science of medicine, is illustrated in the fact that he was one of the original seventeen medical men who organized the New Jersey Medical Society, in July, 1766. He was the first signer to its " Instruments of Association and Constitutions," and received the honor of being its first President. His mortal remains repose in the graveyard of St. Peter's Church, in Amboy. His monument now stands there, erected by Hon. Thomas McKean, an early Gov- ernor of Pennsylvania, bearing the inscription : " In memory of REV. ROBT. McKEAN, M. A., Practitioner of Physic, &c, and Missionary from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, to the city of Perth Amboy, who was born July 13th, 1732, N. S., and died Oct. 17th, 1767. An unshaken friend, an agreeable Companion, a rational Divine, a skillful Physician and in every relation in life a truly benevolent and honest man. Fraternal love hath erected this monument.* William M. McKissack Was a resident of Bound Brook, and during his life practised medicine in that town. He was received to membership in the Medical Society in 1795, being then a 'Hawkins' Missions of the Church of England. Barber and Howe's Coll. W. A. Whitehead's Contributions, &c. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 33 1 McKlSSACK. MlCHEAU. practitioner of many years' experience. He was the last medical man received into the Medical Society during the last century, as its meetings were suspended after 1795 till 1807. He was widely known and esteemed, useful in his profession, and was regarded as a physician of good judgment and skill. His son, Dr. William D. McKissack, practised in Mill- stone, and a grandson, Dr. Peter Ditmars, recently deceased. Dr. McKissack died in Bound Brook, where his remains rest in the old Presbyterian graveyard. His monumental inscription is meagre and imperfect. " WILLIAM M. MCKISSACK, M. D. died Feb. 1831 in the 77th year of his age. His wife died Mar. 5, 1809 in the 51st year of her age." 1 Paul Micheau Was descended from an ancestor of the same name, on Staten Island, where the name of the latter appears as Sheriff of Richmond County, 1736. He died in 1751, while a member of the Colonial Assembly. His son Paul was a man of popularity and influence, and was a member of the first and third Provincial Congress. He died in 1790. He was the father of Paul J. and Benjamin, of Staten Island, the latter of whom we suppose to have been the father of the Doctor. 8 Dr. Micheau removed from Richmond, Staten Island and commenced the practice of medicine in Elizabeth- 1 MSS. Notes of Rev. Dr. Messier. » Clute's His. of S.I. 332 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. MlCHEAU. town, in April, 1789. He applied for admission to the New Jersey Medical Society at its meeting the following month and was admitted to membership, giving testimo- nials of his attainments from " European schools in which he was educated." He opened a medical school in 1790, advertising in February of that year a complete course of medical lec- tures to be given at four o'clock, P. M., from May 10th to July 25th, charge £5. In his advertisement of his proposed lectures, he notes himself as " Surgeon and Fel- low of the Lyceum Medicum Londinense." In the New Jersey Journal, June 29th, 1791, is the following: "On the 2d Monday in the ensuing month will be delivered by Dr. Micheau an essay on the late Percivale Potts, F. R. S. and Surgeon to St. Bartholemew's Hospital." His membership of the Lyceum, &c, and his admiration of Potts, admit the inference that he was educated in London. It was at his suggestion and chiefly by his efforts, that a Medical Society for the Eastern District 'of the State of New Jersey was formed, in 1790. It met quarterly, generally in Elizabethtown and Newark. The New Jersey Medical Society entered a minute, November, 1790, reprehending him for thus "originating and estab- lishing a Society new and independent " of the Society of which he was a member. The motives which prompted this action of the Society have been noticed in Dr. Clark's " Medical History of Essex County," as illiberal. They are to be estimated by the relation which, at that early period, the Society bore to the profession. (See Part I., p. 49.) It was consti- tuted by members of the whole State, but in its practical working, only one-sixth were from West Jersey. Of that HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 333 MlCHEAU. small number, not half attended its meetings with suffi- cient regularity to be relied upon. Of those ordinarily in attendance, a large majority were from the counties in East Jersey contiguous to Essex County. A new Society in East Jersey, independent of the original Society, would deprive the latter of the interest and co-operation of its members. The movement was therefore viewed as one likely to be of serious injury to its prosperity. This proved to be the result After the Society of the Eastern District was founded, the attendance upon the meetings of the New Jersey Medical Society diminished to such a degree, that a quo- rum was rarely present, and after November, 1795, there was a suspension of its meetings till 1807. After that date it was reorganized on the present basis of delega- tion. At the meeting in 1795, a committee was appointed to confer with the " Medical Society formed in the Eastern Counties of the State," on the subject of a union of the Societies, to report at the next meeting. The suspension of the meetings arrested any further action. Dr. Micheau married, March 5th, 1791, Maria, daugh- ter of Peter Vergereau, Jr. She died August 15th, 1793, before completing her 2 1st year. Over her grave in the Presbyterian burying ground a monument was erected by her husband. Under the inscription of her death are the following lines, doubtless written by him : " Closed are those eyes in endless night, No more to beam with fond delight, Or with affection roll ; Eternal silence seals that tongue,. Where sense and soft pursuasion hung, To captivate the soul. 534 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Micheau. Montgomery. Oh, she was all that thought could paint, The Mortal rising to the Saint, In every deed of life. At once the fatal arrows end The fondest child, the kindest friend And most endearing wife. Fair as the break of opening day, Calm as the Summer's evening ray, Truth, virtue was her guide When Sister Spirits called her home She sighed, she sunk, she died. Immortal Saint ! Supremely bright ! Look down through skies of purest light, And bid affliction cease. Oh, smooth thy husband's lonely bed, In visions hover round his head, And hush his mind to peace." 1 Thomas West Montgomery Was descended from William, who, with his son James, emigrated from Scotland to East Jersey, in 1702. The Doctor was a son of Alexander, son of James and Eunice West, the latter of Eatontown. They lived and died in Allentown, where their remains were buried in the old burying ground. Thomas West was their third child and first son, born in 1764. In 1788, he married Mary, daughter of Hon. John Berrien, of Rocky Hill, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the Province. He studied medicine and was licensed to practise November 7th, 1787, after which he was admitted a member of the Medical Society. Soon after this he went to Paris, and 1 Hatfield's His. of Eliz. Clute's His. of S. I., ctaliis. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 335 Montgomery. remained there pursuing his medical studies for two or three years. On his return he practised his profession in Allentown, and afterwards in Princeton. He subse- quently removed to New York, where he continued in the pursuit of his profession till his death, in 1820, at the age of fifty-six. His remains were laid in Trinity Churchyard. His third son Alexander Maxwell Montgomery, M. D., born December 2d, 1792, was acting Surgeon's Mate on the frigate " Essex," in Porter's fight off the harbor of Valparaiso, March, 1814. On the return of the officers of this vessel to the United States, he proceeded with Com- modore Porter and his officers, to Washington, whither they were ordered, to aid in its defense. After many years' sea service, he was ordered to the command of the naval hospital in Brooklyn, where he died January 3d, 1828, aged thirty-six. Dr. Thomas W. Montgomery's children were : I. Mary Eaton, married (1) Samuel Riker, of New York, (2) John B. Shaw, Purser in U. S. N. She was the mother of Mrs. (Bishop) Odenheimer. II. Maria S., married (1) Horace Eaton and (2) William Inman (recently, 1877, died) Commodore, U. S. N. III. Alex. Maxwell, supra. IV. Jno. Berrien, afterwards Commodore, U. S. N. V. Julia M., married Wm. M. Bedell, Philadelphia. VI. Nathaniel Lawrence, in the U. S. N. at the age of ten years. In the action of the " President " with the " Bel- videre," 1812, lost an arm. Was aid to Com. McDon- ough, on Lake Champlain, in 18 14, and was commis- sioned Second Lieutenant, on his sixteenth birthday, for meritorious service. VII. Eliza Lawrence, now wife of Bishop McCroskey, of Michigan. 1 1 Genealogy of Montgomery family, et aliis. 336 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Moore. More. Morgan. Alexander Moore. In the Baptist Churchyard, Bordentown : " In memory of DOCTOR ALEXANDER MOORE who departed this life Aug. 30th 1781 in the 69th year of his age." In memory of LETITIA MOORE wife of Doct. Alexander Moore who departed this life Dec. 8 1797 in the 76th year of her age. The following extract from the Chesterfield township records (noticed in Woodward's history), probably refers to the above Doctor. If so, he was practising in Borden- town as early as 1 75 5, and his practice was a long one, as he died in 1781. In 1755 Bordentown contained, as estimated by Woodward, sixty houses and about three hundred inhabitants : " At a town meeting held this 13th clay of Oct., 1755, at the house of Godfry Beck, concerning- one Mathias Ostendine, and by majority of voats it was a Greed that the overseer of y° Poor should Imploy Docor Moor to Cure him the Best manner he could, and to pay him out of The money that is to be Raised for the yous of y e Poor." 1 Enoch More Was a cotemporary of Drs. Stephen Camp, Morse and Griffith, in Rahway, in the practice of medicine. He belonged to the Society of Friends. Lewis Morgan Was admitted to practice medicine in New Jersey about the year 1787, and with others was received as a member of the Medical Society in that year. He first settled in Somerset County, then in Burlington, whence he came to 1 MSS. His. Notes of Wm. John Potts. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 337 Morgan. Morris. Rahway a year or two before the death of Dr. John Griffith. Here he spent the remainder of his days. Tradition says that he was a surgeon in the British ser- vice during the Revolution. Sabine makes no mention of him in his " Loyalists in America." As it would appear from the record of his admission to the Society in 1787 that he had recently been licensed, the reliability of the tradition is open to doubt. The old inhabitants of Rahway tell a story of him. It is communicated by Dr. H. H. James, of Rahway, to whom the author is indebted for the materials of this sketch, and others of the old physfcians of Rahway. We give it in his own words. " For a short time there was a Dr. Rodgers in the town who was a competitor in practice, whom Dr. Morgan very much disliked. During a freshet in the river Dr. Rodgers attempted to cross the bridge, which was overflowed with water. Not being aware that the center of the bridge was gone, horse, sulky and rider all went in together. The horse was used to swimming, and the Doctor held his place in his sulky heading his horse down the stream. The whole town gathered on the bank to see the Doctor drown. Among the spectators was Dr. Morgan, who, seeing the situation, ordered his horse and sulky and followed the river road to see the result. About a mile below, Dr. Rodgers brought his horse to the bank, and came out sitting in his sulky all right. His horse was very much exhausted, and he was very wet. Dr. Morgan, pitying his condition, invited him to sit on the foot-rest of his sulky, that he might take him home quickly, as his horse was fresh. Rodgers replied: "No sir ; I had a hard ride, but I'll go back the way I came before I'll sit at your feet." 338 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Morgan. Morris. His monumental inscription in Rahway is as follows: "DOCTOR LEWIS MORGAN WHO DIED JAN. I2TH, 1821, IN THE 64TH YEAR OF HIS AGE." Jonathan Ford Morris Was a son of James Morris, a major in the Continental Army. He was born in Hanover, Morris County, New Jersey, March 21, 1760, and died April 10, 18 10, aged fifty. At the age of sixteen he entered the service of his country in the war of 1776. At that early age, being large and tall, distinguished for his energy and talent, and well able to perform the duties of ensign, he was appointed to that position in his father's Company, though it caused some dissatisfaction among the men. He marched with his Regiment to New York, where they encamped till spring. They embarked thence for Albany and proceeded upon the Canadian campaign. At Ticon- deroga the Regiment suffered from small pox and other camp diseases. After his discharge in 1776, he was appointed Lieutenant in Col. Proctor's regiment of artil- lery, from March i, 1777. In the summer of 1779, he with others, volunteered and intercepted the enemy under the command of the dashing Lieut. Col. Simcoe, who made a raid for the purpose of burning some boats on the Raritan. The Colonel, when near New Brunswick, was met by some Americans, who had concealed them- selves behind logs and bushes, and found himself a pris- oner, his horse being killed and himself stunned by the violence of his fall. Morris was one of the company, and saved the Colonel's life by adroitly averting a deadly blow aimed at him by one of the soldiers, giving him at HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 339 Morris. this time all necessary assistance. Long after the war, when Simcoe was Governor of Upper Canada, 1 the Doctor received a letter from him, inviting him to visit him at Toronto, and acknowledging the kindness which he experienced at his hands. He had, prior to the cap- ture of Simcoe, (November 28, 1778), resigned his com- mission in the army, at the solicitation of his mother and others, his father having been fatally wounded at the battle of Germantown, and died January 7, 1777. Early in 1779 he entered upon the study of medicine, under the instruction of Dr. Moses Scott, in New Brunswick. He afterwards studied with Dr. Shippen, of Philadelphia, who was so impressed with his abilities, upon the comple- tion of his course of study, that he offered him a partner- ship in his practice. Dr. Morris refused the offer, but ever afterwards regarded his decision as a great mistake. He was appointed Surgeon's mate, March 1, 1780, and resigned June 17, 1781. He was also commissioned Sur- geon militia. In March 1, 1784, he married Margaret Smith Euen, of Elizabethtown, who survived him till 1844. The issue of that union was nine children, among whom are Wm. C. Morris, of Jersey City, and Rev. J. F. Morris, of Bushnell, Illinois. Dr. Morris was a successful and popular physician and surgeon, and continued in practice till the close of his life. As a citizen he was philanthropic and public spir- ited ; in company, reticent, but as a writer, forcible and 1 Simcoe was appointed Lieut. Gov. of Canada in 1791, and served five years. He was a man of high daring, as is well-known to all readers of our Revolutionary history. That he was of generous impulses as well, would appear by the above incident. He cherished, however, an inveterate hatred towards the U. S., and had the credit, while Governor, of inciting the Indians on the border to acts of hostility. 340 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Morris. Morse. competent. He resided in Somerset County, first at Bound Brook, immediately after the war, and then at Somerville, where he spent the remainder of his days. He became a member of the Medical Society in 1783. His remains are buried in the Presbyterian churchyard at Bound Brook, and a monument erected over them. 1 In the New Jersey Journal, March 13, 1792, we find the following advertisement : •• A medical seat For Sale. In an opulent and handsome country, on the banks of the Raritan, seven miles west of New Brunswick. The price and terms of payment will be easy. Enquire of Jonathan Ford Morris." Isaac Morse Was a native of Elizabethtown ; born 1758, died 1825. He was a son of Joseph, a surveyor and land conveyan- cer. Their ancestors were among the earliest settlers of the town. The Doctor was a man of much originality of mind and great professional activity and usefulness, enjoying a very large practice. He was a very valuable member of society, and possessed of many kind and virtuous quali- ties of heart. His ruling trait was facetiousness and humor, to which his patients owed more for their conva- lescence than to his learning or his drugs. His mortal remains were laid in the cemetery of the old Presbyterian Church in Elizabethtown, of which he was an attendant. For anecdotes and illustration of his fondness for joke and humor, see Dr. Clark's History of Essex County physicians. 2 1 MSS. Notes of J. M. Toner, Rev. Dr. Messier, &c. ' Rev. Wm. Hnll, etaliis. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 34I Muloch. Newell. James Muloch, A citizen of this name of Gloucester County, in the Province of New Jersey, practitioner of Physick, was married to Priscilla Collins, April 16, 1757. 1 James Newell, Son of Robert and Ellen, of Upper Freehold, Monmouth County, was born in 1725. He received his medical edu- cation in Edinburgh, where he graduated. He was obliged to go to England for his diploma, it being at the time of the Great Rebellion. He happened in London on the very day that the Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmerino were beheaded on Tower Hill, A. D. 1746. On his return to America he settled, for the practice of his profession, in Allentown. He had the reputation of skill and success in the treatment of disease. His circuit of practice embraced twenty-five miles over a rough country, which he performed on horseback. He connected himself with the Medical Society in 1767. Was elected President in 1772. During the war he served as Surgeon of 2d Regiment of Militia in Monmouth County. It does not appear that he was commissioned. He married, December 14, 1749, Elizabeth, daughter of Elisha Lawrence, and had issue fifteen children. There are no descendants of this Newell or Lawrence tribe now living. He died of a malignant fever then prevalent, on February 21, 1791, aged sixty-six. His wife, aged sixty, died of the same disease on the following day. They were buried in the same grave. 1 Hon. Jno. Clement's Scraps of Local His. 342 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Newell. DeNormandie. Elisha Newell, Son of James, supra, was born in 1755. On the comple- tion of his medical education, he settled in Shrewsbury, and upon the death of his father removed to Allentown, where he continued in practice till his death, in January 29, 1799. He was elected a member of the Medical Society in 1781, and in 1795 was its President. He then read a paper on Dropsy, which is printed in the " Old Transac- tions " of the Society. John A. DeNormandie. Born at Bristol, Pennsylvania, July, 1713 ; died at Hyde Park, on the Hudson, 1803. Son of John Abram DeNor- mandie, and grandson of Andre, who was confidential agent and Lieut, of Frederick the Great, at Neufchatel. Dr. DeNormandie was directly descended from the feudal Lords of LaMotte and the high nobility of France : his ancestor, Guilliame DeNormandie, Governor of Noyon in 1460, having married Perrine DeMailly DeRoye, and her niece, Elenora DeRoye, marrying Lewes Prince DeConde, became the mother of that race. Laurent DeNormandie, the close friend of Calvin and his execu- tor, exiled himself to Geneva, and there filled, as did his sons after him, the highest offices in the gift of that Republic, as also filling with honor and dignity many foreign missions to the Protestant princes of Europe. Andre DeNormandie came to America about 1706, a widower, and settled at Bristol, Pennsylvania. His sons, John Abram and Jean Anthony, came with him. John Abram married Henriette Elizabeth, daughter of Dr. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 343 DeNormandie. Francis Gaudonett. Jean Anthony married Sarah, another daughter. By the marriage of John Abram and Henriette there was issue (1) Dr. John Abram, married Rebecca Bard, sister of the distinguished Dr. John Bard, of Burlington, New Jersey, later of Philadelphia, later of New York. 1 (2) Mary, married Peter, brother of Dr. John Bard. The DeNormandies were members of the Protestant Episcopal Church at Bristol, Dr. John A. being a warden of St. James' about 1726. 2 Several tombstones perpetu- ate their memory. The first is that of the original set- tler "Andrew DeNormandye, dyed y e 12th of Dec, 1724, aged 73 years." Also one to the " memory of John Abraham DeNormandie, Esq., who departed this life Nov. 16, 1757, aged 69 years and 6 months," the father of the subject of this memoir. Among these tombstones is one which is inscribed as follows : " Here lieth the body of Rebeccah, the wife of Doctor John DeNormandie, who departed this life July the 4th, 1767, aged 48 years; a friend to the poor. Also Mary, their daughter, aged 12 months." Graydon, in his memoirs noticing the period of 1757, says : " With the exception of the family of Dr. DeNormandie, our own, and perhaps one or two more, the principal inhabitants of Bristol are quakers." The Doctor therefore removed to Burlington, subsequent to this date. In 1788 his name is registered as subscriber to Cary's American Museum, as of Burlington, New Jersey. The DeNormandie and Bard families, were all loyalists. England had protected them when France had rejected them, and their noble blood prompted their chivalric 1 It is not believed that lie ever practised in New Jersey. * Hill. 344 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. DeNoemandie. refusal to turn against her. Sabine in his " Loyalists of the American Revolution," edition 1864, among his addenda, has, " DeNormandie, of Bristol, Pennsylvania. William and Andrew were attainted of treason. The last named was a physician." He probably refers to Dr. John, for we find in the Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, Vol. III., 1875, pp. 227-8-9, the representation of Mr. DeNormandie as follows : " Augu't 4, 1778. To the Honorable the Representatives of the Freemen of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General Assembly met. The Pe- tition and Representation of John Abraham DeNormandie, a resident in the said Commonwealth most respectfully sheweth ; That as soon as ever he heard of an act of the State, entitled ' an act for the public security of the Government,' which was not till after the first day of June, he had a memorial and representation of his situation presented to the Honorable supreme executive council of this State, in expecta- tion of obtaining that indulgence intended in the said act for the relief of such Individuals as could not with safety, comply with the other parts thereof. In which he acquainted them ' That he formerly held a commission of the Peace for the County of Bucks under the late Proprietary Government ; but soon after his return from Geneva, which was in the year 1773, he renounced the said commission as in- compatable with his design of leaving America and returning to Ge- neva, the Country of his Ancestors. That in order to compleat the design, he resigned an extensive practice in Physic, sold the great part of his estate, and retired from all public business, in order to avail himself of the first oppportunity of embarking. That being a Burgher, citizen and subject of Geneva, where he and his family have a freehold estate, besides a considerable sum of money bequeathed to them by Testament and last will of James DeNorman- die a near relative, * * * * under these considerations the Sub- scriber begs leave to say that he has considered himself so far an alien to both the contending powers, as to induce him not to take an active part, or to interfere on the one side or the other, which line of con- duct he has faithfully pursued to this hour.' "******** HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 345 DeNormandie. Accordingly the Assembly enacted, Wednesday, 2d September, 1778: "Whereas, Jno. Abraham DeNorman- die, of the County of Bucks, practitioner in physick." The act then recites the facts as set forth in the petition, and declares the Legislature " disposed to do justice to all men, and to remove every just cause of complaint so far as in them lieth," and grants to the Petitioner to sell his real estate within ninety days after date. He did not leave the country immediately, as appears from a letter dated New York, November 23d, 1778, written to Jos. Galloway, a Tory, by Abel Evans, of the same political stamp, 1 as follows: "Sir. Doctor DeNormandie came here about a fortnight ago. He got a particular act of Assembly passed, empowering him to sell his estate and to retire out of the State under pretense of his being a freeholder and burgher of the city of Geneva, and not in- terested in the event of the dispute, as he before intended returning to that place. The Doctor informs me that after leaving Philadelphia " &c. Soon after the death of his wife in 1767, the Doctor made a visit to the seat of his ancestors, and to visit an aged uncle, whose heir he in part was. 2 " Among the many interesting records of this visit," as related by Mc- Vicker, " the family retain a miniature likeness of the philosopher of Ferney, presented to him by Voltaire him- self, who appears to have taken a lively interest in the prospects of America, and even talked of returning with Dr. DeNormandie, as he said to ' lay his bones in it,' an expression, observes the letter-writer, ' peculiarly impres- 1 His. Magazine for Oct., 1861, p. 295. 2 Life of Dr. Bard, by Dr. McVicker, privately printed. 346 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. DeNormandie. sive, as he does not appear to have an ounce of flesh on them.' "i The Doctor wrote a history of his travels and a history of the origin and progress of the political dissensions of Geneva. They are still preserved in manuscript. He was a man of learning and science. In the records of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, among those elected members, October 18th, 1768, we find Dr. Jno. DeNormandie, of Bristol, Pennsylvania. Two letters addressed by him to Dr. Thomas Bond, were communi- cated to the Society, and are in its published Transac- tions. 2 The title of the papers is "An analysis of the Chalybeate waters of Bristol, in Pennsylvania, in two let- ters from Dr. Jno. DeNormandie to Dr. Thos. Bond, one of the Vice-Presidents of the American Philosophical So- ciety." The first letter is dated September 10th, 1768, the second October 6th, 1769. The first gives in detail his experiments in analysis and his conclusions that they are beneficial ' in all that numerous train of diseases which arise from a debilitated and relaxed state of the solid parts of the human body, brought on by living in warm climates, immoderate evacuations, &c, such as hypochondriacal complaints, melancholy, loss of appetite and indigestion, with habitual sickness and pains of the stomach and bowels, and all their unhappy consequences; rickets, lameness and some paralytic complaints, and that they will likewise prove powerful deobstruents and alter- 1 This visit is noticed in the life of Dr. Bard, as made in 1784, which is an error, as Voltaire died May 30th, 1778. He was therefore in his grave some months be- fore the passage of the bill in the Assembly of Penn., in favor of DeNormandie. The Doctor made a second visit to Europe to see the aged widow of his uncle, before she died, and to get the property coming to him and his relations. 2 Vol I., p. 368. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 347 DeNoemandie. Odell. atives, opening obstructions and discharging what is ob- noxious by the several emunctories." He follows this by details of cases, which are interesting as illustrative of the large and varied practice of the author. In the "Columbian Magazine " for 1791 , published in Philadelphia, is an article called " Hints for ascertaining the properties of Plaster of Paris; " from an address to the " Burlington Society for the promotion of Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures, by their President, John A. DeNormandie, Esq." The American Museum of 1792, contains an address by the same, before the same, which is published by order of the Society. That he maintained an active interest in medicine is manifest from the promi- nence accorded to him in the proceedings of the New Jer- sey Medical Society, of which he became a member in 1790. He possessed a warm and affectionate nature, and his society was enjoyed by men of distinction. He was well known by Gen. Washington, who appreciated the delicacy of feeling and honesty of motive, that prevented him and Dr. Bard from turning against a kingdom which had been a strong and timely refuge to their ancestors and their religion. The last few years of his life were past in the hospit- able home of Dr. Bard, at his family seat, at Hyde Park, New York. His mind completely failed him. He died at the age of ninety, after ten years of imbecility. * Rev. Jonathan Odell, Son of Jonathan Odell, of Connecticut Farms, and Tem- perance, daughter of Rev. Jonathan Dickinson, of Eliza- 1 MSS. family memorials by Arthur Sands. MSS. His. Notes of Wm. John Potts, et aliis. 348 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Odell. bethtown, was born September 25th, 1737. His father died June 25th, 1750, while the son was a member of the Freshman Class, of the College of New Jersey, where he graduated, in 1754. He was educated for the medical profession, and subsequently served as a Surgeon in the British Army. He left the army while stationed in the West Indies, went to England and prepared himself for holy orders. In January, 1767, he was ordained a Priest, and appointed a missionary of the Society for the propa- gation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. He returned to his native land, and was stationed at Burlington, where as Rector of St. Mary's he served for nine years. While there, in May 6th, 1772, he married Ann DeCou, of Burl- ington. He had served the church but a year or so, be- fore he found it necessary to call to his aid the practice of the profession in which he was originally educated, for the support of himself and family. 1 In " Craft's Journal," date 1771, it is noted " Episcopal Parson Odell com- menced Doctor of Physic." He manifested his interest in the science by applying for membership in the Medical Society, to which he was elected in 1774. His attain- ments in general science were also recognized by member- ship in the American Philosophical Society. Like the most of the clergy connected with the So- ciety whose missionary he was, the Rev. Doctor was zeal- ous in his loyalty to the king of Great Britain. The private journal 3 of Mrs. Margaret Morris, kept during a period of the Revolutionary war, informs us that when, in December nth, 1777, the Hessians attacked Burlington, he being Rector of the Church and conversant with the 1 Letter to Sec. of Soc. P. G. F. P. Hawkins' Missions. ,J Record of the Hill family, collected and arranged by John Jay Smith, and privately printed, Philadelphia, 1854. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 349 Odell. French language, became the intercessor with Count Donop, the Hessian commander, in behalf of its inhabit- ants, and obtained from him protection against pillage, provided no persons were found in the town under arms ; nor arms, ammunition or effects, belonging to persons under arms against the King, concealed by any of the inhabitants. He so far influenced the Commandant, as to obtain protection of the effects of an old friend, who was a Colonel in the Continental army, whose wife had retreated he knew not where, and who, before her depart- ure, had begged him on the score of old friendship, to take into his house and under his protection, property which she could not remove. He offered to give an ac- count of it, but the Count refused to accept his offer, re- marking, " Be assured that whatever effects are entrusted to you in this way, I shall consider as your own, and they shall not be touched." He did not long enjoy his ex- pected security, for in five days thereafter, the enemy having hastily withdrawn from the town and its neighbor- hood, it was entered by parties of armed men in search of the Tories. The journal adds that " a poor refugee, dignified by that name, had claimed the shelter of my roof, and was at that time concealed, like a thief, in an augur hole." A month later the journal records, " We have some hope that our refugee will be presented with a pair of lawn sleeves, when dignities become cheap, and suppose that he will think himself too big to creep into his old augur hole, but I shall remind him of the place, if I live to see him created first B p of B n." It is probable that about this time he took refuge in New York, then in the possession of the British army ; as a letter 1 written to the Secretary of the Society for the 1 Hawkins' Missions of the Chli. of England. 24 3$0 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Odell. Propagation of the Gospel, says that " Mr. Browne and Mr. Odell of New Jersey have also taken sanctuary in New York." Sabine says, that in 1775, he was charged with writing letters to England, and was examined by the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, and the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania, and a year later he was ordered to confine himself on parole, on the east side of the Delaware, with- in a circuit of eight miles from the Court House, in Burl- ington. At a later period he was Chaplain of a loyalist corps. In 1780, Arnold wrote a letter to Andre "to be left at the Rev. Dr. Odell's, N. York ; " a copy is in Spark's " Life of Washington." At the close of the war he settled in New Brunswick. He is mentioned in the annals of that colony, as the Hon. and Rev. Jonathan Odell. He was the first Secre- tary of New Brunswick, and was Register and Clerk of the Council, and had a seat as Councillor. 1 The political poetry of Dr. Odell attracted notice at the time, published principally in Rivington s Gazette. In i860, the "Loyal Verses of Stanbury and Odell" were published, edited by Winthrop Sargeant. We give one from the collection of the Historical Society of New Jersey, vol ix. . p. 50. Inscription for Dr. Franklin 's smoke consuming Stove in the form of an Urn. Like Newton, sublimely he soared To a limit before unattained, New regions of Science explored, With the palm of philosophy gained. With a spark that he caught from the skies, He displayed an unparalleled wonder, 1 " Loyalists in America." HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 35 1 Odell. Ogden. And he saw with delighted surprise That his rod could protect us from thunder. Oh ! had he been wise to pursue The path for his talent designed, What a tribute of praise had been due To the teacher and friend of mankind. But, to court political fame Was in him a degrading ambition, A spark that from Lucifer came, And kindled the flame of Sedition. 1 Isaac Ogden. Born in 1764. Graduated at Princeton, 1784. Upon entering his profession he settled at Six Mile Run. He there married Miss Stoothoof, daughter of Peter. It was said that he rocked the cradle of his wife when an infant, while as a student he boarded in her father's family. He left his first place of residence, and after being a short time at Whitehouse he removed to New Germantown. Here he succeeded to the practice of Dr. Oliver Barnet, his brother-in-law, and during his earlier years practised extensively and successfully. He accumulated property, and was widely known as a most estimable and useful citizen. He became a member of the Medical Society in 1788. During the later years of his life he abandoned almost entirely the practice of medicine, and acted as postmaster of the town. He was a man of the purest life, a practi- cal Christian, promoting the interests of religion by every means in his power. Upon his death he left behind him the respect and esteem of all who had known him. Sub- sequent to 1820 he removed to New Brunswick, where he 1 Hatfield's Elizabeth. Hawkins' Missions. Hill's His. of St. Marys', etaliis. 352 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Ogden. died in 1829. He had an only daughter, who married Rev. J. N. Wyckoff, D. D., then of Somerset County, subsequently of Albany, New York. She died in 1827, two years before her father. Dr. Ogden was buried in the graveyard of the First Reformed Church in New Brunswick. His memorial stone has the following inscription : " Sacred to the memory of Dr. Isaac Ogden, who departed this life on the 6th of May, 1829, in the 66th year of his age. A kind husband, an affectionate father, an humble Christian." 1 For further notice see Blane's History of Medical Men of Hunterdon County. Jacob Ogden Was the grandson of David, who came from Elizabeth- town about 1676 to Newark. His will (December 1691) names four sons, viz. : David, John, Josiah and Swaine. Josiah, a leading citizen of Newark in its earlier history, was the father of the subject of our memoir, also of Hon. David Ogden, a judge of the Supreme Court, and a dis- tinguished loyalist during the Revolution. Dr. Jacob was born in 1722. After receiving his medical education he removed to Jamaica, Long Island, where he practised medicine to the end of his days. He enjoyed a high reputation and a large and successful practice. For thirty years after his death he was remembered in Jamaica, and his name was spoken with love and venera- tion. About 1764 he published observations on the malignant sore throat, then very prevalent on Long 1 MSS. Notes of Rev. Dr. Messier, etaliis. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 353 Ogden. Island and elsewhere, and very mortal. 1 Dr. Francis said of him that " when medicine was obscured by pre- judice, encumbered by forms and shrouded in mys- tery, he thought and acted for himself, and proved by a long course of success that he was not only an original thinker, but a sagacious observer." 3 We infer that he was inactive as a citizen during the war of 1776. Long Island being in the possession of the enemy, and the place of his residence being one of its winter camping grounds, and at all seasons occupied more or less by the British soldiery, he, with the most of the inhabitants who did not leave the Island, joined the loy- alists in petitioning the King's Commissioners for the royal favor. 3 When Gen. Woodhull, in September, 1776, was mortally wounded by the sabres of the British light horse, he was carried to a tavern in Jamaica, where Dr. Ogden and his pupil, Minema, afterwards his successor, were refused permission to dress his wounds, a British surgeon being afterwards called in. 4 The following notice appeared in the New York Gazette, September 10, 1780: " Last Sunday night died, at Jamaica, on Long Island, of a very pain- ful illness, Doctor Jacob Ogden, in the 59th year of his age. Through a long course of successful practice he acquired an extensive and re- spectable acquaintance, who valued him for his great kindness of heart, which marks the honest and benevolent man. To the commu- nity in general his death must prove a loss ; but when applied to the private feelings of a family, who tenderly loved him, it becomes the heaviest of calamities." 5 1 Thatcher's His. of Medicine. 2 Clark's Med. Men of Essex Co. 3 Revolutionary Incidents of Queens Co., by Henry Onderdonk. 4 Onderdonk's Incidents, &c. 5 Thompson's L. I. 354 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Otto. Bodo Otto, Jr., Was born at Hanover, Germany, September 14, 1748. He was a son of Dr. Bodo Otto, who had been thoroughly trained in the best schools in Europe, and introduced into active practice under the auspices of his father, Dr. Christopher Otto, an eminent physician of his day. On the death of the latter, the elder Bodo, then in his forty third year, emigrated to this country and settled in Phila- delphia, in the year 1752. His literary and scientific acquirements, and his skill — especially in surgery, secured for him a high position in the profession of that city. He practised with much success until the breaking out of the War of the Revolution. He warmly espoused the patriot cause, and though advanced in age and on the eve of an intended retirement from the more active duties of his profession, he entered the army as surgeon. Among his other services as surgeon, he had charge of the hospital at Valley Forge, during the memorable winter of 1778. At the close of the war he went to Reading, Pennsylvania, where he spent his declining years with his son, Dr. John Augustus Otto, under whose roof he died in 1787. The younger Bodo, after receiving as complete a pre- liminary education as this country afforded, pursued his medical studies under the instruction of his father, receiv- ing his degree of Doctor of Medicine. in the University of Pennsylvania. He settled in Gloucester County, New Jersey, a few miles from Swedesboro, and entered upon the practice of his profession. He was endowed by nature with a superior intellect and great energy of char- acter. On the questions relating to the liberties and independence of America, he was earnest, emphatic and outspoken. He was a warm supporter of the measures of the Provincial Congress, which met at Trenton, May HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 355 Otto. 23d, 1775, and afterwards at Burlington and New Bruns- wick. By that body he was appointed, July 24, 1776, Surgeon of the battalion under the command of Col. Charles Read, destined to reinforce the flying camp. He was subsequently elected to the upper house of the Legislature. He was also commissioned and served as a Colonel of State Troops, First Battalion, Gloucester Co. During his absence on military duty in March, 1778, a fight occurred on his farm between Col. Mawhood's regi- ment and the Americans, at which time his house and barn were burned, his wife and infant children driven from their home at that inclement season of the year, and the products of the farm destroyed. His con- stitution was seriously impaired by the exposure, priva- tions and arduous duties of the service, and after a long illness he died at his residence, January 29, 1782, in the thirty-fourth year of his age. The following obituary appeared in a newspaper of the day, upon the decease of Dr. Otto : " Early on Sunday morning', 29th ult., at his house in Gloucester County, New Jersey, Bodo Otto, Esq., an eminent physician, sincerely esteemed by a numerous acquaintance, and whose death is universally lamented. The day following, his remains, borne by four officers, were interred at Swedesboro, attended by a large concourse of the most respectable inhabitants of the county. Eulogies of the dead are generally flattering, and meant for a compliment to surviving friends, but on the present melancholy occasion it may be said, without viola- ting truth, that by his decease his children are deprived of a tender parent, his wife of an affectionate husband, and the State of a most valuable member of society. Firmly attached to the liberties of America, and a zealous asserter of her independence, he early took a part in the present contest, and by the unanimous vote of the county in which he lived, he was pointed out as the intrepid Soldier and patriotic Senator. He accepted the appointment, and discharged the 356 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Otto. duties of the one with honor to himself, and of the other to the satis- faction of constituents. While applauded by all for his public con- duct, the unavailing sorrow of his friends and the sighs of the distressed evince the amiableness, and will remain the best and most lasting monument of his character in private life ; the former he ever received with hospitality and warmth of affection, and the benevolence of his heaVt taught him to feel and relieve the miseries of the latter. To him then, whose life was a constant series of good actions, death could have no terrors. He bore a lingering illness with patience, and resigned his breath to God who gave it, with the fortitude and con- stancy, not of a philosopher, but of a good and sincere Christian." Dr. Otto's brother FREDERICK was a Surgeon in gen- eral hospital, May i, 1777. 1 As his record appears in the Register of New Jersey men, we infer that he was a resi- dent of the State. He died during the war, leaving no issue. Among other children of Dr. Bodo Otto, Jr., was Dr. JOHN C. Otto, born in Gloucester County, New Jersey, March 15, 1774. Graduated at Princeton, 1792. He entered the office of Dr. Rush, took his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1796, and settled in Philadelphia the same year. He was for many years Vice-President of the College of Surgery, and Clinical lecturer at the Pennsylvania Hospital. He died June 26, 1864. By an eminent cotemporary he is described as one " who combined in a rare degree the science and learning of the medical philosopher with the virtues of a fervent Christian;" and by another as one who " was alike dis- tinguished for scientific acquirements and practical skill, the enlarged benevolence and the unsullied purity of his life."* 1 Stryker's Register. 2 MSS. of W. T. Otto, Esq. Barber & Howe's His. Coll., &c. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 357 Patterson. Robert Patterson Was of Scotch-Irish descent, the fourth son of Robert Patterson and the third of the name. He was born May 20th, 1743, in the Province of Ulster, Ireland. His father, who was a godly Seceder from the Kirk of Scotland, care- fully trained his son in the doctrines of religion, which he cordially accepted and became in very early life, distin- guished by his hearty adoption of Christian truth. His was not a child's religion, put off in riper years. It grew with his growth, sustaining him amid the temptations of youthful years, governing his plans of early manhood, controlling his purposes in the larger sphere of life, and continuing with him to the last hour of his distinguished earthly career. Added to these moral traits, he early developed a fondness for study. The pursuit of knowl- edge, especially in mathematical science, was with him a passion. At the age of twenty-five he came to America, without pecuniary resources. He landed at Philadelphia in Octo- ber, 1768, where he remained a week, and then set out on foot for Bucks County, in prospect of obtaining a school. This he found in a Seceder neighborhood, thirty-two miles north of Philadelphia, but soon removed to another, not far distant. A better opportunity soon offered for teaching, and one more congenial to his tastes. The cal- culations of longitude by lunar observations was engag- ing the attention of navigators. Removing to Philadel- phia, he opened a school for instruction in this depart- ment of mathematics, and soon numbered among his pupils the most eminent commanders sailing from that port. When twenty-nine years of age, he had accumu- lated five hundred pounds, which, upon advice, he re- solved to invest in merchandise. He removed to Bridge- 358 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Patterson. ton, New Jersey, and there opened a country store. It did not make his fortune, but became an instrument in the hand of Providence, of giving a new turn to his sub- sequent life. Here he made the acquaintance of Amy Hunter, daughter of Markell Ewing, to whom he was united in marriage, May 9th, 1774. He had now returned to his former employment of teaching; but soon the troubles with the Mother Country and the declaration of independence, caused a suspension of the schools. He now resolved to share the fate of his country, and acquired a hasty medical education, at an age when his strong men- tal powers enabled him to readily grasp scientific princi- ples and reduce them to practice. He enlisted in the service and was commissioned Surgeon's Mate, Col. New- comb's Battalion, Heard's Brigade, July 8th, 1776, as assistant to his brother-in-law, Dr. Thomas Ewing. 1 Having served as a soldier, in his later youth, in the Old Country, he had acquired a good knowledge of military tactics, which probably led to his appointment of Brigade Major, staff of Gen. Newcomb. 2 From 1776, to the evacuation of Philadelphia and New Jersey, he was on military duty. After three years' service in the army, we find him on a small farm which he had purchased, in a retired part of Cumberland County, near Roadstown. From this humble employment he was called to the Professorship of Mathematics in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, and entered upon its duties in December, 1779. Soon after his removal to Philadelphia, he was elected an Elder in the Seceder Church, (now Scots-Presbyterian, in Spruce Street), which office he held to the close of his life. 1 Stryker's Register, a Stryker. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 359 Patterson. In 1805, he was appointed by Jefferson, as Director of the United States' Mint, which office he held with repu- tation till his last illness, when he resigned. The duties of this office did not interfere with his official relations to the University. He was a man of a philosophical turn of mind, eager in the pursuit of every kind of knowledge, interested in new discoveries, inventions, theories and in the progress of the mechanical arts. He was a Fellow of the American Philosophical Society, and its President in 1819. The University conferred upon him the degree of LL. D., in 1816. In appearance he was of middle hight, strongly built, and of venerable and dignified deportment. In early and middle life, his manners were cheerful and animated ; in his later years, more reserved and absent. In conversa- tion he was ready and often witty, but not abundant. In dress he was not disposed to change with the fashion. He is remembered as a gentleman of the old style, in snuff-colored coat, small clothes and high top-boots. At the age of eighty, none of his vital powers had failed him. Soon thereafter, there was a rapid change and the infirm- ities of age pressed upon him. He died July 22d, 1824, in his eighty-second year. His remains were laid in the churchyard in Spruce Street. On the death of his widow, twenty years later, they were taken up, and the remains of both were laid at Laurel Hill. 1 There is a short record of him in the " History of the Medical Men of Cumberland County," in the Transac- tions of the Medical Society of New Jersey, 1871. Memoirs compiled from the " Patterson Lineage," privately printed. 360 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Peck. Pierson. Benjamin Peck Is noticed in the '" History of Medical Men of Cumberland County," as a student of Dr. Bowen, Jr. He lived first in the township of Stoe Creek, afterwards in Roadstown ; died about 1805. His remains^were interred in the Pres- byterian burying ground, Greenwich. Rev. Abraham Pierson, Came to New Jersey as the Pastor of the Branford church, which founded Newark, in 1666. He is spoken of by some of his later historians, as a medical practitioner. It is not improbable that he was a medical as well as spiritual adviser of his congregation, as many of the early clergy were. We record his name in these sketches, to say, that after very diligent search into his history, prior to and after his residence in New Jersey, we have not found a shred of testimony to sustain the claim for him to a medical record. In his life, by Cotton Mather, no mention is made of his knowledge of medicine. Azel Pierson Was a resident of South Jersey. We learn no more of him than that he was a physician, and the father of Azel Pierson, Jr., Who was born July 12th, 1767. He lived in Cedarville, and died there at the age of forty-six. A history of him is given in "The Medical Men of Cumberland County," 1871. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 361 PlERSON. Cyrus Pierson Was the eldest son of Bethuel Pierson and Elizabeth Riggs. His father was son of Joseph, son of Samuel, son of Thomas, Sr., of Branford. Cyrus was born in South Or- ange, in 1756. He pursued his academic studies in Orange, preparatory to his college course, which he completed at Princeton in 1776. He studied medicine under the tuition of Dr. John Darby, minister of the Gospel and practi- tioner of medicine, in Parsippany, Morris County. Dr. Pierson commenced practice in his native place, dividing his time between the demands of his profession and those of the paternal farm. He afterwards removed to Cald- well, where he remained about four years. He was ad- mitted a member of the Medical Society of New Jersey, in 1788. He was in Caldwell in 1789, being then one of a committee to found a village library, and was a resident as late as 1792, being one of the building committee of the church. 1 After this date he removed to Woodbridge, where, and in the surrounding region, he obtained a large practice. After the death of Dr. Wall, he purchased his property and succeeded to his practice. The labors of so wide a circuit, were too severe for a constitution already enfeebled by the inroads of pulmonary disease. He relinquished his business in Woodbridge, and re- moved to Newark, where, he resided till his death. After a time he associated with him in his practice, Dr. Samuel Hays, who had just entered the profession, and this partnership was continued till the death of Dr. Pierson. The Doctor married Nancy, daughter of Dr. Matthias 1 Berry's His. of Caldwell Church. 362 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. PlERSON. Pierson, of Orange, by whom he had seven children ; three of them, sons, viz. : Horace, Charles and Cyrus. It was during the last years of Dr. Pierson's life, that vaccination was introduced to the notice of the people. The following incident illustrates the inquiring attitude of physicians of that day, in regard to it. To test its pro- phylactic power, the Doctor vaccinated two children of Rev. Mr., afterwards the distinguished Dr. Griffin, then a resident of Newark. He then inoculated his own child with the small pox virus. When the disease was fully developed, he brought the children of Mr. Griffin in con- tact with his own. The result was favorable to the new discovery, as we at this day would expect it to be ; but we may readily imagine the interest with which the ex- periment was then watched. The incident illustrates the further fact, which belongs to the history of that period, that to the clergy of that day, a debt of gratitude is due, for the essential aid they rendered in overcoming the popular prejudice against the new discovery, and in in- troducing it among the people. Dr. Pierson died in Newark. His remains were laid in the old Parish burying place, of Orange. The inscription on his tombstone is : In memory of DOCT. CYRUS PIERSON who died Oct. 7 1806 1 in the 48th year of HIS AGE His remains and those of his family, have since been removed to Rosedale cemetery, Orange. 1 Error of stone cutter, it should be 1804. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 363 PlERSON. Ebenezer H. Pierson Was a native of Morristown ; a son of Aaron. He grad- uated at the College of New Jersey, in 1791. Married 1794, Phebe, daughter of Abraham Canfield. He prac- tised medicine in his native town, from the time he en- tered upon the duties of his profession, till 1816, when he removed with his family to Cincinnati, where he practised four or five years and died. While in Morristown he en- joyed a large and profitable practice. He was descended from Rev. Abraham Pierson, through Thomas, Abraham, Benjamin and Aaron, who was his father. John Pierson. His monument in Woodbridge cemetery records that he died February 21, 1772, "A Skillful Physician and sensible man." He was a son of Rev. John Pierson, minister in Wood- bridge from 1714 to 1752. Afterwards at Mendham. Died at Hanover, 1770. Matthias Pierson. Descended from Thomas, who, with Rev. Abraham Pierson, probably a near kinsman — tradition says his brother — were among the primitive settlers of Newark, from Branford, in 1666. 1 Dr. Matthias was a son of Samuel, the grandson of the first Thomas. He was born in Orange, June 20, 1734. The region was then a part of Newark, and known as " New Ark mountains." His 1 Conger's Genealogies. 364 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. PlERSON. early education was obtained in the grammar school of the Rev. Caleb Smith. When he entered that school, in 1759, he was 25 years of age, and continued under the instruction of Mr. Smith for two years. 1 It may be inferred from this that he did not begin to practise medi- cine till about thirty years of age. He practised in his native town during the remainder of his life. He was the first and for many years the only physician "at the mountain"; his colleague in later years, Dr. John Condit, being twenty-one years his junior. His district of practice was large, embracing that now occu- pied by the Oranges, Bloomfield, Caldwell and to the borders of Morris County, which, during the most of his life, was traversed on horseback. He married Phebe, daughter of Isaac Nutman, of Eliza- bethtown. The issue of this marriage was three sons and five daughters, viz. : Nancy, Sally, Isaac, Fanny, Matthias, William, Mary, Harriet. Dr. Pierson identified himself with the interests of his native town. He was a corporator named in the charter of the church at the mountain in 1783. Two years later, when the Orange Academy was founded, his name is recorded as an active friend of the institution, which, under his and others' fostering care, became and long continued to be a leading school of instruction. During the war of 1776 he was emphatic in the decla- ration of his patriotic sentiments, and industrious in his endeavors so to inspire others. He died May 9, 1809, at the age of seventy-five. His remains, which were removed from their first resting place in the old parish burying ground, now repose in Rosedale cemetery. 1 Old acct. book of Caleb Smith. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 365 PlEESON. PtGOT. Isaac Pierson, The eldest son and third child of Dr. Matthias, supra, was born August 15, 1770. He pursued his preliminary- studies at the Orange Academy, and graduated at Prince- ton, in 1789, a classmate with Dr. Hosack, with whom he maintained a personal friendship during the rest of his life. He succeeded to his father's practice, in which he continued till his death, in September 22, 1823, at the age of sixty-three. He married Nancy, daughter of Aaron Crane, of Bloomfield, by whom he had ten children, viz. : William, M. D., Rev. Albert, Phebe (Condit), Fanny (Jessup), Rev. George, Edward, Aaron, Isaac, Harriet (Collins), Sarah Ann (Terry). , Like his father before him, Dr. Pierson was interested in public affairs. He was Sheriff of Essex County, and also represented his district in the Twentieth and Twenty- first Congress of the United States. As a medical man he was highly esteemed, and mani- fested a deep interest in advancing the honor and welfare of his profession. He was a Fellow of the Medical Society of New Jersey, being its President in 1827. His eldest son, Dr. William, also a Fellow of the State Medi- cal Society, succeeded to his practice. He is still living in a ripe old age, enjoying the fruits of a long and successful practice, which some years since he resigned to his son, Dr. William, Jr., the fourth in succession of the Pierson medical line. PlGOT. Doctor Pigot had, in 1743-4, a habitancy in the town of Newark. The only shred of information we have con- 366 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Pigot. Prall. Provost. Pugh. cerning him is, that the " gully near the house of Doctor Pigot " was the point of departure for a line dividing the inhabitants of second river from the " body of Newark," for the collection of fines and assessments, " in all affairs relating to the poor." This house must have been in the northern part of Newark, near the Passaic river, and at or near the former line between that city and Belleville township. 1 William Prall, Son of Abraham Prall, was a native of Amwell, Hunter- don County. He studied with Dr. Moses Scott ; began practice in Reaville, where he died, February 9, 1825. 2 Jacob (James) Provost. In Newark graveyard is the monumental inscription : JACOB PROVOST, Chirurgion died Sept. 9, 1725. The name appears but once in the town records. Though differing in its lettering, the reference is doubtless to the same inhabitant. In proceedings of Town Meet- ing, Apreil y e 28, 1714, Doct. James Prouost is charged to keep in order for the common line of fence, his pro- portion being 25 Links. 3 Geo. Pugh Was elected a member of •the Medical Society in 1770. He probably resided in or near Elizabethtown, as he is 1 Newark Town Records. 2 Blane's Med. His. Hunterdon Co. 8 Newark Town Records. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 367 Pugh. Rague. Reed. charged with a bill for clothing in an old account book now extant. His will, probated December 26, 1785, describes him " Late of the Island of Jamaica, now Phy- sician of Elizabethtown." John Rague. In Littell's Genealogies of the Passaic Valley, is the following : Dr. John Rague, a Frenchman, married Lois Bonnel, an aunt of the wife of Gabriel Johnson, Esq. Had three children married, viz. : Betsey married , Catharine married Jonas Stanbury, son of Sam'l, lived on Long Island. James migrated to Urbana, Ohio ; had issue, Lemuel, married Harriet, daughter of Bethuel Samples, of Urbana ; Llewellyn, a Lieut. U. S. A. ; John F. married in N. Y. City, and removed to Iowa City. None of the family are now in Urbana. Thomas Reed, Surgeon Livingston's Regt., Continental Army, Dec. 18, 1776. 1 One of the original members of the Society of the Cincinnati of New Jersey. The New Jersey Provincial Congress, February 14, 1776, resolved unanimously "that this body recommend to the Continental Congress, Mr. Lewis Dunham as Surgeon and Mr. Thomas Reed as Sur- geon's mate of the 3d Battalion, to be raised in that State." Laffel's records of the Revolution credit him to New Jersey as an officer entitled to half pay. 3 1 Stryker's Register. 1 MSS. Notes J. M. Toner. 368 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Reeve. John Reeve Was the son of Capt. Simon Ramsay Reeve, of New- York. He was born there December 26, 1765, and spent his early boyhood at his father's house. From thence he was sent to a French school in Montreal, Canada. He there acquired such a knowledge of the French language as to be able ever after to speak and read it with facility and pleasure. He probably prepared himself for the practice of medicine while in Canada, as he came thence to Rocky Hill, in New Jersey. He became a member of the New Jersey Medical Society in 1788. At this time he was twenty-three years of age. The inference is reasonable that Rocky Hill was the first and only place of his residence after he entered upon his profession. He married Ann Clark, born in Trenton, August 11, 1774, on the 3d of February, 1792. He acquired reputa- tion and secured a large practice. When the cholera, upon its first invasion, in 1832, raged among the Irish laborers employed in digging the canal near Princeton, the Doctor was very successful in his treatment by Calo- mel in large doses. On one Sabbath morning, as he was going to church with his family, he observed a poor fellow apparently in the last stages of the disease, laid out to die under a rude shelter in a fence corner. He gave him an enormous dose of Calomel, remarking that it was the only thing that would save him, though the man was so far gone that he .expected his death before he came back. Upon the Doctor's return from church, the patient was better and soon recovered. He is also remembered as very skillful in the management of the typhus fever of 1812. In visiting his patients he frequently rode on horse- HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 369 Reeve. back, and traversed the country without regard to roads. To shorten distance he leaped the fences, sometimes throwing off the top rail with his foot, and thus pursued his way through the fields. In these rides he was fre- quently accompanied by one of his daughters, who was fearless enough to follow his lead and obey his "come on," which was his usual notice that he was about to leap the fence and take a cross cut. When the Doctor first came to Rocky Hill he purchased a farm, which he worked largely and with much profit. Careful always in his personal appearance, riding to his fields in his sulky when directing his hands, but never doing any manual work, he was nevertheless a very suc- cessful fanner. He was the first in his town to use lime as a fertilizer, sending his teams for it to the Delaware. He was laughed at 'by the " practical farmers," but he finally had the laugh on his side, for the treatment of his land gave it a heart, which, though badly used since, it has not wholly lost at this day. He is described as of stately presence, and venerable in appearance at quite an early period of his life. He was hospitable to his equals, but severe to inferiors. Stories are still told of cows driven away from the poor in pay- ment of debts. One of the incidents of his life is related by a cotemporary, still living. A poor but hard working man, somewhat advanced in life, got a bone in his throat. The Doctor was summoned, and removed the obstruction. "What's the charge, doctor?" " Five dollars." "Well, I have very little money, can I work out the bill ? " " Oh yes ; come up to-morrow and dig in my garden." To- morrow came, and with it old William. He worked faithfully all day. In the evening, the Doctor passing by, 370 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Reeve. hailed him : " William, you need not come to-morrow, but the day after you may begin again. What do you charge for a day's work? " " Five dollars," says William, " What, five dollars a day for digging? " " Aye, if two minutes yanking on a bone in a man's throat is worth that." He was twice married. By his first marriage he had three children — daughters : Margaret, married Abraham Vanderveer, another married Rev. Henry Perkins, both deceased ; a third, unmarried, is still living in Allentown. Pennsylvania. He married (2), a few years before his death, Miss Margaret Blackwell, who, as the Doctor's widow, married a Mr. Skillman. The second marriage was without issue. For some years before his death, the Doctor was sub- ject to slight attacks of paralysis. He closely watched his symptoms, and to avert an attack he was in the habit of bleeding himself. He died of dropsy. He became somewhat childish in his latter days, though he did not fail to rebuke those who offended him. Some of his second wife's relations will certainly remember him. They persuaded him to let them dye his snow-white hair and beard to a jet black. Horrified at the transforma- tion, he stormed and raved, and kept the household busy for two days until they washed and soaked and scrubbed them white again. He united, by profession, with the Harlingen Dutch Reformed Church, October 23, 18 14. Was elected an elder in 1825. He died on June 23, 1834, aged sixty-nine. His remains were laid in the family burying place of the Vanderveers and Ten Brooks, situated on the river, between Rocky Hill and Griggston. His first wife, Ann, died February 6, 1827, aged fifty-two. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 37 1 RlKER. John Berrien Riker Was a son of Andrew, of Newtown, Long Island, and was born in 1738. He received his education by a partial course of study, at Princeton. He probably studied and commenced the practice of his profession in New Jersey, as he was related by family ties to Hon. Jno. Berrien, of Somerset County, who was a leading citizen of the Prov- ince. The Doctor was elected a member of the Medical Society, in 1768. He was therefore a resident of New Jersey, at that date, being then thirty years of age. He is noted on the records as absent for the five succeeding meetings. His name is then dropped from the minutes. He probably removed to his native town, soon after his admission to the Society. He married November 19th, 1771, Susannah, daughter of Nathaniel Fish. The battle of Long Island, in August, 1776, opened its towns to the tramp of the enemy, and the incursions of the British Light Horse, in search of " rebels," and for pur- poses of plunder. Dr. Riker early espoused the cause of his country, and before' hostilities 'commenced, exerted himself to promote measures of resistance against the ^ acts of British tyranny. The night prior to the 29th, two days after the battle, was spent by him in visiting differ- ent parts of the township, and tearing down Lord Howe's proclamation, that the people might not be misled, and induced, at this critical time, to remain and accept British protection, instead of hastening to the support of the American Arms. On the morning of the 29th, the British entered the town, and brandishing their naked swords, declared that they were in pursuit of the rebel, Dr. Riker. Not finding him, they dashed on towards Hell- gate ; but the Doctor had escaped in a boat to Barn Is- 372 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Rikek. Robinson. land, and eluded his pursuers. He fled to New Jersey, like many of the Long Island patriots, who became exiles from their homes, to fight the battles of their Country's freedom. Dr. Riker enlisted as a Surgeon, and in Nov- ember 28th, 1776, was commissioned as such in 4th Bat- talion, 2d Establishment, Continental Army. 1 His familiarity with the topography of New Jersey, enabled him to render valuable service on several occasions, as a guide to the army. In the expedition of Lieut. Col. Simcoe, of the Queen's American Rangers, the Doctor was taken prisoner, with several others. When the war closed, he returned to his native town, where he at once resumed the practice of his profession, in which he continued, respected and eminently useful, till his death, in September 5th, 1794, in his fifty-seventh year. His widow died in New York, December 6th, 1836, in her eighty-third year. His brother Abraham, married his cousin Margaret, daughter of Jacob Riker. They had one child, a daugh- ter, who married Rev. Asa Hillyer, D. D., of Orange, New Jersey, where she died in November 19th, 1835, aged ninety-five years. 2 William Robinson Was of Scotch emigration. Resided in the neighborhood of Rahway, to which he came as early as 1685. He pur- chased a tract of seven hundred acres, on the north side of the Woodbridge line, and a branch of the Rahway river, ' Stryker's Register. 2 Riker's Annals of Newtown. Barber and Howe's Coll. Onderdonk's Inci- dents of Queens County. HISTORY OF N. j. MEDICINE. 373 Robinson. Rockhill. called Robinson's branch, and in 1678, bought of the same party, viz.: Jno. Toe, forty acres on the west branch of the same river. In 1692, he obtained a survey of five hundred acres, in Monmouth County. He had, in 1684, purchased a considerable tract of Robert Burnet, one of the " Lords Proprietors." On the will of Mrs. Rouse, his name appears as a witness, as William Ro/Sw/son, " Doc- tor of Medicine," but on his own, dated May 18th, 1693, as William Robinson, " Doctor of Physick." An illustra- tion of the little importance attached, at that period, to the spelling of words and names. His death occurred soon after. Although so large a land holder, his estate was appraised at £250. 15s. 3d., by- Andrew Hampton and John Winans, whose son married his daughter Ann. 1 John Rockhill. Dr. Blane, in his " Medical History of Hunterdon County," says of Dr. Rockhill, that he was the first regu- lar physician in the County, of whom there is any reliable record. He was a son of Edward Rockhill, of Burlington County. Born March 22d, 1726. He studied medicine with Dr. Thomas Cadwalader. At the commencement of his medical life, in 1748, he migrated to Pittstown, and was physician to the Society of Friends, in that town. He remained in Pittstown till his death, April 7th, 1798. He married (1) a Miss Robeson, whose brother married the Doctor's sister, the grand-mother of Ex-Secretary of the Navy, Robeson. In addition to Blane's record, from which the above is derived, we add that he married (2) » Hatfield's Elizabeth. 374 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. ROCKHILL. RODGEKS. Elizabeth Potts, widow of Thomas Potts, who was some- time (1772) High Sheriff of Sussex County, and a mem- ber of the Provincial Assembly of 1776. The Doctor had no issue by his second marriage. Her children by a former marriage, intermarried with his, by his former wife, and for several generations, the Potts and Rockhill fami- lies have been closely intermarried. Mrs. Rockhill sur- vived her husband for some years. She was the daughter of Lukins, Esq., of Pennsylvania, and sister to the well known John Lukins, Esq., Surveyor-General of that State, prior to the Revolution, a_nd a member of the Phi- losophical Society. Like her brother, she is said to have possessed much energy and force of character, and her descendants have always held her memory in profound respect. Dr. Rockhill was in some manner related to the old New Jersey family, of Lambert, (Thomas Lambert who came in the " Shield," 1678). In some family papers he speaks of " Cousin Achsah " (Lambert). He was therefore probably related to his medical preceptor, Dr. Cadwalader, who married into the family of Lambert. Being Surveyor to a board of land proprietors, in West Jersey, he entered into some speculations in land with Dr. Caldwalader, Dr. Rockhill doing the surveying. The papers are dated 1754-5. They show that Cadwalader was at that date in Trenton. 1 (See Dr. Cadwalader). Charles W. Rodgers, The hero of the incident related in the memoir of Dr. Lewis Morgan, (which see) resided a short time only in Rah way, and then removed " to the west." We have in 1 MSS. family memorials of Wm. John Potts. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 375 Rodgers. Rodman. addition to the record of Morgan, another incident to il- lustrate his smartness. He had prescribed for a rich patient of Rahway, with satisfactory success, and when it became known that the Doctor was about to leave the place, his former patient was very anxious to possess him- self of the prescription, which had been so efficient in relieving him. He called on the Doctor and solicited it. The Doctor replied, "yes, I will give it to you, certainly, but it will cost you ten dollars." The applicant objected, but the remembrance of his former pains, overcame his love of money, and he reluctantly gave the ten dollars. The Doctor took his pencil and wrote "Cataria." We may imagine, but tradition does not record, his state of mind, when he found that he had paid ten dollars for the word " Catnep." John Rodman Was born in Barbadoes, on May 14, 1679, and accompanied his father to Rhode Island in 1682. He was twice mar- ried. His first wife was Margaret Gross, and his second, Mary Willett, daughter of William Willett, of Flushing, Long Island, to whom he was married on July 7, 1 719. She was born on September 5, 1693, and died April 8, 1759. When the Doctor became of age he went to Philadelphia to reside, from whence he removed to Boston, in 1707. From Boston he returned to Flushing, in 1712, and in ten or fifteen years later he removed to Burlington, New Jersey, where he practised medicine. He was an active member of the Society of Friends, in fellowship with which he died. He was a member of the Board of Aldermen of the City of Burlington, and in 1738 was 376 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Rodman. Ross. appointed a member of his Majesty's Council for the Province of New Jersey, which office he held until the time of his death, at Burlington, July 13, 1756. He was the proprietor, in common with Thomas Rich- ardson, of large tracts of land in Warwick township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, as early as 1712. He pur- chased other lands on the Neshaminy Creek, in Bensalem township, prior to 1723, to which he added one hundred and twenty acres, in 1736. 1 Alexander Ross Practised medicine in New Brunswick, New Jersey. He was originally from Scotland, and later from the Island of Jamaica. While in New Brunswick he resided at Ross Hall, on the east bank of the Raritan, one mile above the city. We infer that he was actively engaged in his pro- fession, as one, at least, of the New Jersey physicians was 1 MSS. Notes of Wm. Jno. Potts on memorial of Wm. Rodman, by Chas. H. Jones, Phila., privately printed 1872. Note. — The Rodmans were prominent Friends, among whom there were sev- eral physicians. Dr. John Rodman, probably the father of Dr. Rodman of Bur- lington and his brother Thomas, also a physician, was born in England, and left there to avoid persecution for their religion. They went first to Barbadoes, where Dr. John Rodman's wife, whose 'maiden name was Scammon, inherited an estate. After residing there for a time, he and his wife came to Newport, R. I., about 1682. In 1688 he removed to Block Island. About 1690 he migrated to Flushing, L. 1., where he spent the remainder of his days, and died in 1731, aged about 78 years. He was an eminent physician and surgeon, and successfully per- formed several operations the year previous to his death. He was a zealous and sound minister of the Gospel, frequently visiting meetings abroad, according to the simple record of the meeting to which he belonged. " He did abundance of good in his time, and died beloved by all sorts of people." Dr. Thomas Rodman, his brother, came to Long Island in 1675, and died in 1727. He was a physician of much eminence. 1 1 MSS. Notes of Win. Jno. Potts on Mary B, Parsons' Notes of Flushing, L I. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 377 Ross. a student in his office, Dr. Chas. A. Howard, who, after his death, married his widow, and resided on the Ross property. Dr. Ross married Sarah, the youngest daughter of Thomas Farmer, of New Brunswick, a lady celebrated for her beauty. Her father removed from Staten Island to Amboy, in 171 1. He was a man of distinction, being second judge and subsequently presiding judge of the Province. He was also representative of Middlesex County in the Assembly, from 1740 to 1743, during Gov. Morris' administration. The Doctor died at his home, at the age of fifty-two. In Christ churchyard his monumental inscription records : " In memory of DR. ALEXANDER ROSS, WHO DIED THE 30TH OF NOVEMBER, 1775, AGED 52 YEARS." 1 George Ross Was a native of Elizabethtown, and probably descended from the old settler of the same name, in 1665-6. In the New Jersey Journal, February 2, 1796, is an advertise- ment, thus : " Drugs, medicals, chemicals, &c, being a fresh importation from Europe, to be sold by Doctors Ross and Williamson, opposite the Church, in Eliz'town>." It is advertised also in French, on account of the num- ber of French refugees at that time in the town and its vicinity. He could not have lived in Elizabethtown long after this. In 1789 he was one of the trustees of the Academy, and in 1792 was librarian of the Library Asso- ciation, formed in that year. 3 1 W. A. Whitehead's His. Contributions of East Jersey, &c. = Hatfield's Elizabeth, &c. 378 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Ross. Alexander Ross Was born in Scotland, in 171 3. Little is known of his family, beyond the fact that they were born in Wigton- shire and Ayrshire, and held a respectable position. His father, John Ross, died at an advanced age, in Septem- ber, 1789. His mother's maiden name was Marion Han- nay. One brother, John, was a Major in the British Army, serving in America during the Revolution, and died without issue, about 1807. Dr. Ross graduated at the University of Edinburgh, and emigrated to America in the early part of the last cen- tury. He settled at Bristol, Pennsylvania, where he studied medicine with Dr. DeNormandie, whose neice, Elizabeth Becket, he subsequently married. He first practised in Burlington, and afterwards settled in Mount Holly. He was a practitioner in the latter place, as early as 1752. It is noted by Dr. Hills, in his " History of St. Mary's Church, Burlington," that March 10th, 1752, was " a day made remarkable by the severest gust of thunder and lightning, with snow and hail for four hours Rev. Colin Campbell rode to Mount Holly in company " with Dr. Ross. 1 Dr. Ross was one of the most prominent and skillful medical men of South Jersey, at the time in which he lived. He rode over a large extent of country, on an old black mare, with his saddle bags stuffed with medicines, and required two weeks, generally, to make each of his patients a visit. Dr. Daniel Budd, was cotemporary with him, residing at New Mills, now Pemberton. He succeeded him in a large part of his southern district of 1 Dr. Hills says that Dr. John Ross wns a physician at that time in Mt. Holly; but as Dr. John Ross was born in 1752, eight days before the storm, he no doubt refers to his father, Alexander. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 379 Ross. practice. Dr. Ross served for a time as Surgeon in the war, and was one of the original members of the Society of the Cincinnati. He does not appear in the Register of New Jersey Revolutionary officers, as having received a commission in the New Jersey line. He died May 10th, 1780. His widow subsequently married Zachariah Rossell, of Mount Holly, and died there, June 8th, 1807, aged seventy-four. The Doctor left three children, John, who became a physician ; Harriet, married John Cox; and Jane, married Major Richard Cox, of the Revolutionary army ; from both of whom are numerous des- cendants. The monumental inscription in the Episcopal churchyard, Mount Holly,- reads : SACRED TO THE MEMORY OF ALEXANDER ROSS, M. D. WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE May ioth, A. D. 1780 AGED 67 YEARS. 1 John Ross, Son of Alexander, supra, was born at Mount Holly, March 2d, 1752. He prepared himself for the practice of medicine, probably under the tuition of his father. About the time that he was ready to enter upon the duties of his profession, the war of the Revolution broke out, and he at once entered the service as a Captain, in the Third New Jersey Regiment, his-commission bearing date February 9th, 1776. On the 7th of April, 1779, he was commissioned Major of the Second Regiment, and was subsequently promoted to Brigade Major, and In- 1 MSS. family records, by Clifford Stanley Sims, etaliis. 380 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDIdNE. Ross. spector of the Jersey Brigade. He was wounded in the service, but continued in the same, to the close of the war. He was also appointed Lieut. Col. of Militia, Second Regiment, December i&th, 1782. During the administration of Washington, in 1792, he received the appointment of Inspector of the Revenue, for Burlington County, New Jersey. He was a member of the Society of the Cincinnati, from its organization. He married, July 8th, 1778, Mary, only child of the Rev. John Brainard, a brother of the missionary, David Brainard. She died January 31st, 1792. The issue of this marriage was, Sophia Marion, married Jno. Hardner Clarke, of Philadelphia; Elizabeth, married (1) Dr. John Brown, (2) Dr. John Winans ; and Alexander, who suc- ceeded his father as a member of the Society of the Cin- cinnati, and died unmarried, in 1808, at Genoa, Italy. Only one of them left descendants, viz. : Sophia Marion, who by her marriage with Mr. Clarke, had six children, two of whom survive, Mrs. Louisa Vanuxem Peacock, 1 late of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, and Emeline Marion, wife of John Clarke Sims, 2 an original proprietor of the Philadelphia Evening Bulletin. The only brother of Mrs. Vanuxem and Mrs. Sims, Brainard Clark, died several years since, leaving a family. These three families com- prehend the entire descent of Dr. John Ross. A fuller notice of his descendants will be found in " The Life of 1 Mrs. Peacock died May 2d, 1869, leaving no issue by her second husband ; by her first, Thompson Heale Sims, late of Mount Holly, she left one son, Alfred William Sims, Engineer, &c. 2 Of the issue of this marriage, Clifford Stanley Sims, U. S. Consul, at Pres- cott, Canada, was admitted, July 4th, 1861, to membership in the Society of the Cincinnati, of New Jersey, as representative of his great-grandfather, Major John Ross, and Jno. Clark Sims, Jr., was admitted July 5th, 1875, to the same, as representative of his great-great-grandfather, Surgeon Alexander Ross. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 38 1 Ross. Sackett. John Brainard," by Rev. Thomas Brainard, D. D., Phil- adelphia, 1865. It does not appear that Dr. John Ross, though edu- cated to the medical profession, made for himsef a medi- cal record. Seven years of military service, beginning before he had seen service as a physician, fitted him bet- ter for civil than for professional life. He died Septem- ber 7th, 1796, at the age of forty-four. His remains repose beside those of his father, in the Mount Holly burying place, with the inscription In memory of DOCTOR JOHN ROSS WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE September 7TH, 1796 AGED 43 YEARS AND 6 MONTHS. MSS., Clifford Stanley Sims. Joseph Sackett Was a son of Joseph Sackett, for some years a merchant in New York, who subsequently removed to Orange County, New York. Joseph, Jr., was born February 16th, 1733, O. S. He probably commenced the practice of medicine in New Jersey, for when he was thirty-three years of age, he was one of the medical men of the Pro- vince, who responded to the original call for the organiza- tion of a Medical Society, and, was one of the fourteen signers to the " Instruments of Association." He was present at the meeting of the Society, in 1772. In 1773, the Society entered upon its minutes, that the Doctor had removed from the sphere of the Society, and that " it was unnecessary for the future to insert his name in the list of absentees." He became a resident of Newtown, 382 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Sackett Sawyer. Long Island, and there continued the practice of medi- cine. During the war, being a Whig, he withdrew to Paramus, New Jersey, where he remained till the return of peace. He died in New York, July 27th, 1799. His widow, Hannah, daughter of Richard Alsop, whom he married, April 9th, 1752, died in New York, May 31st, 18 17, in her eighty-second year. They had twelve chil- dren, who died in early life, unmarried. 1 Ephriam -Standish Sawyer Was a native of Massachusetts, born in 1774. He studied at Harvard, but did not take his degree there. Married Sabra Church in 1797. Settled first at or near Absecom, but soon after came to Tuckerton, where he remained till his death. Dr. Sawyer was probably the first physician who settled permanently at that place. It is claimed by his family that he was a descendant in direct line of Miles Standish. It is related that his brother, Capt. George Anson Sawyer, was wrecked on on Long Beach, opposite Tuckerton. Some of the wrecked crew were sick, and there being no physi- cian nearer than Pemberton, they sent for one from that place. On the return of the Captain to his home, he advised his brother, then looking for a field of practice, to come to New Jersey. He practised about thirty years at Tuckerton, and left a large family of sons and daughters, some of whom now remain as residents of their native town. The following inscription is on his tombstone in the village burying place : 1 Rjker's Annals of Newtown, ike. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 383 ' Sawyer. Sayre. in memory of DOCT. EPHRIAM S. SAWYER, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE OCT. II, 1829 IN THE 55TH YEAR OF HIS AGE. His widow outlived him many years, dying in 1857, in her eightieth year. Francis Bowes Sayre Was probably a native of Philadelphia. He pursued his medical studies in the University of Pennsylvania, and received the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in 1788. In this year he was a resident of New Jersey, as he was then, May 6, 1788, admitted to membership in the New Jersey Medical Society. He was advanced to the degree of Doctor of Medicine, 1790. His thesis, published at the time, and preserved in the libraries of collectors of early medical writers, was on " Phthisis Pulmonalis, by Francis Bowes Sayre, of Trenton." In the catalogue of the medical school where he received his first degree, his residence is given as " Pennsylvania." There is a tradition that he practised for a time in Crosswicks. He died in 1798, intestate. Letters of administration on his estate were granted by the Probate Court of Philadelphia to Ann Sayre and Robert Heysham. A bill of his administrator's accounts has two or more entries of the indebtedness of the estate to an .agent for " collecting debts in New Jersey." The inventory of his effects showed a handsome sum, and that he lived in good style for that period ; that he was a married man, cultiva- ted, and of refined tastes. His remains were laid in the burying ground, Philadelphia, corner Fifth and Arch streets. Monumental inscription : 384 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Sayre. "in remembrance of FRANCIS BOWES SAYRE, M. D. WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE ON THE 2D DAY OF SEPT. 1798 ETAT. 32 YEARS." Adjoining tombstones, one to Francis Bowes, another to Andrew Reed, allow the inference that he was closely allied to Col. Bowes Reed, who was a man of note in New Jersey, whose remains lie in the churchyard at Burlington. Though Dr. Sayre died in early manhood, the few me- morials which we have gathered concerning him assure us that he was a man of culture and high promise. In the records of the New Jersey Medical Society, he is noticed as contributing a paper on " An extraordinary case of Syphilis, together with the powerful effects of the herb perfolium, or thoroughwort, in the cure of the same." He was also appointed one of a committee " to revise the rules of the institution, and report a code of laws and regulations for its future government." Dr. Rush, in his account of the yellow fever in Philadelphia, 1797 and 1798, notices him as one of the reliable practi- tioners of that time. He became a victim of the fearful epidemic in 1798. The True American and Commercial Advertiser of Philadelphia, for Tuesday morning, August 28, 1798, has the following: "The number of new cases reported for the forty-eight hours ending yesterday morning at one o'clock, were ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVEN, by twenty-three physicians, Drs. Sayre and Church included." The ambiguity of the last line is re- moved by the report September 1 : x "Dr. Sayre is on the recovery." > Ibid. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 385 Sayre . Ibid, Monday, September 3d : " On Saturday we informed the public that Dr. Sayre was on the recovery. Apparently he was so ; but that favorable appearance was only the forerunner of dissolution, as is frequently the case in this insidious disease. We have therefore this day to deplore the loss of Dr. Francis Bowes Sayre, who died yesterday morning-. His services in the cause of humanity (to which he has gloriously fallen a martyr) will ever be indelibly impressed on the number of his indigent fellow citizens, who, by his persevering assiduity in his profession, have been rescued from the grave. How laborious and distressing his duty must have been, may be easily conceived, when it is known that pre- vious to the attack he had above one hundred patients under his care. The loss of Dr. Sayre, whose talents, industry and medical knowledge rendered him an invaluable member of society, is particu- larly distressing at this time, when so many of our physicians have quit their posts, and the remainder are unable to attend the numerous applications which they daily receive." A further tribute to the Doctor's high character is found in a memoir of Rev. James Milnor, D. D., late Rector of St. George's Church, N. Y., by Rev. John Stone, D. D. The compiler speaking of the yellow fever gives some extracts from Milnor's diary : " The pesti- lence raged horribly." His diary for September 5, (1798) gives a lively idea of the state of the city, and at the same time of the tenderness of his nature : " The ac- counts from Philadelphia are to the last degree distress- ing. On the list of victims to the ruthless destroyer, I find the names of several of my friends." Especially that of " my ever to be lamented friend, Dr. Francis Bowes Sayre. This gentleman fell a glorious martyr to his philanthropy." 1 1 MSS. notes of Wm. Jno. Potts, et aliis. 386 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Schenck. , j Scott. Henry Hr Schenck Was a son of Henry Schenck, of Millstone, Somerset County. Born in 1760. His ancestors w&re from Hol- land. He pursued his collegiate studies at\Rutgers College in 1772 ; one of the earliest alumni of that, then new, institution of learning. He entered the medical profession. Upon the opening of the war of 1776 he was appointed Surgeon of Militia, and continued in the ser- vice to the close of the war. He became a member of the New Jersey Medical Society in 1789. He was an earnest and active political partisan, being identified with the Old Whig and Federal parties. He held for a time a seat on the bench as Judge of the Court in Somerset County. A member of the Reformed Dutch Church, and an Elder for a number of years, his personal character was most exemplary. Uprightness and honor, intelligence and usefulness distinguished him as a citizen. He died in 1828. 1 Moses Scott, A son of John Scott, of Neshaminy, Bucks County, Pa., was born in 1738. At 17 years of age, he accompanied the unfortunate expedition under Braddock, and shared in all the privations of the time. At the capture of Fort du Quesne, three years afterwards, he had risen to be a commissioned officer. He soon thereafter resigned his commission on account of the invidious distinction made between loyal and colonial officers, and by the ad- vice of friends betook himself to the study of medicine. 1 For further notice see Blane's History of Medical Men of Hunterdon County. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 387 Scott. His first residence was at Brandywine, and about 1774 he removed to New Brunswick. He had already acquired distinction as a physician, and upon the breaking out of the war, on February 14, 1776, he was appointed Surgeon 2d Regiment, Middlesex, 1 and subsequently Surgeon in General Hospital, Continental Army. 2 He procured a supply of medicines and surgical instru- ments from Europe partly by his own' means and credit, but unfortunately much of it fell into the hands of the enemy on their sudden invasion of New Brunswick, at which time he barely saved himself from capture. He was just sitting down to table, when the enemy entering, took possession of his house and regaled themselves with his deserted dinner. A Tory neighbor told them that the boxes of medicine which they found had been poisoned by the rebel Doctor, who had left them pur- posely to destroy the British troops. They were there- upon emptied into the street. In 1777 Congress took the entire direction of the medi- cal staff, and Dr. Scott was commissioned as Senior Physician and Surgeon of the Hospitals and Assistant Director General. In the discharge of his important duties he won universal encomiums. He was present at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine and Ger- mantown. At Princeton he was near General Mercer when he fell. 3 1 Stryker. 2 Stryker. 3 Note. — " HUGH Mercer, M. D., a General in the Revolutionary war, was a distinguished physician, who, like Warren, fell in defence of the liberties of his country. He was a native of Scorland and educated at Edinburgh. He early emigrated to Virginia, and settled at Fredericksburg, where he practised medi- cine for several years with great reputation. During the Revolution he zealously engaged in defence of the liberties of his adopted country, and fell in the battle of Princeton, 1777." — Inaugural of Prof . Sewall. 388 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. * Scott. On the restoration of peace he resumed the duties of his profession at New Brunswick, where he continued to reside till his death. He received membership in the Medical Society in 1782, and ever after was identified with its welfare. He was its President in 1789. His reputation drew to his office young men from all parts of the State for instruction in medicine. In 1814 he was made a Fellow of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, New York. Having made a profession of religion at an early age, he was during his entire life a main pillar of the church, being for many years an efficient Elder and Treasurer of the Board of Trustees. His death occurred December 28, 1821, at the age of 83. His wife's maiden name was Anna Johnson. She died August 7, 1833, aged 88. Their children were Hannah, unmarried ; Mary married Dr. Charles Smith ; Jane married Abr. Blauvelt ; Joseph Warren Scott, who became an eminent lawyer, died in New Brunswick, aged 94 ; Anna married Dr. Ephraim Smith, a practitioner in New Brunswick with a limited practice. He was President of the State Board and Mayor of New Brunswick. Margaret, unmarried, and Eliza married Rev. Mr. Rousse. His tombstone, now much defaced, in the Presbyterian graveyard, New Brunswick, contains the inscription : IN THE FULL TRIUMPH OF CHRISTIAN FAITH AND THE CERTAIN ASSURANCE OF A BLESSED IMMORTALITY MOSES SCOTT, ESQUIRE, M. D., REPAIRED TO HIS MANSION NOT MADE WITH HANDS — ETERNAL IN THE HEAVENS, ON THE 28TH DAY OF DEC. 1821. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 389 Scott. Scudder. His pilgrimage here was lone- some, and years The ardent and devoted friend of the Church of Christ. The early and intrepid supporter . of American Independence The Patriot Soldier Physician beloved faithful and industrious He was long and successfully Engaged in the bestowal of be- nevolence, Just generous Hospitable and pious He was the faithful servant of THE MOST HIGH.i Nathaniel Scudder, Son of Col. Jacob Scudder, of Freehold, was born May IO > I 733- He graduated at Princeton in 1751. After fitting himself for the practice of medicine, he settled first at Manalapan, afterward and for the most part of his life in Freehold. He was one of the founders of the Medical Society in 1766. His early medical years were passed in the quiet pursuit of his profession ; but the Doctor came into mature life in the exciting times which preceded the Revolution. It was not his nature to withdraw himself from his duties to the community and avoid responsibility. The people of Monmouth County were among the first and most decided to take a stand against the tyrannical acts of Great Britain. Scudder was one of the earliest and most able of the champions of the patriot cause. Probably the first meeting held in °f which, as well as subsequent ones, Dr. Scudder was a leading spirit, drafting or aiding in draft- ing addresses, resolutions, etc. This meeting resolved, among other things, that the cause of the suffering in- habitants of Boston was the common cause of the whole continent of North America, that every Province should stand by the people of Boston, and until their odious port bill and other oppressive acts be repealed, they recommended entire stoppage of trade between the Pro- vinces and Great Britain and the West Indies. A com- mittee, of which Dr. Scudder was one, was formed to co- operate with other towns in carrying out any measures that might be deemed best for " the weal and safety of North America and her loyal sons." July 19, 1774, the committees from the various townships met at Freehold and passed a series of very able resolutions, which they closed by wishing " some faithful record of their notifica- tion be handed down to the yet unborn descendants of Americans that nothing but the most fatal necessity could have wrested the present inestimable enjoyments from their ancestors. Let them universally inculcate upon their beloved offspring an investigation of those truths concerning both civil and religious liberty, which have been so clearly and fully stated in this generation. May they be carefully taught in their schools, and may they never rest until, through the Divine blessing upon their efforts, true freedom and liberty shall reign triumphantly over the whole globe." Dr. Scudder was one of the committee which drafted the resolutions (pub- lished in full in the Monmouth Democrat, June 12, 1873.) HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 391 SCUDDER. December 10, 1774, he was appointed a member of the important " Committee of Observation and Inspection." At the first Provincial Congress, held in New Jersey (July 21, 1774, at New Brunswick) Dr. Scudder was a delegate. He was also a delegate to the Continental Congress from New Jersey from 1777 to 1779, and one of the signers of the Articles of Confederation, in defence of which he wrote an able letter to Hon. John Hart, Speaker of the Assembly of New Jersey, a copy of which is preserved. At the outbreak of the war he was commissioned Lieut. - Colonel of the First Regt., and Colonel of the same, November, 1776. Dr. Scudder married Isabella Anderson, whose family came from Scotland about the close of the seventeenth century in the " Old Caledonia," " reverentially spoken of from her having borne to New Jersey many Scotch fami- lies immigrating from Scotland during the troubles which agitated that country in 1715." 1 The Andersons made large purchases of lands on Manalapan Hights, and there resided. The writer of these annals has been favored with a letter from Miss Maria Scudder, a granddaughter of the Doctor, now living at the age of eighty. He gives the record of her grandfather's first advances to Isabella in her own words : " The beautiful heiress rode to church on horseback. Young Dr. Scudder had his eye out. She alighted from her horse, fastened him to a tree by a staple which had been driven there, then walked up and into the church. Then was Dr. Scudder's time to work. He approached her horse, disarranged the equipments and entangled the bridle. After the closing of the church, Isabella walked •Whitehead's Coll. 39 2 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. SCUDDER. down to the place where stood her horse. Young Scud- ded, of fine appearance, dignified and graceful, being on the alert, sprang to her assistance, adjusted matters all well, then assisted the damsel to mount, and directly ascended his own steed. As they had to travel the same road, which was nearly four miles, I think he was too gallant to let her go alone, but rode by her side for pro- tection home. Their houses were not far distant. Thus began the courtship which terminated in marriage." From this union there were three sons and two daugh- ters. Two of^his sons graduated at Princeton — Dr. John Anderson Scudder, class of 1775, and Joseph in 1778. The former is noticed, infra. The latter married a daughter of Col. Philip Johnson, 1 who was killed at the battle of Long Island. He became a lawyer of consider- able distinction, and was the father of the distinguished and devoted missionary Scudder, who abandoned his fine prospects as a physician in the city of New York to preach the Gospel to the heathen in India. His son, the Rev. Henry Scudder, D. D.,is now resident in Brooklyn. From Lucretia, eldest daughter of Dr. Scudder, descends in his maternal line Ex-Gov. Joel Parker, of New Jersey. ■Note. — Col. Philip Johnson "was Colonel of the First New Jersey Regt., and fell at the battle of Long Island, while storming a strong position of the enemy. His death was sincerely lamented as a great private and public loss, the more so as he fell a sacrifice to obstinacy. Sullivan, who was in com- mand, directed Johnson to take the position. Having served in the French war, and well understanding his profession, he suggested to Gen. Sullivan theimprac- ticability of the enterprise. Sullivan, in anger, replied : ' Sir, it is your place to obey, not to dictate or expostulate.' J Sir,' replied Johnson, ' 1 will convince you that I can and will obey, but it will be at the sacrifice of my own life and that of the brave band I have the honor to command.' The prophecy proved true. Only one man escaped out of all the number. That man was Capt. Grey, who related the event to my mother with tears." — Communicated by a lady through Prof. Cameron . HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 393 SCUDDER. To his patriotism as a citizen, and to his valuable ser- vice as a civilian, Dr. Scudder added the graces of a life consecrated to the service of Jesus Christ. He was a member, and, for a time, ruling Elder in the old Tennent Church. It is said of him that in a religious controversy with Thomas Paine, the author of " Common Sense " beat a hasty retreat, demolished in the encounter. After the Doctor was shot, a letter was found lying upon his table, addressed to his son Joseph, then a student of law in Philadelphia. This long letter is still preserved, yellow with age, and worn by use. It has been studied as well as prized. It exhibits not only the anxieties of a father for the welfare of his son, but the spirit of a devout and loving Christian father who " with every sincere wish and prayer for (his) happiness both here and hereafter," signed himself " Your most affectionate & careful Father." The letter was dated April 13, 1780, eighteen months before his death. It is supposed that hewrote it as a legacy to his son, in case of his sudden death, which in those perilous times was liable to occur. His life was spared through all the perils incident to the times, only to fall at last by an unintentional shot, aimed at General David Forman with whom he was con- versing, by a party of refugees at Black Point, Monmouth County, October 16, 1781. A party of refugees from Sandy Hook had landed at night at Shrewsbury and marched undiscovered to Colt's Neck, taking six prison- ers. The alarm soon reached the Court House, and a number of citizens, among them Dr. Scudder, started in pursuit. He said to his family: "There is a battle ex- pected at Long Branch. I will go down and bind up the wounds of the poor fellows." They rode to Black Point 394 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. SCUDDER. in the effort to recapture the prisoners, and while firing from the bank the Doctor was killed. General Forman attributed his escape to an involuntary step backward, which became the " most fortunate step in his life." The Doctor was buried with all the honors of war. Gen. Forman's original order to Capt. Watson, to bury him thus, was presented to the Historical Society of New Jersey, in May 1847, by Mrs. Jonathan T. Forman. We copy again from his venerable granddaughter's letter. " It was a lamentable day when my grandfather fell on Long Branch beach. Lamentation and mourning that a great and good man had no longer life. He went every- where by the name of the beloved physician. Dr. Wood- hull, his minister, had great love for him. He preached his funeral sermon to a wonderful audience. His text, 'All Judah and Jerusalem mourned for Josiah.' He said ' he was all the gentleman and all the Christian.' The whole country was in tears." He fell three days before the surrender at Yorktown crowned with success the American Arms. On a large, fiat stone, in Tennent Churchyard, is the inscription : In memory of The Honorable NATHANIEL SCUDDER who fell in the defence of his country Oct. the i6th 1781 aged 48 years AND of his wife Isabella who departed this life dec. the 24th I782 AGED 45 YEARS. MSS. family sources. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 395 Scudder. Shaw. John Anderson Scudder, The eldest son of Dr. Nathaniel, supra, was born March 22d, 1759- Graduated at Princeton, 1775. Entered the army as Surgeon's Mate, First Regiment, Monmouth, May 1st, 1777. He served a number of years in the State Assembly, and was a representative in Congress, from New Jersey, for the unexpired term of Gen. James Cox, who died in 1810. He joined the Medical Society in 1785. After 18 10, he removed to Kentucky, and sub- sequently to Indiana, where he settled, and practised his profession, till within a short period before his death. Benjamin R. Scudder Was a son of Richard Scudder, who lived in the Passaic Valley, near New Providence. The Doctor married Salley Wade, of Connecticut Farms. His residence was at Paterson Landing, (Acquackanonk) where he died. His children were Susan, who married (1) Hugh Littell, (2) Rev. Peter D. Freleigh, the father of Peter D. (lawyer) Rhoda, married McRea. Sally, married Jacob Van Riper. 1 Thomas Shaw Was a practising physician in Burlington. In 1745 he was a vestryman in St. Mary's. 2 He died in 1750. Will probated October 5th, of that year. It named his wife Anna, and sons- Thomas and Samuel, also his sister Sarah ; brothers Samuel and John, and brother-in-law Gervasse Burgess. 1 Littell's Genealogies. 2 Hill's History of St. Mary's. 396 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Shippen. Edward Shippen Was the fourth child and oldest son of Chief Justice Shippen, and great-grand-son of the first Edward, who emigrated from England to Boston, in 1668. On account of his Quaker principles, he left Boston and finally settled in Philadelphia, where he was made first Mayor, under Penn's Charter, in 1701. Dr. Shippen was born in December nth, 1758. He studied medicine with the distinguished Dr. Bond, and afterwards visited England and France, studying both in London and Paris. He came home for a time, and again went to England, partly on a commercial speculation, but still continuing his pro- fessional studies. On his return, he married, November 23d, 1785, Elizabeth Juliana Footman, of Philadelphia. Soon after his marriage, he had an opportunity to enter into a partnership, with his former preceptor, Dr. Bond, but,' owing to some family misunderstanding, he did not avail himself of this offer, and thereby lost the grand op- portunity of his professional life. Three years after his marriage, he removed to a farm, in Upper Merion, Mont- gomery County, Pennsylvania, where he practised medi- cine, in addition to working his farm. About 179,5, he removed to Burlington, New Jersey, becoming there a partner in practice, and ultimately the successor of Dr. William Mcllvaine, who had married his elder sister, Mary. Dr. Shippen lived in the house afterwards known as Askews, up the lane from St. Mary's Hall. He died there very suddenly, October 22d, 1809. He is remem- bered by the now aged members of his family, as a large man, with a hearty manner, interested in horses and agri- culture, whenever his professional avocations gave him leisure. He was also fond of reading aloud to his family, HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 397 Shippen. Shute. Smith. generally selecting standard and classical works. A pic- ture of the Doctor, taken in London, during his student life, represents a very handsome, stalwart young man, in powdered hair, lilac colored coat, and gold laced waist- coat. No picture of him in mature age exists, but he grew to be very large and corpulent, before his death. Samuel M. Shute Resided in Bridgeton, Cumberland County. An inter- esting memoir of him is found in Dr. Bateman's " History of the Medical Men of Cumberland County." He was admitted to membership in the New Jersey Medical So- ciety, in 1788. Charles Smith Was born near Princeton, in 1768. When young he was poor, but possessing a desire for knowledge, he acquired sufficient to teach a school, and thereby, through strict economy, he acquired sufficient means to secure for him- self the advantages of a collegiate course of study. He entered Princeton College, and received its honors, in 1786. He then commenced the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Moses Scott, of New Brunswick, attended lectures in New Xork, and received the degree of M. D. from Queen's (Rutgers) College, in the first class, which obtained its honors from that institution, in 1792. He formed a partnership with his preceptor, and married his daughter, Mary Dickinson Scott. He was Surgeon in the State troops, in the Whiskey insurrection, of 1794. Was elected a Trustee of Rutgers College, in 1804. Dr. Smith was a skillful and successful practitioner, and 398 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Smith. was considered the most scientific and accomplished phy- sician of his day, in the county of his residence. In 1814, he was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York. He not only rose to emi- inence in his profession, but acquired an ample fortune. In his person he was large, and of fine presence, genial in his manners, and without egotism. The struggle of his earlier years, gave him habits of economy, which as he advanced in life, grew into those of avarice. In his old age he became morbidly penurious ; so much so, that he scarcely allowed himself the necessaries of life, constantly fearing that he was about to come to want. He died without issue, leaving an estate, valued at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The most of his pro- perty was left to Ex-Governor Olden, who was a son of his sister. The following inscriptions are in full, from the slab covering the family vault, in the Presbyterian church- yard, in New Brunswick : CHARLES SMITH ESQUIRE, M. D. DIED MAY 7TH A. D. 1848 AGED 80 YEARS. MARY DICKINSON SCOTT his wife Died march 9TH 1848 aged 78 years. 1 Isaac Smith, Born 1740, graduated at Princeton, 1755. Tutor, 1757. He became a member of the Medical Society, in 1767. Upon the breaking out of the war, he was commissioned Col., First Regiment, Hunterdon;, resigned to accept ap- pointment as Justice of the Supreme Court, of* New Jersey, 2 February 15th, 1777, which office he held for 1 Alexander's Princeton of 18th Century, etaliis. 2 Stryker's Register. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 399 Smith. eighteen years. He was then elected to Congress, where he was distinguished for political wisdom and decided in- tegrity. These public duties caused him to withdraw somewhat, from practice, but during the whole period, he manifested his continued interest in the profession, by at- tendance at the meetings of the Medical Society. His name is entered in some of the earlier records, as " Doctor Isaac Smith Esquire." As a physician, he was assiduous, attentive, and tender in care of the sick, and of gentle- manly bearing. He entered public life at the age of thirty-seven. When the news of the battle of Lexington, (April 19th, 1775) was sent by express to Philadelphia, Samuel Tucker and Isaac Smith, were the committee to receive it in Trenton, April 24th, 9 A. M., and they forwarded it to Philadelphia. He was President of the Trenton Banking Company, also Presidential Elector, in 1801. His epitaph reads : In memory OF ISAAC SMITH ESQ. Who departed this life August 29 1807 In the 68th year of his age. With Integrity and Honest Intentions As a Physician and Judge He distributed Health and Justice To his Fellow Men And died In Hopes of Mercy Through A REDEEMER Of his wife, who died in 1801, the comprehensive char- acter is graven on an adjoining stone : "She was what a woman OUGHT to be." 1 A likeness of Dr. Smith, with a short sketch of his life and character, may be found in the " Portfolio," Vol. I., February, 1809. ' Hall'sJHis. Trenton Chh, &c. 400 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Smith. Steele. Jonathan Smith Was the fourth son of Richard Smith, and Ann Marshall, who, with four brothers and one sister, came to America, from Bramham, Yorkshire, England, and settled in Burlington, New Jersey. They were all " Friends." Dr. Smith lived in Burlington, and there practised his profes- sion. In the Penria Packet and Genl. Advertiser , is the following item of news: "Monday, March 30th, 1772. Last Wednesday departed this life, after a tedious illness at Burlington, Dr .Jonathan Smith, a gentleman descended from one of the most respectable families in this Province, and much esteemed for his singular benevolence and humanity." 1 Peter Smith Was a practitioner in Morristown, in 1778. The only record we have of him is from the minutes of the Council of Safety, April 8th, 1778, which directed "to deliver an account of the particulars of his bill for administering medicine to Josiah Burnet who was wounded on the 1 5th of Sept. last, Ensign of the 8th Company, 1st Reg., Morris." Thomas Steele Was a Surgeon in the British Service, in the war of 1776. He resigned his commission at the close of the war, and settled in Belleville, Essex County, for the practice of his profession. He died there about 1790. His remains were laid in Christ Churchyard, over which a tombstone was erected. It was a few years since fraudulently re- moved. In the Churchyard at Belleville is the following inscription : • MSS. His. Notes of Wm. Jno. Potts, &c. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. * 40I Steele. Stillwell. In memory of MRS. SARAH STEELE Wife of DR. STEELE Who departed this life Aug. 20 1835 Aged 33 years. Dr. Steele was a man of considerable attainment, and obtained the practice of his neighborhood. In his per- sonal characteristics, he was boastful, rough and unattrac- tive in his intercourse with others. He thus failed to secure the affection of the people. He was an enthusiast in his faith in the curative powers of the Scutellaria in Rabies, which was brought into notice in his day, by Dr. Vanderveer, of Somerset County. He claimed to have made many cures, and made a considerable reputation in this way. He left a son, Thomas Edward Steele, Who was two years of age at his father's death. He became a physician, and practised in Belleville. He ac- quired reputation, and was elected a Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 181 1. He died in 1818, in the thirtieth year of his age. Stillwell. The family of Stillwell descends from Lieut. Nicholas Stillwell, who fled from religious persecution in England early in the seventeenth century to Holland, and from thence came to America in 1638 ; first to the New Haven Colony, but soon thereafter, preferring the Dutch rule, he migrated to Manhattan Island. He settled there 402 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Still well. on its eastern shore at the indenture known as Tur- tle Bay, in the vicinity of Thirty-fourth street. Here he established himself as a planter, and built the Stone House which was standing till a few years since, and was historic from the feats of the " Liberty boys of the Revo- lution." A settlement was soon formed around him which he named " Hopton." Having been bred to mili- tary pursuits, he commanded in most of the Indian wars with the Dutch, as also in that which followed the great massacre in Virginia, 1644, in which was captured the In- dian monarch, Opechancanough, described by a contem- porary writer as " that bloody monster upon a hundred years old." 1 We find him in 1650 a public man in the town of Gravesend, Long Island. 2 He removed with others of the people of Long Island to Staten Island about 1664, where he resided till his death, December 22, 1671. He had numerous descendants, among whom are the Doctors Stillwell of New Jersey, viz.: Richard (1), Rich- ard (2), Ger shorn and William, practitioners prior to 1800. Richard Stillwell (i) Was a son of Richard, who was a grandson of the primi- tive Nicholas through Capt. Richard, his eldest son. Dr. Richard was one of eight children who survived their father. Six of them, daughters, formed marriage alli- ances with men of distinction. He was born in 1710, and spent his earlier years in New York, where he received his education. He commenced the practice of medicine in Shrewsbury and practised also in Middletown. He married (1) about 1736, Mary, daughter of Obadiah Brown, (2) in 1752, 1 Hildreth. ! Thompson's His. L. I. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 403 Stillwell. Lydia Leonard. The issue of these unions were, first, Mary, Richard, John ; second, Gershom, Millicent, Augus- ta, Mercy. It is traditionary that the Doctor was a suc- cessful practitioner and a man of reputation. He prac- tised a short time in New York, to which he was admitted a freeman in 1748, but soon after this date he resumed practice in Middletown, N. J. In 1749 he was in attendance with Dr. Stephen Tallman upon a citizen of Middletown. 1 He died in Middletown and his re- mains are buried in Shrewsbury. Richard Stillwell (2) Was a son of Richard, son of Daniel, son of Nicholas (1), who removed to Woodbridge, N. J. Dr. Richard settled in Monmouth County, and is supposed to have practised in the neighborhood of Freehold. He died in 1756, leaving two children, Thomas, born May 15, 1728, and Elias, born June 10, 1730. William Stillwell Was born January 6th, 1768, in Middletown. His father was Joseph, son of John, son of Thomas, son of Capt. Richard, born in Holland, 1634, and came to America 1 Note. — This sick patient, Daniel Seabrook, died intestate, and among the administrators accounts are bills rendered by them, and items which illustrate the cost of medical attendance and the customs of a hundred and thirty years ago. There was paid " to Wm. Weakfield for nursing and attendance in sickness 41 £ >. d. days, at 3s, per day, 6. 3. o. To Dr. Tallman for medical services during the same time, in part, ^24. 1. u., and to Dr. Richard Stillwell in full, ^14. 7. 2." During the illness of this patient, and after his death, the accounts show a very large consumption of ardent spirits. Three gallons of rum were used prior to his decease; and upon thi* day of his death seven more were ordered, and in the three weeks succeeding the amount increased to ten gallons additional. At the grave, provision was made for several gallons independent of the above supply. 404 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Stillwell. with Nicholas (i). His preliminary education was ob- tained in his native town, and at the age of fifteen he commenced the study of medicine, with Dr. Thomas Bar- ber. He was licensed to practise in 1788, and was in the same year, admitted to membership in the New Jersey Medical Society. He subsequently went to New York, and pursued his medical studies, under the instruction of Drs. Bard and McKnight. He commenced practice in his native town. He removed to New York in 1806, where he spent the remainder of his life, as a successful and popular physician. He was an original thinker, and contributed articles to the medical literature of his day, among which were, one on the Treatment of Tetanus, and another on the Antidotal properties of Scutellaria Lateri- flora in Rabies. He is said to have been a fine scholar, and elegant speaker, and gifted with keenness of analysis and power of illustration ; as a writer, he. was easy and graceful. It is claimed for him that he was the author of the well known Latin couplet with an English translation : " Just at the verge of danger, not before God the Almighty Doctor we adore, When the danger's o'er and all things righted, God is forgotten and the Doctor slighted." In person, Dr. Stillwell was of pleasing appearance, — medium hight ; and from middle age, florid and corpu- lent. He carried a cheerful presence and a kind word. His countenance was never clouded, except in sympa- thy. He was for many years subject to heart disease, to which, on July 13th, 1832, he finally succumbed. He had been for many years before his death, a member of the Baptist Church. In 1793, he married Hannah, daughter of Thomas Sea- brook. By this union he had issue, Dr. Wm. E., Dr. Jno. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 405 Stillwell. Stites. E., Julia (Brown), Delia (Hill), who alone of all his chil- dren, survives. His grandson, Dr. jfno. E. Stillwell, is a practitioner in New York, to whom the author of this volume is indebted for the most of his Stillwell record. William Stillwell, Born between 1715 and 1720, a descendant by uncertain line of Nicholas (1), was a practitioner of medicine in Middletown, about 1750. Gershom Stillwell, Son of Dr. Richard (1), practised in the vicinity of Key- port, in the latter part of the last century, and early in this. He owned a considerable estate, to which he gave much attention. He married (2) the widow of Dr. Clark, of Freehold. He left several children, among whom was a daughter, who married a Mr. Nye, and another a Mr. Wall, the parents of Rev. Bloomfield Wall, of New Jersey. Dr. Stillwell's remains are interred in a private plot, originally on his property at Keyport. Hezekiah Stites Descended from John, one of the original emigrants to New England, who afterwards migrated to Hempstead, Long Island, and became one of the first grantees of that township. 1 He lived to the extraordinary age of one hundred and twenty-two or one hundred and twenty- three years, and when upwards of one hundred, was able 1 Thompson's L. I. 406 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Stites. Stokes. to walk forty miles a day. His grandson, William, 1 migrated from Long Island at the age of fifty-one, to Elizabethtown, and settled in that part known at this time as Springfield, being one of its first settlers. His son John, also a resident of Elizabethtown, was the father of Dr. Hezekiah, who was born in 1726. The Dr. practised as a physician in Cranberry. When the medical society was formed he was forty years of age, and had been many years in practice. He connected himself with it the year after its foundation, and was always an influ- ential member. He was elected President in 1775. He married the daughter of James Patten. In 1785, upon the erection of the Presbyterian Church in Cranberry, he gave the congregation a bell. He died and was buried in its graveyard. The following inscription is on his tombstone : " Sacred to THE MEMORY OF DOCTOR HEZEKIAH STITES AND Mary his wife. Doctor Stites departed this life November the 17th, 1790, in the 65th year of his age. Mrs. Slites on the 14th of April, 1794, in the 57th year of her age." 2 Jno. H. Stokes Was descended from Thomas, one of the first settlers of Burlington County. He had four sons, one of whom, Joseph, was the progenitor of the Doctors Stokes of Moorestown. 3 Dr. John H. was born near Moorestown, 1 For the genealogy of Stites in N. J., see Littell's family genealogy of the Pas- saic Valley . 2 Thompson's His. of L. I., &c. 3 Early proceedings of the Surveyors' Association of West Jersey, 1873. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 407 Stokes. in 1764. His father, who was a farmer of respectability, had a large family, and as his son John was frail and slender, he was singled . out for the doctor. He was happily adapted, both by temperament arid inclination to the demands of his chosen profession. After receiving a good preliminary education, he commenced his studies in medicine with Dr. Park, of Philadelphia, and attended the lectures in the University of Pennsylvania. It does not appear that he graduated there, as his name is not noticed in its catalogue of graduates. He was licensed to practise in 1786, in his twenty-second year, when he commenced his medical career For the following thirty years he devoted himself exclusively to his profession. His field of practice was extensive, and his efforts were earnest in promoting the honor and standing of his call- ing. He early adopted Jenner's discovery of Vaccination, and to prove to the incredulous his faith in its prophy- lactic power, after obtaining a vaccine pustule on the person of his own infant daughter, he exposed her to the small pox by placing her in bed with a patient infected with the disease. His neighbors in practice were Drs. Cole, of Burlington, Hendry, of Woodbury, and later, Page, of Crossroads, and Bowman Hendry, of Haddon- field. At that time there was no physician in Camden. It was in the discharge of a professional call to the latter place, ten miles distant, that he contracted the disease which finally terminated his life. The labor and hard- ship endured by our early practitioners of a century since, are little appreciated by physicians now, who, in comfortable carriages and over improved roads, perform their accustomed routine of professional service. The health of our old physicians often failed them when 408 ' HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Stokes. Stockton. just entering upon an enlarged sphere of usefulness. Thus it was with Dr. Stokes. When forty-two years of age he had an attack of bronchitis, induced by exposure, from which he never fully recovered, though he lived ten years after, and labored faithfully in his profession longer than his declining health would warrant. He died at the age of fifty-two, October, 1817, full of honor and in the confidence and love of the people. 1 Benjamin B. Stockton, Son of Thomas, was born in Princeton, and there pursued his preliminary studies. He married Sarah H., daughter of Isaac Arnett, who was a son of James, an " associate " 3 of Elizabethtown in 1699. By Dr. Stockton's marriage union he had four sons and eight daughters. He com- menced the practice of medicine in Princeton, then removed to Cohocton, Steuben County, New York, thence to Vernon, Oneida County, thence to Buffalo, and was there a surgeon in the hospital when that place was burned in 18 13. He then removed to Caledonia, Gen- nessee County, New York, where he resided till his death. He there united with the Presbyterian Church, and was elected a deacon. His wife died a short time before him. His death occurred June 9, 1829. While in New Jersey he became a member of the Medical Society, in 1781. He was a surgeon in the Revolutionary War. In December, 1776, he entered the hospital department, and in June, 1777, received an appointment from Dr. Wm. Shippen, of Philadelphia, as Junior Surgeon in the hos- 1 MSS. J. Newton Stokes, M. D. » Hatfield's His. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 409 Stockton. pital department, which office he held till February, 1778. Early in June of that year he was appointed Surgeon in Col. Seeley's Regiment, remaining one year. He was at the battle of Monmouth. 1 Ebenezer Stockton Was a native of Princeton, the second son of Robert Stockton, Esq., and of his wife, Helen Macomb. He was graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1780. During the years 1776-7 the college exercises were inter- rupted by the war, and in September 20 of the latter year he was commissioned as Surgeon's Mate in General Hospital, Continental Army. Subsequently upon recom- mendation of Dr. Benjamin Rush he was appointed Sur- geon to a New Hampshire regiment. After the war he settled in his native town, and until near the close of his life, which occurred in December, 1838, he devoted himself to the practice of medicine with much success. He was held in great esteem, both as a man and a physician. During his professional career he had four associates, who were successively his partners, viz.: Drs. Jno. Maclean, John Van Cleve, E. R. Wilson and James Ferguson. In the Autumn of 1813, he married (2) Mrs. Elizabeth Duncan, widow of Daniel Duncan, Esq., of Plains- borough, N. J. They had four children, one of whom died in infancy, the others are still living. Dr. Stockton was as generous to the poor who needed his services, as he was distinguished for the successful treatment of his patients. 2 1 MSS. Notes of Dr. Toner, et aliis. "MSS. Rev. Dr. Maclean. 4IO HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. • Stratton. James Stratton. The Stratton family emigrated from Stratton Hill in England to New England in the seventeenth century. In the title to East Hampton, Long Island, acquired by Eaton and Hopkins, in 1648, of the Sachems of the four Eastern Indian tribes of the Island, and transferred by them to the settlers of the town, we find the name of Richard Stretton. In 1660, and after the death of Sachem Wyandanch, his widow, called the Squa Sachem, and her son, united in a deed of confirmation to the original purchasers of Montauk. Among the names in the original conveyance are those of Richard and John Stret- ton. 1 One of them was the father of Benjamin, who re- moved from East Hampton about 1700 to Fairfield, Cum- berland County, N. J., and became the first of the family of this name in New Jersey. The subject of our record was a son of Benjamin and Sarah, born August 20, 1755. Of his earlier life and edu- cation we are not informed. He studied medicine with Dr. Benjamin Harris, of Pittsgrove, Salem County. Al- most his only book was "Cuttings (Cullens?) First Lines." He married a daughter of his preceptor before he was of full age, and settled in Clarksboro, Gloucester County, "about six miles from Swedesboro, where he be- gan his practice. Upon the breaking out of the war of 1776 he gave his services to his" country's cause. After the war, though he had a wife and three children, he went to Philadelphia and attended medical lectures in the school of that city for one winter. He then removed to Swedesboro and entered upon the service of his life in the practice of medicine. He soon became the leading physician in that portion of the State, and a man of in- 1 Thompson's L. I. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 411 Stratton. fluence in civil and political affairs. He was Judge of the Court and administrator and executor of large estates. His practice extended from Salem to Woodbury, about thirty miles, and from the Delaware to twenty miles in the interior. His habit was to rise early, do his writing and preparations for the day, breakfast by candle light, and then start in a sulky without a top, and return, if he could, before night ; with a change of _ horses, start again, seldom getting home till late at night. His students, of which he had a number, were employed on his return in compounding his medicinal preparations for the next day's necessities. His obstetrical practice was not cor- respondingly large, as at that time, and in a sparse popu- lation, it was necessarily in the hands of women. His services were sought in difficult cases. He used Smellie's forceps, but was probably not an adept in the employment of the instrument, as few at that time were. Upon the death of his wife, he married (2) Miss Mary Creighton, of Haddonfield. By his first marriage he had one son, who died early, and two daughters. By his second he had seven children, one dying in infancy. He was the father of Rev. Samuel V. Stratton and Charles C, who was elected Governor of the State. Dr. Stratton was remarkable for his strict moral and re- ligious habits. He early joined the Protestant Episcopal Church and was an efficient member. Being fond of music he led the songs of the congregation. He venera- ted the Lord's Day, and so timed his engagements as to secure for himself the privileges of the sanctuary. He retained his predilection for the Puritan faith, and assem- bled his family on Sunday afternoon to instruct them in the Westminster catechism. He was possessed of a commanding figure, of genial 412 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Stratton. manners, and Christian tenderness. He was one whom everybody loved and respected. As a politician he was a Federalist, and his influence with the people was such that, with the exception of six persons, he controlled the entire vote of the township. He left a large landed estate, but the fall of prices after the war of 1812 very much reduced its value. He was the grandfather of Dr. Benjamin Harris Stratton, of Mt. Holly, recently deceased, one of the Fellows of the Medical Society of New Jersey, of which his grandfather was a member in 1786, and president in 1788. The following obituary was published at the time of his decease : " On Sunday the 29th ult. departed this life at his residence near Swedesboro, Gloucester County, in this State, after a short illness, Dr. James Stratton aged 57 years. Thus in the midst of life and useful- ness, in possession of the love and esteem of all who knew him, is this amiable and respectable man snatched from his family and so- ciety by the hand of death. May his bereaved family and friends find consolation in the well grounded hope that he has exchanged a world of unsatisfying enjoyments for scenes of bliss and glory. Dr. Stratton was of that description of men who are justly styled the Pillars of Society ; active, intelligent, sensible and dignified ; a Christian and a patriot. The chasm created by his death will long be marked in mournful recollection by his surviving relations, neighbors and fellow citizens.'' His tomb in the old churchyard of the Swedish Evan- gelical Lutheran Church, of Raccoon (as Swedesboro was then called) bears the inscription : Sacred to the Memory of DR. JAMES STRATTON, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE MARCH 20, 1812 IN THE 57TH YEAR OF HIS LIFE. With a mind strong and well cultivated, he was uncommonly useful as a citizen and as a Christian, his piety and virtue will long be held in remembrance:" HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 413 Stratton . James Stratton, Genealogy : Married (1) daughter of his preceptor, Benjamin R. Harris ; had Anna, married Dr. Jno. L. Stratton. Sarah, married Edward Carpenter, father of Hon. T. P. C, of Camden, married (2) daughter of Hugh Creighton ; had Samuel, clergyman in Episcopal church, died twelve years since. Charles C„ first Governor of New Jersey under new Consti- tution. Maria married (1) Dr. Er curies Fithian 1 (2) Daniel P. Stratton. Isabella married Beugh Howery. Harriet married Dr. Joseph Fithian, a Fellow of the Medical Society of N. J., now living. Francis, now living unmarried. Jno. L. Stratton Was born in Cumberland County, February 23, 1778. He descended from the same Long Island family as James Stratton, supra, with whom he studied medicine and whose daughter Anna he married in 1803. He attended lectures at the Philadelphia Medical College, and at the close of the century commenced practice in Mount Holly, where he remained a short time. He removed to Bur- lington, where he formed a partnership with Dr. Nathan Cole. This did not last long. He returned to Mount Holly, where he spent the remainder of his life in the active duties of his profession. He died August 17, 1845. He had a large and very laborious practice, extending at times almost from the Delaware River to the seashore. 1 Dr. Ercuries B. Fithian was a son of Joel, Sheriff and Legislator. Studied medicine with Dr. Stratton. He settled at Swedesboro in 1812, upon the death of his father-in-law, and succeeded to his practice. In May, 1816, he associated with him in practice, Dr. Joseph Fithian. He died suddenly in the same year. He was a popular physician and much esteemed as a gentleman. 414 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Stratton. Stryker. He was known to ride forty-five miles in his sulky to visit a patient. He was universally respected, and greatly be- loved by all those with whom his profession brought him in contact. He was the father of Dr. Benjamin H. Stratton, and of the Hon. Jno. L. Stratton, ex-member of Congress. Peter J. Stryker. Jan Strycker, a Hollander, was in Amsterdam in. 1653, as in December of that year he united with others in a petition of the commonalty of the New Netherlands and a remonstrance against the conduct of Director Stuy- vesant. Soon after this he emigrated to Flatbush, Long Island, and was Chief Magistrate of that town for nearly twenty years. Jacob was burgomaster of New Amsterdam in 1655— 7-8 and 60. He then removed to Flatlands and in 1673 became High Sheriff of all the Dutch towns on Long Island. Jan (1) had a son Pieter (1) whose son John bought lands for his sons near Millstone, and on the Raritan River, in Somerset County, N. J. The sons who came to New Jersey were Pieter (2) Johannes, Abraham and Jacobus. They all spelled their name Strycker, but after that gen- eration it was spelled Stryker. Pieter (2) had a son John who married Lydia Cornell. He was the noted trooper Captain John Stryker who in command of a company of light horse in the Somerset militia so harassed and dam- aged the British troops when they occupied New Bruns- wick, Newark and Elizabethtown. His grave is in the centre of a field on the road from Millstone to Weston, a station on the Bound Brook Railroad. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 415 Stryker. Captain Stryker was the Father of Peter J. Stryker, Abraham third son of Pieter (2) was the great grandfather of Adjutant General William S. Stryker. 1 Doctor Stryker was born near Millstone, on June 22, 1766. We find from the above record that he descended from one of the oldest and most respectable families of the State. During the period of the Revolution, though a boy of thirteen years of age, he assisted in furnishing supplies to the American troops stationed near his home, particularly the brigade of General Wayne, which marched from their winter quarters at Millstone in the early sum- mer of 1779 directly to the capture of Stony Point on the Hudson. After the war he sought an education and after pur- suing a course of study in the office of Dr. McKissack he was licensed as a physician. He soon acquired and long enjoyed the confidence of the community. After prac- tising about six years in Millstone, he removed to Somer- ville, where he entered into the practice of Dr. Jonathan F. Morris and remained there to the end of his life. As a public man he was frequently honored with offices of trust and influence. He was High Sheriff of the county, a State Senator, and presided several years as Vice- President of the Upper House. On one occasion in this position he was acting Governor. The Doctor early ex- hibited a decided military taste, and rose through the various grades of the service to the rank of Senior Major General as the successor of General Doughty. He held this post for more than thirty years. As a mark of respect for his age and long service, forty officers of the New Jersey troops, called out by Governor Newell and led by 1 MSS. Notes of Gen. Strvker. 416 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Stryker. Sutfin. him, assembled at his funeral and his remains were borne to their last resting place with military honors. General Stryker's life as a citizen and a public man was made complete by his character as a Christian. As- such he was humble, devout and consistent. In 1810 he united with the Church of Raritan. For forty-nine years he was almost always present when the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper was administered. Dr. Stryker may be said to have been a man of mark. His intellect was vigorous and well developed. As a gentleman he was kind, courteous and dignified. As a physician, valued and esteemed by all classes, and con- siderate to the poor. He lived to be the last among a brotherhood of great men and eminent Christians, whom the Raritan Church once numbered among its members. He died full of peace, on October 19, 1859. 1 DanifTL Sutfin Was a resident, and, we suppose, a native of Monmouth County. He removed to Springfield, now Union County, and commenced the practice of medicine and there end- ed his days. Dirck Van Sutphen came to America from Holland with John (doubtless his brother) and settled on Long Island, at or near New Utrecht, about 165 1-4. They were not emigrants, direct to that town, as their names do not appear as such in its records. It is supposed that they came in the employ of the Dutch East India Company. Dirck married Lisbet Janse about 1676. Had children, Isaac, Henry, Jacob, John, Gertie, Gursbert, and Abra- 1 From Obituary Notices. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 417 Sutfin. Swan. ham. He (Dirck) migrated to Monmouth County, N. J., about 1705-10, where their descendants now are, among whom was the subject of this notice. The name from 1683 to 1710 is variously written Van Zutphen, Zutphen, Zutfin, Sutphen, Sutfin. The monumental inscription in the old graveyard at Springfield reads thus : BENEATH THIS STONE LIE DEPOSITED THE REMAINS OF DOCTK DANIEL SUTFIN WHO PRACTIC PHYSIC IN THIS PARISH FOR FORTY YEARS. HE WAS A MAN OF PROBITY — A USEFUL MEMBER OF SOCIETY — A SINCERE FRIEND AND A HUMBLE CHRISTIAN . HE DIED ON THE 13 DAY OF JULY 1815 AGED 62 YEARS IN THE HOPE OF A BLISSFUL IMMORTALITY. Hannah, wife of Dr. Sutfin, d. Septs, 1790, aged 28. Joanna, relict of Dr. Sutfin, d. Sept 29 1833 Aged 69. The graves of his wives, with the above inscription, are on each side of that of the Doctor's. Samuel Swan. Born in 1771. Practised medicine from about 1800 to 1806 at Bound Brook ; from the last date to 1809 at Som- erville. In the fall of that year he was elected County Clerk of Somerset and held the office till 1820, when he was elected a Member of Congress. His place of birth was at or near Scotch Plains. He died in August, 1844, at Bound Brook, and was buried in the vault of Jacob DeGroot, whose daughter he had married. 418 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Swain. Schyee. Tallman. Aaron Swain. In Jacobstown Baptist Cemetery, Burlington County " In memory of DOCTOR AARON SWAIN, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE THE IITH DAY OF SEPT. I79I, AGED 38 YEARS. Princes this clay must be your bed In spite of all your towers — The wise the reverend head Must lie as low as ours." 1 John Schyer. In the old Baptist burying ground, Middletown, Mon- mouth : " In Memory of DR. JOHN SCHYER, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE AUGUST I, I79I, AGED 40 YEARS, 6 MONTHS AND 2 DAYS." 2 Benjamin H. Tallman Was admitted to practise according to the laws of New Jersey about 1786, and in the same year was made a member of the Medical Society. He resided in Haddon- field, and died about 1796. He had a short professional career. 3 Dr. Tallman read a paper October 4, 1791, be- fore the College of Physicians of Philadelphia,, on the sudden effects of affusion of cold water in a case of te- tanus. It is published in the transactions of the college. 4 1 MSS. Notes W. J. Potts. "MSS. W. J. Potts. 3 Memoir of Bowman Hendry. *Vol. i, Parti, Phil. 1793. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 419 Tallman. Taylor. Stephen Tallman Lived at Pumpkin Point, on Tallman Creek, Shrewsbury. He was a native of Rhode Island, and came early to Monmouth County. 1 His remains lie buried on his original estate in Shrewsbury, where a stone stands over his grave, giving his birth and death. His daughter was the mother-in-law of Dr. William Stillwell. Edward Taylor Was a native of Upper Freehold, where he was born May 27, 1762. He graduated at Princeton in 1783. Studied medicine first with Dr. Jas. Newell, of Monmouth County, and finished his studies at the University of Penn- sylvania, at which it is said that he graduated in 1786. His name is not recorded in its catalogue of graduates. He commenced the practice of his profession in Pember- ton, but soon removed to his native home, where he con- tinued the greater part of his life. He had an extensive practice, and, obedient to its demands, endured an almost unparalleled amount of mental and physical toil. His district of service was only limited by the east and west borders of the State, his long journeys being made in the saddle. The loss of his way in the darkness of night in the midst of the dense forests of pines, tested his cour- age ; and exposureto the intense cold of wintry storms, freezing his ears and nose, was a test of his endurance. His return home was but to resume his daily labor. Yet with all his exposure and fatigue he enjoyed almost unin- terrupted health, promoted doubtless by his strictly tem- perate habits on all occasions. He became a member of the New Jersey Medical Society in 1787. 1 Savage's Genealogies. 420 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Taylor. Tennent. Dr. Taylor's mind was cultivated and well balanced. His judgment was sound and his perception quick ; his manners courteous and urbane. He thus secured the confidence of his patients. Being a man of few words, and watchful over them, he was not accustomed to speak without having something to say, and was especially careful not to speak in disparagement of another, treat- ing with all respect the rights and opinions of others. When time permitted, he found enjoyment in books suit- ed to his refined and cultivated taste. In his business habits he was conscientious and scrupulously correct. He was instructed in the school of Christ and his life and conversation were consistent with its teachings. Towards the close of his life, he was led to regard it his duty to accept the charge of an institution for the insane, near Philadelphia. For nine years he continued to fulfil the responsible duties of this office, and then resigned. His death occurred soon thereafter, May 2d, 1835, in the seventy-third year of his age. Dr. Taylor is also noticed in Thomason's " History of the Medical Men of Mon- mouth County." Gilbert Tennent. In Tennent Churchyard, Freehold, on a large flat tombstone, is inscribed Here Lie£ the mortal part of GILBERT TENNENT In the practice of Physick He was Successful and beloved Young, Gay, and in the highest bloom of life Death found him Hopefully in the Lord. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 42 1 Tennent. Treat. But, O Reader had you heard his last testimony you would have been convinced of the extreme madness of delaying repentence. Natus April 1742 Obiit March 6 1770. Dr. Tennent was the youngest son of Rev. William Tennent. He was successful as a young physician, and gave promise of eminence. His death was sudden, from disease of the heart. His distinguished father, who at twenty-eight years of age, settled in Freehold, in 1733, survived his son seven years. 1 Samuel Treat Began practice about 1765. [See his Medical Certificate in Part I., Appendix]. Was practising in Burlington as early as 1786, as at that date he was a subscriber towards the salary of the minister of St. Mary's. 3 He had a good 1 Note. — Rev. Wm. Tennent, Sr., a native of Ireland, came to America in 1718, being past middle age. Died May 6th, 1746, aged seventy-three. Had sons I. Gilbert, born in Ireland, 1703, was settled as a minister in New Brunswick. II. William, Jr., born June 3d-, 1705, in Ireland. Minister of Tennent Church, Freehold, the subject of the trance. He had three sons. 1. John I'. B., who graduated at Princeton. Studied medicine in Edinburgh. Prof, of Midwifery in the Medical School of King's College at its formation in New York. Went to the West Indies for his health. Died aged thirty-three. 2. William, minister in Charleston, S. C, where he died. 3. Gilbert studied medicine; practised in Freehold, N. J. ; died there aged twenty-eight. III. John (third son of William, Sr.) died April 23d, 1732, aged twenty-five. IV. Charles, (fourth son of William, Sr.) born in Ireland, 1711, was pastor of Tennent Church before William (2) ; died early. He had a son, Rev. Wm. M. Tennent, settled as pastor of the church at Greenfield, Ct.. and at Abington, near Phila., where he died. a Hill's History. 422 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Treat. Tunison. reputation as a physician. His intercourse with his patients, and his deportment as a gentleman, impressed them with a high esteem and respect for him. He was born January 13th, 1739, Married Agnes Hollingshead, October 13th, 1774 ; died April 9th, 18 14, and was buried at Oxford, Chenango County, New York. He practised at Burlington as late as 1795. In the old burying ground at Oxford, on the border of the village, where no interments have been made for many years, is a large, horizontal slab of marble, with the inscription : Sacred to the memory of Departed Worth this monument is erected In Remembrance of DOCT SAMUEL TREAT WHO departed this life At Oxford, Chenago County N. Y. ON THE 9TH DAY OF APRIL 1814 Aged 75 years 3 months AND 9 DAYS. At the time of his death, Dr. Treat was living with Piatt Brush, of Oxford, who' married his daughter Eliza. He left her and two sons ; Samuel, who removed to Ohio, a lawyer of ability, and Richard, his youngest son. Garrett W. Tunison, Born in Raritan, (now Somerville) November 12th, 175 1 . Surgeon Lamb's Artillery, Second Regiment Artillery, Continental Army ; discharged at the close of the war. 1 1 Stryker's Register. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 423 Tunison. Turner. At the breaking out of the war, Dr. Tunison was a practising physician, in Virginia. He volunteered in Capt. Stephenson's Company of Riflemen, where he con- tinued till March, 1776, when he was ordered to take charge of medicines left by Dr. Gardiner, who had joined the British. He went from thence to Norwich, thence to New York City, and was appointed Mate, by the Surgeon- General of the Army. Promoted to Junior Surgeon, June 1st, 1777, under Drs. Foster, Adams and Eustis. He was in that department nearly all the time, and mostly in hospital, at Fishkill, until May 1st, 1778, when he joined Col. Lamb's Regiment, and by recommendation of Gen. Knox, was commissioned Surgeon, therein, Feb- ruary 1st, 1779. He was at the battle of Montgomery, and at Yorktown, and retired on the disbandment of the army, in 1783. He married his wife, Sarah Ten Eyck, at Raritan, May 5, 1783, and resided on her farm during the rest of his life, there practising his profession. He made a profes- sion of religion in 1812. He served as a member of the Legislature, and was a man highly respected in all the re- lations of life. He died July 18, 1837, aged eighty-six, and was interred in the cemetery at Somerville. He left four children ; two sons, Cornelius T. and Matthias Ten Eyck, and two daughters, Magdalen and Jane, the latter of whom died a year after' her father. 1 William Turner Is noted in the Town Records of Newark as " Chosen Assessor," March 10, 1740. Dr. Clark 3 says of him that 1 MSS. notes of Jos. M. Toner, M. D., et aliis a History of Medical Men of Essex County. 424 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Turner. Van Boskirk. Van Buren. he studied medicine with Dr. Pigneron, a Frenchman, who settled in Newport, R. I., in 1690. Also that about 1740-50 he served as a vestryman in Trinity Church, Newark. He died February 18, 1754, and his remains were laid in the old graveyard at Newark. Abraham Van Boskirk Was a resident of Bergen County. In the transactions of the Provincial Congress, May 12, 1775, he is mentioned as constituting a standing committee of correspondence of the County of Bergen, of which John Fell was chair- man. On February 17, 1776, he was commissioned a Surgeon of the First Militia of his County. On July 26, 1776, the Provincial Congress ordered that the Treasurer pay to Dr. Van Boskirk (and two others) the sum of £3$$ ios., Proclamation money, being the amount of 79 stand of arms at the rate of £4 ios. apiece. 1 Abraham Van Buren Descended from John, who emigrated to New York about 1700 from a place of that name (Beuren) in Hol- land. He was a physician, a pupil of Boerhave and a graduate of Leyden. His son Beekman, born in New York 1727, practised medicine and died there in 1812. The above John was the progenitor of the family of Van Buren in this country. 3 Abraham was born in 1737. He settled in Millstone, Somerset County, where he died March 15, 1813, aged 1 MSS. Biographies of Dr. J. M. Toner. * Toner's Annals of Medical Progress. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 425 Van Bueen. Van Cleve. 76 years and 9 months. His wife died in 1816, aged 88. They were both buried in Millstone. Dr. Van Buren seems to have had a large practice. He is still spoken of as famous for his -"Red Drop," which he was in the habit of prescribing, and which became a popular preparation after his day. He was a member of the Reformed Dutch Church at Millstone, being one of its first deacons in 1766 and an elder in 1783. He had a son, William Van Buren, who was a physician and practised in Millstone till 18 16, when he removed to New Brunswick and kept a drug store. Another son, Abra- ham, became a merchant in Philadelphia, where he spent the most of his life. Dr. William H. Van Buren, of New York, is his eldest son by a second marriage. A Dr. James Van Buren was practising in Bergen County during the war, as he was arraigned before the Committee of Safety in 1777 as of doubtful loyalty to the Whig -cause. He took the oath of allegiance and was released. John Van Cleve Was a native of Maidenhead, now Lawrence, Mercer County. His family connections were among the most reputable in that community. He entered the Sopho- .more class in Princeton in 1794, maintained a good stand- ing as a scholar, and received his degree in 1797. He at once entered the office of Drs. Stockton and Maclean, with the former of whom he was subsequently for several years associated as a partner. In 1819 he received the honorary degree of M. D. from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. The Doctor was held in great respect as a man of 426 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Van Cleve. talent, learning and skill in his profession, so much so that at a meeting of the College held on September 27, 1825, they adopted the following resolution : " Resolved, That the President and Faculty be empowered to make such a temporary arrangement with Dr. Van Cleve for the introduction of lectures on medicine, or the auxiliary branches of knowledge, as they may think proper, and to make report thereon at the next meeting of the Board." This was intended to be merely preliminary to the estab- lishment of a Medical Department in the College, with Dr. Van Cleve at its head. His death the following year put an end to any further action. Dr. Van Cleve was for many years a Ruling Elder in the Presbyterian Church of Princeton, a Trustee of the College and a Director in the Theological Seminary. He married a daughter of the Hon. William Houston, who was for twelve years Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in the College of New Jersey, and was the first appointed to the chair in 1771. He was a member for a time of the Continental Congress, and was chosen a member of the convention that formed the Constitution of the United States. Dr. Van Cleve's monumental inscription in Princeton graveyard reads : In Memory of JOHN VAN CLEVE, M. D., WHO DIED DEC. 24TH, 1826, AGED 48 YEARS. He was an attentive and skillful phy- sician and a kind and sympathizing friend. As an Elder of the Presbyterian Church in this place, a trustee of the College of New Jersey, u. parent and a citizen, he performed faithfully the duties which devolved upon him, and • HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 427 Van Cleve. Van Court. Vandeeveer. died in the faith of that Gospel the influence of which he constantly dis- played, deeply regretted by a numerous circle of friends to whom his many Excellencies endeared him And of his wife Louisa Ann. Van Cleve who died July 27th 1827 aged 43 years. She was faithful and affectionate as a wife and parent, a sympathizing friend and a serene and enlightened Christian. The Doctor by his marriage had six children, three sons and three daughters. Moses Van Court Was in Trenton a physician in 1778. The New Jersey Gazette, September 16, 1778, under Trenton news, notes: " Died suddenly, on Monday night last, Mrs. Elizabeth Van Court, the amiable wife of Dr. Moses Van Court, of this town, in the twenty-second year of her age. Her remains were decently interred at the old Presbyterian Meeting House, on the Scotch road, four miles from this place." 1 Lawrence Vanderveer Lived from early life in Somerset County. He com- menced to practise in New Jersey, and was associated with those, who, in 1776, organized the New Jersey Med- ical Society. He afterwards removed to Shepardstown, Berkley County, Virginia, but soon returned to Somer- set, and practised in Hillsborough, in that part of the township known as Roycefield. Here he became emi- MSS. Wm. Jno Potts. 428 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Vanderveer. nent, and had an extensive and lucrative practice, during a long life time. He was the first to bring into notice the alleged virtues of the Scutellaria Lateriflora in the preven- tion and cure of hydrophobia. He administered the remedy to about four hundred persons, said to have been exposed to the disease, in none of whom did it appear. It is not known from whom he obtained a knowledge of its antidotal powers. He used it early in his practice, and before he went to Virginia. A paper upon the plant, as used by the Doctor, was written by Dr. Lyman Spauld- ing, and read before the Historical Society of New York, in 1819. The printed copy is in its Library. Dr. Wm. P. C. Barton, of Philadelphia, in the Philadel- phia Medical and Surgical Journal, 1820, reviewed Dr. Spaulding's paper and condemned it as empirical. It was also severely noticed in other journals. Dr. Spaulding subsequently published a letter, in which he wished to " be stricken from the list of believers " in the virtues of the herb. A writer in the Medical Recorder, 1820, con- demns Dr. Vanderveer for holding his remedy a secret, and for the incompleteness of the history of his cases. He derides the statement that he had four hundred cases of a disease, which physicians of advanced years and ex- tensive practice rarely see. Daniel Lewis, of Westchester, New York, who was bit- ten by a dog in 1783, visited Dr. Vanderveer, and was cured by his treatment. Lewis thereupon advertised to cure -rabies, and acquired much reputation. He con- tinued to practise his specialty till his death, in 18 10. Newspapers lauded his success, and men of standing and influence were enthusiastic in bringing him and his remedy into notice. An unsuccessful effort was made to HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 429 Vanderveer. Van Horne. obtain from Congress an appropriation for the purchase of his secret cure. The Scutellaria Lateriflora has been before the public for a hundred years, as a cure for hydrophobia, and even now has somewhat of a hold upon the popular mind. We have therefore noted its history, to mark its origin, as also to show, that its discoverer, though doubtless honest in his faith in its virtues, made no converts among the more intelligent medical men of his day. Dr. Vanderveer was distinguished for his benevolence, visiting the poor as well as the rich, but making no charges when he thought there was no ability to pay. He always rode a fleet horse, and traveled the country without regard to roads or fences, taking an air line from one house to another. Later in life he made a profession of religion, and united with the Reformed Dutch Church, in Millstone. He died in 1815, possessed of a large for- tune, and universally regretted. His name has a savor of gratitude and honor, even now, in the memory of many aged people in Somerset County. His remains were in- terred on his own estate, and a monument marks their resting place. He was the father of Dr. Henry Vanderveer, of Somer- ville, who died February 13th, 1874, at the age of eighty- two. 1 John VanHorne Was a native of Readington, where he commenced prac- tice about' 1787. He died suddenly, (of Epilepsy, it is supposed), on the road, in 1807, aged forty. 3 1 MSS. Notes, Rev. Dr. Messier. Spaulding's Memoirs, a Extract from Blane's " Med. His. of Hunterdon." 430 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Vanleer. Benjamin Vanleer Was a practitioner of medicine in 1772, in Haddonfield, Gloucester County. He married a daughter of Jacob Stokes. He was a man ot some literary taste, and was possessed of property. His habits were what we now term fast, and were not promotive of his success as a medical man. He dressed in Continental style, and was very vain of his "handsome leg," which in that day was quite a feature. A Dr. Benjamin Vanleer, resided in Philadephia, in 1783, in Water Street, between Race and Vine. We sup- pose him to be the same. He (the latter) died in 1820, as his will was probated November 17th, of that year. At the time of writing his will, ( 1 8 1 7) he was a resident of Chester, Pennsylvania, where, in the last century, a fam- ily of Vanleer 1 resided, several of whom were physicians. In this will, among the other bequests, he gives his "tract of meadow land of 172 acres in Gloucester County, New Jersey, purchased of Sarah Hopkins and others," with the appurtenances, to his son Bernard Branson Vanleer. He also gave to a son Joseph, who with Rev. Robert Black- well, (Rector of Christ Church, Philadelphia), were named executors. The Hopkins family is an old family in Had- donfield, having been there more than a century. This bequest admits the reasonable inference, that the Doctor of 1772, in Haddonfield, and the testator named, are the same person, and that he belonged to the family of Van- leer, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. 2 1 Dr. Darlington's Newspaper Sketches. 2 MSS. Notes of Wm. Jno. Potts, &c. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 43 1 VlESSELIUS. VlCKAES. WALL. George Andrew Viesselius Was born and educated in Holland or Germany, and em- igrated to America not later than 1749. He lived on the " old York road," half a mile from the Three Bridges, in Amwell, Hunterdon County. He was an energetic and successful practitioner, and traversed, in his practice, a large district of country. He died in 1767. His remains were interred on his own land, with no monument to mark the spot. 1 Samuel Vickars. A graduate of this name, is recorded in the Catalogue of Princeton, for the year 1777. In Stryker's Register, is the record, " Saml. Vickars, Surgeon's Mate in General Hospital, Continental Army ; Surgeon's ditto Ap. 14, 1777." Dr. Toner notices a surgeon of this name, as serving in the Revolution, from South Carolina. John Galen Wall Was a son of James Wall, of Amboy, and grandson of Garret, who, with his brother Walter, came to this sec- tion of the Province at an early day. They removed to Middletown, Monmouth County, prior to 1685. Dr. Wall resided in Amboy for a time, and then removed to Woodbridge, where he married Nancy, daughter of Dr. Moses Bloomfield, to whose practice Dr. Wall succeeded. After the death of the latter, his widow resided for a time in Burlington County, with a sister. She subsequently returned and became the wife of James Paton. Extract from Biane's "Med. His. of Hunterdon. ' 432 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Wall. Ward. Dr. Wall was admitted to membership in the Medical Society, in 1783. In the Presbyterian burying ground, of Woodbridge, is the Doctor's tombstone, bearing the inscription, "In memory of DR. JOHN GALEN WALL, 13 YEARS PHYSICIAN IN WOODBRIDGE AND PERTH AMBOY. Born at Middletown, Monmouth, 17TH December 1759 ; died 14TH January, 1798. If physics aid, or friendships balm could save From death, thou still had'st lived." 1 Abraham Ward. The old Parish burial place, of Orange, New Jersey, contains the inscription, " In memory of DOCTOR ABRAHAM WARD who died Feb. 12 1802 aged 25 year's and 7 Months. Hewas amiable in his manners, beloved by a numerous acquaintance, his pros- pects of usefulness and comfort were highly flattering, but alas These prospects all in one sad hour Were blasted as the fruitless flower The manly strength and youthful bloom The parent's hope, the partner's joy The guardian of the infant boy Then hurried to the silent tomb Oh ! pause y e living, while y e pass this stone And think how swift your glass will run." Dr. Ward was a native of Orange, a son of Zenas Ward. The "infant boy," noted in the inscription, named Mark Anthony, grew to manhood, but died early, unmarried. 1 W. A. Whitehead's Con. E. J. His. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 433 Ward. Waterhouse. Wiggins. Samuel Ward, A native of Connecticut, was practising in Greenwich, Cumberland County, about 1760. He died at the age of thirty-seven, in 1774. His widow married Dr. Moses Bloomfield of Woodbridge. * John Waterhouse Is noticed by Whitehead in his "Contributions," &c, as a resident of Amboy. He married Miss Watson, a daughter of Alexander Watson. The Doctor's grave is yet to be seen in the rear of St. Peter's Church, with the inscription, • " Here lies interred the body of John Waterhouse Surgeon who departed this life oct, 17 1766 aged 31 years." Thomas Wiggins Was a native of Southold, Long Island, born in 1731. He graduated at Yale College in 1752, taking his second degree at that institution in 1773, receiving the same at Princeton in 1753. He had two brothers — David, born 1729, and James, born 1733. These lived and died at Southold. The Doctor removed to New Jersey, where he lived at Princeton for many years, a highly esteemed and success- ful practitioner of medicine and an honored citizen. In 1766 he responded to the call for the formation of a Medical Society, and was one of the first signers to its " Instruments of Association." He was an Elder in the Presbyterian Church, to which, upon his death, he be- 1 His. Med. Men of Cumberland. 434 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Wiggins. Wills. queathed the house in which he lived and a considerable tract of land, which was used for a long time as a manse. He was treasurer of the College of New Jersey during 1786-7. When the Continental Congress was in session in Princeton, during the occupation of Philadelphia by the British, he extended the hospitalities of his house to General Washington and his lady. He left no descendants and but one relative, a neice, whom he adopted as his daughter. She married Jno. N. Simpson, Esq., cashier of the Bank of New Brunswick, who died in 1832 in Princeton. His monument, in the form of a sarcophagus, bears the inscription : " Beneath this marble Are deposited the remains of DR. THOMAS WIGGINS, Many years a diligent and faithful Physician in the town of Princeton and An Elder in the Church He departed this life in the firm faith And lively hope of the Gospel on the 14th day of November in the year of our Lord 1801, and in the 71st year of his age. The trustees of the Congregation in testimony of their esteem for his worth and of their gratitude for his pious liberality in bequeathing to them for the use of the • Church at Primeton a very valuable parsonage have erected this small monument to his Memory. Daniel Wills Came to America in the ship " Kent," 1677, "being the second 1 ship from London to the western parts," one of 'Smith's His. of N.J. HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 435 Wills. Williamson. the commissioners sent over by the English proprietors with power to buy land of the natives, inspect the rights of claimants to property, to order lands laid out, etc. The passengers who came over with him numbered 230, mostly Quakers. They settled in Burlington County, at Chygoes Island, afterwards Burlington and upon Ranco- cas Creek. History speaks of Daniel Wills as a practi- tioner in chemistry. From the number of medical books and surgical instruments which he left, many of which are still preserved, his practice in medicine must have been large. There is still in the possession of a de- scendant the original deed given him by William Penn and others for land, a part of which, on the north side of Rancocas Creek, is now occupied by one of the seventh generation. He went to Barbadoes on business, was taken sick and died March 26, 1689. His remains are buried in the Friends' burying ground there ; he being when in life a member of that religious society. He was a man of much industry and energy and com- manded the respect of all. He laid out the city of Bur- lington. Matthias Hampton Williamson, Son of William, a descendant of the first settler of that name in Elizabethtown, 1725, and of Lydia Hampton, daughter of Jonathan Hampton. He married Frances H. Joust, his cousin. He was practising with much repu- tation in his native town in 1796, as a partner of Dr. Ross. 1 Dr. Williamson wrote a thesis for a degree, en- titled ''Dissertation on the Scarlet Fever attended with 1 Win. Hall's Newspaper Sketches, etc. 436 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Williamson. Wilson. • an ulcerated sore throat, submitted to the examination of the Rev. John Ewing, S. T. D. Provost * * * for the degree of Doctor of Medicine * * * on the tenth of May, A. D. 1793, by Matthias H. Williamson, mem- ber of the American Medical Society of Philadelphia." 1 This dissertation was published and is in the valuable library of Dr. Samuel S. Purple, New York City. Lewis Feuilleteau Wilson Was born on the Island of St. Christopher's, West Indies. He was the son of a wealthy planter, and was sent to England to be educated. He returned to New Jersey at the age of seventeen with his uncle. He be- came a student in Princeton College, where he graduated with distinguished honor in 1773, and became a tutor of the college in 1774. After he left the college he visited London, intending to take orders in the Church of Eng- land, but being dissatisfied with its condition, he returned to Princeton and commenced the study of divinity with Dr. Witherspoon. Being interrupted in his studies by the war, he studied medicine and was commissioned Surgeon's Mate in General Hospital, Continental Army, January, 1778. Surgeon ditto, June 30, 1779. 3 After the war he again visited England, and upon his return settled as a physician in Princeton. In 1786 he removed to North Carolina to practise his profession, but 1 Note. — Those who at that time took degrees in the Medical School were also if so facto members of this Society. In the Surrogate's office of Essex County — Will of Matthias Williamson probated October 31, 1807 ; letters of administration ot Matthias Williamson's estate, 1836. It was the latter probably who graduated at Princeton in 1770. 2 Stryker's Register HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. 437 Wilson. Winans. his old desire to preach the Gospel and the urgent solici- tations of his friends led him to abandon medicine. He was accordingly licensed to preach in 1791 by the Pres- bytery of Orange. In 1793 he was ordained and installed pastor of the Fourth Creek and Concord Churches, in North Carolina. His 'pulpit efforts were received with marked approbation. In the remarkable revivals which followed throughout the region ten years later he bore a conspicuous part. In 1803 he resigned his charge, and died in perfect peace December 11, 1804. 1 John Wilson Was a contemporary in Rahway of Drs. Camp, Morse and Griffith. He was a leading Friend, and was an at- tendant upon the meetings abroad. Winans. Dr. Winans, probably a descendant of John, practised in Elizabethtown before the Revolutionary war. William Winans, Also of Elizabethtown, was Surgeon First Regt., Essex, July 15, 1776, Surgeon of Col. Thomas' Battalion De- tached Militia, July 24, 1 776.2 March 7, 1781, a meeting was advertised in the New Jersey Journal " at the Inn of Doctor William Winans," Elizabethtown. 1 Alexander's Princeton of 18th Cent. Gillett's His. of Pres. Chh. a Stryker's Register. 438 HISTORY OF N. J. MEDICINE. Witherspoon. Woodruff. John Witherspoon Was the second son of President Witherspoon, of the College of New Jersey. He was a practitioner of medi- cine. During the war he was a Surgeon in the General Hospital, Continental Army. 1 After the war he prac- tised his profession in St. Stephen's parish, South Caro- lina. He is supposed to have died at sea between New York and Charleston in 1795. 2 Hezekiah Stites Woodruff. Born June 28, 1754- He studied medicine, and lived in the practice of his profession in Mendham till about 1830. He became a member of the Medical Society in 1784. He married Mary, daughter of Dr. Ebenezer Blachly. He removed from Mendham and settled in Succasunna Plains (Drakeville) and died there about 1844. He had seven children, of whom the four following were physicians : Ebenezer Blachly. Born September 22, 1777. Prac- tised at Drakeville. Died about 1843. William Paterson. Born March 23, 1785. Practised at New Vernon, Paterson and Milford ; removed to Ohio and died there. Absalom B. Born July 1, 1791. Practised at Drake- ville. Died at Morristown 1850. Pie was the father of the present Dr. E. B. Woodruff of Morristown. He had a daughter who married Chief Justice Whelply, of New Jersey. Hezekiah Stites. Born July 4, 1795. Died 1857 m Warren County. 1 Stryker. ' Alexander's Princeton of 18th Cent. INDEX. INDEX. PAGE. Abernethy, Samuel 193 Accounts, Medical no Act of 1772 102 " " 179° IO S Adams, William 48, 125 Allison, Francis 204 Alsop, Richard 382 Anatomy, Lectures on -37 Anderson, Isabella 391 ' ' James 126 ' ' Kenneth 127 Mills 127 Andre 147 Andrews, John 127 Appleton, Abraham 127 Apprenticeship of Students.... 36, 100 Arents, Jacob 128 Arnold, Gen 185 Arnold, letter upon 147 Assheton, Ralph 129 " " Esq 130 Avert, 1 128 Bainbiudge, Abigail 131 " Absalom 131,319 " • Sir Arthur 131 " Edmund 131 " John 131 " Com. William 132 Baker, Doctor 132 Baldwin, Briscoe 132 " Cornelius 132 Elijah 132 John 132 " Nathaniel 132 Ball, Stephen 133 Bancroft, Daniel 133 Edward 133 Barber, Jonathan • 134 Mariah 134 Mary 134 Thomas 133 PAGE. Bard, John — early writer 34-37 " Samuel — early writer 34, 61 " Peter 322 " Diana 322 Barnett, Oliver 136, 138 anecdote of 137 " William 31,134,137 " William M 137 Beatty, John 48, 138 Becket, Elizabeth 378 Beginnings of population 13 Belleville, Nicholas 142 Benneville de, Daniel 145 " George 145 " " George, Jun 149 " " James 149 Bergen Mills 127 Berkley, Lord, charter to 13 Bertolet, family of 146 Bertron, Abraham 142 Bethlehem Hospital 67 Birt, Hester 193 Blachly, family of 151 Absalom 153.155 Bayard P 155 " M 158 Cornelius C 157 " Ebenezer S 157 " Ebenezer, and children . . 152 (2) his children 152 (3) '■ " 152, 154 Henry W 155-8 (2) 158 ' ' Stephen L 159 " Thomas 151 " " children of 152 " William 153 Blackwood, John 159 Blauvelt, Jane 161, 388 Bloomfield, Joseph 149 Moses 48, 55, 149, 150 " " children of 150 442 INDEX. PAGE. Bloomfield, Samuel 151 Blue Mt. Valley, ship taken 135 Boggs, Admiral 161 ' ' Ezekiel 160 " James 160 Rev. E. D 161 " Robert 161 Bonaparte, Joseph 144 Bond, Levi 161 Bonney, Joseph 161 Borden, Joseph , 169 Bowen, Elijah 162 Bowne, John 163 Boylston, Dr 29, 33 Brainard 380 Brittain, Ann 143 Brognard, Francis 166 Brognard, John 164 Brown, Joseph 168 Browne, Rev. Isaac 167 " " Samuel 168 Bryant, William 142, 170 Budd, family of 171 " Benj. Say -. 181 " " " Jun 182 " Berne 48, 173 " " children of 174- ' ' Daniel 176 " Dr. Thomas 176 " John (3d) 178 " JohnC 153 " Stacy 179 " children of 180 " James "j " John " Thomas " William j " Mary 265 " William, genealogy 172 Burlington, Hessians in 348 " Tories and refugees.. 349 Burnet, David G 186 " Ichabod 182 " " Jun 184 " William. . 48,65 sqq., 184 sqq William, Jun 187 Cadwalader, Thomas 37, 187 sqq., 191, 373 Caldwell's church in 1776 203 PAGE. Camp, John 193 " Mary 185, 193 " Nathaniel 185,193 ' ' Stephen 193, 270 Campbell, John 197 ' ' Archibald 197 Campfield, Jabez 194 " William 195 Canfield, Abraham 196 " Isaac W 196 Cape May County, physicians in 16 Card, medical, of 1785 739 Carmichael, John F 198 Carroll, Edward 198 Catarrh 23 Certificate of study 102 Champneys, Benjamin 200 Chandler, William 199 199 " Rev. Thomas 199 Chapman, Jedidiah 310 Charter to Duke of York 13 " of Medical Society 105, 320 to Carteret 13 Chemistry, lectures on, in College of New Jersey 318 Chetwood, John 200 Chygoes Island 435 Clark, Abraham 201, 271 " Tames ' 143 " John 201,202 " Richard 201 " William 204,292 Clement, Evan 159, 204 Clergy practitioners 14 Climate, effect of 3^ Cochran, John 48. 55, 204 sqq Coe, Rev. Philemon E 253 ' ' Aaron 253 College, Harvard 42 King's 38, 42 " Queen's 39, 42 " Yale 42 Collins, Francis 235, 236 Combs, David 210 Comet in 1680 18 Condict, Lewis 214 Condit, John 210 " race in Essex and Morris. 211 Conover, Samuel F 215 INDEX. 443 PAGE. Cooper, Daniel 216 " John 216 ' ' Myles 200 Cornbury, government of 222 Courtship, beginning of a 391 Cowell, David 219 ' ' Job n 220 Coxe, Daniel 221 Craig, David 222 ' ' John 223 Craven, Gershom 223 Credential, form of' 241, 320 Creed, George 223 Cummins 223 Darby, Henry W 225 " Rev. John 224, 361 Darcy, Edward Augustus 227, 325 John 225 " John S 226 Davison, D. B 227 Polly 162 Dayton, Jonathan 227, 48 " Jonathan 1 230 " Robert 228 Dessigny, Peter 231 Dick, Samuel 231 Dickinson, Jonathan, 26, 33, 34, 87, 234 " Temperance 347 Dimsdale, Baron 237 R 235 Dinner party at West Point head- quarters 257 Dinner party in New York 209 Discharge, military, of Brognard. 165 Dissection, instruction by 37 Dougan, Henry 237 Doughty, Charles 237 Douglas on early physicians 16 " early writer 33 " in 1718 16 " opposing inoculation. ... 30 Drake, Henry 238 Draper, George 238 Dry gripes, by Cadwallader 34 Dry gripes, essay on 189 Dubois, Benjamin 239 Duke's laws 54 Dunham, Jacob 240 " Rev. Jonathan 239 PAGE. Dunham, Lewis 239 Dupuy, John, man midwife 58 Dutch settlements 13 Eaton, Joseph 242 Eatontown, how named 242 Edgar, Alexander 241 Education, medical 35 Elmer, Ebenezer 247 " Edward 242 ' ' family of 242 " genealogy 243 " Henry G 257 " John C 257 "/ Jonathan 244 " Rev. onathan, his ances- try 252 " Rev. Jonathan, his child- ren 253 1 ' Moses G 254 " " his children 254 Moses G., transcript of ac- counts 75, no " Philemon 253 " William 1 251 Elmers of East Jersey 252 Elmore, Samuel 252 Emigrants, Puritan 14 English, James 257 " Jr 258 David C 258 Erwin, 258 Ewing, Thomas 259 Farrand, Daniel 259 genealogy 260 Fees and charges, medical 54, 70, no, 183, 281, 297, 309, 403 Fever and ague 20, 23, sqq Fever, yellow 26 sqq Firman, Giles, lecturer 37 Fithian, Ercuries 413 ' ' oseph 413 Flagg, Major, killed 284 Flood, James 260 Forman , Aaron 260 " David, Sheriff 261 " Dr. David 261 " Gen. David 261, 393 " McLean 261 444 INDEX. PAGE. Forman, Samuel 261 S. R 261 Franklin, Dr., opposed to inocula- tion 30, 168 Franklin, Lady, letter of Con- gress to '. 307 Freeman, Melancthon 262 ' ' Clarkson 263 Friends, emigration of 14 Funeral customs 403 Garden, Dr., early writer 35 Gaudonett, Francois 263 " Henriette Elizabeth.. 264 Gay, Edward ^ 264 Geneva College, New York, de- grees conferred by 40 Gibson, Joseph, instructor ki ob- stetrics 57 Gilliland, James 264 Gordon, Charles, letter of 15 Gosling, John 236, 265 Graduates in medicine, first 38 Grandin, John F 266 Granville, Maria 146 Green, Ashbell 268 Colonel, killed 284 " Rev. Jacob 68, 266 Greenland, Henry 269 Greenman, David 270 Greenwood mansion 192 Gregg, John 266 Griffith, John 48, 193, 202, 270 ' ' Lydia 202 " Thomas 271 " William, Esq 271 Hampton, John 275 Harris, Benjamin 277, 410 Dr 275 ' ' Henry S 277 " Isaac 275 " " Jr > 276 " Jacob 277 ' ' Samuel 276 Hart de, Matthias 277 Hay, Adam 278 Hays, Samuel 361 Hendrickson, Daniel 283 Hendry, Bowman 284 page. Hendry, Bowman, Jr 284 " Charles 284 *' Thomas 283 Henry and Francis, ship 299 Henry, Robert R 284 Hillyer, Rev. Asa 372 Hole, John 285 Holmes, James 286 Hornblower, Josiah 286 " Jr 286 " 3d 287 " William 287 Horseman, solitary, battle of Mon- mouth 280 Horton, Jonathan 287 Hover, Francis 288 Howard, Charles Abraham 289 Howell, Lewis 290 " Ebenezer 291 Hubbard, Jacobus 292 Jr 293 Hughes, John E 293 Iliac Passion, by Cadwallader. . 34 Imlay, William E 293 Incorporation of Medical Society, Act of 105 Indenture of student 100 Indians, teeth of 21 Indian Queen Hotel 238 Inoculation 29, 249 " Dr. Barnet, promoter of 31, 136 " Empress Catharine II. 237 " forbidden in New York 32 " hospitals for 31 ■ " of soldiers, 1776 68 " treatment under 31, 85 Instructors, Medical 37, 176 Jaques, Moses 295 Jelf, Joseph 201 Jennings, Jacob 296 " Rev.Saml. Kennedy.. 297 Jersey West, settlements 13 Johnes, John B 298 1 ' Dr. Timothy 297 " Rev. Timothy 297 ■• Timothy 3d 298 Johnson, Abel 298 INDEX. 445 PAGE. Johnson, David 298 " James 298 John 3°4 " Col. Philip, bravery in death 392 " Uzal 304 Johnstone, John 299 Lewis 301 KALM, Peter, observations of . . . . 20 Kennedy, Rev. Samuel 305 " Samuel, Jr 305 Kersay, 306 Kingfisher, ship of war 200 Lalor, Kitty 139 Lambert, Achsah 374 " Hannah 189 " Thos 189,374 Lands, Johnstone in Amboy 302' Langstaff, Deborah 179 Lauzun, Duke de, Legion of 165 Lawyer, J . J 177 Lawrence, Elisha 266,341. John 75, 306 Lea, Thomas 310 LeConte, genealogy 311 " Peter 242-310 " Valeria 242 Lectures, Medical 37-41 Leddell, Henry 313 " John W 314 " Samuel W 314 ' ' William 153, 312 Legislation, protection by 54 sqq Lexington, battle, news of 399 Licenses to practice 56 Literature, Medical l6 . 3 2 . 33. 35. 189, 215, 346, 352, 418 Little (Littell), Anthony 314 Living, standard of 75, 76 Livingston, Gov., letter of 233 " " certificate from. 293 Lockhart, George 315 Long Island, Tories and British on 371 " " exiles from, to New Jersey 372 Longstreet, Helen 126 " Mary 138 Loring, Ephraim 253, 315 PAGE. Lott, Ralph P 316 " William P 316 Ludlam, Nehemiah 316 Lummis, Dayton 316 " William, on yellow fever 27, 317 Maclean, John 41-317 " D. D 319 Makemie, Rev. Francis 299 Manning James 321 " Nathaniel 321 Man Midwife, first record of 58 Manlove, Christopher 48-320 Marmion, Samuel 321 Mason, William K 322 Mather, .Cotton, on inoculation. . 29, 31 Mawhood, Colonel 291 McCalla, Archibald C 323 " Thomas H 323 McCarter, Charles 324 McEowen, Hugh 227, 325 McGill, William 325 Mcllvaine, Chas. P. Bishop 326 " William 326,396 McKean, Robert 48, 167, 329 McKissack, Peter D 331 ' ' William D 331 ' ' William M 330 Mead, Richard, early writer 35 Medical Association 43 " Card, 1785, J. Beatty. . . 139 " Practice 14 " Progress 42 ' ' Societies 51 Society of N. J., title... 56 Medicine, Systems of 61, sqq Memorandum, A 129 Mercer, Hugh Gen 387 Mercury, in inoculation 31 Micheau, Paul, Lecturer, 41, 49, 331, 332 Middleton, Dr 37, 52 Midwifery, first taught 39 Mills, Alfred 253 Mitchell, Jno., early writer 35 Money, Proclamation 108, sqq Monmouth, Battlefield 163 " County, 1776 280 " " in the Revo- lution. . 389, sqq 446 INDEX. PAGE. Montgomery, Thos. West 334 " " " his children 335 " Alex. Maxwell 33s Moore, Alexander 336 More, Enoch 336 Morgan, John 38, 53 " Lewis 193, 336 Morris County, Burdens imposed by enforced inoculation. 68 ' ' Governeur and Gen. Wash- ington 209 " Jonathan F 338 " Margaret, Journal 348 " Robert Hunter 160 Morrist'wn, Hospital, temporary in 67 Morse, Isaac 340 Moultrie, John, teacher in mid- wifery 59 Mountwell 235 Muloch, James 341 Munro, Sarah 180 New Jersey, Climate 17, zo " East and West, divis- ion line 221 Excessive drought in 28 Yellow Fever 27 Newell, Elisha 342 James 341, 419 Normandie de, family of 342 Jho. Abr 204, 342 Nutman, Phebe 364 Obstetrics 57, sqq ' ' first professorship in . . 60 Odell, Rev. Jonathan 347 Ogden, Isaac 351 Jacob 352 " Rebecca 273 Old Forge 127 Otto, Bodo 354 ' ' Frederick 356 " Jno. C 356 Parker; Gov. Joel 392 Parsons, rebel 224, 268 Patterson, Robert 357 Peck, Benjamin 360 Penn, William. . . '. .'. 130 PAGE. Pennington, Gov. Wm . C 187 Pestilence 17 Photographs, vols, of old likenesses 328 Physicians, distinguished as pub- lic men 78 11 early, how regarded. . 15 " in their relations to the State 76 " license of 17 " of N.J. to 1800 123 Pierson, Rev. Abr 360 " Azel 360 " Jr 360 Cyrus 361 " Ebenezer H 196,363 " Isaac 365 " Matthias 363 " William 365 " William, J r 365 Pigot. 365 Pink root, Garden on 35 Pleurisy 20 " malignant, Bard on .20, 34 " Tennent on 35 Plunder, incursions upon Eliza- bethtown 135 Potts, Thomas 374 " Elizabeth 374 Practice, Medical 14-16 Prall, William 366 Pringle, Sir John 53 Progress, Medical 42 Provost, Jacob ^ 366 Pugh, George 366 Pulaski, Count 142 Quacks, early 17 Quaker physicians 15 Queen's College, N. J., degrees conferred by 40 Quimby, Jos 253 Rague, John 367 Ramsay, Dr 179 Randolph, ship of war 176 Rattlesnake root, Mead on 35 Redman, Susanna 130 Reed, Thos 367 Reed, Bowes 384 Reeve, Jno 368 INDEX. 447 PAGE. Revenues of physicians 69 Riggs, Caleb S 187 Riker, Jacob 372 Jno. B 371 Robinson, William 372 Rockhill, Jno 373 Rodgers, Charles W 374 Rodman, Jno 375 " " family of 376 Thos 376 Romaine, Nicholas 39 Ross, Alex . , New Brunswick 289 " 378 " Geo 377 " Hall 289 " Jno., Major 378 " John 379 Rossell, Zachariah 379 Sackett, Jos., Jr 48, 381 Salmon's Herbal 35, -99 Sawyer, Ephraim S 382 Say, Thomas 179 Sayre, Francis B : 383 Schenck, Henry H 386 Schooling, bill for, 1757 119 Schools in New York ; their early obstacles to success .... 40 Medical 38 School, Medical, New York 38 " " Philadelphia 38 " proposed at Elizabethtown 332 " " Princeton 41 Schuyler, Gen., quarters in Mor- ristown 19S Gertrude 205 Schyer, Jno 4 l8 Scott, Gen. — home in Elizabeth- town 135 " Moses 339. 3 86 ' ' Jos . Warren 388 " Mary Dickinson 397 Scudder, Benj . R 395 Henry 392 Jno. Anderson 392, 395 Joseph 392 Lucretia 392 N 297 Nath 389 Scutellaria Lateriflora 314, 427 PAGE. Settlements in West Jersey 13 Seward, Jno. L 314 Shaw, Thomas.. 395 Shippen, Edward 396 " Chief Justice 396 William 38 " " teacher obste- trics 59-6o " William, hospital super- intendent. . . 63 Shippen and Morgan, controversy in hospital directorship 66 Shivers, Rosanna 178 " Samuel 178 Shute, Samuel M 397 Simcoe, Lieut . -Col., escape 338 " Gov., courtesy of 339 Simpson, Jno . N .' 434 Sims, Clifford S •. 380 Sims, Jno. C .' 380 Sinnickson, Col. Jno 292 Clement H 292 Small Pox 22 Smellie, Dr., instructor in obste- trics 57 Smith, Rev. Caleb 119, 364 " Charles 397 " Isaac 398 " Jonathan 4°° " Joseph ; his bibliography. . 236 " Peter 4°° ' ' William Peartree 170 Societies in Philadelphia 53 Medical 43. 5 1 s 11 of N. J 43 sqq " title.... 56 " " of the Eastern District of N . J 49, 332 " " in Boston 51 Society, Weekly, of -Gentlemen in New York 5 1 " ofthe Countyof New York 53 " Medical of N. J. members 121 Spencer, Oliver 154 Elizabeth 154 Springfield, a woman's stratagem at battle of 228 Stillwell, family of 401 " Gershom 405 Jno. E (1) 404 448 INDEX, PAGE. Stillwell, Jno. E. (2) 405 1 ' Nicholas 401 " Richard 402 "(2) 4°3 Wm 75 William 403 ' " E 404 William (1) 405 Stites, Hezekiah 405 St. Peter's Ch . , Amboy 167 Stockton, Benj. B 408 " Ebenezer 318,409 Stokes, Chas 143 " Jno. H 406 Stratton, Benj. Harris 412 Chas. C 411 " family on L. 1 410 genealogy 413 " James 410 Jno. L 413 Rev. Samuel V 411 Stryker, Capt. John 414 " family of 414 " Peter J 414 William S. (Gen.) 415 Study, preliminary 36 Students of medicine, fee to in- structors 36 Sugar House, Old, New York. . . . 273 Surgeons commissioned in New Jersey in 1776 81 Sutfin, Daniel 416 Swain, Aaron 418 Swan, Samuel 417 Swedes, settlement of 13 Tallman, Benjamin H 418 Stephen 419 Taylor, Edward 419 " John ■ 131 ' ' Mary 131 Tea, destruction of, in New Jer- sey, 1774 244, 248 Teeth, loss of 21 Tennent, Dr. , early writer 35, 421 " John V. B., teacher in midwifery 59 " genealogy 421 " Gilbert 420 PAGE. Thatcher, Rev. Thomas, first writer on medicine 32 Thetis, ship of war 210 Throat distemper, Bard on 34 Throat distemper 23 sqq 87 Tilton on hospitals 67 Titles to early lands disputed con r cerning 128 Tories in Burlington 349 Tower Hill, 1746, scene at 341 Treat, Samuel, certificate of study 102, 421 Trenton, when chartered 190 Tunison, Garrett W 422 Turner, William 423 Tuttle, Samuel 195 Universalism, Imlay, writer upon 294 Vaccination 362, 407 Van Boskirk, Abr 424 Van Buren, Abr 424 " James 425 " William 425 William H 425 Van Cleve, John 41, 425 Van Court, Moses 427 Vanderveer, Henry ■ 429 " LawTence 48,427 Van Home, Jno 429 Vanleer, Benjamin 430 Van Sutphen, Dirck 416 Venereal disease 22 Venesection 218, 308 Vergereau, Maria 333 Vickars, Samuel 431 Viesselius, George A 431 Virginia legislation 54 Voltaire 345 Waldron, Jane 197 Wall, John Galen 431 Wallace, Ellerslie 326 Walton, early writer 33 Ward, Abr 432 Ward, Sarah 194 Ward, Samuel 149, 433 War of 1758, effect of 42 INDEX. 449 PAGE. Washington, letter to Dr. Cochran 207 Waterhouse, J no 433 Wet ride, a 337 Wiggins, Thomas 48, 433 Willett, William 375 Williamson, M. H 43s Wills, Daniel 434 Wilson, Jno 437 Wilson, Lewis F 436 Winans, William 437 Wise, Hon. Henry A 297 Witherspoon, Jno 438 Women, sick cared for by 16 Wood, Thomas, lecturer 41 PAGE. Woodhull, John 119 Woodhull, Rev. Dr. John 119 Rev. William 119 Woodruff, Ebenezer B 298 Woodruff, Hezekiah S 153, 438 Writers on Medicine 32, 346-7 Yarmouth, ship of war 176 Yellow Fever, Rush's treatment. . 327 " " in Phila.. 1798 384-5 Young, Thomas, instructor in midwifery 57 Zenger's Weekly 33