i ?>ig=^ Ei,,;.™, D13 ^ 'A y: J ■o li c 3 \/sr\:, i^Aaf/^1 !i tr ■'/^^e\i^" fWWfrril hTB Lli& JVam .A/s\;^^ V/^A^: ^'fe^--^ ,'^,}K\f/?\irN\l asii^ftS^w^ ¥m .■4;t,'^"^'>W ^cmc BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND * THE GIFT OF 1891 iNGINHRiNG LIBRARY. Cornell University Library QE 262.B78D13 1885 The geology of Bridlington Bay.(Explanat 3 1924 004 543 306 Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004543306 MEMOmS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SUEYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OF BRIDLINGTON BAY. (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 94 N.E.) (NEW SERIES, SHEET 65). BY J. R. DAKYNS, M.A., AND 0. FOX-STRANGWAYS, RG.S. PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE LORDS COMMISSIOXEKS 01? IIEK MAJESTY S TREASL'KT LONDON: FEINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE; AND SOLD BY Longmans & Co., Fateraoater Row ; Trhbner & Co., Ludgate Hill ; Letts, Son, & Co., Limited, 33, ICing William Street, E.G. ; E. Stanford, 5.5, Charing Cross ; "Wyld, 12, Charing Cross ; and B. Quaritch, 1.5, Piccadilly. Manchester : T. J. Day, 53, Market Street; Edinburgh : W. and A. K. Johnston ; Dublin : Hodges, Figgis, & Co., 104, Grafton Street ; and A. Thom & Co., Limited, Abbey Street. 1885. Price One fdiUHiig. LIST OF GEOLOGICAL MAPS, SECTIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLOGICA L SURVEY. Thb Maps are those of the Ordnance Survey, !?eoIOBioally coloured by the Geological Surrey of the United Kingdom under the Superintendence of ABOB[.GEin:iE,Lli.D.,I'.R.S., Director General. ,^ ^„ i. , * „ w IFor Maps. Sections, and Memoirs Illustrating Scotland, Ireland, and the West Indies, and for full particulars ol aUpuBlioaf tions, see ''Catalogue." Price!*.) ENGLAND AND WALES.-(Seale one-inch to a mile.) Maps marked * are also published as Drift Maps. Those marked t are published only as Drift Maps. Sheets 3*, 5, 6», 7*, 8, 9, 11 to 32, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33 to S7, 40, 41, 44, 47", C4*, price 8s. Bd. each. Sheet*, 6s. Sheets 2*, 10, 23, 24, 27 to 29, S2, .33, 39, 58, 84t, 85t, **• each. Sheets divided Into quarters ; all at 3s. each quarter-sheet, excepting those in brackets, which are Is. 6d. eacn. , ,_ _,„ *), . - 102 NB', 103*, 104*, 105 NW, SW, (NE*), SH, 103 NB*, SE*, 109 S"W, SE*, 110 (NW*), (NE*). BOKXZOITTAXi SECTIOirS, VESTICAXi SfiCTIOirS. 1 to 139, England, price 6s. each. 1 to 69, England, price Ss. id. each. COKPIETEB COVH'TIES OF EttaitAttJi AND WAKES, on a Scale of one-inch to a Mile. Sheets marked • have Descriptive Memoirs. Sheets or Counties marked t are illustrated by General Memoirs. ANGlBSEXt,-77(N),78. Hor. Sect.40. JBEDrOEDSHIBB,— 46 (N'W,NE, SWt, & SEt), 52 (NW, NB, SW, & SE). BERKSHIRE,— 7*, 8t, 12*, 13*, 34*. 45 (SW*). Hor. Sect. 59, 71, 72, 80). BUECKNOOKSHIEEt,— 36, 41, 42, 56 (NW & SW), 57 (NB & SEI. Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6, 11, and Vert. Sect. land 10. BUCKINGHAMSHIRE,— 7* IS* 45* (NE, SE), 46 (NW, SWt), 52 (SW). Hor. Sect. 74, 79. CAEEMARTHENSHIRBt, 37, 38, 40, 41,42 (NW & SW), 66 (SW),57 (SW& SE). Hor. Sect. 2, S, 4, 7, 8, 9; andVert. Sect. 3, 4, 5, 6, IS, 14. CAERNARVONSHIRE,-!— 74 (NW), 75, 76, 77 (N), 78, 79 (NW & SW). Hor. Sect. 28, SI, 40. CARDIGANSHIRBt,— 40, 41, 56 (NW), 57, 68, 69 (SB), 60 (SW). Hor. Sect. 4, 5, 6. CHESHIRE,— 73 (NB & NW), 79 (NB & SE), 80, 81 (NW* & SW*), 88 (SW). Hor. Sect. 18, 43, 44, 60, 64, 63, 87. 70. CORNWALLt,— 24t, 26t, 26t, 29t, 30t, 31+, 32t, & 33+. DBNBIGH+,-7S (NW), 74,75 (NE),78 (NB SE),79 (NW, SW,SE),80 (SW). Hor.Sect. 31, 35, 38, 89, 43, 44 ;& Vert. Sect. 24. DERBTSHIREt,- 62 (NE), 63 (NW), 71 (NW, SW, SE), 72 (NB, SB), 81, 82, 88 (SW, SB). Hor. Sect. 18, 46, 60, 61, 69, 70- DEVONSHIRB+,-20+, 21+, 2S+, 23+, 24+, 25+, 2e+,& 27+. Hor. Sect. 19. DORSETSHIRE,— 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23. Hor. Sect. 19, 20, 21, 22, 66. Vert. Sect. 23. ESSEX,— 1+, 2, 47*, 48. Hor. Sect. 84, 120. I'LINTSHIRE+,— 74 (NE), 79. Hor. Sect. 48. GLAMORGANSHIRE+,— 20, 86, 37, 41, & 42 (SE 4 SW) . Hor. Sect. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ; Vert. Sect. !, 4, 6, 6, 7, 9, 10, 47. GL0UCESTERSHIRE,-19, 34*, 33, 43 (NB, SW, SE), 44*, Hor. Sect. 12, 13, 14, 16, 69; Vert. Sect. 7, 11, 15, 46. 47, 45, 49, 50, 61. . ; . > HAMPSHIRE,— 8+, 9+, 10*, 11+, 12«, 14, 15, 16. Hor. Sect. 80. HERl!FOEDSHIRE,-42 (NB & SE), 43, 55, 66 (NB 4 SE). Hor.Sect. 5, IS, 27, 30, 34 ; and Vert. Sect. IS. KENT+,— 1+ (SW & SE), 2+, S+, 4*, 6t. Hor.Sect. 77 and 78. MBRIONBTHSHIRE+,-59 (NE & SB), 00 (NW), 74, 75 (NE & SB). Hor. Sect. 26, 28, 29, »1, 32, 35, 37, 38, S». MIDDLBSEX+,— 1+ (NW & SW), 7*, 8+. Hor. Sect. 79. MONMOUTHSHIRE,— S5, 36, 42 (SB & NE), 4S (SW). Hor. Sect. 5 and 12 ; and Vert. Sect. 8, 9, 10 12 MONTGOMERYSHIRE+,-56 (NW), 69 (NE ft SB), 60, 74 (SW & SE). Hor. Sect. 26, 27, 29, 30, 82, 34 35 36 38 NORTHAMPTONSHIRB,-64, 45 (NW & NE), 46 (NW), 52 (NW, NE, & SW), 63 (NE, SW, & SE),63 (SB) 'e4 ' OXFORDSHIRE,— 7', 13', 34*, 44*, 45*, 53 (SB*, SW). Hor. Sect. 71, 72, 81, 82. PEMBEOKBSHIRE+,— 38, 39, 40, 41, 68. Hor. Sect. 1 and 2 ; and Vert. Sect. 12 and IS. EADNOR.SHIRB,- 43 (NW & NB), 66, 60 (SW & SB). Hor. Sect. 5, 6, 27; EUTLANDSHIRE+,— this county is wholly included within Sheet 64.* '''T4lTlrBl, ^RlfeJ'&^lA)''^- '^': ''' '' '^'''' " '* "'^' '^^- ^'"•- '"""*• ''• ">■ "• "*• '"■ S0MBRSETSHIRB,-18, 19, 20, 21, 27, 35. Hor. Sect. 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 22; and Vert; Sect. 12, 46, 47 48 49 50 51 STA]?i;ORDSHIRE,-(64 NW), 55 (NE), 61 (NB, SE), 63, 63 (NW), 71 (SW), 72, 73 (NE, SB), 81 (SB, SW) "Hor Sect. 18, 23, 24, 25, 41, 42, 45, 49, 54, 67. 61, 60 ; and Vert. Sect. 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, gg ' '"'^' °^ ^°*' » " /• **<>'• SUFFOLK,— 47,* 48,* 49, 50, 61, 66 SE,* 67. SURREY,-! (SW+), 6+, 7*, 8+, 12+. Hor. Sect. 74, 75, 76, and 79. SUSSBX,-4*, £+, 6t, 8t, 9+, 11+. Hor. Sect. 73, 76, 76, 77, 78. "'^'^Sv^rt/sSV**' *^- '^'^^' °^'' °*' "^ '^^' "^^^ ®^'' "^ '^'^' ^^- ^^^ ■ ^'"•- ««"*• 2». 48, 49, SO, 61, 82. 8S , WILTSHIRE,-12*, 13*, 14, 15, 18, 19, 34*, and SB. Hor. Sect.l6and59 WORCESTBRSHIRB,-43 (NE), 44*, 64, 55, 62 (SW SE), 61 (SE). Hor. Sect. 13, SS, 25. 60, 69, and Vert. Sect. 15. GENERAI. KEIHOZBS OF THE CEOKOGICAK SURVEY. REPORT on CORNWALL, DEVON, and WEST SOMERSET. By Sir H. T. De La Beohe 14s (0P> FIGURES and DESCRIPTIONS of the PALEOZOIC FOSSILS in the above Counties. By PEOT'pHitHPS fOP) The MEMOIRS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY of GREAT BRITAIN. Vol. I., 21s. • Vol II Hn 2 Piits) S^ ^^Semdrsfli.) ^^ *' °' ^^'"^"^- ^PP^ndix, by J. W. Samek and R. Btheeidqe. 2nd Ed. 21s.' (Vol. HI. ^''^^O^pON_BASIN Parti. The Chalk and the Eocene Beds of the Southern and Western Ti-acts. ByW Whitakee (Partsby H.W. BEiSTOwandT.MoK. HuoiiES.) ISs. ( Vol. IV. of Memoirs ^gj'"""" •''"*'''=• ■"•» ". whitakeb. Guide to the GEOLOGY of LONDON and the NEIGHBOURHOOD. By W. Whitakee 4th Ed 1« The WEALD (PARTS of the COUNTIES ol KENT, SURREY, SUSSEX, and HANTS).' ByW ToPtE-r 17« M s:rE^NZ^Nrv'™/LSL°' f.: r™ ^°™^^"^ " ^^«™- By^B.H..r6^. "•■•"'• "\ZSF2?C^Vo'nTo1 t^h"aPM\\ltlVl^^lyT^^^^ Tha SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS ot SOUTH-WEST LANCASHIRE. By C. E. Ds RAifCB. 10s. fid. MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SUEYEI ENGLAND AND WALES. THE GEOLOGY OP BRIDLINGTON BAY. (EXPLANATION OF QUARTER-SHEET 94 N.E.) (NEW SERIES, SHEET 65). BY J. R. DAKYNS, M.A., AND C. FOX-STRANGWAYS, F.G.S. PUBLISHED BY OKDER OP THE LOEDB OOMMISSIONEKS OP HEK MAJEBTt's TREASUllV. LONDON: PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE; AND SOLD BT Longmans & Co., Paternoster Row ; Tkubnbk & Co., Ludgate Hill ; Letts, Son, & Co., Limited, 33, King William Street, E.G. ; E. Stanpokd, 5.5, Charing Cross ; Wtld, 12, Charing Cross ; and B. Quakitoh, 15, Piccadilly. Manchester : T. J. Day, 53, Market Street; Edinburgh : W. and A. K. Johnston ; Duhlin : Hodges, Figgis, & Co., 104, Grafton Street ; and A. Thom & Co., Limited, Abbey Street. 1885. Price One Shilling. NOTICE. The following pages form an Explanation of the Quarter-Sheet 94 N.E., which embraces a small portion of the Holdemess Coast. They may serve as a convenient hand-book for those who wish to explore the interesting section of glacial deposits to be seen in the neighbourhood of Bridlington. A more detailed Memoir is in preparation, embracing the whole of Holderness with the corresponding part of Lincolnshire. AKOH. GEIKIE, 28, Jermyn Street, Director General. 2nd April 1885. U 15839. 375.-5/85. Wt. 19139. E. & S. A 2 NOTICE. The greater part of the area described in the following Memoir was surveyed by Mr, J. K. Dakyns ; Mr. 0. Fox-Strangways having mapped the northern edge of the map. The whole was surveyed under the superintendence of Mr. H. H. Howell. Mr. Fox-Strangways has edited the Memoir, to which Mr. C. Reid Has contributed a few notes and the List of Fossils. The geological six-inch maps of Yorkshire, comprised in Quarter-Sheet 94 N.E. (New Series, Sheet 65) are — Sheets 146, 163, 180, and the southern parts of Sheets 128 and 129. These six-inch maps are not published, but geologically coloured copies are deposited, for reference, in the Geological Survey Office. H. W. BRISTOW, Senior Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn Street, S.E., 25th March 1885. CONTENTS. Page iNTKODtrCTION - - ... 1 Geological Formations - . - 3 Ceetaceods Eooks White Chalk -.--.. 3 SuPEEFioiAL Beds : Boulder Clay and Gravel, with Bridlington Crag 4 Sands and Gravels, and Upper Boulder Clay - 8 Late Glacial Beds - - 9 Lacustrine and Fluviatiie Beds - - ^ 11 List of Fossils from the Bridlington Crag - 14 List of Publications on the district - - 16 ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 1. — Sketch of Glacial Gravels on the West Side of Danes Dike Valley - - . - - 6 „ 2. — Sketch of Gravels and Boulder Clay North of Bridlington 9 THE GEOLOGY OF BRIDLINGTON BAY. INTRODUCTION. The district now to be described, although containing a land area of not more than 38 square miles, is of considerable interest to the geologist from the relatively large extent of the coast-line that it contains, affording a great number of sections both in the Chalk and in the newer Glacial and Post-Glacial deposits. The only place of any importance in the Map is the joint town of Bridlington and Bridlington Quay, which being situated near some of the best sections forms a convenient place for examining the district. There are no rivers of any size ; the principal being the Gipsey Race, which enters the sea at Bridlington Quay. The country embraced in the Map consists of two distinct portions ; the north-west corner, forming a triangular area, consists of Chalk, covered on the seaward side by Glacial Beds, but towards the interior quite bare ; the remainder of the Map is occupied entirely by Glacial and Recent deposits, the underlying Challc in this portion being entirely hidden, and in fiict generally below the levelof the sea. Thedivisionbetween the two areas la marked by a fairly sharp rise of the Chalk hills from below the superficial deposits of the plain. The foot of this slope, which forms the eastern edge of the Wolds, is a little under the 100-feet contour line, and along it runs tbe high road from Bridlington to Driffield ; it is probably a buried and degraded sea-cliff, for the Chalk cHff north of Bridlington Quay ends suddenly in a little cliff that seems to run inland under superficial deposits and to be continued as the slope of Chalk above mentioned. Since the date of our survey, a section of this buried cliff has been cleared at Bridlington. Mr. Clement Reid found that it was perfectly vertical for more than 30 feet, and that banked against it were littoral and seolian deposits containing bones of land mammals. Notwithstanding the occurrence of Boulder Claj full of far-transported stones on the top of this cliff, only local rocks could be found in the old beach at its base. This seems to prove that the buried cliff is at any rate older than tlie Boulder Clay almost immediately above it, and it may ultimately prove to be Pre-Glacial. Of the two areas above referred to, the first, which is part of the Yorkshire Wolds, extends to the east in the bold cape of Flamborough Head, forming in this Map a line of cliffs from 50 to 100 feet high, of Chalk covered by Glacial Beds ; but which on INTRODUCTION. the northern side of the headland attain a height of over 440 feet. It forms a comparatively high and dry district now devoted to the growth of corn and turnips, but which not very long since consisted, of waste land, growing little but whin or gorse. This district is partly drained by the Gipsey Race which rises about 18 miles to the west near Duggleby in Quarter-Sheet 94 N.W., from an inlying base of the Chalk where the water is thrown out by the Kimeridge Clay, and, after crossing the whole breadth of the Wolds; enters the sea at Bridlington Quay. A " Gipsey " answers to- what is known as a " Bourne " in the south of England. These are intermittent streams which are apt to burst out suddenly and flow for a short time with a great volume of water. The Gipsey Race, though as its name implies liable to such outbursts, yet always has some water flowing in this part of its course, and is remarkable as being the only perennial stream which flows through the Chalk country. The other area forms the northern end of the great low-lying district stretching away to the Humber, which is known as Holderness, although this name is strictly speaking, only applicable to the basin of the River Hull, or the ness or nose formed by the greater portion of that basin, and consequently does not reach as far north as the area embraced in this Map ; still physically and geologically one and the same type of country extends along the eastern edge of the Wolds from the Humber to Bridlington. Holderness forms an undulating lowland, nowhere in our present district attaining an elevation of 100 feet above the sea. It consists entirely of Boulder Clay, covered in many places by beds of sand, gravel, loam, and alluvial deposits, and of silty clay formed by rain wash from the older beds. The country abounds in hollows, once the site of marshes and meres, the largest of which yet remaining is Hornsea Mere (in Quarter-Sheet 94 S.E.). Evidence of these lakes has lately been discovered by Mr. Boynton, of TJlrome, in the low ground at present drained by the Stream Dike ; but we will refer to this again further on (p. 11). This " mershe countree," as Chaucer calls it, is now drained artificially by the Earl's Dike and by the Beverley and Barmston Drain. The natural drainage of Holderness usually is from the sea coast towards the interior ; and generally speaking the land near the coast is higher than the interior, and consequently the surface slopes from the sea. These points in the physical geography of Holderness are best marked in the southern part of the Map and in the area to the south of it. In common with the rest of the Holderness Coast, the land has suffered much from erosion by the sea ; but this point will be dealt with in the General Memoir on Holderness. CHALK. GEOiiOGicAL Formations The following geological formations occur within this Map. r Alluvium. Recent and Post Glacial < Lacustrine and Fluviatile beds of various ages. L Old River Gravels. fLate Glacial Beds consisting of Gravel and. \ Sand and Laminated Clay. J Boulder Clay. Glacial - - . - j Sands and Gravels. Boulder Clay, witli beds of Sand and Gravel (_ and " Gutta-percha " Clay. Upper Cretaceous - - White Chalk (The Upper Chalk without Flints). OEETACEOUS HOCKS. The "White Chalk. The Chalk is seen only in the northern part of the Map, where it forms the high ground north of Carnaby and Bridlington Quay and is well exposed on the line of cliffs extending from the latter place to Flamborough Head ; throughout the remainder of the Map it is entirely concealed by Glacial and Post Glacial deposits, and even if these were cleared away would probably in most cases be considerably below the sea level. The beds which are exposed in the cliffs constitute the softer or upper portion of the Chalk, which is almost destitute of flint but contains a rich collection of sponges. There was a good exposure of these beds some time since iu the railway cutting near Marton Station, from which place Mr. Chadwick, of Malton, has obtained a large number of different species^* The Chalk throughout this area has a general dip of about 5' to the south and south-west ; there are no disturbances of any magnitude similar to that in the Map to the north,! although there is probably a small fault at Danes Dike and also another in Silex Bay, which latter has a slight downthrow to the north.J A list of Fossils from the Chalk is given in the Memoir on Quarter-Sheets 95. S.W. and S.E. * Mr. Chadwick has presented several of these to the York Museum. f Geological Survey Memoir, Explanation of Quarter-Sheets 95 S.W. and S.E., p. 38. J This fault is descrihed by Mr. Lamplugh, Proc. Geol. Soc. Yorlishire, N.S., vol. vii., p. 242 ; 1880. 4 BOULDEE CLAY AND GRAVEL. SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. Boulder Clay and Gravel. The Boulder Clay consists of several divisions which will be more fully referred to when the rest of Holderness contained in the Maps to the south is described. In this Map the lowest bed seen occurs at Bridlington Quay. It is the blueish-green Boulder Clay, containing, besides other foreign stones, many black flints ; this is a curious circumstance, as black flints are excessively rare, although not quite unknown, in the Yorkshire Chalk. Though very little of this _ lowest Boulder Clay is to be seen, it is of especial interest, as in it occur many patches of shelly sand containing the well known " Bridling- ton Crag" fauna. These were discovered, or rather rediscovered, by Messrs. Bedwell and Lamplugh in 1879*; and Mr. Lamplugh, has since proved that, while these patches are precisely similar to the original Bridlington Crag, they are in fact boulders ; so that the said Crag is not a bed of shells in place, where mollusks lived and died, but is a set of streaks and patches torn from the original bed and redeposited in the Boulder Clay.f " Great interest attaches to these shelly masses in the Boulder Clay, for the fauna is unlike anything found elsewhere in Britain. The species contained in the different masses vary, but the general facies is so similar in all that there is little doubt they are derived from the same bed or series of beds. Most of the shells are living high-northern forms, many exclusively Arctic, not one has a range principally southern. A few are extinct, including the Crag Nucula Cohholdim and Tellina ohliqua. The occurrence of these and certain others led to the correlation of the deposit with the Norwich or Mammaliferous Crag ; hence the nanie ' Bridlington Crag.' Edward Forbes appears to have been the first to suggest that the fauna was of a more recent type than that of the Norwich Crag, and subsequent researches, especially those of Messrs. Wood, Jeffreys, and Lamplugh, have thoroughly confirmed this view. The bed from which the shells were derived appears to have been deposited in a cold sea, of moderate depth, during the earlier part of the Pleistocene Period ; but further than this we cannot at present go. There is no stratigraphical evicience on which to correlate the beds with those of other districts, or even with those of other parts of Holderness ; and at present the fauna of the earlier Glacial deposits is very imperl'ectly known except in Kolderness."J * These beds were originally discovered by Prof. Sedgwick in 1821, and were afterwards more fully described by Mr, Bean in 1835. The first author who clearly stated the derivitive nature of the shelly masses was Mr. H. C. Sorby, in 18£9. i^See list of papers on p. 16.) f 'ULc. Lamplugh has published exhaustive descriptions of this bed. Geol, Mag. dec. 2, vol. viii., p. 535, 1881 ; and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. Ix., p. 312., 1884. J This paragraph is supplied by Mr. C. Keid. BOULDER OLAT AND GRAVEL. 5 A list of Fossils from the Bridlington Crag is given on pages 14, 15. This Boulder Clay has been called the " Basement Clay," from its probable identity with the Boulder Clay at Dimlington, so named by Mr. S. V. Wood.* As it is not known to be actually the basement bed of the Glacial Series, and at Dimlington is most probably not so, a better name would be the " Bridlington Crag Boulder Clay." This bed is not found further north on the Chalk itself, but Mr. Lamplugh mentions a similar bed in Filey Bay.f If it over- spread the Chalk cliff, it must have been denuded, and its place taken by the succeeding Boulder Clay. Over it there comes a brown " Gutta-percha Clay" and sand, evidently filling hollows in the Boulder Clay. This Gutta-percha Clay is generally finely laminated. Mr. Lamplugh describes it as being absolutely destitute of pebbles or shells or any foreign admixture. In a considerable exposure once laid bare south of the town the clay was in places ripple-marked, the bedding being wavy and crumpled and lying at all angles and strikes. The surface exhibited a curious appearance, being eroded into a number of parallelepipeds like the "helks"{ of a limestone plateau, and was traversed by a set of gullies resembling joints, whose general trend was E. 10° S. Mr. Lamplugh in his paper on the occurence of freshwater remains in the Boulder Clay at Bridlington§ describes this clny as consisting of two parts, he says " The lower division, which is the thicker, consists of very fine, pure clay, clearly laminated, but twisted and contorted in all directions. Over it lies the upper division, which is more sandy in nature, and is also finely lami- nated, but lies perfectly even and undisturbed over the edges c f the contorted laminae below. This upper part also occasionally shows clear steep ripple-marks, running E.N.E. by W.S. W., and having their steep sides facing S.S.E., which shows the probable course of the current by which they were formed to have been from the N.N.W." Over the Gutta-percha Clay, and often resting directly on the Crag Clay, comes another Boulder Clay which has been called by Mr. S. V. Wood the Purple Clay. This clay contains no patches of the Bridlington Crag, only a "few well worn and rounded shell fragments." It is generally in two or three divisions, but sometimes in many more ; thus on the north side of Bridlington Quay it is divided into two by a bed of sand containing scanty fragments of shells. At Danes Dike there are as many as four- teen divisions of Glacial beds,.sixof which consist of Boulder Clay, and of these five at least are part of the Purple Clay.|| The section in the cliff at the Danes Dike valley is also interest- ing, as showing that there are several distinct beds of chalky gravel, *. Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiv., p. 147. t Geol. Mug. dec. 2., toI. viii., p 174. J "Helks" is the name given to the plateaus of bare limestone in West Yorkshire. § Geol. Mag. dec. 2., vol. vi., p. 394. jl Fruc. Geol. Soc. YorAs/uVc, N.S., vol. vii., p. 246 ; 18S1. From which paper the illustration in the text and that on p. 9 are taken. 6 BOULDER CLAY AND GRAVEL. which in some places rest immediately on the Chalk and in others die out in the Boulder Clay, so that it is not always one and the same hed of chalky gravel which lies between the Boulder Clay and the Chalk. This division may be the same as one of a similar character which occurs in the south part of the Map, and which can be traced for several miles till it runs out on the cliff top near Skipsea. Fig. 1. Sketch of Glacial Gravel on the West Side oj Danes Dike Valley. a Sand and Gravel. d Fine Chalk debris. b Boulder Clay. e Angular Chalk debris, e Well-bedded Chalky Gravel. Mr. Lamplugh describes a stratified band occurring in the Boulder Clay on the south shore, often with " reddish, whitish, or greenish streaks at its base." This is the same bed as that mentioned above, and the existence of a band of stratified Boulder Clay in connexion with these coloured streaks pointed out by Mr. Lamplugh is so far a confirmation of the idea, that the two coloured bands (viz., that at Bridlington and that traced north of Skipsea), are one and the same ; for the red band north of Skipsea is also overlaid by a variable bed of stratified Boulder Clay. The following passage is interesting with reference to the ebbing and flowing well : — " There is a thin seam of chalky gravel between the laminated clay and the underlying Boulder Clay in the bottom of the hollow, and this, whenever tapped, yields copious supplies of very pure water, which wells out at high tide, but ceases to flow at ebb. A row of piles driven down into the Basement Clay in front of the wall (with the hope of staying its further advance), forms in this way a line of fine ebbing and flowing spring ; and an iron tube, which has been let down behind the wall, discharges a strong continuous jet at high tide. The well-known ebbing and flowing spring in the harbour is probably supplied from the same source."* The Purple Boulder Clay is, as we have said, in many places distinctly stratified, but some of the divisional planes in it may be * Lamplugh ; Proc. Geol. Soc. Yorkshire, N.S., vol. viii., p. 35 ; 1882. BOULDEK CLAY AND GRAVEL. " planes of shearing. All, however, cannot be thus explained, for they are too numerous and too parallel to one another, even where curved and undulating, to permit one to believe them to be other than true bedding-planes. At the same time there are many cases of undoubted and very remarkable unconformities of a local character, due not only to the infilling of eroded hollows, but also to the crushing and squeezing out and general effusion of the Boulder Clay, along with its included bands of gravel, sand, and laminated clay. Sometimes it is even possible to make out the direction in which the thrust has acted ; thus at Ulrome it has been from the N.N.E. The upper part of the Purple Boulder Clay is often of a reddish tinge, but this is in many cases due to weathering, for a fresh scar of the same red clay will be found to be of the usual purple hue. It is a notable fact that, where the. red tinge was most pronounced, the part of the clifE washed regularly by the tides was of the usual purple colour, while the upper part, which was only occasionally reached by the waves bore the red hue, there being at the same time no dividing line between the two. The amount and depth of this red weathering obviously depends on many circumstances, such as the nature of the clay itself, the existence of pervious or impervious bands in it, and the character of the cover ; so that sometimes the red tinge dies away gradually downwards, at others it ends fairly definitely in a homogeneous mass of clay. Frequently it is apt to stop at a division in the clay, such as an intercalated band of sand or gravel ; and in such cases it is obviously difficult to decide whether the red clay is the weathered part of the purple clay or whether it is clay briginally red, and possibly of a much more recent date than the other. The nature and extent of the beds over the clay is perhaps, liowever, one of the most important circumstances upon which the weathering depends. A good instance of this was seen at a brick- pit near Naff^erton in Quarter-Sheet 94 N.W., where the Boulder Clay was in part covered by sand ; here the clay below the sand was blue, but where there was little or no covering of sand, it was red. The line between the two colours was in a proper light very distinct, and ran down nearly vertically from the feather-edge of the sand across a homogeneous mass of clay which was of precisely the same character on either side of the colour line. Besides the red topping to the Purple Boulder Clay due to weathering, there are also bands or beds of red clay in the midst of the purple clay ; in other words there are beds of Red Boulder Clay which are both overlaid and underlaid by Boulder Clay of the ordinary purple type. There is nowhere along the part of the coast south of Brid- lington, contained in this Map, any decided case of an Upper Boulder Clay, in the sense in which that term is generally used, and the topmost division does not appear to differ in character from any of the lower divisions. At the same time there is probably such an Upper Boulder Clay, as will appear further oiu 8 BOULDER CLAY AND GEAVEL. The whole of the coast from Bridlington to the south edge of the Map seems to be occupied by the Purple Boulder Clay, but for some three miles south of Wilsthorpe the coast is low and the sections in Boulder Clay are poor. The cliff for the most part is formed of more recent beds, and as far as Hartburn is much obscured by Blown Sand.* South of Barmston there are excellent sections all the way to Atwick ; the cliff gets higher and, with the exception of a few patches of recent lacustrine beds which are seldom of any great thickness, is entirely composed of various divisions of the Purple Boulder Clay. The interior of the country too, as far as one can judge without sections, seems, where not occupied by sands and gravels or alluvial deposits, to be composed of the Purple Boulder Clay. As we go south the Boulder Clay, or rather certain bands in it, become much more chalky than it is at Bridlington. This is what we should expect, for as the boulders in the clay certainly came from the north, the chalk pebbles would travel in the same direc- tion, and so away from Bridlington. Sands and Gravels, and Upper Boulder Clay. North of Bridlington, especially at Danes Dike and Beacon Hill, the Purple Boulder Clay is overlaid by a great thickness of well-bedded sand and gravel consisting of drift pebbles and containing fragments of marine shells, derived from the older Boulder Clays. These sands are overlaid unconformably by an Upper Boulder Clay, which is seen on the eastern slope of Beacon Hill to lie across the denuded edges of the sand beds. In Danes Dike vaUey, at about 200 yards from its southern end, the following section was measured : — ft. in. Fine chalk-gravel - - - - - 4 Boulder Clay - - - - - - 25 Coarse . irregular Chalk-gravel, and Chalk-wash or fine stratified Chalk-gravel - - - - - 7 Boulder Clay containing chiefly small fragments of chalk, a few foreign pebbles, and a little sand - - - 20 This coarse chalk-gravel truncates one end of the chalk- wash. A little lower down the stream, there is finely laminated clay and chalk-wash below the chalky Boulder Clay. The upper clay seems from its relation to the other beds, to be a true Upper Boulder Clay, traces of which are to be seen in other places, but nowhere in this Map so clearly as at Beacon Hill. On the high cliffs north of Flamborough this Upper Boulder Clay seems to be alone present, and often becomes so stony that it is hard to say whether it should be called Gravel or Boulder Clay. Quite in keeping with this we find that mounds of gravel when traced to the cliff-edge seem to end in this earthy Boulder Clay ; thus the gravel mounds, stretching from Speeton along the top of the chalk escarpment, pass into Boulder Clay, as far as one can judge from the imperfect sections. * Although obscuring the face of the low cliff, and sometimes capping the same, this Blown Sand is too small in amount and too variable in position to be shown on the Map. ft. in 25 7 4 1 5 1 2 2 LATE GLACIAL BEDS. 9 The following boring ia these beds at Danes Dike is furnished by Mr. Villiers : — "Strong Clay .... Running Sand Blue Clay . - - . Drift 45 ft..^ Dark Sand I Blue Clay - ... I Red Clay - l^Gravel ..... Rubble OLalk Hard Chalk Late Glacial Beds. At Bridlington Quay the Purple Boulder Clay is directly over- laid by a set o£ beds, consisting of sand and gravel and laminated clay. Immediately north of the town, for the distance of about half a mile, the cliff is low, being perhaps thirty feet above mean tide level. Along this portion of the cliff, the gravel, which immediately overlies the Boulder Clay, and which consists principally of chalk pebbles, is crushed and contorted in the strangest fashion. It contains included masses of Boulder Clay, and has tongues of Boulder Clay intruded into its midst. Fig. 2. Sketch North of Bridlington. a Boulder Clay. 6 Late Glacial Gravel. The surface of the Boulder Clay is, very irregular, in a manner that cannot be due to mere aqueous erosion ; thus, wherever there is a vertical wall of Boulder Clay the gravel beds are vertical too, and where there is an intruded tongue of Boulder Clay, the beds of gravel are bent round conformably to the shape of the intruded mass, while at other places all traces of bedding are lost in the general confusion. It is obvious that after or during the deposition of the gravel in regular layers, some force, probably that due to masses of ice in motion, crushed the clay and gravel together. These gravels, therefore, though posterior to the great mass of Boulder Clay, must be of Glacial age. In these gravels, Mr. Liamplugh has found Limnaa peregra in layers of sandy clay, so that they are probably, as their chalky character would itself suggest, old river gravels*. In fact the general appearance at * Proc. Geol. Soc. Yorkshire, N.S., vol. vii., page 389 ; 1881. Gravels at Pocklington, similar in character and position to those here descrihed, also contain freshwater shells in marly seams. Similar gravels at Driffield, which cannot he well separated from the valley gravels, are equally mixed up with Boulder Clay. As long ago as 1869, when we were mapping in Wharfedale, it seemed that the old river "ravels merged into drift ; and the same is to he seen in other river hasins. It is possible that some of the chalk-gravels at Danes Dike, &c., may he Pre-glacial, as is stated in the Explanation of Quarter-Sheet 95 S.E., and may indicate the existence of valleys or an old shore-line anterior to the Glacial period ; but the evidence is not sufficient to enable us to speak with certainty. 10 LATE GLACIAL BEDS. • Bridlington lends confirmation to the idea that there is a general passage, back by way of old river gravels into Glacial beds. At Potter Hill the cliiF rises to over 50 feet above mean tide level, and continues to rise by steps to Sewerby Park. Along this part of the cliff the gravels overlying the Boulder Clay are similar in lithological character to those last described; but unlike these, they are as a rule evenly bedded and free from contortions or intrusion of Boulder Clay, although there are in one or two places such contortions and dovetailing of gravel with Boulder Clay in the lower part of the gravel, so that we cannot separate the one from the other. As we go eastwards a band of gravel, consisting mainly of drift pebbles, and lying in undulating layers, comes in between the Boulder Clay and the evenly bedded chalky gravel. This is probably the tail end of the drift gravel that overlies the Boulder Clay at Danes Dike. On the south side of the town the cliff corresponds to that on the north side ; and the shape of the ground suggests that the two were once continuous. The section here is as follows : — At the bottom is Boulder Clay, overlain by gravel not continuous but lying in hollows in the Boulder Clay ; over this gravel and Boulder Clay we have beds of finely laminated sandy clay ("warp" of Professor Phillips), beautifully ripple-marked, passing northwards into sand ; then sand ; and at the top very fine chalky gravel. The bottom gravel looks of glacial origin ; and, near Applepie Cottage, where the greater part of the beds forming the cliff have been denuded and replaced by recent fluviatile and lacustrine deposits, the small portion left of the older beds, consisting of gravel and sand, partly abuts against a wall of Boulder Clay and partly is overlain by Boulder Clay. Among the beds of warp and sand there are no signs of glacial action, unless the crumpling of the laminae of warp at one spot, and at another the presence of a large erratic apparently embedded in fine sand and warp, be taken as such. In the sand over the warp there is a band of curious convolutions lying along a definite horizon. They are generally exactly like concretions in sandstone or rather incipient concretions, and such they probably are.* The topmost gravel is probably an old river gravel. It comes on about half a mile south of Clough Bridge and generally lies on an eroded surface of sand ; but at one spot, near Hilderthorpe, since swept away by the sea, it was most distinctly dovetailed with the sand. All these beds are therefore represented on the Map by the glacial colour, as being probably of the same general age as those on the other side of the town. The sands and gravels of the interior are also represented in the same manner. * Proc. Geol. Soc. Yorkshire, N.S., vol. viii., p. 32 j 1882. LACUSTRINE AND FLUVIATILE BEDS. 11 Lacustrine and Fluviatile Beds. The Glacial Beds are in many places overlain by lacustrine and fluviatile beds. These generally occupy hollows, or at all events circumscribed spaces, in the older beds. They are certainly of various ages, reaching probably back from very modem times to quite the close of the Glacial period ; but hitherto no evidence of so great an antiquity has been found. Dr. Nathorst examined the freshwater deposits of Bridlington in the year 1879, with a special view to the discovery of Arctic plants ; but though he found a leaf of Betula nana and also leaves of Myriophyllum or Hottonia, yet he failed to find any purely Arctic forms.* One of the most interesting of these deposits is that at Skipsea, described by Professor Philligs.f The following section was measured at this place : — Blue Clay and Peat - 1 to 2 feet. Marl with, shells - - - 2 to 4 „ Gravel ----- 6 inches. Boulder Clay - - The lacustrine beds, which dip at angles of 5° to 20° towards the centre of the basin, pass into sand and gravel northwards. The shells found in the Marl were Cyclas, with valves united, Biihynia and Limncea. At Bridlington Quay there are two exposures of similar lacustrine beds, one near Sands Cottage north of the town, the other at Applepie Cottage south of the town, where the section was in the following order : — Clay. Peat, Olay, Gravel, Boulder Clay. At Ulrome a Lake dwelling has lately been discovered by Mr. Boynton, which is of great interest, both on account of its being the first explored in England, and also as showing the state of the country in prehistoric times. The Stream Dike after passing Skipsea flows north for about two miles to join the " Old Howe," and opposite Ulrome Grange is the ancient waterway between two contiguous lakes, where this discovery has been made ; an account of which appeared in the Standard for November 1883, and from which we extract the following : — " In this waterway a platform was first commenced by placing trees and brushwood on the natural ground of the lake bottom. These trees consisted of oak, two kinds of willow, birch, alder, ash, and hazel The trunks were some of large size, 15 or 18 inches in diameter and as many feet in length, and had all been * A. G. Nathorst, Berattelse, afgifen till Kongl. Vetenskaps Akademien, om en med understod af allmanna medel utford vetenskaplig resa till England. 8vo Stockholm, 1880. His words are "Visserligen fann jag inya rent arktiska arter, men det ar troligt, alt dessa pS andra staUen skola kunna antrafEas." t Geology of the Yorkshire Coast, 3rd ed., p. 80 ; 1875. Professor Phillips also mentions an Elephant's tusk, and the head and antlers of Cervus megaceros, from these heds. u 15839. B 12 LACUSTllINE AND FLUVIATILB BEDS. cut down, but none were squared. These timbers were roughly placed to form a nearly rectilinear platform. They were placed on the north side, which was down the course of the stream, between two straight rows of blunt-pointed stakes, and this timber dam was still further supported from being washed away by several diagonal piles, placed to lean towards the mass as buttresses. On the south side, facing the motion of the stream, there is a single line of stakes to secure the timbers. The timbers were not indis- criminately thrown in, but are placed alternately longitudinally parallel with the length of the side, with shorter timbers put transversely, forming a rough interlacing. The outer sides of the platform are of timber, and the infilling of the interior space was mainly done with brushwood and branches, the surface having been levelled with bark and strewn with sand. The size of the platform is about 50 feet by 75 feet, the length being from east to west, or across the flow of the water between the peninsula and the island. The platform would seem to have been connected by plank bridges at the south-east and south-west corners with the neighbouring land. One of the platform timbers at the surface of the floor at the south-east comer has had its upper surface axed flat, probably for this purpose. The surface of the platform at the present time is three feet below the surface level of the sur- rounding land ; but it is 10 feet above the bottom of the lake. " The platform, as it is shown by the excavations, is of two ages. In the lowest construction rude bone, flint, and stone implements and articles are found, amongst them hammers and picks made from the antlers of red deer, and also fragments of very coarse dark pottery with white grains, such as constitutes the materials of British pottery. This original work was at a subsequent period raised and extended by the addition of further timbers and more brushwood. In this upper and newer portion a bronze spear-head has been found ; and the piles which have been driven into the platform to support or form the super- structures erected upon it are long pointed, and show plainly right- handed cuts by a metal axe used vertically The implements found in the lower platform at Ulrome are most interesting, and some are of previously unknown type. Of the latter are some 10 or a dozen made of the upper joint ends of the foreleg bones of large oxen, seemingly of Bos urus, which was broken ofl" about the middle of their length and the broken portion split aslant, forming large gouge-like implements which are each perforated by a hole about an inch in diameter drilled through between the flat sides. It has been suggested that these implements attached to long handles might have been used as hoes for tilling the ground ; they may however have been employed for excavating, as there has possibly been a pit dwelling on the peninsula near by the lake dwelling. Of the simple relics of animals discovered in the older pile dwelling are head and horns of Bos longifrons, head of horse,* bones and jaws of red deer, teeth and jawbones of wolves or large dog, bones of sheep, tusks of wild boar, a small skull, app^vrently of otter, and two bones of a large bird LACUSTBINE AND FLUVJATILE BEDS. 13 probably goose. There have been found also some pieces of charred wood. Of the flint articles there are some rectangular masses about an inch and a half thick, roughly squared to about six inches by four inches, by innumerable small short chippings, many flake knives of various sizes, flint spoons and a core from which small flakes had been riven, probably for pointing arrows. There have been also found a large, rounded, oval, coarse-grained stone with a flat surface for grinding (about fifteen inches by eight inches in dimensions), and a number of cupstones and hammer- stones." Before taking leave of the country let us say a word about the erratic boulders. Besides boulders of Carboniferous and Oolitic rocks there are vast numbers of igneous rocks. Perhaps the commonest of the larger erratics are those of the Whin Sill. There are also many that may have come from the English Lake Country. Boulders of Shap granite are very common on the shore north of Bridlington, but south of the town they are extremely rare ; in fact only one undoubted example has been observed in our district.* We have seen none in place in the Glacial Beds ; with two exceptions, they are all on the beach. There is one at the top of the cliff near Filey which has certainly not been moved far by human agency, as the ground slopes down from the cliff towardst the interior. There is also a very fine one at the Seamer Station which was dug out in getting gravel for ballast, but whether the boulder was fairly embedded in the gravel or was resting on the Oolitic rock and merely covered over by gravel is uncertain. The gravel here is 125 feet above the sea. J There is a very fine boulder of granite in Mr. Boynton's garden at Ulrome. There are also among the smaller erratics many characteristic red porphyrites which Mr. C. T. Clough informs us are exactly like the Old Bed Sandstone porphyrites of Scotland and the North of England. * Mr. Reid has observed one large boulder of Sbap Granite near Dimlington. There is also one built into a wall at Hornsea, t Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1879, p. 139. j Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1880, p. 110. 14 FOSSILS FROM THE BKIDLINGTON CRAG. FOSSILS FROM THE BRIDLIN&TON CRAG. lu the following list, compiled by Mr. 0. Reid, the Foraminifera are taken from the Palaaontographical Society's Monograph, by Messrs. Jones, Parker, and H. B. Brady, with the addition of the species lately obtained by Mr. Lamplugh and determined by Dr. W. H. Orosskey and Mr. H. B. Brady. The Bntomostraca are from the same sources, and have been determined by Messrs. Gr. S. Brady, Orosskey, and Robertson. The revised lists of Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, contained in Professor Phillips' " Geology of Yorkshire," and in Mr. Lamplngh's papers, have been used for the Mollusca. The other fossils are froni Mr. Lamplugh's latest paper, the Vertebrata having been named by Mr. E. T. Newton. A = Arctic. L= Littoral or shallow water; less than 100 fathoms. Plants. Potamogeton, sp. FoRiMINIFEKA. Bilooulina elongata, J)' Orb. „ ringens, Lam. Cassidnlina crassa, D'Orb. „ Isevigata, V Orb. Cornusplra foliacea, Ph. Cristellaria cultrata, Mont. Dentalina brcTis, D'Orb. „ communis, D'Orb. „ pauperata, D'Orb. Gaudryiiia pupoides, D'Orb. Glandulina laevigata, D' Orb. „ „ var. Totundata. „ ,, „ Ecqualis. Lagena globosa, Mont. „ laevigata, Reuss. „ laevis, Mont. „ squamosa, Mont. „ sulcata, W. Sf J. Miliolina seminulum, Z. Nonionina depressula, W. Sf J. „ orbicularis, H. Brady. „ scapha, F. §• M. Polymorphina compressa, D'Orb. „ lactea, W. Sf J. „ Thouini, D'Orb. PoIystomeUa striato-punctata, F. §• M. Pulvinulina Karsteni, Meuss. Quinqueloculina seminulum, Z. „ triangularis, D'Orb. Triloculina oblonga, Mont. Truncatulina lobatula, W. If J. Vaginulina laevigata, Hamer. „ legumen, i. ECHINODERMATA. Undetermined spines. ClKKIPEDIA. Balauus crenatus, Brag. „ Hameri, Asc. „ porcatus, Da C Verruca Stromia, Miill. EntoMostraca. Cythere angulata, G. O. Sars. „ concinna, Jones. „ costata, G. Brady. „ cribrosa, B. C. Sf R. „ dunelmensis, Norman. „ emarginata, G. O. Sars. „ fimbriata, Norman. „ globulifera, G. Brady. „ leioderma, Norman. „ McChesneyi, B. ^ C. „ mirabilis, G. Brady. „ tuberculata, G. O. Sars. „ villosa, G. O. Sars. Cytheridea elongata, G. Brady. „ papillosa. Bosquet. „ punctillata, G. Brady. „ Sorbyana, Jones. Cytheropteron angulatum, B. Sf K. „ latissimum, Norman. „ nodosum, G. Brady. Cytherura clathrata, G. O. Sars. Bucythere argus, G. O. Sars. Krithe glacialis, B. C. Sf R. Paradoxostoma ensiforme, G. Brady. „ pyriforme, B. C. Sf R. Selerochilus contortus, Norman. Folyzoa. Undetermined. Beachiopoda. Rhynchonella psittacea, Ckemn., A CONCHIPEKA. Anomia ephippium, Z., L & A „ „ var. aculeata, L & A „ „ squamula, L & A PecteD islandicus, Muller, A „ pes-lutrae, Z., „ opercularis, Z., L & A Astarte borealis, CAeiim., A „ „ var. mutabile, A „ „ „ Withaini, A „ compressa, Mont., L & A „ „ var. striata, L & A FOSSILS ■FEOM THE BRIDLINGTON CRAG. 15 CoNCaiVER A— continued. Astarte depressa, Broxin, A „ sulcata, i)a C, L & A „ „ var. elliptica, L & A Asdnopsls orbiculata, G.O. Sars,A Cardita borealis, Conrad, A Cardium edule, Z., L ,, groenlandicum, Chemn., A „ islandicum, L., A Corbula gibba, Olivi, L & A „ pusilla, Fhilippi, L & A Crenella decussata, Mom, L & A Cyprina islandica, L., L & A Donax vittatus, JDa C, L Leda intermedia, M. Sars, A „ lenticvila, Moll., A „ limatula, Say, A „ minuta, MillL, L & A „ „ var. buccata, „ pemula, Miill., A „ tenuis, Phil. L & A Maetra solida, L., var. elliptica., L & A Montacuta Dawsoni, Jeffreys, A Mya arenaria, L., L & A „ truncata, L., L & A „ ,, var. uddevalleusis, A Mytilus edulis, i., L & A „ modiolus, Z., L Nucula Cobboldiae, Leathes, „ nucleus, L., L & A „ tenuis, Mont., L & A „ „ var. inflata, L & A Pectunculus glycymeris, L., L & A Pholas crispata, L., L & A Saxicava norvegica, Spengler, L & A „ rugosa, L., L & A Solen ensis, L., L & A Tellina balthica, L., A „ calcaria, Chemn., A „ obliqua, J. Sow., „ pusilla, Philipi, L & A Thracia prsetenuis, Pult., L „ pubescens. Putt, L Veniis fluctuosa, Gould, A „ ovata, Pennant, L & A SOLENOOONCHIA. Dentalium entalis, Z., L & A „ striolatum, Stimpson, L & A Gastebopoda. Admete viridula, Fabr., A Amauia sulcosa, Leche, A Buccinum groenlandicum, Chemn.,A „ undatum, L., L & A Bulla erebristriata, Jeffr., Oolumbella rosacea, Qouid, A Cylichna alba, Brown, A „ sculpta, Leche, A Tasus curtus, Jeffr., „ var. expausa. „ despectus, L., A „ Kroyeri, Moll., A „ Leckenbyi, S. V. Wood, „ propinquus, Alder, A „ Sarsi, Jeffr., A „ spitzbergensis. Reeve, A Lacuna divaricata, Fabr., L & A Gastekopoda — continued. Lepeta caeca, Miill., A Littorina globosa, Jeffr., „ littorea, i., L & A „ obtusata, L., L & A „ var., L & A „ fudis, Maton, L & A Menestho albula, Fabr., A Natica affinis, Gmel., A „ „ var. occlusa, A „ groenlandica, Beck., A „ islandica, Gmel., A „ Montaeuti, Forbes, L & A Odostomia conspicua. Alder, L Pleurotoma bioarinata. Couth. A „ „ var. violacea A „ decussata. Couth. A „ „ var., A „ elegans, Moll., A J, exarata, M6U., A „ harpnlaria, Couth., A „ multistriata, Jeffr., Pleurotoma pyramidalis, Str., A „ simplex, Midd., A ,, Trevelyana, Turt., A „ turricula, Mont., L & A „ J, var, Dowsoni Puucturella Noachina, L., L & A Purpura lapillus, L., L & A Rissoa parva, Da Costa, L & A „ subperforata, Jeffr. „ Wyville — Thompsoni, Jeffr. , ;> )) ). var. Scalaria groenlandica, Chemn., A Trichotropis borealis B. Sf S., L & A Trochus cinereus. Couth., A „ cinerarius L., L & A „ groenlandious, Chemn., L & A „ varicosus, M. Sf A., A „ zizyphinus, Z., L & A Trophon clathratus, Z., A „ „ var. Gunneri, A „ ,, ,, truncata, A „ Fabricii, Beck, A „ latericeus, Miill., A Turritella erosa. Couth., A „ terebra, Z., L & A TJtriculus constrictus, Jeffr. „ obtusus,ilfoBi.,i;or. per- tenuis, A Vbrtebkata (probably derivative from Crag, Eocene or older rocks). Carcharodon. Chrysophrys. Lamna subulata, Ag. ,, ', sp. Myliobatis. Notidanus microdon, Ag. Oxyrhina. Platax Woodwardi, Ag. Baia batis, Mont. Otoliths, ganoid. Fish vertebrae. Plesiosaurus. Ruminant (fragment of tooth). Ursus, sp. 16 List op some Publications on the Disteict. 1826. Sedgwick, Rev. Prof. A. — On the Classification of the Strata which appear on the Yorkshire Coast. Ann. Phil. ser. '2, vol. xi, p. 339. 1829. _ Phillips, Prof. J. — Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire, or a Descrip- tion of the Strata and Organic Remains of the Yorkshire Coast. 4to. York. Ed. 2 in 1835. Ed. 3. in 1875. 1835. Bean, W.— A short Accoount of an interesting Deposit of Fossil Shells at Burlington Quay. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. viii., p 355. 1836. Phillips, Prof. J. — Notice of a newly discovered Tertiary Deposit on the Coast of Yorkshire (Bridlington). Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1836,IVoras. Sects., p. 62. 1846. Forbes, Peof. E.— On the Connexion between the Distribution of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, and the Geological Changes which have effected their area, especially during the epoch of the Northern Drift, Mem. Geol. Survey, vol. i. pp. 336-432. 1859. SoRBY, H. C.-^On the Crag Deposit at Bridlington, and the Microscopic Fossils occurring in it. Proc. Geol. Soc. Yorkshire, vol. iii. p. 659. 1864. Woodward, S. P. — Remarks on the Bridlington Crag, with a list of its Fossil Shells. Geol. Mag., vol. i, p. 49. 1868. Wood, S. V. Jun., and Rev. J. L. Rome. — dn the Glacial and Postglacial Structure of Lincolnshire and South-east Yorkshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxiv., p. 146. 1872. Wood, S. V. — Supplement to the Crag MoUusca, comprising Testacea from the Upper Tertiaries of the East of England. Part I. Univalves. With an Introductory Outline of the Geology of the same District, and Map, by S. V. Wood, Jun., and F. W. Harmer, Palcsontographical Soc. 1878. Lamplugh, G. W. — On the Occurrence of Marine Shells in the Boulder Clay of Bridlington and elsewhere on the Yorkshire coast. Geol. Mag. dec. II. vol. v., pp. 609, 573. 1879. '■ On ,the Occurrence of Freshwater Remains in the Boulder Clay at Bridlington. Geol. Mag. dec. II., vol vi., p. 393. 1880. Dakyns, J. R. — Glacial Beds at Bridlington, Proc. Geol. Soc. Yorkshire, N.S., vol. vii., p. 123. 1881. Glacial Deposits, North of Bridlington, Proc. Oeol. Soc, Yorkshire, N.S., vol. vii., p. 246, Lamplugh, G.W. — On the Bridlington and Dimlington Glacial Shell- beds. Geol. Mag. dec. II., vol. viii., p. 535. Nathorst, a. G. — UeberneueFundevonfossilenGlacialpflanzen. Engler's Bot. Jahrb. bd. i. heft. 5. 1882-1884. Lamplugh,G. W. — Glacial sections near Bridlington. Proc. Geol. Soc. Yorkshire, N.S., vol. vii., p. 383 ; vol. viii., p. 2/. ; vol. viii., p. 240. 1884. On a recent exposure of the Shelly Patches in the Boulder Clay at Bridlington Quay. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xl., p. 313. 17 INDEX. Applepie Cottage, 10, U. Arctic plants, 11. „ shelle, 4, 15, 16. Atwick, 8. B. Barmston, 8. " Basement Clay," The, 5. Beacon Hill, 8. Bean, Mr. "W., 4, 16. Bedwell, Mr., 4. Beverley and Barmston Drain, 2. Black Flints in the Drift, 4. Blown Sand, 8. Boulder Clay and Gravel, 4. Boulders, Erratic; 13. Boynton, Mr., 2, 11, 13. Brady, Mr. H. B., 14. Bridlington, 1. " Bridlington Crag," 4, 14. Bridlington Quay, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 11. Buried cliff, 1. Camahy, 3. Chadwick, Mr., 3. Chalk, The, 3. Clay and Gravel, Glacial, 4. Cliff buried, 1. Cliffs, height of, 1, 9, 10. Clough, Mr. C. T., 13. Clough Bridge, 10. Coast Erosion, 2. Colour of the Boulder Clay, 4, 6, 7. Concretions in the Boulder Clay, 10. Contortions in the Boulder Clay, 9, 10. Crag, Bridlington, 4. Cretaceous Kocks, 3. Crosskey, Dr. W. H., 14. D. Danes Dike, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10. DipoftheChalk, 3. Disturbances in the Chalk, 3.' Drainage of the country, 1, 2. Driffield, 1, 10. E. Earls Dike, 2. Ebbing and flowing well at Bridlington Quay, 6. Elevation of the country, 1, 2, 3. Erosion of the coast, 2. Erratic boulders, 13. Faults at Danes Dike and Silex Bay, 3. Filey Bay, 5, 13. Flamborough Headj 1, 3, 8. Flints, Black, in the Drift, 4. Fluviatile beds, 11. Forbes, Prof. B., 4, 16. Formations, table of, 3. Fossils from the Bridlington Oag, 14. ,, „ Lacustrine Beds, 11. G. Geological formations, I Gipsey Eace, 1, 2. Glacial beds, 4. Granite boulders, 13. Gravel, glacial, 4, 8. " Guttapercha clay," 5. H. Harmer, Mr. F. W,, 16. Hartburn, 8. Height of cliffs, 1. " Helks," 8. Hilderthorpe, 10. Holderness, 2, 4. Hornsea, 13. Hornsea Mere, 2. Hull River, 2. Humber, The, 2. Intermittent streams, 2. J. Jeffreys, Dr. Gwyn, 4, 14. Joints in the Boulder Clay, 5. Jones, Mr., 14. L. Lacustrine beds, 11. Lake dwelling at Ulrome, 11. Lamplugh, Mr., 4, 5, 6, 9, 14, 16. Late Glacial beds, 9. 18 INDEX. M. Marton Station, 3. N. Nafferton, 7. Nathorst, Dr. A. G., 11, 16. Newton, Mr. E. T., 14. O. " Old Howe," The, 11. Old river gravel, 9, 10. „ sea cliff, 1. Parker, Mr. 14. PhiUips, Prof., 11, 14, 16. Physical structure, 1. Plants, Arctic, 11. Pockhngton, 9. Porphyrite boulders, 13. Potter HiU, 10. Puhlications, list of, 16. " Purple Clay," The, 5. B. Beid, Mr. C, 1, 4, 13, 14. River gravels, 9. Eobertson, Mr., 14. Borne, Bev. J. L., 16. Sands Cottage, 1 1 . Section at Applepie Cottage, 1 1 . „ „ Bridlington, 10. „ in Danes Dike, 8. „ at Skipsea, 11. Seamer Station, 13. Sedgwick, Prof., 4, 16. Sewerby jPark, 10. SUex bay, 3. Sketch north of Bridlington, 9. „ on the west side of Danes Dike, 6. Skipsea, 6, 11. Sorby, Mr. H. C, 4, 16. Speeton, 8. Sponges in the Chalk, 8. Standard, extract from the, 11. Stream Dike, 2, 11. Streams, intermittent, 2. Structure of the country, 1, 2. Superficial deposits, 4. U. trirome, 2, 7, 11, 13. Upper Boulder Clay, 7, 8. Villiers, Mr., 9. V. w. « Warp," 10. Whin SiU boulders, 13. White chalk. The, 3. Wilsthorpe, 8. Wood, Mr. S. v., 4, 5, 16. 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