HU 6061 N275 HD6O61.N275" ""'""'"' """^^ '^^'?'mr'° "^^ Louisiana State Commission 3 1924 001 812 530 fWi ,# jL /J V"=--sT/o a-Ti on Consumer \ u ': macK aweanngtfa Wage Investigation MADE BY THE NEW ORLEANS CHAPTER OF THE NATIONAL CONSUMERS' LEAGUE N< Ng 1914 REPORT TO The Louisiana State Commission TO STUDY THE CONDITIONS OF Working Women and Children Appointed by Governor Hall, July 3, 1914 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS THE GIFT OF Mrs. Mack Swearingen ':^^mSif^xsmmilmarim>s-^ '■ OCTOBER 5, 1914 INTRODUCTION The following report comprises the data obtained in 34 establishments employing women and children in the city of New Orleans. The total number of women and children employees found on the payrolls of these employers for ithe period studied was 5,365. This is a little more than one-half of all the working women and children in New Orleans, according to the report of the Factory Inspector for the year ending September 1, .1913. Had not the Lane Cotton Mills, the Alden Stocking Mills, and the American Can Company re- fused their cooperation, and had they furnished the information asked for, the data of this report would have approached "nearer the two-thirds mark than the one-half of all employees. But the firms mentioned seem to have had reasons of their own for not disclosing to the public the wages paid to their employees, and therefore, one may surmise that the conditions of wages in these establishments is not any better, if not any worse, than in all other places of employment, and content himself with the data obtained. Not such was the attitude of the Bureau of Retail Merchants, who upon hearing of the efforts and aims of the Commission, have readily agreed and unanimously voted upon the fullest cooperation on their part.^ This friendly attitude is hereby acknowledged and appreciated. Nor were the merchants the only ones willing to cooperate with the Com- mission. Many a manufacturer has lent every possible assistance in furnish- ing the information desired, and above all, many ladies of the city have con- tributed their services to the Commission gratis, and have helped in gathering the facts as well as in tabulating the results. Chief among the volunteer workers were : Mrs. M. K. Gould, Miss Jean M. Gordon, and Miss Sue K. Gillean, all members of the Comfiijssion, and all willing, enthusiastic and efficient workers, without whose service the data of this report could not have been gathered and* tabulated in so short a time as it was. Other volunteer workers who rendered valuable service were: Miss Julie Koch, Miss Amy Hinrichs, Miss Alice Ivy, Miss Eleanore Behre, Miss Bertha Lisso, Miss Essie Lisso, Miss Georgia Gillean, Miss Innes Morris, Miss Lucille Fortier, Miss Elizabeth Woods, Miss Florence Cohn, Mrs. Emile J. O'Brien, Mrs. M. P. Powell, Mrs. Sarah Whitney, Mrs. Herman Gessner. Mention should also^be made of the kind services of Mrs. Ida Porter Boyer of the Woman Suffrage Headquarters, who accommodated and facilitated the work of the volunteers for the Commission in her offlce at 332 Baronne Street. The Aim and Scope of the Investigation. The sole aim of the Commission was to obtain accurate facts with regaid to the wages paid to women and children in industry. There were no pre- conceived plans regarding the recommendation of a minimum wage iyr women, though some employers were rather inclined to think that this was the only purpose of the investigation. In fact, almost the reverse was triTe namely : the verification of the frequent statements of employers to the effelct that the lower rates of wages are usually paid to minors, or inexperienced tor unskilled employees. And if this were found to be true, the task of recoAi- mending a minimum wage for women and children would indeed be a difficiftlt — 2 — and serious one. In short, the investigation was made without bias or par- tiality, all rates of wages, low or high, were copied, tabulated and summarized, and the actual conditions found are recorded in the accompanying tables. The investigation was made in all employments where women and chil- dren were to be found in considerable numbers. Ten of the largest stores were studied, 3 tobacco and cigar factories, 7 laundries, 3 bag factories, the telephone exchanges, and a miscellaneous group consisting of 3 cracker fac- tories, 2 candy factories, 1 chewing gum factory, 1 paper box factory, 2 overall factories, and 1 cotton mill. Only the matter of wages was looked into, as it was felt that tjie conditions relating to hours of work, sanitation, child labor, night work, etc., were sufficiently well covered by the Factory Inspector. The subject of wages, however, has scarcely ever been treated satisfactorily, since only the customary averages of wages have heretofore been obtained. To be more specific : the bulk of wages paid out by a given employer was divided by the total number of employees, and the amount thus obtained was said to be the average wage. One can scarcely see any value in such findings, since averages of such a sort riot only do not represent conditions, but also directly distort and misrepresent them. For, if one wage-earner is paid $20.00 a week and another one is earning $4.00 a week, to combine their wages, divide them by two, and say that each one of these two wage-earners received $12.00 a week is indeed misleading. Another method was, therefore, thought of and adopted in this investigation. Method of Procedure. In order to obtain an exact picture of the wages of women as they are actually paid, the payrolls of the firms and corporations visited were copied, and the wages of every individual employee for 5 consecutive weeks, between October 15 and November 12 (inclusive), 1913, were recorded. Also, the amount of absence from work during this period was recorded for every em- ployee separately. Then the 5 weeks' earnings of each employee were first added and then divided by 5, and the amount obtained was taken for the average earnings of the wage-earner. An absence not exceeding 4 days for the 5-weeks period was allowed, that is, if an employee was absent from work for 1, 2, 3, or 4 days during the period that her wages were copied for, her total net earnings were still divided by 5, and the amount found was taken to ' be her average wage. Such an allowance for absence from work seems jus- tifiable, since it would amount to only 6 weeks' loss of time for a full year, and considering such matters as illness, forced vacations, etc., not to speak of unemployment due to busy and slack seasons, the average weekly earnings of a given employee will surely not exceed those found in this report. More- over, about one-half of all the individual earnings recorded were those of piece-workers, for whom no time records were available, and whose absence from work could not be ascertained from the payrolls. On the other hand, about four-fifths of all the week-workers are represented by the employees of department stores, where the total time lost through absence was so insig- nificant as to be negligible, and where the weekly rate was practically the average wage. Only two exceptions to the method of procedure as set forth above were made in the case of the telephone exchanges and in one tobacco factory. In the former the amount of absence was so small that the rate of wages was taken for the actual net earnings. In the latter the earnings of the em- ployees were available for only one week in August of this year. But, ac- cording to the assurances of the general manager of this corporation, the Property of — 3 — lARTIN P. CATHERWOOD LIBRARY mW:. FATE SCHOOL INDUSTRIAL m liSOR RELATIONS Corrt«:!l l.'niv^rsity earnings found for that week could readily be taken for the average earnings of their employees, without the slightest fear of misrepresentation. For, ex- cepting a few week-workers, beginners only, the majority of these employees were paid on a piece-scale bksis, and while some of the employees may have earned a smaller wage for the particular week than their average wage is, others have earned more than they usually do, and the assurance was given that the total amount of the payroll is identically the same for a given num- ber of employees froiri week to week. In addition to the individual wage-study and rate-grouping, the follow- ing schedule-card was distributed in every establishment visited, and filled in by every employee separately. 1. Employee's Name 2. Address 3. Sex 4. Age 5. Occupation 6. How old when first began work for wages ? 7. How long in this line of work ? 8. How long with this firm ? : 9. Living at home?.; :. " ; 10. Boarding 1 With relations ? or Strangers ? The purpose of this detailed inquiry was to find out what bearing the age, occupation, experience in the work, and length of service for one firm had upon the wages that a woman wage-earner was paid. Also, to obtain an ap- proximate idea as to what proportion of women in industry are self-support- ing, and to supplement this wage-study with a study of home surroundings or environment. The results of this inquiry were not as satisfactory as eouM be desired. In the first place, the payrolls studied were for the period of October to the middle of November, 1913. It was thought that the autumn season is representing industry at its best, since business activity is the great- est then, the demand for working people more urgent, and the wages, per- haps, somewhat higher as compared with the slacker seasons of the spring or summer. -When the individual schedule-cards were returned they were found to number only 2,923, as against 5,365 on the payrolls of the firms. The _ remaining unlocated employees have either resigned, or been laid off, oi* tem- porarily absent during the time the investigation was made. Also, it was necessary to postpone, for the present at least, the study of the home-environ- ment, on account of the time limit set on this investigation by the limited finances at the disposal of the Commission. Nevertheless, the results ob- tained are satisfactory enough to justify fully the efforts made. Arrangement and Classification of the Statistical Tables. The first group of the statistical tables under the heading of "All Em- ployments" comprise the grand totals of women and children employed in all the 34 establishments visited, regardless of the nature of the industry or the particular occupations of the wage-earners. Here will be found the total numbers of working women, classified according to the rates of wages they are receiving, and according to earnings in conjunction with the age experience, and length of service of employees. But one realizes, of course' that somewhat- different conditions obtain in department stores than in fac- tories, or in laundries, as compared with telephone exchanges For this reason the tables that follow classify each industry separatelv, excepting the miscellaneous gj-oup which contains factories of only one or two of one kind — 4 — and where the number of employees in each were so small as to make it un- safe to form any percentages on that basis. Finally, the author of this report wishes to say, that while the utmost care was exercised in gathering accurate data and classifying, them aarefuUy and conscientiously, yet he would not claim absolute immunity from a slight error that may have crept in here or there inadvertently, and that all fair criticism is hereby invited and will be cordially appreciated. Wages of Women and Children in "All Emplojonents. " (Analysis of Tables I-IV, inclusive) Studying Table I, we find the following facts: Of the 5,365 women and children whose rates of wages or average earn- ings were obtained, 1,282 or 24% earned less than $4.00 per week. Those that earned less than $6.00 a week numbered 1,741, or 56.3%. The number of wage-earners receiving $10.00 a week and upward of $10.00 was 555, or 10.3%, while the women that earned $20.00 a week and over, numbered 43, or less than 1%. In other words, of all women and children in industry, near- ly one-fourth earn less than $4.00 a week, by far the greater half receiving less than $6.00 a week, only 10 in a hundred receive $10.00 a week or over $10.00, while npt even 1 in a hundred is paid $20.00 or over $20.00 per week. But these are only general figures, irrespective of age, experience, length of service, or occupation, and therefore, it could be thought or said that the .lower rates of wages are earned by minors or inexperienced employees, etc. One may therefore examine Table II and study wages in connection with the age of employees. The main facts about the ages of womeil in industry are these : Of the 2,923 persons whose ages were obtained only 108 were children ■ under 16 years, 353 were between 16 and 18 years old, 2,120 were between 18 and 35 years of age, and 342 were over 35 -years old. In other words, 15.8% were under the age of 18 years, 11.7% were over 35 years, while 72.5%, or nearly three-fourths of all women wage-earners, were between 18 and 35 years of age. As to the relation of the wage to the age of woman-workers, the follo"vsr- ing facts were found: Of 490 workers earning less than, $4.00 a week, 85 were children under 16 years, 154 girls between 16 and 18 years, 180 between 18 and 25 years, and 71 women 25 years of age and over. This means that even if one should consider girls under 18 years of age as possible juniors or ap- prentices, the greater half of those earning less than $4.00 a week would be women o%er 18 years old, while 14 or 15 women in every hundred that earn less than $4.00 a week are women of 25 years of age or over 25. Of the 1,427 women (out of 2,923) that earned less than $6.00 a week, 377 were girls under 18 years of age, 739 between 18 and 25 years, and 311 women were 25 years , of age and over 25. It should be noted, perhaps, further, that- in all there were 994 women '25 years of age or upward of 25. Of these 994, 249, or 25.5%, were earning $10.00 and upward per week, while 311, or 31.3%, were earning less than $6.00 a week. This for women over 25 years old! However, age is not the main factor in determining the wage of a woman worker. Perhaps a young girl with a few years' experience in her work is worth more than an felderly woman without any experience, etc. Table IIIj therefore, will be just in place to enlighten one on this subject. Of the 490 persons that earned less than $4.00 a week, 148 had had less than 1 year's experience in their pai-ticular line of work, 136 had had from 1 to 2 years' experience, and 206 from 2 to 25 years. Among these women — 5 — there were 59 who had practiced their respective occupations for over 5 years and up to 25 years, — all for less than $4.00 a week. Of the 1,427 wage-earners whose income was less than $6.00 per week, 281 had had less than 1 year's experience, 234 from 1 to 2 years, and 912 from 2 to 25 years. Among these 1,427 women there were 1,036 who had had from 5 to 12 years' experience in their work. Of these 1,036, 152, or 14.7%, earned $10.00 and upward per week, while 296, or 28.6%, earned less than $6.00 a week ; that is, in other words, that of the women wage-earners who had had 5 to 12 years' experience in their work, 1 in 7 has the chance of earning $10.00 or upward per week, while 2 in 7 have the chance of earning less than $6.00 a week. "But even experience in one's work is not the chief factor in determin- ing wages," is often asserted by employers. "For, the preference of promo- tion is given to those who have remained longest in the employ of the firm," etc. Table IV records in detail the relation of vs^ages to the length of service of wage-earners, and a summary of Table IV may not be out of place here. ; Of the 490 employees earning less than $4.00 a week, 139 have served their employers for less than 1 year, 153 for 1 to 2 years, and 198 from 2 to 25 years. Of the 1,427 employees earning less than $6.00 a week, 295 have been with their employers for less than 1 year, 273 for 1 to 2 years, and 859 for 2 to 25 years. In all there were 929 workers who had been with their respective employers for from 5 to 12 years.. Of these 929, 166 were paid $10.00 and upward per week, while 251 earned less than $6.00 a week. The number of employees who had been with their employers for from 10 to 25 years is 371. Of these 371, 146 earned $10.00' and upward per week, while 70 still earned less than $6.00 a week. In short, to summarize briefly all the foregoing, one arrives at the following conclusion : That while it is true that minors or juniors, inexperienced, and newly employed unskilled workers are usually paid the lower rates of wages,, yet there is no hard ,and fast rule that with advance in age, accumulation of experience in one's work, and prolonga- tion of service for a given employer, the wages of a woman worker will also advance. As witness the fact that many women wage-earners, of every sort and description, who possess these would-be qualifications, are still paid the lower rates of wages. So much for a general analysis of the wages of women and children in industry. In justice, however, to some industries, as well as for the sake of comparing the different rates of wages paid to women in different employ- ments, separate examination of the wages in various employments should be made. This follows. Department Stores. The Department Stores, as a group, are the largest employers of women and children in the city of New Orleans. In the 10 stores visited, the total number of women and children wage-earners was 2,272. The detailed classi- fication of the rates of wages, ages, etc., of these workers will be found in Tables V-IX, inclusive. The following is but a summary of these Tables : Studying Table V one finds that of the 2,272 employees in the stores, 380, or 16.5%, were paid $3.00 a week, or less than $3.00.; 752 persons, or 33%, were paid $4.00 a week or less; 1,421, or 62.5%, were paid $6.00 a week or less than $6.00, while only 347 employees, or 15.3%, were earning $10.00 to $25.00 and upward per week. In other words, 16 or 17 women and children in every hundred were receiving $3.00 or less than $3.00 per week ; 33 in each hundred, or 1 in 3, were earning $4.00 or less per week ; 62 or 63 of every hun- dred were paid $6.00 or less per week, and 15 or 16 employees in a hundred earned from $10.00 to $25.00 and upward per week. • — 6 — Wages of Women and Children in Relation to Their Ages. (Summary of Table VI) As was the case with ' ' All Employments, ' ' the number of individual sched- ule cards secured in the Department Stores was 1,054, as against 2.272 on the payrolls of the firms. Of these 1,054 employees, 276 were paid $4.00 a week or less than $4.00. Of the 276, 31 were children under 16 years of age, 85 between 16 and 18 years old, and 160, or 85% of all, were girls and women 18 to 30 years old. Of the employees that earned $6.00 or less per week there were in all 596. Of these 596, 31 were children under 16 years of age, 100 were girls 16 to 18 years old, and 465, or 78% of all those that earned $6.00 or less per week, were girls and women ranging in age between 18 and 50 years. Perhaps a few more points should be noted in Table VI, namely: That nearly four-fifths of all women employed in Department Stores, or 805 out of 1,054, are of the ages between 18 and 35 years ; that out of 311 young women employees, only 16 are earning $6.50 and upward per week, and that out of 366 women 25 years of age and over, 66 are earning $6.00 or less than $6.00 per week. Wages of Women and Children in Relation to Their Experience. (Analysis of Table VII.) Of the 276 employees in Department Stores, earning $4.00 or less per week, 60 employees had had less than one year's experience in their respective lines of work, 72 had had from 1 to 2 years' experience, and 144, or the greater half, had followed their particular occupations from 2 to 8 years. Of the 596 earning $6.00 or less per week, 92 employees had had less than 1 year's experience, 99 from 1 to 2 years, and 405, or more than two-thirds of all those earning $6.00 or less per week, had been following their occupations for from 2 to 15 years. , As to the chances of promotion or advancement due to experience in one's work, one finds the following evidence: That out of 206 employees that had had less than 2 years' experience, 15 employees earned $6.50 and upward per week, while out of 442 wage-earners with experience in their work of from 5 to 15 years, 147, or 33%, were earning $6.00 or less per week. Also, with the insignificant exception of 11 employees earning $10.00 and upward per week out of 522 women and children whose experience was less than 5 years, the total number of employees with an experience record of from 5 to upward of 25 years, who were earning $10.00 or more per week, was 175 out of 532. In other words, with but a very slight exception, it re- quires 5 to 25 years of experience for a woman in a Department Store to be a;b]e. to earn $10.00 or more per week, and even then her chances are only .1 in 3, 357 employees out of 532 never having earned even $10.00 per week. Wages of Women and Children in Relation to- Their Length of Service for One Firm. (Analysis of Table VIII.) As to the effect that long service for one firm has upon the wages of a woman employee in a Department Store, one finds the following evijdence : Of the 276 employees that earned $4.00 or less per week, 62 had been with their respective employers for less than 1 year; 81 had served from 1 to 2 years, and 133, or nearly one-half, had worked for one and the same firm — 7 — for 2 to 8 years. Of the 596 wage-earners whose income was $6.00 or less per week, 115 had served their employers for less than a year; 122, from 1 to 2 years, and 359, or three-fourths of all, had been with their respeetive firms from 2 to 12 years. When one examines the higher wages, he finds that out of the 662 employees who had been with their firms for less than 5 years, 46 have earned $10.00 or more per week, and that of the 125 women that had worked for their firms from 10 to upward of 25 years, 46 have earned less than $10.00 per week. There remains now one more item to be examined, and that is, the Rela- tion of the Occupation to the Wage of the Department Store Employee. Studying Table IX, one can readily see that occupation of the stock or check girls, wrappers, and cashiers, are of the poorest paying, 85 persons out of 98 earning $4.00 or less per week. Of course, it must be borne in mind that in these occupations are usually found the youngest girls. When the most skilled occupations are examined, such as buyers, managers of departments, dressmakers, milliners, fitters, and the like, the higher rate of wages are found to predominate. But when saleswomen are considered, the occupation of the greater half of the Department Store employees, one finds the same general rule, or lack of rule, as everywhere, namely: that various rates of wages are being paid to workers in one and the same occupation, with the majority earning $6.00 or less than $6.00 per week. Thus, no matter from what point of view one studies the wages of women, he cannot learn of any definite causes or conditions that would lead toward higher wages, except, perhaps, many years of experience and long service; but even these qualifications are not assurances for promotion or advancement. Wages of Women and Children in Other Industries. The industries next of importance to the Department Stores, in the order of the numbers of women and children they employ, are : The tobacco and cigar industry, with 1,133 employees ; laundries, with 534 employees ; bag factories, with 430 employees; telephone exchanges, with 344 employees, and a miscellaneous group, with 652 women and children employees. It would seem useless to analyze in deta:il each of these industries, since the appended Tables contain all the data necessary for such analysis, and anyone interested in general combinations of figures, or percentages, can easily form that for himself. SufSce it tg say, therefore, that out of the 1,133 employees in the tobacco industry, 26.5% are earning less than $4.00 per week, and 52% are eiarning less than $6.00 per week. In the laundries, out of 534 employees, 28.3% are earning less than $4.00 a week, and 81.3 7o are paid less than $6.00 per week. In the bag factories, the percentage of those earning under $4.00 a week is 33.5%, and 77.4% earn less than $6.00 per week. In the mis- cellaneous group of factories, 25.3% earn under $4.00 a week, and 61.2% under $6.00 per week. . More or elss similar conditions obtain with respect to advanced age, accumulated experience, and prolonged service. The only exception to these general conditions of women's wages in in- dustry IS presented by the telephone exchanges. Here one finds that not only less than 26% of the employees . earn under $6.00 a week while one- haLf earn $8.00 or more per week, but also that the lower rates of wages are actually paid to the inexperienced ones, and that with everv three months of added experience, the wages of employees increase according to definite rules set down by the Company. Another point (though of doubtful value) to be made in behalf of the telephone exchanges, is this: The earnings of the employees in the exchanges are actually greater than those given in the Tables of this report since all employees are called upon to work on Sundays, or, at least, on alternate Sundays, and for this day they are paid additional pro rata wages. But whether this condition is advantageous or not, every one can judge best for himself. Such, then, are the wages, of women and children in New Orleans. But, perhaps, a brief discussion of the meaning of wages will not be superfluous. In the Tables of this report, only the nominal wages or earnings of employees are recorded, that is, the wages paid to them in money, by their employers. This is, of course, different from real wages, that is, from what wage-earners can purchase with the money they earn. In other words, the main point of interest in the study of wages is: How much bread, meat, sugar, necessary clothing, etc., can a wage-earner purchase with the money he earns? It seems pretty certain that on $4.00 or $5.00 a week one can scarcely purchase all the necessaries of life. But that is not all. What about the constant growth of the cost of foodstuffs? Whether prices rise because of a crop sh6rtage, or because of the ability of a few to corner the market, or because of the desire of others to conquer the World — whatever the cause of increased prices is, do wages also rise in sympathy? No, it would not seem so. On the contrary, some wage-earners drop out of employment altogether. This, there- fore, is a very important item to be considered in connection with a study of nominal wages. "But what about the employers of labor," one might ask. "Are not they laboring under difficulty in times of industrial depressions, panics, etc?" True enough, they are. Still merchants and manufacturers have, at least, the same oportunity to benefit and gain profit in prosperous years. Is the same true of the poor woman wage-earner who is working her life away for $4.00 or $5.00 a week? It is said sometimes that the people working for $3.00 to $4.00 a week are really not in need of work at all, but seek employment for the sake of pastime, or use their earnings merely as "pin" money. Allowing for some possible exceptions of this sort, as a rule an assertion like this seems rather incredible. For, what parents would let their children spend whole days and weeks in a factory or store for any such low compensation, were not the earn- ings of the children absolutely necessary to help support the family, which means, in other words, to pay for the support or subsistence of the workers? Or what human beings (generally characterized as very lazy creatures) would t)f their own accord be willing to pass their best years in the store or factory, were they not compelled by circumstances to do so? And if their earnings are needed for their support, would three or four dollars a week pay for that? In the opinion of at least one employer of labor, the lowest wage that a woman could support herself on, and live decently, was estimated at $8.00 per week. Yet there are cases on record where self-supporting women earn but half, or slightly more than half, of this estimated necessary wage. How are they faring? Sometimes it is asserted by managers of Department Stores, that almost a third of their working selling force is superfluous; that were it not for the busy days of Saturdays and Mondays, two-thirds of their employees would suffice to do the work of the other days of the week. In other words, that wages are not high because the number of employees is unduly large, due to special demands on certain rush days of the week, while otherwise the work is light and the income small, etc. Also, that in some departments, at least, no skill is required, as in the case of sales-counters where the articles are marked and priced, and all that is required of the salesperson is merely to wrap up the article, or give change, etc. "Almost a child could do that." — 9 — All this may be perfectly true, still the question of wages is a question of sufficiency of food, shelter, clothing, and the like, and not at all o± how difli- cult or light the task is that the employee is to perform. No matter how light her work is, the woman worker in the store is Still expected to be there all day long and every day in the week; she has no other income, nor can she do any other remunerative work. Is it asking too much that her employer should pay for her subsistance? In some factories as well as in some stores, an employer will occasionally point out with pride his benevolence and thoughtful consideration of his em- ployees. Here or there one may find a lunch room in the factory or store, where the workers can get a fairly satisfactory lunch for but a few cents. The maintenance of this lunch room is some expense to the employer, perhaps some saving to the w'orkers, and in consequence of this the institution of the lunch room is regarded now and then as a direct addition to the wages or in- come of the employees. No doubt a lunch room in a factory is an accommo- dating feature, yet it is not at all certain that wage-earners would not prefer a somewhat increased wage, and care themselves for their lunches. Per- haps, those at least living in the immediate vicinity, might like to share their lunches with their families. Sundry Remarks. To forewarn what might seem fair and just criticism, the following should be clearly stated : In preparing the Tables on wages in Department Stores, no attention was paid to commissions, premiums, or bonuses earned occasionally by Department Store employees. The reason for such an omission is that premiums or com- missions are uncertain quantities, an employee earning one amount in one month, and a different sum in another month, and so it is almost impossible to strike an approximate average to the wages of a given employee. This omis- sion, however, ig not an important matter, as it affects only a small percentage of saleswomen in certain departments only. Besides, the women earning commissions are usually of the better paid class, and there the difference in the margin of income is wide enough to include even the possible commission. In other words, if a woman is said to be earning $12.00 to $15.00, $15.00- to $18.00, $20.00 to $25.00 per week, her wage may actually be only $12.00, or $15.00, or $20.00 per week, in which case, a few dollars a month added through commissions, would not change her place in the classification. Likewise, in one of the bag factories, there is a practice to add to the wages of the employees at the end of the year an annual premium equal to 2% of the total wages for that year, for every year of service up to 10 years. That is, an employee who had been with the firm for one full year, receives a premium of '2% of her annual income; one who had served the firm, for 2 years receives a premium of 4%; for 3 years' service, a 6% premium is given, and so on, up to 20% premium for 10 years or more of service. Those premiums, however, were not included in preparing the tables on the rates of wages, and this for the following reasons : In the first place, the premiums are paid only when the employee has served the firm a full year, but nobody can tell in advance whethei: a given employee will or will not remain for the full term of service. Secondly, the weekly rates of wages are paid on a basis of 60 hours per week, whereas the factory is in operation onlv 55 hours a week. In other words, when an employee was rated as earning $6.00 a week, the actual jncome of the employee would be, in fact, only $5.50. Add to this a little of the time lost during the slack season of the year, and the annual premium of the employee is fully offset — even when it is paid. Also, in one of the tobacco factories, the number of apprentices earning less than $2.00 per week is considerable. It should be made known, however, that while the actual wage of the apprentices is $1.00 to $1.50 per week, still they are credited weekly on the books of the firm with $1.00 for every week of the first three months of their apprenticeship, which money is paid to them in full after they have served the firm for one year. It is self-evident that these possible additions to the wages of apprentices could not be included in the tables on rates of wages, since it is impossible to foretell how many, if any, of the apprentices, will ever receive the profits credited to them on paper. Conclusion. From the foregoing, one can arrive at but one conclusion, namely: that no matter what are the causes determining wages, the earnings of women in industry are exceedingly low in a great many cases, and scarcely enough for subsistence; that talk as much as one may wish of personal efficiency, indus- triousness, ambition, etc., the striking fact is that nearly three-fourths of all women in industry are between the ages of 18 and 35 years, that is, that they are spending in work the best years of their lives, whether for a low or fair wage, while girls under 18 years of age as well as women over 35 years old are working, for the most part, for the lowest rates of wages. Which is to say, in other words, that those that have joined the industrial ranks before they acquired sufficient preparation or development for their tasks in industry, as well as those that have spent all their vitality in the factory or store, are obliged to content themselves with as meagre a wage as is dealt out to them. This is, indeed, just and encouraging, is it not ? If not, then something should be done to change or improve conditions somewhat. What it is that can be done may best be left to the older and wiser members of the community to decide. Respectfully submitted, SAMUEL HARTZMANN. TABIjX} 1 -' 'AH Employments. '' Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Rate or Average Earnings. INDUSTRY Under 2 00 2 50 3 00 3 SO 4 00 4 50 5 00 5 50 6 00 6 50 7 00 7 5o!8 00 9 10 12 15 18 20 25 Total |2 00 2 bO i 00 3 SO 4 00 4 50 5 00 5 50 5 00 6 50 7 00 7 50 8 00 9 00 10 12 15 18 20 25 0»«r Department Stores Tobacco & Cigar Factories 15 64 108 193 120 252 93 283 51 241 35 186 29 173 R2 108 104 72 21 17 25 2272 46 41 61 62 90 70 79 70 70 65 69 50 58 85 68 92 45 10 1 1 1133 Laundries _ . 1 12 55 83 85 73 77 48 36 17 1? 6 7 6 7 fi ?. 1 534 Bag Factories Telephone Exchanges • 4 19 32 S9 40 fiS 46 35 ?.f, 21 16 10 ■5 3 5 ■ 1 430 22 7 30 30 17 23 40 142 13 12 5 1 2 344 Miscellaneous Group 16 28 23 43 55 57 63 60 54 54 48 41 33 33 27 14 3 652 Total 77 138 223 407 437 504 383 566 288 439 213 305 176 455 199 238 164 85 25 18 25 5365 TABLE 2. Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Age, in "All Employments.' AGE Under 2 00 2 SO 3 SO 3 50 4 00 4 50 5 00 5 50 6 00 6 50 7 00 7 50 8 on 9 10 12 15 18 20 25 Total $2 GO 2 50 3 00 4 00 4 00 4 50 5 00 5 50 6 00 6 50 7 00 7 SO 8 00 9 00 10 12 IS 18 20 25 Over 14-15 years 6 8 4 5 2 3 2 1 1 32 15-16 3 IS 10 21 11 5 3 1 3 2 2 76 16-17 7 13 IS 32 23 16 7 7 10 2 4 4 2 7 2 3 157 17-18 3 7 7 31 23 39 16 IS 10 S 8 6 10 4 5 6 1 196 18-19 3 4 7 IS 26 33 27 31 29 11 8 8 9 8 7 2 228 19-20 2 1 6 17 21 38 22 53 24 26 la 13 9 20 6 6 5 1 288 20-22 4 6 11 22 44 41 62 31 46 36 30 31 60 13 23 7 2 469 22-25 2 3 3 2 3 2 7 S 10 13 25 12 22 25 32 32 45 37 52 36 32 29 41 24 33 19 95 75 31 43 29 55 13 28 6 15 2 2 ..483 25-30 457 30-35 3 1 3 1 3 2 2 5 a 8 9 12 10 8 6 9 11 8 7 10 6 12 3 34 13 12 10 28 16 21 13 11 9 1 2 3 1 4 5 195 35-40 135 40-45 2 1 2 4 1 2 5 7 3 8 7 12 5 4 5 4 1 I 9 5 4 2 9 2 8 3 5 2 7 3 5 3 1 S ins 45-50 52 SO ..: 1 -2 2 4 5 7 2 7 1 1 4 5 2 3 2 2 50 Total 33 62 71 157 167 245 199 279 214 204 168 161 136 330 142 177 98 54 5 1 7 14 2923 TABLE 8-' 'All Emplojanents." Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children — By Experience. EXPERIENCE Ilndrr 2 O0I2 SO 3 00 3 50 4 00 4 SO 5 00 S 50 6 00 6 50 7 00 7 ,50 8 00 9 10 12 IS 18 20 25 Total $2 00 2 50 3 00 3 SO 4 00 4 50 5 00 5 50 6 00 6 50 7 00 7 SO 8 00 9 00 10 12 15 18 20 25 Over 21 2t 1 21 13 33 8 25 2 33 S 29 17 18 14 15 13 2 S 3 1 1 2 2 4 1 • 7 1 66 6 months — 1 year. 2.57 1- 2 j-ears ^ 3 2 20 8 14 15 53 24 46 28 37 56 17 36 24 41 20 28 14 10 27 8 S 18 16 17 16 .38 ' t 4 4 2 320 3- 3 340 3-4 1 2 8 13 22 52 37 47 29 24 16 15 19 .18 15 8 4 .\5n 4-S 2 2 4 6 13 15 23 35 23 29 13 20 14 36 9 S 4 1 2.57 5- 6 ; 1 1 3 A 23 13 26 18 23 15 23 6 30 11 14 3 2 216 6- 7 1 S b 4 • 7 16 17 26 23 12 4 22 4 10 6 1 163 7-8 1 1 1 1 4 3 5 8 6 6 12 9 13 12 10 11 18 6 14 13 9 16 34 26 12 17 12 12 4 7 1 2 1.59 8- 9 149 9-10 2 1 3 9 4 12 9 6 6 20 11 13 5 1 1 103 10-12 2 1 2 2 6 9 6 11 9 16 10 16 24 38 36 25 22 10 1 246 12-15 . 1 3 7 5 9 4 9 4 11 4 17 6 10 2 3 3 98 15-18 1 3 2 .3 6 2 4 6 5 11 20 17 8 2 4 94 18-20 4 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 3 2 1 6 1 6 1 1 1 1 12 20-22 36 22-25 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 6 1 2 ■ 1 1 3 2 4 1 2 2 6 5 ,1 3 2 14 25 43 Total 33 62 71 157 167 245 199 279 214 204 168 161 136 330 142 177 98 54 5 7 14 2923 ■I5- TABIiE 4— "All Employments." Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Service. IvENGTH OF SERVICE Under $2 00 2 00 2 50 2 50 3 00 3 00 3 50 3 50 4 00 4 00 4 50 4 50 5 00 5 00 5 50 5 50 6 00 6 GO 6 50 6 50 7 00 7 00 7:50 7 50 8 00 8 00 9 00 9 10 6 10 12 8 12 15 2 15 18 1 18 20 20 25 25 Over Total Under 6 months 23 25 1 ?.n 10 33 2 25 5 35 8 31 17 26 11 23 1 12 2 8 3 1 1 . 1 3 59 6 months — 1 year 10 17 24 55 47 43 23 33 21 27 25 14 20 21 4 ' 395 2-3 2 1,0 13 ?n 3f; 49 38 38 311 16 11 21 19 44 lb 9 5 1 377 3- 4 IS 17 97 "il 77 46 34 27 11 25 18 43 11 17 7 3 3V0 4- 5 ;. 1 1 3 2 1 6 3 14 5 19 18 22 15 38 26 25 18 36 28 17 17 21 19 22 ■ 6 36 35 13 14 13 20 S 7 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 303 5- 6 239 6- 7 1 3 1 4 5 1 3 5 4 8 10 6 3 13 12 6 16 9 7 23 15 5 19 16 5 IS S 11 7 22 31 23 10 11 16 11 8 15 8 6 7 4 2 2 1 i 180 7- 8 144. 8- 9 119 9-10 ? 1 7 5 7 4 2 7 24 6 9 2 4 1 81 10-12 2 1 9 ? 3 5 11 6 7 9 9 7 30 21 30 10 ■ 8 1 2 166 12-15 1 5 3 3 5 5 4 2 9 5 10 8 H 2 1 1 .72 15-18 1 ? 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 4 6 4 2 15 15 b i 3 71 18-20 ' 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 9 20-22 ::V.« 4 2 1 1 .1 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 24 22-25 . . ?:;..;■ 1 1 1 1 3 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 12 25 : ,.,... 17 Total 33 62 71 157 167 245 199 279 214 204 168 161 136 330 142 177 98 54 5 7 14 2923 TABLE 5— Department Stores. Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Rate or Average. 5 6 7 ■ 10 11 12 15 18 22 23 Total Under 2 00 2 50 3 00 3 ,50 4 00 4 50 5 no 5 .50 6 00 6 .50 7 00 7 50 8 00 9 10 12 15 IS 20 25 Total $1 00 2 50 3 00 3 50 4 00 4 50 5 00 5 50 6 00 6 50 7 00 7 SO 8 00 9 00 10 12 15 18 20 25 Over 3 3 36 53 46 65 37 .58 29 41 16 33 15 .33 20 23 27 22 5 a .573 6 8 6 6 3 5 4 1 8 2 7 5 6 67 , , .2 24 10 50 2 32 1 60 1 64 1 46 3 .53 28 25 28 23 9 4 10 476 3 18 31 17 8 4 5 9 5 3 6 1 1 1T1 19 16 8 12 2 27 29 29 2 22 5 13 6 6 1 197 3 12 ■/ 18 5 25 2 31 1 23 1 29 1 16 4 19 12 8 2 4 1 224 9 16 19 2 40 2 41) 24 14 1 10 5 3 4 2 191 7 12 12 9 21 7 20 26 2 14 3 18 8 14 8 1 1 H3 1 4 16 16 2(1 34 14 10 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 126 ', 8 2 lu 8 4 5 2 2 14 4 9 12 3 8 lO 5 4 2 5 124 15 64 108 193 120 252 93 283 51 241 35 186 29 173 82 108 104 72 21 17 25 2272 TABLE 6— Department Stores. Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Age. AGE 14-15 . . 15-16 16-17 17-18. 18-19 19^20 .. 20-22 22-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50 Total. Under $2 00 2 00 2 SO 2 SO 3 00 3 00 3 50 21 32 62 54 103 3 50 4 Oo 4 00 4 50 4 50 5 00 5 00 5 50 5 .50 6 00 6 00 6 SO 65 125 45 •le- ss 6 50 7 00 7 00 7 50 46 25 Over Total 6., 25- 37 66 73 104 182 1'9S 166 85 56 35' 16 1054 TABLE 7— Department Stores. Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Experience. exPERIENCE Under $2 00 2 00 2 50 2 50 3 00 3 00 3 50 3 50 4 00 4 00 4 50 4 50 5 00 5 00 5 SO 5 50 6 00 6 00 6 50 6 SO 7 00 7 00 7 50 7 50 8 00 8 00 9 00 9 10 ('10 .12 12 15 15 18 18 20 20 25 25 Over Total Under 6 months 6 month — 1 year „. 1- 2 years 2-3 3-4 . . 4-5 5-6 6- 7 7-8 1 1 1 1 9 9 2 1 1 10 6 7 1 1 5 10 19 12 8 3 2 2 1 4 6 16 9 11 4 2 1 1 2 17 17 23 23 6 11 2 1 1 2 10 6 16 14 8 5 1 2 1 3 9 14 24 20 19 15 7 3 3 3 2 3 4 1 2 3 5 5 5 8 5 3 5 2 10 12 11 14 5 6 8 5 3 1 1 1 5 2 14 5 1 3 1 3 1 4 4 5 10 10 6 11 5 1 7 8 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 6 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 10 5 ■ 7 5 10 8 6 15 11 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 6 10 4 6 2 2 2 1 2 1 4 4 6 4 3 13 13 10 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 3 15 5 9 1 5 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 9 9 6 1 6 4 1 1 3 1 1 3 4 1 1 3 2 21 74 111 108 129 79 84 65 61 48 37 80 67 41 8 16 7 18 8-9 9-10 _ 10-12...., 12-15 .. 15-18 18-20 20-22 . 22-25 25 Total.. . 4 21 32 62 .54 103 65 125 45 85 36 76 23 91 46 67 55 42 1 7 14 1054 TABLE 8— Department Stores. Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Service. SERVICE Under 2 00 2 SO 3 00 3 50 4 00 4 50 5 no 5 50 ft on 6 50 7 00 7 50 R on 9 in 12 15 IS 20 W $1 00 2 50 3 00 3 50 4 00 4 50 S 00 5 50 6 00 6 50 7 00 7 50 8 00 9 00 10 12 15 18 20 25 Over Total Under 6 months 7 1 8 3 11 1 6 5 20 6 14 3 17 1 8 1 3 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 21 6 months— 1 year 106 1- 2 years 3 11 10 23 13 21 V 22 3 9 3 8 2 7 2 3 2 149 i- 3... 1 3 6 8 13 21 U 22 6 6 2 9 1 5 5 3 1 126 3- 4 6 lU 11 19 9 20 8 12 5 13 3 14 2 6 7 3 148 4-5 3 5 8 8 17 9 14 6 9 6 6 5 5 4 4 1 1 1 112 5- 6 2 3 6 4 10 4 14 2 9 9 6 S 5 5 1 1 89 6- 7 1 1 1 2 2 5 3 11 10 6 6 4 6 4 4 1 67 7- 8 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 4 3 3 ■ 1 10 4 5 4 9 8 1 4 3 5 3 2 2 2 1 46 8- 9 39 9-10 ■3 4 2 1 7 1 2 2 3 1 26 10-12. 1 3 4 1 8 4 8 3 2 1 2 37 12-15 1 1 2 7 3 5 2 8 5 8 6 7 4 1 1 3 41 15-18 23 18-20 1 2 1 1 5 20-22. 1 1 3 2 1 1 9 22-25 1 2 2 3 1 1 5 25 5 Total 4 21 32 62 54 103 65 125 45 85 36 76 23 91 46 67 55 42 1 7 14 1054 TABLE 9~Department Stores. Showing Weekly Wages of Womeu and Children— By Occupation. OCCUPATION Under |2 00 2 00 2 50 2 50 3 00 3 00 3 50 3 50 4 00 4 00 4 50 4 50 5 00 5 00 S SO 5 SO 6 00 6 00 6 50 6 50 7 00 7 00 7 50 7 50 8 00 8 00 9 00 9 10 10 12 12 15 15 18 18 20 20 25 25 [Over Total Saleperson Boofckeeperrs and Clerks.. Stock and Check Girla Cashier Tajloress and Seamstress.. Milliner. ,. . Ktter Bayers and Managers Packers and Wrappers Miscellaneous 1 1 1 1 1 16 1 3 7 2 18 3 1 1 23 4 24 2 2 1 3 3 33 1 9 11 71 5 17 5 2 1 2 52 4 6 2 1 95 11 11 4 2 2 35 1 2 3 2 2 56 11 3 6 4 2 3 28 3 1 2 2 51 5 5 6 1 8 17 2 1 1 2 56 14 3 11 4 3 31 6 3 3 3 41 14 2 3 4 1 1 1 36 5 1 3 1 1 5 1 2 ' 23 3 2 1 1 6 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 8 662 98 98 56 38 30 19 11 7 35 Total , 4 21 32 62 54 103 65 125 45 85 36 76 23 91 46 67 55 42 1 7 14 1054 TABIiK 10— Tobacco and Cigar Factories. Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children — By Rate of Average Earnings. EST. No. Under $2 00 2 00 2 50 2 50 3 00 3 00 3 50 3 50 4 00 4 00 4 SO 4 50 5 00 5 00 5 50 5 SO &00 6 00 6 50 6 50 7 00 7 00 7 50 7 SO 8 00 8 00 9 00 9 10 10 15 12 15 15 18 * 18 20 20 '25 25 Over Total 14 32a 35 1 2 43 2 16 23 2 29 30 15 26 21 27 28 35 27 8 35 34 13 32 35 11 24 32 16 22 29 19 17 21 18 30 15 12 23 21 13 24 16 25 44 •6 6 20 66 4 12 29 1 9 1 1 293 297 543 Total 46 41 61 62 90 70 79 70 70 65 69 50 58 85 68 92 45 10 1 1 1133 — 17 — TABLE 11— Tobacco and Cigrar Factories. Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Age. Under 2 00 2 50 3 00 3 .50 4 00 4 50 s on 5 50 6 00 6 ,50 7 on 7 SO 8 00 9 10 12 15 18 20 25 Total |2 00 2 50 3 00 3 50 4 00 4 50 5 00 S 50 6 00 6 SO 7 00 7 50 8 00 9 00 10 12 15 18 20 25 Over 14-15 years 6 5 4 2 2 2 2 1 24 15-16 12 1 1 ■I 3 S 3 2 2 2 28 16-17 4 5 3 7 6 s 6 2 5 ;; 4 2 5 2 3 61 17-18 2 4 3 2 11 7 3 7 3 6 6 7 2 4 4 1 72 18-19.. .. . .. 2 1 ' 2 2 3 7 1 7 7 6 2 3 S 4 2 2 56, 19-20 1 1 3 2 1 6 6 fi 8 6 6 6 12 3 6 3 1 77 20-22 4 2 2 3 2 5 9 R 9 7 4 11 6 15 3 97 22-25 1 3 2 3 S S 9 7 6 13 l.S 15 16 7 . 114 25-30 3 2 2 2 5 3 6 4 6 4 9. 4 13 17 19 9 .^ 1, 114 30-35 3 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 5 1 5 2 1 4 2 10 6 8 1 2 > 46 35-40 25 40-4-5 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 i 4 2 2 1 24 45-50 7 50 .... 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 11 Total 25 28 20 34 32 44 48 39 52 45 50 34 47 69 61 ■ 83 34 10 1 756 TABLE IS— Tobacco and Cigrar Factories. Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Experience. EXPERIENCE Under |2 00 2 00 2 50 2 SO 3 00 3 00 3 50 3 50 4 00 4 00 4 50 4 50 5 00 5 00 5 SO 5 50 6 00 6 00 6 SO 6 50 7 00 7 00 7 50 7 SO 8 00 8 00 9 00 9 10 10 12 12 15 15 IS IS 20 20 25 25 Over Total 6 months — 1 year 1- 2 years ' 21 1 2 1 16 7 2 1 1 1 10 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 15 6 4 1 1 > 2 4 1 8 4 7 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 10 8 10 7 1 4 3 1 16 3 5 8 4 2 1 1 5 2 1 7 4 2 5 2 3 2 5 1 2 4 1 1 6 7 9 9 7 3 3 1 1 .3 3 3 2 4 7 9 2 S 3 2 2 S 1 3 7 3 3 7 5 4 4 1 1 6 1 1 4 2 1 7 6 3 6 1 1 2 5 3 1 11 6 1 3 2 6 3 7 2 1 1 4 4 2 7 6 5 7 8 4 18 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 5 10 4 14 S 2 2 6 3 3 6 8 3 5 6 8 23 10 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 2 8 8 1 1 1 6 2 1 1 126 60 67 68 61 43 35 36 46 32 114 39 14 15 2-3 . " 3- 4 4-5 ' ' , 5-6 6- 7 „...., 7-8 8- 9 9-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25 Total 25 28 20 34 32 44 48 39 52 45 50 34 47 69 61 83 34 10 i- 756 TABLE 13— Tobacco and Cigrar Factories. Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children— By Service. SERVICE 6 months — 1 year. 1- 2 years 2- 3 3- 4 4- 5 5- 6 6- 7 7- 8 ^ 9 9-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25 Total Under $2 00 2 00 2 50 2 SO 3 00 25, 28 20 34 3 00 3 SO 3 50 4 00 4 00 4 50 4 50 5 00 5 00 5 50 5 50 6 00 6 00 6 50 45 6 50 7 00 7 00 7 50 8 00 9 10 12 15 18' 70 ' 25 7 50 8 00 9 00 10 12 15 18 20 25 Over Total 2 2 4 1 126 2 5 6 4 1 67 6 1 6 4 4 4 66 b 8 4 4 9 75 2 9 V 5 8 3 1 71 2 2 V 3 9 1 47 6 4 5 2 2 4 39 1 6 7 3 3 42 1 2 8 ' 8 7 4 38 1 5 4 4 5 1 27 3 4 13 16 21 6 5 97 3 4 1 1 2 9 8 2 1 40 10 1 2 1 1 11 34 47 69 61 83 34 10 1 756 TABJJE 14-Tobaooo, and Cigar Factories. Showing Weekly Wages of Women and Children- -By Occupat on. OCCUPATION Under $2 00 2 00 2 50 2 50 3 00 3 00 3 50 S 1 15 2 2 1 5 34 3 50 4 00 U 1 12 2 3 1 2 32 4 00 4 50 9 5 9 8 2 1 2 8 44 4 50 5 00 14 6 8 4 1 2 2 2 9 48 5 00 5 SO 5^50 6 00 5 21 11 16 4 8 6 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 4 5 39 52 6 00 6 50 19 18 2 . 1 3 1 1 45 6 SO 7 00 19 16 3 4 1 5 2 50 7 00 7 50 17, 11 2 1 1 2 34 7 50 8 00 23 12 1 2 2 3 4 47 8 00 9 00 47 14 2 2 1 2 9 10 50 7 1 2 1 10 12 56 12 6 5 4 83 12 IS 23 2 2 4 3 34 15 18 3 1 3 2 1 10 18 10 1 1 20 25 25 Over Tout 11 6 1 1 6 10 12 2 4 6 8 2 1 3 Cigar Maker Packer 352 133 78 36 25 25 17 12 16 Stripper Stamper Bunch Maker .. Paster Foreladies and Assistants.. Bander Selecter l Scraps Cleane- ., Miscellaneous 1 5 57 Total 25 28 20 69 61 756 TABLE IS-Bag: Factories. ESTABLISH No. Under S2 00 2 00 2 50 2 50 3 00 3 00 3 SO 3 50 4 00 4 00 4 50 4 SO 5 00 34 20 14 68 5 00 5 SO 13 20 13 46 5 50 6 00 5 20 M 35 6 00 6 50 9 12 5 26 6 50 7 00 12 8 1 21 7 00 7 50 7 8 1 16 7 50 8 00 5 5 10 8 00 9 00 7 7 1 IS 9 10 1 2 3 10 12 2 3 12 IS 15 18 18 20 20 25 25 0«r Total 3 1 1 7 11 3 9 20 11 63 15 23 8 9 No. 1 No. 20 No. 25 1 133 190 107 4 19 32 89 40 Total 5 1 430 TABLE 16— Bag Factories. Showing Weekly Wages o{ Women and Children— By Age. AGE ' Under 1 12 00 2 00 2 50 2 SO 3 00 3 00 3 SO 3 SO 4 00 4 00 4 50 4 50 5 00 5 00 5 50 5 SO 6 00 1 1 4 2 3 2 6 3 2 1 1 6 00 6 50 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 1 6 SO 7 00 2 2 3 1 6 3 1 1 7 00 7 SO 7 50 8 00 1 3 1 1 1 1 8 8 00 9 00 1 2 5 1 1 10 9 10 1 1 1 1 4 10 12 12 15 15 18 18 20 20 25 25 Orer Total 14-15 years 15-16 16-17 17-18 .. 1 4 1 1 1 4 9 4 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 4 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 5 3 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 5 1 3 2 2 4 4 3 6 4 4 4 3 1 1 2 5 5 1 1 2 2 1 10 14 18-19 19-20 20-22. .. 22-25 If 21 35 25-30 30-35...; 3S-(0 4