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There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924032621462 NAVAL OFFICERS THEIR HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT BY CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT ASSISTED BT MARY THERESA SCUDDER PUBUSHBD BT THE CaBNEQIE INSTITUTION OF WASHmOTON Washington, 1919 NAVAL OFFICEKS THEIE HEEEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT BY CHAELES BENEDICT DAVENPORT DIBBCTOR OP DEPARTMENT OP EXPERIMENTAL EVOLTJTION AND OP THE ETTOENICB RECORD OPPICE, CARNEGIE INSTITTJTION OF WASHINGTON ASSISTED BY MARY THERESA SCUDDER RESEARCH COLLABORATOR IN THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OP WASHINGTON Published by the Carnegie Institution of Washington Washington, 1919 ^ r" CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON Publication No. 259 Pafbb No. 29 op the Station for Experimental Evoltition at Cold SPBiNa Harbor, New York THE-PLIUFTON-FSESS H0KW00D-KA8 S-U-S-A TABLE OF CONTENTS. Part i. FAQB I. Statement of Pbobuiu 1 II. An Improved Method of TESTiNa the Fitness of Untried Officers .... 2 I 1. General Considerations 2 2. Special Procedure 3 III. Results op Study 4 1. Types of Naval OflBcers 4 2. Temperament in Relation to Type 4 3. Juvenile Promise of Naval OfiBcers of the Various Types 6 Fighters 6 Strategists 7 Administrators 7 Explorers 8 Adventurers 8 Conclusion as to Juvenile Promise 8 4. The Hereditary Traits of Naval Officers 9 General 9 The Inheritance of Special Traits 25 Thalassophilia, or Love of the Sea 25 Source of Thalassophilia (or Sea-lust) in Naval Officers . . 25 Heredity of Sea-lust 27 The Hyperkinetic Qualities of the Fighters 29 Source of Nomadism in Naval Officers 31 rv. Conclusions 33 V. Application of Principles to Selection of Untried Men 33 PART II. Brief Biographies of Naval Officers, with especial reference to their Juvenilb Promise and their Personal Traits. FAOE 1. William Bainbridge 36 2. Joshua Barney 37 3. John Barry 40 4. Philip Beaver 41 5. Charles William de la Poer Beresford 42 6. George Smith Blake 44 7. Robert Blake 47 8. Jahleel Brenton 49 9. Moses Brown 51 10. Franklin Buchanan 53 11. Thomas Cochrane 56 12. Cuthbert Collingwood 69 13. William Barker Gushing 60 14. John Adolf Dahlgren 64 Hi TABLE OF CONTENTS Part II. — Continued PAGE 15. Stephen Decatiir ^^ 16. George Dewey V^ 17. Adam Dvincan ^* 18. George Keith Elphinstone 7b 19. David Glasgow Farragut ^9 20. Matthew Flinders |3 21. Andrew Hull Foote °o 22. Ebenezer Fox ^ 23. John Franklin 91 24. Thomas Masterman Hardy 93 25. Edward Hawke 95 26. John Hawkins 96 27. Esek Hopkins 98 28. Geoffrey Thomaa Phipps Hornby 100 29. William Hoste 103 30. Richard Howe 104 31. John Jervis 107 32. Catesby ap Roger Jones 109 33. John Paul Jones 112 34. Henry Keppel 114 35. James Lawrence 118 36. Thomaa Macdonough 120 37. John Newland Maffitt 122 38. Alfred Mahan 125 39. John Markham 127 40. Frederick Marryat 129 41. Francis Leopold McClintock 131 42. Fairfax Moresby 133 43. Charles Morris 134 44. Horatio Nelson 137 45. Jeremiah O'Brien 148 46. William Harwar Parker 161 47. Hiram Paulding 154 48. Edward Pellew 157 49. George Hamilton Perkins 160 50. Perry family 162 51. John Woodward Philip 172 52. Arthur Phillip 174 53. Porter family 175 54. Edward Preble 181 55. Walter Raleigh 185 56. John Rodgers 187 57. George Brydges Rodney 192 58. Joshua Ratoon Sands 193 59. James Saumarez 196 60. Raphael Semmes 198 61. Edward Hobart Seymour 200 62. William Sidney Smith 201 63. Robert Field Stockton 203 64. Josiati Tattnall 207 65. Marten Harperts Tromp 210 66. John Randolph Tucker 211 67. John Ancrum Winslow 212 68. William Wolseley 214 NAVAL OFFICERS THEIR HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT BY CHARLES BENEDICT DAVENPORT ASSISTED BT MARY THERESA SCUDDER PART I. I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. A nation at the beginning of a great war, after prolonged peace, is executing a great increase of its naval and military forces. For these forces officers must be selected in large numbers, as many as 1,000 officers for each division of 20,000 men, or 50,000 officers for 1,000,000 men. So, too, in the naval organization every ship has its commander and lieu- tenants, and there are captains and admirals of the various grades for the command of groups of officers. Each of these officers holds in his hands, as it were, the lives of from 100 to 100,000 men. Obviously it is a matter of the gravest concern that they should be properly selected. Yet the niunber is so vast and the personal knowledge about the appointee on the part of those who must appoint is necessarily often so slight that every assistance in the general method of making the selection may well be carefully considered. In time of actual battling, selection for advance- ment is made on the ground of performance — the inferior officers fail, the successful ones are given the higher commands. Our Civil War showed this clearly. It also showed the melancholy fact that the selections made at the outset were often inadequate, and many a colonel and even general confidently appointed at the outbreak of the war was recalled as a failure. The method of selecting exclusively by trial and error is a sure method, but one that is frightfully wastefvd of lives and property. What is the best method of selecting untried men for positions as officers? Diverse methods of selecting untried officers have been employed in the past. In the navy those who have made good records at the Naval Academy have been selected. Admission to the Academy is ordinarily made on the recommendation of a congressman. The applicant undergoes a physical and perhaps a mental examination. No doubt it is true, as Filchett (1903, p. 3) says: "In these days where the foot rule and the stethoscope and the examination paper are the tests by which our embryo Nelsons and Wellingtons are chosen, the future hero of the Nile and of Trafalgar would infallibly have been rejected." A war may be lost by rejection on a physical examination as certainly as by inadequacy in the supply of men or mxmitions. All too much is made of the physical exami- nation; all too little of temperament and intelligence. The modern psychological and psychiatric examinations of officers and recruits are excellent. I recall one instance in our Civil War when a colonel ordered a futile attack in which a regiment was nearly annihilated. Investigation quickly showed that the commander was insane and had been so for some time. On the other hand, the elimination of the feeble-minded must be made intelligently. There is at least one instance in our Civil War where a feeble-minded sharpshooter did great execution. A feeble-minded man may have fired the musket shot that killed the great Nelson. Fight- ing leaders must possess insight, judgment, audacity, and pertinacity. Sharpshooters require little of these qualities, but above all abiUty to aim 1 2 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. accurately and quickly. Each man should be selected for the qualiti^ that fit him for the special r61e he has to play. Joseph Jefferson would have failed as Hamlet. Many a perfect physical specimen of a man would make a poor naval strategist. It is undoubtedly true, also, that at the outbreak of our Cml War many untried men were chosen as officers merely because they had shown some interest in the organization of companies and, moreover, were friends of congressmen who urged their appointment upon the War Department. We are told that m selection for the present war no political influence is permitted. But poUtical influence is a most insidious thing; often it comes to the harassed Army Department as a welcome and valued sug- gestion. With the best intentions in the world the recommender may be urging an utterly imfit appointment. It is the insufficiency of the method that is at fault. Is there any additional test of fitness? * II. AN IMPROVED METHOD OF TESTING THE FITNESS OF UNTRIED OFFICERS. 1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS. We start with the principle enunciated by Mahan: "Each man has his special gift and to succeed must act in accordance with it." Our problem is, then, how can we determine, in advance, what is a man's special gift? Or, in our special case, how can we tell whether or not an applicant for admission to the Naval Academy or for a naval commission has a gift for the place he seeks? "The child is father of the man." Each well-marked trait of adult character passes through developmental stages. Its beginnings are already to be seen in the child. We recognize this fact in the case of physical traits. The dark skin-color of the negro develops rapidly, beginning a few hours after birth; curliness of hair shows in the first permanent coat; hair-color is slower in getting its final shade, but usually does so within the first decade. Mental traits, also, early show their quality. Imbeciles show retardation even at 5 or 6 years; idiots much earlier. On the other hand, Galton at 4 years had the intellectual advancement of a boy of 8 years. Special traits, as every experienced parent knows, may show at a very early age, such as neatness, altruism, frankness, jollity, cautious- ness. Audacity in the adult is foreshadowed by adventurousness — a desire of the boy to "try stunts." The courageous man was fearless as a boy. In the early years of school special interests and capacities for drawing, arithmetical work, memorizing, reasoning, are clearly shown. The visuaUst and auditist are already differentiated long before adoles- cence. The sigmficance of the combination of boyish traits may not be fully realized even by the parents or other close relatives; their interpre- tation has to be made by the expert. "What has poor little Horatio done " cried his uncle. Captain Suckling, when young Nelson was brought to him at 12 years, to be taken on his ship, "that he, being so weak, should be sent to rough it at sea? But let him come, and if a cannon ball takes off his ' This book was written in the summer of 1917; hence certain anachronisms. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM. 3 head, he will at least be provided for." He did not understand the signifi- cance of the introspective, brooding silence, that tenacious regard for his honor, that willingness to undertake hazardous enterprises without claim- ing any material reward, which Horatio Nelson had aheady shown and continued to show to the day of his death. We must test the hypothesis that the special gifts required for a naval fighter are foreshadowed in the child; for, if this prove to be correct, the principle should be utilized in making selection of untried officers. The "special gift" is, as its name implies, something that has come, willynilly, through the germ plasm. Such hereditary traits are usually family traits and recur again and again in the family. We have, therefore, to note the iadications of a special gift in the boy by an examination of the family, to see where that gift has been developed elsewhere. In the case of a few traits we know rather exactly the relationship that two or more persons ia successive generations showing a "gift" may be expected to bear to each other. Such knowledge wUl be a useful check on the indications of juvenile promise. 2. SPECIAL PROCEDURE. To get at the requisite facts for the present investigation into the juvenile promise shown by great naval commanders, and hereditary factors present in their famiUes, the reading of a considerable number of biog- raphies of naval men was undertaken. In some instances, as notably in the case of Nelson, several distinct "lives" were read; in most cases only one. In the case of British officers the Encyclopsedia Britannica was found of assistance; ia the case of American officers, the National Cyclo- pedia of American Biography was used (with caution) ; also the American "Who's Who." For family histories research was made in the genealogical libraries of Greater New York, and for British families Burke's "Peerage and Landed Gentry" and other like official genealogies were found very useful. In all this work I had the assistance of my wife, Gertrude C. Davenport, and especially of my assistant, Miss Mary T. Scudder, who did most of the tracing of genealogies and arranged the pedigree charts. This work would hardly have been possible except for an arrangement with the Brooklyn Public Library, which generously mailed to us all the books that we desired from its extensive collections. The compilation of the facts has taken six or eight months of steady work. In regard to the method of selection of officers. First of all, this was determined by the availability of full biographies. There are some naval officers quite as eminent as those included in our list about whom we could get few pertinent data. Many biographies gave little infor- mation about juvenile promise or family history and these could not be used. No selection, it need hardly be said, was made with the aim of supporting any preformed conclusions. Practically all the information that we gathered that would throw light on our problem has been set forth, nearly or exactly, in the words of the biographer. We have been always alive to the error introduced by substituting for the descriptive terms of the author terms of our own which could hardly avoid being 4 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. somewhat "colored" by our prepossessions. Naturally in the "Tables" it often becomes necessary to place individuals into certain categories not named by the biographer. For the full data that justify this assign- ment the reader must consult the work or works cited at the ends of the biographies in Part II. In a word, we have tried to approach this sub- ject in the inductive spirit and to draw only such conclusions as the facts seem to warrant. How far the attempt has been successful each reader, being in possession of aU of the facts, may judge for himself. III. RESULTS OF STUDY. 1. TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Successful naval officers are of various types. This is because, as Mahan (1901, p. 151) says: "Each man has his special gift, and to succeed must act in accordance with it." It is also true that different kiads of gifts can be utiUzed to advantage in the navy; for the navy needs not only fighters and tacticians, but also strategists, administrators, diplomats, explorers, and surveyors. It can make use of inventors, constructors, teachers, and writers. Indeed, especially in times of peace, advancement is made chiefly by seniority, and a naval officer may reach highest rank merely by longevity. The term "naval officers" consequently corresponds to a single trait no more than "officer," but a larger proportion of naval officers have a common trait than the group of "officers." The three commonest traits are: (1) love of sea; (2) capacity for fighting; (3) capac- ity for conmianding or administering. One person may combine in himself aU these three and even other important traits; so in studying a trait at a time we may consider an individual more than once. For example, Nelson was a great strategist and a great tactician, and had the traits that make a man a brilliant, gallant fighter. 2. TEMPERAMENT IN RELATION TO TYPE. Temperament is the general quality of response shown by a person. Three principal kinds of temperament are recognized, and they are sub- divided and combined in various ways. We may reckon the tempera- ments as overactive, hyperkinetic; underactive, hypokinetic, and inter- mediate or normal. The hyperkinetic temperaments are the choleric and the nervous (or sanguine). The hypokinetic temperaments are the phlegmatic and the melanchohc. The intermediates are prevailingly cabn and cheerful. "The nervous person is active, irritable, excitable, ambitious, given to planning, optimistic, usually talkative and jolly. The choleric person is overactive, starts on new lines of work before completing the old, brags, is usually hilarious, hypererotic, often profane, hable to fits of anger, destructive, assaultative, and even homicidal." " The phlegmatic temperament is characterized by quietness, seriousness, conservativeness, pessimism. The person of melancholic temperament is unresponsive (often mute), lachrymose, given to worry, weak and incapable, feels life a burden, often longs for death as a reUef." The possessor of the inter- mediate or normal mood "works and plays moderately, laughs quietly does TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICEKS. 6 not weep easily, feels little drive, and on the other hand is always respon- sive and cooperative." (Davenport, 1915.) The hyperkinetic and hypokinetic moods may alternate with each other and with the normal mood. Table 1 shows the relation between temperament and the type of naval ofl&cer. Our best judgment was used in assigning the categories, and the assignment to type and temperament was made as independently as pos- sible in each case. It appears that most naval officers who were primarily fighters were of the hyperkinetic type; although one is with some hesita- tion classified as hypokinetic. On the other hand the great strategists and even the tacticians and most of those whose chief service was in administra- tion are hypokinetics or intermediates. Nelson stands alone in combining great strategic insight, tactical skill, and fighting gallantry of the first order, and this he was able to do because of the combination in him of hyperkinesis and hypokinesis. John Paul Jones had a similar mixed temperament but not the strategic insight. There are, however, many details in the career of Paul Jones and Nelson that bear a remarkable resemblance. Table 1. — Temperameml in Relation to Type. Strategic-lactio-combative gifts Hyperkinetio-hypokinetic: Nelson — 1 Combative gift Hyperkinetic {nervous or romantic) : Bainbridge, Baxney, Barry, R. Blake, Farragut, Hoste, Keppel, Lawrence, MacDonough, Morris, O'Brien, Pellew, Perkins, O. H. Perry, D. Porter, D. D. Porter, Stockton, Tromp, Beresford, Dewey, Smith, Decatur, Foote — 23 Intermediate: Blake, Elphinstone (Keith) — 2 Hypokinetic {phlegmutic or classic) : Wolseley — 1 Combative and adventurous gifts Hyperkinetic-hypokinetic: John Paul Jones — 1 Hyperkinetic (nervous or romantic) : Cochrane, Gushing, Maffitt, Raleigh — 4 Tactic gift , Intermediate: Saumarez — 1 Hypokinetic {phlegmatic or classic) : CoUingwood, Howe — 2 Strategic gift Intermediate: Paulding, M. C. Perry, Preble, Semmes — 4 Hypokinetic (phlegnuUic or classic) : Mahan, Hardy — 2 Diplomatic gift Intermediate: Tattnall — 1 Administrative gift Hyperkinetic {nervous or romantic): Jervis (?), Philip, Rodgers (?) — 3 Intermediate: Blake, Hopkins, Hornby, Markham, Moresby, W. H. Parker, Sands, Seymoiu:, Tucker, Winslow, Rodney — 11 Hypokinetic {phlegmatic or classic) : Beaver, Brenton, Phillip — 3 Adventurous-literary gifts Intermediate: Marryat — 1 Thallasophilic gift Intermediate: Brown, Hawkins — 2 Explorative gift Intermediate: Flinders, Franklin — 2 Hypokinetic: McClintock — 1 Constructive gift Intermediate: Buchanan — 1 Inventive gift Hyperkinetic: Dahlgren — 1 Intermediate: R. Jones — 1 6 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. The practical conclusion is drawn that to select a future great fi^tmg man it is ahnost essential that he should be of a prevailingly hyperkinetic temperament. 3. JUVENILE PROMISE OF NAVAL OFFICERS OF THE VARIOUS TYPES. FIGHTERS. To this class we assign 31 as typical. These are: 1, Bainbridge; 2, Barney; 3, Barry; 5,Beresford; 7, R.Blake; 11, Cochrane; 13, Gushing; 15, Decatur; 16, Dewey; 17, Duncan; 18, Elphinstone (Lord Keith); 19, Farragut; 21, Foote; 29, Hoste; 33, John Paul Jones; 34, Keppel; 35, Lawrence; 36, Macdonough; 43, Morris; 44, Nelson; 45, O'Brien; 48, Pellew; 49, Perkins; 50, O. H. Perry; 53, David Porter and D. D. Porter; 59, Saumarez; 62, W. Sidney Smith; 63, Robert F. Stockton; 65, Tromp; 68, Wolseley. Of these 31 persons I was able to get no juvenile history in the case of Nos. 3, 7, 34, and 43. Of the remaining 27 we have the follow- ing behavior recorded: Table 2. 1. Bainbridge: Early love of sea ; sailor at 15; 44. Nelson: Desire to go to sea; love of ad- fond of risky, boyish undertakings. venture for adventure's sake; hon- 2. Barney: Nomadism, fearlessness of respon- orable. sibility; intrepidity, quick temper. 45. O'Brien: Love of the sea. 5. Beresford: Adventurous, full of pranks and 48. Pellew: Love of sea and of adventure; fear- practical jokes. 11. Cochrane: Nomadic. 49. Perkins: Fearlessness and adventurous- 13. Gushing: Love of adventure; poor and ness; poor student. unmanageable student in Naval 50. 0. H. Perry: Fearless, adventurous, Academy. choleric, studious, had intellectual 15. Decatur: Love of sea; fiery nature. curiosity; was midshipman at 14. 16. Dewey: Love of adventure and quickness 53. Porter: Nomadic, impulsive, belligerent, of response. pertinacious, courageous. 17. Duncan: Nomadic. 53. D. D. Porter: Love of sea and adventure. 18. Elphinstone: Love of sea (at 15 years). 59. Saumarez: Had a taste for the navy. 19. Farragut: Love of sea and adventure. 62. Smith: Nomadic. 21. Foote: Love of sea; adventurousnesa, 63. Stockton: Ambitious, scholarly; champion jollity, poor scholarship. of the weak, fought the strong. 29. Hoste: Ever restless and buoyant; love of 65. Tromp: At sea when 9 years old; when hunting and fishing. his father was killed the lad called on 33. Jones: Nomadic, active, independent. the marines to avenge his death. 35. Lawrence: Longing for the sea. 68. Wolseley: Nomadic. 36. Macdonough: Fondness for adventure and practical jokes. In the above table either an early taste for the sea or "nomadism" is mentioned 19 times, also going to sea at 9 and 14 years respectively in 2 cases. Here, too, should doubtless be included 5 cases of adventurous- ness, making a total of 26 cases (out of the 27 recorded) who are early fond of the sea, nomadic, restless, and fond of adventure. Of the remaining case, Stockton, it is stated that as a boy he showed personal courage, was champion of the weak, won victories over the strong. Also he was early fired with an ambition to excel Nelson; and he entered the navy at the outbreak of the War of 1812 at the age of 17 years. It is probable that Stockton is like the other 26, and we may conclude that great naval ^(/;iiers TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 7 are nomadic or "fond of the sea" or adventurous or belligerent in their childhood and youth. Contrariwise, it is not probable that a boy who does not show these traits will become a great naval fighting officer. STRATEGISTS. The successful strategist is one who plans successful campaigns, can foresee the enemy's probable plans, and can take the appropriate steps to block them and start a series of offensive operations that shall bring the war to a close. Great strategists are relatively few. Those placed in this category in the present study are as follows: 44, Nelson; 31, Jervis (Lord St. Vincent) ; 38, Mahan; 47, Paulding; 50, Matthew C. Perry; 54, Preble; 56, Rodgers; 60, Semmes; 24, Hardy. We have no data about the juvenile reactions of No. 38. Of the remaining 8 the following behavior is recorded. Table 3. — Juvenile Reactions of Naval Strategists. 24. Hardy: Loved the sea and adventure. 54. Preble: Ran away to sea; fond of hunting 31. Jervis: Fond of sea, energetic. and adventure. 44. Nelson: Love of adventure for adventure's 56. Rodgers: Ranaway toseaat 13; fearless of sake; honorable. responsibility. 47. Pavlding: Desirous of adventure. 60. Semmes: Nomadic. 50. M. C. Perry: Fond of adventure, fearless. Thus of these 8 strategic naval oflScers every case showed as a boy a fondness of adventure or of the sea. Two ran away early to go to sea. They had not merely certain desires, but knew how to secure the realization of those desires. They early show, on the whole, greater intelligence than the fighters. ADMINISTBATORS. Of the men whose success in the navy was primarily administrative, some were good strategists, but they were chiefly noteworthy for organi- zation and the maintenance of discipline; or for administrative work on land. Every navy has need of some of these, especially in time of peace. The English navy develops a great many of them. To this group are as- signed 18 naval oflBcers, namely: 4, Beaver; 5, Beresford; 6, G. S. Blake; 8, Brenton; 28, Hornby; 30, Howe; 31, Jervis; 39, Markham; 42, Moresby; 46, W. H. Parker; 51, J. W. Philip; 52, Arthur Philhp; 56, Rodgers; 57, Rodney; 58, Sands; 61, Seymour; 66, Tucker; 67, Winslow. The juvenile traits of 14 of these are more or less fully recorded in table 4: Table 4. — Juvenile Reactions of Naval Administrators. 4. Beaver: Nomadism; scholarship. 46. W. H. Parker: Fond of adventure and fun. 5. Beresford: Full of pranks and practical 51. /. W. Philip: Nomadism; fondness for jokes; an adventiu-ous sportsman. pranks; good humor. 6. Geo. Smith Blake: Fearlessness of responsi- 56. Rodgers: Fearlessness of responsibility; bility. ran away at 13 to see ships. 8. Brenton: Nomadism. 57. Rodney: Went to sea at 13 years. 28. Hornby: Nomadism; fondness for hunting, 61. Seymour: Fondness for sea. fishing, etc. 66. Tucker: Longing for the sea. 31. Jervis: Fondness of sea; great energy. 67. Winslow: Fondness for adventure and sea. 42. Moresby: Fondness for sea. 8 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Of the foregoing 14 persons, nomadism or fondness for the sea is found in 11. Love of adventm-e is found in 3; fearlessness of responsibihty is specially mentioned in 3, and fondness for fishing, hunting, etc., m 3 others. Three of them show love of fun or pranks. There is no case of quarrel- someness or pugnacity. This group shows less pugnacity in boyhood than the future fighters; at least 2 of them showed an early willingness to assume responsibihty. EXPLORERS. Of exploring naval officers the most noteworthy on our list are: 16, Matthew Flinders; 18, John Franklin; 34, McClintock; 35, Moresby. FUnders was nomadic in his youth, had a strong desire to go to sea, and was a good student. Franklin had early a love of discovery and adven- ture and a great native curiosity; McClintock was a great walker and had considerable mechanical ability and Moresby was fond of the sea. These 4 were aU early nomads and showed a love of travel. A juvenile love of discovery and cmiosity is to be expected In the youth of a futiu-e explorer. ADVENTURERS. Of adventurous naval officers the most strikjifg on our list are: 11, Cochrane; 13, Cushing; 33, John Paul Jones; 37, Maffitt; 40, Marryat. To these may be added William De Rohan, brother of No. 14 (Dahlgren). Cochrane was nomadic in his youth; Cushing, adventurous and a poor student; Maffitt, a lover of adventure and fearless; and Marryat, nomadic and adventurous. Of the early history of De Rohan we have no record. The strikingly adventurous naval officers were especially adventurous in their youth. CONCLUSION AS TO JUVENILE PROMISE. The conclusion that may be drawn from this study is that in their youth future successful naval officers show love of travel or of the sea. In addition, they frequently show adventurousness if they are to be great fighters; may actually run away from home if they are to be future strate- gists; may be especially good-natured, if they are to be successful adminis- trators; are apt to show a juvenile love of travel or an interest in scientific matters if they are to be future explorers. Examples of juvenile promise outside of our series of 68 naval officers are common. I cite two from the history of Dutch admirals. Michael Adrianszoon de Ruyter (b. 1607, at Flushing), when 10 or 12 years old, cUmbed the church steeple and sat on the ball at its top and waved to the people below. Workmen had meantime taken away the ladder by which he had ascended, and when he was ready to come down he kicked away the slates and made a foothold on the slats to which they were fastened. He was regarded as the naughtiest boy in Flushing, despite his father's thrashmgs. He did not study well at school, but played tricks TYPES OF NAVAL OPFICEKS. 9 upon the masters. Put to work in a rope-yard, he shortly organized the boys into a company to fight the boys of another part of the town. He did not stick to his work and became more and more unmanageable. "Always at the waterside, or in boats, or up the mast of some ship, or going about with young sailors just returned from a long voyage, to whose yams he listened with eagerness, he no sooner got to his wheel or in the rope- yard than he showed signs of laziness and unwillingness to act the drudge." (De Liefde, 17: 152-3.) Sent out as boatswain's boy m 1618, "He seemed to have left all of his vices ashore with his old clothes." He was without fear. Made a prisoner in Spain by pirates, he walked all the way home. He became very fond of mathematics and map-making. Many of his maps are still ia use. Witte CorneUs de Witt did so much mischief at school when he was 11 years of age that his mother lectured him and made him promise that, as a Baptist, he would not fight again. The boys jeered him when they heard of his promise, so he quietly joined the Lutherans in order to be free to fight as much as he wanted to. He now tried all sorts of trades, but everywhere fought the other apprentices and lost his jobs. He hated the trades, an3rwray. At 17 years he went as a cabin boy in an East Indian merchantman boimd for Java. He became a harsh, cruel, jealous, over- bearing man, but a great fighter. He was engaged in 60 sea fights and commanded in 15 great battles. He could not curb his temper. His body was covered with wounds. He died poor and without friends. It is said: " At the age of 17 he entered the navy, and even then his smartness and ac- tivity, his feats of daring and his spirit of resolute independence awakened remark and pointed him out as one specially fitted to distinguish himself in his profession." (Encyclop. Britt. X, 73.) 4. THE HEREDITARY TRAITS OF NAVAL OFFICERS. The performance of any man depends to a large degree upon his inherent, inheritable traits; for behavior is reaction to stimulus, and the nature of the reaction is determined in part by the nature of the reacting nervous machinery. The natm-e of this nervous machinery depends upon hereditary factors of whose development the course is influenced by environ- ment. Thus heredity and environment are closely interwoven in deter- mining the history of a man's performance, as Mahan so clearly states in the words quoted (page 4). Since heredity is so potent in determining the product, and particularly the vocation which a man selects and in which presumably he is more or less successful, it is worth while to con- sider the occupations of close relatives of the propositus (table 5). Since for our purpose it is desirable to consider less the administrative than the belligerent naval ofl&cers, especial emphasis is laid upon the occurrence of vocations related to that of the naval fighter. 10 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Table 6. Naval officer. Coun- try. Type. Temperament. Juvenile promise. Consort. 1 W. Bainbridge. U.S. Fighting Hyperkinetic. Love of sea early, sailor at 15, fond of risky boyish under- takings. 2 J. Barney U.S. Fighting Hyperkinetic. Nomadism, fearless- ness of responsibility, intrepidity, quick temper. 3 J. Barry U.S. Fighting Hyperkinetic. 4 P. Beaver Eng. Administrator. Hypokinetic. Nomadism,BcholarBhip. 5 C. Beresford... Eng. Fighter, admin- istrator. Hyperkinetic. Full of pranks and practical jokes, ad- venturous sportsman. 6 7 G. S. Blake. . . R. Blake U.S. Eng. Administrator. Fighter Intermediate. Intermediate. Fearless of responsibil- ity. Daughter of Conmiodore James BarroD. 8 J. Brenton. . . . Eng. Administrator. Hypokinetic. Nomadism A distant cousin. 9 M. Brown. . . . U.S. Sailor Intermediate. A Coffin, of Newburyport 10 F. Buchanan. . U.S. Constructor. . . Intermediate. Daughter of governor of Maryland. 11 T. Cochrane. . . Eng. Adventurer, fighter, inventor Hyperkinetic. Nomadic 12 C. Collingwood. Eng. Tactician Hypokinetic. Good student, mild, showed no talents, re- served, longing for sea. 13 W. B. Cushing. U.S. Adventurous, fighter. Hyperkinetic. Poor and disturbing student in Naval Academy, love of ad- venture. 14 J. A. Dahlgren. U.S. Inventor Desire for navy and sea, good at mathe- matics, active. Daughter of merchant. TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Table 5 — Continued. 11 Children. Sibs. F. F's brothers. M. F. M's brothers. lawyer, died young. Physician. . . . Wealthy cit- izen. 1 sons: 1 a naval officer, 1 member of Congress. 1 brother, un- known; 1 brother temporarily a ma- rine officer; kept a hotel. Farmer No brother 2 3 1 brother, major; 1 clergyman. Clergyman. . . Clergyman. . 4 All 5 sportsmen, 1 dare-devil cow- boy, 1 soldier (gal- lant), 1 had charge of king's race- horses. Clergyman. . . 1 kiUed at hunting. 5 Ion, naval fighter in Civil War, lieut. commander. 1 bro. grad. Har- vard; d. at ISyrs; Ibro. 2 naval, 1 sea cap- tain, 1 merchant, 1 in army, 1 law- yer, 1 banker. Lawyer Merchant, sailor. 1 surgeon in navy. Wealthy. ... 6 7 son died young, wished to become a naval command- er; 1 landsman. 1 capt. in navy and reformer; 1 killed as lieut. in navy. Officer in Colo- nial navy. 8 1 sea captains, 1 cooper on ship- board. 1 followed sea as cooper; 1 unknown. Infantry capt. in French war. 9 rice broker, 1 daughter had naval son. 1 naval paymaster; 1 farmer. Physician Hyperkinetic, inventive. 1 colonel in army. T. McKean, signer of Declaration, fighter. 10 11 None 1 captain in navy. 1 navy paymaster, 2 army officers, killed in battle. Merchant 12 Physician 1 lost at sea. All of sister's sons, naval officers. 13 naval oflicer and engineer, 1 army artillery officer killed in battle, 1 army officer. 1 naval fighter of fortune. Traveler and merchant. 1 naval surgeon. Soldier 14 12 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Table 5 — Continued. 15 16 17 18 Naval oflScer. S. Decatur. . . . Geo. Dewey. . . U. S Coun- try. U.S. A. Duncan G. Elphinstone. 19 20 21 22 23 D. G. Farragut. Eng. Type. Fighter. Temperament. Fighter, tacti- cian. Fighter Eng. Fighter . U.S. M. Flinders. . . A. H. Foote. . . E. Fox. . . . J. Franklin 24 T.M.Hardy.. 25 E. Hawke . . . . 26 27 Eng. U.S. U.S. Eng. Eng. Eng. Fighter , Hyperkinetic. Intermediate hyperkinetic. Juvenile promise. Hypokinetic. Hyperkinetic. Love of sea, fiery na- ture. Love of adventure, quickness in response. Nomadic Consort. J. Hawkins . . , E. Hopkins . . . Explorer . Fighting . Nomadic. Explorer . Slightly hyp- erkinetic. Hyperkinetic. Strategist .... Fighting, tac- tician. Eng. U.S. Sea-rover. Political, sea- loving. Intermediate. Hypokinetic. Cahn Love of sea (at 15 years). Loved sea and adven- ture. Good student, navy at 15, nomad, loved dis- covery, call of sea strong. Adventuresome, jolly, love of sea. Nomadic, love of sea. Curiosity, love of dis- covery and adventure. Love of sea and adven- ture. Half sister of general and governor. 2d cousin. Intermediate. Intermediate. Daughter of treasurer of navy. Daughter of TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 13 Tabmi 5 — Continued. Children. Sibs. F. ] r's brothers. M. F. M's brothers. 1 fighter Sea captain and captain in navy. Irish gentle- man. 15 traveling sales- man. 1 in life insurance business. Hyperkinetic, physician. 16 [enry captain in navy, Alex, lieut. col. of infantry. 1 colonel in army, 1 in East India Co. 1 in navy and East India Co., John in army and lieut. governor, George in navy. Frank, sol- dier of for- tune; George, sol- dier and dip- lomat. 17 18 k)urageous William in navy, George drowned at 10 years. Adventurous and daring, sailor, ex- plorer, sol- dier, charge of gunboat. Kentucky pioneer. 19 Daughter's son, Wm. Flinders Pe- trie, leading ar- cheologist. 1 lieut. in royal navy. Surgeon 20 L in government employ. 1 other son. 1 brother, jolly . . . 1 in army and in- terested in science, F.R.8.,1 judge at Madras. West India merchant, senator, gov- ernor. Tailor Banker General mer- chant in West India trade. None 21 22 23 24 Barrister Barrister . . . Commis- sioner of trade and plantations, in Parlia- ment. 25 Richard, vice ad- miral and knight. John B., captain in navy, fighter. Stephen, a states- man (signer of Declaration of Independence), John and Samuel sea captains. Sea captain and naval officer. Farmer Surveyor . . . Surveyor 26 27 14 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Table 5 — Conlinued. Naval officer. Coun- try. Type. Temperament. Juvenile promise. ConBort. 28 29 G. P. Hornby. W. Hoste 30 31 32 Richard Howe. J. Jervia. Catesby Jones. Eng. Eng. Eng. Eng. U.S. Diplomatist, administrator. Fighter. Calm Hyperkinetic. Nomadic, fond of hunt- ing, fishing, etc. Ever restless and buoy- ant, liked to hunt and fish. Tactician and administrator. Strategist, ad- ministrator. Inventive. . . . Hypokinetic. Hyperkinetic. Intermediate. Fond of sea; energetic. 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 J. P. Jones H. Keppel. . . . J. Lawrence. . . T. Macdonough. J. N. Maffitt. . A. Mahan J. Markham . . U.S. Eng. U.S. U.S. U.S. U.S. Eng. Naval fighter of fortune. Fighter. 40 F. Marryat . . Fighter. Hyperkinetic- hypokinetic. Hyperkinetic. Hyperkinetic. Fighter. Adventurous. . Strategist. . . . Administrator. Eng. Adventurous, literary. Hyperkinetic. Hypokinetic. Intermediate. Nomadic, independent, active. Longed to go to sea. Fond of adventure and practical jokes. Love of adventure, ab- sence of fear. Intermediate. Nomadic, adventurous. TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 15 Table 5 — Contimued. Children. Sibs. F. F's brothers. M.F. M's brothers. 1 captain in Royal Engineers. Edward an excel- lent sailor became Naval officer. Clergyman. .. 2 clergymen General Bur- goyne (Sara- toga). 28 29 1 i e u t. in navy, George distin- guished army en- gineer. 3 daughters 1 naval officer, killed in battle of Ticon- deroga. William, general in Revolu- tionary War. In Parliament and governor of Barbados. 30 None 1 connected with court. Coimcil to Ad- miralty. Judge Baron of ex- chequer. 31 1 army svu-geon, 1 lieut. U. S. A., 1 brig. gen. U. S. A., 2 in Confed. army, 1 Confed. navy, 1 business in San Francisco. lieutenant of marines. Capt. U.S.N., brig. gen. Confederate Army. 32 1 migrated early to America. Landscape gardener. A free land- holder. 33 1 distinguished naval officer. 1 in navy and later in ministry, 1 gen- eral and traveler. Sister's son, Charles S. Boggs, rear-ad- miral. Loverof racing A lawyer, loy- alist, coura- geous. 34 35 1 midshipman In Revolu- tionary War. 1 in Revol- utionary War. Captain of Colonial militia. 1 in C. S. N., lieu- tenant. Nomadic preacher. Professor of engineering. 1 migrated to America. 37 38 Fred a soldier and big game hunter; 1 clergyman. David a major of infantry killed in battle, William country gentle- man, Osborne a barrister, 2 clergy- men. Clergyman... 39 2 in navy 2 *withors Political pam- phleteer, in parliament. Migrated to Boston from Hesse. 40 16 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICEBS. Tablb 5 — ComUnveA. 41 42 43 44 45 Naval ofiBcer. F. McClintook. F. Moresby. . . C. Morris. . . . H. Nelson. . . J. O'Brien. . . 4g W. H. Parker. 47 48 49 60 H. Paulding. E. Pellew. 61 62 63 64 Q. H. Perkins. M.C.Perry.. J. W. Philip. . , A. Phillip D. D. Porter. . Coun-| try, Eng. Eng. U.S. Type. Exploring . Administrative, exploring. . . Temperament Fighting. Eng. Strategic, tact- ical and fight- ing. U.S. U.S. U.S. Eng. U.S. U.S. Hypokinetic. Intermediate. Hyperkinetic. Hyperkinetic, hypokinetic. Juvenile promise. Great walker, mechan- ical. Consort. Fond of sea. Fighting. Hyjjcrkinetic. E. Preble. U.S. Eng. U.S. U.S. Administrator. . Diplomatist, strategist. Dashing fighter Fighter Strategist. . . . Love of adventure for adventure's sake; honorable. Love of sea. Wilful. Intermediate. Fond of adventure and fun. Intermediate. Hyperkinetic. Hyperkinetic. Intermediate. Administrator. Administrator. Fighting Strategist. . . . Hyperkinetic. Hypokinetic. Hyperkinetic. Intermediate. Desire for adventure. Fearlessness, love of sea and of adventure. Fearless and adven- turesome; poor stu- dent. Loved adventure; feaa> Full of pranks and good humor, nomadic. Nomadic, impulsive, Dau. of corn- belligerent, pertina- modore and <'»°*^- sib of head of Coast Survey. Love of hunting and Dau.ofanavi- adventure; ran away gator to sea. TYPES OP NAVAL OFFICERS. Table 5 — Continued. 17 Children. Sibs. F. F's brothers. M. F. M's brothers. 41 42 2 in army, 1 in navy. Nomadic, adven- turous, explorer. 1 lieut. colonel in army. Custom-house official, 1 member 3d Dragoons. Archdeacon of Water- ford. 2 were soldiers, 1 a sailor. 1 lieut. in navy, capt. of artillery army, 1 lieut. in army. In Rev. war sea captain. 43 1 daughter, wilful. . 2 clergymen, 1 clerk, 1 indolent died young. Clergyman . . . Clergyman. Clergyman . . Naval capt. . . 44 Son a sailor [brother's son's son a reformer and statesman.3 5 set out on a sloop to capture a war vessel. 1 commodore U.S. N.; 1 master in U. S. Volunteer • navy, 1 colonel of infantry. In Colonial militia. Comm d r e XT. S. navy. Gen. Robert Bogardiis in War of 1812. 45 46 1 son (out of 4) be- came col. of cav- alry. 1 naval officer Major of mili- tia, captured Maj. Andr6. 47 2 clergymen,2 naval officers. 1 admiral Commander of a packet at Dover. 48 Judge of pro- bate. M M F capt. in Rev. War. Sea captain. 49 Oliver HazardPerry; James A. Perry, sword from Con- gress for part in naval battle; 2 other naval offi- Naval c a p - tain, auda- cious. Hyperkinetic stock. 60 1 naval service cers. Practiced med- icine. Teacher of lan- guages. Professor of surgery Vt. Med. Coll. 51 52 3 sons in navy F sea-fighter, FF bred to the sea. John a na- val com- mander. In Continen- tal Army. Something of "fire eater." 53 1 nomadic 2 marine traders, 1 merchant. Sailing master and brig. gen. A shipmaster. 54 18 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Tablb 5 — Continued. 65 Naval oflScer. W.Raleigh., Coun- try Type Eng. 66 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 J. Rodgers. G. B. Rodney. J. R. Sands. . . U. S. U.S. Eng. Fighter, ad- ministrator, nomad. Strategist and administrator. J. Saumarei. . . R. Semmes. . . . E. H. Seymour. W.S.Smith... R. F. Stockton. J. Tattnall M. H. Tromp . J. R. Tucker.. J. A. Winslow. W. Wolaeley . . Eng. U.S. Eng. Eng. U.S. U.S. Dutch U.S. Administrator. Intermediatec Temperament Hyperkinetic. Juvenile promise Love of adventure and fighting. Hyperkinetic. Ran away at 13 to see ships; fearless of re- sponsibility. Consort Alady of Queen Elizabeth's Court. Administrator. Tactician. Strategist. . . . Administrator. Fighter. Dashing fighter (frigate type). Diplomatic. . . Tactician and fighter. Administrator. U. S. Administrator. Intermediate. Eng. Intermediate. Intermediate. Intermediate. Intermediate. Hyperkinetic. Hyperkinetic. Intermediate. Hyperkinetic. Intermediate. Went to sea at 13 yre. Taste for navy. Nomadic... Love of sea. Nomadic. Fighter. Hypokinetic. Scholarship, ambition; courage, pugnacity. Love of sea and of ad- venture. Scholarship high. At sea when nine years old; when his father was killed he called on marines to avenge his death. Longing for the sea. . Went to sea at 10 yrs. in a "ship's boat." Cousin . Nomadic. TYPES OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 19 Tablb 5 — ConMnued. Children. Sibs. F. F's brothers. M. F. M's brother. 1 son in navy; died in Guiana. Half brothers: Sir Humphrey Gil- bert, navigator and explorer; Sir John Gilbert, dep- uty vice admiral. A country gen- tleman. M M F: a great soldier. Vice admiral of the West; interested in making plantations in Ireland. 55 4 marine officers, 1 col. of militia. George, commodore U. S. N. Officer in Rev. war. Commander of the Royal Yacht. 56 67 1 clergyman, 1 col- onel in army. 1 lieut. in army; 1 general in army; 1 surgeon. Wealthy mer- chant. 2 capt. in navy. Surgeon in British Army. 58 59 1 naval captain. . . . 60 Vice ad- miral. 61 Army officer, hyperkinetic. A general in the army. 62 3 lawvera 1 lawyer, 1 lieut. in army. Lawyer 63 Colonel and governor of Georgia. Of a distin- guished family. 64 1 became rear- admiral in Dutch fleet. Naval captain. Immigrated to U. S. from Bermuda. Physician . . . 65 66 2 naval officers Commercial . . Chairman of committee of safety. 67 W. N. Wolse- ley, captain in infantry. Gov. gen. of Nova Scotia. 1 captain in army, 1 commanded in navy. 68 20 HEEEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Table 6. — Fighting naval officers and the allied vocatiom of their dose relations. 44. Horatio Nelson. Preeminent strategist, tactician, and fighter; hero of the Nile, Copen- hagen, and Trafalgar. Maternal side: Mother: a woman "of some force of character." Mother s brother, captain in the navy and comptroller in the naval board. The mother's mother's mother's brother. Sir Robert Walpole, prime minister of England; also his brother Gal- fridus Walpole, of the navy, a fighter. Paternal side: The only distinguished ones were clergymen. Comment: Nelson's strategic insight may be an inheritance from both sides; a nomadic tendency may be in his mother's brother (Captain Suckling). His hyperkinetic reaction is possibly a new mutation. 11. CocHEANB. Naval commander, wherever fortune led him. Maternal side: Mother's father, a captain of the Royal Navy. Paternal side: Father, enlisted in army; transferred to navy and became an acting lieuten- ant; grew weary of this and turned toward natural science; a speculator in scien- tific matters and an inventor. Father's brothers: Charles, a colonel in the British army, killed at Yorktown; Alexander, a distinguished admiral of the blue; Andrew, a colonel in the army "who threw up the service in disgust and became a mem- ber of ParUament." The father of the foregoing fraternity entered the army early, but retired with the rank of major. Comment: There is perhaps inconstancy rather than pure nomadism on the paternal side, although Alexander persisted in his nomadic profession. There was probably a love of the sea in the mother's father. 13. Ctjshing. Love of adventure. Maternal side: A brother of the mother "was lost or died at sea," presumably as a seaman of some sort. A sister of the mother, Elizabeth W. Smith, married John PUlsbury, a printer, and had a son, John Elliott, who was a graduate of the U. S. Military Academy, 1862, who served continuously in the navy until retired in 1908 and is best known for his inventions of deep-sea measuring apparatus. Paternal side: The father was Milton Cushing, who graduated in medicine; removed to Zanesville, Ohio, where he was a local merchant; then to Columbus, Ohio, and in 1837 to Wisconsin where he was appointed justice of the peace; in 1844 to Chicago and 1847 back to Ohio, where he died. Comment: On both sides there is restlessness; on the mother's side, at least, a love of the sea. 26. Hawkins, John. "Patriarch of the sea rovers"; brother was a ship-owner who commanded his own flotilla. Maternal side: Little known; his mother's father's father was Sir John Trelawny, warrior with King Henry at Agincourt. Paternal side: Father, one of the greatest sea captains in the west of England, an officer of the navy of Henry VIII, the first Englishman to sail into the southern seas; he made at least three voyages to Brazil. Comment: Here is evidence of adventurousness on both sides, but most marked on the paternal. The same trait reappears in the son of the propositus, who, at the age of 33 (1593), went on an expedition of exploration around South America, was made a captive, and was sent to Spain for several years; he died at the age of 62, while engaged against the Algerian pirates. 28. HoENBT. An able commander, nomadic and thalassophilic. One brother was captain of the Royal Engineers; another was provost of Eton College. Maternal side: His mother's father was General "Saratoga" Burgoyne, a decidedly uncon- trolled sort of a man, given to gambling; also a writer of plays; a gallant army officer, who in the year 1759 introduced light cavalry into the British army. His son. Sir John Fox Burgoyne, was a great army engineer. Paternal side: Father, a naval officer of no great distinction, who was appointed to the Board of Admiralty. Father's brother became lieutenant colonel and father's father was a colonel in the army for a time and then a clergyman. Comment: The maternal side shows the greater briUiancy and restlessness; apparently love of the sea is more marked on the paternal side. HEREDITARY TRAITS OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 21 Table 6. — Fighting naval officers and the allied vocations of their close relations — Continued. 34. Keppel. a hyperkinetic naval fighter. Two of his brothers were army oflBeers and one was for a time in the navy. Maternal side: The mother's father was a member of Parliament and acquired the title of Baron de Clifford; his son who succeeded to the title was also in Parliament. The mother's mother (Sophia Campbell) was a very intelligent, lively woman, of great personal courage. At the age of 80 years she discharged hfer pistols at thieves climbing over the garden wall. Paternal side: The father was "master of the horse" at court and a member of Parliament. The father's father was colonel of the King's Own regiment of dragoons and com- manded the Cuban expedition sent in 1762 to reduce Havana. His brother, Augustus Keppel, became a naval commander at 22 years, negotiated a treaty with the piratical dey of Algiers, and was a brave naval fighter; in his later years he became suspicious and quarrelsome. The father's father's father was, in 1748, commander in chief of the British forces serving in the Low Countries and was later ambassador to France; his wife was the sister of Charles Lennox, from whom are descended the great Napier family of generals and admirals. Charles Lennox was grandson of Charles II, King of England. Comment: On both sides are strains of courage. The paternal side (descended from Charles II) includes more military men and Admiral Augustus Keppel. 36. MACDONOtrQH. Adventurous and belligerent naval commander; a brother was midship- man in the navy. Maternal side: The mother's father, Samuel Vance, was a captain in the Delaware colonial mihtia. Paternal side: The father distinguished himself in active service as major of the Delaware battaUon, 1776. In February 1777 he was elected member of the privy council and speaker of the council of Delaware, 1784, 1787. He was made second justice of the court of common pleas and orphan's court of New Castle county, Delaware. Comment: Macdonough was of belligerent blood from both sides; high intelligence and leadership is obvious in the father. His energy is probably especially from the paternal side. 40. Makrtat. Adventuresome, fearless, literary; of a literary fraternity. Maternal side: Mother's father, a Hessian settler in Boston, England. Paternal side: Father, parliamentarian; author of political pamphlets. Comment: If the mother's father as an immigrant was nomadic, Marryat's reaction can be easily imderstood. Literary taste and capacity are clearly shown in the paternal side. 45. O'Brien. Naval fighter, of a fighting fraternity. Maiernal side: The mother's father was a sea captain. Paternal side: The father fought in the colonial army that took Louisburg. Comment: This family history is a fragment, but probably there is a love of the sea on the maternal side. 46. Parker (W. H.). Fond of adventure, of a fraternity of fighters and administrators. Maternal side: Mother's father, a colonel of infantry (regulars) in the War of 1812. Paternal side: Father, Commodore Foxhall A. Parker. Comment: Adventuresomeness and belligerency probably on both sides. 47. Paulmnq. Brave, adventurous, diplomatic. Maternal side: Mother's brother, John Ward, an ofiicer in the Loyal America regiment during the Revolution; later settled in New Brunswick. Paternal side: Father, major of militia, one of the captors of Major John Andr6. Comment: There is a certain loyalty and willingness to fight for ideals on the mother's side; the father also was a fighter. 49. Perkins. Hyperkinetic, adventuresome, pertinacious. Maternal side: Mother's brother, a "remarkably efficient" captain. Mother's mother's father, a captain in the Revolutionary war. Paternal side: Father, studied at Harvard Law School and for 16 years presided over the probate court of Merrimac county. New Hampshire. Comment: So far as the record goes the fighters were on the maternal side only. 22 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Table 6. — Fighting naval officers and the allied vocations qf their close relations — Continued. 50. Perbt, Oliver. Pertinacious fighter. Matthew, pertinacious diplomat and naval adminis- trator. Maternal side: Mother's brother, served in army under Comwallis and also commanded a merchantman; another brother served under Cornwallis. The mother's mother's father was a Wallace of the famous Scotch family of fighters. Paternal Side: Father, a sea captain who served with distinction during the Revolutionary war upon armed vessels and in 1798 became a captain in the United States navy. The father's father was chief justice of the court of common pleas and president of the town council of Kingston, Rhode Island. Comment: There are fighters and sea captains on both sides. 53. PoBTKK, Davtd Dixon. Nomadic and adventurous; four of his brothers died while serving in the navy as officers or midshipman; two of his sons were naval officers. Maternal side: The mother's brother is said to have been "something of a fire-eater"; the mother's father at the age of 15 joined the Continental army and served five years; he held various political offices and in 1809 was elected to Congress, retaining his seat until 1815; he was a county judge and a collector of customs. Paternal side: The father, David Porter, jr., commander of the Essex, was nomadic and hyper- kinetic. His brother John was a commander in the navy. Their father, David senior, also was a lover of the sea and so was his father, in turn a merchant captain. One of David senior's daughter's sons was a lieutenant in the Mexican navy, killed in action. Of John's sons, one was a genersil and one as a midshipman was lost at sea. Comment: The Porter family is one of our most remarkable naval families. Through 5 generations without a break extends naval efficiency of a high order, through 3 generations of the highest order. The marriages, so far as known, usually tended to maintain or exaggerate the traits. 56. RoDOEBS, John. Fearless, orderly, able to organize, fond of the sea, willing to accept responsi- bility. His brother George received a medal from Congress for gallantry in the navy during the War of 1812. Maternal side: The mother was a woman of "great strength of character," the daughter of a Presbyterian minister. Paternal side: The father, bom in Scotland, was captain in command of a regiment of militia during the American Revolution. Comment: The origin of the fine fraternity of the Rodgers brothers remains imexplained for lack of details of earlier generations. 63. Stockton. Dashing, hjrperkinetic, diplomat. Maternal side: Mother's father, ambassador to Austria and Russia, secretary of state for New Jersey in 1794. One mother's brother's son became a lieutenant in the navy, but later retired to a plantation in Mississippi; another became United States senator. Paternal side: Father, leader of the New Jersey bar at the age of 25 years, a presidential elector at 28, and a United States senator at 32. His only brother was United States district attorney for New Jersey. His sister, whose husband was chaplain in the navy, had a son who became a major general (David Hunter, 1802-1886) in the United States army and another who, after serving as naval surgeon through the Mexican and Civil wars, was retired with the rank of commodore. Comment: Though the nearest relatives are legal, administrative, and parliamentarian, yet on each side are naval and fighting first cousins. Doubtless a h}rperkinetic tendency came through the precocious father and the father's father, signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. The origin of Stockton's diplomatic capacity is not difficult to discover on the maternal side. 67. WiNSLOW. Nomadic, fearless, energetic. Maternal side: The mother's mother's mother's mother's father was William Rhett, the only near relative regarded as having the ambition and qualities necessary for becoming a naval warrior. One of his granddaughters married a British admiral and six of their grandchildren were naval officers, including four British admirals. Paternal side: The father was "engaged in commercial pursuits"; nothing more is known of bis family. Comment: This is a striking case of nomadism carried through 4 generations of females. HEREDITARY TRAITS OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 23 Table 6. — Fighting naval officers and the allied vocations of their close relations — Continued. 16. Dbwbt. Quick in response, fond of adventure, cool and brave in emergency. A brother was quartermaster of infantry in the Civil War and this brother's son is a naval ofl5cer. Maternal side: Little evidence of adventurousness or hyperkinesia. None of the known rela- tives on this side show love of the sea. Paternal side: Father, a physician, sometime army surgeon and president of an insurance company. The father's father's father was a captain of militia in the Revolution; his brother was a gunsmith with Ethan Allen at Ticonderoga. Of these brothers the mother's mother's father was George Denison, the most brilliant pioneer soldier of the Massachusetts colony, from whom also is descended Commodore John Rodgers (q. v.) . Comment: In absence of fuller details about grandparents it is hard to interpret the origin of Dewey's traits. Probably the father had something of his quickness in response. 21. FooTB. An excellent organizer and gallant fighter; audacious. Brother, a congressman. Maternal side: Mother's father, a brigadier general of militia. Paternal side: Father voyaged to West Indies; was a member of the United States Senate and House of Representatives; also governor of Connecticut. CommeM: The fighting capacity seen in mother's side; administration in father. 25. Hawkb. a fighter. Maiemal side: Mother's mother's father a general in the army, of the well-known fighting Fairfaxes. Paternal side: Father, a lawyer. Comment: A restlessness comes down through an exclusively female line. 54. Feeble. Liable to outbreaks of temper; fond of the sea, a good disciplinarian and dip- lomat. Two of his brothers were captains of merchantmen. Maternal side: The mother's father was a shipmaster and merchant and held many town offices. His brother was similarly a shipmaster and merchant of much enterprise. Paternal side: The father was a sea captain, entered the army, and attained the rank of brigadier general. It is said that he was the first white man to ascend Mount Washington; he had a violent temper. Comment: The violent temper is clearly a Preble trait and the father was also fond of mountain climbing (nomadic trait). The love of the sea is a trait shown on both sides. 61. Setmotjb. Thalassophilic, administrative. Maternal side: Mother's father, a member of Parliament; mother's mother's father, a member of Parliament. Paterruil side: Father, a clergyman, two of whose brothers were naval officers: Michael an admiral and Edward a captain; another brother had a son who was a vice admiral. Father's father, a distinguished admiral. Father's mother's father, a captain in the Royal Navy. Comment: On the face of the pedigree chart, the maternal side brought legislative ability and the paternal side love of the sea and gallantry. Seymour combined these traits. 64. Tattnall. Fearless, judicious, brilliant, beloved, diplomatic. Maternal side: Of the mother's father little is known except that the Fenwicks were a family of great influence. The mother's yoimger sister had a son, Christopher Gadsden, commander of the United States brig Vixen. Paternal side: Father's father was a Loyalist and returned to England with "Father"; the latter declined a commission in the Royal army, returned to America, and fought with the colonial troops; became a brigadier general, United States senator, and governor of Georgia. Comment: The only naval man found in this record is on the maternal side; but fighting capacity and diplomacy are found in the father. 68. WoLSELET. Somewhat nomadic, hypokinetic. Maternal side: His mother's brother, Phillips Cosby, became a British admiral and another brother was captain in the army. The mother's father was a lieutenant in the army and lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia. Paternal side: The father was a captain of infantry; and his father's father was in the army in Ireland imder William III and later a member of Parliament. Comment: The nearest relative with his love for the sea is his mother's brother. Admiral Cosby. Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley (born 1833) was the grandson of a second 24 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. TabI/E 7. — Summary of evidence. No. ProposituB. Maternal side. Paternal side. 44 M. B. thalaasophilic, strategic, diplomatic. Faithful. 11 Thalassophilic, nomadic M. F. thalassophilic. . . . Inconstant, nomadic. 13 AdventurouB Restless Restless. 26 28 "Spa rover". Adventurous Brilliant, restless Adventurous. Thalassophilic. Thalassophilic, nomadic, able. 34 Hyperkinetic, combative Legal, courageous Combative, nomadic (?). 36 Energetic, adventurous, com- Combative Combative, energetic, in- bative. telligent. 40 Literary. 45 Combative, thalassophilic. . . Thalassophilic Combative. 46 Adventurous, combative Combative Thalassophilic. 47 Adventurous, diplomatic Combative, loyal Combative. 49 Hyperkinetic, adventurous. . . Combative Administrative. 50 Thalassophilic, pertinacious, audacious, diplomatic. Combative, thalassophilic. Combative, thalassophilic. 53 Thalassophilic, combative, ad- venturous. Combative Thalassophilic, adventurous. 54 Ill-tempered, thalassophilic, diplomatic. Thalassophilic Ill-tempered, nomadic. 56 Thalassophilic, fearless, ad- mimstrative. Administrative (?) Combative. 61 Thalassophilic, administrative. Administrative Thalassophilic, brave. 63 Hyperkinetic, restless, diplo- matic. Diplomatic Hyperkinetic. 64 Fearless, judicious, diplo- matic, combative, nomadic. Thalassophilic (7) Combative, diplomatic. 67 Nomadic, fearless, energetic. . Nomadic, combative. . . . "In commerce." 68 Combative, nomadic, hypo- Thalassophilic, nomadic. Administrative. kinetic, administrative combative. 16 Hyperkinetic, adventurous. . . (7) Hyperkinetic. 21 Administrative, audacious, combative. Combative Administrative. 25 Combative Combative Legal. Table 7 may be still further summarized as follows : There is evidence of thalassophilia in the maternal side of the propositus in 7 cases, on the paternal side in 5. Restlessness, nomadism, or adventuresomeness appear 6 times on the maternal side and 6 times on the paternal side. Hyper- kinesis (energy) is mentioned 3 times on the paternal side and not at all on the maternal; but combative is indicated 10 times as a characteristic on the maternal side and 7 times as a characteristic on the paternal side. Diplomatic is mentioned twice on maternal side and once on paternal; administrative is recorded 2 and 3 times and courageous 1 and 1 times on maternal and paternal sides respectively. Similar traits in about similar proportions are thus shown on each side when the close relatives of the propositus are considered en masse. What the table brings out clearly is that the successful naval officer arises in families that have in other instances shown the traits upon which his success has depended. INHERITANCE OF SPECIAL TRAITS: THALASSOPHILIA. 25 THE INHERITANCE OF SPECIAL TRAITS OF NAVAL OFFICERS. THALASSOPHILIA, OR LOVE OF THE SEA. Source of ThalassopMlia {or Sea-lust) in Naval Officers.— Theses, makes to different people a varied appeal. There are those who dread to go upon the great waters; there are those who have a genuine mania for the sea. The love of the sea, sea-lust or thalassophilia, is apparently a specific trait to be differentiated from wanderlust or love of adventure; several sailors with whom I have spoken (at Sailors' Snug Harbor), while they admit a strong love for travel on the sea, deny that they care for travel on land; conversely, the gypsies are notorious as wanderers, but are not notorious as sailors. Also, it is clear that many find their love of adventure fully satisfied by fighting Indians or hving on the frontier as cowboys, etc., and have no longing for the sea. Moreover, the modern merchant vessel plying between New York and Liverpool offers, in times of peace, as little probability of adventure as that of conductor on a rail- road train; and we have seen, on the increase of danger from submarines, seamen declining to undertake trips on the sea because of the added hazard of the trip; so that it is not adventure that leads them to become seamen. To the landsman the sea is often regarded as exceedingly dangerous; how, then, does it happen that some persons have been lured to undertake the discomfort, disease, and dangers of Ufe on the sea, even from an early age of Ufe, and at an era when little regard was had for the comfort or even health of the sailor. It is because men are driven into sea life by their instinctive fondness for the sea. That sea-lust is an inherited, racial trait is demonstrated by its dis- tribution ,among the races of the globe. It is natural that races with a sea-lust should make their way to the seacoast; and so we find Phoeni- cians, Carthaginians, and even Romans developing great marine fleets. That it is not proper to conclude that peoples are sea-lovers merely because they live on the sea is illustrated in the history of the Jews, who (though located on the Mediterranean, but without good natural harbors) were never a great maritime people. Even the Greeks, though reaUzing at times their dependence for national existence upon ships, were aroused with diffi- culty before the battle of Salamis and declined readily after the Syracusan expedition (415-413 B.C.). The Turks rose to sea-power only during a part of the sixteenth century. The great naval nations of the modern world have been the English, Scandinavian, and Dutch; though France, Spain, and Portugal have at times had great fleets and great sea fighters. Though the marine commerce of the Germans has risen in recent years to the first rank, their great navy has won no important victories. During the early part of the nineteenth century our coastal states (settled largely from England, Sweden, and Holland) produced great sea fighters, and dur- ing the War of 1812-1814 inflicted a series of humiliating defeats on the English navy. 26 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. While few of the native African tribes, though fronting on the sea, developed significant sea-power, and though even the Chinese were not given to long voyages, yet the Poljniesians are the most maritime of all peoples and centuries ago traversed hundreds of miles of ocean in open canoes and proved themselves such gallant fighters that they conquered remote inhabited countries, Uke New Zealand, which they reached in their joTU-neys. That sea-lust is a racial trait is recognized by seamen themselves, who hold themselves apart as a different race from the "land-lubber." Seamen know very well that their cravings for the sea are racial — "it is LQ the blood," they say. As Hoppin (1874, p. 19) writes: "The sea is a magnet that draws its own to it wherever they may be. . . . The love of the sea is one of the instincts that are original in the natiu-e of some." Just what there is in the sea that makes the appeal is a question. I have repeatedly inquired of sailors, especially at Sailors' Snug Harbor, Staten Island, as to this matter. Some reply naively that there was a good living to be made on the sea and therefore they natm-ally entered upon it. One can imagine that if one asked a tern why it lived on the sea instead of inland, like robins, it might reply because "I get my food from the sea." It is more in accordance with correct thinking to conclude that a tern feeds on the sea because its instincts lead it to live on the sea; and a fisherman or a sea captain finds his hving on the sea because, for- tunately for him, he can make a Uving where his instincts draw him. As Robert Hare, 1810, wrote concerning the adoption by America of the poUcy of abandoning the sea: "The utter impossibility of enforcing this abandonment in practice has already been demonstrated. A portion of ovu- countrjonen are amphibious and we might as well forbid the birds to fly or the fishes to swim as deny them access to their favorite element." Other seamen have told me that it was the "romance of the sea" that attracted them. One stated that it was the form of the ship with sails spread that lured him; and to the visualist this sight makes a strong appeal. We have the statement that John Rodgers as a boy left his home at Havre de Grace and walked to Baltimore because he wanted to see a square-rigged ship. Also, many sailors have been visuahsts, fond of objects of natural history of all sorts, bringing home collections of shells and fruits and works of "savage" art to find place in local musemns. Still, this is not the whole explanation, for a steady stream of appUcants for the navy con- tinues, even in time of peace, despite the replacement of sails by steam. One sailor suggested that the yoimg man who has returned from the sea carries a glamor of romance and heroism that attracts young women and enables him to make a better marriage selection. This would natu- rally be a strong incentive and, no doubt, in sea-loving communities like Salern, Marblehead, Sag Harbor, etc., it played an important part in securing the matmg of two thalassophihc strains and in establishing a INHERITANCE OF SPECIAL TRAITS: THALASSOPHILIA. 27 p\ire thalassophilic race; but as an explanation of sea-lust it seems to me inadequate: first, because only certain of the young men of the community have the sea-lust; second, because only certain of the young women are thus especially attracted toward seamen. It seems probable that such young women belong to a strain that carries sea-lust; and that the eugenic explana- tion of love of the sea is one that applies only to maritime communities. It seems probable, indeed, that sea-lust is a definite instinct which has appeared in a few strains of mankind. It appeared in the Vikings, who doubtless carried it to England and perhaps to the Netherlands. It appeared in the Phoenicians and in their colonies of Carthage and Syra- cuse and possibly of the east coast of Spain. No doubt the trait of sea-lust has arisen in other strains. However it has arisen, in some way it has got into a population and through consanguineous matings it has increased until it is foimd in a marked proportion of the population, which we then speak of as a great maritime people. The decline of a great maritime people is likely to coincide with a great naval defeat. Says Admiral Bridge (Encycl. Brit., xxiv, 552): "A remarkable characteristic of sea-power is the delusive manner in which it appears to revive after a great defeat." This failure properly to revive may be due to the heavy loss in the first defeat of germ plasm with the sea-lust, such that sufficient regeneration of it can not occur. The navy may be rebuilt, but "artificially" so, to use Bridge's term, and lacking in sailors with the real instinct. Apparently the Spanish fleet which met defeat off Cuba in 1898 lacked sailors with the proper hereditary traits. Of sea-power Bridges says: "To reach the highest degree of efficiency it shovild be based upon a population naturally maritime." Sea-lust, it must be conceded, is a fundamental instinct, and a man who has it is as clearly differentiated from one who lacks it as a tern is differentiated from a thrush in its choice of habitat. The presence of the instinct shows itself in a desire for life on the broad expanse of the waters. It seems to be the opposite of the trait known to psychiatrists as "claus- trophiUa," or the feeling of contentment when surrounded by walls and living in a spacially restricted world. ThalassophiUa, on the contrary, is a love of limitless expanse of horizon and of area for movements over the face of the planet. Traveling on land does not satisfy the instinct because movements are less free and the horizon more restricted. No doubt the changing color and moods of the water, the sun, and clouds, the dangers, the novel scenes in distant parts, all constitute part of the pleasurable sensations which lure the freedom-loving sailor or naval man. Heredity of SeaAust. — One of the most striking characteristics of sea- lust is that it is almost wholly a male character, apparently much more so than nomadism; quite as much so as the beard. Even among the Polynesians the women are not given to going to sea. This may be in part due to the mores; since to sit in a boat was formerly for a woman taboo in the Marquesas Islands. Sea fighting is not wholly tmknown 28 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. among women, as the two cases of Mary Anne Talbot and Hannah Snell (Encycl. Brit.) indicate; but the rarity of such cases suggests that they are examples of psychic sex mversion. Nomadism, which leads to a fond- ness for travel equally on land or sea, is not rare among women; and the wives of sea captains not infrequently accompany then- husbands; but these are not typical cases of sea-lust. It is possible, accordingly, that the irresistible appeal of the sea is a trait that is a sort of secondary sex character in males of certain races, just as a large rose comb is a male characteristic in some races of poultry. Females of the race have rose combs, to be sure, but they are relatively small things; but the sons of such females have huge combs again. As the great development of the comb of the cock occurs imder the stimulus of the secretions of the male germ gland, so the appeal of the sea develops under the secretion of the germ gland in the boy or young man who belongs to a thalassophilic race. The behavior of this secondary sex character in heredity seems to be like this: If the father is thalassophilic and the mother belongs to a nonthalassophilic race, the sons will not be thalassophilic, as we see in the case of the sons of Hiram Paiilding. When, on the other hand, both father's and mother's close male relatives are thalassophilic, probably the entire fraternity of the propositus will be so. This particular combination is less often realized than would be useful for testing this hypothesis. The following cases realize it approximately: 36, Pbeble. Father, sailing master and brigadier general: mother's father, a ship-master: sons: 1, Edward, commodore; 2, Ebenezer, a distinguished merchant of Boston; 3, Joshua, little known; 4, a sea trader from 16 to 61; 5 a sea trader. As in those days the merchants often sailed, or sailed with, their ships, Ebenezer was probably attracted to the business of merchant through a love of the sea, or began as a sailor before he was a merchant.^ If we sup- pose this to have been the case with Ebenezer (and omitting the little-known Joshua), then all 4 of the known sons of this mating were thalassophilic. Again John Adolph Dahlgren married the daughter of a merchant and had 3 sons. One became a commander in the navy, and the other 2 were fighters in the Civil War. Of these, 1 died in battle at the age of 22; the other became United States consul at Rome. George Smith Blake married the daughter of Commodore James Barron. Their only son was Francis Blake, who became a lieutenant com- mander in the navy during the Civil War and was a gallant fighter. Captain Moses Brown married a Cofiin of Newburyport, a center of sailor-folk. Of his 4 sons we know nothing about the youngest. Of the others, 2 became sea captains and 1 a cooper on shipboard. ' Marvin, W. L. (1902. The American Merchant Marine. New York: Scribners. 444 pp.), says p. 81: "Every capable oflBcer (of a ship) of those times looked forward to becoming a merchant himself." In the E. R. O. records (57: 462) we find: "J. S. (born 1748) early engaged in commerce with the West Indies and commanded his own vessels." He served in the navy during the Revolution. INHEEITANCE OF SPECIAL TRAITS: HYPERKINESIS. 29 Admiral David Dixon Porter married a daughter of a commodore in the navy. Of their 4 sons, nothing was found about Richard. Essex became a major in the United States army; C. P. Porter served in the United States Marine Corps, and Theodoric served 43 years in the navy, retiring when he was a commodore. John Ancrum Winslow, whose father was in commerce, married his paternal cousin and of his 2 sons one was a paymaster in the navy and the other became a commander in the navy. I add two examples from the Eugenics Record Office files: Case 1. The father was "passionately fond of the sea and of marine sports"; he also liked to travel and became a man of great business ability. His mother's father was a ship captain. The mother was of a retiring disposition and fearful of ships and the sea; but her father traveled widely, especially at sea, had a clear wanderlust and httle business ability. The children were 2 sons and a daughter. One son was extremely fond of travel, geography, ships, and the sea, and was with- out business ability. The second son is fond of aquatic sports, but hates travel and has good business ability. The daughter is fond of social activity. (E. R. 0., Cor — 3.) Case 2. The propositus lived on the sea for many years, served in the Civil War, went out to Missouri, after a year returned to Pennsylvania, and settled down to farming. His mother's brother was a sea captain. (E. R. 0., 28: 155.) Thus we see that thalassophilia acts Uke a recessive, so that, when the determiner for it (or the absence of a determiner for dislike) is in each germ-cell the resulting male child will have a love of the sea. Sometimes a father who shows no liking for the sea, like Perkins's father, may carry a determiner for sea-lust recessive. It is theoretically probable that some mothers are heterozygous for love of the sea, so that when married to a thalassopbilic man half of their children will show sea-lust and half will not. THE HYPERKINETIC QUALITIES OF THE FIGHTERS. Studies made on other and more extensive material have led (Dav- enport, 1915, p. 94) to the conclusion that hyperkinesis is a dominant con- dition and passes through the generations without skipping any. The tendency is equally apt to be shown in father or mother, and not commonly in both. Of our 67 naval officers, 31 may be reckoned as primarily fighters and, as such, most are of the hyperkinetic type. This total includes Nelson, who is equally great as strategist and tactician, and Ohver Hazard Perry and David Porter, jr., who are not on our maia Ust. Of these 30 the hyper- kinetic tendency apparently comes from the paternal side in 15, namely: Blake, Cochrane, Dewey, Foote, Keppel, Lawrence, Macdonough, Morris, Perkins, O. H. Perry, David Porter, D. D. Porter, Smith, Stockton, Tromp. The hyperkinesis apparently comes from the maternal side in 6 cases; namely, Beresford, Gushing, Keith, Nelson, O'Brien, Wolseley. In 1 case it probably came from both sides, namely, Farragut; in the 8 remaining cases the temperament of neither parent is sufficiently known. There are 30 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. apt to be more cases of hyperkinetic fathers than mothers, since biographers tend to consider the latter less fully than the former. Though the evidence of the biographies is, in some cases, not satis- factory, yet the hyperkinesis of the propositus is usually shown in some degree by one of the parents also. Table 8. — Vocations of the grandchildren of naval officers. Name. Sons' sons. Daughters' sons. Barney . . . Buchanan (Cochrane . Dahlgren . Duncan . . Flinders . . Hawkins . . Howe . Morris Paulding Pellew . . Perry, O. H. Perry, M. C. Perry, C. R. Preble Rodgers, John RodgerB,G.W. 1, inventor. 2, conunander in Confederate navy. 1, lieutenant general. 2, lieutenant colonel in army. 1, 2, professor of biology. 1, member of Parliament. 1, went to sea. 2, 3, . . . 1, United States MiUtary Academy; captain of artillery 1, in insurance business 2, farmer 1, commander. Royal Navy. 2, . . . 3, officer in Madras cavalry. 4, lieutenant in Royal Navy. 5, major in infantry. 1, author. 2, . . . 1, lieutenant United States navy 2, graduate West Point 3, physician 1, commander in navy. 1, commander in navy 2, rear admiral ' . 3, rear admiral ' . 1, captain. United States army. 2, lieutenant United States navy.' 3, rear admiral.' 1, Naval Academy, youngest member of class. 1,2, young. 1, leading British Egyptologist. 1, 2, . . . 1, lieutenant, United States navy. 2, ensign, United States navy. 3, rector. 1, in naval reserve. 2, 3, not in navy. 1, rear admiral. 2, rear admiral. 3, 4, bankers. 5, graduate of U. S. Naval Acad- emy; 2 years in navy. 1, rear admiral. 2, naval commander. 3, naval captain. 4, soldier. 1, brigadier general. United States army. 2, 3, majors. 4, engineer. 1 Also daughter's sons of M. C. Perry. ' Also sister's sons of Alexander Mackenzie, naval officer and brother (with change of name) of Jane Slidell, who married M. C. Perry, and Julia Slidell, who married C. R. P. Rodgers. INHERITANCE OP SPECIAL TRAITS: NOMADISM. Table -9. — Summary of Table 8. 31 Classification. Naval ofiBcers At sea Army officers Inventor Professor of biology . . Member of Parliament Insurance business . . . Farmer Author Physician Egyptologist Rector Not in navy Engineer Total Son's song. No. 10 25 Per cent. 40 4 28 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 100 Daughter's sons. No. 10 3 1 1 2 1 18 Per cent. 56 16.5 5.5 5.5 11 5.5 100 SOURCE OF NOMADISM IN NAVAL OFFICERS. Nomadism is a trait which leads its possessor to restlessness, change of scene, travel. The manifestation of this trait is often periodic. It is shown more in early than later life. Typical nomads, like gypsies and Bedouins, are satisfied with roaming over the land; the "sea rovers" have, there is reason for thinking, another and different instinct: a love of the sea, thalassophiUa. That these two instincts are distinct is shown by the fact that many sea rovers have a distaste for travel on land, or at least find little satisfaction on it. Foote wanted to go to sea against his parents' wishes and was entered at West Point as a compromise; but this did not satisfy, so he transferred to the navy. Nomadism appears to be a simple "unit character" whose germinal determiner is sex-linked, i. e., is found only in such sperm cells as produce female offspring. This matter has already been worked out at the Eugenics Record Office (Davenport, 1915). Since nomadism is an important element that leads to a naval (as well as to a military) career, it is interesting to inquire whether, in the mass, there is any difference between males and females in the tendency to have naval sons. To make the comparison we must consider in parallel columns the distribution of occupations in the sons of persons who hold exactly similar relationship to the propositus. An attempt has been made to do this in table 8. 32 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Table 10. — Showing for the respective histories the frequency of occurrence of various occupations among the brothers of the father and the mother respectively of the propositus. Occupations. Naval oflScer. Lost at sea Merchant sailor Army officer • Soldier in Amer. Revolution Naval surgeon Pioneer Hunter Clergyman Surveyor Baron of exchequer Commerce, trade, and plan- tations Judge Merchant Physician Fanner Father's brothers. History Nos. 5, 11, 20, 32, 42, 43, 53, 59 (bis), 61 (bis) .... 43, 50 43,58 5, 11 (3), 39, 63 36 (bis) 6,14 37 5 11. 28 (4) (11) 5, 46 (bis), 59 10 17,50 43,60 Per cent Mother's brothers. Per cent History Nos. 25 32, 44, 55, 68 20 5 13 5 5 27 5 14 28, 47, 49, 68 20 5 5 2 25 5 2 12 16,32 10 27 5 31 5 25 5 9 10, 49, 63 (bis) 20 2 5 9 ' Excluding a number of the less important English army officials. Table 11. — Absolute and percentage frequency of occurrence of each of several classes of occupations among sons of the brothers and the sisters, respectively, of the proposituses. Classification Naval officers. . . Army officers . . . Farmers Civil service. . . . Sailors Merchants Shipmasters .... MisceUaneoua. . . Surgeon in navy. Clergy Total. Brother's sons (10). Frequency. Per cent, 13 9 2 3 6 2 4 4 43 30 21 5 7 14 5 9 9 100 Sister's sons (8). Frequency. Per cent. 10 3 2 1 1 18 56 16.5 5.5 11 5.5 5.5 100 In comparing for the families of naval officers the contribution of the paternal and maternal sides we should first compare the occupation of male relatives on the two sides holding similar relationship to the propositus, and accordingly we compare the brothers of the father and of the mother. Unfortunately the number of such relatives of which the occupation is known is not large on either side — larger on the paternal than the maternal just because biographers always lay more stress on the paternal side. SELECTION OF UNTRIED MEN. 33 The foregoing tables lead to the conclusion that, on the whole, male relatives of naval officers who are related to the propositus through females are somewhat (40 per cent) more apt to be naval officers than those re- lated through males. Since this is the method of inheritance of nomadism, the excess is probably due to an inheritance of nomadic instinct in some naval men. IV. CONCLUSIONS. In making selection of untried men for naval commissions advantage may well be taken of the assistance that is afforded by the facts of juvenile promise and family history. Naval fighters are chiefly hjrperkinetics. In their youth they were nomadic, thalassophiUc, adventurous. Future strategists have in more than one instance arisen from boys who succeeded in carrying out their plan of leaving homes to go to sea. Administrators have been rarely quarrelsome. The adventurous type of admiral was markedly adventurous in his youth. The juvenile history gives a precious indication of future success in the navy. It is probable that if there is not a history of love of the sea in close male relatives on at least one side the youth will not become a great sea captain or naval officer. It is usually true that one of the parents should be a hyperkinetic, especially if the son is to be a successful naval fighter. Since naval officers are frequently nomadic, and since nomadism is sex- linked, an untried candidate whose family history shows naval men on the maternal side only is more apt to be successful than one showing instances of naval men on the paternal side only. In general, unless a candidate shows a history in youth of adventur- ousness and thalassophilia, it is improbable that he will make a great naval officer. Unless he has a hyperkinetic temperament it is not probable that he will make a successful naval fighter. Unless a love of the sea appears on at least one side of the house, hyperkinesis in at least one parent, or a case of an eminent naval man among the male relatives of the mother, one is justified in doubting if the applicant for a naval commission will become an eminent officer. V. APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES TO SELECTION OF UNTRIED MEN. Admitting that a knowledge of juvenile promise and family history might assist in the selection of untried men for commissions, the practical question remains: How can such knowledge be obtained promptly enough to aid in officering a new army? Every new undertaking requires methods of its own. The acquisition of facts of juvenile promise and of family history requires the use of persons trained in this work. A body of such workers has already been organized and has been doing work of this sort since 1910. They are the eugenics field workers of the Eugenics Record Office. These field workers constitute a body of about 130 picked women and men, mostly col- 34 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. lege graduates and especially trained in psychology and psychiatry. They are located throughout the country from California and Utah to Maine and North Carolina and from Minnesota to Louisiana. Through these field work- ers as a nucleus, a body of investigators sufficient to report on the personal and family history of 60,000 men in three months could be organized and the cost would be less than two days' pay for each person considered. PART II. BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES OF NAVAL OFFICERS. WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR JUVENILE PROMISE AND THEIR PERSONAL TRAITS. The brief biographies of naval officers in these pages are written according to the following plan. First is an account of the achievements and other events in the life of the man. In a few cases it has been found convenient to include here details of the man's juvenile reactions. The second part of the account is an analysis of the traits or "gifts" which have colored or determined the output of the subject. In this treatment there are often considered similar reactions of the man's kin and the develop- ment in the individual of each of these gifts. In some cases, in default of details concerning the kin, a mere outline of the man's genealogy is given. In reading the biographies the pedigree charts (when furnished) should be frequently consulted. These charts (with their rather full legends) serve to show the position in the family tree of the relatives named in the text and to give some idea of the distribution of traits throughout the genetic complex. All children of a fraternity, whether eminent or attained to matiu-ity or not, are given in order that the "density" in the family tree of the special gifts may be measured. Names of persons and places are given rather fuUy, as they may help the student in other pedigree investi- gations. As the charts are highly condensed representations of descriptive facts some account of the way to interpret them is given below. KEY TO PEDIGREE CHARTS Each symbol represents a person: D males, O females. All symbols suspended from the same contmuous horizontal line constitute one fraternity. The vertical line leads upwards from the fraternity line to the short horizontal line connecting the parents of said fraternity. Dotted lines indicate illegitimacy. Dot-and-dash line — . — . — means mere descent without attempt to represent the generations. The generations are numbered at the left from top to bottom; the individuals in each generation are numbered from left to right for ease of reference. The chronological order of individuals in the fraternity is usually not indicated by the order on the chart. A number inside of or just below a symbol indicates that the symbol stands for that number of individuals. The following is a key to the special marks on the symbols. ^ 't^ V.x'^^-'T-J \^ navy. IV 6, Ashbel G. Jaudon, a merchant of Philadelphia. Bibliography. Harris, T. 1837. The Life and Services of Commodore William Bainbridge. Philadelphia: C. Lea and Blanchard. xvi + 254 pp. 2. Joshua Barney. JosHiTA Barney was born at Baltimore, Maryland, July 6, 1759. At the age of 13 he left his father's farm and became an apprentice on a small brig going to Liverpool and made numerous other voyages on her. Three years later, the captain having died on board and the first mate having abandoned the vessel, the 16-year-old lad assumed command, made Gibraltar with his sinking ship, sold his cargo, and brought the vessel safely back to Baltimore. On the breaking- out of the Revolution he was taken as master's mate on the sloop-of-war Hornet, later was transferred to the Wasp, and in a fight with a British brig so distin- guished himself that he was appointed lieutenant in the navy. Later, he was captured by the British and confined for five months in a prison ship, exchanged, and again captured and again exchanged. As an officer of the Saratoga he led in the boarding of three British vessels, but these were recaptured the next day and he was put in prison at Plymouth, England, for nearly a year. He escaped twice and made his way to Philadelphia. In 1782 he took command of a gunboat and captured a war vessel of greater armament than his own. He engaged in busi- ness at the close of the war, going frequently on trading voyages. In 1795 he entered the French navy with a rank corresponding to commodore, but he resigned in 1800. On the outbreak of the War of 1812 he offered his services, was commis- sioned captain in the navy, and given command of a flotilla for the defense of Chesapeake bay. Here he received a wound in the leg, from the effects of which he died four years later. The traits of Joshua Barney that determined his success were, first, a strong nomadic tendency. At 10 years he was through with school and wanted to go to sea; indeed, "long before this period he had wearied his father by continued entreaties to be a sailor." In his twelfth year he was entered on a pilot-boat, and 38 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. this SO obviously accorded with his bent that his father placed him under the care of Captain Thomas Drysdale, the boy's brother-in-law, and he began his career as a seaman, described above. His nomadic tendencies manifested themselves on the land also. In 1786 he piurchased lands in Kentucky, and in November 1787 set out to explore them. He became " very adept with a rifle and thoroughly enjoyed life in the wilderness." In 1816, urged by his old love of rambUng, he again imdertook a journey to Kentucky; he went again in 1818, and died at Pittsburgh on returning homeward. A second trait was fearlessness, intrepidity. When he was 16 years old his captain died on a voyage, and when the first mate had left the ship he assmned command: "was neither dismayed by the additional weight of care and responsi- bihty which thus devolved upon him, nor depressed by the perilous condition of the ship. . . . On the contrary, his courage rose with the occasion; the ship sprang a leak and he put into Gibraltar." This fearlessness led him to return again and again to naval service and to attempt to escape repeatedly after capture. "No dangers or difiBculties could divert" him from his object. In general, Barney was a hyperkinetic. Enthusiastic, ardent, energetic, with a ready wit, and a cheerful and entertaining companion, he was dearly beloved in his family circle, and "those who once served under him were always ready to offer their services a second time." He was, however, quick in anger. Once, when about to fire at the enemy, his captain forbade him and in anger Barney threw the match-stick at him and so cowed the captain that he withdrew to his cabin, while the youth assumed full command. Says his biographer: "When excited there was a Ughtning-like splendor in the coruscations of his glance that few persons could meet without perturbation." It is a phase of the hyperkinetic nature that there was seldom much interval between decision and action. It was not so much that he was so prompt in making up his mind as that his mind did not interfere with his response. His UberaUty and indulgence to his children knew no boimds; he showed an uncal- culating wastefulness of expenditure when at home; he relieved the distresses of the poor in the vicinity. For a brief interval after the wound in his leg he was greatly depressed, lost his facial glow, became emaciated. The society of his friends became irksome and he was peevish. From this mood he recovered after a few months. Physically, Barney had a close-knit, muscular, vigorous frame and was graceful. Fashlt History op Joshua Barney. I 1 (F F), William Barney, emigrated in 1795 to Maryland, where he prospered and left a "handsome fortune" at his death in 1746. I 2, Elizabeth Stevenson. Fraternity of F: II 1, Martha Barney. 11 2, Richaid Hooker. II 3 (F), William Barney (1718-1773), lived in Baltimore, but later removed to a farm about 8 miles from that town. II 4 (M), Frances Holland Watts, an heiress to a large property. II 5 (first consort's F), Gun- ning Bedford, an alderman of Philadelphia. Fraternity of Propositus: III 1, Elizabeth and Peggy Barney. Ill 2, Margaret Barney. III 3, John Holland Barney (1742-1840). Ill 4, WilUam Stevenson Barney (b. 1754) was a marine officer of Virginia; he is said to have kept a hotel in Georgetown. Ill 5 (second consort), Harriet Cole died in 1849. Ill 6 (Propositm), Joshua Barney. Ill 7 (first consort), Ann Bedford, died 1808. Ill 8, Hindman. Ill 9, Nicholson. Ill 10, Samuel Nicholson (1743-1813) was a lieutenant on the Bon Homme Richard under Paul Jones. In 1779 he was appointed captain; he superintended the building of the Constitution and was her first commander. Ill 11, James Nicholson (1727-1804), in 1776 was appointed ranking captain in the navy; in 1777 commander in chief of the navy. Ill 12, John Nicholson was appointed a captain of the navy in 1779. BARNEY. 39 IV 1, George Deverell, of Jamaica, West Indies. Children of Propositus: IV 3, Eliza Barney. IV 4, Joshua Barney. IV 5, Nathan Barney. IV 6, Hannah Carey. IV 7, William Barney (1781-1838), held the rank of major in the War of 1812 and was deputy naval officer for the port of Baltimore. IV 8, Louis Barney (1783-1850). IV 9, Anne Stedman Van Wyck. IV 10, Henry Barney, born 1790. IV 11, Caroline Barney, born 1787. IV 12, Nathaniel Wil- liams. IV 13, Adele Barney. IV 14, Isaac Waddy. IV 15, John Barney (1785-1856), was a member of Congress from Baltimore, 1825 to 1829. IV 16, Elizabeth Nicholson Hindman. IV 17, James Rogers of Delaware. Children's children of Propositus: V 1, Mary Deverell. V 2, Nathan Barney (1819-1902) was a well-known inventor; he organized the Barney Dumping Boat Company. His automatic dumping boat, used by the New York street-cleaning department, dumps 700 tons in 60 seconds. He invented fish-plates to hold the ends of railroad rails together. V 3, Elizabeth Wother- spoon, of New York. V 4, Joseph Nicholson Barney (1818-1899) in 1832 entered the United States navy, but resigned in 1861 to enter the Confederate States navy, with the same rank of lieutenant. For gallant service at Hampton Roads in the engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac he was made commander. He went to Europe to see to the fitting out of vessels for the Confederate States navy but his health failed in 1863. For a time he retired to farm life in Virginia but afterwards engaged in the insurance business. V 5, Eliza Jacobs Rogers. Children's children's children of Propositus: VI 2, George Deverell Barney (b. 1865), a surgeon of note; he devised a new treatment for consumption and demonstrated the communi- cableness of bovine tuberculosis to man. VI 3, James W. Barney, cashier of a Kansas City bank. VI 4, Thomas Holcomb. VI 5, Elizabeth Barney. Children's children's children's children of Propositus: VII 1, Rebecca Holcomb. VII 2, James and Thomas Holcomb. VII 3, Franklin Porteous Holcomb (bom 1884) graduated from the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. I \ Nicholso n BlBLIOQKAPHY. Abams W. F. 1912. Commodore Joshua Barney. Privately printed. Springfield, Massa- chusetts. 228 pp. Babnbt Mart. 1832. A Biographical Memoir of the late Commodore Joshua Barney. Boston: ' Gray and Bowen. xvi + 328 pp. 40 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 3. John Barry. John Barry was born at Taciimshane, Ireland, in 1745. He went to sea when a boy and commanded a vessel when in his twenty-first year. At 21 years of age he emigrated to Philadelphia and sailed merchant ships until 1775, when he arrived from England in the Black Prince just as the Continental Congress had resolved to fit out two armed cruisers. He offered his ship and his services, and was commissioned captain of the 16-gun brig Lexington. Thus he was the first officer appointed in the new navy. In April 1776 he captured his first prize, an English vessel, and carried her to Philadelphia. He did some privateering until October 1776, when by an act of Congress he was appointed captain of the Effingham (28 guns), which lay in the Delaware river above Philadelphia. Before taking to sea, however, he organized a company of volunteers to assist Wash- ington, who was retreating from Trenton but blocking the progress of the British toward Philadelphia by land. Returning to his vessels, Barry received orders to sink the Effingham to prevent her capture; this he reluctantly did after some delay. Shortly after, he manned four small boats, passed Philadelphia at night, and captiu'ed a larger schooner of 10 guns and four British transports. All of these he destroyed to prevent them from being recaptured. This imdertaking won admiration from both sides and an offer from the British of £20,000 and com- mand of a squadron, which he indignantly refused. During the following years of the war Barry had a series of encounters with the enemy at sea. In June 1780, in command of the Alliance, a 32-gun frigate, he sailed from France with Colonel Laurens, commissioner to France. On the outward trip he captured a privateer. Returning with his ship loaded with dry goods, he captured two privateers on April 2 and on May 28 ran upon two more. As the wind subsided he was at the mercy of his antagonists for an hour and was wounded; then, as a breeze sprang up, he sent the Alliance between her two antagonists and delivered such a fire that both vessels struck. In August 1782, in a brief three-weeks' cruise from New London, he captured eight vessels. In 1783, retiuning with specie from the West Indies, he was attacked by three frigates; despite the heavy odds against him he fought bravely until, a French vessel coming to his assistance, the British ships sailed away. This was the last naval fight of the Revolution. Captain Barry was one of the delegates to the convention at Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. On the last day but one of the session the resolution to refer the Constitution to a convention of the States was before the house. Postpone- ment until afternoon was asked for and granted; members who were opposed to the bill kept away in the afternoon to prevent a quonma. Two additional mem- bers were required, and Captain Barry led a party that carried by force two members from their rooms to the meeting, thus securing a vote. When the new navy was formed Barry was the fij'st of the six captains named by Washington. In 1797 he completed building the frigate United States and was placed in com- mand of her. He was authorized, in 1798, to capture armed French vessels, and did so effectively. He died September 1803. John Barry was a hyperkinetic. His reactions were wonderfully quick and his judgment correct. "The promptitude and propriety of Captain Barry's decisions on sudden emergencies was wondered at and admired. Waked out of sleep, on deck in an instant, and all hands set to work, whether it be in the case of a vessel in sight, a violent gale, or otherwise, and the propriety of the order appeared in no countermanding becoming necessary." His passions on some occasions were BARRY — BEAVER. 41 violent. Thus, once in hoisting a foretopmast steering-sail a blunder was made and twice repeated; Barry flew forward hke lightning and struck the boatswain with his trumpet; yet he was affectionate toward his men. In the case of the boatswain whom he had hit with a trumpet, he later visited him in his cabin and expressed sorrow for the violence of his passion. Barry Uked ftm, and often gave the call, "all hands to play." It was his prompt decision and his intrepidity that enabled him to attack and overcome superior forces of the enemy. Of Barry's relatives Uttle is known. On his mother's side he is said to have been descended from John Stafford, an officer in Cromwell's army. Barry married, but left no children. BiBLIOGBAPHT. Maktin, I. J. 1897. The History of John Barry. Philadelphia: The American Catholic His- torical Society. 261 + xiv pp. 4. Philip Beaver. Philip Beaver was born at Lewkner, England, in 1766. At the age of 11 he wanted to go to sea, and shipped under Admiral Keppel, who in 1778 fought that French squadron commanded by D'Estaing which had been sent to help the American colonies. Beaver was in the battle between the two squadrons at St. George's Bay. The lad studied navigation and naval astronomy with the ship's mate. At this time his temperament was prevailingly buoyant, with sedate spells. Later he cruised in the Windward Isles, destroying Spanish and French vessels. At the age of 16 he was placed in charge of a prize American brig, but this was recaptured and Beaver was taken prisoner and later exchanged. He was placed on a naval privateer and navigated a prize to port; had a danger- ous fever and was reported dead. At the close of the American war in 1783 he returned to England and went thence to Boulogne to learn French. In his other studies he was assisted by his brother, Rev. James Beaver, his preference being for history and natural philosophy. In 1789 he was appointed first Ueutenant. He went on a colonizing venture to an island off the coast of Sierra Leone, but this was a failure. He went on the Stately, 64 guns, to take the Cape of Good Hope from the Dutch; his handling of his ship in a squall attracted admiration and he was transferred to the flagship. He was with Keith in the Mediterranean, watching the Spaniards in 1799, and was sent to carry five prizes to port. As assistant captain imder Keith, he had charge of the bombardment of Genoa, which capitulated to him, but after he had sailed for England it was lost again. In 1801 he was sent to help expel the French from Egypt, and after that cruised in the Mediterranean and made charts for the Admiralty. In 1810 he was one of the squadron that captured Mauritius and as senior officer remained in command at the Mauritius station, and in that capacity captured the Seychelles Islands. He then proceeded against Batavia, in the capture of which in 1811 he played an important part. Seeking mast timber in East Africa, he was taken ill and died at Cape Town of "inflammation of the bowels." Beaver was a slender man, capable of great fatigue of body and mind. He was scholarly rather than pugnacious. He knew well the science of navigation, preferred reading and writing in his cabin to pacing the deck, and wrote an account of some of his campaigns. On shipboard he was firm, almost austere; but gentle and plaj^ul on shore. He was courageous in carrying out what he undertook. 6sms 42 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Of Beaver's family we know little. His father was a clergjrman who died in straitened circumstances. The father's father was Herbert Beaver, a man of wit and urbanity. The mother, Jane Skeeler, was the daughter of a clergyman. Rev. Thomas Skeeler. Of the sibs of Captain Philip Beaver, one brother was a major and died in the East Indies, and another was a clergyman; a sister married John GiUies, an author of historical works. Family History op Philip Beavee. I 1 (F F F), Edward Beaver, a clergjrman. II 1 (F F), Herbert Beaver, of Oxford. II 3 (M F), Thomas ^ Skeeler, a clergyman. III 1 (F), James Beaver, a clergyman who studied at Oriel. _ III 2 (M), Jane Skeeler. ^ Fratemtiy of Pro-posUus: IV 2, Beaver, a major who died in the East Indies. TV 3, James Beaver, a clergjrman. IV 5, John Gillies, a Scottish historian. IV 6 {Propositus), Philip IV" _ Beaveb. / Blbliogbaphy. Smyth, W. 1829. The Life and Services of Captain Philip Beaver, late of his Majesty's Ship Nisus. London: J. Murray. 5. Chaeles William de la Poer Bekesfoed. Lord Charles Willlvm de la Poer Beresford was born in Ireland in 1846, the second son of the fourth Marquis of Waterford. He entered the BrU- annia as a naval cadet in 1859; became lieutenant in 1868 and commander in 1875. He was in ParUament 1874-1880, as a conservative with special interest in naval administration. In command of the Condor, 1882, on the occasion of the Egyp- tian crisis, he won lasting renown and a captaincy by taking his ship in close to the forts and engaging them with conspicuous gallantry. He served in Egypt in 1884-1885, under Lord Wolseley, and commanded a naval brigade. He returned to Parliament in 1885, and in 1886 he became lord of the admiralty and worked for a stronger navy, but, not receiving adquate support, he resigned in 1888 with dra- matic effect. In the House he succeeded in putting through the naval defense act of 1889. For four years more he was on the Mediterranean and then in com- mand of the steam reserve at Chatham. Rear admiral in 1897, he alternated between Parliament, a mission to China on behalf of commerce and, in 1905, the command of squadrons and fleets; in 1906 he became a full admiral. He has stood always for a large increase in the English navy. Charles Beresford's great daring was evidenced as a cadet and shown in his attack on Alexandria. At the Falkland Islands he foimd deUght in shooting; at Vancouver he went hunting by canoe and stalked deer at night; in China he went out pig-sticking and tiger-shooting. He was always taking hazardous chances and won bets that involved courage and daring. This daring is shown in his brothers also. He says of them: " The five brothers were keen sportsmen, hard riders, men of their hands, high-couraged, adventurous." John, his eldest brother, became crippled while hunting. WilUam won the Victoria Cross by cool and audacious gallantry in the Zulu war of 1879 and was renowned for his reckless hardihood. "There was hardly a bone in his body which he had not broken." "He might have been a great soldier, a great diplomat, a great political BERESFOBD. 43 ojficer, had not his passion for the turf diverted a part of his energies." Brother Marcus took charge of the King's race horses. Brother Delaval went to Mexico as a young man, where he was known as a dare-devil rider and an excellent rancher, rounding up his stock and branding his own cattle. He was killed in a railway accident. Their mother, Christina LesUe, a daughter of Charles Powell-LesUe, became a noted rider to hounds after her fortieth year. Their father's father married a Delaval, of whom it is said they "would seem to have been a high-spirited, reck- less, and spendthrift race." One of their ancestors, George Delaval, as vice admiral fought off Cape Barfleur, 1692. Their father's brother, Henry, was killed on the hunting field. A brother of their father's father. Admiral Sir John Poo Beresford (III 1), a natiu-al son of the first Marquis of Waterford, was a great sea fighter, and another natural son of the first marquis, WiUiam Carr Beresford, was a great fighter but too impetuous and quick-tempered to be a great general. He made a great success as reorganizer of the Portuguese army. Thus Beresford's ancestry on both sides shows daring and adventurousness. His own father was a clergjmaan. The great-uncle, John Poo Beresford (III, 1) played a conspicuous part in Parhament and was junior lord of the admiralty, and another brother became primate of all Ireland. Earlier ancestors were members of Parhament. Charles Beresford was a statesman of breadth of view, as is shown by his insistence on the needs of the navy; these views he successfully instilled into Parhament, and thus he became the father of the modern British navy. Charles was jovial and fxill of pranks and practical jokes. At school he and his two brothers were known as the three "wild Irish." The Delavals were given to extravagant entertainments, to amateur theatricals, and to practical jokes. Like many of his relatives, Charles was beloved of his men and had a great influence over them. Family History op Charles db la Poer Beresford. II (F F F F) Sir Marcus Beresford, first Earl of ■ Tyrone (1694^1763). 1 2 (F F F M) Katherine, Baroness ="%V°&r' I de la Poer. 13 (F M M F) Lord Delaval. I Fraternity of F F F: II 1, John Beresford (1738- j rLr) fi-rC^ 1805), appointed commissioner of revenue, became in LJ^^ \—r\J fact ruler of Ireland. II 3 (F F F), George de la Poer Beresford, first Marquis of Waterford (1735-1800). 115 r ^ — 1 3 s e 7 (F F M), Elizabeth Monck. II 6 (F M F), George Car- n Q Q-,- Q^ Q QtA penter, second Earl of Tyrconnel. II 7 (F M M), Lady '■ fVJl ^^ Delaval, famed for her beauty Fraternity of FF : III 1, Sir John Poo Beresford Ji j« Js U le le l? « -J (bom 1768?), entered the Royal Navy in 1782 and rose ™« H ffl B (!) EJtO DrQ to the rank of admiral after distinguished service in I I dijiig'cy^ to the rank of admiral after distinguished service in the West Indies and off Lisbon (1810). He was a con- spicuous member of Parhament and junior lord of the jyi admiralty. Ill 2, Viscount William Carr Beresford (1768-1854), "a bom fighter and a great administrator," p bore a distinguished part in the Peninsular war, during Ji JS JS M Js Js Ih Is U which he was made a marshal in the Portuguese army. vQB|H®HH[jIE]B III 3, John George Beresford (1773-1862), primate of 1 all Ireland. Ill 4, George Thomas Beresford (1781- 2 1839), a privy councilor. Ill 6 (F F) Henry de la Poer Beresford, second Marquis of Waterford (1772-1826), a privy councilor. Ill 7 (F M), Lady Susanna Carpenter, a singularly beautiful woman. Ill 8 (M F), Charles Powell-Leslie. 44 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICEBS. Fraternity of F: IV 1, Henry de la Poer Beresford, third Marquis (1811-1859), was killed in the hunting field. IV 2, William Beresford (1812-1850), of the First Life Guards. IV 3, James Beresford (1816-1841), an officer in the army. IV 4, Sarah Elizabeth Beresford. IV 5, Henry John Talbot, eighteenth Earl of Shrewsbury (1803-1869), an admiral of the Royal Navy. IV 6 (F), John de la Poer Beresford, fourth Marquis (1814-1866), in holy orders. IV 7 (M), Chris- tina PoweU-Leslie (1820-1905), a noted rider to hounds. Fraternity of Children of F's Sib: V 1, Charles John Talbot, nineteenth Earl of Shrewsbury (1830-1877), lord high steward of Ireland. V 2, Walter (Talbot) Carpenter (1834-1904), an admiral of the Royal Navy. V 3, Sir Reginald Talbot (bom 1841), a major-general in the army. Fraternity of Propositus: V 5, John Henry de la Poer Beresford, fifth Marquis of Waterford (1844-1895), a captain in the army and master of the buckhounds. V 6, William Leslie de la Peer Beresford (1847-1900), V.C., a colonel in the army and military secretary to the governor- general of India. V 7, Marcus Beresford (bom 1848), equerry to the king and manager of His Majesty's stud. V 8, Delaval James de la Poer Bere^ord (1862-1906), an army lieutenant and a rancher. V 9, {Propositus) Chables de la Pobb Bebesfobd. BrBLIOGBAPHT. Bebesfobd, C. 1914. The Memoirs of Admiral Lord Charles Beresford. Boston: Little, Brown, and Co. 2 vols. BuKKE, Sir B., and A. Bubke. 1909. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage. London: Harrison and Son. 2570 pp. 6. George Smith Blake. George Smith Blake was born at Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1802. He was appointed to the United States na^^y as midshipman in 1818 and assigned to the schooner Alligator. When, ia 1821, the Alligator was attacked near the Cape Verde islands by a Portuguese ship, the latter was captured and Blake was sent back with her and a prize crew to the United States. After a few years of mercantile service, Blake was commissioned lieutenant, March 1827, and cruised in the West Indies after pirates. In 18-35 he was appointed to the command of the schooner ExperimerU, in the United States Coast Survey, and charted many of the bays and inlets of the east coast of the United States. Blake was later for a time attached to the Phila- delphia navy yard. In 1846 he was appointed to the command of the brig Perry in the GuK squadron, which was wrecked on the Florida reefs in a gale. How- ever, he got her off the rocks and with a temporary rudder and jury spars brought her to Philadelphia. In 1849 he was appointed to command the Mediterranean squadron; and after that he was for some years assigned to various ordnance and construction duties. In 1857 he was appointed superintendent of the Naval Academy and served until 1865. When the Civil War broke out sympathizers with the Confederacy tried to seize the frigate Constitution and the Naval Academy at Annapolis, but his prompt measures saved them, and the Academy was removed during the war to Newport, Rhode Island. He was prevailed upon to continue the superintendency during the war at the request of the Secretary of the Navy, Gideon Wells. He was commissioned commodore, July 1862, and after the war was made a lighthouse inspector. He wrote the hves of naval officers for the New American Encyclopedia. He died at Longwood, Massachusetts, Jime 24, 1871. Few data are available relating to Blake's personality. A study of the pedigree chart shows clearly, however, that success in the navy comes easily to this family. Blake's father was at the head of the legal profession in Worcester, Massachusetts; he had a brother who was surgeon in the navy. George S. Blake's mother was Ehzabeth A. Chandler, of a distinguished conservative (Loyalist) family of Worcester county, of whom some were eccentric. A sister of George BLAKE. 45 Blake had a son, who assumed the name Charles Follen Blake, was lieutenant commander on the Brooklyn in the battle of Mobile Bay, and "fought his gun nobly and well," according to his captain. George Blake married a daughter of Commodore James Barron, and their son, Francis Barron Blake, graduated from the United States Naval Academy, 1857, was active and gallant in naval under- takings of the Civil War, was made Ueutenant commander in 1863, and resigned in 1870 to enter business. He was a banker in 1881. Familt History of George Smith Blake. II (M F F F), John Chandler (born New London, Connecticut, 1693), came of the most distinguished and influential family in Worcester coimty, Massachusetts, for nearly half a century. He was a surveyor and held many important town oflBces. 12 (M F F M), Hannah Gardiner. II 1, Dorothy Paine. II 2 (M F F), John Chandler (born New London, Connecticut, 1720), held many town offices, and was judge of probate; a Loyalist who died in London in 1800. II 3 (M F M), Mary Church. II 4, Samuel Bancroft (born 1715), is referred to as a "wise coun- selor and an able speaker"; was selectman and representative. II 5, Lydia Parker, bom 1716. Half Fraternity of M F: III 1, John Chandler (bom 1742), was a successful merchant who in later life became melancholy and hanged himself. Ill 2, Gardiner Chandler, born and died 1743. Ill 3, Clark Chandler (1743-1804), was joint register of probate and was con- sidered odd. Ill 4, Dorothy Chandler (1745-1818). Ill 5 (M F), Gardmer Chandler (born 1749), was a justice of the peace; a Loyalist. Ill 6 (M M), Elizabeth Ruggles. Fraternity of M F: III 7, Rufus Chandler (born 1747), after being graduated from Harvard College, became an influential lawyer; a Loyalist. Ill 8, Nathaniel Chandler (born 1750), also was graduated at Harvard and became a lawyer. As a Loyalist he commanded a volunteer corps. Ill 9, William Chandler (1752-1793), was graduated at Harvard; a lioyalist. Ill 10, Charles Chandler (bom 1755), a merchant. Ill 11, Samuel Chandler (1757-1813), was educated at Harvard; a manu- facturer; one of the committee to confer on the commercial treaty with Great Britain. Ill 12, Sarah (1758-1819), Mary (born 1759), and Elizabeth (1722-1820) Chandler. Ill 13, Benjamin m MSdS^SWM"^^ w VI MMi ■^^ ^ddMd^ ^5e@W5Blf 1 croft jrardi it and Frances Chandler, drowned at an early age. Ill 14, Thomas Chandler, was graduated at Harvard and became a merchant. Ill 15, Lucretia Chandler (1765-1839), a woman of great conversational powers and ardent social feelings. Ill 6, Aaron Bancroft (born 1755), a pioneer Unitarian preacher. Fraternity of F: IV I, John Blake. IV 2, George Blake (born 1769), after having been graduated at Harvard College, took a high place in legal and political affairs. He was United States district attorney for Massachusetts, served in both houses of the State legislature, and was the first Democratic candidate for mayor of Boston. IV 3, Charles Blake, was educated at Harvard Medical School and became a surgeon in the navy and later in the army. He was wounded on board the Constitution. IV 4, Joshua Blake. IV 5 (F), Francis Blake, was gradu- 46 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. ated from Harvard College in 1789. He rose to the head of the law profession in Worcester and became a member of the State senate: he died in 1817. IV 6 (M), Elizabeth Augusta Chandler. IV 7 (Consort's F), James Barron, of Virginia (1769-1851), came of well-known naval stock, and became a sailor in his youth. He was in command of the Chesapeake when she was boarded by officers from the Leopard (1807) and he was suspended from the navy for five years for setting out for sea unprepared. IV 9, George Bancroft (born 1800), was appointed secretary of the navy and was instrumental in establishing the Naval Academy at Annapolis; he also acted as secretary of war; was United States minister to England, to Prussia, and the German Empire. He is noted as a historian. IV 10, Henry Bancroft (1787-1817), was an East Indian captain and was in command of one of Commodore MacDonough's ships on Lake Champlain in 1814. IV 11, John Bancroft (1789-1821), an East Indian captain. IV 13, Thomas Bancroft (bom 1877), was a seafaring man. IV 14, Jane Putnam Bancroft (1798-1839). IV 15, Donati Gherardi, a teacher of ItaUan in the Round Hill School, Northampton, Massachusetts. IV 16, Charles Bancroft, born and died in 1805. Fraternity of Propositus: V 1, Francis Arthur Blake (1796-1814), was a graduate of Harvard College (1814). V 2, Juliana Blake. V 3, Charles C. Tucker. V 4, Joseph Gardiner Blake (born 1800). V 5, Charlotte Caldwell Blake (born 1804). V 6, Rev. Thomas R. Sulli- van. V 7, Elizabeth Blake (1806-1810). V 8, Dorothea Ward Blake. V 9, Oliver Hunter Blood. V 10 (Propositus) George Smith Blake. V 11 (consort), Mary Allen Barron. V 12, Bancroft Gherardi (born 1832), rose to the rank of a rear admiral in the United States navy. VI 1, Charles Follen Blood, changed his name to C. F. Blake. After being graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1861, he was appointed a lieutenant; and, in 1866, was lieutenant commander on the Brooklyn. Child of Propositus: VI 3, Francis Barron Blake (born 1837), was graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1857, and in 1861 was appointed a lieutenant on board the frigate Colorado. He helped destroy the privateer Judith, while she was moored at Pensacola imder the guns of the navy yard. Later he was attached to the steamer Kennebec and was on her diu-ing her attempted passage of Forts St. Philip and Jackson, April 24, 1862. He rose to the rank of lieutenant commander in 1863, but resigned in 1870, when he became a banker. VI 4, Walter Gherardi, a lieutenant in the United States navy. BiBLIOQHAPHT. Blake, F. 1871. Memoir of George Smith Blake. Cambridge University Press. 25 pp. Chandler, G. 1883. The Chandler family. Worcester: C. Hamilton, vi (2) 1315 pp. DwiQHT, B. 1874. The History of the Descendants of John Dwight. New York: J. Trow and Son. 2 vols, in 1. xxix + 1144 pp. SoMERBT, H. 1881. Record of Blakes of Somersetshire, especially in the line of William Blake of Dorchester, Massachusetts. Boston: Privately printed; 64 pp. Stubgis, Mrs. E. 1904. Sketch of the Chandler Family in Worcester, Massachusetts. Worcester: Press of C. Hamilton. 33 pp. BLAKE. 47 7. Robert Blake. Robert Blake was born at Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, September 1599. He was well educated and had a taste for Uterature. He entered Oxford at 16 years of age, was assiduous in books, lectures, and devotions, and liked fishing and shooting. His course at the university was impaired by his reputation for Puritan leanings and by his short stature, against which one of the officials had a prejudice. At 27 his father died and Robert abandoned his scholarly ambitions to pay his father's debts. Having now become a pronounced Puritan, Blake ran for Parliament (1640), and when war broke out with the King's party, in 1642, he served with the parliamentary forces under Sir John Horner. He resisted Roy- alist forces in southwestern England and reentered Parliament from Taunton in 1645. In 1649 he was appointed, with two others, to the command of the fleet. He fought three great campaigns. The first was against the royalist fleet under Prince Rupert. This fleet had entered the harbor of Kinsale, Ireland, and there Blake blockaded it. Reduced to desperation, Rupert's fleet tried, suc- cessfully, to break the blockade, and Blake followed it to the Tagus river and blockaded it there. Since the King of Portugal refused Blake's demand for per- mission to attack the enemy, Blake fell on the Portuguese merchant fleet return- ing from Brazil and captured seven ships as prizes, burning three. Prince Rupert's fleet, denied ftirther refuge at the Tagus, fled to the Mediterranean, and here, in 1650, near Cartagena, Blake destroyed the greater part of it. The second campaign began in 1652 with the declaration of war against the Dutch. In May Tromp's fleet of 45 ships met Blake's of 20 ships off Dover, and the Dutch, having lost 2 ships, withdrew at night. Blake captured a large part of the Dutch fishing fleet and drove off the Dutch fleet under De Ruyter and De Witt. Again the Dutch fleet appeared under Tromp, and this time Blake was defeated and forced to take refuge in the Thames. He fought against the Dutch fleet twice more, driving them off. The third campaign was in the south, against the Moors and the Spanish. The former were forced to cease their piratical attacks on the British, and when T unis resisted its two fortresses were destroyed. Learning that the Plate fleet of Spain lay at anchor in the bay of Santa Cruz, Teneriffe, Blake proceeded there and reduced the castle and forts and burned the ships, losing only one of his own. The Spaniards declared that they had to fight against devils and not men. At this time a new principle was established, that naval vessels might be effective against castles and land fortifications. Blake died in 1657. Robert Blake was simple in tastes and habits, dignified and refined. A pure patriot, frank, generous, sincere, modest, magnanimous. He was blunt in speech and had a sense of humor. Robert Blake was one of a famous fraternity. Himaphrey, born in 1600, was tried for nonconformity and fled to Carolina; later, he was in Robert's fleet, but the latter felt he did not do his duty at Teneriffe and sent him home in dis- grace. William, born in 1603, became a learned man, a doctor of laws of the Uni- versity of Padua. George became a goldsmith and banker. Samuel was a farmer, joined with his brothers in the EngHsh Civil War, and was killed; his son Robert served in his uncle's fleet. Nicholas, like his father and grandfather, engaged in Spanish trade. Benjamin went to sea and became captain in the navy. Alexander was probably farmer. 48 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. The father of this fraternity was Humphrey Blake, who was a merchant engaged in Spanish trade. He used to go to sea on his own vessels and would eat and sleep on deck. He had many tales to tell his children of pirates. Although once rich, he lost much money in later life. His father, Robert Blake, was also a merchant in Spanish trade. He was thrice magistrate of his town of Bridgewater and left it by will £240 for the poor and for highways. In Robert Blake's fraternity some individuals are characterized by great learning, others by finance and thrift and mercantile life, others by domesticity, and others by nomadism and love of the sea. Robert was a scholar, but also a reformer and a fighter. Certain traits of refinement and dignity doubtless come from the paternal side. Lack of knowledge about the maternal side prevents us from deriving the origin of other traits. Familt Histoey of Robert Blake. II (F F) Robert Blake, a merchant in the Spanish trade, and thrice chief magistrate of Bridgewater. I 2 (F M), Margaret Symonds. 13 ^ (M F), Humphrey Williams, master of Plainfield, Somersetshire. H II 1 (F), Humphrey Blake, a merchant in the Spanish trade, who manned his own ships in Ji l a U — 4 Jft 'je It Is If hojll the Moorish pirate days. II 2 (M), Sara Williams, ni H III DjO O H 3 ■ □ © ■ an heiress. ''■vi- ^ Fralemily of Propositus: III 1, Humphrey i Blake, at one time captain of a ship-of-war; non- 1\' M conformist. Ill 2, William Blake, a learned man. Ill 3, George Blake, a banker. Ill 5, Samuel Blake, a farmer and fighter. Ill 6, Nicholas Blake, in the Spanish trade. Ill 7, Edward, Benjamin, and John Blake. Ill 8, Benjamin Blake, a captain in the navy. Ill 9, Alexander Blake. Ill 11 {Propositm), Robert Blake. IV 1, Benjamin Blake, who had a taste for letters. Biblioqkapht. DrsoN, H. 1852. Robert Blake, Admiral and General at Sea. London: Chapman and Hall. BRENTON. 49 8. Jahleel Brenton. Jahleel Bbenton was born August 22, 1770, in Rhode Island. He removed to England with his Loyalist father in 1780. In 1781 he embarked as midshipman in the armed Queen, of which his father was then commander, and in 1783-1785 he spent two years in a maritime school at Chelsea. In March 1790 he passed his examination for lieutenant and, seeing no chance for active service in England, enUsted in the Swedish navy against the Russians in the gulf of Finland, return- ing to England in November of the same year. During the next ten years he won distinction in minor actions. His most brilliant success was fought with a flotilla of Franco-Neapolitan vessels outside of Naples in May 1801. Here he was severely wounded. Thenceforth, imable to bear sea service, he did shore service and took an active part in philanthropic work in association with his brother. Captain Edward P. Brenton, a writer on naval and miUtary history. Thalassophilia is a family trait. The propositus went to sea at the age of 11 years. His two brothers and their father were all naval officers, respectively lieutenant at the time when killed in action, captain, and rear admiral in the British navy. Jahleel's son Jervis "from his infancy expressed a wish to follow " his father's profession "and had appeared confirmed in the resolution"; he went to sea with his father at the age of 11 years; but this son died at 16 years. The propositus, after being wounded, explored (in 1817) the country to the north of the Knyzna, in South Africa. Brenton was a good administrator. With his brother Edward he organized a reformatory for juvenile delinquents. Their great-great-grandfather, William Brenton, was governor of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (1666-1669). WiUiam Brenton's sons held important positions in the colony. There is evidently conservatism rather than radicaHsm; calmness under dis- appointment; capacity for enduring hardships; firmness and self-reUance. "His taste so refined, his manners so gentle, his kindness so constant, that much of what the world calls goodness seemed to grow up in him spontaneously and cost him nothing. He was amiable without an effort, benevolent without reflection, and habitually thinking more of others than himself." Such a man would naturally take an interest in reforms. Probably it was this same conservatism which was in his father and led him to refuse the proffers of high rank in the colonial navy and to abandon his property in America rather than his allegiance to his king. It appears that Jahleel was an artist also, and as a youth seriously con- sidered becoming a painter, especially of landscapes, for scenery always awakened an esthetic sense in him. Familt History of Sir Jahleel Brenton. II (F F F F), William Brenton, settled as a merchant in Boston in 1634, and was the following year chosen a deputy of the general court. Later he removed to Rhode Island, of which colony he was, in 1667-1668, governor. He died in 1674. I 2 (F F F M), Mary Burton. 13 (F M F F), John Cranston, born in England about 1620, came to Rhode Island and was appointed major and given command of the militia during King Philip's war. He served as deputy governor and, in 1678, was elected governor, serving till his death in 1680. I 4 (F M F M), Mary Clarke. I 5, Walter Clarke (1640-1714), was colonial governor of Rhode Island in 1676- 1677, 1686, 1696-1698, and frequently acted as deputy governor. Fraternity of F F F: II 1, Sarah Brenton. II 2, Joseph Eliot (see Foote family). II 3, Ebenezer Brenton. II 4, Jahleel Brenton, collector, surveyor, and searcher of the customs within the colonies of New England. II 6 (F F F), William Brenton. II 7 (F F M), Martha 50 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Church. II 8 (F M F), Samuel Cranston (1659-1727), after his marriage went to sea and was captured by pirates. He held the military office of major for the islands of the colony and in 1698 succeeded his uncle as governor, remaining in office till his death. With him "the Quaker regime went out and that of 'the world' came in." Fraternity of F F: III 1, Ebenezer and Benjamin Brenton. Ill 2 (F F), Jahleel Brenton. Ill 3 (F M), Frances Cranston. Ill 4 (M F), Joseph Cowley, formerly of England. Ill 5 (M M), Penelope Pelham. IV 3 (F), Jahleel Brenton (1729-1802), very early in life entered the navy, and at the outbreak of the Revolution, although he was but a lieutenant, he was offered the highest naval rank that the Congress could give. But he left Rhode Island secretly and joined his majesty's forces, rising to the rank of admiral. IV 4 (M), Henrietta Cowley. IV 5, James Brenton (a rela- tive), a judge of Halifax, Nova Scotia. n(53aS©DiO' m IV i \i Fraternity of Propositus: V 3, Edward Pelham Brenton (1774-1839), followed the sea and held the rank of captain in the Royal Navy. In later years he was much interested in establishing a reformatory for juvenile delinquents; he was author of a naval history of Great Britain. V 4, James Wallis Brenton, was in the British navy and was killed in action when first lieutenant of H. M. S. Petrel, in command of a boat expedition in chase of an enemy's vessel near Barcelona. V 5 (first consort), Isabella Stewart, of Annapolis, Maryland (1771-1817). V 6 {Propositus) Sm Jahleel Brenton. V 7 (second consort), Harriet Brenton. Children of Propositus: VI 1, John Jervis Brenton (1803-1817), accompanied his father upon a voyage in 1812 as "he had from infancy expressed a wish to follow his father's profes- sion." VI 2, Isabella Brenton, bom 1806. VI 3, Sir Launcelot Charles Lee Brenton (born 1808), was a landsman; he had no artistic taste; was a nonconformist, a scholar, and a critic. He edited his father's "Life." VI 4, Harriet Mary Brenton, bom 1823. BrBLIOQRAPHT. Ratees, H. 1860. Memoir of Vice- Admiral Sir Jahleel Brenton. Ed. by C. Brenton. London: Longman and Co. cxxxv -t- 621 pp. Brenton, E. P. 1825. The Naval History of Great Britain. London: C. Rice. 5 vols. BROWN. 51 9. Moses Brown. Moses Beown was born at Salisbury, Massachusetts, January 23, 1742. He received a limited education and at 15 years of age was apprenticed to Captain William CoCan, of a merchant vessel. Thereafter his life was, he says, "a single, continuous, uninterrupted voyage." In his second year at sea Captain CoflSn intrusted him to sell Coffin's schooner Sea Flower in the West Indies, and the next year the Sea Nymph at St. Christopher's. During 1761, in the schooner Phoebe, he fought two French privateers and was shot in the arm. He continued his mercantile voyages until the outbreak of the Revolutionary war, when, being found in Venice, he made a pretended sale of his ship, loaded her with currants for London, and sold her there for £800. Sailing for the Dutch West Indies, he made his way eventually to Philadelphia and overland to New York, where he offered his services to the navy. He sailed for the West Indies in April 1777, in command of the brig Hannah, but he was captured by the British and put in a prison-ship in Rhode Island. After being exchanged, he was given command (in August 1777) of the cruiser General Arnold. He had various adventures. His crew conspired to kill him and take the ship to Halifax, but failed. In trying out the guns one burst and killed and injured several men. He fought against the British ship Gregson, of double his strength. The Enghsh lost 18 men in the battle, but the ship got away. On May 20 the Enghsh privateer Nanny was sunk by him and her captain sent to Cadiz, while Brown escaped in sight of eight British ships- of-the-line and frigates. Next he captured the George, but she was recaptured by the British, and a httle later the General Arnold was captm-ed by the English ship Experiment, 50. guns, and Captain Brown was placed aboard a prison-ship at Savannah, Georgia, from which he was exchanged in November. From 1780 to 1783 he commanded the privateer Intrepid and was instructed to bring dry goods from France, which he did. For the following fifteen years he was captain of various merchant craft. Owing to an extension of privateering, a national navy was estabhshed, and when the merchants of Newburyport built the Merrimac for the government. Captain Brown was placed in command of her and during the next three years captured four French vessels. Upon his inauguration Jefferson disposed of nearly half of the vessels of the na-vy, including the Merrimac, and Brown returned to merchant ships. He died of apoplexy at sea in 1804. Brown was first of all a born sailor — a lover of the sea and doubtless a nomad. He was 47 years at sea and made 65 voyages, some of them two years long. He married Sarah Coffin, of Newbm-yport, doubtless of maritime stock, and his sons Wilham and Joseph both made sea voyages. His son Moses (Uke WilHam) was lost at sea. Brown was a brave fighter, hke his father who was in the French War. His courage is evinced in the anecdote that while a prisoner on the English ship Experi- ment he toasted George Washington. He was qmetly reHgious like his mother (Dorothy Pike), was fond of children and enjoyed telling stories to them. He was known to his crew as "Gentleman Brown"; he maintained good disciphne and had a good feehng for his crew; was averse to flogging and kept his ship neat and his men temperate. 52 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Family History op Moses Beown. II (F F), Edward Brown, died in 1737, aged 57. I 2 (F M), Sarah, died in 1737, aged 60 years. I 3 (M F), Timothy Pike, of Newbury, Massachusetts. II 1 (F), Edward Brown (1707-1775), followed the trade of cooper in Salisbury; later he was deputy sheriff and had care of the prison in Newbury. During the French War he was a captain. II 2 (M), Dorothy Pike (1710-1790). Fraternity of Propositits: III 1, Sarah Brown (1732-1817), was a pleasant, kind, amiable, and religious woman. Ill 2, Dorothy Brown (1733-1770). Ill 3, Susanna Brown (1735-1805), had a taste for reading; was of kindly disposition but somewhat depressed before her death. Ill 4, Edward Brown (1737-1815), followed the sea as a cooper from early life. In the old French War he was made a prisoner and confined on a prison-ship in the West Indies. From the age of 20 he suffered from a sort of chorea. He also exhibited marked phobias and was very punctilious as to certain trivial or senseless performances. He was regarded as "bewitched." Ill 5, Esther Brown (1740-1824). Ill 6, EUzabeth Brown (1743-1791), a nurse. Ill 7, Mary Brown (1745-1746). HI 8, Anne Greenough, died 1774. IH 9, Nicholas Brown (1747-1819). Ill 10, Lucy Lamprey (bom 1760). Ill 11, Mary Brown (1750-1834). Ill 12 (Propositus) Moses Bbown. Ill 13 (consort), Sarah CoflBn, of Newburyport. 1 -J»^ 3 ^ 1 D^ DrO ° B-T-O IV 1, Edward Brown (1771-1819), was a cooper and employed in the West India trade. Later he was a ferryman; then, inspector of provisions. IV 2, Ann Greenough Brown (born 1773). IV 3, Moses Brown, bom 1778 and lost at sea, 1818. IV 4, Anne Brown, bom 1782. IV 5, Alexander McCulloch, a sailing-master of the United States navy. IV 6, Abigail Brown (born 1788). IV 7, Eliphalet Woodbury, a seaman. IV 8, Nathan Brown (born 1795), a ship- master. IV 9, Lucy Brown, bom 1792. IV 10, Lawrence Brown (1790-1824), a shipnmster who died at sea. IV 11, Ruth Brown (1799-1807). IV 12, Dorothy Brown, bom 1797. IV 13, John Brown (1802-1825), a shipmaster, lost at sea. IV 14, Nicholas Brown (bom 1784), a shipmaster. Children of Propositus: TV 15, William Brown, became a shipmaster and was lost at sea in 1799. rV 16, Moses Brown, a shipmaster who was drowned in 1797. IV 17, Joseph Brown (bom 1774), went on his first voyage as a cooper, sailing with his father to South America in 1794. rV 18, James Brown. IV 19, Sarah Brown. IV 20, David Reed. Bibliography. Maclay, E. S. 1904. Moses Brown, captain United States navy. New York: The Baker and Taylor Co. 220 pp. Tenney, S. 1913. Genealogical Data concerning the family of Captain Edward Brown of Newbury, Massachusetts. Millis, Massachusetts: W. Tenney. 3 pp. BUCHANAN. 53 10. Feanklin Buchanan. Franklin Bitchanan was born at Baltimore, Maryland, September 17, 1800. He was appointed midshipman in the navy January 1815, lieutenant in 1825, and master commandant in 1841. He organized and was the first super- intendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis, serving until 1847; he participated in the capture of "Vera Cruz and commanded the Susquehanna, flagship of Perry's fleet, on the expedition to Japan. Made captain in 1855, he was assigned to the command of the navy yard at Washington in 1859. In AprU 1861, beUeving that Maryland was about to secede, he resigned, but when he found that the State was to remain in the Union he desired to withdraw his resignation, but was not reinstated. So, in September 1861, he entered the Confederate navy as captain. He superintended the construction of the ram Merrimac and commanded her in her destructive work in Hampton Roads, but, as he was wounded, he could not command her against the Monitor, a few days later. In 1863 he was given command of the naval defenses of Mobile and built the ram Tennessee. He com- manded her against Farragut's fleet, August 5, 1864, was compelled to surrender and was taken prisoner. After the war he was president of the Maryland Agri- cultural College and agent for a; hfe-insurance company. He died in 1874. Of his fraternity there is McKean Buchanan, who, after two years at the University of Pennsylvania, went into mercantile life, became a warrant clerk in the Navy Department, and in 1826 was commissioned piKser (later paymaster) in the navy. He was in the first American man-of-war that cruised around the world; seven times he rounded Cape Horn and once went aroimd the Cape of Good Hope. He gained the rank of commodore. He was very agreeable, prompt, accurate, and responsible. Another brother, George, was a farmer all his life; he married Sarah G. Miles, daughter of Evan Miles, and both of their sons, who grew up, were Idlled in action during the Civil War; one as captain in the army and one as a lieutenant commander on the Mississippi. A sister, Mary Ann, born in 1792, married Edward J. Coale, in the diplomatic service, and one of their sons was assistant surgeon in the navy. Franklin Buchanan married Ann Lloyd, daughter of Governor Edward Lloyd of Maryland, a gentleman of wealth. Buchanan's only son, Franklin (bom in 1827), was the largest rice-broker in Savannah. The latter's sister, Eliza- beth, had a son, Franklin Buchanan Sullivan, born in 1871, who was appointed a naval cadet at large and was the youngest member of his class at Annapolis, being under 15 years of age on admission. Franklin Buchanan's father was George Buchanan, a physician, whose father was a brigadier general of the Maryland troops. Franklin's mother was a daughter of Thomas McKean, one of the original revolutionists of Delaware, who, with two others, drew up the address to the House of Commons and boldly denounced the chairman when he refused to sign it. He was active on commit- tees, promoted the Declaration of Independence, and signed it. Then he led a force, of which he was colonel, to General Washington at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, and took part in several skirmishes. Returning, he framed a constitution for Delaware in a single night and vmder it became president of the State in 1777. From 1777 to 1799 he was chief justice of Pennsylvania and from 1799 to 1808 was governor of that State. He died in 1817. Letitia McKean's mother's father, Joseph Borden (born in 1719), was not less notable. He was a member of the first revolutionary convention that met at New Bnmswick, July 1774, and was active in the inner circles until war broke out, when he became a colonel of the 54 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Burlington militia and fought in most of the battles on New Jersey soU. His son Joseph was a gallant cavalryman and quartermaster in the Revolutionary war. Another daughter of Thomas McKean (besides Letitia) was Anne, who married Andrew Buchanan, brother of Franklin Buchanan's father. They had a son, Thomas McKean Buchanan, who became a Ueutenant in the navy in 1827. He had a sister, Anne, who married Colonel Richard Wade and had a son, Robert Buchanan Wade, a captain in the United States army and professor of miUtary science in Missouri State College. A son of Thomas McKean, the signer, was Joseph Borden McKean, who became an associate judge of the district court of Philadelphia, and had a son, William Wister McKean, who became a commodore in command of a part of the Gulf Squadron. Thus Franklin Buchanan's family abounded in administrative, legislative, and fighting capacities, and in an attachment to the sea. Family History or Franklin Buchanan. II (F F F) George Buchanan, born in Scotland about 1680; in 1723 came to Maryland, where he practiced medicine. In 1729 he was one of the commissioners to lay out the city of Baltimore; in 1749 he was elected a member of the general assembly of Maryland. I 2 (F F M), Eleanor Rogers, daughter of Nicholas Rogers. I 3 (M M F), Joseph Borden (1719-1791), in 1765 I D V VI assumed entire control of the stage and boat line between Philadelphia and New York. He was a member of the committee of correspondence and, in February 1775, one of the committee of observation; a member of the Provincial Congress that met in Trenton; one of the committee of safety; was also a judge of the court of common pleas. He was a colonel of the First regiment of BurUngton (New Jersey) militia and in 1776 was appointed quartermaster. I 4 (M M M), Elizabeth Watson (died 1807, aged 81 years), was the daughter of Marmaduke Watson. II 1 (F F), Andrew Buchanan (1734^1786), a justice, became, in 1776,' brigadier general of the Maryland state troops. He was also a member of the committee of correspondence in 1774 and of the committee of observation in 1775. II 2 (F M), Susan Lawson. II 3 (M F), Thomas McKean, of Scotch-Irish ancestry, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in 1734. He be- came speaker of the general assembly of Delaware. He was a member of the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 and a member of the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1783, and signed the Declara- tion of Independence. II 4, Mary Borden. Fraternity of M M: II 5, Joseph Borden (1755-1788) was an ardent patriot who raised and commanded the Burlington (New Jersey) troop of light horse; he was also quartermaster of the militia. II 6, Ann Borden. II 7, Francis Hopkinson (1737-1791), a well-known statesman and jurist who signed the Declaration of Independence and was judge of the admiralty for Pennsylvania. III 1 (consort's F), Edward Lloyd (1779-1834), governor of Maryland. Ill 2 (consort's M), Sallie Scott Murray. Ill 3 (M), Letitia McKean (1769-1845). Ill 4 (F), George Buchanan (1763-1808), took his medical degree in Philadelphia and practiced. Fraternity of F: III 5, Andrew Buchanan. Fraternity of M: III 6, Anne McKean (born in 1773). Ill 7, Robert McKean BUCHANAN. 55 (born 1766), a merchant in Philadelphia. Ill 8, Elizabeth McKean (born 1767). Ill 9, Mary McKean (born and died 1781). Ill 10, Joseph Borden McKean (1764r-1845), a judge. Ill 11, Hannah Miles. Ill 12, Joseph Hopkinson (1770-1842), a prominent jurist of Philadelphia who is better remembered as the author of "Hail Columbia." Ill 13, Emily Mifflin, of Philadelphia. IV 1 (consort), Ann Lloyd. IV 2 (Propositus), Franklin Buchanan. Fraternity of Propositus: IV 3, Susanna Buchanan (1790-1795). IV 4, Thomas (born 1791) and Andrew Buchanan (1794-1796). IV 5, Rebecca Susan Buchanan (born 1793). IV 6, Mary Ann Bu- chanan (1792-1866). IV 7, Edward J. Coale, a lawyer who became consular agent of Russia for Maryland and vice consul of Brazil. IV 8, George Buchanan (born at Baltimore, 1796), after being graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, turned to agricultural pursuits. IV 9, Sarah G. Miles (1806-1844), daughter of Evan Miles. IV 10, McKean Buchanan (1798-1871), became pay director of the navy of the United States, with the rank of commodore. IV 11, F. Selina Roberdeau. IV 12, Susan (born 1798) and Mary Buchanan (born 1800). IV 13, Thomas McKean Buchanan (born 1802), was appointed a midshipman in the United States navy in 1818 and became a lieutenant in 1827; died unmarried. IV 14, Anne McKean Buchanan (born 1803). IV 15, Colonel Richard Wade, United States army. IV 16, Mary (born 1787), Catherine (born 1788), Elizabeth (born 1794), Ann (1796-1800), Letitia (1798-1800), Letitia (born 1802), Carohne (bom 1806), and Adeline McKean (born 1809). IV 17, Thomas McKean (1791-1792). IV 18, Samuel McKean (born 1789), after being graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, became a clerk in the treasury department. IV 19, Joseph McKean (born 1792), a lawyer. IV 20, William Wister McKean (1800-1865), was appointed a midshipman in 1814; in 1821-1822 he was in command of the schooner Alligator in Porter's squadron and was active in suppressing piracy in the West Indies. In 1861 he had command of the Gulf squadron as flag officer. As commodore he was placed on the retired list in 1862. IV 21, Davis Rosa Clark, born 1806. IV 22, Thomas Mifflin, Francis (died 1870), George, James, and Joseph Hopkinson. IV 23, James and John Joseph Hopkinson. IV 24, EUzabeth and Emily Hopkin- son. IV 25, Alexander Hamilton Hopkinson, entered the United States navy and died in 1827 in the Mediterranean. IV 26, Oliver Hopkinson, was a Ueutenant colonel of the First Regiment Infantry, Delaware Volunteers, in the Civil War. IV 27, Edward C. Hopkinson, a midshipman in the United States navy, was killed when 17 years of age. Children of Propositus: V 1, Sally Lloyd (born 1835), Letitia (bom 1837), Alice L. (born 1839), Rosa (bom 1840), and Ellen (born 1841) Buchanan. V 2, Nannie Buchanan (born 1841). V 3, Lieut. Julius Meiere, of the United States Marine Corps. V 4, Elizabeth Buchanan (born 1845). V 5, Felix R. Sullivan, an insurance agent. V 6, FrankUn Buchanan (born 1847), was the largest rice broker in Savannah. V 9, William E. Coale, became an assistant surgeon in the navy in 1837. V 10, Evan Miles Buchanan (1834-1864), was educated as a civil engineer. In 1860 he accepted the position of captain's clerk offered him by his relative. Commodore McKean. On the outbreak of the war he was appointed military secretary to General McClellan. He was captain and commissary of subsistence. United States army, in March 1862, and then chief com- missary of Third Division, Third Army Corps. In 1864 he was captured by guerillas and shot. V 11, Letitia (born 1835) and Mary (born 1844) Buchanan. V 12, Thomas McKean Buchanan (1837-1863), was graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1855; rose to the rank of lieutenant commander in the navy of the United States, and was killed in action. V 13, George (1839-1859) and John Buchanan (1841-1842). V 14, Roberdeau Buchanan (born 1839), mathematician at the Nautical Almanac Office, United States Naval Observatory; a genealogist. V 15, Robert Buchanan Wade (born 1844), was appointed a cadet in July 1861 and rose to the rank of captain. He became professor of military science in Missouri State College, Columbia, Missouri. V 16, Mary and EUzabeth McKean. V 17, Joseph Borden McKean (born 1827), a farmer in Virginia. V 18, FrankUn Buchanan McKean (1830-1853), entered the navy as a midshipman in September 1845, but resigned. May 1847. V 19, Caroline, Elizabeth (born 1836), Catherine, Mary (bom 1843), Rosa, and AdeUne McKean. V 20, WiUiam Buchanan McKean (born 1840), was commissioned in the United States Marine Corps in 1861 and was promoted to captain in 1869. V 21, Samuel McKean, a farmer. Children of children of Propositus: VI 1, FrankUn Buchanan SuUivan (born 1871). VI 2, Mary and Nannie Sullivan. VI 3, Felix SulUvan (bom 1874). BiBLIOGKAPHT. McKean, C. 1902. McKean Genealogies. Des Moines: Kenyon Printing & Mfg. Co. 213 pp. ScHARP, J. 1874. The Chronicles of Baltimore. Baltimore: TurnbuU Bros. viii + 756pp. Woodward, E., and J. Hageman. 1883. History of Burlington and Mercer Counties, New Jersey. Philadelphia: Everts and Peck. 888 pp. 56 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 11. Thomas Cochrane. Thomas Cochrane (tenth Earl of Dundonald) was born at Annsfield, in Lanarkshire, December 14, 1775. Provided with a commission, he entered the infantry service, although he had been put on the books of a man-of-war while still a boy. He disliked military life and in 1793 went to sea in the ship of which his father's brother was captain. He became a heutenant in 1796 and was court- martialed on account of a quarrel with a superior officer. Placed in command of a brig in 1800, "he gained a great and deserved reputation as a daring and skillful officer." He captured a Spanish frigate in 1801, by an act of imparalleled audacity. Having secured an election to Parliament, "he soon made his mark as a radical and as a denouncer of naval abuses." Engaged in an attack on the French squad- ron, April 1809, under Lord Gambler, his own work was brilliant, but he brought on a court-martial of the admiral which led to nothing but his own discomfiture. Meanwhile, he plunged into poUtics and speculations on the stock exchange and was dragged down by the peculations of an imcle and imprisoned. In 1817, on the invitation of the Chilean government, he conomanded its naval forces against Spain and captured a Spanish frigate by an act of daring. In 1823 he helped Brazil in similar fashion to independence, but by 1825 he had fallen out with the Brazilians and returned to Europe. He then helped the Greeks for a time in their struggles with the Turks. Except for a command of three years at North American and West Indian stations (1848 to 1851) and certain relations with the Crimean War, he spent the last twenty-five years of his life in experiments and invention. He took out patents for lamps to burn oil of tar (his father was a pioneer inventor in the field of illuminating gas), for the propulsion of ships at sea, for facihtating excavation, mining, and sinking, and for rotary steam-engines. By 1843 he was advocating the use of steam and the screw propeller in warships. He died in October 1860, and was buried in Westminister Abbey. Lord Dimdonald was a hyperkinetic. He possessed abnormal restlessness, insatiable energy, and "a passionate though unconscious egotism." He was always self-assertive, frequently insolent to his superiors, daring as a naval officer, "saturated with the sense of his superiority, impatient of aU control." "Never was a man more emphatically a man of action. Action was the breath of his nostrils. Give him an enemy to overcome and he was in his element; force him to concentrate his whole activity on that enemy and he was safe." "His whole life was made up of a series of quarrels." "To his combative nature, rejoicing in its strength, a new enemy can hardly be said to have been imwelcome." This hyperkinesis is also shown in his father, who entered the army at the age of 16, but turned to the navy and became acting lieutenant. Ever restless, he left the navy and turned to physical and chemical experimentation, but in this he showed lack of balance. He established manufactories where the result of his researches could be practically applied, but, as these failed to bring a return, he plunged deeper and deeper into his manufacturing speculations. This father had a brother who was a colonel in the army, but threw up the service in disgust and became a member of ParUament. The father's father and father's father's father of the propositus were military men, but details as to their temperament and that of their consorts are lacking. One generation further back is John Cochrane, who was implicated in the Rye House plot in 1683, and was compelled to flee for his life to Holland. Two years later he returned to enter into the insurrection of Argyll. He was always turbulent and dissatisfied. COCHRANE. 57 Dundonald had great inventive capacity, like his father; but, like him, too, he did not have pertinacity enough to follow up and improve upon his inventions. He was suspicious by nature. This was the basis of most of his quarrels. As he grew older this grew into a veritable paranoia; he maintained that he had been shamefully iU-treated by his son. "So loudly and openly did he complain of these miagmary injuries that Cochrane [his son] was compelled to contradict his state- ments by advertisements in the newspapers." The earl's autobiography is largely the story of a grievance. 1 r^2 n m IV YI vn Dp" I Cochrane I I ^^liiEM I f , ' _ -I IX X Family Histoht op Thomas Cochbane, Eakl Dundonald. II (FFFFFF), Alexander Blair, took the name of Cochrane. I 2 (F F F F F M), Elizabeth Cochrane. Fraternity of F F F F F: II 1, Sir John Cochrane, a colonel in the army of Charles I. II 3. Four other Cochranes were fighting men in the service of Charles I. II 5 (F F F F F), Sir Wil- liam Cochrane, first Earl Dundonald. II 6 (F F F F M), Eupheme Scott. Fraternity of F F F F: III 1, William, Lord Cochrane. Ill 2 (F F F F), Sir John Coch- rane, in 1683 was implicated in the Rye House plot and was compelled to fiee to Holland; two years later he returned to enter into the insurrection of Argyll, and was ordered to be hanged, but his father secured his release. Ill 2 (F F F M), Margaret Strickland. IV 1 (F F F), William Cochrane. IV 2 (F F M), Lady Mary Bruce. V 3 (F F), Thomas Cochrane, eighth Earl of Dundonald (died 1778), entered the army early, but retired with the rank of major. V 4 (F M), Jane Stuart (died 1808). V 5, Captain James Gilchrist, of the Royal Navy. Fraternity of F: VI 2, Charles Cochrane (1749-1781), a colonel in the army and aide-de camp to Lord Cornwallis, was killed at Yorktown in 1781. VI 3, John Cochrane, deputy com- missioner to the forces in North America. VI 4, James Cochrane (1751-1823), vicar of Mans- field. VI 5, Basil Cochrane (1753-1826), a civil servant of the East India Company. VI 6, Sir Alexander Forrester Cochrane (1758-1832), a distinguished admiral of the blue. VI 7, Maria Shaw. VI 8, George Augustus Cochrane (born 1762), a lieutenant colonel in the army. VI 9, 58 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone (1767-1834), a colonel in the army; became a member of Parliar ment. VI 10, Elizabeth Cochrane. VI 11 (F), Archibald Cochrane, ninth Earl of Dundoimld (1748-1831), at 16 years of age a cornet in the Thkd Dragoons, later turned to the navy, but grew weary of this life, for his bent "lay towards natural science." VI 12, Anne Gilchrist. VII 1, John E. Cornwallis Rous, second Earl of Stradbroke (1794-1886), served in the army with distinction, winnmg a medal with five clasps. VII 2, Augusta Musgrave. VII 3, Charles and Andrew Cochrane. VII 4, Su- Thomas John Cochrane (1789-1872), G. C. B. and admiral of the fleet. VII 5, Rosetta Cuffe. VII 6, Anna Maria and Jane Cochrane. Fraternity of Propositus: VII 7, Basil Cochrane (died 1816), a lieutenant colonel in the army. VII 8, William Erskine Cochrane (died 1871), a, major, Fifteenth Hussars; served in Peninsular war. VII 9, Mary Anne Manson. VII 10, Edward Fitzgerald, a lieutenant colonel. VII 12, Archibald Cochrane (1783-1829), a captain of the Royal Navy. VII 13, Hannah Jane Mowbray. VII 14 {Propositm), Thomas Cochkane, tenth Earl of Dundonald. VH 15 (consort), Katherine Frances Corbet Barnes. VIII 1, George Edward Rous, third Earl of Stradbroke (born 1862), vice admiral of Suffolk. VIII 3, Adela Rous. VIII 4, Su- Thomas Belhaven Cochrane (born 1856), admiral of the fleet. VIII 5, Francis Arthur Charles Cochrane. VIII 6, Rosetta and Annette Cochrane. VIII 7, William Marshall Cochrane (1817-1898), a colonel in the army. VIII 8, Mary Hussey. VIII 9, John Owen, captain Royal Navy. VIII 11, Sally C. Fitzgerald. VIII 12, Basil Edward Arthur Cochrane (1817-1895). VIII 13, Robert Cochrane (1816-1907). VIII 14, Archibald H. (1819-1907), and Arthur (born 1826) Cochrane. Children of Propositus: Will 16, Thomas Cochrane, eleventh Earl of Dundonald (1814-1885), a captain in the army. VIII 17, Louisa Mackinnon. VIII 18, William Horatio Cochrane (1818-1900), in the army. VIII 1 ', Sir Arthur A. L. P. Cochrane (1824-1905), an admiral of the Royal Navy who distinguished himself at Acre; commanded the Niger, and was wounded at the destruction of the Chinese fleet, 1857. VIII 20, Ernest Grey L. Cochrane (bom 1834), a captaiu of the Royal Navy, retired and became high sheriff of Donegal. VIII 21, Elizabeth K. Cochrane (died 1868). VIII 22, George Boyle, sixth Earl of Glasgow (1825-1890), Lord Clerk Register of Scotland. VIII 23, Hon. Montagu Cromby. IX 1, Thomas B. H. Cochrane (born 1856), a lieutenant of the Royal Navy. IX 2, William Francis Cochrane (born 1847), a colonel in the army. IX 3, Thomas Erskine Cochrane (1849- 1906), a commander of the Royal Navy. IX 4, John Palmer Cochrane (born 1852), a captain in the army. IX 5, Arthur H. D. Cochrane (born 1856). IX 6, Caroline Katherine and Edith Hamilton Cochrane. IX 7, Cornelia Ramsay Owen. IX 8, Basil Edward Cochrane (bom 1841), a vice admiral of the Royal Navy. Children's children of Propositus: IX 12, Douglas Mackinnon Baillie Hamilton Cochrane, twelfth Earl of Dundonald (born 1852), a distinguished cavalry ofiBcer who became a lieutenant general in 1907. IX 14, Thomas Horatio A. E. Cochrane (born 1857), served in the army in South Africa; was under secretary of state for the home depart- ment. IX 15, Lady Gertrude Boyle. X 1, Archibald Cochrane (bom 1874), a commander of the Royal Navy. X 2, Edward Owen Cochrane (bom 1881), a lieutenant of the Royal Navy. X 3, Grizel and Gwervyl Cochrane. Children's children's children of Propositus: X 4, Thomas George, Ralph Alexander, and Roger Cochrane. X 5, Archibald Douglas Cochrane (bom 1885), a lieutenant of the Royal Navy. X 6, Louisa, Marjorie, Katherine, and Dorothy Cochrane. BiBLIOOBAFHT. Burke, Sir B., and A. 1909. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronet- age. London: Harrison and Son. 2570 pp. FoRTEscnE, J. 1895. Dundonald. London: Macmillan & Co. ix + 227 pp. COLLINGWOOD. 69 12. CUTHBERT COLLINGWOOD. CuTHBERT COLLINGWOOD (Lord CoUmgwood), was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, in September 1750. He was put on board the Shannon at the age of 11 years, under conunand of an uncle, Captain (after Admiral) Brathwaite. He gained his lieutenancy in the naval brigade at Boston, 1775, and four years later was made commander. From the age of 32 he was associated with Nelson until the latter's death, and frequently succeeded the older man when promotions occurred. In 1783 he, with Nelson, conmianded at the West Indies to prevent the United States from trading there. As captain of the Barfleur he displayed judgment and courage in the naval battle of June 1, 1794, and on February 14, 1797, under Sir John Jervis, he assisted in defeating the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, and gained great fame in the battle by his vigorous support of Nelson at a time when the latter was suffering for his bold but hazardous stroke. As vice admiral he was sent in 1799 to watch the naval forces of France and Spain in the Mediterranean, and in 1803 he watched the French fleet off Brest and later at Cadiz. It was off the latter port that the battle of Trafalgar was fought, and here, as leader of the first attacking colunm, while Nelson led the second, ColUngwood showed constmi- mate valor and skill while his great flagship was shot almost to pieces. Trafalgar was won, but Nelson was killed and CoUingwood took his place. He was raised to the peerage. He fought no more naval battles, but was constantly employed in cruises that involved good sense and poUtical sagacity until he died at sea, 1810. CoUingwood was of the hypokinetic type. His father was a merchant who was rather ineffective. As a lad ColUngwood was diligent at school, was fond of books, and exhibited then, as he always retained, the art of writing with a "poUsh, a sweetness of language and archness of humor, very close to some of the happiest compositions of Addison." At school he was a mUd boy and showed no brilliant talents. He was reserved from boyhood; he was considered cold in his bearing, rather inaccessible, firm, and resolute. He lacked Nelson's sociable quahties. He would have silent moods when he would not speak a word for a day. However, at times he showed temper; but he was never known to swear or otherwise forget himself in his anger. Colhngwood's great strength lay in his thoroughness, good judgment, attach- ment to reahty, self-reUance, and pertinacity. His thoroughness and good judg- ment made him invaluable in blockade and in watching the enemy's ships. "He dehberated carefully, weighing every contingency which his sagacity and fore- thought presented to him, and never overlooked anything of importance which it was possible for him to foresee." "His decisions were . . . reached by thoughtful processes. . . . His resolutions formed, they were as good as accompUshed; he dispensed with self-questionings, and never flinched a hair's breadth from carry- ing them out." "His resolution was adamant; so that whoever came into close opposition to it must give way or be crushed. . . . His determination to be obeyed was absolute; disobedience meant destruction. Yet he rarely flogged, but preferred as punishment watering the grog and extra duty." He was always perfectly dignified in his deportment and constantly attended to his religious duties. Yet he was not without features of the hyperkinetic; was fond of society, joked in a qiiiet way, mostly by puns, and interspersed his conversation with humorous remarks and anecdotes. In the battle of Trafalgar his flagship pene- trated into the very center of the enemy's fleet and ahnost alone finished the Santa 60 HEBEDITY ANB DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Anna, the flagship of the Spanish Admiral Alava; but he showed in this battle rather the devotion to duty and pertinacity of the solid, unexcitable sort. There is no evidence that Collingwood had a special longing for the sea. Constantly he regrets that he can not return to his home. During his brief sojourn on land he made historical studies and educated his two daughters. He had a brother, Wilfred Collingwood, captain of the Battler in the West Indian service, who died prematurely, and of whom the Duke of Clarence (later William IV) said: "his majesty has lost a faithful servant and the service a most excellent officer." F amtt. t History op Ctjthbert Collingwood. I 1 (F), Cuthbert CJoUingwood (died 1776), an unsuccessful merchant. 1 2 (M), Micah Dobson. Fraternity of M: 1 3, Dobson. 1 4, Admiral Brathwaite (died 1805, aged 80 years). |; [2 ' |g — 1^ FratemUy 0} Propositus: II 2, Wilfred Collingwood (died 1787), n0 B □ (tO captain of a naval vessel in the West Indian service. II 4 {Propositus), 1 CwTHBEKT CoLUNQwooD. II 6 (consopt), Miss Blackett, of naval stock. * Children of Propositus: 1 1, Sarah (laom 1792) and 2, Mary Patience ^^ (bom 1793) Collingwood. m® BiBLIOORAFHT. Davieb, W. 1875. A Fine Old English Gentleman, exemplified in the life and character of Lord Collingwood. London: Sampson, Low, Marston and Searle. 263 pp. Russell, W. C. 1891. Collingwood. London: Methuen & Co. 271 pp. 13. WuiiiAM Baekeb Gushing. William Bahker Cushing was born at Delafield, Waukesha county, Wis- consin, November 1842. He was appointed to the Naval Academy in 1857, and resigned vmder pressure, without having distinguished himself in his studies, in March 1861. In May of the same year he was appointed master's mate, attached to the frigate Minnesota, one of the blockading squadron. Having shown great spirit, Cushing was appointed a lieutenant in July and in October was put in charge of a gunboat and ordered to capture Jacksonville, North Carolina, and seize any vessels found on the New river. He captured the city and three schooners, but on the return trip his gunboat ran agroimd. Sending off all its contents by one of the prize vessels, he fought the enemy as best he could on its arrival, then set fire to the gimboat and escaped in a skiff. For two years more Cushing played the part of a blockader with skill, vigUance, and energy. In October 1864, the Con- federate ironclad ram Albemarle sank Federal naval vessels and threatened to regain control of Albemarle sound. Cushing had a plan for her destruction. He brought from New York an open launch provided with a boom to carry and direct a tor- pedo. At night he approached the Albemarle (lying in the Roanoke river), which opened fire upon him. As she was encircled by logs to ward off torpedoes, Cushing drove his laimch through the cordon of logs and right up to the hull of the Albemarle; by lines attached to his body he aimed the torpedo, which exploded under the Albemarle's hull and sank it. At the same moment his launch was sunk by the enemy's fire, and out of the entire party only two, including Cushing, escaped. By swimming and rowing he made his way iato Albemarle soimd and to the Federal fleet; for this exploit he was promoted to be heutenant commander. In similar daring fashion he attacked and reduced Fort Fisher. After the war he commanded the Maumee and was advanced to the grade of commander. He died of brain fever, December 1874, at the age of 32 years. GUSHING. 61 The prevailing trait of William Gushing was love of adventure. As a lad he was never happier than when playing some joke upon one of his elder brothers. Once he followed one of his brothers and a young lady to prayer-meeting and, sitting behind them, sang improvised personalities until sent out in disgrace by a church official. The father had died and his mother's cousin, Commodore (afterward Admiral) Joseph Smith, had him entered at the Naval Academy. Here his pranks and "sheer deviltry" continued and culminated towards the close of the winter of 1861, when he fixed a bucket of water over the door through which his teacher of Spanish was to pass on his way to an evening party; the teacher was deluged and the lad was permitted to resign. On one occasion during the war he wore General Hooker's new uniform coat to the theater. His naval exploits in the war partook largely of the nature of adventures. Another trait was fearlessness, well illustrated by his aiming the torpedo accurately while only a few feet from the Albemarle's guns. He was a pronounced hyperkinetic. He was animated and enthusiastic in conversation. He spoke fluently, wrote easily and charmingly. He was generous and expressed his emo- tions fully. He would fight any man without the sUghtest hesitation, and was quick to resent an insult. Gushing belonged to fighting stock, as the history of his three brothers shows. They were: Milton, born in 1837, became a paymaster in the United States navy and was promoted to paymaster of the fleet, then in the Mediterranean. He was retired for disabihty and died, without issue, January 1886. Howard B., born in 1838, at 14 years of age became a printer's "devil" in a weekly newspaper office at Fredonia, New York; later he became a pressman in Boston, and then a type-setter in Ghicago. In 1861 he raised a company of newspaper men in Chicago, but their services were not required. In 1862 he enhsted as a private in an lUinois volunteer artillery regiment. In 1863 he was promoted to a lieutenancy in the regular artilleiy. In 1867 he was heutenant of Troop F, Third Cavalry, and was engaged in Indian warfare in Arizona and Texas. He was spare, active as a cat, and famous all over the southwestern border for cool- ness and energy. He was kiUed in May 1871, by the Apache Indians. Alonzo, born in January 1841, was appointed cadet at West Point. Here he showed "himself modest in demeanor, but always efficient in his work and kindly toward imder-classmen." He was appointed second Heutenant in artil- lery on graduating in Jime 1861, and was promoted to first lieutenant the same day. In Washington he drilled artillerymen, became ordnance officer, and later acted as aide-de-camp to Sumner in charge of topographical work. He advanced rapidly as topographical engineer through the grades to lieutenant colonel, up to the time of his death in battle, July 3, 1863. Elements contributing to his success were faithfulness in the discharge of every duty and thoroughness in its perform- ance. "Possessed of mental and physical vigor, joined to the kindest of hearts, he commanded the love and respect of all who knew him. His fearlessness and resolu- tion displayed in many actions were imsurpassed." One says of him, he "looked more like a school girl than a warrior, but he was the best fighting man I ever saw." The father of this fraternity, Dr. Milton B. Gushing (born in 1800), was a restless man (see legend), but one of great personal attractiveness and sympathetic for the higher side of pubUc questions. He suffered from ill health and left his family unprovided for. His father, Zattu Gushing, superintended the construction of a ship on an island opposite Erie, Pennsylvania. He was an upright, dignified, clear-headed man, and was for years a county judge. 62 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. The mother, Mary Butler Smith, married in 1836, when she was 29 years of age. She had a splendid physical and mental constitution and was "fortunately endowed with a passionate love for hfe in an open, free atmosphere, as near as practicable to nature itself. She had been reared among the most highly cultivated people of Boston, and was related to such distinguished families as the Adamses, Hancocks, and Phillipses." Just before the birth of her second son she was a bit gloomy and homesick. After the death of her husband she went to Fredonia, where she established a school. Mary Smith's father's brother Albert's son. Commodore Joseph Smith of the navy, afterwards rear admiral, was born in Boston in 1790. He became mid- shipman in 1809 and lieutenant ia 1813. As first Heutenant of the brig Eagle he took a conspicuous part in the battle of Lake Champlain, in September 1814, and was wounded. For his services he was voted a silver medal by Congress. In 1815 he participated in the war against Algiers; in 1827 he was commissioned commander. In 1837 he became captain; dm^ing 1846-1869 he was chief of the bm-eau of yards and docks, becoming rear admiral in 1862. From 1869 to 1871 he was president of the examination board for the promotion of officers, and died at Washington in 1877. His son, Joseph B. Smith, made a midshipman in 1841, had a reputation for rare courage. He became a heutenant in 1855 and in 1862 was killed on the Congress in battle with the Merrimac in Hampton Roads. Mary Smith had a sister, EUzabeth Winkle Smith, who married John Gihnan Pillsbury. Their son was John EUiott Pillsbiny, bom December 1846, at Lowell, Massachusetts. Through the influence of the Hon. Albert Smith, he was made a page in the House of Representatives, 1859. At the request of Admiral Joseph Smith he was appointed midshipman in September 1862. He was graduated from the Naval Academy and was sent to the North Pacific squadron. In 1869 he was stationed at the Boston navy yard. He joined the Colorado (Admiral John Rodgers) for a cruise in Asiatic waters; in 1875 he was on the Blake for deep-sea soundings. He was assigned in 1879 to the Kearsarge, North Atlantic squadron, and in 1884 to the United States Coast Survey. Put in command of the Blake, he devised instruments to measure currents at various depths. He published "Dangers of the South Pacific," "Atlantic Local Coast Pilot Sub-division 19, 1885," and "The Gulf Stream." He married, in 1877, Florence Greenwood, and had one daughter, Elsie, born in 1877. Family History of William B. Cushinq. FraiemUy of M M F: I 1, Bass, one of the "Boston Tea Party." 12 (M M F), Moses Belcher Bass. I 3 (M M M), Margaret Sprague. I 4 (M F F), Josiah Smith. 1 5 (M F M), Mary Barker, her consort's second cousin. I 6, Captain Robert L. Eells. I 7, Ruth Copeland. II 1 (F F), Zattu Gushing (bom about 1771), left Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1791 and went to Ballston Spa, New York. In 1799 he superintended the construction of a ship on an island opposite Erie, Pennsylvania; in 1805 he settled in Fredonia, New York, where he was a judge for 14 years. Fraternity of M M: II 3, Bass, a youth of great promise who died at 25 years of age on a voyage to England for his health. II 4 (M M), Mary Butler Bass. H 5 (M F), EUsha Smith. Fraternity of M. F.: II 7, Bosen Smith. II 8, Mary Barker. II 9, Josiah Smith, a shipbuilder. II 10, Albert Smith, a captain who commanded large ships. II 11, Anne Lenthal Eells. III 1 (F), Milton Gushing (born 1800), studied at what is now Colgate University and practiced medicine; removed to Zanesville, Ohio, where he was a local merchant, then to Colum- bus, Ohio, and in 1837 to Wisconsin, where he was appointed justice of the peace. In 1844 he went to Chicago and practiced medicine and in 1847 went back to Ohio, where he died. Ill 2 (M), Mary Butler Smith. i''ratera% o/ il/; III 3, Cordelia Miller Smith. Ill 4, William Robert GUSHING. 63 Pearman. Ill 5, Joseph Bass Smith (born 1810), was lost or died at sea. Ill 6, Margaret Sprague Smith, an author of prose and verse. Ill 7, Joshua Loring Banker. Ill 8, Elizabeth W. Smith. Ill 9, John G. Pillsbury, a prmter. Ill 10, Jane Read Smith. Ill 11, John Henry Batchelder. Ill 12, Sir Albert Jones Smith, a naval commander. Ill 14, Joseph Smith, a rear admiral of the United States navy. Ill 16, Albert Smith, a lawyer. Ill 17, Elizabeth Smith. Ill 18, Sarah Barker Smith. Ill 19, Joseph Eells. f djd W Pillsbury Fraternity of Propositits: IV 1, Milton Gushing (1837-1886), became a paymaster of the fleet. IV 2, Ellen Grosvenor. IV 3, Howard B. Gushing (1838-1871). IV 4, Alonzo Gushing (1841-1863). IV 5 (Propositus), William B. Gushing. IV 6 (consort), Kate L. Forbes. IV 7, Walter and Mary R. Gushing. IV 8, Eli Bouton. IV 9, Mary Isabel Gushing (born 1847). IV 10, Edward F. Gayle. IV 11, John Elliott Pillsbury (born at Lowell, Massachusetts, 1846). IV 12, Joseph B. Smith, appointed a midshipman in 1841, became a lieutenant in 1855, and was killed in 1862 on the Congress in the conflict with the Merrimac at Hampton Roads. IV 13, Albert Smith, became a captain in the army and died from the effects of service during Givil War. BiBLIOGRAPHT. Genealogy of the Gushing Family. Montreal: Perrault Printuig Go. GusHiNO. J. S. 1905. Ixx + 696 pp. Haight, T. 1910. Three Wisconsin Gushings. Wisconsin History Commission, xiv + 109 pp. SuiTH, S. 1895. Memorial of Rev. Thomas Smith (second minister of Pembroke, Massachu- setts) and his descendants. Plymouth. 147 pp. 64 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 14. John Adolf Dahlgben. John Adolf Dahlgren was born at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Novem- ber 13, 1809. He was forced by the early death of his father to earn a Uving at the age of 15. Having only one strong taste, he applied for admittance to the navy as midshipman, but was not successful until February 1, 1826. After six years of service he successfully passed his examination. On account of his proficiency in mathematics he was detailed, in 1834, to the United States Coast Survey under Hassler, and entered upon triangulation work, particularly the measurement of the base on Long Island. In 1836 Dahlgren was made second assistant of the survey, with direction of a triangulation party. On account of eye-strain. Lieu- tenant Dahlgren visited France for relief and was obliged to retire to a farm from 1838 to 1842, but during this period he reported on the rocket-firing system of the French army. For a year or two he resumed active service in the navy and on the outbreak of the war with Mexico he was assigned to ordnance duty, especially in the rocket department. Having by experimentation proved the defects in the naval guns then in use, he devised first, in 1850, a Ught howitzer for small-boat use and then his 9-inch and 11-inch shell-guns, which introduced new principles into naval armament. He published technical books on ordnance and brought the ord- nance department of the navy to great system and perfection. In 1857 he was given charge of the sloop of war Plymouth, of less than 1,500 tons, with permission to arm and equip her as he thought best. With her battery of 4.7-inch and 1.9-inch guns she became the most formidable craft afloat. In his voyage with the Plymouth, Commander Dahlgren was able to settle various diplomatic difficulties with other coimtries. Dahlgren experimented next on rifled cannon and urged the construction of ironclads, but his recommendations led to no response from an unprogressive naval board, and the Civil War found the government unprepared. Dahlgren's guns, nevertheless, won many important victories in the years that followed. Dahlgren was tremendously active on the Chesapeake and Patriotic; he was appointed chief of the bureau of ordnance with rank of captain ia July 1862, and armed and equipped ironclads. As rear admiral from February 1863, he closed the Atlantic ports of the Confederacy. From 1868 to 1870 he was again chief of the ordnance bureau, and a few months before his death was appointed, for the second time, conunandant of the Washington navy yard. He died in July 1870. The most striking trait shown by Dahlgren was a desire to go into the navy. This is quite possibly a nomadic trait; certainly there is an appeal of the sea, as such. In the letter sent with his application for admission to the navy, at 15 years of age, occur such phrases as: "The decided wishes of John are for the navy and a seafaring life and no other object has any temptation for him." Again, "He is ... so passionately bent on the destination of the navy of the United States that he can not be diverted from it," and he himself writes: "Having long been anxious to adopt as a profession the naval service of my country . . ." This desire for the navy was seen in his younger brother William, who, owing to a mis- imderstanding with John, vowed he would never be known as Dahlgren again; so he assumed his mother's name and thereafter was caUed William de Rohan. The National Cyclopedia of American Biography (V, 24) states of William: " He went to Europe, where his family connections and ample means brought him into intimacy with persons of the highest rank in Ufe, including Admiral Hobart (Pasha), with whom he took service under the Sultan, with the rank of captain. Leaving the Turks, he went to the Argentine Republic with Garibaldi and com- DAHLGEEN. 65 manded the naval forces of that country that brought about independence (1846). After that, when Garibaldi came to the United States, De Rohan went to Chile and became admiral of the Chilean navy. He took an active part with Gari- baldi in the unification and independence of Italy. At this period he was not only made admiral of the Italian navy, but furnished money to buy 3 steamers, the nucleus of the Italian fleet. During the siege of Rome, De Rohan commanded the marine division and supervised the artillery fire. He spent many years in England, where he became interested in the workings of the British naval reserve, in which he was commissioned a commander by the admiralty. He was anxious to fight for the Union in the American Civil War, but was restrained by fear of being brought under the command of his brother. He was possessed of a large fortune when he entered the ItaUan navy, but lost it all because the Italian gov- ernment refused to reimburse him. He sought redress in diplomatic circles, but all to no purpose, and he died in Philadelphia, the city of his birth, a poor man, in April 1891." The trait of nomadism was in the father also, Bernard UMk Dahlgren, born in 1784. He was graduated from Upsala and was an adventuresome traveler at an early age, making frequent expeditions to hyperborean regions. At the age of 20, having become involved in an attempt to dissemiaate repubhcan principles at Gefle, he was obhged to flee from Sweden and his property was confiscated by the Crown. After traveling extensively and incurring much hazard, he finally embarked from Spain for New York, where he landed December 1806. He was made Swedish consul at Philadelphia and held that post until his death. He was well known as a merchant of ability and great integrity. His judgment was clear and impartial, so that it commanded great confidence, and his arbitration was accepted as conclusive. He was a man of herculean stature and strength, being 6 feet 4 inches tall and weU proportioned. Father's brother. Sir Carl Adolf, was graduated at Upsala and was made a subphysician in the Royal Navy in 1797. He left the navy in 1800, but upon the outbreak of war in 1808 he offered his services to the government. He was appointed staff surgeon to the army of Finland, in which capacity he served until the close of the war. Thereupon he reentered the navy and thereafter held posi- tions as court physician and field surgeon in chief to the army. He was created a knight of Wasa in recognition of his long and eminent service. He died at Stock- holm in 1844. His son. Sir Johan Adolf, was the author of various dissertations on chemistry and medicinal botany and a "discoverer in the domain of practical chemistry." He also was created a knight of Wasa in recognition of prolonged and useful service. In 1871 he resigned the directorship of the Royal Military Hospital in Stockholm and after that led a retired life until his death in 1876. Father's father, Johan Adolf Dahlgren, born at Norrkoping in 1744, was educated by private tutors. He then studied chemistry and pharmacy and became a prot6g4 and friend of Linnaeus. He matriculated (1764) at the University of Upsala and was graduated with the degree of doctor of medicine. He was a man of great activity, a skillful physician, and a volmninous writer on medical subjects. In 1789 he was named chief physician of the province of Finland. He died in 1797. Mother, Martha Rowan, was "richly endowed with the best qualities of head and heart." She had a special taste for designing, and her son often said that he inherited from her his inventive faculty. Mother's father, James Rowan, was a Revolutionary soldier, who served as commissary in General Lacy's brigade and sustained heavy losses in his support 66 HEEEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. of the war. It is probable that he was related in some degree to Stephen Clegg Rowan, born near DubUn, Ireland, in 1808, who, when a child, came with his parents to the United States, was appointed midshipman in 1826, fought gallantly on land in Mexico, during the Civil War played an important part in blockading the coast of North Carohna, and eventually gained the rank of rear admiral, commandant of the Norfolk navy yard, commander in chief of the Asiatic squadron in 1870, superintendent of the Naval Observatory, and chairman of the Ughthouse board in 1883. He died in Washington in. 1890. John A. Dahlgren as a yoimg student was good in mathematics, as well as in Latin and Spanish. His teacher says: "He has received more honors than any other individual in my classes in the same time." At the age of 10 or 11 "he was continually occupied in reading universal history, particularly that of Greece and Rome." As midshipman, John Dahlgren's "mathematical training and pro- ficiency and some knowledge of the use of instruments speedily attracted the attention of the learned chief of the Survey, Mr. Hassler." Dahlgren had a keen sense of form. He had a fondness for birds — speaks of one that is hopping about in his cabin, resting on his knee at times. His manu- script books are "a marvel of painstaking care. Every letter and figure is drawn with the incisive clearness of a steel engraving, and no sign of weariness or haste is anywhere indicated." John Dahlgren was enthusiastic in talking, affectionate in nature, and felt keenly the loss of each of such of his children as died. He is said to have been a man of severe nature. "To remain idle was not in his natvire." Dahlgren married twice: first, Mary Clement Bunker, a bright, joyous, generous, unselfish woman, a free spender, of gentle, affectionate nature and rare conversational powers. By her he had three children : 1. Charles Bunker Dahlgren, born in October 1839, near Philadelphia. He was educated at Rittenhouse Academy, Washington, and was graduated in 1857. He then studied ordnance and steam engineering at the West Point foundry, entered the engineer corps. United States navy, and was graduated at the head of a large class, but was transferred from the engineers corps to the line at the outbreak of the war. In 1863 he participated in the naval siege and capture of Vicksburg and was so efficiently active that he received a command. After three months in the hospital, he served under his father in front of Charleston and was in the bloody assault on Fort Fisher. After the war he practiced civil engineering, wrote a book on Mexico's historic mines, and participated on the Resolute in the Spanish- American war. He married in 1867, Augusta, daughter of WiUiam A. Smith. One of his sons is Ulric Dahlgren, born in 1870, professor of biology at Princeton, and author of memoirs on production of Hght and electricity by animals. 2. Ulric Dahlgren, born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, 1842, was educated in Washington and was studjdng law at the outbreak of the early war. He was commissioned as captain and placed a battery of Dahlgren guns at Harper's Ferry in a difficult position. He made a daring and successful raid with one company into Fredericksburg and held the town against the opposition of a large force of the enemy's cavalry, and also served as aide to Generals Sigel, Burnside, Fremont, Hooker, and Pope. "At Chancellorsville he stayed the Confederate advance by a desperate charge." At the second Bull Rim he was chief of artillery and prevented a disaster to the disorganized Union troops. In the Gettysburg campaign he destroyed 179 wagons of Lee's train, lost a leg, and won a colonelcy. He lost his life in a daring attempt to liberate Federal prisoners at Libby Prison and Belle Isle. DAHLGKEN. 67 3. Paul was a lieutenant in the army, who resigned in 1873 and was appointed United States consul at Rome, where he died in 1874. John A. Dahlgren's second wife was Mrs. Madeleine Vinton Goddard, the daughter of Hon. Samuel F. Vinton of Ohio, who for nearly a quarter of a century was a conspicuous member of Congress. On account of his knowledge of "the rules, great prudence, and sound judgment," he was "perhaps the most prominent leader on the Whig side." Her mother's father was Pierre Bureau, who immi- grated to Ohio in 1792, and was one of the earUest state senators. Samuel Vin- ton's grandfather was Abiathar Vinton, a soldier in the Revolutionary war. Of their children, John Vinton Dahlgren (born at Valparaiso, Chile, in April 1868) was graduated from Georgetown University, Washington, D. C, at the head of his class, was admitted to the bar in 1892, and began the practice of law in New York in 1894. In 1895 he became attorney for the department of buildings. In 1896 his eyesight began to fail (as had his father's) and he resigned. In 1898 the governor nominated him to the State Board of Charities. He married Ehzabeth, daughter of the banker, Joseph W. Drexel, and died at Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1899. Another son, Eric Dahlgren, who was graduated from Harvard College in 1889, married Lucy Drexel, sister of Elizabeth. They had 7 children. Even- tually they were divorced, as he appeared to be inadequately endowed with inhi- bitions. He was affectionate by nature. One of the daughters, Katherine Drexel Dahlgren, has a love of speeding in high-powered motor cars; another entered a Roman Catholic sisterhood. n ni Family Histobt of John Adolph Dahlgken. I 1 (consort's F F F), Abiathar Vinton, a soldier in the Revolutionary war. II 1 (F F), John Adolf Dahlgren (born in Norrkoping, Sweden, in 1744), a leading Swedish man of science. II 3 (M F), James Rowan, a Revolutionary soldier. II 7 (consort's M F), Pierre Bureau, emigrated to Ohio in 1792, and was one of the earliest state senators. Fraternity of F: III 1, Su- Carl Adolf Dahlgren, a pre-eminent government phy- i sician (see text). Ill 3 (F), Bernard Ubik Dahlgren (1784-1824), a traveler and political refugee (see text). Ill 4 (M), Martha Rowan. Ill 5 (&st consort's F), Nathan Bunker, an influential merchant of Phila- delphia. Ill 7 (second consort's F), Samuel Vinton, a conspicuous member of Congress from Ohio. IV 1, William A. Smith. IV 3, Sir ^ Johan Adolph Dahlgren, was the author of various dissertations on chemistry and medi- cinal botany and a "discoverer in the domain V of practical chemistry"; he was director of the Royal Military Hospital in Stockholm. Fraternity of Propositus: IV 4, William Dahl- ^ gren (1819-1891), changed his name to WilUam De Rohan, because of family disagreements. He was a soldier of fortune (see text). IV 6 (first consort), Mary Clement Bunker (died 1855). IV 7 (Propositus), John Adolph Dahlgren. IV 8 (second consort), Madeleine Vinton. IV 9, Hon. Daniel Convers Goddard. IV 10, Joseph W. Drexel (bom at Philadelphia in 1831), a banker of eminence. IV 11, Lucy Wharton, an art and book collector. V 1, Augusta Smith. V 2, Charles Bunker Dahlgren (born 1839), entered the engineer corps. United States navy. He participated in the naval siege and capture of Vicksburg and received a command. After the war he practiced civil engineering. V 3, Elizabeth Dahlgren (1840-1858), died of consumption. V 4, Ulric Dahlgren (1842-1864), was a volunteer militiaman of national reputation in the Civil War, and lost his life in a daring attempt to Uberate Federal "dMms 68 HEREDITY AKD DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OmCEBS. prisoners at Libby Prison and Belle Isle. V 5, John Dahlgren (bom 1844). V 6, Paul Dahlgren (1846-1874) (see text). V 7, Lawrence Dahlgren, died young in 1851. V 8, Eva Dahlgren, died in 1870. V 9, Eric Dahlgren, of St. Paul and New York. V 10, Mary Drexel. V 11, Ehzabeth Drexel. V 12, John Vinton Dahlgren (1868-1899), a brilliant lawyer who died prematurely. VI 1, John A. Dahlgren. VI 2, Ulric Dahlgren (born 1870), professor of biology at Princeton since 1911*. VI 3, Katherine Drexel Dahlgren. VI 4, Lucy Dahlgren, entered a Roman Catholic sisterhood. VI 5, Madeleine, Ubica, and Olga Dahlgren. VI 6, Joseph and Eric Dahlgren. BiBLIOGRAPHT. Dahlgren, M. V. 1882. Memoir of John A. Dahlgren. Boston: J. Osgood and C!o. xi + 3 + 660 pp. 15. Stephen Decatuk. Stephen Decatur was bom January 5, 1779, at Sinepuxent, Worcester county, Maryland. He went on a cruise with his father at 8 years of age, and "was thus early introduced to the sea, toward which his inclination and ancestry ever m-ged him." He went to school imtil he was 17 years of age, when he entered the counting-house of a firm of ship-owners, but, at the beginning of the war with France, he showed such desire for naval service that he was taken by Com- modore Barry on his ship United States as midshipman, 1798, and the next year was promoted to be lieutenant. In 1801 war had broken out with the Barbary States, and in 1802 Decatur sailed as first heutenant for the Mediterranean, but was sent home for arranging a fatal duel between two young naval officers. He, however, soon returned to the Mediterranean fleet, under Commodore Preble, and was given command of the schooner Enterprise. In this he captured a Tri- poUtan ketch which was renamed the Intrepid. The American frigate Philadelphia having been captured, with all on board, by the Tripolitans, Decatur volunteered to "cut her out" with the Intrepid and was instructed by Preble to do so. The Philadelphia lay at anchor under the batteries (200 guns) of Tripoli, surrounded by 25 of the enemy's war vessels, and protected by nearly 30,000 men ashore and afloat. To oppose this force Decatur had one small (50-ton) ketch filled with combustibles and 84 armed men. At night he and his men, mistaken for traders, were allowed to come alongside of the Philadelphia to moor. They boarded the ship, killed 20 men, and routed the rest, without the wounding of a single American. They then set fire to the Philadelphia and rowed away just as the shore batteries began to fire upon them, but they were soon out of range (February 1804). Five months later Preble set sail to destroy the fleet in the harbor of Tripoli. Decatiu* was in command of one division of three gimboats and had to face, almost alone at first, the much more nimaerous fleet and the shore batteries of Tripoli. Stephen Decatur captured one gimboat by boarding her in a desperate encounter. His brother James had been treacherously kiUed while attempting to take a gunboat that had surrendered to him, and Stephen, learning of this, set out for the gunboat with 11 men, and killed and wounded so many of the officers and crew that the boat surrendered. The TripoHtans did not, thereafter, venture into a hand-to- hand encounter. Decatur was made captain at the age of 25. In the War of 1812 Decatur was given command of the famous United States to hunt for English vessels. On October 25, 1812, he came upon the Macedonian, a new frigate somewhat inferior in fighting strength to the United States, as 5 to 7, and captured her with a loss only one-ninth that of his opponent. Returning to New York, he was transferred to the frigate President. In January 1815 he decided to run the blockade. The President grounded, on running out in a half DECATUR. 69 gale of wind, and was badly strained in getting off; also five British men-of-war chased her. One of these, the Endymion, he defeated; but the others coming up captured him and the President. Peace was signed shortly afterwards, and Decatur returned to his country. He was again, in charge of a squadron, sent to the Mediterranean against the Moors. He captured the Meshouda, 46 gims, and forced treaties at Algiers and at Tripoli. Returning to America, he was appointed to serve with Commodores Rogers and Porter on the board of naval commissioners. He was killed in a duel with Commodore James Barron, March 1820. Decatur possessed from boyhood a "love of the sea." This was recognized at the age of 8 years. It is said to have led him to oppose his mother's wish that he should become a priest and induced Commodore Barry to appoint him mid- shipman. He was, throughout life, averse to anything sedentary. His father and father's father were seamen. Little is known about the family of his mother, Anna Pine, who is said to have been the daughter of an "Irish gentleman." Decatur had a fighting instinct that could be completely set into action. As a child his nature was considered fiery. His tmdertaking to burn the Phila- delphia was a desperate one which succeeded by its pure audacity. When the President was discovered and chased by the British fleet he fought the swiftest of his opponents untU she was helpless, until 24 on his ship were killed and 55 wounded, and until he was surrounded by three fresh, powerful enemy vessels. He fought two duels and was killed in one. It is said of him: "The high temper with which he had been born was kept under control, except in rare instances, when he was excited by injustice, deceit, or oppression." His brother James was a similar fighter. He was tenacious, as in his hopeless battle with the Endymion. After he had suffered terrible slaughter he stiU kept on until every sail had been stripped from her yards and her battery had been completely silenced. He was quick in decision, as when he jumped into the sea to rescue a man who had fallen overboard, and when, having learned of his brother's death by treachery, he chased and defeated the Tripolitan gunboat that had caused James's death. Family History op Stephen Decatur. I 1 (F F), Etienne Decatur, of French and Dutch ancestry, became a citizen of Rhode Island in 1753. He was a sailor and a bold privateeraman. He died in Philadelphia, leaving his family in straitened circumstances. I 2 (F M), Mrs. Priscilla (George) Hill. I 3 (M F), Pine, an Irish gentleman. II 1 (F), Stephen Decatur (born 1752), commanded i merchant ships and privateers with brilliant success during I the Revolution. After the war he entered into partnership with a Philadelphia firm and made many voyages to France. _ In 1798 he was commissioned a captain of the navy. II 2 (M), Anna Pine, hoped that the propositus would be a clergy- . Fraternity of ProposUus: III 1, Decatur. Ill 2, ^iflH^^ L*\J-LJ ■ James Decatur, as lieutenant, had command of a gunboat off I » Tripoli and was mortally wounded in boarding a Tripolitan. ^^ rSTrSrlT^ III 3, John P. Decatur. Ill 5, Captain James M'Knight, Lfl Ltf Ul^) of the marine corps. Ill 6, Decatur. Ill 7, Dr. Hurst, of Philadelphia. Ill 8, {Pro- ■positus), Stephen Decatur. Children, of brother: IV 1, Stephen Decatur, a lieutenant in the navy. IV 2, John P. Deca- tur, a midshipman. Bibliography. Brady, C. 1900. Stephen Decatur. Boston: Small, Maynard & Co. xviii + 142 pp. Mackenzie, A. 1846. Life of Stephen Decatur. Boston: C. Little & J. Brown. xi + 443pp. 70 hebedity and development of naval officers. 16. George Dewbt. George Dewey was born at Montpelier, Vermont, December 26, 1837. He attended schools in Montpelier and Johnson, Vermont, and in 1851 he was admitted to the military academy at Norwich, Vermont. He decided to enter the Naval Academy, to which he was admitted in 1854 and from which he was grad- uated in 1858. He was active in the naval operations of the Civil War, especially as executive officer on the Mississippi, and was commissioned Ueutenant com- mander for meritorious conduct in the attack on Fort Fisher. He taught in the Naval Academy, 1868 to 1870; was with the Pacific Survey; was on the lighthouse board; was at the European station in command of a ship, and eventually of the flagship, 1884 to 1888. Commissioned commodore, he was, in 1898, given com- mand of the Asiatic station. When war with Spain broke out, Dewey, at Hong Kong, was cabled to operate against the Spanish fleet at the PhiUppine Islands. He steered his small fleet of 6 vessels at night through the narrow and mined entrance into Manila bay. At daybreak he destroyed the entire Spanish fleet of 12 vessels, his casualties being only 7 wounded. In the ensuing days and weeks he met such dangerous situations as the acts of the German admiral at Manila bay and the resistance of Aguinaldo with such judgment that the grade of ad- miral (previously held only by Farragut and David D. Porter) was revived in his favor. From 1900 until his death Dewey was president of the general board of the navy. He died at Washington of arteriosclerosis, January 16, 1917. The traits that determined Dewey's career were: Love of adventure. — Of his life at the district school he says: "I was full of animal spirits and I Uked things to happen wherever I was. Probably I had a gift for stirring up other boys to help me in my enterprises. A life of Hannibal which I received as a present fired my imagination. In winter it was easy to make believe that in storming a neighboring hSl I was making the passage of the Alps. If there were no other soldiers to follow me, I might draft my sister Mary, who was 2 years my junior. . . . "One of my favorite deeds of bravado was descending the old State House steps blindfolded, with the onlookers wondering whether I would slip on the way and take the rest of the flight head first." On one occasion he thought it would be a great exploit to drive a horse and wagon across the swollen river; he escaped only by abandoning the wagon and climbing upon the horse's neck. To break his father's punishment he said: "You ought to be glad that I am ahve!" At the Norwich Academy, when 17 years of age, he was disciplined for breaking up a service of hymns by standing outside and singing rival melodies. Even at Annapolis the "old faculty of making things happen had given me 113 demerit marks." Two hundred meant dismissal. Dewey was excellent at mathematics, good in French and Spanish, but poor in history. "My weakness in history I overcame later in life, when I grew fond of reading." He was quick in response. "A cadet who sat opposite me called me a name at mess which no man can hear without redress. I did not lose a second, and springing around the table, I went for him and beat him down under the table before we were separated." When, at Annapohs, a Southern cadet challenged him to a duel he accepted with alacrity. Rear Admiral Aaron Ward says of him: DEWEY. 71 " Dewey was a generous commander and made allowances for our greenness and was disposed to be indulgent with the average ' middy's ' prank. . . . But this does not mean he was not a discipUnarian. . . . Slackness in work, untidiness, tardiness, and other shortcomings were abhorrent to him and he would not tolerate them." He was always extremely prompt and Farragut was his beau ideal. In any difficult situation he asked himseK: "What would Farragut do?" "I was think- ing of him the night we entered Manila bay." Brave and cool, he took the 'Mississippi (of Farragut's West Gulf squadron) through the river by the batteries of St. PhiUp and Jackson and stood intrepid on the bridge while the forts belched at him. When a Confederate ram suddenly appeared, he had the entire starboard broadside fired at her and sank her. The Mississippi lost her bearings in the smoke of battle and ran aground. She was bvirned and abandoned. Dewey was about the last person to leave, and while swimming to shore he saved a sailor from drowning at the risk of his own Ufe. On opening the battle of Manila bay, he impressed all with his coolness as he com- manded: "You may fire when you are ready, Gridley." He was a quick thinker, a sharp fighter, a precisian in courtesy and always neatly dressed. Like many other naval officers, he considered recognition of his own achievement as very important. He showed consideration for others, and reUed on those he felt he could trust. George Dewey's father was Julius Yeomans Dewey, a doctor of medicine of the University of Vermont; he was a man of vigorous constitution and active temperament, and a natural leader to whom men turned for advice, and who was very fixed in his ideas of right and wrong. The father's father of Dr. JuUus Y. Dewey was Captain William Dewey, who was active in the Revolutionary war. He had a brother. Ensign Simeon Dewey, who accompanied Ethan Allen when he demanded the keys to the fortress at Ticonderoga. Dr. JuUus Y. Dewey's father's father's mother was Mercy Saxton, a daughter's daughter of Captain George Denison, the "Miles Standish" of the Roxbury settlements. He was, except, per- haps, Captain John Mason, without equal in the colonies for conducting war against the Indians. He reminds us of the border men of Scotland. From him is descended also Minerva Denison, the mother of Rear Admiral John Rodgers (1812-1882). On the mother's side we find that Admiral Dewey's mother's mother's father was a captain in the Revolution and the mother's mother's mother's father was the son of Captain Charles Maudsley, a heutenant in King PhiUp's war. Thus there are lines on both sides reaching back to fighters and a connection, through the Denisons, with Rear Admiral John Rodgers. Family History op Geokqe Dewey. Fraternity of F F F F F F F: I 1, Jedediah Dewey (bora 1647). I 2, Sarah Orton. 13 (F F F F F F F), Josiah Dewey (1641-1731), was a carpenter and an influential and active citizen. I 4 (F F F F F F M), Hepzibah Lyman. I 5 (F F F F M M M), Bridget, who died in America. I 6 (F F F F M M F), George Denison {ca. 1618-1694), came to New England about 1631, but in 1643 returned to England, where he served in the army under Cromwell and was wounded at Naseby. Afterwards he returned to America and finally settled in Stonington, Connecticut. He is considered as great and brilliant a soldier as Miles Standish. "Our early history presents no character of bolder and more active spirit than Captain Denison. He reminds us of the border men of Scotland." I 7, Ann Borodell, of Irish ancestry, married Captain Denison soon after the battle of Naseby. From this marriage descended Minerva Denison, who married Commodore John Rodgers. 72 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. n 1, Jedediah Dewey (bom 1670), a sergeant. II 3 (F F F F F F), Josiah Dewey (bom 1666), a farmer. II 4 (F F F F F M), Mehitable Miller. II 5 (F F F F M F), Captain Joseph Saxton. II 6 (F F F F M M), Hannah Denison. Ill 1, Jedediah Dewey (1714-1778), was a man of independent views who separated from the church and became a preacher, settling in Bennington, Vermont. He was one of the leaders in the efforts of the Vermont settlers to maintain their land titles. He preached to his people to take arms and go out to fight. Tradition has it that he adjourned church service to go to fight the British at the battle of Bennington, whence his name of "fighting parson." Ill 2, MindweU Hayden. Ill 3 (F F F F F), William Dewey (bom 1692). m 4 (FFFFM), Mercy Saxton. Ill 5 (M M F M F), Captain John Moseley. ^^^'' (Mrd 8 17 8 _J^^^ vm DC i ^ 18 _9 vn d|<^ t^)* (5 dd 6<2 &'& ^ ^ 116 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. was commander at the age of 22. He won a treaty from the day of Algiers, after many difiBculties. In the battle of Quiberon his ship was the first to get into action. His later years were embittered by suspiciousness and quarrelsomeness, and though for a time he was first lord of the admiralty, his popularity soon disappeared entirely. IV 9, William Keppel (1727-1782), was a lieutenant general and commander in chief in Ireland, 1773. IV 10, Frederick Keppel (1728-1777), was bishop of Exeter and dean of Windsor. IV 16, Lady Caroline Keppel (bom 1737 and died in childbirth), is thought to have composed the ballad "Robin Adair" when her family would not consent to her marriage. IV 17, Robin, or Robert, Adair (born 1790), became inspector general of military hospitals and then royal staff surgeon and surgeon of Chelsea hos- pital. IV 18, Lady Elizabeth Keppel (died 1768), a very beautiful woman; she was one of the bridesmaids of Queen Caroline. IV 19, Russell, marquis of Tavistock, who was killed while out hunting at the age of 22. IV 20 (second consort's M F), Robert Walpole, second Earl of Orford (1701-1751). IV 21 (second consort's M M), Margaret RoUe. Fraiemity of M: V 1, Edward Southwell, Baron de Clifford (1767-1832), member of Parlia- ment. V 2, Sophia Southwell. V 3, John Thomas Townshend, Viscount Sydney. V 4, Cather- ine Southwell (died 1802). V 5, Colonel George K. Coussmaker. V 7, William Gamier, preb- endary of Winchester Cathedral. V 8, Dr. Thomas Gamier, Dean of Winchester. V 10 (M), EUzabeth Southwell (1776-1817), was not yet 16 years of age when she married, and one of her early bride exploits was sliding down the banisters and having her head trepanned in conse- quence. V 11 (F), William Charles Keppel, fourth Earl of Albemarle (1772-1849), was appointed master of the horse in 1830; was a member of Parliament. V 12 (P's second consort), Char- lotte Hunloke. V 13, Sir Coutts Trotter. V 16, Sir Robert Adair, a distinguished diplomat who died in 1844, aged 80 years. V 17, Sir Thomas Lennard. V 19 (second consort's F), Martin J. West. V 20, Maria Walpole. V 21, Captain Hon. George Harrington. V 23, Francis Rus- sell, fifth Duke of Bedford (1765-1802), became a leader in the House. V 24, William Russell (born 1767), lived abroad at Geneva. V 25, Charlotte Anne Bussy. V 26, John Russell, sixth Duke of Bedford (1766-1839), lord lieutenant of Ireland. V 27, Georgiana Elizabeth Byng. VI 1, Hon. Sir Alan Napier M'Nabb, first and last British premier of Canada. VI 3, George Gamier, studied at the Royal Naval College. In 1822 he sailed for the Cape of Good Hope and was never heard of again. VI 4, Thomas Gamier, Dean of Lincoln. Fraiemity of Propositus: VI 5, Caroline Keppel (died 1898), a sensitive child, but popiilar as a young woman; of charming personality, prompt in action and a great walker. VI 7, Augustus Frederick, fifth Earl of Albemarle (1794-1851), served in the Peninsular war with the Foot Guards. In later life he became eccentric and had to be placed under restraint; believed himself possessed of imbounded wealth. A post-mortem examination revealed a fracture of the skull. VI 8, George Thonms Keppel, sixth Earl of Albemarle (1799-1891), took part in the Waterloo campaign. He served in Africa and India and returned to England in 1823, traveling overland through Persia, Moscow, and St. Petersburg. He visited the seat of the Russo-Turkish war in 1829 and was with the British fleet in Turkish waters; rose to the rank of general, wrote books of travel. VI 9, Susan Trotter. VI 10, Mary Keppel (died in 1884, aged 80 years); was a great walker. VI 11, Henry Stephenson (died 1850). VI 12, Sophia Keppel (died 1824). VI 13, Sir James MacDonald. VI 14, Charles Keppel (1805-1817), killed in a shooting accident. VI 15, Edward Southwell Keppel (1800-1883), rector of Quidenham and canon of Norwich. VI 16, Thomas Robert Keppel (1811- 1863), studied at the naval college, but later became rector of North Creake and honorary canon of Norwich. VI 17, Frances Lennard. VI 18, John Keppel (1815-1823). VI 19, Georgiana Charlotte (died 1854). VI 20, Edward E. Hill. VI 21, Anne Amelia Keppel (died 1844). VI 22, Thomas Coke, first Earl of Leicester (1754-1842), a famous agriculturist. VI 24 (first consort), Catherine Crosbie (died 1859). VI 25 {Propositus), Hbnbt Keppel. VI 26 (second consort), Jane Elizabeth West. Fraternity of second consort: V 27, Rt. Hon. Sir Algernon West (born 1832), was a clerk in the admiralty; was secretary at the India oflBce and to Mr. Gladstone when he was prime minister. VI 28, Mary Barrington. Second cousins of Propositus: V 29, Francis Russell (1793-1832)j a lieutenant colonel in the army. VI 32, John Russell (1796-1835), a com- mander of the Royal Navy. VI 33, Francis Russell, seventh Duke of Bedford (1788-1833). VI 34, George WiUiam Russell (1790-1846), a major general in the army, sometime envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin, and aide-de-camp, to Queen Victoria. VI 35, John Russell (1792-1878), created Earl Russell; sat in the House of Commons 47 years; a distinguished statesman, orator, and writer; fond of travel. VI 36, Wriothesley Russell (1804-1886), rector of Chenies, Bucks, and canon of Windsor. VI 37, Edward Russell (1805-1887), C. B.; an oflBcer of the Legion of Honor. VI 38, Charles James Fox (1807-1894), formerly in the army; sergeant at arms. House of Commons. VI 39, Francis John Russell (1808-1869), KEPPEL. 117 a captain of the Royal Navy. VI 40, Henry Russell (1816-1842), a captain in the Royal Navy. VI 41, Cosmo George Russell (1817-1875), a major in the army. VI 42, Alexander George Russell (1821-1907), a general in the army. Children of fraternity of Propositus and consorts: VII 1, Sophia Mary M'Nabb. VII 2, William Coutts Keppel, seventh Earl of Albemarle (1832-1894), became an ensign, but retired from the army in 1853. He was a member of Parliament, superintendent of Indian affairs for Canada, and treasurer of the Queen's household. VII 4, Augustus Stephenson. VII 5, Henry Stephenson (born 1842), entered the Royal Navy in 1855 and retired in 1904 with the rank of admiral. VII 7, Sussex Stephenson. VII 8, Leicester Chantrey Keppel, a midshipman on the H. M. S. BeUerophon in 1854, served continuously and with distinction, retiring as a rear admiral. VII 9, Thomas William Coke, second Earl of Leicester (born 1822), became lord lieu- tenant of Norfolk and keeper of the privy seal. VII 10, Juliana Whitbreak. VII 11, Edward Coke (1824-1889), a captain in the army, member of Parliament, and high sheriff of Derby- shire. VII 12, Henry John Coke (born 1827), entered the Royal Navy and served in China, 1840-1842; has written books of travel. VII 13, Wenman C. Coke (1828-1907), served in Crimea as aide-de-camp to i/ord Rokeby. Children of Propositus: VII 17, Rufus Keppel, born 1839. VII 18, Mary Keppel, born 1865. VII 19, Frederick T. Hamilton (born 1856), a rear admiral of the Royal Navy. VII 20, Sir Colin Keppel (born 1862), was educated on H. M. S. Britannia, 1775, and became rear admiral; 1909-1910, in command of the Atlantic fleet; C. B. 1898; K. C. V. O., 1908. VII 21, Gilbert West, entered the navy, but died early. BiBLIOGEAPHY. Albemarle, Earl op. 1876. Fifty Years of My Life. London: Macmillan & Co. 2 vols. Burke, Sir B., and A. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronet- age. London: Harrison and Sons. 2570 pp. Clifford, A. 1817. Collectanea Cliffordiana in Three Parts. Paris: M. Nouzon. GiBBS, V. 1912. Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kmgdom, ed. by G. E. C. London: G. Bell & Sons. Vol. II. Kjippel, Hon. Sir H. 1899. A Sailor's Life under Four Sovereigns. London: Macmillan & Co. 3 vols. Keppel, Hon. & Rev. Thomas. 1842. The Life of Augustus Viscoimt Keppel. Admiral of the White. London: H. Colburn. 2 vols. Stirling, A. 1908. Coke of Norfolk and his Friends. London: J. Lane. 2 vols. Stirling, A. 1916. A Painter of Dreams. London & New York. J. Lane, xvi + 366 pp. Walpole, S. 1889. The Life of Lord John Russell. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 2 vols. West, A. 1905. Memoir of Sir Henry Keppel. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 186 pp. 118 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 35. James Lawrence. James Lawhence was born at Burlington, New Jersey, October 1, 1781, passed through grammar school, and in 1798 was appointed a midshipman. In 1801 he went to Tripoli in the Enterprise and remained there for five years. From 1808 to 1812 he commanded various naval vessels. After the outbreak of the War of 1812 he wrought some destruction on the enemy's ships in the West Indies. Ordered to the command of the Chesapeake, he accepted a challenge to battle made by the British frigate Shannon. The Chesapeake was a poor ship. After a few broadsides the ships fouled and Lawrence received a musket ball in the leg and later in the abdomen. As he was carried below he cried, "Don't give up the ship"; but the enemy had already boarded it. Captain Lawrence died in a few days, June 6, 1813. The loss of this yoimg ofiicer was regarded as a keen blow to the national defense. The elements of Lawrence's character were: Love of the sea. — "While stiU a boy he longed to go to sea," but his father opposed, wanting him to become a lawyer. But when his father died he, at 18, began a theoretical coiurse in navigation with his brother's aid. Fearlessness.- — His courage was of the highest order; he accepted battle with his inferior ship against a superior. He was calm in action. Hyperkinesis. — He was high strung and sensitive, quick and impulsive, but in all critical situations his coolness was remarkable. He inspired all with ardor and was a general favorite with his men. When a coordinate was promoted over his head he protested first to the naval board, then to the United States Senate, and won his case. He was chivalrous, generous, just, kind of heart, gentle, and pure. Physically he was nearly six feet tall and very broad-shouldered. James Lawrence had a sister Mary, who married Robert Boggs and bore a son, Charles S. Boggs. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1826, served with distinction in the Mexican and Civil Wars, and died a rear admiral. He was comteous and mild, but strict in the enforcement of discipline. During the Civil War he was in command of the Varuana, attached to Farragut's fleet. This, the first ship to force its way past the batteries protecting New Orleans, was rammed by a Confederate ironclad and sunk. For gallantry in this action Boggs was voted a sword by his native State of New Jersey. In July 1862 he was placed in command of the Sacramento, of the blockading squadron off the Cape Fear river. On account of ill-health he was on shore duty during 1864-1865 and super- intended the building and fitting out of a fleet of picket steamboats planned by himself. James Lawrence's father was John Brown Lawrence, of Burlington, New Jersey, who was a lawyer, a staunch loyahst, a member of the coimcil, and regarded by his townspeople as a man of importance. He was mayor of Burlington in 1775. He was a man of courage. He met the Hessians and prevailed on them to spare the town and later succeeded in stopping the firing of an American man-of-war when it was thought that Burlington was in the hands of the British. Arrested as a loyahst, he finally settled in Canada and died there in 1796. In the direct line of ancestors there are merchants and a major. James Lawrence's mother, Martha Talbnan, of Trenton, New Jersey, died when the propositus was an infant; nothing is recorded of her traits. LAWRENCE, 119 n Family Histort op Jamk8 Lawrence. II (F F F), Elisha Lawrence (born 1666), was a merchant on the south side of Raritaa bay, New Jersey. I 2 (F F M), Lucy Stout. II I (F F), Elisha Lawrence. II 3, Samuel Leonard, of Perth Amboy, New Jersey. III 1 (consort's F), Montaudevert, a French sea-captain, who was lost off the Scilly Islands. Ill 5 (M), Martha Tallman, of Trenton, New Jersey. Ill 6 (F), John Brown Law- rence, a lawyer of note and, in 1775, mayor of Burlington, New Jersey. He was arrested as a loyalist and finally went to Canada, where he died. Ill 7, Ann Leonaxd. IV 1 (consort) Julia Montaudevert. IV 2 (Propositus), James Lawrence. Fraternity of Propositiis: IV 3, Sarah Lawrence. IV 4, James Goellette. IV 5, Katherine Lawrence. IV 6, Jackson Brown French. IV 7, Anne Lawrence. rv 8, John Parker. IV 9, Mary Law- rence. rV 10, Robert Boggs. Half fraternity of Propositus: IV 11, Eliza- beth Lawrence, better known as "Ma- dame Scribblerus," a woman of poetical and literary ability, gentleman of great social prominence. Children of Propositus: V 1, Mary Lawrence, a beautiful and accomplished woman, who died in Italy, 1843. V 2, William Preston Griffin, of the navy. V 3, Lawrence, a post- humous son, who died in infancy. V 4 (sister's child), Charles S. Boggs, entered the navy as a midshipman in 1826, served with distinction in the Mexican and Civil wars and died a rear admiral in 1888. V 5 (half-sister's child), Lawrence Kearney, died a commodore in 1868. 5dM35 IV 12, Michael Kearney, an Irish Cleaves, A. 1904. Chesapeake. Biblioorafht. James Lawrence, Captain United States Navy. Commander of the New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 337 pp. 120 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 36. Thomas Macdonough. Thomas Macdonough was born in Newcastle county, Delaware, December 23, 1783. At the age of 17 years he received a midshipman's warrant and served on the Philadelphia, but was not captured when she was lost to the Moors. Later he was in the Enterprise under Captain Stephen Decatur. His bravery as one of a party under Decatur that recaptured and destroyed the Philadelphia received special commendation. At 24 years he was made lieutenant and 6 years later mas- ter commander. At the outbreak of the War of 1812 he was stationed at Lake Champlain. In the summer of 1814 a British fleet carrjdng about 95 guns and 1,000 men, supported by a land force of 1,500, attacked his fleet of 80 guns and 850 men. The British were defeated. It is said that, though commanding the fleet, Macdonough insisted on pointing his favorite gun, "putting his mathematical knowledge to the closest test and invariably making a death blow." As a reward he was made captain and received a gold medal from Congress. His last com- mand was with the Mediterranean squadron. He died in November 1825, at the age of 42 years. Some of the elements that fitted Macdonough for his work were the following: He was fond of adventure and fighting; as a lad he Uked practical jokes. As we have seen, he was specially commended for work done on the nocturnal exploit of recapturing and burning the Philadelphia. When, after the War of 1812, he was assigned only to land service, he protested that he wished to employ him- self "in the arts of my profession." All of the Macdonough boys were reputed to be " full of life." Thomas's brother James was also a midshipman. His father's brother Micah saw service under General St. Clair. His father was wounded while gallantly fighting in the Revolutionary War. His mother's father was a captain in the colonial militia. He had great foresight and tactical skill. Says Roosevelt concerning the Lake Champlain battle: "He had a decidedly superior force to contend against. He forced the British to engage at a disadvantage by his excellent choice of posi- tion; and he prepared beforehand for every possible contingency. His skill, seamanship, quick eye, readiness of resom-ce, and indomitable pluck are beyond all praise." An "example of foresight and accurate reasoning in preparation for the battle, as well as of undaunted perseverance, gallantry, and skUl in conducting it to a successful issue," says another critic. He had tireless energy and patience which enabled him to prepare himself for the fight that was coming and to collect the necessary men and materials despite discouraging conditions. He had no sjonpathy with idlers. He was punctilious in the discharge of every duty; he knew he could point his best gun better than any other man and reserved that function for himself. This energy and patience were in his father also, who was trained in medicine, but when occasion arose fought well, later served for many years on the privy council and as justice of the court of common pleas, and showed a naturally sound judgment. His father's father, too, was energetic and possessed of business abiUty of a high order. Macdonough was a man of fine character. He received the sword of his naval opponent on Lake Champlain without boasting, pointing out certain defects in the work of the smaller vessels of his opponent. His autobiography is modest and unassuming. His charity was broad and catholic and of his own he gave generously, just as his father's father, "a man of fine character and of strong convictions," did to his children during his lifetime. MACDONOUGH. 121 HI IV "ys- "yi- Family History of Thomas Macdonough. II (F F F), Thomas Macdonough, of Ire- land. 12 (F F M), Jane Coyle. 13 (F M F), Peter Laroux, of Huguenot extraction. 1 5 (M F F), John Vance. Fraternity of F F: II 1, John Macdon- ough, settled In Newton, Long Island. II 2, Augustin Macdonough, went to the West Indies. II 3 (F F), James Macdonough (died 1792), who settled in New Castle county, Delaware, was a physician and an able business man. II 4 (F M), Lydia Laroux (1729-1764). 115 (M F), Samuel Vance, who settled in Delaware about 1707, was the owner of a grist-mill and a captain in the Delaware colonial militia. Fraternity of F: III 1, James Macdonough, died early in the service of the country in the Revolutionary war. Ill 4, Micah Macdonough, was an officer under General St. Clair in an expedition against the Indians in 1791. Ill 5 (F), Thomas Macdonough (1747-1795), in March 1776 was commissioned a major of the Delaware battalion and distinguished himselif in active service. In February 1777 he was elected a member of the privy council and served for several years, being elected speaker of the council in 1784 and again in 1787. Later he was made second justice of the court of common pleas and orphans' court of New Castle county. Ill 6 (M), Mary Vance (1751-1792). Ill 7 (consort's F), Nicolas Shaler, of New York City. Fraternity of Propositus: IV 1, Lydia, Hannah, Mary, Hester, and Jane Macdonough. IV 2, Samuel, John, and Joseph Macdonough. IV 3, James Macdonough, a midshipman in the navy, who took part in the action between the Constellation and the Insurgente in 1799. IV 4 ^Propositus), Thomas Macdonough. IV 5 (consort), Lucy Ann Shaler. Children of Propositus: V 2, James Edward Fisher Macdonough (1816-1849). V 3, Charles Shaler MacDonough (1818-1871). V 4, William Joseph Macdonough. V 5, Augustus Rodney MacDonough (1820-1907). V 6, Frances Brenton McVickar. V 7, Thomas Mac- Donough (1822-1894). V8, Charlotte RoseUa Macdonough (1825-1900). V 9, Henry G. Hubbard. Bibliography. Macdonoitgh, R. 1895. A Paper on Commodore Thomas Macdonough, United States Navy. (In: Historical and Biographical Papers of the Historical Society of Delaware. Vol. II. 22 pp.) Macdonough, R. 1909. Life of Commodore Thomas Macdonough. Boston: The Fort Hill Press, S. Usher. 12 + 313 pp. Vanderqrift, L. 1896. Memoir of Commodore Thomas Macdonough. (In: Historical and Biographical Papers of the Historical Society of Delaware. Vol. II, pp. 3-14.) 122 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 37. John Newland Maffitt. John Newland Maffitt was bom at sea, February 22, 1819. He was brought up chiefly in North Carolina at the home of his uncle, Dr. William Maffitt. He returned to his father in White Plains, New York, at the age of 9 years, travel- ing alone, "with a ticket pinned to his jacket." He went to school for a time and at the age of 13 he was commissioned midshipman in the United States navy. In 1835 he was ordered to the Constitution and went to the Mediterranean. Appointed acting lieutenant; in 1842 he was detached and ordered to the Coast Survey for a while imder Hassler, and in 1843 imder Blake. Thus he continued with Gulf Stream and harbor surveys and the hke for 13 years, when the naval board voted to furlough him, but having protested that he was only following orders he was restored and placed in conunand of the United States brig Dolphin (1857). In 1859 he was ordered to the command of the United States steamer Crusader and sent to capture slavers and pirates. In June 1861 he resigned from the navy and joined the staff of General Robert E. Lee a little later in the year. In January 1862 he took command of the blockade-runner Cedle and later secured the Florida, which repeatedly ran the blockade of the southern ports, carrying cotton to Nassau and returning with British gunpowder. After the war Maffitt became a farmer,-fc near Wilmington, North Carolina, and devoted his evenings to literary pursuits and to reading. He died May 15, 1886. Maffitt's primary characteristic was a love of adventure and absence of fear. As a small boy he was a leader in all boys' sports and used to run about the woods "hke a Mohawk Indian"; at the age of 9 years he willingly traveled alone from North Carolina to White Plains, New York, and this in the days of stage-coaches. His adventurousness and courage are illustrated by his own vivid description of running a blockade, in The United Service Magazine, Jime and July, 1882. Coming down the Cape Fear River in the swift steamer Cedle, to nm out to Nassau, he reaches the mouth of the river. "Night glasses scan the bleared horizon for a time in vain; suddenly an officer with bated breath announces several steamers. Eagerly pointing, he reports two at anchor and others slowly cruising. Instantly out of the gloom and spoondrift emerges the sober phantom form of the blockading fleet. The moment of trial is at hand; flrmness and decision are essential for the emergency. Dashing between two at anchor, we pass so near as to excite astonishment at our non-discovery; but this resulted from the color of our huU, which, under certain stages of the atmosphere, blended so perfectly with the haze as to render the steamer nearly invisible. [The pilot declared they would get through undisturbed.] "Ere a response could be uttered, a broad-spread flash of intense Ught blazed from the flag's drummond, for in passing to windward the noise of oiu- paddles betrayed the proximity of a blockade runner. ' Full speed' I shouted to the engi- neer. Instantly the increased revolutions responded to the order. Then came the roar of heavy guns, the howl of shot and the scream of bursting shells. Aroimd, above and through the severed rigging the iron demons howled, as if pandemonium had discharged its infernal spirits into the air. "Under the influence of a terrible shock the steamer quivers with aspen vibrations. An explosion follows; she is struck! " ' What is the damage?' I asked. "'A shell, sir, has knocked overboard several bales of cotton and wounded two of the crew,' was the response of the boatswain. MAFFITT. 123 "By the sheen of the drummond lights the sea is so clearly illuminated as to exhibit the perils of our position, and show the grouping around us of the fleet, as their batteries belched forth a hailstorm of missiles, threatening instant annihi- lation. ... As perils multiplied, our Mazeppa speed increased and gradually withdrew us from the circle of danger. At last we distance the party." Maffitt's daughter, Florence (1842-1883), showed a similar absence of fear. On one occasion, during the running of blockades, she was sent to the States on board the steamer Nassau, which at that time was captured by an enemy ship. As told by the enemy: _ "She sat on the open deck of the Nassau during our firing at her to make her bring to, until the captain warned her of her danger and advised her to go to her cabin. She would watch our guns, and as she saw the flame and smoke jut out would manifest just enough excitement to give the appearance of being well enter- tained. And she continued to enjoy the amusement through the window of her cabin when she went below. It must be borne in mind that the Nassau had tons of powder on board, to realize the awful danger of her situation. A single shell exploding in that cargo would have blown her into a thousand atoms. Her family were told by some who were on board the Nassau at the time that Florence urged the captain not to surrender, and when he reminded her of the danger from the cargo of powder and his duty to her father, she exclaimed, with tears in her eyes, that her father would prefer her being blown up than that the steamer should be captured." Mafltttt's son, Eugene A., was a midshipman on the Confederate States steamer Alabama under Semmes, and was in her when she was sunk by the Kearsarge. He and Semmes plunged into the water as the Alabama sunk, were picked up by the British Deerhound, and taken to England. On returning to the United States in 1865 he for a time suffered mihtary imprisonment. Maffitt was highly intelligent, as evinced by his employment on the coast survey. In blockade-nmning he was full of resources, devices, and deceptions to escape capture. He came of intellectual stock, especially on the paternal side. His father. Rev. John Newland Maffitt (born at Dubhn in 1794; died at Mobile, Alabama, in 1850), was a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, of wealthy parents, and a "born preacher"; he traveled in Ireland as a missionary, and occupied the highest place in popular esteem. Coming to New England, he was an itinerant Methodist preacher there (1822-1830); he then went to Nashville, Tennessee, and issued there the first number of the Western Methodist, now the Christian Advocate. In 1841 he was elected chaplain to the lower house of Congress. His father's sister Emily had a mind that sparkled with wit and intelligence; she married into the nobility of England. Her brother WiUiam was a physician, who also came to the United States. Of Maffitt's sibs, Eliza was celebrated for her intellectuality as well as for her beauty; living in Texas, she was called the "Belle of the Brazos." Another sister, Matilda, married a Texas judge and is reputed to have written some of her hus- band's speeches. A third sister, Henrietta, married General Mirabeau Lamar, the second president of Texas. Maffitt expressed himself well in writing. He wrote "Nautilus, or Cruising under Canvas" (autobiographical); also articles on "Blockade-running," an extract from one of which is given above. Admiral D. D. Porter remarks on his genial humor as a messmate. 124 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS, Maffitt was a great favorite in the United States navy before his resignation, and later with his associates in blockade-running and raiding. He was good- looking and was graceful in manners. Grace and beauty characterized his sisters and his father and father's sister. Family History or John N. Maffitt. Fraternity of F: I 1, Dr. William Maffitt, who came to Fayetteville, North Carolina. I 2, Emily Maffitt, had a " mind that sparkled with wit and intelligence ' ' ; she married into the nobility of England. 13 (F), John Newland Maffitt (1794-1850), was a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, and a "born preacher"; coming to America, he was famous as an itinerant Methodist preacher and editor. In 1841 he was elected chaplam to the lower house of Congress. I 4 (M), Ann Camic. Fraternity of Propositus: II 1, William H. Maffitt. II 2, Frederick Maffitt. II 3, Caroline McKeen. II 4, Judge R. D. Johnson. II 5, Matilda Caroline Maffitt. II 6, Henrietta Maffitt. II 7, General Mirabeau Lamar. II 8, Thomas Budd. II 9, Eliza Maffitt, celebrated for her intellectuality as well as her beauty. II 10, Dr. Alexander, of Texas. II 11 (ffi-st consort) Mary Florence MurreU, of Alabama. II 12 {Propositus), John Newland Maffitt. II IZ (third consort), Emma Martin, author of "Life and Services of John Newland Maffitt." II 14 (second consort), Mrs. Caroline Laurens Read. Children of Hbs: III 1, Walter C. Maffitt. Ill 2, Matilda Maffitt. Ill 3, Benjamin Crew. Ill 4, Samuel Calder. Ill 5, Loretta Lamar. Ill 6, Captain Tucker, of Virginia. III 7, CaroUne Budd. Children of Propositus: III 10, Florence Laurens Maffitt (1842-1883) was devoid of fear. Ill 11, Eugene A. Maffitt (see text). Ill 12, John Laurens Maffitt III 13, Golden Rhind Maffitt. Bibliography. Maffitt, E. 1906. lishing Co. The Life and Services of John Newland Maffitt. New York: Neale Pub- MAHAN. 125 38. Alfred Thateb Mahan. Alfred Thateb Mahan was born at West Point, New York, September 27, 1840. He went to boarding-school, then to Columbia College, New York City, in 1854, and to the Naval Academy in September 1856 (at 15 years of age), whence he was graduated in 1859, and went on a cruise in the Congress to the South Atlantic. Commissioned lieutenant in 1861, he saw service in the blockade of the Southern and Gulf States. For the next twenty years he was in active service at sea. While in the Asiatic squadron he saw much of China and Japan. He was appointed president of the newly established Naval War College at Newport, Rhode Island, and served in that capacity from 1886 to 1889 and in 1892-1893. In 1890 his "The influence of sea power upon history, 1660-1783," was pubHshed. It has been used as a text-book in all naval colleges of the world. While in com- mand of the Chicago in Eiu-opean waters, he was given the honorary degrees of D. C. L. by Oxford and LL. D by Cambridge in recognition of the value of this work; similar degrees were given him by universities of the United States. He was a member of the naval board during the war with Spain and was appointed by President McKinley a delegate to the Hague Peace Conference. He wrote mmierous works on naval matters; a history of his experience in the blockade, "Influence of Sea Power on the French Revolution and Empire," "Life of Far- ragut," "Life of Nelson" (the greatest of Nelson biographies), "The Interest of America in Sea Power," " Lessons of the War with Spain," " Sea Power in its Re- lation to the War of 1812," and others, including an autobiographical work "From Sail to Steam," 1907. He died December 1, 1914. Mahan had the hypokinetic temperament which is so conomon among the Irish. This appears clearly in the following self -revelation: " While I have no difficulty in entering into civil conversation with a stranger who addresses me, I rarely begin, having, upon the whole, a preference for an intro- duction. This is not perverseness; but lack of facility. I have, too, an abhorrence of pubhc speaking, and a desire to sKp unobserved into a back seat wherever I am, which amounts to a mania; but I am bound to admit I get both these disposi- tions from my father, whose Irish was undiluted by foreign adnoixtm-e." This hjrpokinesis forms the background of his thorough work. He foimd pleasure in study and writing; he did not feel pressure to rush his work, and took time to do it well. His philosophic insight permeates it all. As a writer on naval history he has never been equaled. He understands the essential features of the naval battle he has to describe and he knows how to set them forth. He ranks among the first of the world's biographers. More, perhaps, than any other, he has pointed out how inherited traits of personaHty have determined performance. Since his biographies are rich in incidents showing the reaction of the propositus to particular situations, they are of the greatest importance for a psychological analysis of the personality. Of his own reactions as an author he writes: "The favorable criticism upon the first sea-power book not only surprised me, but had increased my ambition and my self-confidence." "I now often recall with envy the happiness of those days, when the work was its own reward, and quite sufiicient, too; almost as good as a baby." "None but a blockhead would write for money, unless he had to." (Mahan, 1907, p. 311.) Mahan belongs to a philosophical, scholarly race. His father, Dennis Hart Mahan, born April 1808, was professor of engineering, civil as well as military, 126 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. at West Point, for over 40 years. He was of pure Irish blood. He lived for a while in Norfolk, Virginia, was graduated at West Point, and earned a distin- guished reputation there. He was sent to France for higher military education. He had no strong bias toward arms, but was very fond of drawing and sought the Military Academy as a means to this end. The following incident illustrates his though tfulness: Once he was on a board where an objectionable project was offered by an influential ofl&cer. A young member of the board asked his advice about opposing it, hesitating on account of the odimn that such opposition would bring to him. Mahan advised the young man against such action and then threw the force of his great influence against the proposition and defeated it. Familt History op Alfred T. Mahan. II (F F), John Mahan, was bom in Ireland and came to New York whence he removed to Virginia. I 2, Mary Cleary, born in Ireland. I 3 (M F), John OkiU, of English stock. 14 (M ), Mary Jay, of Huguenot descent, a vivacious woman. II 1 (F), Dennis Hart Mahan (1802-1871), led his class upon being graduated from the United States Military Academv. He was promoted to the corps of engineers, but remained at the academy as instructor. In 1832 he was appointed professor of civil and mili- tary engineering at the academy and, in 1838, dean of the faculty. He published many civil and military text-books. II 2 (M), Mary- Helena OkiU. Fraternity of Pro-posilus: III 1, Frederick Augustus Mahan (born 1847), was graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point with the actual rank of second lieu- tenant of engineers. He served in various capacities as engineer, rising to the rank of major in 1894; in 1900 he retired. He aided in editing the last edition of his father's "Civil Engi- neering." Ill 2, Dennis Hart Mahan (born 1849), was graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1869. He served in the Philippine campaign, 1899-1900, on the U. S. S. Brooklyn; he was at Kingston, Jamaica, during the earthquake rescue, commanding U. S. S. Indiana. Ill 4 {Propositus), Au-red Thateb Mahan. Ill 5 (consort), Ellen Lyle Evans. BrBUCOQKAPHT. Abbot, H. 1788. Memoir of Dennis Hart Mahan. (In: Biographical Memoirs of Nation. Acad, of Sciences, 1886. Vol. II, pp. 29-37.) Mahan, A. T. 1907. From Sail to Steam. Recollections of a Naval Life. New York: Har- per & Bros, xvii + 326 pp. MARKHAM. 127 39. John Mabeham. John Maekham was born at Dean's Yard, June 13, 1761. He was sent to Westminster School at the age of 8 years, was appointed a midshipman at 14 (1775), and sailed for Newfoimdland. His ship chased privateers, and at 15 he was made prize-master of a sloop-of-war. In 1779 he took a gallant part in the capture of Charleston, South Carolina, was promoted to a lieutenancy and put in charge of the prize frigate Confederacy, and at 20 was given command of a British naval vessel. During this time he seems to have made no important error of judgment, but in May 1782 he mistook a ship saihng under a flag of truce for an enemy and was court-martialed, but later he was restored to his rank. In 1783 Markham commanded a naval vessel in the Mediterranean; later he traveled with a friend through Europe and to America. After the French war broke out he obtained command of a ship (1793) and cruised in the French West Indies. In 1797 he took part in the blockade of Brest, but in 1801 resigned his command. He was then elected a lord of the admiralty and entered Parliament; in 1804 he was made rear admiral; in 1806 first sea lord. His health began to decUne and he died at Naples in 1827. John Markham was not prudent or cautious and was a fearless though not a great fighter. He was honorable, warm-hearted, generous, and never forgot a friend, and his affection for his relatives was deep and strong. He had great application. By a consort of good family (whose mother's mother's father was secretary of war) he had 4 sons, of whom one, Frederick (1818-1855), became a soldier and saw service in Canada, India, and the Crimea, was extremely fond of hunting big game, and wrote two books on hunting and travel. He never married. A second son, like his father's brothers, father's father, and mother's brother, was a clergyman. John Markham's father (William Markham) was a clergyman, an Arch- bishop of York. Lilie his son he had great appUcation, "an attention that nothing could disturb," also he was affectionate toward his children. He was especially interested in geography. "Dr. Markham often seemed to show a partiahty for the profession of a soldier. He, no doubt, possessed in an eminent degree those qualities which would have led to distinction in military life. His judgment was cool, his coinage undaunted, his decision quick, his mind energetic, active and enterprising, his constitution capable of enduring fatigue and patience not to be subdued." He was interested ia military tactics. Of his sons, besides John, one, David, was remarkably bright and clever and an excellent Latin scholar. He entered the army by inclination, was sent to India, was wounded, returned home, and became major of infantry in 1793, and later, while commanding at Jamaica, lieutenant colonel. He was killed while leading his men at San Domingo in 1795. An intellectual and resolute man; at the same time gentle and warm-hearted. Two other brothers became clergymen. One, WiUiam, after a few years in the civil service in India, settled down in Yorkshire as a country gentleman and indulged his taste for Hteratiu-e, especially the classics. He early became crippled by gout. From WiUiam and his wife EHzabeth Bowles are descended David, a clergyman, canon of Windsor, and the father of Sir Clements Markham, the explorer and author; and John, a captain in the Royal Navy and father of Admiral Sir Albert Hastings Markham, the explorer and author. Brother Osborn was a barrister. The fraternity showed a high degree of talent, with diverse tastes and constitutions. 128 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Familt History op Sib John Mabeham. 1 1 (F F F), Daniel Markham, a colonel in the army, who settled in Ireland. I 2 (F F M), Elizabeth Fennel, a granddaughter in the maternal line of Oliver Cromwell. I 3 (consort's M F F), Baron Talbot, lord chancellor. I 4 (consort's M F M), Cecil Matthews, a Welsh heiress. I 5 (consort's M M F), Adam de CardonneU, secretary of war. II 1 (F F), William Markham (1686-1771), a major in the army after many years of service. II 2 (F M), Elizabeth Markham, a fourth cousin once removed. II 3 (M F), John Goddard (1690-1766), settled in Rotterdam as a merchant. II 4 (M M), Elizabeth Smith. II 5 (consort's M F), William Earl Talbot. II 6 (consort's M M), Mary de Cardonell. ni IV AcT ■ 5S¥~ 18 Il8 I 14 IIS Il8 Il7 lis Il9 20 I 21 -83 l«3 1 84 Igllll #S#M2) [J"tfffS°il* cS^SllftS'' Clements '" SirAlbert Marh>iam Msr^hani Fratemilyof F: III 1, Elizabeth Markham. Ill 2, George Markham, entered the navy at an early age, but left in disgust after many years because he did not get the desired promotion. III 3, Enoch Markham, was a volunteer for American service; later he became major command- ant of the Royal Musketeers and then a colonel in the army. Ill 4 (F), William Markham (1719-1807), a scholar, who became head of Winchester School and Archbishop of York. Ill 5 (M), Sarah Goddard (1738-1814). Ill 6, John Goddard. Ill 7 (consort's F), Hon. George Rice, M. P. Ill 8 (consort's M), Lady Cecil Talbot. Fraternity of Propositus: IV 1, George Markham (1763-1822), dean of York. IV 2, Eliza- beth Sutton. IV 3, Alicia Markham, bom 1771. IV 4, Rev. H. F. Mills. IV 5, David Mark- ham (1766-1795), was killed at San Domingo while gallantly leading his men. IV 6, Robert Markham (1768-1837), became canon residentiary of York in 1802. IV 7, Frances, daughter of Sir Gervase Clifton. IV 8, Osborne Markham (born 1769), a barrister-at-law. IV 9, Martha Jervis (see Admiral John Jervis). IV 10, Henrietta Markham, born 1764. IV 11, Evan Law. IV 13, Sir W. Milner, high sheriff, a first cousin on the maternal side of Charles Sturt, the renowned Australian explorer. IV 14, Selina Clements. IV 15, Elizabeth Markham, born 1765. IV 16, W. Barnett. IV 17, Cecilia Markham (born 1783). IV 18, Rev. R. P. Goodenough. IV 19, Frederica Markham, born 1774. IV 20, William, Earl of Mansfield. IV 21, WiUiam Markham (1760-1815), a county gentleman with a taste for literature. IV 22, Elizabeth Bowles. IV 23 (Propositiis), Sir John Markham. IV 24 (consort), Hon. Maria Rice, born 1773. Fra- ternity of consort: IV 25, Henrietta Rice, born 1758. IV 26, Magens-Darrien Magens, a banker. IV 27, George Rice, Lord Dynevor (1765-1852). IV 28, Edward Rice (1776-1862), Dean of Gloucester. V 3, George Markham (1796-1834), a lieutenant in the navy. V 4, Edward Markham (1801-1865), in the East India civil service. V 5, Robert Markham, a captain in the army, who was killed in a duel in 1832. V 6, Henry Markham (died 1844), canon of York. V 8, Georgina Markham. V 9, George, tenth Earl of Haddington. V 10, Martha Markham. V 11, Rev. William H. Pearson. V 12, Catherine Milner. V 13, David Markham (born 1800), canon of Windsor. V 14, John Markham (born 1797), a captain of the Royal Navy. IV 15, Marianne MAEKHAM — MAKKYAT. 129 Wood. V 16, Warren Markham (1801-1836), a captain in the army. V 17, Charles Markham (1803-1843), a lieutenant colonel in the army. V 19, Colonel William Markham (1796-1862). V 20, Lucy Holbech. Children of Propositus: V 21, William Rice Markham (1803-1877), vicar of Moreland. V 22, Jane Clayton. V 23, John Markham (1801-1837), educated at Westminster. V 24, Frederick Markham (1818-1855), a major general, sportsman, and traveler. V 25, Maria Frances Markham (1806-1836). VI 1, George Baillie Hamilton, eleventh Earl of Haddington, high sheriff, and an army cap- tain. VI 2, Major Robert BaiUie Hamilton (1828-1891). VI 4, Henry Baillie-Hamilton (1832- 1895), a commander, Royal Navy. VI 5, Arthur Baillie Hamilton (born 1838), vicar of Badley. VI 7, David Markham (1828-1850), died at sea. VI 8, Clements Markham (1830-1916), " as a boy always evinced a decided penchant for the sea." He became renowned as a geographer, explorer, and author of books of travel. VI 12, Sir Albert Hastings Markham, (born 1841), entered the Royal Navy in 1856 and rose to the rank of rear admiral. He is well known as an explorer and writer. VI 13, Alfred Markham, of the Royal Navy. VI 15, Sir Edwin Markham (born 1833), a colonel commandant. Royal Artillery, served in Crimea and India. VI 16, William Markham, born 1830. VI 17, Captain Francis Markham, born 1837. Children of children of Propositus: VI 18, Maria Markham, born 1842. Bibliography. Mabkham, Sir C. 1883. A Naval Career of the Old War. Being a Narrative of the Life of Admiral John Markham. London: S. Low, Marston, Scarle & Rivington. viii + 289 pp. Mabkham, D. 1854. A History of the Markham Family. London: J. B. Nicols & Sons, xi + 96 pp. 40. Fbedeeick Mabryat. Frederick Marryat (1792-1848) was born at Westminster, July 10, 1792. He was precocious, learned and forgot easily, and was frequently flogged for inattention. He often ran away from school — once to avoid wearing his brother's cast-off garments — and he always ran toward the sea. At last, at 14 years of age, his father arranged for him to enter the navy in 1806, where he first saw service on the Imp^rieuse, under Lord Cochrane, in the Mediterranean. During the next two and a half years Marryat was in fifty engagements. His captain mentioned him for his bravery. Between 1809 and 1815 he served in North American waters and in the West Indies under various commanders. In 1812 he was made Heu- tenant and in 1815 commander; he directly afterward married. In 1824 he was at Rangoon, in command of the naval forces there. In 1825 he commanded an expedition up the Bassein river. Returning to England, he was awarded the order of Companion of the Bath and, though often invited to the court of the King, was not in great favor because of his publication against impressment of seamen. Now began a new life for Marryat, one of great Hterary productiveness, particularly in the field of novels based on sea-life. He purchased 1,000 acres in Norfolk, but as he could not endure its monotony he went back to London for fifteen years. There he edited a magazine in addition to writing books. In 1837 he went to America and traveled extensively. When the French under Papi- neau revolted in Canada, 1837-1838, he hastened to offer his services. He finally returned to his estate and tried farming again in 1843; but his experiments in this avocation were costly and consumed the large income derived from his books; evidently he had the desire to see things doing when he was on land also. He died in 1848, much depressed by the death of his son Frederick, whose ship sank in 1847. Marryat loved adventure and was without fear. As a yoimg man he played pranks, and in this respect his son Frederick resembled him. It is said that he 130 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. rescued 27 men who had fallen overboard; he early received the medal of the Humane Society for this. His son Frederick went overboard to rescue men in the same way. On one occasion when, off New York harbor, the ship was on her beams end, Maryatt alone had the courage to cut away her main yards. He was restless. Probably there was a nomadic tendency on the mother's side, as her father was a Hessian who had emigrated to Boston, England. Marryat had the impulse to write and the ability to write well. Novels, books of travel, poems even, flowed from his pen. Several of his brothers and sisters were authors, partly of travels. His father wrote pohtical pamphlets. The father's father was a physician, author of "Therapeutics, or the art of healing, " and "The Philosophy of Masons"; also verse. Moreover, a cousin, Sir Edward Belcher, wrote two books of travel and a book on surveying. Marryat's son Frank had begun to write books of travel before his imtimely death. Marryat was a visuaMst and very skillful in sketching and caricaturing. Dur- ing the Burmese war he made a series of sketches representing scenery, people, and engagements of the war. His son Frank, who died young of yellow fever, had his father's abihty to draw. Marryat's eldest brother collected china and wrote a book on the subject; a sister wrote a "History of Lace." Doubtless this family appeal of the beauty of form was one of the things that made ships fasci- nating. He was also something of an inventor. He worked out a signal code for merchant vessels and invented a cipher for secret correspondence. He was very resourceful in bridge-building while at Eangoon. Familt Histoet op Feederick Mabrtat. 1 1 (F F), Thomaa Manyat, a physician and an author. I 3 (M F), Frederick von Geyer, a Hessian settler in Boston; a loyalist. n 1 (F), Joseph Marryat, member of Par- liament; author of pohtical pamphlets. II 2 I (M), Charlotte von Geyer. II 3 (consort's F), Sir Stephen Shairp, counsel general at the court of Russia. Fraternity of the Propositus: III 1, Joseph Marryat, a collector of china; author of "Pottery nH |l^ j*^? . f ^ M \ and Porcelain." Ill 2, Horace Marryat, author of DI □ □ CHj ^ ^.1 "One Year in Sweden." Ill 3, Marryat, wrote " " «- / "Nature and Art" and "History of Lace." Ill 4, Ji J| il " JL? -J? ^ Bury Pattison. Ill 7 {Propositus), Frederick IV" H H © CHJ fJ Mabrtat. Ill 8 (consort), Catherine Shairp, had ' talent and literary taste. Children of the Propositus: IV 1, Frederick Marryat, a lieutenant in the navy who was lost in the wreck of the Avenger, in 1847. IV 2, Frank Marryat, died a midshipman in the navy. rV 3, Emily, Augusta, and four other sisters. IV 4, Florence Marryat, novelist and author of "Life and Letters of Captain Marryat." IV 5, Ross Church. BiBLIOaBAPHT. Mabbtat, F. 1872. Life and Letters of Captain Marryat. New York; D. Appleton & Co. McCLINTOCK. 131 41. Sir Feancis Leopold McClintock. Fbancis Leopold McClintock was born at Dundalk, Ireland, July 8, 1819. He entered the Royal Navy at the age of 12 years. At 24 he passed his lieutenant's examination and joined the Gorgan steamship, which was driven ashore at Montevideo but salvaged. In 1848 he joined the search for Sir John Franklin, and on his third voyage, in 1854, commanded the Intrepid. He developed the system of sled traveling. After the admiralty had abandoned the rescue work. Lady Franklin fitted out the Fox in 1857 and put it in command of McClintock, who in 1859 discovered skeletons, other remains, and a manuscript record of the expedition. He also added 800 miles of new coast to our knowledge of the Arctic region. On his return he was knighted. He sounded the North Atlantic for the submarine-telegraph cable route in the sixties. He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1865, was made vice admiral in 1877, and commanded the West Atlantic fleet. He was made K. C. B. in 1891. His book on the "Voyage of the Fox" passed through several editions. He died in 1907. McChntock was a visualist; form and color appealed to him. He says him- self that it was in part a print of Admiral Berkeley in uniform, which hung in his father's dressing-room, that led him to choose a naval career. Also the appear- ance of his cousin. Lieutenant Bimbury McClintock, probably dressed as an officer, made an appeal. At any rate, at the age of 12 years he "wanted to go to sea" and went on his cousin's ship, taking with him a bag of marbles that he prized highly (color and form). Returning home on one occasion, he explored the steeple of the Dundalk church, which he had always believed "was built of some beautiful green stone"; but he foimd it made of wood coated with copper. To him all sorts of organic and even artificial forms were attractive. At 14 years of age he was much interested in the prehistoric antiquities that abounded in his region, and explored the numerous "Danish" forts. Mineralogy, botany, and zoology were favorite sciences, and he read extensively about them, and in the Arctic he col- lected fossils, minerals, plants, and animals. He was an ardent hunter. This love of form extended also to machinery. At the age of 24 years he had already mastered the structure of steam machinery, and when, in the Arctic in 1859, the engineer who had taken the engines to pieces died, the commander was the only one on board who could get them into working order again. Some of the elements of the foregoing are found in his father, who hung the print of Admiral Berke- ley in his own room and was himself a lover of the horse and of sport. His brother became an eminent physician, president of the College of Physicians and Sur- geons in Ireland. McClintock was something of a nomad; he longed to see new coimtries. As a young man he was a great walker. In the first Arctic trip he walked 770 miles in 80 days, exploring Melville Island for traces of the Franklin party. Ability in command is another trait. He understood and managed men. His book reveals abundant evidence of his "consummate leadership." Those who worked with him or served under him felt the m^st unbounded confidence in his judgment and resolution. This ability appears also in the son of his father's brother John. Lieutenant W. Bunbury McClintock did not drink or swear and exerted a good influence on those under him. He was one of the first, if not the first, to introduce the use of "port" instead of "larboard" into the service. One of McCUntock's sons was appointed a commander in the Royal Navy in 1905; another was a major in the Royal Engineers who served in Nigeria and in South Africa. 132 HEEEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. McClintock was something of a hypokinetic. As admiral he was "reserved and somewhat indisposed to talk." He was self-controlled. He was habitually quiet and perfectly cahn, seeing everjrthing done himself without noise or fuss. He weighed a question for some time before acting, but when once his mind was made up he acted promptly. He was "full of a kindly quiet hiunor, which smoothed away difl&culties. He seemed to live above the petty annoyances of daily life. His judgment of others was always generous, and scandalous or unkind talk never failed to arouse his indignation." He was economical, even rigid toward himself in money matters, and very generous to others. When he became a lieutenant he began making a regular allowance to his mother. His personal tastes and habits were simple. He was governed by a deep religious feeling. His writings are acciu'ate and free from display. For the hypokinetic, adventvu-e and a touch of danger bring a grateful stimulus. Such a situation "seemed to inspire him with the lofty touch of exhilaration." His face lit up with animation and his words came with more than usual readiness and cheerfulness of tone. This hypokinesis is common in the Scotch-Irish. A kinsman is Rev. William Alexander, D. D., archbishop of Armagh and primate of all Ireland. McClintock's mother was the daughter of the Venerable Doctor Fleury, D. D., archdeacon of Waterford; so a religious tendency probably came from this side also. Familt History of Fbancis Leopold McClintock. I 1 (F F), John McClintock (born 1742), was a large landed proprietor and a member of Parliament in the Irish House of Commons. I 2 (F M), Patience Foster. I 3 (M F), Doctor Fleury, arch- deacon of Waterford; was of Huguenot ancestry. I 4 (M M), an English lady. I 5 (consort's M F), Viscount Ferrard. I 6 (consort's M M), Viscountess Mas- sereene. Fralernity of F: II 1, Miss Bunbury. II 2, John McClintock. II 3, Lady Elizabeth Trench. II 4 (F), Henry McCUntock (died 1843), was in the army; afterwards he was in charge of the custom-house in Dundalk. II 6 (M), Elizabeth Melesina Fleury, a "pretty woman of remarkable ability and energy." II 6 (consort's F), R. F. Dunlop. II 7 (consort's M), Anna SkeflSngton. Ill 1, McClintock, an officer in the Portsmouth garrison. Ill 2, W. B. McClintock, who afterwards changed his name to McClintock Bunbury; entered the navy and at the age of 36 years became a commander. Subsequently he inherited a fortune, retired from the navy, and went into Parliament. Fraternity of Propositus: III 3, Louis McClintock, died young. Ill 4, Alfred Henry McClintock (bom 1821), became an eminent physician in Dublin and was president of the College of Surgeons of Ireland. Ill 5, Theodore Ernest McCUntock, a lieu- tenant colonel. Ill 6, Charles Fortescue McClintock. Ill 24 {Propositus), Francis Leopold McClintock. Ill 25 (consort), Annette Elizabeth Dunlop. Children of Propositus: IV 1, Henry Foster McCUntock, was in the secretary's depart- ment of the general post office; served as a reserve officer in the South African war for 3 years; received medals for his services. IV 2, John WilUam Leopold McClintock, entered the navy and became a commander in 1905; won a medal for saving a seaman's life. IV 3, Robert Singleton McClintock, served in the British army abroad; in 1904 was made brevet major of the Royal Engineers; in 1908 he joined the staff coUege. He won 3 medals. IV 5, Bernard Eyre GreenweU. IV Mabkham, Sib C. 1909. XX + 370 pp. BiBLIOaBAPHT. Life of Admiral Sir Leopold McClintock. London: J. Murray. MOBESBT. 133 42. Fairfax Moresbt. Fairfax Moresby was born at Calcutta, India, in 1787. He was reared as a child at Lichfield, England. It was said of him: " Far inland as his home was, all his predilections were for the seafaring life, and in the long summer his deUght was to he concealed in the waving grass, watching its biUowing with half-shut eyes, until, seeing only the blue sky and undulating green, he could imagine himself on the lonely ocean, far out of sight of land in the centre of circling horizons. . . . The realization of his dream came with the offer from a neighbor and friend, Captain WiUiam Parker, of a berth on board, and acceptance was a foregone conclusion. There was never a moment's hesitation." When a midshipman on the Amazon the severity of the captain made young Moresby desert; he left the ship at Portsmouth and "set out on a hopeless tramp to Coshan," but on the way he met a kindly captain who returned him to his ship and arranged matters for him. As a midshipman he was constantly in charge of prizes and was captured on one of them and taken prisoner to Malaga. Exchanged, he served for a time under Nelson. He formed one of Napoleon's sea-guard at St. Helena. Under his superintendence the first settlement was made at Port EUzabeth, on the east coast of Africa, to stop the slave traffic; he had many adventures. His health failed prematurely. In later years he was intrusted with diplomatic missions. He became rear admiral (1849) and later vice admiral. Fairfax Moresby had a compound of high ideaUsm and almost romantic gallantry, subdued by a devotion to the practical side of duty. He was always ready to accept responsibihty and was prompt in decision, tactful, and prudent. A brother of Fairfax was Robert Moresby, a svirveyor and explorer, the first to sm^ey the northern half of the Red Sea. His next great survey was that of the coral islands, and this work was of great assistance to Charles Darwin in preparing his work on the structm-e and distribution of coral reefs. (Markham, 1909, p. 336.) John Moresby (born 1830), son of the preceding, spent his childhood in Aller- ford, England, where his father rented a farm and was hving on half pay. Auto- biographically, he says: "The magnet which chiefly drew our restless feet was the null, with its dripping water-wheel and mighty grinding-stones. "At the age of 12 he was appointed volimteer on H. M. S. Victor in the West Indies. After simdry cruises he sailed (1850) on the Amphitrite for the Pacific and delighted in the hunting at Falkland Islands and in the vicinity of Valparaiso. At Vancouver he gained leave of the captain to explore the mountains. He also made a success- ful trip to a distant tribe of Indians to capture the murderer of a white man. After some frnther years of miscellaneous service he was given (1871) command of the Basilisk and explored some 600 miles of the until then unvisited coast of New Guinea, adding to the chart some 140 islands and islets, and surveying many excellent harbors, including Port Moresby, now the capital of British New Guinea. From 1872 to 1875 he cruised and explored in Melanesia and New Zealand. He pubhshed two books on New Guinea and a life of himself and his father. Comparing father and son, we see that both have a taste for adventures. The former is more a diplomat; the latter, an explorer. As an explorer his tastes were almost exactly like his father's brother's. Both father and son readily accepted responsibihty. The father's father was a heutenant colonel in the mihtia. BlBLIOaBAPHT. Markham, C. R. 1909. Review of Two Admirals, etc. Geogr. Journal, xxxiv. pp. 336-338. Moresby, John. 1909. Two Admirals: Admiral of the Fleet Sir Fairfax Moresby and hia eon, John Moresby. London: J. Murray, xii + 419 pp. 134 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. 4S. Chables Mobris. Chaeles Mokris was born July 26, 1784, at Woodstock, Connecticut, and spent the first fifteen years of his life there, working on the farm and reading everything he could lay his hands on. Charles entered the navy as a midshipman at the age of 15 years, through the assistance of his father, who was purser in the navy. He first was on ships with his father. He saw his first war service on board the Constitution, Commodore Preble, during the war with Tripoli. His father's brother now became secretary to Commodore Preble, so young Morris had the benefit of his company and advice. After the Philadelphia had grounded and was captured by the Tripolitan gunboats, Morris was one of a party who undertook to drift into the harbor at night, on a vessel disguised as a merchantman, and who boarded the Philadelphia, set fire to her, and escaped. After some further experi- ences in various vessels he returned to America; but after a time was at sea again as first Ueutenant (1809), enforcing the embargo. On the Constitvtion, imder Captain Isaac Hull, he was one night at Portsmouth, England. An American sailor who had deserted to a British man-of-war, Havana, was not given up on the ground that he claimed to be a British subject. Shortly afterwards, a deserter swam to the Constitution and stated (in Irish brogue) that he was an American. When the British sent a boat for him, Morris (in the absence of Captain Hull) refused to surrender him, giving the same reason that the British had given shortly before; the British threatened to use force, but the swift Constitviion outsailed them. When the War of 1812 broke out the Constitution was at Annapolis and was ordered to New York, but in Chesapeake Bay she fell in with a small block- ading squadron under Captain Broke. A dead calm ensued, so that no flight or pursuit was possible, but the Constitution got away by use of the device of kedg- ing suggested by Morris — rowing the kedge-anchor out for a mile beyond the ship and hauling in at the ship end. Thus the Constitution eluded her pursuers and reached Boston. Thence she went to Nova Scotia and captured a number of English vessels and, on August 19, 1812, met the Guerriire. Morris had charge of the firing and was with difficulty restrained until the two vessels had come close enough so that every shot of the Constitution would tell. The battle was won; Morris was wounded badly, but recovered. In March 1813 he was promoted to be captain. He remodeled the signal-book for the secretary of the navy. In 1814 he was put in charge of the sloop-of-war Adams, blockaded in the Potomac, and, on January 18,1814, ran the blockade during a snowstorm and put to sea. Dining the next seven months he captiu-ed 10 merchantmen carrying in all 161 guns. On the Maine coast he ran upon the rocks, was pursued by a British squadron, got his vessel off at high tide and into the Penobscot river, where he burned the leaking Adams and escaped with all of his men. After this episode he was employed in the Boston navy-yard. In 1816 he commanded a squadron in the Gulf of Mexico, where the Spanish were making trouble, and in 1819-1820 was in South American waters during a revolution in Buenos Aires. From 1823 to 1827 he was a navy com- missioner. In 1825 he was chosen to convey La Fayette to France in the Brandy- wine, and while in Europe he visited the dockyards in France and England. He was again a navy commissioner through 1832-1841, during which time he sent out the exploring expedition under Wilkes. He was for some time director of the United States Naval Academy at AnnapoHs, and in the last five years of his life was chief of the bureau of ordnance and hydrography. Charles Morris was a fighter of fighting stock. His father, Charles Morris, born in 1762, enlisted in the Continental Army under General La Fayette at the MOREIS. 135 age of 16; later he shipped on board a privateer, was made prisoner, and confined in the hulks at New York until the close of the war; after that he commanded a merchant vessel in the South American trade. He and his crew were captured by pirates, his vessel was confiscated, and all were held prisoners for two years, until he escaped to an EngUsh war-vessel in the Orinoco river. Of the brothers of the propositus, Horace (1789-1862) entered the War of 1812, becoming third lieutenant in 1813. He was then in the navy for a short time. The vessel on which he served was boarded by the British, who ordered him aboard their ship. He refused to go and, springing into the rigging, threat- ened death to anyone who tried to take him. He had an "active temperament" and was very courageous. He loved study and reading and was httle inchned to talk. Another brother, George (born 1790), entered the army during the war of 1812 and rose to be a captain of artillery, remaining in the army after the war; his son Robert (1822-1839) was fond of botany, became a midshipman in the United States navy, undertook extensive cruises. Still another brother (1792-1812) was a lieutenant in the army, March 1812, and was killed in the attack on Queens- town in October of that year; he died unmarried. Two sons of the propositus (Charles WiUiam and Robert Murray Morris) were soldiers. Love of the sea is also a family trait. The father and the father's brother, Noadiah Morris, were naval men and one of the sons of the propositus (George Upham Morris, 1830-1875) was a sailor. Family Histoet of Chablbs Moeris. II (F F F), Samuel Morris (born at Roxbury, Massachusetts, 1696), served during the French and Indian war. I 3 (F M F), Benjamin Wilkinson (1713-1803), an enterprising keeper of a tavern (see Hopkins, IV 13). I 4 (F M M), Mary Rhodes. 1 G^' rio* mf?) w V ^^I^lf^ d.inf. m iii353o3 ' JL8 » JjfUil JJ* ■VI d-y6- i" Fraternity of F F: II 1, Mehitable (1729-1730), Mehitable (1731-1750), Anne (born 1739), Abigail (born 1742), Susanna (1743-1768), and Lucretia (1749-1750) Morris. II 2, Samuel Morris (1731-1801), served in the Revolutionary war. II 3, Henry Morris (1734^1808), was a corporal in the French and Indian war; in 1758 a sutler at Lake George; in May 1775 he enlisted, becoming corporal and later sergeant. He was a great pedestrian and jumper; at the age of 70 years he could clear a fence at a bound. He removed to New Hampshire in 1790. II 4, Hannah Frizzell. II 6, John Morris (born 1735) . II 6, William Morris (born 1740), served in the Revolu- tionary war and later moved to Vermont. II 7, Edward Morris (1745-1821), a farmer who was a lieutenant in the army. II 8, 9, Elizabeth and Hannah Morris, born 1747. II 10 (F F), Lemuel Morris (1737-1813), lived in Thompson, Connecticut, and then removed to Scituate, Rhode Island, but finally settled in Woodstock, Connecticut. He was a farmer who served in the French and Indian war. II 11 (F M), Lydia Wilkinson, bom in Scituate, Rhode Island, 1744. II 12 (M F), Captain Jonathan Nichols, of Mansfield, Connecticut. II 13 (M M), Sarah Bassett. 136 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Ill 1, Lucretia (died at 13 years of age) and Lucretia Morris (bom 1763). HI 2, Henry Morris, was a prisoner of war on the Jersey. Ill 3, Simeon Morris, a midshipman. Ill 4, Benjamin Morris, disappeared in the War of 1812. Ill 5, William and Adolphus. IH 6, Samuel (bom 1774) and Ebenezer Morris (born 1778). Fraternity of F: III 7, George Morris (bom 1763), went to England and was probably lost at sea. Ill 8, Samuel Morris (bom 1767), re- moved to Otsego, New York. Ill 9, Rufus Morris (bom Scituate, Rhode Island, 1772), was a farmer who moved to Florida, New York, where he held the oflSce of supervisor. In the War of 1812 he was an officer in the State troops and was stationed at Sacketts Harbor. Ill 10, Pardon Morris (1776-1855), went to New York State; a farmer. Ill 11, Lydia (1779-1793) and Robert Morris (1781-1782). Ill 12, Lemuel Morris (bom 1783), in 1808 was in South America and in 1809-1810 on the frigate President as secretary and chaplain to Captain Bainbridge. Then he engaged in commercial business in Rio de Janeiro. In 1813 he was on the Adams, commanded by Captain Charles Morris. In August, as a captain of the "Sea Fencibles" he was stationed at Sandy Hook. Later he was again at sea, then in France and South America. Ill 13, Noadiah Morris (1774-1808), entered the navy as secretary to Commodore Talbot and served in various capacities. In 1803 he went to Tripoli as secretary to Commodore Preble. In July 1803 he became a chaplatu in the navy and in December was appointed purser. In 1805 he was in the Navy Department, but in 1806, engaging in commercial enterprises, he traded to Liverpool and the Mediterranean, and later to South America. Ill 14, Mary Morris (1786-1865). Ill 15 (F), Charles Morris (born 1762), at the age of 16 years served in the Continental army, then on board a privateer. After the war he engaged in commercial pursuits, sailing to the West Indies and South America. In 1799 he was a purser in the old navy on board the Baltimore. In September of that year he was elected to Congress. Ill 16 (M), Miriam Nichols (1764^1809). Ill 17 (consort's F), William Bowen (died 1812, aged 96 years), an eminent physician of Providence, Rhode Island. Fraternity of Propositus: IV 1, Lucy Morris, bom 1787. IV 2, David Hopkins of Middle- bury, Vermont. IV 3, Horace Morris (1789-1862), served in the army and navy (see text). IV 4, George Morris (bom 1790), became a captain of artillery. United States Army. IV 6, Sarah Mumford of New York. IV 6, Robert Morris (1792-1812), at the battle of Queenstown, October 13, 1812, was wounded in the arm, but kept on with his company until he was killed in action. IV 7, Maria Morris, bom 1802. IV 8, Benjamin Lear. IV 9 (Propositus), Chableb MoHRis. IV 10 (consort), Harriet Bowen (1791-1878). Fraternity of Consort: IV 11, WiUiam Corlis Bowen, studied medicine and went abroad, where he became interested in chemical pur- suits and finally lost his property and his life in experiments. V 1, Robert S. Morris (1822-1839), was appointed a midshipman in the United States navy, December 1837. He cruised to Africa, India, Manila, and the Hawaiian Islands, where he died. Children of Propositus: V 2, Charles William Morris (1815-1846), was appointed a midshipman of the United States navy in September 1829. During the war with Mexico he engaged in an expedition to Tobasco and, while going to the assistance of a brother officer, was mortally wounded. V 3, Caroline Devons. V 4, Harriet Bowen Morris, bom 1817. V 5, Dr. James Ringgold. V 6, Louise Amory Morris (1818-1840). V 7, William Corcoran, a phi- lanthropist. V 8, Elizabeth Morris (born 1821.) V 9, Dr. John Fox, of the United States navy. V 10, Helen Maria Morris (1822-1843). V 11, George Upham Morris (1830-1875), foUowed the sea. V 12, Robert Murray Morris (1824-1880), was graduated from the United States Mili- tary Academy in 1842. He received the brevet of first lieutenant for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Contreras, August 1847; brevet of captain at Chepultepec; and brevet lieutenant colonel at Dinwiddle Court House, Virginia, 1865. V 13, Maria Lear Morris, bom 1828. V 14, Rev. Thomas Duncan. V 15, William Bowen Morris (1826-1878), a physician. V 16, Julia Howe Morris, born 1832. V 17, Dr. S. Ridout Addison, of the United States navy. Children of children of Propositus: VI 1, Lieutenant Arthur Watson, of the United States Marine Corps. VI 2, Caroline Morris (bom 1841). VI 3, Charles Morris (born 1844), upon being graduated from the United States Military Academy, was appointed second lieutenant and in 1867 took part in Hancock's Indian expedition. From 1878 to 1881 he was professor of military science at the Massachusetts Agricultural College; in 1882 he was raised to the rank of captain of the artillery. VI 4, Charles Fox (born 1851), a lieutenant. United States navy. VI 5, William Fox, born 1857. VI 6, Helen (1848-1854) and Elizabeth (1853-1880) Fox. VI 7, Murray (bom 1858) and Richard (bom 1868) Duncan. VI 8, William Duncan (1859-1876) . VI 9, Louis Duncan (bom 1861), an ensign, United States navy. V 10, Charles Addison (born 1856), a clergyman. BiBLIOGHAPHT. MoBBis, C. 1880. Autobiography of Commodore C. Morris. Annapolis: A. Williams and Co. MoBRis, J. 1887. A Genealogical and Historical Register of the Descendants of Edward Morris of Roxbury, Massachusetts, and Woodstock, Connecticut. Hartford: Case, Lockwood and Brainard Co. zrii + 406 pp. NELSON. 137 44. Horatio Nelson. HoBATio Nelson was born at Burnham Thorpe, county of Norfolk, England, September 29, 1758, the fifth son of a clergyman in limited circumstances. Two stories told of his childhood were significant for his future. One winter day he and his elder brother were going to school upon their ponies. The snow was so deep as to hinder their progress and to lead them to return home, where the elder reported that they could not get on. It is stated that the father repUed: "If that be so, I have of course nothing to say; but I wish you to try again, and I leave it to your honor not to turn back, imless necessary." On the second attempt the elder brother was for returning, but Horatio persisted, repeating continually: "Remember it was left to our honor," and the difficult journey was successfully accompUshed. The other story is to the effect that the master of the school had a fine pear tree covered with ripe fruit, which the boys wanted but dared not pick. Finally Nelson climbed the tree by night, carried off the pears, gave them all to his school- mates, and refused to eat any of them, saying that he had taken them only because the others were afraid. All through life he was picking the fruit of victory and asking little for himself except the honor. When Horatio was 12 years of age he suggested to his father the plan of going to sea with his mother's brother. Captain Maurice Suckling, then in command of the Raisonnable, 64 guns, and this plan was carried out. His uncle having been assigned to a station on the river Medway (Thames estuary) saw to it that Horatio got experience on the sea and sent him on a merchantman to the West Indies. His uncle next assigned him to duty in the cutter and decked long-boat attached to the war-vessel. In charge of these boats he became a good pilot of the estuary, and learned confidence and responsibility. At about 16 he went on a north polar expedition. The story is told of his daring pursuit of a polar bear on the ice; he was saved from probable death only by a gun fired from the ship to terrify the animal. Next he went, at his urgent request and through his uncle's in- fluence, on a small naval vessel to the East Indies. Next he served for six months in the Mediterranean, and then passed his examination as lieutenant at the age of 19 years. The young officer was now attached to the naval frigate Lowestoft, Captain William Locker, which went to the Jamaica station. He got himseK assigned to a schooner, tender of the Lowestoft, and carefully studied all the passages through the keys north of Cuba. As Captain Locker had to return to England because of illness, he got Nelson transferred to the flagship, under Admiral Sir Peter Parker — a move of great advantage to Nelson's future. Nelson's independ- ent career begins with his appointment as post captain to the Hinchinbrook frigate in June 1779, in which he cruised about the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean sea. He convoyed an expedition of 500 men to Nicaragua; but, though his duty was done when the troops were brought to Greytown, he took 47 seamen and marines in boats up the river, captured a small outpost by storm, and urged that Fort San Juan be reduced in the same way; but the military commander preferred the method of siege, though this led to delay and a heavy loss of life from yellow fever, malaria, and dysentery. Nelson himself barely survived the last-named disease; but, returning to England, was recovered by August 1781 sufficiently to enter upon his appointment to the frigate Albemarle for convoy duty in the Baltic and after that to Quebec. Thence he went with Lord Hood's fleet to the West Indies and shortly afterwards home to England. He then spent some months in France. 138 HEEEDITT AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Nelson was next, at the age of 26, appointed to the command of the Boreas frigate, in which he sailed for the West Indies. Here his breadth of view and tenacious temperament showed themselves markedly. When his ship entered the French harbor at Martinique and did not receive the proper salute from land. Nelson demanded and received amends; when at Antigua he found a British vessel, whose captaiu was junior to him, flying a commodore's pennant (signifying superiority in rank and command), he demanded the meaning of this. Informed that the venerable captain who was commissioner of the navy at the dockyard there had so ordered it. Nelson took the ground that no civil appointee could exercise naval conunand and he refused to obey the captain's orders. Again he insisted that, under the navigation laws, American merchantmen could not trade in the West Indies. In this stand Nelson opposed his own easy-going admiral and the desires of the governors and peoples of the islands; but he was technically correct and was supported by the goverrunent. Here, at Nevis, he met and married the widow of Dr. Josiali Nisbit. After some years of non-employment in the navy. Nelson, now 34 years of age, was given command of the Agamemnon. This was in 1793, during the height of the French revolution. Nelson's rise was henceforth to he parallel to that of Napoleon; and the defeat of the plans of the latter on the sea was due primarily to the genius of the former. Nelson now entered the Mediterranean, which was to be the scene of his activity for the next seven years. He helped in the blockade and occupation of Toulon and cooperated from his squadron with the Austrian army which was disputing Napoleon's progress into Italy along the Riviera. When it seemed to the admiralty wisest to abandon the Mediterranean, Nelson evacu- ated Bastia, on Corsica, bringing with him all the British property, despite the resistance of the inhabitants; and later he effected the evacuation of Elba. Under Jervis he fought in the battle of St. Vincent. As his ship proceeded in battle- line, according to orders, past the enemy's fleet, he saw clearly that the thing to do was to leave the battle-line to prevent the separated portions of the enemy's fleet from uniting. This he did, singlehanded, without orders, and his ship was terribly punished before he was supported by Collingwood and others; but his action prevented the union of the enemy and insured the greater victory. In this engagement two of the enemy's ships had become entangled in each other's rigging. Nelson ran alongside of one and boarded both of them, receiving the swords of two vanquished Spanish captains at once. Again he had seen the big thing to do and had done it. For his gallantry and intelligence he was knighted. He next attempted to capture the island of Teneriffe, but was defeated and lost his right arm in the effort (July 1797). The way was now prepared for Nelson's three great campaigns, in which he showed his unrivaled strategy and tactics. The first was his campaign to inter- cept Napoleon's naval expedition to Egypt. Though Napoleon eluded him. Nelson found the French fleet in Aboukir bay as the day was closing. Without hesitation he descended on the fleet and fought into the darkness; and only two of the French vessels escaped, to yield to his ships some months later. Ordered west, he sailed for Naples to make repairs. Here he met Lady Hamilton, his infatuation with whom persisted throughout his life and led to the divorce of his wife and the scandal of England. At Naples he wasted much of two years. In 1800 he returned overland to England in the company of Sir William and Lady Hamilton. In the spring of 1801 he was sent, under Admiral NELSON. 139 Sir Hyde Parker, to destroy the confederacy against England (of Denmark, Sweden, and Russia) instigated by Napoleon. When the fleet arrived at the bay of Copen- hagen the admiral regarded the enemy as impregnable; but Nelson was per- mitted to attack with 12 ships-of-the-line and, though his losses were heavy, he won what his fleet was sent for — the dissolution of the confederacy. Nelson was promptly given full command over the fleet, relieving Parker. The third great campaign was that against the French-Spanish naval com- bination with which Napoleon planned to invade England. After much effort he finally succeeded in engaging the main fleet off Trafalgar, October 21, 1805. He had already carefully instructed his captains as to tactics; but on the day of battle the position of the enemy's fleet was imexpected. Rapidly adjusting his tactics to meet the emergency and signaling "England expects that every man will do his duty," he ordered Colhngwood, second in command, to cut the enemy's Une in two near the middle while Nelson engaged the enemy's flagship just in front of the middle. With his 27 ships Nelson defeated the 33-ship fleet of the allies and took or destroyed in action 18 of them. But Nelson was killed by a musket- shot from the rigging of the enemy and died on the day of his victory. In attempting to interpret the life-work of Nelson we do well to consider the words of his greatest biographer, Mahan (1897, i, p. 2) : "The man's self and the man's work, what he was and what he did, the nature which brought forth such fruits, the thoughts which issued in such acts, hopes, fears, desires, quick intuitions, painful struggles, lofty ambitions, happy oppor- timities have blended to form that luminous whole, known and seen of all, but not to be imderstood except by the patient effort to resolve the great result into its several rays, to separate the strands whose twisting has made so strong a cord." Of this "nature" the most striking characteristic is a dualism — on the one hand a prevailing depression and on the other a tendency at times to loose all fetters of his spirit and exhibit as little control of it as a young child. In the latter state ambition rises; fear, even reasonable caution, disappears; action follows close upon ideas, and ideas often crowd one upon the other; the output of energy, of joy, of self-satisfaction is extreme; responsibility is readily assumed. This state is that of feeble inhibition; in an extreme type of this state "hysterical" symptoms are shown. Nelson was often depressed. He repeatedly writes in this strain. Thus, in June 1795: "I am out of spirits, although never in better health." (Mahan, I, p. 175.) Some time after the battle of the Nile, while at Palermo, he writes: "My only wish is to sink with honour into the grave, and when that shall please God, I shall meet death with a smile. . . . I am ready to quit this world of trouble, and envy none but those of the estate six feet by two." Says Mahan (i, 413) : "Mingled as these expressions were with despondent broodings over his health, even if the latter were well founded, they are the voice of a mind which has lost the string of self-content. The sense of duty abides, but dogged, cheerless; respondent rather to the force of habit than to the generous ardor of former days." Again, on Channel service, in 1801, he writes to Lady Hamilton: "My heart is ready to flow out of my eyes. I am not unwell but I am very low [i.e. in spirits]. I can only account for it by my absence from all I hold dear in this world " (Mahan, II, 139). As a yoimg man of 27, at the island of St. Nevis, it was observed of him at a party: "He came up just before dinner, much heated, and was very silent; but he seemed, according to the old adage, to think the more. Having drunk 140 HEEEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. the toasts, he uniformly passed the bottle, and relapsed into his former taciturnity. It was impossible ... to make out his real character; there was such a reserve and sternness in his behaviour" (Mahan, i, 66). In obvious contrast to the depressed state is the active, self-satisfied, joyful one which in Nelson often found himself. Of him at the age of 22 years Mahan (i, 28) says: "His instinct . . . was ever inclined to instant and vigorous action." Much later, in 1805, he suggested (correctly) that Spain was contemplating declar- ing war with England and without instructions ordered a general seizure of Spanish vessels of war and conmierce throughout his station. And Mahan (i, p. 259) adds: "What a wonderful instinct it shows in him that, with action ever prompt to the verge of precipitancy, he made so few blimders in deed." This promptness of reaction is a hyperkinetic symptom. In such state the inhibitory mechanism seems to be inactive, and consideration of consequences, the weighing of advan- tages and disadvantages, is omitted. If the hyperkinetic has a good memory of past experiences and of historical incidents and is a keen and sympathetic ob- server, his "intuitions" are corrected as they are formed and his action is generally approved. If, on the other hand, the hyperkinetic has poor memory and obser- vation he is called rash, precipitous, and is generally regarded as dangerous. Nel- son's "intuitions" were usually correct. It is characteristic of the hyperkinetic that he wants strongly to act in accordance with his ideas; and if prevented he becomes excited. This excitation which follows blocking may be regarded as being biologically "useful," since in excitement the superrenals secrete copiously and their secretions strengthen muscular contractions, and this added power tends to enable the excited person to overcome the obstacle. In Nelson's case the excite- ment showed itself sometimes in the form of impatience. Having decided to buy a house in the Downs, he found difficulty in doing so. "As usual," says Mahan (ii, 149), "in undertakings of every kind, he chafed under delays." "[Even] 'if the Devil stands at the door,' he tells St. Vincent, 'we shall sail to-morrow forenoon.' The admiralty . . . imposed upon him a delay under which he chafed angrily" (Mahan, ii, 188). Angry outbursts are, indeed, the next strongest symp- toms of excitement. When the admiralty refused to let him leave his Channel fleet and come to London, he breaks out angrily: "'They are beasts for their pains,' he says: 'it was only depriving me of one day's comfort and happiness, for which they have my hearty prayers.' His spleen breaks out in oddly comical ways: 'I have a letter from Troubridge [of the admiralty; a former captain under Nelson, much lauded by him] recommending me to wear flannel shirts. Does he care for me? No, but never mind.' 'Troubridge writes me, that as the weather is set in fine again, he hopes I shall get walks on shore. He is, I suppose, laughing at me; but never mind.'" And these petulant remarks Mahan (ii, p. 142) properly ascribes to " the excitement of baflled longings." When he lost the French fleet at the West Indies because of incorrect information, he wrote "wrathfully": "There would have been no occasion for opinions had not General Brereton sent his damned intelligence from St. Lucia." After the French fleet had escaped him out of Toulon he is described "as almost raving with anger and vexation" (Mahan, ii, 289). When, on the other hand, the impulse was followed by action, the accom- pan3dng emotions were in every way agreeable. The excitement of doing weak- ened the inhibitions, and further action followed easily and pleasurably. It is stated by Southey that in battle Nelson became animated and even jovial. Says NELSON. 141 Mahan (n, 52): "The exultant delight unquestionably felt by Nelson in battle did not indicate insensibility to danger, or to its customary effects upon men, but resulted from the pleasurable predominance of other emotions which accepted danger and the startling tokens of its presence as the accompaniments, that only enhanced the majesty of the part he was called upon to play." At the battle of Copenhagen his superior officer signaled him to leave off action. "Leave ofif action!" he repeated, and then added, with a shrug, "'Now damn me if I dol' He also observed, I beheve to Captain Foley, 'You Imow, Foley, I have only one eye — I have a right to be blind sometimes,' and then with an archness peculiar to his character, putting the glass to his blind eye, he exclaimed, 'I really do not see the signal.' " ' This capacity for full expression of his impulses and emotions is thus due to the circimistance that at times his inhibitions were feeble. All sorts of emotions at such times were on the surface; repression was weak. Thus he often expressed, naively, his longing for glory and distinction. One of his friends, Lord Radstock, states: "A perpetual thirst of glory was ever raging within him" (Mahan, i, 152). "While defending the Channel he writes to St. Vincent: "I feel myself, my dear Lord, as anxious to get a medal or a step in the peerage as if I had never got either. If I succeeded, and burnt the Dutch fleet, probably medals and an earldom." Be- fore going into battle in the Mediterranean days he writes: "Before this time to-morrow I shall have gained a peerage or Westminster Abbey." To this love of glory, vanity is closely allied. Of the period about 1796 Mahan (i, 256) writes: "Already at times his consciousness of distinction among men betrays something of that childlike, delighted vanity, half unwitting, which was afterward forced into exuberant growth and distasteful prominence by the tawdry flatteries of Lady Hamilton and the Coiu-t of Naples." This abundant emotional output is seen in his love affairs. At the age of 24 years in Canada, he fell desperately in love with a fair Canadian and would impru- dently have offered to marry her had not a cool-headed friend successfully inter- vened. A year later in Paris he met a yoimg Englishwomiin, had an exaggerated sense of her good quahties, writes "the most accompUshed woman my eyes ever beheld," and asks for money to enable him to marry; but the lady seems to have refused him. At the age of 27 years he met a young widow at Nevis, West Indies, and married her. Later, after the battle of the Nile, he became enamored of Lady Hamilton, a woman with a disreputable past, and lived with her publicly, causing his wife to divorce him. "Principle apart, — and principle wholly failed him, — all else," says Mahan (i, 67) "that most appeals to a man's self-respect and regard for the esteem of others was powerless to exert control. Loyalty to friendship, the sanctity which man is naturally fain to see in the woman he loves, and, in Nelson's own case, a peculiar reluctance to woimd another — all these were trampled under foot, and ruthlessly piled on the holocaust which he offered to her whom he worshipped." This is the natural reaction where the inhibition — the self-control — is weak. Nelson showed strong religious, emotional output, perhaps not to be wondered at in the son of a minister. This is strongest at times of great excitement. After the battle of the Nile he began his dispatch: "Abnighty God has blessed His Majesty's arms." As he is departing for his last sea voyage, ending in Trafalgar, he writes in his diary: "May the great God whom I adore enable me to fulfill the ' Statement by Colonel William Stewart, in Mahan, ii, 90. 142 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICBES, expectations of my country; and if it is His good pleasure that I should return, my thanks will never cease being offered up to the Throne of His mercy, etc." (Mahan, ii, 335). His ship's chaplain, who was also his confidential secretary, said: "He was a thorough clergyman's son — I should think he never went to bed or got up without kneeling down to say his prayers." He always had divine service on shipboard whenever the weather permitted (Mahan, ii, 160). A part of this same emotional output was his strong expression of affection for his men and fellow-officers. This was characteristic. When his squadron was striving to beat the French fleet to the West Indies he wrote to the captain of the slowest ship not to worry, he appreciated that his ship was doing all it could. When, on the eve of the battle of Trafalgar, he happened to learn that a midship- man had forgotten to post his letter on the naval frigate that was already under way for England, he had the frigate recalled to take the letter. Such thoughtful- ness for his men won their loyalty and their enthusiastic support in the battles planned by him. To the superficial observer Nelson thus appears as a strange contradiction. Lord Minto wrote of him: "He is in many points a really great man, in others a baby." The childish reaction of an adult is often referred to as the criterion of hysteria; and Nelson's behavior, at times, seems to fit more nearly that category than any other. The emotional characteristic of the hysterical is lack of control — easy excitability, with show of vanity, joy, affection, reUgion; but also sometimes overactive drive and fearlessness of consequences. On the physical side the hys- terical often show temporarily numb areas on the skin or they suffer temporary- paralysis. Such symptoms Nelson repeatedly suffered. After his trip to India (1776) he for some time lost the use of his limbs. This happened again in 1780. He writes in 1781 : " I have now perfect use of all my limbs, except my left arm, which I can hardly tell what is the matter with it. From the shoulder to my fingers' ends are as if half dead." In 1801, on duty in the English Channel, he writes: "I have all night had a fever, which is very httle abated this morning; my mind carries me beyond my strength, and will do me up; but such is my nature. I require nursing like a child" (Mahan, ii, 139). He was apparently at other times subject to such fevers, which resembled the so-caUed hysteric fevers that follow great excitement. Nelson was not only extraordinary temperamentally, but also intellectually. As Mahan (i, 83) says: "Good generalship, on its intellectual side, is simply the application, to the solution of a miUtary problem, of a mind naturally gifted there- for, and stored with experience, either personal or of others." Now, Nelson's education, like that of most midshipmen who enlisted at 12 years of age, was unsystematic, and he never learned to express himself well in writing; but despite this he had the mental qualities of a "great intellect." His memory was tena- cious, his observation close and constant, and he acquired knowledge by extensive intercourse with men and, Hke Napoleon I, by provoking others to debate and listening to the discussion (Mahan, ii, 233). He also, especially in his h3T)0- kinetic moods, thought deeply and his mind naturally saw relations of cause and effect. Hence he was able to become a great strategist. At 30, even, he impressed the home office with the "justice and correctness of his views, the result, as they were, of reflection based upon a mastery of the data involved." He showed great capacity in diplomacy. At Naples, m 1793, he knew that troops were wanted at NELSON. 143 Toulon and secured, without the knowledge of his superior officer, the promise of 6,000 Italians to meet this need. In Corsica, when the relations between the general and admiral became strained, he was the intermediary who secured the desired cooperation. It was so throughout life. His own affectionate, winning nature, his pertinacity, and thorough insight into the motives of men added to his success. The hypokinetic man is the intellectual ruminant, the philosopher, because in that state grosser movements are inhibited and there is time to think. Nelson's depressed states made him a strategist and statesman; his excited states made him a tactician and fighter. The advantage of Nelson's hysteroidal, feebly4nhibited temperament for a great naval fighter is shown in the battle of Copenhagen in contrast with the cahn, dehberate (normal) temperament of Sir Hyde Parker, who was in command of the expedition. Parker was very doubtful of the feasibility of attacking the enemy's strong force in Copenhagen harbor, but permitted Nelson to go with 12 battle- ships up close to the Danish ships and batteries; and against these Nelson fought so successfully that the Danes readily agreed to an armistice on terms practically of Nelson's dictation. The calm Parker, meantime, stands with the main fleet some 5 to 4 miles out and, without having fired a gun himself, signals Nelson in the midst of the battle to leave off action — a signal which Nelson deliberately disobeys. Nelson was able to throw precaution and other minor considerations to the wind in the excitement of the anticipated battle; but Parker could not do so and remained inactive. Three other traits of Nelson remain to be discussed — ambition, sense of duty, and pertinacity: Ambition. — The desire to excel arises from love of esteem, an amour propre, a dislike to be considered inferior. In extreme cases it leads, by perversion, to a desire for power and supremacy at any cost. The instinct to be first, doubtless, is a part of the sexual instinct. It shows itself in male animals which fight for leadership in the herd; such leadership gives them the choice in matings. It shows itself in females which make themselves as attractive as possible in order to secure attention from the males. It was strong, but not to a perverted degree, in Nelson. As a lad he would not be turned back from going to school by the deep snow, as his father rehed on his honor to get through if possible. While second lieutenant, the captain called for volimteers to board a captured prize when the sea was rimning high. The first Ueutenant failed in the attempt; Nelson succeeded and his success gave him the keenest satisfaction. Nelson expressed himself as "determined to climb to the top of the tree" and neglected no chance, however sKght, that could help him on. Of this work at San Juan in Nicaragua he says: "I made batteries and afterwards fought them and was the principal cause of our success." Thus he shows a naive, aknost childHke deKght in his own performances, which, indeed, he had not overstated. When on the North Atlantic station, after the American Revolution, he desired to be transferred to a squadron going to Jamaica, his chief reminded him that where he was was a good place to make prize money. "Yes," he replied, "but the West Indies is the station for honor" (Mahan, i. 37); and he said on another occasion: "True honor, I hope, predominates in my mind far above riches." Thus Nelson's ambition and insight combined led him to prefer the supremacy of achievement by darmg and national aggrandizement to the supremacy of wealth. 144 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICEES. (Sense of duty. — This is closely related to ambition. In Nelson's case it was the appreciation of the fact that he must subordinate the immediate gratification to larger interests. As he tells his betrothed: "Duty is the great business of a sea ofiBcer — all private considerations must give way to it, however painful it is." Again, he writes to his wife: "I have pride in doing my duty well, and a self-approbation, which if it is not so lucrative, yet perhaps affords more pleasing sensations" (Mahan, i, 133). His last signal at Trafalgar before "close action" was "England expects every man wiU do his duty," and his last words: "Thank God, I have done my duty; God and my coimtry." It is to be noted that his devotion to duty did bring him that fame which he idolized. If devotion to duty and fame did not achieve the end of a eugenical mating it was because a certain feebleness in the inhibition of the sex impulse led him to marry before he had acquired fame. It did make possible a later ille- gitimate mating, with Lady Hamilton, at a higher social level than the first, and its product was Horatia, his only child who survived infancy. Strength and tenacity of convictions. — This trait is a part of the depressed temperament. The hyperkinetics readily and quickly change their ideas and even ideals, but the hypokinetics are tenacious of them. Nelson said: "I feel I am perfectly right, and you know upon these occasions I am not famous for giving up a point." As a captain in the West Indies he disputed the right of a civil ofl&cer — "Commissioner of the Navy" — to fly the commodore's pennant and to give him orders, and insisted on this principle. "Under a conviction of right he throughout life feared no responsibility and shrank from no conse- quences" (Mahan, p. 52). He stuck to his conviction that American ships, after the Revolution, had no right to trade in the British West Indies, although in doing so he opposed his naval superior and the civil governments of the islands. Finally the courts decided that his contention was correct. These instances are char- acteristic of his reactions throughout life. Let us now consider the origin of the constitutional traits which determined Nelson's reactions. We look with interest for the traits of Nelson's descendants, and here we find few data. Of Horatia, generally regarded as his daughter by Lady Hamilton, it was observed by Nelson, Grenville, and Hamilton: "Horatia is like her mother; will have her own way, or kick up a devil of a dust." This insistence upon carrying out ideas was, of course, strongly seen at times in Nelson also. Horatia married Philip Ward and had a son. Nelson Ward, about whom details are wanting. Nelson's fraternity comprised 11, of whom 3 died in infancy. Besides Horatio there were: Maurice, born in 1753, who secured through the assistance of his mother's brother. Captain Maurice Suckling, a comptroller of the navy, a position as clerk in the navy office. Maurice was rather apt to be in debt and difficulties, from which he was once rescued by Horatio. It was not until he was over 40 that his father was able to write: "He has the income of a gentleman" (Matcham, 1911, p. 126). In 1801 he was promoted to the principal seat in the naval office and great regret was felt when he died, childless, shortly after. Susannah (1755-1813), who married, in 1780, Thomas Bolton. She had a cheerful, affectionate, plucky temperament. She had 2 sons and 4 daughters. Of the sons Thomas became the second Earl Nelson and had many descendants, including Rear Admiral Maurice Horatio Nelson (1832-1906). George died at sea at the age of 12 years. NELSON. 145 William (1757-1835), who was an M. A. of Christ College, Cambridge, became rector of Little Brandon, 1773. In 1784 he tried sea-hfe as chaplain on his brother's ship Boreas, but not caring for the hfe he left after a voyage and returned to Eng- land, "thereafter Uving quietly and snugly" (Matcham, 1911, p. 20). He settled on the family advowson of Hilborough, was a prebendary of Canterbury and a doctor of divinity. On the death of the admiral he became the first Earl of Nelson and immediately assumed an attitude of ungraciousness that led to a temporary estrangement from his sisters. His only son died suddenly at the age of 20. His daughter Charlotte inherited the title, from the admiral, of Duchess of Bront6 and married the second Baron Bridport, great-nephew of Admiral Alexander Hood. Despite this union of the strains of two of England's greatest admirals, neither her son Alexander nor any of her 6 grandsons showed exceptional performance. Anne (1762-1783), who died in her twenty-first year after nine days' illness, due to coming out of a ballroom immediately after dancing. (Matcham, 1911, 20.) Edmund (1762-1790), who was unenterprising and unsuccessful. He joined in partnership with his sister Susannah's husband in various imdertakings, and died, unmarried, of tuberculosis. Suckling (1764-1799), who was "silent and reserved," good-natured, indolent, and fond of sport. He tried business with no success, was constantly in financial difiiculties, and yet he was easily influenced for good. He took holy orders, was his father's curate, and died when still young and unmarried. Catherine (1767-1842), the "Kitty" of Nelson and his favorite sister, who was the most hke him of any of the family — warm-hearted, energetic, petulant at times, thorough and content in domestic hfe, and constantly interested in men and things. In 1787 she married George Matcham (1753-1833), who was born in Bombay, where his father was superintendent of the marine of the East India Company. Sent early to London to school, Matchman entered the service of the company in India, traveled extensively, went from India to England overland, and finally settled in England, 1785, as a country gentleman, being especially interested in inventions and public improvements. Of their three sons, two attained some success in the law and one migrated to AustraUa, where he died. Thus it appears that all four of Nelson's brothers were without the drive that characterized him; indeed, they were somewhat, or even strikingly, indolent and from them all was descended only one child, a daughter, who survived to marry. The sisters were liveher and two of them had descendants; but these descendants apparently showed few traits of the admiral. It would be interesting to learn more about Catherine's son, whose migration to Austraha suggests a love of new scenes and perhaps ambition.^ On the paternal side Lord Nelson is said to have come from a family of clergy- men. His father. Rev. Edmund Nelson (1722-1802), is shown by his letters (Matcham, 1911) to be a gentle, sweet-tempered English gentleman, interested affectionately in the affairs of his numerous children, who were early bereft of their ' Female lines in which a future admiral may arise are: 1, daughters of Susanna: a, Catherine, who married (1803) Capt. Sir William Bolton, Royal Navy; 6, Elizabeth, who married Rev. Henry Girdlestone; 2, daughters of Catherine: a, Catherine, who married (1820) John Bendyshe, lieutenant,Royal Navy, of Cambridgeshu-e, and had 5 sons and 4 daugh- ters; 6, Elizabeth, who married (1824) Arthur Davies, post captain, Royal Navy; c, Harriet, who married (1819) Edward Blanckley, captain, Royay Navy; d, Horatia who married (1826) Henry W. Mason, lieutenant. Royal Navy; and e, Susannah, who married, 1832, Alexander M. Moore, of County Tyrone. 146 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. mother. He brought up his children with gentleness and religious instruction and followed them with frequent letters. To his boys he used to say: "Remem- ber, I leave it to your honor." He won respect and affection from all. He was of a contented natiu-e, but somber rather than jolly. Ambition, drive, dash, statesmanship were not his traits. His constitution was weak and sickly. His only brother died unmarried; one of his sisters married Rev. John Goulty, rector of Hilborough, and their grandson was Robert Monsey, Lord Cranworth, a leading legal Hght, noted for his sound sense. The father's father, Edmund Nelson (1693- 1747), was rector of Hilborough, Norfolk, and was without distinctive char- acteristics. Two of Horatio's first cousins on the Nelson side were clergymen. The father's mother was Mary, daughter of John Bland of Cambridge, gentleman, and sister to a chaplain of the Duke of Encaster. Thus, the paternal side shows no example of the striking traits revealed by the great admiral. Let us examine the maternal side. His mother was Catherine Suckling, a woman of "some force of character" (Moorhouse, 1913, p. 9). Her brother. Captain Maurice Suckling, was an ambitious naval fighter; as we have seen, he married a distant cousin, Mary Walpole, but I have no record of any children. Another brother, Wilham, had a grandson, William B. Suckling, who became a rear admiral. The mother's father was Rev. Maurice Suckling, D. D., of whom I have no further data. His brother Robert had a great grandson, Maurice, who was in the Royal Navy. The mother's mother was Anne Turner, of whose traits there is no infor- mation, but her mother was Mary Walpole, the sister of Sir Robert Walpole (1676- 1745), England's great prime minister, created first Earl of Orford. On this side, then, we find ambition, great capacity for work, and the hyperkinetic drive. Another brother of Mary was Gilfridus Walpole (1683-1726), who commanded the Lion, of 60 guns, in a gallant action in the Mediterranean, in 1711. He died at the age of 43 years. Here we see a possible nomadic trait, love of adventvu'e, and capacity for naval fighting. While the gene for nomadism is sex-linked and may be carried in eggs through generations, but not in male zygotes, this is not true of the genes for hyperkinesis. Since there is no evidence of a hyperkinetic temperament in either parent, or even in the four grandparents, it seems probable that in Nelson that inhibition to danger, which is so marked in other members of the family, was prevented by a dominant mutation that permitted the weakening of such inhibitory mechanism. Family History of Horatio Nelson. II (M F F F), Robert Suckling, high sheriff of Norfolk. 12 (M F F M), Anne Wode- house. 13 (M M M F), Robert Walpole (1650-1700), a prominent Whig in Parliament. I 4 (M M M M), Mary Burwell, daughter of Sir Jeffrey Burwell. I 1 (M F F), Robert Suckling, high sheriff of Norfolk. II 2 (M F M), Sarah Skelton. II 3 (M M F), Sir Charles Turner, died 1738. II 4 (M M M), Mary Walpole, died 1711. Fra- ternity of M M M: II, 5 Robert Walpole, first Earl of Orford (1676(1745), the celebrated prime minister of England. II 6, Horatio Walpole (167S-1757), a diplomat of the first class. II 7, Galfridus Walpole, of the Royal Navy. Fraternity of M F: III 1, Robert Suckling. Ill 2, Dorothy Berney. Ill 3 (M F), Rev. Maurice Sucklmg. Ill 4 (M M), Anne Turner, died 1768. Ill 5 (F F), Rev. Edmund Nelson (1693-1747). Ill 6 (F M), Mary Bland. FratemUy of F M: III 7, Rev. John Bland. lU 8, Bryant Bland. NELSON. 147 rV 1, Richaxd Suckling. IV 2, Anne Kibert. Fraternity of M: IV 3, Maurice Suckling, of the Royal Navy. IV 4, William Suckling. IV 5, Elizabeth Browne. IV 6 (M), Catherine Suckling (1725-1767). IV 7 (F), Rev. Edmund Nelson (1722-1802). IV 10, Rev. John Goulty. V 1, Robert Suckling (died 1812), of the army. V 2, - Susanna Webb. V 3, Colonel William Suckling (born 1762). V 5, Thomas Bolton. Fraternity of Propositus: V 6, Susanna Nelson (1755-1813). V 7, Anne Nelson (1762-1783). V 9, Maurice Nelson (born 1753), a clerk in the Navy Office. V 10, William Nelson (1767-1833), a rector. V 11, Sarah Yonge. V 12, Catherine Nelson (1767-1842). V 13, George Matcham (1753-1833), in the service of the East India Company. V 14, Edmund Nelson (1762-1790). V 15, Suckling Nelson (1764-1799), a curate. V 16 (consort), Frances Woodward. V 17 {Propositus), Horatio Nelson. V 18, Lady Hamilton. VI I, Robert George Suckling, a captain, Royal Artil- lery. VI 2, Maurice Suckling (died 1820), of the Royal Navy. VI 3, Rev. John Suckling. VI 4, Anna Maria Suckling (1765-1848). VI 5, Sir Charles Burrard (1793-1870), an admiral of the Royal Navy. VI 6, Louisa Lushington. VI 7, William Benjamin Suckling, a rear admiral. VI 9, Catherine Bolton. VI 10, Sir William Bolton, of the Royal Navy. VI 11, Elizabeth Anne Bolton. VI 12, Rev. Henry Girdlestone. VI 13, Thomas Bolton (1786-1835), second Earl Nelson. VI 14, Frances Eyre. VI 15, George Bolton (1787-1799), died at sea. VI 17, Charlotte Nelson. VI 18, Samuel, second Lord BridpoTt. VI 19, Catherine Matcham. VI 20, John Bendyahe, a lieutenant, Royal Navy. VI 21, Eliaabeth Matcham. VI 22, Arthur Davies, a post captain. Royal Navy. VI 23, Harriet Matcham. VI 24, Edward Blanckley, a captain, Royal Navy. VI 25, Horatio Matcham. VI 26, Henry Mason, a lieutenant. Royal Navy. VI 27, Susannah Matcham. VI 28, Alexander Moore. VI 29, George Matcham (bom 1789), a lawyer and author. VI 30, Charles Horatio Matcham (1806-1844), went to Australia. VI 31, Nelson Matcham (1811-1886), a barrister-at-law. VI 32, Horatia Nelson. VI 33, PhiUp Ward. VI 43, Robert Monsey, Lord Cranworth. VII I, Emily Burrard. VII 2, Maurice Horatio Bolton (1832-1906), a rear admu-al. VII 3, Horatio Bolton, third Lord Nelson. VII 4, John Horatio Bolton (bom 1825), vicar of Scottow. VII 5, Rev. Edward Bolton (1833-1859). VII 6, William Henry Bolton (1835-1863). VII 8, Alexander Nelson Hood, first Viscount Bridport, a colonel of the Scots Guards. VII 11, Richard Bendyshe (born 1822), a curate. VII 14, Henry D. Blanckley, became a lieu- tenant in the navy in 1844. VII 15, Alex- ander Moore (born 1833), a general. VIII 1, Maurice Henry Horatio Bolton (born 1864), a commander of the Royal Navy. VIII 2, Rev. Edward John Bolton (born 1867). VIII 3, Lieutenant Colonel Charles Burrard Bolton, born 1868. VIII 4, Horatio WilUam Bolton (born 1871), registrar of the supreme court, Ceylon. 148 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Bibliography. BuBKE, Sir B., and A. 1909. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage. London: Harrison and Sons. 2570 pp. BuBKE, Sir B. 1914. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain. London: Harrison. 2102 pp. Callbnder, G. 1912. The Life of Nelson. London: Longmans, Green & Co. xxxviii + 154 pp. Mahan, a. 1897. Life of Nelson. Boston: Little and Brown. 2 vols. Matcham, M. 1911. The Nelsons of Burnham Thorpe. London and New York: J. Lane. 306 pp. MooBHOusE, E. H. 1913. Nelson in England, A Domestic Chronicle. New York: E. P. Button & Co. xi + 274 pp. Nelson, T. 1908. A Genealogical History of the Nelson Family with an Introduction by the Right Hon. The Earl Nelson. King's Lynn: Thew and Son. O'Bryne, W. 1849. A Naval Biographical Dictionary. London: J. Murray. 1400 pp. Russell, W. 1890. Horatio Nelson and the Naval Supremacy of England. New York: G. Putnam's Sons, xiv + 357 pp. 45. Jekemiah O'Bkien. Jekemiah O'Brien was born in 1744, at Kittery, Maine. As a young man he was engaged in liunbering and shipping and became a leader in the town. In June 1775 a Boston merchant, convoyed by a British armed schooner Margaretta, appeared at Machias for lumber. Having learned of the battle of Lexington and believing that the lumber would be used to fortify the British in Boston, the towns- people, led by the father of the propositus (Morris O'Brien), at first declined to sell, but later agreed to exchange lumber for the needed provisions that the merchant vessel carried; but the captain refused to sell food to the leaders of the opposition. This, and the demands of the officer in charge of the Margaretta that the Hberty pole which the townspeople had erected should be taken down, stirred the reso- lution of the patriots. A number of the residents of nearby towns met at Morris O'Brien's house and decided to seize the Margaretta. One day a local sloop, the Unity, was filled with townspeople carrying various kinds of weapons, a small cannon was mounted on the deck, six of Morris O'Brien's sons went on board, and Jeremiah was elected captain. They ran alongside the Margaretta, boarded and captured her, and made her officers and crew prisoners. This was the first naval battle of the Revolution. When two armed sloops were sent out from Halifax, to capture O'Brien, he and Captain Foster, of the Machias Liberty and Falmouth Packet, respectively, captured the two sloops and brought them both to Machias. Then O'Brien took his prisoners to Portland by vessel and thence to Cambridge overland. Commissioned by the Massachusetts provincial congress, Jeremiah and John O'Brien, commanding the Machias Liberty and the Diligence (captured from the British), respectively, cruised for two years on the coast of the Gulf of Maine and captured various British vessels. In 1780 the brothers built the Hannibal, 24 guns, for privateering, but she was captured by two British frigates and Jeremiah was placed in the prison-ship Jersey. Taken to Plymouth, England, he escaped from prison and crossed the English Channel in a boat propelled by oars. He returned to Machias, where he remained the rest of his life as collector of customs. When, during the War of 1812, the British officers searched his house, he gave them refreshments and as they toasted the king he toasted success to the American arms. He died at Machias, September 1818. Brothers. — John O'Brien, born in Scarboro, Maine, 1750, was one of the party that on June 12, 1775, captured the British armed schooner Margaretta off Machias. He was the first to board the Margaretta when the Unity collided with o'beien. 149 her and, as the latter withdrew, was left alone on the enemy's ship. Seven mus- kets were discharged at him, but he was not hit; then they charged at him with bayonets, but he jumped overboard and swam to the Unity uninjured, despite the hail of balls from the British vessels. John was made first heutenant on the Vigilant after she and the Machias Liberty had been fitted out. In 1780 he and his brother Joseph built the Hannibal, carrying 24 guns, for privateer service. John captured important prizes in her during her first cruise. As captain of various vessels he made nvmierous captures in the next year or two. Once, chased by a naval frigate into Long Island Sound, he ran up the Thames river (up which the frigate could not go at night because of her draft). He made a sort of raft, put hghts upon it, and sent it down the river the same night; the frigate fired at it and sailed away concluding that it had sunk its opponent. After the war he settled in Newburyport and was ship-owner and captain; was a man of pubHc affairs and charitable; he exercised a large hospitality and, by his contemporaries, is said to have had no idea of the meaning of fear. He died in 1826. Gideon, born at Scarboro, Maine, January 14, 1746, was on the Unity in her capture of the Margaretta, and was a captain in the Continental army, 1782, being detailed at Machias. In 1822 he was elected representative to the Maine legis- lature. WilHam, also one of the Unity crew, always followed the sea and died at Bil- boa, Spain, 1781. He married Lydia Clarkson (Widow Toppan) in 1790 at New- buryport, and had a daughter, Lyxiia, who was the mother of John Parker Hale. This grandson of Wilham O'Brien (born at Rochester, Strafford county, New Hampshire, March 31, 1806) was graduated at Bowdoin, 1827 and entered law practice in 1830 and the legislature in 1832. In Congress, 1843-1845, he defended the right of petition and in 1845 he refused to vote for the annexation of Texas, against the direction of his State legislature. In 1846 he was again in the State legislature, was made speaker, and six days later elected to the United States Senate. There he was the first and for two years (1847-1849) the only avowed opponent of slavery. He was eloquent, witty, and full of good humor, which made him hked, despite his views. Always a reformer, between 1850 and 1852 he secured laws to abohsh flogging and grog rations in the navy. He decHned a presidential nomination by the Liberty party in 1847, but accepted that of the FreesoHers in 1852. In 1853 he removed to New York, but in 1855 went again to the Senate from New Hampshire and kept his seat there until 1865, gradually witnessing the success of the views early advocated by him. Sent to the court of Spain, he had some disagreements with the secretary of the legation that caused a scandal. Later mental as well as physical disorders appeared and he died in 1873. Brother Dennis O'Brien also was one of the Unity crew, and, finally, Joseph, a lad of 16 years, the youngest, who was forbidden to go, but nevertheless secreted himself on the sloop, was a brave fighter in the attack on the Margaretta. The most distinguishing character of this fraternity is great daring and absence of fear. Of Jeremiah an acquaintance said "a man who knew no fear." Again, "Captain Jeremiah O'Brien was as fearless as the king of the forest, not for a mo- ment hesitating to throw himself into the forefront of any cause by him freely espoused or to face any peril, however great, toward which the voice of duty called him in the prosecution of that cause." Similarly, John O'Brien all alone, practi- cally unarmed, leaps on a war vessel full of armed men — a rash and reckless act. So, too, the 16-year-old Joseph, though warned of danger, stows himself away to be 150 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. carried to the fight. And in later Kfe we find the three older brothers active in the Revolution, on sea or land, in some of the most hazardous occupations. Unfortunately nothing is known of the maternal side except that the mother's father was a sea captain. The father was at the siege of Louisburg, but was ordinarily a tailor and later a lumberman. Love of the sea was marked in this fraternity; the lads were taught to sail a boat by their father. It is clear that Jeremiah O'Brien is a typical hyperkinetic. "Into whatever undertaking he enlisted he threw his whole soul"; he was outspoken and fiercely patriotic, of a high sense of honor, a man of "that temperament which is sus- ceptible of high excitement, constitutional ardor, spirit, fiUl of fire." * "By tem- perament he was impulsive ahnost to the point of rashness and, in action, particu- larly when thoroughly aroused, he was impetuous and irresistible as the raging torrent — exhibiting at such times a forcefulness of character which under ordinary circumstances was not apparent to the casual observer." "Outspoken he was — and fear of consequences was never, so far as the author has been able to gather, allowed to bridle his tongue when once indignant feeling or great thought throbbed in heart or brain and pressed for utterance, and individual and aggregate of indi- viduals found the same when once Captain O'Brien felt his keen sense of justice outraged." Family History op Jeremiah O'Brien. I 1( M F), Keen, a sea captain sailing from Portsmoutli, New Hampshire. 12 (MM), died quite young. II 1 (F), Morris O'Brien (1715-99), learned the tailor's trade, migrated from Ireland to United States in 1738. In 1750 he was in Scarboro, Maine; in 1765 he removed to Machias, where he started a sawmill and became a prosperous lumber man. He was present at the siege of Louisburg, 1745. When his sons went to attack the British vessel Margaretta he followed down the river in a rowboat with a surgeon. II 2 (M), Mary Keen. Fraternity of Propositus: III 1, Mary O'Brien. Ill 3, Gideon O'Brien (bom 1746), one of the Unity crew (see text). Ill 4, John O'Brien (born Scarboro, Maine, 1750) (see text). Ill 5, William O'Brien, (see text). Ill 6, Lydia Clarkson. Ill 7, Dennis O'Brien, one of the Unity crew. Ill 8, Joseph O'Brien, at the age of 16 years was on the Unity (see text). Ill 9, Martha O'Brien. Ill 10, Joana O'Brien. Ill 11, {Propositus), Jeremiah O'Brien. III 12 (consort), Hannah Toppan. IV 1, Lydia O'Brien. IV 2, Hale. Children of Propositus: IV 3, Maria O'Brien. IV 4, Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, president of Waterville College, Maine. FV 5, John O'Brien (1790-1866), was a captain of the marines in the War of 1812 and was confined for ten months in an English prison. Later he became superintendent of the Dead Letter Office in Washing- ton, D. C. V 1, John Parker Hale (see text). Bibliography. Sherman, A. 1902. Life of Captain Jeremiah O'Brien, Commander of the first American Naval Flying Squadron of the War of the Revolution. Smith, W. B. 1863. Historical Sketch in Memorial of the Centennial Anniversary of the Settlement of Machias (Maine). Machias: C. Fairbush. 6m Ijsncf: > Sherman, 1902, p. 105. PARKER. 151 46. William Harwar Parker. William H. Parker was born in 1827. As a boy he read Marryat's novels, was always fond of adventure, of hearing and telling stories, and of fun. He entered the navy as a midshipman in October 1841, at the age of 14 years, and was ordered to the Carolina, one of Matthew C. Perry's squadron, where he studied navigation. In 1846 he was on the Potomac, sent to Port Isabel to support General Taylor. In 1847-1848 he studied at Annapolis. After passing his examination and in search of adventure, he selected a sloop-of-war going to Africa rather than a fine frigate for the Mediterranean. When an American brig dragged ashore in a storm, young Parker rowed over to her in a gale and helped save her. In 1853 to 1857 he was an instructor in mathematics at the Naval Academy and after- wards in navigation and astronomy, then in seamanship and naval tactics. In April 1861 he resigned his lieutenant's commission and joined the Confederates and was attached to the Beaufort squadron. He participated in the battle of Roanoke island and the weak defense of Elizabeth City. In command of the Beaufort, he participated in the battle between the Merrimac and the Cumberland and Congress the day before the Monitor arrived in Hampton Roads. He was called on for the examination and classification of midshipmen in the Confederate Navy and, in July 1863, he organized the Confederate Naval Academy, of which he was superintendent until the fall of the Confederacy. At the fall he and his naval men guarded the coin chest of the Confederacy for over 30 days. He was in the service of the Pacific Mail Company from 1865 to 1874, and for a time the captain of a steamer running between Panama and San Francisco. He was the author of several works on naval tactics and in 1883 published his entertaining "Recollections of a naval officer." He died suddenly in 1896. Captain Parker had 4 brothers: (1) Robert. (2) Foxhall Alexander, who was executive officer at the Washington navy yard at the outbreak of the Civil War and did much to protect Washington in the early days of the war; he became a commodore in the United States navy, and chief signal officer; commanded the Boston navy yard in 1877-1878, and was superintendent of the Naval Academy at Annapolis at the time of his death in 1879. Like his brother William, he had literaiy gifts. He wrote two books on tactics and two on the howitzer, all of which are used as text-books in the Naval Academy. A son, William H., is in the navy. (3) Richard, who was a young man of fine intellect, became master in the United States volunteer navy. (4) Daingerfield, who entered the army in 1861 and was breveted for gallantry at Gettysburg; he became a colonel of infan- try and retired in 1896. Thus this was a fraternity of fighters and administrators, with a preference, on the whole, for the sea. The father of William H. Parker's fraternity was Foxhall Alexander Parker, who rose to the highest rank (commodore) of his day in the United States navy. The mother was Sara, daughter of General Robert Bogardus, of New York City, who was colonel of the Forty-first regiment of infantry in the War of 1812. The father's father was William Harwar Parker (born in 1752), who was an officer in the Virginia navy. Two of the latter's sons became brilliant lawyers, one a United States senator. In his fraternity all the males were fighters. These are all descended in the male line from George Parker, who early settled in Accomac county, Virginia, from whom also are descended the Parker-Upshurs. 152 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. To the latter branch belongs Thomas Parker, a captain of infantry at German- town (1777) ; he was captured by the British and, as the British commander rode along and asked each of the Americans what his occupation was, Parker stood erect and said: "I am, as my father before me was, a gentleman, and be d d to you!" His brother George was a judge. A sister, Anne Parker (born 1763), married Littleton Upshur and had a large family. One of her sons, George Parker Upshur (1799-1852), rose in the United States navy to the rank of commander. Another, Abel Parker (1790-1844), went with his brother Arthur to Yale, but left and entered Princeton in 1806. Abel was suspended, along with ten others, as a leader of resistance to the authority of the college. He studied law under William Wirt and was admitted to the bar in 1810. Abel had a sister who married a Mr. Nottingham and had a son, John Henry, who changed his surname to Upshur at the time he was appointed midshipman, November 1841. He participated in the Mexican war under Commodore Perry and, as heutenant on the frigate Cumber- land, helped to suppress the African slave-trade in 1858-1859. During the Civil War he was on the blockading squadron, helped to reduce the forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina, and Port Royal, led successful expeditions up the rivers of South Carolina, and participated in the capture of Fort Fisher in 1865. He was created rear admiral in 1884, was commander in chief of the Pacific squadron in 1884 and 1885, retired at his own request Jime 1885 (N. C. A. B., iv, 316), and died May 1917. It is noteworthy that John Henry's fighting quahties came through the maternal side. Family History of William H. Pabkeh. Common ancestor, Captain George Parker, high sheriff of Accomac county, Virginia. II (F F F F), Dr. Alexander Parker. 12 (F F F M), Susanna. III (F F F), Judge Richard Parker (died 1815). II 3 (F M F), Sturman. II 4 (F M M), Foxhall. QtO' 'n IVI ■VI jrersi 7 JLSX8 aol" Fratemily of F F: III 1, Richard Parker (born about 1752), entered the army in 1776 and became a colonel of the First Virginia regiment. He was killed at Charleston, South Caro- lina. Ill 2, Alexander Parker, was a colonel of the Fifth Infantry, United States army; resigned 1809. Ill 3, John Parker, was drowned while attempting to board his ship. Ill 4, Thomas Parker, commanded the forces at Norfolk, Virginia, in 1813 or 1814. Ill 6, WilUam Harwar Parker (1752 (?)-1840), was an officer in the Virginia navy during the Revolution, commanding PAKKER. 153 a vessel. After the war he returned to his plantation. Ill 7, Mary Sturman. Ill 8, General Robert Bogardus, a distinguished lawyer and colonel of the Forty-first regiment of infantry (Regulars) in the War of 1812. Ill 10, Ada Bagwell. Ill 11, George Parker (1735-1784). III 12, Susan Andrews. Fraternity of F: IV 1, Juliet Parker. IV 2, Le Roy Daingerfield, a first cousin. IV 3, Robert Elliot Parker (died 1840), was a colonel in the War of 1812; a judge of the court of appeals and United States Senator. IV 4, John Parker. IV 5, William Chilton Parker, a brilliant orator and lawyer, who served in the War of 1812. IV 6 (F), Foxhall Alexander Parker (born ca. 1789), entered the navy and rose to highest rank of his day — commodore. IV 7, Sara Bogardus. IV 8, George Parker (died in infancy). IV 9, Anne Parker, born 1763. IV 10, Littleton Upshur. IV 11, Captain Thomas Parker, who was captured at Germantown (see text). IV 12, George Parker (1761-1826), a judge. IV 13, Margaret Eyre. IV 14, Reed. IV 15, Elizabeth Parker. IV 16, Teackle. IV 17, John A. Parker (born 1779), a member of the house of delegates. IV IS, Jacob Parker (born 1782). V 1 iPro-positus), William H. Parkee. Fraternity of Propositus: V 2, Robert Bogardus Parker. V 3, Richard LeRoy Parker, was master of a vessel in the United States (volunteer) navy. V 4, Daingerfield Parker, entered the army in 1861 and became colonel of the Eighteenth Infantry, retiring in 1896. He was breveted for gallantry at Gettysburg. V 6, Foxhall Alex- ander Parker, a commodore in the United States navy. V 8, Abel Parker Upshur (1790-1844), a lawyer who was appointed secretary of the navy in 1841. V 9, Parker. V 10, Nottingham. V 11, George Parker Upshur (1799-1852), entered the navy as midshipman in 1818 and became a commander in 1847, when he had charge of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. VI 1, William Harwar Parker, became lieutenant commander in the United States navy. VI 2, John Henry Upshur (1S23-1917), assumed his mother's name. He accompanied Perry to Spain and was active in the Civil War (see text). He spent the later years of his life in Washington. BiBLIOGRAPHT. McCabe, R. 1901. Abel Parker Upshur. (The John P. Branch Historical Papers of Randolph- Macon College. Richmond: E. Waddey Co.) pp. 188-205. Parker, W. 1883. Recollections of a Naval Officer (1841-1865). New York; C. Scribner. 372 pp. Shippen, R. 1898. The Parker Family. Va. Mag. of Hist. Vol. VI, pp. 301-307, 412-418. 154 HEREDITY AKD DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICEES. 47. HiHAM Paulding. HiBAM Pattlding was born December 11, 1797, at Cortland, Westchester county, New York. He lost his mother at the age of 8 years. His boyhood was spent on a farm. He early desired to enter the army, but finally accepted an appointment in 1811 to enter the navy as midshipman. Here he studied mathe- matics and navigation. Ordered in 1813 to report for duty on the northern lakes, he saw service on the Ticonderoga and as lieutenant had charge of the quarter-deck guns in the great battle of Lake Champlain, and when the "matches" for firing the gims gave out he substituted the flash of his loaded pistol. He was highly praised for his bravery and received from Congress a sword and prize-money. In 1815 he was on the frigate Constellation imder Commodore Decatur, which captured the Algerine cruisers, and the next year he was commissioned Ueutenant. He then cruised for five years, and later took a year or two on land for fxirther schooling at the miUtary academy at Norwich. On a four-year cruise in the frigate United States he performed special service in conveying secret dispatches from Commodore HuU to General Bolivar, traveling nearly 1,500 miles on horse- back, through a wild, mountainous country. He wrote an accoimt of this trip, entitled "Bohvar in his Camp." Next he was assigned to the schooner Dolphin, conamanded by John Perceval, to search for the mutineers of the whaleship Globe. When the two survivors were found, Paulding seized one of them in the face of hundreds of natives armed with spears and clubs and, covering his own body with that of his captive, marched to the boat, holding a cocked pistol to the ear of his prize. In 1831 Paulding wrote an account of this experience, fuU of interest and himior. After various minor cruises he was ordered, in 1848, to command the St. Laiorence and cruise along the coast of Europe. Here he exercised the arts of diplomacy and received on board several yoimg Prussians for instruction in nautical affairs; one of these later became commander in chief of the German navy. The St. Lawrence also visited Southampton. From 1851 to 1854 Pauld- ing was in command of the navy yard at Washington. During 1855 he was in command of the home squadron and cruised in the West Indies. In 1857 he visited Nicaragua in the Wabash, and in December of that year secured the sur- render of the filibuster General Wilham Walker. For this act he was given a sword by the president of Nicaragua; but the War Department disapproved and relieved him of his command; so he retired to Himtington, Long Island. After the inauguration of Lincoln, Paidding was called upon to take charge of the Bureau of Detail. Here he arranged for the building of ironclads. He urged the building of the Monitor from Ericsson's plans. On the secession of Virginia he was sent to the Norfolk navy yard and took out of the navy yard what Uttle could be saved; he destroyed the rest, and towed the Cuniberlavd to safety. The navy yard was then completely destroyed by fire. In December 1861 he was retired by law, having reached the age limit, and in July 1862 he was created rear admiral. He commanded the Brooklyn navy yard, 1861 to 1863; here he pushed forward the fitting out of the Monitor and dispatched her to For- tress Monroe, withholding contrary dispatches received just before her departure. When the draft riots occurred in New York City, Paulding dispatched two com- panies of marines and placed small gimboats with hght armaments at the foot of the principal streets. In 1866 he was sent to the Naval Asylum at Philadelphia as governor, and in 1869 was appointed port admiral of Boston, which post he held for a time. He died October 20, 1878. PAULDING. 155 Paulding was of a buoyant temperament, took a cheerful and hopeful view of things, and was ready for fun; but he had a horror of practical jokes and of puns. He often said: "Life is too short for controversy." Hiram Paulding married, in 1828, Anne M. Kellogg, of Flatbush, New York, who had been educated by her father, Jonathan W. Kellogg, a graduate of Yale and the headmaster of Erasmus Hall in Flatbush. They had 6 children: (1) Anna; (2) Tattnall, who was colonel of the Sixth Cavalry, United States army, and served throughout the Civil War. He married Hannah Huddell and had a son John, who is in the insurance business and is fond of sailing, and a daughter Caro- line, who married Lieutenant Raymond Naile; (3) Rebecca, married Lieutenant Richard Worsam Meade (born 1837), became a vice admiral, United States navy, and was the author of two books, one on "Boat Exercises" and one on "Naval Construction." Among their children are: (a) Clara, married to George Breed, who was a graduate of Annapolis, but who resigned from the navy to go into electrical work, and has 3 sons, all of whom are naval officers; (6) Richard W., who served in the Spanish-American War and in the Naval Reserve; is now presi- dent of the Fifth Avenue omnibus Une, New York City; (4) Mary Paulding, who married Robert L. Meade, brother of Richard, and brigadier general of United States marines. (Another brother, Henry Meigs Meade, is paymaster in the United States navy; their father was in the navy and helped lay out San Francisco.) Mary had 4 children: (a) May and (5) Henrietta are appealed to by form and color and do beautiful work inlaying butterflies, etc. Neither of the sons, (c) Robert, who died at 38 years, or (d) John, was interested in the navy, though they sailed boats. (5) Hiram, who was not fond of the water and did not learn to sail a boat; he married Virginia Mulligan and has 3 daughters and a son Hiram 3d, who is fond of farming and also of the water and is a scoutmaster. (6) Emma, who likes to help organize and promote undertakings for the good of the community. Of Hiram Paulding's sibs little is known. George was apparently a farmer, and Leonard was a naval officer of merit and distinction and showed marked gallantry at the capture of forts Donelson and Fisher. He was a man of charm- ing character, beloved by all who knew him. His father was John Paulding (1758-1818), who in 1775 was a private in a militia regiment and at the close of the Revolutionary war was a major of militia. While patrolling the Hudson with two others, John Paulding captured Major Andr6, found the incriminating papers from Benedict Arnold upon his person, refused the bribe he offered them for his release, and brought him to headquarters. John Paulding was thrice captured by the British. By his second wife, Esther Ward, he had Hiram and Leonard Paulding, naval fighters, and 4 other sons. It is probable that the dash, fearless- ness, and nomadic tendencies of Hiram Paulding came chiefly from his mother's side though strengthened from the paternal side. Family Histobt of Hikam Patjldino. II (M F), Caleb Ward (1728-1792), of Peekskill, New York. 1 2 (M M ), Mary Drake (1731-1801), daughter of Benjamin Drake. Fraternity of M: II 1, Benjamin Ward (1750-1817). II 2, Abigail Ward. II 3, Solomon Fowler. II 4, John Ward (1752-1846), an officer in the Loyal American regiment who entered the service of the Crown as early as 1776. During the Revolution he was frequently in battle. In 1783 he settled in New Brunswick, where he became a citizen and merchant of renown. II 5, Phoebe Ward. II 6, Samuel Jones. II 7, Mary Ward. II 8, James Perrott. II 9 (M), Esther Ward, died 1804. II 10 (F), John Paulding (1755-1818), a major of the militia and one of the capturers of Major Andi6. II 11 (consort's F), Jpnathan Kellogg, headmaster of Erasmus 156 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Hall. II 12 (consort's M), Mary Tuttle. II 13, Richard Meade (born 1778), navy agent and consul at Cadiz, Spain. II 15, Henry Meigs, a volunteer in the War of 1812, was commissioned adjutant. He was a member of Congress, president of board of aldermen, and recording secretary of the American Institute. II 16, Julia Austin, of Philadelphia. djd IV VI Fraternity of Propositus: III 1, George Paulding, born 1791. Ill 2, John Ward Paulding, born 1793. Ill 3, Sarah Teed Paulding, born 1796. Ill 4, James Paulding, born 1794. Ill 5, Leonard Paulding (born 1799), a naval officer. Ill 6, Mary Paulding (1802-1803). Ill 7, Susan Paulding (1804-1834). Ill 8, Caleb Paulding (bom 1804), a farmer. Ill 9 (Propositus), Hiram PAtrLDiNQ. Ill 10 (consort), Anne Marie Kellogg. Fraternity of consort: III 11, War- ren Comstock Kellogg, an insurance agent. Ill 12, George Kellogg, a physician. Ill 13, George Gordon Meade (1815-1872), a major general of the United States army, who commanded the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg and to the end of the Civil War. Ill 14, Richard W. Meade (1807-1870), a captain in the United States navy. Ill 15, Clara Forsythe Meigs. Ill 16, Julia Austin Meigs, had musical ability. Ill 17, Walter Oddie, a landscape artist. Ill 18, Henry Meigs (born 1809), was president of the New York Exchange. Ill 19, Theodore Meigs (born 1814), was paying teller of the Bank of America. Children of Propositus: IV 1, Anna Paulding, was interested in philanthropic work; a woman of great strength of character. IV 2, Tattnall Paulding. IV 3, Hannah Huddell. IV 4, Hiram Paulding, a farmer. IV 5, Virginia Mulligan. IV 6, Richard Mulligan, a physician. IV 7, Emma Paulding, greatly interested in philanthropic work. IV 8, Rebecca Paulding, compiler of her father's biography. IV 9, Richard W. Meade (born 1837), a rear admiral of the United States navy. IV 11, Henry Meigs Meade, born 1840. IV 12, Mary (bom 1845) and Clara (bom 1849) Meade. IV 13, Robert Learny Meade (born 1841), a brigadier general, United States Marines. IV 14, Mary Paulding. Children's children of Propositus: V 1, John Paulding. V 2, Caroline Paulding. V 3, Raymond Neale. V 4, Helen, Julia, and Virginia Paulding. V 5, Hiram Paulding. V 6, Anna Meade. V 7, Clara Meade. V 8, George Breed, who is serving in the navy. V 9, Richard Meade. V 10, Rebecca Meade. V 11, Charlotte Meade. V 12, Henrietta Meade. V 13, Wootton. V 14, May Meade. V 15, Robert Meade. V 16, John Meade. Children's children's children of Propositus: VI 1, Richard Breed, a graduate of Yale, is now in the Coast Guard service. VI 2, Edward Breed, who was graduated from Annapolis, is an ensign. United States navy. VI 3, Breed, was graduated from the Naval Academy, Annapolis, 1917. BiBLIOGKAPHT. Bolton, R. 1881. History of County of Westchester, New York. New York: C. F. Roper. 2 vols. Meade, Mrs. R. 1910. Life of Hiram Paulding. New York: Blake & Taylor Co. ix + 321 pp. Meigs, H. 1901. Record of the Descendants of Vincent Meigs. Baltimore: J. Bridges. 374 pp. PELLEW. 157 48. Edwabd Pellew. Edward Pellew was born at Dover, England, April 19, 1757. He lost his father in 1765 and at 11 years of age was, with his brothers, thrown upon the world. " The resolute, active, and courageous character of the lads, however, brought them well forward among their equals in age. At school Edward was especially- distinguished for fearlessness. Of this he gave a marked instance, when not yet twelve, by entering a burning house where gunpowder was stored, which no other of the bystanders would approach. Alone and with his own hands the lad brought out the powder. A less commendable but very natural result of the same ener- getic spirit was shown in the numerous fighting matches in which he was engaged. If flogged, he declared, he would run away; and as a decided taste for a seafaring hfe had already manifested itself, his guardian thought better to embrace at once the more favorable alternative and enter him regularly in the navy." (Mahan 1913.) On his first cruise in the Mediterranean, a midshipman was set ashore at Marseilles on account of a quarrel with the commander of the ship, who was grossly in the wrong. PeUew insisted on accompanjdng his messmate and at the age of 14 years had to find his way home. Assigned to the ship that was to take Bur- goyne to America in 1775, he startled the general, who saw him standing on his head on a yard-arm. He dived from a yard-arm of a fast-moving ship to save a seaman who had fallen overboard and succeeded in rescuing him. Pellew saw active service on Lake Champlain in 1776, when the command of the Carleton feU to him, and he fought with skill and pertinacity. On one occa- sion the Carleton lay close to shore, so that the wind did not fill her jib. Pellew sprang out on the bowsprit in the face of a hail of rifle bullets from shore to bear the jib over. Returning to England, Pellew was made Ueutenant and served again under Captain PownoU on the frigate Apollo. In a fight with the French frigate Stanislas Pownoll was killed and the command fell on Pellew, who fought until the enemy's ship went aground and claimed protection of the neutral flag. Later he drove ashore and destroyed several French privateers and was made post captain. Peace followed (1783-1793), and Pellew tried farming, but it was too slow for him. For five years of this period he commanded frigates. He showed himself as active as the yoimgest sailors among the yards and rigging. Once, dressed in full uniform to attend a state dinner on shore, Pellew watched the crew swimming around the ship while one of the ship's boys on deck called out to the bathers that he would soon have a good swim too. "The sooner the better," said PeUew, coming behind and tipping him overboard. Then he quickly saw that the lad could not swim, so in he went himself, with all his fine clothes on, to rescue the boy. PeUew had remarkable capacity in handling a ship; and this did not fail him in his first battle as full-fledged commander of a frigate, the Nymphe. She came on the French Cleopatrie, and, saiUng alongside of her, engaged her in a duel. The French frigate lost wheel and mizzenmast and, thus uncontrolled, ran straight into the Nymphe. The British boarded and captm-ed her. Pellew was knighted, and his brother Israel, who had assisted him, was made post captain. In continuing the war with France, Pellew repeatedly showed acts of personal bravery and bold artifice, as when he personally saved the passengers and crew of a merchantman who had gone on the shore at Plymouth, and when he sailed into the French fleet 158 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. at night and, by making false signals, confused and rendered futile the signals of the commander in chief. Accompanied by the Amazon, Pellew in the Indefati- gable fell upon the French frigate Droits de V Homme, returning from Ireland toward France. With one frigate on the right and the other on the left of their quarry they forced it through a thick and gloomy night in a westerly gale upon the west coast of France. The Amazon could not beat her way off against the wind and was also lost on shore, but the Indefatigable, after a fight with the gale for 24 hours, cleared the last promontory and escaped serious damage. In 1802 Pellew was a member of Parliament. In 1804, haAdng been created rear admiral and com- mander in chief in India, he cleared the Indian ocean of French cruisers. In 1814 he was created Baron Exmouth. In 1816 he destroyed the Algerine fleet, shattered the sea defenses of Algiers, and forced the Bey to liberate the 3,000 white men he held as slaves. For this victory Pellew was made viscount. He was shortly after retired and made vice admiral of England. He engaged in various activities and died in 1833. He married Susannah Frowde, and had 4 sons, of whom 2 became clergymen and 2 naval officers, respectively admiral and captain. A son of the latter died at 28, a Heutenant in the navy. Of Edward Pellew's brothers, Israel became an admiral. He had dis- tinguished himself under Nelson at Trafalgar and on other occasions. Another brother was a surgeon, and another, as ensign, was early killed in the battle of Saratoga. The father of this fraternity was Samuel Pellew, who commanded a post-ofl5ce and packet on Dover Station. His mother was a Langford. Of the reactions of the parents and their families little is known. Pellew was a typical hyperkinetic. He was not a great strategist, but a brilliant, dashing frigate commander, corresponding to a cavalry leader on land. A hyperkinetic tendency must, we may infer from other studies, have shown itself in one or both of his parents. " Throughout his youth the exuberant vitality of the man delighted in these feats of wanton power. To overturn a boat by press of canvas, as a frolic, is not unexampled among lads of daring; but it is at least unusual, when a hat goes overboard, to follow it into the water, if alone in a boat vmder sail. This PeUew did, on one occasion, when he was old enough to know better, being at the moment in the open channel, in a small pimt, going from Falmouth to Plymouth. The freak nearly cost him his life, for, though he had lashed the helm down and hove-to the boat, she fell off and gathered way whenever he approached. When at last he laid hold of her rail, after an hour of this fooling, barely strength remained to drag himself on board, where he fell helpless, and waited long before his powers were restored. It is trite to note in such exhibitions of recklessness many of the qualities of the ideal seaman, though not so certainly those of the foreordained conunander-in-chief . Pellew was a born frigate captain." ' Family History of Edward Peujew, First Viscotjnt Exmouth. II (F F F), Pellew, a captain In the navy. II 1 (F F), Humphrey Pellew (died 1721), a merchant of importance who had a tobacco plantation on Kent Island, Maryland. II 2, Judith Sparnon (died 1753). 11 3, (M F), Edward Langford. III 2 (F), Samuel Pellew (bom 1712), commanded the post-office and a packet on Dover Station. Ill 3 (M), Constantia Langford. Ill 4, James Frowde. Fraternity of Propositus: IV 1, Samuel Pellew, a collector at the port of Falmouth; surgeon at the stockyards, Plymouth. IV 2, Sir Israel Pellew (died 1832), an admiral in the Royal Navy. ' Mahan. 1913. Page 432. PELLEW. 159 He commanded the Conqueror at Trafalgar and distingiiished himself on other occasions. Ill 3, Mary Gilmore. IV 4, John Pellew, an ensign in the army, was killed at the battle of Saratoga. IV 5, Catherine Pellew. IV 6, Charles Louis, Count Jejerskjold, vice admiral of Sweden. IV 7, Jane Pellew. IV 8, Lieutenant Spriddle, of the Royal Navy. IV 9 {Propositus), Edwabd Pellew, Fikst Viscount Exmouth. IV 10, Susannah Frowde, (died 1837). IV 11, Mungo Dick. HI Vf VI Sir Israel ^ I F^llew f —^ V 1, Rev. Philip Anderson. V 3, Edward Pellew, a captain in the army, was killed in a duel. Children of Propositus: V 4, Fleetwood Broughton Pellew (1789-1861), an admiral of the blue. V 5, George Pellew (1793-1866), dean of Norwich and prebendary of York; author and divine. V 6, Edward Pellew (1799-1869), a clergyman. V 7, Marianne Winthrop. V 8, Emma Mary Pellew (died 1835). V 9, Admiral Sir Lawrence William Halsted. V 10, Julia Pellew (died 1831). V 11, Richard Harward, a captain of the Royal Navy. V 12, Harriet Barlow. V 13, PownoU Bastard Pellew, second Viscount Exmouth (1786-1833), a captain in the Royal Navy. V 14, Cieorgiana Dick. Children's children of Propositus: VI 1, Dorothy M. Anderson. VI 2, Fleetwood Hugo PeUew (1838-1906), a commissioner of Dacca. VI 3, Edward (1830-1880), Rev. George Israel (born 1831), and Arthur Samuel (1841-1897) Pellew. VI 4, Pownoll William Pellew (1831- 1872), a commander in the Royal Navy. VI 6, Edward Pellew, third Viscount Ejonouth (1811- 1876). VI 7, Percy T. Pellew (1814^1848), an officer in the Madras cavalry. VI 8, Juliana Pellew. VI 9, Pownoll Fleetwood Pellew (1823-1851), a Ueutenant in the Royal Navy. VI 10, Fleetwood John Pellew (1830-1866). VI 11, Barrington Reynolds Pellew (1833-1858), was a major who served with distinction in the Kaffir war, at the siege of Sebastopol, the storming of Canton, and at the assault and capture of Lucknow, where he was killed. VI 12, Caroline Emma Pellew (died 1832). Children's children's children of Propositus: VII 1, Fleetwood Hugo Pellew (born 1871), a captain in the army. VII 2, John Edward Pellew (born 1886), of the Royal Navy. BiBLIOGEAPHY. BuBKE, SiB B., and A. 1909. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baron- etage. London: Harrison and Sons. 2570 pp. Mahan, a. 1913. Types of Naval Officers drawn from the History of the British Navy. Boston: Little, Brown and Co. xiv + 500 pp. 160 HEBEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICEES. 49. George Hamilton Perkins. George Hamilton Perkins was born December 20, 1836, at Hopkinton, Mer- rimack county. New Hampshire. He was an active country boy, not partial to books. At 15 years he entered the Naval Academy at Annapolis, October 1851, being graduated there in 1856, after taking an extra year's work, with "the lowest stand made in his class." He was assigned to the sloop Cyane, which went to the isthmus of Panama to preserve order; thence he transferred to the bark Release, on which he went to the Mediterranean and then to Paraguay. In April 1859 he successfully achieved the grade of passed midshipman, and four months later went to the west coast of Africa in the Sumter, to help suppress the slave-trade. There he suffered shipwreck and fevers and returned home, already a lieutenant and with an acquired taste for reading, in the autumn of 1861. In February 1862 he began service on the gunboat Cayuga, 500 tons, which went to the mouth of the Mississippi river and attempted, with other ships, the ascent to New Orleans. With Perkins as pilot, the Cayuga took the lead in passing Forts Jackson and Phihp, which guarded New Orleans on the south. On board was Captain Bailey also, in charge of the first three divisions of the fleet. The Cayuga and the other ships passed at night with few casualties, despite a terrific bombardment by the forts. Reaching New Orleans, Captain Bailey and Perkins, without guard or arms, walked through the streets, surrounded by a howling, threatening mob, to the city hall and arranged for raising the Union flag. They returned unharmed. For gallantry in this affair Perkins was promoted to be lieutenant commander. He was now assigned to blockade duty at the mouth of the Mississippi, from June 1862 until the summer of 1863, when he was given command of the gunboat New London, which passed up and down the river carrying powder to Banks's army. She passed a Confederate battery five times successfully, but on the sixth her boiler was pierced and exploded. Nevertheless, Perkins saved both ship and men. Placed now in command of the gunboat Scioto, he engaged in blockade duty from July 1863 to April 1864, capturing a prize. Given charge of the monitor Chickasaw, he participated in the battle of Mobile Bay, in which his boat was hit several times. When the Confederate armed ram Tennessee attacked the fleet, Perkins was told to go in and fight it, the other monitors being out of action. In this fight the Chickasaw worked her guns at 50 to 10 yards from the ironclad. One of her shots carried away the Tennessee's smokestack, an 11-inch shell jammed her turret, and another destroyed the steering-gear; no one was hurt on the Chick- asaw. A few hours later the Chickasaw advanced on Fort Powell, guarding the entrance to the bay, steamed to within 100 yards of it, and reduced it so that it was evacuated and blown up by the defenders during that night. Perkins remained on duty in Mobile bay until the end of the war and then returned home. During 1865-1866 he was superintendent of ironclads at New Orleans; then followed a 3 years' cruise to the Pacific on the Lackawanna. From 1869 to 1871 he was at the Boston navy yard, and in September 1870 married Miss Anna M. Weld. In 1871 he was made commander and, in charge of the storeship Relief, carried food to the famishing people of France. He was in active service until in 1891, when, heart trouble having developed, Captain Perkins returned to his paternal farm in New Hampshire. Here he bought land and purchased and drove race-horses. He Kved during the winter in Boston, enjoying reading and com- panionship until he died Ln October 1899, of valvular heart trouble. PERKINS. 161 The prevailing trait of Perkins is absence of fear combined with adventure- someness and pertinacity. When about 5 years of age he set out to catch a colt in a field. The colt eluded him and crossed a river to another part of the field; the boy stripped, swam across, cornered the colt, fastened the bridle (which while swimming he had carried about his own neck) and, mounting the colt, recrossed the river, dressed, and rode home in triumph. At 6 years he was sent on a neces- sary errand alone in the winter to Concord, New Hampshire, 10 miles away and, tied in the sleigh, made the trip without mishap. At the Naval Academy he constantly broke the rules, entertained friends late at night, boxed on the porch, and got into numberless other scrapes. "Indeed, at times, he seemed almost reckless and daredeviUsh." So in war, he was always first in danger and enjoyed it. Of his walk to the city hall of New Orleans surrounded by a mob, George W. Cable, an eye-witness, says: "It was one of the bravest deeds I ever saw done." In the early hours of the battle of Mobile Bay, Perkins was seen on top of the turret waving his hat and dancing about with delight and excitement. When the gim- ners in the turret, struck with fear by the rapid sinking of the mined sister-monitor Tecumseh, were about to rush from the turret, Perkins sprang in front of them and threatened to shoot the first man who left his post, and thus ended the trouble. When Perkins received the order to fight the Tennessee the messenger reported: "Happy as Perkins habitually is, I thought he would turn a somersault over- board with joy when I told him." Said Admiral Farragut of him in his report: "No braver man ever trod a ship's deck." He was "as cool as Cushing; had as little anxiety for personal safety as Nelson." Of Captain Perkins's father, Hamil- ton Ehot Perkins, it is said he was "brave and plucky — a positive man, from whom George must have inherited much of his natural courage." Also, Captain Perkins's mother had a brother. Captain Paul R. George, who was "remarkably efficient." Perkins was a hyperkinetic. His good humor was unfailing, his joviality con- tagious, his flashing eye conmianded attention. He would often say the opposite of what he meant to enjoy the discomfiture or indignation of the reaction, but he was never cruel in his fun. He was versatile and constantly in action, even from boyhood. Perkins had a great liking for animals and pets of all kinds, "a family trait, come from the Georges." For horses he had a veritable passion. He early had a pony of his own and rode with his father through the woods. After he returned to the farm he purchased and drove race-horses; perhaps it was their action as well as beauty of form that appealed to him. He was not scholarly. His teachers counted him dull, since he did not take to books; so he was withdrawn from school and taught at home. At the Naval Acad- emy he was at the bottom of his class and it was only through the intervention of a teacher that he escaped dismissal. He lacked confidence in his mental ability. He once rubbed out an exercise that he had put on the board correctly because, on turning around, he happened to see a classmate laughing. Yet, in later life, he came to appreciate books and enjoyed biography and history. However, he had never scholarship enough to be a strategist but was eminently a fighting cap- tain. He was trustful of others and employed on his farm a man who had been convicted of forgery. He was devoted to his family; "has a quality that can not fail to touch the heart." His father too, was genial, full of kindly himior. His love of the sea developed late. At 8 years of age he moved with his father to Boston, where he saw much of the trading-ships in which his father was inter- ested, but showed no longing to go on them and willingly returned to the country. So in later life he seemed contented as a gentleman farmer. 162 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. Family History op Geobgb Hamilton Pbekins. II (M F M F), Captain Benjamin Harriman. II 3 (MM F), Benjamin Emery, a captain in the Revolutionary war. Ill 1 (F F), Roger Eliot Perkins (1769-1825). IV 1 (F), Hamilton Eliot Perkins, studied at the Harvard Law- School and for sixteen years presided over the probate court of Merri- mac county; was interested in lumbering. IV 2 (M), Clara Bartlett George. Fraternity of M: IV 3, Captain Paul R. George, who was remarkably efficient. IV 4, John H. George, one of the most brilliant lawyers in New Hampshire. V 1 {Proposiius), Gbobqe Hamilton Pebkins. Child of Propositus: VI 1, Isabel Perkins. VI 2, Larz Anderson (born in Paris, 1866), after being graduated from Harvard, spent two years in travel around the world. He was a captain and assistant adjutant general. United States volunteers, during the Spanish Ameri- can war; was appointed ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary to Japan in 1912. BiBLIOGBAPHY. Carboll, S. George Hamilton Perkins, U. S. N., His Life and Letters. Mifflin Co. Boston: Houghton 50. Pehkt Family. Matthew Calbraith Perht was born at Newport, Rhode Island, 1794. He entered (March 1809) the United States navy as a midshipman at the naval station in New York City. Within a few months he was on board his brother's ship, the Revenge, and a httle later was made Commodore Rodgers's aid on board the President. He took part in the affair of the Little Belt, which precipitated the War of 1812. He accompanied Commodore Rodgers on his cruise in the seas of northern Em-ope. In 1813 he became lieutenant. After the war he made a voyage to Holland on his father's merchantman, but in 1817 reentered the navy. He was connected with the colonization of Liberia. He had many encoimters with pirates, and in 1824 he sailed to the Mediterranean as part of the squadron to protect United States commerce from these pirates. In command of the Brandy- vxine, he induced the city of Naples to pay the claims of American citizens for ships and cargoes that had been confiscated. During his ten years of shore duty he organized the Brooklyn (New York) naval lyceum; conceived and advocated the use of the ram on war vessels; studied the system of light-houses on the French and Enghsh coasts; introduced successfully the dioptic system of Ulmnination; and was superintendent of the school of gun-practice at Sandy Hook. Because of his great activity in modernizing the navy, he is known as the "Father of the Steam Navy." In 1840 he was appointed commodore in command of the Brook- lyn navy-yard and the New York naval station. In 1843, as commander of a squadron of 80 guns, he sailed on a mission to suppress piracy and the slave-trade. His services in the Mexican war were most important in gaining control of the Western coast. In 1853 he visited Japan, and the next year secured a treaty whereby Japan was opened up to the civilization of the West. Upon his return he wrote a report that was published in three volumes. He suffered long from a "rheiunatic" infection which caused his death in 1858. Matthew Perry was superior to his brother OUver in most matters of judg- ment and administration. He gave attention to detail, had a sense of humor, PERRY. 163 carried on a voluminous correspondence, had a liking for the classics, reread the Bible on every long voyage, often read the service on shipboard. He was a fair player on the flute. His hatred of debt bordered on the morbid. He was active, energetic, alert, systematic, expectant, eager, and earnest. He had a tense set of mind. He was stern and austere in appearance, but gentle underneath. He was never afraid of responsibility, had a manly independence, and was very courageous, positive, and self-reUant. He was Uked by children, to whom he brought pets from foreign shores and collections of shells. He had a magnetic personality, and though blunt in his manner he was genial socially and a sincere friend. Oliver Hazard Perry (brother of Matthew) was born at South Kingston, Rhode Island, 1785. He was educated principally in Newport, Rhode Island, and in 1799 received his commission as midshipman. When the navy was reduced in 1801 he was assigned to the frigate Adams, and that vessel with two others was sent to the Mediterranean to clear the sea of pirates. When the embargo was laid by Congress in 1807 he was placed in command of a flotilla of gunboats on the Newport, Rhode Island, station until 1810. In 1812 he sought and obtained per- mission to join the forces on the lakes. There he cleverly defeated the English at the battle of Lake Erie by abandoning his riddled ship for a fresh one. The United States Congress voted him thanks, presented him with a sword, and gave him the rank of captain. He took an important part in the military operations around Detroit during the rest of the war and attained the rank of commodore. He married EUzabeth Mason. While in comjnand of a vessel in the West Indies he died of yellow fever in 1819. He was tail and graceful. His brow was massive, full, and lofty; his features regular and elegant; his eyes full, dark, and lustrous; his mouth imcommonly handsome; his teeth large, regular, and white. His countenance was cheerful and mild, and he seemed to have an uncommon share of beauty. He had a strong, well-poised mind and good common sense. He was fond of horses and was an excellent rider; he was also an excellent fencer. For the pen he had an extreme aversion, though he was well versed in history and biography. He had a fine taste for music and was a skilled performer on the flute. He wrote a rapid, easy, elegant hand. He was industrious, energetic, prompt to decide, decisive, and discriminating. As a naval ofiicer he was sensitively alive to the appearance of his ship. He had a sweet and gentle disposition, though he was easily aroused by injustice. His temper was violent when aroused, but he was not disturbed by petty irritabiUty. He was enterprising, firm, daringly courageous, and immovable in his decisions. He had the faculty of arousing strong affection for himself in others; he was affectionate, courteous, unsuspicious, generous, strict, and domestic in taste. Let us now analyze ftirther the Perry traits, especially as seen in OUver H. and Matthew C. Perry. Love of adventure and absence of fear. — Of OUver it is said that, as a child, one of his chief characteristics was "an utter disregard of danger. He knew no fear, a quality which was nobly exemplified throughout hfe." An incident reveal- ing Oliver's confiding and thoroughly courageous disposition is stiU preserved in the family. When scarcely more than 2 years of age, he was playing one day with an older child in the road in front of his grandfather's house. A horseman was rapidly approaching, when the older boy, seeing the danger, ran out of the way, caUing to Oliver to do the same. But the Uttle fellow sat still until the horse was almost upon him, when, as the man drew rein, he looked up and hsped to him, 164 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. "Man, you wud'nt wide over me, wud youh." The horseman, who was a friend of the family, dismounted and carried OUver into the house, where he related the occurrence with great interest and with as much pride as if it had been his own child. He thought the boy's conduct gave token of some very worthy qualities. At 5 years of age Oliver went to school and, as the school was some distance from his home, he used to take his cousins, who lived on an adjoining farm, to and from their lessons. They had no brother and, although they were older than Oliver, were glad to accept his boyish protection in adventures on the road. No one thought it strange, as he was large for his years and inspired a confidence in his manliness which was amply justified. From his earliest boyhood he seemed to exercise an influence over those who approached him, which was soon converted into affectionate regard by his graceful manners and by a display of quiet firmness and calm self-composure. The distinction that he afterwards acquired excited no astonishment among the friends of his youth; it seemed but the realization of the promise which his early years had inspired."^ Oliver was a fearless and well-poised rider of horses, of which he was very fond. At the age of 16 years he commanded the naval schooner Revenge. Having succeeded in captm-ing the American ship Diana, whose captain was fraudulently retaining her and had put her under the protection of two British gunboats, OKver fell in with a large and powerful British ship which demanded the nature of his convoy. This Oliver refused to give and put himself and crew into position to board suddenly the powerful and menacing ship if she attempted force. The diffi- culty was amicably adjusted. When, in January 1811 (through the fault of the pilot), his schooner went on the rocks west of Point Judith, he stayed on the schooner, over which the wintry waves dashed, imtil as the sun set she began to go to pieces; and he was thus able to save most of her valuables. When the War of 1812 broke out Oliver preferred the post of adventm-e on the Great Lakes to the Newport Station. On Lake Erie he fought one of the bloodiest naval battles in history, considering the number of persons engaged. After all of his guns had been rendered unworkable and four-fifths of his men were dead or severely woimded, he rowed to a fresh vessel. "Unconscious or unmindful of danger, Perry continued to stand erect in the boat, with his brave oarsmen imploring him not to expose himself thus needlessly. For . . . the enemy . . . had at once directed a heavy fire of great guns and musketry at the 'small boat.'" "Yet the unconquerable Perry stood unmoved and defiant." In the fresh vessel he won a decisive victory and complete capture of the British fleet. A few weeks later Perry, on horseback, acting as General Harrison's aide, participated in the defeat of the British land forces. It is said that a British broadside threw the American cavalry into con- fusion, from which they were rallied by a call from Perry, who dashed in among them. Oliver was at that time 28 years of age. Matthew Perry showed the same traits of love of adventure and fearlessness. At 13 years of age, on hearing of the fight between the Leopard and the Chesapeake, he desired to go into the navy. Of him at 25 years of age it is said: "A thirst for enterprise and adventure" led Perry to apply for an appointment on the Cyane, going to Guinea, Africa." The dangers of the coast liu-ed him." (Griffis, 1890, p. 51.) ' After his death. Admiral Sands wrote of him: "He was a man of great personal bravery, as weU as all the Perrys, of undaunted courage and gallantry." (Griffis, p. 400.) > Mills, J. C, 1913., p. 6. PEERT. 165 A younger brother, James Alexander Perry (bom 1801), was with OUver on the Lawrence in the battle of Lake Erie, at the age of 13 years. "Having two musket balls pass through his cap, and his face blackened by powder and smoke, the little fellow was laid low in front of the commander, by the flying hammock, which had been torn from the nettings by a cannon ball. He was only bruised and slightly wounded by small particles and soon resumed his duties." He received a sword of honor from Congress for his conduct. He was drowned while still young, attempting to save a sailor's Hfe. This adventm-ousness and fearlessness are found elsewhere in the family. The following incidents indicate the nature of the reactions of their father, Captain Christopher Raymond Perry (Mills, p. 17) : "Capt. C. R. Perry was sent to St. Domingo to aid Toussaint against the rebel Rigaud. On the 9th of February, 1800, while cruising off Cape Tiburon, a number of Rigaud's barges were discovered at anchor under the protection of three forts on the coast. Captain Perry at once stood in, and, after a spirited bom- bardment of the forts for about 30 minutes, they were silenced with a loss to them of a munber of killed and wounded, the General Greene, meanwhile, receiving only a few shots La her hull and rigging." But he was prevented from seizing the gun-vessels by the arrival of an imfriendly vessel. "On approaching Havana harbor convoying a merchant ship, a British line-of-battle ship appeared and fired a shot across the bow of the merchantman. As the warship now sent out a boat to board the merchantman Captain Perry sent a shot between the brig and the boat. The line-of-battle ship at the same time bore down, and her commander hailed Captain Perry to demand in no uncertain tone why his boat had been fired upon. ' To prevent her from boarding the Ameri- can brig which is under my convoy and protection,' the captain promptly replied. This brought the rejoinder that it was very strange that one of His Majesty's 74-gun ships could not board an American brig. 'If she were a first-rate ship with her 120 guns,' replied Captain Perry in thimdering tones, 'she should not do so to the dishonor of my flag.' " Christopher R. Perry's sister, EUzabeth, married a farmer named Stephen Champlin, a distant cousin, who had served in the Revolution. Their son, Stephen Champlin, ran away to sea at the age of 16, and was in command of the little schooner Scorpion, of 2 gims, in the battle of Lake Erie. The first shot in the battle was fired from the British flagship. Perry could hardly restrain his men. The first shot in reply was made by Champlin, who had a long gun, and it is stated that ChampHn fired the last shot. The Scorpion stood near the Lawrence and kept up a constant fire. (Mills, pp. 129, 147.) For a httle gunboat the Scorpion played her part no less well under ChampUn's command than the Lawrence under Perry's. The mother's side contributed fearlessness, also. Sarah Alexander "beUeved her own people the bravest in the world." (Griffis, 1890, p. 14.) Of her it is said that she had "a degree of force of mind and energy of character not often found in her own sex and seldom equaled in ours"; and, again, "Mrs. Perry was a woman of strong feelings and eminently courageous temperament." (Mackenzie, N. S., p. 843, pp. 21, 28.) After the battle of Lake Erie an old farmer stoutly maintained that it was Mrs. Perry who had "hcked the British." (Griffis, p. 14.) A sister of Oliver and Matthew, Ann, married Commodore George W. Rodgers, himself a gallant officer and commodore in the navy. Of their sons, Alexander was killed while leading a regiment in the storming of Chapxiltepec and 166 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. George W. entered the navy at the age of 14 years and was killed in 1863, while chief of staff of Dahlgren, who said that he was an officer "of the highest pro- fessional capacity and courage." This trait of fearlessness is widely disseminated among more distant male relatives of the Perrys. Thus General Nathanael Greene, perhaps second only to Washington among colonial generals, was a second cousin to Christopher R. Perry. C. R. Perry's mother's father, OUver Hazard, was second cousin to General Benedict Arnold. A more remote cousin is Ezek Hopkins, first head of the Colonial navy. Pertinacity is another Perry trait. This was marvelously displayed by Oliver in the battle of Lake Erie. Only 18 out of 101 of the men on board the Lawrence were uninjured. A British officer reported of the Laivrence that "it would be im- possible to place a hand on the broadside, which had been exposed to the enemy's ffi-e, without covering some portion of a wound, either from grape, round, canister, or chain shot." The masts were so much injured that they roUed out in the first severe gale. Yet not till every gun was out of commission did Perry move, and then not to slu-render the helpless ship but to retire to another and continue the fight! Matthew had much of this quality, which he showed in diplomacy with the Japanese. On his first arrival at Uraga, the vice governor called and stated that discussion could be held only at Nagasaki; he was informed that the admiral would not go to Nagasaki. The next day the governor called and was again informed that the admiral would not go to Nagasaki. Finally, the Japanese yielded and agreed to receive the letter from the president of the United States. After dehvering the letter Perry stated that he would return in a few months for the reply. He did so, and decided that he would receive the reply at the capital city. Repeatedly he was told that that was impossible; he persisted, the Japanese acceded; they met at Yokohama. As point by point was haggled over, "Perry intimated his readiness to stay in the bay a year or two if necessary." (Griffis, p. 363.) Finally a satisfactory treaty was arranged and signed. "It was Perry's pertinacity that first conquered for himself a fleet (to go to Japan) ; his thorough- going method of procedure in every detail and his powerful personality and in- vincible tenacity in dealing with the Japanese that won a quick and permanent success without a drop of blood." (Griffis, p. 374.) In temperament the two Perrys differed slightly. From youth OUver was the more excitable and Uable to occasional outbursts of temper. (MUls, p. 26.) At the age of 13 years he and some fellows were sailing boats and planks on the shallow waters of the Pawcatuck near his home. In a play sea-fight, Ohver's craft happened to be run down by that of his playmate. Wtereupon "Ohver's rage became ungovernable, and for a minute or two he was anxious for an actual set- to, to recover the lost advantage of the day." (MiUs, p. 13.) After his victory in his ship in Tunis bay in 1816, he struck one of his officers a blow for showing what he (Perry) conceived to be a disrespectful attitude. Over this a duel was eventually held, in which Perry, who was ready to apologize, refused to fire at his opponent. Matthew seemed to have his temper better in hand, but he was regarded as "some- thing of a martinet." Both were very energetic, working hard and keeping tense. Both were insistent on discipUne and stood for duty all over. OUver was a man of action, primarily, and reached his highest achievement in battle. He wrote Uttle, and disliked writing. But he made rapid progress in mathematical astronomy, so that when he left school at 13 years of age his teacher declared "that he was the best young navigator in Rhode Island." (MUls, PERRY. 167 p. 10.) After his first trip to Algeria it was noted that he had formed the habit of studious thought and reading for improvement of his mind and he then devoted himself to advanced courses in mathematics and astronomy. Matthew was the greater student. At every port he made a study of conditions and people. "On the cruise of the Brandywine he directed the studies of the young midship- men, advised them what books to read, what historical sites to visit, and what was most worth seeing in the famous cities." (Griffis, p. 97.) While stationed at the Brookljrn navy-yard he organized the Lyceum "to promote the diffusion of useful knowledge, to foster a spirit of harmony and a community of interests in the service," etc. Specimens were collected and cared for; books and pictures were gathered. Matthew Perry became recognized as a scientific student and was offered command of the United States exploring expedition to the Antarctic, which he declined and which was eventually led by Charles Wilkes. Meanwhile, he showed such special knowledge of, and interest in, steam naval vessels that he was given command of the first one built for our navy, the Perry, 1837, and met with intelligence as well as pertinacity the opposition of seamen to replacing sails by propellers and steam-engines. In the same year he suggested the utilization of the ramming facility of the steam war-vessel. In 1838 Perry's knowledge and scientific interest were utihzed in a trip to Europe to look into the matter of an extended system of light-houses, which he had urged, and the new methods that were revolutionizing naval methods. Never was more brilliantly illustrated the value to a nation of the student in the navy than in the case of Matthew C. Perry. He was a good deal of a naturalist also; he brought shells and plants from his distant trips. His report of the Japanese expedition is accompanied by scientific reports on species brought back and examined by naturalists. A son of Oliver and Matthew's sister, Ann Maria, is Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers, who was in 1874-1878, and again later, superintendent of the Naval Academy, an evidence of scholarship. Both of the Perrys were self-reliant, each in his own way. Early trained to assiune responsibility, they did so in emergencies and with such intelligence, courage, and pertinacity that they were invincible. Both were faithful to duty. This involved a certain conservatism, and this was shown in the way in which they cherished throughout life the religious teachings of their mother. "She trained them to the severest virtue, purest motives, faithfulness for sacred things. The habit which Matthew C. Perry had of reading his Bible through during every cruise, his scrupulous regard for the Lord's day, the American Sunday, his taste for Hterature, and his love for the English classics were formed at his mother's knee." (Grifiis, pp. 13, 14.) Oliver was less evidently rehgious. Yet, as he returned after his victory on the Niagara to the decks of the Lawrence, he said: "The prayers of my wife have prevailed in saving me"; and in reporting to the secretary of the navy he begins: "It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory." The emotional side of Oliver was, indeed, well developed; he had a fine taste for music and was a skilled performer on the flute. He was affectionate and aroused strong affection for himseK in others. When the British officers surrendered their swords to him at Lake Erie he re- quested them to retain their sidearms. Later the British commander toasted "Commodore Perry, the gallant and generous enemy." Much of the native culture and grace shown by the Perrys is found in their father's mother's family, the Hazards. Of Mercy Hazard's father, Oliver Hazard, it is said, "he had ele- gant maimers and cultivated tastes." 168 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Peeet Familt. Fraternity of F M F M F F F: 13, Joanna Arnold. I 4, William Hopkins (from whom is descended Esek Hopkins, No. 27). II 1 (F M F M F F), Benedict Arnold (1615-1678), president of the Providence Planta- tions and colonial governor of Rhode Island. II 2 (F M F M F M), Damans Westcott. III 1 (F M F M F), Caleb Arnold (born 1644). Fraternity of F M F M F: III 3, Bene- dict Arnold. Ill 4, Mary. Ill 5 (M M F F F), James Wallace, Lord of Dundonald, was a colonel of the British army until he signed the Solemn League and Covenant of 1643 and was forced to flee to Holland, where he died in 1678. He was in direct descent from Sir Richard Wal- lace, own paternal uncle of WiUiam Wallace, the great Scotch patriot. Ill 7, Ann Borodel, of Irish ancestry. Ill 8, George Denison, born about 1618, a brilliant Indian fighter (see George Dewey, FFF MM F). IV 1 (F F F F), Edward Perry (born in England, 1630), came to New England, where he showed himself "an unusually militant Broadbrim and retaliated upon his persecutors by writing a railing accusation against the court of Plymouth." IV 2 (FFF M), Mary Freeman. IV 3, (F M F F), George Hazard, a large land-owner who was a lieutenant colonel of the militia. IV 4 (F M F M), Penelope Arnold. IV 5, Captain Benedict Arnold. IV 6, Hannah Kmg. IV 7 (M M F F), James Wallace, settled in Ireland. IV 9, George Denison (1653-1711). Fraternity of F F F: V 1, Rest Perry. V 2, Jacob Mott. V 3 (F F F), Benjamin Perry (1677-1742), removed to Rhode Island. V 4 (F F M), Susannah Barber. V 5 (F M F), Oliver Hazard, a man of property. V 6 (F M M), Elizabeth Raymond. V 7, Benedict Arnold (1741- 1801), a general in the Continental army and a traitor. V 8 (M M F), James Wallace. V 10, Samuel Denison (born 1686). VI 1, Mary Mott. VI 2, Nathanael Greene, a Quaker preacher. VI 3 (F F), Freeman Perry (1733-1813), a physician who owned surveying instruments. He was chief justice of the court of common pleas and president of the town council of Kingston. VI 4 (F M), Mercy Hazard (1740-1810). VI 5 (M F), Alexander, of Ireland. VI 6 (MM), Wallace. Fraternity of M M: VI 7, William Wallace. VI 9, Thomas RejTiolds, a Presbyterian minister of Delaware. VI 11, Gideon Denison (bom 1724). VI 12, Elizabeth . VI 13, Benjamin Butler (1739-1787), a blacksmith of Norwich, a witty and original man who was very eccentric. In 1776 he was imprisoned on charge of "defaming the Honorable Continental Congress." VI 14, Diadema Hyde. VII 1, Nathanael Greene (1742-1786), a brilliant general of the Continental army, who had command of the southern army during the Revolution. Fraternity of F: VII 2, Joshua Perry (1756-1802), a surgeon in Colonel Church's battalion. VII 3, Oliver Hazard Perry, lost at sea in about 1873. VII 4, Elizabeth Perry (1762-1811). VII 5, Stephen Champlin, a farmer, a double distant cousin. VII 6, Mary and Susan Perry. VII 7, George Hazard Perry. VII 8, Christopher Raymond Perry (1761-1818), a sea captain who served with distinction upon armed vessels during the Revolutionary war; in 1798 he became a captain in the United States navy. Later he became collector of internal revenue at Newport and Bristol. VII 9 (M), Sarah Alex- ander Wallace, bom in Ireland, 1768. VII 10, WilUam Bailey Wallace, an attorney of the King's Bench, Dublin. VII 11, Robert Wallace. VII 12, James Wallace, served under ComwaUis in India, where he died, 1794. VII 13, Alexander Wallace, served in the army under Comwallis, and also commanded a merchantman. VII 14, Charles Wallace, was a surgeon in the British army and was on board the Invincible when Howe defeated the French in 1795. VII 15, John Rodgers, bom in Scotland, 1726, settled in Maryland about 1750. He was a captain of a regiment of militia diuring the Revolution. VII 16, Eliza Reynolds (born in Delaware in 1742 or 1743), was a woman of great strength of character. VII 17, Gideon Denison (born 1753), was a merchant of Norwich, Connecticut, who removed to Maryland where he engaged in land speculation. VII 18, Jerusha Butler (born 1762), an active and energetic woman. VII 19, Thomas Butler (bom 1769), was educated at Yale CoUege. VII 20, Benjamin Butler (born 1764), practiced medicine for a time, then became a merchant, and later a shipping merchant. Afterwards he went to New York, where he engaged in brokerage, but finally settled in Oxford, New York. VIII 2, Stephen Champlin (1789-1870), rose to the rank of commodore in the United States navy. Fraternity of Propositus: VIII 3, Oliver Hazard Pebbt (see text). VIII 4, Elizabeth Mason. VIII 5, Jane Perry (1799-1875). VIII 6, William Butler (1790-1850), a surgeon in the United States navy, and agent to the Cherokee Indians. From this marriage came the Butlers of South Carolina, who were noted for their military ability. VIII 7, Ray- mond Henry Jones Perry (1789-1826), a captain in the United States navy. VIII 8, James Alex- PERBY. 169 ander Perry (born 1801), a naval officer. VIII 9, Nathanael Hazard Perry (bom 1802), became a midshipman in the United States navy and later a purser. VIII 10, Sarah Wallace Perry, a bit eccentric. VIII 11, Ann Marie Perry (1797-1856). VIII 12, George Washington Rodgers (1787-1832), entered the navy in 1804 and was on board the Wasp when she engaged the Frolic. For gallantry in the War of 1812 he received a medal from Congress and a sword from Maryland. VIII 13, Maria Ann Rodgers. VIII 14, William Pinkney (1764^1822), a statesman, senator, and diplomat of considerable note, independent and eloquent. His brother Ninian was a soldier, traveler, and author. VIII 15, Rebecca Rodgers. VIII 16, Andrew Gray. VIII 17, Alexander Rodgers. VIII 18, Thomas Reynolds Rodgers, a physician. VIII 19, Mary Rodgers. VIII 20, Howes Goldsborough. VIII 21, Elizabeth Rodgers. VIII 22, John Rodqeks (1733-1832), rear admiral (see No. 56). VIII 23, Minerva Denison (1784^1877), musical. VIII 24 [Proposi- tus), Matthew Cailbraith- Perbt. VIII 25, (consort) Jane Slidell (born 1797), sister to VIII 28, a very beautiful woman. Fraternity of consort: VIII 26, John Slidell (1793-1871), a states- man who was captured during the Civil War with his compatriot. Mason, on the Trent. VIII 27, Alexander Slidell Mackenzie (1803-1848), assumed the surname of his maternal uncle. At the age of 12 years he entered the navy and rose to the rank of commander. He had considerable literary ability and wrote several naval biographies. VIII 28, Julia Slidell, sister to VIII 25, married C. R. Perry (see also IX 9). IX 2, Oliver Hazard Perry (born 1815), a lieutenant in the United States navy, who re- signed in 1848. IX 3, Christopher Raymond Perry (born 1816), was graduated from the United States Military Academy, West Point. IX 4, Christopher Grant Perry (born 1812), a physician. IX 5, Frances Sergeant. IX 6, Elizabeth Perry (1819-1842). IX 7, Rev. Francis Vinton. IX 8, Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers (1819-1892), became a midshipman in 1833, distin- guished himself during the Civil War, and in 1874 was commissioned a rear admiral. IX 9, Julia Slidell (VIII 28). IX 10, John Rodgers, a captain in the United States navy. IX 11, George Washington Rodgers (1822-1863), a naval commander during the Civil War. IX 12, Alexander Perry Rodgers, who was killed at Chepultepec. IX 13, Sarah Rodgers (1831-1901). IX 14, Charles Pinkney (1797-1835), a diplomatist and joiu'nalist. IX 15, Edward Coate Pinkney (1802-1828), entered the navy when 14 years of age but resigned because of a quarrel with his superior officer; went to Mexico intending to join the navy, but killed a native and had to flee from the country. He wrote a number of exquisite poems. IX 16, Frederick Pinkney, journalist, poet, and attorney. IX 18, John Rodgers (1812-1882), a rear admiral. IX 19, Ann Elizabeth Hodge. IX 20, Frederick Rodgers. IX 21, Henry Rodgers, a lieutenant in the United States navy. IX 22, Augustus Frederick Rodgers, head of Coast and Geodetic Survey, was in the naval service. IX 23, John H. Rodgers. IX 24, William Pinkney Rodgers, a lawyer. IX 25, Ann Minerva Rodgers. IX 26, Col. John Navarre Macomb. IX 27, Jerusha and Eliza- beth Rodgers. IX 28, Louisa Rodgers. IX 29, Montgomery Meigs (1816-1892), upon being graduated from the United States Military Academy, West Point, was commissioned a lieutenant in the Engineer Corps. During the Civil War he was quartermaster general. Later he became an engineer and architect. IX 30, Colonel Robert S. Rodgers. Children of Propositus: IX 31, Sarah Perry. IX 32, Oliver Hazard Perry, a lieutenant in the United States Marines, became consul to Hong Kong. IX 33, Jane Hazard Perry. IX 34, John Hone. IX 35, John and Wil- liam Perry. IX 36, Anna and Susan Perry. IX 37, Matthew Calbraith Perry, became a mid- shipman in the United States navy in 1835, and rose to the rank of captain, retiring in 1867. IX 38, Harriet Taylor. IX 39, Caroline Slidell Perry. IX 40, August Behnont (born 1816), a well-known banker. IX 41, Isabella Perry. IX 42, George Tiffany. X 1, Thomas Sergeant Perry (born 1841), sometime editor of the North American Review. X 2, Lilla Cabot, an artist and author. X 3, Oliver Hazard Perry (1842-1913). X 4, Frances Sergeant Perry. X 5, Dr. William Pepper. X 6, John F. Rodgers, a captain in the United States army. X 7, Thomas Slidell Rodgers, a lieutenant in the United States navy. X 8, Raymond Perry, was executive officer on the loma throughout the Spanish American war and was advanced five numbers in rank for "eminent and conspicuous conduct" in the battle off Santiago; holds the rank of rear admiral. X 9, William Ledyard Rodgers, a commander of the United States navy. X 10, Fredericka and Helen Rodgers. X 11, Montgomery Meigs Macomb (born 1852), was graduated fourth in his class from the United States Military Academy, and served during the Spanish American war, being created a brigadier general in 1910. X 12, Augustus C. Macomb, a major in the United States army. X 13, Charles and Vincent Meigs. X 14, John Rodgers Meigs (born 1842), was graduated at the head of his class from the United States Military Academy and was killed in 1864, having been advanced to captain and major for gal- lantry. X 15, Mary Meigs (born 1843). X 16, Colonel Joseph Taylor, United States army. 170 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. X 17, Montgomery Meigs (born 1847), an engineer of note. X 18, Louisa Meigs (bom 1854). X 19, Archibald Forbes, a noted English war correspondent. Children's children of Propositus: X 20, Frederick Rodgers (born 1842), was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1857 and served with the blockading squadron during the Civil War. He had command of the Puritan during the Spanish-American war and was promoted rear admiral 1899. X 21, John Augustus Rodgers (born 1848), was appointed to the United States Naval Academy in 1863 and saw active service during the Civil War. In 1897-1898, as executive officer of the Indiana, he took part in the destruction of Cervera's fleet and was advanced five numbers in rank for "eminent and conspicuous service," being made rear admiral in 1898. X 23, Jane Rodgers. X 24, John F. Meigs. X 25, Perry Belmont (bom 1851), member of Congress, envoy extraor- dinary and minister plenipotentiary to Spain; a major inspector general in the United States Volunteers; a capitalist of New York City. X 26, August Belmont (bom 1853), a capitalist and financier. X 27, Oliver Hazard Perry Belmont (1858-1908), was educated at the United States Naval Academy and served in the navy two years; later a banker and politician. X 28, Freder- icka Belmont, born 1854. X 29, Samuel Howland. X 30, Raymond Bebnont (1866-1887). X 31, Jane Perry Bebnont (1856-1875). XI 1, John Taylor, a captain, United States army. XI 2, Mongtomery Meigs Taylor, a lieutenant. United States navy. Children's children's children o/ Propositus: XI 3, John Rodgers, a lieutenant. United States navy. BiBLIOGBAPHT. Baldwin, J., & W. Clut. 1881. A Record of the Descendants of Captain George Denison of Stonington, Connecticut. Worcester: Tyler & Seagrave. 5 + 423 pp. Dean, J., H. Dbowne, and E. Htjbbakd. 1879. Genealogy of the Family of Arnold in Europe and America with Brief Notices. (In: New England Historical and Genea- logical Register for Oct. 1879.) Gbiffis, W. 1880. Matthew Calbraith Perry. Boston: Houghton Mifflin & Co. xvi + 459 pp. Hall, A. 1909. Biographical Memoir of John Rodgers. (Nat. Acad, of Sci. Biogr. memoirs) Washington. Vol. 6, pp. 81-92. Hazard, C. 1895. The Hazard Family of Rhode Island. Boston: Hazard, vi + 293 pp. Lyman, O. 1905. Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry. New York: Harper & Bros. 2 vols. Mills, J. 1913. Oliver Hazard Perry and the battle of Lake Erie. Detroit: J. Phelps. 6 + 278 pp. NiLES, J. 1821. The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry. Hartford. O. Cooke, xii + 14-384 pp. Patjllin, C. 1910. Commodore John Rodgers. Cleveland: A. Clarke & Co. 434 pp. Perkins, M. 1895. Old Houses of the Ancient Town of Norwich. Norwich: Press of the Bulletin Co. 621 pp. Perry, C. 1913. The Perrys of Rhode Island. New York. T. Wright. 7-115 pp. Richards, G. 1833. Memoir of Alexander Macomb. New York: McElrath, Bangs & Co. X, 11-130 pp. PERRY. 171 172 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 51. John Woodward Philip. John Woodwahd Philip was born at Kinderhook, Columbia county, New York, August 26, 1840. He entered the Naval Academy September 1856, and in July 1862 was commissioned lieutenant. Until 1865 he was executive officer of the Chippewa, Pawnee, and Montauk in succession, blockading the South Atlan- tic seaboard. After the war he was executive officer of various flagships. For two years he commanded a Pacific mail steamer; in April 1877 he commanded the Woodruff scientific expedition around the world, and for several years was assigned to survey work on the coast of Mexico and Central America. He was given vari- ous commands, was inspector of the cruiser New York while building, was for three years commandant of the Boston navy-yard, and in October 1897 was given com- mand of the battleship Texas. At the outbreak of the Spanish-American war the Texas went with Commodore Schley's squadron to the south coast of Cuba. In May 1898 they lay off the entrance of Santiago harbor, and on July 3, when Cervera's fleet essayed to escape from the harbor, the 12-inch shells of the Texas did remark- able execution and the Texas was herself Uttle damaged. At the close of the war PhiUp was made commodore and placed in command of the North Atlantic squad- ron. He was commandant of the Brooklyn navy-yard from 1899 imtil his death the next year. PhiUp was prevailingly of the nervous type of temperament, with Uttle tendency to repress his emotions. "As a boy he was full of pranks; was in all the devilry in a mild form which his mates indulged in — chalking the teacher's rush-bottomed chair, freezing up the academy bell so that it couldn't be rung, shooting beans from the back of a large hall at the time of an 'exhibition' of compositions and recitals at the Academy. With a deep-seated belief in democracy, he caught a long-haired son of a rich family and filled his hair with burrs, so that the hair had to be cut off. While still in his kilts he would fight his brother at family prayers. At the Academy he led a hazing party that tarred and feathered an unpopular midshipman. His humor was irrepressible. At the Naval Academy he would get his section laughing while he sat stolid; he received demerits almost daily for loud laughing in the mess-hall. Indeed, in his course, he received more than the maximum of demerit marks, mostly for loud laughing, smoking a pipe, or endeavoring to cover the shortcomings of others." His initiative was shown when at 8 years of age his father sent him to drive a horse and carriage to an adjoining town. When but a short distance from home a wheel of the carriage broke down. Instead of returning home he unhitched the horse, got on his back, went on to a smithy, ordered the wheel repaired, rode on to fulfil his errand and on returning picked up the repaired vehicle. As a young heutenant, left in charge of the ship off Havana harbor, which the captain thought wise not to try to enter because of adverse winds, he brought the ship into the harbor. As an executive officer he was remarkably successful in obtaining favor and respect of his commanding officers. He was honorable. Even as a boy he paid for the pane of glass in a neigh- bor's house which he accidentally broke with a stone. He resented having his word doubted. He early had a nomadic tendency. As a boy he wrote on the flyleaf of a book: 'Would I were a missionary." PHILIP. 173 He was quick in response in an emergency. In the battle off Santiago the Texas was chasing the Spanish ships when the Brooklyn emerged out of the smoke right ahead. He instantly ordered "full speed astern," which prevented the collision. He was full of sympathy, as when in the battle the Vizcaya of Cervera's fleet blew up on the beach and the men on the Texas started to cheer, Captain Philip held out his hand and said: "Don't cheer, men; those poor fellows are dying!" His emotional output is illustrated by the incident that when the battle was over he called all hands aft and invited those who felt so inclined to stand bareheaded and offer silent thanks to God. At the Brooklyn navy-yard Philip was interested in developing the Young Men's Christian Association. Of relatives of Philip we have secured little information. One of his sons entered the naval service. His father, John Henry Philip, received instruction at the Troy Polytechnic Institute and after studying medicine at Vermont Medical CoUege practiced medicine in Columbia county. A great-grandfather, George Philip, was a captain in the American army during the Revolution and served as commissary of subsistence. The mother's father was Dr. Theodore Woodward, professor of surgery at Vermont Medical College. Family History op John Woodwahd Philip. II (F F F), George Philip (died 1806, aged 54), was a captain in the American army during the Revolutionary war and served as commissary of subsistence. I 2 (F F M), Jane Ostrander. m (FF), John G. Philip (1783-1834). 113 (M F), Theodore Woodward, was one of the founders as well as professor of surgery at the Castleton Medical College, Castleton, Vermont. III 1 (F), John Henry Philip (born 1811), practiced medicine. Ill 2 (M), Woodward. IV 1 {Proposikis), John W. Philip. Children of Propositus: V 1, Woodrow Philip, a midshipman in the navy. V 2, Barrett Philip. Maclat, E. S. 1903. 280 pp. BlBLIGGKAPHY. Life and Adventures of Jack Philip. New York: Illustrated Navy. 174 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 52. Arthur Phillip. Arthur Phillip was born in London, October 11, 1738. At 13 years of age he was sent to Greenwich school; at 17 he was bound to the ship Fortune, serving under Captain Everet; and at 23 was a Ueutenant. In 1763 he married and settled down as a country gentleman and farmer. When Portugal, in 1775, went to war with Spain, he offered his services and organized the Portuguese fleet, but resigned in 1778, after having given services that were highly appreciated. In 1787 he was commissioned captain general and governor in chief of New South Wales and took 600 male and 180 female convicts to Botany Bay. As governor he displayed energy and wisdom, 1788-1792. In 1814, shortly before his death, he was made admiral. Phillip was an organizer and administrator. He invariably knew how to go about the work in hand and had confidence in his ability to complete it. In start- ing on his voyage which led to the foundation of AustraUa, he suggested that a ship be sent to the Friendly Islands to bring the breadfruit plant and women to Australia. He strongly recommended marriage among the convicts, of whom he took both sexes. Later he urged free immigration, saying: "I would not wish convicts to lay the foundations of an empire." He made few personal friendships, and would shrink from, if not abhor, talking or writing about himself, even to his relatives. During his long exile in Australia he never alluded to his family, with whom he could communicate only at long intervals. He left no children. Little is known about his family. His father was bom in Frankfurt, Germany, and taught languages in England. BiBLIOGBAFHT. Becke, L., and W. Jeitmit. 1899. Admiral Phillip. New York; Longmans, Green & Co. xxx + 336 pp. POETEE. 175 53. PoBTER Family. David Dixon Porter was born at Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1813. He served with his father (David 2d) when 11 years old in a cruise against the West Indian pirates. At the age of 13 he received a midshipman's commission from Mexico and served with credit under his father throughout her war with Spain. Having been captured by a Spanish frigate, the lad was taken to Havana, guarded for a time, and then released. In February 1829 he was commissioned a midshipman in the United States navy. For 12 years he was on the Mediterranean and the United States Coast Survey. The Mexican war gave Lieutenant Porter a better oppor- tunity to show his valor. As captain of the Spitfire he took part in the actions at Vera Cruz and Tuxpan. After the war he commanded mail steamers plying between New York and Panama. He once entered Havana harbor against the prohibition of the Spanish government and defied the guns of Morro Castle, which were not fired upon him. On the breaking out of the Civil War, Porter was assigned to the command of the Powhatan and ordered to secure Fort Pickens, Pensacola, to the Union, and this he did. While blockading the mouth of the Mississippi river, the idea of capturing New Orleans came to him and, after it had been accepted by the Navy department, he cooperated with Farragut in carrying it out, and ran by Fort Jackson and Fort St. PhiUp, which defended New Orleans on the river. Later, Porter bombarded the Vicksburg forts from the river while Farra- gut passed them. In September 1862 he was made acting rear admiral and given command of the Mississippi squadron, which aided in an important way the fall of Vicksburg. Toward the end of 1864 he captured Fort Fisher the main one of the defenses of Wilmington, North Carolina, after the general commanding the land forces had concluded it was impregnable. After the war Porter was made vice admiral and succeeded to the rank of admiral on Farragut's death in 1870. From 1865 to 1869 he was superintendent of the United States Naval Academy. He wrote a life of his father, the " History of the Navy in the War of the Rebellion" (1887), two novels, anecdotes of the war, and nimierous essays; he greatly prized his novels. He died at Washington, February 13, 1891. He married, in 1839, Georgia Ann, daughter of Commodore Daniel Tod Patterson, who commanded the naval forces cooperating with General Jackson at the battle of New Orleans, and sister of Captain Carlisle P. Patterson, superintendent of the United States Coast Survey (1874-1881). They had 4 sons: Major Essex Porter, United States army, retired; Captain Carlisle P. Porter, of the United States marine corps; Lieutenant Theodoric Porter, born in 1849, graduate of the United States Naval Academy, United States navy; and Richard Porter. They had also 2 daughters, the elder the wife of Captain Leavitt C. Logan, United States army, and the younger the wife of Charles H. Campbell. Some of the Porter traits which were responsible for his achievements were: Nomadism. — As a child, contact with naval men who visited his father roused a desire to go to sea, and he was at sea most of his Ufe from the age of 10 years. Love of adventure. — This alone could lead a boy to court the dangers of naval warfare at the age of 16 years. Intrepidity. — When he challenged Rowan to a duel he was fearless of conse- quences. His plans to capture the fort at San Juan, to reduce Forts Jackson and St. Philip before Vicksburg, and to capture Fort Fisher, were made with con- 176 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. sideration of the requirements of each case but undeterred by the tremendous personal danger involved. As his biographer says, there was "in him an entke absence of bodily fear." Porter was a marked hyperkinetic. He was "self-confident, self-reliant, filled with the courage of his convictions'" (p. 48). He had "an irrepressible good humor, a positive exhilaration of spirits, at times an almost boyish jocu- larity." ^ He had a jesting, easy way of taking the most perilous situations.' His was a curious vein of him[ior, almost sardonic in its character, never malicious, but rising at times to the level of an impish audacity.* He had a boyish fondness for skylarking which he never entirely outgrew. Perhaps the most compre- hensive term to describe in a word his peculiar temperament is buoyancy. He was never discouraged. No matter how bad the conditions, no matter how much circumstances seemed to make against him, his spirits rose in adversity and carried him hghtly over what would have been to other men the most dismal prospects of disaster.* He had an impulsive frankness of expression which not infrequently carried him beyond the bounds of prudence. He always had a ready command of expletive which he did not hesitate to use.' "He was, in his youth, full of alertness and dash." There was about him all his life a certain quality, "lawless or dare-devil " — that went far to make the strong personahty of the future admiral.' Porter's bold plans were conceived by a mind "essentially original, lawless, dare-devil."' "In temperament Porter was restless, eager, energetic. He had the mental make-up of a born fighter, of an ofl&cer who finds his true opportunity only in war and in struggle, who before and during the contest had but one idea — to whip the enemy — and who bends all his ingenuity and resource, all his mental and physical force to that end without too much regard to the risk of consequences either to himself, his ship, or his men. He was not only alert and daring in battle, but he had the temperament which makes the battle everything for the moment, and which seems to develop instantly within the man who has all the qualities of mind and heart that the battle demands."' "The actual moments of fighting have for him an uncommon zest which showed itself plainly in his high spirits and more intense mental activity." »» Like most hyperkinetics. Porter was very attractive to others. All of the oflBcers who served under him showed a personal devotion to him." It is said that, among other things, "his directness of speech, his independence of routine and contempt for red tape, and last, but perhaps not least, his strong vein of boy- ish humor, which he never took pains to repress — all attracted the President." " His books, which he seemed impelled to write, were not of "any marked importance, for the admiral was not a man of letters but a man of action, and he had no faculty of literary construction or expression." '* Executive ability. — Porter had not only dash but also self-control enough to plan and carry out details. "But that which distinguished hitn from others was that ... he had to an imcommon degree those qualities of independent judg- ment, boldness, energy, and tenacity combined with a rapid and instinctive stra- > Soley, 1903, p. 48. ' Ibid., p. 472. » Ibid., p. 59. " Ibid., p. 258. « Ibid., p. 474. Ibid., p. 476. » Ibid., p. 63. « Ibid., p. 232. ' Ibid., p. 478. » Ibid., p. 40. " Ibid., p. 475. " Ibid., p. 463. * Ibid., p. 476. POETER. 177 tegic perception which mark the greatest of naval commanders. In addition, he had a certain mental habit, rarely found in its full development in such an eager and original nature, but almost equally impressive in ship life, of careful and exact attention to important details of preparation. ... He was not fussy or overminute, and he was never tied down by any preconceived theories as to the use of a particular instrument or agency where any other would do as well; but he looked narrowly into the conditions that were to confront him and took care to be ready to meet them." ^ As an organizer he was superior. "His two great objects were celerity and efficiency. He cared very Uttle about methods. He had a perfect sense of logical proportion in the affairs with which he was dealing; and whether large or small, provided they were important, he could give them the attention they deserved. This faculty of taking in the whole of a large field of view at a single glance and at the same time giving minute application to essential details was characteristic of all of Porter's work, whether he was dealing with questions of organization or with the larger problems of strategy in the conduct of actual operations."^ The combination of executive abihty and hyperkinetic dash was a fortunate one. "It is in these moments of battle that we see Porter at his best, for here we find in its fullest development that extraordinary combination of a cool and even professional judgment, operating with arrow-like swiftness and precision in direct- ing his entire force, with a most intense physical energy and activity." * Literary impulses. — These were, as we have seen, strong, though the product was not of high grade and lacked finish. His father wrote two books. David Porter (David 2d) was born at Boston, February 1, 1780. At the age of 18 he was appointed midshipman on the frigate Constellation and received award for his services when that vessel fought L' Insurgents,* 1799. He was com- missioned heutenant in 1800, was assigned to the schooner Experiment, and fought West Indian pirates. He was active in the naval battles against Tripoli, was captured with the Philadelphia ' and imprisoned in Tripoli until the close of the war (1805). In 1808, as commander, he succeeded his father as sailing-master at the New Orleans naval station. In July 1811 he was assigned to the command of the frigate Essex, 32 guns, which, at the outbreak of the War of 1812, set out with orders to pursue British ships. On August 13, the Essex captured the Alert. Porter decided to take his ship to the Pacific and destroy the British whal- ing interests there. During the year 1813 he captured numerous British whalers, several of which he equipped for fighting, and added them to his fleet. British frigates having been sent to seize him, he put into the Marquesas Islands for repairs, was led to slaughter the Typee villagers, and then set sail for Valparaiso, arriving there January 1814. Here he was "bottled up" by the British frigate Phoebe, 36 guns, accompanied by the sloop-of-war Cherub (20 guns). He even- tually engaged them both, but the range of the enemy's guns were greater than his own and, as his own ship had lost its maintop in a storm, he could not get near enough to the enemy to inflict damage. When only 75 of his crew of 225 were left effective for duty and his ship was on fire he surrendered to save the lives of the wounded. The survivors returned home in one of the captured whalers, under parole. Off Sandy Hook they were held up by a British frigate, but Porter rowed ashore to Long Island in a whaleboat at night to avoid parleying with the » Soley, 1903, pp. 93, 94. ' Ibid., p. 471. ' Ibid., pp. 24, 58, 109, 185. » Ibid., p. 468. « Ibid., p. 187. 178 ITEEEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OrFICERS. British captain. For eight years (1815-1823) Porter was on the board of naval commissioners, and then resigned. From 1824 he had charge of a fleet for sup- pressing piracy in the West Indies. Considering the nation insulted by a certain incident at Porto Rico, he demanded a prompt apology, was found guilty of a breach of international law, and, feeling outraged, resigned his commission. In August 1826 he became commander in chief of the Mexican navy; he served through the Spanish-Mexican war and then returned to the United States. He served in diplomatic posts ia the Barbary States and Constantinople, where he died in 1843. The traits of David Porter which were related to his achievements were: Love of sea. — At an early age the boy displayed the restless energy which ever afterwards characterized him. As he grew in years he developed a fondness for a sea life. His desires were abimdantly satisfied in his early career. But serving on the board of navy commissioners was not to his taste. "Captain Porter's restless natare would not permit him to sit quietly in an office, attending to ministerial affairs. Before he had been a year on the board of commissioners he began to weary of the work." He was hyperkinetic. As a boy he indulged in "madcap pranks," for being a boy of imgovernable spirits he was always getting into scrapes which frequently caused him much inconvenience.* "As a young naval officer his spirits never flagged; he was impulsive and sometimes too severe, but his impulsiveness was tempered by a generous spirit." His temper was very quick and he would flash up like powder at anything he considered in the least insulting or showing a want of respect towards him. While a midshipman, he was called by an abusive name by the dnmken officer of the deck; Porter knocked him down. It was only in trifles that he lost his self-control. Under great provocation he often maintained command of his temper. He was fond of practical jokes. There was an artistic element in David Porter. He made sketches on his cruise on the Essex and some of these were published in his account of the cruise. This esthetic appeal showed itself in a fondness for horses ^ that led him to pur- chase some fine Arabians; also, he was a great admirer of female beauty.* Obstinacy is a marked trait. In a desperate encounter on the Experiment, in which the captain gave up his ship for lost, Lieutenant Porter took command himself, ignoring his superior, and fought the battle to a successful issue. Off Valparaiso he fought, in the Essex, two British vessels, though his maintop had been carried off by a storm. Porter returned their fire "with so great effect as to compel his enemies to retire for repairs; but the Phcebe, on returning to the action, opened on him with her long-range guns from a point beyond his carron- ades. Porter saw that his only hope now lay in the desperate chance of boarding the larger of his adversaries, and with this hope bore down on her with the little sail he could stDl carry, but the EngUshmen kept steadily away, and the Essex, hulled at almost every shot, became a helpless wreck, filled with dead and wounded seamen." He planned to run her ashore and blow her up, but adverse winds pre- vented. "StUl he made another effort to board, only to subject himself to repeated raking, then let go his sheet anchor to bring his broadside to bear again, only to part with his hawsers in the effort, and kept up a steady cannonade until his ship was on fire, his boats shot away and but 75 men out of 225 left for effective duty." "His obstinate bravery won the enthusiastic admiration and respect of all his foes." * 1 Porter, 1875, p. 11. » Ibid., p. 411. ' Ibid., p. 408. * National Cyclopedia of American Biography, ii, p. 99. PORTER. 179 David Porter senior was bred to the sea. He commanded the sloop Delight (6 guns), detailed in 1778 to intercept British supply-ships; later he commanded the Aurora (10 guns), with the rank of captain. He was captured and confined in the prison-ship Jersey, on which his brother Samuel was confined and died. David made his escape and continued his active cruising to the end of the war. He then commanded a ship in the West India trade. Once in Santo Domingo his ship was boarded by a British press-gang. "Porter armed his men and after a short and sharp struggle drove the intruders from the ship with considerable loss." "His courage and spirit on this occasion were rewarded by an appoint- ment as sailing-master in the reconstructed navy." He spent his declining years at the naval station at New Orleans, of which his son had command. He died in 1808. In David Porter senior we see the same love of the sea, the same quickness in an emergency that are found in his son and grandson. Obstinacy showed in him, also. The love of the sea goes back on the male hne to Alexander Porter, father of David, senior, who was a merchant captain and served lq the colonial wars. Obstinacy and audacity are seen also in Captain David H. Porter (VI 1), son of David 2d's sister Anne, who married her cousin, Alexander Porter. David H. Porter was a most capable naval officer who accompanied David senior, his uncle, to Mexico and was given command of the Esmeralda, in which raider David Porter 2d was placed. The Mexican crew mutinied, jjut Lieutenant David H. handled the situation well with stern discipline. In a second expedition, when compelled to retire before a superior force. Captain David H. was planning with "the stubborn tenacity which he possessed in common with the rest of his family, an audacity that was httle less than sheer recklessness," to give the slip to his pursuer and return for his quarry. But his ship was overtaken and he was killed while in action. Family Histoet op David Dixon Pobtbb. I I (F F F), Alexander Porter (born 1727), was a merchant and a captain who served in the colonial wars. Fraternity of F F: II 1, Samuel Porter, was bred to the sea and sought active service at the outbreak of the Revolutionary war. He was captured and confined on the prison-ship Jersey, where he died from his wounds. II 4 (F F), David Porter (died 1808), was bred to the sea; in 1780 he was commissioned a captain in the State navy of Massachusetts (see text). II 6, William Anderson, born Chester county, Pennsylvania, 1763, at the age of 15 joined the Con- tinental army and served 5 years. He held various political offices and in 1809 was elected to Congress, retaining his seat till 1815. Ill 7, Elizabeth Dixon, of Virginia. III 1, Alexander Porter. Fraternity of F: III 2, Anne Porter. Ill 4, Mary Porter. Ill 5, Brown. Ill 6, John Porter, entered the United States navy in 1806 and died a com- mander in 1831. Ill 8 (F), David Porter (1780-1843) (see text). Ill 9 (M), Evelina Anderson. Fraternity of M: III 10, Thomas Anderson, "something of a fire-eater" (quarrelsome); had a strong sense of humor. Ill 11 (consort's F), D. J. Patterson, a commodore in the navy. IV 1, David H. Porter, a lieutenant in the Mexican navy who was killed in action (see text). IV 2, John R. Brown, a diplomat at Constantinople. IV 3, Fitz-John Porter (born 1822), entered the United States Military Academy, and served with distinction through the Mexican and Civil Wars, rising to the rank of general. IV 4, Bolton Porter, a midshipman, was lost at sea. Fraternity of Propositus: IV 5, Evelina Porter. IV 6, Captain Harris Heap. IV 7, Imogene Porter. IV 8, Harris. IV 9, William D. Porter (1810-1865), served through- out his life in the navy. During the Civil War he commanded the Essex and distinguished himself in the capture of the Arkansas. He died as a result of his injuries. IV 10, Theodoric Porter, was the first officer killed in battle during the Mexican war. He was a lieutenant in the Fourth Infantry and was killed after volunteering to search for another officer. IV 11, Thomas Porter, entered the Mexican navy and died of yellow fever while a midshipman. IV 12, Henry Ogden 180 HEEEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICEBS. Porter, also entered the navy. He was executive oflBcer of the Hatteras when she was sunk by the Alabama. He died of his wounds in 1869. IV 13, Hambleton Porter, died of yellow fever when a passed midshipman in the home squadron. IV 14 (Propositus), David Dixon Pobteb. IV 15 (consort) Georgia Ann Patterson. Fraternity of Consort: IV 16, Carlile Patterson, entered the navy, but left it to engage in the United States Coast Survey, of which he became head. 1 ^ BrO Porter I I Dsvid I r^^' ^ Po rter [ ' Porter! fl _7 TV V U 18 >Js -Eli Jl5 ~« >!? ■-? JS, JiPM,^Ji,'Jk^Ji,* J^'rli' B Hll (>n OH3 ■ H li H II ■tO a DBvidDL Porter Children of Proposittis: V 2, Captain L. C. Logan, United States navy. V 3, Essex Porter, a major in the United States army. V 4, C. P. Porter, served in the United States marine corps. V 5, Richard Porter. V 7, Charles H. Campbell. V 8, Theodoric Porter (bom 1849), was graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1869. He rose to the rank of commodore and retired in 1908. He served 43 years in the United States navy, 20 years being spent at sea. BrBLIOQEAPHY. Johnson, W. 1883. Historical Sketch of Chester, on Delaware. Chester: RepubUcan Steam Printing House, vi + 336 pp. Porter, D. 1875. Memoir of Commodore David Porter of the United States Navy. Albany: J. Munsell. lx + 427 pp. SoLEY, J. R. 1903. Admiral Porter. New York: D. Appleton & Co. vii + 499 pp. PREBLE. 181 54. Edwaed Preble, Edwaed Preble was born at Falmouth, Maine, August 15, 1761. He was blessed from boyhood with a vigorous constitution and was little inclined to seden- tary amusements. His leisure hours of youth were devoted to hunting and other active exercise and he was very skillful with a gun. Thus on one occasion he brought down five sparrows singly at successive shots. He was sent to Dununer Academy to be fitted for college, but close study was not adapted to his temper- ament. He left school and worked for a time on his father's farm, until one day he suddenly threw down his hoe, declaring he would do no more such work, and, trudging afoot to Falmouth, he entered at the age of 16 on board a privateer. Thus he realized a desire he had long expressed — to go to sea. In 1779 his father procured for him a midshipman's warrant in the Massachusetts State marine. He made several cruises in the ship Protector, in one of which she was captured by the British and Preble was confined for a time in the prison-ship Jersey, but eventually released through the intervention of a friend at New York. As first lieutenant he entered on board the sloop of war Winthrop, under Captain George Little, and distinguished himself by captiuing, in Penobscot harbor, an armed English brig more powerful than his own vessel. After the war he visited various parts of the world and resided in foreign countries as agent of an American com- mercial house. In 1798 he was commissioned lieutenant and the following year captain. In 1803 he took command of a squadron of six vessels, of which the Constitution was the flagship, and set out to protect American commerce from the attacks of the Barbary States. The Sultan of Morocco readily yielded to the display of force and firmness of Preble, and he next turned to Tripoli and sent the Philadelphia and Vixen to blockade its coast. In chasing an enemy vessel the Philadelphia unfortunately ran agromid in the harbor of Tripoli and was seized by the enemy, who took her into the inner harbor and made her ofl&cers and men prisoners. Through the intrepidity of Stephen Decatur, jr., who entered the harbor and fired the ship, the capture of the Philadelphia was rendered of Uttle avail. The following summer Preble bombarded TripoH with such destruction of the Tripohtan navy lying there that negotiations for peace were begun; but the terms offered not appearing suitable to Preble, he prepared for a second assault and subsequent attacks were made. Before satisfactory terms were definitely arranged Preble was reHeved of his command by Commodore Barron, who arranged the treaty that provided for mutual exchange of prisoners and waived further payment of tribute — the terms originally set by Preble. On returning home Preble was offered the secretaryship of the navy, but failing health led him to decline. He died in 1807. Edward Preble was a large man, over 6 feet tall, and of striking figure. His manners were polished and courtly and his address pleasant. His naval operations against the Barbary States were comprehensive, direct, and sufiicient. "He acted upon the principle that 'the boldest measures are the safest.'" He had an "un- governable temper, yet had the rare faculty of making and retaining friends." He was a good disciplinarian and no feuds arose among his officers. Preble married Mary Deering (1770-1851), whose father, Nathaniel Deering (1739-1795), of Kittery, Maine, was a boat-builder and shipped merchandise after the war. They had a son, Edward Deering Preble (1806-1846), who is said to have had a predilection for the sea, but his mother opposed his desires in this 182 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. respect. He graduated from Bowdoin College in 1825, indulged in literary pur- suits, and traveled much in foreign countries. On his final return home he was frequently a member of the city government, and commanded the Portland rifle corps. Courteous, like his father, he rather shunned society. He married Sophia Wattles, of Alexandria, Virginia. Their son, Edward Ernest, bom 1842, entered the United States navy as midshipman 1859; he was navigator of the United States steam sloop Kearsarge when she met and defeated the Alabama; was Keutenant on the Susquehanna at the captmre of Fort Fisher; was lieutenant commander 1866, and in 1870 in the Pacific squadron. Of Edward Preble's sibs there are: (1) Martha, married to Thomas Oxnard, a man who was fonder of study and meditation than of action, but aU of whose sons were seamen and two were privateersmen. (2) Ebenezer, a merchant. (3) Joshua, about whom Uttle is known. (4) Enoch, who began his trading voyages at the age of 16 and went to all the countries touching the Atlantic. He held many positions of trust and honor after he abandoned the sea at the age of 61 years. He was prudent, discreet, temperate in habits, and physically strong and healthy. He married Sally Cross and had two sons; the elder, Eben (1802-1845), had a great predilection for the sea, but his father discouraged it. He was a merchant all his life. He also had a natural taste for drawing, especially ships. The younger son was George Henry (1816-1885), who entered the navy, partici- pated actively in the Mexican and Civil wars, and was a man of ripe scholarship, a lover of books, and an author of several historical works. (5) Statira, who mar- ried Captain Richard Codman and had two sons who died young. (6) Henry, who (1770-1825) went repeatedly from the United States to Paris and went to Italy intending to open a mercantile house in Tuscany, but abandoned the plan. Subsequently he opened houses in various cities of France. He suffered financial losses and plunged into deep melancholy. He was United States consul at Palermo and first United States commercial agent to Turkey. He visited Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and other ports. He had the family taste for drawing and painting. He married Frances Wright and had two daughters, both with artistic talent, and a son, Edward, who died at the age of 20 years of tuberculosis, having planned to be a merchant. The younger daughter, Frances, married Thomas Barlow, secretary to the United States legation to France, and both of their sons were nomadic. Of the elder, Francis Joel Barlow, it is said he had "the Preble roving tendency." He wished to be a surgeon in the navy. He died in Australia, at the age of 26 years. The younger son, Frederick (1830-1864), was a clerk on river boats, entered the United States navy as engineer, and was eventually drowned in the sinking by a torpedo of the monitor Tecumseh as she attempted to enter Mobile bay at the van of Farragut's squadron. The foregoing family history is instructive, inasmuch as the sons of Martha, the sister of Edward and Frances, the daughter of Henry Preble the nomad, are markedly nomadic. The son of Enoch Preble and Sally Cross became, it is true, a rear admiral, but we know little about the mother's family. Edward Preble's son was nomadic, but this son's mother's father was a navigator. Attention is called to the artistic and Uterary faculty in the Prebles. Doubt- less, the "caU of the sea" is often a keen appeal to an artistic sense. For the origin of the Preble traits we look to the father, Jedediah, sailing- master and brigadier general, who had a violent temper like his son Edward; and to the mother's father, Joshua Bangs, who was a shipmaster. Jedediah PREBLE. 183 married a second time, Martha Junkins, about whose parents nothing is known, and 3 of their 4 sons were at sea and the other was an Indian interpreter and soldier. A grandson became a religious paranoiac. Family History of Edwabd Preble. Fraternity of M F: I 1, Edward Bangs (1694-1756), was a shipmaster and merchant of much enterprise. I 2 (M F), Joshua Bangs (born Brewster, Massachusetts, 1691), settled in Falmouth, Maine, in 1735, where he was a shipmaster and merchant who held many town offices. I 3 (M M), Mehitable Clarke (1686-1761). ■i9 _7 IV V Mpi\!id^ddi^'ff^l^'S^ip' ddH & ilB^cSSWSS^" •VI II 1 (consort's F), Nathaniel Deering (born Kittery, Maine in 1739 and died in 1795), was a boat-builder. II 2 (consort's M), Dorcas Milk, of Falmouth, Maine. II 3 (M), Mehitable Bangs, a bustling, energetic woman, "fully alive and attentive to the interests and business of her husband." She died of apoplexy in 1805. II 4 (F), Jedediah Preble (born at York, Maine, 1707), held a captain's commission in 1746, and was commissioned lieutenant colonel of a regiment that took part in the expedition to the eastern frontiers of the province. He accom- panied the expedition that removed the French Acadians, and finally held the rank of brigadier general. He is reputed to have been the first to ascend to the summit of Mount Washington. II 5, Martha Junkins. II 6, Samuel Barlow, a farmer. Ill 1 (consort), Mary Deering (1770-1851). Ill 2 (Propositus), Edward Preble. Fra- ternity of Propositus: III 3, Martha Preble (1754-1824). Ill 4, Thomas Oxnard (born in Boston, 1740), was, imtil the outbreak of the Revolution, a collector of customs in Maine. In 1787 he officiated as reader of the Episcopal church but eventually he became a Unitarian clergyman (see text). Ill 5, Ebenezer Preble (1757-1817), was a distinguished merchant of Boston. Ill 6, Joshua Preble (1759-1803). Ill 7, Enoch Preble (1763-1842), a shipmaster and office holder. III 8, Sally Cross. Ill 9, Statira Preble (1767-1796). Ill 10, Captain Richard Codman. Ill 11, Henry Preble (1770-1825), made numerous trading voyages. Ill 12, Frances Wright, married during the French revolution, when a young English girl in a convent school. Ill 13, Jedediah Preble (1734^1782), died from the effects of a shipwreck. Ill 14, Samuel Preble, died in the West Indies. Ill 15, John Preble, (1742-1787), was an Indian interpreter who was lieu- tenant colonel of the St. John's Expedition of 1777. Ill 16, William Preble went to sea and was never heard from again. Ill 17, Lucy Preble, bom 1744. Ill 18, Jonathan Webb, of Boston. Ill 19, Joel Barlow (1754-1812), served in skirmishes of the Revolutionary war, and became a brigade chaplain. He then took up the study of law and followed literary pursuits, becoming quite renowned as a poet. In 1795 he was consul at Algiers and in 1811 minister plenipotentiary to Prance. Child of Propositm: IV 1, Edward Deering Preble (1806-1846). IV 2, Sophia Wattles, of Alexandria, Virginia. IV 3, Thomas Oxnard (born 1775), commanded, in the War of 1812, the celebrated privateer, True Blooded Yankee, which created havoc in the English Channel. He engaged in mercantile pursuits in France. IV 4, Edward Oxnard (born 1777), was lost in the privateer Dash, which foundered at sea in the War of 1812. IV 5, Ebenezer Oxnard (bom 1782), 184 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. died in Demerara, 1800. IV 6, John Oxnard (born 1785), was lost at sea in 1812. IV 7, Martha Oxnard (1786-1860). IV 8, Mary Oxnard (1787-1796). IV 9, Henry Oxnard (1789-1843), at the age of 15 years became a mariner, and later in the double capacity of master and supercargo made numerous voyages about the world. He finally established himself in Boston, where he be- came a large ship-owner and builder. IV 10, Charlotte Famham. IV 11, Eben Preble (1802-1845) (see text). IV 12, Adeline Preble (bom 1806), was interested in church work and philanthropy. IV 13, Ellen Bangs Preble (1808-1867), had the family talent for drawing and painting. IV 14, George Henry Preble (1816-1885), served during the Mexican war as executive oflBcer of the Petrel. In the Civil War aided in the capture of New Orleans and was in active service through- out most of the war. He was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in 1876. IV 15, Susan Cox. IV 16, Harriet Preble (1795-1854), had considerable linguistic, literary, musical, and artistic talent. IV 17, Edward Henry Preble (1805-1826), a very promising youth with a superabun- dance of animal spirits, who broke down his health by overstudy. He had considerable musical and artistic talent. IV 18, Frances Amica Preble (born 1797), was of a lively disposition, with a talent for drawing, but she never liked traveling. She enjoyed books of travel and history. IV 19, Thomas Barlow (1784-1859), was adopted by his uncle, Joel Barlow, and was his secretary at Paris. Children of child of Propositus: V 1, Mary Preble (1834-1835). V 2, Mary A. Preble, bom 1835. V 3, Edgar Tucker. V 4, Alice Preble, bom 1839. V 5, WiUiam H. Anderson, a paymaster, United States navy, who later became governor of Maine. V 6, Edward Preble (born 1842), of the United States navy. V 7, Mehitable Oxnard, bom 1791. V 8, Enoch Oxnard (1793-1812), was lost at sea. V 9, Stephen Oxnard (born 1795), was captain of a merchantman sailing out of Portland. V 10, Anna Maria Gracie. V 11, Hem-y Oxnard Preble (bom 1847), was captain's clerk on the United States sloop-of-war St. Louis during the Civil War. He became assistant professor of chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. V 13, George Henry Preble, bom 1859. V 14, Francis Emma Barlow (1818-1845). V 15, Hugh Wilson. V 16, Amica Barlow (bom 1821), had artistic talent. V 17, John D. Chambers. V 18, Harriet Barlow (1824-1827). V 19, Francis Joel Barlow (1828-1854) "dreamed of the navy"; went to Australia. V 20, Frederick Stephen Barlow (1830-1864), an engineer in the navy during the Civil War. He volunteered on the monitor Tecumseh and was drowned when she sank in Mobile bay. VI 1, Stephen Oxnard (1823-1840), was captain of a merchantman. BiBLIOGBAPHT. DtTDLET, D. 1896. History and Genealogy of the Bangs Family in America. 360 pp. Pbbble, G. H. 1868. Genealogical Sketch of the First Three Generations of Prebles in America. Boston: D. Clapp & Son. iv + 336 pp. KALEIGH. 185 55. Walter Ra.leigh. Walter Raleigh was born in 1552 in Devonshire, between Exmouth and Sidmouth. He attended Oxford for one year and there showed proficiency in oratory and philosophy. He left Oxford in 1566 for the French wars in a company, led by his cousin Henry Champernoun, that was supporting the Huguenot cause, and he remained there 5 or 6 years. He was almost certainly in Paris at the time of the massacre on St. Bartholomew's eve in 1572. In 1578, as captain of the Falcon, he accompanied his half-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, on an expe- dition to find the northwest passage, but this faUed because of internal dissen- sions. Impoverished, he sought to rehabiUtate his fortunes at the court and attached himself to the queen's favorite. He also entered the Irish service, advo- cated a ruthless pohey, and recommended assassination as a means of getting rid of the Irish leaders. Returning to England, he became a favorite and lover of Queen Ehzabeth. He now put into operation a plan he had long cherished — that of colonizing the American continent from crowded London. Accordingly, Sir Humphrey Gilbert was sent with a colony to St. John's, Newfoundland, in 1583. In the following year Raleigh ordered two captains. Armadas and Barlowe, to explore the east coast of North America, and in 1585, he sent out his first colony, which settled for a time on Roanoke island and on their return brought with them the tobacco plant. Colonies were sent out in the two following years, but they also failed. In 1588 he was serving as vice admiral in looking after the coast de- fenses of Devon. In 1592 he was at sea with a fleet to intercept the Spanish trade. In 1595 he undertook a voyage of exploration, gold-hunting, and conquest to South America, and wrote his book "Discoverie of Guiana." In 1596 he took part in the capture of Cadiz, and in 1597 he cooperated in an expedition to the Azores. With the death of the Queen, Raleigh's fortunes fell and he was deprived of many sources of income. In revenge he took part in some conspiracies directed against James I and was imprisoned. In confinement he made chemical experiments, wrote treatises, and began his "History of the World." Promising to bring gold from Guiana, he was released to direct the expedition. But all he accomplished was to lose his son, his favorite captain, and his prestige; and the old sentence of death was executed in October 1618. Raleigh had a craving for adventure. He could not long remain on land in comparative inactivity. In Ireland he, with 6 men, rode through an ambush, of whose presence he was aware, to meet a friendly leader on the other side. He was fond of fighting. As we have seen, he left Oxford to take part in the French wars and was actively engaged in Ireland and at Cadiz. He was twice arrested for dueling. This adventurous and nomadic trait is seen in his mother's brothers and his haK-brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Raleigh was a hyperkinetic. He had restless energy and much initiative. He protested violently against the mismanagement of the Irish war. He trusted his own opinion and did everything with all his might. He had imagination and vision. He early urged that the surplus from England should be transplanted to the new continent; this was partly also to secure these lands for England. Like many another hyperkinetic, he had weak control over his sex-impulses. He carried out even bizarre ideas that occurred to him. Thus he plastered the mouth and beard of a great talker with sealing wax. Having made prisoner an Irishman who carried withes and who, answering a demand, declared with spirit they were 186 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICBES. to hang English churls with, he bade his men hang the prisoner to the nearest tree, saying "they shall serve for an Irish kerne." Raleigh had numerous ideas, many of which were wise. His orders for discipline and sanitation on shipboard were eminently fitting and in advance of his time. He expressed his ideaa readily, as his poetry, his treatises, and his history prove. He was throughout a lover of knowledge and found interrogation of nature a solace in captivity. n2. Family History op Sm Wai/teb Raleigh. II (M M M F), Sir William Huddesfield. 12 (M M M M), Elizabeth Bozome. II I (M M F), Sir Edmund Carew, a great soldier who fought at Bosworth Field. (M M M), Katherine Huddesfield. FratemUy of M M: III 1, Sir William Carew. Ill 3, George Carew, D. D. Ill 4, Anne Harvey. HI 5, Sir Henry Norreys. IH 7, (M M), Katherine Carew. Ill 8 (M F), Sir Philip Champemoun, of Modbury. Ill 9, (F's consort's F) Giacomo de Ponte, a merchant of Genoa. Ill 11 (F's consort's F), John Drake, of Exmouth. m'im'iMi^^hd rV 1, Count de Montgomery, leader of the Huguenot cause. IV 3, Sir Peter Carew. IV 4, Sir Peter Carew, connected with the western conspiracy against Queen Mary of England. IV 5, Sir George Carew, Earl of Totnes, a noted and accomplished naval commander, who perished in the celebrated Mary Rose, sunk off Portsmouth, 1545. IV 6, Mary Norreys. IV 7, Sir Arthur Champernoun, was involved in the conspiracy against Queen Mary and was sent to the tower. Later he was vice admiral of the west and was associated with his nephew Sir Humphrey Gilbert in making plantations in Ireland. IV 8, John Champemoun, of Modbury. IV 9, Katherine, daughter of Lord Mountjoy. IV 10 (M's consort), Otho Gilbert, a gentleman of Compton. rV 11 (M), Katherine Champernoun. TV 12 (F), Walter Raleigh, a country gentleman. IV 13 (F's consort), Elizabeth de Ponte. IV 14 (F's consort), Joan Drake. V 1, Sir Thbinas Fulford, of illustrious stock distinguished for its military and naval enter- prise. V 3, Gabrielle de Montgomery. V 4, Gawen Champemoun served in France dining the civil wars under Count de Montgomery and in other military capacities. V 5, Elizabeth Cham- pernoun. V 6, Sir Edward Seymour. V 7, Henry Champernoim, leader of a band of English volunteers to the Huguenot camp, 1569. Half FratemUy of Propositus: V 8, Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1539-1583), was intended for the law, but in 1566 he secured an appointment in the army, having previously petitioned for an expedition in search of the Northeast Passage. He later became a noted navigator and explorer, and perished at sea. V 9, Aucher. V 10, Sir John Gilbert, a deputy vice admiral of Devon who in 1598 was preparing for an expedition to Guiana with a fleet of 13 ships, but the enterprise did not materialize. V 11, Adrian Gilbert. V 12 (Propositus), SiH Walter Raleigh. Fraternity of Propositus: V 14, Carew Raleigh. V15, John Radford. V 16, Margaret Raleigh. V 17, Mr. Hull. V 18, George and John Raleigh. V 19, Mary Raleigh. V 20, Hugh Snedale. RALEIGH — RODGERS. 187 V 1, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, a famous navigator and explorer. VI 2, Mary Fulford. VI 3, Bridget Fulford. VI 4, Arthur Champernoun, was "no less fond of adventure, and endowed with no less mental capability, than his ancestors." He was the owner of many vessels and in voyages became widely acquainted with New England. In 1636 secured a large grant of land in Maine. VI 6, Sir John Gilbert. VI 7, Captain Raleigh Gilbert, one of the leaders in the great enterprise of making settlements in North America, especially to the Kennebec river, 1607. Child of Propositus: VI 8, Walter Raleigh, was killed in Guiana. VII 1, Francis Champernoun (1614-1687), one of the early settlers of Maine. "He seems to have had a fondness for maritime life and adventure and to have held some position in the Royal Navy." Child's child of Propositus: VII 2, Carew Raleigh. BiBLIOaBAPHT. De Sblincoukt, H. 1908. Great Raleigh. London: Methuen & Co. xiii + 310pp. Edwards, E. 1868. The Life of Sir Walter Raleigh. 2 vols. London: Macmillan & Co. STEBLma, W. 1891. Sir Walter Raleigh. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, xii + 413 pp. TuTTLE, C. 1889. Captain Francis Champernowne, The Dutch Conquest of Acadie and other historical papers. Boston: J. Wilson & Son. xvi + 426 pp. 56. John Rodgers. John Rodgers was born in Harford county, Maryland, in 1773. He attended village school and at about the age of 13 years ran away to Baltimore "to see square-rigged ships," and refused to return home with his father; conse- quently the latter bound him out for five years as an apprentice to Captain Ben- jamin Folger, leaving him with an injunction never to touch strong drinks, an injunction he ever followed. Young Rodgers's steady habits, willingness to asstune responsibility, and skill as a sailor soon won for him the favorable appreciation of his captain. Before he was 18 years of age he became first mate of the Harmony. His apprenticeship completed, his master recommended him, in 1793, to the com- mand of a fine merchant vessel, the Jane, 300 tons, plying to European ports. As master of the Jane, Rodgers exacted absolute obedience from his crew, who early learned to fear and respect him. In all his career he never lost a vessel or ran one aground. When the United States naval vessel Constellation was launched in 1798, Rodgers was appointed her first Ueutenant and executive officer (1799). He served under Truxton, displayed great gallantry in the fight (February 9, 1799) with the French frigate L'Insurgente, was promoted to the rank of captain, given conamand of the Maryland, a 20-gun sloop, and ordered to watch for enemy (French) vessels at Surinam. When Jefferson (1801) decided upon reducing the size of the American navy, Rodgers's status was for a time uncertain, and during this period he took a schooner of goods to Santo Domingo. Thus he happened to be present at the burning of Cristophe by the natives to keep it from falling into the hands of the French, and he there played no insignificant part in saving Ufe and property. By the following year it had been decided to retain Rodgers, and he was sent, in command of the John Adams (of 28 guns), to cooperate with Commodore Rich- ard V. Morris against Tripoli. Here he secured an important treaty with the emperor of Morocco and was for a time acting commodore of the Mediterranean squadron. After a trip to the United States, he returned to the Mediterranean, where he soon assumed command, and concluded, with the aid of Consul Tobias Lear, an honorable treaty of peace with the pasha of Tripoli and the release of the prisoners taken from the Philadelphia. In the summer of 1805, by taking a bold and spirited position, he secured a favorable treaty with the Bey of Tunis. 188 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. From 1809 to 1812 he was in command of the New York flotilla and naval station; he presided at the court-martial of Commodore Barron, superintended the building of 23 gunboats, and performed nvmierous other duties devolving on a celebrated and effective naval conmiodore on shore. In 1810 he was sent out with a fleet to protect American merchantmen from having their seamen impressed by the British navy. In conamand of the President he fell in with the Ldttle Belt (May 16, 1811), which flred upon his ship and led Rodgers to reply so vigorously, though it was already dark, that the smaller vessel succumbed to him. This event helped to precipitate the War of 1812. Throughout that war he was in active service, fought with the Belvidere, and had his leg broken by the explosion of a gun. During the rest of the war he captured many English merchantmen. After the war was over he was offered the position of secretary of the navy, but declined it. He was then made the head of the board of naval commissioners from 1815 until 1824 and again from 1827 until 1837; he was in command of the squadron in the Mediterranean from 1824 to 1827. His death occurred in 1838, his constitution having been shattered, in 1832, by an attack of Asiatic cholera contracted in Washington while nursing the son of his old friend Tobias Lear. John Rodgers was a man of about medimn height, erect figure, and military carriage. His frame was soUd, compact, and well proportioned. His face was stern and imperious. He had a powerful physique, performed feats of skill, and was rarely ill. John Rodgers' special traits were: Absence of fear. — It is stated that, as a boy, hvmting wild ducks on the banks of the mouth of the Susquehanna river, he would sometimes break the ice and swim after the wild duck he had shot and killed from the river bank. He led the boys of his village in many a daring venture (Paullin, 1910, p. 19). Shortly after he had finished his apprenticeship and commanded a merchant ship, he found himself carried by adverse winds into the North Sea, with provisions nearly gone, and with so low a temperature that three of his crew were frozen to death and the rest in sullen despair. When young Rodgers ordered them to go aloft and secm-e the frozen rigging they refused. But he, stripping off jacket and shirt, went aloft himself to "show them what a man could do." At the age of 23 he witnessed in Liverpool a poHtical procession favoring for Parliament Sir Banastre Tarleton, of ill fame in the American revolution. One banner represented Tarleton on horse- back charging a band of fleeing Americans whose national flag was being trampled in the dust by the charging hoofs. When Rodgers saw this banner he pushed his way through the crowd, knocked down the astonished standard-bearer, and re- turned to the inn. Then, arming himself heavily, he called on General Tarleton, and was assured the banner would be destroyed. A party of Tarleton's sup- porters carried yoimg Rodgers on their shoulders to his lodgings in admiration of his spirit. While serving as heutenant on the Constellation under Truxton the French frigate L'Insurgente was sighted and engaged in battle, Rodgers coounanding one division of the guns. When the French vessel struck her colors Rodgers was ordered to board her and to send the oflBicers to the Constellation. There was rela- tively Httle loss on the American side. Truxton praised Rodgers's work highly and placed the prize in his charge with 11 seamen. During a storm the following night she separated from the Constellation and the 163 prisoners on board planned to seize the ship. Rodgers acted with great promptness and resolution. Seizing RODGBRS. 189 all the small arms, he drove the mutinous men into the lower hold of the ship and stationed at each hatchway a sentinel armed with a blunderbuss, a cutlas, and pistols and gave him orders to fire should the men attempt to force a passage. For two days and three nights Rodgers guarded the prisoners and navigated the ship, being ably assisted by Midshipman Porter. Only by the presence of mind, courage, and vigilance of the young commander were the prisoners held in sub- jection." After the gale was over L'Insurgente rejoined the Constellation. In 1802 he was at Santo Domingo which the French had planned to capture. When the blacks burned Cristophe, Rodgers spent the whole night on shore in rescue and succor. The American consul writes: he "displayed that daimtless spirit which he is known to possess, and saved many Uves. " At Tripoli between 1 and 2 o'clock in the morning, he went in a boat to make soundings along shore and observe the position of the enemy's cruisers and gimboats. He went close enough to the shore to hear people conversing with each other. One spring, at Havre de Grace, when the ice of the river was breaking up and moving down the river with great force, an object was reported to him floating on a block of ice. By means of a spyglass he discovered that it was a woman. Rodgers offered one hundred dollars to any one who would go with him to her rescue, but none accepted the offer. "Resolving to act alone, Rodgers seized two planks and, by laying them alternately from one piece of ice to another, finally reached the middle of the swollen stream where the frightened woman, now nearly overcome with cold and terror, was still supported on her frail craft [an ice block]. Taking her under his arm, he began his perilous retmn, which to the great astonishment of the spec- tators he accomplished, reaching the shore a considerable distance below the town." (Paullin, 1910, p. 173.) Such was the man who fought the Little Belt at night; who remained on deck in the fight with the Belvidere, though his leg was broken, and who did more than any other one man to cripple England's commerce during the War of 1812. Just how the hereditary basis of fearlessness passes through the generations is not known. The father was active in the Revolutionary war, was commissioned captain and possibly became colonel. The mother was a woman of "great energy and strength of character." A brother, George W. Rodgers, received a medal from Congress and a sword of honor from his State for gallantry shown as lieutenant on the Wasp in her fight with and capture of the British brig Frolic, and was later advanced to the rank of commodore. He died at the age of 45 years. John Rodgers, by his wife Minerva Denison,^ had: Robert S. Rodgers, a colonel in the Civil War; Frederick, a midshipman in the United States navy, who was drowned at the age of 17 years while trying to rescue a companion; William Pinkney, a lawyer in New York City; Henry, a lieutenant in the navy, who was ' Minerva Denison was the daughter of Gideon Denison (born in 1753), whose father's father's father's father was George Denison (born in England in 1618), excepting Captain John Mason the greatest Indian fighter of colonial days. Minerva Denison's mother was Jerusha Butler (born in 1762), whose father, Benjamin Butler (1739-1787), was of a hyperkinetic temperament, by occupation a blacksmith. He was witty, original (counted "eccentric"), and a strong Tory, who in 1776 was imprisoned on the charge of "de- faming the Honorable Ck)ntinental Congress," His two sons were men of ability; they were educated, but restless. 190 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. lost at sea in 1854; Ann Minerva, who married Colonel John Navarre Macomb (a nephew of Alexander Macomb, general in chief of the United States army, 1828-1841), and had two mihtary sons : Augustus F., who became head of the United States Coast Survey party in California, and John Rodgers (born 1812), the most distinguished of the fraternity. He showed the same sort of courage that his father showed. In November 1862 he was ordered to take command of the Weehawken, one of the new monitors. On her first cruise out of New York the Weehawken encountered a severe gale and doubts were entertained of her ability to keep the sea. But Rodgers refused to put into a refuge near at hand, saying that he was there to test the sea-going qualities of the new class of vessels. In an attack on Fort Sumter, April 7, 1863, he headed the line in the Weehawken and remained under fire of the batteries for 2 hours, during which time his vessel was struck 53 times. Two months later the Weehawken encountered the armored Atlanta, carrying 6 and 7 inch rifles. The Weehawken fired 5 shots, 4 of which struck the Atlanta, so injuring her that she siurendered. Rodgers became rear admiral in 1869 (Hall, 1909, pp. 81-91). Frederick, the brother who was drowned, showed great courage in his death. With three companions he was capsized in a sailboat; one was drowned immediately. One of the others could not swim and the other two sought, with the aid of an oar, to bring him to shore, but failed. Rodgers, completely exhausted in the effort, also sank before succor arrived. (PauUin, p. 383.) A second marked trait of John Rodgers was orderliness and capacity for organi- zation. From the start he "exacted absolute obedience from his crew." (Paullin, p. 26.) To find out how near his ship might approach the batteries of Tripoli, he sounded systematically at night. As commodore his ships were models of order, neatness, and regularity. He "took much pride in his profession and exacted of his officers an unhesitating obedience and a minute observance of naval cus- toms." (Paullin, p. 163.) Intemperance, because bound to cause disorderliness, he despised. When appointed to his first command, the Maryland, he immedi- ately issued a list of 44 regulations and posted them in plain sight of the officers and crew; these related to the ship's economy, cleanliness, gim-practice, and minute observance of naval customs. When, in 1815, a board of navy com- missioners was established he was appointed president and held the office for 19 years. This commission issued the most minute and detailed rules concerning the duties of officers, equipment of ships, and the navy-yard. They prescribed the navy ration. These rules remind one, in their detail, of Rodgers' 44 regula- tions posted on the Maryland. But he and his fellow commissioners organized larger matters, such as dry docks, naval hospitals, a naval academy, a national gun factory, and ordnance department. They recommended a system of increase of naval vessels. These recommendations were gradually adopted. This capacity for organization is foimd also in his son John, who organized the present Naval Observatory, Washington City. He plaimed and carried out experiments in acoustics and optics and was one of the founders of the National Academy of Sciences. John Rodgers had an innate love of the sea. As a boy, growing up on the broad estuary of the Susquehanna, he hunted on the sea. It is said that books treating of sailors and seafaring life especially fired his imagination and aroused his curiosity. At about 13 years of age he ran away to Baltimore to see big ships (as stated above), where his father found him and could not prevail on him to EODGEES. 191 return home. Thereafter he was persistently at sea, except for short rests at home or brief shore duties, until 1815, when he was 42 years of age. After that time he was at sea for comparatively short periods. A similar love of the sea is widespread in the family — in his brother, George W. Rodgers; in his son, John, who entered the navy as midshipman in his sixteenth year (Hall, p. 84), explored the Arctic sea north and northwest of Bering Strait, and in Hemy, Augustus F., and Frederick, all of whom were occupied on the sea. Moreover, there are the following grand- sons in the navy: Rear Admiral Frederick Rodgers and Rear Admiral John A. Rodgers (who are at the same time grandsons of Matthew C. Perry), and Com- mander WiUiam L. Rodgers, a son of John Rodgers, Jr. A willingness to accept responsibility showed itself early in John Rodgers, even as an apprentice (PauUin, p. 20). As captain of the New York he made an honorable treaty with Morocco, without paying a cent for tribute or presents. In treating with the pasha of Tripoli his "conduct during the negotiations on board was mixed with that manly firmness and evident wish to continue the war if it could be done with propriety, while he displayed the magnanimity of an American in declariug that we fought not for conquest but to maintain our just rights and national dignity." (PaulUn, p. 139, quoting Consul Tobias Lear.) Similarly he was successful in negotiating a treaty with the Bey of Tunis. His brother, George W., was sent on a diplomatic mission to Brazil. John Rodgers Jr. was, as we have seen, wiUing to assume responsibility for bringing the monitor Weehawken through the gale without seeking shelter. Later, at Valparaiso, the seaport of ChUe, which was fighting with Spain, he observed and preserved neu- trality, "while endeavoring to mitigate the harsh severities of war." (Hall, p. 89.) The secretary of state of the United States later praised his record in Val- paraiso, saying, "enough of his methods have become known to add to his pre- vious reputation, that of being an able negotiator and diplomatist." In 1870 he was sent with Mr. Low, minister to China, to negotiate a treaty with Korea. In this visit he had to pimish a bit of Korean treachery. The family of Rodgers thus for two generations was never called on in vain to make momentous decisions touch- ing the honor and prosperity of the nation. For chart, see the Perry-Rodgers family, No. 50. BiBLIOQRAPHT. Hall, A. D. 1909. Biographical Memoir of John Rodgers. (In: National Acad, of Science Biogr. Memoirs. Washington: vol. 6, pp. 81-92.) Pattllin, C. O. 1910. Commodore John Rodgers. Cleveland: A. Clarke and Co., 434 pp. See Perry, No. 50. 192 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 57. George Bbtdges Eodney. George Bbtdges Rodney was bom February 1719. He studied at Harrow, went to sea at 13 years of age, and served for seven years in the Channel fleet. As commander of the Eagle (60 guns), he participated in Hawkes's victory off Ushant (October 14, 1747) over the French fleet. The Eagle was heavily engaged, had her wheel shot to pieces, but pursued, unsuccessfully, the two French vessels that escaped. In May 1749 he was appointed governor and commander in chief of Newfoundland, with the rank of commodore; but he returned to England in 1752 and was elected to Parliament. He performed well various minor naval duties in the Channel and at Cape Breton (Louisburg), and in 1761, England then being at war with France, he was sent to the Leeward Islands, of which he took several from the French. In the West Indies Rodney took a large view of his duties and tried to adjust his actions to the protection of England's interests, even outside the particular region assigned to him. For a period of fifteen years from 1763 there was peace and Rodney had Uttle to do. He got into money trouble through extravagance and gambling. For five years he was governor of the Greenwich hospital and for three years commander in chief at Jamaica. In 1779 Rodney received orders to conMnand at the Leeward Islands and to reheve Gibraltar, now besieged by Spain, on his way. As good luck would have it, he captured a Spanish convoy of 22 vessels, 7 being warships. Of these 12 were provision ships, which he turned in to feed Gibraltar. Eight days later he defeated the Spanish Admiral de Langara off St. Vincent, taking or destroying 7 ships. Learning at Santa Lucia that a French fleet imder De Guichen was sailing from Martinique, Rodney went to meet them. He issued definite orders, but these were not Uved up to by all of his captains, so that the French fleet escaped severe injury. Rodney's insistence on discipline during the following two years put his fleet into better shape to meet the next battle with the highly organized French fleet on April 12, 1782. In this battle, between fleets of 33 and 35 ships respec- tively, Rodney's fleet won a tactical victory, capturing 5 of the enemy's ships and sinking 1. Had the survivors been followed more energetically many of them might have been captured, but as it was the threatened island of Jamaica was saved and French naval prestige was ruined. Rodney seemed to feel that he had done enough and had little desire to fight for the love of fighting; but he was 63 years of age and in poor health. Rodney was made a baron and died ten years later, after having Uved in retirement. Of Rodney, Mahan (1901, p. 151) says: "Intolerance of dereliction of duty, and uncompromising condemnation of the delinquent, were ever leading traits in Rodney's course as a commander-in- chief. He stood over his oflBcers with a rod, dealt out criticism unsparingly, and avowed it as his purpose and principle of action so to rule. It is not meant that his censures were undeserved or even excessive; but there entered into them no ingredient of pity. His dispatches are full of complaints, both general and specific. When he spared, it was from a sense of expediency — or of justice, a trait in which he was by no means deficient; but for human weakness he had no bowels. Each man has his special gift, and to succeed must needs act in accordance with it. There are those who lead and those who drive; Hawke belonged to one class, Rodney to the other." BlBUOORAPHT. Mahan, A. 1913. Types of Naval 0£5oers, drawn from the history of the British Navy. Bos- ton: Little, Brown & Co, SANDS. 193 58. Joshua Ratoon Sands. Joshua Ratoon Sands was bom at Brooklyn, New York, May 13, 1795. He entered the navy September 1812, and for a while was with Commodore Chaun- cey on Lake Ontario. In 1846, as commander of the Vixen, he aided in the capture of Alvarado, Tabasco, and Laguna, and was for some time a governor of Laguna. During the bombardment of Vera Cruz he was conspicuous for his bravery, and in 1847 was sent to Washington City with dispatches. In 1857 he was engaged in laying the Atlantic cable, and in 1858 cooperated with Admiral Paulding in the capture at Nicaragua of the filibuster Walker. From 1859 to 1861 he commanded the Brazilian squadron and was retired from active service in 1861, being in his sixty-seventh year. He died at Baltimore in 1883. His father, Joshua Sands (1772-1825), was a wealthy merchant of New York, for a time collector of the port, and twice elected to Congress. Joshua was brother of Comfort, born at Sands Point, Long Island, about 1740, a merchant and active supporter of the patriot cause. He was a large ship-owner and the eighth presi- dent of the Chamber of Commerce, New York. The mother of Joshua R. Sands was Ann Ascough, whose father Richard was a surgeon in the British army. Probably a nomadic tendency came from this side. A sister of Joshua R., Ehza, married Edward Trenchard (1784-1824), who at the age of 16 decided to enter the United States navy and in 1812 super- intended the building of the sloop-of-war Madison for Commodore Chauncey on Lake Ontario. She was launched November 26. "Eight weeks before," says Cooper, "her timber was growing in the forest." Trenchard took part in the engagements against the Barbary pirates in 1815-1816. In 1819 he was in com- mand of the Gyrene, cruising off Africa to suppress the slave-trade, and fell in with 2 brigs and 5 schooners near the mouth of the river Gallinos. He captured them all and, finding them slavers, shipped officers and crews to the United States. On account of illness he was given shore duty in 1822-1823, and died in Brooklyn in 1824. His son, Stephen D. Trenchard (born at Brooklyn, July 10, 1818), became a midshipman in the navy, 1834. He was long assigned to the Coast Siu^rey, and so distinguished himself in the rescue of the British bark Adieu, threatened with shipwreck off Gloucester, Massachusetts, that he received a sword from Queen Victoria. At the outbreak of the Civil War he helped salvage govern- ment property at the Norfolk navy-yard and was then given command of the steamer Rhode Island. She was detailed to tow the Monitor from Hampton Roads to Beaufort, North Carohna, and only by Trenchard's alertness was the whole crew of the Monitor saved from drowning when she foundered off Cape Hatteras. Later he captured prizes and Confederate blockade-runners. His only son is an artist who "is most successful in his painting of waves and surf." A grandson of Comfort Sands is Ferdinand Sands, who married Susan Bard, a daughter's daughter of Nicholas Cruger. Nicholas was a West India merchant who carried on an extensive business at Santa Cruz and was twice captm-ed by the British. Ferdinand and Susan had a son, Louis Joseph Sands, who went as secre- tary with Joshua R. Sands, his grandfather's first cousin, while laying the Atlantic cable (1857), and later to Nicaragua. During the Civil War he was on the Seminole under Admiral Dupont at the capture of Hilton Head, South Carohna. While in temporary command of a small gunboat in the Roanoke river the boat struck a torpedo and several of the crew were killed, while the survivors saved themselves by swinmiing until picked up by boats. After the war he studied art and devoted himself to painting. 194 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. In the case of these naval ofl&cers it is probable that some of their most essen- tial qualities came in the maternal germ-plasm; for Joshua R. Sands's mother had a father who was an army surgeon; Stephen D. Trenchard's mother was a sister of Admiral Joshua R. Sands and of Louis Joseph Sands; the mother's mother's father was Nicholas Cruger, the merchant voyager. Familt Histoby op Joshua Ratoon Sands. I 1 (F F F F F), James Sands (bom in England, 1622), came to America in 1658 and became one of the leading men of Block Island. 12 (F F F F M), Sarah Walker, the only physician and midwife on the island. n 1 (F F F F), John Sands (1649-1712), a sea captain. II 2 (F F F M), SybU Ray. Frit- temity of F F F F: II 4, Sarah Sands. II 5, Mercy Sands. II 6, Joshua Raymond. nforti iNicholas vm nil (F F F), John Sands, bom 1683. Ill 2 (F F M), Catherine Guthrie. IV 1, George Trenchard, attomey general of west New Jersey in 1767. IV 3 (M F), Richard Ascough, a surgeon in the British army. IV 5 (F F), John Sands (bom Block Island, 1708-1709). IV 6 (F M), Elizabeth Comwell. V 1, James Trenchard, a designer and engraver of book plates and editor of the Columbian Magazine. V 4 (M), Ann Ascough, bom 1761. V 5 (F), Joshua Sands (bom Sands' Point, New York, October 1757, and died 1835), supplied clothing and provisions for the American army; was collector of customs, port of New York; manufactured rigging and cables for his own vessels; was Congressman and financier. V 6, Comfort Sands (1748-1834), in 1762 went to New York, where he entered upon a mercantile career, commencing business upon his own account in 1769. He was very active during the Revolution, and in 1777 was a member of the State constitutional convention, and for many years afterwards sat in the State legislature. After the war he became a large ship-owner, and from 1794 until 1798 was president of the Chamber of Conmierce. V 7, Sarah Dodge. V 8, Aim de Nully, of Santa Cruz, of French and Dutch extraction. V 9, Nicholas Cruger, a West India merchant. V 10, Tileman Cruger, a West India merchant who lived on the island of Curagoa. V 11, John Harris Cruger, was chamber- lain of the city of New York and at the outbreak of the Revolution became a lieutenant colonel in the British army. V 16, Henry Cruger, entered a coimting-house in Bristol, England, and was elected to Parliament. In 1790 he retumed to the United States and became a member of the New York State senate. VI 1, John Mortimer Barclay, a captain of the United States army. VI 3, Edward Trench- ard (1784-1824), in 1800 entered the navy as a midshipman and served with distmction in the West Indies and ofE Tripoli. During 1811 and 1812 he was executive officer of the New York SANDS. 195 navy-yard and saw active service during the war. His arduous duties in helping to suppress the slave traflBc on the African coast impaired his health. In 1823 he was honored with the brevet rank of commodore, an exceptional honor, as the rank of captain was then the highest in the service. V 4, Eliza Sands. V 5 {Propositus), Joshua Ratoon Sands. V 6, Cornelia Sands. V 7, Nathaniel Prime. V 8, Joseph Sands (1772-1825). V 9, Kampfel, of Lisle, France. V 10, William Bard, bom 1778. V 11, Catherine Cruger. VII 1, Ann O'Connor Barclay. VII 2, Stephen Decatur Trenchard (1818-1883), a rear admiral, 1875. He retired in 1880 after having charge of the North Atlantic squadron, the largest fleet assembled under one head after the war (see text). VII 4, Rufus Prime, a banker of New York City and president of the Chamber of Commerce. VII 5, Ferdinand Sands. VII 6, Susan Bard (1812-1838). VIII 1, Edward Trenchard (born 1850), a painter of marine scenes who served in the navy and traveled extensively. VIII 2, Louis Joseph Sands (born 1836) (see text), served in the navy and afterwards studied painting. BlBUOaRAPHT. DbLancet, E. 1875. Original Family Records, Cruger (In: New York Genealogical and Biographical Record), vol. VI, pp. 74^-80. Frimb, T. 1886. Descent of Comfort Sands and of his children. New York. 81 pp. Thompson, B. 1843. The History of Long Island. New York: Banks and Co. 2 vols. 196 HEBEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. 59. James Saumabez. James Saumarez was bom March 11, 1757, in Guernsey, one of the Channel isles. He had early shown a taste for the navy, so his father, who had 6 sons and a restricted income, arranged with a naval captain to have his name borne on the books of a ship-of-war at the early age of 10. At the age of 18 he was appointed passed midshipman on the Bristol, the flagship of Commodore Peter Parker's squadron, then starting out to help quell the rising revolution in America. Lord ComwaUis was on board and was so struck by Saumarez's activity and efficiency that he offered him a commission in his own regiment as his aide-de-camp, but Savunarez, after some hesitation, declined. In his first action against Charleston, South Carolina, the Bristol was driven off, but not before Saumarez had shown a bravery that won him a heutenancy. His gallantry at a fight with a Dutch fleet on the Dogger bank in 1781 resulted in a command. As captain of the Riis- sell he fought vmder Rodney and Sir Samuel Hood in the battle with the French fleet, April 12, 1782. The two fleets passed each other in single file, going in oppo- site directions, exchanging broadsides. Saumarez, near the head of the column, had cleared the French rear when he saw a neighboring British vessel, commanded by a captain of senior rank, turn out of the line to pursue the enemy. Without orders Saiunarez gladly did the same, but, while the former captain (apparently concluding that he should wait for orders) returned to the line, Saimiarez kept on after the French ships. Just then, Rodney in the center and Hood in the rear, taking advantage of a favorable wind, started to dash through the enemy's line. The battle-Une changed to a confused battle between individual ships and by good fortune the Riissell engaged the French flagship and had aheady defeated her when Hood arrived in time to receive her surrender. This brilhant achievement was due to the good fighting sense of Saumarez and his willingness to take responsi- bihty, although only 25 years of age and less than 12 months from his Heutenancy. After 10 years of retirement on land, the outbreak of war with the French in 1793 brought him another opportunity. In the frigate Crescent he intercepted on October 20, 1793, the French frigate R&union, which was in the habit of attacking British merchant ships at night. By adroit tactics he succeeded in defeating the enemy's ship, losing one man to 118 of the French. For this exploit he was knighted. Saumarez was now attached to Jervis's fleet and participated in the battle off St. Vincent. Also, he was under Nelson in the battle of the Nile, where his ship Orion was largely responsible for the destruction of 3 of the enemy's ships, including the flagship Orient, which blew up. Returning to England, Saumarez was given command of the CoRsar (84 guns); for 3 or 4 months he blockaded the storm-swept bay of Brest, and in 1800 was sent against the French and Spanish fleet at Cadiz. Learning that 3 French ships had anchored off Alge- ciras, Saiunarez (now rear admiral) went for them with 6 ships-of-the-line, attacked them imder the guns of the fortifications, but was defeated, losing one of his ships. However, a few days later, his opportimity came; 2 giant Spanish ships and 4 others of large size appeared, united with the 3 French vessels, and began to engage his 5 wounded ones. At night the swiftest of Saumarez's fleet engaged the Spanish giants, which in the darkness mistook each other for the enemy and destroyed each other. A third was forced to strike her colors. The enemy's fleet was broken up. SAUMAREZ. 197 In 1809 Saumarez was sent in charge of the Baltic fleet. Napoleon had been making trouble for England in the Baltic countries and Sweden had been forced to declare war against England. Saumarez had here to play the diplomat. He also brought pressure to bear on the countries which had submitted to Napo- leon, by destroying their vessels for local commerce while protecting England's trade to and from the Baltic. His wise and temperate conduct later brought praise from a Swedish statesman. Retiring from the Baltic in 1812, Saumarez returned to Guernsey, at the age of 55 years; was made a baron in 1831, and died in 1836, in his eightieth year. Saumarez is classified by Mahan as primarily a fighter, one who would have done as well on land as on the sea. Of his family it is said that many had distinguished themselves in the naval service. Two others of the name were famous in war. James Saumarez married Martha, daughter of Thomas le Marchant, of Guernsey, and had 3 daughters; also 3 sons, of whom one was John, a colonel in the army. James Saumarez had brothers: PhiUp, a Ueutenant in the navy; John Thomas, a general in the army, who fought throughout the American War of Independence; Richard, a surgeon; and Nicholas, without issue. The father's father was Matthew, a colonel of the militia. A brother of the father was Philip (1710-1747), who was made a captain in the Royal Navy and fell while in command of the Nottinghxim in the naval battle off Brest, October 14, 1747, under command of Lord Hawke. Another brother, Thomas, was a captain in the navy and as commander of the Antelope, 50 guns, captured the BelUgueux of 64 guns, in the British channel. Familt History of James Saumarez. 1 1 (F F), Matthew de Saumarez (born 1685), i a a 4 of the island of Guernsey. 12 (F M), Anne I E!tO OtO Durell, daughter of the bailiff of the island of Jersey. I 3 (M F), James le Marchant. r- — 13 — i — 13 — 1. , . Fraternity of F: II 1, John de Saumarez (1706- H Q ES ■ ■ QrO DtO 1773), attorney general of Guernsey. II 3, Philip ' | I Saumarez (1710-1747), was first lieutenant with « — j- — j- — I. ■ — j- — ■ Anson in his voyage aroimd the world and in the ffl [3 □ H □ □ W) B-r-O expedition to the South Seas. He fell gloriously ^ I commanding his ship in Lord Hawke's action off r- rz — ^tt 1 Brest, October 1747. II 4, Thomas Saumarez (1720- jv ffl D H ® 1764), was with Lord Anson in his expedition and subsequently, when commander of the Antdoye, captured a larger vessel in the British Chan- nel. II 5 (F) Matthew Saumarez (1718-1778), was drowned in a passage to England. II 6 (M), Carteret le Marchant. II 7 (consort's F), Thomas Le Marchant, of Guernsey. Fraternity of Propositiis: III 1, Philip Saumarez, a lieutenant of the Royal Navy. Ill 2, John Saumarez (1756-1832). Ill 3, Thomas Saumarez, was a general in the British army; in 1813 became commander in chief of New Brunswick. Ill 4, Richard Saumarez, a surgeon of Surrey. Ill 5, Nicholas Saumarez. II 16, Anne, Charlotte, Mary, and Carteret Saumarez. Ill 7 (Propositus), James Saitmarez. Ill 8 (consort), Martha Le Marchant. Children of Propositus: IV 1, James Saumarez (1789-1863), rector of Huggate, County York. IV 2, Thomas Saumarez (1803-1834). IV 3, John St. Vincent Saumarez (1806-1891), a colonel in the army. IV 4, Mary, Martha, Carteret, and Amelia Saumarez. Bibliography. Burke, Sir B., and A. 1909. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage. London: Harrison and Sons. 2570 pp. Mahan, A. 1901. Types of Naval Officers, drawn from the History of the British Navy. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., pp. 382-427. 198 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. 60. Eaphael Semmes. Raphael Semmes was born in Charles county, Maryland, September 27' 1809. He was early left an orphan and at 10 years of age was sent to live with his uncle, Raphael Semmes. Here he worked in the wood-yard, roamed the country and received some private schooling. At the age of 16 he was appointed midshipman from Maryland, entered on a cruise to the West Indies and the Mediterranean, and passed an examination as midshipman in 1832. After that he studied law with his brother for two years and for about a year was in charge of naval chronometers. In 1835 he was ordered to the Constellation as acting master and cruised chiefly in the West Indies. On his return he was admitted to the bar. He married Anne Elizabeth Spencer, daughter of Ohver M. Spencer and Electra Ogden. In March 1837 Semmes was promoted to a Ueutenancy. It was a period of little naval activity. Semmes was employed in naval routine, in navy-yards, on harbor surveys, etc. He bought land on the Perdido river, Alabama, and settled his family there. He carried a diplomatic message to Vera Cruz and overland to Mexico City; later, he joined the fleet at Vera Cruz in 1846, and there commanded the brig Somers, of 10 guns. While on blockading duty his fidelity was noted by the conomodore of the fleet. When a blockade-runner went in under the guns of the fort he, with 10 men, rowed to it in the darkness and set fire to the ship, whose cargo of powder soon exploded. In a gale the Somers capsized and half of his crew of 100 was drowned, but he was picked up by a boat and eventually succored by a foreign man-of-war. He was exonerated for the loss of his ship. He worked hard at Vera Cruz, landing infantry and cannon, and then attached himself to Scott's army in order that he might be in the fight- ing. Everywhere his gallantry was praised by his superior ofl&cers. Between the Mexican and Civil Wars he commanded various naval vessels and spent five years in Mobile studying and practicing law. In February 1861 he resigned from the Federal service and offered his services to Jefferson Davis, who commissioned him to go north and buy munitions, which he did. Then he proposed that he should go to sea and prey on the enemy's commerce. He learned of a steamer that he thought would do and the next day was off for New Orleans, with the orders, "Do the enemy's commerce the greatest injmy in the shortest time." Semmes now lost all of his old inertness and became a new man. He pushed the Sumter, whose renovation he completed in two months, through the Mississippi pass with the blockader Brooklyn only 5 miles away. He caught several prize ships and took them to a Cuban port; here he argued his right of doing so; but the authorities decided against him and he lost his prizes. When, at the Dutch island of Curagao, the governor was considering his demand to enter the harbor, he fired a shell near to the council chamber and the governor decided to admit him. At various other ports Semmes had to argue his rights as a belligerent; sometimes he succeeded but usually he failed. At Gibraltar he sold the Sumier and sailed for England, and eventually secured the Alabama, which had just been finished there. In the following months he captured scores of American merchant ships and held court over doubtful cases, his legal training enabling him to decide in accordance with international law. Finally, in his cruises, he reached Cher- bourg in June 1864, and was here met and defeated, offshore, by the Kearsarge. He escaped to England. Returning home, he was assigned to the Confederate fleet in the James river (February 1865), and when Richmond was evacuated SEMMES. 199 he blew up his ship and organized his officers and men as infantry. At the close of the war he returned to Mobile, opened a law office, and practiced law until his death in 1877. He published four books on his experiences. Semmes was prevailingly not hyperkinetic, but cakn, cheerful, and occasion- ally depressed, as, e.g., when in the Indian Ocean. He gave the impression of a grave and reverend professional man rather than of a dashmg captain. (Brad- ford, G., 1904, p. 227.) He was stern in discipUne and lashed heavily. In his books he discourses philosophically upon the feudal system and other social con- ditions in Mexico and argues for the extension of the United States to minimize the influence of single powerful states. He sought to clear up the mystery of the northers, to account for the heavy rainfall of Jalapa and for yellow fever. He argues in his early books for the suppression of privateering and makes use of his legal knowledge and methods in his operations against American commerce, which were strictly in accordance with international law. He was fond of reading Uter- ature and was an excellent writer and an entertaining talker. He tended to be somewhat inert in the absence of excitement and, no doubt, hke Nelson, found relief in the presence of danger. He had an artist's eye for landscapes and describes them in detaU in his writings. His diary reads almost like that of a naturalist, "showing close, intelligent and affectionate observation of nature." (Bradford, 1904, p. 236.) He grew more violent in his expression as he grew older; he always showed a streak of "detestable facetiousness." Semmes's close relatives were prevailingly lawyers and legislators. On his mother's side he was descended from Arthur Middleton, signer of the Declara- tion of Independence. His son was for a time in command of a Confederate gunboat. Family Histobt of Raphael Semmes. EhO M^. TL [5^ m Q IT Ancestor: Arthur Middleton (1742-1787), came of a line of men prominent in the political life of the covmtry. He was a leader in South Carolina and in 1776 signed the Declaration of Independence. He married Mary Izard. Many of the Middle- tons and Izards were connected with the navy. I 1 (consort's F F), Oliver Spencer, mayor of Cincinnati, Ohio. Fraternity of F: II 1, Raphael Semmes of Georgetown, D. C. II 3, Benedict Semmes, a farmer of Maryland; a State legislator and a member of Congress in 1829. II 4 (F), Richard Thompson Semmes. II 6 (M), Catherine Hooe Middleton, died early. II 6 (consort's F), Oliver Marlborough Spencer. II 7 (consort's M), Electra Ogden. Ill 1, Thomas Jenkins Semmes (1824^1899), United States attorney in Louisiana, and, during the Civil War, a member of the Confederate States senate. Fraternity of Propositus: III 2, Samuel Middleton Semmes, a lawyer of Cumberland, Maryland. Ill 3 (Propositus), Raphael Semmes. Ill 4 (consort), Anne Elizabeth Spencer. Child of Propositus: IV 1, O. J. Semmes was a captain in the Confederate States navy and had command of a gunboat at Grand Lake, Louisiana, March 1863. BiBLIOGRAPHT. Allen. 1867. Memorial of Pickering Dodge Allen. Boston: H.W. Dutton and Son. 174 pp. Bradford, G. 1904. Confederate Portraits. Boston and New York: Houghton, MiflJin Co. xviii + 291 pp. Chevbs, L. 1900. Middleton of South Carolina. (So. Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine, vol. II, pp. 228-282.) Meeiweather, C. 1913. Raphael Semmes. Philadelphia: G. Jacobs. 200 HEREDITT AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS, 61. Edward Hobart Setmoub. Edward Hobart Seymour was born April 1840. He states of his child- hood: "As soon as I had sense enough to form a real wish it was to go to sea — a choice I have never regretted." He entered the British navy in November 1852, after an examination in the rudiments, and in 1853 on the frigate Terrible was ordered to the Mediterranean station. In 1854 he took part in the Crimean campaign. In 1857 he went to China and joined the squadron of his father's brother, Sir Michael Seymour, and was made signalman of the fleet. Invalided home on accoimt of illness, he was "made to go back," which he did in 1859. On his homeward journey he leaped into the sea to save a sailor who had fallen over- board. In the western Pacific he was given command of small vessels to go up Canton river to himt for shipwrecked sailors on the Carolina island, etc. He cruised to the Arctic and saw service in the west coast of Africa, where he was wounded in rescuing Europeans from natives. He had command of the first ship of steel (1880) and later of the Inflexible, at that time the largest and most powerful ship of the navy. In 1889 he became rear admiral, cruised around the world, was in Chinese waters at the Boxer uprising, and was senior oflBcer in the allied expedition to Pekin. In 1902 he was commander in chief at PljTiiouth. SejTnour belongs to one of England's most distinguished naval families. A father's brother Michael was vice admiral; another father's brother's son, Sir Michael Cuhne Seymoiu-, is admiral. The latter married Mary Watson, daughter of Lavinia Quin, whose brother Richard was rear admiral. Their mother was a Spencer of a naval family. Edward H. Seymour's father's father was Admiral Sir Michael Sey- mour, whose wife was a daughter of James Hawkes, a captain in the Royal Navy. Family History op Edwakd Hobart Seymour. II (F F F), Rev. John Seymour (died 1795), of Palace, Limerick coimty. I 2 (F F M), Grizel Hobart, died 1822. I 3 (F M F), James Hawkes, a captain in the Royal Navy. I 5 (M M F), John Smith (died 1819), member of Parliament for Wiltshire. I 6 (M M M), Sarah Gilbert. II 1, Rev. Thomas Cuhne. II 3 (F F), Sir Michael Seymour (1768-1834), was an admiral in the Royal Navy who distinguished himself in several gallant actions and died at Rio Janeiro when commander in chief of the Southeast -* — * -^* coast of America. II 4 (F M), Jane Hawkes, died 1852. II 5 (M F), Charles Smith (died 1814), of Suttons, Essex county, a member of Parliament. 116 (M M), Augusta Smith, died 1846. Ill 1, Elizabeth Culme. Fraternity of F: III 2, John Hobart Culme Seymour (1800-1880), canon of Gloucester. Ill 3, Maria Louisa Smith, died 1887. Ill 4, James Seymour (1801-1827), captain in the army. Ill 5, Sir Michael Seymour (180^-1887), became an admiral in the Royal Navy. He was vice admiral of the United Kingdom and commander in chief of the East Indian station, Canton, and Portsmouth. Ill 6, Edward Seymour (1804-1837), a captain in the Royal Navy. Ill 7, William Hobart Seymour (1820-1859), of the army. Ill 8, Jane, Dora, Mary, Caroline, Elizabeth, and Ellen Seymour. Ill 9 (F), Richard Seymour (1806- 1880), canon of Worcester. Ill 10 (M), Frances Smith. Fraternity of M: III 11, Frances Seymour, died 1897. Ill 12, Spencer Smith (1806-1882). Ill 13, Drummond Smith (1812- 1832). Ill 14, Sir Charles Joshua Smith. IV 1, Sir Michael Culme Seymour (born 1836), was vice admiral of the United Kingdom, commander m chief of the Pacific fleet, of the Channel squadron, and of the Mediterranean fleet. Ill 2, John Hobart (1837-1887), a lieutenant colonel. IV 3, Henry Seymour (born 1847) re- hrMiChaOl __ Seymour ^"^ "^ Uhh^— ^^^bvbimkk SETMOUK — SMITH. 201 ceived his degree of M. A. at Oxford; in the army. IV 5 (Propositus), Edward Hobaht Seymour. Fraternity of Propositm: IV 6, Walter Richard Seymour, born 1838. IV 7, Albert Seymotir (born 1841), archdeacon of Barnstable. IV 8, Richard Arthur Seymour (1843-1906). IV 9, John Seymour (1843-1866), in the army. IV 11, Augusta. IV 12, Captain St. John Mildmay, of the Royal Navy. IV 15, Seymour Spencer Smith (1841-1893), was a captain in the Royal Navy. IV 16, Rev. Orlando Smith, bom 1843. IV 17, Gilbert Joshua Smith, a captain in the army. BiBLIOGRAPHT. Burke, Sir B., and A. 1909. A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage. London: Harrison & Sons. 2570 pp. Seymour, Sir E. 1911. My Naval Career and Travels. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 429 pp. 62. William Sidney Smith. William Sidney Smith was born at Westminster, near London, July 21, 1764. He entered the Navy before he was 12 years of age. For bravery in action near Cape St. "Vincent, Portugal, in 1780, he was appointed lieutenant of the Aldde. For gallantry in action under Graves off Chesapeake Bay in 1781 and under Rodney at the Leeward islands in 1782, he was made a captain. From 1785 to 1792 he was absent from the service. During the last two years of this period he advised the king of Sweden in the war with Russia. Returning to England he was sent on a mission to Constantinople and, upon his return from that city, attempted to burn the enemy's ships and arsenal at Toulon. Later he hunted French privateers in the Channel and was carried onto the French shore by the tide and wind and made prisoner in April 1796. By means of forged orders for his removal to another prison he escaped to Havre and crossed the Channel in a small skiff in 1798. Appointed to the command of the Tigre in the Mediterranean, he learned of Bonaparte's approach to St. Jean d'Acre, hastened to its relief, captured (March 1799) the enemy's flotilla, and compelled Napoleon to raise the siege and retreat in disorder, leaving all his artillery behind. For this brilUant exploit he received the thanks of Parliament. In January 1800 he took upon himself to make a convention with the French by which they were allowed to evacuate Egypt, an act disallowed by his superiors, who required the French to surrender. In 1803 he was commissioned to watch the French in the Channel; in 1806 he was made rear admiral, and the following year was dispatched on secret service for the protection of Sicily and Naples. Here he was led into quar- rels with military officers; he reUeved Gaeta and captured Capri, but was ordered to leave next year for Malta to act against the Turks. He destroyed the Turkish fleet and spiked the shore batteries. Next he blockaded the Tagus, took the Portuguese royal family to Rio de Janeiro, and was sent as commander in chief to the coast of South America in 1808. Here he quarreled with the British minister and was summarily recalled. He was made vice admiral in 1810 and admiral in 1821, but he was practically retired in 1814. He died in 1840. Willam Smith was a typical hyperkinetic, like his father, Captain John Smith, who, as aide-de-camp to Lord George Germain, became disgusted with the treat- ment accorded Germain, left the army, and "passed the greater part of his life in that extraordinary building or boathouse, at Dover, long known as Smith's Folly." The father's father, Captain Edward Smith, commanded a frigate at the attack upon La Gua3Ta, where he received wounds from which he eventually died. William's hyperkinetic tendencies are shown by his "restless activity and enterprise, his promptness and energy, his good humor and high spirits." He was 202 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. a spendthrift and of unlimited generosity; his manners were Uvely and agreeable. He showed also a manly daring and determination. Like his father he was tena- cious of his opinions, and his vanity and self-assertion led him into collision with his contemporaries. His hyperkinesis was an effective trait in his small naval encotmters. Smith was nomadic. On leave at the age of 20, he spent two years in France, visited Spain, joiu-neyed through Morocco, where he volunteered his services in case of war, went to St. Petersbiurg and to Stockholm, where he became a military adviser of the Swedish king; then returned to the navy. Everywhere he showed restlessness. His mother's sister had a son, Lord Camelford, who entered the navy and became a commander. He shot and killed a lieutenant on another vessel for not obeying his commands; he committed an assault in Drury Lane theater and was found guilty, but disappeared. Five years afterwards he returned to England and was wounded in a duel. In his will he desired that his body should be buried under a certain tree in the canton of Berne, Switzerland, "at whose foot," he says, "I form- erly passed many solitary hours, contemplating the mutability of human affairs." William Smith was of a mechanical turn of mind and interested in inventions. He was a patron of the arts. His memory was so great that he could repeat pages of poetry. He loved to entertain parties of young ladies by clever tricks, charades, and conundnmis, for all of which he demanded as payment a kiss from each. At the age of 76 years, as death was near, he fancied himself as strong or at least as capable of coping with an enemy at sea or ashore as in the prime of life. But this euphoria soon passed into mental and bodily decay until he died of a total paraljrsis. Family History op William Sidney Smith. II (F F F), Captain CtomeUus Smith (1661-1727). II 1 (F F), Captain Edward Smith, commander of a frigate. II 3 (M F), Pinkney Wilkin- son, an opulent merchant of London, who disinherited his daughter, Mary. II 5, William Pitt, first Earl Chatham (1708-1778). Fraternity of F: III 2, General Edward Smith, commander of the Forty-third regiment and governor of Fort Charles, Jamaica. Ill 3 (F), Captam John Smith, of the Guards, quitted the service in disgust. Ill 4 (M), Mary Wilkinson, married against her father's , ^_^ wishes. Fraternity of M: III 5, Wilkinson. Ill „ Jm_ri tA-tA e^TT-T? 6, Thomas Pitt, first Baron Camelford (1737-1793), an ■7^ Lr[\J tH LrpJ English politician. Fraternity of Propositus: IV 1, Charles Douglas Smith, lieutenant colonel and governor of Prince Edward's Island. IV 2, John Spencer Smith (died 1840), held a commission in the Guards but quitted the service to enter the field of diplomacy. He be- came minister plenipotentiary at Constantinople. IV 4 (Propositus), William Sidney Smith. IV 5 (consort). Lady Caroline Mary . IV 6, Thomas Pitt, second r — i. i , ■ , , Baron Camelford (1775-1804), had an adventurous and vRq ■ A ■ ri-Tl A p4 H wayward career in the navy, attaining the rank of com- v> ■ \i./T_l \J~0 U mander. He was finally killed in a duel. VI, Edward Herbert Smith, a clergyman of the Established Church. V 2, William Sidney Smith, a captain in the Royal Navy. Children of ProposUus: V4, Captain Arabin, Royal Navy. V 6, Baron de Dehnar. V 8, Colonel de St. Clair. V 9, Sir WiUiam Rumbold bmith, died in India. BrBLIOaRAPHT. Babrow, Sib J. 1848. Life of Sir WiUiam Sidney Smith. London: Bentley. 2 vols. STOCKTON. 203 63. Robert Field Stockton. Robert Field Stockton was born at Princeton, New Jersey, August 20, 1795. As a small boy he showed personal courage, a strong sense of honor, hatred of injustice, generosity, and loyalty to friends. At school he was the champion of the weak and won victories over the strong. He entered Princeton CoUege at 13 years of age and stood first in his class. He excelled in elocution and was apt in language and mathematics. The Bible and the writings of Cicero, Shake- speare, and Lord Bacon were his favorite books. One of his professors declared he was the best-informed man he had ever met. He was habitually temperate. He had ability for the law, but the war with England broke out before he was graduated; he was fired with an ambition to excel Nelson and he entered the navy as midshipman and cruised with Commodore Rodgers on the President in 1812. When the President fought the Belvidere, Stockton won the sobriquet "Fighting Bob," and this hung to him ever after. He was in the fight with the Plantagenet (74 gims) near Boston for five hours. He went with Rodgers to Washington to see Secretary of Navy Jones, and became Jones's aide, but he shortly after resigned and went with Rodgers to defend Alexandria and later Baltimore. He worked incessantly, building small craft, fire-boats, and rafts. In September 1814 he was commissioned lieutenant. Then came the war with Algiers. Stock- ton on the Guerriere assisted in the capture of the Algerian flagship Mishouri. Off the Spanish coast he drove an Algerian brig ashore, led the boarding party in person, got the brig off the shoals, and sent her to a Spanish port. After the war he became first lieutenant on the Erie. He now had some leisure and spent it in studying common, martial, and international law and was called upon in courts-martial. He worked for improved discipline and for the abolition of the "cat." He also felt the humiUation of the arrogant attitude of the British naval officers and did his best to end this. A Neapolitan supply-provider came on board the Erie with credentials signed by an EngUsh naval officer which contained an insulting remark on Yankee seamen. Stockton challenged the subscriber to a duel or apology. They fought and Stockton hit the Englishman in the leg at the first shot. Soon thereafter the Erie arrived at Gibraltar. Here he found that an American merchant captain had been thrown into jail as a criminal for failure to carry a lantern at night. The British officer called him a "damned Yankee merchantman." Stockton challenged the EngUsh officer to a duel. He woimded the officer and his seconds refused further fight except on their own terms. So Stockton some time later fought on these terms and woimded the officer a second time. The EngUsh tried to detain Stockton, who now saw that they were trying to ensnare him. He knocked down one of the foot-guards, puUed another from his horse, motmted the horse, and rode to his own men, who were waiting for him on the shore. The governor of Gibraltar now proceeded to compose the difficulties between the EngUsh and Americans. Stockton was opposed to dueUng, but a duel seemed the only method of putting the American navy right with the British. In 1821 Stockton was asked by Judge Washington and Francis Key to aid the Colonization Society to secure a site in Africa. In a naval schooner he set out to look for a healthy locality. Finally, at Cape Mesurado, he found a high, undulating, and fertile country; he began to trade with the natives and finally negotiated with King Peter and, despite the opposition of a powerful mulatto slave-trader, secured the execution of a treaty by which Liberia was acquired; 204 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. he then cruised for pirates for a time. In 1825 he married and settled at Prince- ton on a furlough until 1838. Here he organized the New Jersey Colonization Society, established a newspaper, promoted the building of the Delaware and Raritan canal, largely with his own money, worked for the Trenton and New Brunswick railroad, and took an active part in politics; he also imported and raced thoroughbreds. In 1838, as captain, he commanded the Ohio on a cruise to the Mediterranean, and about this time made a model of a steamship with its machinery below the water-line. In 1841 he was offered the secretaryship of the navy, but declined it. He now planned and supervised the building of our first steam war-vessel, Princeton. On February 28, 1844, she was being dedicated and a large wrought-iron gun was being fired in the presence of President Tyler, Secretary of State A. P. Upshur, Secretary of the Na-vy T. W. Gilmer, and others. Stockton stopped firing the gun and refused to continue, but was ordered to fire once more. The gun burst and killed several, including Messrs. Upshur and Gilmer. In 1844 he was sent by President Tyler to carry the annexation resolutions to the government of Texas. In 1845, just before war broke out with Mexico, he was sent in the Congress to convey Commissioner Ten Eyck to Hono- lulu. While at Callao he found that an American merchant captain had been imprisoned while trying to quiet a quarrel between some of his men and some Peruvian sailors. Stockton demanded the release of the captain and was refused in an overbearing manner. He then gave the authorities fifteen minutes to release the man or he would train his ship's guns on the city. The captain was promptly released. At Hawaii he composed the quarrel between the king and the American representative. Brown. He then went to Monterey, California, and organized the citizens of the United States who were in California into a battalion and in 1846 issued a proclamation authorizing civil government in the State. He attacked the Mexicans at Los Angeles and San Pedro, so that the troops fled and the Mexican governor surrendered. Raising an army, he cleared Southern Cali- fornia of the enemy, estabUshed a newspaper in San Francisco, and organized schools. Having been superseded, he returned overland to the East, successfully evading threatened Indian attacks en route. He was the recipient of distinguished honors in Philadelphia and elsewhere. He resigned from the navy in 1850, to devote himself to private interests and State matters. Elected to the United States senate in 1850, he introduced a bill to abolish flogging in the navy and urged coast defense. Resigning in 1853, he retired to private life. He was elected president of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company, was chosen a delegate to the peace congress of 1861, and died at Princeton in 1866. Stockton represents the brilliant "frigate-captain" type — a dashing hyper- kinetic, who does various jobs well, but organizes no extensive naval campaign. His interest in diplomacy was marked from the time of his youthful study of law. He was intelligent and administrative. He married Harriet, daughter of John Potter, of Charleston, South Carolina, and had 6 daughters and 3 sons, of whom none became sailors. (1) Richard be- came a lawyer and treasurer of the Camden and Amboy railroad. (2) John was a lawyer who went as United States minister to Rome, 1857. He was elected United States senator in 1864, and again in 1868; as senator he advocated the establishment of Ufe-saving stations on the coast. He served as attorney general of New Jersey. (3) Robert Field (1802-1898), was graduated at Princeton in 1851, admitted to the bar, became brigadier general in 1858, adjutant general of the State until 1867, and comptroller of New Jersey, 1877-1888. He was STOCKTON. 205 president of the Delaware and Earitan Canal Company and director of the United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Company. TMs fraternity illustrates how a certain marriage of a nomadic fighter may result in children without his tastes. The father of Robert Field Stockton, Richard Stockton, was graduated from Princeton and was a leader of the New Jersey bar. Legal talent evidently came from this side, for Stockton's brothers had legal (as well as mihtary) interests. The father's father was Richard Stockton, a signer of the Declaration of Inde- pendence and a lawyer of great coolness and courage. He married Annis Bou- dinot, a Uterary woman full of courage and high spirit, whose presence of mind enabled her in the Revolution to save important state papers during the battle of Princeton. Her brother Ehas was president of the Continental Congress and threw himself heart and soul into the patriotic struggle. The mother of Robert F. Stockton was Mary Field, daughter of Robert (born 1775) and Mary (Peale) Field, of BurUngton, New Jersey. Her brother Robert married Abigail, a sister of Richard Stockton and a daughter of the signer, and had a son, Robert Field (born in 1795), who was a naval officer, but resigned, at the age of 25, upon his marriage, to go on a plantation. The hyperkinetic tendencies of the propositus probably came from the Bou- dinot blood, probably reinforced by certain traits of the Field germ-plasm. Family History of Robert Field Stockton. 1 1 (F M F), Elias Boudinot (1706-1770), of Huguenot ancestry. I 2 (F M M), Catherine Williams, of Antigua, of Welsh stock. I 3 (F F F), John Stockton (1701-1768), a man of edu- cation and influence, and judge of the court of common pleas; a patron of Princeton College. I 4 (F F M), Abigail Phillips, a first cousin on the Stockton side. IV VI FratemUy of F M: II 1, Elisha Boudinot, a lawyer of high reputation. II 2, Eliaa Bou- dmot (1740-1821), a lawyer of note; president of the Continental Congress and president of the American Bible Society. II 3, Annis Boudinot (1736-1801), a beautiful and gifted woman, who had some poetical abiUty and contributed to periodicals. II 4 (F F), Richard Stockton (1730-1781), a jurist of high reputation who signed the Declaration of Independence. II 5 (M F), Robert Field (1723-1775), in 1774 was chairman of a pubUc meeting of Burlington county which sent delegates to the State convention. II 6 (M M), Mary Peale, daughter of Oswald Peale. Fraternity of F F: II 9, John Stockton (born 1744), was drowned by the upsetting of a yawl. II 10, Samuel W. Stockton (1751-1795), went as secretary of the American commission to the courts of Austria and Russia, and was secretary of state for New Jersey in 1794. Ill 11, Rev. Philip Stockton, bom 1746. Fratemay of F: III 1, Lucius Horatio Stockton, United States district attorney for New Jersey. Ill 2, Julia Stockton. Ill 3, Benjamin Rush (1746-1813), a signer of the Deckration of Independence and a famous physician of PhiWelphia. Ill 4, Susan Stockton. UI 5, Alex- 206 HEEEDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFTICEES. ander Cuthbert, of Canada. Ill 6, Mary Stockton. Ill 7, Andrew Hunter (1752-1823), a missionary who became a brigade chaplain in the Revolutionary army and later a chaplain in the navy. Ill 8 (F), Richard Stockton (bom 1764), stood at the head of the bar in New Jersey at the age of 25 years. He was a Presidential elector; a United States senator, and a member of Congress from 1813-1815. Ill 9 (M), Mary Field (1766-1837). FratemUy of M: III 11, Lydia Field. Ill 12, Adam Hubly. Ill 13, Robert Field (bom 1775), a Princeton graduate. Ill 14, Abigail Stockton. Ill 15, Richard Howell (1754-1803), served in the amiy throughout the Revolutionary war. Afterwards he practiced law and wae elected governor of New Jersey. III 16, Miss Burr. Ill 17, Lucius Stockton (bom 1771), a lawyer. Ill 18, Eliza Core. Ill 19, Zachary Cantey, a general of South Carolina. rv 1, Richard Rush (bom 1780), attomey general of Pennsylvania and United States minister to England. IV 2, James Rush (born 1786), followed scientific and literary pursuits. IV 3, David Hunter (1802-1886), was graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1822, but afterwards engaged in business in Chicago (1836). Later he served in the Mexican war and as brigadier general of volunteers won distinction in the Civil War, being made a major general of the United States army in 1865. IV 4, Lewis Boudinot Hunter (bom 1804), served as a surgeon in the Mexican and Civil Wars, retiring with the rank of commodore in 1871. IV 5, Mary Hunter. FratemUy of Propositus: IV 6, Samuel Witham Stockton, a lieutenant in the United States navy. IV 7, Mary Stockton. IV 8, William Harrison. IV 9, Richard Stockton (born 1791), became judge of the Mississippi supreme court, and attomey general. IV 10, Julia Stockton, born 1793. IV 11, John Rhinelander. IV 13, Caroline Stock- ton. IV 14, William Rotch. IV 15, Annis Stockton, bom 1804. IV 16, Hon. John Renshaw Thomson, United States senator. IV 17 {Propositus), Robert Field Stockton. IV 18 (con- sort), Harriet Maria Potter, of Charleston, South Carolina. IV 19, Robert Field (1767-1850), at 12 years of age shipped before the mast on board a man-of-war with his cousin Robert Stockton. He became a lieutenant in the navy; and in 1822 resigned and took up plantation life in Mississippi. IV 20, Richard Stockton Field (1803-1870), became attomey general of New Jersey, 1838-1844. He was professor of law in the New Jersey Law School (1847-1855), and in 1862 was elected to the United States senate. IV 22, Major Richard Lewis Howell. IV 23, Rebecca Stockton, bom 1798. IV 24, Charles C. Stockton (born 1796), removed to Kentucky, where he died young. IV 25, Lucius W. Stockton (born 1799), was the leading spirit in building the historic National Road, the precursor of the trunk-line railroads. IV 26, Mary Remington. IV 27, Philip Augustus Stockton (1802-1876), entered the navy in 1819 and served 11 years. In 1856 he was appointed consul general for Saxony. IV 28, Sarah Cantey (1813-1835). V 1, Samuel Witham Stockton, an aide on the staff of Major General David Hunter in the Civil War. V 2, Sarah Hodge. V 3, Mary Stockton. Children of ProposUus: V 4, Catherine Elizabeth Stockton, died 1875. V 5, William Armstrong Dod, a noted preacher and educator. V 6, Richard Stockton (1824-1876), a lawyer, and treasurer of the Camden and Amboy Railroad. V 7, John Potter Stockton (born 1826), was United States minister to Rome in 1857 and as United States senator in 1869 he advocated the establishment of life-saving stations. He became attor- ney general of New Jersey. V 8, Robert Field Stockton (1832-1898), a lawyer and capitalist; was a brigadier general in 1858 and adjutant general of New Jersey. V 9, Caroline Stockton. V 10, Captain William Rawle Brown, of the United States navy. V 11, Harriet M. Stockton, born 1834. V 12, Julia Stockton, bom 1837. V 13, Edward M. Hopkms. V 14, Annis Stock- ton. V 15, Franklin Howell. V 16, Mary Elizabeth Stockton, born 1830. V 17, John C. Howell (born Philadelphia, 1819), entered the navy in 1836 and served in various capacities; was acting secretary of the navy at various times between 1874 and 1878, being promoted in 1877 to rear admiral. V 18, Howard Stockton (born 1842), was a brevet captain. United States army. V 19, Philip A. Stockton, was graduated from the United States Military Academy; served in the Confederate States army as colonel. V 20, Edward Stockton (bom 1849), was a lieutenant in the United States navy; entered the Confederate States navy, afterwards an engineer. VI 1, Charles Stockton, a civil engineer who died in Nicaragua. VI 2, Samuel Stockton, with the "Rough Riders" in Cuba. BlBLIOGRAPHT. Batakd, S. T. 1856. A Sketch of the Life of Commodore Robert Field Stockton, with an Appendix. New York: Derby and Jackson. Peircb, F. 1901. Field Genealogy. Chicago: Hammond Press. 2 vols. Stockton, T. C. 1911. The Stockton Family of New Jersey. Washington: The Camahan Press, xxviii + 350 pp. TATTNALL. 207 64. JosiAH Tattnall. JosiAH Tattnall was born November 9, 1795, in Bonaventura, near Savan- nah, Georgia. He became an orphan at an early age and was sent, with his sister and brother, to England to be educated. At school, from 10 to 16 years of age, his conduct was exemplary and manly; he studied faithfully, but he always retained a strong love for outdoors. In 1811 he returned to America, studied medicine for a time in Savannah, but found it disgusting and depressing, and so, following his inclinations, applied to the navy department and was made a midshipman in April 1812. After studying mathematics for a time in Washington, he was ordered in August to the Constellation under Commodore Bainbridge. His first engage- ment was against the British at Hampton Roads. He helped man the shore bat- teries on Craney island which repulsed the British barges, and he was one of those who waded out and took possession of the barges which had grounded. Sent on special duty to the Lake Erie squadron, he was detailed to arrest deserters. Having chastised one who resisted arrest, he was criticized for so doing by his commanding officer. Resenting the injustice, he promptly resigned. Later, he was induced to withdraw his resignation and was shortly restored to the navy. In the meantime, however, the EngUsh had captured Washington city. Young TattnaU attached himself to a company of volunteers and participated in the dis- astrous battle of Bladensburg (August 24, 1814). In his rapid retreat he became greatly exhausted and was proffered succor by a planter who discovered him, but he declined. He went with Decatur's squadron to the Algerian war and remained for some time in Mediterranean waters, profiting by its historical surroundings. Upon his return to the United States he was, after examination, promoted to a lieutenancy in April 1818. He next served on the Macedonian (on which his inti- mate friend Paulding was also lieutenant), and sailed for Valparaiso and a Pacific cruise. On account of a disagreement with his captaia, he returned to the United States ia advance of his ship. He was fully exonerated by the Navy Department. In 1821 he married a daughter of his mother's sister. While off duty he studied mathematics and also perfected himself in the use of the sword, pistol, and rifle. He was at this time fond of exercise and a rapid and enduring pedes- trian. In 1823 he was on the schooner Jackal, of Commodore Porter's mosquito fleet, organized to suppress piracy in the West Indies. From 1814 to 1825 he was with the Mediterranean squadron. In 1828 he reported as first lieutenant to Commander Turner on board the Erie and, as such, successfully conducted the cutting-out expedition for salvage of the Federal. In 1829 he surveyed the Dry Tortugas for the government fortifications subsequently built there. During the next few years TattnaU saw a varied service on the Gulf of Mexico, connected, more or less directly, with the storm brewing between Mexico, Texas, and the United States. Thus, in 1835, he brought the defeated Santa Anna to Vera Cruz, where the soldiery were hostile, and handed him over to his friends. In 1838 he was appointed commander and placed in charge of the Boston navy yard. Next being put in charge of a fine new corvette, the Saratoga, he was caught in a southeast gale before he had cleared the New England coast, so that he was nearly driven upon the shore and only saved himseK by cutting away the masts and anchoring. After refitting, he carried Commodore Perry, in the Saratoga, to the west coast of Africa to watch slavers. In the Mexican war he commanded the mosquito division of small vessels that covered the landing of General Scott's army at Vera Cruz, and also helped 208 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. bombard the city. He bombarded Tuxpan, also, and was woimded severely in the arm by stray shrapnel; consequently he had to return home to recuperate (1847), Sent to the coast of Cuba, where American ships were fihbustering, he found that attempts would be made by an American naval commander to release captured American ships in possession of Spanish war-ships on the high seas. Tattnall, reaUzing that this meant war, so informed the governor general of Cuba, who ordered that all American vessels taken into Cuban ports should be held there and not brought over to Havana harbor. Thus the clash of naval vessels was averted. His course was warmly applauded by his government. In 1857 he was ordered to take charge of the China squadron — a well-warranted tribute to his diplomacy. Ordered to take the new American minister to Pekin, he was a witness of the English and French attack on the Chinese forts at the mouth of the Pei-ho. In this battle he took a more active part than strict neu- trality warranted, but his explanation, "blood is thicker than water," was accepted by our government. He shortly afterward retiumed to the United States, where he received many honors. In February 1861, Georgia having seceded, Tattnall resigned from the navy of the United States, reported to the governor of Georgia, and was placed in defense of the waters of South Carolina and Georgia. In this capacity he fought the naval battle of Port Royal harbor and was defeated by the greater force of the enemy. He continued to attack the squadron blockading the Savannah river, erected batteries, and hindered as he could the operation of the Federal naval forces. After the battle between the Monitor and the Merrimac (the latter commanded by Franklin Buchanan, who was wounded), he was given command of the Con- federate fleet at Norfolk, with directions to hoist his flag on the Virginia (i.e., the Merrimac). This he did, but was unable to fight his ship and, finally, when the Federals captured the Norfolk navy yard, he burned her. He was court-martialed for the act and acquitted. Sent to defend Savannah harbor, he set to work to make a fleet, but this he had to destroy (January 1865) when Savannah was cap- tured. After the war he resided for four years in Halifax, but lack of funds made it necessary for him to return to Savannah, where the post of inspector of the port was created for him (1870). He died Jime 14, 1871. Tattnall was fearless. As a mere lad he helped salvage the grounded barge of the enemy under the guns of the enemy's fleet. When his captain found a cap- tured American ship, the Federal, in the port at St. Bartholomew, it was Tattnall who imdertook to row to the vessel, which lay right imder the gims of the fort, to hoist her saUs and weigh anchor. Just then the midnight exploit was detected by the garrison of the fort, whose cannonading, however, came too late to be effective. Being denounced for this act by an American fihbuster, who threat- ened him with "chastisement at sight," Tattnall "sought the threatener, who then fled at sight of him and went into hiding." When he brought Santa Anna to Vera Cruz and noticed the hostile troops that threatened Santa Anna, Tattnall took his arm and walked with him to the hotel. The mob was so impressed by the boldness of the act that the idea of assassination was replaced by enthusiastic welcome. "Tattnall knew the danger, but danger seemed always a welcome guest to him." Similar courage was shown by his father, also, as when, at the age of 18 years, he left his loyalist father in England and disobediently returned to America to fight on the colonial side, and as when, after the war, he organized militia bands to quell Indian troubles in Georgia. TATTNALL. 209 Tattnall's judgment in diplomacy was excellent. This may be in part due to the great interest in history which he had from early youth. When at 16 years of age the ship in which he was leaving England for America was held up at Cowes by adverse winds, he says: "I resided on shore and visited places of historical note ia the vicinity, thus iadulging a natural taste which has increased with the years." Later, when with Decatur's squadron in the Mediterranean, he profited by a long sojourn to examine its historical surroundings. When off duty and not otherwise employed, he was much given to reading. With a well-stored mind, stored especially with historical data, he was able to act wisely, whether in dis- agreeing with superior officers, preventing a war with Spain over Cuba, or han- dling a delicate situation with Chinese officials. His judgment in maneuvering his section of the impotent Confederate navy was excellent, and when he was overruled disaster followed. His act in saving the Saratoga by cutting away its masts was a novel but an extremely wise method of meeting the emergency. His father, also, must have shown good judgment to gain the ever-increasing regard of his fellow-citizens, which during war brought him rapid promotion and during peace carried him to the governorship of Georgia. Tattnall had a keen sense of honor. When criticized unjustly by a superior officer in the navy he resigned. At Valparaiso he fought one duel and was ready for a second, but could find no antagonist. After the English naval officer had helped him off the shoal of the Pei-ho, on which his vessel had struck, he felt it his duty to help the English officer when he was getting badly whipped in battle with the Chinese fort. He insisted on a court of inquiry and court-martial when criticized for his course in the Confederate navy. Generosity was a marked trait of Josiah Tattnall. He twice made large loans while on the Mediterranean, "as he was easily prevailed upon to do." The first debtor died before he had a chance to repay; with the second Tattnall later quarreled and when, through a friend, the loan was returned, TattnaU, remarking "Tell the gentleman the debt is paid," tossed the money into the sea. He was affable and companionable in his intercourse with his fellow-officers, and with his friends joyous, guileless, and playful. His conversation, "adorned by anecdote, and with a remarkable feHcity of illustration, enlivened by humor, and sparkling with wit — was genial and charming in the extreme; with an over- flowing spirit of kindliness at the helm, neither severity nor sarcasm ever entered there." He loved the excitement of warfare. He writes: "The belief that, even in these dull times, there is a possibiUty of seeing some service more exciting than mere making and taking in of sail, has given us something of a war animation." When shot, at Tuxpan, it is stated that he cared Uttle for the wound, since the expedition was successful. It is interesting that his father was a successful Revo- lutionary general and that his mother's sister's son, Christopher Gadsden, com- manded the United States brig Vixen. "No man that trod a deck ever came to a decision more promptly than he, or forced its execution through all opposing circumstances with more energy and resolution." His perception was like the hghtning's flash. The execution followed and with a force sufficient to overcome the resistance to be encountered. This rapidity of thought and action gave to his conduct, at times, an appearance of rashness. 210 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. Family Histoet or Josiah Tattnall. II (F F F), Tattnall, went from Eng- land to South Carolina in 1700. I 2 (F F M), Bamewall, granddaughter of an Irish peer. I 3 (F M F), Colonel John Mulryne, purchased the Bona Ventura estate a few miles below Savannah and settled it in 1762. Fraternity of F F: II 2, Thomas Boone, royal governor of the province of South Carolina. II 3 (F F), Josiah Tattnall, a loyalist; returned to Eng- land, 1776; his estates were confiscated. II 4 ■ (FM), Miss Muhyne. 115 (M F), Edward ^ □ O ■ H Fenwick, of South Carolina, came of a family of ^^ great influence and antiquity. ~ III 1, Colonel Boone, of the Guards. Fraternity of F: III 2, John Tattnall, returned to England. Ill 3 (F), Josiah Tattnall, went to England with his parents but declined a com- mission in the Royal Army and, against his father's wishes, returned to America, where he served under General Greene until the end of the war. Later he was colonel of the First Georgia regi- ment and then brigadier general of the First Brigade of State forces; elected a number of the legislature and of the United States senate, and made governor of Georgia. He died in the West Indies in 1804 in his thirty-seventh year. Ill 4 (M), Fenwick, died ca. 1803. Fraternity of M: III 6, Ebenezer Jackson, served with distinction in the Revolutionary army. Ill 8, Christopher Gadsden. Fraternity of Propositus: IV 1, Edward Fenwick Tattnall, educated in England. IV 2, Tattnall, educated in England. IV 3 {Propositits), Josiah Tattnall. IV 4 (consort), Jackson. IV 5, Christopher Gadsden, commanded the United States brig Vixen. BiBLIOaRAPHT. Jones, C. 1878. Life and Services of Commodore Josiah Tattnall. Savannah: x + 259 pp. 65. Marten Harperts Tbomp. Marten Harperts Tromp was born at Brielle, South Holland, in 1597. He went to sea in his father's boat at 9 years of age. In a fight off Gibraltar he was told by his father to stay in the cabin but, in the thick of battle, he came on deck just in time to see his father die. He turned to the sailors and urged them to avenge his father's death. Left now an orphan, he began at the bottom as cabin-boy, and became captain of a Dutch naval frigate at the age of 27. In 1639 he surprised, off the Flemish coast, a large Spanish fleet which he completely destroyed. The circumstances were these: The Spanish fleet comprised 67 men- of-war, 2,000 gims, and 24,000 men. The Dutch had only 31 ships. The first attack was made in the moonUght and was so severe that the Spanish fleet sought refuge off the Downs, England, where the English admiral warned the Dutch not to attack. Tromp blockaded the fleet until he had added to his own vessels. Finally he sailed into the Spanish fleet, of which 22 ships deUberately ran ashore; the giant of the fleet was set in flames by a fire-ship and exploded; 11 surrendered without a shot. Of the 67 men-of-war only 18 reached Dunkerque and they were in a pitiable condition; the Test were destroyed or taken. A large part of the 24,000 men were lost in the battle and its after effects. In this battle Tromp showed great audacity in opposing the orders of the British admiral. He defeated the British in November 1652 and again, in February 1653, prevented a great British fleet from destroying his convoy. He is one of the few naval com- manders who defeated a British fleet. His son Cornelius van Tromp (1629-1691) at the age of 19 commanded a small squadron against the Barbary pirates. In 1653 he was made rear admiral TEOMP — TUCKEE. 211 in consequence of his gallantry in action with the English fleet off Leghorn, one of which (the Phoenix) he boarded and took after a severe fight, and the rest of which he helped defeat in a bloody battle. He was impetuous, even rash, and not always amenable to discipline. BiBIilOaBAPHT. LiEFDE, Jacob de. The Great Dutch Admirals. London: H. S. King & Co. 361 pp. 66. John Raotjolph Tuckbb. John Randolph Tucker^ was born at Alexandria, Virginia, January 31, 1812. He was educated in the schools of his native city. He early showed a longing for the sea and entered the United States navy as midshipman at 15 years of age. He passed some years in the Mediterranean station, and was made heu- tenant in 1837. He entered the Mexican war on the Stromboli, a bomb-brig, and at its close was lieutenant commander. After additional service in the Medi- terranean he was made commander of the Pennsylvania, a receiving ship at Nor- folk, and was ordnance officer at the New York navy yard when Virginia seceded. He thereupon became a commander in the Confederate navy and was given charge of the Patrick Henry, a paddle-wheel steamer, partly protected by iron plates. He took part in the naval battle in Hampton Roads when the Merrimac {Virginia) rammed and sank the Cumberland. After the retreat up the James, the guns of the Patrick Henry were placed on Dnuy's Bluff and used to drive off the Federal ironclad fleet that essayed to pass it. At Charleston, South Carolina, Tucker kept the Federal fleet from attacking the city and helped repulse the attack on Fort Sumter. After the evacuation of Charleston, Tucker went to Richmond and did not leave imtil he saw the city evacuated. After the war he was offered (in 1866) the command of the Peruvian fleet as rear admiral, accepted it, and commanded the fleets of Peru and Chile in their war with Spain. As president of the Peruvian Hydrographical Commission of the Amazon, he explored the upper courses of that river, coming twice to the United States for light-draft steamers. Again he returned to the States to publish his maps, but, as Peru was now financially unable to pay for the work. Tucker went to Petersburg, Virginia, where he died, in 1883, of heart disease. His family history has not been well worked out. His father, John Tucker, came to Virginia from Bermuda, and his mother's father, Dr. Charles Douglas, from England. ' Rochelle, J. H. 1903. The Life of Rear Admiral John Randolph Tucker. Washington: The Neale Publishing Co. 112 pp. 212 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OP NAVAL OFFICERS. 67. John Ancbtjm Winslow. John Anckum Winslow was born at Wilmington, North Carolina, Nov- ember 19, 1811. He was appointed a midshipman in February 1827. In 1839 he was commissioned a lieutenant; during the Mexican war he took part in various skirmishes on the coast, and was left for six weeks at Tampico to guard the arsenal. After the war he was commissioned a commander, was a light-house inspector for two years and, on the breaking out of the Civil War, was ordered to join Foote's Mississippi River flotilla, which, with half a dozen other officers, he practically constructed. Winslow took two of the flotilla down the river to Cairo. In 1863 he was given command of the Kearsarge and was sent to Europe to destroy Confederate cruisers. While off Cherboiu-g he found the Alabama there and received a challenge from her to fight. The fight ensued. The Ala- bama fired rapidly, aimed badly, and was sunk. Winslow fought his ship coolly and with special admonitions against too rapid firing and careless aim. The Kearsarge also had the advantage of two 11-inch Dahlgren guns. Promoted to commodore and later to rear admiral, Winslow for two years was in command of the Pacific squadron. He died in 1873. His striking traits were: Nomadism. — As a boy he frequented the docks and shipping of Wilmington, North Carolina, and at the age of 10 years induced his brother Edward to "accom- pany him upon an impromptu voyage. They cast themselves adrift in a ship's boat, erected a bush for a sail, and, favored by the wind and tide, were swept rapidly to sea." Fortunately they were rescued by an incoming vessel. He liked to roam the woods with his dog. When ready for college he desired to enter the navy and secured a commission. Fearlessness. — He early learned to use firearms, and was given dogs and a gun that he might hunt wild beasts. He was simple, persevering, steadfast, of indomitable energy, iron will, and defiant courage, yet modest, unassuming, and gentle; he looked more like a divine than a fighter. He combined "in his inheritance the simplicity, perseverance, integrity, and fortitude of the Plymouth Rock Pilgrims with the courage, chivalry, and dash of the gentry of Caroliua. He married his cousin, Catherine AmeUa Winslow, daughter of Benjamin Winslow, of Boston, and had, among others, two sons who were in the navy: Herbert Winslow, born in 1848, was graduated at the United States Naval Academy in 1869; he commanded the United States steamer Fern at the battle of Santiago; was in the Boxer Rebellion in China, and landed the first detachment of marines at Taku. He became a rear admiral in 1909 and died in 1914. WilUam Randolph Winslow was a paymaster in the navy, and died in 1869. He had a son, Eben Eveleth Winslow, who was graduated from West Point at the head of his class in 1869, and became a captain, corps of engineers. United States army. John A. Winslow's mother's mother's mother's father was Colonel WiUiam Rhett, speaker of the House of Commons of South Carolina when he was com- missioned as vice admiral in 1704 and placed in conamand of an improvised naval force. With this he defeated a force of French and Spaniards who sailed against Charleston. In 1716 he captured "Blackbeard," a well-known pu-ate. Later he was appointed governor general of the Bahamas, but he never accepted the posi- tion. "From this hero of CaroHna, Winslow inherited the ambition to become a naval warrior and the qualities necessary for success in such a calling." WINSLOW. 213 Family History of John Ancrum Winslow. II (M M M F F), Robert Wright, chief justice of South Carolina. 1 3 (M M M M F), William Rhett (1666-1722) (see text). 14 (M M M M M), Sarah Cooke (1665-1745). I 5, Nicholas Trott (1663-1740), chief justice of South Carolina; a man of profound scholarship and an eminent legal writer. II I (M M F F), James Hasell, chief justice of North Carolina colony. Fraternity of M M M F: II 3, Sir James Wright (1714-1785), the last royal gover- nor of Georgia. II 4 (M M M F), Richard Wright (169&-1744). II 5 (M M M M), Mary Rhett (1714- 1744). Fraternity of M M M M: II 7, Sarah Rhett (1697-1761). II 8, Eleazar Allen, chief justice of North Carolina. II 9, Catherine Rhett (1705-1745). II 11, William Rhett (1695-1728). II 12, Mary Trott. in 1 (M M F), James HaseU (1727- 1769). Ill 2 (MMM), Sarah Wright (1736-1764). Ill 3, Sir Thomas Frank- land, an admiral of the Royal Navy. Ill 4, Sarah Rhett, born 1722. Ill 6, Mary Jane Rhett. Ill 7, John, eighth Lord Colville. IV 1 (M F), John Ancrum (died 1779), chairman of the committee of safety m the Revolution. IV 2 (M M), Mary Haaell (1753-1794). IV 5, Sk Thomas Frankland (1750-1831). IV 6, Ann Frankland, died 1842. IV 7, John Lewis, member of the British Parliament. IV 8, Dinah Frankland, died 1795. IV 9, Wil- liam Bowles. IV 10, Catherine Frank- land. IV 11, Su: Thomas Whinyates, an admiral of the Royal Navy. IV 12, Charlotte Frankland. IV 13, Robert Nicholas, member of Parliament. IV 14, William Frankland (died 1816), member of Parliament and lord of admiralty. IV 17, Roger Frankland (died 1816), canon of Wells. IV 18, Catherine Colville. V 1 (consort's F), Benjamin Winslow, of Boston. V 3 (F), Edward Winslow (bom Boston, 1788), in 1807 removed to Wihnington, North Carolina, where he engaged in commercial pursuits. V 4 (M), Sarah EUza Ancrum, died 1837. V 5 (first consort of M), James McAlister. V6 (second consort of M), William G. Berry. Fraternity of M: V 7, James Hasell Ancrum. V 8, Jane Washington. V 9, Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis (1780- 1855); member of Parhament; vice presi- dent of the Board of Trade; treasurer of the navy. V 11, Sir William Bowles (died 1869); admiral of the white; K. C. B. V 12, Sir George Bowles, a general of the army; K. C. B. V 13, Henry Bowles. V 15, Sir Thomas Whinyates, an admiral of the Royal Navy. V 16, Edward Whinyates, a colonel in the British army. V 17, Frederick Whinyates, a captain of engineers. Royal army. V 18, Francis Whinyates, a captain in the East India servke. V 20, Edward Nicholas (died 1828), in the diplomatic service. V 21, Robert Nicholas (died 1828), 214 HEREDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF NAVAL OFFICERS. a post captain of the Royal Navy. V 22, William Nicholas, a n^jor in the army; killed at Bada- ioz Snain 1812 V 23 Thomas Nicholas, a lieutenant m the Royal Navy; lost at sea. V 24, cZ^es Nicholas, a b;rrister. V 26, Sir Frederick WiUiam Frankland (179S-1873). V 27 Katharina Margaret Scarth. V 28, Edward Augustus Frankland, a rear admiral of the Boyal Navy. V 29, Charles Colville Frankland (died 1876), an admiral of the Royal Navy. VI 1 (consort), Catherine Amory Winslow, a cousin. VI 2 {Propositus), John Ancbum WiNSLOW. Fraternity of Propositus: VI 3, Edward Davis Winslow, bom 1810. VI 5, James Hasell Winslow (1816-1830). Half -fraternity of Propositus: VI 6, Louisa McAlister. VI 7, Captain James Ward. VI 10, Frederick Roger Frankland, died of fever while a midshipman off Sierra Leone. VI 11, Thomas Frankland (1828-1867), killed at Lucknow. VI 12, Harry Albert Frankland, died while a midshipman off Vera Cruz. VI 13, Sir William A. Frankland (born 1837), a lieutenant colonel of the Royal Engineers. Children of Propositus: VII 1, James (born 1839) and Chilton Rhett (born 1840), Winslow, died unmarried. VII 2, WiUiam Randolph Winslow (1841-1869), a paymaster in the United States navy. VII 3, Catherine Eveleth. VII 4, Frances Amory (bom 1843) and Mary Catherine (1845-1895), Winslow, died unmarried. VII 5, Herbert Winslow (born 1848) (see text). Children's children of Propositus: Eben Eveleth Winslow (bom 1867), graduated at the hesid of his class from the United States Military Academy in 1889 and became captain, corps of engineers. United States army. BiBLIOORAFHY. Ellicott, J. 1902. The Life of John Ancrum Winslow. New York: C. P. Putnam's Sons. X + 275 pp. Hetward, B. 1903. The Descendants of Col. William Rhett of South Carolina. (In: The South Caroliita Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Vol. IV, pp. 37-74: 108-189.) 68. William Wolseley. WiLLLVM Wolseley was born at Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1756. In 1764 his family removed to Ireland, where he went to school for two years. In 1769 he was put on a naval vessel under the command of the husband of his mother's sister. Two years later he attended a naval school for some months and then sailed to Jamaica as a midshipman. In 1773 he sailed for the East Indies and was gone five years. In 1778 he was, as a lieutenant, in action with the French. Then he was sent again, by his own request, to the East Indies, where he led a storming party at Ceylon and was severely wounded. After participating in four great naval battles in the Indian Ocean, he was made a captain, but he was taken prisoner by the French and released only when peace was declared. In 1785 he was appointed captain of the Trusty, the flagship of his mother's brother, Commodore Cosby, in the Mediterranean. In his later years Admiral Wolseley spent most of his time on shore and died in 1842 from the results of an old wound. Wolseley seems to have been somewhat nomadic and, even in his later years on land, took frequent excursions. He was apparently somewhat hypokinetic — a man of strong reUgious principles, who secured a high position in the navy by steady good conduct and strict performance of duty. His kindness and amia- bility won him the affection and esteem of others, including his sailors. His father's father's father. Captain Richard Wolseley, was in the army under William III, and later was a member of Parliament. From him is descended also Field Marshal Viscoimt Wolseley, born in 1833. His father was William Ne- ville Wolseley, who, in 1750, was a captain in the Forty-seventh regiment serving in Nova Scotia. His mother was Ann Cosby, of Nova Scotia. Her eldest brother was a cap- tain in the army and was killed and scalped by Indians in 1748. Her younger WOLSELEY. 215 djd rfrO" brother, Phillips Cosby, entered the navy and succeeded to the family property in 1774, but was too fond of his profession to exchange it for that of a country gentleman, so he continued to serve and commanded the Cerdaur (74 gims) in an engagement with the French. In the engagement of March 1781, in command of the Robust (74 guns) he bore the brunt of the battle. As vice admiral he was put in command of the Mediterranean squadron and in 1790 was made commander in chief of the Irish coast. One notes a strong resemblance between his career and that on the propositus. Ann Cosby's father was Alexander, the Keutenant governor of Nova Scotia until his death in 1743, and one of his brothers. Lieutenant General WiUiam Cosby, was for a time governor of New York and the Jerseys. He died in 1736. Familt History of William Wolseley. II (F F F), Richard Wolseley, was in the army in Ireland under William III; later was a member of Parliament. I 2 (F F M), Frances Burneston. I 3 (F M F), Mr. Waring, a gentleman of County Kilkenny. 1 5 (M F F), Alexander Cosby. 1 7 (M M F), j Alexander Winniett, of Annapolis Royal. Fratemtiy of F F: U 1, Richard Wolseley, created a baronet in 1744; n member of Parliament. II 3, WiUiam Wolseley, fifth baronet. H 4 (F F), Robert Wolseley. II 5 (F M), Miss Waring. M FratemUy of M F: II 6, William Cosby (died 1736), a lieutenant general; governor of New York and the Jerseys. II 7, IV Elizabeth Cosby. 11 8, Richard Phillips, governor of Nova Scotia. II 10 (M M), Anne Wumiett. FratemUy of MM: II V 11, Winnett, a judge. in 1 (consort's F), John Moore, of County Down. Ill 3 (F), William Neville VI|*J =i;5f;^' Wolseley, a captain in the army, served in Nova Scotia; later he sold out and returned to England. Ill 4 (M), Anne Cosby. Frater- raty of M: HI 5, Elizabeth Cosby, in 6, Captain Foye. Ill 7, Captain Charles Cotterhill. m 8, Mary Cosby. HI 9, Captain John Buchanan. Ill 10 WUliam Cosby (died 1748), a captain in the army. Ill 11, Phillips Coaby (died 1808), rose to the rank of admiral of the white (see text). TV 1 (consort's B), Hugh Moore, a captain in the army. IV 2 (consort), Jane Moore (died 1820), an amiable and beautiful woman. IV 3 {Propositus), William Wolseley. Fra- temUy of ProposUus: IV 5, Elizabeth Wolseley. IV 6, Lamphier, of the Royal Navy. IV 7, Robert Wolseley, bom Annapolis Royal, 1753. Children of ProposUus: V 1, John Hood Wolseley (bom Ireland, 1796), was a midshipman on the Superb and served in the attack upon Algiers, August 1816, being favorably mentioned m the dispatches. Later he was appointed a lieutenant and sailed for Rio Janeiro; died 1827. V 2, Cosby William Wolseley (1805-1868), was appointed in 1828 an ensign in the army, but retired from the army in 1839. He "was intended for the church" but disliked that profession. V 3, Sydney Anne Wolseley (1808-1870). V 4, Colonel John Madden. V 5, Mary Jervis Wolseley (1801-1886). V 6, Arthur Innes, justice of the peace of County Down. VI 1, Gamet Joseph Wolseley (bom Ireland, 1833), distinguished himself in China, India, Canada, Africa, and Egypt and was created a viscount for his services. In 1894 he was promoted to be field marshal and in 1895 he was made commander in chief of the British forces. VI 2, Mary Innes, author of "A Memoir of William Wolseley." d Bibliography. Innbs, M. 1895. A Memoir of William Wolseley. & Co. 249 pp. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trilbner INDEX. NAMES OF PERSONS. Abbot, H.. 126 Abercorn, James, Duke of, 106 Adair, Robert, 116 Addison, Chiirles, 136 , Dr. S. Ridout, 136 Alava, Admiral, 60 Albemarle, Earl of, 117 Alessandro, Donna Catalina, 78 Alexander, Dr., 124 , Sarah, 165 , William, 132 Allardyce, A., 78 Allen, Eleazar, 213 Allen, Ethan, 23, 71 , Pickering Dodge, 199 AUington, Lord William, 105 Altamont, Lord, Marquis of Sligo, 105 Amadas, Joan, 97 Ancrum, James H., 213 , John, 213 , Sarah E., 213 Anderson, Dorothy M., 159 , Evelina, 179 , Larz, 162 , PhiUp, 159 , Thomas, 179 . William, 179 , WiUiam H., 184 Andrei Major John, 17, 21, 155, 156 Andrews, Susan, 153 Angell, James, 100 , Nathan, 100 Anson, George, 106, 108 , Isabella, 106 , Lord, 197 , WiUiam, 108, 109 Arabin, Captain, 202 Armadas, Captain, 185 Armstrong, Commodore, 87 Armjrtage, G., 109 Arnold, Benedict, 155, 166, 168, 202 . Caleb, 168 , Joanna, 168 , Penelope, 168 Ascough, Ann, 193, 194 , Richard, 193, 194 Atwatn, Elizabeth, 90 Aucher, — , 186 Austin, Julia, 156 Bacon, Lord, 203 BagweU, Ada, 153 Bailey, Captain, 160 Baillie-Hamilton, Henry, 129 Bainbridge, Absalom, 37 ,WilUam, 5, 6, 10, 36, 207 Baldwin, J., 73, 170 Bancroft, Aaron, 45 , Charles, 46 , George, 46 , Henry, 46 , Jane Putnam, 46 , John, 46 , Samuel, 46 , Thomas, 46 Bangs, Edward, 183 , Josiah, 182, 183 , Mehitable, 183 Banker, Joshua Loring, 63 Barber, Susanna, 168 Barclay, Ann O'Connor, 195 , John Mortimer, 195 Bard, Susan, 193 , WiUiam, 195 Barker, Mary, 62 Barlow, Arnica, 184 , Frances Emma, 184 , Francis Joel, 182, 184 , Frederick, 182 , Frederick Stanley, 184 , Harriet, 159, 184 , Joel, 183, 184 , Samuel, 183 , Thomas, 182, 184 Barlowe, Captain, 185 Barnes, J., 83 Bamett, J., 73 , W., 128 BamewaU, — , 210 Barney, EHzabeth, 38, 39 , George DevereU, 39 , Henry, 39 , James W., 39 , John, 39 , John Holland, 38 , Joseph, 5, 6, 10, 30, 37, 38 , Joseph Nicholson, 39 , Joshua, 38, 39 , Louis, 39 , Margaret, 38 , Martha, 38 , Nathan, 39 , Peggy, 38 , WUliam, 38-39 , William Stephenson, 38 Barrington, Capt. George, 116 , Mary, 116 217 Barron, Sir James, 10, 44, 46, 69, 181, 188. 202 , Mary Allen, 44, 46 Barrows, Sir John, 106 Barry, John, 5, 6, 10, 40, 41, 69 Bass, Mary Butler, 62 , Moses Belcher, 62 Bassett, Sarah, 134 Bayard, S. T., 206 Beaver, Edward, 42 , Herbert, 42 . James, 42 , Rev. James, 41 . PhUip, 5, 7, 10, 41, 42 Bedford, Ann, 38 , Gunning, 38 Beeke, L., 174 Belcher, Sir Edward, 130 Belmont, August, 169, 170 , Fredericka, 170 , Jane Perry, 170 , OUver Hazard Perry, 170 -, Perry, 170 -, Raymond, 170 Bendyshe, John, 145-147 , Richard, 147 Benham, Mercy, 89 Bennett, Sarah, 89 Beresford, Charles, 44 , Lord, Charles William de la Poer, 5, 6, 7, 10, 29, 44 , Delaval, 43 , George de la Poer, 43 , George Thomas, 43 , Henry de la Poer, 43, 44 , Henry John Talbot, 44 , James, 43 , John, 42 , John George, 43 , Sir John Poo, 43 , John de la Poer, 44 . Marcus, 43 , Sarah Elizabeth, 44 , WiUiam, 42, 44 , Viscount WilUam Carr, 43 , WiUiam Leslie de la Poer, 44 Berkeley, Admiral, 131 Bemer, Dorothy, 146 Berry, WiUiam G., 213 Blackbeard, 212 Bladen, Elizabeth, 95 218 Bladen, Frances, 96 , Hammond, 95 , Isabelle, 96 , Col. Martin, 95 , Nathaniel, 96 , Thomas, 95 Blake, Alexander, 47, 48 , Benjamin, 47, 48 . Charles Follen, 45, 46 . Charles Follen Blood, 45, 46 . Charlotte Caldwell, 46 , Dorothea Ward, 46 , Elizabeth, 46 , Francis, 28, 46 , Francis Arthur, 46 , Francis Barron, 46, 46 , George, 45, 47, 48 , George Smith, 5, 7, 10, 44, 46, 52 , Humphrey, 47, 48 , John, 45 . Joseph Gardner, 46 , Joshua, 45 , Juliaima, 46 , Nicholas, 47, 48 , Robert, 5, 6, 10, 28, 29, 47, 48, 122 , Samuel, 47, 48 , Waiiam, 46, 47, 48 Blanckley, Edmund, 145 , Henry D., 147 Bland, Bryant, 146 , Rev. John, 146 , Mary, 146 Blaney, Lord, 95 , Sarah. 95 Bligh, Capt. William, 83 Bogardus, Gen. Robert, 17, 151, 163 , Sarah, 151, 163 Boggs, Charles S., 15, 118, 119 , Robert, 118, 119 Bolivar, Gen. Simon, 154 Bolton, Catherine, 145, 147 , Charles Burrard, 147 , Rev. Edward, 147 , Rev. Edward John, 147 , Elizabeth, 146, 147 , Harriet, 145 , Horatio, 145, 147 , Horatio William, 147 , John Horatio, 147 , Maurice Henry Ho- ratio, 147 , Maurice Horatio, 147 , Susanna, 146 , Thomas, 144, 147 , Sir WilUam, 146, 147 , William Henry, 147 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 77, 133, 138, 139, 142, 196, 201 Boone, Thomas, 210 Booth, John, 92 , Mary, 92 Borden, Ann, 64 , Joseph, 53, 54 NAMES OP PERSONS. Borden, Mary, 54 Borodell. Ann, 72, 168 Boudinot, Annis, 205 , Elias, 205 , Eliaha, 206 Bouten, Eli, 63 , Mary Isabel, 63 Bowen, Harriet, 136 , William, 136 , William Corlis, 136 Bowles, Elizabeth, 127, 128 , Sir George, 213 , Henry, 213 , William, 213 , Sir William, 213 Boyle, Lady Gertrude, 68 Braddock, General, 74 Bradford, G., 198, 199 Broadley, A. M., 94 Brady, C, 70 Bartelot, R. G., 94 Breed, Edward, 156 , George, 155, 156 , Richard, 166 Brenton, Benjamin, 60 , C, 50 , Ebenezer, 50 , Edward P., 49, 50, 103, 109 , Harriet May, 50 , Henrietta, 49 , Isabella, 50 , J., 5, 7, 10, 49, 60 , Sir Jahleel, 49 , James, 60 , James Wallace, 60 , Jervis, 49 , John James, 50 , Sir Launcelot Lee, 60 , Sarah, 89 , WUliam, 49, 89 Brereton, General, 140 Bridge, Admiral, 47 Bridport, Baron, 145 , Samuel, Lord, 147 Broke, Captain, 134 BrontS, Duchess of, 145 Brown, Abigail, 52 , Annie, 52 , Ann Greenough, 62 , Dorothy. 62 , Dorothy Pike, 51 . Capt. Edward, 52 , Elizabeth, 62 , Esther, 52 , James, 52 , John R., 179 , Joseph, 51, 52 , Lawrence, 62 , Lucy, 52 . Mary, 62 , Moses, 6, 10, 28, 61, 62 , Nathan, 52 , Nicholas, 52 , Ruth, 52 , Sarah, 52 , Sarah CoflSn, 52 Brown, Susanna, 52 Brown , WilUam, 51, 52 , William Rawle, 206 Browne, Elizabeth, 147 Bruce, Lady Mary, 57 Brudinel, Anna, 116 Bruiz, Admiral, 77 Buchanan, Adeline, 65 , Alice L., 55 , Andrew, 54, 55 , Ann, 55 , Ann Lloyd, 63 , Ann McKean, 55 , Caroline, 65 , Catherine, 65 , Elizabeth, 55 , Ellen, 55 , Evan Miles, 55 , Franklin, 5, 10, 30, 53, 55, 109, 208 , George, 63, 64, 65 , John, 55, 215 , Joseph, 53, 56 , Letitia, 56 , Mary, 56 , Mary Ann, 53, 55 , McKeen, 53, 55 , Nannie, 56 , Rebecca Susan, 56 , Roberdeau, 55 , Rosa, 55 , Samuel, 55 , Sarah G., 53, 55 , Susan, 56 , Susan Louise, 54 , Susanna, 55 , Thomas, 55 , Thomas MoKean, 56 , William Webster, 55 Budd, Caroline, 124 , Thomas, 124 BuUer, Anna Maria, 78 , Sir Edward, 78 Bunbury, McClintock, 132 , Miss, 132 Bunker, Mary Clement, 66, 67 , Nathan, 67 Burdon-Sanderson, John Scott, 75 , Mary Elizabeth, 75 Bureau, Pierre, 67 Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, 20, 101, 102 , Maria Sophia, 102 — , General ("Saratoga"), 15, 101, 102, 157 Burke, A., 76, 78, 96, 102, 117 , Sir B., 44, 76, 78, 96, 106, 117, 159. 147, 201 , J., 102 Burlingame, Anson, 87 Burnestone, Charles, 101 , Frances, 215 , Maude, 102 Burr, Miss, 206 Burrard, Sir Charles, 147 , Emily, 147 Burroughs, Desire, 99, 100 Burroughs, Ezekiel, 99, 100 Burton, Mary, 49 Burwell, Elizabeth, 110 , Sir Jeffrey, 146 , Mary, 146 Bussy, Charlotte Ann, 116 Butler, Benjamin, 168, 189 , Jerusha, 168, 189 , Thomas, 168 , William, 168 Byng, Georgianna Elizabeth, 116 Byrd, Jane, 110 Cable, George W., 161 Cabot, Lilla, 169 Cadogau, Lady Sarah, 115 Calder, Samuel, 124 Callender, G., 148 Camelford, Lord, 202 Campbell, Charles H., 175, 180 , Samuel, 115 , Sophia, 21, 115 Cantey, Sarah, 206 , Zachary, 206 Cardonnell, Adam de, 128 , Mary de, 128 Carew, Sir Edward, 186 , Sir George, 186 , George, 186 , Katherine, 186 , Sir Peter, 186 , Sir William, 186 Carey, Hannah, 39 - Carnegie, George, 108, 109 , Swinford Thomas, 109 , William, 108 Camic, Ann, 124 Caroline, Queen, 116 Carpenter, George, 43 , Lady Susanna, 43 , Walter Talbot, 44 Carrier, Bridget, 108 , Charles, 108 , Elizabeth (or Isabella), 108 , James, 108 , Rebecca, 73 CarroU, S., 162 Carter, Anna Hill, 110 , Mary Walker, 110 Catherine of Russia, 112, 113 Caulkins, F., 73 Cevera, Pascual, 172 Chaloner, Frances, 95 Chambers, John D., 184 Champernoun, Sir Arthur, 186, 187 , Elizabeth, 186 , Francis, 187 , Garven, 186 , Henry, 185 , John, 186 , Katherine, 186 , Sir Philip, 186 Champlin, Stephen, 165, 168 Champneys, Rev. H., 102 Chandler, Benjamin, 445 NAMES OP PERSONS. Chandler, Charles, 45 , Clarke, 45 , Dorothy, 45 , Elizabeth, 44, 45 , Elizabeth Augusta, 46 , Francis, 45 . Gardiner, 45, 46 , John, 45 , Lucretia, 45 , Mary, 45 , Nathaniel, 45 , Rufus, 45 , Samuel, 45 , Sarah, 45 Chaplain, Jeremiah, 150 Chappell, Ann, 83, 85, 92 Charles I, 57 Charles II, 21 Chatham, Lord, 77 Chauncey, Commodore, 193 Cheves, L., 199 Choate, Joseph H., 83 Church, Mary, 45 , Ross, 130 Churchill, Lady Georgianna Spencer, 106 Clark, Elizabeth, 89 , Mehitable, 183 , Rosa Davis, 55 Clarkson, Lydia, 149, 150 Clayton, Jane, 129 Cleary, Mary, 126 Clements, Selina, 128 Clifford, A., 117 , Baron de, 21 CUft, W., 170 Clifton, Frances, 128 , Sir Gervase, 128 Coale, Edward J., 53, 55 , WUIiam S., 55 Cochran, Alexander (Blair), 20, 57 . Sir Alexander For- rester, 57 , Andrew, 20, 58 , Annette, 58 , Archibald, 58 , Archibald Douglas, 58 , Archibald H., 58 , Arthur, 58 , Sir Arthur A. L., 58 , Arthur H. D., 58 , Basil, 57 , Basil Edward, 58 , Caroline Catherine, 58 , Charles, 20, 67 , Charles D., 58 , Dorothy, 58 , Douglas MacKinnon B. H., 58 , Edith Hamilton, 58 , Edward Owen, 58 , Elizabeth, 58 , Elizabeth K., 58 , Ernest Grey L., 58 , Francis Arthur Charles, 58 , George Augustus, 57 219 Cochran, George Edward Lewis, 58 , Grizel, 58 , Gwervyl, 58 '-, James, 57 , Sir John. 66, 67 , John Palmer, 58 , Katherine, 58 , Louise, 58 , Marjorie, 58 , Ralph Alexander, 68 , Robert, 68 , Roger, 68 , Rosetta, 58 , Thomas, 5, 6, 8, 10, 20, 29, 30, 56, 57, 58, 129 , Sir Thomas Belhaven, 58 , Thomas B. H., 68 . Thomas Erskine, 58 . Thomas George, 58 , Thomas Horatio A. E., 68 , Sir William, 57 , William, 57 , William Erskine, 58 , William Francis, 58 Cockburn, Sir William, 109 Codman, Capt. Richard, 182, 183 Coffin, Sarah, 10, 28, 51 , Capt. WiUiam, 61 Coke, Edward, 116, 117 , Henry John, 117 , Sir Thomas, 115, 116 , Thomas William, 117 , William C, 117 Cole, Harriet, 38 Coles, Elizabeth Frances, 102 , Rev. J. J., 102 CoUingwood, Cuthbert, 5, 10, 59, 60, 138, 139 , Mary Patience, 60 , Sarah, 60 , Wilfred, 60 Cond6, Prince, 97 de Conflans, — , 96 Cook, Lowly, 89 , Penelope, 105 Cooke, Sarah, 213 Copeland, Ruth, 62 Corcoran, William, 136 Core, Eliza, 206 CornwaUis, Lord, 22, 90, 168, 196 , EUzabeth, 194 Cosby, Alexander, 215 , Anne, 214 , EUzabeth, 216 , Mary, 215 , Philip, 23 , Phillips, 214, 215 , WUIiam, 215 Cotterhill, Capt. C, 216 CovUle, John Lord, 213 , Catherine , 213 220 NAMES OF PERSONS. Coussmaker, Col. George K., 116 Cowley, Henrietta, 50 , Joseph, 50 Cox, Susan, 184 Coyle, Jane, 121 Cracroft, Thomas Robert, 92 Cranston, Frances, 50 , John, 50 , Samuel, 50 Crew, Benjamin, 124 Cromwell, Oliver, 41, 128 Crosbie, Catherine, 116 Cross, Rev. John, 102 , SaJly, 182, 183 Cruger, Catherine, 195 , Henry, 194 , John Harris, 194 , Nicholas, 193, 194 , Tileman, 194 Cuffe, Rosetta, 58 Culme, Elizabeth, 200 , Rev. Thomas, 200 Cumberland, Duke of, 115 Curzon, Ernest C. Penn, 106 , Ernest George, 106 , Fitz Roy Edmund Penn, 106 .Viscount, Francis Rich- ard, 106 , Frederick, 106 , George Augustus, 106 , Henry D., 106 , Sir Leicester Smyth, 106 , Marianne, 106 , Mary Ann, 106 , Montague, 106 , 'William Henry, 106 Curzon-Howe, Assheton Gore, 106 , Penn Assheton, 105 , Richard George Penn, 106 Gushing, AJonzo, 61, 63 , Howard B., 61, 63 , J. S., 63 , May Isabel, 63 , May R., 63 , Milton, 20, 61, 63 , Dr. Milton B., 61, 62 , Walter, 63 , WilUam Baker, 5, 6, 8, 10, 20, 29, 60, 61, 62, 63, 161 , Zattu, 61 Cushings, Wisconsin, 63 Cuthbert, Alexander, 206 Dahlgren, Bernard Ulric, 65, 67 , Sir Carl Adolph, 65, 67 , Charles Bunker, 66, 68 , Elizabeth, 68 , Eric, 67, 68 , Eva, 68 , Johan Adolf, 65, 66, 67 , John, 68 Dahlgren, John Adolph, 5, 10, 28, 30, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 109, 166 , John Vinton, 67, 68 , Katherine Drexel, 68 , Laurence, 68 i , Lucy, 68 I , Madeleine, 68 . M. v., 68 , Olga, 68 , Paul, 67, 68 , Ulric, 66, 68 , Ulrica, 68 , William (William de Rohan), 8, 64, 67 Daingerfield, LeRoy, 153 Dairy mple-Hamilton, Sir Hew, 75 , Janet, 75 Danton, — , 81 Dirlington, Countess, 105 Darwin, Charles, 133 Dnvies, Arthur, 145 147 , W., 60 Davis, C, 90 , Jefferson, 198 Dean, J., 170 Decatur, Etienne, 69 , James, 68, 69 , John P., 69, 70 , Stephen, 5, 6, 12, 68, 69, 70, 120, 207, 209 , Stephen, Jr., 181 Deering, Mary, 181, 183 , Nathaniel, 181, 183 DeFonblanque, E., 102 DeGuichen, — ,192 DeKoven, Mrs. R., 114 , Richard, 113 De Lancey, E., 195 Delaval, George, 43 , Henry, 43 De Liefde, — , 9 Delmar, Baron de, 202 Denison, Bridget, 172 , George, 23, 71, 72, 73, 168, 189 , Gideon, 168, 189 , Minerva, 169, 189 , Samuel, 168 , Sir William, 102 Derby, Charlotte, 102 , Edward, Earl of, 102 DeRuyter, Michael Adrian- zoon, 47 D'Estaing, Count, 41, 104 Deverill, George, 39 , Mary, 39 Devons, Caroline, 136 Dewey, A., 73 , Charles, 73 , Edward, 73 , Ehjah, 72 , George, 70, 71, 73. 168 , George Goodwin, 73 , Jedediah, 71 , Josiah, 71 , Julius Yeomans, 71, 73 Dewey, L., 73 , Mary Perrin, 73 , Simeon, 71, 72, 73 , Theodore Gibbs, 73 , William, 71, 72, 73 , William Tarbox, 73 DeWitt, Cornelis, 9, 47 Dexter, Samuel, 99 Dick, Georgiana, 159 , Mungo, 159 Dixon, Elizabeth, 179 , H., 48 Dobson, Micah, 60 Dod, William Armstrong, 206 Dodge, Sarah, 194 Douglas, Charles, 211 Downes, Captain, 80 Drake, 96 , Benjamin, 155 , Joan, 186 , John, 186 , Mary, 155 Drayton, Captain, 80 Drexel, Elizabeth, 67, 68 , Joseph W., 67 , Katherine, 67 , Lucy, 67 , Mary, 68 Drowne, H., 170 Drysdale, Capt. Thomas, 38 Dudley, D., 184 Duncan, Adam, 6, 12, 13, 30, 74,75 , Adam Haldane, 75 , Adamina, 75 , Alexander, 74, 76 , Catherine, 75 , Henrietta, 75 . Henry, 13, 74, 75 , Jane, 75 , John, 74 , Katherine, 75 , Louis, 136 , Margaret, 75 , Mary Tyfton, 75 , Murray, 136 , Richard, 136 . Robert Adam Philips, 75 , Robert (Haldane), 75 , Rev. Thomas, 136 , WilUam, 75, 136 Dundas, Anne, 75 EUzabeth, 75 , Francis, 75 , Henrietta, 75 , Henry, 74, 75 , James, 75 . Margaret, 75 , PhUip, 75 , Robert, 74, 75 , William, 75 , William Pitt, 75 Dundee, Henrietta, 74 Dundonald, Lord (Thomas Cochran, g. ».), Dunlop, Annette Elizabeth 132 , R. F., 132 Dupont, Admiral, 193 Durell, Anne, 197 Duyn, Adam van der, 115 , Charles van der, 115 , Gertrude van der, 115 Dwight, B., 46 . John, 46 Edward VI, 97 Eels, Anne Lenthal, 62 , Joseph, 63 , Capt. Robert Lee, 62 Edwards, E., 187 Egerton, Mrs. F., 102 Eliot, Annie, 89 , John (the Apostle), 89 , Joseph, 89 Elizabeth, Queen, 97, 98, 185 Elliot, Cornelius, 78 Elphinstone, A. H., 78 , Annie, 78 , Archibald, 78 , Charles, 78 , Clementina, 78 , Eleanor, 78 , Elizabeth, 78 , Frank, 13 , George Keith, 5, 6, 12, 13, 29, 41, 76, 77, 78 , Georgiana, 78 , Grizell, 78 , James, 78 , James Biiller Fuller- ton, 78 , John, 13, 78 , Keith, 78 , Margaret Mercer, 78 , Mary, 78' , Primrose, 78 , William George Keith, 78 Emery, Benjamin, 162 Encaster, Duke of, 146 Ericsson, John, 154 Evans, Ellen Lyle, 126 Eveleth, Catherine, 214 Everett, Captain, 174 Eyre, R-ances, 147 , Margaret, 153 Exmouth, Baron, 158 Fairfax, Althea, 96 , Catherine, 95 , Elizabeth, 96 , Frances, 96 , Isabella, 98 , Mary, 95 , Robert, 96 . Thomas, 95 , William, 95, 96 Famham, Charlotte, 184 Farquharson, James Lockhart Ross, 75 Farragut, Antonio, 82 NAMES OF PERSONS. Farragut, David Glasgow, 12, 29, 53, 56, 70, 71, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 125, 161, 175 , George, 13, 82, 83 , George A., 82 , Jorge, 82 William, 13, 82 Fennel, Elizabeth, 128 Fenton, Edward, 97, 98 Fenwick, Edward, 210 Ferguson, Sir James, 75 Ferrard, Viscount, 132 Field, E., 100 , Lydia, 206 , Mary, 205, 206 , Mary Peale, 205 , Richard Stockton, 206 , Robert, 205, 206 FUchett, — , 1 Flagg, Caroline, 90 Fleming, Charles Elphinstone, 78 , Clementine, 78 , John, 78 , John Elphinstone, 78 Fleury, Dr., 132 , Elizabeth Meleeina, 132 Flinders, Annie, 84, 85 , John, 84, 85 , Matthew, 5, 8, 12, 30, 83, 84, 85, 91, 92 , Samuel Ward, 83, 84 , William, 133 Foley, Captain, 141 Folger, Capt. Benjamin, 187 Foote, Augustus Edwin, 90 , Andrew Hull, 6, 12, 23, 29, 31, 50, 86, 87, 88, 90, 212 , John, 90 , John Alfred, 89, 90 , Joseph Eliot, 49 , Josephine, 90 , Lucinda, 90 , Mary Ann, 90 , Samuel Augustus, 88, 90 , William, 90 , William Lambert, 90 Forbes, Archibald, 170 , Kate L., 63 Foster, Captain, 148 , Patience, 132 Fowler, Solomon, 155 Fox, Charles, 136 , Charles James, 116 , E., 12 , Ebenezer, 90 , Elizabeth, 136 , Helen, 136 , Dr. John, 136 , William, 136 Foxhull, — , 152 Foye, Captain, 215 Franldand, Ann, 213 , CatheriAB, 213 221 Frankland, Charles C, 214 , Charlotte, 213 , Dinah, 213 , Edward A., 214 , Frederick R., 214 , Sir F. W., 214 , Harry A., 214 , Roger, 213 , Thomas, 213, 214 . William, 213 , Sir William A., 214 Franklin, Benjamin, 99 , Eleanor, 92 , Elizabeth, 92 , Hannah, 92 , Henrietta, 92 , Isabella, 92 , James, 91, 92 , Sir John, 5, 8, 12, 83; 91, 92, 131 , Lady, 131 , Sarah, 92 , Willingham, 91, 92 Freeman, Mary, 168 French, Jackson Brown, 119 FrizzeU, Hannah, 134 Frobisher, — , 97 Frowde, James, 158 , Susanna, 158, 159 Fulford, Bridget, 187 , Mary, 187 , Sir Thomas, 186 FWlerton, Edward Charles Bul- ler, 78 , Elizabeth, 78 , George James Buller, 78 , John Frederick Buller, 78 , William Buller, 78 , Elphinstone William, 78 Gadsen, Christopher, 209, 210 Gale, Edward F., 63 , Mary Isabel Gushing, 63 Gambler, Lord, 56 Gardiner, Hannah, 45 Garibaldi, Guiseppi, 65 Gamier, George, 116 , Thomas, 116 , Dr. Thomas, 116 , WiUiam, 116 George I, 104, 105 George II, 77 George, Clara Bartlett, 162 , John H., 162 , Capt. Paul R., 161, 162 Germain, Lord George, 201 Geyer, Charlotte von, 130 , Frederick von, 130 Gherardi, Bancroft, 46 , Donati, 46 , Walter, 46 Gibbs, v., 117 Gilbert, Adrian, 186 222 NAMES OF PERSONS. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 19, 185, 186 , Sir John, 19, 186, 187 , Otho, 186 , Capt. Raleigh, 187 , Sarah, 200 Gilchrist, Anne, 58 , Capt. James, 57 Gillies, John, 42 Gilmer, Mary, 159 , T. W., 204 Girdlestone, Rev. Henry, 145, 147 Gladstone, William E., 116 Gleaves, A., 119 Goddard, Hon. Daniel Con- nors, 67 , John, 128 , Madeleine Vinton, 67 , Sarah, 128 Goellette, James, 119 Goldsborough, H. Howes, 169 Gonson, Benjamin, 97 , Katherine, 97 . Thomasine, 97 , William, 97 Goodenough, Rev. R. P., 128 Goodwin, Ichabod, 73 Goodwin, Susie B., 73 Gordon, Anne, 74 Gore, Sir John, 105 Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 187 Goulty, Rev. John, 146 Gracie, Anna Maria, 184 Graham, John, 74 Grant, Jean, 75 , Ulysses S., 87 Gray, Andrew, 169 Greeley, George Preston, 73 Greene, Gen. Nathanael, 166, 168 Greenough, Arme, 62 Greenwell, Bernard Ezra, 132 Griffen, Jane, 92 , William Preston, 119 GriflBs, W., 164, 165, 166, 167, 170 Grosvenor, Ellen, 63 Guitart, Ursula, 82 Guthrie, Catherine, 194 Haddington, George, Earl of, 128 Hageman, J., 65 Haldane, Daniel Rutherford, 75 , Elizabeth Sanderson, 75 , Capt. James, 74, 75 , James Alexander, 74, 75 . James Aylmer Low- thorpe, 76 , John, 74 , John Scott, 76 , Margaret, 74 , Mungo, 74 , Hon. Richard Burdon, 76 Haldane, Robert, 74, 75 . William Stowell, 76 Hale, John Parker, 149, 150 , Lydia, 149 Halifax, Augusta, 106 , Brigadier General, 106 Hall, — , 94 , Abigail, 90 , A. D., 190, 191 , Ann Mary, 90 , Benjamin, 89 , Brenton, 90 , Elihu, 89 , Elisha. 90 , Emma, 89 , Esther, 89 , Giles, 90 , Hannah, 90 , John, 89 , Jonathan, 90 , Lucy, 90 , Lyman, 89, 90 , Mary, 89 , Nancy, 89 , Rhoda, 89 , Samuel, 88, 89, 90 , Sarah, 89, 90 , Street, 89 , Susanna, 89 Halstead, Adm. Sir Lawrence WiUiam, 169 Hamilton, C, 46 , Frederick F., 117 . George Baillie, 129 , John, 76 , Lady, 138, 139, 141, 144, 147 , Maj. Robert Baillie, 129 , Sir WUUam, 138, 144 Hannay, David, 104 Hardy, Thomas Masterman, 5, 7, 12, 93 Hare, Robert, 26 Harriman, Capt. Benjamin, 162 Harris, Henry, 100 , T., 37 Harrison, Gen. William Henry, 164 , WUUam, 206 Hartop, Col. Chiverton, 105 , Mary, 105 Harvey, Anne, 186 Haseil, James, 213 , Mary, 213 Hassler, F. R., 66 Hatrell, Jane, 108 Haward, Richard, 169 Hawe, Mary, 108 Hawke, Sir Edward, 12, 23, 95, 96, 104, 192, 197 Hawkes, James, 200 , Jane, 200 Hawkins, Clare, 98 , Elizabeth, 98 , Francis, 98 , Grace, 98 , John, 5, 12, 20, 30, 96, 97.98 Hawkins, Judith, 98 , Mary, 98 , Nicholas, 98 , Richard, 13, 98 , Sir Richard, 96, 97, 98 , WUliam, 96, 97, 98 Hayden, Mindwell, 72 Hayes, Capt. Thomas, 37 Haywood, M., 83 Hazard, C, 170 , George, 168 , Mercy, 167, 168 , OUver, 167, 168 Hazen, Mildred (McLean), 73 Heap, Capt. Harris, 179 Heathcote, Rev. Thomas, 108 Hegel, George William Freder- ick, 76 Henry VIII, 20, 96, 97 Hill, Priacilla, 69 Hills, Elizur, 73 , Epaphras, 73 Hillyar, Captain, 80 Hilmore, Mary, 103 TTinHman, Elizabeth Nichol- son, 39 Hitchcock, William, 90 , William Augustus, 88 , William R., 88 Hobart, Grizel, 200 , James, 73 Hodge, Ann Eliza, 169 , Sarah, 206 Holcomb, Franklin Porteous, 39 , James, 39 , Rebecca, 39 , Thomas, 39 Hone, John, 169 Hood, Alexander, 145 , Alexander Nelson, 147 , Lord, 157 , Sir Samuel, 196 Hooker, Abigail, 73 , Richard, 38, 60 Hopkins, Abigail, 100 , Amy, 100 , David, 136 , Desire, 100 , Edward M., 206, . Esek, 6, 12, 98, 100, 134, 168 , George, 100 , Heart, 99, 100 , Hope, 100 , John, 13, 99, 100 , John Burroughs, 13, 99, 100 , Lydia, 100 , Rufus, 100 , Ruth, 100 , Samuel, 13, 99, 100 , Simon, 100 , Stephen, 13, 98, 100 , Susanna, 100 , Sylvanus, 100 , Thomas, 99 , William, 99, 100, 168 Hopktnson, Ann Borden. 54 Hopkinson, Edward C, 65 , Elizabeth, 65 , Emily, 65 , Francia, 54, 66 , George, 55 , James, 55 , John Joseph, 56 , Joseph, 55 , Thomas Mifflin, 65 Hoppin, J., 90 Hornby, Caroline Lucy, 102 , Charles, 102 , Charlotte, 102 , Edmond, 102 , Edward, 102 , Elizabeth, 102 , Geoffrey, 102 , Geoffrey Thomas Phipps, 5, 7, 14, 20, 100, 101, 102 , George, 102 , James John, 102 , Lucy, 102 , Maria Elizabeth, 102 , Phipps John, 102 , Susan, 102 , Wilham, 102 Hoste, Dixon, 103 , Edward, 16, 103 , George, 15, 103 , James, 103 , Theodore, 103 , Sir William, 6, 6, 14, 103 Howe, Charles, 105 , Emanuel, 105 , Emanuel Scrope, 105 , George Augustus, 105 , Harriet Georgiana, 106 , John, Earl of, 106 , Sir John, 105 , Juliana, 106 , Louise Catherine, 105 , Maria, 106 , Richard, 6, 14, 30, 104, 106 , Sir Richard Grubham, 106 , Richard William Penn Curzon, 106 , Robert, 106 , Scrope, 106 , Sophia Charlotte, 105 , Sir William, 15, 103, 105 Howell, Franklyn, 206 , John C, 206 , Richard, 206 , Richard Lewis, 206 Howland, Samuel, 170 Hubbard, E., 170 , Henry G., 121 Hubley, Adam, 206 Huddell, Hannah, 155, 156 Huddesfield, Katharine, 46 , Sir WiUiam, 186 Hull, Andrew, 88, 89, 90, 170 , Caleb, 89 NAMES OF PEKSONS. Hull, Elizabeth, 90 , Eudocia, 90 , Commander Isaac, 86, 88, 90, 134, 154 Joseph, 88, 89, 90 , Joseph Bartine, 90 , Marab, 90 , Mary, 88 , Richard, 90 , Sarah, 90 , William, 90, 186 Hulse, Mary, 97 Hunloke, Charlotte, 116 Hunter, Andrew, 206 , David, 22, 206 , Louis Boudinet, 206 , Mary, 206 Hussey, Ursula, 97 Hyde, Diadema, 168 Hyleger, John, 37 , Susan, 36 Hyndeford, Janet Elliot, 78 Innes, Arthur, 215 , Mary, 216 Izard, Mary, 199 Jackson, Ebenezer, 210 , Gen. "Stonewall," 82, 176, 210 James I, 98, 186 Jandon, Ashbel G., 37 Jay, Mary, 126 Jefferson, Joseph, 2 , Thomas, 187 Jeffrey, W., 174 Jejeiskjold, Count Charles Louis, 169 Jervis, Edward Ricketts, 109 . Henrietta Elizabeth, 109 , John, 108 . Admiral John (Lord St. Vincent), 6, 7, 14, 59, 76, 107, 108, 128, 138, 196 , Martha, 109, 128 , Mary, 108 , Swynfen, 108 , William, 108 , William Ricketts, 108 Johnson, Judge R. D., 124 , W., 180 Jones, Bathurst, 110 , Catesby ap Rogers, 14, 109, 110, 111, 210 , Charles Lucian, 111 , Eusebius, 111 , Frederick, 110 , Jekyl, 110 , John Paul, 5, 6, 8, 14, 112, 113 , L. H., Ill , Marck C, 111 , Meriweather, 110, 111 , Philip de Catesby, 110 , Capt. Roger, 5, 110, 111 223 Jones, William, 203 , Samuel, 156 , Skelton, 110 , Col. Thomas, 110 , Thomas ap Catesby, 109, 110 , Thomas ap Thomas, 110 . Thomas Skelton, 111 . Walter, 110, 111 . William, 110 -, William Page, 111 Winfred Scott, 111 Junkins, Martha, 183 Kampfel, — , 195 Kearney, Lawrence, 119 , Michael, 119 Keen, Macy, 150 Keith, Charles, 77 , Francia Edward James, 77,78 , George, 77, 78 (See El- phinstone, Geo. K.) , John, 77 , Lady Mary, 78 , Montstuart Elphin- stone, 77, 78 , Robert, Bishop of Fife, 78 , William, 77, 78 Kellogg, Anna Marie, 156, 156 , George, 156 , Jonathan W., 155, 156 , Warren Comstock, 156 Keppel, Ann Amelia, 116 , Arnold Joost van, 115 , Augustus, 21, 115 , Augustus Frederick, 116 , Caroline, 116 , Lady Caroline, 116 , Charles, 116 , Sir Colin, 114, 117 , Edward E., 116 , Edward Southwell, 116 , Lady Elizabeth, 116 , Frederick, 116 , George, 115 , George Thomas, 116 , Gertrude Charlotte, 116 , Admiral Henry, 4, 5, 6, 14, 21, 29, 74, 114, 116, 117 , John, 116 , Leicester Chantry, 117 , Mary, 116, 117 , Rufus, 117 , Sophia, 116 , Rev. Thomas, 117 , Thomas Robert, 116 . Tom, 114 , Waiiam, 116 , WiUiam Anne, 115 , William Charles, 116 , William Coutts, 117 Keroualle, Louise de, Duchess of Portsmouth, 115 224 NAMES OF PERSONS. Key, Francis. 203 Kibert, Anne, 146 Kielmansegge, Baron, 105 ' , Mary Sophia Char- lotte, 105 King, Hannah, 168 Lacy, General, 66 La Fayette, General, 134 Lamar, Gen. Mirabeau, 123, 124 Lambert, Lady Elizabeth Jane, 109 . Richard, Earl of Cavan, 108 Lamphier, — , 215 Langara, Aaron de, 192 Langford, Gonatantia, 168 , Edward, 158 Lamer, Loretta, 124 Laroux, Lydia, 121 , Peter, 121 Law, Anna, 89, 90 , Benjamin, 90 , Christopher, 90 , Evan, 128 , John, 90 , Jonathan, 89, 90 , Lyman, 90 . Mary, 90 , Richard, 89, 90 Lawrence, Anne, 119 , Elisha, 119 , Elizabeth, 119 , James, 5, 6, 14, 29, 118, 119 , John Brown, 118 , Katherine, 119 , Mary, 118, 119 , Sarah, 119 Lear, Benjamin, 136 , Consul Tobias, 187, 188, 191 Lee, Anna, 110 , E., Ill , Henry ("Light Horse Harry"), 110 Gen. Robert E., Ill, 122 , Sydney Smith, 111 Lennard, Frances, 116 , Sir Thomas, 116 Lennox, Lady Anne, 115 , Charles, 21, 115 Leonard, Ann, 119 , Samuel, 119 Leslie, Charles Powell, 43 , Christine, 43 Lewis, John, 213 , Sir Thomas F., 213 Liefde, Jacob de, 210, 211 Liiley, Susan Greggs, 73 Lincoln, Abraham, 154 Linnseus, Carl von, 65 Little, Capt. George, 181 Uoyd, Ann, 53, 54 , Edward, 53, 54 Looker, Capt. William, 137 Lockhart-Ross, Charles, 76 Lockhart-RoBS, George, 76 , John, 75 , Robert, 75 Logan, Leavitt C, 176, 180 Long, Joshua, 63 Loyall, Virginia, 83 , William, 82 Lucy, Constance, 101 Lushington, Capt. L. C, 104 , Louisa, 147 Lyman, Hepzibah, 72 McAlister, James, 213 Louisa, 214 Macdonald, Sir James, 116 Macdonough, Augustine, 121 , Augustus Rodney, 121 , Charles Shaler, 121 . Charlotte Rosella, 121 , Hannah, 121 , Hester, 121 , James Edward Fisher, 121 , John, 121 , Joseph, 121 , Lydia, 121 , Micah, 120, 121 , Mary, 121 , R., 121 , Samuel, 121 . Thomas, 5, 6, 14, 21, 29, 12, 121 , William Joseph, 121 MacKenzie, Alexander, 30, 70 , N. S., 165 Maclay, E. S., 52, 179 Macomb, Alexander, 190 , Augustus C, 167 , Col. John Navarre, 169, 190 , Montgomery Meigs, 169 Madden, Col. John, 215 Maffitt, Golden Rhine, 124 , Elizabeth. 123, 124 , Emily, 123 , Eugene A., 123, 124 , Florence, 123, 124 , Frederick, 124 , Henrietta, 123, 124 , John Laurens, 124 , John Newland, 5, 8, 14, 122, 123, 124 Matilda, 123, 124 , Matilda Caroline, 124 , Walter C, 124 , Dr. WilUam, 122, 124 , WiUiam H., 123, 124 Magens-Darrien, Magens, 128 Mahan, A. T., 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 77,80,81,83, 95,96, 109, 125, 126, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148, 167, 159, 192, 197 , Dennis Hart, 125, 126 , Frederick Augustus, 126 Mahan, John, 126 Mansfield, William, 128 le Marchant, Carteret, 197 , James, 197 , Martha, 197 Marchant, Susan C, 82 Markham, Sir Albert Hastings, 127, 129 , Alfred, 92, 129 , Alicia, 128 , Cecelia, 128 , Charles, 129 , Sir Clements, 98, 127, 129, 132, 133 , Daniel, 128 , David, 15, 127, 128, 129 , Edward, 128 , Sir Edwin, 129 , Elizabeth, 128 , Enoch, 128 , Capt. Francis, 129 , Frederick, 15, 127, 128, 129 , George, 128, 147 , Georgiana, 128 , Henrietta, 128 , Henry, 128 , John, 6, 14, 128, 129 , Sir John, 127, 128 , Maria, 129 , Maria Frances, 129 , Martha, 128 , Osborne, 109, 127, 128 , Robert, 128 , Warren, 129 , William. 127, 128, 129 , William Rice, 129 Marryat, Augusta, 130 , Emily, 130 , Florence, 130 , Frank, 130 , Frederick, 5. 8, 14, 21, 129, 130, 161 , Horace, 130 , Joseph, 130 , Thomas, 130 Martin, Emma, 124 , I. J., 41 Marvin, J. S., 41 , W. L., 28 Mary, Queen, 97, 186 Mason, Elizabeth, 163, 168 , Henry, 145, 147 , Capt. John, 71 , Minerva, 71, 72 , P., 90 Massereene, Viscountess, 132 Matcham, Catherine, 147 . Charles Hunter, 147 , Elizabeth, 145, 147 , George, 145, 147 , Harriet, 145, 147 , M., 148 , Ndson, 147 , Susanna, 147 Matthews, Admiral, 95 , Cecil, 128 NAMES OF PERSONS. 225 Maudsley, Capt. Charles, 71 Mazey, Jonathan, 100 , Susanna, 99 M'Cabe, R., 153 McClellan, Alexander, 52 , George B., 55 MoClintock, Alfred Henry, 132 , Lord Bunbury, 131 , Charles Fortescue, 132 . Francis Leopold, 5, 8, 16, 131, 132 , Henry, 132 , Henry Foster, 132 , John, 131, 132 , John William Leopold, 132 , Louis, 132 , Robert Singleton, 132 , Theodore, Ernest, 132 , W. B., 132 MoDuff, Jeanne, 114 Mclven, Eleanor, 82 McKean, Adeline, 55 , Annie, 54 , Caroline, 55 , Elizabeth, 54, 55 , Franklin Borden, 55 , Letitia, 53, 54 , Mary, 54, 55 , Robert, 54 , Rosa, 55 , Samuel, 55 . Thomas, 11, 53, 54, 55 , WilUam, 55 MoKeen, Caroline, 124 MoEnley, WilUam, 125 M'Knight, Capt. James, 69 M'Nabb, Hon. Sir Alan Napier, 116 McVicar, Francis Brenton, 121 Meade, Annie, 156 , Charlotte, 156 , Clara, 155, 156 , George Gordon, 156 , Henrietta, 155, 156 , Henry Meigs, 155, 156 , John, 155, 156 , Mary, 155, 156 , Rebecca, 156 , Richard, 155, 156 , Richard Worsam, 165, 156 , Robert, 155, 156 , Robert Learny, 155, 156 Meiere, Lieut. Julius, 55 Meigs, Charles, 169 , Clara Forsythe, 156 , Henry, 156 , John F., 170 , John Rodgers, 169 , Julia Austin, 156 , Louisa, 170 , Mary, 169 , Montgomery, 169, 170 , Theodore, 156 , Vincent, 169 Mercer, James, 78 Merchant, Jordan, 82 Merriweather, C, 199 , Jane, 110 Mesquite, Juan, 82 , Juana, 82 Middleton, Arthur, 198, 199 , Catherine Hooe, 199 MiflSin, Emily, 55 Mildmay, Capt. St. John, 201 Miles, Evan, 53 , Hannah, 55 Milk, Dorcas, 183 Miller, Annie, 115 , Sir John, 115 Mills, J., 165, 166, 176 Mills, Rev. H. F., 128 Milner, Catherine, 128 , Sir W., 128 Minto, Lord, 142 , Sophia May, 117 Monsey, Robert, Lord Cran- worth, 146, 147 Montaudevert, Julia, 119 Montgomery, Count de, 186 , Gabrielle de, 186 Moody, John, 112 Moore, Alexander, 147 , Alexander M., 147 , Anne, 108 , Hugh, 215 , Jane, 215 , John, 215 , Col. Samuel, 108 Moorhouse, G. H., 146, 148 Moresby, Sir Fairfax, 5, 7, 8, 16, 133 , John, 133 , Robert, 133 • Morris, Abigail, 134 , Adolphus, 135 , Benjamin, 135 , Caroline, 136 , Charles, 5, 6, 16, 29, 30, 134, 136 , Charles Wm., 134, 136 , Ebenezer, 135 , Edward, 134, 136 , Elizabeth, 136 , George, 134, 135, 136 , George Upshur, 134, 136 , Hannah, 134 , Harriet Bowen, 136 , Helen Maria, 136 , Henry, 134, 136 , Horace, 134, 136 , John, 134 , Julia Howe, 136 , Lemuel, 134, 136 , Louise Amory, 136 , Lucretia, 134, 135 , Lucy, 136 , Lydia, 136 , Maria, 136 , Maria Lear, 136 , Mary. 136 , Mehitable, 134 , Noadiah, 134, 136 Morris, Pardon, 136 , Com'dore Richard, 187 , Robert, 134, 136 . Robert Murray, 134, 136 , Robert S., 136 , Rufus, 136 , Samuel, 134, 135 , Simeon, 135 , Susanna, 134 , WilUam, 134, 135 , WiUiam Bowen, 136 Moseley, Hannah, 72 , Capt. John, 72 Mott, Jacob, 168 Mountjoy, Catherine, 186 , Lord, 186 MuUigan. Richard, 156 , Virginia, 155, 156 Mulryn, Sir John, 210 Mumford, Hannah, 89 , Sarah, 136 Murray, Isabella, 74 , J., 42, 106 , Sallie Scott, 54 Murrell, Mary Florence, 124 Musgrave, Augusta, 58 Naile, Lieut. Raymond, 155 Napier family, 21 Neale, Raymond, 156 NeUl, E., 96 Nelson, Anne, 145, 147 . Catherine, 145 , Charlotte, 145, 147 , Edmund, 145, 146, 147 , Horatio, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 16, 20, 24, 29, 59, 81, 88, 133, 134, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 158, 168, 196, 203 , Maurice, 144, 147 , Rear-Adm. Maurice Horatio, 144 , Suckling, 145, 147 , Susanna, 144, 145, 147 , T., 148 , WilUam, 144, 147 Nicholas, Charles, 214 , Edward, 213 , Robert, 213 , Thomas, 214 , WiUiam, 213 Nichols, Capt. Jonathan, 134 , Miriam, 136 Nicholson, James, 38 , John, 38 , Samuel, 38 NUes, J., 170 Nisbit, Dr. Josiah, 138 Norreys, Sir Henry, 186 , Mary, 186 Nottingham, John Henry, 152 NuUy, Ann de, 194 Nutthall, John, 109 Nye, David, 73 226 NAMES OF PERSONS. O'Brien, Dennis, 149, 150 , Gideon, 149, 150 , Jeremiah, 5, 6, 16, 21, 29, 148, 149, 150 , Joana, 150 , John, 148, 149, 150 , Joseph, 149, 150 , Lydia, 150 , Maria, 150 , Martha, 150 , Mary, 150 , Morris, 148, 150 , William, 149, 150 O'Bryne, W., 109, 148 Oddie, Walter, 156 Ogden, Electra, 198, 199 OkiU, John, 126 , Mary Helena, 126 Orange, Prince of, 103 Orton, Sarah, 71 Ostrander, Jane, 173 Oxnard, Ebenezer, 183 , Edward, 183 , Enoch, 184 , Henry, 184 , John, 184 , Martha, 184 , Mary, 184 , Mehitable, 184 , Stephen, 184 , Thomas, 182, 183 Page, Alezina, 111 . Charles, 111 , Edmonia, 111 , Fanny, 111 , Hugh Nelson, 110 , Jane, 110 , John, 110 , Lewis Burwell, 110 , Mann, 110 , Mary Ann Mason, 111 , Octavius Augustus, 110 , Peyton Randolph, 110 , Richard Lucien, 111 , Dr. Thomas S., Ill . Walter, 111 , WiUiam Byrd, 110, 111 Palmer, John Jervis, 109 Papineau, — , 129 Parker, Abel, 152 , Alexander, 152 , Anne, 152, 153 , Arthur, 152 , Daiugerfield, 151, 153 , Edward, 109 , EUzabeth, 108, 109, 153 , Foxhall, Alexander, 21, 151, 153 , George, 108. 109, 151, 152 , Sir Hyr"?, 139, 143 , Jacob, 153 , Janet, 108 , John, 109, 119, 152, 153 , John A., 153 , John Henry, 153 , Juliet, 163 Parker, Laetitia, 108 , Martha, 107, 108 , Mary, 109 , Adm. Sir Peter, 137, 196 , Richard, 151, 152 , Richard Le Roy, 153 . Robert, 109, 151 . Robert Bogardua, 153 , Robert EUott, 153 , Thomas, 108, 109, 152, 153 , Upshur, 151 , WiUiam, 108, 109 . William Harwood, 5, 7, 16, 21, 69, 102, 133, 151, 152, 163 Pasley, — , 83 Patterson, Capt. Carlisle, 175, 180 , Commodore D. J., 179 , Commander Daniel Tod, 175 , Georgia Ann, 175, 180 Paul, EUzabeth, 114 , George, 114 r-, John, 114 . Mary Ann, 114 , WiUiam, 112, 114 Paulding, Anna, 165, 156 , Caleb, 156 , CaroUne, 165, 156 , Emma, 156, 166 , George, 156, 166 , Helen, 156 , Hiram, 6, 7, 16, 21, 28, 30, 164, 156, 156 , James, 156 , John, 155, 166 , John Ward, 156 , Julia, 156 , Leonard, 155, 156 , Mary, 155, 156 , Rebecca, 156, 156 , Sarah Teed, 156 , Susan, 156 , Tattnal, 155, 166 , Virginia, 156 PauUin, Admiral C, 170, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193 Peale, William Robert, 62 Pearson, Rev. William H., 128 Pelham, Penelope, 50 PeUew, Arthur Samuel, 159 . Barrington Reynolds, 169 , Caroline Emma, 169 , Catherine, 159 , Edward, 5, 6, 16, 30, 167, 168, 159 , Emma Mary, 159 , Fleetwood Boughton, 159 , Fleetwood Hugo, 159 , Fleetwood John, 159 , George, 159 , Rev. George Israel, 169 PeUew, Humphrey, 168 , Sir Israel, 158 , Jane, 159 , John, 159 , Julia, 159 , Juliana, 169 , Percy T., 159 , PownoU Bastard, 169 , PownoU Fleetwood, 159 , PownoU WiUiam, 159 , Samuel, 158 Pepper, Dr. WUliam, 169 Perceval, John, 154 Perkins, George Hamilton, 6, 6, 16, 21, 29, 160, 161, 162 , Hamilton Eliot, 161, 162 , Isabel, 162 M., 170 -, Roger, Eliot, 162 Perrin, Betsey, 73 , Mary, 73 , Pamela, 73 , Polly, 73 , Porter, 73 , Samuel, 73 , Sophia, 73 , Truman, 73 , WUliam, 73 , Zachariah, 73 Perrott, James, 166 Perry, Ann, 165 , Anna, 169 , Ann Marie, 167, 169 , Benjamin, 168 , Caroline SlideU, 169 , Christopher Grant, 169 , Christopher Raymond, 30, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170 , Edward, 168 , Elizabeth, 165, 168, 169 , Francis Sergeant, 169 , Freeman, 168 , George Hazard, 168 , Isabella, 169 , James Alexander, 17, 168, 169 , Jane, 168 . Jane Hazard, 169 , John, 169 , John Edward, 167 , Joshua, 168 . Mary, 168 . Matthew Calbraith, 6, 7, 16, 22, 30, 110, 161, 152, 153, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 169, 207 , Nathaniel Hazen, 169 , OUver, 166, 187 , Oliver Hazard, 5, 6, 17, 22, 29, 30, 53, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170 , Raymond, 169 Perry, Raymond Henry James, 168 , Rest, 168 , Sarah, 169 , Sarah Wallace, 169 , Susan, 168, 169 , Thomas Sergeant, 169 , William, 169 , William Ledyard, 169 Peter, King, 203 Petrie, WUliam, 84, 85 . William Matthew Flin- ders. 84, 85, 92 Phelps, Anna, 72 Phillip, AbigaU, 205 , Adm. Arthiur, 5, 16, 173 , Barrett, 173 . George, 173 , John G., 173 , John Henry, 173 , John Woodward, 5, 7, 16, 172 , Woodrow, 173 Phillips, Richard, 216 Philyss, Juliana, 75 Pierce, F., 206 Pike, Dorothy, 51 , Timothy, 52 Pillsbury, Elsie, 62 , Florence Greenwood, 62 , John, 20 , John ElUott, 20, 62, 63 , John Gilmore, 62, 63 Pine, Anna, 69 Pinkney, Charles, 169 , Edward Coate, 169 , Frederick, 169 , Ninian, 169 , William, 169 Pitt, Thomas, 202 , William, Earl Chat- ham, 202 Poer, Catherine de la, 43 de Ponte, Elizabeth, 186 Porden, Eleanor Anne, 92 Porter, Alexander, 179 , Anne, 179 , Bolton, 179 , Capt. Carlisle, 29, 175, 180 , David, 5, 6, 22, 29, 69, 79, 80, 177, 178, 179, 180 , David Dixon, 5, 6, 16, 22, 29, 70, 79, 80, 123, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 189 , David H., 179 , Essex, 29, 175, 179, 180 , Evalina, 179 , Fitz-John, 179 , Hambleton, 180 , Henry Ogden, 179 , Imogen, 179 , Commander John, 17, 22, 179 , Mary, 179 NAMES OF PEESONS. Porter, Richard, 29, 175, 180 , Samuel, 179 , Theodoric, 29, 175, 180 , Thomas, 180 , William D., 179 Portugal, King of, 47 Potter, Harriet, 204 , Harriet Maria, 206 , John, 204 Powell-Leslie, Charles, 43 , Christine, 48 Pownall, Stanislaus, 157 Pratt, Elizabeth, 110 , WilUam, 110 Pray, Mary, 100 Preble, Adeline, 184 — , Alice, 184 , Eben, 182, 184 , Ebenezer, 28, 182, 183 , Edward, 5, 7, 16, 23, 28, 30, 134, 136, 181, 182, 183, 184 , Edward Deering, 181, 183 , Edward Henry, 184 , Ellen Bangs, 184 , Enoch, 28, 182, 183 . Frances Amica, 184 , Francis, 182 , George Henry, 182, 184 , Harriet, 184 , Henry, 182, 183 , Henry Oxnard, 184 , Jedediah, 182, 183 -, John, 183 -, Joshua, 28, 183 -, Lucy, 183 -, Martha, 182, 183 -, Mary, 184 -, Samuel, 183 -, Statira, 182, 183 -, WUUam, 183 Prentiss, Annie, 90 , John, 89 Prime, Nathaniel, 195 , Kufus, 195 , T., 195 Primrose, Elizabeth, 78 Quin, Lavina, 200 Radford, John, 186 Radstack, Lord, 141 Raikea, H., 50 Raleigh, Carew, 186, 187 , George, 186 , John, 186 , Margaret, 186 , Mary, 186 , Walter, 5, 18, 185, 186, 187 Ray, Sybil, 194 Raymond, Elizabeth, 168 , Joshua, 194 Read, Caroline Laurens, 124 Reed, David, 50 , Franklin, 110 , Lucy Franklin, 110 227 Remington, Mary, 206 Rennie, Elizabeth, 75 Reynolds, Elizabeth, 168 , Thomas, 168 Rhett, Catherine, 213 Mary, 213 Sarah, 213 , William, 22, 212, 213, 214 Rhiuelander, John, 206 Rhodes, Mary, 100, 134 Rice, Edward, 128 , Hon. George, 128 , Henrietta, 128 , Hon. Maria, 128 , Sarah Parker, 73 Richards, G., 170 Richardson, Sir John, 102 Ricketts, Mary, 108 , William Henry, 108 Ringgold, Dr. James, 136 Roberts, Capt. Francis, 93 . Jack, 93 , Joe, 93 Rochelle, J. N., 211 Rodgers, Alexander, 169 , Alexander Perry, 169 , Ann Minnie, 169, 190 , Augustus Frederick, 169, 190 , Christopher Randolph Perry, 30, 167, 169 , Elizabeth, 169 , Elizabeth Jacobs, 39 , Frederica, 169 , Frederick, 169, 170, 189, 190 , George Washington, 19, 22, 30, 69, 162, 165, 169, 189, 191 , Helen, 169 , Henry, 169, 189 , James, 39 , Jane, 170 , Jerusha, 169 , Admiral John, 5, 7, 18, 22, 23, 26, 30, 62, 71, 72, 168, 169, 170, 187, 188, 189, 190, 203 , John Augustus, 169, 170 , John F., 169 , Louise, 169 , Mary, 169 , Rebecca, 169 , Robert, 169, 189 , Sarah, 169 , Thomas Reynolds, 169 , Thomas Slidell, 169 , William Pinkney, 169, 189 Rodney, Sir George, 74 , George Bridges, 5, 18, 192, 196, 201 de Rohan, William, 8, 64, 67 Rokeby, Lord, 117 RoUe, Margaret, 116 Ross, Sir John Lockhart, 75 228 NAMES OF PEBSONS. Rotch, William, 206 Rous, Augusta, 68 , John E. Comwallis, 58 Rowan, James, 66, 67, 175 , Martha, 65, 67 , Stephen Clegg, 66 Ruggles, Elizabeth, 45 Rupert, Prince, 47, 105 Ruperta, Princess, 105 Rush, Benjamin, 205 , James, 206 , Richard, 206 RusselJ, Alexander George, 117 , Cosmo George, 117 . Edward, 116 , Francis, 116 , Francis John, 116 , George William, 116 , Henry, 117 . John, Duke of Bed- ford, 115 , William, 116, 148 , W. C, 60 , Wriothley, 116 Rutherford, Daniel, 75 Ruthven, Anne, 78 , James, Lord, 78 , John, 78 Rylands, W., 109 Sands, Comfort, 193, 194 , Cornelia, 195 , Eliza, 193, 195 , Ferdinand, 193, 195 , James, 194 , John, 194 , Joseph, 195 , Joshua, 193 , Adm. Joshua Ratoon, 5, 18, 164, 193, 194, 195 , Louis Joseph, 193, 194, 195 , Mercy, 194 , Sarah, 194 Saumarez, Amelia, 197 , Anne, 197 , Carteret, 197 , Charlotte, 197 . James, 6, 6, 18, 196, 197 , John, 197 , John de, 197 , John St. Vincent, 197 . John Thomas, 197 , Martha, 197 , Mary, 197 , Matthew, 197 , Nicholas, 197 , Philip, 197 , Richard, 197 , Thomas, 197 Saxton, Mercy, 71, 72 Scarth, Katharina M., 214 Scharf, J., 65, 111 Schley, Commodore, 172 Scott, E., 85 , Gen. WinHeld, 207 Scott, Major Sylvanus, 99 , Sir William, 105 Scrope, Anabella, 105 , Lady Anabella, 105 , Emanuel, Earl of Simderland, 105 , John, Earl of Rutland, 106 Scudder, Mary T., 3 Selden, Mary Mason, 110 Selkirk, Lord, 112, 114 Selwood, — , 92 Semmes, Benedict, 199 , Oliver J., 199 , Raphael, 5, 7, 18, 123, 197, 199 . Richard Thompson, 199 , Samuel Middleton, 199 , Thomas Jenkins, 199 Sergeant, Frances, 169 Seymour, Albert, 201 , Augusta, 201 , Caroline, 200 , David, 200 , Sir Edward, 186, 201 , Edward Hobart, 5, 7, 18, 23, 200, 201 , Elizabeth, 200 , Ellen, 200 , Frances, 200 , Henry, 201 , Jane, 200 , Rev. John, 200 , John, 201 , John Hobart, 201 , John Hobart Culme, 200 , Mary, 200 , Michael, 23 , Sir Michael, 200 , Sir Michael Culme, 200, 201 , Richard, 200 , Richard Arthur, 201 , Walter Richard, 201 , William Hobart, 200 Shairp, Catherine, 130 , Sir Stephen, 130 Shakespeare, William, 203 Shaler, Lucy Ann, 121 , Nicholas, 121 Sherman, A., 160 , Roger, 89 Shine, Elizabeth, 82 , John, 82 Bhippen, R., 153 Skeeler, Jane, 42 , Rev. Thomas, 42 SkefEngton, Admiral, 132 Skelton, James, 110 , Sally, 110 , Sarah, 146 Slidell, Jane, 169 , John, 169 , JuUa, 169 Smith, Hon. Albert, 62, 63 , Sir Albert Jones, 63 Smith, Augusta, 66, 200 , Lady Caroline Mary, 202 , Charles, 200 .Charles Douglass, 202 , Sir Charles Joshua, 200 , Cordelia Miller, 62 , Capt. Cornelius, 202 , Drummond, 200 , Edward, 201, 202 , Edward Herbert, 202 , Elizabeth, 63, 128 , Elizabeth Winkle, 20, 62, 63 , Frances, 200 , Gilbert Joshua, 201 , Jane Ruad, 63 , John, 200, 201, 202 , John Spencer, 202 , Joseph Bass, 62, 63 , Josiah, 63 , Lucy, 102 , Margaret Sprague, 63 , Maria Louisa, 200 , Mary, 73 , Mary Butler, 61, 62 , Rev. Orlando, 201 , Sarah Barker, 63 , Seymour Spencer, 201 , Spencer, 200 , Rev. Thomas, 63 , William A., 66, 67 . W. B., 150 , Sir William Rumbold, 202 , W. Sidney, 6, 6, 18, 29, 201, 202 Smyth, W., 42 Sneddle, Hugh, 186 Snell, Hannah, 28 Soley, J. R., 176, 177, 180 Somerby, H., 46 , Capt. Joseph, 73 Southey, Robert, 140 Southwell, Catherine, 116 , Sk Edward, 115, 116 , Elizabeth, 116 , Sophia, 116 Sparnon, Judith, 158 Spencer, Anne Elizabeth, 198, 199 , Oliver Marlborough, 198, 199 Sprague, Margaret, 62 Spriddle, Lieutenant, 169 Stafford, John, 41 Stanforth, Margaret, 103 Stanley, Edward, 102 , Lord James, 102 Stanley, Lucy, 102 Stapleton, Catherine, 95 , Robert, 95 St. Clair, General, 120, 121 , Col. de, 202 Stebling, V., 187 Stephenson, Augustus, 117 , Elizabeth, 38 NAMES OF PERSONS. 229 Stephenson, Henry, 116 , Sussex, 117 Stewart, Col. Wm., 141 Stirling, K., 117 Stockton, Abigail, 205, 206 , Annis, 206 , Caroline, 206 , Catherine Elizabeth, 206 , Charles, 206 , Charles C, 206 , Edward, 206 , Harriet M., 206 , Howard, 206 , John, 204, 205 , John Potter, 206 , Lucius, 206 , Lucius Horatio, 205 , Lucius W., 206 , Mary, 206 , Mary Elizabeth, 206 , Rev. Philip, 205 , PhiUp Augustus, 206 , Rebecca, 206 , Richard, 204, 205, 206 , Robert Field, 5, 6, 18, 22, 29, 203, 204, 206 , Samuel, 206 . Samuel Witham, 205, 206 , Susan, 205 , T. C, 205 Stopford, Sir Robert, 100, 102 Stout, Lucy, 119 Street, Caroline, 90 , Maiy, 89 Strickland, Margaret, 67 Strong, Martha, 108 Stuart, Anne, 78 Stuart, Charles, 128 Stuart, Jane, 57 Sturgis, Mrs. E., 46 Sturman, — , 152 Sturman, Mary, 153 St. Vincent, Earl of, 81 Suckling, Anna Maria, 147 , Catherine, 146 , Rev. John, 147 , Maurice, 2, 20,' 137, 144, 146, 147 , Richard, 146 , Robert, 146, 147 , Robert George, 147 , William, 146, 147 , William Benjamin, 146, 147 SulUvan, Felix, 55 , Felix, R., 55 , Franklyn Buchanan, 53, 55 , Mary, 55 , Nannie, 55 , Rev. Thomas B., 46 Sutton, Elizabeth, 128 Swynfen, John, 108 , MabeUa, 108 , Mary, 108 Symonds, Margaret, 48 Talbot, Baron, 128 . Commander, 136 , Charles John, 44 , Mary Anne, 28 , Sir Reginald, 44 , WUliam, Earl, 128 Talcott, Elizur, 72 , George, 72 , Hannah, 73 , Mary, 73 , Nehemiah, 73 , Samuel, 72, 73 , S. v., 73 Tallman, Martha, 118 Tarbox, Betsy, 78 Tarletou, Sir Banastre, 188 Tart, William, 75 Tattnall, Edward Fenwick, 210 , John, 210 . Josiah, 5, 18, 23, 109, 207, 208, 209, 210 Taylor, Alexina, 111 , Gen., 151 , Harriet, 169 , Jane, 170 , John, 37 . Col. Joseph, 169 , Montgomery Meigs, 170 Teackle, — , 153 Ten Eyck, Commissioner, 204 Tenney, S., 62 Tennyson, Lord Alfred, 92 Thompson, B., 195 Thompson, Hon. John Ren- shaw, 206 Thrale, Hester Maria, 78 Tiffany, George, 169 Todd, Rev. A., 90 Toppan, Hannah, 150 ' Townsend, John Thomas, 116 Traill, H., 92 Trelawny, Sir John, 20, 96, 97 , June, 97 , Roger, 97 Trench, Lady Elizabeth, 132 Trenchard, Edward, 193, 195 , George, 194 , James, 194 , Stephen D., 193, 194, 195 Tromp, Cornelius Van, 211 , Martin Harperts, 5, 6, 18, 29, 47, 210 Trott, Mary, 213 , Nicholas, 213 Trotter, Sir Coutts, 116 , Susan, 116 Troubridge, John, 140 Truxton, — , 188 Tuberville, John, 110 , Lettice Corbin, 110 Tucker, Edgar, 184 , John, 109, 124, 211 , John Randolph, 5, 7, 18, 211 Tufton, Catherine, 115 , Lady Margaret, 115 Turner, Anne, 146 , Sir Charles, 146 Turton, Elizabeth, 108 , John, 108 , Sir John, 109 , Margaret, 108 Tuttle, C, 187 , Mary, 156 Twistleton, Hon. Cassandra, 109 Tyler, President John, 204 Tyndall, Proncy, 73 Upshur, Abel Parker, 162, 153, 204 , George Parker, 162, 153 , Littleton, 152, 153 Usher, S., 121 Vance, John, 121 . Mary, 121 , Samuel, 21, 121 Vandergrift, L., 121 Vane, Lady Francis, 106 VanWyck, Anne Stedman, 39 Victoria, Queen, 116, 193 Vinton, Abiathar, 67 , Rev. Francis, 169 , Hon. Samuel F., 67 Waddy, Isaac, 39 Wade, Annie McEean, 55 , Col. Richard, 65 , Robert Buchanan, 65 Walker, Sarah, 194 , Gen. WiUiam, 149, 164, 193 Wallace, Alexander, 168 , Charles, 168 . James, 168 , James (Lord Dun- donald), 168 , Sir Richard, 168 , Robert, 168 , Sarah Alexander, 168 . WiUiam, 168 , William Bailey, 168 Waller, Sir Jonathan, 106 Walling, R., 98 Walpole, Galfridus, 20, 146 , Harriet, 103 , Horatio, 103, 146 — , Maria, 116 . Mary, 146 , Robert, 116, 146 , Sir Robert, 20, 146 , S., 117 Ward, Rear-Admiral Aaron, 71 . Abigail, 155 , Benjamin, 155 , Caleb, 155 , Esther, 155 , Capt. James 214 , John, 21, 155 , Mary, 156 230 NAMES OF PLACES. Ward, Nelson, 144 , PhUip, 144, 147 , Phoebe, 156 , Samuel, 98 , Susanna, 84, 85 Washington, George, 40, 51, 53, 104 , Jane, 213 Watson, Lieut. Arthur, 136 , Catherine, 115 , Edward, 115 , Elizabeth, 54, 74 , Marmaduke, 54 , Mary, 200 , Richard, 200 Wattles, Sophia, 182, 183 Watts, Francis Holland, 38 Webb, Jonathan, 183 , Susanna, 147 Webster, Daniel, 88 Weld, Anna M., 160 , Isabella, 106 Wellesley, Sir Arthur, 77 Wellington, Duke of, 1 West, Rt. Hon. Sir Algernon, 116 , A., 117 , Jane Elizabeth, 116 , GUbert, 117 , Martin J., 116 Westcott, Damaris, 168 Wharton, Lucy, 67 Whinyates, Edward, 213 , Francis, 213 , Frederick, 213 , Sir Thos., 213 Whipple, Abigail, 99 Whitbreak, Juliana, 117 Whitehall, Anne, 108 Whittle, Captain, 111 Whittlesley, Henry, 90 Wickenden, Rev. William, 99 , Plain, 99 wakes, Charles, 134, 167 Wilkinson, Benjamin, 100, 137 , I, 100 , John, 99 , Joseph, 100 , Lydia, 134 , Mary, 202 . Pinkney, 202 Ruth, 99 -, Samuel, 99 -, Susanna, 100 -, WilUam, 99 William, King I, 115 William IV, 60 Williams, Catherine, 205 , Humphrey, 48 , Sarah, 48 Wilson, Hugh, 184 Winckly, John, 101 , Margaret, 102 Wioniett, Alexander, 215 , Anne, 215 Winslow, Benjamin, 212, 213 , Catherine A., 212, 214 , Chilton R., 214 , Eben E., 212, 214 , Edward, 212, 213 , Edward D., 214 , Frances A., 214 , Herbert, 212, 214 , James H., 214 Winslow, John A., 5, 7, 18, 22, 29, 212, 214 ,Mary C, 214 -, William R., 214 Winston, John, Duke of Marl- borough, 106 Winthrop, Marianne, 159 Wirt, William, 152 Wodehouse, Anne, 146 Wolseley, Cosby W., 216 , Elizabeth, 215 , Field Marshal, 214 , Garnet T., 215 , John H., 215 , Mary T., 215 , Robert, 215 , Capt. Richard, 214, 215 , Sydney A., 215 . W., 5, 6, 18, 23, 29, 42, 214, 215 , W. N., 19, 214, 215 Wood, Marianne, 129 Woodbury, Eliphalet, 52 Woodward, E., 55 , Frances, 147 , Dr. Theodore, 173 Wootton, — , 156 Worth, R. N., 98 Wright, Canon, 92 , Frances, 182, 183 , Sir James, 213 , Rev. Richard, 92, 213 , Robert, 213 , Sarah, 213 Wrottesley, G., 102 Yeomans, Prudence, 73 NAMES OF PLACES. Abercorn, 106 Aboukdr, Egypt, 77 Aboukir Bay, 138 Accomao County, Va., 151, 152 Acre, Syria, 58, 100 Adelaide, Aus., 84 Adriatic Sea, 103 Agincourt, 20 Agra, 98 Alabama, 73, 212 Albany, N. Y., 73, 90, 96, 111, 180 Albemarle, 115, 116, 117 Albemarle Sound, 60 Aldershot, Eng., 106 Alexandria, Egypt, 42, 77, 103 Alexandria, Va., 182, 203, 211 Algeciras, 196 Algiers, 20, 21, 62, 69, 79, 116, 133, 158, 167, 183, 203, 215 Alps, 70 Alvarado, 193 Amnion River, 211 Amboy, 204, 206 Annapolis, Md., 39, 44, 46, 51, 52, 53, 70, 73, 86, 111, 134, 136, 151, 153, 155, 156, 160 Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, 214, 215 Annsfield, Lanarkshire, Eng., 56 Antigua, 138, 205 Argentine, 61 Argyle, Scotland, 56 Arizona, 61 Armagh, Ireland, 132 Assaye, 77 Australia, 83, 84, 85, 91, 145, 147, 174 Austria, 22 Azores, 185 Badajoz, Spain, 214 Bahamas, 212 Balearic Islands, 111 Ballston Spa, 62 Baltic Sea, 93, 197 Baltimore, Md., 26, 37, 38, 39, 53, 54, 55, 156, 187, 190, 193, 203 Bantry Bay, 96 Barbadoes, 15, 100, 105 Barbary States, 36, 68, 88, 178, 181, 193, 211 Barcelona, 81 Barfleur, Cape, 43 Barnstable, 201 Bass Strait, 83 Bastia, Corsica, 138 Batavia, 41 Beaufort, N. C, 193 Bedford, 115, 116 Beechey Island, 91 Behring Strait, 191 Belle Isle, 67, 68 Bengal, India, 78 Bennington, Vt., 72 Bergen-Op-Zoom, 115 Berlin, 116 Bermuda, 19, 211 Berne, Switzerland, 202 Bladensburg, Md., 207 Block Island, 194 Bombay, 78, 145 Bonaveuture, Ga., 207 Boston, Eng., 21, 130 Boston, Mass., 15, 39, 44, 68, 61, 62, 68, 70, 83, 89, 90, 95, 96, 104, 108, 121, 130, 134, 148, 155, 160, 161, 170, 172, 177, 183, 184, 187, 192, 197, 199, 203, 207, 212 Bosworth Field, 186 Botany Bay, 83, 174 Boulogne, 41 Bowdoin, 149, 182 Brazil, 20, 47, 56, 191 Brest, 59, 76, 77, 83, 112, 127, 196, 197 Brewster, Mass., 183 Bridgewater, Eng., 47, 48 Bristol, R. I., 168 British New Guinea, 133 Brooklyn, N. Y., 87, 154, 162, 167, 172, 173, 193 Browsholme, 108 Bucks County, Pa., 66 Bucks, Eng., 116 Buenos Ayres, 134 Bundelkhand, India, 92 Burlington, N. J., 64, 55, 118, 119, 205 Bumham Thorpe, County of Norfolk, Eng., 137 Bury, 102 Cadiz, Spain, 51, 59, 156, 185, 196 Cairo, Egypt, 77 Cairo, 111., 212 Calcutta, India, 133 California, 34, 111, 190, 204 Callao, 204 Cambridge, 103, 144, 146, 148 Cambridge, Eng., 125 Cambridgeshire, Eng., 145 Camden, N. J., 204, 206 Camelford, 202 Campbell's Station, Tenn., 79 Canada, 74, 91, 116, 117, 118, 119, 127, 129, 141, 206 Canterbury, Eng., 145 Canton, China, 84, 87, 159, 200 Canton River, 88, 200 Cape Breton, 192 Cape Fear River, 122 Cape of Good Hope, 41, 63, 74, 75, 77, 84, 100, 116 Cape Hatteras, 193 Cape Horn, 53 Cape Leeuwin, 83 Cape Mesurado, Africa, 203 Cape St. Vincent, 59, 74, 193, 201 Cape Tiburon, 165 Cape Town, Africa, 76 NAMES OF PLACES. Cape Verde Islands, 44 Capri, 201 Cardigan, 105 Carolina, 117 Caroline Islands, 200 Carsethorne, Scotland, 113 Carthage, 27 Carthagenia, 47 Castleton, Vt., 173 Ceylon, 147,214 ChanceUorsville, 66 Chapultepec, 165, 169 Charles Co., Md., 198 Charleston, S. C, 66, 76, 127, 196, 204, 206, 211, 212 Chatham, 42 Chelmsford, 97 Chelsea, Eng., 49, 116 Chenies, Eng., 116 Cherbourg, 197, 212 Chesapeake Bay, 37, 134, 201 Cheshire, Conn., 88, 89, 90 Chester, Pa., 54, 175, 177, 180 Chicago, 111., 20, 61, 62, 206 Chile, 65, 191, 211 China, 42, 98, 100, 109, 117, 126, 191, 200, 208, 212 China Sea, 114 Chippewa, 110 Cincinnati, O., 199 Clarke Co., Va., 109 Cleveland, O., 170, 190 Colorado Springs, 67 Columbia Co., N.Y., 173 Columbus, O., 20, 62 Concord, N. H., 161 Coningsby, Lincolnshire, Eng., 92 Connecticut, 23, 88, 89 Constantinople, 100, 178, 179, 201, 202 Contreras, 136 Copenhagen, 20, 91, 93, 139, 141, 143 Corsica, 143 Cortland, West Chester Co., N. Y., 154 Coshan, 133 County Tyrone, 145 Cowes, Eng., 209 Craney Islands, 207 Cristophe, 187, 189 Cuba, 27, 137, 172, 206, 208, 209 Culloden, 115 Cumberland, Md., 88, 199 Curacoa Islands, 194 Dacca, 159 David's Island, 111 Deans Yard, Eng., 127 Delafield, Waukesha Co., Wis., 60 Delaware, 21, 39, S3, 54, 55, 121, 168, 180, 204 Denmark, 139 Derby, Conn., 81, 102 Derbyshire, 117 231 Des Moines, 65 Detroit, 90 Devon, Eng., 19, 98, 185, 186 Devonshire, Eng., 185 Dinwiddie Court House, Va., 136 Dogger Bank, 196 Dorchester, Mass., 46 Dorset, Eng., 93 Dover, Eng., 17, 47, 156, 158, 201 Down Co., Ireland, 215 Downes, Eng., 210 Drury's Bluff, 211 Dry Tortugas, 207 Dublin, Ire., 66, 123, 124, 132, 168 Dumfries, 114 Dundalk, Ire., 132 Dundas, 75 Dundee, Farfarshire, Scotland, 74,75 Dunkerque, 210 Dutch West Indies, 61 East Indies, 42, 74, 76, 86, 87, 92, 98, 128, 137, 147, 200, 214 Edinburgh, Scotland, 76, 77, 110 Egypt, 41, 77, 138, 201 Elba, 138 Elizabeth City, 161 Encaster, 146 England, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 40, 41, 46, 47, 49, 50, 65, 72, 73, 76, 77, 83, 84, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 112, 115, 116, 117, 123, 129, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 148, 158, 168, 174, 185, 189, 192, 194, 196, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 English Channel, 95, 100, 104, 107, 142, 148, 183 Erie, Pa., 61 Exeter, 116 Exmouth, Eng., 185, 186 Falkland Islands, 42, 133 Falmouth, Me., 158, 181, 183 Fatshau, China, 114 Fayetteville, N. C, 124 Fife, Scotland, 78 Finland, 66 Flatbush, N. Y., 154 Florida, N. Y., 136 Flushing, N. Y., 8 Fontenoy, 115 Fort Charles, Jamaica, 202 Fort Columbus, 87 Fort Donelson, 87, 155 Fort Fisher, 61, 66, 70, 152, 155, 175 182 Fort Henry, 87, 111 Fort Jackson, 46, 79, 80, 84 232 NAMES OF PLACES. Fort Pickens, Fla., 175 Fort PoweU, 160 Fort San Juan, 137 Fort St. PhiUp, 46, 71, 79, 80, 175 Fort Sumter, 190, 211 Fortress Monroe, 154 France, 21, 26, 40, 51, 59, 64, 68, 69, 77, 91, 96, 107, 112, 113, 126, 134, 136, 137, 167, 168, 160, 182, 183, 186, 202 Frankfurt, Germany, 174 Fredonia, 62 Friendly Isles, 174 Gallinos, 193 Galveston, Texas, 81 Gefle, Sweden, 65 Geneva, 116 Genoa, 41, 186 Georgia, 19, 89, 111, 208, 209, 210, 213 Georgetown, D. C., 38, 199 Germantown, 152 Gettysburg, 66, 151, 153, 166 Gibraltar, 37, 38, 103, 104, 106, 107, 191, 198, 203, 210 Gilling, 95 Glastonbury, Conn., 72 Gleneagles Co., Perth, Scotland, 74 Gloucester, Eng., 200 Gloucester, Mass., 115, 128, 193 Grand Lake, La., 199 Great Barrier Reef, 84 Great Britain, 50, 102, 117 Great Lakes, 164 Greece, 66 Greenland, 91 Greenwich, Eng., 78, 93, 94, 108, 174, 192 Greytown, 134 Guernsey Islands, 196, 197 Guiana, 19, 164, 185, 187 Guinea, 96 Haddington, 128, 129 Hague, 126 Halifax, Nova Scotia, 60, 61, 148, 208 Hampton Roads, 53, 62, 63, 151, 193, 207, 211 Hants, Eng., 116 Harford Co., Md., 187 Harper's Ferry, 66 Harrow, Eng., 192 Hartford, Conn., 136, 170 Hatteras Inlet, N. C, 162 Havana, 21, 82, 104, 115, 136, 165, 172, 176, 208 Havre, France, 201 Havre de Grace, 26, 189 Hawaii, 204 Hesse, 15 Hilborough, Norfolk, 146 HUton Head, S. C, 193 Hobart Town, 01 Hochkirch, 77 Holland, 25, 36, 37, 66, 103, 116, 162, 168 Hong Kong, 70, 169 Honolulu, 86, 135, 204 Hopkinton, Merrimack Co., 160 Hudson Bay, 91, 153 Huggate, County York, 197 Huntington, Long Island, 154 India, 44, 76, 77, 92, 106, 109, 114, 116, 127, 129, 136, 142, 143, 145, 168, 202 Indian Ocean, 158, 199 Ingoldsthorpe, 103 Ireland, 42, 43, 102, 106, 116, 117, 121, 126, 128, 131, 132, 168, 168, 185, 186 Island Number 10, 87 Italy, 64, 103, 138, 182 Jackson, Miss., 71 Jacksonville, Fla., 100 Jalapa, 199 Jamaica, W. I., 39, 83, 90, 112, 127, 137, 192, 214 James River, 198, 211 Japan, 63, 126, 162, 166 Java, 9 Jersey, Island of, 197 Johnson, Vt., 70 Kansas City, 39 Kennebec, 187 Kent Island, 158 Kentucky, 38 Khartoum, 106 Kilkenny Co., Ireland, 216 Kincardine-on-Forth, 77 Kinderhook, Columbia Co., N. Y., 172 King George's Sound, 83 Kingston, Jamaica, 126 Kingston, R. I., 22 Kinsdale, Iceland, 47 Kirkbean, Kirkcudbright, Scot- land, 112 Kirkee, 77 ICittery, Me., 148, 181, 183 Knoxville, 79 Knyzna, Africa, 49 Korea, 191 La Guayra, 104, 201 Laguna, 193 Lake Champlain, 46, 62, 120, 164, 157 Lake Erie, 110, 163, 164, 166, 170 Lake George, 135 Lake Ontario, 193 Lake Pontchartrain, 82 Leeward Islands, 192, 201 Leghorn, 211 Leicester Co., Eng., 106, 115, 116, 117 Leith, Scotland, 113 Lewkner, Eng., 41 Lexington, Mass., 73, 148 Liberia, 87, 162, 203 Lichfield, 133 Lincoln, 116 Lincoln's Inn, 95 Lissa, 102 Liverpool, 25, 37, 136, 188 London, Eng., 44, 48, 50, 68, 60, 76, 84, 85, 89, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 109, 111, 117, 119, 129, 132, 133, 140, 145, 147, 148, 159, 174, 186, 187, 197, 201, 202, 210, 211 Long Island, N. Y., 64, 88, 149, 178 Longwood, Mass., 44 Los Angeles, 204 Louisburg, 21, 150, 192 Louisiana, 34, 81, 82, 199 Lucknow, India, 214 Machias, Me., 148, 150 Mackenzie River, 91 Madras, Spain, 13, 30, 31, 76, 78, 91, 92, 169 Magellan Strait, 98 Mahratta, 77 Maine, 34, 134, 148, 149, 183, 184, 187 Majorca, Balearic Isles, 82 Malaga, 133 Malta, 201 Manila, 70, 71, 136 Mansfield, Conn., 138 Mansfield, Eng., 57 Marblehead, Mass., 26 Mare Island, Cal., 79 Marquesas Islands, 27, 177 Marseilles, France, 167 Marston Moor, 108 Martinique, 138, 192 Maryland, 10, 53, 64, 68, 95, 168, 169, 198, 199 Massachusetts, 23, 136, 179, 181, 184 Mauritius, 41, 84, 114 Mediterranean Sea, 23, 41, 42, 47, 54, 56, 69, 61, 68, 69, 76, 79, 86, 91, 97, 107, 120, 127, 129, 136, 137, 138, 141, 146, 151, 167, 160, 162, 163, 175, 187, 188, 198, 200, 201, 204, 207, 208, 211 Medway River, 137 Melanasia, 133 MelvUle Islands, 131 Mercer County, 65 Meriden, 90 Merrimac, Mass., 21, 162 Mexico, 42, 64, 66, 79, 110, 111, 169, 172, 175, 179, 198, 199, 204 Mexico Gulf, 134, 136, 137, 207 NAMES OF PLACES. 233 Michigan, 73 Milwaukee, 90 Minnesota, 34 Minorca, Balearic Isles, 82 Mississippi, 23, 79, 81, 100, 103, 175, 198, 206 Missouri, 64, 55 Mobile, 53, 79, 123, 198, 199 Mobile Bay, 81, 111, 160, 161, 182, 184 Modbury, Eng., 186 Monmouth Co., N. J., 37 Monterey, Cal., 204 Montevideo, 131 Montpelier, Vt., 70, 73 Montreal, Quebec, 63 Morocco, 181, 187, 190 Moscow, 116 Movmt Washington, 183 Nagasaki, Japan, 166 Naples, 49, 76, 93, 127, 138, 141, 142, 162, 201 Naseby, 108 Nashville, Tenn., 123 Nassau, 122 Nebraska, 111 Nevis, West Indies, 141 New Brunswick, N. J., 21, 53, 155, 197, 204 Newbury, 62 Newburyport, Mass., 10, 61, 148 New Castle Co., Del., 21, 120, 121 Newcastle-on-Tyne, 59 New England, 49, 72, 98, 99, 123, 168, 187, 207 Newfoundland, 127, 192 New Guinea, 133 New Hampshire, 73, 135, 149, 160, 162 New Haven, Conn., 86, 90 New Jersey, 23, 99, 118, 204, 205, 206, 216 New London, Conn., 40, 45, 73,90 New Orleans, La., 79, 81, 82, 118, 160, 161, 176, 177, 179, 184, 198 Newport, Rhode Island, 44, 99, 100, 104, 126, 162, 163, 164, 168 New Providence, B. W. I., 98, 112 New River, 60 New South Wales, 174 Newton, Long Island, 121 New York, 25, 37, 39, 46, 51, 62, 54, 60, 65, 67, 68, 69, 73, 79, 83, 86, 90, 92, 98, 104. Ill, 114, 117, 119, 121, 124, 126, 126, 130, 134, 136, 148, 149, 151, 163, 164, 156, 166, 162, 168, 170, 173, 174, 176, 180, 181, 188, 189, 193, 194,195,199,206,211,216 Nicaragua, 137, 143, 154, 193, 206 Nice, 76 Nigeria, 131 Nile river, 20, 26, 103, 107, 114, 132, 139, 141, 193, 196 Nith river, 113 Norfolk, Va., 66, 79, 82, 109, 110, 111, 117, 126, 129, 146, 162, 154, 193, 208, 211 Norrkoping, Sweden, 66, 67 Northampton, Mass., 46 Northbeck, 108, 109 North Carolina, 34, 60, 66, 82, 110, 111, 213 North Creek, 116 Northeast Passage, 186 North Sea, 188 Northumberland Co., 110 Northwest Passage, 91 Norwich, Conn., 73, 168, 170 Norwich, Eng., 116, 154, 159 Nova Scotia, 19, 23, 134, 214, 215 Ohio, 62, 67 Orford, 116, 141 Oriel, Eng., 42 Orinoco river, 135 Otsego, N. Y., 136 Oxford, Eng., 47, 92, 101, 125, 126, 186, 187, 201 Oxford, N. Y., 168 Padua, 47 Palace, Limerick Co., 200 Palermo, 139, 182 Panama, 161, 160, 176 Paraguay, 160 Paris, France, 112, 113, 115, 117, 141, 162, 182, 184, 185 Fascagoula, 82 Pawcatuck river, 166 Peekskill, N. Y., 155 Peiho river, 208, 209 Pekin, China, 200, 208 Pembroke, Mass., 63 Pennsylvania, 63, 64, 99, 206 Penobscot, 134, 181 Pensacola, Fla., 46, 83, 176 Perdido River, 198 Persia, 116 Perth Amboy, N. J., 63 Peru, 211 Petersburg, Va., 211 Philadelphia, Pa., 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 54, 55, 64, 66, 66, 67, 69, 70, 86, 88, 90, 104, 111, 164, 156, 204, 206, 206 Pittsburgh, Pa., 37, 38, 70, 126 Plymouth, Eng., 37, 157, 158, 200 Plymouth, Mass., 62, 63, 76, 83, 148 Point Judith, 164 Poona, 77 Port Elizabeth, Africa, 133 Port Hacking, 83 Port Hudson, Miss., 79, 80, 83 Port Isabel, 161 Port Jackson, New South Wales, 83, 160, 176 Portland, Me., 148, 182, 184 Port Moresby, 133 Porto Rico, 178 Port PhiUps, 160 Port Royal, 132, 208 Portsmouth, Eng., 114, 115, 186, 200 Portsmouth, N. H., 79, 132, 133, 134, 160 Port Sydney, 84 Portugal, 26, 102, 174, 201 Potomac River, 134 Pretoria, 76 Prince Edward Islands, 202 Princeton, N. J., 36, 37, 66, 68, 73, 162, 203, 204, 206, 206 Providence, R. I., 49, 90, 98, 99, 100, 136, 168 Prussia, 77 Puerto Plata, 88 Quebec, 107, 137 Queenstown, 135, 136 Quiberon, 95, 104, 116 Rangoon, 130 Raritan, N. J., 118, 204 Red River, 79 Red Sea, 133 Rhode Island, 49, 61, 69, 98, 99, 100, 166, 168 Richmond, Va., Ill, 116, 153, 198, 211 Rio de Janeiro, 136, 200, 201, 215 Riviera, 138 Roanoke River, 60, 185, 193 Rochester, Stafford Co., 70, 83 Rome, 28, 65, 66, 67, 204, 206 Roxbury, Mass., 71, 90, 135, 136 Russia, 22, 65, 77, 78, 112, 113, 130, 139, 201 Rutland, 90 Sackett's Harbor, 136 Sag Harbor, 26 Saldanha Bay, 76 Salem, 26 Salisbury, Mass., 61 San Domingo, 90, 127, 128, 165, 187, 189 Sandy Hook, 136, 162, 177 Sands Point, 193, 194 San Francisco, Cal., 79, 111, 161, 155, 204 San Juan, 100, 143, 175 San Mateo Bay, 97 San Pedro, 204 Santa Cruz, 193 Santiago, 170, 173, 212 Saratoga, N. Y., 72, 101, 102, I 168, 169 234 NAMES OF VESSELS. Savannah, Ga., 51, 53, 65, 207, 208, 210 Scarboro, Me., 148, 150 Scituate, R. I., 98, 135, 136 Scotland, 23, 54, 71, 75, 77, 78, 112, 117, 146, 168 Sebastopo), 114, 159 Seychelles Islands, 41 SicUy, 201 Sidmouth, Eng., 185 Sierra Leone, 41, 106, 214 Sinepuxent, Worcester Co., Md., 68 Sligo, 106 Southampton, Eng., 154 South Carolina, 73, 152, 168, 199, 206, 208, 210, 212, 213 South Kingston, R. I., 163 Spain, 8, 20, 25, 27, 56, 57, 65, 70, 78, 97, 98, 107, 125, 140, 149, 153, 170, 174, 175, 191, 192, 202, 209, 211 Spencer Gulf, 84 Spilsby, Lincolnshire, Eng., 91 Springfield, Mafis., 39 Stafford Co., Eng., 108 Staffordshire, Eng., 107, 109 Staten Island, 26 St. Bartholomew, 208 St. Eustatius, W. I., 37 Stirling, Scotland, 46 St. George's Bay, 41 St. Helena, 133 St. Jean d'Acre, 201 St. Johns, Newfoundland, 183, 185 St. Lucia, 140, 192 St. Louis, 90 St. Mary's Isle, 112, 114 St. Nevins Island, 139 Stockholm, 65, 67, 202 Stonington, Conn., 72, 73 St. Paul, Minn., 68 St. Petersburg, 202 St. Thomas Island, 36 St. Vincent, 84, 107, 109, 138, 192, 196 Suffolk, 68 Sunderland, 106 Surat, 98 Surinam, 98, 187 Surrey, Eng., 197 Susguehaima, 188, 190 Buttons, Essex Co., 200 Sweden, 25, 65, 130, 139 Sydney, Australia, 83, 84 Syracuse, 27 Tabasco, 136, 173 Tacumshane, Ire., 40 Tagus River, 47, 201 Tahiti, 83, 84 Taku, 212 Tampico, Mexico, 212 Tasmania, 83, 91 Taunton, Eng., 47 Tavistock, 116 Teneriffe, 47, 88, 138 Tennessee, 81, 82, 88 Texas, 61, 123, 124, 149, 204, 207 Texel, 74 Thames River, 47, 149 Thompson, Conn., 135 Ticonderoga, 15, 23, 71, 72, 73, 105 Tobago, 112, 113 Torres Strait, 83, 84 Toulon, 76, 93, 95, 138, 140, 142, 201 Trafalgar, 1, 20, 59, 91, 93, 108, 139, 141, 142, 144, 158, 169 Trenton, N. J., 40, 54, 118, 119, 204 Tripoli, 68, 69, 118, 134, 136, 177, 181, 182, 190, 191, 195 Troy, 173, 187 Tunis, 47, 166, 182, 187, 191 Turkey, 36, 182 Tuscany, 182 Tuxpan, 175, 208, 209 Typee, 177 Upsala, Sweden, 65 Uraga, Japan, 166 Ushant, 192 Utah, 34 Valparaiso, Chile, 67, 79, 80, 97, 133, 177, 178, 191, 207, 209 Vancouver Island, 100, 133 Vera Crua, 53, 96, 175, 193, 198, 207, 208, 214 Vermont, 71, 73, 135, 173 Vioksburg, Mias., 66, 68, 79, 175 Virginia, 38, 79, 110, 111, 112, 124, 126, 151, 152, 164, 177, 183, 211 Walby, 106 Wales, 116 Wasa, 66 Washington, D. C, 36, 53, 62, 66, 67, 70, 87, 150, 151, 153, 154, 170, 176, 190, 191, 193, 203, 206, 207, 211 Waterford, 42, 43, 132 Waterloo, 103, 114, 116 Waterville, Me., 160 Westfield, Mass., 73 West Indies, 23, 36, 40, 44, 51, 52, 64, 58. 79, 82, 86, 88, 90, 97, 98, 104, 107, 118, 121, 127, 129, 133, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 154, 163, 175, 177, 178, 179, 183, 193, 194, 196, 198, 207, 210 Westminster, 127, 129, 201 West Point, N. Y., 30, 61, 66, 86, 111, 125, 126, 169 Whitehaven, 112 White Plains, N. Y., 122 Wilmington, N.C., 122, 175, 212 Wiltshire, Eng., 200 Winchester, Eng., 116, 128 Windsor, 116, 127, 128 Windward Isles, 41 Winwick Church, 100, 102 Wisconsin, 20, 62 Woodstock, Conn., 134, 135, 136 Worcester, Eng., 200 Worcester, Mass., 44, 45, 46, 170 Wreck Reef, 84 Yokohama, 116 York, Eng., 96, 127, 128, 169 York, Me., 183 Yorkshire, 127 Yorktown, 20, 57 Zanesville, Ohio, 20, 62 Adams, 134, 136, 163 Agamemnon, 138 Alabama, 123, 180, 182, 198 Albemarle, 60, 61, 137 Alcide, 201 Alert, 177 Alfred, 112 NAMES OF VESSELS. Alliance, 40 Alligator, 44, 55 Amazon, 133, 158 Amphitrite, 133 Antelope, 196 ApoUo, 157 Arkansas, 180 Atlanta, 190 Aurora, 179 Avenger, 130 Baltimore, 104 Barclay, 80 Barfleur, 69 NAMES OF VESSELS. 235 Basilisk, 133 Beaufort, 151 Bellerophon, 83, 91, 117 Belvidere, 188, 189, 203 Berwick, 95 Black Prince, 40 Blake, 62 Blenheim, 78 Bonaventure, 96 Bon Homme Richard, 38, 112 Boreas, 138, 145 Brandywine, 134, 162, 167 Bristol, 196 Brittania, 42 Brooklyn, 45, 46, 126, 173, 198 Burford, 104 Cabot, 99 Caesar, 196 Carleton, 157 Caroline, 151 Cayuga, 160 Cecile, 122 Centaur, 215 Chatsworth, 86 Cherub, 177 Chesapeake, 46, 64, 110, 118, 164 Chicago, 125 Chickasaw, 160 Chippewa, 172 Cleopatrie, 157 Colorado, 46, 62 Condor, 42 Confederacy, 127 Congress, 62, 63, 125, 151, 204 Conqueror, 159 Constellation, 121, 154, 177, 187, 188, 198, 207 Constitution, 36, 38, 44, 45, 88, 90, 122, 134, 181, 189 Cornwall, 104 Countess of Scarborough, 112 Crescent, 196 Crusader, 122 Cumberland, 151, 152, 154, 211 Cyane, 160, 164 Cyrene, 193 Dash, 183 Deerhound, 123 Delight, 179 Diana, 164 Diligence, 148 Dolphin, 122, 154 Dorothea, 91 Drake, 112, 113 Droits de I'Homme, 158 Eagle, 62, 192 Effingham, 40 Endymion, 69 Enterprise, 68, 118, 120 Erebus, 91 Erie, 203, 207 Esmeralda, 179 Essex, 22, 79, 80, 177, 178, 179 Experiment, 44, 51, 177, 178 Falcon, 184 Falmouth Packet, 148 Federal, 207, 208 Fern, 212 Florida, 122 Fortune, 174 Fox, 131 Francis, 83 Frolic, 169, 189 Gabriel, 97 Gasp6, 99 General Arnold, 51 General Greene, 165 George, 51 Glasgow, 98, 99 Globe, 154 Gorgan, 131 Gosport, 76 Grampus, 86 Gregson, 61 Guerrifere, 88, 90, 134, 203 Hannah, 51 Hannibal, 148, 149 Harmony, 187 Hartford, 79 Hatteras, 180 Havana, 134 Hawke, 98 Hebe, 93 Hector, 98 Helena, 93 Hiuohenbrook, 137 Hornet, 37 Imp4rieuse, 129 Indefatigable, 158 Independence, 36 Indiana, 126 Inflexible, 198 Intrepid, 51, 68, 131 Investigator, 83, 91 Invincible, 168 Iowa, 169 Jackal, 207 Jane, 187 Java, 36 Jersey, 90, 136, 148, 179, 181 John, 112 John Adams, 81, 86, 187 Judith, 46 Kearsarge, 62, 123, 182, 198, 212 Kennebec, 46 Lackawanna, 160 Lawrence, 165, 166, 167 Leopard, 46, 164 Lexington, 40 L'Insurgente, 121, 177, 187, 188, 189 Lion, 146 Little Belt, 162, 188, 189 Lowstoft, 137 Macedonia, 69, 207 Maohias Liberty, 148, 149 Madison, 183 Magnanime, 104 Margaretta, 148, 149, 150 Martha, 86 Mary Rose, 186 Maumee, 60 Merrimac, 39, 51, 53, 62, 63, 109, 151, 208 Meshboha, 36 Meshouda, 69 Minerva, 93 Minnesota, 60 Mishouri, 203 Mississippi, 63, 70, 71 Monarch, 74 Monitor, 39, 53, 109, 151, 154, 193, 208 Montauk, 172 Mutine, 93 Nanny, 51 Nassau, 123 New London, 160 New York, 172 Niagara, 167 Niger, 58 Norfolk, 83 Norwich, 74 Nottingham, 196 Nymphe, 157 Ohio, 204 Orient, 196 Orion, 196 Pallas, 112 Patrick Henry, 211 Patriotic, 64 Pawnee, 172 Pennsylvania, 79, 211 Perry, 44, 86, 167 Petrel, 50, 184 Philadelphia, 36, 68, 69, 120, 134, 177, 181, 187 Phoebe, 51, 177, 178 Phoenix, 211 Plantagenet, 203 Plymouth, 64 Polyphemus, 91 Portsmouth, 87 Potomac, 151 Powhatan, 175 President, 69, 136, 162, 188, 203 Prince George, 77 Princess Augusta, 93 Princeton, 204 Protector, 181 Providence, 83, 112 Puritan, 170 Queen, 49 Raisonnable, 137 Raleigh, 114 Ranger, 112, 113 236 TRAITS. Kattler, 60 Release, 160 Relief, 160 Resolute, 66 Retaliation, 36 Reunion, 196 Revenge, 162, 164 Rhode Island, 193 Robust, 76, 215 Romney, 76 Rusael, 196 Sacramento, 118 Sandwich, 88 Santa Anna, 59 Saratoga, 37, 207, 209 Scioto, 160 Scorpion, 165 Sea Flower, 51 Sea Nymph, 51 Seminole, 193 Serapis, 112 Severn, 104 Shannon, 69, 118 Somers, 198 Spitfire, 175 Stanislas, 157 Stately, 41 St. Lawrence, 154 St. Louis, 184 Stromboli, 211 Sumpter, 160, 198 Superb, 215 Susquehanna, 63, 182 Swallow, 98 Tecumseh, 79, 161, 182, 184 Tennessee, 63, 79, 160, 161 Terrible, 200 Terror, 91 Texas, 172, 173 Theseus, 103 Ticonderoga, 154 Tigre, 201 Trent, 91 Trenton, 88 True-blooded Yankee, 183 Tnunbull, 90 Trusty, 214 United States, 41, 68, 69, 86, 164 Unity, 148, 149, 150 Varmana, 118 Victor, 33 Victory, 93, 102 Vigilant, 149 Virginia, 109, 208 Vixen, 23, 181, 193, 209 Vizcaya, 173 Vulcan, 98 Wabash, 164 Wasp, 37, 168, 189 Weehawken, 180, IQl Winthrop, 181 Wizard, 103 Activity, 45, 56, 103, 113, 136, 140, 157 Administrativeness, 43, 49, 88, 97, 105, 107, 151, 162, 174, 188, 201 Adventurousness, 33, 36, 42, 43, 61, 54, 61. 70, 81, 87, 90, 92, 96, 120, 122, 129, 133, 146, 162, 155, 163, 164, 175 Aggressiveness, 87 Ambitiousness, 113, 139, 143, 146, 185 Artistic Sense (form), 65, 101, 135, 155, 178, 182, 193, 194, 195, 199 Audacity, 61, 87, 88, 163, 179 Austerity, 41 Bravery, 37, 71, 82, 83, 96, 157, 161, 163, 201 BrUUancy, 101, 103, 158 Buoyancy, 41, 103, 155 Carefulness, 85 Chivalry, 36, 212 Claustrophilia, 27 Combativeness, 66, 114, 152, 165, 161, 163, 175, 177, 190 Constructiveness, 109 Courage, 36, 38, 41, 42, 59, 62, 94, 127, 135, 155, 161, 163, 165, 198 Dash, 212 Decisiveness, 122, 127, 163 Diplomacy, 36, 77, 94, 97, 135, 156, 166, 204, 208 Energy, 38, 107, 120, 139, 145, 163, 176, 201, 212 Enthusiasm, 38 TRAITS. Fearfulness, 29, 139 Fearlessness, 36, 38, 61, 99, 106, 118, 122, 123, 127, 129, 149, 155, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 188, 208, 212 Firmness, 41, 69, 109, 122, 163 Fortitude, 212 Gallantry, 39, 42, 45, 153 Generosity, 85, 103, 118, 123, 132, 202, 209 Hunting, fondness for, 212 Independence, 163 Indolence, 145 Industry, 85 Intelligence, 122, 123 Intrepidity, 38, 84, 175 Inventiveness, 39, 57, 66, 130, 202 Jocularity, 43, 61, 129, 172 Judiciousness, 36, 40, 59, 65, 82, 92, 101, 120, 127, 162, 176, 208 Legislative Ability, 44, 46, 54, 89. 114, 151, 195, 199 Literary Ability, 130, 177, 182, 199 Love of Hunting, 42, 43, 44, 47, 101, 127, 161, 164 Militarism, 25, 37, 43, 64, 61, 68. 71. 74, 88, 95, 103, 105, 109, 120, 134. 146, 161, 161, 197 Nomadism, 27, 28, 31, 37. 38, 41, 64. 66, 84, 101, 113. 131, 146, 165, 173, 175, 182, 202, 206. 211, 212 Obstinacy, 178 Orderliness, 190 Persevertmce, 212 Pertinacity, 37, 92, 143, 161,166 Promptitude, 40, 69, 94. 97, 179 Quarrelsomeness, 66 Recklessness, 43, 158 Religiousness. 141. 145. 167, 183 Resourcefulness, 120 Responsibility. 37, 38, 53, 133, 139, 163, 167, 191 Responsiveness, 38, 70. 172, 173, 209 Restlessness, 29, 56, 61, 82, 101, 103, 133, 201, 205 Scholarship, 36, 41, 47, 50, 65, 77, 85, 87, 89, 99, 101, 167, 186 Self-control, 92, 112 Self-reliance, 49, 53, 81, 87, 88, 120. 167 Strategic Insight, 29. 81, 101, 135. 142 Sternness. 192. 199 Tactical Ability. 29. 105 Temper, 38, 40, 41, 43, 92, 101, 113, 140, 166, 178, 181 Tenacity, 144, 176 ThaUasophilia, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36, 48, 49, 66, 64, 68, 69, 81. 88, 93, 96, 99, 101, 107, 118, 129, 136, 161, 152, 161, 178. 179, 181. 190, 200, 201, 207 Vigilance, 103 Visualism, 26, 130, 131 Vivacity, 85, 86 Wanderlust. 25. 29, 90 (see Nomadism) Wit, 38, 42, 123, 149 i\^ m^m '0^\%. ^^^^^Pi M* 1^ J^'* »•.''•*«*