CORNE LL UNIV ERSITY 
 
 THE 
 
 3iomn Uptprittarg fCtbrar^ 
 
 FOUNDED BY 
 
 ROSWELL p. FLOWER 
 
 for the use of the 
 
 N. Y. State Veterinary College 
 
 1897 
 
 This Volume is the Gift of 
 Dr. K. M. Wiegand. 
 
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A MANUAL 
 
 ORGANIC MATERIA MEDICA. 
 
 GUIDE TO MATERIA. MEDICA OF THE VEGETABLE 
 AND ANIMAL KINGDOMS, 
 
 USE OF STUDENTS, DRUGGISTS, PHARMACISTS, AND 
 PHYSICIANS. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN M. MAISCH, Ph. M., Phae. D., 
 
 PROFESSOR OF MATKRIA MBPICA AND BOTANY IN THE PHILADELPHIA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, 
 
 FIFTH EDITION. 
 
 WITH TWO HUNDRED AND SEVENTY ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 LEA BROTHERS & CO, 
 
 1892. 
 
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Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1892, by 
 
 LEA BROTHERS & CO. 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
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PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION. 
 
 In its present form the "Manual" differs from that of the 
 preceding edition mainly in this, that the recent observations 
 and investigations on the various articles of materia medica, 
 as far as they come within the scope of this work, have been 
 incorporated, and that the pronunciation of the systematic 
 names of plants and animals has been indicated by marks 
 of accent. In addition to this, the text has been carefully 
 revised, with the view of rendering the characterization of 
 the drugs and of their constituents even more precise and 
 available for critical research; a number of new illustrations, 
 partly replacing others, have been prepared in elucidation of 
 structural descriptions; and the pharmacopcEial drugs have 
 been more conspicuously distinguished by the selection of 
 smaller type for those articles which are not recognized by 
 the Pharmacopoeia, or which at present are scarcely ever met 
 with in commerce. Of the same importance as pharmaco- 
 poeial crude drugs appear to be such as — like Juniperus 
 virginiana, Rhamnus Purshiana, etc. — bear a close resem- 
 blance to officinal ones, or which — like Sabadilla, Coccu- 
 lus indicus, etc. — are the sources of proximate principles 
 admitted into the Pharmacopoeia as important remedies; 
 hence, such drugs have been designated by the same kind 
 of type. 
 
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VI PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION. 
 
 In indicating the pronunciation the U. S. Pharmaco- 
 poeia has been closely followed ; but in several cases, where 
 different pronunciations appear to be sanctioned by good 
 authorities, the two forms are given side by side. On page 
 79 it was overlooked to alter the word A'lthsea to Althse'a, as 
 correctly given on page 313. 
 
 The best thanks of the author are due to several corre- 
 spondents for their valuable suggestions. 
 
 August, 1892. 
 
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PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 Eight years ago, when the first edition of this " Manual " 
 was published, the author explained the scope of the work 
 as embracing the drugs of animal and vegetable origin 
 recognized by the Pharmacopoeias of the United States 
 and Great Britain, supplemented by important non-oflScinal 
 drugs, and by others recently introduced or revived, which 
 seemed to deserve attention. 
 
 The system of classification which was adopted in the 
 first has been retained in the later editions with very slight 
 modifications; it has been found to be readily compre- 
 hended and easily applied by those for whose use the 
 work is intended, although the author is conscious of its 
 imperfections and the inherent causes for the same. 
 
 It is in the nature of descriptive works that a certain 
 monotony — inseparable from the material treated of — ren- 
 ders the text uninviting to the casual reader not interested 
 in the subjects, or ignorant of the intrinsic importance of 
 the various details. For practical application, however, a 
 description of the essential physical, histological, and chemi- 
 cal characters of the organic drugs is needful, and to the 
 student is of the utmost importance, as a guide in studying 
 the difierent drugs and determining the variations in char- 
 acteristics caused by diverse agencies. While the physical 
 characters may, as a rule, be readily ascertained and com- 
 
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VIIl PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 pared with those of similar drugs without the use of special 
 appliances, a moderately magnifying pocket lens will be 
 found useful as an aid in demonstrating the outlines of struc- 
 ture, and its use is likely to lead to more minute research by 
 means of the microscope. A knowledge of the proximate 
 principles of drugs is of value on account of the medical 
 properties which these principles may possess, and for the 
 equally, if not more, important reason that their behavior 
 to solvents and to other compounds will determine, both 
 for galenical and extemporaneous preparations, the selection 
 of a suitable menstruum and the avoidance of chemical in- 
 compatibles. But in scanning the pages of the " Manual " 
 the careful observer and the attentive student cannot help 
 observing how much there still remains to be done for many 
 drugs, notably those indigenous to North America, as well 
 as most of those which have been introduced during recent 
 years. 
 
 In preparing each successive edition the author has kept 
 the above objects steadily in view, and is gratified to observe 
 that the general plan which he has adopted has met the 
 approval of most teachers of pharmaceutic materia medica, 
 and that the book has steadily gained in favor with stu- 
 dents and others using it. The author hopes that it may 
 also, in a measure, have accomplished the ulterior purpose 
 of stimulating original research in some of the directions 
 indicated above. 
 
 The principal change made in the present edition is in 
 the list of drugs arranged according to origin, in which 
 Bentham and Hooker's " Genera Plantarum " (published 
 in London from 1862 to 1883) has been followed. The 
 arrangement according to that high authority seemed to be 
 
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PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION. IX 
 
 particularly appropriate at the present time in view of the 
 approaching revision of the United States PharmacopcBia. 
 While only a few drugs have been added to those previously 
 described, every page of the present issue will bear evidence 
 of the endeavor to make it conform to the present knowledge 
 of the drugs in use, embracing the results of all important 
 new investigations, and it is hoped that the work will prove 
 to be as acceptable and useful as the preceding issues. 
 
 Jamuaey, 1890. 
 
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CONTENTS. 
 
 List of Illustrations 
 Introduction 
 
 PAGE 
 
 xiii 
 25 
 
 PAET I.— ANIMAL- DRUGS. 
 
 1. Animals ..... 
 
 2. Eggs 
 
 3. Anastomosing fibrous tissue 
 
 4. Membranous tissues and gelatins 
 
 5. Secretions and excretions 
 
 6. Calcareous skeletons and concretions 
 
 27 
 32 
 33 
 34 
 
 35 
 
 42 
 
 PART II.— CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
 
 1. Roots. — Radices .... 
 
 2. Rhizomes. — Rhizomata . 
 
 3. Tubers and Bulbs. — Tubera et Bulbi 
 
 4. Twigs and Woods. — Stipites et Ligna 
 
 5. Barks. — Cortices .... 
 
 6. Leaves and Leaflets. — Folia et Foliola 
 
 7. Herbs. — Herbse .... 
 
 8. Leafy tops. — Cacuraina, Summitates 
 
 9. Flowers and Petals. — Flores et Petala 
 
 45 
 101 
 149 
 159 
 167 
 211 
 257 
 302 
 305 
 
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xn CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 10. Fruits.— Fructus 322 
 
 11. Seeds. — Semina 365 
 
 12. Cellular drugs not readily recognized as distinct 
 
 organs of plants 398 
 
 PART III.— DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR 
 STRUCTURE. 
 
 1. Extracts and Inspissated Juices. — Extracta et Succi 
 
 Inspissati . . ... . 423 
 
 2. Sugars. — Sacchara . . 439 
 
 3. Gums. — Gummata . . . 445 
 
 4. Gum resins. — Gummi-resinse . 448 
 
 5. Resins. — Resinse .... . 457 
 
 6. Balsams and Oleoresins. — Balsama et Oleoresinse . 467 
 
 7. Volatile oils and Camphors. — Olea Volatilia et 
 
 Camphorse 479 
 
 8. Fixed Oils and Waxes. — Olea Pinguia et Cerse . 491 
 
 Drugs arranged according to origin . .613 
 
 Alphabetical Index ... . 537 
 
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 FIG. 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 1. 
 
 Cantharis vesicatoria 
 
 28 
 
 2. 
 
 Gantharis vittata 
 
 28 
 
 3. 
 
 Mylabris^cichorii 
 
 29 
 
 4. 
 
 Coccus cacti . 
 
 30 
 
 5. 
 
 Chinese musk sac 
 
 36 
 
 6. 
 
 Mexican sarsaparilla ; transverse section, microscopic 
 
 
 
 appearance 
 
 50 
 
 -7 
 
 Section through nucleus sheath ; Honduras sarsaparilla 
 
 51 
 
 8. 
 
 Mexican sarsaparilla 
 
 51 
 
 9. 
 
 Rio Negro sarsaparilla 
 
 51 
 
 10. 
 
 Jamaica sarsaparilla 
 
 51 
 
 11. 
 
 Mexican sarsaparilla ; transverse section . 
 
 51 
 
 12. 
 
 bundle 
 
 52 
 
 13. 
 
 Jamaica sarsaparilla ; bundle 
 
 52 
 
 14. 
 
 transverse section 
 
 52 
 
 15. 
 
 Honduras sarsaparilla ; bundle .... 
 
 53 
 
 16. 
 
 transverse section 
 
 53 
 
 17. 
 
 Rio Negro sarsaparilla ; transverse section 
 
 53 
 
 18. 
 
 bundle 
 
 53 
 
 19. 
 
 Senega ; transverse sections 
 
 55 
 
 20. 
 
 microscopic appearance 
 
 55 
 
 21. 
 
 False senega ; transverse section .... 
 
 56 
 
 22. 
 
 Saponaria ; tr .ins verse section 
 
 57 
 
 23. 
 
 Gentian root ; longitudinally sliced .... 
 
 58 
 
 24. 
 
 transverse section 
 
 59 
 
 25. 
 
 Taraxacum ; transverse section .... 
 
 61 
 
 26. 
 
 Cichorium ; transverse section 
 
 62 
 
 27. 
 
 Pyrethrum ; transverse section .... 
 
 63 
 
 28. 
 
 
 63 
 
 29. 
 
 Inula ; transverse section 
 
 64 
 
 30. 
 
 Lappa ; transverse section 
 
 65 
 
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XIV 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PIG. 
 
 31. Apocynum cannabinum ; transverse section 
 
 32. Stillingia ; transverse section .... 
 
 33. Angelica ; transverse sections . 
 
 34. Levisticum ; transverse section 
 
 35. Pimpinella ; transverse section .... 
 
 36. Petroselinum ; transverse section 
 
 37. Sumbul ; section 
 
 38. Imperatoria ; root and transverse section 
 
 39. Phytolacca ; transverse section 
 
 40. Belladonna ; transverse section 
 
 41. Althsea; transverse section 
 
 42. 43. Calumba ; transverse sections 
 
 44. Rhaponticum ; transverse section 
 
 45. Rhubarb ; section near the cambium 
 
 46. Oxalate of calcium crystals in rhubarb 
 
 47. Russian rhubarb ; transverse section 
 
 48. Chinese rhubarb ; transverse section 
 
 49. European rhubarb ; transverse section 
 
 50. Kava root ; transverse section .... 
 
 51. Glycyrrhiza glabra ; transverse section 
 
 52. Glycyrrhiza glandulifera ; transverse section 
 
 53. Ipecacuanha ; transverse section 
 
 54. root 
 
 55. Striated ipecacuanha . ... 
 
 56. Undulated ipecacuanha 
 
 57. Apocynum androssemifolium ; transverse section 
 
 58. Grelsemium; transverse section 
 
 59. Pareira brava ; root and transverse sections 
 60; Rhatany ; transverse sections 
 
 61. Filismas; transverse section 
 
 62. surface of peeled rhizome 
 
 63. Zingiber ; transverse section 
 
 64. starch granules . 
 
 65. Jamaica ginger 
 
 66. East India ginger 
 
 67. Zedoaria ; transverse section 
 
 68. Gralanga ; rhizome . 
 
 69. transverse section 
 
 70. Round turmeric 
 
 71. Long turmeric . 
 
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 XV 
 
 no. 
 
 72. Curcuma; transverse section .... 
 
 73. Calamus ; transverse section . 
 
 74. Iris florentina ; transverse section . 
 
 75. Triticum repens ; rhizome and transverse section 
 
 76. transverse section ; magnified . 
 
 77. Veratrum ; longitudinal section 
 
 78. transverse section 
 
 79. Dracontium ; transverse section 
 
 80. Iris versicolor ; rhizome and section 
 
 81. Cypripedium pubescens and C. parviflorum ; rhizomes 
 
 82. Sanguinaria ; rhizome and section 
 
 83. Geranium ; rhizome and sections 
 
 84. Tormentilla ; rhizome and section 
 
 85. Bistorta; rhizome . 
 
 86. Podophyllum ; rhizome . 
 
 87. Asclepias Cornuti ; rhizome . 
 
 88. Valeriana ; longitudinal and transverse sections 
 
 89. Arnica ; transverse section of rhizome . 
 
 90. section of rootlet 
 
 91. Serpentaria; rhizome and transverse section . 
 
 92. Hydrastis ; rhizome and transverse section 
 
 93. Helleborus niger ; transverse section of rhizome and root 
 
 94. Helleborus viridis ; transverse section of rhizome and root 
 
 95. Cimicifuga ; transverse sections of rhizome and root 
 
 96. Gillenia stipulacea ; rootlets 
 
 97. Gillenia trifoliata ; rootlets .... 
 
 98. Leptandra ; transverse sections of rhizome and root 
 
 99. Menispermum ; transverse section of rhizome 
 
 100. Jalap tuber 
 
 101. Jalap ; transverse section 
 
 102. Aconitum ; tubers and transverse section 
 
 103. Colchicum ; tuber and transverse section 
 
 104. Salep ; tubers and transverse section 
 
 105. Scilla; bulb .... 
 
 106. Dulcamara ; transverse section 
 
 107. Gouania ; transverse section . 
 
 108. Cinchona Calisaya ; radial longitudinal section 
 
 109. Cinchona lancifolia ; transverse section 
 
 110. Cinchona micrantha ; transverse section 
 
 111. Cinchona Calisaya ; bark 
 
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XVI 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 riG. rA.aE 
 
 112. Cinchona sorobiculata ; bark 177 
 
 113. Calisaya bark, quilled ; transverse section . ■ ■ 177 
 
 114. ; flat, inner layer ; transverse section . . .178 
 
 115. outer layer; transverse section . . • 178 
 
 116. Cinchona succirubra ; transverse section ■ 179 
 
 117. Salix; transverse section . . ... 186 
 
 118. Eubus villosus, bark ; transverse section . . .190 
 
 119. Grranati cortex ; transverse section, magnified 5 diam . 191 
 120. magnified 40 diam . ... 191 
 
 121. Simaruba ; transverse section 193 
 
 122. Frangula; transverse section, magnified 10 diam. . . 195 
 
 123. Frangula; transverse section, magnified 80 diam. . . 195 
 
 124. Mezereum ; transverse section, magnified 15 diam. . 201 
 
 125. Cinnamon from China and Ceylon . . 206 
 
 126. Angustura bark, one-half natural size . . . 209 
 
 127. Angustura ; transverse section, magnified 10 diam. . 209 
 
 128. Cascarilla ; quill 210 
 
 129. Cascarilla; transverse section, magnified 5 diam. . . 210 
 
 130. Rosmarinus ; branch and flower 215 
 
 131. Boldus; leaf .216 
 
 132. Pilocarpus; leaflet .217 
 
 133. Eucalyptus globulus ; leaf 219 
 
 134. Cheken leaves 220 
 
 135. Uvaursi; plant 222 
 
 136. leaves .... .... 223 
 
 137. Manzanita leaves 224 
 
 138. Cassia acutifolia : legume and leaflet .... 225 
 
 139. Argelleaf 225 
 
 140. Coriarialeaf ... .... 225 
 
 141. Tephrosia leaflet 225 
 
 142. Cassia elongata ; legume and leaflet .... 226 
 
 143. Cassia obovata ; legume and leaflet . . . 227 
 
 144. Tripoli senna ; leaflets and legumes .... 227 
 
 145. Sesamum ; flowering branch 229 
 
 146. Peruvian Coca leaf, lower side 230 
 
 147. Bolivian Coca leaves ; natural size 230 
 
 148. Belladonna ; branch, fruit, and seed .... 232 
 
 149. Stramonium ; flowering branch 235 
 
 150. Hyoscyamus ; flowering branch 236 
 
 151. calyx, containing capsule 236 
 
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xvii 
 
 no- PAGE 
 
 152. Digitalis ; leaf of first and second year's growth . . 238 
 
 153. Matico; leaf 239 
 
 154. Salvia; leaf, upper and lower surface . 240 
 
 155. Hamamelis ; leaf 241 
 
 156. Tea leaves 242 
 
 157. 158. Turnera leaves . 244 
 
 159. Aplopappus ; leaf 244 
 
 160. Castanea; leaf 245 
 
 161. Chimaphila umbellata ; flowering stem .... 247 
 
 162. Gaultheria; leaf .248 
 
 163. Buchu leaves and Empleurum serrulatum . 249 
 
 164. Eriodictyon ; leaf, upper and lower surface . . 251 
 
 165. Comptonia ; leaf, upper and lower surface . . 252 
 
 166. Aconitum ; leaf . . 253 
 
 167. Khus Toxicodendron ; leaf ... . . 255 
 
 168. Ruta ; leaf with axillary branch . . 256 
 
 169. Conium ; portion of pinna 257 
 
 170. Chondrus crispus ; plant . . . . 261 
 
 171. narrow form . 262 
 
 172. Grigartina mamillosa 262 
 
 173. Fucus vesiculosus . ... 263 
 
 174. Cetraria islandica . 264 
 
 175. Anemone pratensis ; leaf with flowering scape . . 266 
 
 176. Sarothamnus scoparius ; flowering branch . 271 
 
 177. Drosera rotundifolia 275 
 
 178. Eupatorium perfoliatum ; flowering top • . 276 
 
 179. Lobelia ; branch with flowers and fruit . . 285 
 
 180. flower and section ; magnified . 286 
 
 181. seed; magnified • 286 
 
 182. Scrophularia ; flower and corolla . . . . 287 
 
 183. Mentha piperita ; flowering tops ... . 288 
 
 184. Mentha viridis ; flowering tops .... 289 
 
 185. leaf 289 
 
 186. Origanum vulgare ; flower and corolla, magnified . 291 
 
 187. Melissa; flower and corolla, magnified . . . 293 
 
 188. Hedeoma ; flower and corolla, magnified . . 294 
 
 189. Monarda ; flower, magnified ... • 295 
 
 190. Sabina 303 
 
 191. Caryophyllus ; bud and longitudinal section . . . 307 
 
 192. transverse section, magnified 15 diam. . . . 307 
 
 B 
 
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 FIG. 
 
 193. Santonica ; flower-head and section, magnified 10 diam. 
 
 194. Orange flowers ; unexpanded, petals removed, and sec- 
 
 tion 
 
 195. Brayera ; branch of panicle, and flowers 
 
 196. Matricaria ; flower-head and parts . 
 
 197. Anthemis nobilis ; ray and disk-floret, and section 
 
 198. Arnica montana ; ray and disk-floret 
 
 199. Lavender flower and corolla .... 
 
 200. Juniperus ; catkin, galbulus, and seed . 
 
 201. Ficus ; branch, fruit, and flowers . 
 
 202. Bhamnus ; fruit, transverse and longitudinal sections 
 
 203. Cubeb ; fruit, natural size and magnified 
 
 204. Caryophylli fructus ... 
 
 205. Cocculus ; fruit and longitudinal section 
 
 206. Diospyros ; fruit and transverse section . 
 
 207. Colooynth ; longitudinal and transverse section 
 
 208. Cassia Fistula ; part of fruit . 
 
 209. Poppy capsules and seeds 
 
 210. lUicium verum ; fruit 
 
 211. Illicium religiosum ; fruit 
 
 212. Malabar cardamom 
 
 213. Cardamom seed ; transverse and longitudinal section 
 
 214. Ceylon cardamom and seeds . 
 
 215. Coriandrum ; fruit and sections 
 
 216. Conium ; fruit and sections 
 
 217. Anisum ; fruit and sections . 
 
 218. Foeniculum; fruit and transverse section 
 
 219. Cumin ; fruit and sections 
 
 220. Carum ; fruit and sections 
 
 221. Anethum ; fruit and transverse section . 
 
 222. Orange peel ; transverse section 
 
 223. Granatum ; fruit and longitudinal section 
 
 224. Cydonium ; seed and section . 
 225 Almond ; seed and section 
 
 226. Pepo ; seed and cotyledon 
 
 227. Physostigma ; seeds .... 
 
 228. Physostigma; cotyledons 
 
 229. Physostigma cylindrospermum 
 
 230. Sinapis ; seed, embryo, and transverse section 
 
 231. Nux vomica; seed and section 
 
 PAGE 
 
 308 
 
 309 
 
 311 
 
 314 
 
 316 
 
 317 
 
 321 
 
 325 
 
 328 
 
 330 
 
 331 
 
 334 
 
 335 
 
 339 
 
 343 
 
 344 
 
 346 
 
 348 
 
 348 
 
 349 
 
 349 
 
 349 
 
 353 
 
 354 
 
 356 
 
 358 
 
 359 
 
 360 
 
 361 
 
 362 
 
 364 
 
 368 
 
 369 
 
 371 
 
 375 
 
 375 
 
 375 
 
 378 
 
 379 
 
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIX 
 
 FIG. PAGE 
 
 232. Nux vomica ; section, magnified . . . 380 
 
 233. Ignatia ; vertical section . . .... 382 
 
 234. Staphisagria ; seed and section 383 
 
 235. Linum ; seed and section 384 
 
 236. Strophanthus ; seed with conjose awn .... 386 
 
 237. Nutmeg with mace and transverse section . . . 387 
 
 238. Wild nutmeg with mace .... . 387 
 
 239. Ricinus ; fruit, seed, and sections . . . 389 
 
 240. Tiglium ; seeds and longitudinal section . . 390 
 
 241. Stramonium ; fruit and seed with sections . 392 
 
 242. Hyosoyamus ; fruit, seed, and section . . . 393 
 
 243. Sabadilla ; fruit and seed with section . 394 
 
 244. Colchicum ; seed and section . . . 396 
 
 245. Gralla ; entire and section ... . 400 
 
 246. Gallae chinenses . . 401 
 
 247. Gallae japonicae .... 402 
 
 248. Ergotized rye . . . . . 405 
 
 249. Ergota . . 405 
 
 250. with fruit-heads 405 
 
 251. section of head 405 
 
 252. Crocus ; style with stigmas, and magnified stigma . 409 
 
 253. Cotton fibres .410 
 
 254. Kamala; gland and hairs .... .413 
 
 255. Lupulin . . 414 
 
 256. Lycopodium ... ... .415 
 
 257. Pollen of pine .416 
 
 258. Yeast cells . 416 
 
 259. Wheat starch . . ... 417 
 
 260. Corn starch 417 
 
 261. Rice starch . . . . . 417 
 
 262. Maranta starch .... ... 418 
 
 263. Potato starch .... ... 418 
 
 264. Canna starch . 418 
 
 265. Curcuma starch .... ... 418 
 
 266. Sago starch . • 419 
 
 267. Cassava starch .420 
 
 268. Altered starch granules from tapioca . . 420 
 
 269. Barley starch 420 
 
 270. Oat starch 421 
 
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A MANUAL OF MATERIA MEDICA. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In arranging the vast mass of material within our reach 
 for the study of Materia Medica several methods may be 
 followed : 
 
 1. An alphabetical arrangement, while it affords us all 
 the advantages due to facility of references, lacks the essen- 
 tial requisites of a systemaiie investigation of the subject. 
 
 2. The classification usually adopted in works iutended 
 for the use of Medical Students and Physiciaus is based 
 upon a similarity in the action of drugs on the animal 
 economy ; and it presents obvious conveniences for the 
 purpose. 
 
 3. Another method of classification is founded upon the 
 chemical relation of substances which have a definite com- 
 position, and upon the botanical and zoological origin of 
 organic drugs. This method has been followed by Pereira, 
 Guibourt, Royle, Bentley, and by Fliickiger (Grundriss), 
 and is employed in the " Pharmacographia" and in other 
 valuable and instructive works. Its chief advantage, ae 
 far as Vegetable Materia Medica is concerned, is due to 
 the close chemical and physiological relations of the dif- 
 ferent parts of the same species, and in many instances of 
 the different plants belonging to the same natural order. 
 A synopsis of such classification will be found in the pres- 
 ent volume, arranged according to Bentham aud Hooker's 
 "Genera Piantarum." 
 
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26 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 4. But the primary object of Pharmacognosy or Materia 
 Medica, as more especially adapted to the needs of the 
 Pharmacist and the Druggist, is to enable us to recognize 
 drugs, to determine their quality, to detect their adultera- 
 tion, and to distinguish the characteristic elements of those 
 which are closely allied. Organic drugs which resemble 
 one another in physical and structural properties are thus 
 naturally brought together ; and the special properties of 
 each are made the more prominent by comparison. Classi- 
 fications based on these considerations have been elabor- 
 ated by Berg, Schleiden, Planchon, Fluckiger (Lehrbuch), 
 Wigand, Marm6, and others, and have been found useful 
 and instructive. With such modifications as we have 
 thought desirable, such a system has been adopted in this 
 work. 
 
 The medical properties and doses of the various drugs, 
 and the treatment of poisoning from excessive doses of 
 what are usually designated as "poisonous drugs," are 
 briefly presented as matters of important information ; 
 but it is not the design of this treatise to give instruction 
 in the therapeutical application of medicines. 
 
 The development of the different organs of plants and 
 of the histological changes incident to their growth, and 
 the botanical relations of the different natural orders and 
 species of medicinal plants, are subjects which are foreign 
 to the scope of our work. Their consideration is appro- 
 priate to a separate course as an introduction to the study 
 of Materia Medica proper. Bastin's " College Botany," 
 Gray's " Structural Botany," Bentley's " Manual of Botany," 
 and the works of Sachs, DeBary, and Thome, will prove 
 excellent books of reference and study for those who desire 
 information, which it is not the object of this treatise to 
 furnish, on Vegetable Anatomy, Organography, and Sys- 
 tematic Botany. 
 
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PAET I. 
 ANIMAL DRUGS. 
 
 They consist either wholly or in part of cellular tissue, 
 except a few which are free from it. On being heated, they 
 give oif vapors having a peculiar animal empyreumatic 
 odor, resembling the odor of burning horn or urine. 
 
 1. ANIMALS. 
 
 CANTHARIS.— Canthaeides. 
 
 Spanish flies. 
 
 Cantharis (Lyt'ta, Fabnci'm) vesicatoria, De Geer. 
 
 Class, Insecta; order, Coleoptera. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe, mainly upon 
 oleacese and caprifoliacese. 
 
 Collection. — By shaking the trees or shrubs, or beating 
 the branches in the morning, and killing the insects with 
 hot water, or, after placing them in a well- closed vessel, 
 with oil of turpentine, carbon disulphide, or ammonia. 
 Yield of dry insects about 40 per cent. 
 
 Description. — From 15 to 30 millimeters (f-1^ inches) 
 long, and 6 to 8 millimeters (J-^ inch) broad ; head ob- 
 tusely triangular and somewhat heart-shaped, with filiform. 
 
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28 
 
 ANi;\[AL DRUGS. 
 
 in the ujiper part, lilack antenure ; thorax obtusely quad- 
 rangular ; the flattish cylindrieal body covered with the 
 ample membranous, brownish, transparent wiugs, and 
 these with the long wing-cases, which, like the other parts, 
 are of a shining copper-green color ; odor strong and 
 disagreeable ; taste acrid. They yield a grayish-browu 
 powder, containing green, shining particles. 
 
 Cantharides should 1;)C thoroughly dried at a temperature 
 of -iO° C. (104° F.) and preserved in well-closed vessels. 
 On keeping cantharides witliout previous drying in this 
 manner, the addition of a little oil of turpentine, cliloro- 
 forni, benzol, or carbon disulphide is useful for prevent- 
 ino" the attack of mites. 
 
 Fin. 1. 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 Caaiiiuris vesieatoria. 
 
 Cantharis vittata. 
 
 Constituents. — Cantharidin, CjdHi.Oj (colorless scales or 
 l)risms, soluble in alcoliol, ether, chloroform, fots, volatile 
 oils, glacial acetic acid, also sparingly in water ; sublimable ; 
 with alkalies yields cantharidatcs), also fat, odorous com- 
 pound, various extractives, and salts; ash about (3 per 
 cent. ; moisture about 10 per cent. 
 
 Valuation.— The powder is exhausted with chloroform 
 (containing some HCl) or acetic ether, tlie solution evap- 
 orated, fat and coloring matter removed l)y carbon disul- 
 phide; yield 0.4-0.7 per cent, cantharidin. It is witli 
 difficulty obtained in crystals from old cantharides ; these 
 may be treated with potassa and tlicn with liydrocldoric 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
c CI c u u a — c () cm N K A L . 
 
 29 
 
 Fio. 3. 
 
 acid, or mixed with manncsiii and water, dried, acidulated, 
 deprived of uil by petroleum bcuzin, and exhausted with 
 chloroforui, etc. 
 
 Other species. — Cantharis (Epieauta, Fubririus) vittata, 
 Latiri/Ie, potato fly, indigenous to the United States ; wing- 
 cases black, each with a yellow margin, and a yellow stripe 
 along the middle ; contains, when 
 fresh, 1.3 per cent, cantharidin. 
 
 Mvlabris cichurii, Fahricius 
 and M.phalenita, Pallas. Chinese 
 blisterinir flies. Indig-enous to 
 Southern and Eastern Asia; 
 black', wing-cases with two bands 
 and at the base with two spots ; 
 bands and spots orange-yellow; contain 1.0-1.2 per cent, 
 cantharidin. 
 
 Mylabris bifasciata, from Southern Africa. About 25 
 millimeters (1 inch) long; black, upon tlie wing-cases two 
 undulating narrow dark yellow liands; contain 1.0 to l.()!t 
 per cent, cantharidin. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, aphrodisiac, acri<l poison ; ex- 
 ternally, rubefacient, vesicant. Bose, 0.01 to 0.07 gram 
 (gr. -g— gr. j), mo.stly in fii-m of tinetiu'c. --!.<- ./f /C'^^^^ £. li^i.. 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuation (stoniacli-])ump, or emetics); 
 demulcents (barley water, flaxseed tea — not oils, or oil 
 enuilsions) ; morphine. 
 
 ^lylabris cicliorii. 
 
 A 
 
 COCC us.— CVx:iiiNEAL. 
 
 Cocciouella. 
 Coccus cActi, Linne. 
 Class, Insecta ; order, Hemiptera. 
 
 Habitat — ^lexico and Central America, upon Opuntia 
 cochinillifera, Miller, and other species. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
30 ANIMAL DliUGS. 
 
 Collection. — Cultivated; the wingless females, after 
 
 fecundation, increase in size ; they are brushed oif from 
 
 the plants and killed by hot water, or 
 
 ^'^^- ^- the heat of an oven. 
 
 f ^i Description. — About 5 millimeters 
 
 ^^„ (I- inch) long, oblong, angular, flat or 
 
 „ *• TT 1 concave beneath, and with 6 short legs, 
 
 Coccus caoti. — Female ' • i i j 
 
 insect, natural size; a, convex above, annulate and wrinkled, 
 before, and b, c, after purplish-black or gray, yielding a dark 
 rririTt'e^'^"' red powder; odor faint, taste slightly 
 bitter. 
 
 Q-ranilla is an inferior kind, and consists of the smaller 
 and of uncultivated insects. 
 
 Adulteration. — The silvery-gray cochineal with carbonate 
 or sulphate of barium and lead ; the black cochineal with 
 graphites, ivory black, or manganese dioxide ; on macera- 
 tion in water the powders are separated. 
 
 Valuation. — Exhausting with boiling distilled water, and 
 decolorizing the cold decoction with potassium permanga- 
 nate, preferably in the presence of a little indigo-carmine. 
 
 Constituents. — About 10 per cent, of carminic acid, 
 CiyHijOjj (brownish-purple, yielding a red powder ; very 
 soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies, precipitated purple by 
 earths ; insoluble in fats and volatile oils ; splits into sugar 
 and carmine red, C^HijOy, a vermilion-red powder, also 
 soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies) ; about 18 per cent, 
 of wax and fat; the wax, coccerin, forms the wool-like 
 covering of gray cochineal ; the fat consists of myristin, 
 liquid fat, and fat acids ; various organic compounds • ash 
 about 3 per cent, (not much more than 1 per cent. Brit. 
 Phar.) ; moisture about 6 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic, chieflj' 
 used for its coloring-matter. Dose, 0.06 to 1 gram (gr. 
 j-xv). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HIRUUO — LEECH. 31 
 
 Carmine is the precipitate obtained from the decoction of 
 cochineal with alum or cream of tartar, and contains 50-60 
 per cent, of coloring-matter, tlic balance being moisture, 
 nitrogen compounds, traces of wax, and some ash. 
 
 BLATTA.— Cockroach. 
 
 Blatta (Periplaneta, Burmeister) orientdlis, LinnL 
 
 Class, Insecta ; order, Orthoptera. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia, now found in most parts of the world, in 
 kitchens and damp, warm rooms. 
 
 Description. — About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, oblong, 
 flat; reddish-brown or black-brown ; antennae long, filiform ; 
 head hidden beneath the prothorax ; wings in the male long, 
 in the female very short ; odor very disagreeable. 
 
 Constituents. — Fetid oil, extractive, antihydropin (crystal- 
 lizable, not diuretic), trimethylamine, ammonia. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x), in 
 powder or tincture. 
 
 Other gpeeies of Blatta resemble the above in odor and per- 
 haps in properties. B. gigdntea of the West Indies is about 
 5 centimeters (2 inches) long. B. americdna of North Amer- 
 ica is 25 to 30 millimeters (1 to 1^ inch) long. B. germdnioa 
 of Central Europe is 10 to 12 millimeters (about ^ inch) long. 
 
 HIRUDO.— Leech. 
 
 1. Sanguisiiga medicinilis, Savigny ; and 2. San. officinalis, 
 Sav. Class, Vermes ; order, Annelida ; sub-order, Apoda ; 
 family, Hirudinea. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Central and Northern Europe (Swedish or 
 German leech) ; 2. Southern Europe (Hungarian leech) ; in 
 fresh-water ponds. 
 
 Description. — Body 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long, 
 smooth, soft, round, somewhat flattened, narrowed toward both 
 ends, composed of 90 to 100 rings; posterior end terminated 
 by a broad disk, anterior end by a narrower disk, in the centre 
 with the mouth, containing 3 jaws, each with a double row of 
 teeth ; back olive-green or blackish-green, with 6 longitudinal 
 stripes dotted with black ; belly yellowish-green or olive-green 
 — No. 1 with numerous black spots, No. 2 with a black line 
 oa each side, unspotted. No. 1 draws readily about its own 
 
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32 ANIMAL DRUGS. 
 
 weight of blood ; No. 2 draws more, and a larger amount of 
 blood will flow after the animal has fallen. 
 
 Preservation. — In clear river water in a shady place, free 
 from noxious vapors; temperature 10° to 20° C. (50 to 
 68° F.) ; the bottom covered or the greater part of the vessel 
 filled with pebbles, turf, moss, some charcoal. 
 
 Leeches gorged with blood should be kept by themselves, 
 and not used for six months or more ; they may be_ made to 
 disgorge the blood by placing them for a short time in a solu- 
 tion of table salt. 
 
 Uses. — For local depletion. 
 
 2. EGGS. 
 
 OVUM.— Egg. 
 
 Origin. — G411us Bankiva, var. dom6sticus, Temminck, 
 s. Phasidnus Gdllus, Linne. Class, Aves ; order, Gallinse. 
 
 Habitat. — Java and Cochinchina, domesticated. 
 
 The egg consists of the shell and lining membrane about 
 10 per cent., albumen 60, and yolk 30 per cent. 
 
 1. Testa ovi. Egg-shell. — Composed of 90-97 per cent, 
 calcium carbonate, 1-5.7 calcium and magnesium phos- 
 phates, and 2-4,7 organic matter. 
 
 2. Albumen ovi, White of egg. — Weight 20 to 26 grams 
 (3v-vjss). Contains 82-88 per cent, water and 12-18 per 
 cent, solid constituents, mostly albumin, traces of fat, 
 sugar, and extractive, and about 0.65 ash, of which 42 per 
 cent, is KCl and 9 NaCl, the remainder being carbonates, 
 phosphates, and sulphates of alkalies, calcium, magnesium, 
 and iron. 
 
 3. Vitellv^ ovi, Yolk, Yelk. — Contains 48-55 per cent, 
 water, 16 vitellin (a proteid related to casein, mixed with 
 albumin), 30 fat, 1.5 inorganic salts (chlorides, sulphates, and 
 phosphates of potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
SFONGIA — SPONGE. 33 
 
 0.42 cholesterin ; also lecithin, coloring-matter, lactic acid, 
 sugar. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Egg-shell is autacid. White of 
 egg is nutritious, and used for the clarification of liquids 
 and as an antidote to metallic poisons. Yelk is nutritious, 
 and used for emulsionizing oils and as a dressing for 
 burns, etc. 
 
 3. ANASTOMOSING FIBROUS TISSUE. 
 
 SPONGIA.— Sponge. 
 
 Origin. — Spongia ofEcindlis, Linne. Class, Poriphera ; 
 order, Ceratospongise. 
 
 Habitat. — In the sea attached to rocks ; sometimes planted. 
 
 Collection. — By diving and cutting, or the inferior kinds by 
 tearing from the rocks with a forked instrument. The 
 gelatinous animal matter is removed by exposure and washing. 
 
 Description. — A framework consisting of long, elastic, rami- 
 fying, and anastomosing fibres, and traversed by numerous 
 smaller or larger cavities and pores ; yellowish, brownish, or 
 brown ; soluble in potassa solution with evolution of ammonia ; 
 charred by heating, giving ofi" empyreumatic ammouiacal 
 vapors. 
 
 The best kind is the soft, cup-shaped Turkey sponge, col- 
 lected on the coast of Asia Minor and Syria from Euspongia 
 mollissima, 0. Schmidt. Zimocca sponge, from Euspongia 
 Zimocca, Schmidt, coast of Greece, is flatter, harder, and less 
 elastic. Bathing sponge, from Eusp6ngia Equina, Schmidt, 
 North African coast, is nearly spheroid and coarse. The 
 sheeps'-wool, Bahama, Florida, and Nassau sponges are ob- 
 tained from the West Indies from diflerent varieties of the 
 preceding species. 
 
 Constituents. — Spongin (slowly soluble in cuprammonium 
 solutions ; soluble in KHO with evolution of NH, ; yields with 
 H2SO4 leucin and glycocoll [glycin]) ; various salts ; when 
 free from sand, etc., ash 3-4 per cent. 
 
 TJses. — For cleaning, absorbing liquids, dilating cavities 
 (sponge tents) ; for preparing burnt sponge, spongia usta, by 
 
 2* 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
34 ANIMAL DRUGS. 
 
 heat in covered vessels (yield 30-35 per cent.) ; contains silica, 
 potassium and sodium chloride and bromide, calcium carbon- 
 ate and sulphate, and about 1.8 per cent, of iodine, combiner 
 with sodium and potassium. 
 
 4. MEMBRANOUS TISSUE AND GELATINS. 
 
 ICHTHYOCOLLA.— Isinglass. 
 
 Colla piscium. Russian isinglass. 
 
 Origin. — Acip6nser Hiiso, Linne (belugo) ; Ac. Giilden- 
 stad'tii, Brand et Ratzeburg (osseter) ; Ac. ruthenus, Linne 
 (sterlet) ; Ac. stelldtus, Pallas (sewruga). Class, Pisces ; 
 order, Sturiones (Ganoidei, Acipenseridse). 
 
 Habitat. — Caspian and Black Seas and tributary rivers. 
 
 Preparation. — The swimming bladder is cut, washed, 
 deprived of the outer layer, and dried. 
 
 Description. — In separate sheets (leaf isinglass), several 
 sheets folded together (book isinglass), or rolled and folded 
 into various forms (staple isinglass), of horny or pearly ap- 
 pearance, whitish or yellowish, semi-transparent, iridescent, 
 tough, tearing parallel with the fibres, inodorous, insipid ; 
 almost completely soluble in boiling water and in boiling 
 diluted alcohol. The solution in 24 parts of hot water 
 forms, on cooling, a transparent jelly. 
 
 Other kinds. — American isinglass. The sounds of Gadus 
 merliiccius, LinnS (hake), and Otolithus reg^lis, Oavier 
 (weak fish), dried in thin sheets or ribbons. 
 
 Purse or pipe isinglass. Fish sounds dried without 
 being cut open. 
 
 Japanese or Chinese isinglass (agar-agar) is prepared 
 from Eucheiima spinosum, Agardh, Gracil^ria lichenoides, 
 Agardh, and other algae. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
MOSCHUS — MUSK. 35 
 
 Constituents. — Gelatin (glutin) with about 2 (the inferior 
 iiinds sometimes 30) per cent, of insoluble membrane ; ash 
 about 0.5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Emollient, nutritive, externally as a pro- 
 tective. 
 
 GELATINA.— Gelatin. 
 
 Preparation. — Bone cartilage, skins, tendons, and ligaments 
 are boiled in water until dissolved, and the resulting jelly is 
 dried in the air. 
 
 Description. — Thin, transparent sheets, or porous and 
 opaque layers, or shreds ; the solution in hot water is color- 
 less and inodorous. Inferior kinds of gelatin are called glue. 
 It dissolves freely in acetic acid (liquid glue) ; its aqueous 
 solution is not precipitated by dilute acids, alum, lead acetate, 
 and ferric salts ; it is precipitated by tannin ; its solution, con- 
 taining KjCrjO,, yields an insoluble compound on exposure to 
 light. 
 
 Composition. — Glutin contains about 50 per cent. C, 18 N, 
 7 H, 24 O, and 0.5 S. 
 
 Chondrin resembles gelatin ; it is obtained from the carti- 
 lages of the ribs and other non-ossifying cartilages ; its 
 aqueous solution is precipitated by alum, lead acetate, ferric 
 salts, acetic acid, and a small quantity of mineral acids ; it is 
 not precipitated by tannin or mercuric chloride. 
 
 Properties. — Emollient, slightly nutritive, externally as a 
 protective. 
 
 5. SECRETIONS AND EXCRETIONS. 
 a. Friable, not Fusible. 
 
 MOSCHUS.— Musk. 
 
 Origin. — From the preputial follicles of the male ani- 
 mal, Moschus moschiferus, LinnS. Class, Mammalia; 
 order, Ruminantia ; family, Cervidae. 
 
 Habitat. — Central Asia. 
 
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.3(1 
 
 ANIMAL DRUGS. 
 
 JDcscripfioii. — IiTegiilar cnimiiiy, somewhat unctuous 
 i^rains, dark reddish-brown, and in the aniiydrous state 
 almost inodorous; the commercial article contains about 10 
 jter cent, of moisture, and has a peculiar penetrating and 
 persistent but not ammoniacal odor and bitterish taste. 
 Musk is contained in oval or roundish sacs about 5 centi- 
 meters (2 inches) in diameter, and about 2 centimeters 
 (4 inch) thick ; on one side invested with a siuoothish 
 membrane, on the other side covered with stiif, ajiprossed, 
 
 fish hairs concentrically arranjj-ed around t 
 
 wo orinces 
 
 ific 
 
 Fiu. 5. 
 
 Ohmese musk-sao. 
 Low-er surface. Upper surface. 
 
 near the centre; in the muscular coat with a portion of 
 the thin penis. Strong alcohol dissolves al)Out one-tenth 
 the weight of musk ; the tincture is light brownish- vellow 
 and on the addition of water becomes slightly turbid. 
 Water dissolves fully one-half the weight of musk, the 
 solution being deep brown, faintly acid, and strongly odor- 
 ous. Macerated with oil of turpentine nuisk disiuteorates 
 forming, when viewed under the microscope, bro\yuish 
 amorphous translucent particles. The secretion, freed from 
 skin and hairs, on ignition gives off a somewhat urine-like 
 odor, and leaves (3 to 8 per cent, of a gray ash. The odor 
 is materially altered by camphor and oil of bitter almonds. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CASTOEBUM — CASTOR. 37 
 
 Varieties. — Chinese, Thibet, or Tonquin musk is the best 
 variety. Siberian or Russian musk is sometimes scarcely 
 inferior, but often in flat oval sacs with thin and light hairs, 
 the secretion compact and less aromatic (Gabardine musk). 
 Bucharian and Assam musk is in small sacs, often with 
 portious of the hide adhering. 
 
 Constituents. — Ammonia, an acid, cholesterin, fat, wax, 
 gelatinous and albuminous principles; ash about 8 per 
 cent. The odorous principle has not been isolated. Cam- 
 phor, hydrocyanic acid, ergot, oily seeds, etc., remove the 
 odor of musk. 
 
 Properties. — Diffusible stimulant, aphrodisiac, antispas- 
 modic. Dose, 0.06 to 0.6 gram (gr. i-x), in powder, pills, 
 or enema. 
 
 Substitutions and Adulterations. — Artificial musk bags, 
 having none of the characters described, or the secretion 
 partly replaced by dried blood, resin, lead, and other sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Trinitro-isobutyl-methyl-benzol has a strong musk-like 
 odor {artificiai musk). The homologues of isobutylxylol 
 are analogous in odor. 
 
 CASTOKEUM.— Castok. 
 
 Origin. — From the preputial follicles of both the male and 
 female animals Castor Fiber, Linne. Class, Mammalia ; order, 
 Rodentia ; family, Castoridae. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern hemisphere, between 33° and 68° north 
 latitude. 
 
 Description. — Follicles in pairs, each about 75 millimeters 
 (3 inches) long, club-shaped or narrow pyriform, wrinkled, 
 brown or blackish ; the inner coat iridescent, glandular, and 
 much folded ; the contents brown, hard, friable, of a peculiar 
 odor, and of a bitter, rather acrid and nauseous taste. Alco- 
 hol dissolves about one-half of the weight of castor, the tinc- 
 ture being of a brown color. The decoction with water has 
 a light brownish-yellow color, becomes turbid on cooling, and 
 acquires a dark color with ferric chloride. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
38 ANIMAL DRUGS. 
 
 Varieties. — American or Canadian Castor. Weight of folli- 
 cles between 30 and 125 grams (1 and 4 oz.) ; the membranes, 
 adhering firmly, the contents often rather glossy. Russian or 
 Siberian Castor. Subglobular or roundish pyriform; weight, 
 75 to 250 grams (2J to 8 oz.) ; the outer membranes rather 
 readily separable ; the contents dull brown, of a more agree- 
 able odor. The Russian variety is very rare, and yields a 
 red-brown tincture, which on the addition of water becomes 
 turbid and translucent, and clear again by ammonia water. 
 The tincture of American castor, treated in the same manner, 
 leaves some resin undissolved. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, containing carbolic acid, 1 to 2 
 per cent., bitter resinous substance 14 to 58 per cent., castorin 
 (colorless fusible needles), salicin, cholesterin, etc. ; ash about 
 3.5 per cent. 
 
 Adulterations. — The secretion of castor sacs from diseased 
 animals is sometimes of a brownish-gray color, and may con- 
 tain over 50 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Adulteratious 
 with earthy matters, resin, blood, etc., are rare. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, emmenagogue. Dose, 
 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx). 
 
 PEPSINUM.— Pepsin. 
 
 Origin. — The mucous membrane of the stomach of the 
 hog, Sus scrofa, Linni {order, Pachydermata), the sheep, 
 O'vis A'ries, Linne {order, Euminantia), or the calf, Bos 
 Taurus, lAnnS {order, Ruminantia). Class, Mammalia. 
 
 Habitat. — Domesticated . 
 
 Preparation. — By maceration or digestion in water and 
 precipitation with sodium chloride. 
 
 Properties. — The dried membrane forms a light-brown 
 powder. Precipitated pepsin is translucent brownish or 
 brownish-yellow. Saccharated pepsin is a mixture of pep- 
 sin with milk sugar, and is an opaque, whitish or pale- 
 yellowish powder. It is insoluble in alcohol, almost com- 
 pletely soluble in water (syntouin insoluble), curdles milk, 
 and is altered by alkalies. 
 
 Tesi!.— Digested at 38° C. (100° F.) for six hours a 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HYRACEUM. 39 
 
 slightly opalescent solution is obtained from 1 saccharated 
 pepsin, 500 water, and 7.5 hydrochloric acid, and 50 parts 
 of hard-boiled egg-albumeu. 
 
 Use. — In dyspeptic disorders. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram 
 (gr. viij-xv). 
 
 b. Fusible or Soft. 
 
 AMBRA GRISEA.— Ambergris. 
 
 Origin. — Found floating ou the sea ; a morbid excretion in 
 the intestines of PhysSter macrocephalus, LinnL Glass, Mam- 
 malia ; order, Cetacea ; family, Physeteridse. 
 
 Habitat. — Indian and Southern Pacific Oceans. 
 
 Description. — Fusible in hot water ; in the cold friable, 
 gray or brown-gray, streaked and dotted ; sp. grav. 0.80 to 
 0.92, of a peculiar fragrance, nearly tasteless ; soluble in 
 ether, fats, volatile oils, and hot alcohol ; insoluble in potassa 
 solution. 
 
 Constituents. — Ambrein, 85 per cent, (white, tasteless 
 needles, fusible at 36° C.) ; balsamic extractive ; ash a minute 
 quantity. 
 
 Tests. — Heated upon platinum foil, no acrid vapors are 
 evolved, and only a minute residue is left. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antispasmodic. Z)o«e, 0.3 to 1 gram 
 (gr. v-xv). Mostly used in perfumery. 
 
 HYRACEUM.— Hykacetjm. 
 
 Origin. — From the Klipdas, Hy'rax cap^nsis, Ouvier. Class, 
 Mammalig, ; order, Hyracoidea. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Africa. 
 
 Des&ription. — Black-brown, tough and plastic, partly solu- 
 ble in water, less soluble in alcohol and ether ; when warmed, 
 of a castor-like odor ; taste bitter, nauseous. It has been re- 
 garded by some as the dried urine, by others as the feces of 
 the animal. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, fat, various acids and salts. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram 
 (gr. v-xv). Rarely employed. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
40 A N I M A Ij D R LT G S . 
 
 CIVETTA.— Civet. 
 
 Zibethum. 
 
 Origin. — From glands in a pouch between the anus and 
 genitals of the male and female animals. 1. Viv6rra Zib^tha, 
 Schreber, and 2. Viv. Civ^tta, Sohreber. Class, Mammalia ; 
 order, Carnivora ; family, Viverridse. 
 
 Habitat.— 1. Southern Asia, and 2. Africa. 
 
 Description. — Unctuous, fresh yellowish, afterward brown, 
 fusible; almost insoluble in water, soluble in hot absolute 
 alcohol, partly soluble in ether; odor strong, resembling 
 musk ; taste bitterish acrid, nauseous. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, fat, resinous and coloring matters. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram 
 Cgr. v-xv). Used in perfumery. 
 
 c. Liquid. 
 
 SANGUIS.— Blood. 
 
 Origin. — The arterial fluid of the ox. Bos Taurus, LinnL 
 Class, Mammalia ; order, Ruminantia ; family, Bovidse. 
 
 Habitat. — Domesticated . 
 
 Properties. — Red, opaque ; sp. grav. 1.050 ; odor peculiar ; 
 contains blood corpuscles in suspension ; coagulates on expo- 
 sure, separating the clot, cruor, from the liquid or serum. 
 Evaporated, it forms extractum sanguinis or pulvis sanguinis. 
 
 Constituents. — Water about 78, albumin 7, fibrin 0.4, salts 
 0.9, corpuscles and other constituents about 13 per cent. The 
 red color is due to haemoglobin. The serum contains between 
 9 and 10 per cent, of solids, about 8 of these being albu- 
 minoids. The salts are chlorides, phosphates, and" sulphates 
 of alkalies, calcium, and magnesium. 
 
 Properties. — Restorative. Dose of dried blood, 0.5 to 1 gram 
 (gr. viij-xv). 
 
 LAC— Milk. 
 
 Lac vaccinum. 
 
 Origin. — From the mammary glands of the cow. Bos Tau- 
 rus, Linne. Class, Mammalia ; order, Ruminantia ; family, 
 Bovidse. 
 
 Habitat. — Domesticated . 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
FEL BOVIS — OX GALL. 41 
 
 Description. — Wtite, opaque ; sp. grav. 1.030 ; odor slight ; 
 taste bland and sweet. 
 
 Constituents. — Water 87, solids 13, consisting of albuminoids 
 4.1, fat 4.0, milk-sugar 4.2, and salts, chiefly phosphates with 
 some chlorides, 0.7. The fat is emulsionized by the albu- 
 minoids (casein and lactoprotein). 
 
 Derivatives. — Cremor lactis, cream. The fat rising to the 
 surface on standing, containing some albuminoids and serum. 
 
 Skim milk. The white liquid from which the cream has 
 been removed, containing the albuminoids, sugar, and salts; 
 taste bland. 
 
 Buttermilk, lac ebutyratum. The opaque liquid separated 
 in churning the cream ; contains the albuminoids, sugar, and 
 salts ; of a slightly acidulous taste. 
 
 Butter, Butyrum ; see Fats. 
 
 Milk sugar, Saccharum lactis ; see Sugars. 
 
 Whey, Serum lactis. The opalescent liquid separated from 
 milk after removing the albuminoids and fat, either by rennet 
 (serum lactis dulce) or by acids or acid salts (ser. lact. acidum, 
 aluminatum, tamarindatum, etc.). It contains the sugar and 
 salts, also the acid or salt added. 
 
 Properties. — Nutritious. 
 
 FEL BOVIS.— Ox Gall. 
 
 Fel bovinum ; Fel tauri. 
 
 Oriffin. — From the gall-bladder of the ox, Bos Taurus, 
 lAnne. Class, Mammalia; orda-, Ruminautia; family, 
 Bovidse. 
 
 Habitat. — Domesticated. 
 
 Description. — A viscid liquid, greenish or brownish- 
 green ; sp. grav. 1 .020 ; neutral or faintly alkaline ; odor 
 peculiar ; taste sweetish, very bitter, and nauseous ; pro- 
 duces with sugar and strong sulphuric acid a deep red and 
 purple color (Pettenkofer's test). 
 
 Constituents. — Water about 85-90 per cent., solids about 
 10 per cent., consisting of mucilage (precipitated by 2 vol- 
 umes of alcohol), bilirubin (cholepyrrhin) CjjHjjNjOj, and 
 other coloring matters, cholesterin CjjH^^O, lecithin, and 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
42 ANIMAL DRUGS. 
 
 salts, among theai the sodium salts of two bitter acids, 
 
 glycocholic (cholic) and taurochollc (choleic) acid; both 
 
 acids give Pettenkofer's reaction, and, on being boiled with 
 
 alkalies, yield cholic (cholalic) acid and, the former, glyco- 
 
 coll; the latter, taurin. 
 
 Derivatives. — Evaporated to the consistence of an extract 
 
 (fel bovis inspissatum). Purified by precipitation with 
 
 alcohol, then evaporated (fel bovis purificatum s. depur- 
 
 atum). 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, laxative. Dose (of inspissated bile), 
 
 0.3 to 1 or even 4 grams (gr. v-xv-3j). 
 
 6. CALCAREOUS SKELE3TONS AND 
 CONCRETIONS. 
 
 Almost wholly soluble, with effervescence, in hydro- 
 chloric acid. 
 
 COR ALLIUM.- Coral. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Oculina virginea, Lamarck, and 2. Cordllium 
 (ubrum, Lamarck. Class, Polypiphera; orders, 1. Hexacoralla, 
 and 2. Octocoralla. 
 
 Habitat. — Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Description. — Hard, cylindrical, branching pieces, with a 
 more or less uneven, porous, and striate surface, and a radi- 
 ating interior, frequently hollow ; inodorous, tasteless, white 
 (from No. 1) or red (from No. 2). 
 
 Constituents. — Animal matter 7.75, calcium carbonate 83.25, 
 magnesium carbonate 3.50, ferric oxide 4.25 (in red coral). 
 
 Properties. — Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). 
 Used in tooth powders. 
 
 OS SEPI^.— Cuttlefish Bone. 
 
 Origin. — The calcareous bone of Sepia officinalis, Linne. 
 Class, Cephalopoda; order, Decapoda; family, Sepiadse. 
 Habitat. — Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean. 
 Description. — White, oval-oblong, 10 centimeters (4 inches) 
 
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CALCULI CANCRORUM — CRABS' STONES. 43 
 
 or more in length, flattened ; both sides convex ; outer surface 
 smoothish, hard, the remainder porous and friable ; inodor- 
 ous; taste earthy, somewhat saline. 
 
 Constituents. — Animal matter, 10-15 per cent. ; the remain- 
 der calcium carbonate, with little sodium chloride and traces 
 of calcium phosphate and magnesia. 
 
 Properties. — Antacid, mostly used in tooth powders ; also 
 for polishing. 
 
 TESTA.— Oystershell. 
 
 Conchse, s. testa ostreae. 
 
 Origin. — The bivalved shell of Os'trea virginiana, Lister, 
 and O. edulis, lAnne. Class, Acephala (Conchifera, Lamelli- 
 branchia) ; order, Monomya ; family, Ostracea. 
 
 Habitat. — Several species are found on the coast of the 
 Atlantic and Indian Oceans. 
 
 Description. — Irregular roundish, oblong or obovate ; hinge 
 toothless; valves composed of imbricate foliaceous layers, ex- 
 ternally rough, inner surface smooth, glossy, and white. For 
 medicinal purposes, it is purified by boiling with water and 
 elutriation. 
 
 Constituents. — Animal matter 0.5-4.5 per cent., the remain- 
 der calcium carbonate, with a small proportion of calcium 
 phosphate and sulphate, magnesia, alumina, ferric oxide, and 
 silica. 
 
 Properties. — Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). 
 
 TESTA OVI.— Eggshell. 
 (See page 32.) 
 
 CALCULI CANCRORUM.— Crabs' Stones. 
 
 Lapides, s. lapilli, s. oculi cancrorum. Crabs' eyes. 
 
 Origin. — Concretions in the stomach of As'tacus fluvi^tilis, 
 Fahricius, s. Cdncer As'tacus, Linne. Class, Crustacea ; order, 
 Decapoda ; family, Astacida. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern temperate zone, in rivers. 
 
 Description. — Circular, 3 to 10 millimeters {\ to } inch) in 
 diameter; plano-convex; the upper side with a concentric 
 groove ; white, hard ; in boiling water rose-red ; eifervescing 
 with hydrochloric acid, leaving a cartilaginous piano convex 
 mass ; inodorous, tasteless. 
 
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44 ANIMAL DRUGS. 
 
 Constituents. — Animal matter, 12-15 per cent. ; calcium 
 carbonate, 63 ; calcium phosphate, 17 ; the remainder, mag- 
 nesium phosphate and sodium salts. 
 
 Properties. Antacid. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). 
 
 Substitutions. — Factitious crabs' stones, treated with hydro- 
 chloric acid, leave little or no residue. 
 
 OS.— Bone. 
 
 Origin. — The skeleton of vertebrate animals. 
 
 Description. — White, smooth, internally more or less porous, 
 insoluble in water, soluble in hydrochloric acid with some ef- 
 fervescence, leaving a gelatinous mass. 
 
 Constituents. — 40 to 67 per cent, of calcium phosphate, in- 
 cluding 5 to 10 per cent, of calcium carbonate, 1 to 2 per 
 cent, of magnesiu ra phosphate, and other salts. The organic 
 ossein yields gelatin on being boiled with water. On dry dis- 
 tillation Dippel's animal oil is obtained, containing pyrodine, 
 picoline, and other bases. 
 
 Uses. — For preparing boneblack (animal charcoal) and 
 phosphates. 
 
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PAET II. 
 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS. 
 
 These consist of plants and parts of plants — all being 
 composed of one or more kinds of cells. 
 
 1. ROOTS.— RADIOES. 
 
 A root is the descending axis of a plant, and resembles 
 the ascending axis or stem, but is destitute of leaves, and 
 consequently does not branch by the growth of axillary 
 buds. The pith found in the stem of dicotyledons usually 
 descends only a short distance into the main or tap root, 
 and the epidermis of even young roots becomes uneven 
 and obliterated by the formation of cork ; with these ex- 
 ceptions, the tissues of the root and their arrangement 
 resemble those of the stem. Roots are destitute, or nearly 
 so, of chlorophyll. 
 
 Annual roots, separated from the other portions of the 
 plant, are not employed in medicine ; the officinal roots 
 derived from biennial or perennial herbs emanate from a 
 short crown (base of stem) bearing leaf scars and pro- 
 ducing buds, the crown being several- or many- headed in 
 perennial roots ; the roots of shrubs and trees are destitute 
 of such a crown. In the monocotyledons the tap root is 
 
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46 CELLULAE VEGETABLE DRUGS — BOOTS. 
 
 commonly not developed, but in its place appear a number 
 of adventitious roots (rootlets) of about equal thickness 
 and length, and usually not branched, though frequently 
 beset with fibres. Adventitious roots are also met with in 
 dicotyledons, and emanate, as in the monocotyledons, from 
 the base or other parts of the stem, or from the rhizome. 
 But the dicotyledonous roots which are medicinally era- 
 ployed consist generally of the main or tap root and its 
 branches — in some cases of the latter alone. The branches 
 at their base are often but little thinner than the main root 
 from which they emanate, and, like the latter, are tapering 
 toward the tip. 
 
 Histology. — The rootlets of monocotyledons (see Sar- 
 f-aparilla) consist, under the epidermis, of a circle of paren- 
 chyme, which is followed by the nucleus sheath or endo- 
 derm, formed of one or sometimes two rows of thick- walled 
 cells, and inclosing an ii-regular circular layer, containing a 
 few or numerous small fibro-vascular bundles, which are 
 never arranged in wedge-shaped rays ; the centre of the 
 rootlets is often occupied by parenchyme tissue, similar in 
 character to that of the outer layer. 
 
 The roots of dicotyledons consist of bark, the outer layer 
 of which is cork, followed by parenchyme, and an inner 
 layer, rarely containing bast fibres and usually traversed 
 by more or less distinct medullary rays. A cambium layer 
 containing the newly formed cells and indicated in the 
 dried root as a dark line, separates the bark from the wood, 
 the bundles of which are wedge-shaped, and separated from 
 one another by medullary rays. The central pith is mostly 
 minute or nearly wanting, except iu the upper part, and 
 occasionally for some distance in the main root; in the 
 latter case it becomes considerably thinner toward the 
 tip. 
 
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^(^ . t^RO<QTS — £A|^CEy 
 
 47 
 
 Classification. 
 Sect. 1. Monocotyledonous Roots (Kootlets). 
 Orange-brown ; outer layer mealy or horn-like ; 
 
 taste acrid. 
 Pale brownish ; outer layer spongy ; ta.ste pun- 
 gently aromatic. 
 Sect. 2. Dicotyledonous Eoots (Tap roots and 
 
 branches). 
 I. Fleshy roots : wood either soft or wood bundles 
 thin, with broad medullary rays. 
 
 1. Free from starch and inulin. 
 
 Taste acrid ; externally keeled ; wood not cylin- 
 drical, 
 red-brown ; wood yellowish, not radiate, 
 light brownish-gray ; wood wliitish, radiate. 
 
 Taste bitter ; wood bundles thin ; inner bark 
 radiate ; yellowish-brown, 
 pale orange-brown. 
 Taste mucilaginous ; externally brown-black. 
 
 2. Free from starch, but containing inulin. 
 Taste bitter ; laticiferous vessels in bark form- 
 ing concentric circles. 
 
 laticiferous vessels in bark in radiating lines. 
 Taste acrid ; burning ; resin cells forming con- 
 centric circles in bark and medullary rays. 
 resin cells in bark only (root thin). 
 
 Taste aromatic; resin cells numerous, scat- 
 tered ; wood bundles small. 
 
 Taste mucilaginous and bitter; neither resin 
 cells nor milk vessels ; wood and bark radiate. 
 
 3. Containing starch. 
 
 a. With laticiferous vessels in bark. 
 
 Cork orange-brown ; bark thin ; laticiferous 
 vessels few. 
 
 Light brown ; subcylindrical ; bark thick, 
 wood porous, yellowish. 
 
 Pale yellowish-brown ; subcylindrical ; in- 
 ternally white. 
 
 Cork blackish ; internally whitish. 
 
 Sarsaparilla. 
 Vetiveria. 
 
 Gray-brown ; internally pinkish ; 
 resin cells. 
 
 L'attei-ed 
 
 Senega. 
 Saponaria. 
 Saponaria 
 levantica. 
 
 Gentiana. 
 Frasera. 
 
 Symphytum. 
 
 Taraxacum. 
 Cichorium. 
 
 Pyrethrum. 
 
 Pyrethrum 
 
 German. 
 
 Inula. 
 Lappa. 
 
 Asclepias 
 
 tuberosa. 
 Apocynum 
 
 cannabinum. 
 Euphorbia 
 
 ipecaoianha. 
 Euphorbia 
 
 corollata. 
 
 Stillingia. 
 
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48 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 b. Witli radiating rows of resin cells in bark. 
 Boot-stock short, divided into numerous 
 
 long rootlets ; resin cells large. Angelica. 
 
 Boot nearly simple, with several stout Angelica 
 
 branches ; resin cells small. triquinata. 
 
 with several long branches ; resin cells 
 
 small. Levisticum. 
 
 (brown cork removed) whitish ; wood 
 
 white. Laserpitium. 
 
 brown-yellow ; wood yellow, porous in 
 
 branching rays. Pimpinella. 
 
 brownish-yellow ; resin cells in numerous 
 
 approximate rows. Petroselinum. 
 
 brown-gray ; resin cells irregular in thin 
 
 bai'k and thick pith ; wood bundles 
 
 small. Imperatoria. 
 
 In sections ; tough ; resin cells in irregular 
 rows; wood bundles irregularly matted. Sumbul. 
 
 c. Kesin cells not radiating. 
 
 Tuberous, napiform ; resin cells in broad and Jalapa 
 
 narrow concentric circles. (see Tubers). 
 
 Boots forked below ; yellowish ; resin cells 
 
 in bark in concentric circles. Panax. 
 
 Boot large, nearly simple ; brown-gray ; in- Ipomoea 
 ternally whitish ; resin cells scattered. pandurata. 
 
 d. Neither resin cells nor laticiferous vessels. 
 
 Very pungent ; cylindrical ; used fresh. Armoracia. 
 
 Taste acrid ; grayish ; wood wedges short, 
 
 numerous, in several circles. Ph^-tolacca. 
 
 Taste bitter ; grayish-white ; wood bundles 
 small, in numerous circles, and forming 
 many rays ; usually in disks. Bryonia. 
 
 Taste mucilaginous, bitter, and astringent; 
 grayish ; wood bundles irregular ; mostly 
 in disks and sections. Nymphiea. 
 
 Taste sweetish, acrid, and bitter ; cork gray- 
 brown ; internally whitish, no bast fibres ; 
 wood yellow, porous. Belladonna. 
 
 Taste mucilaginous, insipid ; (brown cork re- 
 moved) white, with long bast fibres. Althsea. 
 
 Taste sweetish, slightly acrid ; deep red ; 
 thin or in powder ; red color soluble in 
 water. Bubia. 
 
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BOOTS — RADICES. 49 
 
 Taste slight ; bark scaly, friable, dark purple ; 
 
 red color insoluble in water. Alkanna. 
 
 Taste astringent ; purplish-brown ; internally 
 
 reddish. Heuchera. 
 
 Taste mucilaginous and bitter : 
 
 In sections ; grayish and pale yellow ; 
 
 wood bundles in distant circles. Calumba. 
 
 Fusiform, yellowish-brown ; medullary 
 
 rays reddish. Eumex. 
 
 Fusiform, brown-red ; medullary rays red. Bhaponticum. 
 Sections ; marbled by interrupted and in- 
 terwoven red medullary rays, radiate 
 near cambium. Rheum. 
 
 II. Woody roots : wood firm and medullary rays 
 narrow. 
 Taste sweet ; color tawny -yellow internally. Glycyrrhiza. 
 
 inner bark whitish and with laticiferous vessels. Hemidesmus. 
 Taste bitterish and sweetish ; color yellowish in- 
 ternally. Abrus. 
 Taste sweetish and pungent; externally pale 
 
 brown. Hydrangea. 
 
 Taste pungent ; externally grayish-brown ; wood- 
 wedges narrow. Methysticum. 
 Taste bitter, nauseating ; bark annulate. Ipecacuanha, 
 bark more or less annulate, resin-dotted. Gillenia (see 
 
 Bhizomes). 
 bark wrinkled, contains milk vessels. Apocynum an- 
 
 drossemifolium . 
 Taste bitter, aromatic ; bark thin, light brown ; 
 
 wood yellowish-white, hard. Gelsemium. 
 
 Taste spicy ; wood pale, reddish-brown. Sassafras 
 
 (see Woods). 
 Taste bitter ; wood in irregularly concentric cir- 
 cles, pale brown. Pareira. 
 wood yellow ; bark foliaoeous, loose, yellow. Berberis. 
 bark firm, yellow. Berberis aquifo- 
 
 lium (see Bhizomes). 
 Taste bitterish, somewhat acrid ; brown ; wood 
 
 white, indistinctly rayed. Baptisia. 
 
 Taste astringent ; reddish-brown ; wood-wedges 
 
 narrow, yellowish. Statice. 
 
 rust-brown ; wood reddish. Ceanothus. 
 
 rust-brown or purplish-brown ; wood brownish. Krameria. 
 8 
 
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50 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 SARSAPARILLA.— Saesapaeilla. 
 
 Ori^m.— Smilax offioiudlis, Kunth, S. papyr4cea, Poiret, 
 S. mgdica, Sohlechtendal. Natural order, Liliacese, 
 Siuilacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America from Mexico to Brazil. 
 
 Description. — Very long, cylindrical, about 5 millimeters 
 (|- inch) thick, longitudinally wrinkled, grayish-brown or 
 orange-brown externally, white and mealy or somewhat 
 horny internally, with a circular zone of wood-bundles 
 around a central layer of parenchyme (pith) ; nearly in- 
 odorous ; taste mucilaginous, bitterish, acrid. The thick 
 woody, knotty rhizome, if present, should be removed. 
 
 Fio. 6. 
 
 r 
 
 Mexican sarsaparilla. — Transverse section, microscopic appearance. 
 
 Structure. — Epidermis, subcuticular layer (2 or more 
 ows of cells with thickened walls), parenchyme (cortical 
 layer), nucleus sheath (1 row of thick-walled cells), wood 
 
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SARSAPARILLA. 
 
 51 
 
 zone, and central parenchyme (pith). The parenchyme 
 contains compound starch granules or pasty starch, numer- 
 
 FiG. 7. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 Fig. 10. 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 Honduras Mexican Eio Negro Jamaica 
 
 sarsaparilla. sarsaparilla. sarsaparilla. sarsaparilla. 
 
 Sections throagh and near nucleus sheath, maguified 80 diam. 
 
 ous cells with raphides of calcium oxalate, and few resin 
 cells. 
 
 Varieties. — a. N^on-mealy sarsaparillas. Starch mostly 
 pasty ; rarely in. granules. 
 
 1. Mexican sarsaparilla, in part 
 from Smilax midica. The long roots 
 folded back over the rhizome, to 
 which portions of the stem are often 
 attached. Roots deeply wrinkled, 
 with some fibres, brown-gray from 
 adheriug earth ; woody and medul- 
 lary zones nearly equal in width, aud 
 about half as broad as the cortical 
 
 layer ; nucleus sheath with the cells radially elongated, the 
 inner cell-walls thickest. In the market as Vera Cruz 
 and Tampico sarsaparilla. 
 
 2. Jamaica sarsaparilla, from Smilax orndta. Hooker. 
 In loose bundles with or without the rhizome ; resembles 
 
 Mexican sarsaparilla, 
 magnified 3 diam. 
 
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52 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 the preceding, but has more fibres attached {bearded sarsa- 
 parilla), and surface usually more of a red tint, and less 
 deeply wrinkled ; medullary and cortical layers broader 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 Mexican sarsaparilla. 
 
 than the woody zone. Caracas sarsaparilla is probably 
 derived from Smilax offidndlis. 
 
 b. Mealy sarsaparillas. Starch in granules, occasionally 
 pasty. 
 
 3. Honduras sarsaparilla, probably from Smilax offioi- 
 ndlis. In subeylindrical bundles, tied with a root and 
 
 Fm. 13. 
 
 FiQ. 14. 
 
 =.v* 
 
 
 ■- „ i"-»- ■ ■:-J:'/<r"*jsaH';l 
 
 Jamaica sarsaparilla. 
 
 Jamaica sarsaparilla, 
 magnified 4 diam. 
 
 rounded at the ends by the roots being folded back. Roots 
 rather finely wrinkled, with few fibres, brown or gray- 
 brown from adhering earth. Cortical and medullary layers 
 and woody zone about alike in thickness, or thie latter some- 
 
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SAESAPARILLA. 
 
 53 
 
 what thinner ; cells of the nucleus sheath nearly square, 
 with large apertures, and the cell-walls evenly thickened. 
 
 Fig. 15. 
 
 Honduras sarsaparilla. 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 4. Rio Negro sarsaparilla (also 
 called Para and Lisbon sarsapa- 
 rilla) ; probably mainly from Smilax 
 papyrdcea. In large cylindrical 
 rolls, neatly tied with the stem of 
 a climbing plant, and evenly cut 
 off at both ends. Roots finely 
 wrinkled, dark brown or blackish- 
 brown from adhering earth ; cortical 
 layer thick ; woody zone narrow ; 
 
 medullary layer as broad as the cortical layer, or broader ; 
 cells of the nucleus sheath somewhat radially elongated, 
 the inner cell-walls thickest, the aperture small. 
 
 Honduras earsaparilla, 
 magnified 3 diam. 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 
 Fig. 18. 
 
 Bio Negro sarsaparilla. 
 Section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 Eio Negro or Para sarsaparilla ; 
 portion of bundle. 
 
 Oonsiituents. — Parillin (smilacin, parillic acid) about 0.2 
 per cent., trace of volatile oil, starch, resin, coloring matter, 
 
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54 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 calcium oxalate, and other salts. Parillin is soluble in hot 
 water and in alcohol, insoluble in ether, has an acrid taste, 
 is a glucoside, and closely resembles saponin. When quite 
 pure it crystallizes in scales ; boiled with dilute acids it is 
 split into sugar and parigenin, crystallizing in scales from 
 alcohol. 
 
 Medical properties. — Regarded as an alterative. Dose, 
 2 to 8 grams (3ss-5ij)- 
 
 VETIVERIA.— Vetivebt. 
 
 Radix Ivarancusse. 
 
 Origin. — Andropogon muricdtus, Retzius. Natural order, 
 Graminese, Andropogonese. 
 
 Habitat. — East India. 
 
 Description. — Rootlets emanating from a short, thin rhi- 
 zome, light yellowish-brown, somewhat waxy, about 15 to 20 
 centimeters (6 to 8 inches long), about 1 millimeter (^ inch) 
 thick, tough, aromatic, balsamic. The bark has large air- 
 passages, and a number of resin cells. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil and resin. 
 
 Medical properties. — Tonic, stimulant ; almost exclusively 
 used in perfumery for sachet powders, etc. 
 
 SENEGA.— Seneka. 
 
 Origin. — Polyg'ala S6nega, Linne. Natural order, Poly- 
 galese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, westward to Minnesota. 
 
 Description. — About 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, with 
 a very knotty crown, bearing numerous short stem rem- 
 nants with scaly leaves, and divided into a few branches 
 from 5 to 10 millimeters {\-^ inch) thick ; branches spread- 
 ing, tortuous, wrinkled, somewhat fissured transversely 
 and keeled when dry, fleshy and round after having been 
 soaked in water ; externally, yellowish-gray or brownish- 
 yellow ; fracture short; bark whitish within, sweetish, 
 afterward acrid, iucloaiug au irregular porous, yellowish, 
 
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SENEKA. 
 
 55 
 
 less acrid or nearly tasteless wood; odor slight, but un- 
 pleasant. 
 
 A northern variety of Polygala Senega yields a larger, 
 thicker, and less tortuous root, which is usually of a darker 
 color than described above, and has a less prouiinent keel, 
 or is sometimes nearly keel-less. 
 
 Fig 19. 
 
 Senega. — Transverse sections, magnified. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thick ; the small celled inner bark 
 present on only one side, taking the place of more or less 
 of the outer bark, and on drying forming the keel ; no 
 bast fibres present ; wood circular near the crown, below 
 
 FiQ. 20. 
 
 Senega root, magnified 18 diam. 
 
 consisting of various shaped segments aud rays; medullary 
 rays delicate. 
 
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56 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 Constituents. — Polygalic acid, senegin, fixed oil (contaiD- 
 ing virginic acid), little volatile oil (methyl salicylate), 
 pectin, sugar, coloring matter. Polygalic acid is sparingly 
 soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether or chloroform, and is 
 precipitated by lead acetates. Senegin has a neutral reac- 
 tion, is nearly insoluble in cold absolute alcohol, is not 
 precipitated by normal lead acetate, and yields sapogeuiu. 
 (Robert, 1887.) Exhausting the root with 60 per cent, 
 alcohol, concentrating and precipitating with alcohol and 
 ether, yields 5 per cent, of crude senegin. 
 
 Substitution. — White or false senega. Collected west of 
 the Mississippi River from Polyg'ala alba, Nuttcdl. The 
 
 Fio. 21. 
 
 False senega root, magnified 10 diam 
 
 root is usually 5 or 6 millimeters {\ or \ inch) thick, and 
 closely resembles senega root, but has descending, scarcely 
 spreading branches, a lighter, internally white, color, is 
 destitute of the keel, and has a cylindrical wood. It 
 contains about 3 per cent, of polygalic acid, and yields a 
 light-colored infusion and tincture. The root of Polygala 
 Boykinii, Nuttall, of the Southern States, is thin, but 
 otherwise resembles the preceding, and has similar proper- 
 ties. 
 
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LEVANT SOAPROOT. 57 
 
 Admixtures. — Ginseng root and the rhizomes and roots of 
 Gillenia and of Cypripedium are sometimes present from 
 careless collection ; the rootlets of American species of 
 Gentiana, and in Europe the subterraneous portion of 
 Cynd,nchum Viacet6xicum, M. Brown, have been used for 
 adulteration ; all are easily distinguished from senega root. 
 
 Properties. — Expectorant, emetic, somewhat diuretic. 
 Dose, 0.2 to 1.5 grams (3 to 22 grains). 
 
 SAPONARIA.— SoAPWORT. 
 
 Origin. — The root of Sapon^ria offici- Fig. 22. 
 
 ndlis, Linne. Natural order, Caryophyl- 
 lese, Silenese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central and Southern Europe, 
 naturalized in North America. 
 
 Description. — About 25 centimeters (10 
 inches) long, 2 to 5 millimeters (y^ to \ 
 inch) or more in thickness, nearly cylin- Saponana. 
 
 drical, longitudinally wrinkled, light rust- Transv. sec. 3 diam. 
 brown, internally whitish, with a rather 
 thick bark containing numerous small white crystal cells, 
 and a pale yellow meditullium, with indistinct medullary rays ; 
 inodorous ; taste sweetish, somewhat bitter, persistently acrid. 
 
 The subterranean runners are, to some extent, present in 
 the commercial drug ; they resemble the root branches, hut 
 have somewhat thickened internodes, and have the same 
 properties. 
 
 Old woody roots are rarely collected. 
 
 Constituents. — Saponin 4 to 5 per cent., mucilage, a little 
 resin. Saponin Cs^^^fi^g, is a white powder, sternutatory, 
 soluble in hot water and alcohol, the aqueous solution foaming 
 like soap water; by acids it is split into sugar and crystallizable 
 sapogenin, which is sparingly soluble in water. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, resembling sarsaparilla. 
 
 SAPONARIA LEVANTICA.— Levant Soapboot. 
 
 Origin. — The root of Gyps6phila Arr6stii, Gmsone, and 
 G. panicuMta, lAnnL Natural order, Caryophyllese, Sileneae. 
 
 3* 
 
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58 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 Habitat. — Italy to Asia Minor. 
 
 Z>escripHon.— Simple, 25 to 40 centimeters (10 to 16 inches) 
 long, 2 to 5 centimeters (i to 2 inches) thick, somewhat fusi- 
 form, with longitudinal wrinkles and transverse ridges ; light 
 brownish-gray, internally whitish, with a thickish bark and a 
 whitish meditullium containing numerous medullary rays, and 
 rather narrow wood-wedges ; inodorous ; taste sweetish, per- 
 sistently acrid. 
 
 Constituents and Properties. — Sapotoxin 8.5 per cent., a glu- 
 coside yielding sapogenin (Kruskal, 1891), otherwise similar to 
 the preceding ; mostly used in washing silks and other fabrics. 
 
 GENTIANA.— Gentian. 
 
 Radix gentianse rubrae. 
 
 Origin. — Gentidna liltea, Linne ; also G. purpurea, G. 
 paunonica, and G. punctata, Linne. Natural order, Gen- 
 tianese, Swertiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Mountains of Central and Southern Europe. 
 
 Description. — In nearly cylindrical pieces or longitudinal 
 slices, about 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches) long and 
 
 Fig. 23. 
 
 Gentian root, longitudinally sliced : about one-half natural size. 
 
 about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, the head closely annu- 
 late, the lower portion longitudinally wrinkled; externally 
 deep yellowish-brown, internally lighter; somewhat flexible 
 and tough when damp ; rather brittle when dry ; fracture 
 short, indistinctly radiate; odor peculiar, faint, more promi- 
 nent when moistened ; taste sweetish, persistently bitter. 
 The root of G. purpurea is shorter, thinner, and darker • 
 
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GENTIANA — GKNTIAN. 59 
 
 that of G. pannonica is scarcely annulate, shorter, and 
 darker ; that of G. punctata little annulate, lighter, other- 
 wise like the officinal root ; they have the same properties. 
 Structure. — Bark rather thick, by a blackish cambium 
 line separated from the somewhat spongy meditullium ; 
 medullary rays indistinct, narrow, of about the width of 
 the vascular rays ; bast fibres and wood fibres are wanting. 
 
 Fia. 24. 
 
 Gentian — Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 Constituents. — Gentiopicrin 0.1 per cent., gentisic acid 
 (gentisin), uncrystallizable sugar about 14 per cent., pec- 
 tin, fixed oil 6 per cent., ash about 8 per cent. Gentio- 
 picrin is an amorphous or crystalline glucoside, freely 
 soluble in water and alcohol, and yields amorphous bitter 
 gentiogenin. Gentisic acid, Ci^Hj^Oj, crystallizes in yellow, 
 tasteless needles, is somewhat soluble in alcohol and ether, 
 and colors ferric salts dark brown ; and a dark green color 
 is produced by a principle which is precipitated by water 
 from the alcoholic tincture. The pectin compound is pre- 
 cipitated by lead acetate. Gentianose, the sugar present 
 in the fresh root, crystallizes in scales and is fermentable, 
 but does not reduce Fehling's solution. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx). 
 
 The American gentian root, collected from Genti^na pu- 
 b^rula, Miehaux, G. Sapon^ria, IAnn6, and G. Andr^wsii, 
 Grisehaeh, consists of a scarcely annulated head about 12 milli- 
 
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60 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 meters (i inch) long and 3 millimeters (i inch) thick, and 
 numerous nearly simple, light brown-yellow, wrinkled root- 
 lets about 6 centimeters (2^ inches) or more long, and having 
 a thick whitish bark and thin meditullium ; odor and taste 
 like those of gentian. 
 
 FRASER A..— American Columbo. 
 
 The root of Frdsera Walteri, Michaux, F. carolingnsis, 
 Walter. Natural order, Gentianese, Swertiese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States in the Alleghanies and westward. 
 
 Description. — Mostly in longitudinal slices, about 25 milli- 
 meters (1 inch) thick, the upper portion annulate, the lower 
 portion longitudinally wrinkled, externally pale orange-brown, 
 internally light yellowish-brown ; the bark thick, overlapping 
 on the edges, by a brown cambium line separated from the 
 rather spongy meditullium ; odor gentian-like, more promi- 
 nent when moistened ; taste sweetish and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — The same as gentian, but apparently less gen- 
 tiopicrin. The yellow crystalline principle differs from gentisic 
 acid in solubility, and in the higher melting-point. 
 
 Properties. — -Tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). The 
 recent root is said to be emetic and purgative. 
 
 SYMPHYTUM.-COMFREY. 
 
 The root of Sym'phytum officinale, Linni. Natural order, 
 Boraginese, Boragese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, cultivated and spontaneous in the United 
 States. 
 
 Description. — About 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, 1 to 2 
 centimeters (| to f inch) thick, deeply wrinkled, brown-black, 
 internally somewhat horny, whitish or, when old, gray ; the 
 dry root hard ; fracture short, showing a thickish bark, short 
 narrow wood-bundles, broad medullary rays, and in the upper 
 part a thin pith ; inodorous, taste sweetish, mucilaginous, and 
 faintly astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, sugar, a little tannin, few starch 
 granules, and a small quantity of asparagin. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, somewhat astringent. Dose, 8 to 
 15 grams (gij-iv) per day. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
TARAXACUM — DANDELION. 61 
 
 TARAXACUM.— Dandelion. 
 
 Origin. — Taraxacum DeDs-leonis, Desfontaines, s. T. 
 officinale, Weber, s. Leontodon Taraxacum, LinnS. Natural 
 order, Oompositse, Cichoriaceae. 
 
 Hahitat. — Grassy places and roadsides in Europe, natu- 
 ralized in North America. Collected in the autumn. 
 
 Nearly cylindrical, 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) 
 long, above about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, crowned 
 with several short thickish heads, little branched, longi- 
 tudinally wrinkled, externally gray-brown, internally white 
 with a yellowish centre, when dry breaking with a short 
 fracture; inodorous, bitter. It should be free from chicory 
 root. 
 
 Structure. — Bai'k thick, white, consisting of parenchyme, 
 and containing numerous concentric brown circles, formed 
 by laticiferous ducts. Meditullium yel- 
 
 . Fig 25 
 
 lowish, porous. Medullary rays want- 
 ing. 
 
 Oonstituents. — Early in spring dan- 
 delion contains uncrystallizable sugar, 
 which diminishes during the summer; 
 in autumn it contains about 24 per cent. 
 
 of inulin; pectin is also present. The Transverse section of 
 _ '^ . '- . . taraxacum root. 
 
 milk-juice contains the crystalline bitter 
 
 principle taraxacin, resin, a glutinous body, and taraxa- 
 
 cerin, CgHj^O, a wax-like body, which in alcoholic solution 
 
 has an acrid taste. Taraxacin is soluble in water and 
 
 alcohol. 
 
 Properties. — Deobstruent, tonic in hepatic disorders, on 
 continued use deranging digestion. Dose, 2 to 8 grams 
 (5ss-ij). _ 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
62 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DEUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 CIOHORIUM.- Chicohy, Stjccory. 
 
 Origiti. — Cichorium In'tybus, Linnk Natural order, Com- 
 positae, Cichoriacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Roadsides in Europe, naturalized in North Amer- 
 ica, cultivated in Europe. 
 
 jDescription. — Chicory bears a close resemblance to dan- 
 delion ; but the root of wild plants is 
 Fie. 26. usually lighter in color and more 
 
 '"^ ~ woody, and has a relatively thinner 
 
 bark. It, like the more fleshy and 
 darker cultivated root, is readily dis- 
 tinguished by the radiating arrange- 
 ment of the laticiferous vessels in the 
 bark. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle, inu- 
 
 Cichoriuml^TransTerse lin, pectin, sugar. 
 
 section. Properties. — Deobstruent, tonic, in 
 
 overdoses deranging digestion. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj). The roasted root is used 
 for adulterating coffee. 
 
 PYEETHRUM.— Pelhtoky. 
 
 Radix pyrethri romani. Roman pellitory. 
 
 Origin. — Anacy'clus Pyr^thrum, De CandoUe. Naiural 
 order, Compositse, Antheraidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Highlands of Northern Africa. 
 
 Description. — Somewhat fusiform, nearly simple, 5 to 
 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, about 12 millimeters (J 
 inch) thick, annulate above, deeply longitudinally wrinkled 
 below, externally dark gray-brown, internally brownish- 
 white, fracture short. Inodorous, pungent, and very acrid. 
 
 Structure. — Bark rather thick, containing two circles of 
 shining axially elongated resin ducts ; wood- wedges slender, 
 yellowish ; medullary rays slender, with about four circles 
 of shining resin ducts. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid brown resin and acrid fixed oils 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
GERMAN PELLITORY. 63 
 
 one brown and soluble in potassa, the other yellow and in- 
 soluble in potassa; inulin about 50 per cent., trace of tan- 
 nin, mucilage ; pyrethrine (?). 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 Pyrethrum. — Transverse section, magnified 3 dium. 
 
 Properties. — Irritant, rubefacient, sialagogue. Dose, as 
 a masticatory 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j). 
 
 PYRETHRUM GERMANICUM.— German Pellitory. 
 
 E,adix pyrethri germanici. 
 
 Origin. — Anacy'clus officindrum, Hayne. Natural order, 
 Compositse, Anthemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central Europe, cultivated in Thuringia, Ger- 
 many. 
 
 Description. — Nearly simple, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 long, about 3 millimeters (i inch) thick, almost filiform toward 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 Pyrethrum germanieum. — Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 the tip, finely wrinkled, brown-gray, brittle, internally brown- 
 ish ; odor slight ; taste acrid, burning. In commerce it is 
 usually - found with the thin, almost tasteless stem, which 
 should be separated. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
64 OELLULAK VEGETABLE DRUGS — BOOTS. 
 
 Structure.— Bark rather thick, in the outer layer one circle 
 of distinct resin ducts ; wood-wedges very slender, soft. _ 
 Constituents.— Acrid resin, fixed oil, inulin, bitter principle. 
 Properties. — Like Roman pellitory. 
 
 INUL A.. — Elecampane. 
 
 Radix inulse s. enulse. 
 
 Origin. — I'nula Helguium, lAnne. Natural order, Com- 
 positse, luuloidese. 
 
 Habitat.— Central and Southern Europe, and eastward 
 to Central Asia ; spontaneous in the United States ; cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 Inula. — Transverse section, natural size. 
 
 Description. — Branches of the root 15 to 30 centimeters 
 (6 to 12 inches) long, and 2 to 2.5 centimeters (| to 1 inch) 
 in diameter; in commerce nearly always in transverse con- 
 cave slices or longitudinal sections with overlapping bark, 
 externally wrinkled and brown, flexible in damp weather, 
 when dry breaking with a short, somewhat horny fracture, 
 internally grayish, slightly radiate and dotted ; odor pecu- 
 liar, aromatic ; taste bitterish, camphoraceous, aromatic. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thickish, with several irregular circles 
 of resin ducts ; wood-bundles small, forming many narrow 
 wedges; medullary rays broader, containing numerous 
 resin ducts. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid resin, helenin, inulin, bitter ex- 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
LAPPA — BURDOCK. 65 
 
 tractive, wax, etc. ; odor and camphoraceous taste are due 
 to the volatile oil, containing alantol (inulol), C2|,H320, 
 having a peppermint-like odor and taste, and alantic 
 (inulic) anhydrid, CjjHjjOa, which is in needles and 
 slightly camphor-like ; helenin, CjHgO, is insipid. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic, expector- 
 ant, externally rubefacient. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (3ss-ij) 
 in infusion. 
 
 LAPPA. — Burdock. 
 
 Radix bardanse s. lappse. 
 
 Origin. — A'rctium L4ppa, Idnni, s. Ldppa officinalis, 
 AUioni. Natural order, Compositse, Cynaroidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Northern Asia, naturalized in 
 North America in waste places. 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 Lappa. — Transverse section, magnified 2 diara. 
 
 Description. — Nearly simple, fusiform, 30 centimeters 
 (12 inches) or more long; above about 25 millimeters 
 (1 inch) thick, fleshy, longitudinally wrinkled, crowned 
 with a tuft of whitish, soft-hairy leaf-stalks ; gray-brown, 
 internally paler ; fracture short ; odor feeble, unpleasant ; 
 taste mucilaginous, sweetish, and somewhat bitter. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
66 OELLULAU VEGETABLE DRUGS — BOOTS. 
 
 Struoture.— Bark rather thick, without bast fibres, the 
 inner part and the medituUiutn radially striate, the paren- 
 chyme often with cavities lined with snow-white remains of 
 tissue ; medullary rays rather broad ; vascular rays narrow, 
 porous, destitute of wood-fibres. 
 
 Constituents.— Mucilage, sugar, inulin, bitter extractive, 
 little tannin and resin ; fat 9 per cent. ; possibly a glu- 
 coside (olive-green by FejCle) ; ash 3 to 4 per cent. lu 
 autumn and early spring the root of one year's growth 
 contains about 45 per cent, of inulin. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, diuretic, alterative. Dose, 2 
 to 8 grams (3ss-ij) in decoction. 
 
 ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA.— Pleurisy Root. 
 
 Asclepias, U. S. P. 
 
 Origin. — Ascl6pias tuberosa, Linne. Natural order, 
 Asclepiadese, Cynanchese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States near the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Description. — Root large and fusiform, dried in longi- 
 tudinal or transverse sections from 2 to 15 centimeters 
 (J to 6 inches) long, and about 20 millimeters (|^ inch) 
 or more in thickness, the head knotty, and slightly but 
 distinctly annulate, the remainder longitudinally wrinkled ; 
 externally orange-brown, internally whitish ; fracture un- 
 even, tough ; inodorous ; taste bitterish and somewhat acrid. 
 When long kept, pleurisy root acquires a gray color. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thin, in two distinct layers, the inner 
 one whitish ; wood yellowish and porous, with broad white 
 medullary rays. 
 
 Constituents. — Crystalline glucoside possessing the taste 
 of the root, soluble in alcohol, ether, and somewhat in water, 
 precipitated by tauuin; apparently identical with that of ^sc/e- 
 pias cornuti. Also two resins, tannin (?), mucilage, starch, etc. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CANADIAN HEMP. 67 
 
 Properties. — Sudorific, expectorant, carminative, ano- 
 dyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j)- 
 
 APOCYNUM CANNABINUM.— Canadian Hemp. 
 
 Apocynum, U. 8. P. 
 
 Origin. — Apocynum canudbinum, LinnL Natural 
 order, Apocynacese, Echitidese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, on the border of thickets and 
 in grassy places. 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 
 Apocynum cannabinum. — Transverse section, magnified 25 diam. 
 
 Description. — Long, cylindrical, branched, about 6 milli- 
 meters (J inch) thick, pale brown-gray, lougitudinaliy 
 wrinkled ; somewhat fissured ; fracture short, white, and 
 pale yellow; inodorous, bitter. The bitter taste resides 
 chiefly in the bark, which constitutes about 65 per cent, 
 of the root. This drug is sometimes sold in place of 
 Apocynum androssemifolium. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thick, covered with a thin cork layer, 
 and containing many scattered laticiferous vessels, and in 
 the inner layer numerous narrow medullary rays ; wood 
 yellow, soft, porous, consisting of several circles and radiate 
 by fine medullary rays. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
68 CBLLDLAB VEGETABLE DRUGS — HOOTS. 
 
 Constituents.— Tanniu, resin, apocynin (sparingly soluble 
 in water), apocynein (freely soluble in water), bitter extrac- 
 tive, starch, etc. ; ash, 10 to 12 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Emetic, cathartic, expectorant, diuretic, anti- 
 periodic. Dose, as an antiperiodic and diuretic, 0.3 gram 
 (gr. iv-v) ; as an emetic, 1 to 2 grams (gr, xv-3ss). 
 
 EUPHORBIA IPECACUANHA.— Ipecacuanha 
 Spcbge. 
 
 American Ipecac. 
 
 Origin. — Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Linne. Natural order, 
 Euphorbiacese, Euphorbiese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in sandy soil, not far from the 
 Atlantic coast. 
 
 Description. — Several, or many-headed, branches of the head 
 short or sometimes 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, somewhat 
 knotty and marked with stem scars ; roots more than 30 centi- 
 meters (12 inches) long, about 1 centimeter (f inch) thick, 
 nearly cylindrical, somewhat branched, light brown, wrinkled, 
 fracture short ; bark rather thick, white internally ; wood yel- 
 lowish, spongy ; inodorous, sweetish, somewhat bitter, slightly 
 acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Probably a glucoside, resins, euphorbon, 
 starch, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, cathartic, emetic. Dose, 0.3, 0.6, 
 1.3 gram (gr. v, gr. x, 3j). 
 
 EUPHORBIA COROLLATA.— Laege-floweeing 
 Spuege. 
 
 On'g'm. — Euphorbia corolMta, LinnL Natural order, 
 Euphorbiacese, Euphorbiese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States in meadows ; most abundant in the 
 Southern States and west of the Alleghanies. 
 
 Description. — Many -headed : branches of the head usually 
 short and stumpy ; root 20 centimeters (8 inches) or more 
 long, branched, subcylindrical or elongated-conical, from 5 to 
 25 millimeters {\ to 1 inch) thick, externally blackish-brown 
 or brown-black, wrinkled and somewhat fissured, fracture 
 short, or, in old roots, somewhat fibrous ; bark rather thick, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
STILLINGIA — queen's DELIGHT. 69 
 
 white internally ; wood yellowish, soft ; inodorous, sweetish, 
 somewhat bitter, and slightly acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Kesin, mucilage, sugar, starch, etc. ; probably 
 similar to preceding. 
 
 Properties and Dose. — Diaphoretic (0.3 gm. = gr. v), 
 cathartic (0.6 gm. ^gr. x), emetic (1.3 gm. ^gr. xx). 
 
 STILLINGIA. — Stillingia, Queen's Delight. 
 
 Origin. — Stillingia sylv^tica, Linne. Natural order, 
 Euphorbiacese, Crotouese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern United States, in sandy soil. 
 
 Description. — Subcylindrical, about 30 centimeters (12 
 inches) long, nearly 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, tapering, 
 little branched, compact, wrinkled, brown-gray, tough, frac- 
 ture fibrous; internally pinkish, with yellowish-brown dots ; 
 odor peculiar, unpleasant ; taste bitter, acrid, pungent. 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 Stillingia, magnified 10 diam. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thick, covered with a thin cork, and 
 containing many resin cells and few bast fibres ; the medi- 
 tullium porous, and with numerous narrow wedges of wood 
 and medullary rays, the latter containing resin cells. The 
 parenchyme contains starch. 
 
 Conatituerds. — Sylvacrol (acrid resin, soluble in alcohol 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
70 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 and chloroform, insoluble in benzin), probably a glucoside, 
 but no alkaloid (E. G. Eberhardt, 1891) ; resin, fixed oil, 
 volatile oil, tannin, gum, starch ; ash, 5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, antivenereal, in large doses 
 emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-3ss). 
 
 ANGELICA.— Angelica. 
 
 Origin. — Archangfilica (Angelica, Moench) officinalis, Soff- 
 mann. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Seselinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central and Northern Europe and Northern 
 Asia ; cultivated ; collected in the spring of the second year. 
 
 Description. — Root-stock 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) 
 long, 2 5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) thick, crowned with 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 remnants of leaf-bases, annulate ; below divided into numer- 
 ous nearly simple cylindrical and tuberculate wrinkled 
 branches, which are 2 to 6 millimeters (^-^ to \ inch") thick, 
 and 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 inches) long; grayish- 
 brown ; fracture short ; aromatic, sweetish, pungent, and 
 bitter. Root-stock with a rather thick bark, irregularly 
 curved yellowish porous wood-wedges, and a whitish pith; 
 root branches with the spongy whitish bark rather thicker 
 than the yellowish soft wood ; bark with radiating lines of 
 large resin ducts in the bast rays, which are destitute of bast 
 fibres. 
 
 Constituents. — J-l per cent, volatile oil, 6-10 per cent, resin, 
 valerianic acid, \ per cent, angelic acid, CjHjOj (volatile, crys- 
 talline, fusible at 45° C. = 113° F., aromatic), angelicin or 
 hydrocarotin (crystalline, pungent, insoluble in water), sugar, 
 bitter principle, starch, tannin, and 7 or 8 per cent, of ash. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
LEVISTICUM — LOVAGB. 
 
 71 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, in 
 large doses emetic. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-gss), in pow- 
 der or infusion. 
 
 ANGELICA ATROPUEPUREA.— American Angelica. 
 
 Origin. — Archang^lica (Angelica, Linni) atropurpiirea, 
 Hoffmann, s. Angelica triquindta, Michaux. Natural order, 
 Umbelliferce, Seselinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern and Western United States, south to 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Description. — About 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) 
 long and 18 millimeters (| inch) thick, branched, deeply 
 wrinkled, light brown-gray, internally whitish, fracture short, 
 with a thick, finely resinous-dotted bask, and soft, radiating 
 wood ; aromatic, sweetish, pungent, and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, volatile acid, resin, starch. 
 
 Properties and Dose. — Similar to preceding. 
 
 Fig. S4. 
 
 LEVISTICUM.— LovAGE. 
 
 Origin. — Levisticum officinale, Koch, s. Ligiisticum Levis- 
 ticum, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Seselinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe ; cultivated in Germany. 
 
 Description. — Head 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) long 
 and 2 to 4 centimeters (f-lf inches) thick, branched, annu- 
 late; below divided into a few nearly 
 simple, subcylindrical, and deeply 
 wrinkled branches, which are about 20 
 centimeters (8 inches) long and 2 to 6 
 or 10 millimeters Q^t to ^ or f inch) 
 thick ; brown or reddish- brown ; frac- 
 ture short, spongy; aromatic, sweetish, 
 pungent, and bitter. Head branches 
 with a rather thick bark, and yellowish 
 porous wood, which is radiate near the 
 bark, and in irregular meshes toward 
 the centre ; roots with the bark rather 
 thicker than the porous, yellowish wood ; the bark with 
 numerous bast rays, and small resin ducts, in somewhat radi- 
 ating lines. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter extractive, resins, sugar, 
 starch, mucilage, angelic acid. 
 
 Levisticuiii. — Trans- 
 verse section, magni- 
 fied 3 diam. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
72 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue. 
 Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. x-gss), in infusion. 
 
 LASERPITIUM.— White Gentian. 
 
 Radix gentianse albse. 
 
 Origin. — Laserpitium latifoliura, IdnnL Natural order, 
 Umbelliferse, Laserpitiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central Europe. 
 
 Description. — Several-headed, somewhat conical, annulate 
 above, branched below, and deeply wrinkled ; the brown, 
 corky layer removed ; grayish-white ; aromatic, bitter ; frac- 
 ture short, white ; bark thick, with numerous orange-colored 
 resin ducts ; wood finely porous. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle, mucilage, 
 starch. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
 xv-5i). 
 
 PIMPINELLA.— Pimpernel. 
 
 Origin. — Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linni, and P. mdgna, Linne. 
 Natural order, TJmbelliferse, Amminese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central Europe and Western Asia, in dry and 
 mountainous localities. 
 
 Description. — Several-headed, branches of the head short, 
 terminated by the hollow stem-base ; 
 Fig 35 fusiform, about 20 centimeters (8 
 
 inches) long, annulate above, longi- 
 tudinally wrinkled and tuberculate 
 below ; externally yellowish-brown or 
 brown-yellow ; aromatic, sweetish, 
 pungent ; fracture short, whitish ; 
 bark thick, radiate, with numerous 
 yellow resin ducts in radiating lines ; 
 wood yellowish, porous, radiate, with 
 broad medullary rays. The pith of 
 Pimpmena.-Transverse the head contains resin cells. 
 section, magnified 3 diam. Cbns<i<Menfe. — Volatile oil, acrid 
 
 resin, sugar, starch, crystallizable and 
 almost tasteless pimpinellin. 
 
 Properties.— Stimulant, tonic, sialagogue. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
 grams (gr. viij-gss). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
SUMBUL. 
 
 73 
 
 PETROSELINUM.— Paksley. 
 
 Origin. — Petroseliaum sativum, Hoffmann, a. Apium 
 (Cd,rum, Baillon) Petroselinum, Linni. Natural order, Um- 
 belliferse, Atnminese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe ; exten- Fiu. 3R. 
 
 sively cultivated. 
 
 Deseription. — Somewhat conical, 
 about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, 
 and about 12 millimeters (^ inch) 
 thick ; light brown-yellow ; annulate 
 above, wrinkled below, with transverse 
 ridges ; faintly aromatic, sweetish ; 
 fracture short ; bark thick, resinous- 
 dotted, and, like the medullary rays, 
 white ; wood light yellow, porous. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, muci- 
 lage, sugar, starch, apiin (tasteless). 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, diuretic, nephritic, diseutient, 
 Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gss-j), in infusion. 
 
 Petroselinum. — Trans- 
 verse seution, magnified 3 
 diam. 
 
 SUMBUL.— SuMBUL. 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 Origin. — FSrula (Eurydngium, Kauffmann) Siimbul, 
 Hooker-filius. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Peucedaneae. 
 
 Habitat. — Central and North- 
 eastern Asia. 
 
 Description. — In transverse 
 segments about 5 centimeters (2 
 inches) thick, and 2.5 centime- 
 ters (1 inch) long, but varying 
 considerably in diameter and 
 thickness, light, spongy, annu- 
 late or longitudinally wrinkled ; 
 fracture irregularly fibrous ; 
 
 gray-brown, internally whitish and brown-yellow ; odor 
 strong, musk-like ; taste bitter and balsamic. 
 
 Structure, — Bark thin, with fibre circles; wood fibres 
 
 4 
 
 Sumbul. — Section. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
74 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 irregularly twisted ; resin ducts numerous in the spongy 
 white parenchyme. 
 
 False Sumbul of India. — Ammoniacum root, somewhat 
 flavored with sumbul ; firmer, denser, and of a yellow or 
 reddish tint. 
 
 Oonstituents. — Volatile oil, ^ per cent., bluish ; soft 
 resin, 9 per cent., of musk odor; angelic acid, methylcro- 
 tonic acid, valerianic acid, bitter extractive, sugar, starch ; 
 on dry distillation yields urabelliferon. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, nervine. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
 grams (gr. viij-5ss) in powder, tincture, or fluid extract. 
 
 IMPERATORIA.— Master-wort. 
 
 Origin. — Peuc^danum (Imperat6ria, Linni) Ostriithium, 
 Baillon. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Peucedanese. 
 Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe. 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 Imperatoria root, natural size ; and transverse section, magnified. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
IPOM(EA PANDURATA — WILD JALAP. 75 
 
 Description. — Somewhat conical, about 5 centimeters (2 
 inches) long, and nearly 2 centimeters (-f inch) thick, flattish, 
 finely annulate above, wrinkled and tuberculate ; brown-gray, 
 internally whitish, with numerous resin dots ; odor balsamic ; 
 taste pungent and bitter ; bark thin, wood-bundles small, in- 
 closing a large pith. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil | per cent., imperatorin (peu- 
 cedanin; crystalline, puugently acrid, insoluble in water), 
 ostruthin (tasteless). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
 xv-xxx). 
 
 PANAX.— Ginseng. 
 
 Origin. — P£nax (Ar^lia, Gray) quinquefolium, lAnnL 
 Natural order, Araliaceae, Panacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to the mountains of 
 Georgia and Tennessee ; in rich woods. 
 
 Description. — Fusiform, 60 to 75 millimeters (2 to 3 inches) 
 long, annulate above, divided below into 2 or 3 equal branches, 
 wrinkled longitudinally ; sweetish and slightly aromatic ; ex- 
 ternally pale brownish-yellow ; fracture short, mealy, white, 
 with a thin bark containing numerous reddish resin cells ; 
 wood-wedges narrow, yellowish ; medullary rays broad. 
 
 Constituents. — Panaquilon, sweet, amorphous, soluble in 
 water and alcohol, insoluble in sodium sulphate solution, 
 precipitated by tannin ; resin, mucilage, starch. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, slightly stimulant. Dose, 1 to 8 
 grams (gr. xv-^ij). 
 
 IPOMCEA PANDUEATA.— Wild Jalap, Manroot. 
 
 Origin. — Ipomoe'a (Ipomse'a) pandurdta, Meyer. Natural 
 order, Convolvulacese, Convolvuleae. 
 
 Habitat — United States, in sandy fields. 
 
 Description. — Large, conical, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 thick, above with several rhizome branches about 1 centimeter 
 (f inch) thick ; in longitudinal or transverse slices, with over- 
 lapping bark, wrinkled and brownish-gray externally, whitish 
 internally ; bark thin with a zone of resin cells ; wood-wedges 
 numerous and narrow, in the medullary rays scattered resin 
 cells; odor slight; taste sweetish, bitter, somewhat acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin 1-2 per cent., sugar, gum, coloring 
 matter, starch. The resin is a glucoside, soluble in alcohol, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
76 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 ether, chloroform, and alkalies, the latter solution being pre- 
 cipitated by acids. 
 Properties. — Diuretic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
 
 ARMOEACIA.— HOESEEADISH. 
 
 Origin. — Cochle^ria Armor^cia, Linne, s. Armor^cia rus- 
 ticdna, Gaertner. Natural order, Cruciferse, Alyssinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Europe, cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Used only in the fresh state. Heads several, 
 annulate ; root cylindrical, 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more 
 long, 12 to 25 millimeters (i-1 inch) thick, pale yellowish- 
 brown, somewhat scaly and warty ; internally white, fracture 
 short ; when crushed, of a pungent odor and sharp, acrid 
 taste. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thickish, covered with a thin cork and 
 containing numerous yellow stone cells in the outer layer; 
 wood-bundles small in narrow wedges; medullary rays broad: 
 the rhizome with a central pith. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 0.05 per cent., of same composi- 
 tion as oil of mustard, resin, sugar, starch, etc., and about 80 
 per cent, of water. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, irritating, rubefacient. 
 
 Substitution. — In Europe fresh aconite root, which has a 
 radish-like odor, has been mistaken for horseradish. 
 
 PHYTOLACCA RADIX.— PoKEROOT. 
 
 Origin. — PhytoMcca deedndra, lAnnS. Natural order, 
 Phytolaccacese, Euphytolaccese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in waste places ; naturalized 
 „ „„ in Southern Europe and the West 
 
 it iG. oy. .^ 
 
 indies. 
 
 Description. — Large, conical, some- 
 what branched, mostly in transverse 
 or longitudinal slices, wrinkled, brown- 
 gray; internally whitish, hard; frac- 
 ture fibrous; inodorous; sweetish, acrid. 
 Phytolacca.- Trans- Slruciure.— Bark thin, with a thin 
 
 verse section, natural , ' 
 
 suberous coat; wood-bundles numer- 
 
 Bize 
 
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BELLADONNA EADTX — BELLADONNA KOOT. 77 
 
 ous, small, and narrow, arranged in rays and concentric 
 circles, and surrounded by thin-walled parenchyme. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, probably a glucoside, starch, tannin, 
 mucilage, volatile acid, waxy matter, sugar, ash 8-10 per 
 cent. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, anodyne, resolvent, emetic. 
 Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-3ss) in powder, decoction, or 
 extract. 
 
 BRYONIA.— Bryony. 
 
 Origin. — Bryonia alba and B. dioica, lAnnS. Natural 
 order, Cucurbitacese, Cucumerinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central and Southern Europe. 
 
 Description — Root conical, about 50 centimeters (20 
 inches) long, and 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) thick ; 
 in commerce usually in thin, rugged disks; externally 
 wrinkled, brownish, from the first species with warts and 
 transverse ridges ; fracture short ; internally white or gray- 
 ish; inodorous; disagreeably bitter. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thin with a thin friable cork ; wood- 
 bundles numerous, small, arranged in rays and concentric 
 circles, and surrounded by thin- walled parenchyme. 
 
 Constituents. — Bryonin (bitter glucoside, soluble in water 
 and alcohol, insoluble in ether, precipitated by tannin ; 
 yields bryoretin and hydrobryoretin, besides sugar), starch, 
 sugar, gum, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Emmenagogue, hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 
 0.6 to 4 grams (gr. x-3j)- 
 
 BELLADONNA RADIX.— Belladonna Root. 
 
 Origin. — Atropa Belladonna, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Solanacese, Atropese. 
 
 Jldbitat. — Central and Southern Europe, in woods, 
 
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78 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 Description. — In cylindrical, somewhat tapering, longi- 
 tudinally wrinkled pieces, 20 to 30 centimeters (8 to 12 
 inches) long and 12 to 25 millimeters (J to 1 inch) or more 
 thick ; externally brownish-gray, internally whitish ; frac- 
 ture nearly smooth, mealy, not radiating in the bark or in 
 the meditullium, except in the thicker roots inside and near 
 the cambium line ; nearly inodorous ; taste sweetish, after- 
 ward bitterish and strongly acrid. 
 
 Eoots which are tough, woody, and break with a splintery 
 fracture, also the hollow stem bases sometimes present, 
 should be rejected. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thickish, indistinctly radiate, free from 
 bast fibres ; wood-bundles yellowish, near the centre small 
 
 and distant, surrounded in the 
 thicker roots by broader wood- 
 wedges and equally wide medul- 
 lary rays. The wood predomi- 
 nates in old roots. 
 
 Constituents. — Atropine 0.2— 
 0.6 per cent., belladonine (prob- 
 ably oxyatropine, CijHjaNOj, 
 hyoscyamine, atropamine, starch, 
 atrosin (a fluorescent compound). 
 Atropine, CijHjjNOj, is white, 
 crystalline, bitter and acrid, soluble in ether, chloroform, 
 alcohol, also in water ; with alkalies yields tropic acid and 
 tropine ; its gold precipitate is crystal lizable and of a dull 
 yellow color. On digesting tropine tropate in acidulated 
 water, atropine is reproduced. Other alkaloids (tropeines) 
 are formed in a similar manner; tropine mandelate thus 
 yields homatropine, Ci5H2,N03, which resembles atropine 
 in its effects. Atropamine, Cj^HjiNOj, which is sometimes 
 present, is easily decomposed by mineral acids. 
 
 Young roots contain only hyoscyamine ; older roots (8- 
 JO years) also atropine ; the alkaloids are found chiefly ii; 
 
 Belladonna. — Transverse sec- 
 tion, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ALTH^A — MARSHMALLOW. 79 
 
 the bark ; hence woody roots should be rejected ; it is 
 present in largest quantity about the time of flowering. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic,dilating the pupil, sedative, narcotic. 
 Dose, 0.06 gram (gr. j) ; of atropine, 0.5 to 1 milligram 
 
 (liWj grain)- 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetic (vegetable or mineral), or stomach- 
 pump ; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.) ; morphine ; phy- 
 sostigmine ; pilocarpine. 
 
 Allied Drug. — The rhizome of Scopola (Scopolia) car- 
 niolica, Jacquin, indigenous to southern Central Europe, 
 is of horizontal growth, 2-4 centimeters (1-1| inch) thick, 
 almost jointed with few annulations ; tissues similar as in 
 belladonna root ; contains the same alkaloids. 
 
 ALTHJ^A. — Marshmallow. 
 
 Origin. — Althaea officinalis, Linni. Natural order, 
 Malvaceae, Malvese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, Western and Northern Asia ; natu- 
 ralized in the eastern United States and in Australia, in 
 salt marshes ; cultivated in Europe. 
 
 Description. — The fleshy branches are collected and 
 deprived of the brown corky layer ; cylindrical or conical, 
 longitudinally wrinkled pieces, 
 from 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to Fig. 4I. 
 
 6 inches) long, and about 1 centi- 
 meter (|- inch) or more in diam- 
 eter; externally white, mealy, 
 somewhat hairy from detached 
 slender bast fibres, and marked AUhaca^^ransversetei^u^ 
 with circular scars of the rootlets ; magnified 2 diam. 
 
 fracture short and granular in 
 
 the medituUium, whitish and fleshy or mealy. Odor faint, 
 peculiar, stronger in infusion ; taste sweetish, mucilaginous. 
 
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80 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 Marshmallow should not be coated witli lime. 
 
 Young uncoated belladonna root resembles marshmal- 
 low; but is externally not fibrous, and has yellowish 
 wood-bundles or wood-wedges. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thickish; inner bark radiating from 
 small groups of long bast fibres ; meditullium in outer 
 layer faintly radiating ; wood-bundles distant and small ; 
 medullary rays narrow; the parenchyme filled with starch 
 and containing scattered crystal cells and larger mucilage 
 cells. 
 
 Constituents. — Asparagin, about 1 per cent. ; mucilage, 
 35 per cent. ; sugar, 8 per cent. ; pectin, 10 per cent. ; 
 starch, 35 per cent. ; ash, 4-5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (3ss-ij) in 
 infusion or syrup. 
 
 EUBIA.— Madder. 
 
 Origin. — Eiibia tinct6rum, Linne. Natural order, Rubi- 
 acese, Galiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe. 
 
 Description. — Rhizome cylindrical, long, about 5 millimeters 
 (^ inch) thick with distant nodes ; roots about 3 millimeters 
 (I inch) thick, dark red, deeply wrinkled, with a foliaceous 
 cork, thin brown-red inner bark, spongy red wood, and irreg- 
 ular medullary rays, the rhizome with a dark-red small pith ; 
 fracture short, odor feeble ; taste sweetish and slightly bitter, 
 acrid, and astringent. Mostly kept in form of powder. 
 
 Constituents. — Rubian (yellow, bitter), rubihydran (gum- 
 lilie), ruberythrin (yellow needles, blood-red with alkalies), 
 alizarin (orange-red needles, purple or blue with alkalies), 
 purpurin (red needles, violet colored with alkalies), pectin, 
 sugar, tannin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
 XV-3J). 
 
 ALKANNA. — Alkanet. 
 
 Origin. — Alk^nna (Anchiisa, Linne) tinctoria, Tausch 
 Natural order, Boraginese, Boragese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia and Southeastern Europe. 
 
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CALUMBA — COLOMBO. 81 
 
 Description. — Fusiform, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) 
 long, and 1 to 2 centimeters (|— | inch thick), with a crown 
 of felt- like leaf bases ; deeply wrinkled ; bark dark purple, 
 foliaceous, friable, easily separated from the twisted yellowish 
 wood, which is cleft by purple friable medullary rays ; nearly 
 inodorous and tasteless ; does not tinge the water red. 
 
 Constituents. — Alkannin, little starch. Alkannin is of 
 resinous appearance, dark purplish-red, soluble in ether, alco- 
 hol, fats, and certain volatile oils, with a red color ; in alkalies 
 blue. 
 
 Uses — For coloring tinctures and pomades. 
 
 HEUOHERA.— Alxtm Koot. 
 
 Origin. — Heiichera americdna, Linne. Natural order, Sax- 
 ifragacese, Saxifragese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, woodlands. 
 
 Description. — About 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and 
 12 millimeters (J inch) thick, several-headed, somewhat con- 
 torted, branched, wrinkled, tuberculate, purplish-brown, frac- 
 ture short and granular ; internally reddish or brownish ; 
 bark thin or thickish; meditullium rather spongy; inodor- 
 ous ; very astringent, somewhat bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — About 14 per cent, of tannin (by ferric 
 chloride dark green from acid solution, and dark blue from 
 neutral solution"), trace of gallic acid, sugars, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). 
 
 CA LUMB A.— Colombo. 
 
 Origin. — Jateorrhiza Caliimba, Miers. Natural order, 
 Menispermacese, Tinosporese. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Africa, cultivated in some East In- 
 dian islands. 
 
 Description. — Nearly circular or broadly elliptic disks, 
 3 to 6 centimeters (1^ to 2f inches) in diameter, 6 to 12 
 millimeters (| to J inch) thickj externally greenish brown- 
 gray and wrinkled; internally yellowish, and near the 
 cambium gray ; depressed in the centre, with a few inter- 
 
 4* 
 
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82 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 rupted circles of projecting wood-bundles, distinctly radiate 
 in the outer portion near the blackish cambium line ; frac- 
 ture short, mealy; odor slight; taste 
 mucilaginous, slightly aromatic, very ^i"- ^^■ 
 
 bitter. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thickish, with a 
 thin brown cork and narrow bast rays 
 without fibres; wood-bundles bright 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 Calumba. — Transverse section, natural size. 
 
 yellow, small, distant near the centre, 
 in narrow rays near the bark : medul- 
 lary rays broader ; the parenchyme 
 
 filled with starch. Magnifier2nirr 
 
 Oonstituents. — Columbin about 0.8 
 per cent, (white, crystalline, slightly soluble in water), ber- 
 berine (yellow, crystalline), columbic acid (yellowish, amor- 
 phous, nearly insoluble in cold water), starch, mucilage, 
 ash about 6 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. viij 
 -5ss-j), in infusion, tincture, extract. 
 
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RHAPONTICUM — RHAPONTIC ROOT. 
 
 83 
 
 RUMEX.— Yellow Dock. 
 
 Radix lapathi. 
 
 Origin. — Rumex crispus, LinnS, and other species of 
 Rumex. Natural order, Polygonaeese, Rumiceae. 
 
 Hahitat. — Europe, naturalized in North America; in 
 grassy places and along roadsides. 
 
 Description. — Fusiform, 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 in- 
 ches) long, 1 to 2 centimeters (|- to ^ inch) thick, annulate 
 above, deeply longitudinally wrinkled below; externally 
 brown or reddish-brown, internally dingy brownish-yellow ; 
 fracture short ; nearly inodorous, taste bitte and astrin- 
 gent ; on mastication the saliva is tinged yellowish. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thickish, with a thin cork and distinct 
 yellowish bast wedges; cambium circle prominent; wood 
 wedges porous, somewhat horny ; medullary rays narrow. 
 The parenchyme contains starch grains, reddish-brown 
 coloring matter, and crystals of calcium oxalate. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, mucilage, starch, chrysophanic 
 acid (rumicin, lapathin), calcium oxalate. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic, alterative, in larger doses 
 laxative. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j). 
 
 EHAPONTICUM.— Khapontic Eoot. Ckimean Ehubakb. 
 
 Origin. — Rh^um rhapontieum, 
 Polygonaceae, Rumicese. 
 
 Habitat — Western Asia, culti- 
 vated in some parts of Europe, and 
 in North America (pie plant). 
 
 Deseription. — Fusiform, about 10 
 centimetei's (4 inches) long, and 2 
 centimeters (-f inch) thick, some- 
 what annulate above, deeply wrin- 
 kled ; partly deprived of the orange- 
 red cork ; fracture short, internally 
 whitish, with narrow straight inter- 
 
 LinnL Natural order. 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 
 Rhapontieum. — Transverse 
 section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 rupted red medullary rays, and a rather thick bark ; odor and 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
84 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS ROOTS. 
 
 taste resembling rhubarb, more mucilaginous, and less gritty ; 
 the saliva, on mastication, tinged yellow. 
 
 Constituents. — Like rhubarb, but astringency predominat- 
 ing. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, laxative. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
 xv-xlv). 
 
 RHEUM.— Ehubaeb. 
 
 Origin. — Rh^um officiudle, Baillon, and probably other 
 species of Rheum. Natural order, Polygonaeese, Rumicese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western and Central China. 
 
 Description. — Cylindrical, conical, or flattish segments of 
 the rhizome or its lateral branches, deprived of most of 
 the dark-brown corky layer, smoothish or somewhat 
 wrinkled, externally marked with white, elongated meshes, 
 containing a white, rather spongy tissue, and a number of 
 short red-brown or brown-yellow striae ; compact, hard ; 
 fracture uneven ; internally white, marbled with yellow 
 and red ; odor peculiar, aromatic ; taste bitter, somewhat 
 astringent; gritty when masticated; the saliva is tinged 
 orange-yellow. 
 
 Structure. — The predominating tissue is thin- walled par- 
 enchyma containing starch or crystal groups of calcium 
 oxalate. The narrow medullary rays contain orange-red 
 coloring matter, are parallel only near the cambium, and 
 in the interior are irregularly curved and interrupted. The 
 vascular bundles are soft and porous. ITear the cambium 
 line are a few stellate spots, or sometimes a larger number 
 arranged in a loose circle ; they indicate the internal origin 
 of the leaves, and contain short, red, somewhat wavy 
 medullary rays radiating from a common centre. 
 
 Varieties. — 1. Russian Rhubarb came from Chinese 
 Tartary by way of Siberia (Kiachta) to St. Petersburg, 
 and consisted of carefully selected pieces, which after dry- 
 ing were trimmed to beneath the cambium line, and marked 
 
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RHEUM — RHUBARB. 
 
 85 
 
 with a conical hole, penetrating beyond the middle. It is 
 no longer an article of commerce. 
 
 Fig. 45. 
 
 Fig. 46. 
 
 Rhubarb. — Section near the cam- 
 bium, magnified 40 diam. 
 
 Oxalate of calcium 
 crystals in rhubarb. 
 
 2. Chinese Rhubarb, sometimes called East India Rha- 
 barb, is exported from Canton and other Chinese ports, 
 
 Fig. 47. 
 
 Russian rhubarb. — Transverse section. 
 
 occasionally by way of India. The inner bark is always 
 present, small patches of the rough corky layer are occa- 
 sionally adhering, and fragments of twiqie on which the 
 root was dried are not unfrequently observed. Its color is 
 
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86 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 less bright, and its odor somewhat less aromatic than that 
 of Russian rhubarb. This variety is the officinal rhubarb. 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 Chinese rhubarb. — Transverse section. 
 
 3. European Rhubarb. From RhSum palmatum, rha- 
 ponticum, compd.ctum, undul^tum, Emodi, and other spe- 
 cies, cultivated in Moravia (Austria), England, and France. 
 Frequently trimmed so as to resemble Chinese rhubarb, 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
 European rhubarb. — Transverse section. 
 
 but the surface entirely or nearly destitute of whi^e meshes, 
 and the medullary rays interrupted, narrow, and nearly 
 straight; the color is paler, the odor weaker, the taste 
 more mucilaginous, and on mastication it is less gritty 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
METHYSTICUM — KATA-KAVA. 87 
 
 than Chinese rhubarb. It is sometimes used in veterinary 
 practice. 
 
 Oonstituenis. — Chrysophan, chrysophanic acid, erythro- 
 retin, emodin, phseoretin, aporetin, starch, tannin, crystals 
 of calcium oxalate ; the first-named principles yield with 
 alkalies a deep-red or brown-red color. Chrysophan^ 
 C2jH3|,Oj4, is orange-yellow, bitter, soluble in alcohol and 
 water, yields with dilute acids sugar and chrysophanic add, 
 CjsHjjO^; this is nearly tasteless, bright yellow, crystal- 
 line, freely soluble in benzol, chloroform, volatile and fixed 
 oils, less soluble in alcohol and ether, nearly insoluble in 
 cold water. M'ythroretin is yellow, tasteless, readily solu- 
 ble in alcohol, less so in ether. Emodin is orange-colored, 
 nearly insoluble in benzol. Phceoretin is yellowish-brown, 
 soluble in alcohol, insoluble in ether, chloroform, and 
 water. Aporetin is blackish, resinous, sparingly soluble in 
 simple solvents. Rheotannic add, CjgHjjOj^, is yellowish, 
 soluble in water and alcohol, and yields with dilute acids 
 sugar and rheumic acid, CjjHijOg, which is red, amorphous 
 and sparingly soluble in cold water. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent, aperient, purgative. Dose, 
 0.3 to 1.6 grams (gr v-xxv). 
 
 METHYSTICUM.— Kava-kava. 
 
 Origin. — Piper (Macropiper, Miguel) methy'sticum, Forster. 
 Natural order, Piperacese, Piperese. 
 
 Habitat. — South Sea Islands. 
 
 Description. — Root large, in commerce usually cut longi- 
 tudinally and transversely into irregular pieces ; light, and 
 often more or less hollow in the interior ; externally blackish- 
 gray, internally dingy white ; fracture farinaceous and some- 
 what splintery ; bark thin ; medituUium porous, with irregu- 
 larly twisted thin wood-bundles, radiating near the surface 
 and separated by broader white medullary rays, the wood- 
 bundles forming distinct meshes underneath the bark. Rootlets, 
 if present, about 30 centimeters (12 inches) or more in length, 
 
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88 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 often braided, more or less fibrous. Odor slight, agreeably 
 aromatic ; taste somewhat pungent and benumbing. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid resin 2 per cent., little volatile oil, 
 kavahin (crystalline, tasteless, soluble in water, not colored 
 by nitric acid, yields benzoic acid) ; methysticin, CigHigO^ 
 
 Fio. 50. 
 
 
 /ly 
 
 vest 
 
 Kava root. — Transverse section. 
 
 (crystalline, tasteless, insoluble in water, colors nitric acid 
 yellow and red) ; gum, starch 45 per cent., ash 4 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and tonic. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-lx). The alcoholic extract is a 
 local anaesthetic. 
 
 HYDRANGEA .—Hydrangea. 
 
 Origin. — Hydrdngea arbor&cens, Linne. Natural order, 
 Saxifragese, Hydrangese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States ; on rocky banks. 
 
 Description. — Head irregular, knotty, about an inch or 
 more in thickness ; roots thinner, much bent and branched, 
 usually cut into pieces of variable length ; the bark about 
 '■^■jj inch thick, pale-gray with rust colored patches, slightly 
 ridged longitudinally or somewhat scaly, brittle, and readily 
 separated from the tough, white, tasteless wood, the latter with 
 numerous narrow or linear wood-wedges and medullary rays; 
 
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GLYCYRRHIZA — LICORICE ROOT. 89 
 
 fracture splintery; inodorous; taste of the bark sweetish, 
 somewhat pungent. 
 
 Constituents. — Eesin, gum, sugar, starch, crystalline glu- 
 coside (Bondurant, 1887). 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, lithontryptic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 (3SS-J). 
 
 GLYCYERHIZA.— Licorice Root. 
 
 Radix liquiritise. 
 
 Origin. — Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linni. Natural order, 
 Leguminosse, Papilionaceae, Galegese. 
 
 Hahitat. — Southern Europe and Western Asia, cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Long cylindrical pieces, from 5 to 25 milli- 
 meters {\ to 1 inch) thick, longitudinally wrinkled, exter- 
 nally grayish-brown, warty; internally tawny-yellow; 
 pliable, tough ; fracture coarsely fibrous ; nearly inodorous; 
 taste sweet, somewhat acrid. 
 
 The underground runners, which are often present, have 
 the same appearance, but contain a thin pith. 
 
 Structure. — Bark rather thick, with a thin cork and nar- 
 row bast wedges, the latter containing tough bast-fibres and 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 Glycyrrhiza glabra (rhizome;. Glycyrrhiza glandulifera (rootj. 
 
 cells with crystals of calcium oxalate. Wood-wedges nar- 
 row, appearing porous from small groups of large ducts, 
 and accompani.ed by crystal cells. Medullary rays distinct, 
 consisting of several rows of cells, and containing starch. 
 
 Varieties. — 1. Spanish, Italian, and Turkish licorice root. 
 The kind described, exported from the countries named. 
 
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90 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 2. Russian licorice root. From Glycyrrhiza glandulifera, 
 Waldstein et Kitaibel (a variety of Gl. glabra indigenous to 
 Southeastern Europe). It is mostly thicker than the pre- 
 ceding, contains few runners, is deprived of the corky layer, 
 externally bright tawny-yellow, smooth, the wood-wedges 
 softer and paler, the cells larger, and the tissue often cleft. 
 
 Constituents. — Glycyrrhiziu about 6 per cent, (combined 
 with ammonia), glycyramarin., sugar, asparagin about 3 per 
 cent., starch, resin. Glycyrrhizin, C24H360g or C^^H^jNOu 
 (?), is sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in hot 
 water ; its neutral ammonium salt freely soluble in water, 
 insoluble in absolute alcohol. It is a glucoside, splitting 
 into glucose (or parasaccharic acid ?) and bitter glycyrretin. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
 (gr. XV-3J). 
 
 HEMIDESMUS.— Indian Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Origin. — Hemidesmus indicus, H. Brotvn. Natural order, 
 Asclepiadese, Periplocese. 
 
 Habitat. — East Indies. 
 
 Description. — Cylindrical pieces, about 15 centimeters (6 
 inches) long, and 6 to 12 millimeters (i-J inch) thick, tortu- 
 ous, wrinkled, and fissured, dark-brown, hard ; internally 
 whitish and mealy ; odor tonka-like ; taste sweetish and 
 slightly acrid. The stems are nearly inodorous and taste- 
 less. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thin, with a thin cork and small scattered 
 laticiferous ducts. Medullary rays narrow, indistinct. 
 
 Constituents. — Stearopten, starch, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, diuretic, alterative, tonic. Dose, 
 2 to 4 grams (sss-j). 
 
 ABRI RADIX. — Indian Licorice. 
 
 Origin. — Abrus precatorius, Linne. Natural order, Legu- 
 minosse, Papilionacese, Viciese. 
 
 Habitat. — India; naturalized in most tropical countries. 
 
 Description. — Cylindrical, somewhat twisted pieces, 6 to 25 
 millimeters (i-1 inch) thick ; externally light reddish-brown ; 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
IPECACUANHA. 91 
 
 fracture short, fibrous ; internally yellowish ; bark quite thin ; 
 meditullium composed of alternating layers of porous wood 
 and parenchyme, traversed by medullary rays varying in 
 width ; odor slight ; taste bitterish, afterward sweetish. 
 
 Constituents. — Glycyrrhizin (?), sugar, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, emollient. 
 
 < IPECACUANHA.— Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Origin. — Cepha6lis Ipecacudnha, A. Richard. Natural 
 order, Rubiacese, Psychotriese. 
 
 Habitat. — Brazil to Bolivia and New Granada, in damp 
 forests ; cultivated in India. 
 
 Description. — About 10 centimeters (4 inches) long and 
 4 millimeters (| inch) thick ; mostly simple, contorted, dull 
 gray-brown or blackish, finely wrinkled, closely irregularly 
 
 Fig. 53. 
 
 Ipecacuanha —Transverse section, magnified 65 diam. 
 
 annulated, and often transversely fissured ; internally 
 scarcely radiate ; bark brittle, brownish, somewhat waxy, 
 easily separated from the thin, whitish, tough, and nearly 
 tasteless ligneous portion which amounts to about 15 per 
 cent, of the root ; odor slight, nauseous ; taste bitterish, 
 acrid, nauseating. 
 
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92 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 Structure. — Cork thin. Bark not uniform in thickness, 
 not radiating, consists of parenchyme inclosing starch or 
 raphides of calcium oxalate, the latter being more numerous 
 in the inner bark. Meditullium slightly radiating, consists 
 mainly of pitted wood cells containing starch. 
 
 Varieties. — According to the tint of the corky layer, gray, 
 red, and black ipecac, all being derived from the same 
 species. Ipecacuanha from Carthagena is somewhat larger 
 than the Brazilian root, less conspicuously annulate, has a 
 more firmly adhering bark, and the medullary rays of the 
 wood are more distinct ; it comes from Cephaelis acuminata, 
 Karsten. 
 
 Fig. bi. 
 
 Fig. 55. 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
 Ipecaouanha. Striated ipecacuanha. Undulated ipecacuanha. 
 
 Substitution. — The following are used in Brazil, besides 
 other roots, like ipecacuanha, and are occasionally met with 
 in Europe, but rarely seen in the United States : 
 
 Striated ipecacuanha. From Psychotria emfitica, Ldnnf, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
dog's bane. 93 
 
 Natural order, Rubiaceae, Psychotriese. Longitudinally 
 wrinkled, not annulate, but with distant transverse fissures ; 
 dark purplish-brown ; bark thick, containing much sugar, 
 no starch, and little emetine. 
 
 Undulated ipecacuanha. From Richardsonia sc4bra, 
 Saiid, Hilaire. Natural order, Rubiaceae, Spermacocese. 
 Undulate, slightly wrinkled, somewhat annulate and trans- 
 versely fissured ; externally brownish-gray ; bark white, 
 mealy, not bitter ; wood nearly the thickness of the bark. 
 
 White ipecacuanha. From lonidium Ipecacuanha, 
 Ventenat. Natural order, Violariese, Violese. Somewhat 
 branched, not annulate, longitudinally wrinkled, whitish 
 or pale bi'ownish-yellow ; wood porous, rather thick, yel- 
 lowish ; free from starch. 
 
 Constituents. — Emetine from 1 to 2 per cent., choline 
 (bilineurine), ipecacuanhic acid (amorphous bitter gluco- 
 side), resin, pectin, starch, saccharose. Emetine, C3gH^QN20g, 
 is a white powder, soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro- 
 form, slightly soluble in cold water, benzol, benzin, and 
 fixed oils; fusible at 65° C, afterward at 74° C. ; colored 
 bright yellow or orange by solution of chlorinated lime ; 
 its chromate and nitrate are nearly insoluble. 
 
 Properties. — Expectorant, uauseant, emetic. Dose, 0.06, 
 0.3, to 1 or 2 grams (gr. j, gr. v, gr. xv-xxx). 
 
 APOCYNUM ANDROS^MIFOLIUM.— Dog's Bane. 
 
 Origin. — Ap6cynum androssemifolium, Linni. Natural 
 order, Apocynacese, Echitidese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, chiefly northward. 
 
 Description. — Long, cylindrical, branched, about 8 milli- 
 meters (|- inch) or less thick ; bark pale brownish, wrinkled, 
 transversely fissured, thickish ; internally white, containing a 
 circle of stone-cell groups, and rather small laticiferous ducts ; 
 unpleasantly bitter, easily separable from the tough, white, 
 porous, and tasteless wood, which has narrow medullary rays. 
 The rhizome has a central pith. 
 
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94 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 It should not be confounded with the root of Ap6cynuin 
 cannabinum, Linn&, which has a relatively thicker bark and 
 soft fragile, porous wood. 
 
 Fig. 5r. 
 
 Apocynum androssemifolium. — Transverse section, magnified 25 diam. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle (probably apocynin and apo- 
 cynein), resin, caoutchouc, starch, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, sudorific, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 
 to 1.6 grams (gr. v-xxv). 
 
 GELSEMIUM. — Gelsemium. Yellow Jasmine. 
 
 Origin. — Gelsemium sempervirens, Aiton. Natural 
 order, Loganiacese, Gelsemiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern United States. 
 
 Description. — The creeping rhizome and rootlets are col- 
 lected. Cylindrical, long or cut in sections, occasionally 3 
 centimeters (1^ inch) thick, the roots often thinner ; exter- 
 nally light brown-yellow with purplish-brown longitudinal 
 lines; tough, fracture splintery; internally yellowish; odor 
 aromatic, heavy ; taste bitter, of the wood slightly so. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thin, with a thin cork and silky bast 
 fibres, adheres closely to the wood. The latter is yellowish, 
 composed of porous wood-wedges, and has rather broad 
 medullary rays. The rhizome has a thin pith. The 
 
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PAREIRA — PAREIRA BRAVA. 95 
 
 parenchyme contaias starch and a few crystals of calcium 
 oxalate. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, gelsemine, gelseminiue, gel- 
 seminic acid (regarded by some as being identical with 
 sesculin), resin, starch. Gelsemine, 
 CsiHegN.O,^ (F. A. Thompson, 1887), Fiq. 58. 
 
 is colorless, bitter, crystallizes with 
 difficulty, dissolves in 650 parts cold 
 water, is freely soluble in ether, chlo- 
 roform, and alcohol, and yields with 
 HCi and HNO3 crystalline anhydrous 
 salts, soluble in 40 parts water; it 
 
 , , , , -rx c-./-\ Gelsemium.— Trans- 
 
 IS not colored by strong H^bO, or verse section. 
 
 HNO3, but with sulphuric acid and 
 manganic oxide becomes cherry-red, then olive-green. 
 Gelseminine is brown, amorphous, bitter, the salts amor- 
 phous, the chloride freely soluble ; HjSO^ colors light 
 yellow, HNO3 deep green ; sulphuric acid and manganic 
 oxide color deep purple, changing to purplish-blue. 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuants (stomach-pump, emetic) ; atropine ; 
 stimulants. 
 
 Properties. — Nervine, antispasmodic, sedative. Dose, 0.2 
 to 0.6 gram (gr. iij-x) in powder, tincture, or fluid^^extract. 
 
 PAREIRA. — Pareira Brava. 
 
 Origin. — Chondod6ndron tomeutosum, Muiz et Pavon. 
 Natural order, Menispermacese, Tinosporese. 
 
 Habited. — Brazil. 
 
 Description. — Subcylindrical, somewhat tortuous pieces, 
 about 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, varying in 
 thickness between 2 and 10 centimeters (| and 4 inches) ; 
 externally dark brown-gray, with transverse ridges and 
 
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96 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 fissures and longitudinal furrows ; internally pale brown, 
 porous; the fresh cut of a waxy lustre; inodorous, bitter. 
 
 Pieces having a bright yellow color, or with a grayish, 
 hard, nearly tasteless wood, should be rejected. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thin, with a thin cork. Wood in two 
 or more somewhat irregularly concentric circles, which are 
 separated by layers, composed of parenchyme, stone cells, 
 and compressed cells ; the central circle occupied by about 
 1 2 wood-wedges, containing large ducts, separated by some- 
 what narrower medullary rays, and terminating by a semi- 
 circular line of compressed cells ; the subsequent circles 
 have the same structure, but a larger number of wood- 
 wedges and medullary rays. 
 
 Admixtures and Substitutions. — Pareira brava is not un- 
 frequently mixed with sections of the stem, which has a 
 rather thicker bark, when young, dotted with black warts, 
 nearly regular zones of wood-wedges, and a small central 
 pith ; taste bitterish ; otherwise resembles the root. 
 
 Fabe Pareira brava. — a. Wood hard, very excentric, in 
 separate circles and sections of circles, grayish, the fresh 
 cut not waxy ; bark thin, slightly bitter. Origin un- 
 known. 
 
 b. Wood hard, pale brown, nearly concentric, separate 
 circles ; bark thin, nearly tasteless ; otherwise resembling 
 the preceding. Origin unknown. 
 
 c. Bark blackish ; wood whitish, amylaceous, tasteless ; 
 derived from Abiita ruf6scens, Aublet (Menispermacese, 
 Cocculese). 
 
 d. Wood hard, very excentric, in separate circles and sec- 
 tions of circles, bright yellow like the thin bark ; bitter. 
 It contains berberine or a closely allied alkaloid, and is 
 probably derived from Abuta amdra, Aublet. Habitat, 
 Brazil. 
 
 e. Root resembling true pareira, but readily crumbling 
 
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PAREIKA — PAREIRA BRAVA. 
 
 97 
 
 into pieces on cutting ; wood -rays terminating with a 
 nearly circular layer of compressed cells. Origin not 
 determined. 
 
 Constituents. — Pelosine, about 0.5 per cent., identical 
 with beberine and buxine; little tannin, ash 4 to 5 per 
 cent. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j). 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 Pareira brava— Portion of a root, and transverse sections of tlie same. 
 
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98 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 BEEBERIS.— Baebebry. 
 
 Radix berberidis. 
 
 Origin. — B^rberis vulgd,ris, LinnL Natural order, Ber- 
 beridese, Berberese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Western Asia; naturalized in North 
 America. 
 
 Description. — Much branched, sometimes 5 centimeters (2 
 inches) thick, hard and tough, brownish, internally yellow, 
 with a rather thin, foliaceous bark, and thick, light yellow 
 wood ; inodorous, bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — ■ Berberine (see Hydrastis), oxyacanthine 
 (vinetine or berbine), berbamine, and a fourth alkaloid. See 
 Barberry bark. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j) in decoction, 
 etc. 
 
 BAPTISIA.— Wild Indigo. 
 
 Origin. — Baptfsia tinct6ria, Robert Brovm. Natural order, 
 Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Podalyriese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America. 
 
 Description. — Head short, with knotty branches, and with 
 several roots ; the latter are bent, little branched, about 50 
 centimeters (20 inches long), from 3 to 12 millimeters (^i 
 inch) thick; externally brown, somewhat warty and scaly; 
 fracture tough and fibrous ; internally whitish ; bark rather 
 thick, with a thin brown cork, and tough bast fibres in radial 
 lines ; wood tough, finely porous ; medullary rays narrow, in- 
 distinct; inodorous; taste of bark bitterish, somewhat acrid 
 and nauseous ; wood tasteless. 
 
 Constituents. — Baptitoxine or baptisine (acrid, soluble in 
 water, alcohol, and ether, poisonous), baptisin (bitter, indif- 
 ferent glucoside, insoluble in water), baptin (acicular, soluble 
 in water, glucoside, purgative), resin, starch, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 to 1 
 gram (gr. v-xv). 
 
 STATICE.— Marsh Rosemary. 
 
 Origin. — Std,tice Limonium, Linnli, var. carolinidna. Gray. 
 Natural ord&r, Plumbaginese, Statieese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, near the coast. 
 
 Description. — Several-headed, 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 
 24 inches) long, 25 millimeters (1 inch) or more thick, annu- 
 
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KRAMBRIA — RHATANY. 99 
 
 late above, branched and wrinkled below, compact, tough, 
 purplish-brown externally, lighter internally, with a rather 
 thick bark and narrow, yellowish wood-wedges; inodorous, 
 strongly astringent, and slightly bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 14-18 per cent., mucilage, sugar, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij- 
 xxx). 
 
 Bayeuru root, probably from Stdtice brasilifinsis, resembles 
 the above, and has similar properties ; it is said to contain a 
 crystalline alkaloid. 
 
 CEANOTHUS.— Red Root. 
 
 Origin. — Ceanothus americdnus, IAnn& (New Jersey tea). 
 Natural order, Rhamnaceae, Ehamnese. 
 
 Habitat.— ^ or th. America in dry woodlands. 
 
 Description. — Head simple or branched, knotty- tubercu- 
 late; root about 30 centimeters (12 inches) long, and above 
 10 to 25 millimeters (|—1 inch) thick, contorted, somewhat 
 branched, rust-brown, finely wrinkled, fracture granular 
 through the thin rust-colored bark ; wood tough, pale brown- 
 red, with fine medullary rays ; inodorous ; bitter and astrin- 
 gent. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin (6.5 per cent, in bark), ceanothine 
 (crystalline, best solvent is chloroform ; reduces gold chloride ; 
 red-brown by HjSO, ; blue by Froehde's reagent ; does not 
 readily form salts), starch, sugar, mucilage, red coloring 
 matter, ash 2-3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. 
 x-xxx). 
 
 KRAMERIA.— Rhatany. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Kram^ria triandra, Ruiz et Pavon, and, 
 2. Kram6ria tomentosa, Saint Hilaire. Natural order, 
 Polygalese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Peru and Bolivia ; 2. New Granada. 
 
 Description. — About 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick, 
 knotty and several headed above, branched below, the 
 branches thinner and long ; bark smooth or scaly, deep 
 rust-brown, about 2 millimeters {-^ inch) thick, very as- 
 tringent, inodorous ; wood pale brownish, tough, finely 
 
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100 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — ROOTS. 
 
 radiate, nearly tasteless ; bark of branches about |: or -^ the 
 diameter. 
 
 The root of Krameria tomentosa (Savanilla rhatany) is 
 less knotty, more slender, and has a dark brown-purplish, 
 somewhat scaly bark, about 3 millimeters (| inch) thick ; 
 bark of branches about | to i the diameter. 
 
 Transverse section of — a. Peruvian, 6. Savanilla rhatany root. 
 
 Structure. — Cork rather thick ; parenchyme of bark 
 dotted, contains starch ; bast bundles small, forming inter- 
 rupted lines ; medullary rays in the finely porous wood 
 very uarrow. 
 
 Varieties. — 1. Peruvian or Payta rhatany, a.ud, 2. Sava- 
 nilla rhatany. Described above. 
 
 3. Para or Brazilian rhatany. Probably from Kr. 
 arg6ntea, Martius. Resembles Savanilla rhatany ; but is 
 more blackish, less of a purple tint, very flexible ; bark 
 transversely fissured and somewhat warty. 
 
 4. Guayaquil rhatany, described by Holmes (1886). 
 Origin unknown ; root large, woody, contorted ; bark com- 
 paratively thin, fibrous, rich in tannin, reddish-brown, the 
 surface striated and warty. 
 
 5. Krani6ria secundiflora, De Candolle, of Texas, and 
 Kr. lanceolata, Torrey, of Florida, have thiu dark brown 
 roots with thick bark, rich in tannin. Not found in com- 
 merce. 
 
 Constituents. — Kramero-tannic acid about 20 per cent., 
 rhatanic red, starch. The tannins differ somewhat in 
 chemical behavior. In alcoholic tincture Payta rhatany 
 
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RHIZOMES — EHIZOMATA. 101 
 
 yields a red-brown, but Savanilla or Para rhatany a bluish- 
 gray, precipitate with lead acetate. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij- 
 3ss) in powder (rarely), syrup, tincture, extract. 
 
 2. RHIZOMES.— RHIZOMATA. 
 
 Rhizomes are stems remaining wholly or partly under 
 ground, and are mainly distinguished from roots by the 
 presence of scaly leaves or of sheathing leaf-bases or their 
 scars, whereby they, or at least their younger portion, ac- 
 quire a more or less annulated appearance. Rhizomes grow 
 mostly in a horizontal or oblique direction, and produce 
 overground stems from lateral buds, or more generally from 
 buds terminating the branches, the rhizome elongating from 
 a lateral bud ; thus the stem-scars are found mostly on the 
 upper side of the rhizome, while the rootlets are mainly 
 on the lower side. A few of the officinal rhizomes have a 
 perpendicular growth, are on all sides uniformly sur- 
 rounded by rootlets, and on the lower end are more or less 
 truncate. Branches, if present, emanate from the axils of 
 leaf-scars. 
 
 Histology. — The rhizomes of cryptogamous plants (fern ■;) 
 consist of parenchyme, in which a few, more or less later- 
 ally elongated, not wedge-shaped, vascular bundles are im- 
 bedded, sometimes arranged in a loose circle, each bundle 
 being surrounded by an endoderm. 
 
 The rhizomes of monocotyledons consist of a. circle of 
 parenchyme, the cortical layer, followed toward the interior 
 by a circular row of thick-walled cells, the nucleus sheath 
 or endoderm, and inclosing a cylinder of parenchyme in 
 which wood-bundles are irregularly scattered, and these 
 
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102 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 are often most abundant near the nucleus sheath ; in some 
 cases wood-bundles are also observed iu the outer layer. 
 
 The rhizomes of dicotyledons have usually the epidermis 
 replaced by a layer of cork ; the bark consists of an outer 
 and an inner layer, the latter being the liber, and is sepa- 
 rated by a thin layer of cambium from the M^ood, which is 
 circularly arranged in more or less distinctly wedge-shaped 
 masses, and these alternate with medullary rays and inclose 
 a circular pith. Some of the dicotyledonous rhizomes, like 
 valerian, contain an endoderm, which is also observed in 
 the rootlets of some of these drugs. 
 
 Olassiflcation. 
 iieet. 1. Cryptogamous Rhizomes. 
 Ehizome densely covered with stipes, and between 
 
 these with brown silky chaff. Aspidium. 
 
 Sect. 2. Monocotyledonous Khizomes. 
 Collected without rootlets. 
 Aromatic and pungent. 
 Peeled or unpeeled, flattish, lobed, with numer- 
 ous oil-cells. Zingiber. 
 Usually in disks, light reddish or brown-gray, 
 
 with oil-cells. Zedoaria. 
 
 Cylindrical, annulate, branched, reddish-brown ; 
 
 internally whitish, with oil-cells. Galanga. 
 
 Globular pyriform, or more frequently cylin- 
 drical, gray ; internally orange-yellow, horny. Curcuma. 
 Aromatic and bitter, flattish-cylindrical, on the 
 lower side with scars of rootlets in wavy and 
 branched lines. Calamus. 
 
 Odor of violets, bitterish, white, consisting of 
 
 flattened, club-shaped joints. Iris florentina. 
 
 Taste sweet ; thin, straw-yellow, internally whit- Triticum 
 ish, spongy, hollow in centre. repens. 
 
 Taste bitterish, acrid ; thin, brown-gray, under the 
 
 epidermis a circle of large air-tubes. Carex arenaria. 
 
 Taste bitterish ; thick, tuberous, tuberculated, red- 
 dish-brown ; internalljr whitish-brown, dotted. Sinilax Chinn. 
 
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KHIZOMES — RHIZOMATA. 
 
 103 
 
 Taste acrid, tingling; obconical, brown, sur- 
 rounded by scars of rootlets ; internally whitish, Veratrum 
 with short curved wood-bundles. album. 
 
 Collected with rootlets. 
 
 Taste acrid, tingling ; obconical, brown, surrounded 
 
 by shrivelled, lighter-colored, simple rootlet'^; Veratrum album 
 internally whitish, with short curved wood- and Ver. 
 bundles. viride. 
 
 Kesembling the preceding, but of larger dimen- 
 sions, dark gray, and, when rubbed, of a dis- 
 agreeable odor. Dracontium. 
 Taste sweetish, astringent, bitter, and acrid ; sub- 
 globular or obconical ; wood-bundles curved. Trillium. 
 Taste bitter ; short, cylindrical ; wood-bundles 
 
 crowded near centre. ChamEelLrium. 
 
 Taste amylaceous, bitter ; short, cylindrical, jointed. Aletris. 
 Taste acrid ; brown, consisting of cylindrical joints, 
 
 which are flattened above. Iris versicolor. 
 
 Taste bitterish, slightly acrid ; long, thin, sub- 
 cylindrical ; little branched, brown ; on upper 
 side with approximate cup-shaped stem-scars. Cypripedium. 
 Long, thin, cylindrical, branched, whitish, with 
 
 rather distant stem-scars above. Convallaria. 
 
 Kesembling the preceding, but thicker and 
 jointed between the stem-scars. Polygonatum. 
 
 Taste acrid ; flattish c.vlindrical, bent and 
 
 branched; whitish, hard. Dioscorea. 
 
 Sect. 3. Dicotyledonous Ehizomes. 
 Collected with few or no rootlets. 
 Short, leaf-scars approximate. 
 
 Acrid ; cylindrical, deep brown-red ; internally 
 
 white, with numerous red resin-cells. Sanguinaria. 
 
 Astringent ; cylindrical, brown ; internally red- 
 dish ; bark thin ; wood-wedges small ; medul- 
 lary rays broad. Geranium. 
 Astringent ; irregularly conical, pitted, brown ; 
 internally reddish ; bark thick ; wood-wedges 
 small ; medullary rays broad. Tormentilla. 
 Astringent; S-shaped, flattish, red-brown; in- 
 ternally reddish; bark thick; wood-wedges 
 small, numerous ; medullary rays narrow. Bistorta. 
 
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104 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Long horizontal, leaf-scars mostly distant. 
 Mucilaginous, bitter, and astringent; grayish, 
 spongy, wood-bundles scattered ; disks or sec- 
 tions. 
 Somewhat bitter and acrid ; composed of joints, 
 terminated by a broad cup-shaped scar on 
 upper side, and a tuft of rootlets underneath. 
 Cylindrical, somewhat tuberculate, with lati- 
 ciferous vessels. 
 Somewhat aromatic, sweetish ; cylindrical, annu- 
 late above. 
 Very pungent, cylindrical. 
 
 Collected with rootlets. 
 
 Ehizomes short, upright or mostly oblique, often 
 
 knotty. 
 Aromatic, more or less pungent. 
 
 Upright, subglobular, or obconical ; internally 
 brownish, waxy, with small wood-wedges. 
 
 Cylindrical, oblique, or horizontal ; wood cir- 
 cle narrow ; in bark of rhizome and root- 
 lets, near the wood, a circle of resin cells. 
 
 Thin cylindrical, oblique, with projecting 
 stem-scars on upper side and numerous 
 rootlets beneath ; wood somewhat excentric. 
 
 Thin cylindrical, with deeply cup-shaped 
 stem-scars on upper side and numerous 
 rootlets beneath , wood excentric. 
 Slightly aromatic, bitter, and astringent. 
 
 Subcylindrical, oblique, with fragile rootlets ; 
 wood soft, pith brown-gray. 
 
 Subcylindrical or obconical, with numerous 
 fragile rootlets; wood rather hard; pith 
 reddish ; odor clove-like. 
 Not aa-omatic ; bitter or somewhat acrid, wood 
 (except in Hydrastis) prominent,hard. 
 
 Subglobular ; wood white ; rootlets numerous, 
 brittle ; pale brown. 
 
 Obconical or oblique and short-jointed ; yel- 
 lowish-gray ; internally bright yellow. 
 
 Horizontal, short-branched, matted ; stem- 
 scars broad ; brown ; tough. 
 
 Nymphsea. 
 
 Podophyllum. 
 Asclepias 
 
 Cornuti. 
 Aralia 
 
 nudicauUs. 
 Armoracia 
 
 (see Boots). 
 
 Valeriana. 
 
 Arnica. 
 
 Serpen taria. 
 
 Spigelia. 
 
 Geum rivale. 
 
 Geum urbanum. 
 
 Asclepias 
 incarnata. 
 
 Hydrastis. 
 
 Caulophyllum. 
 
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RHIZOMES — RHIZOMATA. 
 
 105 
 
 Very knotty and hard; brown-gray; stem- 
 scars shallow. Collinsonia. 
 Irregular tuberculate, blackish-brown, waxy ; 
 
 wood-bundles rather distant ; wood of root- Helleborus 
 lets somewhat hexagonal. niger. 
 
 Like preceding, somewhat ' smaller ; wood- 
 bundles approximate in about four distant 
 groups; wood of rootlets with four short Helleborus 
 rays. viridis. 
 
 Like the following, but smaller. Actsea alba. 
 
 Stout branches ascending, black-brown, hard ; 
 wood-wedges approximate ; wood of root- 
 lets with four long rays. Cimicifuga. 
 
 Stout knotty-cylindrical, gray-brown, hard ; 
 
 scars concave ; medullary rays fine. Triosteum. 
 
 Knotty, red-brown ; rootlets more or less 
 
 annulate ; resinous dotted in the bark. Gillenia. 
 
 Elongated, mostly not knotty. 
 
 Aromatic ; knotty from prominent stem-scars ; Aralia 
 roots long. racemosa. 
 
 Aromatic ; pungent ; quadrangular or two- 
 edged, thin, gray-brown ; bark thick ; wood- 
 wedges small ; pith large. Asarum. 
 
 Bitter, slightly acrid ; flattened, branched, 
 black-brown ; bark thin ; wood thick, 
 tough ; pith brownish. Leptandra. 
 
 Bitter ; cylindrical, pale yellowish-brown ; 
 internally bright yellow ; wood tough ; pith 
 small. Xanthorrhiza. 
 
 Bitter ; often knotty ; yellowish-brown ; tough. Berberis 
 
 aquLfolium. 
 
 Aromatic, bitter ; cylindrical, light brown ; Gelsemium 
 bark thin ; wood hard ; pith small. (see Boots). 
 
 Sweet ; cylindrical, brownish ; internally 
 
 tawny-yellow; bark rather thick; wood Glycyrrhiza 
 large-porous. (see Boots). 
 
 Sweetish, slightly acrid; cylindrical or in Kubia 
 
 powder ; deep red. (see Boots). 
 
 Bitter; cylindrical, yellowish-brown; inter- 
 nally yellowish ; woody zone narrow, tough ; 
 pith prominent, somewhat excentric. Menispermum. 
 
 5* 
 
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106 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 ASPIDI UM. — A SPIDIU M. 
 
 Male fern. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Aspidum Filix-mas, Swartz, and, 2. Aspi- 
 dium margin41e, Willdenow. Natural order, Filices, Poly- 
 podiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. North America (Canada, Northern Michi- 
 gan, Dakota, to the Rocky Mountains), Northern Asia, 
 and Europe. 2. North America south to the mountains 
 of North Carolina. 
 
 Description. — From 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) 
 long, 15 to 25 millimeters (f to 1 inch) thick, and, together 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 Fig. I 
 
 Filix-mas. — Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
 /. Vascular bundles. 
 
 Surface of peeled 
 rhizome. 
 
 with the closely imbricated dark brown stipe remnants, 50 
 or 65 millimeters (2-2J inches) in diameter, and densely 
 covered with brown, glossy, transparent, and soft chaffy 
 scales ; fracture short and cork-like ; internally pale green, 
 rather spongy ; the vascular bundles about 10 (A. Filix- 
 mas) or 6 in number (A. marginale), arranged in an inter- 
 rupted circle outside of which a variable number of small 
 scattered bundles are found ; odor slight, disagreeable ; 
 
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ASPIDIUM. 107 
 
 taste sweetish, somewhat astriugeut and bitter, acrid and 
 nauseous. 
 
 When used, the chaff, together with the dead portions 
 of the rhizome and stipes, must be removed, and only such 
 portions as have retained their green color should be em- 
 ployed. 
 
 Structure. — The parenchyme is thin-walled, and contains 
 minute starch grains and green oil, and in the intercellular 
 spaces short-stalked oil glands. The vascular bundles 
 consist largely of scalariform ducts. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 6-7 per cent., filitannic acid, 
 filixred, chlorophyll, filicin, OjjH^jOjj, and filicic acid, 
 CjjH^Oij. Filicin or filicic anhydride is not poisonous, 
 is crystalline, soluble in chloroform, benzol, fixed and 
 volatile oils, less soluble in ether and alcohol, insoluble in 
 water; melts at 184.5° C. ; yields with fusing potassa, 
 butyric acid and phloroglucin. Filicic acid is white, amor- 
 phous, tasteless, more freely soluble than its anhydride, 
 straw-yellow at 100°, melts at 125°, is anthelmintic and 
 poisonous. The constituents named are contained in Oleo- 
 resina filicis. Ash 2—3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tsenifuge. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), or 
 the oleoresin, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv). 
 
 Allied drugs. — Aspidium rigidum, Swartz, indigenous 
 to Europe and California. The rhizome is longer and 
 thinner than male fern, has the stipes loosely imbricate, 
 and contains 6 vascular bundles. 
 
 Aspidium athamdnticum, Kunze, panna-panna, uncomo- 
 como, from Southern Africa ; thicker and firmer than male 
 fern ; internally brownish, with black resin-dots and 
 broader vascular bundles. 
 
 Substitutions. — The rhizomes of most indigenous ferns 
 are thinner, the stipes rarely closely imbricate, and usually 
 free from, or with very little, chaff. 
 
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108 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DKUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 ■/, ZINGIBER.— Ginger. 
 
 Origin. — Zingiber officinale, Roscoe. Natural order, 
 Scitaminese, Zingiberese. 
 
 Habitat. — India ; cultivated in the tropics. 
 
 DesGripiion. — Flattish, about 15 millimeters {f inch) 
 broad, on one side lobed or clavately branched ; deprived 
 of the epidermal layer, pale buif-colored, striate ; breaks 
 with a mealy rather fibrous fracture; internally whitish, 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 Zingiber — Transverse section magnified 
 3 diam. 
 
 Frs. 64. 
 
 Ginger starch-granules, mag- 
 nified 250 diam. 
 
 with numerous small orange-colored dots and a distinct 
 nucleus sheath ; aromatic and spicy, of a pungent and 
 warm taste. 
 
 Structure. — The tissue consists mainly of parenchyme 
 containing flattened starch-granules, and is, in coated gin- 
 ger, surrounded by a layer of tangentially elongated cells, 
 resembling those of the nucleus sheath. The resin cells 
 are scattered through the tissue, and the fibro-vascular 
 bundles are most numerous within the circle of the nucleus 
 sheath. The cortical layer is much thinner than the central 
 cylinder. 
 
 Varieties, — Coated and uncoated ginger; the latter de- 
 prived of the epidermal layer ; the former sometimes dis- 
 tinguished as black ginger — a designation more properly 
 restricted to the rhizome, which, before drying, has been 
 steeped in boiling water, and, when dry, breaks with a 
 
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ZINGIBER^-GiNGER. 
 
 109 
 
 horny, blackish, somewhat diaphanous fracture, due to the 
 pasty condition of the starch. The commercial varieties 
 are designated from tVie country of production. 
 
 Fig. 65. 
 
 Jamaica ginger. 
 
 1. Jamaica ginger. The kind described above; some- 
 times the rhizome has been steeped in milk of lime, and is 
 covered with a white powder of calcium carbonate. 
 
 Fig. 66. 
 
 East India ginger. 
 
 2. African ginger. Coated with a light]brown orijgray- 
 brown suberous ti-ssue, rhizome shorter, the lobes broadly 
 linear or oblong. 
 
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110 CELLULAR VEGETA-BLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 3. Chinese ginger. Coated, rhizome shorter, the lobes 
 stumpy. 
 
 4. J^last India ginger. Coated on the edges, the flat 
 sides deprived of the epidermal layer. 
 
 5. Green ginger. The lobcd branches recently dug and 
 sent to market without drying. 
 
 6. Preserved ginger. Fresh ginger steeped in hot syrup; 
 it is soft, brown-yellow, translucent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 1 to 2 per cent., gingerol 
 (viscid inodorous liquid, to which the hot taste is due, solu- 
 ble in fat, volatile oil, alcohol, ether, very sparingly soluble 
 in benzin), resin (yields protocatechuic acid), starch 20 per 
 cent., mucilage, etc. ; ash about 4 per cent. Jamaica gin- 
 ger yields about 5 per cent.. East India ginger about 8 
 per cent, of oleoresin. 
 
 PropeHies. — Carminative, stimulant, sternutatory, rube- 
 facient, anodyne. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in 
 powder or tincture, f? 2- t^ 3 , 7 
 
 ZEDOA UIA.— Zedoaey. 
 
 Origin. — Curcuma Zedodria, Roscoe. Natural order, Sci- 
 taminese, Zingiberese. 
 
 Habitat. — India. 
 
 Description. — Circular disks of a tuber, 1 to 4 centimeters 
 (f to If inches) in diameter, orange-brown ; internally pale 
 
 Fig. 67. 
 
 Zodoaria — Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 reddish gray-brown, with numerous brown-yellow resin cells, 
 and lighter colored wood-bundles, the latter most numerous 
 
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GALANGA — GALANGAL. HI 
 
 within the nucleus sheath, which separates the central portion 
 from a much thinner cortical layer; fracture short, somewhat 
 mealy, and slightly horny ; odor and taste ginger-like. 
 
 Yellow zedoary, the pear-shaped tuber of Zingiber Cassumii- 
 nar, Roxburgh, has a more camphoraceous odor aud bitterish 
 taste. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil ^ to 1 per cent., resin (to which 
 the pungent taste is due), starch, mucilage, etc. 
 
 Properties and Dose. — Like ginger. 
 
 GALANGA.— Galangal. 
 
 Origin. — Alpinia officinarum, Haaee. Natural order, Sci- 
 tamineae, Zingiberese. 
 
 Habitat. — China. 
 
 Description. — Cylindrical, branched, about 5 centimeters 
 (2 inches) long and 15 millimeters (f inch) thick, annulate 
 
 FiQ. 68. 
 
 Galanga. 
 
 by somewhat distant leaf-sheaths, rust-brown ; fracture short, 
 somewhat fibrous ; internally brownish-white, with numerous 
 
 Fig. 69. 
 
 Galanga — Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 brown-yellow resin cells and brownish wood-bundles which are 
 scattered in the outer layer and approximate in the equally 
 thick central portion : odor and taste ginger-like. 
 
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112 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 The larger galangal from Alpinia GaMnga, Swartz (India), 
 which is of larger dimensions and of a more reddish tint 
 externally, is now not an article of commerce. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil i' per cent., resin, fat, galangol 
 (soft, very pungent, inodorous), three yellow tasteless crystal- 
 line principles (kempferid, galangin, alpinin), starch, muci- 
 lage, etc., ash about 4 per cent. 
 
 Properties and Dose.—IAke ginger. 
 
 CURCUMA .—Turmeric. 
 
 Origin. — Curcuma longa, lAnne. Natural order, Scita- 
 minese, Zingiberese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Uval or oblong, 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1-2 
 inches) long and about one-half as thick (round turmeric) ; 
 
 Fig. 70. 
 
 Fig. 71. 
 
 Round turmeric. 
 
 Curcuma. — Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 or cylindrical branches about 1 centimeter (f inch) thick 
 (long turmeric) ; sometimes cut longitudinally or transversely ; 
 externally yellowish-gray, somewhat annulate ; internally 
 orange-yellow or brown-yellow, with a circular nucleus 
 sheath ; the cortical layer about one-half the thickness of the 
 central cylinder; fracture flattish, resinous, glossy; odor 
 slight ginger-like ; taste warm, aromatic, and bitterish ; powder 
 deep yellow, turning brown-red by alkalies and borax. 
 
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CALAMUS. 113 
 
 Varieties. — 1. Chinese turmeric. Central rhizomes and 
 branches. 
 
 2. Bengal turmeric. Slender branches, reddish. 
 
 3. Madras turmeric. Thick branches and transverse sec- 
 tions of central rhizomes. 
 
 4. Java turmeric. Rather small central rhizomes and 
 branches, usually cut transversely and longitudinally. 
 
 5. Cochinchina turmeric. Sections of large diameter, rough 
 externally. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 1 per cent., viscid oil 11 per cent, 
 (containing aromatic turmerol), a little pungent resin, curcu- 
 min, pasty starch, mucilage, etc. 
 
 Curcumin, C,jHnO^, is orange-yellow, resinous, insoluble in 
 water and benzin, soluble in alcohol and ether, also with a 
 red-brown color in alkalies ; red-brown by boric acid ; spar- 
 ingly soluble in benzol and carbon disulphide. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic ; used for coloring ointments 
 and tinctures, and for the detection of alkalies and borates. 
 
 CALAMUS.— Calamus. 
 
 Sweet flag. 
 
 Origin. — A'corus Calamus, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Aroidese, Orontiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and North America, on the banks of 
 streams and ponds. 
 
 Description. — The unpeeled rhizome is directed. It 
 grows horizontally, 1 meter (40 inches) or more in length ; 
 in commerce it is cut in sections of various length, sub- 
 cylindrical, about 2 centimeters (|- inch) broad ; externally 
 reddish-brown (when peeled pinkish- wh ite), deeply wrinkled, 
 somewhat annulate, or the upper surface marked with the 
 oblique leaf-scars or their fibro-vascular bundles, forming 
 trianglgs ; on the lower surface marked with the circular 
 scars of the rootlets jn wavjjougitudinal lines ; whitish 
 internally, of a spongy texture, breaking with a short 
 corky fracture, showing numerous yellowish and brownish 
 dots on both sides of the elliptic nucleus sheath ; odor 
 aromatic ; taste strongly bitter. 
 
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114 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Structure. — The predominating tissue is parenehyme 
 containing numerous large air-passages ; the cells are filled 
 with starch or with oil, the latter being more numerous in 
 the thick cortical zone. The yellowish fibro- vascular bun- 
 dles are most numerous within and near the nucleus sheath, 
 the latter consisting of rather thin-walled cells. 
 
 
 Calamus — Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 Constituemis. — Volatile oil 1-2 per cent., acorin about 0.2 
 per cent., choline, calamine (minute quantity), resin, starch, 
 mucilage. Acorin of Thoms (1886) is a thick honey-yel- 
 low neutral liquid, faintly aromatic, very bitter, insoluble 
 in water, soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether. The 
 bitter principle appears to be crystallizable and precipitated 
 by tannin (Fliickiger). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, carminative, tonic. Dose, 1 to 
 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in powder, infusion, and tincture. 
 
 IRIS FLOEENTINA.— Florentine Orris. 
 
 Origin. — I'ris florentina, Linne, I. pd.llida, Linne, and I. 
 germdnica, Linne, chiefly the last two species. Natural order, 
 Iridese, Morseese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Italy ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth ; flattened, consisting 
 of joints, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, broadest 
 near the upper extremity, and terminated by a circular scar; 
 peeled, of a whitish color ; on the upper side with small fibro- 
 vascular bundles in transverse lines ; on the lower side with 
 
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TRITICUM EEPENS — COUCHGRASS. 115 
 
 numerous circular brownish scars of the rootlets; fracture 
 short, somewhat mealy ; nucleus sheath prominent in lower 
 half; wood-bundles scattered, crowded within the nucleus 
 sheath ; odor violet-like ; taste mealy, bitterish, and slightly 
 acrid. 
 
 Long, rather slender joints are selected for the use of 
 teething infants, trimmed smoothly and frequently whitened 
 by chalk or magnesia. 
 
 Fig. 74. 
 
 Iris florentina. — Transverse section. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, fat, starch, mucilage, bitter 
 extractive. Oil of orris, about 0.1 per cent., distilled by 
 means of superheated steam, is solid at ordinary temperatures, 
 has an agreeable violet odor, and consists chiefly of myristic 
 acid mixed with a little thickish volatile oil. 
 
 Properties. — Errhine, diuretic, in fresh state irritant ; used 
 chiefly in dentifrices and perfumery. Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram 
 (gr. v-xv). 
 
 TRITICUM REPENS.— CoucHGRASS. 
 
 Triticum, U. S. ; Rhizoma (Radix) grarainis. — Quitch- 
 grass, Quickens. 
 
 Origin. — Triticum ( Agropy'rum, Beauvais) r^pt;ns,Linne. 
 Natural order, Graminese, Hordeese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and North America. 
 
 Description. — Very long and creeping, the internodes 
 about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, cut in sections about 
 1 centimeter (^ inch) long, about 2 millimeters {-^ inch) 
 thick, smooth but wrinkled, straw-yellow, hollow in the 
 centre ; inodorous, sweet. 
 
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116 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 It should be gathered in autumn or in early spring and 
 deprived of the rootlets. 
 
 Fig. 75. 
 
 Tritioum repens. — Rhizome and transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 Structure. — The cortical zone consists of large paren- 
 chyme cells, with about six small wood-bundles, and is free 
 from starch. The woody zone is narrow and yellowish, and 
 
 Fis. 76. 
 
 Triticum repens. — Section through portion of rhizome, magnified 65 diam. 
 
 incloses a narrow circle of parenchyme, the remnant of the 
 medullary centre. 
 
 Constituents. — Glucose, fruit-sugar, inosit, triticin (about 
 8 per cent., resembles inulin), mucilage, malates ; ash about 
 5 per cent. Lactic acid and raannit are found in the extract 
 as products of fermentation. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, aperient. Dose, 2 to 8 grams 
 (3ss-ij), in decoction and as extract. 
 
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VERATRUM ALBUM — WHITE VERATRUM. 117 
 
 CAEEX ARENARIA.— Red Sedge. 
 
 Radix sarsaparillse germanicse, Radix graminis rubrse. 
 
 Origin. — Carex arendria, Idnne. Natural order, Cyper- 
 acese, Caricese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central and Northern Europe, near the coast. 
 
 Description. — Horizontal, long, internodes 1 to 3 centimeters 
 (I to 1-^ inch) long, angularly furrowed, brown-gray, the 
 nodes fringed with leaf-sheaths and marked with sears and 
 remnants of rootlets ; internally with a large centre contain- 
 ing numerous approximate wood-bundles, and surrounded by 
 a circle of large air-passages ; nearly inodorous, sweetish, 
 somewhat bitter, and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid and bitter principle, sugar, resin, 
 starch. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative ; used similarly to sarsaparilla. 
 
 Substitutions. — The rhizomes of many other species of Carex 
 are destitute of the large air-passages, and in many the wood- 
 bundles in the central portion are surrounded by broad layers 
 of parenchyme. 
 
 SMILAX CHINA.— China Root. 
 
 Origin. — Smilax China, lAnne. Natural order, Liliacese, 
 Smilaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — China, Japan. 
 
 Description. — Irregularly tuberous, about 10 or 15 centi- 
 meters (4 or 6 inches) long and 3 to 5 centimeters (1^ to 2 
 inches) thick, tuberculate by short branches, reddish-brown ; 
 internally whitish, mealy, with numerous small brown resio 
 cells, and near the centre with many scattered wood-bundles, 
 but without a nucleus sheath ; inodorous, insipid, afterward 
 bitterish, and slightly acrid. 
 
 Substitutions. — Smilax pseudochina, IdnnS, Central and 
 Southern North America. Smaller, less tuberculate, rather 
 spongy, and with few resin cells. 
 
 The tubers of Smilax glaiica, Walter, are yellowish or pale 
 brownish, spongy, and destitute of resin cells. 
 
 Constituents.— ^milacin, resin, starch, a little tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative ; used similarly to sarsaparilla. 
 
 VERATRUM ALBUM.— White Vebatkum. 
 
 Origin. — Verdtrum d,lbum, lAnnL Natural otder, Lilia- 
 cese, Veratrese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, in mountainous regions. 
 
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118 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Description. — It closely resembles American veratrum in 
 all essential characters. Formerly it consisted only of the 
 rhizome, deprived of its rootlets; but the latter are now 
 present, as directed by the German Pharmacopoeia. 
 
 Fig. n. 
 
 Fig. 78. 
 
 Veratrum. — Longitudinal section. Veratrum. — Transverse section. 
 
 Constituents. — Jervine, pseudojervine, rubijervine, verat- 
 ralbine (amorphous), veratroidine, protoveratridine, verat- 
 rine (?), jervic acid (identical with chelidonic acid), resin, 
 sugar, veratramarin (yellow, deliquescent, bitter, present in 
 minute quantity). 
 
 Properties. — Emetic, cathartic, errhine, poisonous. Dose, 
 0.06 to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder, mostly externally as 
 ointment in itch, and mixed with an inert powder as snuff. 
 
 •f,VERATRUM YIRIDE.— American Veratrum. 
 
 Origin. — Veratrum viride, Alton, ueai'ly allied to Ver^t. 
 album, var. Lobeliduum, Bernhardt, of Europe. Natural 
 order, Liliacese, Veratrese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in rich woods. 
 
 Description. — Closely resembles white veratrum. Rhi- 
 zome obconical, mostly simple, 5 to 8 centimeters (2-3 
 inches) long, 2 to 3 centimeters (^-1^ inch) thick, tufted 
 above, truncate below, externally blackish-gray, and in- 
 vested on all sides with numerous shrivelled light yellow- 
 ish-brown rootlets, which are about 20 centimeters (8 inches 
 
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STMPLOCAErUS — SKUNK CABBAGE. 119 
 
 long) and about 3 millimeters (^ inch) thick ; internally 
 whitish with numerous darker colored dots and short wavy 
 lines within the nucleus sheath ; inodorous, bitter, very 
 acrid, sternutatory. 
 
 Structure. — Cortical zone about ^ of the diameter of the 
 rhizome, consists of parenchyme, containing starch and 
 occasionally calcium oxalate, and has few short-curved 
 wood-bundles; nucleus sheath wavy, the inner cell-walls 
 thickened ; central portion like the cortical zone, but the 
 wood-bundles numerous. The rootlets have a thick corti- 
 cal zone consisting mainly of spongy parenchyme, the cells 
 filled with starch or calcium oxalate ; the brown nucleus 
 sheath encloses a fibre vascular cord. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, starch, and alkaloids. Jervine, 
 C25H37NO3, is crystalline, tasteless, not sternutatory, in- 
 soluble in water, benzin, and acetic ether, soluble in 270 
 parts absolute ether, 60 parts chloroform, and 17 parts 
 absolute alcohol ; turns gradually red with concentrated 
 HCl, and on boiling yellowish ; colored yellow and grecii 
 by H2SO4, the salts insoluble in dilute mineral acids. 
 Veratroidine is uncrystallizable, sternutatory, soluble in 
 ether, chloroform, and benzol, colored yellow and red by 
 HjSOj; pale red by concentrated HCl, and on boiling 
 cherry-red. Pseudojervine resembles jervine, but its sul- 
 phate is more soluble in water. Rubijervine resembles 
 veratroidine, but is not sternutatory. Cevadine is also con- 
 tained in sabadilla seed. 
 
 Properties. — Emetic, diaphoretic, sedative, errhine. Dose, 
 0.06 to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij) in powder, or preferable in tinc- 
 ture and fluid extract. 
 
 SYMPLOCARPUS.— Skunk Cabbage. 
 
 Origin. — Symploc^rpus foe'tidus, Salisbury (Dracontium 
 foe'tidum, Linne). Natural order, Aroidese, Orontiese. 
 Habitat. — North America, in moist grounds. 
 
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120 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Description. — Obconical, truncate above and below, 7 to 10 
 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, and about 5 centimeters (2 
 inches) in diameter, the upper half beset with numerous long 
 shrivelled rootlets ; gray-brown externally ; internally whitish, 
 with numerous short bent wood-bundles, which are crowded 
 within the somewhat wavy nucleus sheath. When triturated, 
 it emits a disagreeable odor, taste acrid, biting. 
 
 Fig. 79. 
 
 Dracontium. — Section through upper part, natural size. 
 
 Constituents. — Fat, resin, sugar, gum, starch ; the acrid 
 principle, which appears to be altered by heat, has not been 
 isolated (see Arum). 
 
 Properties. — Emetic, diuretic, antispasmodic, stimulant. 
 Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in recent powder or infusion. 
 
 TRILLIUM. — Bethroot, Birthwort. 
 
 Orip'm.— Trillium er^ctum, Linne, and other species of 
 Trillium. Natural order, Liliacese, Medeolese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in damp woods. 
 
 Description. — Varying between subglobular and obconical, 
 somewhat tufted above, truncate below, about 3 centimeters 
 (1^ inches) long, annulate, orange-brown, rootlets light brown ; 
 internally whitish ; fibrovascular bundles mostly near the cir- 
 cumference, curved or circular ; inodorous ; taste sweetish, 
 astringent, bitter, and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid glucoside (not precipitated by lead 
 acetate, nearly insoluble in water), fixed oil, resin, tannin, 
 starch, ash 2 to 3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Emmenagogue, emetic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 (3SS-J). 
 
 CHAM^LIRIUM.— Starwort. 
 
 Origin. — Chameelirium luteum, Oray, s. C. carolinid,num, 
 Willdenow, s. Hel6nias dioica, Pursh. Natural order, Liliaceae, 
 Nartheciese. 
 
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IRIS VERSICOLOR — BLUE FLAG. 121 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in low grounds. 
 
 Description. — About 25 millimeters (1 inch) long and 6 
 millimeters (i inch) thick, subcylindrical, closely annulate, 
 gray-brown, on upper side few stem-scars, on lower side wiry 
 rootlets ; internally whitish ; fracture smooth and horny ; wood- 
 bundles near the centre numerous ; inodorous ; taste bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Starch, chamselirin, CjgHj^Og (yellowish 
 glucoside, watery solution frothing, by sulphuric acid colored 
 orange-red, crimson, brown, etc.) 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 4 
 grams (gr. xv-gj). 
 
 ALETRIS. — CoLicEOOT, Staewoet. 
 
 Origin. — A'letris farinosa, Linne. Natural order, Hsemo- 
 doracese, Conostylese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in sandy woods. 
 
 Description. — About 30 millimeters (1^ inches) long, and 3 
 millimeters {^ inch) thick, flattened and tufted on upper side, 
 convex, and with numerous wiry or whitish rootlets on the 
 lower side ; indistinctly jointed, brown-gray ; fracture mealy, 
 white, somewhat fibrous ; inodorous ; taste amylaceous, bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Starch, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, emetic, purgative. Dose, 0.6 gram 
 (gr. x). 
 
 IRIS VERSICOLOR.— Blue Flag. 
 
 Iris, U. S. P. 
 
 Origin. — I'ris versicolor, lAnnL Natural order, Iridese, 
 Morseese. 
 
 HaUtai. — North America, in swampy localities. 
 
 Description. — Rhizome of horizontal growth, consisting 
 of joints, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, cylin- 
 drical in the lower half, flattish, and about 2 centimeters 
 (f inch) broad near the upper extremity, and terminated 
 by a circular scar, annulated from the leaf-sheaths, gray- 
 brown ; rootlets long, simple, crowded near the broad end ; 
 odor slight ; taste acrid, nauseous. 
 
 6 
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122 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Structure. — The predominating tissue is parenchyme, 
 containinT; starch and some crystals. The nucleus sheath 
 incloses most of the wood-bundles. 
 
 Fig. 80. 
 
 Iris versico'or. — Joint of rhizome and section of branches. 
 
 Allied drugs. — I'ris virginica, Linne, Boston iris, and I. 
 v6rna, Linne, dwarf iris of the United States. The joints 
 of the rhizome are about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and 
 about 1 centimeter (|- inch) broad, brownish-gray ; other- 
 wise resembling the above. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid resin, camphoraceous body, fat, 
 sugar, gum, tannin, possibly an alkaloid. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, diuretic, purgative, emetic. Dose, 
 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, or the oleoresin, 0.06 
 to0.12.gram(gr. j-ij). 
 
 CYPRIPEDIUM.— Cypripedium. 
 
 American Valerian. 
 
 Origin. — Cypripgdium pub^scens, Willdenow, and Cypr. 
 parviflorum, Salisbury. Natural order, Orchidese, Cypri- 
 pediese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in swampy places. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, bent, 10 centimeters 
 (4 inches) or less long, about 3 millimeters (| inch) thick ; 
 on the upper side with numerous circular cup-shaped scars ; 
 
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CYPRIPEDIUM. 
 
 123 
 
 closely covered below with simple wavy rootlets, varying 
 from 10 to 50 centimeters (4 to 20 inches) in length; 
 brittle; dark brown or light orange- brown ; fracture short, 
 white ; odor faint, but heavy ; taste sweetish, bitter, and 
 somewhat pungent. 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum yields the shorter and thinner 
 rhizome with orange-brown rootlets. 
 
 Fig. 81. 
 
 Cypripedium pubescens. — Rhizome and rootlets, natural size. 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum — Ehizome and rootlets, natural size. 
 
 Structure. — Cortical parenchymatous zone thiciiish. 
 Nucleus sheatii indistinct. Wood-bundles approximate, 
 near the centre more distant. The parenchyme contains 
 starch. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (trace), fixed oil, volatile acid, 
 resins, tannin, sugar, starch ; the bitter principle appears 
 to be a glucoside. Ash about 6 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 
 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder, infusion, or extract. 
 
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124 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 CONVALLARIA.— CONVALLARIA. 
 
 Lily of the valley. 
 
 Origin.— GonvaM-ina, majalis, LinnS. Natural order, Lili- 
 acese, Convallariese. 
 
 Habitat— United States, in the Alleghany mountains; 
 Europe and Northern Asia. . 
 
 Desmption. — Creeping and branched, about 3 millimeters 
 (^ inch) thick, cylindrical, wrinkled, whitish, the internodes 
 from 2 to 6 centimeters (|-2i inches) long, marked with few 
 circular scars, the joints annulate, and beset with a circle of 
 8 or 10 grayish, branching long rootlets, about 1 millimeter 
 (^ inch) thick; fracture rather tough, somewhat fibrous, 
 white ; inodorous ; taste sweetish, bitter and somewhat acrid ; 
 the rhizome contains a small number of fibrovascular bundles 
 within a thick-walled nucleus sheath ; the cortical and central 
 parenchyme is thin-walled. 
 
 Constituents. — Convallamarin (white powder, sweet and 
 bitter, soluble in water and alcohol ; precipitated by tannin), 
 and couvallarin (acrid prisms ; sparingly soluble in, but foam- 
 ing with water) ; both are glueosides. 
 
 Properties. — Heart-tonic,' poisonous. Dose, 0.1 to 0.4 gram 
 (gr. jss-vj). 
 
 POLYGONATUM.— Solomon's Seal. 
 
 Origin. — Polygond,tum bifl6rum, Elliott, and P. giganteum, 
 Dietrich. Natural order, Liliacese, Polygonateae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in woodlands. 
 
 Description. — Jointed and annulate, about 15 centimeters 
 (6 inches) long, and 5 millimeters (^ inch) thick, somewhat 
 flattened, each joint on the upper side with a circular concave 
 stem-scar ; pale brownish-yellow ; fracture short ; internally 
 whitish, spongy ; wood-bundles most numerous near the cen- 
 tre, not inclosed by a nucleus sheath ; inodorous ; taste mucil- 
 aginous, somewhat acrid. 
 
 Smilacina racemusa, Desfontaines, false Solomon's seal, has 
 the circular stem-cars flattish, and the rhizome not con- 
 stricted at the termination of the annual shoots. 
 
 Constituents. — Probably the same as in European Solomon's 
 seal from Polygontitum multiflorum, Moeneh; convallarin, 
 asparagin, mucilage, sugar, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, emetic, cathartic. 
 
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SANGUINARIA — BLOODROOT. 125 
 
 DIOSCOREA.-WiLD Yam, Colic Boot. 
 
 Origin. — DioscorSa villosa, Linne. Natural order, Dios- 
 coreacese. » 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in moist thickets. 
 
 Description. — Flattish-cylindrical, branched and curved ; 
 about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, and 1 centimeter (f 
 inch) thick, pale brownish, hard ; fracture short, somewhat 
 fibrous; internally white with yellowish wood-bundles; in- 
 odorous ; taste insipid, afterward acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid principle allied to saponin, resin, 
 starch, sugar, ash 2-3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Expectorant, diaphoretic, emetic. Dose, 0.6 
 to 2 grams (gr. x-xxx.) 
 
 SANGUINARIA.— Bloodboot. 
 
 Origin. — Sanguinaria canadensis, Linne. Natural order, 
 Papaveracese, Eupapaverese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in rich woods. 
 
 Desaiption. — Of horizontal growth, cylindrical, about 5 
 centimeters (2 inches) long, 1 centimeter (f inch) thick, 
 somewhat branched, faintly annulate, wrinkled, reddish- 
 
 FiG. 82. 
 
 Sanguinaria. — Rhizome with transverse section. 
 
 brown ; fracture short, somewhat waxy, whitish, with 
 numerous small red dots, or of a nearly uniform brownish- 
 red color; rootlets very brittle; odor slight; taste bitter 
 and acrid. 
 
 It should be collected in autumn. 
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126 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thin ; vascular bundles small, not 
 woody, in one or two loose circles ; pith large ; rootlets 
 with a thick bark, and rather thin central fibrovascular 
 column ; resin cells axially elongated, scattered in the 
 parenchyme. 
 
 Constituents. — Sanguinarine, CjoHuNO^, chelerythrine, 
 CjiHijNO^, protopine, CjgHiyNOs, homochelidonine, 
 C22H2iN04, citric and malic acids, resins, starch, ash about 
 8 per cent. Sanguinarine is white, soluble in alcohol, 
 ether, and benzol, and yields bright red salts having an 
 acrid taste. Chelerythrine is very similar in its proper- 
 ties, but yields lemon-colored salts. Protopine, also present 
 in opium, is colored deep purple by HjSO^. The resins 
 yield protocatechuic acid. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, tonic, stimulant, emetic, sternu- 
 tatory. Dose, 0.2, 0.5, 1 to 4 grams (gr. iij, viij, xv-3j), 
 in powder or tincture. 
 
 GERANIUM. — Geranium, Cranesbill. 
 
 Origin — Geranium maculatum, iinn^. Natural order, 
 Geraniaceae, Geraniese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in woods and thickets. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, cylindrical, 6 to 7 
 ceutimeters (2 to 3 inches) long, 10 millimeters (f inch) or 
 
 Fig. 83. 
 
 Geranium maculatum. — Rhizome and transverse section of rhizome and 
 rootlet, natural size. 
 
 less thick, tuberculated, longitudinally wrinkled, dark 
 brown ; fracture short, pale red-brown ; rootlets shrivelled, 
 very brittle ; inodorous ; tagte astringent. 
 
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TOBMBNTILLA — TORMENTIL. 127 
 
 Structure.— Bark thin ; wood-wedges yellowish, small, 
 forming a circle near the cambium line ; medullary rays 
 broad; central pith large; rootlets with a thick bark and 
 a thin central column of fibrovascular tissue. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 12-27 per cent, (maximum in 
 April; blue-black with ferric salts), gallic acid (in dry 
 rhizome), red coloring matter, starch, pectin, sugar. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
 xv-xlv). 
 
 TORMENTILLA.— TORMENTIL. 
 
 Origin. — Potentilla Torraentilla, Siblhorp (Tormentilla 
 erecta, Linne). Natural order, Rosacese, Potentillese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, in open woodlands. 
 
 Description. — Conical, oblong, or nearly cylindrical, occa- 
 sionally branched, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and 
 15 millimeters (f inch) thick, with irregular rounded eleva- 
 
 FiG. 84. 
 
 Tormentilla. — Rhizome and transverse section. 
 
 tions and ridges, depressed stem-scars, and minute scars of the 
 filiform brittle rootlets; brown or reddish- brown ; fracture 
 smooth, slightly fibrous ; internally light brownish-red ; bark 
 thin; wood-wedges small, distant, in one or in two distant 
 circles, inclosing a large pith ; inodorous, astringent. The 
 parenchyme contains starch grains and raphides of calcium 
 oxalate. ' 
 
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128 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin (25 per cent), red coloring matter 
 (tormentil red), kinovic acid, ellagic acid, starch, mucilage. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. 
 x-xxx), in powder or decoction. 
 
 BISTORTA. —Bistort. 
 
 Origin. — Poly'gonum Bistorta, Linne. Natural order, Poly- 
 gonacese, Eupolygonese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, Northern Asia, Canada, and North- 
 western United States, in swampy meadows. 
 
 Fig. 85. 
 
 Bistorta. — Natural size. 
 
 Description. — Depressed, S-shaped, about 5 centimeters (2 
 inches) long, and 15 millimeters (f inch) broad, flattened or 
 channelled and transversely striate on the upper side, convex 
 and with depressed thin root-scars on the lower side, dark 
 red-brown ; fracture smooth, scarcely fibrous ; internally 
 light brownish-red ; bark thick ; wood-wedges small, numer- 
 ous, approximate, inclosing a pith broader or about equal to 
 the bark ; inodorous, astringent. The parenchyme contains 
 starch grains and raphides of calcium oxalate. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin (20 per cent.), red coloring matter, 
 starch. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. 
 viij-xxx), in powder or decoction. 
 
 NYMPH^A.— Water-lily. 
 
 Origin. — Nymphse'a odordta, Aiton. Natural order, 
 Nymphseacese, Nymphsese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in ponds. 
 
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PODOPHYLLUM — MAYAPFLE. 129 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, about 50 centimeters 
 (20 inches) long, and 5 centimeters (2 inches) thick, with 
 sub-circular leaf-scars on the upper side, and with remnants 
 of rootlets on the lower side ; Usually in light segments ; exter- 
 nally brown ; internally whitish or gray ; wood-bundles irregu- 
 lar in the spongy parenchyme ; inodorous ; taste mucilaginous, 
 astringent. 
 
 The rhizome of the yellow pond-lily, Nriphar advena, 
 Nuttall, is very similar. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, tannin, probably alkaloids. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, astringent. Dose, 0.6 to 2 grams 
 (,gr. x-xxx). 
 
 PODOPHYLLUM.— Ma YAFFLE. 
 
 Oiigin. — Podophy'llum pelt^tum, Linne. Natural order, 
 Berberidese, Berberese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in rich woods a-.:d thickets. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, about 5 millimeters 
 (^ inch) thick, nearly cylindrical, consistiug of joints about 
 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, somewhat enlarged at the end, 
 
 Fig. 
 
 Podophyllum. — Natural size. 
 
 which has a circular scar on the upper side, a tuft of about 
 ten nearly simple fragile rootlets on the lower side, and is 
 sometimes branched laterally; smooth or somewhat 
 wrinkled, orange-brown ; fracture short; internally wliite 
 and mealy ; inodorous ; taste sweetish, somewhat bitter and 
 
 acrid. 
 
 6* 
 
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130 CELLULAK VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thickish ; wood consisting of about 16 
 short vascular wedges, placed in a circle and inclosing a 
 large pith ; the thin-walled parenchyma contains mainly 
 starch, occasionally calcium oxalate. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin 4-5 per cent., starch, sugar. The 
 resin is a mixture of several compounds, partly neutral, 
 partly acid ; both portions are partly soluble in ether ; the 
 acid yields yellow compounds with alkalies and earths. 
 
 Podophyllotoxin, CjaHj^Og (white, crystallizable, bitter, 
 faintly acid, soluble in chloroform and acetone, slightly 
 soluble in ether and cold benzol, sparingly soluble in 
 water ; colored cherry-red, then greenish-blue and violet by 
 HjSOJ, picropodophyllin (formed from podophyllotoxin 
 by alkali ; less soluble than the latter ; crystalline, bitter), 
 podophyllinic acid (inactive), podophyllo-quercetin (yellow 
 needles, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in chloroform, 
 more soluble in ether, freely in alcohol), green oil, and 
 crystalline fatty acid. 
 
 Podophy'llum Emodi, Wallich, a Himalayan species, has 
 a cylindrical rhizome with crowded stem-scars on the upper 
 side, and numerous simple rootlets below. It yields from 
 10 to 12 per cent, of resin. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, cholagogue, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 
 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder or extract ; the resin 0.03 
 to 0.06 gram (gr. ss-j). 
 
 ASCLEPIAS CORNUTI.— Milkweed. 
 
 Silkweed. 
 
 Origin. — Ascl6pias Cornuti, Deoaisne, s. A. syriaca, Linne. 
 Natural order, Asclepiadacese, Cynanchese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, fields and waste places. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, 0.5 to 2 meters (1^-6 
 feet) long, cut in sections, 6 to 12 millimeters (i-J inch) thick, 
 cylindrical, nearly simple, finely wrinkled, somewhat knotty 
 gray-brown, tough ; fracture short or splintery, white ; bark- 
 
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FALSE SARSAPARILLA. 
 
 131 
 
 rather thick, with laticiferous vessels ; wood-wedges yellowish, 
 porous, narrow ; nearly inodorous ; taste bitterish, nauseous. 
 
 Fig. 87. 
 
 Asclepias Gornuti. — Portion of rhizome. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter crystalline principle, asclepion (taste- 
 less), caoutchouc (6 per cent, of milk juice), resin, tannin, 
 starch, sugar, fat. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, diaphoretic, alterative, emetic. Dose, 
 0.5 to 3 grams (gr. viij-xlv), in powder, infusion, or extract. 
 
 ARALIA NUDICAULIS.— False Sarsapaeilla. 
 
 Origin. — Ardlia nudicatilis, Linne. Natural order, Ara- 
 liacese, Araliese. 
 
 Sabitat. — North Ameripa, in rocky woodlands. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, 30 centimeters (12 
 inches) or more long, about 5 millimeters (3- inch) thick, 
 wrinkled, annulate above, stem-scars cup-shaped ; rootlets few ; 
 bark light gray-brown, exfoliating ; internally white with a 
 yellowish wood and spongy pith ; fracture short ; odor slightly 
 aromatic ; taste mawkish. 
 
 Constituents. — Probably a little volatile oil, resin, starch, 
 sugar, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 
 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion or decoction. 
 
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132 CELLULAR VE9ETABLE DR0GS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 VALERIANA.— Valerian. 
 
 Origin. — Valeriana officin41is, Linne. Natural order, 
 Valeriauese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Northern Asia, naturalized in 
 New England, in moist and dry localities; cultivated. 
 
 Desoription. — Rhizome growing upright, subglobular or 
 obconical, from 2 to 4 centimeters (| to IJ inches) long, 
 truncate at both ends, yellowisb-browu or brown ; internally 
 whitish or pale brownish, waxy or horny. Horizontal 
 branches, if present, about 5 millimeters (J inch) thick. 
 
 Fig. 88. 
 
 Valeriana. — Longitudinal and transverse sections. 
 
 Rootlets numerous, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) 
 long, about 2 millimeters {-^ inch) thick, slender, brittle, 
 brown. Odor peculiar, becoming stronger and unpleasant 
 on keeping ; taste camphoraceous and bitter. 
 
 Collected from dry localities, the rhizome is small, and 
 has few light brown rootlets; from moist localities, it is 
 larger, usually cut longitudinally, has numerous, larger, 
 and darker rootlets, shows at the lower end scars from de- 
 cayed roots, and contains less volatile oil. 
 
 Structure. — Bark rather thin, covered with a thin cork ; 
 nucleus sheath mostly indistinct ; fibrovascular bundles 
 small, forming a circle and inclosing a thick pith ; the 
 branches have a similar structure but a thick bark. The 
 
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AKNIC^ EADIX — ARNICA ROOT. 133 
 
 rootlets have a thick bark, and a slender central vascular 
 cord with a meagre pith and inclosed in a nucl ens-sheath. 
 The parenchyme contains starch, extractive matter, or oil 
 drops. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil |— 2 per cent. ; valerianic, 
 formic, acetic, and malic acids, chatinine (isolated in 1891), 
 tannin, resin, starch, mucilage, sugar. The volatile oil 
 has the density 0.94, and consists of the alcohol borneol, 
 CjjHjjO, its ether, (C,|,Hjy)20, and its formic, acetic, and 
 valerianic ethers ; the acids are liberated by the gradual 
 decomposition of the compound ethers. Valerianic acid, 
 CgHijOj, is oily, volatile, soluble in 30 parts of water, and 
 has a peculiar odor; the salts have a sweet taste. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, anodyne, antispasmodic, nervine. 
 Dose, 1 to 6 grams (gr. xv-3jss), in infusiou, tincture, or 
 fluid extract. The volatile oil, 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij). 
 
 ARNICtE EADIX.— Arnica Root. 
 
 Origin. — A'ruica montdna, LinnS. Natural order, Com- 
 positse, Senecionidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, Northern Asia, Northwestern Amer- 
 ica, in mountainous localities. 
 
 DescHptian. — Of oblique growth, about 5 centimeters 
 (2 inches) long and 2 to 3 millimeters {y^-\ inch) thick, 
 brown, sharply wrinkled longitudinally, rough and irregu- 
 larly annulate from remnants of leaves and stem bases ; 
 fracture shoi-t, internally whitish. Rootlets thin, about 
 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, light-brown, fragile. Odor 
 slightly aromatic ; taste aromatic, pungent, bitter. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thickish, with a thin layer of cork, 
 and near the cambium a circle of resin cells ; wood-wedges 
 short, forming a close circle, and inclosing a large pith. 
 The rootlets have a thick bark, a slender central fibrovas- 
 
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134 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DEUGS — KHIZOMES. 
 
 cular cord, and surrounding the latter a circle of few resin 
 cells. 
 
 The rhizome of strawberry, Frag^ria v6sca, lAnne, has 
 a similar appearance, but is harder, darker brown, not 
 annulate, and contains starch, but no resin cells. 
 
 Fig. 89. 
 
 Fig 
 
 
 
 JsS^ i)' 
 
 Arnica. — Transverse section of rhizome, 
 natural size, and magnified 12 diam. 
 
 Section of rootlet, magnified 
 25 diam. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil J-1 per cent., acrid and taste- 
 less resins, arnicin, capronic and caprylic acids, inulin 10 
 per cent., tannin, mucilage. Arnicin is yellow, amor- 
 phous, acrid, freely soluble in alcohol and ether, slightly 
 soluble in water. 
 
 Properties. — Irritant, stimulant, diuretic, vulnerary. 
 Dose, O.'S to 2 grains (gr. v-xxx), in powder or infusion. 
 
 SERPENTARIA.— Serpentaria. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Aristolochia Serpentaria, LinnS, and, 2. 
 Aristolochia reticulata, Nuttall. Natural order, Aristolo- 
 chiaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in hilly woods. No. 1, east of 
 the Mississippi ; No. 2, in the Southwestern States. 
 
 Description. — Rhizome about 25 millimeters (1 inch) 
 long and 3 millimeters (-^ inch) thick, bent, on the upper 
 
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SERPENTAEIA. 
 
 135 
 
 side with approximate short stem-retnuants, on the lower 
 side with numerous thin branching rootlets about 10 cen- 
 timeters (4 inches) long ; dull yellowish-brown, internally 
 whitish ; odor aromatic, camphoraceous ; taste warm, bit- 
 terish, and camphoraceous. 
 
 The rootlets of Ar. reticulata (Red Eiver or Texas snake- 
 root) are coarser, longer, and less interlaced than those of 
 Ar. Serpentaria (Virginia snakeroot). 
 
 Fio. 91. 
 
 Khizome with rootlets. 
 
 Serpentaria. 
 
 Transverse section of rhizome. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thin ; wood-wedges longest ou lower 
 side of rhizome, separated by broad medullary rays; pith 
 large-celled. Rootlets with a thick bark and a thin cen- 
 tral fibrovascular cord. The parenchyme contains starch 
 and, in scattered cells, oil. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil J-1 per cent, (contains ter- 
 pene and mainly CjjHjjOj, an ether of borneol), aristolo- 
 chine, little tannin, starch, sugar, mucilage, albumin, resin ; 
 ash 11 per cent. Aristolochine forms light yellow needles, 
 is very bitter, soluble in most simple solvents. (Ferguson, 
 1887.) 
 
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136 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 0.3 to 
 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder, infusion, tincture, or fluid 
 extract. 
 
 Admixtures. — The subterraneous parts of Panax, Cypri- 
 pedium, Hydrastis, and others are readily distinguished ; 
 Spigelia has no projecting stem-remnants, and in the wood 
 indistinct medullary rays. The rhizome and rootlets of 
 Polemonium rgptans, lAiine, resemble serpentaria in size 
 and shape, but are nearly white. 
 
 SPIGELIA.— Spigelia. Pinkroot. 
 
 Origin. — Spigdlia raaril^ndica, Linne. Naiural order, 
 Logauiacese, Euloganiete. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern United States, westward to Texas 
 and Wisconsin, in rich woods. 
 
 Description. — Rhizome horizontal in growth, 5 centime- 
 ters (2 inches) or more long, about 3 millimeters (^ inch) 
 thick, bent, purplish-brown, somewhat branched, on the 
 upper side with cup-shaped scars, on the lower side with 
 numerous thin, brittle, lighter-colored rootlets about 10 
 centimeters (4 inches) long ; fracture smooth ; somewhat 
 aromatic, sweetish, and bitter. 
 
 Sti-udure. — Bark thin ; wood-circle whitish, thickest on 
 lower side, scarcely radiate ; pith usually dark colored or 
 decayed. Rootlets with a thick bark and a slender central 
 fibrovascular cord. 
 
 It should not be confounded with the rhizome of Phlox 
 Carolina, Linne (like Spigelia, known as Carolina pink), 
 which is short, upright, and has a central pith, hard wood, 
 and brownish-yellow, rather coarse, straight rootlets con- 
 taining a straw-colored wood underneath a readily remov- 
 able bark ; benzin extracts from it a crystalline white 
 
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GEUM UEBANUM — AVENS. 137 
 
 tasteless hydrocarboo (1 per cent.), with some fat, wax, and 
 red color. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, resins, bitter principle 
 (insoluble in ether), tauuin, wax, fat, gum, spigeline (vola- 
 tile alkaloid). 
 
 Properties. — Anthelmintic, toxic, dilates the pupil. Dose, 
 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j). 
 
 GEUM KIVALE.— Water Avens. 
 
 Origin. — Geum rivale, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, 
 Potentilleae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America (south to Pennsylvania), North- 
 ern Asia, Northern and Central Europe. 
 
 Description. — Horizontal or oblique in growth, about 5 to 7 
 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long and 6 millimeters (\ inch) 
 thick, tuberculate and scaly above, wrinkled ; fracture short, 
 waxy, reddish or brownish, with a thin bark, small and dis- 
 tant whitish wood-wedges, and a large pith. Rootlets 
 wrinkled, with a thick bark. Odor faintly aromatic; taste 
 astringent, bitterish. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle, 
 sugar, resin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- 
 xlv), in powder or decoction. 
 
 GEUM URBANUM.— AvENS. 
 
 Radix caryophyllatse. 
 
 Origin. — Geum urbanum, LinnL Natural order, Rosacese, 
 Potentillese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, in shady places. 
 
 Description. — Upright or oblique, 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 
 inches) long, obconical, thinner and abrupt below, tubercu- 
 late and scaly, dark brown, hard ; upon transverse section 
 waxy, light purplish-brown ; bark thin ; wood-circle yellow- 
 ish, narrow ; pith large. Rootlets light brown, with a thick- 
 ish bark. Odor aromatic, clove-like ; taste astringent, some- 
 what aromatic, and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, tannin 30 per cent., bitter 
 principle, resin, etc. 
 
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138 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS RHIZOMES. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- 
 xlv), in powder or decoction. 
 
 ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA.— Swamp Milkweed. 
 
 Flesh -colored Asclepias. 
 
 Origin. — Ascl6pias incarn^ta, Linni. Natural order, Ascle- 
 piadese, Cynanchese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, wet grounds. 
 
 Description. — Of upright or oblique growth, about 2 centi- 
 meters (|- inch) long, irregularly globular or oblong, knotty, 
 yellowish-brown, hard, with a thin bark, tough whitish wood, 
 and rather thick central pith or hollow. Rootlets 10 centi- 
 meters (4 inches) or more long, light brown, with the white 
 bark and woody cord of about equal thickness. Inodorous ; 
 taste sweetish, acrid, and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil a trace, two acrid resins, ascle- 
 piadin (yellow amorphous glucoside, emetic, easily decora- 
 posed), alkaloid, pectin, starch, sugar, etc. ; ash 8.25 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 3 
 grams (gr. xv-xlv), in decoction. 
 
 HYDRASTIS.— Hydrastis. Golden Seal. 
 
 Origin. — Hydrdstis eanadSnsis, Linne. Natural order, 
 Ranunculaceee, Helleborese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to Missouri and Arkan- 
 sas, in woodlands. 
 
 Desaription. — Obconical and upright, or of oblique 
 growth and sub-cylindrical, about 4 centimeters (1 J inches) 
 long and 6 millimeters (^ inch) thick, with short branches 
 terminating in cup-shaped scars, somewhat annulate, and 
 longitudinally wrinkled ; externally brownisli-gray ; frac- 
 ture short, waxy, bright reddish-yellow ; rootlets thin, 
 brittle, about 1 2 centimeters (5 inches) long ; odor slight ; 
 taste bitter. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thickish, yellow or orange-colored. 
 Woodj-wedges about 10, narrow, light yellow. The yellow 
 broad; medullary rays and large pith like the bark contain 
 starch. Rootlets with a thick yellow bark and tliin sub- 
 
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CAULOPHYLLUM — BLUE COHOSH. 139 
 
 quadrangular woody cord, surrounded by a nucleus sheath, 
 and enclosing a meagre pith. 
 
 Constituents. — Berberine, CjoHi^NO^, 3-4 jjcr cent., hy- 
 drastine, C2iH2iN05, canadine, CjiHjiNO^, resin, fluores- 
 cent compound, starch, sugar, etc. Berberine dissolves in 
 alcohol and in water, slightly in benzol, and is insoluble 
 in ether, chloroform, and petroleum benzin ; its salts are 
 
 Fig. 92. 
 
 Hydrastis. — Rhizome with transverse section. 
 
 bright yellow, and sparingly soluble in acidulated water ; 
 the hot alcoholic solution yields with iodine not in excess 
 dark green lustrous scales. Hydrastine is soluble in alco- 
 hol, ether, benzol, and most soluble in chloroibrm ; its 
 salts are white and bitter ; on oxidation with MnO^, yields 
 opianic and finally hemipinic acid and hydrastinine ; on 
 dry distillation trimethylamine and meconin. Canadine 
 forms white needles, the sulphate only easily soluble in 
 water and alcohol ; in alcoholic solution yieUls with iodine 
 yellow crystals. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, deobstrueut, alterative. Dose, 0.3 
 to 3 grams (gr. v— xlv), in decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 CAULOPHYLLUM.— Blub Cohosh, Papoose Root, 
 Squaw Eoot. 
 
 Origin. — Caulophy'llum (Leontice, LinnS) thalictroides, 
 Michaux, Natural order, Berberideae, Berberese, 
 
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140 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, southward to Kentucky, in 
 rich woodlands. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, matted, about 10 
 centimeters (4 inches) long, 6 or 8 millimeters (^-J inch) 
 thick, and with the branches 4 or 5 centimeters (l|-2 in- 
 ches) broad, bent, knotty, with numerous broad concave 
 stem-scars, dark gray-brown, hard, fracture rather short ; 
 internally whitish. Rootlets very numerous, densely 
 matted, about 13 centimeters (5 inches) long, and about 1 
 or 1.5 millimeters (^ or ^ inch) thick, wiry and tough. 
 Nearly inodorous ; taste sweetish, slightly bitter, and some- 
 what acrid, unpleasant. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thin ; wood-wedges narrow or linear, 
 numerous, elongated or in two circles in the rhizome, in 
 the branches shorter, more uniform, and in a single narrow 
 circle ; medullary rays rather broad ; pith large. Rootlets 
 with a relatively thicker bark, and a rather thick central 
 woody cord. The parenchyme contains starch. 
 
 Admixture. — Hydrastis differs in shape and color. 
 
 Constituents. — Leontin (white, feathery, soluble in boil- 
 ing alcohol and ether, acrid, sternutatory; glucoside), resins, 
 tannin, wax. 
 
 Properties. — Antispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogne. 
 Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv— xxx). 
 
 COLLINSONIA.— Stoneroot. 
 
 Origin. — Collins6nia canadensis, Idnne. Natural order, 
 Lahiatse, Satureinese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in woodlands. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, about 10 centimeters 
 (4 inches) long, and with the very knotty, short, and irregu- 
 lar branches nearly as broad ; stem-scars numerous, shallow ; 
 externally brown-gray, very hard ; internally whitish or 
 grayish ; bark very thin ; wood-wedges irregular ; rootlets 
 numerous, rather brittle ; nearly inodorous ; taste bitterish, 
 nauseous. 
 
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HELLEBORUS — BLACK HELLEBORE. 141 
 
 Constituents. — Resinous matter, etc. 
 Properties. — Diuretic, irritant. 
 
 HELLEBORUS.— Black Hellebore. 
 
 Origin. — Hell^borus niger, LinnL Natural order, Ranun- 
 culacese, Helleborese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central and Southern Europe. 
 
 Description. — Of upright growth, irregular knotty, about 5 
 centimeters (2 inches) long and 1 centimeter (f inch) thick, 
 with short, somewhat annulate branches ; externally brown- 
 black ; internally grayish, with a thick bark, a circle of about 
 
 Fig. 93. 
 
 Helleborus niger. — Transverse section of rhizome and root, magnified 
 3 diam. 
 
 Fig. 94. 
 
 Helleborus virdis.— Transverse section of rhizome and root, magnified 
 3 diam. 
 
 8 wood-wedges, broad medullary rays, and a large pith 
 Rootlets long, brown-black, very brittle, with a tliick bark 
 and a hexagonal wood-centre. Odor slight, heavy (in the 
 fresh state radish-like) ; taste sweetish, bitterish, and acrid. 
 
 Helleborus viridis, Linne, Green hellebore. The rhizome 
 resembles the preceding, but is of smaller dimensions, and 
 the narrow wood-wedges form three or four groups, separated 
 
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142 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 by broad medullary rays ; the woody cord of the rootlets has 
 about 4 obtuse rays. It contains more helleborin, and is 
 considered to be more active than black hellebore. 
 
 Constituents. — Helleborin, C^jH^jOg, and helleborein, 
 C^sH^Ojj, both poisonous ; resin, fat, starch, no tannin. Hel- 
 leborein predominates, is precipitated by tannin, soluble in 
 water, also in alcohol, not in ether ; yields with acids sugar 
 and inert helleboretin. Helleborin is scarcely soluble in ether 
 and cold water, easily soluble in chloroform and hot alcohol ; 
 with acids yields sugar and helleboresin. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, emmenagogue, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 
 to 1.3 grams (gr. v-xx), in powder, tincture, or extract. 
 
 Admixtures. — Actse'a alba, Linne, The rhizome with root- 
 lets has the dimensions of black hellebore, but closely resem- 
 bles black snakeroot in appearance and structure, and contains 
 tannin. 
 
 CIMICIFUGA.— Black Snakeroot. 
 
 Origin. — Ciraicifuga raceraosa, Nuttall. Natural order, 
 lianuiiculaceae, Ilelleborese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, iu rich woodlands, westward 
 to Eastern Kansas. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, 5 to 15 centimeters 
 (2-6 inches) long, about 2 centimeters (f inch) thick, hard, 
 with numerous stout, upright or curved branches, termi- 
 nated by a cup-sliaped scar ; brownish-black, hard ; frac- 
 ture smoothish ; internally whitish. Rootlets numerous, 
 wiry, brittle, obtusely quadrangular, about 2 millimeters 
 (jlj iuch) thick ; fracture short. Nearly inodorous ; taste 
 bitter and acrid. 
 
 Structure. — Bark of rhizouie thin and firui ; wood-wedges 
 elongated, narrow or linear, most uniform in the branches; 
 medullary rays of about the same width; central pith 
 rather large. Rootlets with a thick bark and a ligneous 
 cord branching into about four broad rays, and enclosed in 
 a nucleus sheath. 
 
 Constituents. — Crystalline principle (alkaloid ?), not pre- 
 
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GILLENIA — AMERICAN II^ECAC. 143 
 
 cipitated by lead acetate, soluble in chloroform aad alcohol, 
 the solution intensely acrid ; resins, fat, wax, tannin, 
 
 Fig. 95. 
 
 Cimicifuga. — Transverse section through a branch of the rhizome and 
 through rootlets, natural size. 
 
 starch, gum, sugar. The crystalline principle has not been 
 obtained by recent investigators. A glucoside is probably 
 present. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, emmenagogue, sedative. Dose, 
 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v— xxx), in powder, decoction, or fluid 
 extract. 
 
 GILLENIA.— GiLLENiA. American Ipecac. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Gilleuia slipnlaeea, Nuttall, and, 2. Gilleuia 
 trifoli^ta, Moench. Natural order, Eosacese, Spirseese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States : No. 1, Western and Southern 
 S ates ; No. 2, east of the Alleghanies. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, very knotty, much 
 branched, 10 to 25 millimeters (■§— 1 inch) thick, with a thin 
 bark, and numerous tortuous or undulated, annulate and 
 somewhat transversely fissured rootlets having a thick irregu- 
 lar bark, which is brittle, composed of two reddish layers 
 and marked with numerous minute resinous dots ; wood tough, 
 whitish, with fine medullary rays, and in the rhizome with a 
 thin pith ; nearly inodorous, taste bitter. 
 
 The rhizome of Gillenia trifoliata is smaller and less knotty; 
 the rootlets smoother and less distinctly annulate. 
 
 Constituents. — Gillenin, resin, tannin, starch, etc. Gillenin 
 is a whitish powder, bitter, neutral, soluble in water, alcohol, 
 and ether, and colored blood-red by nitric acid. 
 
 Properties. — Mild emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx). 
 
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144 CELLUIiAK VEGETABLE DRUGS — EHIZOMES. 
 Fig. 96. Fio- 97. 
 
 G. stipulacea. G. trifoliata. 
 
 Rootlets, natural size. 
 
 TEIOSTEUM.— Feverroot. Bastard Ipecac. 
 
 Origin.- — ^Tri6steum perfoli^tum, Idnne. Natural order, 
 Caprifoliacese, Lonicerese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in woodlands. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, 15 centimeters (6 in- 
 ches) or more long, about 15 millimeters (f inch) thick, 
 knotty-cylindrical, with broad cup-shaped stem-scars, yellow- 
 ish-brown, bark thin, wood hard, whitish, with fine medullary 
 rays. Rootlets long, about 5 millimeters (A inch) thick, with 
 a thick wrinkled bark. Inodorous; taste bitter, somewhat 
 nauseous. 
 
 Constituents. — No analysis. 
 
 Properties. — Purgative, emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
 xv-xxx). 
 
 ARALIA EACEMOSA.— American Spikenard. 
 
 Origin. — Arilia racemosa, Linne. Natural order, Aralia- 
 cese, Araliese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in rich woods. 
 
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ASARUM — WILD GINGER. 145 
 
 Description. — Grows obliquely, 10 or 15 centimeters (4 or 
 6 inclies) long with prominent concave stem-scars about 3 
 centimeters (1\ inches) broad, pale brown, internally whitish . 
 Roots numerous, long, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) thick at 
 the base, little branched, wrinkled, pale brown, breaking with 
 a short fracture, internally whitish ; of a peculiar aromatic 
 odor and taste. 
 
 ConstituenU. — Probably volatile oil, resin, starch, sugar, 
 etc. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative, expectorant. 
 Dose, 2 to 4 grams fess-j), in infusion. 
 
 ASARUM.— Wild Ginger. 
 
 Origin. — A'sarum canad6nse, Linne. Natural order, 
 Aristolochiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America to North Carolina, in rich 
 vcoodlands. 
 
 Description. — Of horizontal growth, 10 centimeters (4 
 inches) or more long, and 3 millimeters (J inch) thick, 
 irregular quadrangular or almost two-edged, finely wrinkled, 
 grayish-brown or purplish-brown, internally whitish, frac- 
 ture short; rootlets thin, nearly simple, on the nodes, 
 which are about 12 millimeters (J inch) distant ; aromatic, 
 pungent, and bitterish. 
 
 Structure. — Bark rather thick ; cambium layer promi- 
 nent ; wood-wedges short and distant ; central pith large. 
 The parenchyme contains starch and occasionally oleoresin 
 or oil, the latter principally in the bark. Rootlets with a 
 thick bark and a thickish ligneous cord. 
 
 Qmstituents. — Volatile oil, 1.5-3.5 per cent., resin, col- 
 oring matter (asarin), starch, mucilage, sugar, possibly an 
 alkaloid ; ash about 13 per cent. The volatile oil is of 
 spec. gray. 0.953, very aromatic, and consists of asarene 
 CipHjg, a neutral body CjjHijOj, asarol C,„EIigO, and the 
 acetic and probably also the valerianic ether of asarol ; 
 probably also methyl-eugeuol. 
 
 7 
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146 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic. Dose, 
 2 grams (3ss) in infusion. 
 
 Allied drug. — A'sarura europse'ura, Zdnne. Asarabacca. 
 The rhizome is 1 or 2 millimeters (^VtV inch) thick, 
 nearly quadrangular, and is emetic, cathartic, and em- 
 ployed as an errbine. The volatile oil contains asarene, 
 methyl-eugenol, and asaroue (crystalline, emetic), but no 
 asarol. 
 
 LEPTANDRA. — Leptandra. Culver's Physic. 
 
 Origin. — Veronica (Leptandra, Nuttall) virginica, Linne. 
 Natural order, Scrophulariuese, Digitalese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, south to Georgia, and west to 
 Minnesota, in low grounds. 
 
 Description. — Horizontal, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 
 inches) long, about 10 millimeters (f inch) thick, somewhat 
 flattened, bent, and branched, deep 
 ^"'' ^^' blackish-blown, on upper side with 
 
 cup-shaped scars, hard, of a woody 
 fracture, internally blackish with a 
 broad yellowish circle of wood ; 
 
 Leptandra. — Transverse j.i i. j.i.- ■ i i j r m 
 
 sections of rhizome and '^"''^^^^^ t^^"^' wrmkled, very fragile; 
 rootlets, natural size. inodorous ; taste bitter and feebly 
 
 acrid. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thin, blackish-gray ; wood tough, yel- 
 lowish in one or two circles ; pith large, purplish-brown, 
 often partly destroyed, about six-rayed from the medullary 
 rays. Eootlets with a thick bark and a slender ligneous 
 cord. 
 
 Constituents. — Leptandrin, resin 6 per cent., saponin, 
 tannin, maunit, gum, and possibly a volatile alkaloid. 
 Leptandrin is crystalline, bitter, soluble in water, alcohol, 
 and ether, not precipitated by lead subacetate. Leptandrin 
 of the eclectics is essentially the alcoholic extract. 
 
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MENISPERMUM— YELLOW PARILLA. 147 
 
 Proper-ties. — Alterative, cbolagogue, cathartic. Bose, 1 
 to 4 grams (gi-. xv-3j), in powder and extract. 
 
 MENISPEEMUM.— Yellow Paeilla. 
 
 Origin. — Menisp6rmum canad6nse, Linni. Natural 
 order, Menispermaceae, Cocculeffi. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in moist thickets. 
 
 Description. — Cylindrical, 1 meter (40 inches) or more 
 long, about 6 millimeters (J inch) thick, somewhat knotty 
 
 FiQ. 99. 
 
 Menispermum canadense. — TranBverse section of rhizome, magnified. 
 
 from scars of overground stems, with indistinct nodes, 
 finely wrinkled longitudinally, and beset with numerous 
 thin branching and rather brittle rootlets, externally yel- 
 
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148 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — RHIZOMES. 
 
 lowish-brown ; fracture tough, woody; internally yellowish ; 
 nearly inodorous ; taste bitter. 
 
 Struoture. — Bark thickish with semilunar bast bundles ; 
 wood-wedges about 14, broad, porous, separated by rather 
 broad medullary rays, those on the lower side longest ; cen- 
 tral pith nearly equalling the shortest wood-wedges. The 
 parenchyme contains starch. The overground stem, which 
 is often present, has a large spongy central pith, and short, 
 almost square, wood-wedges. 
 
 Constituents. — Berberine, meuispine, starch, resin, tannin. 
 Menispine is white, insoluble in benzol and alkalies, and 
 becomes brown by HjSO^ and brownish-yellow by ZnCl^. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, alterative, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 4 
 grams (gr. xv-5j). 
 
 XANTHOERHIZA.— Yellow Root. 
 
 Origin. — Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L' Heritier. Natural order, 
 Kanuuculacese, Helleborese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Central United States. 
 
 Description. — Horizontal, 0.5 to 1 meter (20 to 40 inches) 
 long, 1 centimeter (f inch) thick, bent, much branched, spar- 
 ingly beset with brittle fibres, exteroally light yellowish- 
 brown ; bark thin, internally deep yellow, covering a bright 
 yellow tough wood, with a thin pith ; inodorous, bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Berberine, a white alkaloid, starch, sugar, 
 mucilage, resin, etc. Ash about 2 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gss-j) in powder 
 or infusion. 
 
 BERBEEIS AQUIFOLIUM.— Oregon Grape. 
 
 Origin. — B^rberis aquifolium, Pursh; B. nervosa, Pursh; 
 and B. repens, Lindley. Natural order, Berberidese, Berbe- 
 rese. 
 
 Habitat. — Rocky Mountains and westward. 
 
 Description. — In more or less knotty and tough pieces, 
 varying from 3 to 25 or 60 millimeters (i to 1 or 2 inches) 
 in thickness, with a thin, yellowish-brown, internally bright 
 yellow bark, and a yellow hard wood with fine medullary 
 
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TUBERS AND BULBS — TUBERA ET BULBI. 149 
 
 rays, the rhizome with a thin pith ; inodorous and bitter. 
 The rhizomes and roots of B. repens and B. nervosa rarely 
 exceed millimeters (i inch) in diameter. 
 
 Constituents. — Berberine, oxyacanthine, berbamine, phyto- 
 sterin, sugar, gum, etc. See Barberry Bark. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. 
 viij-gss), in decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 3. TUBERS AND BULBS.— TUBERA ET BULBI. 
 
 Tubers are enlarged, more or less fleshy subterraneous 
 stems or branches, or dilated bases of stems, which are not 
 invested with leaves. They consist of either one internode' 
 or of several, and hence may develop either a terminal or 
 several lateral buds. The tuberous roots of jalap and aco- 
 nite carry upon the apex small portions or scars of the 
 stem. The dilated fleshy tuberous base of an annual stem 
 is often designated as a corm. 
 
 Bulbs are buds with a permanently short, fleshy axis, 
 which is invested with fleshy leaves, called scales, the ex- 
 ternal layers of the latter usually decaying and becoming 
 dry and papyraceous. The scaly bulb has the leaves rather 
 short, thick, and imbricate ; in the tunioated bulb the leaves 
 are broad, cover the axis and inner leaves completely, or 
 nearly so, and thus form concentric layers. If several small 
 bulbs surround a common axis, and the whole is again 
 invested with fleshy or dry leaves, the compound bulb is 
 produced. Bulbous plants are monocotyledons. 
 
 Histology. — The arrangement of the tissue in the tubers 
 corresponds witii that of the rhizome, while the scales of 
 the bulbs have, like the leaves proper, more or less delicate 
 fibrovascular tissue (veins) imbedded in soft and fleshy 
 parenchyme. 
 
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150 CELLULAE VEGETABLE DRUGS — TUBERS. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 Tubers. — Sect. 1. Of Dicotyledons. 
 
 Witt resin cells in circles. Jalapa. 
 
 Without resin cells ; turnip-shaped, very acrid. Aconitum. 
 
 Subglobose, yellowish, bitterish. CorydaUs. 
 
 Sect. 2. Of Monocotyledons. 
 Ovate with a lateral groove ; usually in reniform 
 
 sections, bitter. Colchicum. 
 
 Depressed globose, above with a zone of rootlets or 
 
 their scars ; acrid. Arum. 
 
 Ovate or roundish ; horny ; mucilaginous. Salep. 
 
 Bulbs, all tunicated. 
 
 Single; globular ovate; mostly in sections of the 
 
 scales ; mucilaginous, bitter, acrid. Scilla. 
 
 Compound ; mucilaginous, pungent, acrid. Allium. 
 
 J AL AP A . — Jalap. 
 
 Origin. — Ipomoe'a (Ipomae'a ; Exogonium, Bentham) 
 Purga, Hayne. Natural order, Convolvulacese, Couvol- 
 vulese. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Mexico. 
 
 Description. — Jalap tubers are produced from the nodes 
 of the thin rhizomes by the enlargement of the bases of the 
 rootlets, and are either napiforra, and 5 to 10 centimeters 
 (2-4 inches) thick, or pyriform or oblong, and thinner, 
 but varying in size ; the larger ones incised, more or less 
 wrinkled, bark brown, with lighter-colored warts and 
 short transverse ridges, hard, compact, internally pale 
 grayish-brown, scarcely radiate, but showing numerous 
 concentric circles ; fracture resinous, not fibrous ; odor 
 slightly smoky and sweetish ; taste sweetish and acrid. 
 
 Structure. — The predominating tissue is parenchyme, 
 containing starch (which in the outer layers is pasty) and 
 calcium oxalate. Bark thin, in the inner layer with a dense 
 
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JALAPA — JALAP. 
 
 151 
 
 zone of resin cells. Vascular bundles small, distant, and 
 indistinct; the concentric circles formed of resin cells, 
 arranged in wavy, narrow, or somewhat broader zones. 
 
 Fig. 100. 
 
 Fig. 101. 
 
 Jalap tuber, small. 
 
 Jalap. — Transverse section, natural size. 
 
 Quality. — 10 grams of jalap should yield not less than 
 1.2 grams (or 12 grains for 100 grains of jalap) of resin, 
 not more than 10 per cent, of which should be soluble in 
 ether. 
 
 Constituents. — Starch, gum, sugar, etc., resin 7 to 15 or 
 22 per cent. ; about -^ of the resin (soft, waxy matter ?) 
 is soluble in ether, also in potassa, and reprecipitated by 
 acids; the remainder is the glucoside jalapurgin (convol- 
 vulin), Ce2Hj5j032, which is soluble in alkalies and converted 
 into jalapurgic (convolvulic) acidj soluble in water. 
 
 False Jalaps. — Tampico jalap, from Ipomce'a simulaus, 
 Hanhury. Irregularly globular, or elongated, deeply wrin- 
 kled, without transverse ridges or scars, yields 10 to 15 
 per cent, resin (tampicin), almost wholly soluble in ether. 
 
 Pusiform (male or light) jalap, jalap stalks ; from Ipo- 
 mce'a orizabSnsis, Ledanois. Spindle-shaped, but mostly 
 divided longitudinally and transversely, in sections or rec- 
 tangular irregular and rather woody pieces ; the trausverse 
 section distinctly radiate from thick porous wood-bundles. 
 
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152 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TUBERS. 
 
 The resin, orizabin (jalapin), Cg^HjgOig, is completely solu- 
 ble in ether. 
 
 Mechoacanna root, from Convolvulus Mechoac4nna, Van- 
 delli, and perhaps from other plants ; in sections, light, 
 whitish, mealy, contains little resin. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.5 
 to 2 grams (gr. viij-3ss) ; of the resin 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. 
 jss-iij). 
 
 ACONITI RADIX.— Aconite Eoot. 
 
 Aconitum, U. S. P. 
 
 Origin. — Aconitum Nap611us, lAnne. Natural order, 
 Ranunculacese, Helleboreae. 
 
 Habited. — Mountainous districts of Europe, Asia, and 
 Northwestern North America. 
 
 Characters. — Produced at the end of short horizontal 
 rhizomes ; 15 to 20 millimeters (|-f inch) thick at the crown, 
 conically contracted below, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 long, with scars or fragments of rootlets, externally dark 
 brown, wrinkled ; fracture short, amylaceous, or horny ; 
 internally whitish or brownish ; odor none (the fresh tuber 
 radish-like) ; taste sweetish, soon acrid, producing a sensa- 
 tion of tingling. 
 
 Structure. — Bark thick ; the inner layer composed of 
 small cells, and separated from the outer layer by a nucleus 
 sheath. Cambium about seven-rayed. Vascular bundles 
 small, located at the termination, and at the base of the 
 rays. Pith large-celled. The parenchyma contains starch. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, fat, sugar, aconitic acid, H3CgH305, 
 and about 0.07 per cent., of alkaloids, consisting of aconi- 
 tine (benzoylaconine), CjjH^jNOij, pseudaconitine (veratro- 
 ylaconine), C35H49NOU, aconine, C25H3gNO„, pseudaconine, 
 CayH^iNOj, picraconitine, C3,H45NOid. These alkaloids 
 and one or two amorphous bases are contained in commer- 
 
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ACONITt EADIX — ACONITE ROOT. 
 
 153 
 
 cial aconitine. By heating in sealed tubes aconitine is decom- 
 posed into benzoic acid and aconine, and pseudaconitiue into 
 dimethyl-protocatecliuic (veratric) acid and pseudaconine. 
 
 Fig. 102. 
 
 Acoaitum Napellus. — Tubers aud transverse sectiuii. 
 
 Properties. — Anodyne, sedative, poisonous. Dose, 0.06 
 to 0.12 gram (gr. j-ij), in tincture. Commercial aconitine, 
 being of variable composition, is not adapted for internal use. 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetic (mustard, ipecacuanha, zinc sulphate, 
 apomorphine) ; friction of extremities ; amyl nitrite inha- 
 lation ; atropine ; digitalis. 
 
 Other Aconite Hoots. — Aconitum Cammdrum, Jacquin, 
 Europe ; globular-ovate, about 15 millimeters (f inch) long 
 the rays of the pith about five in number, rather short and 
 rounded. 
 
 Aconitum StcErkednum, Heichenbach, Europe; slender 
 conical, the pith roundish pentagonal. The tubers of this 
 
 7* 
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154 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TUBERS. 
 
 and the preceding species are sometimes found among com- 
 mercial aconite root, and possess similar properties. 
 
 Aconitum f6rox, Wallich. Bikh or bish, Indian aconite. 
 From 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, and 25 mil- 
 limeters (1 inch) or more in diameter above, conical, brown, 
 internally whitish, mealy or horny, intensely acrid. The 
 roots of the Ac. uncin4tura, LinnS ; Ac. luridum. Hooker 
 alius et Thomsen, and perhaps others, are said to be col- 
 lected with it. The constituents are similar to those of Ac. 
 Napellus, but pseudaconitine predominates among the 
 alkaloids. 
 
 Japanese and Chinese aconite, obtained from Ac. Fischeri, 
 Reich, Ac. japonicum, Thunherg, and others. The tubers 
 are napiform or elongated, the pith circular, elliptic, or 
 more or less five- to seven-rayed. Allied to the first species 
 is Ac. columbianum, NuUall, of the Eocky Mountains and 
 Sierra Nevada. The drug contains japaconitine, C55Hg3N202i ; 
 very poisonous. 
 
 Aconitum heterophy'llum, Wallich, India; conical or 
 fusiform, bitter, not acrid or poisonous. 
 
 Aconitum Anthora, Linni, Europe ; long, fusiform ; 
 pith thin, with short and longer rays. 
 
 Aconitum Lycoctonum, Linni., Europe and Northern 
 Asia ; oblique, several-headed rhizome with elongated con- 
 ical rootlets, bitter. 
 
 CORYDALIS. — Turkey Corn, Squirrel Corn. 
 
 Origin. — Dic6ntra canadtosis, De Candolle, s. Cory'dalis 
 canadensis, Goldie. Natural order, Papaveracese, Fumariese. 
 
 Habitat. — Canada and mountains of United States, south to 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Description. — Depressed globose, about 6 millimeters (i 
 inch) thick, with a scar on each of the depressed sides, some- 
 what wrinkled, otherwise smooth ; tawny-yellow, internally 
 whitish or yellowish, fracture horny or rather mealy, inodor- 
 ous, bitter. 
 
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OOLCHICI RADIX — COLCHICUM ROOT. 155 
 
 The rhizome of Dic6ntra eximia, De Candolle, s. Cory'dalis 
 form6sa, Pursh, is scaly. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid and tasteless resin, starch, mucilage, 
 fumaric acid, and corydaline, which is very bitter in solution. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, diuretic, alterative. Dose, 0.6 to 2 
 grams (gr. x-xxx), in powder or extract. 
 
 COLCHICI RADIX.— CoLCHicuM Root. 
 
 Origin. — Colchicum autumndle, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Liliacese, Colchicese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Central Europe. 
 
 Description. — Developed from the base of the parent 
 tuber, producing flowers in autumn, fruit in the following 
 summer, and in the second year a new tuber, when it 
 shrivels and disappears. About 25 to 40 millimeters (I to 
 \^ inches) long, ovoid, flattish, and with a groove on one 
 side ; externally brownish and wrinkled ; internally white 
 and solid ; often in transverse slices, reniform in shape, 
 breaking with a short mealy fracture, inodorous, taste 
 sweetish, bitter, and somewhat acrid. 
 
 Fig. 103. 
 
 ^ S^K^Sf ^Sr '^s^gt^gg^ Colchicum. —Transverse 
 
 Tuber of Colchicum. ' section. 
 
 Colchicum root breaking with a horny or very dark col- 
 ored fracture should be rejected. 
 
 Structure. — The predominating tissue is parenchyme, 
 containing starch and occasionally raphides; vascular bun- 
 dles numerous, scattered ; nucleus sheath wanting. 
 
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156 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TUBERS. 
 
 Constituents. — Starch, gum, sugar, resin, fat, colchicine 
 (about 0.5 per cent.). (See Colchici Semen.) 
 
 Properties. — Cathartic, emetic, sedative; in gout and 
 rheumatism. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij), in pow- 
 der, wine, fluid extract, or extract. 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuation (stomach pump or emetics); tan- 
 nin ; demulcents; stimulants. 
 
 ARUM. — Indian Tuenip, Dkagon Root. 
 
 Origin.^- Aiissd' ma, (A'rum, Linnf) triphy'llum, Torrey. 
 Natural order, Aroidese, Arinese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in rich woods. 
 
 Description. — Developed from the end of short rhizomes. 
 Depressed globular, 2 to 5 centimeters (f to 2 inches) broad, 
 above with a zone of numerous simple rootlets, the lower 
 surface wrinkled ; externally brown-gray, internally white, 
 mealy, with scattered wood-bundles ; inodorous, taste burning, 
 acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Starch, mucilage, sugar, fat, a volatile acrid 
 principle, soluble in ether. According to R. A. Weber (1891) 
 the acridity is due to raphides of calcium oxalate. 
 
 European dragon-root, from A'rum maculdtum, IdnnS; A. 
 Dracunculus, Linn& ; and A. it^licum, Lamarck. Oval or 
 oblong, with radicles on the lower side, in commerce often 
 peeled, and in white mealy sections ; very acrid. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, expectorant, irritant. 
 Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder, mixed with 
 honey, externally in ointment. 
 
 SALEP.- Salep. 
 
 Origin. — O'rchis radscula, Linne, O. M6rio, Linne, and 
 other species of Orchis. Natural order, Orchideaj, Ophridese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central and Southern Europe, in rich woods. 
 
 Description. — Oblong or ovate, 25 millimeters (1 inch) or 
 less long, deprived of the epidermal layer, and scalded, brown- 
 yellow, hard, translucent, internally horny ; inodorous, taste 
 insipid. The tissue contains scattered vascular bundles, par- 
 enchyme with pasty starch, or occasionally with raphides, and 
 large cells containing mucilage. The powder is pale grayish- 
 yellow. 
 
 The tubers of O'rchis latif61ia, LimiS, O. macuUta, lAnni, 
 
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SOILLA — SQUILL. 
 
 157 
 
 and others, closely resemble the preceding, but below are 
 palmately divided (radix palmse Christi). 
 
 Fig. ]04. 
 
 Salep. — Tubers and transverse section. 
 
 Constituents. — Starch 27, mucilage 48, sugar, proteids, and 
 ash about 2 per cent. One part of powdered salep with 50 of 
 boiling water yields, after cooling, a jelly. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, nutritive. 
 
 SCILLA.— Squill. 
 
 Origin. — Urgin6a Scilla, Steinheil, F'g. io5. 
 
 s. Scilla maritima, lAnne. Natural 
 order, Liliaceae, Scillese. 
 
 Habitat. — Basin of the Mediterra- 
 nean near the sea. 
 
 Description. — Bulb broadly ovate 
 or pear-shaped, 10 to 15 centimeters 
 (4^6 inches) in diameter; in commerce 
 usually the fleshy scales, rejecting the 
 insipid inner ones ; narrow segments 
 about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, 
 and 3 millimeters (^ inch) thick, 
 slightly translucent, yellowish-white Seiiia.— Bulb. 
 
 or reddish, brittle and pulverizable 
 when dry, flexible and tough, horny on exposure ; inodor- 
 ous, mucilaginous, bitter and acrid. 
 
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158 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BULBS. 
 
 Structure. — The thin-walled parenchyme contains muci- 
 lage and numerous raphides, and is traversed by parallel 
 vascular bundles, and small laticiferous ducts; the epi- 
 dermis on both sides with stomata. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, sinistrin, CjHuOj (Isevogyre; 
 resembling dextrin ; easily converted into sugar), sugar, 
 crystals of calcium oxalate ; the active principles are scilli- 
 picrin (yellowish, hygroscopic, bitter, very soluble in 
 water, acts upon the heart), scillitoxiq (brown, bitter burn- 
 ing taste, soluble in alcohol, acts upon the heart), and 
 scillin (crystalline, soluble in alcohol and boiling ether, 
 produces numbness, vomiting, etc.) [Merck]. Jamersted's 
 scillain is a yellowish glucoside, soluble in alcohol, poison- 
 ous. Ash about 3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Expectorant, diuretic, cathartic, emetic, 
 irritant. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 or 0.6 gram (gr. ss-v-x), in 
 powder, vinegar, syrup, or tincture. 
 
 ALLIUM.— Gaelic. 
 
 Origin. — A'llium sativum, Linni. Natural order, Lilia- 
 cese, Alliese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Southern Europe, cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Bulb subglobular, compound, consisting 
 of about eight compressed wedge-shaped bulblets, which 
 are arranged in a circle around the base of the stem and 
 covered by several dry membranaceous scales. It has a 
 pungent, disagreeable odor, and a warm, acrid taste. It is 
 used only in the fresh state. 
 
 Hybrids of the above species with A'llium P6rrum, 
 lAnnS, and perhaps with other species of Allium, are 
 frequently met with. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage 35 per cent., albumiu, volatile 
 oil J per cent., consisting of oxide and sulphides of allyl 
 (C3H,). 
 
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TWIGS AND WOODS. l59 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant, anthelmin- 
 tic, irritant. 
 
 Dose. — 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), as expressed juice or syrup. 
 
 4. TWIGS AND WOODS-STIPITES ET LIGNA. 
 
 * 
 
 The twigs are the overground stems and branches of 
 perennial herbaceous or suffruticose plants, deprived of 
 leaves, flowers, and fruit; they consist of a woody column, 
 enclosing a pith and covered by a green bark. The twigs 
 of one plant only are now officinal. 
 
 The medicinal woods are derived from dicotyledonous 
 trees, and as used in pharmacy have the bark removed. 
 
 Histology. — The woods consist principally of prosen- 
 chyme, the elongated wood-fibres with tapering ends and 
 thickened cell-walls (libriform), associated with ducts 
 (trachese), which, upon transverse section, appear as pores. 
 With the exception of the annular and spiral ducts near 
 the medullary sheaths, the ducts are mostly dotted. The 
 wood of Coniferae is destitute of ducts, and the wood- 
 fibres on their lateral walls are marked with disks ; they 
 are distinguished as tracheids. The wood encloses a pith 
 composed of parenchyme, and is radially dissected by 
 medullary rays, which, upon transverse section, appear as 
 fine lines separating the narrow wood-wedges, upon radial 
 section as broader bands, and upon tangential section as 
 short vertical striae, which are narrowed at both ends. The 
 medullary rays consist of parenchyme cells, somewhat 
 elongated in the radial direction, forming either a single 
 row, or broader rows of two or more cells, and vertically a 
 layer of six or more cells. Parenchyme is also found scat- 
 tered in some woods or accompanying the ducts and, ex- 
 tending laterally, sometimes forming more or less complete 
 
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160 CELLULAE VEGETABLE DRUGS — TWIGS. 
 
 circles ; its cells are vertically elongated and it is designated 
 as wood parenchyme. The wood-cells formed in the spring 
 are larger, those formed toward the close of the season are 
 thinner and more compact ; the annual layers or circles of 
 wood are thus plainly indicated by the abrupt transition 
 from the growth of one year to that of the next. In woods 
 from tropical countries tlte annual layers are less distinctly 
 marked, and often cannot be recognized. The inner layer 
 of wood, from deposits upon its cell-walls, is harder, 
 denser, and frequently of a darker color than the outer 
 layer; the former is called the heartwood or duramen, the 
 latter is the sapwood, or alburnum. 
 
 The structural characters of the dicotyledonous woods 
 depend upon the vertical course of the wood-fibres, the 
 width and thickness of the medullary rays, the size and 
 distribution of the ducts, the presence or absence of the 
 wood- parenchyme, etc. 
 
 Classiflcatior). 
 
 Twigs; nodes alternate; cylindrical; taste bitter- 
 sweet. Dulcamara, 
 pentangular ; taste bitter, nauseous. Scoparius (see 
 
 Herbs). 
 Woods containing ducts. 
 Annual layers distinct. 
 
 Pale reddish-brown ; soft ; aromatic. Sassafras. 
 Annual layers indistinct, or with irregular circles 
 of wood-parenchyme. 
 
 Bark present ; yellowish-gray ; bitter. Gouania. 
 
 Bark mostly absent ; wood whitish, very bitter. Quassia, 
 
 greenish-brown, heavy, taste somewhat acrid. Guaiacum. 
 
 dark-red, ducts large; neai-ly tasteless, not Santalum 
 
 coloring water. rubrum. 
 dark-red, ducts fine ; astringent and sweetish, 
 
 tingeing water red. Hsematoxylon. 
 
 yellowish or whitish, ducts fine; on rubbing Santalum 
 
 aromatic. album. 
 
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DULCAMARA — BITTERSWEET. 161 
 
 DULCAMARA.— Bittersweet. 
 
 Origin. — SolAnum Dulcamara, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Solanacese, Solanese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Asia; naturalized iu North 
 America. 
 
 Description. — Cylindrical, somewhat angular ; longitudi- 
 nally striate, more or less warty ; usually hollow in the 
 centre; about 6 millimeters (^ inch) or less thick, cut into 
 short sections ; externally pale greeaish or light greenish- 
 brown, marked with alternate leaf- 
 scars, and internally green, with a ^'°' ^^^' 
 greenish or yellowish wood. Odor - ~ ^ 
 slight; taste bitter, afterward sweet. i ^I'\ 
 
 Structure. — Cork thin, gray-brown ; I €^ ' <j , j 
 
 bark thickish, composed of parenchyme, 
 with few bast fibres, and with narrow 
 medullary rays; wood in one or two cir- Duicamara.-Trans- 
 cles with large ducts and numerous one- v^rse section, magni- 
 rowed medullary rays; pith prominent, ^ '*™' 
 but mostly hollow. The parenchyme contains minute 
 starch grains and chlorophyll, 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, gum, wax, starch, calcium lactate, 
 an amorphous alkaloid (solanine?), and the glucoside dul- 
 camarin, CajHj^Ojj (0.4 per cent.), which is soluble in 
 water and alcohol, yields frothing solutions, and has a 
 bitter and sweet taste. 
 
 Properties. — Deobstruent, alterative, resolvent, anodyne. 
 Dose, 4 to 8 grams (3j-ij), in decoction, fluid extract, or 
 extract. 
 
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162 CELLULAK VEGETABLE DRUGS — WOODS. 
 
 SASSAFRAS LIGNUM (RADIX).— Sassafras 
 Wood (Root). 
 
 Origin. — Sassafras officinale, Nees. Natural order, Laii- 
 rinese, Litseacese. 
 
 Hahiiat. — North America, woods. 
 
 Description. — In branching billets or logs, partly cov- 
 ered with bark, or in chips ; pale brownish or reddish, 
 coarse-grained, soft, with narrow medullary rays, large 
 ducts, and oil cells scattered in the different tissues ; odor 
 and taste aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, tannin, starch. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Like sassafras bark. 
 
 GOUANIA. — Chewstick. 
 
 Origin. — Goudnia domingfinsis, LinnL Natural order, 
 Rhamnese, Gouaniese. 
 
 Habitat. — West Indies. 
 
 Description. — Pieces of stems about 12 millimeters (i inch) 
 thick ; externally brownish-gray ; wrinkled ; internally yel- 
 
 FiG. 107. 
 
 Gouauia — Transverse section. 
 
 lowish gray ; fracture fibrous ; bark thin ; wood porous ; 
 medullary rays fine; the parenchyme contains many cells 
 with crystals ; inodorous, taste bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic. 
 
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QUASSIA. 163 
 
 QUASSIA— Quassia. 
 
 Oi-igin. — Picrse'na (Simaruba, De Candolle, Qudssia, 
 Swartz) exc61sa, Lindley. Natural order, Simarubese, 
 Picramnieee. 
 
 Habitat. — Jamaica. 
 
 Description. — Various sized billets, sometimes 30 centi- 
 meters (12 inches) thick, dense, tough, of medium hard- 
 ness, freed from the thick tough bark, internally porous, 
 yellowish-white, radially striate and marked with irregular 
 circles ; in the shops usually in raspings or chips ; inodor- 
 ous, intensely bitter. 
 
 Structure. — Ducts large, mostly in small groups ; med- 
 ullary rays of about three rows of cells ; circular zones of 
 wood parenchyme distinct in layers of 4 to 6 cells ; central 
 pith thin. Externally and internally occasionally with 
 blackish patches or lines from the mycelium of a fungus. 
 
 Surinam quassia, from Quassia am^ra, lAnnS, is in much 
 thinner billets, has a thin, brittle bark, smaller ducts, nar- 
 rower zones of wood parenchyme in layers of 2 or 3 cells, 
 and indistinct medullary rays of mostly one cell in width. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, pectin, resin, alkaloid (? fluor- 
 escent in acidulated alcoholic solution), picrasmin (a mix- 
 ture of crystalline compounds, homologous with the quas- 
 sin, CjjH^qOiq, of Surinam quassia ; these principles are 
 very bitter, are soluble in chloroform, in alcohol, and in 
 water, and are precipitated by tannin). The wood is free 
 from tannin and yields 7 to 8 (Surinam quassia 3 to 4) per 
 cent, of ash. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
 XV— 3j)j in infusion, tincture, or extract. 
 
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164 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — WOODS. 
 
 GUAIACI LIGNUM.— GuAiAcuM Wood. 
 
 Origin. — Giiaiacutn officiudle, lAnni. Natural order, 
 Zygophyllese. 
 
 Habitat. — West Indies and Northern South America. 
 
 Description. — In billets and logs, with a yellowish albur- 
 num ; heavy, hard, brown or greenish-brown, resinous, in- 
 ternally marked with irregular concentric circles ; splitting 
 very irregular, wavy and splintery ; when heated emitting 
 a balsamic odor ; taste slightly acrid. 
 
 Used in the form of raspings, which should be greenish- 
 brown, contain few. particles of a whitish color, and on the 
 addition of nitric acid acquire a dark blue-green color. 
 
 Structure. — The predominating tissue consists of wavy 
 interwoven wood-fibres, with numerous one-rowed medul- 
 lary rays, large single ducts and narrow lines of wood 
 parenchyme in one or two rows, arranged in irregular and 
 interrupted circles. All cells contain resin. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin 20 to 25 per cent, (see Guaiaci 
 resina) ; extractive, soluble in water, 3 to 4 per cent., ash 
 less than 1 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams 
 (5ss-ij), in decoction. 
 
 SANTALUM RUBRUM.— Red Saunders. 
 
 Origin. — Pterocdrpus santalinus, LinnA flius. Natural 
 order, Leguminosee, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. 
 
 Habited. — Madras ; cultivated^ 
 
 Description. — In billets deprived of light-colored sap- 
 wood, heavy, hard ; splitting coarsely splintery ; externally 
 dark red-brown ; the fresh transverse section deep red 
 marked with lighter red indistinct radiating lines and dis- 
 tinct irregular concentric circles; inodorous and nearly 
 
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H^MATOXYLON — LOGWOOD. 165 
 
 tasteless ; on maceration in water doe's not color it. Used 
 in the form of chips or of an irregular powder, of a deep 
 brown-red or purplish-red color. 
 
 Structure. — Ducts large ; medullary rays one- rowed ; wood 
 parenchyme in about four rows, forming interrupted irreg- 
 ular circles. The cells contain red resinous coloring matter, 
 the parenchyme also crystals of calcium oxalate. 
 
 Constituents. — Santalin, CuHj^Oj (red needles, soluble in 
 ether with a yellow, and in alkalies with a violet color) ; 
 santal, CgHgOj (colorless scales, in alcoholic solution deep 
 red by Fe^Clj) ; pterocarpin, C2i)HjgOj, and homoptero- 
 carpin, C24H24O5 (colorless crystals, the latter soluble in 
 cold CS2; fused with HKO yields phlorogluciu). 
 Used for coloring tinctures. 
 
 HiEMATOXYLON.— Logwood. 
 
 Origin. — Hsematoxylon campechiduum, lAnne. Natural 
 order, Leguminosse, Csesalpiniese, Eucsesalpiniese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central America, naturalized in the West 
 Indies. 
 
 Description. — In logs ; heavy, hard, splitting irregularly, 
 externally blackish-purple, often with a green metallic 
 lustre ; fracture coarse splintery ; internally brown- red, 
 finely porous, marked with irregular concentric circles and 
 numerous delicate radiating lines ; odor faint, agreeable ; 
 taste sweetish, astringent; colors the saliva dark pink. 
 Used in the form of small chips or coarse powder of a 
 dark brown-red color, often with a greenish lustre. 
 
 Structure. — Ducts rather large, often in groups of two ; 
 medullary rays about two-rowed ; wood parenchyme in 
 broader wavy circular lines The coloring matter is depos- 
 ited mainly in the wood-fibres and ducts. 
 
 Constituents. — Hsematoxylin, O^^ifis, colorless, sweet. 
 
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166 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — WOODS. 
 
 soluble in water and alcohol, turning red in sunlight, pur- 
 plish by alkalies; fused with potassa yields pyrogallol. 
 Hsematein, C^JI-^fi^, is a product of oxidation of the 
 former, has a green metallic lustre, and is soluble in alka- 
 lies with a blue color. Also tannin, fat, resin, trace of 
 volatile oil. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 (5ss-j), in decoction or extract. 
 
 SANTALUM ALBUM.— Sandalwood. 
 
 Origin. — 1. S4ntalum album, LinnS ; 2. S. Ydsi, 8ee- 
 mann, and other species. Natural order, Santalacese, 
 Osyridese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Southern India; 2. Fijee Islands; other 
 species in Australia, the Sandwich Islands, etc. 
 
 Description. — Malabar sandalwood is in billets, or logs, 
 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) thick, splitting readily, 
 heavy, hard, yellowish, brownish or whitish, marked with 
 darker circles ; odor when rubbed aromatic, somewhat 
 musk-like ; taste aromatic. 
 
 Structure. — Ducts of moderate size, single ; wood par'en- 
 chyme narrow, contains volatile oil or calcium oxalate ; 
 medullary rays very narrow, in one or two rows. 
 
 Macassar sandahvood resembles the preceding in all 
 essential characters ; but on treating sections with tincture 
 of iodine the oil is colored black. 
 
 West Indian sandalwood resembles the former in color 
 but not in structure ; the ducts are in radial rows of two 
 to ten ; no essential oil is present in the wood, but numer- 
 ous oil cells are scattered in the bast layer of the bark. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, tannin, volatile oil 1-4 per cent. ; 
 the latter is yellow, thick ; sp. grav. 0.96 ; readily soluble 
 
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BARKS — CORTICES. 167 
 
 in alcohol .while fresh, strongly aromatic, but varying some- 
 what with its origin. 
 
 Properties. — The volatile oil stimulant, sudorific, used in 
 gonorrhoea in doses of 0.5 to 1 or 1.6 gram (gr. viij-xv- 
 xxij), also in perfumery ; the wood for fancy articles. 
 
 5. BARKS.— CORTICES. 
 
 Barks constitute the outer layer of dicotyledonous stems 
 and roots, separated from the wood by the cambium layer, 
 and are collected mostly from the trunic or stem and its 
 larger branches, in a few cases from the root. The outer 
 surface of the stem barli is not unfrequently beset with 
 larger or smaller patches of lichens ; the inner surface, 
 immediately after the removal of the bark from the wood, 
 is mostly whitish or light colored and smooth, but darkens 
 more or less on drying, and often becomes rough or ridged 
 in consequence of the unequal shrinkage of different parts 
 of the tissue. 
 
 Histology. — The bark consists originally of two layers, 
 the outer bark wholly composed of parenchyme, contain- 
 ing chlorophyll; and. the inner bark, bast or liber, which 
 is composed of vertically elongated bast parenchyme, and of 
 bast prosenchyme or liber fibres, and this tissue is radially 
 dissected by medullary rays, formed of radially elongated 
 parenchyme. The pharmacopoeial root barks are destitute 
 of liber fibres. The epidermis is present only in very 
 joung barks ; its place is soon taken by the primary cork, 
 which is frequently present in wart-like projections, or in 
 longitudinal or transverse ridges, and is composed of tan- 
 gentially flattened cells. The secondary cork, composed of 
 similar cells, penetrates in layers or bands into the outer 
 or inner bark, and the exterior tissue cracks off in layers 
 
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168 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 or falls away by decay. The tissues which may. be present 
 in barks are : 1, the epiphloeum or exophlceum, formed by 
 the primary cork ; 2, the mesophloeum, primary or outer 
 bark, also sometimes called middle bark ; or these two 
 layers may have been thrown off, so that the external layer 
 is formed by 3, the rhytidoma, or secondary cork ; 4, the 
 endophlceum or liber. The term periderm is often used to 
 designate the external corky layer, whether it be epi- 
 phloeum or rhytidoma, but is by some authors confined to 
 the latter. The parenchyme of some barks contains cells 
 in which volatile oil, resin, mucilage, or crystals are found; 
 and others in which the cell-walls become considerably 
 thickened and indurated, producing the gritty cells or 
 stone cells or sclerenchyme. 
 
 Aside from the natural color of the tissue, the appearance 
 of the outer surface of the medicinal barks depends upon 
 the presence or absence of lichens, epiphloeum, meso- 
 phloeum, and rhytidoma, and the appearance of the inner 
 surface upon the degree of shrinkage in drying of the 
 medullary rays and bast parenchyme. The breadth of the 
 medullary rays on the other hand, and the radial or lateral 
 arrangement of the bast cells on the other hand, cause the 
 radial, lateral (tangential), or checkered markings upon the 
 transverse section of the inner bark. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 Seci. 1. Taste bitter and astringent. 
 
 Bast fibres with a minute cavity, single, in short 
 radial lines or small groups. Cinchona. 
 
 Bast fibres with larger cavity, in close radial 
 lines; copper-colored. Eemijia. 
 
 Bast indistinctly tangentially striate ; cork re- 
 moved ; fracture granular. Nectandra. 
 
 Bast radially striate, pale red ; periderm brown. Cornus florida. 
 
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BARKS — CORTICES. 169 
 
 Bast radially striate, cinnamon-colored ; periderm 
 
 brown-gray ; baric thin. Cornus oircinata. 
 
 Bast radially striate, pale brown ; periderm pur- 
 plish-brown ; bark thin. Cornus sericea. 
 
 Bast radially striate, whitish ; periderm purplish- 
 brown. Liriodendron. 
 
 Bast radially striate, whitish ; periderm gray or 
 
 brownish. Magnolia. 
 
 Bast radially striate, yellowish ; periderm gray- 
 ish, dotted. Prinos. 
 
 Bast radially striate, rust-brown ; periderm green Prunus virgini- 
 brown. ana. 
 
 Bast layers tangential, checkered, yellow, exfo- 
 liating. Berberis. 
 
 Bast layers tangential, checkered, pale cinna- 
 mon-colored. Salix. 
 
 Bast layers tangential, pale cinnamon-colored ; 
 
 periderm ash-gray, exfoliating. Hamamelis. 
 
 Bast indistinctly striate, whitish ; periderm pur- 
 plish or grayish-brown. Viburnum. 
 
 Sect. 2. Taste astringent. 
 
 Bast checkered, pale brown ; inner surface ridged ; 
 
 saliva not tinged. Quercus alba. 
 
 Bast checkered, pale brown ; inner surface ridged ; 
 
 saliva tinged yellow. Quercus nigi-a. 
 
 Bast tangentially striate ; periderm blackish ; 
 
 inner surface smooth, brownish ; tough. Kubus. 
 
 Bast scarcely striate, yellowish ; inner surface 
 
 smooth ; fracture short. Granatum. 
 
 Sect. 3. Taste bitter, not aromatic. 
 
 Bast radially striate, whitish ; inner surface 
 
 smooth ; fracture splintery. Fraxinus. 
 
 Bast radially striate, pale brownish ; bark tough. Simaruba. 
 
 Bast radially striate, whitish ; periderm black- 
 ish ; bark tough. Quassia excelsa. 
 
 Bast radially striate, whitish ; periderm gray ; 
 
 bark brittle. Qua.ssia amara. 
 
 Bast radially striate, grayish, dotted ; slightly 
 
 acrid. Condurango. 
 
 8 
 
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170 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 Bast scarcely striate, brownish-yellow ; periderm 
 
 dark gray. Frangula. 
 
 Bast scarcely striate, yellowish ; periderm gray Khamnus 
 and whitish. Purshiana. 
 
 Bast somewhat checkered ; internally with blue- 
 green patches ; odor opium-like. Piscidia. 
 
 Bast checkered, brown and white ; cork removed ; 
 
 inner surface striate. Juglans. 
 
 Bast yellowish-brown, dotted ; outer bark in un- 
 dulated layers. Quebracho. 
 
 Bast tangentially striate, yellowish ; cork rust- 
 brown, tasteless. Azedarach. 
 
 Sect. 4. Taste acrid or pungent. 
 
 Slender prickles in transverse rows. Aralia spinosa. 
 
 Brown-gray, inner surface whitish ; fracture Xanthoxylum 
 short ; spines brown, two-edged. fraxineum. 
 
 Brown-gray, inner surface whitish ; fracture 
 
 short; spines brown, stout, upon a thick, Xanthoxylum 
 corky base. carolinianum. 
 
 Eeddish-brown, with thin grayish cork ; fracture 
 
 short. Myrica. 
 
 Ked-brown ; internally with brown-yellow spots ; 
 
 brittle. Erythrophloeum. 
 
 Bast tangentially striate, tough, whitish ; peri- 
 derm greenish, glossy. Mezereum. 
 
 Bast tangentially striate, tough, whitish ; peri- 
 derm reddish ; taste slightly acrid. Gossypium. 
 
 Bast tangentially striate, tough, with yellow 
 dots ; cinnamon-brown ; aromatic, pungent. Coto. 
 
 Bast tangentially striate, whitish ; periderm gray 
 and blackish, scaly ; taste slightly acrid and 
 bitter. Euonymus. 
 
 Bast checkered, white or whitish ; cork removed ; 
 
 sternutatory. Quillaia. 
 
 Seel. 5. Mucilaginous. 
 
 Bast checkered, whitish or brownish ; cork re- 
 moved. Ulmus. 
 
 Sect. 6. Aromatic (some also bitter) with oil or 
 resin cells. 
 
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CINCHONA — PERUVIAN BARK. 171 
 
 Astringent ; compound quills ; papery, outer sur- 
 face lightest. Cinnamomum. 
 
 Astringent; curved or quilled; both surfaces Cinnamomum 
 cinnamon-brown. cassia. 
 
 Astringent ; flattish fragments, rust-brown ; frac- 
 ture corky. Sassafras. 
 
 Bitterish, pungent; periderm whitish and red- 
 dish, with white scars ; bast white. Canella. 
 
 Bitterish, pungent ; periderm brown, with dark- 
 brown scai-s ; bast brown. Cinnamodendron. 
 
 Bitterish, pungent ; periderm whitish or brown ; 
 
 inner surface ridged ; contains tannin. Wintera. 
 
 Very bitter ; reddish-brown ; in outer bark white 
 
 strise. Angustura. 
 
 Very bitter ; periderm white, fissured ; inner sur- 
 face brown. Cascarilla. 
 
 CINCHONA. — Cinchona, Peruvian Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Between 30 and 36 species of cinchona are 
 usually recognized, of which number about one-half fur- 
 nish commercial cinchona bark. O. Kuntze regards most 
 of these as hybrids or as varieties, and recognizes only 
 four typical species. Those recognized by the pharmaco- 
 poeias are mentioned below. 
 
 Natural order, Rubiacese, Cinchonese. 
 
 Habitai. — South America, commencing at 19° S. lat., 
 on the eastern slope of the central chain of the Andes, 
 northward to 2° S. lat., where a second belt commences on 
 the eastern slope of the western chain ; thence spreading 
 northward into Colombia to 10° N. lat. The valuable 
 species grow at an altitude of 1600 to 2400 meters (5300 
 to 8000 feet). Cinch, succirubra at 700 meters (2300 feet). 
 Other species of little or no value are found up to 3500 
 meters (11,600 feet), and down to 100 meters (330 feet). 
 The climate where the best species grow has a mean tem- 
 perature of 12° to 13° C. (55° F.), and is damp and foggy 
 throughout the greater part of the year. 
 
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172 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 Cinchonas are now extensively cultivated in Java, India 
 (Neilgherry and Himalaya Mountains), Jamaica (Blue 
 Mountains), and other countries ; to a limited extent also 
 in South America. Nearly all the commercial bark is 
 obtained from cultivated trees. 
 
 Structural Charaeteristics. — The bast fibres are short, 
 about 1 millimeter (^ inch) long, rather fusiform, obtusely 
 
 Fig. 108. 
 
 Fig. 109. 
 
 Calisaya bark. — Radial longitudinal seutiou, 
 showing bast fibres, bast parenchyme, and 
 medullary rays. 
 
 Cinchona laucifolia. — 
 Transverse section, mag- 
 nified 30 diain., showing 
 numerous stone cells in 
 outer bark and outer bast 
 layer ; bast cells in inter- 
 rupted radial lines. 
 
 pointed, uubranched, have very much thickened cell-walls 
 and a minute cavity, and are quite brittle. They are im- 
 
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CINCHONA — PERUVIAN BARK. 
 
 173 
 
 bedded in the bast parenchyme, either singly, or in short 
 radial lines, composed of one or two rows, or in irregular 
 
 Fig. 110. 
 
 Cinchona micrautha. — Transverse section, magnified 40 diam.; few stone 
 colls in outer bark; bast fibres single and in groups. 
 
 groups of 2, 3, or sometimes 6 or 8 cells. The bast rays 
 contain also incomplete fibres or staff cells, which are elon- 
 gated and thick-walled. The primary bark of some species 
 
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174 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 contains somewhat elongated unbranched laticiferous ducts 
 (vessels, lacunae) and thick-walled stone cells containing 
 resin or crystals, which are also occasionally found in the 
 medullary rays. The formation of secondary cork bands, 
 penetrating deeply into the interior, causes the absence of 
 these ducts and stone cells in the older trunk bark of some 
 species. The cork cells are thin-walled. 
 
 The structure of cultivated cinchona is to some extent 
 modified by the process of mossing and in renewed bark. 
 
 Officinal Olnehona Barks. — The bark of any species of 
 cinchona is admitted for medicinal use if containing at 
 least 3 per cent, of total alkaloids. Cinchona flava and 
 cinchona rubra are required to contain at least 2 per cent, 
 of quinine (U. S. Phar). 
 
 The Brit. Phar. admits all cinchona barks for the prepa- 
 ration of the alkaloids, but requires for all galenical prepa- 
 rations cultivated red bark — containing between 5 and 6 
 per cent, of alkaloids — of which not less than half shall 
 consist of quinine and cinchonidine. 
 
 The German Phar. directs trunk and branch bark of 
 cultivated cinchonas, preferably C. succirubra, containing 
 at least 5 per cent, of alkaloids. 
 
 The French Codex requires pale (Loxa or Huanuco) 
 bark to contain at least 1.5 per cent, of alkaloids; yellow 
 (Calisaya) bark to yield at least 2.5 per cent, of crystal- 
 lized quinine sulphate, and red bark to give not less than 
 2 per cent, of quinine sulphate, and 3 per cent, of total 
 sulphates. 
 
 Description. — Cultivated cinchona bark is seen in com- 
 merce in the form of quills or curved pieces, about 10 
 centimeters (4 inches) or more in length, the thickness of 
 the bark being usually about 2 or 3 millimeters (^ or ^ 
 inch), occasionally 5 or 6 millimeters (^ or ^ inch). The 
 outer surfaces consist of whitish or brown-gray cork, and 
 
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CINCHONA — PERUVIAN BAKK. 175 
 
 is more or less roiigli from scattered, or in older bark more 
 numerous, warts ft-equently forming longitudinal lines in C. 
 succirubra, from shallow longitudinal furrows and ridges, 
 and from short transverse, sometimes also longitudinal fis- 
 sures (met with chiefly in C. Calisaya and C. officinalis). 
 The inner surface is of a more or less deep cinnamon-brown, 
 or in thick succirubra bark of a dark reddish-brown color, 
 and is finely, or in older bark more coarsely striate ; the 
 fracture is nearly smooth or somewhat granular and short 
 in the thinner quills, or finely fibrous, but never splintery, 
 in the thicker pieces ; the powder is cinnamon brown, or 
 from succirubra bark reddish-brown in color ; odor slight, 
 somewhat aromatic; taste bitter and distinctly astringent. 
 
 These barks contain in their inner layer the character- 
 istic bast fibres described above, and these are seen in the 
 thin quills, mostly single and arranged in interrupted 
 radial lines ; the arrangement in bark from old wood is 
 described below ; the tissue is never in concentric layers. 
 
 On heating about 0.1 gram (IJ grains) of the powdered 
 bark in a dry test-tube, a tarry distillate of a red color is 
 obtained (Grahe's test). 
 
 Classification of the Important Cinchona Barks. 
 
 1. Bast fibres single, sometimes in groups of 2 or rarely more, medium 
 
 sized. 
 
 C. Calisaya. Laticiferous ducts in young bark ; no or very few stone 
 (resin) cells ; old bark with prominent secondary cork ; medul- 
 lary rays narrow. 
 
 C. glandulifera. Laticiferous ducts in 1 or 2 rows ; stone cells few ; 
 bast rays narrow ; medullary rays large-celled. 
 
 2. Bast fibres single, or oftener in groups, not in distinct radial lines. 
 C. micrantha. No laticiferous ducts ; stone cells few or none ; bast 
 
 fibres medium ; medullary rays narrow. 
 C. purpurea. Laticiferous ducts in 1 or 2 rows ; stone cells numer- 
 ous ; bast fibres medium, with some incomplete fibres ; medullary 
 rays broadly wedge-shaped at end. 
 
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176 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 C. pubescens. Laticiferous ducts in 1 row ; stone cells numerous ; 
 bast fibres large, variable, with incomplete fibres ; medullary 
 rays broad. 
 
 3. Bast fibres in interrupted, single or double radial lines. 
 
 C. succiriibra. Laticiferous ducts in 1 row, in old bark often filled 
 
 with cells ; stone cells none ; bast and medullary rays narrow ; 
 
 bast fibres medium. 
 C. officinalis. Laticiferous ducts thin, soon obliterated ; stone cells 
 
 none or very few ; bast fibres medium ; medullary rays narrow. 
 C. pitayensis. Laticiferous ducts none; stone cells few or none; 
 
 bast fibres thin ; medullary rays mostly narrow, wedge-shaped at 
 
 end. 
 C. cordifolia. Laticiferous ducts none ; stone cells few ; bast fibres 
 
 small, with some incomplete fibres ; medullary rays large-celled. 
 C. lancifolia. Laticiferous ducts none ; stone cells many ; bast fibres 
 
 medium, with some incomplete fibres ; medullary rays large- 
 celled. 
 C. nitida. Laticiferous ducts none ; stone cells few or none ; bast 
 
 fibres mostly thin, but many thick or medium ; medullary rays 
 
 narrow. 
 C. peruviana. Laticiferous ducts (in 1 row) and stone cells small ; 
 
 bast fibres small, many incompletely filled. 
 
 4. Bast fibres in nearly uninterrupted radial lines. 
 
 C. scrobiculata. Laticiferous ducts in 1 or 2 rows ; stone cells and 
 bast fibres numerous ; medullary rays large-celled. 
 
 The following cinchona barks were formerly shipped from 
 South America in large quantities ; the two or three varieties 
 first described below, are still recognized by several pharma- 
 copoeias. 
 
 Calisaya bark, or yellow cinchona, the bark of the trunk 
 of Cinch6na Calisdya, Weddell (U. S. P., 1880), from North- 
 eastern Bolivia and Southeastern Peru, growing at altitude of 
 1500-1800 meters (5000-6000 feet). In quills or flat pieces, 
 varying in size ; bark 2 or 3 millimeters (^ or ^ inch) thick, 
 externally gray with fissures forming nearly square meshes 
 with raised edges, internally yellowish, cinnamon-colored ; 
 inner surface nearly smooth ; fracture granular and short- 
 fibrous ; the flat pieces from 4 to 10 millimeters (^ to -f inch) 
 in thickness ; almost completely deprived of the brown corky 
 layer ; compact ; of a tawny-yellow color ; outer surface marked 
 with shallow conchoidal depressions (digital furrows) and in- 
 tervening, rather sharp ridges ; inner surface closely and finely 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CINCHONA — PERUVIAN BARK. 
 
 177 
 
 Striate ; transverse fracture showing numerous, very short, 
 and rigid, glistening fibres. Powder light cinnamon-brown, 
 
 Fig. 111. 
 
 Fia. 112. 
 
 Cinch. Calisaya, showing digital furrow 
 and short fibrous fracture. 
 
 Cinch, scrobiculata. 
 
 slightly aromatic, and persistently bitter. The young bark 
 contains a layer of primary cork, no stone cells, and near the 
 
 Fio. 113. 
 
 Calisaya barls, magnified 30 diam., quilled, with primary cork and near 
 the bast rays, with laticiferous ducts. 
 
 bast rays one or two circles of large laticiferous ducts. The 
 flat bark consists of liber only, has the bast fibres singly or 
 
 Digitized by l\^rosoft® 
 
178 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DROGS — BARES. 
 
 sometimes in pairs, arranged in radial lines, and contains 
 bands of secondary cork. 
 
 Calisaya bark was sometimes confounded with other cin- 
 chona barks of a similar color, but having the bast fibres in 
 bundles or radial rows, and breaking with a splintery or 
 coarsely fibrous fracture (Cinch, scrobiculata and C. lanci- 
 folia). 
 
 Fig. 114. Fig. 115. 
 
 Flat, inner layer ; with narrow 
 medullary rays and single bast 
 fibres in radial lines. 
 
 Flat, outer layer ; with bands 
 of secondary cork and distant 
 bast fibres. 
 
 Red Cinchona from Cinchona succiriibra, Pavon, indigenous 
 to Ecuador, west of Chimborazo, at an altitude of 700-1500 
 meters (2300-5000 feet). Incurved pieces or quills, varying 
 in length and width, and from 2 to 12 millimeters {^-^ to i 
 inch) thick ; compact ; of deep brown-red color ; outer sur- 
 face covered with numerous suberous warts, and in the older 
 bark, with ridges, or longitudinally and somewhat trans- 
 versely fissured ; inner surface rather coarsely striate ; trans- 
 verse fracture short-fibrous ; powder deep brown red, slightly 
 odorous, astringent, and bitter. It should not be confounded 
 with other barks having an orange-red color and breaking 
 with a coarse splintery fracture. The tissue contains no stone 
 cells; the large laticiferous ducts are frequently present in 
 old bark and often filled with cells ; the bast fibres are placed 
 in interrupted lines of two to about eight. 
 
 Loxa bark or crown bark, chiefly from C. officindlis. 
 
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CINCHONA — PERUVIAN BARK. 
 
 179 
 
 Fig. 116. 
 
 Hooker. Thin single or double quills ; periderm brown or 
 gray-brown, more or less fissured transversely, otherwise 
 smooth ; liber yellowish-brown or reddish-brown ; fracture 
 slightly fibrous in inner layer ; powder pale brown. 
 
 Pitaya bark, from C. Pitay^nsis, Weddell. Periderm 
 smooth, ochre-colored, with circular scars ; liber reddish cin- 
 namon-brown ; fracture short splintery ; 
 powder bright brown-yellow. 
 
 Cusco bark, from C. pub^scens, Vahl. 
 Periderm pale brown-yellow, warty, 
 sometimes whitish ; liber cinnamon-col- 
 ored, with a coarse splintery fracture. 
 
 Carthagena bark, from C. lancifolia, 
 Mutis, and C. cordifolia, Mutis. Quills 
 and half-quills ; periderm whitish, ochre- 
 colored or yellowish-brown, soft ; inner 
 surface cinnamon-brown, with orange or 
 reddish tint ; inner fracture fibrous. 
 
 Lima or Huanuco bark, from C. peru- 
 viana, Howard, C. nitida, Ruiz et Pavon, 
 C. micrantha, R. & P., and other species. 
 Quills and half-quills, varying according 
 to the origin. 
 
 Huamalies bark, from C. micrd,ntha, 
 Ruiz et Pavon, C. glandulifera, R. & P., 
 C. purpurea, JR. & P., and other species. 
 Quills and half-quills, varying according 
 to origin. 
 
 Jaen bark or false Loxa bark, from 
 C. Humboldti^na, Lambert. Inferior. 
 
 Cinchona Pahudiana, Hoivard, for- 
 merly cultivated in Java. Bark of 
 handsome appearance, but inferior. 
 
 Cinchona suocimbra. 
 — Transverse section, 
 magnified 30 diam. 
 
 Spurious Cinchona Barks. — From differ- 
 ent species of Ladenbergia, Exostemma, 
 Nauclea, etc. The liber layer is more 
 or less distinctly radially striate or checkered, and contains 
 bast fibres with large cavity, variously arranged. Occasion- 
 ally a bast fibre like those of the cinchonas is observed. These 
 are rarely, if ever, seen in commerce at the present time. 
 
 Constituents. — Kinic (quinic) acid, CjHijOj (5 to 7 per 
 cent., yields kinone, C^H^Oj, with sulphuric acid and man- 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
180 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 ganese binoxide) ; kinovic (quinovic) acid, 03211^805) taste- 
 less) ; kinovia (quinovin), Cg^H^gOg (bitter ; yields kinovic 
 acid aud mannitan) ; ciuchotannic acid (usually 2 to 4 per 
 cent.) ; cinchona red (derivative of the preceding) ; volatile 
 oil (minute quantity), gum, sugar, wax, ash (2-3 per cent.). 
 The most important constituents are the following five 
 alkaloids: quinine and quinidine (conquinine), CjjHj^NaOj); 
 
 cinchonine 
 
 and cinchonidine, 0^ 
 
 H^jNp (older 
 
 formula, 
 
 C^oH^^N^O) 
 
 ; quinamine, C 
 
 i^H^AO,. 
 
 Their properties are 
 
 as follows : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Soluble in parts of 
 
 
 
 01, KCfo, 
 
 Alkaluids. 
 
 Rutation. 
 
 Water. 
 
 Alcohol. 
 
 Ether 
 
 01 and NH3 
 
 and NH3. 
 
 Quinine 
 
 left 
 
 1670 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 green 
 
 dark red 
 
 Quinidine 
 
 right 
 
 2000 
 
 26 
 
 30 
 
 green 
 
 dark red 
 
 Cinchonine 
 
 right 
 
 3740 
 
 133 
 
 370 
 
 not gr. 
 
 not red 
 
 Cinchonidine 
 
 left 
 
 1680 
 
 20 
 
 188 
 
 not gr. 
 
 not red 
 
 Quinamine 
 
 right 
 
 1520 
 
 110 
 
 55 
 
 not gr. 
 
 not red 
 
 A large number of allied alkaloids have been obtained, 
 some of which are known to be produced under the influ- 
 ence of heat or of reagents : 
 
 Isomeric with quinine are quinidine aud quinicine. 
 
 Isomeric with quinamine are conquinamine, quinamidine, 
 quinamicine. 
 
 Isomeric with cinchonine are cinchonidine, cinchonicine, 
 homocinchonine, homocinchonidine, homocinchonicine, and 
 apoquinamine. 
 
 In the preparation of the cinchona alkaloids a mother- 
 liquor is obtained yielding a brown amorphous alkaloid 
 known as chinoidine (quinoidine), which is usually a mix- 
 ture of dicinchonicine C38H^^N^02 (= 2C19H22N2O), and 
 diconquinine (diquinidine), C4jH^5N^03 (= 2C2oH24^202 — 
 HjO) ; the latter gives the chlorine water and ammonia 
 the green thalleioquin color. 
 
 Other alkaloids obtained from varieties of cinchona 
 barks are — paricine, CijHijNjO, in red bark; cusconine 
 
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REMIJIA — CUPEBA BARK. 181 
 
 and aricine, CjjHjjNaO^, in Cusco bark; pay tine, CjiH^^NjO, 
 in Payta bark. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic, anti periodic, febrifuge. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in powder, fluid extract, 
 extract, or the salts of the alkaloids. 
 
 REMIJIA.— CupREA Babk. 
 
 Origin. — Remijia peduncuUta, Triana. Natural order, 
 Rubiacese, Cinchonese. 
 
 Habitat. — Colombia, central part, at an altitude of 1000 to 
 2000 meters (^3300 to 6600 feet). 
 
 Description. — Flat or curved pieces, about 3 to 6 milli- 
 meters (i to i inch) thick, rarely in quills, mostly deprived of 
 the warty and furrowed brownish cork, otherwise of a charac- 
 teristic dull copper-red color; the inner surface striate; hard, 
 fracture coarsely granular and splintery ; odor slight ; taste 
 bitter, somewhat astringent. The cork cells are thick- walled ; 
 the primary bark contains a few laticiferous ducts ; the bast 
 fibres, with rather large cavities and obtuse ends, are in close 
 radiallines most numerous in the outer bast layer ; numerous 
 stone cells are found in the primary bark and the bast layer. 
 Cuprea bark, powdered and heated in a dry test-tube, yields 
 &. tarry distillate of a red color (Grahe's test). 
 
 Constituents. — Quinine, 2 to 3 per cent., quinidine and cin- 
 chonine, also kinovin, but no cinchonidine. Quinine exists in 
 part as homoquinine, which is a compound of quinine with 
 cupreine, C^HjaNjO.^; the latter dissolves with difBcnlty in 
 ether and chloroform, is colored red-brown by ferric chloride, 
 and green by chlorine and ammonia, and may be converted 
 into quinine by treatment with methyl chloride. 
 
 Remijia Purdie^na, Weddell, which is also a native of 
 Colombia, yields a bark of a yellowish-brown color, covered 
 with a brown-gray cork, and containing radial rows of thin 
 bast fibres with rather large cavities, and scattered stone cells 
 in the primary bark, but none in the bast layers. It does 
 not respond to Grahe's test, and contains the alkaloids cin- 
 chonamine, concusconine, chairamine, conchairamine, chair- 
 amidine, and conchairamidine. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge. Cuprea bark has been used 
 for the manufacture of quinine. 
 
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182 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 NECTANDEA. — Bebeeru. Geeenheaet Ba»k. 
 
 Origin. — Nect^ndra Rodise'i, Schomburgk. Natural order, 
 Laurinese, Perseacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Guiana. 
 
 Description. — Flat pieces, 6 millimeters (} inch) or less 
 thick ; outer surface gray-brown, with numerous longitudinal 
 depressions ; inner surface cinnamon-colored, coarsely striate ; 
 fracture granular from the numerous stone cells, in the liber 
 somewhat tangentially striate ; inodorous ; taste astringent 
 and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Bebirine, Ci8H2iN03, identical with buxine 
 and pelosine, white, soluble in ether ; sipirine, red-brown, 
 amorphous, insoluble in ether. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge, antiperiodic. Dose, 2 to 4 
 grams (3ss-j) ; mostly the alkaloid, 0.06 to 0.6 gram (gr. j-x). 
 
 CORNUS.— Dogwood. 
 
 Origin. — Coruus florida, Linne. Naiural order, Cor- 
 nacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, westward to Minnesota and 
 Texas, in woods. 
 
 Description. — The bark of the i-oot is collected and is 
 deprived of the furrowed brown-gray corky layer; in 
 curved pieces of various sizes, about 3 millimeters (^ incli) 
 thick ; outer and inner surface pale reddish or light red- 
 dish-brown, striate ; transverse and longitudinal fracture 
 short, whitish, with brown-yellow striae of stone cells ; in- 
 odorous ; astringent and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Cornin (comic acid, silky needles, bitter, 
 soluble in water and alcohol), tannin (3 per cent.), resin, 
 gum, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 
 grams (gr. xv-3j), in decoction and fluid extract. 
 
 The barkof Cornus circin4ta, L'Heritier, or round-leaved 
 
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MAGNOLIA. 183 
 
 dogwood, is thin, quilled, or curved ; outer surface greenish 
 or brownish-gray, with suberous warts or longitudinal 
 lines ; inner surface cinnamon-brown. 
 
 The bark of Cornus sericea, LinnS, or swamp dogwood, 
 is quilled, thin ; outer surface purplish-brown or purplish- 
 gray, with few suberous warts ; inner surface cinnamon- 
 brown. 
 
 These barks agree with that of Cornus florida in taste, 
 constituents, and properties. 
 
 LIRIODENDRON.— Tulip-tree Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Liriod^ndron Tulipifera, LinnL Natural order, 
 Magnoliacese, Magnoliese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, westward to Eastern Kansas, in 
 woodlands ; also in China. 
 
 Description. — The bark of the branches is collected. Quills 
 or curved pieces, about 2 millimeters (-jJj inch) thick ; outer 
 surface purplish-brown or blackish-gray, with thin, often cleft 
 ridges forming elongated meshes ; internally whitish, smooth ; 
 transverse fracture short, somewhat fibrous in the inner layer ; 
 nearly inodorous ; taste somewhat astringent, pungent, and 
 bitter. The bark of old wood deprived of the corky layer is 
 whitish, fibrous, and less pungent. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, various resins (including 
 liriodendrin), glucoside, tulipiferine (white tasteless alkaloid ; 
 heart tonic), tannin, coloring matters, gum, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge, vermifuge. Dose, 4 to 8 
 grams (sj-ij), in infusion or fluid extract. 
 
 MAGNOLIA.— Magnolia. 
 
 Origin,. — Magnolia glauca, LinnS, M. acuminata, lAnnS, 
 and M. trip6tala, LinnS. Natural order, Maguoliacese, 
 Magnoliese. 
 
 Habitat. — Middle and Southern United States. 
 
 Description. — Thin quills or curved pieces; periderm 
 orange-brown, glossy, or light gray, with scattered warts, 
 
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184 CELLULAK VEGETABLE DKUGS — BAKKS. 
 
 somewhat fissured ; inner surface whitish or brownish, 
 smooth ; fracture in inner layer somewhat fibrous ; inodqr- 
 ous ; taste somewhat astringent, pungent, and bitter. The 
 barJs of old wood deprived of the corky layer is whitish, 
 or pale brownish, fibrous, and less pungent. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, resins, a tasteless crys- 
 talline glucoside, tannin, coloring matters, gum, etc. Mag- 
 nolin is a crystalline principle of the fruit of M. tripetala, 
 having an irritating taste, or when pure tasteless, insoluble 
 in water, soluble in most simple solvents and in alkalies. 
 The identity of the crystalline principles in the bark and 
 fruit of the diiierent species has not been demonstrated. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 2 to 4 
 grams (3ss-j), in decoction. 
 
 PEINOS. — Black Alder, Winterberry. 
 
 Origin. — Ilex verticill^ta, Gray, s. Prinos verticillatus, 
 LinnS. Natural order, Ilicinese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to Florida, in swampy 
 thickets. 
 
 Description. — Thin slender fragments, about 1 millime- 
 ter (^ly inch) thick, fragile ; outer surface brownish ash- 
 colored, with whitish patches and blackish dots and lines, 
 the corky layer easily separating from the green tissue ; 
 inner surface pale greenish or yellowish ; fracture short, 
 tangentially striate; nearly inodorous, bitter, slightly as- 
 tringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, wax, fat, resin, chlorophyll, 
 albumin, sugar, gum, starch, amorphous bitter principle, 
 which is precipitated by subacetate of lead ; ash 4 to 5 per 
 cent. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent tonic, alterative, febrifuge. 
 Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
BEEBERIS — BARBERRY BARK. 185 
 
 X PEUNUS VIRGINIANA.— Wild Cheery Bark. 
 
 Origin. — The bark of Prunus (C6rasus, Loisdeur) sero- 
 tina, Ehrhart. Natural order, Rosacese, Prunese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, westward to Minnesota and 
 Louisiana ; in woods. 
 
 Description. — Curved pieces or irregular fragments, 2 
 millimeters (y^^ inch) or more thick ; outer surface greenish- 
 brown or yellowish-brown, smooth, and somewhat glossy ; 
 if collected from old wood deprived of most of the corky 
 layer, the outer surface rust-brown and uneven ; inner sur- 
 face somewhat striate, cinnamon-brown ; brittle ; fracture 
 granular, radially striate ; after maceration in water, of a 
 distinct bitter almond odor ; taste astringent, aromatic, and 
 bitter. 
 
 It should be collected in autumn. The bark of the small 
 branches is to be rejected. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, gallic acid (?), bitter principle, 
 resin, starch, amorphous principle (somewhat bitter, soluble 
 in alcohol and not precipitated by ether), and a ferment 
 which is not identical with emulsin (Power, 1887). The 
 reaction in water of the two last-named principles gener- 
 ates hydrocyanic acid and oil of bitter almond. Collected 
 in October, the bark yields 0.144 per cent. HCy, contains 
 about 3| per cent, of taunin, and yields a dark-colored in- 
 fusion. The bitter taste is partly due to a glucoside, crys- 
 tallizing in colorless needles, soluble in ether, and showing 
 blue fluorescence in aqueous and alkaline solution. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, sedative, pectoral. Dose, 2 to 4 
 grams (Sss-j), in infusion, syrup, or fluid extract. 
 
 BERBERIS.— Barberry Bark. 
 
 Cortex radicis berberidis. 
 
 Origin. — Berberis vulgdris, Linne. Natural order, Berber- 
 idacese, Berberese. 
 
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186 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS BARKS. 
 
 Habitat — Europe and Western Asia; naturalized in North 
 America. 
 
 Description. — Thin fragments ; periderm yellowish gray, 
 soft; inner surface smooth, orange-yellow; fracture short, 
 bright yellow ; separable in laminse ; inodorous ; taste bitter, 
 not astringent, tingeing the saliva yellow. 
 
 Constituents. — Little tannin (green with ferric salts), wax, 
 fat, resin, albumin, gum, starch, berberine li per cent, (see 
 Hydrastis), oxyacanthine, CjgH^iNOa (vinetine, or berbine; 
 bitter, white, soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform ; sepa- 
 rates iodine from iodic acid ; isomeric with thebaine; the salts 
 sparingly soluble in sodium phosphate), berbamine, Ci8HigN03 
 (white, the salts sparingly soluble in sodium nitrate), and a 
 fourth amorphous alkaloid. A dilute solution of potassium 
 ferricyanide with ferric chloride is colored blue by salts of 
 berbamine and oxyacanthine. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge, in large doses laxative. Dose, 
 0.2 to 0.6 gram (gr. iij-x), in powder or decoction. 
 
 SALIX.— Willow. 
 
 Origin. — S41ix dlba, LinnS, and other species of Salix. 
 Natural order, Salicaeese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, naturalized in North America ; cul- 
 tivated. 
 
 FiQ. 117. 
 
 ; 
 
 
 
 .A-'T.r5*a'^iJ.ik--uafc 
 
 Salix. — Transverse section, magnified 15 diam. 
 
 Description. — Collected from branches several years old. 
 Fragments or quills, 1 or 2] millimeters (^V or -^-^ inch) 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HAMAMELIS — WITCH HAZEL. 187 
 
 thick, smooth ; outer surface somewhat glossy, brownish, 
 or yellowish, more or less finely warty or somewhat trans- 
 versely ridged, under the corky layer green ; inner surface 
 brownish-white, smooth ; fracture tough and fibrous. The 
 less esteemed trunk bark is much thicker, deprived of the 
 ash-gray cork, pale cinnamon-brown, the fracture more 
 fibrous, somewhat splintery. The liber separates in thin 
 layers, and the transversely elongated liber bundles are 
 accompanied by axial rows of crystal cells ; inodorous, 
 bitter, and astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, about 12 per cent. ; salicin, 
 QsHijOj, 1 to 3 per cent., white bitter scales or needles, 
 insoluble in ether, blood-red by sulphuric acid; by dilute 
 acids split into sugar and saligenin, CjHgOj (solution blue 
 by ferric chloride), or saliretin, Ci^Hj^Oj. The white or 
 crack willows appear to contain more tannin, the purple 
 willows more salicin. Salicin has also been found in the 
 leaves and flowers of several species of willow, and in the 
 bark and leaves of several species of Populus associated 
 with populin, which is benzoylsaliciu. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent, vermifuge, febrifuge. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j) or more. Salicin as a tonic 
 or febrifuge in doses of 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij— xv). 
 
 X HAMAMELIS. — Hamamelis, Witch Hazel. 
 
 Origin. — HamamSlis virginidna, lAnnL Natural order, 
 Hamamelidese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in thickets. 
 
 Description. — In irregular fragments or curved pieces, 1 or 
 2 millimeters (■rs~rt inch) thick ; outer surface ash-gray, 
 smooth, with scattered small blackish warts, or with short 
 transverse ridges or scars, or somewhat scaly in older bark ; 
 the thin gray corky lay«r easily removed from the pale cin- 
 namon colored middle bark; inner surface smooth or finely 
 striate ; the liber of older bark separating in thin layers ; frac- 
 ture of young bark short, of older bark tough in the bast layer ; 
 inodorous ; taste astringent, somewhat bitter and pungent. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
188 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 8 per cent. ; bitter and pungent prin- 
 ciples (not isolated), resin, wax, sugar ; ash 6 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j"), 
 in infusion or fluid extract. 
 
 VIBURNUM.— Viburnum, Black Haw. 
 
 Origin. — Viburnum prunifolium, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Capri foliacese, Sambuceffi. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, westward to Kansas and Mis- 
 sissippi ; in thickets. 
 
 Description. — The baric of the stem is in thin pieces or 
 quills, glossy purplish-brown, with scattered warts and 
 minute black dots ; collected from old wood grayish-brown ; 
 the thin corky layer easily removed from the green layer ; 
 inner surface whitish, smooth ; fracture short, inodorous, 
 or of a slight valerian-like odor ; taste somewhat astrin- 
 gent, bitter.. The root bark is reddish-brown, internally 
 cinnamon-colored, very bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Valerianic acid, brown bitter resin, green- 
 ish-yellow bitter principle (viburnin), tannin, sugar, oxa- 
 lates, citrates, malates, and ash 8-9 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, tonic, nervine; used in threatened 
 abortion. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in infusion or fluid 
 extract. 
 
 QUERCUS ALBA.— White Oak Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Qu6rcus 41ba, lAnne. Natural order, Cupu- 
 liferffl, Quercinese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, westward to Minnesota, 
 Kansas, and Mississippi ; in woods. 
 
 Description. — Nearly flat pieces, deprived of the corky 
 layer, about 6 millimeters (J inch) thick, pale brown, inner 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
QUEEOUS TINCTOBIA — BLACK OAK BARK. 189 
 
 surface with short, sharp, longitudinal ridges ; tough ; 
 fracture coarsely fibrous ; odor faint tan-like; taste strongly 
 astringent; in the shops usually in an irregular fibrous 
 powder, which does not tinge the saliva yellow. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, 6-11 per ceut. (olive-brown with 
 ferric salts ; on sublimation yields needles soluble in 
 alcohol and sparingly in water, colored green by ferric 
 chloride), red-brown coloring matter, pectin', resin, etc. 
 Young oak bark is richer in tannin than bark from old 
 wood. Querco-tanuic acid is C^fi^f)^^ and Q^^fi^^, 
 the latter being readily soluble in water. Oak red is 
 
 Properties. — Astringent. Bose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv- 
 3j) ; mostly used externally. 
 
 QUERCUS TINCTORIA.— Black Oak Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Qu6rcus coccinea var. tinctoria, Oray. Natural 
 order, Cupuliferse, QuercinesB. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, westward to Minnesota and 
 Texas ; iu woods. 
 
 Description. — Flattish pieces, deprived of the corky layer, 
 about 5 millimeters (^ inch) thick, reddish-brown, inner sur- 
 face somewhat ridged ; compact but rather brittle ; fracture 
 coarsely fibrous ; odor faint tan-like ; taste strongly astringent 
 and somewhat bitter, imparting a brownish-yellow color to 
 the saliva. Usually kept in an irregular fibrous powder. 
 
 In the Southern States the barks of Quercus nigra, Linne 
 (blackjack), and of Qu. falcd,ta, Michaux (Spanish oak), are 
 frequently used as black oak bark; they are of a much 
 coarser texture and of a deep reddish-brown color. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 6 to 12 per cent, (blue with ferric 
 salt), red-brown coloring matter, pectin, quercitrin, CjjHjgOj,,. 
 The latter is yellow, crystalline, nearly tasteless ; nearly in- 
 soluble in cold water; colored dark yellow by ferric salts, 
 and with dilute acids yields isodulcit, CjH^Oj, and yellow 
 quercetin, Cj^HigOn (with alcoholic ferric chloride dark green, 
 on boiling deep red). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
190 CELLULAR VEGETABLE URUGS — BARKS. 
 
 0^ RUBUS. — Blackberry Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Rubus villosus, Alton ; Rubus canadensis, 
 LinnS ; and Riibus trivi^lis, Michaux. Natural order, 
 Rosacese, Rubese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in fields and thickets ; the 
 last-named species is confined to the Southern States, west- 
 ward to Texas. 
 
 Description. — The bark of the root is collected. Thin, 
 tough, flexible bands, outer surface blackish or blackish- 
 gray, inner surface pale brownish, sometimes with strips of 
 
 Fig. 118. 
 
 Eubus villosus. — Transverse section of bark, magnified 15 diara. 
 
 whitish tasteless wood adhering, fracture rather tough and 
 fibrous, the bast fibres iu transversely elongated groups, 
 forming rather broad wedges ; inodorous, strongly astrin- 
 gent, somewhat bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 10-13 per cent., gallic acid 0.4 
 per cent, villosin 0.8 per cent., ash 3 per cent., etc. Vil- 
 losin is a bitter crystalline glucoside, soluble in alcohol, 
 sparingly soluble in water and benzin, insoluble in ether 
 or chloroform ; it readily yields villosic acid, which is sol- 
 uble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Both yield with 
 H2SO4 and little water deep blue or violet color ; with 
 H2SO4 and little HNO3 blood-red color disappearing by 
 water (G. A. Krauss, 1889, 1890). 
 
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GRANATI RADICIS CORTEX. 
 
 191 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss- 
 ij), in decoction, syrup, or fluid extract. 
 
 Fig. 120. 
 
 GRANATI RADICIS CORTEX.— Bark of 
 
 Pomegranate Root. 
 
 Origin. — Piiuica Gran^tum, Linne. Natural order, 
 Lythrariese, Lythrese. 
 
 Habitat. — India and South- 
 western Asia ; cultivated and 
 naturalized in subtropicaWfeoun. 
 tries. 
 
 Description. — The bark of the 
 root is directed by the U. S., 
 Brit, and French Pharmacopoeias. 
 In thin quills or fragments, 5 to 
 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) 
 long, little over 1 millimeter {-^^ 
 
 Fig. U9. 
 
 Granati cortex. — Transverse section, 
 magnified 1 diam. 
 
 inch) thick ; outer surface brown 
 or brown-gray, somewhat warty 
 or longitudinally and reticulately 
 ridged, the larger pieces with 
 conchoidal scales of cork ; inner 
 surface smooth, finely striate, 
 
 -in e J. u i. Magnified 40 diam. 
 
 grayish-yellow ; iracture short, ^ 
 
 granular, brownish-yellow, indistinctly radiate in the liber, 
 
 which contains scattered stone cells and numerous trans- 
 
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192 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 versely and axially packed cells with crystals of calcium 
 oxalate; inodorous, scarcely bitter, astringent. 
 
 The bark of the stem is admitted with the root-bark by 
 the German PharmacopcEia ; it is similar to the preceding, 
 externally more gray, with longitudiual ridges and with 
 scattered dots or patches of dark-colored lichens ; the frac- 
 ture greenish-yellow, and the bast layer more distinctly 
 radiate ; it is said to be equal to the root-bark. 
 
 Oonstituents. — Puuico-tannic acid, C^JH^fi-^^, about 20 
 per cent., mannit, sugar, gum, pectin, pelletierine, CgHjjNO 
 (colorless oily aromatic alkaloid, soluble in water, alcohol, 
 ether, and chloroform ; resinifies on exposure ; the salts 
 crystalline), and three allied alkaloids ; ash 14 to 16 per 
 cent. The bark from stem and branches contains from 
 0.35 to 61 per cent, of alkaloids, and the root-bark from 
 1.01 to 1.32 per cent. (Stoeder, 1888.) 
 
 Properties. — Anthelmintic, tsenifuge. Dose, 8 to 16 
 grams (gij-iv), in decoction. 
 
 Adullerations. — The barks of Berberis vulgaris, Lin. 
 (see page 185) and Biixus serapervirens, Linni, are bitter, 
 not astringent, and yield infusions which are not colored 
 blue-black by ferric salts. 
 
 FRAXINUS.— White Ash. 
 
 Origin. — Frdxinus americ^na, Linne (Fr. ^Iba, Marsh). 
 Natural order, Oleacese, Praxinese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America. 
 
 Description. — The bark of the root is preferred. Quills or 
 curved pieces about 5 millimeters (^ inch) thick; cork warty, 
 ash-gray, often removed ; whitish or yellowish ; inner surface 
 smooth ; fracture coarsely fibrous, splintery ; odor faintly 
 aromatic, taste bitter, slightly acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, starch, sugar, glucoside 
 (fluorescent with alkalies), crystalline principle, bitter prin- 
 ciple, ash 5 to 6 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, emmenagogue. Dose, 1 gram (gr. 
 xv). 
 
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QUASSIA CORTEX — QUASSIA BARK. 193 
 
 SIMARUBA— SiMABUBA. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Siinaruba officindlis, De CandoUe ; and, 2. S. 
 medicindlis, Endlicher. Natural order, Simarubese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Guiana to Northern Brazil. 2. West Indies. 
 
 Description. — The bark of the root is usually collected. 
 Flattish, curved or quilled pieces, often 0.5 to 1 meter (20-40 
 inches) long, and about 3 millimeters (4 inch) thick ; periderm 
 yellowish or brownish, often partly or wholly removed ; then 
 
 Fig. 121. 
 
 Simaruba. — Transverse section, magnified 3 diam. 
 
 gray-brown ; inner surface light brown, striate ; bast coarsely 
 fibrous, tough, flexible, difficult to break ; bast rays wavy 
 and oblique ; inodorous ; taste very bitter. No. 2 is light 
 yellowish-brown, the inner surface finely striate. 
 
 Constituents. — Probably quassin or picrasmin, some resin, 
 trace of volatile oil, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. 
 viij-xxx), in infusion or decoction. 
 
 QUASSIA CORTEX.— Quassia Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Picrse'na (Qudssia, Swartz) exc61sa, Lindley. 
 Natural order, Simarubese. 
 
 Habitat. — Jamaica. 
 
 Description. — Flat or curved pieces, about 5 millimeters (\ 
 inch) or more thick ; outer surface black -gray, longitudinally 
 furrowed and verrucose ; inner surface whitish, smooth ; bast 
 rays somewhat wavy ; fracture in inner layer tough ; inodor- 
 ous, taste very bitter. 
 
 The bark of Quassia amdra, lAnne, or Surinam quassia, is 
 about 1 millimeter (-^ inch) thick ; externally gray, smooth- 
 ish ; inner surface whitish, smooth ; very brittle ; fracture 
 smooth. 
 
 9 
 
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194 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DBUGS — BAKKS. 
 
 Constituents. — Picrasmin, alkaloid (?), trace of volatile oil, 
 etc. The bark of Surinam quassia contains quassin. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. 
 viij-xxx), in infusion. 
 
 CONDURANGO.— CoNDURANGO. 
 
 Ori^im.— Gonolobus Condurdngo, Triana. Natural order, 
 Asclepiadacese, Gonolobese. 
 
 Habitat. — Ecuador. 
 
 Description. — Quills or curved pieces about 5 to 10 centi- 
 meters (2-4 inches) long ; bark about 2 to 6 millimeters (-j^— 
 i inch) thick, externally browflish or brown-gray, wrinkled 
 and warty ; inner surface pale brownish and striate ; fracture 
 granular, slightly fibrous, brownish, with scattered latex tubes 
 and brownish yellow groups of stone cells in the wavy bast 
 wedges; the parenchyme contains starch and raphides; 
 nearly inodorous; taste slightly bitter and somewhat acrid. 
 The infusion, prepared with cold water, becomes turbid on 
 heating, but clear again on cooling. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, a peculiar glucoside (less soluble in 
 hot than in cold water), alkaloid (trace ; resembling strych- 
 nine in action), resin, starch, gum, etc., ash about 12 per 
 cent. 
 
 Properties. — Used in cancer and rheumatism ; tonic. Dose, 
 2 grams (gr. xxx). 
 
 FRANGULA.— Frangula. 
 
 Origin. — Rh^mnus Frdngula, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Rhamnese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Northern Asia. 
 
 Desci'iption. — Quilled, about 1 to 1.5 millimeters (^- 
 ]3g- inch) thick; outer surface gray-brown or blackish- 
 brown, with numerous small whitish transversely elongated 
 suberous warts ; inner surface smooth, pale brownish-yel- 
 low ; fracture in the outer layer short, of a purplish tint ; 
 in the inner layer fibrous and pale yellow ; bast bundles in 
 tangential groups, accompanied by axial rows of cells con- 
 taining crystals ; nearly inodorous ; taste mucilaginous, 
 
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FEANGULA. 195 
 
 sweetish, and bitter. Ou mastication it colors the saliva 
 yellow. Immersed in diluted alkali solution, its inner 
 surface is colored red. The reddish infusion is colored 
 dark brown by ferric chloride. The bark should not be 
 used sooner than a year after it has been collected. 
 
 Fig. 122. 
 
 Frangula. — Transverse section, magnified 10 diam. 
 
 Constituents. — Frangulin or rhamnoxanthin, CjjHjjOg, 
 or C2„H2oOi|„ about 0.04 per cent, (yellow glucoside, taste- 
 less, sublimable, purple by alkalies ; yields yellow needles 
 of frangulic acid or isoemodin), emodin, CuHjuOj, about 0.1 
 
 Fio. 123. 
 
 Frangula. — Magnified 80 diam. 
 
 per cent, (reddish), isoemodin, CijHgO^ (bitter and laxative), 
 resin, tannin, ash 5-6 per cent. Fresh frangula bark con- 
 tains neither frangulin nor emodin. 
 
 Properties. — When fresh, emetic; when old, tonic, pur- 
 gative, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 8 grams (5ss-ij), in decoction. 
 
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196 CELUJLAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BAKKS. 
 
 RHAMNUS PURSHIANA.— Oascaea Sagrada, 
 Chittem Bark. 
 
 Origin — Rhdmnus Purshiana, -De Candolle. Natural 
 order, Rhamnese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Idaho, and westward to the Pacific 
 coast. 
 
 Description. — Curved or quilled, usually about 10 centi- 
 meters (4 inches) long, 1 or 2 to 4 millimeters (yg— rj-i 
 inch) thick ; periderm brownish-gray and whitish, with 
 numerous rather broad pale-colored corky warts, and often 
 with patches of lichens, otherwise smooth; underneath 
 brown or reddish-brown ; inner surface yellowish or brown- 
 ish, smooth or finely striate ; fracture short, yellowish, in 
 the inner layer of the thick pieces somewhat fibrous ; med- 
 ullary rays narrow ; bast bundles in tangential groups ; 
 stone cells in the outer bark in clusters ; inodorous, taste 
 bitter. 
 
 Rhamnus californica, JEschscholtz, from central California 
 southward, is locally also known as cascara sagrada. The 
 bark resembles the preceding, but is rather thinner, the 
 color somewhat reddish dull-gray, the corky warts less 
 numerous and disappearing rather early, the bast rays 
 somewhat broader with the bast bundles sometimes in 
 pairs, and the inner surface distinctly striate from the de- 
 pressed medullary rays. 
 
 Both these barks when masticated color the saliva yellow 
 and resemble also frangula bark in their behavior to alkali 
 and ferric chloride. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, white subliraable principle, yellow 
 crystalline principle (resembling frangulin, but probably 
 not identical with it), and three resins (one is colored brown 
 by potassa, another purple by the same reagent, and the 
 
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JUGLANS — BUTTERNUT. 197 
 
 third red-brown by sulphuric acid). The composition 
 probably changes on keeping; 0.05 per cent, emodin was 
 found in bark about a year old (Schwabe, 1888). 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge, purgative. Dose, 1 to 4 
 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction, tincture, or fluid extract. 
 
 PISCIDIA.— Jamaica Dogwood. 
 
 Origin. — Piscidia Erythrina, Jacquin. Natural order, 
 Legurainosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. 
 
 Habitat. — West Indies. 
 
 Description. — In quills or curved pieces, 5 to 15 centimeters 
 (2-6 inches) long, about 4 or sometimes 6 millimeters (^ or \ 
 inch) thick, externally orange-brown or dark gray-brown, 
 with thin longitudinal and transverse ridges, roughish wrin- 
 kled, somewhat fissured ; inner surface brownish, smooth or 
 fibrous ; fracture tough, fibrous, with blue-green or brownish- 
 green patches ; bast fibres in tangentially elongated bundles, 
 arranged in radial rows, attached to cells containing crystals 
 of calcium oxalate and imbedded in parenchyme ; odor nar- 
 cotic, opium-like ; taste bitter, somewhat acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, fat, piscidin (crystallizable, insoluble 
 in water, slightly soluble in cold alcohol, soluble in chloroform 
 and benzol), and a bitter glucoside soluble in water. 
 
 Properties. — Sudorific, soporific. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
 xv-xlv) . 
 
 J UGL ANS . B UTTEEN UT. 
 
 Origin. — Juglans cin6rea, LinnS. Natural order, Jug- 
 landese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America. 
 
 Description. — The inner bark of the root is collected in 
 autumn. Flat or curved pieces, 3 to 6 millimeters {^ to \ 
 inch) thick, outer surface nearly free from soft cork, deep 
 brown ; inner surface smooth and striate; transverse frac- 
 ture short, delicately checkered from whitish parenchyme 
 and transverse groups of brown bast fibres; odor feeble; 
 taste bitter, somewhat acrid. 
 
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198 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 Constituents. — Nucin (juglandic acid, juglone), Cj^HjOj 
 (orange-yellow needles, acrid, purple by alkalies, volatile 
 with water vapors, decomposed by long boiling), iixed oil 
 14 per cent., trace of volatile oil and tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Cathartic, tonic. Dose, 4 to 8 grams (3j-ij), 
 in infusion or extract. 
 
 QUEBEACHO.— QUEBEACHO. 
 
 Quebracho bianco. 
 
 Origin. — Aspidosp6rma Quebrd,eho, Sehkehtendal. Nat- 
 ural order, Apocynacese, Plumeriese. 
 
 Habitat. — Argentine Republic. 
 
 Description. — Nearly flat pieces, 1 to 3 centimeters {^1\ 
 inches) thick ; cork deeply fissured, gray or yellowish-gray 
 and internally reddish-brown ; inner surface yellowish or 
 brown and striate ; hard, fracture granular in the outer layer, 
 showing wavy strata of cork and parenchyme, and short 
 splintery in the yellowish or brown bast layer ; the paren- 
 chyme with numerous whitish groups of stone cells ; the bast 
 fibres dark colored, scattered, and accompanied by axial rows 
 of stone cells; medullary rays in about three rows of cells; 
 small starch grains in the parenchyme ; nearly inodorous ; 
 taste very bitter, slightly aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Six alkaloids, viz., aspidospermine, quebra- 
 chine, quebracharaine, aspidospermatine, aspidosamine, and 
 hydroquebrachine, the two last amorphous ; a peculiar sugar, 
 quebrachit ; tannin 3-4 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, antispasmodic in asthma, etc. Dose, 1 
 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj). 
 
 Quebracho Colorado (Loxoptery'gium Lorentzii, Grisebach. 
 Natural order, Anacardiacese. Bark neatly checkered from 
 tangential bands of dark-colored cork and groups of bast 
 fibres, and from radial light-colored medullary rays. Wood, 
 red-brown, contains 20 per cent, of tannin ; also loxopterygine. 
 
 AZEDARACH.— AzEDARACH. 
 
 Origin. — M6lia Az6darach, LinnL Natural order, 
 Meliacese, Melieae. 
 
 Habitat. — China and India, cultivated in the Southern 
 United States. 
 
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XANTHOXYLUM — PRICKLY ASH. 199 
 
 Beseription. — The bark of the root is collected. Curved 
 pieces or quills of variable size and thickness, outer sur- 
 face red-brown, with irregular blackish longitudinal ridges ; 
 inner surface whitish or brownish, longitudinally striate ; 
 fracture more or less fibrous ; upon transverse section tan- 
 gentially striate, with yellowish bast fibres; inodorous, 
 sweetish, afterward bitter and nauseous. 
 
 If collected from old roots, the bark must be freed from 
 the thick rust-brown, nearly tasteless corky layer. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter yellowish-white resin, soluble in 
 alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; no tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Anthelmintic, emetic, poisonous. Dose, 1 
 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in decoction. 
 
 XANTHOXYLUM.— Prickly Ash. 
 
 Origin. — Xanthoxylum (Zanthoxylum) fraxineum, Will- 
 denow (X. americdnum, Miller) (Northern prickly ash), 
 and X. carolinianum, Lamarck (X. C14va-H6rculis, lAnni) 
 (Southern prickly ash). Natural order, Rutacese, Xan- 
 thoxyleae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America ; the first species in rocky 
 woods in the Northern and Central States ; the second spe- 
 cies not far from the coast. Southern Virginia to Eastern 
 Texas. 
 
 Description. — Northern prickly ash is in curved or 
 quilled fragments, about 1 millimeter (^g- inch) thick, outer 
 surface brown-gray with whitish patches and minute black 
 dots, faintly furrowed, with some brown, glossy, straight, 
 two-edged spines, linear at the base, and about 6 millime- 
 ters (J inch) long ; inner surface whitish, smooth ; fracture 
 short, non-fibrous, green in the outer and yellowish in the 
 inner layer ; inodorous, bitterish, very pungent. Southern 
 prickly ash resembles this, but is nearly 2 millimeters (■jj-'^- 
 
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200 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 inch) thick, and is marked by many conical corky projec- 
 tions, sometimes 2 centimeters (-f inch) high, and by stout 
 brown spines, rising from a corky base. 
 
 Prickly ash should not be confounded with the bark of 
 Ardlia spinosa, Linni, which is nearly smooth externally, 
 but the stembark beset with slender prickles in transverse 
 rows. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid green oil, resin (crystalline, white, 
 tasteless, in alcoholic solution bitter ; the principles from 
 the two barks are similar in behavior, but not identical), 
 soft resin (acrid), bitter principle (probably an alkaloid, 
 brown and dark red with sulphuric acid), little tannin, 
 sugar, ash 11 to 12 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Sialagogue, stimulant, alterative, emmena- 
 gogue. Dose, 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in powder or 
 tincture; large doses in decoction. 
 
 MYEICA. — Baybeery Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Myri'ca cerifera, Linne. Natural order, Myrica- 
 ceae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America. 
 
 Beiicription. — Quills or curved pieces, about 1.5 millimeters 
 y'j- inch) thick ; externally whitish or grayish, scaly ; under- 
 neath the thin suberous layer smooth, red-brown ; inner sur- 
 face red-brown, faintly striate; fracture reddish, granular, 
 slightly fibrous ; odor somewhat aromatic ; taste astringent, 
 bitter, pungently acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Acrid resin, myricinic acid (resembling sap- 
 onin, acrid, frothing with water), little volatile oil, tannin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Acrid stimulant, sialagogue, errhine. Dose, 
 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x). 
 
 ERYTHROPHLCEUM.— Sassy Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Erythrophloe'um guine^nse, Don. Natural order, 
 LeguminosBB, Csesalpiniese, Dimorphandrese. 
 Habitat. — Western and Central Africa. 
 Description. — Flat or curved, about 5 millimeters (^ inch) 
 
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MEZEBEUM — MBZEREON. 201 
 
 thick ; externally warty, fissured, red-brown, hard ; fracture 
 coarsely granular and fibrous, inodorous, astringent, bitter, 
 and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Erythrophleine (heart tonic, said to possess 
 aniBsthetic action), tannin, coloring matter. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, diaphoretic, narcotic. 
 
 MEZEREUM.— Mezereon. 
 
 Origin. — Daphne Mez6reum (Mezer6um), LinnS, and 
 other species of Daphne. Natural order, Thymelacese, Eu- 
 thymelseese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, in mountainous regions, eastward to 
 Siberia ; spontaneous in Canada and New England. 
 
 Description. — Long, thin bands, folded or rolled into 
 disks ; outer surface yellowish or brown-yellow, with trans- 
 verse scars and minute blackish dots ; underneath the thin 
 
 Fig. 124. 
 
 Mezereum. — Transverse section, magnified 15 diam. 
 
 cork is a thin parenchyme layer of light greenish color ; 
 inner surface whitish, silky ; bast in irregular transverse 
 layers, very tough ; inodorous, very acrid. 
 
 Ddphne Laur6ola, lAnni, and D. Gnidiura, Linni, of 
 Southern Europe, yield similar barks. 
 
 Constituents. — Soft acrid resin and oil ; daphnin, CijHijOg 
 (bitter glucoside, insoluble in ether, soluble in alkalies with 
 a yellow color, blue by ferric salts), the acrid principle has 
 been named mezerein. 
 
 Properties. — Sialagogue, stimulant, diuretic, alterative; 
 externally vesicant. Dose, 0.1 to 0.4 gram (gr. jss-vj), 
 mostly combined with other drugs. 
 
 9* 
 
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202 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 GOSSYPII KADICIS COETEX.— Bark of Cotton 
 
 EOOT. 
 
 Origin. — Gossy'pium herb4ceum, lAnnS, and other spe- 
 cies of Gossypium. Natural order, Malvaceae, Malveae. 
 
 Habitat. — Subtropical Asia and Africa, cultivated in 
 the United States. 
 
 Description. — The bark of the root is collected. Tliin, 
 flexible bands or quilled pieces ; outer surface brownish- 
 yellow, with slight longitudinal ridges or meshes, small 
 black circular dots or short transverse lines, and, from the 
 abrasion of the thin cork, with dull brownish-orange 
 patches; inner surface whitish, of a silky lustre, finely 
 striate; bast fibres long, tough, separable in papery layers; 
 inodorous ; taste very slightly acrid and faintly astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — In the fresh bark a yellow chromogene, 
 becoming red and resinous ; yellow resin, fixed oil, little 
 tannin, sugar, starch, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Emmenagogue, oxytocic. Dose, 2 to 4 
 grams (5ss-j), in decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 GOTO.— Goto Baek. 
 
 Origin. — Unknown, possibly from natural order Laurinese 
 or Anacardiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Bolivia. 
 
 Description. — Flat or curved, mostly deprived of cork, 
 about 5 to 15 millimeters (^-f inch) thick; outer surface 
 cinnamon-brown, smooth ; inner surface darker brown ; frac- 
 ture granular in the outer layer, tenacious and fibrous in the 
 inner layer, with numerous yellow groups of stone cells and 
 bast fibres ; odor aromatic, cinnamon-like ; taste pungent, 
 slightly bitter. 
 
 Another coto (paracoto) bark, likewise from Bolivia, is 
 usually about 10 to 20 millimeters (f-| inch) thick ; some- 
 times with whitish fissured cork ; odor fainter, nutmeg-like. 
 
 The bark of Drimys Wint^ri, Forster, var. granatSnsis, 
 
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QUILLAIA — SOAPBARK. 203 
 
 Eichler, is said to have been offered as coto bark from Vene- 
 zuela. 
 
 Constituents. — Cotoin, Cj^HjjOj (pale yellow, very acrid, 
 soluble in alkalies, sparingly soluble in water), in coto bark. 
 Paracotoin (pale yellow, tasteless) ; leucotin, hydrocotoin, 
 etc., in paracoto bark. Both barks contain volatile oil, resin, 
 and piperonylic acid, CgHgO^ ; no tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Useful in diarrhoea. Dose, 0.3 to 0.6 gram 
 (gr. v-x), in powder or tincture. Dose, of cotoin 0.05 to 0.10 
 gram (f-lj gr.), of paracotoin 0.1 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij). 
 
 EUONYMUS.— Wahoo. 
 
 Origin. — Euonymus atropurpiireus, Jacquin. Natural 
 order, Celastrinese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, southward to Florida, and 
 westward to Wisconsin, in shady woods. 
 
 Description. — Quilled or curved pieces, about 2 millime- 
 ters (y5- inch) thick ; outer surface ash-gray with blackish 
 ridges or patches, detached in thin and small scales; inner 
 surface whitish or slightly tawny, smooth ; fracture smooth, 
 whitish, the inner layers tangentially striate ; nearly inodor- 
 ous ; taste sweetish, somewhat bitter, and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Euonymin (very bitter, amorphous, solu- 
 ble in alcohol and water), atropurpurin (crystalline gluco- 
 side), bitter extractive, pungent principle, citric, tartaric, 
 and malic acids, resins, fixed oil, free fat acid, wax, starch, 
 pectin, ash 14 to 15 per cent. (Wenzell, 1862; Naylor 
 and Chaplin, 1889). Commercial euonymin is usually the 
 extract or powdered extract. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, diuretic, laxative, antiperiodic. Dose, 
 2 to 4 grams (5ss-j), in decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 QUILLAIA. — QuiLLAiA. Soapbaek. 
 
 (Origin. — Quillala (Quilld,ia) Sapondria, Molina. Natural 
 order, Rosacese, Quillajese. 
 
 Habitat. — Chili and Peru. 
 
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204 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 Description. — The bark is deprived of the brown peri- 
 derm. Flat large pieces, about 5 millimeters (^ inch) 
 thick, pale brownish-white, and smooth on both sides, or 
 the outer surface with small patches of red-brown cork ; 
 tough ; fracture splintery ; transverse section checkered, 
 with tangentially arranged pale brownish bast fibres, white 
 bast parenchyme, and distinct white medullary rays about 
 5 cells in width ; the tissue contains small starch grains 
 and a large quantity of acicular crystals of calcium oxa- 
 late ; inodorous, very acrid, sternutatory. 
 
 Constituents. — Saponin, about 9 per cent., a little starch, 
 gum, salts, etc. This saponin is a mixture of the two glu- 
 cosides quillaic acid, CigHjuO^ (soluble in cold absolute 
 alcohol, precipitated by lead acetates), and quillaia-sapo- 
 toxin, CjjHjjOjj (neutral, nearly insoluble in absolute 
 alcohol, not precipitated by normal lead acetate) (Kobert, 
 1887). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, irritant, detergent. 
 Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. 
 
 \ 
 
 ULMUS.— Slippery Elm. 
 
 Origin. — Ulmus fiilva, Michaux. Natural order, Urti- 
 cacese, Ulmese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to Louisia::a and 
 Nebraska, in woods. 
 
 Description. — The bark is deprived of the brown peri- 
 derm. Flat pieces varying in length and width, about 3 
 millimeters (| inch) thick, tough, pale brownish-white, the 
 inner surface finely ridged; fracture fibrous and mealy, 
 the transverse section delicately checkered ; odor slight, 
 fenugreek-like, taste mucilaginous, insipid. 
 
 European Elm bark from Ulmus camp6stris, lAnne, and 
 
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CINNAMOMUM — CINNAMON. 205 
 
 U. effiisa, Willdenow, is cinnamon-colored, nearly inodor- 
 ous, and of a mucilaginous, bitterish, and astringent taste. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage ; in European Elm bark also a 
 little tannin and bitter principle. Ground elm bark is 
 sometimes adulterated with corn meal and other starchy 
 materials. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, emollient. Dose, 8 grams (3ij) 
 or more, mostly used externally. 
 
 CINNAMOMUM.— Cinnamon. Ceylon Cinnamon. 
 
 Origin. — Cinnaraomuni zeyMnicura, Breyne. Natural 
 order, Laurineae, Perseacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Ceylon ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — The outer bark has been removed by scrap- 
 ing. In long closely rolled quills, composed of 8 or more 
 layers of bark of the thickness of paper ; pale yellowish- 
 brown ; outer surface smooth, formed by a layer of stone 
 cells, and marked with wavy lines of bast bundles ; inner 
 surface scarcely striate ; fracture short-splintery ; the paren- 
 chyme contains starch and reddish-brown coloring mat- 
 ter, scattered oil cells and larger cells with mucilage; odor 
 fragrant ; 'taste sweet and warmly aromatic. 
 
 CINNAMOMUM CASSIA.— Cinnamon Cassia. 
 Chinese Cinnamon. 
 
 Origin. — Cinnamomum Cdssia, Blume, and other species 
 of Cinnamomum. Natural order, Laurinese, Perseacese. 
 
 Habitat. — China. 
 
 Description. — Nearly deprived of the corky layer, 1 
 millimeter {-^ inch) or more in thickness ; yellowish- 
 brown ; more or less quilled ; fracture nearly smooth ; odor 
 and taste analogous to those of cinnamon, but less delicate. 
 
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206 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 The tissue reseikibles that of Ceylon einnamoa, but has the 
 stone cells in irregular groups, and contains fewer bast- 
 fibres and more mucilage cells. 
 
 Fig. 125. 
 
 Cinnamon.— o, b, c. From China, d, e. From Ceylon. 
 
 Cassia Hgnea is either Chinese cinnamon, or a thicker, 
 less fragrant, and more mucilaginous bark. 
 
 Saigon cinnamon from China is quilled, unscraped, 
 sweet and fragrant. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (J to If per cent.), tannin, 
 sugar, mannit, mucilage, ash about 2 to 5 per cent. Oil 
 of cinnamon has the spec. grav. 1.035-1.055 or 1.065, is 
 
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CANELLA. 207 
 
 readily soluble in alcohol, aud consists of a hydrocarbon, 
 cinnamyl acetate, and of cinnamic aldehyd, CgHjO (75 to 
 90 per cent.), which oxidizes to cinnamic acid, CgHgOj. 
 The oil of Ceylon cinnamon is most fragrant. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, astringent. Dose, 
 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, tincture, or in- 
 fusion. 
 
 SASSAFRAS.— Sassafras. 
 
 Origin. — Sassafras officinale, iVees. Natural order, Lau- 
 rinese, Litseacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, from Eastern Texas aud 
 Kansas eastward to Florida and Ontario ; in woods. 
 
 Description. — The bark of the root is collected and de- 
 prived of the gray corky layer ; irregular fragments, about 
 '6 millimeters {\ inch) thick, bright rusi^brown, soft, brit- 
 tle, with a short corky fracture showing numerous oil cells, 
 several suberous bands, and in the inner layer lighter col- 
 ored medullary rays and few bast fibres ; strongly fra- 
 grant, sweetish, aromatic, somewhat astringent. 
 
 Constiiuents. — Volatile oil (about 5 per cent.), tannin, 
 sassafrid, starch, gum, resin, wax. Oil of sassafras has 
 the spec. grav. 1.090, dissolves readily in alcohol, and 
 yields with nitric acid a dark red resin — it consists of saf- 
 rene, CjqHjj, and safrol, Ci^H^Oj; the latter melts at 8.5° 
 C. (47.3° F.). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 2 
 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion ; mostly used as a flavor. 
 
 CANELLA.— Canella. 
 
 Origin. — Can611a £lba, Murray. Natural order, Canella- 
 cese. 
 
 Habitat.— ^W est Indies. 
 
 Description. — In quills or broken pieces about 3 millimeters 
 (I inch) thick ; almost completely deprived of the gray suber- 
 
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208 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — BARKS. 
 
 ous layer ; external surface pale orange-red, with transversely 
 elongated cork scars and shallow whitish depressions ; inner 
 surface white, finely striate ; fracture short, granular, white, 
 with numerous orange-yellow resin cells, and in the inner 
 layer brownish ; odor cinnamon-like ; taste bitterish, biting. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 1 per cent, (contains eugenol), 
 resin, bitter principle, mannit about 8 per cent., mucilage, 
 starch, albumin ; free from tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. 
 viij-xxx), in powder and as an addition to tinctures. 
 
 CINNAMODENDBON.— False Winter's Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Cinnamodendron corticosum, Miers. Natural 
 order, Canellacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Jamaica. 
 
 Description. — Curved or quilled, about 3 millimeters (\ 
 inch) thick ; deprived of the dark brown corky layer ; outer 
 surface smooth, light brown, with red-brown, roundish or 
 transversely elongated scars ; inner surface pale brown, finely 
 striate ; fracture short, granular, whitish and brownish, with 
 numerous dark brown resin cells, and in the inner layer 
 brown ; odor cinnamon-like ; taste bitterish, biting. 
 
 Constituents. — Probably like Canella. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Like Canella. 
 
 WINTERA.— Winter's Bark. 
 
 Origin. — Drimys Wint^ri, Forster. Natural order, Mag- 
 noliacese, Winterese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western part of South America. 
 
 Description. — Quilled or curved, 2 to 8 millimeters (j-\ to 
 J inch) thick ; outer surface gray and smooth, or rust-brown, 
 and wrinkled ; inner surface brown, coarsely striate or ridged ; 
 fracture granular, brown, with whitish groups of stone cells 
 and yellow resin cells ; odor peculiar, aromatic ; taste very 
 pungent, astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (containing winterene, CisH^j), 
 tannin, pungent resin, starch. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, stimulant, antiscorbutic. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or tincture. 
 
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ANGUSTURA. 
 
 209 
 
 ANGUSTURA .—Angostura. 
 
 Origin. — Galip6a Cuspdria, St. Hilaire (Gal. officinalis, 
 Hancock; Guspdria trifoli^ta, Engler). Natural order, Ruta- 
 cesB, Cuspariese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern South America. 
 
 Description. — Flat, curved, or quilled, 2 to 3 millimeters 
 (yV to i inch) thick ; periderm ochrey-gray, friable, often 
 partly or wholly absent, and the outer surface then reddish- 
 brown ; inner surface light cinnamon-brown, smooth ; frac- 
 ture smooth, resinous, reddish-brown, with scattered darker 
 oil-cells and glistening white striae (crystals of calcium oxa- 
 late) ; odor aromatic ; taste aromatic, very bitter. 
 
 Fig. 126. 
 
 Fig 127. 
 
 Angustura. barU, 
 about one-half nat- 
 ural size. 
 
 Transverse section, magnified 10 diam. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil J to IJ per cent., angusturin, 
 four alkaloids, a glucoside, resins, gum, ash 8 per cent. 
 Angusturin has a bitter taste, is insoluble in ether, soluble in 
 alcohol and water, precipitated by tannin. A fluorescent 
 glucoside is insoluble in ether and alcohol. The four alka- 
 loids are white and crystallize from petroleum benzin; the 
 salts of galipine and galipidine are yellow or yellowish, those 
 of cusparidine and cusparine white, and the latter sparingly 
 soluble in water (Beckurts and Nehring, 1891). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or tincture. 
 
 Substitutions. — Esenb^ckia febrifuga, Martins (Rutacese), 
 so-called Brazilian angustura. Bark externally brown-gray 
 or with light rust brown patches, internally dark brown; 
 
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210 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUCJS — BARKS. 
 
 fracture short fibrous ; taste bitter, not aromatic. Contains 
 evodine or esenbeckine (yellowish-green by H^SOJ. 
 
 Stry'chnos JSTux v6mica, lAnne, (Loganiacese), so called 
 false angustura bark. Externally gray with whitish warts 
 and bright rust colored patches ; inner surface brown ; frac- 
 ture granular, smooth, of a brown color, showing one or 
 occasionally two yellowish tangential layers of stone cells, but 
 no short white striae ; taste strongly bitter, not aromatic. 
 Contains strychnine and brucine. 
 
 CASCARILLA. — Cascarilla. 
 
 Origin. — Croton Elut6ria, Bennett. Natural order, 
 Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. 
 
 Habitat. — Bahama Islands. 
 
 Description. — In broken quills or curved pieces, rarely 
 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, about 2 millimeters (^V 
 inch) thick, having a grayish, somewhat fissured, easily 
 detached corky layer, with chalky white patches of a thin 
 lichen and black dots ; the remaining tissue dull brown, 
 and the inner surface smooth; fracture short, resinous, 
 radially striate ; the parenchyme contains starch, and in 
 
 Fig. 128. Fig. 129. 
 
 Cascarilla; quill. Cascarilla. — Transverse section, 
 
 magnified 5 diam. 
 
 scattered cells either oil, brown coloring- matter, or crystals; 
 bast fibres few ; when burned emits a strong aromatic 
 somewhat musk -like odor ; taste warm and very bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 1.5 per cent., cascarillin (bit- 
 ter needles, soluble in alcohol, ether, and hot water), resin 
 15 per cent., little tannin, pectin, gum, starch. . , 
 
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LEAVES AND LEAFLETS. 211 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, in large doses 
 nauseating. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion 
 or tincture. 
 
 Allied Drugs. — Copalchi bark, from Croton Pseudo- 
 china, Schlechtendal, Mexico. Large quills ; periderm 
 whitish or gray, not fissured ; inner surface cinnamon- 
 brown, smooth ; fracture granular, in inner layer finely 
 fibrous; odor and taste similar to Cascarilla. 
 
 Malambo bark, from Croton Mai^mbo, Karsten, Vene- 
 zuela. Large quills, resembling the preceding, the thin 
 cork warty, longitudinally fissured, and easily removed ; 
 fracture in inner layer coarsely fibrous. 
 
 Other barks from different species of Croton are not 
 unfrequently sold for Copalchi and Malambo bark. 
 
 6. LEAVES AND LEAFLETS.— FOLIA ET 
 FOLIOLA. 
 
 Leaves grow laterally from the stem, and are attached 
 thereto either by tlie blade, in which case they are sessile, 
 or they are petiolate, raised upon a foot-stalk. A leaf is 
 called simple if it has only one blade, and compound if it 
 has two or more distinct blades on a common leaf-stalk. 
 The separate blades of compound leaves are termed leaf- 
 lets, and, if they are articulated with the common leaf- 
 stalk, they are, after collection and drying, usually detached 
 from the latter, and cannot then be distinguished from 
 simple leaves. The veins of a leaf may run parallel from 
 the base to the apex, or from the mid-rib to the margin ; 
 or they may branch and divide in various ways and anas- 
 tomose, forming a network. Parallel-veined leaves are 
 met with in most monocotyledonous plants, while the dico- 
 
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212 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DECGS — LEAVES. 
 
 tyledons have only netted-veined leaves, with the exception 
 of the so-called phyllodia, which are foliaceous petioles. 
 Most leaves are more or less hairy, at least while young ; 
 in fiilly matured leaves, which are otherwise smooth, hairs 
 sometimes remain on the lower surface, and particularly 
 along the veins. Hairs may consist of a single or of sev- 
 eral cells ; sometimes they terminate in oil-bearing glands, 
 as in the leaves of the labiatse. The hairy covering modi- 
 fies, to some extent, the green color of the surface. The 
 color of the upper surface is, as a rule, darker green, 
 owing to the compact nature of the tissue on that side. 
 Occasionally the surface of leaves becomes coated with a 
 wax-like exudation. Deciduous leaves, which last only for 
 a single season, are rarely leathery ; but sempervirent 
 leaves, lasting for more than one season, are generally of a 
 leathery texture. All the officinal leaves are derived from 
 dicotyledons. 
 
 Histology. — The petiole or foot-stalk consists mainly of 
 fibrovascular tissue, which, on entering the blade, branches 
 so as to form the ribs and veins or framework of the leaf, 
 the spaces between which are filled with parenchyme 
 (raesophyll). Under the epidermis of the upper side of 
 expanded leaves is found a layer consisting of one or more 
 rows of vertically elongated, compacted .parenchyme cells 
 (palisade cells). A few of the officinal leaves, like senna, 
 have also a small palisade layer beneath the epidermis of 
 the lower surface, and in the falcate eucalyptus leaves 
 nearly the entire mesophyll consists of palisade cells. The 
 parenchyme between this layer and the lower surface is 
 loosely arranged, leaving irregular air-spaces between the 
 horizontally elongated cells. The parenchyme contains the 
 chlorophyll, likewise the oil-glands, if present, which usu- 
 ally give the leaves a pellucid-punctate appearance ; and 
 in the same tissue originates the suberous growth which 
 
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LEAVES AND LEAFLETS. 213 
 
 appears upon certain leaves in the form of circular or 
 roundish disks. On the lower surface, and in some leaves 
 also on the upper surface, are found the stomata or breath- 
 ing-pores. 
 
 Classlflcation. 
 I. Margin entire. 
 
 1. Aromatic and glandular; all coriaceous except 
 
 Thymus. 
 
 Linear, revolute, woolly beneath, green above. Rosmarinus. 
 
 Linear, revolute, pubescent beneath, grayish- 
 green. Thymus. 
 
 Broad oval, obtuse, rough on both sides. Boldug. 
 
 Oval-oblong, retuse, uneven at base. Pilocarpus. 
 
 Lance-oblong, acute at both ends. Laurus. 
 
 Falcate-lanceolate, pointed, uneven at base. Eucalyptus. 
 
 Oval-lanceolate or elliptic, smooth, delicately 
 
 wrinkled. Chekan. 
 
 Elliptic, smooth, reticulate above. Myrcia. 
 
 Oval-oblong, smooth, petiole winged. Aurantium. 
 
 2. Not aromatic or glandular ; coriaceous. 
 Linear-lanceolate, somewhat revolute, smooth. Oleander. 
 Elliptic-oblong, revolute, rusty-woolly beneath, 
 
 aromatic when bruised. Ledum. 
 
 Obovate, somewhat revolute, smooth. Uva ursi. 
 
 Ovate-oblong, rather acute, pale green. Arctostaphylos 
 
 glauca. 
 Roundish cordate, bristly. Epigsea. 
 
 Elliptic, acute at both ends, smooth. Kalmia. 
 
 3. Not aromatic or coriaceous. 
 
 Obovate, mucronulate, uneven at base, nearly 
 
 smooth. Senna (baladi). 
 
 Lance-oval, acute, uneven at base, nearly smooth. Senna 
 
 alexandrina. 
 
 Lanceolate, acute, uneven at base, nearly smooth. Senna indica. 
 
 Ovate-oblong, obtuse, uneven at base, nearly Cassia 
 
 smooth. marilandica. 
 
 Lance-oblong, pointed, sometimes with a few 
 
 teeth or three-lobed. Sesamum. 
 Obovate-oblong, acute at base, near the mid-rib 
 
 with two folds. Erythroxylon. 
 
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214 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 Ovate-oblong, acute, papery and smooth, upper 
 side mostly brownish. Belladonna. 
 
 Oval-lanceolate, acute below, smooth. Duboisia. 
 
 Ovate-lanceolate, acute, papery, hairy, brown on 
 both sides. Tabacum. 
 
 II. Margin toothed or crenate. 
 
 1. Not coriaceous. 
 
 Ovate, uneven at base, angular-toothed, papery, 
 
 smooth. Stramonium. 
 
 Ovate-oblong, gray-green, hairy, the teeth large 
 
 and triangular. Hyoscyamus. 
 
 Ovate, obtuse, crenate, beneath with white retic- 
 ulations. Digitalis. 
 Lanceolate, finely crenulate, beneath with brown 
 
 reticulations. Matico. 
 
 Ovate-oblong, finely crenulate, gray-green, soft 
 
 hairy beneath. Salvia. 
 
 Oval-obovate, obliquely heart-shaped, wavy 
 
 toothed. Hamamelis. 
 
 Oval, acute at both ends, irregularly toothed, 
 
 smooth. Thea. 
 
 Lance-oblong, rather obtuse ; teeth distant. Ilex para- 
 
 guayensis. 
 Obovate or lance-obovate, rather obtuse ; teeth 
 
 few. Turnera. 
 
 Oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sinuate serrate, 
 
 smooth, feather-veined. Castanea. 
 
 Lanceolate, pointed, closely serrate, smooth. Persioa. 
 
 Lance-oblong, with few teeth, mostly entire (see 
 
 above). Sesamum. 
 
 Koundish heart-shaped, angulai-, white tomen- 
 
 tose beneath. Tussilago. 
 
 2. Coriaceous. 
 
 Oval, spiny-wavy toothed. Ilex opaca. 
 Oblanceolate, sharply serrate above, green, and 
 
 smooth. Chimaphila. 
 
 Lanceolate, serrate, on upper surface a whitish Chimaphila 
 
 spot. maculata. 
 
 Roundish oval, mucronate, with appressed teeth, 
 
 smooth. Gaultheria. 
 Oblong, serrate, with depressed glands near base 
 
 of mid-rib. Laurocerasus. 
 
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ROSMARINUS — ROSEMARY. 
 
 215 
 
 Oval, obovate, or roundish, crenate or serrate, 
 
 gland in each sinus. 
 Linear-lanceolate, rather thin, glandular like 
 
 preceding. 
 Elliptic-lanceolate, dentate, varnished above, 
 
 white and reticulate beneath. 
 
 III. Margin lobed ; subcoriaceous. 
 Linear-lanceolate, lobes alternate, roundish. 
 Kidney-shaped, three-lobed, lobes entire. 
 Suborbicular, the divisions linear-lanceolate and 
 
 furrowed above. 
 
 IV. Leaves teruate. 
 
 Leaflets sessile, obovate oblong, slightly crenate. 
 Lateral leaflets sessile, obliquely ovate; all en- 
 tire or notched. 
 
 V. Leaves bi- or tri-pinnate. 
 
 Pinasn subcoriaceous, spatulate, nearly entii-e, 
 
 pellucid-punctate. 
 Pinnse thin, oblong-lanceolate, pointedly toothed. 
 
 ROSM A RINUS.— EosEMAEY. 
 
 Buchu (short). 
 Buchu (long). 
 Eriodictyon. 
 
 Comptouia. 
 Hepatica. 
 
 Aconitum. 
 
 Menyanthes. 
 
 Toxicodendron. 
 
 Euta. 
 Conium. 
 
 Fio. 130. 
 
 Origin. — Rosmarinus officinalis, 
 lAnne. Natural order, Labiatse, 
 Monardese. 
 
 Hahiiat. — Basin of the Mediterra- 
 nean ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Rigid, linear, about 
 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, entire, 
 revolute, dark green above, woolly 
 and glandular and with a promi- 
 nent midrib beneath ; pungently aro- 
 matic, somewhat campboraceous, and 
 bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil about 1 
 per cent., resin, tannin, bitter princi- 
 ple. The volatile oil is yellowish, E^sifrmus offioi- 
 
 ^ 1 nalis, Jjinru. — Branch 
 
 spec. gray. 0.90, readuy soluble in and flower. 
 
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216 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 alcohol, contains the hydrocarbon cineol, CidHu, and the 
 compounds, CijHjgO and C^^H^fi. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diuretic, emmena- 
 gogue, diaphoretic. Dose, 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij-xv), in 
 infusion. 
 
 THYMUS.— Garden Thyme. 
 
 Fie. 13L 
 
 Origin. — Thy'mus vulgaris, lAnne. Natural order, Labi- 
 atse, Satureineae. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 Description. — Linear or narrow oblong, 5 to 10 millimeters 
 (^-f inch) long, revolute, grayish-green, glandular punctate 
 on both sides, grayish pubescent beneath ; aromatic ; taste 
 spicy. The expanded leaves are ovate or lanceolate. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil about 21^ per cent., spec. grav. 
 0.89, readily soluble in alcohol, consists of cymene, C„H,j, 
 thymene, C,|,Hi5, and thymol, CjoHjjO ; the latter melts at 50° 
 C. (122° F.), and liquefies in contact with camphor. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, tonic, 
 emmenagogue, antispasmodic. Dose, 
 2 to 4 grams (gss-j), in infusion. 
 Thymol externally as an antiseptic. 
 
 BOLDUS.— BoLDO. 
 
 Origin. — Peumus Boldus, Molina 
 (Bold6a frdgrans, Euiz et Pavon). 
 Natural order, Monimiacese. 
 Habitat. — Chili ; cultivated. 
 Description. — Broadly oval or oval- 
 oblong, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 long, obtuse, rough on both sides, 
 glossy above, hairy beneath, often 
 reddish-brown, fragrant; taste pun- 
 gent, aromatic, somewhat bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 2 per 
 cent. , boldine 0.1 per cent., glucoside 
 0.3 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and 
 ether), aromatic resin, tannin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, stimulant. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv- 
 3J), in infusion or tincture. 
 
 Boldus — Natural size. 
 
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PILOCARPUS — J A BO BAND I. 
 
 217 
 
 K PILOCAEPUS.— Jaborandi. 
 
 Origin. — Pilocdrpus pennatifolius, LSmaire. Natural 
 order, Rutacese, Xanthoxylese. 
 
 Habitat. — Brazil, near Pernambuco. 
 
 Fig. 132. 
 
 Pilocarpus. — Leaflet, natural size. 
 
 Description. — Leaves pinnate, with 5 to 1 1 leaflets, the 
 terminal one with a stalk about 25 millimeters (1 inch) 
 long, and nearly equal at base ; the others short-stalked 
 
 10 
 
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218 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 and unequal at the base ; oval or ovate-oblong, about 10 
 centimeters (4 inches) long, entire, and slightly revolute at 
 the margin, near which the anastomosing veins form one 
 or two distinct wavy lines ; obtuse and emarginate ; coria- 
 ceous, pellucid-punctate, mostly smooth ; when bruised, 
 slightly aromatic, somewhat pungent and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (chiefly pilocarpene, CjjHjj) ; 
 pilocarpine, CjiHjgNjOj, ^-| per cent., is the principal 
 active constituent ; it is crystalline, soluble in water, com- 
 bines with alkalies, on heating, particularly with HCl, 
 yields jaborine and pilocarpidine, its salts readily soluble 
 in water and alcohol, the physiological action similar to 
 that of nicotine. Jaborine, C22H32N'^0^, is yellow, amor- 
 phous, soluble less in water and more in ether than pilo- 
 carpine ; resembles atropine in action. Pilocarpidine, 
 Ci|,H,4N202, is deliquescent ; the salts mostly amorphous ; 
 action weaker than pilocarpine ; on oxidation in air yields 
 syrupy jaboridine, which may be identical with jaboran- 
 dine, Ci|,Hj2N203, and resembles jaborine in its action. 
 
 Properties. — Sialagogue, diaphoretic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
 (gr. xv-xxx), in powder or tincture ; pilocarpine 0.005 to 
 0.03 gram (gr. ^\-i). 
 
 Other Jaborandis. — Monni6ria trifolia, Linne (Aubl6tia 
 trifolia, Richard), and Xanth6xylum (Zanthoxylum) 
 6legans, Engler, of the natural order Rutaceae. Serronia 
 Jabor^ndi, Guillemin (contains jaborandiue). Piper reticu- 
 14tum, Linni, P. nodulosum, Link, P. citrifolium, 
 Lamarck, and Artdnthe Mollieoma, Miquel, of the natural 
 order Piperaceae. 
 
 LAURUS. — Laurel, Bay Leaves. 
 
 Origin. — Laiirus n6bilis, Linne. Natural order, Laurinese, 
 Litseacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Basin of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Description. — Oblong or lance-oblong, 5 to 10 centimetere 
 
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EUCALYPTUS. 219 
 
 (2 to 4 inches) long, acute at both ends, or the apex rather 
 obtuse, veined beneath, pellucid-punctate, brownish, smooth ; 
 aromatic, somewhat bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, tannin, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, stomachic, astringent. 
 
 ^ EUCALYPTUS.— Eucalyptus. 
 
 Origin. — Eucaly'ptus globulus, LahillardiSre. Natural 
 order, Myrtacese, Leptospermese. 
 
 Habitat. — Australia; cultivated in subtropical countries. 
 
 Description. — The leaves are collected from rather old 
 trees. Petiolate, lanceolately scythe-shaped, 15 to 30 cen- 
 timeters (6 to 12 inches) long, oblique and rounded or 
 somewhat attenuated below, tapering above, entire, leathery. 
 
 Fig. 133. 
 
 Eucalyptus globulus, Labillardiire. 
 
 gray-green, glandular, feather-veined between the midrib 
 and marginal veins; odor strongly balsamic; taste pun- 
 gently aromatic, somewhat bitter, and astringent. 
 
 The leaves of young shoots are broadly ovate, obtuse, 
 cordate at base, pale bluish-green, thinner, and less aro- 
 matic. 
 
 Cmistituents. — Volatile oil 6 per cent., tannin, cerylic 
 alcohol, crystallizable fatty acid, crystallizable resin. The 
 volatile oil contains eucalyptene and dextro-pinene, Cj(,H,j, 
 and cineol or eucalyptol, CiqH,jO. 
 
 Properties. — Febrifuge, stimulant, astringent, antiseptic. 
 Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, infusion, tinc- 
 ture, or extract. 
 
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220 CELLULAR VEfiETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 OHEKAN.— Cheken. 
 
 Origin.— Engenia, Chekan, Molina. Natural order, Myrta- 
 cese, Myrtese. 
 
 Habitat. — Chili. 
 
 Description. — Nearly sessile, oval-lanceolate or elliptic, 
 about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, somewhat revolute on the 
 margin ; light green, smooth, delicately wrinkled, pellucid- 
 punctate, aromatic. Usually accompanied by the much- 
 branched rough brown stems. 
 
 Fig. 134. 
 
 Cheken leaves. — Natural size. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 2 per cent., alkaloid, tannin 4 
 per cent., ash 9 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, antiseptic. Dose, 2 to 4 
 grams fess-j). 
 
 MYEOIA.— Bay Leaves, Wild Clove Leaves. 
 
 Origin. — My'rcia dcris, De Candolle. Natural order, Myrta- 
 ceee, Myrtese. 
 
 Habitat. — West Indies. 
 
 Description. — Elliptic or broadly oval, 5 to 10 centimeters 
 (2 to 4 inches) long, obtuse, reticulate, smooth, pellucid-punc- 
 tate, aromatic, and spicy. 
 
 Constituents.- — Volatile oil ; it contains several hydrocar- 
 bons, eugenol, and little methyl-eugeaol. 
 _ Properties. — Stimulant, tonic ; used for preparing the vola- 
 tile oil and for bay rum. 
 
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LEDUM — LABRADOR TEA. 221 
 
 AURANTII FOLIA.— Okange Leaves. 
 
 Origin. — Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Natural order, Rutacese, 
 Aurantiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia ; cultivated in subtropical countries. 
 
 Description. — Oval- or ovate-oblong, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 
 to 4 inches) long, pointed, smooth, pellucid-punctate ; petiole 
 articulate, with a broad obovate or obcordate wing ; aromatic, 
 somewhat bitter. 
 
 The similar leaves of Citrus Aurdntium, Risso, have the 
 petioles narrow-winged or nearly naked. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic. 
 
 OLEANDER.— Oleander. 
 
 Origin. — N6rium Oleander, LinnL Natural order, Apocy- 
 nacese, Echitese. 
 
 Habitat. — Basin of the Mediterranean ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Nearly sessile, linear-lanceolate, 10 centime- 
 ters (4 inches) long, finely pointed, somewhat revolute, smooth, 
 glossy above, feather-veined ; inodorous, bitter, nauseous. 
 
 Constituents. — Oleandrine and pseudocurarine (two amor- 
 phous alkaloids, the former poisonous), neriantin (glucoside). 
 
 Properties. — Sedative, poisonous. 
 
 LEDUM. — Labeadoe. Tea. 
 
 Origin. — L§dum ]atif61ium, Aiton. Natural order, Erica- 
 ceae, Eihodorese. 
 
 Habitat. — Canada and Northern United States, west to Min- 
 nesota. 
 
 Description. — Elliptic oblong, about 3 centimeters (1-^ in- 
 ches) long, revolute, rounded or cordate at base, rusty woolly 
 beneath ; odor, when bruised, heavy ; taste astringent, bitter, 
 somewhat pungent. 
 
 L6dum paliistre, Linni, Marsh tea, grows in the northern 
 continents, and is free from andromedotoxin ; leaves linear or 
 lance-linear, otherwise like Ledum latifolium. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, volatile oil, ericolin, ericinol, resin, 
 etc. (in L. palustre). 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic, alterative, in large doses 
 poisonous (probably due to andromedotoxin). Dose, 1 to 2 
 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. 
 
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222 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 UVA URSI.— UvA Ursi. 
 
 Origin. — Arctostdphylos U'va ursi, Sprengel. Natural 
 order, Ericaceae, Arbutese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Hemisphere, in dry and sandy or 
 rocky places ; in the United States south to Pennsylvania, 
 New Mexico, and California. 
 
 Fig. 135. 
 
 ArctoBtapliylos uva ursi, Sprengel. 
 
 Description. — Nearly sessile, obovate or oblong-spatu- 
 late, about 2 centimeters (|^ inch) long, obtuse, the apex 
 frequently curved back, slightly revolute on the margin, 
 smooth, glossy on the upper surface, paler and reticulate 
 on the lower surface; odor faint hay-like; taste strongly 
 astringent, somewhat bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 6-7 per cent., gallic acid, arbutin, 
 
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ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA — MANZANITA. 
 
 223 
 
 ericolin, ursone, ash about 3 per cent. Free from andro- 
 medotoxin. Arbutin, CijHjgOy, bitter needles, soluble in 
 alcohol and hot water, nearly insoluble in ether ; blue with 
 dilute ferric chloride ; in alkaline solution azure-blue with 
 phosphomolybdic acid; yields glucose and arctuvin, or 
 
 Fig. 136. 
 
 Uva ursi leaves, natural size, showing upper and lower surface. 
 
 hydrokinone (excreted with the urine). Ericolin, C34H55O2,, 
 yellow, bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, yields glucose 
 and ericinol (volatile oil). Ursone, C^^Hifi, tasteless 
 needles, sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in 
 water. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic, diuretic, nephritic. Dose, 
 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 ARCTOSTAPHYLOS GLAUCA. — Manzanita . 
 
 Origin. — Arctost^phylos gladca, lAndley. Natural order, 
 Ericaceae, Arbuteae. 
 
 Habitat. — Mountains of California. 
 
 Description. — Petiolate, ovate-oblong, about 5 centimeters 
 (2 inches) long, usually acute above and obtuse at base, 
 glaucously pale green; inodorous, astringent and somewhat 
 bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Arbutin, ursone, tannin 9-10 per cent., ash 
 6 per cent. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Like uva ursi. 
 
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224 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 Fig. 137. 
 
 /• 
 
 
 
 Manzanita leaves, natural size. 
 
 EPIG^A.— Trailing Akbutus, Gravel Plant. 
 
 Origin. — Epigse'a ripens, Linne. Natural order, Ericaceae, 
 Ericinese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to Florida, and west to 
 Minnesota ; in sandy woods. 
 
 Description. — Ovate or suborbicular, cordate, about 5 cen- 
 timeters (2 inches) long, reticulate, bristly ; inodorous ; taste 
 astringent and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 3-4 per cent., acid resembling gallic 
 acid, arbutin, ericolin, ursone. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Like uva ursi. 
 
 KALMIA. — Mountain Laurel. 
 
 Origin. — Kalmia latifolia, LinnL Natural order, Erica- 
 cese, Rhodorese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to Florida, and west to 
 Tennessee ; in damp or rocky woods. 
 
 Description. — Elliptic or lance-oval, 5 to 9 centimeters (2 
 
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SBNNA ALEXANDRINA. 
 
 225 
 
 to 3J inches) long, acute at both ends, smooth and green on 
 both sides ; inodorous ; taste astringent, bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, arbutin, resin, andromedotoxin, 
 CjiHjiOjj. The latter is a neutral compound, soluble in water, 
 alcohol and chloroform, not precipitated by lead acetates or 
 alkaloid reagents ; colored red by warm dilute mineral acids. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, in large doses poisonous. 
 
 SENNA ALEXANDRINA.— Alexandria Senna. 
 
 Origin. — Cdssia acuti folia, Delile. Natural order, Legu- 
 minosse, Csesalpinese, Cassieae. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern and Central Africa. 
 
 FiQ. 138. 
 
 Cassia acuti folia, Delile. — Legume and leaflet. 
 Fig. 139. Fig. 140. Fig. 141. 
 
 Argel leaf. 
 
 Coriaria leaf. 
 
 Tephrosia leaflet. 
 
 Description. — Leaves pinnate, with 8 or 10 leaflets, 
 which are lanceolate or lance-oval, about 25 millimeters (1 
 
 10* 
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226 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 inch) long, subnoriaceous, brittle, rather pointed, unequally 
 oblique at the base, entire, grayish-green, nearly smooth ; 
 odor peculiar ; taste nauseous, bitter. 
 
 It should be free from stalks and legumes, but often 
 contains argel leaves (from Solenostera'ma A'rgel, Hayne)^ 
 which are thicker, one-veined, glaucous, even at the base, 
 and short- hairy on both sides ; not laxative (Schroff). The 
 poisonous three-nerved leaves of Coridria myrtifolia, 
 lAnne, have occasionally been mixed with senna ; also the 
 emarginate leaflets of Tephrosia Appolinea, De CandoUe 
 (Papilionacese, Galegese). 
 
 SENNA INDICA.— India Senna. 
 
 Origin. — Cassia elong^ta, Lemaire-Lisancourt. Natural 
 order, Leguminosse, Csesalpinese, Cassiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Africa to India ; cultivated. 
 
 Fio. 142. 
 
 Cassia elongata, Lew,.— a. Legume, b. Leaflet. 
 
 Description. — Leaves pinnate, with 8 to 16 leaflets, which 
 are lanceolate, from 3 to 5 centimeters (1-2 inches) long, 
 acute, unequally oblique at the base, entire, dull green, 
 smooth, or slightly pubescent, of a peculiar odor, and a 
 mucilaginous, bitter taste. 
 
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SENNA INDICA — INDIA SENNA. 
 
 227 
 
 It should be free from stalks, discolored leaves, aud 
 other admixtures. 
 
 Varieties. — Commercial Alexandria senna sometimes 
 consists of small leaflets of Cdssia elongata, more or less 
 broken, and mixed with the leaflets of Cassia obov^ta. 
 
 Fig. 143. 
 
 Cassia obovata, Colladon. — a. Legume, h. Leaflet. 
 
 Colladon, known as Senna baladi or wild senna ; these are 
 obovate or obovate-oblong, mucronulate, rather longer 
 than C. acutifolia, and are regarded as less efficacious. 
 
 Fig. 144. 
 
 Tripoli senna. — Leaflets aud legumes. 
 
 Tripoli senna. Like Alexandria senna, leaflets more 
 broken, free from argel leaves. 
 
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228 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 Tinnevelly senna, the cleanest variety of India senna, 
 carefully dried and unbroken ; from cultivated plants. 
 
 Bombay senna, an ordinary or inferior India senna, 
 often mixed with discolored and small leaves. 
 
 Mecca senna, like the preceding, leaflets often brown, 
 broken, and mixed with legumes. 
 
 Aden senna, from Cdssia holosericea, Fresenius (C. 
 pub6scens, R. Brown, s. S6nna ovalifolia, Baiha), indige- 
 nous to Abyssinia; leaflets 10 to 15 millimeters (|— f inch) 
 long, elliptic or oval-oblong, slightly retuse or mucronu- 
 late at apex and appressed-hairy upon both surfaces and on 
 the margin. It is rarely seen in commerce. 
 
 Constituents. — Chrysophan, phseoretin, sennacrol (soluble 
 in ether), sennapicrin (insoluble in ether), cathartic acid, 
 sennit (cathartomannit), mucilage, ash 10—12 per cent. 
 Cathartic acid is amorphous, black, nearly insoluble in 
 water and alcohol, its alkaline and earthy salts soluble in 
 water, and insoluble in alcohol ; mineral acids split it into 
 glucose and cathartogenic acid. 
 
 Properties. — Cathartic. Dose, 8 to 32 grams (3ij— Sj), in 
 infusion or fluid extract. 
 
 CASSIA MARILANDIOA.— Ameeicast Senna. 
 
 Origin. — Cdssia mariUndica, LinnL Natural order, Legu- 
 mifiosse, Csesalpinese, Cassiese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, west to Louisiana and Nebraska ; 
 in low grounds. 
 
 Description. — Leaves pinnate, with 12 to 18 leaflets, which- 
 are ovate-oblong or elliptic, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) 
 long, obtuse, uneven at base ; odor and taste senna-like (but 
 weaker), if collected in September and October. 
 
 Constituents. — Cathartic acid, probably chrysophan, sugars, 
 mucilage, albuminoids, etc. ; ash 7 per cent. Dose, 16 to 50 
 grams (|ss-jss), in infusion. 
 
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ERYTHBOXYLON — COCA. 
 
 '229 
 
 SESAMUM.— Benne. 
 
 Origin. — SIsaraum indicum, Linne. Natural order, Peda- 
 linese, Sesamese. 
 
 Sabitat. — India ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Petiolate, ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 
 pointed, rounded or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, en- 
 
 FiQ. 145. 
 
 Sesamum indicum, Linnl. — a. Flowering branch. 6. Section ol seed. 
 
 tire, sometimes with a few teeth or two basal lobes, promi- 
 nently veined, smoothish, mucilaginous. Used chiefly in the 
 fresh state. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent ; used in infusion in dysentery, etc. 
 
 ERYTHROXYLON.— Coca. 
 
 Origin. — Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarok. Natural order, 
 Linese, Erythroxylese. 
 
 HabHat. — Peru, Bolivia ; cultivated. 
 
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230 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUUS — LEAVES. 
 
 Description. — Ovate or obovate-oblong, 2 to 5, sometimes 
 10 centimeters (f to 2 or 4 inches) long, short-petiolate, 
 entire, rather obtuse or sometimes emarginate at apex, reticu- 
 late on both sides, with a prominent midrib, and on each side 
 of it with a curved line (caused by a strand of collenchyme 
 
 Fig. 146. 
 
 Fig. 147. 
 
 Peruvian coca, lower surface, natural size. 
 
 Small Bolivian coca, 
 natural size. 
 
 cells ; Schrenk, 1887), running from base to apex ; odor 
 slight, tea-like, not camphoraceous ; taste somewhat bitter 
 and aromatic. Bolivian coca leaves are often much smaller, 
 but are more highly esteemed than the Peruvian leaves. 
 Coca leaves cultivated in Java and India are considered 
 inferior to those of South America ; they are stated to be 
 
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EBYTHROXTLON COCA. 231 
 
 derived from E. Coca var. Spruce^num, and the latter from 
 E. boliviciuum, Burok. 
 
 Constituents. — Cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cinnamylco- 
 caine, triixilcocaine (truxilline or cocamine), hygrioe (mix- 
 ture, volatile, oily, readily soluble in water, alcohol, and 
 ether, the dilute solutions of the salts in water fluorescent), 
 cocatannic acid, wax. Cocaine, CjyHjjWO^, forms color- 
 less, bitter prisms, freely soluble in alcohol and ether, also 
 in water ; melts at 98° ; w^ith strong HCl yields methyl- 
 alcohol, benzoic acid, and ecgoniue, CjHjjNOj, which is 
 sweetish-bitter, freely soluble in water, sparingly soluble 
 in alcohol, and insoluble in ether. Cocaine salts give a 
 violet-purple crystalline precipitate with potassium per- 
 manganate. Benzoylecgonine, CigHjgNO^, crystallizes with 
 4H2O; when dry melts at 198° ; insoluble in ether, freely 
 soluble in alcohol and hot water ; yields benzoic acid and 
 ecgonine. Cinnamylcocaine on saponification, yields cinna- 
 mic acid (sometimes also isocinnamic acid). Truxilline 
 (cocamine) yields truxillic acid, C^HjOj, in several modifi- 
 cations which seem to be polymeries of cinnamic acid. 
 From Java coca leaves benzoyl-pseudotropeine, C15H1JNO2, 
 has been obtained ; it melts at 49°, aud is easily soluble in 
 alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzol and benzin ; yields with 
 HCl benzoic acid and pseudotropiue, CjHi^NO (deliques- 
 cent rhombic crystals, sparingly soluble in ether, freely in 
 chloroform). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
 (gr. xv-Sj), in substance, infusion, fluid extract; usually 
 combined with an alkali. Cocaine as a local anaesthetic in 
 solution of 4 to 8 or 10 per cent. 
 
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232 CELLULAB VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 BELLADONNiE FOLIA.— Belladonna Leaves. 
 Deadly Nightshade. 
 
 Origin. — A'tropa Belladonna, lAnni. Natural order, 
 Solanacese, Atropese. 
 
 Hahitat. — Europe and Asia Minor. 
 
 Description. — Ovate-oblong or broadly ovate, 10 to 15 
 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, and 5 to 10 centimeters 
 
 Fio. 148. 
 
 Atropa Belladonna, IdnnS. — Branch, fruit, seed, and section of seed, 
 the last two magnified. 
 
 (2-4 inches) broad, narrowed into a petiole, tapering at the 
 apex, entire, almost smooth, thin, occasionally with circular 
 perforations caused by cork, upper surface brownish-green, 
 lower surface grayish-green ; both surfaces, viewed under 
 the magnifying glass, of a whitish granular appearance, 
 
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TABACUM — TOBACCO. 233 
 
 due to numerous cells containing a crystalline powder; 
 odor slight, taste bitterish, disagreeable. 
 
 Constituents. — About 0.5 per cent, mydriatic alkaloids, 
 choline (bilineurine), mucilage, wax, asparagin, albumin, 
 chrysatropic acid (scopoletin), succinic acid, nitrates, ash 
 14 per cent. Atropine, Cj7H23N03, yields a gold double 
 salt at first oily, finally crystalline, without lustre. Hyos- 
 cyamine(see hyoscyamus leaves) is sometimes the predomi- 
 nating alkaloid. Belladonine, a yellow powder, is probably 
 oxyatropine, C,jH23NO^, or apoatropine, Ci^HjiNOj. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 
 0.03 to 0.2 gram (gr. ss-iij). 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetics; stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.); 
 morphine ; physostigmine ; pilocarpine. 
 
 DUBOISIA.— DuBoisiA. 
 
 Origin. — Duboisia myoporoides, R. Brown. Natural order, 
 Solanacese, Salpiglossidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Australia. 
 
 Description. — Short-petiolate, lanceolate, about 7 to 10 cen- 
 timeters (3 to 4 inches) long, 15 to 25 millimeters (f to 1 
 inch) broad, narrowed at both ends, entire, midrib promi- 
 nent; the margin somewhat revolute; thin, nearly smooth, 
 inodorous and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Duboisine, volatile alkaloid, resin, etc. 
 Duboisine appears to vary, and to consist of hyoscyamine or 
 sometimes of hyoseine, or scopolamine. 
 
 Properties. — Similar to those of belladonna and hyoscya- 
 mus. Dose, 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij) ; of the alkaloid, 
 0.0005 to 0.001 gram (gr. tw-^V)- 
 
 Antidotes. — Similar as for belladonna. 
 
 TABACUM.— Tobacco. 
 
 Origin. — Nicotidna Tabdcum, Linni. Natural order, 
 Solanacese, Cestrinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America ; cultivated. 
 
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234 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 Description. — The commercial dried leaves are used. 
 Oval or ovate-lanceolate, sometimes 50 centimeters (20 
 inches) long, short petiolate or sessile, acute, entire, brown, 
 friable, glandular-hairy; odor heavy, peculiar; taste nause- 
 ous, bitter, and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Nicotine, CjdHj^Nj, 0.7 to 5, sometimes 
 11 per cent., nicotianin (scaly, volatile, probably a salt of 
 nicotine, according to others a camphoraceous compound), 
 resin, albumin, gum, extractive, malates, citrates, ash 14 
 to 18, occasionally 27 per cent. Nicotine is colorless, spec, 
 grav. 1.011, becomes rapidly brown, is pungently acrid, 
 freely soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and is colored 
 violet with warm HCl, and browned by CI gas. Tobacco 
 smoke contains a number of pyridine bases. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, sedative, emetic, narcotic. Dose, 
 0.03 to 0.13 gram (gr. ss-ij) ; as emetic, 0.3 gram (gr. v), 
 in powder, infusion, or wine ; externally as sternutatory, 
 enema, etc. 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuants; astringents; nux vomica; stim- 
 ulants. 
 
 STKAMONII FOLIA.— Stramonium Leaves. 
 
 Origin. — Datura Stramonium, Linni. Natural order, 
 Solanacese, Hyoscyamese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia ; naturalized in most countries. 
 
 Description. — Petiolate, ovate, about 15 centimeters (6 
 inches) long, smooth, pointed, unequal at the base, coarsely 
 and sinuately angular-toothed, smooth or nearly so, dark 
 green and rather fleshy when fresh, frequently with circu- 
 lar perforations, caused by cork ; after drying thin, brittle, 
 the upper surface usually brownish-green and somewhat 
 whitish granular under the magnifying glass, due to cells 
 
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STBAMONII FOLIA — STRAMONIUM LEAVES. 235 
 
 containing a crystalliue powder ; nearly inodorous ; taste 
 unpleasant, bitter, and nauseous. 
 
 Datura Tdtula, Linn4, is very similar, but has the 
 foliage deeper green, and the stem and flowers purple 
 colored. 
 
 Fio. 149. 
 
 Datura Stramonium, Xdnni. — Flowering branch. 
 
 Constituents. — Daturine 0.2 per cent., mucilage, albu- 
 min, ash 17 per cent. Daturine is a mixture of atropine 
 and hyoscyamine, the latter usually predominating. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, dilating tlie pupil, narcotic. Dose, 
 0.06 to 0.13 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder or extract. 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuation by stomach-pump, or emetic; 
 stimulants (brandy, coffee, etc.)j douches; morphine; phy- 
 sostigmine ; pilocarpine. 
 
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236 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 y^ HYOSCYAMI FOLIA.— Hyoscyamus Leaves. 
 Henbane. 
 
 Origin. — Hyoscy'amus niger, lAnnS. Natural order, 
 Solanacese, Hyoscyamese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Asia ; naturalized in some parts 
 of North America. 
 
 Description. — Ovate or ovate-oblong, sometimes 25 cen- 
 timeters (10 inches) long, and 10 centimeters (4 inches) 
 
 FiQ. 150. 
 
 Fig. 151. 
 
 Calyx, containing cap- 
 Hyosoyamus niger, Idnne. — Flowering, branch. sule, natural size. 
 
 broad, petiolate or sessile, acute, sinuate-toothed, the teeth 
 large, oblong, or triangular ; grayish-green, hairy ; midrib 
 prominent; odor heavy narcotic; taste bitter, somewhat 
 acrid. Some of the flowers having a five-lobed pale yellow 
 and purplish veined corolla, are usually present; oecasion- 
 
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DIGITALIS — FOXGLOVE. 237 
 
 ally also the capsule (pyxis) enclosed in the urn-shaped 
 calyx. 
 
 Constituents. — Mydriatic alkaloids about 0.3 per cent., 
 choline (bilineurine), hyoscipicrio, Cj^HgjOj^, mucilage, 
 albumin. Hyoseyamiue, C17H23NO3, yields a gold double 
 salt in lustrous yellow scales, which melt at 160° C, but 
 not under water; splits into tropine, CjHijNO, and tropic 
 acid, CgHiijOj. Hyoscine is semi-liquid, isomeric with hyos- 
 cyamine, yields tropic acid and pseudotropine, CjHijNO; 
 its gold double salt melts at 196° C. Scopolamine, 
 CjyHjjNO^, is amorphous or crystalline ; the gold double 
 salt melts at 212° C. ; splits into atropic acid, CgHgOj, 
 and scopoline, CjHijNOj. By heating hyoscyamine for six 
 hours to near 120° C. (218° F.) it is converted into atro- 
 pine. 
 
 Propq-ties. — Anodyne, hypnotic, dilates the pupil, nar- 
 cotic. Dose, 0.13 to 0.6 gram (gr. ij-x), in powder,- tinc- 
 ture, fluid extract, or extract. 
 
 Ardidotes. — Same as for stramonium. 
 
 DIGITALIS.— Digitalis, Foxglove. 
 
 Oiigin. — Digitalis purpurea, lAnnS. Natural order, 
 Scrophularinese, Digitalese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, in sandy soil and the edges of woods. 
 
 Description. — The leaves are collected from plants of the 
 second year's growth. Ovate-oblong, rather acute, nar- 
 rowed into a petiole; from 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 
 inches) long ; irregularly crenate, dowuy ; dull green and 
 wrinkled above ; paler and whitish reticulate beneath j 
 midrib near the base broad; odor faint, tea-like; taste 
 bitter, nauseous. 
 
 Constituents. — Digitalin, resin, digitalosmin (stearopten), 
 digitoleic acid, mucilage, extractive, inosit, pectin, ash 10 
 
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238 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 per cent. Commercial digitalin is a mixture of several 
 compounds, of which the following have been investigated 
 to some extent : Digitoxin is crystallizable, insoluble in 
 water, benzol, and carbon disulphide, sparingly so in ether, 
 soluble in alcohol and chloroform, and by acids is con- 
 verted into toxiresin. Digitonin, G^H^fi^, is a glucoside, 
 
 FiQ. 152. 
 
 Digitalis. — Leaf of the first and of the second year's growth. 
 
 crystallizes from 85 per cent, alcohol, is soluble in water 
 (the solution foaming), but not in ether, benzol, or chloro- 
 form, dissolves with a red color in HjSO^ and warm HCl, 
 and splits into dextrose, galactose and digitogenin, which 
 is insoluble in water. Digitalein is soluble in alcohol, 
 ether, and water. Digitalin is crystalline, sparingly soluble 
 in water and ether, soluble in alcohol. These principles 
 are cardiac poisons, while another, digitin, has no such 
 action. The behavior to solvents is more or less altered 
 by the presence of other principles. 
 
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MATIOO. 239 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.06 to 
 0.13 gram (gr. j-ij), in powder, iofusion, tincture, or ex- 
 tract. The dose of digitalin is uncertain, owing to its 
 variable composition ; crystallized digitalin (digitoxin ; but 
 sometimes consists of digitonin) is given in doses of 0.05 
 to 0.1 milligram G a^oo - eio grain). 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuants (stomach-pump or emetics) ; tan- 
 nin ; stimulants (injections) ; aconitine. 
 
 MATICO.— Matico. 
 
 OJg^n.^-Piper elongdtum, Vahl (Art^nthe elong^ta, 
 Miquel). Natural order, Piperacese, Piperese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America. 
 
 Description — Short petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, 10 to 15 
 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, pointed, unequally heart- 
 shaped, very finely crenulate, tessellated above, reticulate 
 and rough beneath, the meshes small, and the veins densely 
 brownish-hairy ; aromatic, spicy, and bitterish. 
 
 The leaves of Artdnthe adunca, Miquel, are not tessel- ' 
 lated, rough, and hairy like true matico. 
 
 Fig. 153. 
 
 Matico. — One-half natural size. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 2| per cent., pungent resin, 
 bitter principle, artanthic acid (crystalline), tannin, muci- 
 lage, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, vulnerary, styptic. Dose, 
 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in powder, infusion, or extract ; 
 also externally as a styptic. 
 
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240 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 SALVIA.— Sage. 
 
 Origin. — Sdlvia officinalis, LinnS. Natural order, La- 
 biates, Monardese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Petiolate, ovate-oblong, about 5 centime- 
 ters (2 inches) long, obtuse, or rather acute, finely crenu- 
 late, the base narrowed, rounded, somewhat heart-shaped 
 or auriculate (the latter forms rare in market), thickish. 
 
 Fig. 154. 
 
 
 
 Salvia. — Natural size, upper and lower surface. 
 
 wrinkled, grayish-green, and beneath reticulate, soft hairy, 
 and glandular ; aromatic, bitterish, somewhat astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil J-f per cent., resin, tannin, 
 albumin, extractive, etc. The volatile oil is of spec. grav. 
 0.89, freely soluble in alcohol, and contains pinene, cineol, 
 and salviol, CuHj^O. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, astringent, vulnerary. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion ; externally as a 
 gargle, etc. 
 
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> ' S-; 1 
 
 >.- 
 
 H^MAMEIilS — WITOg; HAZEL. 
 
 241 
 
 HAMAMELIS.— Hamamelis. Witch Hazel. 
 
 Origin. — Hamamelis virginidna, Linni. Natural order, 
 Hamamelidese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, westward to Minnesota and 
 Louisiana ; in thickets. 
 
 Description. — Short-petiolate, thickish, 10 to 15 centi- 
 meters (4-6 inches) long, obovate or oval-obovate, obtuse, 
 
 Fig. 155. 
 
 Hamamelis virginiana. — Leaf one-half natural size. 
 
 wavy-toothed, narrowed below, and oblique and slightly 
 heart-shaped at base, feather-veined, nearly smooth, in- 
 odorous, taste astringent and bitter. 
 
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242 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 Oonstituerds. — Tannin, bitter principle, trace of volatile 
 oil. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent, somewhat sedative; ex- 
 ternally in skin diseases. Dose, about 4 grams (3j), in 
 decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 THEA.— Tea. 
 
 Origin. — Camellia Thea, Link, s. (Thea chinensis, Sims). 
 Natural order, Ternstroemiaceje, Gordoniese. 
 Habitat. — Southeastern Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Fig. 161). 
 
 Tea leaves. — Natural size. 
 
 Descnjoiion.— Sliort petiolate, oval or oblanceolate, 25 to 50 
 or 75 millimeters (1 to 2 or 3 inches) long, acute at both 
 ends, or rather obtuse above, irregularly serrate, except near 
 
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TUBNERA — DAMIANA. 243 
 
 the base, the lateral veins anastomosing near the margin ; 
 smooth or the veins somewhat pubescent ; odor agreeable, 
 peculiar ; taste pleasantly astringent and bitterish. In com- 
 merce the leaves are rolled ; bluish green or blackish. 
 
 Adulterations with other leaves are recognized by the shape, 
 the character of the venation, and the serratures on the 
 margin. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 0.6-1 per cent., theine (chemi- 
 cally identical with caffeine, but produces spasms and convul- 
 sions, and its lethal dose is larger than that of caffeine), lJ-4 
 per cent. (Indian and Ceylon teas contain between 3.2 and 
 4.6 per cent, of theine, Paul and Cownley, 1887), theophyl- 
 line (isomeric with theobromine, readily soluble in hot water), 
 tannin 11 to 21 per cent. (Hooper, 1889), boheic acid, albu- 
 min, wax, resin, ash 4-6 per cent., containing about 14 per 
 cent, of phosphoric acid. Tea leaves yield about 40 per cent, 
 of aqueous extract. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic, stimulant, nervine. Dose, 
 2 to 8 grams (gss-ij), in infusion. 
 
 ILEX PAEAGUAYENSIS.— Mate, Paeaguay Tea. 
 
 Origin. — I'lex paraguay^nsis, Lambert. Natural order, 
 Ilicinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Brazil and Argentine Republic. 
 
 Description. — Short-petiolate, lance-oblong, about 5 centi- 
 meters (2 inches) long, nearly obtuse, margin few-toothed; 
 smooth ; odor slight ; taste astringent, bitterish and somewhat 
 empyreumatic. The commerchial mat6 consists of the slightly 
 torrefied leaves, reduced to coarse powder. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 10-16 per cent., caffeine, 0.2-1.6 per 
 cent., little volatile oil and stearopten, wax, glucoside, pro- 
 teids about 8 per cent., ash 4 to 8 per cent. 
 
 Properties and Dose. — Like thea. 
 
 TURNEEA.— DAMIANA. 
 
 Origin. — Turnfira diffusse, Willdenoiu, var. aphrodisiaca. 
 Urban. Natural order, Turneracese. ■ 
 
 Habitat. — Mexico. 
 
 Description. — Short-petiolate, thickish, obovate, lance-obo- 
 vate, or oblong, 10 to 25 millimeters (|— 1 inch) long, rather 
 obtuse, with a wedge-shaped base and on each side of the mar- 
 gin with from 3 to 6 teeth ; the pinnate veins prominent be- 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
244 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 neath ; light green, nearly smooth, somewhat aromatic. The 
 much-branched stems and small pentamerous yellow flowers 
 are sometimes present. 
 
 Haplopdppus (Aplopdppus ) discoideus, De Candolle, False 
 damiana. Natural order, Compositse. Leaves lanceolate or 
 oblanceolate, acute, 1- to 3-toothed on each side, roughish and 
 minutely dotted ; involucre of flower-heads imbricate, florets 
 yellow, pappus hairy. 
 
 Fig. 157. 
 
 Fig. 158. 
 
 Fig 159. 
 
 Figs. 157, 158. — Turnera leaves. — Natural size. 
 Fig. 159. — Aplopappus leaf. — Natural size. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, bitter principle, tannin. 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, laxative. Dose, 2 grams (gr. 
 xxx), in fluid extract. 
 
 CASTANEA.— Chestnut Leaves. 
 
 Origin. — Castdnea v6sca, Gcertner (C. sativa, Miller, 
 var. americana; C. dentdta, Marshall). Natural order, 
 Cupuliferee, Quercinese. 
 
 Sabitat. — North America, from Ontario south to Florida, 
 and west to Arkansas and Michigan. 
 
 Description. — From 15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) 
 long, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) wide, petiolate, oblong- 
 lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, feather- veined, sinuate 
 serrate, smooth, of a slight odor and a somewhat astringent 
 taste. 
 
 They should be collected in September or October, while 
 still green. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CASTANEA — CHESTNUT LEAVES. 
 
 245 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, abont 9 per cent., gum, albumin, 
 resin, fat, ash 5-6 per cent. 
 
 Fig. 160. 
 
 Castanea. — Leaf one-half natural size. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, mild sedative. Dose, 2 to 8 grams 
 (5ss-ij), in infusio>j.oy^jd^xtrac^in whooping-cough. 
 
246 CBLLULAK VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 PEESIOA.— Peach Leaves. 
 
 Origin. — Priinus Persica, Linn& (Persica vulgdris, De Can- 
 dolle). Natural order, Rosacese, Pruneae. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Short-petiulate, lanceolate, about 10 centime- 
 ters (4 inches) long, pointed, closely serrate, smooth ; odor 
 slight, in infusion bitter-almoad like; taste bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Amygdalin, or allied compound, tanuin. 
 
 Properties. — Mild sedative, tonic. Dose, 2 grams (gr. xxx) 
 in infusion. 
 
 T USSIL AGO .—Coltsfoot. 
 
 Origin. — Tussilago Farfara, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
 positse, Eupatoriacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Asia and Europe, naturalized in the 
 United States. 
 
 Description. — Long-petiolate, roundish heart-shaped, about 
 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter, 5- to 7-nerved, angular- 
 toothed, smooth and green above, white tomentose beneath ; 
 inodorous ; taste mucilaginous, bitterish, and slightly astrin- 
 gent. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, bitter amorphous glucoside, tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), 
 in decoction. 
 
 ILEX OPACA.— Holly. 
 
 Origin. — I' lex opdca, Aiton. Natural order, Ilicinese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, from Massachusetts to Florida, 
 and from Missouri to Texas. 
 
 Description. — Petiolate, oval, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 long, spinous wavy-toothed, coriaceous, smooth, inodorous ; 
 taste mucilaginous, bitterish, astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle, tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, tonic, emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
 (gr. xv-xxx). 
 
 CHIMAPHILA.— Pipsissewa, Prince's Pine. 
 
 Origin. — Chimaphila (Cliim4phila) umbelldta, Nutiall. 
 Natural order, Ericacese, Pyrolese. 
 Habitat. — Northern continents. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
PIPSISSEWA, prince's PINE. 247 
 
 Description. — Oblauceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 long, sharply serrate above, wedge-shaped and nearly 
 entire toward the base ; coriaceous, smooth, dark green on 
 
 FtG. 161. 
 
 Chimaphila umbellata; upper part of flowering stem. 
 
 upper surface ; nearly inodorous, and of an astringent and 
 bitterish taste. 
 
 The leaves of the spotted pipsissewa, Chim. maculAta, 
 Pursh, indigenous to North America, are lanceolate or 
 ovate-lanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, ser- 
 rate, and upon the upper surface variegated with white. 
 
 Constituents. — Arbutin, ericolin, urson, tannin 4 per 
 cent., chimaphilin (yellow, tasteless, volatile prisms, red by 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
248 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 sulphuric acid), several white crystalline principles (tasteless, 
 volatile, melting at 153°, 166°, and above 250° C. ; pos- 
 sibly solid hydrocarbons — J. C. Peacock, 1892), resin, 
 sugar, gum, ash 5 per cent. Free from andromedotoxin. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic, diuretic, nephritic. Dose, 
 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 GAULTHERIA. — Gaultheeia, Wintergeeen. 
 
 Origin. — Gaulth^ria procumbens, 
 Fio. 162. lAnne. Natural order, Ericaceae, An- 
 
 j" -k dromedese. 
 
 ,,' '"yj .'••, Habitat. — North America, west to 
 
 ,' ^ Minnesota and south to Georgia. 
 
 I , * .' ■• Description. — Short-petiolate, obo- 
 
 \ } vate or roundish-oval, about 4 centi- 
 
 ' meters (1-| inches) long, and 2 centi- 
 
 ^. '' meters (f inch) or more broad, 
 
 j"»J • J." ' mucronate, slightly serrate with ap- 
 
 ^ ' pressed teeth, coriaceous, smooth, 
 
 glossy -green above, paler beneath ; 
 fragrant ; taste aromatic and astringent. 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, 0.5 per 
 cent., arbutin, ericolin, urson, resins, tannin 6 per cent., 
 sugar, gum, proteids, ash 4 to 5 per cent. Free from an- 
 dromedotoxin. The volatile oil is of spec. grav. 1.175, 
 readily soluble in alcohol, colored dark purple by ferric 
 chloride in alcoholic solution, and with niti-ic acid yields 
 colorless prisms ; it consists of gaultherilene, CuHjJ, and 
 mainly of methyl salicylate, €£[30,11503. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, astringent, diuretic, emmena- 
 gogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. 
 
 LAUEOCEEASUS.— Cherry Ladrel. 
 
 Origin. — Prunus (Cfirasus, Loiaeleur) Lauroc6rasus, Linne. 
 Natural order, Rosacese, Pruneae, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
 Gaultheria. — Natural 
 size. 
 
BUCHU. 
 
 249 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia; cultivated in Southern Europe. 
 
 Description. — Short - petiolate, about 15 centimeters (6 
 inches) long, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, somewhat 
 revolute, distantly sharply serrate, dark green and glossy 
 above, dull green beneath, and on the lower surface near the 
 base one to three pairs of depressed glands; odor (when 
 bruised) bitter-almond like; taste aromatic, bitter. Gener- 
 ally used in the fresh state. 
 
 Constituents. — Laurocerasin (amorphous, insoluble in ether, 
 possibly a compound of araygdalin), a ferment, bitter prin- 
 ciple, tannin, sugar, gum ; after bruising and macerating in 
 water, yield hydrocyanic acid and volatile oil, consisting of 
 benzaldehyde, C,HgO. 
 
 Properties. — Sedative ; used for making cherry-laurel water. 
 
 BUCHU.— BucHU. 
 
 Origin. — Barosma betulina, BartUng, Bar. crenulata, 
 Hooker, and Bar. serratifolia, Willdenow. Natural order, 
 Rutacese, Diosmese. 
 
 Fig. 163. 
 
 Bu(diu. — a, b. Barosma erenulata, Hooker, c, d. Bar. betulina, BartUng. 
 q. h. Bar. serratifolia, Willdenow. e, f. Empleurum serrulatum, Alton, 
 b, c,f, g, natural size. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Africa. 
 
 Description. — Roundish-obovate, with a rather wedge- 
 shaped base (B. betulina), or varying between oval and 
 
 Digitized bywlicrosoft® 
 
250 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 obovate (B. crenulata), about 2 to 3 centimeters (^1^ inch) 
 long, obtuse, crenate or serrate, with a gland at the base of 
 each tooth, dull yellowish-green, thickish, smooth, pellucid- 
 punctate ; strongly aromatic, somewhat mint-like, pungent, 
 and bitterish. Portions of the branchlets, flowers, and 
 capsules are sometimes mixed with this drug. 
 
 The leaves of Bar. serratifolia are about 3 to 4 centi- 
 meters (l^-lf inches) long, thinner, liuear-lanceolate, 
 obtuse — otherwise like the preceding. 
 
 Vat^eties. — Short buchu from B. betulina and B. crenu- 
 lata ; long buchu from B. serratifolia. The latter are some- 
 times mixed witli the very similar leaves of Empleurum 
 serruldtum, Alton {Natural order, Rutaceae), which are 
 narrow linear, and, at the apex, acute and glandless. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (1-1.6 per cent, from short, 
 0.66 from long buchu ; the stearopten, diosphenol, Cj„HijOj, 
 is colored black-green by ferric salts), resin, mucilage (in 
 a layer beneath the upper epidermis), bitter principle, rutin 
 (?), etc. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 2 
 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion or fluid extract. 
 
 ERIODICTYON.— Mountain Balm. 
 
 Origin. — Eriodictyon californicum, Bentham. Natural 
 order, Hydrophyllacese, Namese. 
 
 Habitat. — California. 
 
 Description. — Elliptic-lanceolate, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 
 4 inches) long, f to f inch (9 to 15 millimeters) broad, rather 
 acute, more or less sinuately dentate ; upper surface smooth, 
 green, and varnished ; lower surface reticulate and white- 
 hairy ; somewhat aromatic and balsamic, free from bitterness. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin. 
 
 Properties. — Expectorant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (sss-j), in 
 decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
OOMPTONIA — SWEET FERN. 
 Fio. 164. 
 
 251 
 
 A 
 
 -r 
 
 ' 1 
 
 
 Eriodictyon. — Leaves, natural size, lower and upper surface. 
 
 COMPTONIA.— Sweet Feen. 
 
 Origin. — Myrica (Comptonia, Alton) asplenifolia, Endlicher. 
 Natural order, Myricacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to North Carolina, west to 
 Minnesota, in sterile soil. 
 
 Description. — Short-petiolate, linear-lanceolate, about 7 cen- 
 timeters (3 inches) long, rather thin, pinnatifid with alternate 
 roundish lobes, pubescent, resin-dotted; stipules two, small, 
 obliquely ovate, acuminate ; aromatic and astringent. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
252 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (about 0.1 per cent. ; spec, 
 grav. 0.926; odor cinnamon-like), tannin, gallic acid (?), a 
 saponin-like compound, etc. 
 
 Fig. 165. 
 
 Comptonia leaves, upper and lower surface. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, astringent. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
 (gr. xv-xxx). 
 
 HEPATICA.— LivEEWOET. 
 
 Origin. — Anemone (An6mone) Hep4tica, Linne (HepA- 
 tica triloba, Chaix), and A. (Hepatica, Ue CandoUe) acu- 
 tiloba, Laivson. Natural order, Ranunculacese, Anemonese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America and Europe, in woods. 
 
 Description. — Broad kidney-heart-shaped, about 5 centi- 
 meters (2 inches) long and broad, long-petiolate, three-lobed, 
 the lobes obtuse or acute ; slightly leathery, smooth, and 
 dark green above ; inodorous, insipid, slightly astringent, 
 slightly bitterish. The leaf of the European plant is inter- 
 mediate in shape. 
 
 Oonstituenis. — Mucilage, sugar, little tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, deobstruent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 
 8 grams (5ss-ij), in decoction. 
 
 ACONITI FOLIA.— Aconite Leaves. 
 
 Origin. — Aconitum Nap611us, Linne. Natural order, 
 Ranunculacese, Helleborese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, Northern Asia, Western North America, 
 in mountainous regions. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
AOONITI FOLIA — ACONITE LEAVES. 
 
 253 
 
 Description. — Leaves petiolate, suborbicular, somewhat 
 cordate, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, 
 smooth, somewhat glossy above, palmately three- or five- 
 parted, the segments narrow wedge-shaped and incised, the 
 divisions linear-lanceolate and toothed ; petiole and midrib 
 
 Fig. 166. 
 
 Aconite leaf, natural size. 
 
 with a furrow above ; odor slight ; taste gradually bitter, 
 acrid, tingling. 
 
 The leaves of Aconitum Stoerckeanum, Reiehenhach, have 
 the parts broadly wedge-shaped and the divisions lanceo- 
 late. The leaves of the Ac. Cammdrum, Jaequin, have ovate 
 or rhomboid segments. 
 
 Constituents. — Aconitine (see Aconiti radix, page 152), 
 napelline, gum, sugar, albumin, tannin, aconitic acid, ash 16 
 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Anodyne, sedative, poisonous. Dose, 0.06 to 
 0.20 gram (gr.J-iij), in powder or extract. 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetic (vegetable or mineral) ; friction of skin ; 
 inhalation of amyl nitrite ; atropine. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
254 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 MENYANTHES.— BuCKBEAN, Bogbean. 
 
 Origin. — Menyd,nthes trifoli^ta, lAnni. Natural order, 
 Gentianese, Menyantheas. 
 
 Habitat. — Temperate Northern Hemisphere, i.i bogs. 
 
 Description. — Long-petioled, trifoliate ; leaflets sessile, about 
 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed 
 below, entire or somewhat crenate, smooth, pale green ; inodor- 
 ous, bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Menyanthin (amorphous, precipitated by 
 Mayer's reagent and tannin, soluble in alcohol and hot water, 
 sparingly soluble in ether, glucoside, yields menyanthol, 
 having an aromatic odor), mucilage, albumin, saccharose, 
 fat (cholesterin and ceryl-esters), probably carotin. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, antiscorbutic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, 
 febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 3 grams Cgr. xv-xlv), in decoction or 
 extract. 
 
 RHUS TOXICODENDRON.— Poison Oak. 
 
 Origin. — Rhus Toxicodendron, lAnni. Natural order, 
 Anacardiacese, Anacardiese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to Wyoming and Texas, 
 in thickets. 
 
 Description. — Long-petioled, trifoliate ; the lateral leaf- 
 lets nearly sessile, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long, 
 obliquely-ovate, pointed ; the terminal leaflet stalked, ovate 
 or oval, pointed, often with a wedge-shaped base ; all leaf- 
 lets either entire or variously notched, coarsely toothed or 
 lobed, downy beneath ; after drying papery and brittle ; 
 inodorous, somewhat astringent, and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Toxicodendric acid (volatile, reduces gold 
 from the chloride), tannin, fixed oil, wax, mucilage, etc. . 
 
 Properties. — Irritant, rubefacient ; in paralysis, etc. 
 Dose, 0.12 to 0.3 gram (gr. ij-v), gradually increased, in 
 powder or tincture. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
RUTA — RUB. 
 Fib. 167. 
 
 255 
 
 Rhus toxicodendron. — Leat one-half natural size. 
 
 EUTA.— EUE; 
 
 Origin. — Rlita graveolens, LinnL Natural order, Rutacese, 
 Buteee. 
 
 Hahitat. — Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Petiolate, triangular-ovate in outline, 5 to 10 
 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, the upper ones pinnatifid, the 
 others twice or thrice pinnate, the divisions thickish, spatulate 
 or obovate-oblong, sparingly crenate, the terminal ones larger, 
 yellowish-green, smooth, finely pellucid-punctate, aromatic, 
 balsamic, bitter, somewhat acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil } per cent., rutin, G^^^O^^, resin, 
 etc. The volatile oil is greenish-yellow, freely soluble in alco- 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
256 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — LEAVES. 
 
 hol, consists chiefly of methyl-nonyl-ketone, CH3.CO.C5H15, 
 and with nitric acid yields oenanthylic, caprylic, pelargonic, 
 and caprinic acids. Eutin forms light yellow needles, is sol- 
 uble in alcohol, less freely in water, sparingly soluble in ether ; 
 
 Fig. 168. 
 
 Ruta graveolens. — Leaf with axillary branch. 
 
 green with ferric chloride ; with acid splits into isodulcit and 
 (juercetin. 
 
 Properties. — Irritant, stimulant, emmenagogue, nervine. 
 Dose, 0.3 to 1.3 gram (gr. v-xx), in infusion. 
 
 CONII FOLIA.— CoNiuM, Hemlock. 
 
 Origin. — Conium maculatum, Linne. Natural order, Um- 
 belliferse, Amminese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Europe; naturalized in North America, 
 in waste and moist places. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HERBS — HERB/E. 257 
 
 Description. — Petioles hollow and sheathing, upper leaves 
 sessile, broadly triangular-ovate in outline, 10 to 30 centi- 
 meters (4 to 12 inches) long, pinnately twice or thrice decom- 
 pound, pinnse oblong-lanceolate, pointedly toothed or incised ; 
 
 Fig. Ifi9. 
 
 Conium. — Terminal portion of pinna. 
 
 thin, gray-green, smooth; odor and taste disagreeable, nar- 
 cotic. 
 
 Constituents. — Coniine (a minute quantity), volatile oil (not 
 poisonous), albumin, mucilage, ash 12 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.3 gram (gr. v) ; 
 much larger doses have produced little effect. 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetic; astringents; stimulants; application 
 of warmth to extremities. 
 
 7. HERBS.— HERB^. 
 
 Under this heading all those drugs are comprised which 
 are usually met with in commerce having those organs 
 which are necessary for their botanical identification. Be- 
 sides the few medicinal cryptogams, all medicinal herbs 
 are dicotyledons, and consist mostly of leaves and tender 
 tops, the stems, if hard and tasteless, being rejected. 
 Cryptogams which are employed in a partially developed 
 state, or in a condition unsuited for botanical identification, 
 will be found in Class 12. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
258 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 Olassiflcation. 
 
 Sect. I. Thallogens. Plants destitute of fibro-vascular 
 tissue and flowers. 
 Tliallus filiform, flattened above, repeatedly forked, 
 
 margin crisped. Chondrus. 
 
 Thallus flattened, with air-vesicles in pairs. Fucus 
 
 vesiculosus. 
 Thallus compressed, the air-vesicles single. Fucus nodosus. 
 
 Thallus flattened, lobed, and toothed ; brownish 
 
 above, whitish beneath. Cetraria. 
 
 Sect. II. Ferns. 
 Stipe polished ; frond pinnate ; leaflets triangular- 
 oblong. Adiantum. 
 
 Sect. III. Dicotyledons. 
 1. Petals distinct. 
 
 u. Petals five or four (3 in Polygala) : stamens 
 more than five ; leaves alternate. 
 
 Leaves with linear acute lobes ; akenes numerous, 
 tipped with a long hairy style. Pulsatilla. 
 
 Base of stem tuberous ; leaves three-divided ; 
 akenes numerous, short-beaked. Ranunculus. 
 
 Khizome golden yellow ; leaves trifoliate; fol- 
 licles 7, few seeded. Coptis. 
 
 Leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; capsule linear. Chelidonium. 
 
 Leaves mostly radical, toothed or pinnatifid ; pod 
 inversely heart-shaped ; petals white. Bursa pastoris. 
 
 Stem somewhat woody ; leaves simple ; capsule 
 
 several- or many-seeded. Helianthemum. 
 
 Leaves linear-oblong, pellucid-punctate ; flowers 
 yellow with black dots. Hypericum. 
 
 Flowers irregular, purple ; stamens 8, united. Polygala, 
 
 Stamens diadelphous ; leaves trifoliate, leaflets 
 
 toothed, fragrant. Melilotus. 
 
 Stamens monadelphous ; leaves small trifoliate ; 
 
 leaflets entire ; twigs pentangular. Sooparius. 
 
 Stem woody ; leaves lance-ovate ; flowers purple. SpirsEa, 
 
 Leaves interruptedly pinnate ; flowers small, yel- 
 low ; calyx uncinate. Agrimonia. 
 
 Leaves digitate, five-foliate ; flowers axillar_v, 
 yellow. Potentilla. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
HKEBS — HEKB^. 
 
 259 
 
 Leaves lance-oblong ; flowers showy, yellow, cap- 
 sule long. 
 
 Leaves lanceolate ; flowers showy, purplish ; cap- 
 sule linear. 
 
 b. Petals and stamens five. 
 
 Leaves with foliaceous pinnatifid stipules ; corolla 
 
 one-spurred. 
 Leaves rosulate, fleshy, glandular-bristly. 
 
 c. Petals and stamens numerous. 
 
 Sepals and white petals imbricate ; branches 
 fleshy, pentangular, spiny. 
 . Petals united. 
 
 a. Flowers in a close head on a receptacle surrounded 
 
 by an involucre. 
 Pappus slender, bristly ; leaves lanceolate, con- 
 nate-perfoliate. 
 leaves alternate ; rays numerous, very narrow 
 
 purplish or whitish, 
 rays inconspicuous, not longer than pappus. 
 
 florets yellow ; heads in recurved racemes, 
 small ; odor anise-like. 
 Pappus three awns ; florets yellow ; rays con- 
 spicuous ; leaves broadly spatulate or oblong. 
 Pappus 2 or 3 awns ; florets yellow ; leaves spat- 
 ulate or linear. 
 Pappus of 5 awned scales ; florets yellow ; rays 
 
 conspicuous ; stem winged. 
 Pappus none, or a short crown ; leaves alternate ; 
 rays white ; receptacle conical, chafiy. 
 rays white ; receptacle flat, chaffy, 
 rays white; receptacle convex, naked 
 rays yellow; receptacle convex, naked, 
 rays none ; receptacle small, hairy, 
 receptacle small, smooth ; leaves green above; 
 plant white woolly, 
 rays yellow ; receptacle flat, naked, 
 rays none ; receptacle bristly ; involucre and 
 leaves soft-spiny. 
 
 b. Flowers not in heads ; corolla more or less two- 
 
 lijjped. 
 Leaves alternate ; stamens 5, forming a tube, 
 stamens 4 ; plant yellowish-brown. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
 QEnothera 
 Epilobium. 
 
 Viola tricolor. 
 Drosera. 
 
 Cactus. 
 
 Eupatorium. 
 
 Erigeron. 
 Erigeron. 
 canadense. 
 
 Solidago. 
 
 Grindelia. 
 Grindelia 
 
 squarrosa. 
 
 Helenium. 
 
 Cotula. 
 
 Achillea. 
 
 Parthenium. 
 
 Tanaoetum. 
 
 Absinthium. 
 
 Artemisia. 
 
 Gnaphaliuiii. 
 
 Calendula. 
 
 Centaurea. 
 
 Lobelia. 
 Epiphegus. 
 
260 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS HERBS. 
 
 Leaves opposite, not glandular ; stamens 4 ; 
 
 corolla urn-shaped ; lips short. Scrophularia. 
 
 corolla inflated ; upper lip arched. Chelone. 
 
 Leaves opposite, glandular ; lips nearly equal ; 
 stamens 4 ; inflorescence terminal , spikes 
 slender, acute. Mentha viridis. 
 
 spikes conical, obtuse. Mentha. 
 
 piperita, 
 stamens 2 ; flowers in axillary whorls. Lycopus. 
 
 upper lip erect ; stamens 2, exserted ; inflores- 
 cence cymose. Cunila. 
 stamens 4, exserted ; inflorescence spicate. Hyssopus. 
 inflorescence corymbose, bracts reddish. Origanum, 
 inflorescence clustered, spicate, bracts gray- 
 green. Majorana. 
 corolla short, slightly 2-lipped, stamens 4 ; in- Thymus (see 
 florescence spicate ; leaves small, linear. Leaves). 
 leaves small, ovate. Serpyllum. 
 corolla, curved, two-lipped; stamens 4, upper 
 
 pair shorter ; flowers in axillary whoi-ls. Melissa, 
 
 corolla small, two-lipped ; filaments 4, only 
 
 two with anthers. Hedeoma. 
 
 corolla long, with narrow lips ; stamens 2 ; 
 
 bracts variegated. Monarda. 
 
 upper lip arched ; stamens 4, the lower pair 
 
 shorter ; floral leaves bract-like. Cataria. 
 
 flowers in axillary cymules ; leaves and floral 
 
 leaves alike. Glechoma. 
 
 upper lip erect; stamens 4, short; flowers in 
 
 dense axillary whorls. Marrubium. 
 
 stamens 4, the lower pair longer ; calyx lips 
 entire, upper one with helmet-like pro- 
 jection. Scutellaria, 
 calyx spiny flve-toothed ; leaves palmately 
 
 lobed. Leonorus. 
 
 c. Flowers not in heads ; corolla lobes spreading. 
 Corolla salver-form ; flowers in dense spikes ; 
 
 leaves rosulate. Plantago. 
 
 flowers in pairs ; leaves opposite. Mitchella. 
 
 Corolla rotate ; leaves in whorls, rough on the 
 
 margin. Galium, 
 
 leaves opposite ; sessile, oblong-ovate, acute (or 
 
 linear-oblong). Sabbatia. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CHONDRUS— IRISH MOSS, CARRAGEEN. 261 
 
 obovate-oblong, obtuse. Centaurium. 
 
 ovate, acuminate ; drug brown. Chiretta. 
 
 3. Petals absent. 
 
 Leaves digitate ; leaflets lanceolate, acute, serrate. Cannabis. 
 
 CHONDRUS.— Irish .Moss, Carrageen. 
 
 Origin. — Choudrus crispus, Lyngbye, and Gigartina 
 mamillosa, Agardh (Chondrus mamillosus, GrevUle). 
 Natural order, Algae, Floridese. 
 
 Sabitat. — Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Description. — From 5 to 12 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) or 
 more long ; yellowish or whitish, horny, translucent, when 
 softened in water cartilaginous, many times forked, seg- 
 
 FiG. 170. 
 
 Chondrus^crispus. 
 
 ments varying in shape between wedge-shaped and linear, 
 at the apex emarginate or two-lobed ; spore vessels im- 
 bedded in the frond, in Gig. mamillosa short-stipitate 
 along the channeled branches ; odor slight seaweed-like ; 
 taste mucilaginous, somewhat saline. 
 
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262 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 One part of it boiled for ten minutes with 30 parts of 
 water yields a solution which gelatinizes on cooling. 
 
 Constituents. — Aside from moisture, consists mainly of 
 mucilaginous compounds, some albuminoids and 8-15 
 per cent, ash, chiefly chlorides, sulphates, and phosphates, 
 with traces of bromides and iodides. 
 
 Fig 171. Fig. 172. 
 
 Choiirlrus orispus. — Narrow fDrin, Gigartina mamillosa. 
 
 with fruit. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, somewhat nutritive. Dose, 4 
 to 8 grams (3j-ij), in decoction or jelly. 
 
 FUCUS VESICULOSUS.— Bladder-wrack. 
 
 Origin. — Fiicus vesiculosus, Linne. Natural order, Algse, 
 Fucoidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Description. — About 1 meter (40 inches) long, and 15 mil- 
 limeters (f inch) broad, flattened, branched, with a midrib 
 and the air-vessels in pairs, blackish ; odor like seaweeds ; 
 taste mucilaginous, saline. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
FUCUS VESICULOSUS — BL A DDE R-WR ACK . 
 
 263 
 
 Fiicus nod6sus, Linne, is narrow, without midrib, air-vesi- 
 cles single, otherwise like the preceding. 
 
 Constituents. — Organic matter 62, ash 16, moisture 22 per 
 
 Fig. 173. 
 
 Fucus vesiculosus, Idnni. — Fruiting branch, natural size. 
 
 cent. Organic principles : mucilage, raannit, fat, etc. Ash : 
 chlorides, bromides, iodides, phosphates, and sulphates. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative. Dose, about 8 grams (gij), in de- 
 coction ; recommended in obesity. 
 
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264 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 CETRARIA.— Iceland Moss. 
 
 Origin. — Cetr^ria isl4ndica, Acharius. Natural order, 
 Lichenes, Ascomycetes. 
 
 Hahitai. — Northern Hemisphere. 
 
 Description. — Five to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long, 
 foliaceous, irregularly divided into fringed and channeled 
 lobes, brownish above, whitish beneath and marked with 
 small depressed white spots, brittle and inodorous ; when 
 
 Fig. 174. 
 
 Cetraria islandica. 
 
 soaked in water, soft cartilaginous and of a slight odor ; 
 taste mucilaginous and bitter. When boiled with about 
 25 parts of water, Iceland moss yields a solution forming 
 a ielly on cooling. 
 
 Pine leaves, mosses, and other lichens, which are fre- 
 quently found mixed with it should be removed. 
 
 Constituents. — Licheuin and isolichenin (dextrolichenin), 
 Ci2H2|,Oi|„ 70 per cent., cetraric acid, CjjHjjOj, 2 per cent, 
 (crystalline, bitter), lichen-stearic acid, C14H34O3, 1 per 
 cent., fumaric acid, oxalic acid, sugar, cellulose 16 per cent., 
 ash 1-2 per cent. Isolichenin is soluble in cold water. 
 
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PULSATILLA. 265 
 
 dextrogyre, colored blue by iodine and does not combine 
 with alkalies. Lichenin separates from its hot-water solu- 
 tion as a jelly, is not colored blue by iodine, and combines 
 with bases. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, tonic, nutritive. Dose, 4 to 8 
 grams (5j— ij), in decoction or jelly. 
 
 ADIANTUM.— Maidenhair. 
 
 Origin. — Adidntum peddtum, Linne. Natural order, Filices, 
 Polypodiacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America and Eastern Asia; in woods. 
 
 Description. — About 30 centimeters (12 inches) high; stipe 
 polished, brown-black, forked at the summit and branched ; 
 branches nearly horizontal, each bearing on one side about 
 six linear-lanceolate pinnse; leaflets triangular-oblong, cre- 
 nately-toothed on the upper margin ; fruit-dots at the apex of 
 the teeth ; odor faintly aromatic ; taste mucilaginous, sweet- 
 ish, slightly astringent and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, tannin, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, expectorant, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 
 grams (3ss-j). 
 
 Adi^ntum Capillus Veneris, Linne, is indigenous to Europe 
 and the Southern United States west to California ; it is used 
 like the preceding. 
 
 PULSATILLA.— Pui^ATiLLA. 
 
 Ongin. — Anemone (An6mone) (Pulsatilla, Miller) pra- 
 t§nsis, lAnni, An. Pulsatilla, Linne, and An. pdtens, 
 LinnS, var. Nuttallidaa, Gray. Natural order Ranuncu- 
 laceae, Anemonese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, the variety Nuttalliana in Western 
 North America. 
 
 Description. — Leaves radical, petiolate, silky-villous, 
 twice or thrice deeply three-parted or pinnately cleft, with 
 linear acute lobes, appearing after the large purple (or in 
 the last-named species sometimes whitish) flowers ; akenns 
 
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266 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 numerous, prolonged into the hairy style ; inodorous ; very 
 acrid. 
 
 The herb should be collected shortly after flowering, 
 carefully preserved, and not kept longer than one year. 
 
 ConstUuents. — Anemonin, Cyjlf)^, anemonic acid, 
 CjoHjoOj, anemoninic acid, C^^J^^, and acrid anemone- 
 
 FiG. 175. 
 
 Anemone pratensis. — Leaf with flowering scape. 
 
 camphor. This is oily, crystallizing, not fusible or vola- 
 tile, but distils from the herb with water; soluble in chloro- 
 form ; neutral ; spontaneously decomposed into anemonin 
 and insoluble isoanemonic acid, CjqHi^Oj. Anemonin is 
 colorless, inodorous, acrid when melted or distilled with 
 
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COPTIS — GOLDTHREAD. 267 
 
 water, sparingly soluble in water and alcohol ; may be con- 
 verted into the two acids named above which are freely 
 soluble in water. (Beckurts, 1892.) 
 
 Properties. — Irritant, diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant, 
 dilating the pupil; poisonous. Dose, 0.12 to 0.6 gram 
 (gr. ij-x), in powder, tincture, or extract. 
 
 RANUNCULUS. — Crowfoot, Buttercups. 
 
 Origin. — Randnculus bulbosus, lAnnL Natural order, 
 Ranunculacese, Ranunculese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, naturalized in North America, in grassy 
 places. 
 
 Description. — Base of stem tuberous ; radical leaves with 
 sheathing petioles, ternate, the lateral divisions sessile, rhom- 
 boid wedge-shaped, three-cleft, hairy ; stem leaves smaller ; 
 flowers yellow, five-petalous, with a reflexed calyx, numerous 
 stamens and ovaries, the latter forming akenes with a short 
 curved beak ; inodorous ; taste very acrid. 
 
 Rantinculus repens, lAnne, not bulbous ; leaflets stalked, 
 three-lobed and toothed; akenes straight- beaked. 
 
 Ran. dcris, Linne, not bulbous ; divisions of the leaves ses- 
 sile ; akenes with a sharp curved beak. 
 
 Constituents. — The aqueous distillate yields to chloroform 
 an acrid yellow oil from which anemonin and anemonic acid 
 may be obtained. 
 
 Properties. — Irritant, diuretic ; externally used as a counter- 
 irritant. 
 
 COPTIS.— Goldthread. 
 
 Origin. — C6ptis trif61ia, Salisbury. Natural order, Ranun- 
 culacese, Helleborese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern continents. 
 
 Description. — Rhizome filiform, golden-yellow, with very 
 thin rootlets ; leaves radical from a scaly base, petiolate, trifo- 
 liate, the leaflets 1 to 2 centimeters (f to f inch) long, wedge- 
 obovate, obtusely three-lobed and mucronately crenate ; 
 flowers single, yellowish ; fruit about seven follicles, contain- 
 ing a few black seeds ; inodorous, strongly bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Berberine, coptine (white alkaloid, possibly 
 identical with hydrastine), resin, sugar, etc., ash 4-5 per cent.; 
 no tannin. 
 
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268 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj), in 
 decoction. 
 
 CHELTDONIUM.— Celandine. 
 
 Origin. — Chelidonium mdjus, lAnnS. Natural order; 
 Papaveracese, Papaverese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe; naturalized in North America; in 
 waste and cultivated grounds. 
 
 Description. — Root several-headed, red-browu ; stem 
 about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, hairy ; leaves 10 to 
 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long, the upper ones sessile, 
 light green above, glaucous beneath, lyrate-pinnatifid, the 
 pinnae ovate-oblong, obtuse, coarsely crenate or incised, the 
 terminal one often three-lobed ; petals 4, yellow ; capsule 
 linear, two-valved, oue-celled, many-seeded ; odor, when 
 fresh, unpleasant ; taste acrid. The whole plant contains 
 a saffron-colored milk-juice. 
 
 Constituents. — Chelerythrine, CjiHj^NO^, sanguinariue, 
 C29H,5NO^, chelidonine, CjoHjgNOj, « and /9 homocheli- 
 doniue, C21H21NO5, protopine, CjoHiyNOj, chelidoxauthiu 
 (yellow bitter needles), chelidonic (jervic) acid, chelido- 
 ninic (ethylene-succinic) acid. Chelerythrine melts at 
 203° C. ; its salts are lemon-yellow. Sanguinarine melts at 
 211° C. ; salts red. The other alkaloids yield white salts 
 and have the following melting points : Chelidonine, 130° ; 
 a homochelidonine, 182°; /? homochelidonine, 159°, aud 
 protopine, 207° C. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, cathartic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
 XV-5J), the extract 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv) ; the milk- 
 juice externally as a caustic. 
 
 BURSA PASTORIS.— Shepherd's Purse. 
 
 Origin. — Capsfilla Bursa-pastoris, Moench. Natural order, 
 Cruciferse, Lepidinese. 
 
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HYPEKICUM — ST. JOHN'S WORT. 269 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Europe, naturalized. in most countries 
 of the temperate zones, in grassy places and along roadsides. 
 
 Description. — Very variable. Root annual, thin; radical 
 leaves rosulate, 5 to 10 centimeters (2-4 inches) long, lanceo- 
 late, narrowed into a petiole, more or less coarsely toothed or 
 deeply pinnatifid ; stem about 15 centimeters (6 inches) high ; 
 stem leaves alternate, sessile, clasping with an arrow-shaped 
 base, lanceolate, entire or toothed ; flowers small, in corym- 
 bose, finally elongated racemes ; petals 4, white; stamens 6, 
 tetradynamous ; fruit inversely heart-shaped, on spreading 
 peduncles, containing about 20 minute seeds ; nearly inodor- 
 ous ; taste acrid, pungent, and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil (identical with mustard 
 oil), bursic acid (probably glucoside), bitter principle, resin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Haemostatic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
 XV-5J), in tincture. 
 
 HELI ANTE EM UM.— Fkostwoet. 
 
 Origin. — Heliinthemum canadfinse Michaux, and Helidn- 
 themum corymbosum, Michaux. Natural order, Cistineaj. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to Florida, and west to 
 Eastern Texas and Minnesota; in sandy woods and fields. 
 
 Description. — About 30 centimeters (12 inches) high; stem 
 rigid, slender, hairy ; leaves alternate, entire, elliptic, or 
 linear lanceolate, about 2 centimeters (f inch) long, woolly 
 beneath ; flowers of two kinds, the earlier ones single with 
 five large yellow caducous petals ; the later ones in hoary 
 clusters, nearly sessile, apetalous ; inodorous, bitterish, astrin- 
 gent. 
 
 The second species is very similar, but has the stem branched 
 from the base, the leaves narrower, densely tomentose under- 
 neath, the flowers all clustered at the summit, the apetalous 
 ones being in glomerate terminal cymes. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, 11 per cent, bitter principle (probably 
 a glucoside, soluble in water, alcohol, and benzol), sugar, 
 gum, wax, ash 3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent, alterative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in decoction. 
 
 HYPERICUM.— St. John's Wort. 
 
 Origin. — Hypericum perforatum, Linni. Natural order, 
 Hypericinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Europe ; naturalized in North America. 
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270 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 Description. — Erect, about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, 
 smooth ; stem somewhat two edged ; leaves opposite, sessile, 
 linear-oblong, pellucid-punctate ; flowers about 2 centimeters 
 (f inch) broad, in terminal cymes, yellow, black-dotted ; odor 
 slight, balsamic ; taste acrid, bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin, tannin, red coloring matter (soluble 
 in alcohol, ether, and oils). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, discutient ; mostly used externally. 
 
 POLYGALA.— Bitter Polygala. 
 
 Origin. — Poly'gala poly'gama, Walter (P. rubella, Willde- 
 now). Natural order, Polygalese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in grassy places. 
 
 Z)e«cr-ipfo'oji.— Ascending, smooth, about 20 centimeters (8 
 inches) high, somewhat branched ; leaves alternate, oblanceo- 
 late or lance-linear, mucronate ; inflorescence racemose ; 
 flowers purple, the keel crested and shorter than the wings ; 
 capsule ovate-oblong, two-seeded, the seeds with a scale-like 
 crest ; bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic. 
 
 MELILOTUS.— Sweet Clovee. 
 
 Origin. — Melilotus altissimus, Thuilliers (M. oflicindlis, 
 Willdenovi), and Mel. dlbus, Desrousseaux. Natural order, 
 Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Genistese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, naturalized in North America. 
 
 Deseripiion.— Erect, about 1.2 meters (4 feet) high, 
 smooth, much branched ; stipules entire, awl-shaped ; leaves 
 alternate, trifoliate ; leaflets oval or obovate-oblong, sharply 
 serrate, near the base entire ; flowers small, yellow or white, 
 racemose ; legumes small, wrinkled, few-seeded ; odor fra- 
 grant, stronger on drying ; taste aromatic, somewhat pungent 
 and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Coumarin (see Dipterix), melilotol (fragrant, 
 volatile oil), cumaric acid, CgHgOg (sublimable, soluble in 
 alcohol, ether, and hot water), melilotic (hydrocumaric) acid, 
 CgHijOj (strongly acid ; odor honey-like). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, discutient ; mostly used externally. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
SOOPARIUS — BROOM. 
 
 271 
 
 X SCOPARIUS.— Beoom. 
 
 Origin. — Cy'tisus (Sarothcimnus, Koch) scop^rius, Link. 
 Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Genisteae. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia, Southern and Western Europe ; 
 naturalized in some localities in the United States. 
 
 Description. — Thin flexible twigs, pentangular, winged, 
 nearly smooth, tough, usually free from leaves, which are 
 
 Fig. 176. 
 
 Sarothamnus scoparius ; flowering branch. 
 
 small trifoliate, the leaflets obovate-oblong, entire ; flowers 
 racemose, showy, yellow, with ten monadelphous stamens ; 
 odor, when bruised, peculiar ; taste disagreeably bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, scoparin, CjiHa^Oij (tasteless, 
 amorphous), sparteine, CijHjgNj, tannin, fat, wax, sugar. 
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272 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 ash 5-6 per cent. Sparteine is colorless, oily, very bitter, 
 soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, sparingly so in 
 water, insoluble in benzol ; narcotic ; the sulphate in prisms, 
 freely soluble in water; the hydriodide in plates, freely 
 soluble in alcohol, less so in cold water. 
 
 Pi-operties. — Diuretic, somewhat narcotic, in large doses 
 emetic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in decoction. 
 
 SPIE jE A.— H ARDHA OK. 
 
 Origin. — Spirse'a tomentosa, LinnL Natural order, Rosa- 
 cese, Spirseese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to Georgia and west to 
 Minnesota. 
 
 Description. — Stem slender, red-brown, woody ; leaves alter- 
 nate, lance-ovate, serrate, rusty tomentose beneath ; inflores- 
 cence racemose paniculate ; flowers small with 5 purplish-red 
 petals, numerous stamens and 4 or 5 ovaries, producing one- 
 seeded woolly follicles ; odor slight aromatic ; taste astringent, 
 somewhat bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, bitter principle 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gss-j). 
 
 AGEIMONIA.— Agrimony. 
 
 Origin. — Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linne. Natural order, 
 Rosacese, Poteriese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and North America, west to Colorado ; 
 in grassy places. 
 
 Description. — Erect, hairy ; stem about 60 centimeters (2 
 feet) high, roundish angular, nearly simple ; leaves alternate, 
 petiolate, pinnate, with clasping serrate stipules, and about 6 
 pairs of elliptic oblong coarsely toothed leaflets with several 
 pairs of minute ones ; inflorescence slender, racemose ; calyx 
 persistent, with hooked bristles ; petals 5, small, yellow ; 
 stamens about 10 ; fruit one or two akenes ; odor faintly aro- 
 matic ; taste mildly bitter and astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gss-j). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
EPILOBIUM — WILLOW HERB. 273 
 
 POTENTILL A .— Oinqubfoil. 
 
 Origin. — Potentilla canadensis, LinnL Natural order, 
 RosacesB, Potentillese. 
 
 Habitat — North America, in sandy soil. 
 
 Description. — Ascending, with slender runners, more or 
 less soft-hairy, leaves petiolate, digitate, the five leaflets obo- 
 vate or oblanceolate, incised above ; flowers axillary, stalked ; 
 calyx five-cleft; petals 6, yellow ; stamens, ovaries, and akenes 
 numerous ; inodorous, astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin. , 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, vulnerary. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 (3SS-J), in infusion. 
 
 CENOTHERA.— Evening Pkimkose. 
 
 Origin. — CEnoth^ra biennis, Linne. Natural order, Ona- 
 grariese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in fields ; naturalized in Europe. 
 
 Description. — Erect, hairy, branched; leaves alternate, 
 short-petiolate, ovate oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
 slightly toothed ; inflorescence spicate, leafy ; calyx superior, 
 the four lobes reflexed; petals four, showy, light yellow, 
 obcordate; stamens 8; capsule sessile, roundish four-sided, 
 about 3 centimeters (1^ inches) long ; seeds numerous ; taste 
 mildly astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 fess-j). 
 
 EPILOBIUM.— Willow Hebb. 
 
 Origin. — Epil6bium angustifolium, LinnL Natural order, 
 Onagrarieae. 
 
 Habitat. — ^Northern Hemisphere, in low grounds and open 
 woodlands. 
 
 Description. — Erect, smooth, about 1 meter (40 inches) 
 high; leaves subsessile, alternate, lanceolate, pointed, nearly 
 entire, pale green beneath ; inflorescence racemose ; calyx 
 superior, four-lobed ; petals 4, purplish or pink, showy ; 
 stamens 8 ; capsule linear, about 5 centimeters .(2 inches) long, 
 somewhat curved ; seeds numerous, with a tuft of hairs ; taste 
 mucilaginous, astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, tannin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, astringent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 
 (3S8-J). ^^^ 
 
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274 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 VIOLA TRICOLOR.— Pansy, Heart's Ease. 
 
 Origin. — Viola tricolor, lAnnS. Natural order, Vio- 
 lariese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, North America, and Northern Asia ; 
 cultivated ; but the wild-grown plant alone should be col- 
 lected. 
 
 Description. — Stem 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) 
 high, angular, nearly smooth ; leaves alternate, petiolate, 
 ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, the lower ones roundish- 
 ovate and somewhat heart-shaped ; stipules leaf-like, pin- 
 natifid, the lateral lobes linear and entire, the terminal one 
 lance-ovate and crenate; flowers long-peduncled, petals 
 shorter or longer than the calyx, variegated, the lateral ones 
 bearded, forming one obtuse spur ; inodorous ; taste muci- 
 laginous, somewhat bitter and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, sugar, salicylic acid 0.1 per 
 cent., bitter principle, resin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, expectorant, in large doses 
 emetic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in decoction or 
 extract. 
 
 DEOSERA.— Sundew. 
 
 Origin. — Drosera rotundifolia, Linne. Natural order, Drose- 
 racese. 
 
 Sabitat— North America (west to Minnesota) and Europe, 
 in boggy places. 
 
 Description. — Leaves radical, rosulate, petiolate, orbicular, 
 about 8 millimeters (J inch) broad; fleshy, with purple glan- 
 dular bristles; scape slender; inflorescence racemose, one- 
 sided ; flowers small, whitish ; inodorous ; taste acidulous, 
 acrid, and bitter. 
 
 Dr6sera intermedia, Hayne, has spatulate leaves. 
 
 Constituents. — Citric acid, acrid resin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Pectoral, rubefacient. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
EUPATORIUM — THOROUGHWORT, BONESET. 275 
 
 Fig. 177. 
 
 Drosera rotundifolia. 
 
 CACTUS. — Night-blooming Cbrbos. 
 
 Origin. — Cactus (Cereus, Miller) grandiflorus, LinnL 
 Natural order, Cactacese, Echinocactese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — The fresh flowering branches are used 
 Branches weak, fleshy, five- or six-angled., on the edges with 
 clusters of 5 or 6 spines ; flowers sessile, large, fragant ; calyx 
 imbricate, brownish and yellow ; corolla white ; petals and 
 stamens numerous ; fruit berry-like ; taste acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — No analysis. 
 
 Properties. — Vermifuge, emetic, cathartic. Dose, 0.3 gram 
 (gr. v), in fluid extract or tincture. 
 
 EUPATORIUM. — THOROUGHWORT, BONESET. 
 
 Origin. — Eupatorium perfoli^tum, Linne. Natural order, 
 Compositse, Eupatoriacese. 
 
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276 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to Dakota; in low 
 grounds. 
 
 Description. — Leaves opposite, united at base, lanceolate, 
 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long, tapering, cre- 
 uately serrate, rugosely veined, rough above, downy and 
 resinous dotted beneath ; flower heads corymbed, numerous. 
 
 Fig. MS. 
 
 Eupatorium perfoliatum ; flowering top. 
 
 with an oblong involucre of lance-linear scales, and with 
 10 to 15 tubular white florets, having a bristly pappus in 
 a single row ; odor aromatic, weak ; taste astringent and 
 strongly bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Eupatorin (bitter glucoside, crystallizable, 
 soluble in water, alcoiiol, ether, and chloroform), volatile 
 oil, crystalline wax, resin, tannin, gum, sugar, ash 7.5 per 
 tent. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ERIGEBON CANADENSE. 277 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, laxative, 
 emetic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion or fluid 
 extract. 
 
 ERIGEEON. — Eeigeron, Fleabanb, ScABiotre. 
 
 Origin. — Erigeron philadSlphicus, Linne, Erigeron annuus, 
 Persoon, and Erigeron strigosus, Muhlenberg. Natural order, 
 Compositae, Asteroideae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in fields and pastures. 
 
 Description. — The three plants are similar in aspect; erect 
 and hairy. Radical leaves petiolate, ovate, or lanceolate, 
 coarsely toothed, serrate, or (E. strigosus) nearly entire ; stem 
 leaves smaller, alternate, petiolate, the upper ones sessile, 
 somewhat toothed or entire ; all hairy ; flower-heads corym- 
 bose, with the involucral scales narrow and nearly equal, the 
 receptacle flattish and naked, the ray florets numerous, nar- 
 row, in one or two rows, purplish or white, and the disk florets 
 numerous, tubular, and yellow ; pappus bristly, simple (E. 
 philadelphicus) or double (the other two species) ; odor 
 slightly aromatic ; taste bitterish, astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil a trace, bitter principle, tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 
 grams (sss-j), in infusion. 
 
 ERIGEEON CANADENSE.— Canada Erigeron. 
 
 Origin. — Erigeron canadensis, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
 positse, Asteroidese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in fields and waste places ; nat- 
 uralized in other countries. 
 
 Description. — Bristly-hairy and erect ; leaves alternate, ses- 
 sile, lance-linear, nearly entire ; flower-heads in corymbose 
 panicles, numerous, small, with a cylindrical involucre, incon- 
 spicuous ray florets, and a straw-colored bristly pappus ; odor 
 aromatic ; taste bitterish, somewhat acrid and astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil about 1 per cent, of fresh plant, 
 bitter principle, tannin. The volatile oil has spec. grav. 
 0.864, is soluble in alcohol, polarizes to the left and becomes 
 thick and brown by age. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, diuretic, styptic. Dose, 2 to 
 4 grams (38S-j), in infusion. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
278 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 SOLIDAGO.— Golden Eod. 
 
 Origin. — Soliddgo od6ra, Aiton. Natural order, Compositse, 
 Asteroidese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to Florida, and west to 
 Kentucky ; border of woods and fields. 
 
 Description. — Erect ; leaves smooth, sessile, linear-lanceo- 
 late, 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, entire, acute, 
 pellucid-punctate ; flower-heads small, numerous, in one-sided 
 recurved racemes, with a yellowish scaly appressed involucre, 
 several yellow florets and bristly pappus ; odor and taste 
 sweet, anise like. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, probably containing anisol. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Dose, 2 
 to 8 grams (gss-ij), in infusion. 
 
 GRINDELIA.— Grindelia. 
 
 Origin. — Grind6lia robiista, Nuttall. Natural order, 
 Compositse, Asteroidese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west of the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, in salt marshes. 
 
 Description. — The leaves and flowering tops are collected. 
 Leaves thickish, varying from broadly spatulate or oblong 
 to lanceolate, sessile or clasping, about 5 centimeters (2 in- 
 ches) or less long, rather acute, more or less serrate, light 
 green, smooth, finely dotted, and brittle ; heads many- 
 flowered ; the involucre hemispherical, about 15 millimeters 
 (f inch) broad, composed of numerous imbricated, strongly 
 squarrose and often resinous scales ; ray-florets yellow, 
 ligulate, pistillate; disk-florets yellow, tubular, perfect; 
 pappus consisting of about three awns of the length of the 
 disk-florets ; odor balsamic ; taste pungently aromatic and 
 bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, resin ; possibly a pecu- 
 liar glucoside and alkaloid ; besides fat, wax, sugar, gum, 
 little tanniu, ash 7-8 per cent. 
 
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COTULA — MAYWEED, WILD CHAMOMILE. 279 
 
 Properties. — Sedative, in asthma, etc. ; externally in 
 rhus poisoning. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in tinc- 
 ture or fluid extract. 
 
 GRINDELIA SQUARROSA.— Squarrose Grindelia. 
 
 Origin. — Grind^lia squarrosa, Dunal. Natural order, Com- 
 positse, Asteroidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western plains to the Sierra Nevada and south 
 to Texas. 
 
 Description. — Stem about 0.4 meter (16 inches) high, 
 branched, yellowish, smooth; leaves rigid, somewhat petiolate 
 below, sessile and half clasping above, oblong-spatulate or 
 linear-oblong, sharply and sometimes laciniately serrate, pale 
 green, dotted ; heads many-flowered, somewhat conical ; in- 
 volucre strongly squarrose; florets yellow, rays sometimes 
 wanting ; akenes truncate, with a two- or three-awned pappus ; 
 odor balsamic ; taste aromatic and bitter. 
 
 Oongtituents. — Little volatile oil, resin, fat, wax, sugar, gum, 
 possibly a bitter glucoside, ash about 5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, sedative, in asthma, rheumatism, etc. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gjj), in tincture or fluid extract. 
 
 HELENIUM. — Sneezewoet. 
 
 Origin. — Helenium autumndle, lAnne. Natural order, Com- 
 positse, Helenioidese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, across the continent, in thickets. 
 
 Description. — Erect, nearly smooth ; stem about 1.2 meters 
 (4 feet) high, quadrangular, winged ; leaves sessile, alternate, 
 lanceolate, pointed, serrate; flower-heads numerous with a 
 two-rowed involucre, a naked hemispherical receptacle, long 
 yellow pistillate ray-florets, yellow perfect disk-florets, and 
 top-shaped akenes having a pappus of 5 awned scales ; taste 
 bitter, acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter glucoside, resin, malic acid, little 
 tannin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, errhine. 
 
 COTULA. — Mayweed, Wild Chamomile. 
 
 Origin — A'nthemis (Marrita, De Candolle) Cotula, Linne. 
 Natural order, Compositse, Anthemidese. 
 
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280 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, naturalized in North America ; in fields 
 and waste places. 
 
 Desmption. — Nearly smooth, pale green; stem ascending, 
 branched, furrowed ; leaves sessile, thrice pinnatifid with 
 linear subulate segments ; flower-heads terminal with a coni- 
 cal chafiy receptacle, white ligulate neutral rays, yellow per- 
 fect disk-florets, and obovoid akenes without pappus; odor 
 unpleasant aromatic ; taste bitter, acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, valerianic acid, acrid fat, tannin, 
 antheraidine (?), anthemic acid (crystalline, (bitter, soluble in 
 ether). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, sudorific. Dose, 2 
 to 8 grams (gss-ij), in infusion. 
 
 ACHILLEA.— Yakkow, Milfoil. 
 
 Origin. — Achillea Millefolium, Linne. Natural order, 
 Compositse, Anthemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern temperate zone, in fields. 
 
 Description. — Erect, hairy ; leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate 
 in outline, glandular beneath, 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 
 inches) long, thrice pinnatifid, with linearspatulate toothed 
 segments ; flower-heads corymbed, with an oblong imbricate 
 involucre, flat chaffy receptacle, five short white pistUlate 
 rays, greenish-white perfect disk-florets, and oblong flat 
 akenes without pappus ; odor somewhat chamomile-like ; 
 taste bitter aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 0.1 per cent, (blue or dark 
 green), achilleine, CjjHjgN^Ojs (amorphous, bitter, soluble in 
 water and alcohol, insoluble in ether), resin, tannin, aconitic 
 acid ; ash about 13 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue. Dose, 2 to 4 
 grams (sss-j), in infusion. 
 
 PARTHENIUM.— Feveefew. 
 
 Origin. — Chrysd,nthemum (Pyr^thrum, Smith; Matricaria, 
 Linne) Parthenium, Persoo'i. Natural order, Compositse, 
 Anthemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Erect, pubescent; leaves alternate, petiolate, 
 broadly ovate, bipinnatifid, the segments oblong, obtuse, and 
 somewhat toothed ; flower-heads in terminal cymes, with a 
 two-rowed involucre, a naked hemispherical receptacle, white 
 
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ABSINTHIUM — WORMWOOD. 281 
 
 ligulate and obtusely three-toothed rays, and yellow tubular 
 disk-florets ; odor and taste chamomile-like, bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
 
 [/ TANACETUM.— Tansy. 
 
 Origin. — Tanac6tum vulgdre, Linni. Natural order, 
 Compositse, Anthemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Europe ; naturalized in iforth 
 America ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — The leaves and floweriag tops are collected. 
 Stem erect, striate, smooth ; leaves alternate, nearly sessile, 
 about 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, pinnatifid, the seg- 
 ments oblong, obtuse, sharply serrate or incised, dark 
 green, smooth and glandular; flower-heads corymbose, 
 with an imbricated involucre, a convex naked finely pitted 
 receptacle, numerous yellow tubular florets, those of the 
 ray with a short three-lobed margin, and obovate akenes 
 having a short crown ; odor strongly aromatic ; taste pun- 
 gent and bitter. 
 
 ConslUuents. — Volatile oil J per cent. (spec. grav. 0.95, 
 yellow or green, freely soluble in alcohol), tauacetin (bitter, 
 granular, precipitated by tannin, insoluble in ether), fat, 
 resin, tannin, mucilage, sugar, tartrates, citrates, and 
 malates. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, anthelmintic, diuretic, em- 
 menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion. 
 
 ABSINTHIUM.— Wormwood. 
 
 Origin. — Artemisia Absinthium, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Compositse, Anthemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa; 
 naturalized in North America ; cultivated. 
 
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282 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DKUGS — HERBS. 
 
 Description. — The leaves and floweriug tops are collected. 
 Leaves petiolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, silky- 
 hoary, roundish-triangular in outline, twice or thrice pin- 
 natifid, the segments lanceolate, the terminal one spatulate ; 
 flower-heads numerous, racemose, small, subglobose, with 
 an imbricated bell-shaped involucre, a small hairy convex 
 receptacle, small tubular yellowish florets, and obovoid 
 akenes without pappus ; odor aromatic ; taste very bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil about 1 per cent. (spec. grav. 
 0.92, dark green, becoming brown, freely soluble in 
 alcohol, mainly absinthol, Ci„H,50), absinthin, CijHjjO^ 
 (bitter glucoside, amorphous, white, soluble in ether, alcohol, 
 and cold water ; with acids yields dextrose, a resinous com- 
 pound, and a volatile odorous body), tannin, resin, succinic 
 acid, malates, nitrates, ash 7 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, febrifuge, anthelmintic. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion, tincture, or 
 extract. 
 
 ARTEMISIA.— MuGWORT. 
 
 Origin. — Artemisia vulgaris, Linne. Natural order, Com- 
 positae, Anthemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia, Europe, naturalized in North America. 
 
 Description. — Stem often reddish, branched ; leaves subses- 
 sile, green above, white tomentose beneath, pinnatifid, seg- 
 ments lanceolate, acute, incised or entire ; flower-heads 
 numerous, small, nearly sessile, ovate, with an imbricated 
 involucre, a small smooth receptacle and tubular reddish 
 florets ; odor aromatic ; taste bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv- 
 gj), in infusion. 
 
 GNAPHALIUM.— Life Everlasting. 
 
 Origin. — Gnaphillium polyc^phalum, Miehaux. Natural 
 order, Compositse, Inuloideae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, from the Atlantic region south- 
 westward to Texas and Mexico ; in fields and woods. 
 
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CARDUUS BENEDICTUS — BLESSED THISTLE. 283 
 
 Description. — Erect, about 25 centimeters (10 inches) high, 
 densely woolly ; leaves sessile, lanceolate ; flower-heads in 
 dense terminal clusters, small, obovate, with a whitish imbri- 
 cate involucre and tubular yellowish florets ; odor agreeable ; 
 taste bitterish, aromatic. 
 
 Gnaphd.lium margaritdceum, Linn&, has larger, globular- 
 ovate, pearl-white heads and a slight odor. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, astringent, tonic. Dose, 2 to 4 
 grams (gss-j). 
 
 CALENDULA.— Makigold. 
 
 Origin. — Calendula officind.lis, Linne. Natural order, 
 Compositse, Calendulacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Stem about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, 
 somewhat angular, rough, leaves alternate, thickish, after 
 drying thin, hairy, spatulate or oblanceolate, entire or 
 slightly toothed, the upper ones sessile and amplexicaul ; 
 involucre hemispherical, receptacle flat, naked ; ray-florets 
 in one or several rows, fertile, the akenes incurved and 
 muricate on the back, those of the outer row winged ; odor 
 somewhat narcotic; taste bitter and saline. 
 
 Calendula arv6nsis, lAnnS, which is frequently culti- 
 vated, is rather smaller and more spreading, has light 
 yellow flowers and nearly straight akenes in the outer row, 
 and resembles the former in odor and taste. 
 
 Constituents. — A trace of volatile oil, amorphous bitter 
 principle, tasteless yellow calendulin, sugar, gum, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, resolvent, vulnerary, alterative. 
 Dose, 0.5 to 1 or 2 grams (gr. viij-xv-xxx), in infusion, 
 tincture, or extract. 
 
 CAEDUUS BENEDICTUS. — Blessed Thistle. 
 
 Origin. — Cnicus benedictus, Ooertner (Centaur^a benedicta, 
 Linnii). Natural order, Corapositae, Cynaroidese. 
 Habitat. — Levant and Europe, rare in the United States. 
 
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284 OBLLULAK VEGETABLE DRUGS — HEBBS. 
 
 Description. — Erect, somewhat woolly ; leaves sessile above 
 and somewhat decurrent, alternate, lance-oblong, sinuately 
 lobed, soft spiny: flower-heads ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 
 inch) long, with an imbricate squarrous spinously-pointed 
 involucre, a flat hispid receptacle, tubular yellow florets and 
 grayish akenes, crowned with ten teeth and with ten long and 
 ten short bristles; odor slight, of the fresh herb disagreeable; 
 taste very bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Cnicin (bitter needles, slightly soluble in 
 cold water and ether), tannin, malates, calcium oxalate. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
 XV-3J). 
 
 LOBELIA. — Lobelia, Indian Tobacco. 
 
 Origin. — Lobelia inflAta, LinnS. Natural m-der, Cam- 
 panulaceee, Lobeliese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, in fields and open woods. 
 
 Description. — Erect ; leaves alternate, petiolate, the 
 upper sessile, ovate or oblong, about 5 centimeters (2 
 inches) long, irregularly toothed, pubescent, pale green; 
 branches furrowed, hairy, terminating in long "racemes of 
 small pale blue flowers, having a superior narrowly five- 
 toothed calyx, which is inflated in fruit, a pale blue tAvo- 
 lipped corolla, and 5 united stamens ; odor slight, irritating ; 
 taste mild, afterward burning and acrid. 
 
 The leaves and flowering tops should be collected after a 
 portion of the capsules are ripe, and contain a large num- 
 ber of minute reticulate seeds. 
 
 Constituents. — Lobeline (white powder, inodorous, solu- 
 ble in most simple solvents, acrid, the salts not crystalline, 
 freely soluble in water), a second alkaloid (?), inflatin 
 (tasteless crystals, probably wax), lobelaerin (probably 
 lobelate of lobeline), lobelic acid (precipitated by copper 
 sulphate, olive-brown by ferric salts), resin, wax, volatile 
 oil, gum. 
 
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LOBELIA — INDIAN TOBACCO. 
 
 285 
 
 Propo-ties. — Expectorant, nervine, purgative, emetic, 
 narcotic. Dose, 0.12, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. ij-viij-xxx), in 
 powder, infusion, or tincture. 
 
 Fig. 179. 
 
 Lobelia inflata; branch with flowera and fruit. 
 
 Antidotes. — Astringents ; stimulants ; application of 
 warmth. 
 
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286 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DEUGS — HEKBS. 
 
 FiH. 180. Fig. 181. 
 
 Lobelia seed. — Highly 
 Flower of lobelia and section, magnified 6 diam. magnified. 
 
 EPIPHEGUS.— Bbechdeop. 
 
 Origin. — Epiph6gus virginidna, Barton. Natural order, 
 Orobanchacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to Wisconsin and Arkan- 
 sas ; parasitic upon roots of the beech. 
 
 Description. — Erect, branched, about 40 centimeters (16 
 
 ■ inches) high, yellowish brown, tuberous at base, angular 
 
 above; leaves scaly, ovate; flowers in spicate racemes, the 
 
 upper sterile ones with a somewhat curved and two-lipped 
 
 corolla ; taste bitter, somewhat astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle, tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, depurative. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 (Sss-j). 
 
 8CE0PHULAEIA.— FiGWOBT. 
 
 Origin. — ScrophuUria nod6sa, IdnnL Natural order, Scro- 
 phulariacese, Chelonese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America (west to Mississippi, Utah, and 
 Oregon) and Europe ; in moist thickets. 
 
 Description. — Erect; smooth; stem obtusely quadrangular ; 
 leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, serrate, 
 rounded or heart-shaped at base ; inflorescence loosely panicu- 
 late ; corolla greenish-brown, hemispherical urn-shaped, the 
 five teeth roundish-obtuse, the two upper ones larger and 
 
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MENTHA PIPERITA — PBPPEKMINT. 287 
 
 brown, the lowest one spreading ; stamens 4, short, the fifth 
 sterile ; capsule two-celled, many-seeded ; taste bitter, nau- 
 seous. 
 
 Fig. 182. 
 
 Scrophularia ; flower auil uuroUa cut open. 
 
 Constituents. — Scrophularin (crystalline scales, bitter, pre- 
 cipitated by tannin), alkaloid (from the root in minute quan- 
 tity), scrophularosmin (stearopten), tannin, gum, pectin, 
 resin, starch, salts. 
 
 Properties. — Depurative, vulnerary. 
 
 CHELONE.— Balmony. 
 
 Origin. — Chelone glabra, lAnnL Natural order, Scrophu- 
 lariacese, Chelonese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to Minnesota and Texas ; 
 in wet places. 
 
 Description. — Erect, smooth ; leaves short-petiolate, oppo- 
 site, oblong-lanceolate, pointed, serrate ; inflorescence spicate, 
 terminal ; corolla about 3 centimeters (1^ inches) long, white 
 or pinkish, bilabiate, the upper lip arched, the mouth some- 
 what gaping ; capsule two-celled ; seeds many, winged ; in- 
 odorous, bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, laxative, anthelmintic. Dose, 2 to 8 
 grams (sss-ij), in decoction. 
 
 MENTHA PIPERITA.— Peppermint. 
 
 Origin. — Mentha piperita, lAnnS. Natural order, Labi- 
 atae, Satureinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Wild in Asia, Europe, and North America ; 
 cultivated. 
 
 Descriptimi. — The leaves and tops are collected. Leaves 
 
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288 CELLULAR VB&ETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 long, acute, sharply serrate, glandular, nearly smooth ; 
 branches quadrangular, often purplish ; flowers in terminal 
 conical spikes, with a tubular, five-toothed, often purplish 
 calyx, a purplish four-lobed corolla, and 4 short stamens ; 
 aromatic ; taste pungent and cooling. 
 
 Fig. 183. 
 
 Mentha piperita, Linne, flowering tops. 
 
 Oonstituents. — Volatile oil about 1 per cent., little tannin, 
 resin, gum, etc. The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.91, 
 is freely soluble in alcohol, and consists of little terpene 
 (boiling at 160° C), of liquid CmHijO, and of crystalline 
 menthol, CmHaoO. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, nervine, stronger 
 than spearmint. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infu- 
 sion. 
 
 S^ 
 
 MENTHA VIRIDIS.— Spearmint. 
 
 Origm. — Mentha viridis, LinnS. Natural order, Labiatse, 
 Satureinese. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
MENTHA VIRIDIS — SPEARMINT. 
 
 289 
 
 Habitat. — Wild in Europe and North America; culti- 
 vated. 
 
 Description. — The leaves and flowering tops are collected. 
 Leaves subsessile, lance-ovate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 long, acute, serrate, glandular, nearly smooth ; branches 
 quadrangular, mostly light green ; flowers in terminal, in- 
 terrupted, narrow, acute spikes, with a tubular sharply 
 five-toothed calyx, a light purplish four-lobed corolla, and 
 4 exserted or included stamens; aromatic and pungent. 
 
 Fig. 184. 
 
 Fig. 185. 
 
 Mentha viridia, lAnni, flowering tops.. Spearmint leaf, natural size. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil about \ per cent., resin, gum, 
 etc. The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.91, is freely 
 soluble in alcohol, and consists of CjjHjg (boiling-point 
 160° C), and of carvol, Ci„H,p. 
 
 13 
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290 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, nervine. Dose, 2 
 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion. 
 
 LYCOPUS.— Bugle. 
 
 Origin. — Ly'copus (Lyc6pus) virginicus, Linne. Natural 
 order, Labiatse, Satureinese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to Florida and Missouri, 
 and west to Oregon ; in moist shady places. 
 
 Description. — Stem obtusely quadrangular, with slender 
 runners ; leaves about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, short- 
 petioled, elliptic-lanceolate, toothed above, smooth ; flowers in 
 axillary clusters, small, with a bluntly four-toothed calyx, a 
 purplish four-lobed corolla, and two fertile stamens ; odor 
 somewhat mint-like ; taste bitter. 
 
 Ly'copus sinudtus, Elliott, also indigenous to North America, 
 and extending across the continent, has a sharply quadran- 
 gular stem, the leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid at the 
 base, and a sharply five-toothed calyx. It is closely related 
 to L. europse'us, lAnne. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle, tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tonic, sedative. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in infusion. 
 
 CUNILA.— Dittany. 
 
 Origin.— Cunila Maridna, LinnL Natural order, LabiatsB, 
 Satureinese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, south to Georgia and Arkansas; 
 in dry soil. , 
 
 Description.- — Stem thin ; leaves nearly sessile, about 25 
 millimeters (1 inch) long, ovate, serrate, subcordate; flowers 
 in small cymes, with an ovate-tubular calyx, a two-lipped, 
 pale purple corolla, and 2 exserted stamens ] odor mint-like ; 
 taste pungent aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, sudorific. Dose, 1 to 
 4 grams (gr. xv-gj), in infusion. 
 
 HYSSOPUS.— Hyssop. 
 
 Origin. — Hyss6pus officinalis, LinnL Natural order, Labi- 
 atse, Satureinese. 
 
 Habitat—Southern Europe; naturalized in the United 
 States ; cultivated. 
 
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ORIGANUM — WILD MARJORAM. 
 
 291 
 
 Description. — Stem branched, wand-like ; leaves sessile, 
 about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, linear-lanceolate, rather 
 obtuse; flowers in small clusters, with a five-toothed calyx, a 
 two lipped, purple corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous sta- 
 mens ; aromatic, pungent, bitterish. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil about ^ per cent., bitter princi- 
 ple, tannin, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, sudorific. Dose, 1 to 
 4 grams (gr. xv-gj), in infusion. 
 
 ORIGANUM.— Wild Marjoram. 
 
 Origin. — Origanum vulgdre, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Labiatse, Satureinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa ; natural- 
 ized in North America in some of the Atlantic States. 
 
 Description. — Stem roundish, purplish, short-hairy, 
 branched above; leaves petiolate, about 2 centimeters (^ 
 inch) long, roundish-ovate, obtuse, nearly entire, hairy 
 
 Fig. 186. 
 
 OrigaQuui vulgare; flower and corolla, magnified. 
 
 beneath ; flowers corymbose, with reddish bracts, a five- 
 toothed calyx, a somewhat two-lipped, pale-purple corolla, 
 and 4 exserted didynamous stamens ; aromatic, pungent, 
 bitterish. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil about 1 per cent. (spec. grav. 
 0.89, light yellow, neutral, bitterish, not freely soluble in 
 
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292 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DKUGS — HERBS. 
 
 80 per cent, alcohol, contaius oxygeu), tannin, bitter prin- 
 ciple, resin. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion. 
 
 MAJOEANA.— Sweet Majoeam. 
 
 Origin. — Origanum Majorana, LinnL Natural order, 
 Labiatse, Satureineae. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia Minor and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Stem branched, subterete; leaves sessile above, 
 about 15 millimeters (f inch) long, spatulate or obovate, 
 obtuse, entire, gray-green, soft hairy ; flowers in clusters, 
 spicate, with a two-lipped calyx, a whitish, somewhat two- 
 lipped corolla, and 4 exserted didynamous stamens ; fragrantly 
 aromatic and pungent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (spec. grav. 0.89, readily soluble 
 in alcohol.) 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue, ceph- 
 alic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xx-gj), in infusion. 
 
 SERPYLLUM.— Wild Thyme. 
 
 Origin. — Thy'mus Serpy'llum, LinnL Natural order, 
 Labiatse, Satureineae. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Asia, Europe ; naturalized in North 
 America ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Stem branched, pubescent ; leaves short- 
 petioled, about 6 millimeters (i inch) long, ovate, obtuse, 
 entire; flowers in small capitate spikes, with a two-lipped 
 calyx, a purplish-spotted, somewhat two-lipped corolla, and 
 four usually short stamens ; aromatic and pungent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, (about 0.5 per cent., spec. grav. 
 0.91, readily soluble in alcohol), tannin, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. gr. xv-gj), in infusion. 
 
 MELISSA.— Balm. 
 
 Origin. — Melissa officinalis, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Labiatse, Satui-eineae. 
 
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HEDEOMA — PENNYEOYAL. 293 
 
 Habitat. — Asia Minor, Southern Europe ; naturalized 
 in the United States; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Stem" branched, pubescent; leaves petio- 
 late, ovate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, obtuse or 
 somewhat acute, creuate-serrate, the base rounded or rather 
 heart-shaped, somewhat hairy, glandular ; branches quad- 
 
 FiG. 187. 
 
 Melissa. — Flower and corolla magnified. 
 
 rangular; flowers in about four-flowered cymules, with a 
 tubular bell-shaped five-toothed calyx, a whitish or pur- 
 plish two-lipped corolla, and four didynamotis stamens; 
 fragrant, aromatic, and bitterish. 
 
 Constituents. — "Volatile oil ^ per cent. (spec. grav. 0.89, 
 soluble in alcohol), tannin, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, em- 
 raenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion. 
 
 HEDEOMA.— Pennyroyal. 
 
 Origin. — Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. Natural order, 
 Labiatae, Satureinese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, south to Georgia and west 
 to Dakota; in sandy fields. 
 
 Description. — Stem subterete, hairy ; leaves opposite, 
 short-petioled, about 12 millimeters (J inch) long, oblong- 
 ovate, obscurely serrate, glandular beneath ; flowers in 
 small roundish axillary cymules, with a tubular-ovoid, 
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294 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 two-lipped and five-toothed calyx, and a small pale-blue, 
 pubescent, two-lipped corolla, containing two sterile and 
 
 Fig. 188. 
 
 Flower and corolla of hedeoma, magnified. 
 
 two fertile exserted stamens ; odor strong, mint-like ; taste 
 warm and pungent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.94, readily sol- 
 uble in alcohol, containing formic, acetic, and isoheptoic 
 ethers, and hedeomol in two modifications (Kramers, 1887). 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, emmenagogue. 
 Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv— 3j), in infusion. 
 
 MONARDA. — HoRSEMiNT. 
 
 Origin. — Mou4rda punctata, lAnne. Natural order, 
 Labiatse, Monardeje. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, west to Texas and Colorado ; 
 in sandy fields. 
 
 Description. — Stem nearly simple; leaves petiolate, 
 lanceolate, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, acute, some- 
 what toothed, glandular, nearly smooth ; flowers whorled, 
 with sessile yellow and purple bracts, a tubular, downy, 
 five-toothed calyx, a prominent, two- lipped, pale yellow 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CATARIA — CATNEP. 295 
 
 and purple-spotted corolla, and two stamens ; aromatic, 
 pungent, and bitterish. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, yellowish or reddish-brown, 
 neutral, spec. grav. 0.92, readily soluble in alcohol. It 
 
 Fig. 189. 
 
 Flower of monarda, magnified. 
 
 contains about 50 per cent. C,qH,5, 24 per cent, thymol, 
 the alcohol CijHjgO, and its formic, acetic, and butyric 
 ethers. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, nervine, emmena- 
 gogue. , Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion. 
 
 CATARIA.— Catnep. 
 
 Origin. — Nepeta Catdria, Idnne. Natural order, Labiatse, 
 Nepetese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia, Europe, naturalized in the United States. 
 
 Desm-iption. — Stem branched, hairy, gray ; leaves petiolate, 
 about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, triangular-ovate, cordate, 
 cren ate serrate, grayish-green, and hairy ; flowers in terminal 
 panicles with an obliquely five-toothed calyx, a two-lipped, 
 whitish, purple-spotted corolla, and 4 didynamous stamens ; 
 it has a peculiar, somewhat mint-like odor, and a bitterish, 
 aromatic, and pungent taste. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, tannin (?), bitter principle 
 
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296 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 (crystalline, soluble in ether, acid reaction, not a glucoside), 
 sugar, gum, ash 12.5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, tonic, diaphoretic, em- 
 menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-gj), in infusion. 
 
 GLECHOMA.— Ground-ivy. 
 
 Origin. — Nepeta Glech6ma, Bentham (Glechoma heder- 
 dicea, Linn^}. Natural order, Labiatse, Nepetese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, naturalized in the United States. 
 
 Description. — Creeping, short-hairy ; leaves petiolate, round- 
 reniform, crenate, nearly smooth ; flowers in axillary cymules ; 
 corolla blue or purplish, much longer than the calyx ; some- 
 what aromatic and bitter. 
 
 Constituents — Volatile oil, bitter principle, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Pectoral, tonic, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 fsss-j). 
 
 MAREUBIUM.— HoEEHOUND. 
 
 Origin. — Marnibium vulgare, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Labiatse, Stachydese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, Central Asia ; naturalized in North 
 America; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Stem brauched, white tomentose ; leaves 
 opposite, petiolate, roundish-ovate, about 25 millimeters 
 (1 inch) loug, obtuse, coarsely crenate, downy above, white, 
 hairy beneath ; flowers in dense axillary woolly whorls, 
 with a stiffly ten-toothed calyx, a whitish bilabiate corolla 
 and four included stamens; aromatic and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, marrubiin, resin, fat, 
 wax, tannin, sugar, gum, albumia, salts. Marrubiin has 
 a bitter taste, is possibly a glucoside, crystallizes in scales 
 or prisms, is soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, and hot 
 water, insoluble in benzin, and not precipitated by tannin 
 or salts of metals. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonio, resolvent, deobstruent, an- 
 thelmintic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion. 
 
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LEONUBUS — MOTHERWORT. 297 
 
 SCUTELLARIA.— Skullcap. 
 
 Origin. — Scutellaria lateriflora, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Labiatse, Stachydese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to Alabama, New Mexico 
 and Oregon ; in damp thickets. 
 
 Description. — Stem about 50 centimeters (20 inches) high, 
 smooth, branched ; leaves opposite, about 5 centimeters (2 
 inches) long, petiolate, lance-ovate or ovate-oblong, serrate; 
 flowers in axillary one-sided racemes ; corolla pale blue ; 
 stamens 4, didynamous ; calyx closed in fruit, upper lip 
 helmet-shaped ; odor slight ; taste bitterish. 
 
 The following species having a more decidedly bitter 
 taste are sometimes collected ; they are indigenous to North 
 America, and have a nearly simple stem and blue flowers : 
 
 Sc. integrifolia, LinnS. Minutely hairy ; leaves short- 
 petioled, lance-oblong or linear-oblong, entire ; racemes 
 terminal. 
 
 Sc. pilosa, Michaux. Hairy ; leaves petiolate, rhombic- 
 ovate or oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate, in distant pairs ; 
 racemes terminal. 
 
 Sc. galericulata, lAnne. Nearly smooth ; leaves short- 
 petioled, lance-ovate, slightly cordate, crenately serrate; 
 flowers axillary, single. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle (crystalline glucoside, sol- 
 uble in etiier), tannin (?), volatile oil (trace), sugar, ash 14 
 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, nervine, antispasmodic. Dose, 2 to 
 4 or 8 grams (3ss-j-ij), in infusion or fluid extract. 
 
 LE0NURU8.— Motherwort. 
 
 Origin. — Leomirus Cardiaca, Linne. Natural order, Labi- 
 atse, Stachydese. 
 
 13* 
 
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298 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Asia, naturalized in North America ; 
 in waste places. 
 
 Description. — Erect, roughish ; leaves petiolate, the lower 
 ones roundish or heart-shaped, the upper ones oblong wedge- 
 shaped, all palmately acutely seven to three-lobed ; flowers in 
 dense axillary cymules ; calyx spinously five-toothed ; corolla 
 exserted, rose-colored, upper lip bearded, lower lip dotted ; 
 stamens 4, didynamous; odor unpleasant; taste bitter. 
 
 Cotistiluents. — Volatile oil, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties. — Pectoral, tonic, stimulant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 (3SS-J), in infusion. 
 
 PLANTAGO.— Plantain. 
 
 Origin. — Plant^go lanceolita and P. radjor, Linne. Natural 
 order, Plantaginacese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, along roadsides and in grassy 
 places ; introduced from Europe ; the second species also in- 
 digenous in the Northwestern States. 
 
 Description. — Leaves all radical, petiolate, nerved, some- 
 what toothed, more or less hairy, lanceolate, or of the second 
 species ovate or elliptic; scape with a dense ovate-oblong 
 or, in the second species, cylindrical spike ; corolla whitish, 
 membranous, salver-form, four-lobed ; stamens 4, exserted ; 
 capsule few seeded ; inodorous ; somewhat bitter and astrin- 
 gent. 
 
 PI. Rugelii, Deoaisne, indigenous westward to Texas and 
 Minnesota, closely resembles the broad-leaved plantain, but 
 has a long and narrow spike of flowers. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle, resin, wax, pectin, citrates, 
 oxalates, ash 12 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Mild astringent, hemostatic; the seeds demul- 
 cent. 
 
 MITCHELLA.— Squaw Vine. 
 
 Origin. — Mitchella repens, Linne. Natural order, Rubia- 
 cese, Anthospermese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to Mississippi; in dry 
 woods. 
 
 Description. — Evergreen, slender, creeping ; leaves oppo- 
 site, petiolate, roundish-ovate, entire, smooth ; flowers in pairs; 
 corolla salver-form, four-lobed, white or pink, bearded inside, 
 fragrant ; fruit a twin-berry, bright-red, four-seeded ; taste 
 somewhat astringent and bitter. 
 
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SABBATIA — CENTAURY. 299 
 
 Constituents— Sa.ponm-\ike compound, principle precipi- 
 tated by tannin and picric acid, wax, resin, gum, sugar, 
 albuminoids, ash 5.5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent, diuretic. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 (3SS-J). 
 
 GALIUM.— Cleavers. 
 
 Origin. — Gdlium Aparfne, Linne. Natural order, Rubia- 
 cese, Galiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Hemisphere, in thickets. 
 
 Description. — Stem weak, climbing, quadrangular, re- 
 trorsely prickly; leaves in whorls of 6 or 8, linear-oblanceo- 
 late, mucronate, margin and midrib rough ; cymes loose and 
 few flowered ; corolla small, white, rotate, four-lobed ; stamens 
 4 ; fruit two-seeded, covered with hooked bristles ; inodorous ; 
 taste saline, somewhat astringent and bitter. 
 
 Gdlium triflorum, Michaux, has whorls of 6 elliptic-lanceo- 
 late and cuspidate leaves, and becomes fragrant from coumarin 
 on drying ; it grows in most parts of North America, in wood- 
 lands. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, various salts. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, refrigerant. Dose, 2 to 4 grams 
 (38S-J), in infusion. 
 
 SABBATIA.— Sabbatia, Centaury. 
 
 Origin. — Sabbatia anguldris, Pursh, and S. panicuMta, 
 Pursh. Natural order, Gentianeae, Chironiese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in dry fields. 
 
 Descriptions. — Stem branched above, winged, quadrangular, 
 about 60 centimeters (2 feet) high, smooth ; leaves opposite, 
 about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, clasping, oblong-ovate, 
 acute, entire, five-nerved, or (Sab. paniculata) linear-oblong, 
 obtuse, and one nerved ; corolla mostly rose-colored (S. pani- 
 culata whitish), wheel-shaped and five-parted ; stamens 5 ; 
 inodorous, bitter. 
 
 Sabbatia Elliottii, Steudel, quinine-flower, has leaves about 
 12 millimeters (i inch) long, varying between obovate and 
 linear. 
 
 Erythrse'a Centatirium, Persoon. European centaury. 
 Stem 30 centimeters (12 inches) high, leaves oval or ovate- 
 oblong, obtuse, three- to five-nejved ; otherwise resembling 
 the preceding. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle, erythrocentaurin, C„JI,^0^ 
 
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300 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — HERBS. 
 
 (tasteless crystals, colored red by light; readily soluble in 
 benzol, carbon disulphide, ehloroforra, alcohol and boiling 
 water, less freely in ether ; not precipitated by tannin). The 
 bitter principle of European centaury (Lendrich's erythro- 
 centaurin, 1892) is an amorphous glucoside, readily soluble 
 in alcohol and hot water, less so in ether, precipitated by 
 tannin and other alkaloid reagents, splits into a tasteless fer- 
 mentable sugar and aromatic oil. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr xv- 
 3j), in decoction. 
 
 CHIRATA.— Chiretta. 
 
 Origin. — Sw^rtia Chirata, Wallieh (Oph61ia Chirata, 
 Grisebach, s. Agathotes Chir^yta, Don). Natural order, 
 Gentianese, Swertiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Mountains of Northern India. 
 
 Desaription. — Root nearly simple, about 75 millimeters 
 (3 inches) long ; stem branched, nearly 1 meter (40 inches) 
 long, slightly quadrangular above, with a narrow wood 
 circle and thick pith ; leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, entire, 
 five-nerved; flowers numerous, small, with a four-Iobed 
 calyx and corolla ; the whole plant smooth, pale brown, 
 inodorous, and intensely bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Ophelic acid, CijHjuOn, (bitter, amor- 
 phous, viscid, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, not pre- 
 cipitated by tannin), chiratin, CjjH^gOjj (bitter, crystalline, 
 yellow, soluble in ether, alcohol and warm water, precipi- 
 tated by tannin, glucoside) ; ash of leaves 7-8 per cent., of 
 stem about 4 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, febrifuge. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
 xv-xlv), in infusion. 
 
 Substitution. — Sw6rtia angustifolia, Wallieh, s. Ophelia 
 angustifolia, Don, has the entire stem quadrangular and 
 somewhat winged, and a less bitter taste ; pith thin and 
 often wanting. 
 
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CANNABIS INDICA — INDIAN HEMP, GUNJA. 301 
 
 CANNABIS INDICA.— Indian Hemp, Gunja. 
 
 Origin. — Cannabis sativa, Linni. Natural order, Urti- 
 cacese, Cannabineas. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia, collected in India. 
 
 Description. — Only the flowering tops of the female 
 plant are collected. About 5 centimeters (2 inclies) long, 
 compressed, brittle, branching, with few digitate leaves and 
 lance-linear leaflets, and numerous sheathing and pointed 
 bracts, each containing two small pistillate flowers, some- 
 times with the nearly ripe fruit, the whole more or less 
 agglutinated with a resinous exudation ; it has a brownish- 
 green color, a peculiar narcotic odor, and a slightly acrid 
 taste. 
 
 Cannabis americdna. — The hemp plant grown in the 
 Southern United States. Stem 2 or 3 meters (6 to 10 feet) 
 high, rough ; leaves alternate above, petiolate, digitate, the 
 leaflets linear-lanceolate, serrate ; staminate flowers in 
 loose pedunculate clusters, forming compound racemes ; 
 pistillate flowers small, mostly in pairs, axillary, sessile, 
 bracteate and with two slender unequal styles ; odor some- 
 what heavy ; taste bitterish, slightly acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil (mainly CjjH,^), brown 
 amorphous resin, about 15 to 20 per cent., cinnabinon 
 (soft resin), choline. Choline (bilineurine), CjHjjNOj, is 
 syrupy, freely soluble in water and alcohol, and yields with 
 Mayer's solution a yellow crystalline precipitate ; it is con- 
 tained in Hay's tetanocannabine, and with alkalies gives 
 trimethylamine (Siebold's cannabinine) (E. Jahns, 1887.) 
 American hemp contains a small proportion of resin. 
 
 Properties. — Anodyne, nervine, sudorific. Dose, 0.5 to 
 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), mostly as extract, 0.03 to 20 gram 
 (gr. ss-iij). 
 
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302 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TOPS. 
 
 8. LEAFY TOPS.— OAOUMINA, SUMMITATES. 
 
 Among the herbs are included the tops of plants which 
 are usually collected with flowers. The present division 
 embraces a few drugs having imbricated leaves, and col- 
 lected occasionally with the fruit, but never with the 
 flowers. The plants yielding these drugs are trees of the 
 natural order Coniferse, group Cupressinese. 
 
 Twigs quadrangular, oil-gland near the base of the Juniperus 
 
 leaves. virginiana. 
 
 the leaves with an oil-gland on the back. Sabina. 
 Twigs two-edged, the flat leaves with a gland on the 
 
 back. Thuja. 
 
 JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA.— Red Cedar. 
 
 Origin. — Juniperus virginiana, Linne. Natural order, 
 Coniferse, Cupressinese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, excepting Western Texas, 
 California, and Oregon. 
 
 Description. — The commercial branchlets are about 25 
 millimeters (1 inch) long, somewhat quadrangular; leaves 
 in four rows, opposite, scale-like, about 2 millimeters (-^ 
 inch) long, appressed, imbricated, lance-ovate or rhomboid, 
 acute, the older ones much longer, sharply acute and spread- 
 ing, on the back with a longitudinal furrow and near its 
 base a circular or oblong gland ; odor terebinthinate; taste 
 balsamic, bitterish, and acrid. Peduncle of the galbulus 
 (berry) erect. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (not readily soluble in 
 alcohol), resin, tannin, etc. The volatile oil distilled from 
 the wood consists mainly of cedrene, CijHj^, with some 
 camphor, C^HagO. 
 
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SABISTA — SAVINE. 303 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, emmenagogue, vermifuge, less irri- 
 tant than savine. Dose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij- 
 xv), in powder or infusion. 
 
 SABINA.— Savine. 
 
 Origin. — Juniperus Sabina, LinnS. Natural order, Coni- 
 ferse, Cupressineae. 
 
 Habitat. — Siberia, Europe, Canada, and Northern 
 United States. 
 
 Description. — Short, thin, subquadrangular branehlets; 
 leaves in four rows, opposite, scale-like, about 2 millime- 
 ters (f^ inch) long, appressed, imbricated, rhombic-lanceo- 
 late, the older ones longer, sharply acute and spreading, 
 
 Fig. 190. 
 
 Sabina. 
 
 on the back with a shallow groove containing an oblong 
 or roundish gland; odor terebinthinate ; taste nauseous, 
 resinous, and bitter. Galbulus (berry) if present, upon a 
 recurved peduncle. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, chiefly C,|,Hj5, about 2 per 
 cent., resin, tannin. The volatile oil, CuHu, is of spec. 
 
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304 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — TOPS. 
 
 grav. 0.91, not readily soluble in alcohol, and boils near 
 160° C. (320° F.), the boiling-point rising to over 200° C. 
 Properties. — Irritant, diuretic, hsemagogue, eminena- 
 gogue, vermifuge. Bose, 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij- 
 xv), in powder, infusion, or fluid extract. 
 
 THUJA.— Arbor Vit.e. 
 
 Origin. — Thuja occidentalis, lAnne. Natural order, Con- 
 iferse, Cupressinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Canada and United States south to North 
 Carolina and west to Minnesota; also cultivated for orna- 
 ment. 
 
 Description. — Twigs flattish, two-edged, pale green on 
 the lower side, the scale-like leaves appressed in four rows, 
 rhombic-ovate, obtusely pointed, the flat ones about 5 mil- 
 limeters (^ inch) long, closely imbricate, and with a round- 
 ish gland near the apex ; the others folded lengthwise, 
 boat-shaped, about 4 millimeters {^ inch) long, and mostly 
 glandless; odor balsamic, somewhat terebinthinate ; taste 
 pungently aromatic, camphoraceous, and bitter. 
 
 Chamsecy'paris sphseroidea, Spaoh (Cupressus thyoides, 
 Linne); like the preceding plant, often called white cedar, 
 grows southward to Florida and Mississippi. The twigs 
 resemble those of thuja, but are more slender, less flat- 
 tened; the leaves are 1.5 to 2 millimeters (xVtV inch) 
 long, and the flat leaves have a longitudinal groove on the 
 back. 
 
 Gonstituents.— Y o\a.Wlsi oil about 1 per cent, (readily 
 soluble in alcohol, contains O), resin, tannin, pinipicrin, 
 CjjHjjOj, (yellow, bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, in- 
 soluble in ether ; glucoside, yields cricinol), thujin, CjjjHjjO^ 
 (yellow, crystalline, astringent, dark green with ferric 
 
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FLOWERS AND PETALS. 305 
 
 salts; soluble in alcohol and water, glucoside, precipitated 
 by lead acetate), thujigenin, Ci^HijOj (precipitated by basic 
 lead acetate, the alcohol solution green with NHj). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, irritant. Dose, 1 to 4 
 grams (gr. xv-3j), in infusion and fluid extract. 
 
 9. FLOWERS AND PETALS.— PLORES ET 
 PETALA. 
 
 Flowers contain the male or female, or both kinds, 
 organs of reproduction, surrounded by two circles of modi- 
 fied leaves, of which those of the inner circle, the petals 
 forming the corolla, very generally have a color differing 
 from green, while those of the outer circle, the sepals form- 
 ing the calyx, mostly have a green color. The modified 
 leaves of these two whorls are sometimes of the same 
 shape and color, or one of the whorls is entirely wanting ; 
 in both these cases they, whether green or of a diiFerent 
 color, are called perianth or perigone. The flowers of some 
 plants are placed close together upon a common receptacle, 
 and such a head is surrounded by one or more whorls of 
 modified, frequently scale-like leaves called the involucre, 
 a term which is also employed to designate the whorl of 
 modified leaves found outside of the calyx of each flower 
 in certain plants. The male organs of reproduction, or 
 stamens, consist each of a filament which is usually thin 
 and filiform, and bears at its apex the mostly two-celled 
 anther; in the cells of the latter the pollen is contained. 
 The female organ of reproduction consists of one or more 
 ovules inclosed by one or more carpels (modified leaves) 
 forming the ovary, and frequently prolonged above into a 
 style bearing the stigma. In the absence of the style, the 
 stigma is attached to the ovary, and is said to be sessile. 
 
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306 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FLOWERS. 
 
 The shortened axis upon which the organs of reproduction 
 are attached is the torus, also called the receptacle. The 
 footstalk of a flower is called the peduncle, and its 
 branches, the pedicels. 
 
 Classiflcation. 
 
 I. Buds, unexpanded flowers. 
 
 Calyx superior, four-cleft. Caryophyllus. 
 
 Small heads with an imbricated involucre. Santonica. 
 
 II. Expanded flowers and petals. 
 
 1. Petals distinct ; corolla polypetalous. 
 
 Calyx inferior, corolla white, ovary one. Aurantium. 
 
 Inflorescence cymose ; the peduncle partly united 
 
 with a leafy bract. Tilia. 
 
 Inflorescence paniculate ; sepals 5, reddish ; 
 
 petals small. Brayera. 
 
 Petals numerous, clawed, rose-colored. Kosa centifolia. 
 
 deep red. Rosa gallica. 
 
 Petals short-clawed, dull purple, with a black 
 
 spot. Bhoeas. 
 
 Petal with the claws attached to the column of 
 
 filaments ; involucre six-cleft. Althaea rosea, 
 
 involucre three-leaved. Malva. 
 
 2. Petals united ; corolla gamopetalous. 
 Flowers compound, rays white ; receptacle coni- 
 cal, hollow ; pappus none Matricaria. 
 
 rays white, in many rows ; receptacle conical, 
 
 not hollow ; pappus a short crown. Anthemis. 
 
 rays whitish or rose-colored, receptacle con- 
 vex ; pappus a short crown. Pyrethri flores. 
 
 rays yellow ; pappus bristly. Arnica, 
 akenes curved, pappus none. Calendula. 
 Florets tubular, five-lobed, brownish red. Carthamus. 
 Flowers not compound ; corolla whitish, wheel- 
 shaped, five-lobed. Sambucus. 
 
 corolla wheel-shaped, five-lobed, yellow. Verbascum. 
 
 corolla blue, two-lipped ; calyx blue-gray, five- 
 toothed. Lavandula. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CARTOPHYLLUS — CLOVES. 
 
 307 
 
 X CAEYOPHYLLUS.— Cloves. 
 
 Origin. — Eugenia caryophylldta, Thunbe.rg (Caryophy'l- 
 lus aromaticus, lAnnS). Natural order, Myrtacese, Myr- 
 tese. 
 
 Habitat. — Molucca Islands ; cultivated in tropical coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Description. — About 15 millimeters (f inch) long, dark 
 brown, consisting of a subcylindrical, solid, and glandular 
 calyx-tube, 3 or 4 millimeters {\ or -^ inch) thick, and 
 containing near its apex the two-celled, several-ovuled 
 ovary, and terminated by four obtuse teeth ; it is sur- 
 mounted by a globular head, formed by four glandular 
 
 Fig. 191. 
 
 FiQ. 192. 
 
 Caryophyllus.— o Natural 
 size, b Longitudinal section 
 magnified. 
 
 Cluve. — Transverse section, magnified 
 15 diameters. 
 
 petals, which cover numerous curved stamens and one 
 style, the latter situated in the centre, and the former near 
 the base of an elevated disk. Cloves contain numerous 
 oil-glands under the epidermis, emit oil when scratched, 
 and have a strong aromatic odor and a pungent, spicy taste. 
 
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308 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FLOWERS. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 18 per cent., tannin 13 per 
 cent., gum 13 per cent., resin 6 per cent, (tasteless), wax, 
 caryophyllin, CijHjjO (white, tasteless needles, blood-red 
 with sulphuric acid), eugenin, CiqHjjOj (pearly scales from 
 distillate, colored red by nitric acid). The volatile oil is 
 readily soluble in alcohol, and consists of a sesquiterpene, 
 CjjHj^, spec. grav. 0.91, and eugenol or eugenic acid, 
 CigHjjOj, a colorless oil, spec. grav. 1.076, the solution blue 
 with ferric chloride, by permanganate oxidized to vanillic 
 acid. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, stomachic, antiemetic. Dose, 0.2 
 to 0.5 gram (gr. iij-viij), in powder ; mostly used as a con- 
 diment. 
 
 SANTONICA. — Santonica, Levant Woemseed. 
 
 Origin. — Artemisia maritima, Linni, var. Stechman- 
 ni^na, Besser. Natural order, Compositae, Anthemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — T u rkestan . 
 
 DescD'iption. — Unexpanded flower-heads, oblong-ovoid, 
 about 2 or 3 millimeters (xj-g inch) long, obtuse, smooth. 
 
 Fig 193. 
 
 Santonica. — Head and longitudinal section, magnified 10 diam. 
 
 somewhat glossy, grayish-green, after exposure to light 
 brownish-green, with an involucre of about 18 imbricated 
 ovate or oblong glandular scales, inclosing 4 or 5 rudimen- 
 
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AURANTII FLORBS — ORANGE FLOWERS. 309 
 
 tary florets ; odor strong, peculiar, somewhat camphora- 
 ceous ; taste aromatic and bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 2 per cent, (consists mainly of 
 cineol, Cj„HigO, agitated with iodine solution yields green- 
 ish crystals of Cj^HigOIj), santonin lJ-2 per cent., resin, 
 gum, etc. Santonin, CjjHjjOj, is white crystalline, soluble 
 in chloroform, alcohol, and ether, sparingly soluble in 
 water, colored yellow in sunlight, and forms with alkalies 
 bitter soluble compounds. Cold nitric acid dissolves it 
 without color ; the colorless solution in sulphuric acid 
 gradually turus red, and with ferric chloride becomes 
 violet-colored. Santonin has been adulterated with boric 
 acid, salicin, and strychnine. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 4 
 grams (gr. xv-3j), in powder, or electuary ; santonin, 0.016 
 to 0.06 gram (gr. ^j), in powder or troches. 
 
 AURANTII FLORES.— Orange Flowers. 
 
 Origin. — Citrus vulgaris and Citrus Aur^ntium, Sisso. 
 Natural order, Rutaceas, Aurantiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern India ; cultivated in subtropical 
 countries. 
 
 Fig. 194. 
 
 .'r 
 
 Orange flowers, natural size ; unexpanded, petals removed, and section. 
 
 Description. — The partly expanded flowers are collected 
 and mostly used in the fresh state. About 15 millimeters 
 (I inch) long ; calyx small, cup-shaped, five-toothed ; petals 
 5, oblong, obtuse, rather fleshy, white, and glandular punc- 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
310 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DEUGS — FLOWERS. 
 
 tate; stamens numerous with the filaments united near 
 the base, in about three sets ; ovary globular, about ten- 
 celled, situated upon a small disk, with a cylindrical style 
 and globular stigma ; odor very fragrant ; tast« aromatic, 
 somewhat bitter. Dried flowers are brownish. 
 
 When it is desirable to keep fresh orange flowers for 
 some time, they may be preserved by being well mixed 
 with half their weight of chloride of sodium. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (spec. grav. 0.89, fluorescent 
 with alcohol), mucilage, bitter extractive. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antispasmodic ; used for prepar- 
 ing orange-flower water. 
 
 TILIA. — Linden Flowers. 
 
 Origin. — Tilia americ^na, Linni, and T. heterophy'Ua, 
 Ventenat. Natural order, Tiliacese, Tiliese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to Manitoba and Texas. 
 
 Description. — Cymes varying between about seven- and 
 thirty-flowered, the long peduncle partly united to an oblong- 
 lanceolate bract, which is about 75 millimeters (3 inches) 
 long, and 10 millimeters (finch) wide; calyx five-parted; 
 petals 5, yellowish, notched at the base with a large scale ; 
 stamens numerous, hypogynous, in 5 groups united with the 
 petaloid scales ; ovary five-celled ; stigma five-lobed ; odor 
 agreeable, taste sweet, mucilaginous. 
 
 Tilia uimifolia, Scopoli, indigenous to Europe, cultivated in 
 the United States, has about seven-flowered cymes and the 
 petals without scales. The cymes of T. platyphy'lla, Scopoli, 
 are mostly three-flowered. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, mucilage, sugar, tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, stimulant, lenitive. Dose, 1 to 2 
 grams (gr. xv-xxx). 
 
 BEAYERA.— Koosso. 
 
 Ch'igin. — Bray6ra anthelmintica, Kunth (Hag^oia abys- 
 sinica, Willdenow). Natural order, Rosacese, Poteriese. 
 Habitat. — Abyssinia. 
 
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BRAYERA — KOOSSO. 311 
 
 Bescnption. — The female inflorescence is collected. In 
 rolls, or compressed bundles, consisting of hairy and 
 glandular panicles about 25 centimeters (10 inches) long, 
 with a sheathing bract at the base of each branch ; the two 
 roundish bracts at the base of each flower and the five 
 
 Fig. 195. 
 
 Brayera anthelmintica, jffuniA. — A. Branch of panicle. B. Staminate 
 flower, and C. pistillate flower, magnified 4 diam. 
 
 obovate outer sepals are of a reddish color, membranous, 
 and veiny ; flowers about 6 millimeters {\ inch) broad ; 
 calyx top-shaped, hairy, inclosing one or two ovate- 
 
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312 CELLU'LAB VEGETABLE DRUGS — FLOWERS. 
 
 oblong and pointed carpels or nutlets ; odor slight tea-like ; 
 taste bitter and nauseous. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 24 per cent., bitter acrid resin 6^ 
 per cent., tasteless resin, little volatile oil, ash about 5 per 
 cent. Kosin or Koussin is yellow, crystalline, tasteless, 
 fusible; soluble in chloroform, benzol, ether, and alcohol; 
 the alcoholic solution reddened by ferric chloride ; insolu- 
 ble in water ; said to be nearly inert when pure. 
 
 Properties. — Anthelmintic, tjeuifuge. Dose, 16 to 24 or 
 32 grams (S'v-vj-Sj), in powder or electuary. 
 
 ROSA CENTIFOLIA.— Pale Eose. 
 
 Origin. — Rosa centi folia, Linne. Natural order, Rosa- 
 cese, Roseae. 
 
 Habiiat. — Western Asia; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — The petals are collected. Roundish-obo- 
 vate and retuse, or obcordate, pink, fragrant, sweetish, 
 slightly bitter, and faintly astringent. 
 
 When it is desirable to keep fresh pale rose for some 
 time, it should be preserved by being intimately mixed 
 with one-half its weight of chloride of sodium, pressing 
 the mixture into a suitable jar, and keeping it in a cool 
 place. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, mucilage, sugar, tannin 
 (quercitrin ?), malates, etc. Oil of rose is obtained from 
 Rosa damasc6na. Miller. 
 
 Properties. — Mild carminative ; used for preparing rose- 
 water. 
 
 ROSA GALLICA.— Red Rose. 
 
 Origin. — Rosa g411ica, LinnS. Natural ordei-, Rosacese, 
 Rosese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia Minor and Southern Europe; culti- 
 vated. 
 
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ALTH^A ROSEA — HOLLYHOCK. 313 
 
 Description. — The petals are collected before the flowers 
 are expanded. Small cones, consisting of numerous im- 
 bricated, roundish, retuse, deep purple-colored, yellow- 
 clawed petals, having a roseate odor and a bitterish, slightly 
 acidulous, and distinct astringent taste. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil a trace, mucilage, sugar, 
 quercitrin. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, mild astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
 (gr. xv-Sj), in powder, confection, or infusion. 
 
 RHCEAS.— Red Poppy. 
 
 Origin. — Papaver Rhce'as, Linne. Natural order, Papa- 
 veracese, Papaverese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Europe, in fields. 
 
 Description. — Petals roundish, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 broad, somewhat shorter, below contracted into a short black- 
 ish claw, thin, brownish-purple (fresh scarlet-red) ; odor 
 slight ; taste mucilaginous and bitterish. 
 
 Constituents. — Rhoeadinea trace, probably a second alka- 
 loid, rhoeadic and papaveric acids (red coloring matters), 
 gum, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, mildly anodyne, used chiefly for 
 coloring mixtures. 
 
 ALTHiEA ROSEA.— Hollyhock. 
 
 Origin. — Althse'a (Alc6a, Linne) rosea, Cavanilles. Natural 
 order, Malvaceae, Malveae. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia, cultivated in gardens. 
 
 Description. — Involucre six-cleft, shorter than the five cleft 
 calyx, the lobes lance-ovate, stellately hairy; corolla 7 to 10 
 centimeters (3-4 inches) broad, in cultivation often double, 
 the five petals broadly obovate, retuse or notched at the apex, 
 the claws attached to the base of the column formed by the 
 united numerous filaments ; the color varies from white to 
 deep red and purple, and becomes deeper on drying ; odor 
 slight ; taste sweetish, mucilaginous, somewhat astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, tannin, coloring matter. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, emollient. 
 
 14 
 
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314 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FLOWERS. 
 
 M ALVA . — Mallow. 
 
 Origin. — M£lva sylv&tris, Linne. Natural order, Malva- 
 cese, Malvese. 
 
 Habitat- — Europe, introduced in North America. 
 
 Description. — Involucre three-leaved, hairy ; calyx about 5 
 millimeters (-5^ inch) long, five-cleft, hairy; petals five, 2 cen- 
 timeters (I inch) long, obcordate, the claws attached to the 
 base of the column formed by the united numerous filaments ; 
 the color is rose-red or purplish with darker veins, after dry- 
 ing blue ; odor slight, taste mucilaginous, sweetish. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, coloring matter, reddened by acids 
 and turned green by ammonia. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, emollient. 
 
 MATRICAKIA. — German Chamomile. 
 
 Origin. — Matricaria Chamomilla, Linni. Natural order, 
 Compositee, Authemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Western Asia. 
 
 Fig. T 
 
 Matricaria. — a. Flower-head. b. Involucre, u. Receptacle and involu- 
 cre, d. Longitudinal section of receptacle, with disk florets. «. Raj' 
 g. Stamens and style of disk floret. 
 
 floret. /. Disk floret. 
 
 Description. — Flower-heads about 10 millimeters (f inch) 
 broad ; involucre flattish, imbricated, the scales oblong, 
 obtuse, and with a scarious margin ; receptacle conical, 
 pitted, hollow, naked ; ray florets about 15, white, ligu- 
 
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ANTHEMIS — CHAMOMILE. 315 
 
 late, three-toothed, pistillate, reflexed, about 8 millimeters 
 (^ inch) long; disk florets numerous, yellow, tubular, per- 
 fect, about 3 millimeters (|- inch) long; akeues oblong, 
 without pappus; strongly aromatic and bitter. 
 
 The similar flower-heads of A'nthemis arv6nsis, lAnni, 
 and Mariita Cotula, De CandoUe, have a conical chaffy 
 receptacle. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil ^ per cent, (dark blue, solu- 
 ble in alcohol), anthemic acid (bitter needles), anthemidin 
 (tasteless), extractive, little tannin, malates, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, mild tonic, carminative, nervine, 
 emmenagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion. 
 
 ANTHEMIS.— Chamomili^ 
 
 Origin — A'nthemis nobilis, lAnnL Natural order, 
 Compositse, Anthemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Western Europe ; cultivated ; 
 naturalized in a few localities in the United States. 
 
 Description. — Collected from cultivated plants. The 
 wild-grown flower-heads have about 15 ray florets in one 
 row ; the cultivated plants have tlie tubular disk florets 
 mostly transformed into ligulate florets. Subglobular, 
 about 2 centimeters (|- inch) broad ; involucre hemispheri- 
 cal, imbricated, the scales ovate-oblong and with a scarious 
 margin ; receptacle, solid, conical, densely chaffy ; ray florets 
 numerous, white, pistillate, strap-shaped, three-toothed ; 
 disk florets few, yellow, tubular; akenes obovate with a 
 short crown. Odor strong and pleasant ; taste aromatic, 
 bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Anthemene, CuHj, (tasteless needles, melt 
 at 63° C), volatile oil (nearly 1 per cent., blue, green, or 
 yellow, spec. grav. 0.90, soluble in alcohol, contains anthe- 
 mol, CijHijO, and the isobutylic and isamylic esters of 
 
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316 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FLOWEKS. 
 
 isobutyric and angelic acids), bitter principle (anthemic 
 acid?), resin, little tannin, etc. 
 
 Fig. 197. 
 
 Anthemis nobilia. — Ray and disk floret, magnified i diam. Section 
 through single flower-head. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, carminative, nervine, em- 
 menagogue. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-5j), in infusion 
 or fluid extract. 
 
 PYRETHRI FLORES.— Insect Flowers. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Chrysanthemum (Pyr^thrum, Tremranus) cin- 
 erariaefolium, Viiiani; 2. Chrys. (Pyrfithrum, Bieberstein) 
 roseum and C. cdrneum, Weber. Natural order, Compositse, 
 Aiithemidese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Dalmatia. 2. Western Asia. 
 
 Description.. — Flower-heads depressed roundish, about 25 
 millimeters (1 inch) broad ; involucre hemispherical, imbri- 
 cate, the scales obtuse, brownish with a whitish scarious 
 margin (No. 1), or greenish and with a red-brown scarious 
 margin (No. 2) ; receptacle somewhat convex, naked ; ray 
 florets about 20, whitish (No. 1) or rose colored (No. 2), ligu- 
 late, three-toothed, pistillate ; disk florets yellow, tubular, 
 five- toothed, perfect; akenes obovate with a short scarious, 
 
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ARNICA FLOWEPS. 
 
 317 
 
 somewhat toothed crown ; odor peculiar, aromatic ; taste bitter 
 and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, a volatile acid, wax, non-volatile 
 balsamic acid, resin acid, chrysanthemine (liquid), glucoside 
 (crystalline), sugar, a hydrocarbon, and a higher homologue 
 of cholesterin. 
 
 Properties. — Insecticide ; externally as powder or tincture. 
 The Dalmatian insect flowers collected shortly after expan- 
 sion are considered the most effectual. 
 
 ARNICA. — Arnica Flowers. 
 
 Origin. — A'rnica mont^na, LinnS. Natural order, Com- 
 positse, Seneciouidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, and Northern Asia, in mountainous 
 districts. 
 
 Description. — Flower-heads depressed roundish, about 
 25 millimeters (1 inch) broad ; involucral scales lanceolate. 
 
 Fib. 198. 
 
 Arnica montana. — Bay aud disk florets. 
 
 acute, hairy, in two rows ; receptacle nearly flat, pitted, 
 and hairy ; ray florets 15 to 20, yellow, strap-shaped, 2 or 
 3 centimeters (f-lj inches) long, eight- or ten-nerved, 
 three-toothed, pistillate; disk florets numerous, yellow, 
 about 15 millimeters (f inch) long, five- toothed tubular, 
 
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318 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DKDGS — FLOWERS. 
 
 perfect ; akenes slender, spindle-shaped, rough, crowned 
 with a hairy pappus, 6 or 8 millimeters (J-J inch) long ; 
 feebly aromatic; acrid and bitter; the dust sternutatory. 
 
 Some pharmacopoeias direct the removal of the involucre 
 with the receptacle, which frequently contains the larvae of 
 an insect (Trypeta). 
 
 A'rnica foliosa, Nuttall, A. alpina, Olin, and A. Cha- 
 missonis, Lessing, have flowers resembling the preceding ; 
 the plants are indigenous to the mountains of Colorado, 
 westward and northward, the last species also eastward to 
 Maine. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (a trace, butyraceous), resin, 
 arnicin (amorphous, yellow, acrid, easily soluble iu alcohol 
 and ether). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, vulnerary, irritant. 
 Dose, 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in infusion ; mostly used 
 externally as tincture. 
 
 C ALENDUL A.— Marigold. 
 
 Origin. — Calendula officinalis, LinnL Natural order, 
 Compositse, Calendulacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Flower-heads about 5 centimeters (2 
 inches) broad, with the involueral scales in two rows, lan- 
 ceolate, acute, hairy, and equal ; a flat and naked recepta- 
 cle, and incurved, muricate akenes without pappus ; the 
 yellow disk florets tubular, five-toothed, and staminate. 
 
 The ray florets, which are usually employed instead of 
 the flower-heads, are in one or occasionally in several rows, 
 pistillate, ligulate, 10 to 20 millimeters (f to f inch) long, 
 about 3 millimeters (| inch) broad, the limb delicately 
 veined in a longitudinal direction, three-toothed at the 
 apex ; the short hairy tube enclosing the remnants of the 
 
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SAMBUCUS — ELDER. 319 
 
 filiform style which terminates in two elongated branches ; 
 odor slightly narcotic; taste somewhat bitter, slightly 
 saline. 
 
 Constituents. — Amorphous bitter principle, tasteless yel- 
 low calendiilin, sugar, gum, etc. 
 
 Substitutions. — The flower-heads of Tag6tes erecta and 
 Tag. pdtula, Ldnne, cultivated as French or African mari- 
 gold, have a tubular involucre, yellow or variegated broad 
 ray florets, and straight slender flattish akenes with a 
 chaffy pappus. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, resolvent, vulnerary. Dose, 0.5 
 to 1 gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion, tincture, or extract. 
 
 CARTH AMUS. - Safflower. 
 
 Origin. — Cdrthamus tinctorius, LinnL Natural order, 
 Compositse, Cynaroidese. 
 
 Habitat. — India ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — The tubular florets are collected. Cylindri- 
 cal, about 2 centimeters (^ inch) long, five-lobed ; lobes nearly 
 linear ; tube of the anthers protruding from the throat, and 
 surmounted by the two-cleft style ; brownish-red ; odor slight; 
 taste insipid, bitterish. 
 
 Constituents. — Carthamin, CijHjgOj, about 0.5 per cent, 
 (red-brown, with metallic lustre, soluble in alcohol and alka- 
 lies, sparingly so in water, insoluble in ether), yellow color- 
 ing matter about 20 per cent, (soluble in water and alcohol), 
 mucilage, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, tonic, laxative. Dose, 0.5 to 1 
 gram (gr. viij-xv), in infusion. 
 
 SAMBUCUS.— Elder. 
 
 Origin. — Sambiicus canadensis, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Caprifoliacese, Sambnceae. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, west to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains ; in damp places. 
 
 Description. — In large corymbose five-rayed cymes ; calyx 
 
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320 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FLOWERS. 
 
 half-superior, minutely five-toothed; ovary three-celled, 
 three-ovuled, and with 3 sessile stigmas ; corolla cream- 
 colored, after drying yellowish, wheel-shaped, five-lobed, 
 and on the short tube with five stamens ; of a peculiar 
 fragrance and mucilaginous, slightly bitter taste. 
 
 Elder should be collected in dry weather, rapidly dried, 
 and deprived of the stalks. 
 
 The inflorescence and flowers of Sambiicus nigra, Linne, 
 the European elder, closely resemble the preceding. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (butyraceous), little fat, wax, 
 and resin; mucilage, sugar; probably a little tannin; 
 pectin and albuminoids. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, carminative, diaphoretic. Dose, 
 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in infusion. 
 
 VERBASOUM.— Mullein. > 
 
 Origin. — 1. Verbdscum phlomoides, Linne. 2. V. thapsi- 
 f6rme, Sehrader. 3. V. Thdpsus, Linne. Natural order, 
 Scrophulariacese, Verbascese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, in fields ; No. 3 naturalized in North 
 America. 
 
 Description. — The five-lobed calyx is often rejected. Corolla 
 wheel-shaped, 2 to 4 centimeters {^ to IJ inches) broad; 
 lobes five, roundish-obovate, bright yellow, smooth above, 
 stellately hairy beneath ; stamens in the short tube five, three 
 filaments white-woolly and two naked ; the corolla of No. 3 
 about 10 millimeters (f inch) broad ; odor slight, honey-like ; 
 taste mucilaginous and sweet. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil a trace, mucilage, sugar, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, pectoral. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. 
 XV-5J)- 
 
 LAVANDULA. — Lavender. 
 
 Origin. — Lavandula vera, De Candolle. Natural order, 
 Labiatse, Ocimoidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Bracts rhombic-ovate, pointed, brownish, 
 
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LAVANDULA — LAVENDER. 
 
 321 
 
 and glandular ; calyx tubular, about 5 millimeters (| inch) 
 long, blue-gray, hairy and glandular, five-toothed, the 
 upper tooth largest and roundish-rhomboid ; corolla violet- 
 blue, about 10 millimeters (f inch) long, hairy and glandu- 
 lar on the outside, tubular, and two-lipped, the upper lip 
 
 Fio. 199. 
 
 Lavender flower and corolla, magnified 4 diam. 
 
 two-lobed, the smaller lower lip three-lobed ; stamens four, 
 didynamous, short, on the corolla-tube; odor fragrant; 
 taste bitterish aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous. 
 
 Oonstituents. — Volatile oil 1^ to 3 per cent., resin, little 
 tannin. The volatile oil contains CijHjg, and the alcohol 
 CijHjgO (linalool), and its acetic ester ; spec. grav. 0.90 ; 
 readily soluble in alcohol, and very fragrant ; distilled 
 from the leaves and stalks the odor is more rank. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, carminative, nervine, errhine. 
 Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in infusion, but rarely 
 used internally. 
 
 14* 
 
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322 CELLULAR VEGETABLE URUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 10. FRUITS.— FRUCTUS. 
 
 The fruit is the ripened ovary of a flower, and consists 
 of the pericarp or fruit-integuments inclosing one or more 
 seeds. The outer layer of the pericarp is called epicarp or 
 exocarp, the inner layer endocarp. A middle layer, the 
 mesocarp or sarcocarp, is present in many, particularly the 
 fleshy, fruits. Fruits are crowned with the style or its 
 remnants, or are marked with a scar where the style had 
 been attached ; a second scar is found at the base of the 
 fruit, where it had been connected with the foot-stalk or 
 attached to the floral axis. 
 
 With few exceptions, the officinal fruits consist of fruc- 
 tified single pistils ; the exceptions are two aggregate fruits 
 (staranise and raspberry), composed of several separate 
 carpels belonging to one flower; one anthocarpous fruit 
 (rose hip), composed of a fleshy receptacle inclosing several 
 akenes; and a few collective fruits, produced by the aggre- 
 gation of several or many flowers. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 Sect. 1. Collective fruits. 
 
 Berry-like, containing three seeds with oil- 
 glands. Juniperus. 
 
 Cylindrical spikes of numerous coalesced berry- 
 like fruits ; peppery. Piper longum. 
 
 Oblong-conical spikes; fleshy, sweet, and acidu- 
 lous. Morus. 
 
 Glandular strobiles with akenes at the base of 
 
 the leafy bracts. Humulus. 
 
 Pear-shaped fleshy receptacle with numerous 
 
 akenes upon the inner surface. Ficus. 
 
 Sect. 2. Fruits of single flowers. 
 
 I. Pitcher-shaped fleshy receptacle containing 
 
 akenes. Rosa canina. 
 
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FRUITS — FKUCTUS. 
 
 323 
 
 II. Small drupes and berries, about the size of pep-' 
 
 per; superior. 
 Ten-celled, ten-seeded, with a dark purple juice. 
 Four-celled, four-seeded, with a convex inferior 
 
 disk. 
 One-celled, one-seeded, bright red, woolly. 
 
 black, globular, pericarp prolonged into a stalk, 
 unstalked, the undeveloped embryo in a 
 central cavity, 
 whitish, globular, veined, not hollow. 
 
 III. Inferior drupaceous fruits. 
 Globular, brown, two-celled, two-seeded. 
 Oval-oblong, dark brown, two-celled, each cell 
 
 with one or two seeds. 
 
 IV. Superior drupes. 
 
 Roundish-reniform, blackish, seed semilunar, 
 
 bitter. 
 Flattish-reniform, brown, nut-like, sarcocarp 
 
 caustic. 
 Flattish-ovate, blackish, nut-like, sarcocarp 
 
 caustic. 
 Somewhat five-angled, orange- or blackish-brown, 
 
 very astringent. 
 Oblong, dark blue, glaucous, sweet. 
 Hemispherical, red, finely hairy, composed of 
 
 many small drupes. 
 
 V. Superior berries. 
 
 Globular, acidulous, sweet, few-seeded. 
 
 six-celled, six-seeded, very astringent. 
 
 ten-celled, many-seeded, very aromatic. 
 
 twelve-celled, many-seeded, pulp hard, muci- 
 laginous. 
 Oval, with a nipple-shaped apex ; pulp very 
 
 acid. 
 Oblong, two-celled, many-seeded, burningly 
 
 acrid. 
 
 VI. Inferior berries. 
 
 Pulp white, spongy, separable into three many- 
 seeded cells. 
 
 VII. Capsular fruits, superior. 
 
 Cylindrical, with numerous transverse partitions 
 containing a sweet pulp ; indehiscent. 
 
 Phytolacca. 
 Ehamnus 
 
 cathartica. 
 Ehus glabra. 
 Cubeba. 
 
 Piper nigrum. 
 Piper album. 
 
 Pimenta. 
 Caryophylli 
 fructus. 
 
 Cocculus. 
 Anacardium 
 
 occidentale. 
 Anacardium 
 
 orientale. 
 
 Myrobalanus. 
 Prunum. 
 
 Rubus idseus. 
 
 Uva passa. 
 Diospyros. 
 Aurantium. 
 
 Bela. 
 
 Limon. 
 
 Colocynth. 
 
 Cassia fistula. 
 
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324 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 Broadly linear ; internally fleshy, sweet. Ceratonia. 
 Subglobose ; stigmas sessile, radiating ; seeds 
 
 numerous, parietal. Papaver. 
 
 Small utricle ; seed lenticular, black, glossy. Chenopodium. 
 
 Capsules 3, two-valved; seeds 1 or 2, black. Xanthoxylum. 
 
 Follicles 8, stellate, one-seeded, aromatic. Illicium, 
 
 VIII. Capsular fruits, inferior. 
 Triangular-ovate, three-celled; pericarp dry, 
 
 tasteless ; seeds spicy. Cardamomura. 
 
 Long-linear, subtriangular, fleshy, one-celled, 
 
 many-seeded, aromatic. Vanilla. 
 
 IX. Akenes. 
 
 Grayish-yellow, grooved; pericarp and testa 
 
 coalesced. Hordei fructus. 
 
 Brown-gray and black, roughish, somewhat 
 
 curved. Lappse fructus. 
 
 glossy, straight ; the oblique apex margined. Silybum. 
 
 Greenish-gray, veined, glossy. Caimabis. 
 
 X. Cremocarps ; fruits of umbelliferse. 
 Ccelospermous, globular, 2 vittse in each meri- 
 
 carp. Coriandrum. 
 
 Campylospermous, ovate, laterally compressed, 
 
 vittse none. Conium. 
 
 Orthospermous, ovate, laterally compressed, 
 
 hairy, each mericarp about 15 vittse. Anisum. 
 
 ovate, laterally compressed, smooth, each meri- 
 carp 12 vitta;. Apium. 
 smooth, each mericarp 6 vittse. Petroselinum. 
 rough, each mericarp 6 vittse. Ajowan. 
 oblongterete, smooth, each mericarp 6 vitt*, 
 
 ribs obtuse, prominent. Foeniculum. 
 
 ribs obtuse, thin. Phellandrium. 
 
 oblong, laterally compressed, each mericarp 6 
 
 vittse, ribs 9, rough. Cuminum. 
 
 ribs 5, smooth. Carum. 
 
 oblong, dorsally compressed, each mericarp (i 
 
 vittse, ribs 5, smooth. Anethum. 
 
 ribs 9, bristly. Carota. 
 
 XI. Parts of fruits. 
 
 Pericarp leathery, glandular, orange-colored. Aurantii cortex, 
 
 yellow. Limonis cortex. 
 
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JUNIPER us — JUNIPER. 
 
 325 
 
 very hard, with adhering mucilaginous pulp. Bela 
 
 (see Fruits 1. 
 
 brittle, brown, crowned with calyx. Granati fructus 
 
 cortex. 
 Pulp acidulous, red-brown, with flat, subquad- 
 
 rangular, glossy seeds. Tamarindus. 
 
 JUNIPERUS.— Juniper. 
 
 Origin. — Juniperus communis, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Coniferse, Cupressineae. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern hemisphere ; in North America 
 throughout Canada, the Northern United States, and in 
 the Rocky Mountains south to New Mexico. 
 
 Fig. 200. 
 
 Juniperus. — Fertile catlsin and longitudinal section. Galbulus, and 
 transverse section. Seed, and longitudinal section. 
 
 Description. — Nearly globular, about 8 millimeters (^ 
 inch) in diameter; dark purplish, with a bluish-gray bloom, 
 at the apex with a three-rayed furrow, and at the base 
 usually with one or two whorls of three small brownish 
 scales; internally pulpy, greenish-brown, with oil cells, 
 and containing three ovate somewhat triangular bony seeds 
 
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326 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 with several large oil glands on the surface; odor aromatic; 
 taste sweet, balsamic, bitterish, and slightly acrid. 
 
 The pulpy portion is produced from the coalesced three 
 scales forming the upper whorl of the pistillate catkin. 
 The galbulus ripens in the second year. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil J to IJ per cent., sugar 15 to 
 30 per cent., resins 10 per cent., yellowish juniperin (solu- 
 ble with green color in ether and volatile oils), wax, fat, 
 proteids, mucilage, ash 4 per cent. Oil of juniper berries 
 is colorless, of about the specific gravity 0.88, levogyre, 
 slightly soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, fulminates with 
 iodine, and contains pinene, C,|,Hi5, and other hydrocar- 
 bons. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, externally used as an 
 anodyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv— 5j), in infusion, the 
 concentrated juice, distilled water, and spirit, etc. 
 
 PIPER LONGUM.— Long Pepper. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Piper (Chavica, Miquel) officindrum, De Can- 
 dolle, and, 2. Piper 16ngum, Linn& (Chavica Eoxbiirghii, 
 Miquel). Natural order, Piperacese, Piperese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Java and other East Indian islands; 2. Bengal 
 and Philippine Islands. 
 
 Description. — Spikes of the coalesced, immature, but full- 
 grown fruit, about 35 millimeters (1-| inches) long, and 5 
 millimeters {^ inch) thick, cylindrical, uneven, dusty, black- 
 ish-gray ; the numerous fruits spirally arranged, each crowned 
 with remnant of style ; odor and taste like black pepper. 
 Bengal long pepper is darker colored and shorter, 20 to 25 
 millimeters (|- to 1 inch) long. 
 
 Constituents, Properties, and Uses. — Same as those of black 
 pepper. 
 
 MORUS.— Mulberry. 
 
 Origin. — Moras rubra, Linne. Natural order, Urticacese, 
 Morese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, from southern Canada to Florida, 
 and west to Dakota and New Mexico ; in woods. 
 
 Description. — Dense spikes of the coalesced perianths, in- 
 
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FICUS — FIG. 327 
 
 closing the lenticular nutlets ; oblong-conical, about 25 milli- 
 meters (1 inch) long, dark purple, fleshy and juicy, each fruit 
 crowned with two filiform styles; juice deep purplish-red, 
 sweet and acidulous. 
 
 M6rus nigra, Linni, has a shorter ovate or oblong fruit, 
 resembling the preceding. The fruit of Morus dlba, lAnn^, 
 is white, reddish, or blackish, sweet, scarcely acidulous. 
 
 ConstituenU. — Sugar about 10 per cent., pectin, citrates, 
 malates, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Refrigerant ; used for flavoring mixtures. 
 
 X HUMULUS.— Hops. 
 
 Origin. — Humulus Liipulus, Linne. Natural order, 
 Urticacese, Cannabinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern temperate zone ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Ovate, about 3 centimeters (IJ inches) 
 long, consisting of a thin, hairy, undulated axis, and many 
 obliquely ovate membranous greenish scales, which are in 
 the upper part reticulately veined, and toward the base 
 parallel-veined, glandular, and surrounding a subglobular 
 akene ; odor aromatic ; taste bitter, aromatic, and slightly 
 astringent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 0.8 per cent., resin 9-18 jxt 
 cent., asparagin, choline (see Cannabis), tannin, C25H24OJ3, 
 3-4 per cent., ash 7-10 per cent. The aromatic and bitter 
 virtues reside in the glands. (See Lupulinum.) 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, sedative, anodyne. Dose, 2 to 20 
 grams (5ss-v), in infusion or tincture ; externally as fomen- 
 tation and poultice. 
 
 FICUS.— Fig. 
 
 Origin. — Ficus C;irica, LinnS. Natural order, Urti- 
 .cacese, Artocarpese. 
 
 ffabitat. — Western Asia; cultivated in subtropical 
 countries. 
 
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328 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 Description. — Compressed, of irregular shape, fleshy, 
 covered with an efflorescence of sugar, of a sweet fruity 
 odor and very sweet mucilaginous taste. When softened 
 in water, figs are pear-shaped, with a scar or short stalk at 
 base, and a small scaly orifice at apex, near which the 
 
 Fi8. 201. 
 
 Ficus Carica, Linne. — a. Section of fig. b. Staminate, c. Pistillate flowers. 
 
 staminate floAvers are situated ; hollow internally, the inner 
 surface covered with numerous yellowish, hard akenes. 
 Figs consist of the fleshy receptacle, which in the unripe 
 state contains an acrid milk-juice. 
 
 Oonstitumts. — Akenes and cellular tissue 15, water 16, 
 sugar 62 per cent., gum, fat, and salts. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, laxative ; used internally as 
 dietetic ; externally as poultice. 
 
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KHAMNUS CATHARTICA — BUCKTHORN. 329 
 
 ROSA CANINA.— Hips. 
 
 Cynosbata. 
 
 Origin. — Rosa canina, Linne. Natural order, Rosacese, 
 Rosese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe. 
 
 Description. — Pitcher-shaped, about 2 centimeters (| inch) 
 long, bright red, glossy, fleshy, inner surface bristly, nearly 
 inodorous, and of a sweetish, acidulous somewhat astringent 
 taste. Hips consist of the receptacle (or calyx-tube), are 
 crowned with the five sepals or their remnants, and inclose a 
 number of brown hairy akenes. For medicinal use the 
 akenes and hairs are removed. 
 
 Constituents. — Malic acid 7-8, citric acid 2-3, sugar 30, 
 gum 25 per cent., tannin a trace, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Refrigerant, mild astringent, diuretic ; used as 
 a dietetic and as an excipient in the form of confection. 
 
 PHYTOLACCA BACCA.— PoKEBEEEY. 
 
 Origin. — Phj'toldcca decf'indra, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Phytolaccacese, Euphytolaccese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America ; naturalized in Europe. 
 
 Description. — Depressed globular, dark purple, compound 
 berry about 8 millimeters (^ incli) in diameter, composed of 
 10 carpels, each containing one lenticular blaolc seed ; juice 
 purplish-red; inodorous^, sweet, slightly actrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Sugar, gum, coloring matter (turned j'clhjw 
 by alkalies and bleached by sunlight), phytolaccic acid 
 (brownish, amorphous, acrid, precipitated by lead subace- 
 tate, soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol, ether, 
 chloroform and glycerin). 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, laxative, emetic. Dose, 0.5 to 
 1 gram (gr. viij— xv), in infusion, or the expressed juice in 
 dose of half to one teaspoonful. 
 
 EHAMNUS CATHARTICA.— Buckthorn. 
 
 Origin. — Rhd,mnus (Cervispina, Moench) cath^rtica, Linne. 
 Natural order, Rhamnese. 
 
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330 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Northern Asia ; naturalized in North 
 America. 
 
 Description. — Globular, and, after drying, deeply wrinkled, 
 about 5 millimeters {\ inch) in diameter, purplish-brown or 
 black, at the base with a convex disk, and a fragile peduncle ; 
 
 Fifi. 202. 
 
 Rhamnus; fruit, transverse and longitudinal sections. — Natural size. 
 
 fleshy, with a brownish-green pulp and juice ; endocarp 
 parchment-like, four-celled, and four-seeded ; the seeds dark 
 brown, triangular convex, furrowed on the back ; odor slight, 
 unpleasant ; taste disagreeable, bitter, and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Rhamnocathartin (amorphous, yellowish), 
 rhamnin (yellowish granules, tasteless, olive-green by ferric 
 salts, yields isodulcit and bright yellow rhamnetin), sugar, 
 gum, tannin ; ash about 3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Cathartic; the expressed juice made into 
 syrup in doses of 10 to 20 grams (f^ij-v). The juice of the 
 green fruit treated with lime or alumina yields sap-green. 
 
 Allied Drugs. — French berries from Rhdmnus infectoria, 
 Linne, and Persian berries from Rhamnus saxitilis, Linne, 
 and other species of Rhamnus are collected unripe, resemble 
 buckthorn berries, but are less wrinkled, internally yellowish, 
 from two- to four-seeded, are employed for dyeing yellow, and 
 contain xanlhorhamnin, C^HjgOjg (crystallizes from alcohol 
 in golden-yellow needles ; glucoside, yields lemon-yellow 
 rhamnetin), and rhamnegin (yellow powder, freely soluble in 
 alcohol). 
 
 EHUS GLABRA.— Sumach. 
 
 Ongin. — Rhus glabra, InnnS. Natural order, Aiia- 
 cardiacese, Anacardiese. 
 
 Habitat. — N^orth America, west to Colorado and Idaho, 
 in barren soil. 
 
 Description. — Subglobular, about 3 millimeters (^ inch) 
 
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CUBEBA — CCBEB. 331 
 
 iu diameter, drupaceous, crimson, densely hairy, containing 
 a roundish-oblong, smooth putamen ; inodorous ; taste 
 acidulous. 
 
 Constituents. — Acid calcium and potassium malates, tan- 
 nin, coloring mattei", etc. 
 
 Properties. — Refrigerant, diuretic, astringent; used 
 mostly as gargle in decoction or fluid extract. 
 
 CUBEBA.— CuBEB. 
 
 Origin. — Piper Cub6ba, LinnS filius (Cub6ba officinalis, 
 Miquet). Natural order, Piperacese, Piperese. 
 
 Habitat. — Java ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Collected unripe. Globular, about 4 to 5 
 millimeters (■^— ^ inch) in diameter, contracted at the base 
 
 Fig. 203. 
 
 Cubeb; fruit. — Natural size and magnified. 
 
 into a stipe about 6 to 8 millimeters {^\ inch) long, reticu- 
 lately wrinkled, blackish-gray, the mesocarp with numer- 
 ous oil cells ; internally whitish and hollow, containing a 
 partly developed depressed globular seed with oil ceils and 
 starch granules ; odor strong spicy ; taste pungently aro- 
 matic. 
 
 Cubeb should not be mixed with the nearly inodorous 
 rachis or stalks. Recently the drug often contained a con- 
 siderable proportion of immature shrivelled cubebs. 
 
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332 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 Allied Fruits. — Cub6ba Lowong, Miquel, and C. "Wal- 
 lichii, Miquel. Closely resembling cubeb. 
 
 Piper (Cub6ba, Miquel) caninum, Dietrich. Fruit smaller 
 than cubeb ; stipe half the length of the globular portion. 
 
 Piper (Cub6ba, Miquel) crassiiies, Korfhals. Fruit larger 
 than cubeb ; pedicel stout and flattish ; odor agreeable ; 
 taste bitter. 
 
 False cubebs of unknown origin. Fruit strongly wrin- 
 kled, gray-brown, odor macelike ; stalk flattened, 4 to 6 
 millimeters (^— J inch) long, about equal to diameter of 
 fruit. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 5 to 15 per cent., resin 3 per 
 cent., cubebic acid 1 to 3 per cent,, cubebin, fat, wax, starch, 
 ash 5-6 per cent. Oil of cubeb is colorless, of spec. grav. 
 0.92, not freely soluble in 80 per cent, alcohol, levogyre, 
 not fulminating ^\•ith iodine, of composition QsHj^, colored 
 red by warm HjSO^. Cubeb resin is amorphous, not pre- 
 cipitated by alcoholic solution of lead acetate Cubebic 
 acid is readily soluble in alkali, alcohol, ether, and chloro- 
 form, is precipitated by lead acetate, amorphous, some of 
 its salts crystalline. Cubebin is ^hite, pearly, crystalline, 
 inodorous, its alcoholic solution bitter. The three last- 
 mentioned compounds are colored red by sulphuric acid. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, local irritant, carminative (vola- 
 tile oil), diuretic (resin and cubebic acid). Dose, ] to 8 
 grams (gr. xv-5ij), in powder, fluid extract, or oleoresin. 
 
 PIPER.— Black Pepper. 
 
 Origin. — Piper nigrum, LinnS. Natural order, Pipera- 
 cese, Piperese. 
 
 Habitat. — India ; cultivated in the tropics. 
 
 Description. — Collected unripe. Globular, about 4 milli- 
 meters (^ inch) in diameter, reticulately wrinkled, brownish- 
 
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PIPEE ALBUM — WHITE PEPPER. 333 
 
 black or grayish-black, the mesocarp with scattered oil cells ; 
 internally lighter, hollow, with a partly tlevcloped embryo ; 
 aromatic and of a spicy hot taste. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 1 to 2 per cent., piperine 6 to 
 8 per cent., volatile alkaloid (probably piperidine) 0.56 per 
 cent., soft, pungent resin or ohavicin (soluble in alkahes, 
 alcohol, and ether), fat 7 per cent., proteids 12 per cent., 
 starch in very small granules, ash 5 per cent. Volatile oil 
 of pepper is colorless, not pungent, of spec. grav. 0.864 and 
 composition Cj^Hij. Commercial oil of black pepper (so 
 called) contains the pungent resin and tat, and is obtained 
 as a by-product in the preparation of piperine. The latter 
 is CjyHigNOj, forms colorless or yclloAvish prisms, is 
 inodorous, of a sh)\vly developed pepiicry taste, soluble in 
 alcohol, ether, and benzol, colored blood-red by HjSO^, and 
 by alcoholic solution of alkalies decomposed into pipcric 
 acid, C^^HitiO^, and jiiperidine, C'sH,,^, which has an 
 ammoniacal and peppery odor. Piperic acid, oxidized with 
 permanganate, yields crystals of piperonal, CgHgOg (arti- 
 ficial heliotropin). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, irritant, tvn'w, febrifuge. Dose, 
 0.3 to 1.5 gram (gr. v-xxij), in powder, confection, or oleo- 
 resin. 
 
 PIPER ALBUM.— WflrpE Pepper. 
 
 Origin. — Piper nigrum, Linne (see above) ; the ripe fruit 
 deprived of epicarp and mesocarp. 
 
 Description. — Globular, smooth, with ten or twelve veins 
 from base to apex, whitish, and, after the removal of the 
 endocarp, reddish-brown ; under the testa an albuminous 
 seed containing small starch grains ; odor and taste pepper- 
 like, less pungent. 
 
 (jonditibents and Properties. — Same as black pepper, but 
 more starch and less ash (1 to 1.5 per cent.). 
 
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334 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 PIMENTA.— Pimento. 
 
 Semen amomi. Allspice. 
 
 Ongin. — Eugenia Pim6nta, De Candolle, s. PimSnta 
 oificinAlis, Lindley. Natural Order, Myrtacese, Myrteae. 
 
 Upbital. — Tropical America ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Collected unripe. Nearly globular, about 
 6 millimeters {\ inch) in diameter, crowned with the short 
 four-parted calyx limb or its remnants and a short style, 
 brownish or brown-gray, granular and glandular, two-celled, 
 each cell with one brown, plano-convex, roundish-reniform 
 seed ; pungently aromatic, clove-like ; the pericarp and 
 embryo conta,in oil cells, the latter also starch grains. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 3 to 4 per cent., resin, fat, 
 tannin, sugar, gum, ash 4 per cent. Oil of pimento has the 
 spec. grav. 1.0374, and contains C15H24 and eugenol. 
 
 ' Properties. — Stomachic, stimulant, carminative. Dose, 
 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder. 
 
 CARYOPHYLLI FEUCTUS.— Mothee Clove. 
 
 AXTHOPHYLLI. 
 
 FiQ. 204. Origin. — Eugenia caryophylldta, Thun- 
 
 berg, s. Caryophy'llus aromdticus, lAnne. 
 Natural order, Myrtacese, Myrtese. 
 
 Habitat. — Molucca Islands ; cultivated in 
 the tropics. 
 
 Description. — Collected while unripe ; 
 oval-oblong, about 20 millimeters (i inch) 
 
 Caryophylli , 1 • , ^ , , , / 
 
 fruetus. ^^'"Sj d'owned With tour calyx teeth, dark 
 brown, two-celled, each cell with one or two 
 seeds ; odor and taste clove-like, mild. 
 [^Oonstituents and Properties. — Similar to cloves. 
 
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COCCULUS INDICUS — FISHBERRY. 335 
 
 COCCULUS. — CoccuLus Indicus. Fishberey. 
 
 Origin — Anamirta Cocculus, Wight et Arnott, s. An. 
 paaiculAta, Colebrook. Natural order, Menispermacese, 
 Tinosporese. 
 
 Habitat. — East India. 
 
 Description — Globular kidney-shaped, about 10 milli- 
 meters (I inch) long and 6 millimeters (^ inch) thick, 
 blackish-brown, wrinkled, the basal and apical scars close 
 
 Fig. 205. 
 
 Cocculus. — Fruit and longitudinal section. 
 
 together and united by a distinct ridge through the ventral 
 notch, and by an obscure ridge around the convex back ; 
 endocarp whitish, thin, on the concave side projecting 
 deeply into the interior ; seed semilunar, oily, veiy bitter ; 
 the pericarp nearly tasteless. 
 
 Constituents. — The pericarp contains menispermine (solu- 
 ble in ether) and paramenispermine (insoluble in ether), two 
 tasteless alkaloids, hypopicrotoxic acid, resin, fat, gum, ash 
 5 per cent. The seed contains picrotoxin, anamirtin (or 
 cqcculin ; not bitter or poisonous ; sparingly soluble in 
 chloroform and benzol), fat, etc. Picrotoxin CjjHj^Oij is 
 bitter, poisonous, colored brick-red by KNOj-f HjSO^, and 
 by fractional crystallization from benzol and water sepa- 
 rated into picrotoxinin, CjjHuOj (32 per cent., poisonous), 
 and picrotin, CjjHjgOj (66 per cent., bitter, not poisonous) ; 
 these three principles are gradually colored yellow and 
 orange-red by H^SO^. 
 
 Properties. — Nervine, sedative. Dose, 0.1 to 0.2 gram 
 
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336 CELLULAK VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 (gr. jss-iij), in powder, of picrotoxin 0.001 gram (-g!j grain); 
 externally in decoction for killing vermin. 
 
 Antidotes. — Emetics ; chloral hydrate ; potassium bro- 
 mide. 
 
 ANACAEDIUM.— Cashew Nut. 
 
 Origin. — AnacArdium occidentdle, LinnL Natural order, 
 Anacardiaceie, Anacardiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America; naturalized in Africa and 
 India. 
 
 Description. — Kidney shaped, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) 
 long, 18 millimeters (| inch) broad, and 10 millimeters (-^ inch) 
 thick, gray-brown, finely punctate ; between the brittle epicarp 
 and endocarp a soft sarcocarp containing a black acrid juice ; 
 seed large, of a mild oily taste, and consisting of a brown 
 testa, two piano- convex white cotyledons of the shape of the 
 fruit, and a short radicle curved under the lower inner edge of 
 the fruit. 
 
 Constituents. — In the pericarp cardol, CjiHguOj (oily, color- 
 less, soluble in alcohol and ether, very acrid and poisonous), 
 auacardic acid, C^^Hj^Oj (hot taste, not vesicating), resin, 
 tannin, gum, etc. ; in the seed a bland fixed oil ; ash about 
 1.5 to 2 per cent. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — The pericarp as a rubefacient, epi- 
 spastic, and caustic ; the seed is edible, likewise the fleshy and 
 acidulous pedicel. 
 
 SEMECARPUS. — Anaoardium Orientale. Oriental 
 Cashew Nut. 
 
 Origin. — Semecarpus Anacdrdium, Linn& filius. Natural 
 order, Anacardiacese, Anacardiese. 
 . Habitat. — East India. 
 
 Description. — Ovate heart shaped, flattish, about 20 milli- 
 meters (|- inch) long, blackish-brown, in the pericarp with a 
 brown acrid juice ; seed white, mild, oily. 
 
 Constituents. — In the pericarp an acrid vesicating oil, 82 
 per cent., perhaps containing cardol. In the seed a bland 
 fixed oil. 
 
 Properties. — Local irritant. 
 
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PRUNDM — PRUNE. 337 
 
 MYEOBALANUS.— Myrobalan. 
 
 Origin. — Terminalia Ch6bula, ReUi^is, and T. bell^rica, 
 Roxburgh. Natural order, Combretacese, Combretese. 
 
 Habitat. — East India. 
 
 Description. — Chebulic myrobalans are oblong, roundish- 
 oval, or pyriform, 3 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) long, 
 more or less distinctly five-angled and five-ribbed, otherwise 
 smooth, orange-colored (smaller and brown or black when 
 collected unripe); sarcocarp of a somewhat resinous fracture ; 
 endocarp hard, resinous-dotted, containing a white oily seed; 
 inodorous, strongly astringent. T. citrina, Roxburgh, yields 
 a very similar fruit. 
 
 Belleric myrobalans are globular or ovoid, 15 to 25 milli- 
 meters (f to 1 inch) long, the surface yellowish felt-like. 
 
 Constituents. — Gallotannic acid 30 to 45 per cent., gallic 
 acid, resin, mucilage. Belleric myrobalans contain from 6 to 
 17 per cent, of tannin. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent; used for tanning purposes and for 
 preparing tannin. 
 
 PRUNUM.— Prune. 
 
 Origin. — Prunus dom^stica, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Rosacese, Prunese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia; cultivated in many varieties. 
 
 Description. — Oblong or subglobular, shrivelled, black- 
 ish-blue, glaucous, the sarcocarp brownish-yellow, sweet 
 and acidulous ; putamen hard, smooth or irregularly 
 ridged ; the seed almond-like, but smaller, and of a bitter 
 taste. For medicinal use the putamen and seed are re- 
 jected. 
 
 Constituents. — In the sarcocarp sugar 12 to 25 per cent., 
 pectin, malic acid, salts ; in the seed fixed oil, amygdalin, 
 emulsin. 
 
 Properties. — The sarcocarp is nutritious and laxative; 
 used as a corrective for senna in decoction and confection. 
 
 15 
 
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338 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DKPGS — FRUITS. 
 
 RUBUS IDiE US.— Raspberry. 
 
 Origin. — Rubus Idse'us, LinnS. Natural order, Rosa- 
 cese, Rubese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Hemispherical, about 12 millimeters (J 
 inch) broad, with a conical cavity from the separation of 
 the receptacle; red, finely hairy, composed of about 25 
 small drupes, which are coalesced at the base and each 
 crowned with the remnant of the style; juicy, of an agree- 
 able odor, and a pleasant acidulous taste. The fruit is used 
 in the fresh state only. 
 
 Riibus strigosus, Michaux, indigenous to North America, 
 south to North Carolina, and west to New Mexico and 
 Manitoba, closely resembles the preceding; the color of 
 the fruit is a lighter red. 
 
 Rubus occident^lis, Linne, has a purplish-black fruit. 
 It is indigenous to North America, west to Oregon and 
 south to Georgia and Texas. 
 
 The blackberries, Riibus villosus, Alton, etc., have the 
 fruit united with the receptacle. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil a trace, citric and malic acids, 
 sugar about 6 per cent., pectin, coloring matter. 
 
 Properties. — Refrigerant, mild laxative, dietetic. 
 
 UVA PASSA.— Raisin. 
 
 Origin. — Vitis vinifera, Linne. Natural order, Ampeli- 
 dese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia; extensively cultivated in South- 
 ern Europe, and in California. 
 
 Description. — Shrivelled and flattened, in the fresh state 
 globular, one-celled berries, brownish, somewhat translucent, 
 sweet, and acidulous. 
 
 Raisins should be freed from the stalks and seeds. 
 Varieties. — Large raisins, Passulse majores, produced in 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
AUEAKTII FRUCTUS — BITTEK ORAN-QE. 339 
 
 Spain, Italy, Asia Minor, and California ; the Sultana raisins 
 are seedless. 
 
 Small raisins, Passulse minores or Corinthian raisins (often 
 called currants), are chiefly exported from Greece. 
 
 Constituents. — In the epicarp tannin and coloring matter ; 
 in the pulp grape sugar, acid potassium tartrate, calcium tar- 
 trate, little malic acid, mucilage, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Nutritive, demulcent, refrigerant, aperient ; 
 used as a corrective and flavor of mucilaginous and bitter 
 drinks, etc. 
 
 DIOSP YROS. —Persimmon. 
 
 Origin. — Diospy'ros virginidna, LinnL Natural order, 
 Ebenacese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, south to Florida and Louisiana, 
 west to Kansas ; in low grounds and woods. 
 
 Description. — Globular or globular-oblong, about 25 milli- 
 meters (1 inch) long, green, smooth, at the base with the four- 
 lobed calyx, at the apex with a short remnant of the style. 
 
 Fig. 206. 
 
 Diospyros. — Fruit and transverse section, natural size. 
 
 six-celled and six-seeded; odor slight, fruit-like; taste very 
 astringent. After exposure to frost the taste is acidulous and 
 sweet. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin, malic acid, pectin. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-g), 
 in infusion or tincture. 
 
 AUEANTII FRUCTUS.— Bitter Orange. 
 
 Origin. — Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Natural order, Eutacese, 
 Aurantiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern India; cultivated and naturalized in 
 subtropical countries. 
 
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340 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DKUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 Description. — 1. Orange berries, Aurantia immatura ; the 
 unripe fruit ; globular or subglobular, 3 to 20 millimeters (J 
 to f inch) in diameter, black-green or brownish, granular 
 rugose; at the base with about ten round depressions foriuing 
 a circular scar ; at the apex with a short remnant of the 
 style ; bard, containing 8 to 12 cells, each with several unde- 
 veloped seeds ; agreeably aromatic, very bitter. 
 
 2. Bitter orange, Aurantii fructus ; the ripe fruit ; of the 
 size and shape of a sweet orange, but externally rougher, 
 orange-red, the juice acidulous and bitter. 
 
 Constituents'. — Volatile oil, hesperidin (somewhat bitter, 
 crystalline glucoside ; soluble in cold alkalies ; insoluble or 
 sparingly soluble in most simple solvents ; yields glucose, 
 isodulcit, and hesperitin, which is sweet and colored red-brown 
 with FcjClj), resin, fat, gum, etc. ; in the seeds limonin (crys- 
 talline, very bitter, precipitated by tannin) ; in the juice citric 
 acid. The volatile oil of orange berries was formerly sold as 
 essence de petit grain (now often made of the leaves), and 
 contains hesperidene, 0,|,Hj5 (like the oil of bitter orange, 
 obtained by grating the epicarp), linalool, CiuHigO, and its 
 acetic ester. Orange berries yield 5 to 6 per cent, of ash. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, stomachic, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 
 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in tincture or wine. The juice of the 
 ripe fruit is also refrigerant. 
 
 BELA. — Bael. Bengal Quince. 
 
 Origin. — A^gle (Cratse'va, Linne) Mdrraelos, Correa. 
 Natural order, Rutacese, Aurantiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Himalaya Mountains ; cultivated in India. 
 
 Description. — Collected while unripe. Globular or subglo- 
 bose, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter, about 
 twelve-celled ; in commerce often in fragments, consisting of 
 a brownish-gray, smooth, hard rind, 2 to 3 millimeters Q^^ to 
 4 inch) thick, to which a hard mucilaginous, somewhat acid- 
 ulous, red-brown and internally whitish pulp is adhering, 
 inclosing oblong flat, woolly seeds; somewhat aromatic; muci- 
 laginous, slightly acidulous, and faintly astringent ; the infu- 
 sion is scarcely affected by iron salts. 
 
 Adulterations. — Garcinia Mangostdna, Linne. Natural 
 order, Guttiferse. Mangosteen rind is thicker than bael rind, 
 deep brown, without adhering pulp, and of an astringent 
 taste ; a radiating sessile stigma is attached to some of the 
 pieces. 
 
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CAPSICUM — CAYENNE PEPPER. 341 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, pectin, sugar, and traces of tannin, 
 bitter principle, and volatile oil ; ash 3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Mild astringent. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. xv- 
 xlv), in infusion or fluid extract. 
 
 LIMON.— Lemon. 
 
 Origin. — Citrus Limonum, Misso. Natural order, Ru- 
 tacese, Aurantiese. 
 
 Habitat. — India ; cultivated in subtropical countries. 
 
 Description. — Used in the fresh state. Oval or obovate 
 with a nipple-shaped apex, about 75 millimeters (3 inches) 
 long, yellow, nearly smooth, but ruggedly glandular ; in- 
 ternally divided into from 8 to 12 cells, each with 2 or 3 
 seeds and containing an acid juice ; the rind fragrant and 
 somewhat bitter (see Limonis cortex). 
 
 Constituents. — Yield of juice 20 to 30 grams (Sv-vijss) ; 
 spec. grav. about 1.04 ; yellowish ; contains 7 to 9 per 
 cent, of citric acid, a little malic acid, and mucilage, and 
 yields not over J per cent, of ash. On keeping lemons 
 for several months, the citric acid is decomposed into sugar 
 and carbonic acid. 
 
 Properties. — Refrigerant. Dose of the juice, 8 to 20 
 grams (3ij-v), diluted with water and as syrup. 
 
 CAPSICUM. — Cayenne Pepper, Bird Pepper. 
 
 Origin. — Capsicum fastigiatum, Blume. Natural order, 
 Solanacese, Solanese. 
 
 Habitat. — Probably tropical America ; cultivated in 
 tropical countries. 
 
 Description — Conical or oblong ovate, from 10 to 20 
 millimeters (f to f inch) long, obtusely pointed, supported 
 by a flattish, cup-shaped five-toothed calyx ; pericarp red, 
 shining, membranous, and translucent, inclosing two cells, 
 
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342 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 and about eighteen flat, reniforra, yellowish seeds attached 
 to a thick central placenta. It has a peculiar odor and an 
 intensely hot taste. 
 
 The fruit of Capsicum dnnuum, lAnnS, is larger, 5 to 8 
 centimeters (2 to 3| .inches) long, oblong-conical, some- 
 times curved or subglobular ; the fruit of C. cerasiforme, 
 Willdenow, is of the size and shape of a cherry. 
 
 Constituents. — Capsaicin, CgHj^Oj, about 0.02 per cent, 
 (mainly in the placenta), fixed oil, fat acids, trace of vola- 
 tile oil, waxy matter, resin, coloring matter, trace of vola- 
 tile alkaloid having the odor of conine, ash 4-5 per cent. 
 Capsaicin is crystalline, colorless, fusible, volatile, ex- 
 tremely acrid, soluble in alcohol, ether, benzol, and fixed 
 oils. T. Pabst (1892) obtained it as an amorphous resin- 
 like acid, to which the red coloring matter persistently 
 adheres. The alkaloid does not exist in the fresh fruit. 
 The free fat acids are oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, stomachic, powerful rubefacient. 
 Bose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij), in powder, infusion, 
 tincture, or oleoresin ; externally in liniments and plasters. 
 
 COLOCYNTHIS.— CoLOCYNTH. 
 
 Origin. — Citriillus (Cucumis, lAnnS) Colocy'nthis, 
 Sehrader. Natural order, Cucurbitacese, Cucumerinese. 
 
 Sahitat. — Southern and Western Asia, Northern and 
 Southern Africa, Greece, and Spain. 
 
 Description. — Deprived of the smooth, light brownish - 
 yellow rind. Globular, 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) 
 in diameter, white or yellowish-white, light, spongy, 
 readily breaking into three wedge-shaped pieces, each con- 
 taining near the rounded surface many flat, ovate, white or 
 brown seeds ; inodorous ; taste intensely bitter. 
 
 The pulp alone (about 30 per cent, of the peeled fruit). 
 
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CASSIA FISTULA — PURGING CASSIA. 
 
 343 
 
 deprived of the seeds, should be employed. Hard and 
 dark-colored coloeynth should be rejected. 
 
 Constituents. — Colocynthin, about 0.6 per cent., resin, 
 colocynthitin (tasteless crystalline resin), pectin, gum, 11 
 per cent, ash ; no starch. Colocynthin is yellow, amor- 
 phous, or crystalline, soluble in water and alcohol, very 
 
 Fig. 207. 
 
 Peeled Coloeynth. — Longitudinal and transverse section. 
 
 bitter, and splits into sugar and resinous colocynthein. 
 The seeds contain little bitter principle, 17 per cent, of 
 fixed oil, no starch, 6 per cent, of albuminoids, and 2.5 to 
 3 per cent, of ash. 
 
 Properties. — Drastic purgative, in overdoses emetic and 
 irritant poison. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij), in 
 powder, tincture, or extract. 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuants; demulcents; opium ; stimulants. 
 
 CASSIA FISTULA.— Purging Cassia. 
 
 Origin. — Cassia (Cathartocarpus, Persoon) Fistula, 
 LinnS. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesalpinese, Cassiese. 
 
 Habitat. — East India; naturalized in tropical Africa 
 and America. 
 
 Description. — Cylindrical, 45 to 60 centimeters (18 to 
 24 inches) long, nearly 25 millimeters (1 inch) in diame- 
 ter ; pericarp blackish-brown, woody, somewhat veined, the 
 
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344 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS FRUITS. 
 
 sutures smooth, forming two longitudinal bands, the ven- 
 tral band with a shallow groove, and the dorsal one with a 
 fine ridge; indehiscent; internally divided transversely 
 into numerous cells, each containing an ovate, flattish, red- 
 dish-brown and glossy seed imbedded in a blackish-brown 
 sweet pulp ; odor resembling prunes. 
 
 Fig. 208. 
 
 fc4.1 
 
 Cassia Fistula. — Part of pod, natural size. 
 
 Other Varieties. — Cassia moschata, Kunth, of New 
 Granada, perhaps also C. baccildris, Linni filius, of Suri- 
 nam. 30 to 50 centimeters (12 to 20 inches) long, about 
 15 millimeters (f inch) thick; often curved; the pericarp 
 aud pulp of a lighter color than in Cassia Fistula. 
 
 Cassia brasilidna, Lamarck, s. C. gr^ndis, LinnS filius, 
 of Brazil. 60 centimeters (24 inches) or more loug, later- 
 ally compressed, about 40 millimeters (l^ inches) broad, 
 black-brown, coarsely veined, the sutures prominent. 
 
 Constituents. — Tiie pulp (yield about 30 per cent.) con- 
 
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 ...SSM 
 
PAPAVER. — POPPY.. 345 
 
 tains sugar 60 per cent., mucilage, pectin, albuminoids, 
 salts (calcium oxalate). 
 
 Properties. — Laxative. Dose, 4 to 10 grams (3j-ijss) ; 
 used for confection of senna. 
 
 CERATONIA.— St. John's Bread. 
 
 Siliqua dulcis. 
 
 Origin. — Cerat6nia Siliqua, Linni. Natural order, Legu- 
 minoBse, Csesalpiniese, Cassieae. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe. 
 
 Description. — Broadly linear, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) 
 long, 2 centimeters (f inch) broad, and 4 millimeters (\ inch) 
 thick, flat, thickened and grooved on the edges ; epicarp 
 leathery, brown, glossy ; sarcocarp red-brown, pulpy ; inter- 
 nally divided transversely into from 6 to 12 cells, each con- 
 taining an ovate, flattish, glossy brown hard seed; odor 
 sweetish, taste mucilaginous and sweet. 
 
 Constituents. — Sugar 40 to 50 per cent., mucilage, pectin, 
 albuminoids, isobutyric acid 0.6 per cent., little tannic, 
 capronic, and other acids. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, laxative ; used as an addition to 
 expectorant mixtures. 
 
 PAPAVEE.— Poppy. 
 
 Origin. — Papaver somniferum, Linne. Natural order, 
 Papaveracese, Papavereee. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — The capsules are collected when nearly ripe 
 and freed from the seeds. Globular-ovate or ovate-oblong, 
 grayish green or light yellowish-brown, smooth, crowned with 
 the sessile, peltate, many-rayed stigma, one-celled, but on the 
 inner surface furnished with numerous vertical projecting 
 placentas ; of a slight odor and bitter taste. 
 
 Constituents. — Alkaloids in variable proportion, from traces 
 to 0.10, occasionally as much as 2 per cent, consisting of 
 morphine, narcotine, rhoeadine, narceine, codeine, and papa- 
 verosine ; little meconic acid ; citric and tartaric acids, muci- 
 lage, wax, ash about 14 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Anodyne, hypnotic, sedative. Dose, 1 to 2 
 grams (gr. xv-xxx), in decoction, syrup, and extract ; exter- 
 nally as poultice. 
 
 15* 
 
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346 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 Fig. 209. 
 
 Black. White. Depressed. 
 
 Poppy capsules and seeds (a, natural size; b, magnified). 
 
 CHENOPODIUM.— WoEMSBED. 
 
 Origin. — Chenopodium ambrosoides, Linne, var. aiithel- 
 minticum, Gray. Natural oi-der, Chenopodiacese, Euchen- 
 opodiese. 
 
 Habitat. — West Indies and Central America; naturalized 
 in the United States. 
 
 Description. — Nearly 2 millimeters {-^^ inch) in diameter, 
 depressed globular, glandular, dull greenish or brownish, 
 the integuments friable, containing a lenticular, obtusely- 
 edged, glossy, black seed, with a strongly curved embryo ; 
 odor peculiar, somewhat terebinthinate ; taste bitterish, 
 pungent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.91, consists of 
 C,„H., and C,„H,,0. 
 
 Properties. — Anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 3 grams (gr. 
 xv-xlv), in powder or electuary ; the volatile oil 5 to 10 
 or 15 drops. 
 
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ILLICIUM — STARANISE. 347 
 
 XANTHOXYLI FRUCTUS.— Peickly Ash Fruit. 
 
 Origin. — Xanth6xylum (Zanthoxylura) carolini^num, Lam- 
 bert (X. Cldva-H^rculis, L.), and X. fraxineum, Willdenow 
 (X. aiiiericd.num, Miller). Natural order, Rutacese, Zan- 
 thoxyleae. 
 
 Habitat. — United States ; the first species near the coast 
 from Virginia to Eastern Texas ; the second species in rocky 
 woods in the Northern and Central States. 
 
 Description. — Two or three carpels sessile on the thin re- 
 ceptacle (X. carolinianum), or three to five carpels upon short 
 stalks from the thin peduncle (X. fraxineum) ; each capsule 
 somewhat obliquely globular, 4 or 5 millimeters (^ or ^inch) 
 in diameter; pericarp brown -greenish or yellowish-brown, 
 pitted and somewhat wrinkled, firm, two-valved, dehiscent by 
 the inner suture and the upper half of the outer suture, valves 
 spreading ; each carpel contains one subglobular, or two some- 
 what flattened, black, glossy, and more or less wrinkled seeds, 
 with a crustaceous testa inclosing a white fleshy albumen and 
 embryo ; odor somewhat aromatic ; taste pleasantly pungent, 
 the seeds slightly bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, resin, fat. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. xv- 
 xxx). 
 
 ILLICIUM.— Staeanise. 
 
 Origin. — Iliicium verum, Hooker filius. Natural order, 
 Magnoliacese, Winterese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Anam. 
 
 Description. — Eight follicles, stellately arranged around 
 a central column about 5 millimeters {^ inch) long ; carpels 
 12 to 15 millimeters (* to | inch) long, boat-shaped, some- 
 what woody, wrinkled, with a straight beak, rusty-brown, 
 split along the upper suture; internally red-brown and 
 glossy, containing a flattish, oval, glossy brown seed ; odor 
 anise-like ; taste sweet, aromatic ; the seeds oily. 100 parts 
 of fruit yield 78 parts of capsules and 22 parts of seed. 
 
 Adulteration. — Iliicium religiosum, Siebold, indigenous 
 to China and Corea, cultivated in Japan. Shikimi fruit. 
 
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348 OELLULAK VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 Poisonous. The fruit resembles the preceding, but the car- 
 pels are more woody, shrivelled and wrinkled, and have a 
 
 Fig. 210. Fig. 211. 
 
 lUicium anisatum. Illicium religiosum. 
 
 thin beak, mostly turned upward, a faintly aromatic, some- 
 what clove-like odor, and a disagreeable taste. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (from the capsules 5.3 per 
 cent., from the seeds 1.8 per cent.), fat (from the capsules 
 2.8 per cent., from the seeds 20 per cent.), saponin, proto- 
 catechuic acid, shikimic acid, CyHj^Oj (crystalline, not 
 poisonous), resin, mucilage, ash about 2 per cent. The 
 volatile oil differs slightly from that of anise fruit in odor 
 and taste, and also in that it usually congeals, if at rest, at 
 about 1° G. (34° F.), the temperature rising to about 10° C. 
 (50° F.) ; it acquires a pale brown color with an alcoholic 
 solution of HCl ; it consists chiefly of anethol, CjjHjjO, 
 with small quantities of terpenes, safrol, ethylester of 
 hydroquinone, anisic acid, etc. 
 
 Shikimi (Sikimi) fruit contains 0.44 per cent, of non- 
 solidifying volatile oil, spec. grav. 1.006, shikimic acid, 
 sikimipicrin (crystalline, bitter), and sikimin, the poisonous 
 crystalline principle, soluble in alcohol, glacial acetic acid, 
 ether, and chloroform; sparingly soluble in water and 
 alkali ; insoluble in benzin. The volatile oil contains safrol 
 and eugenol. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, anodyne, stimulant, diuretic. 
 
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CARDAMOMUM — OAKDAMOM. 
 
 349 
 
 Dose, 0.5 to 1.6 grains (gr. viij-xxiij) ; mostly used for 
 flavoring. 
 
 CARDAMOMUM.— Cardamom. 
 
 Origin. — Elett4ria(A]pinia, Roxburgh, Amomum, White) 
 Cardamomum, Maton. Natural order, Scitaminesa, Zingi- 
 berese. 
 
 Habitat. — Malabar ; cultivated in India. 
 
 Fia. 212. 
 
 Fig. 214. 
 
 Malabar Cardamom. — a, short; 
 b, medium ; c, long. 
 
 Fig. 213. 
 
 Ceylon Cardamom. — a, capsules j 
 Cardamom seed. — Transverse and J, transverse section of capsule; c, 
 longitudinal section, magnified 5 seeds : d, section of seed with em- 
 diam. bryo, magnified. 
 
 Description. — Ovoid or oblong, from 1 to 2 centimeters 
 (f to ^ inch) long, obtusely triangular, rounded at the base, 
 short-beaked, longitudinally striate, of a pale buff color, 
 three-celled, with a thin, leathery, nearly tasteless pericarp 
 and a central placenta ; seeds about 20, about 4 millimeters 
 (^ inch) long, reddish-brown, irregularly angular, trans- 
 
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350 CELLULAE VEGETABLE DEUGS — FEUITS. 
 
 versely rugose, depressed at the hilum, surrounded by a 
 thin membranous arillus, of an agreeable odor, and a pun- 
 gent aromatic taste ; the integuments nearly tasteless. 1 00 
 parts of fruit yield 22 parts of capsules and 78 parts of 
 seeds. 
 
 Varieties. — Malabar Cardamom, the most esteemed, of a 
 light buff color, plump. 
 
 Aleppy Cardamom, mostly short, of a greenish tint. 
 
 Madras Cardamom, of a pale color, oblong, somewhat 
 attenuated above. 
 
 The following varieties are of a somewhat different and 
 inferior flavor : 
 
 Ceylon Cardamom, from Elett^ria major, Smith, s. E. 
 Cardamomiun, var. /5. Nearly 40 millimeters (1| inches) 
 long, triangular, prolonged into a beak about 1 5 millimeters 
 (|- inch) long, dark gray-brown. 
 
 Round Cardamom, globular or globular-ovate, from 
 Amomum Cardamomum, Linni, of Siam and Java, and 
 Am. globosum, Loureiro, of China 
 
 Bengal Cardamom, from Amomum aromaticum, Rox- 
 burgh, near the apex with 9 wings. 
 
 Winged Java Cardamom, from Am. maximum, Rox- 
 burgh, with from 9 to 12 wings from base to apex. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 4 to 5 per cent., fixed oil 10 
 to 11 per cent., starch in minute granules, albuminoids, 
 mucilage, ash about 6 per cent., and in Ceylon cardamom 
 15 per cent , containing 0.8 per cent, of manganese. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stomachic, stimulant. Dose, 
 0.3 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in powder, infusion, or tincture. 
 
 VANILLA.— Vanilla. 
 
 Origin. — Vanilla planifolia, Andrews. Natural order, 
 Orchidese, Neottiese. 
 
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VANILLA. 351 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Mexico, in hot damp woods ; culti- 
 vated in the tropics. 
 
 Description. — Collected before ripe ; the color and aroma 
 developed by sweating. Linear, obscurely triangular, from 
 15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) long, narrowed and 
 bent or hooked at the base, rather oblique at the apex, 
 wrinkled, somewhat warty, dark brown, glossy, leathery, 
 one-celled, containing a blackish-brown fragrant pulp with 
 numerous minute black seeds and more or less acicular 
 crystals. 
 
 Varieties. — Mexican Vanilla, the finest quality. 
 
 Bourbon Vanilla, rather shorter and lighter than the 
 preceding, the odor suggestive of tonka. 
 
 Venezuelan Vanilla, about 10 centimeters (4 inches) 
 long, thick ; resembling tonka in odor ; probably from 
 Vanilla guian6nsis, Splitberger. 
 
 Brazilian Vanilla, vanillon, from Vanilla Pompona, 
 Schiede, longer and thicker than the preceding ; of an in- 
 ferior vanilla odor ; contains about 0.5 per cent, vanilliu. 
 
 Constituents. — Vanillin, CgHjOj (1.7 per cent, in Mexican, 
 2 per cent, in Bourbon, and 2.75 in Java vanilla, in the 
 last two associated with odorous oil), fixed oil 1 1 per cent., 
 resin, sugar, mucilage, ash 4 to 5 per cent. Vanillin is the 
 aldehyd of methyl-protocatechuic acid, and is prepared 
 artificially from coniferin (in the sap-wood of pines), car- 
 bolic acid, eugenol, and guaiacol. It forms colorless 
 needles, melts at 81° C. ; is easily soluble in alcohol, 
 ether, and chloroform, also in carbon disulphide and water; 
 combines with bases, and the solution is colored blue or 
 green with FcgClj. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, aphrodisiac, anti- 
 hysteric. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in powder, 
 tincture, or syrup. 
 
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352 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 HORDEI FEUCTUS.— Barley. 
 
 Origin. — Hordeum distichum, Linni. Natural order, 
 Graminese, Hordeese. 
 
 Habitat. — Probably Western Asia; cultivated. 
 
 Besoription. — Elliptic, about 9 millimeters (f inch) long, 
 tapering toward both ends, and somewhat truncate, flattish 
 upon the back, somewhat angled on the sides, with a groove 
 along the front, smooth and grayish-yellow from the adhe- 
 rent palese, after their removal pale brownish; iiericarp 
 coalesced with the testa, and inclosing a layer of gluten, 
 covering the central parenchyme filled with starch ; taste 
 farinaceous. 
 
 Maltum. — Malt is barley germinated until the thin germ 
 reaches nearly the length of the fruit, then dried ; taste 
 sweetish. Loss in weight from 10 to 20 per cent. 
 
 Ccmstituents. — Barley : starch 60-68, proteids 12-16, fat 
 3, ash 3 per cent., little sugar. 
 
 Malt : diastase, dextrin, sugar, starch, etc. ; about 60 to 
 65 per cent, soluble in water. 
 
 Properties. — Nutritious. 
 
 LAPPJE FEUCTUS.— BuKDOCK Fruit. 
 
 Origin. — A'rctium Lappa, IAnn& (Ldppa ofEcind,lis, Alloini). 
 Natural order, Compositse, Cynaroidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Europe ; naturalized in North America, 
 in waste places. 
 
 Description. — Obovate-oblong, about 6 millimeters (} inch) 
 long, somewhat curved and angled, roughish-wrinkled, brown- 
 gray, easily deprived of the short stifi'-hairy pappus ; inodo- 
 rous, bitter. 
 
 The fruit of Silybum mariinum, Gaertner, or Marythistle 
 of Southern Europe, is of similar appearance, obovate, about 
 5 millimeters (-^ inch) long, flattish, smooth, mucilaginous, 
 and somewhat bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Bitter principle (white glucoside, granular,, 
 soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform), fixed oil, resin. 
 
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CORIANDBUM — CORIANDER. 353 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, in psoriasis. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
 xv-xxx), in tincture. 
 
 CANNABIS.— Hempseed. 
 
 Origin. — Cannabis sativa, Linne. Natural order, Urtica- 
 cese, Gannabinese. 
 
 ffabitat. — Asia ; cultivated in many countries. 
 
 Description. — Oval or subglobular, about 4 millimeters (i 
 inch) long, slightly compressed, with a whitish keel on the 
 margin ; testa greenish-gray or brownish, veined, glossy, brit- 
 tle, inclosing a single oily seed ; odor slight ; taste oily and 
 sweet. 
 
 Constituents. — Greenish drying oil 30 per cent., albuminoids 
 24 per cent., sugar, mucilage, resin, ash 5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent and anodyne in the form of emul- 
 sion ; mostly used for obtaining the oil. 
 
 CORIANDRUM.— Coriander. 
 
 Origin. — Coridndrum sativum, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Umbelliferse, Caucalineee. 
 
 Habitat. — Central Asia and Southern Europe; culti- 
 vated. 
 
 FiQ. 215. 
 
 Coriandrum.— Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam. ; 
 transverse section, magnified 8 diam. 
 
 DesorHption. — Globular, 4 or 5 millimeters (^ or ^ inch) 
 in diameter, crowned with the calyx teeth, brownish- 
 yellow, smooth; the two raericarps cohering, inclosing a 
 
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354 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 lenticular cavity, and each furnished on the face with two 
 oil-tubes, and on the back with five wavy slightly raised 
 ribs and with four rather more prominent ridges; odor 
 and taste agreeably aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil J to 1 per cent., fat 13 per 
 cent., mucilage, ash 5 per cent. The volatile oil contains 
 dextropinene and coriandrol, Cj„HjgO, the latter boiling at 
 195° C. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 
 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij— xxx). 
 
 CONII FRUCTUS.— CoNiuM Fruit, Hemlock Fruit. 
 
 Origin. — Conium maculatum, Linne. Natural order, 
 Umbelliferse, Araminese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Asia ; naturalized in North 
 America. 
 
 Description. — The fruit is gathered when full grown, 
 while yet green. About 3 millimeters {^ inch) long, 
 
 Conium. — Fniit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam.; 
 transvei-se, section, magnified 8 diam. 
 
 broadly ovate, laterally compressed, gray-green, smooth, 
 often divided into the two mericarps, and these with five 
 crenate ribs, without oil-tubes, and containing a seed which 
 is grooved on the face ; odor and taste slight ; triturated 
 with solution of potassa, a strong disagreeable odor is 
 given off. 
 
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ANISUM — ANISE. 355 
 
 Constituents. — Conine, CjH^N, ^-J per cent., methyl- 
 conine, CgHjjCHjN, conydrine and pseudoconydrine, 
 OjHijNO, little volatile oil, fixed oil, ash 6 per cent. 
 Conine is colorless, oily, of spec. grav. 0.88, boiling-point 
 166° C. (331° F.), of a disagreeable odor and an acrid 
 taste, soluble in alcohol, ether, and water, less in hot 
 water. Methylconine resembles conine. Conydrine is in 
 iridescent scales, melts at 120.6° C. (249° F.), boils at 
 224.5° C. (436° F.), is less poisonous than conine, and 
 with PjOj, yields poisonous coniceine, CjHuN. Pseudo- 
 conydrine melts at 100° C, and boils at 230° C. (146° F.). 
 
 Properties. — Sedative, narcotic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram 
 (gr. jss-v) ; of conine, 0.005 gram (gr. ^). 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuants (stomach pump, emetics) ; astrin- 
 gents; stimulants; friction of extremities. 
 
 ANISUM.— Anise. 
 
 Origin. — PimpinSlla Auisum, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Umbelliferse, Amminese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia, Egypt, Southeastern Europe; 
 cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Four or 5 millimeters {\-\ inch) long, 
 ovate, compressed at the sides, grayish, finely hairy, and 
 consisting of two mericarps, each with a flat face, five 
 light brownish filiform ridges, and about fifteen or more 
 thin oil-tubes ; odor agreeable, aromatic ; ta.ste sweet, 
 spicy. 
 
 Italian anise often contains a small quantity of the fruit 
 of conium, which is usually in separate mericarps, smooth, 
 grooved upon the face, and has no oil-tubes. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil l|-3 per cent., fixed oil 3-4 
 per cent., sugar, mucilage, ash about 7 per cent. Oil of 
 anise is colorless or yellowish, of spec. grav. 0.98, and 
 
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356 CELLULAB VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 congeals, if at rest, at about 1 0° C. (50° F.), the tempera- 
 ture rising to about 15° C. (59° F.). With alcoholic solu- 
 tion of HCl it affords a pink color. It consists chiefly of 
 
 Fig. 217. 
 
 Auisum. — Fruit and longitudinal section, magnified 3 diam. ; 
 transverse section, magnified 8 diatn. 
 
 anethol, C^„B.^fi, having the melting-point 21° C. (70° F.), 
 and spec. grav. 0.986 at 25° C. (77° F.). 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 
 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, spirit, volatile oil. 
 
 APIUM — Celery Feuit. 
 
 Origin. — A'pium grav6olens, lAnnL Natural order, Um- 
 belliferse, Amminese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — About 1 millimeter (^ inch) long, roundish- 
 ovate, laterally compressed, brown, smooth, mostly divided 
 into the two mericarps, and these with 6 filiform ribs, flat on 
 the face, and containing about 12 oil-tubes; aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, spec. grav. 0.88, fixed oil, muci- 
 lage. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, used for flavoring. 
 
 PETROSELINUM.— Parsley Fruit. 
 
 Origin. — Cdrum (A'pium, LinnS) Petroselinum, Baillon 
 (Petroselinum sativum, Hoffmami). Natural order, XJmbelli- 
 ferse, Amminese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant, Southern Europe, extensively cultivated. 
 
 Description, — About 2 millimeters (-j*^ inch) long, ovate, 
 
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FCBNICULUM — FENNEL. 357 
 
 laterally compressed, greenish- or brownish-gray, smooth, 
 mostly divided into the two mericarps, and these with 5 fili- 
 form pale-colored ribs, flat on the face, and containing 6 oil- 
 tubes ; aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil IJ to 3 per cent., fixed oil 12 
 per cent., resin 5 per cent., apiin, apiol, mucilage, ash 7 per 
 cent. The crude volatile oil contains much stearopten, vola- 
 tilizing with difficulty. Pure apiol, CuH^Oj, forms long 
 needles, has. a faint parsley odor, spec. grav. 1.015, melting 
 point 30° C. (86° F.), boiling point 294° C, soluble readily in 
 alcohol and ether, in H^SO^ with blood-red color, with HNO3 
 yields oxalic acid. Apiin is tasteless, crystallizes in silky 
 needles, with hot water forms a jelly, and with acids yields 
 glucose and apigenin. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 
 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or spirit. Im- 
 pure apiol, 0.2 to 0.5 gram (gr. iij-viij), was recommended 
 as a febrifuge. 
 
 A.TOWAN.— Ajowan. 
 
 Origin. — Cdrum (Ptych6tis, De CandoUe) A'jowan, Ben- 
 fham et Hooker. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Amminese. 
 
 Habitat. — India, Persia, Egypt. 
 
 Description. — About 2 millimeters Qf^ inch) long, ovate, 
 laterally compressed, gray-brown, rough and finely warty, 
 usually divided into the two mericarps, and these with five 
 thin ribs, flat on the face, and with 6 oil-tubes ; odor aro- 
 matic, thyme-like ; taste pungent, aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 5 to 6 per cent. (spec. grav. 
 0.896 ; contains cymene, CuHj^, and thymol, C,„H,jO), ash 
 about 10 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant ; used for preparing 
 thymol. 
 
 FCEmCULUM.— Fennel. 
 
 Origin. — Foeniculum vulgdre, Gaertner, s. F. capilla- 
 ceum, GHlibert. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Seselinese. 
 
 Hahitai. — Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Oblong, nearly cylindrical, slightly curved, 
 5 or 6 millimeters (^ or \ inch) long, brownish or green- 
 ish-brown ; readily separable into the two mericarps, and 
 these with five light brown conspicuous obtuse ribs, 4 oil- 
 
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358 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS FRUITS. 
 
 tubes on the back and 2 or 4 oil-tubes upon the flat face ; 
 odor and taste aromatic, anise-like. 
 
 Varieties. — Saxon or German Fennel, described above. 
 
 Roman Fennel. Larger than the preceding, 8 to 12 
 millimeters (J to J inch) long. 
 
 FiQ. 218. 
 
 Foeniculum. — Fruit, 3 diam. ; transverse section, 8 diam. 
 
 Bitter Fennel, collected in Southern France from wild 
 growing plants ; smaller, 3 to 5 millimeters (J to ^ inch) 
 long ; taste bitterish and spicy. 
 
 Constituents. — ^Volatile oil 2 to 6 per cent., fixed oil 12 
 per cent., sugar, mucilage, ash about 7 per cent. Oil of 
 fennel is colorless or yellowish, sweet, of spec. grav. 0.97, 
 congeals below 10° C. (50° F.), and contains phellandrene, 
 CiijHjg, and both solid and liquid anethol. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, stomachic, galacta- 
 gogue. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij— xxx), in powder, 
 spirit, volatile oil. 
 
 PHELLANDRIUM.— Watee-deopwort. 
 
 Five-leaved water hemlock. 
 
 Origin. — CEniinthe PhelUndrium, Lamarck, s. Phelldn- 
 drium aqu^ticum, Linne. Natural order, Umbelliterae, Se- 
 selinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Northern Asia. 
 
 Description. — Oblong or oblong-ovate, 4 or 5 millimeters 
 (^ to \ inch) long, nearly terete, brown or blackish-brown, 
 smooth, each mericarp with five broad and obtuse ribs, four 
 
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CAE0M — CARAWAY. 
 
 359 
 
 narrow grooves, and 6 oil-tubes ; odor caraway-like, but un- 
 pleasant ; taste aromatic bitter, somewhat acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 1 to IJ per cent., fixed oil, resin, 
 mucilage, ash about 8 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic. 
 Dose, 1 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. xv-xxx-gj), in powder or infu- 
 sion. 
 
 CUMINUM.— Cumin Fruit. 
 
 Origin. — Cuminum Gjminum, LinnL Natural order, TJm- 
 belliferse, Caucalinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northeastern Africa ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Oblong, 5 or 6 millimeters {\ or i inch) long, 
 narrowed at both ends, laterally compressed, brown, rough- 
 Fro. 219. 
 
 Cumin. — Fruit and longitudinal section, 3 diam. ; transverse 
 section, 8 diam. 
 
 hairy ; each mericarp with 5 filiform yellowish ribs, 4 broader 
 ones of a brown color, and 6 oil-tubes ; odor and taste peculiar, 
 somewhat like caraway. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 1 to 3 per cent., fixed oil, resin, 
 mucilage, ash 8 per cent. Oil of cumin is of spec. grav. 0.92, 
 and consists chiefly of cymol or cymene, CioHn, and cuminol 
 or cuminaldehyd, CuH^O. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, antispasmodic. Dose, 
 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder or volatile oil. 
 
 CARUM.— Caraway. 
 
 Origin. — Cdrum Cdrui, LinnL Natural order, Umbel- 
 liferae, Am'minese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central and Western Asia; cultivated. 
 
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360 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 Description. — Oblong, laterally compressed, 4 or 5 milli- 
 meters (^ or ^ inch) long, brown, smooth, usually sepa- 
 rated into the two mericarps, and these curved, narrower 
 at both ends, with five pale-colored filiform ribs, and with 
 
 Fig. 220. 
 
 Carum. — Fruit and longitudinal section, 3 diam. ; transverse 
 section, 8 diam. 
 
 six oil-tubes ; seed upon transverse section pentagonal ; 
 odor aromatic, agreeable ; taste sweetish, spicy. 
 
 Constituents. — ^Volatile oil 5 to 7 per cent., fixed oil, 
 resin, sugar, mucilage, little tannin, ash 5 per cent. Oil 
 of caraway has the spec. grav. 0.96, and consists of car- 
 vene, CuHu, and chiefly of carvol, Cj^Hj^O (boiling-point 
 227° C). A strong solution of the oil in alcohol mixed 
 with ammonia and treated with HjS, yields white needles 
 of(Q„Hj,0),H,S. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 
 to 2 grams (gr. viij— xxx), in powder, infusion, spirit, and 
 volatile oil. 
 
 ANETHUM.— Dill. 
 
 Origin. — Anethum (Peuceddnum, Hiern) grav^olens, Linne. 
 Natural order, Umbelliferse, Peucedanese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Oblong or oval, about 4 millimeters {\ inch) 
 long, dorsally compressed, brown, smooth, usually separated 
 into the two thin mericarps, and these with six oil-tubes 
 and with five ribs, of which three are filiform and the two 
 
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AUEANTII CORTEX — ORANGE PEEL. 361 
 
 lateral ones broadly winged and light-colored ; odor and taste 
 spicy, caraway-like. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 3 to 4 per cent., fixed oil, muci- 
 lage. Oil of dill has the spec. grav. 0.87, and contains 60 
 
 Fio. 221. 
 
 Anethum. — Fruit, 3 diam. ; transverse section, 5 diam. 
 
 per cent, anethene, CmHjg (of a lemon-like odor, and boiling 
 point 170° C), 10 per cent, of terpene, CjjHj^ (boiling point 
 155° C), and 30 per cent, of carvol. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 
 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, infusion, or volatile oil. 
 
 OAEOTA.— Carrot Fruit. 
 
 Origin. — Dadcus Carota, Linne. Natural order, Umbel- 
 liferse, Caucalinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern Asia and Europe; naturalized in 
 North America ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — About 4 millimeters (^ inch) long, oval, 
 dorsally compressed, gray-brown, each mericarp with six 
 thin oil-tubes and with nine ribs, of which five are hairy and 
 four beset with long spiny bristles ; odor slightly aromatic ; 
 taste pungent. 
 
 The fruit is collected from wild plants. 
 
 Constituents. — Trace of volatile oil, fixed oil. The vola- 
 tile oil consists of Ci|,H,5 and CioH,gO, the latter probably 
 identical with ciaeol. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
 xv-xxx), in infusion. 
 
 AUEANTII COETEX.— Oeange Peel. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Citrus vulgaris, Risso, bitter orange. 2. 
 Citrus Aur^ntium, Risso, sweet orange. Natural order, 
 
 Eutacese, Aurantiese. 
 
 16 
 
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362 CELLUIiAB VEGETABLE DRUGS — FB0ITS. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern India; cultivated in subtropical 
 countries. 
 
 Deseription. — Narrow thin bands, the epidermis glandu- 
 lar and dark brownish-green (Aurantii amari cortex), or 
 
 Fig. 222. 
 
 Orange peel. — Tranaverse section, magnified 65 diam. 
 
 orange-yellow (Aurantii dulcis cortex), and with very little 
 of the spongy white inner layer adhering to it ; odor fra- 
 grant ; taste aromatic and bitter, or, in the sweet orange 
 peel, faintly bitter. In commerce frequently met with in 
 curved elliptical sections, about 75 milKmeters (3 inches) 
 long, with a rather thick layer of the white zest. The 
 epicarp consists under the epidermal layer of parenchyme 
 containing numerous large oil-cells and distant delicate 
 vascular bundles. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, hesperidin (see Aurantii 
 fructus ; in the white zest a principle giving a black color 
 with ferric salts ; ash 4-5 per cent. Oil of bitter orange 
 peel (essence de Bigarade) and oil of sweet orange peel 
 
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POMEGRANATE BIND. 363 
 
 (essence de Portugal) consist mainly of hesperidene, C,„Hig, 
 with a small portion of geranial, CijH,gO, having a strong 
 orange odor, and boiling at 225° C. (437° F.). 
 • Properties. — Stimulant, tonic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
 xv-xxx), in infusion or tincture. The volatile oil used for 
 flavoring and in perfumes. 
 
 LIMONIS CORTEX.— Lemon Peel. 
 
 Origin. — Citrus Limonum, Risso. Natural Order, 
 Rutacese, Aurantiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern India; cultivated in subtropical 
 countries. 
 
 Description. — JSTarrovv thin bands, the epidermis deep 
 lemon-yeUow and ruggedly glandular, and with very little 
 of the spongy white inner layer adhering to it ; odor fra- 
 grant; taste aromatic bitterish. In commerce frequently 
 met with in curved elliptical sections with a rather thick 
 layer of white zest. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, hesperidin, principle reacting 
 black with ferric salts, ash 4 per cent. Oil of lemon is 
 pale yellow, of spec. grav. 0.87, and consists mainly of 
 several hydrocarbons, C,|,Hi5, with a little cymene, Ci„Hj^, 
 a compound ether, and citral, C,jH,50, boiling at 228° C, 
 and chemically identical with geranial. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant ; used for its flavor. 
 
 GRANATI FEUCTUS CORTEX.— Pomegranate Rind. 
 
 Origin. — Pdnica Gran^tum LintiL Natural order, Lyth- 
 rariese, Lythrese. 
 
 Habitat. — India and Southwestern Asia; cultivated and 
 naturalized in subtropical countries. 
 
 Description. — In irregular curved brittle fragments, 1 or 
 2 millimeters (^ to ^ inch) thick, some of them with the 
 tubular six- to nine-toothed calyx attached; externally 
 
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364 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — FRUITS. 
 
 roughish - tubercular and reddish -brown ; inner surface 
 lighter colored, marked with depressions ; fracture granu- 
 lar ; inodorous ; taste astringent. 
 
 Fig. 223. 
 
 Fruit of Punica Granatum. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 28 per cent., gum, little sugar, ash 
 6 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, anthelmintic. Dose, 1 to 2 grams 
 (gr. xv-xxx), in powder or decoction. 
 
 TAMARINDUS.— Tamarind. 
 
 Pulpa tamarindoriim. 
 
 Origin. — Tamarindus indica, LinnS, s. T. officinalis, 
 Hooker. Natural order, Leguminosse, Csesalpiniese, Am- 
 herstiese. 
 
 Habitat.- — India and tropical Africa ; naturalized in the 
 West Indies. 
 
 Description. — The indehiscent legume is flattish, from 5 
 to 15 centimeters (2-6 inches) long, and about 25 millime- 
 ters (1 inch) broad ; the gray-brown pericarp having a 
 corky texture is removed, and the remainder constitutes 
 commercial tamarind. A reddish-brown, sweet, acidulous, 
 pulpy, rather tough mass, containing strong somewhat 
 branching fibres, and polished brown flattish subquadran- 
 gular seeds, each inclosed in a tough membrane. 
 
 Varieties. — West Indian tamarinds ; described above ; 
 the inner part of the fruit is mixed with syrup. 
 
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SEEDS — SEMINA. 365 
 
 East Indian lamarinds ; usually preserved without syrup ; 
 tough, dark-colored masses, of a strong acid taste. 
 
 Egyptian tamarinds; preserved without sugar, formed 
 into cakes, and dried ; hard flattish acid cakes, frequently 
 mouldy. 
 
 Constituents. — Tartaric, citric, a little malic, and acetic 
 acids, mostly as potassium compounds ; sugar, pectin, tan- 
 nin, the latter in the testa of the seeds. 
 
 Properties. — Refrigerant, laxative. Dose, 2 to 20 grains 
 (3ss-v) or more, in infusion, whey, confection. 
 
 11. SEEDS.— SEMINA. 
 
 The seed is the fertilized and fully developed ovule, and 
 contains the embryo. It is invested with one or two in- 
 teguments, the outer one being called testa or spermoderm, 
 and the inner one tegmen or endopleura. In many seeds 
 the tegmen is blended with the testa or coheres with the 
 kernel. The seed stalk, called funiculus or podosperm, is 
 usually absent in the officinal seeds; the scar left by its 
 detachment is the hilum. The continuation of the funicu- 
 lus along the testa is the raphe, and where it is confluent 
 with the nucleus the chalaza or inner hilum is located. The 
 micropyle, a small depression of the testa, marking the loca- 
 tion of the radicle, is in nearly all officinal seeds near the 
 hilum ; most of the seeds are anatropous, and have the hilum 
 and chalaza at nearly opposite ends and united by a raphe, 
 while the campy lotropous seeds, which are more or less 
 kiduey-shaped, have hilum, chalaza, and micropyle close 
 together. 
 
 Within the seed-integuments is contained the embryo, 
 consisting of caulicle, plumule, and one or two cotyledons, 
 
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366 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DEUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 and either completely filling the seed-coats, in which case 
 the seed is exalbuminous, or it is invested with another 
 tissue, usually horny, oily, or amylaceous, which is called 
 the albiunen (endosperm, also perisperm). The kernel of 
 exalbuminous seeds consists chiefly of the cotyledons, the 
 caulicle (radicle), and plumule being usually small ; but 
 albuminous seeds have frequently a small embryo, the 
 greater portion of the seed-kernel consisting often of the 
 albimien. 
 
 The testa of the different seeds varies greatly, not only in 
 color, but hkewise in texture, in external appendages (hairs, 
 epithelia, etc.) and more particularly in the character of the 
 cells and their thickening layers, all of which may afford 
 microscopic characteristics for distinguishing seeds even 
 in the powdered condition. The embryo is in most cases 
 formed of delicate parenchyme cells, among which rudi- 
 mentary or but partly developed vascular bundles are 
 found ; these cell-elements,- therefore, offer few characteris- 
 tics, except through the nature of their contents. Although 
 the albumen (endosperm) is often made up of cells similar 
 to those of the embryo, their variations in shape, thickness, 
 texture and contents are much greater. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 Sect. 1. Dicotyledonous seeds. 
 
 
 I. Exalbuminous. 
 
 
 a. Embryo straight. 
 
 
 Angular ovate ; testa mucilaginous. 
 
 Cydonium. 
 
 Flattish ovate ; testa membranous, brown, and 
 
 Amygdala 
 
 scurfy ; taste bland. 
 
 dulcis. 
 
 taste bitter. 
 
 Amyg. amara. 
 
 testa coriaceous, black or whitisli; seed small. 
 
 Sesamum. 
 
 testa coriaceous, white. 
 
 Melo. 
 
 Flat ovate ; testa white, grooved near the mar- 
 
 
 gin, edge obtuse. 
 
 Pepo. 
 
 testa white, ungrooved, edge thickish, acute. 
 
 Cucumis. 
 
 testa marbled or orange-brown, edge obtuse. 
 
 CitruUus. 
 
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SEEDS — SEMINA. 
 
 367 
 
 Oblong ; testa blackish, fragile ; fragrant. Dipterix. 
 Ovate-oblong , testa brown, fragile ; cotyledons 
 
 crumbling when cut. Theobroma. 
 testa reddish-brown ; cotyledons dark colored, 
 
 differing in size. Cola. 
 b. Embryo curved. 
 Eeniform-oblong, with a long furrow on the 
 
 convex side. Physostigma. 
 
 Ehomboid, with a diagonal furrow. Foenum 
 
 graecum. 
 
 Subglobular ; scarlet red with a black spot. Abrus. 
 
 Globular ; testa yellowish, finely pitted. Sinapis alba, 
 
 testa blackish-brown, finely reticulate. Sinapis nigra, 
 
 testa blue-black, finely pitted, larger. Rapa. 
 
 II. Albuminous. 
 
 a. Embryo straight. 
 
 Orbicular, horny. Nux vomica. 
 
 Oblong, angular. Ignatia. 
 
 Tetrahedral ; testa black, pitted. Delphinium, 
 
 testa gray-brown, pitted. Staphisagria. 
 
 Triangular-ovate, black, fragrant when rubbed. Nigella. 
 
 Flattish-ovate ; testa brown, mucilaginous. Linum. 
 
 Oblong-lanceolate, silky,' gray-green; Strophanthus. 
 
 Globular-ovate ; testa removed ; albumen mar- 
 bled. Myristica. 
 
 Ovate-oblong ; testa dull brownish-gray ; kernel 
 
 brown, oily. Gynocardia. 
 
 Oval-oblong; testa glossy, grayish, variegated 
 
 with red-brown. Eicinus. 
 
 surface dull gray-brown mottled with black. Tiglium. 
 
 testa dull black, with fine fissures. Curcas. 
 
 b. Embryo curved. 
 
 Elliptic plano-convex, grooved on the flat side. CafTea. 
 Eeniform ; testa black, reticulate, and pitted. Stromonium. 
 testa gray-brown, finely pitted. Hyosoyamus. 
 testa blackish, bluish, or whitish, with shal- 
 low pits. Papaver. 
 Sect. 2. Monocotyledonous seeds ; all albuminous. 
 
 Linear-oblong; blackish-brown. Sabadilla. 
 
 Subspherical ; testa granular ; albumen horny. Colchicum. 
 
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368 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 Roundish-angular, spicy ; hilum depressed. Granum 
 
 paradisi. 
 hilum tufted. Melegueta. 
 
 Koundish-conical, veined externally and inter- 
 nally. Areca. 
 
 CYDONIUM.— Quince Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Py'rus Cydonia, LinnS (Cydoma vulgaris, Per- 
 S0071). Natural order, Rosacese, Pomese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — About 6 millimeters {\ inch) long, ovate 
 or ovate-obloug, triangularly compressed ; hilum near the 
 pointed end ; chalaza at the blunt end ; testa brown, covered 
 
 Fig. 224. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Quince seed. — Natural size and section. Section through epithelium, testa, 
 and tegmen, into a cotyledon ; magnified 150 diam. 
 
 with a whitish mucilaginous epithelium, causing the seeds 
 of each cell to adhere together, aud, on immersion in water, 
 forming a gelatinous zone ; taste of the unbroken seed in- 
 sipid ; embryo white, oily, and of a bitter-almond taste ; 
 cotyledons thick, plano-convex. 
 
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AMYGDALA — ALMOND. 
 
 369 
 
 OoTistituents. — Mucilage 20 per cent., not precipitated 
 by borax ; fixed oil, proteids, ash 3.5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — The unbroken seeds are demulcent and 
 protective. A thick mucilage is yielded from 1 part of 
 seeds to 50 parts of water. 
 
 AMYGDALA.— Almond. 
 
 Origin. — Priinus Amy'gdalus, Baillon (Amy'gdalus 
 communis, ZdnnS, var. a am4ra, iS duleis, De Qandolle). 
 Natural order, Rosacese, Prunese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia ; naturalized in the Mediterra- 
 nean basin ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Flattish ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 20 to 
 25 millimeters {f to 1 inch) long ; testa brown, scurfy, with 
 about 16 longitudinal veins; hilum near the pointed end ; 
 
 Fig. 225. 
 
 Almond. — Seed. Section through seed coats and portion of the cotyledon. 
 
 chalaza broad at the rounded end ; embryo white, oily, 
 consisting of two ovate-lanceolate plano-convex cotyledons 
 and a short projecting conical radicle ; inodorous. 
 
 16* 
 
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370 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 Amygdala dulcis. Mostly large, and sides rather con- 
 vex ; taste bland. 
 
 Amygdala amara. Mostly smaller and flattish ; taste 
 bitter ; the emulsion with water has an odor resembling 
 that of hydrocyanic acid. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil, 45 (in bitter almonds) to 56 
 per cent, (in sweet almonds), mucilage 3 per cent., sugar 6 
 per cent., proteids precipitated by acetic acid (myosin, vitel- 
 lin, and conglutin) 25 per cent., ash about 3 per cent., and 
 in the testa tannin ; the unformed ferment (enzyme) of 
 almonds is emulsin or synaptase, which is coagulated by 
 heat, and is precipitated by alcohol, but not precipitated by 
 acetic acid. Bitter almonds contain, in addition to these 
 compounds, 1 to 3 per cent, of amygdalin, C20H27NO,,, 
 which crystallizes in prisms, is soluble in water, less freely 
 in alcohol, insoluble in ether, is slightly bitter, and splits 
 into glucose, hydrocyanic acid (1 part from 17 parts amyg- 
 dalin), and benzaldehyd, CyHjO, or oil of bitter almond. 
 The latter (yield about 1 per cent., or after the expression 
 of the fat, about 2 per cent, of the seed) in the crude 
 state has the spec. grav. 1.06-1.075; when freed from 
 hydrocyanic acid it is 1.049. It is sometimes adulterated 
 with nitrobenzol. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, used in emulsion; the bitter 
 almond sedative. Dose of the volatile oil ^ to 1 drop ; 
 poisonous in overdoses. Treatment of poisoning necessi- 
 tates rapid evacuation ; then stimulants and douches. 
 
 SESAMUM.^Benne Seed. 
 
 Origin — Sesamum orientile and S. indicum, Linne. Nat- 
 ural order, Pedalinese, Sesamese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Asia ; cultivated in tropical and sub- 
 tropical countries. 
 
 Description. — Flattish ovate, 3 to 4 millimeters (i to ^ 
 inch) long, 2 millimeters (Jj inch) broad, and 1 millimeter 
 (^V inch) thick ; testa black or purplish-brown (S. orientale), 
 
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PEPO — PUMPKIN SEED. 871 
 
 pale brown, yellowish or whitish (S. indicum), finely punc- 
 tate, with four delicate longitudinal ridges; hilum near the 
 pointed end, somewhat prominent ; tegmen (endosperm ?) 
 thin, white, oily ; cotyledons plano-convex, white and oily ; 
 inodorous ; taste bland. 
 
 Constituents.— Fixed oil 50-56 per cent., proteids 22 per 
 cent., mucilage 4 per cent., ash 6-8 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Laxative; mostly used for preparing benne 
 seed oil. 
 
 MELO. — Melon Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Ciicumis Melo, Linne. Natural order, Cucurbita- 
 cese, Cucumerinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Flattish ovate or lance-ovate, 10 to 13 milli- 
 meters (|-J inch) long ; testa white or whitish, smooth, the 
 edge rather blunt ; hilum near the pointed end ; cotyledons 
 plano-convex, white, and oily ; inodorous ; taste bland. 
 
 'Constituents. — Fixed oil, proteids. 
 
 Properties. — Anthelmintic. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (Sj-ij), 
 in emulsion. 
 
 PEPO. — Pumpkin Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Cucurbita P6po, Linne. Natural order, Cucur- 
 bitacese, Cucumerinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical Asia and America ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Flat, broadly ovate, about 2 centimeters 
 (I inch) long ; testa white or whitish with a shallow groove 
 
 PiQ. 226. 
 
 Pepo. — Seed and cotyledon with radicle and plumule. 
 
 and flat ridge parallel to the margin ; hilum near the 
 pointed end ; cotyledons flat, white, and oily ; radicle short, 
 conical ; inodorous ; taste bland. 
 
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372 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 44 per ceut., proteids (myosin 
 and vitellin), starch, acrid resin, sugar, ash 3 or 4 per cent. 
 The infusion of the seeds on being saturated with NaCl, 
 jjrecipitates myosin, and on the further addition of CO2, 
 separates vitellin of same behavior as vitellin of yolk of 
 
 egg- 
 
 Properties. — Tsenifuge. Dose, 30 to 65 grams (§j-ij), 
 in powder or emulsion. 
 
 CUCUMIS.— CucuMBEB Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Ciicumis sativus, lAnnL Natural order, Cucur- 
 bitacese, Cucumerinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Central Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Flat and thin, 8 to 12 millimeters (J-J inch) 
 long, lance-oblong, ungrooved, acutely edged, dingy white ; 
 otherwise resembling pumpkin seed. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oils, proteids, etc. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 8 to 65 grams 
 (Sij-gij)- 
 
 CITRULLUS.— Watermelon Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Cucumis (Cucurbita, Linne) Citrullus, Seringe, 
 s. Citriillus vulgaris, Schrader. Natural order, Cucurbitacese, 
 Cucumerinese. 
 
 Hahitat. — Southern Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Flat, ovate, 10 to 15 millimeters (f— | inch) 
 long ; testa blackish and marbled, or orange-brown, ungrooved, 
 blunt on the edge; otherwise resembling pumpkin seed. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 30 per cent., and proteids. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, anthelmintic. Dose, 8 to 65 grams 
 (3ij-3ij)- 
 
 DIPTERYX.— ToNco. Tonka Bean. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Dipteryx (Coumaroiina, Aublet) odord,ta. Will- 
 denow ; 2. D. oppositifolia, Willdenow. Natural order, Legu- 
 minosse, Papilionacese, Dalbergieae. 
 
 Habitat. — Guiana. 
 
 Description. — Oblong, somewhat compressed, 4 to 5 centi- 
 meters (1^ to 2 inches) long, about 1 centimeter (f inch) 
 broad ; hilum near the thin end ; testa blackish, fragile, thin. 
 
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THEOBEOMA — CACAO. 373 
 
 somewhat g'ossy, veined and wrinkled ; embryo pale brown, 
 oily ; radicle short and thick ; cotyledons piano- convex, in- 
 closing a rather large pinnate plumule and acicular crystals; 
 fragrant ; taste aromatic bitter. 
 
 Varieties. — Dutch Tonka. About 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 long, frequently covered with a crystalline inflorescence. 
 
 English Tonka. About 4 centimeters (IJ inch) long; its 
 surface with little or no efflorescence. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil about 25 per cent., coumarin, 
 CjHjOj, sugar, mucilage, ash 3.5 per cent. Coumarin is in 
 glossy aromatic prisms, is freely soluble in alcohol and fats, 
 sparingly soluble in cold water, and melts at 67° C. 
 (152.6° F.). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant ; used only for its flavor. 
 
 THEOBROMA.— Cacao. 
 
 Origin. — Theobroma Cacdo, lAnnL Natural order, 
 Sterculiacese, Buettnerieae. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — The seeds are either dried when removed 
 from the fruit, or are previously fermented in the sweat- 
 ing-box or buried in the ground (claying), until the astrin- 
 gency disappears. Ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat flat- 
 tened, obtuse, 15 to 25 millimeters (| to 1 inch) long ; 
 testa i-eddish-brown to brown-gray, thin, fragile, with 
 numerous longitudinal veins ; hilura at the broad end ; 
 chalaza at the narrow end ; embryo red-brown, oily ; radi- 
 cle short; cotyledons ribbed upon the face, irregularly 
 lobed from the back through the folds of the tegmen, and 
 readily breaking into angular fragments; taste oily, aro- 
 matic and bitterish. Unsweated cacao has a more bitter 
 and astringent taste. 100 parts of cacao yield about 12 
 parts of shells and 88 parts of kernels. 
 
 Constituents. — Fat about 50 per cent., starch 16 per 
 cent., proteids 18 per cent., ash 8.5-4.5 per cent., sugar 0.6 
 per cent.; coloring matter, a little caffeine, and 1.5 to 4.5 
 
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374 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 per cent, (somewhat less in the testa) of theobromine 
 (dimethylxan thine) C^HgN^Oj, which is white, crystalline, 
 bitter, not altered by potassa solution, slightly soluble in 
 cold water, alcohol, and ether, and may be converted into 
 caffeine by treating theobromine- silver with methyl-iodide. 
 Properties. — itfutritive, stimulant; used for preparing 
 chocolate. 
 
 COLA.— Cola. 
 
 Origin. — Cola (Sterculia, Beauvais) acumindta, B. Brown. 
 Natural order, Sterculiacese, Sterculiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical Western Africa 
 
 Description. — Oblong-ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) 
 long, somewhat flattened ; testa brown or reddish-brown, often 
 with blackish spots, brittle ; embryo usually dark-colored, 
 when freshly cut yellow or whitish, the cotyledons differing 
 in size, thick, variously bent ; odor faintly nutmeg-like ; taste 
 somewhat aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Caffeine 2 per cent., little theobromine, starch 
 42 per cent., sugar, gum, proteids, little volatile oil, fat and 
 tannin ; ash 3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, stimulant, nervine; used also roasted 
 like coffee. 
 
 PHYSOSTIGMA.— Calabar Bean. 
 
 Origin. — Physostigma venenosum, Balfour. Natural 
 order, Leguminosae, Papilionacese, Phaseolese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical Western Africa, near the mouth of 
 the Niger and old Calabar. 
 
 Description. — Oblong and somewhat reniform, 25 to 30 
 millimeters (1— 1| inches) long, 15 to 20 millimeters (|— |^ 
 inch) broad, and 12 millimeters {^ inch) thick ; testa gran- 
 ular, chocolate brown ; hiliim in a broad black groove ex- 
 tending over the entire length of the convex edge, bor- 
 dered on each side by a reddish-brown ridge, marked along 
 the centre by the linear raphe, and having at one end the 
 micropyle, at the [other end the chalaza; embryo with a 
 
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PHYSOSTIGMA — CALABAR BEAN. 375 
 
 short curved radicle and two large white concavo-convex 
 cotyledons, which adhere with the back to the integuments, 
 
 Fio. 227. 
 
 Physostigma. — View from the side and edge, showing length of hilum. 
 
 and between their faces enclose an elliptic cavity ; inodor- 
 ous, taste bean-like. The integuments weigh about 28, 
 and the embryo 72 per cent. 
 
 Fig. 228. Fig. 229. 
 
 Physostigma split, showing cotyledons. Physostigma cylindrospermum. 
 
 On moistening the embryo with solution of potassa it 
 acquires a pale yellow color. 
 
 The seed of Piiysostigma (Mucuna, Oliver) cylindro- 
 spermum. Holmes, is 4 centimeters (If inches) long, nearly 
 cylindrical, has a shorter groove and hilnm, otherwise 
 closely resembles the preceding. 
 
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376 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 Constituents. — Physostigmine or eserine, C,5H2iN302 (in 
 the embryo ; amorphous, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether, 
 cliloroform, benzol, carbon disulphide, less freely in water, 
 reddened by alkalies and by chlorinated lime), calabarine 
 (derivative of physostigmine ; tetanic ; insoluble in ether), 
 eseridine (causes diarrhoea; by warm dilute acids converted 
 into physostigmine), physosterin (indifferent, crystalline), 
 sta,rch 48 per cent., proteids 23 per cent., mucilage, ash 8 
 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Sedative, poisonous; contracts the pupil. 
 Dose, 0.06 to 0.26 gram (gr. j-iv), in powder, tincture, or 
 extract; eserine, 0.001 to 0.005 gram (gr. -^ to ^^). 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuation (stomach-pump, emetics) ; atro- 
 pine ; chloral ; strychnine ; stimulants. 
 
 FCENUM GR^CUM.— Fenuqeeek. 
 
 Origin. — Trigon^Ua Fce'num grse'cum, Linne. Natural 
 order, Leguminosse, Papilionaceae, Trifoliese. 
 
 Habitat. — India, naturalized in the Mediterranean basin ; 
 cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Rhomboid, about 3 millimeters (i inch) long, 
 and 2.5 millimeters (^ inch) broad, compressed, four-edged ; 
 from the hilum on one edge, diagonally furrowed on both 
 sides ; testa brownish or yellowish, finely granular, hard ; 
 tegmen (endosperm ?) colorless, horny ; embryo light yellow, 
 oily, the radicle curved upon the edge of the cotyledons ; odor 
 peculiar ; taste mucilaginous, bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage 28 per cent, (chiefly in the inner 
 seed coat), fat 6 per cent., volatile oil a trace, trigonelline 
 (crystalline, soluble in water, not poisonous; yields nicotic 
 acid), choline (probably from decomposition of lecithin), pro- 
 teids 22 per cent., bitter principle, ash about 4 per cent., free 
 from starch. 
 
 Adulteration. — Powdered fenugreek is sometimes adulter- 
 ated with ground amylaceous seeds. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, discutient; used in veterinary 
 practice. 
 
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SINAPIS ALBA — WHITE MUSTARD. 377 
 
 ABEI SEMEN.— Prayer Beads, Jequiriti. 
 
 Origin. — A'brus precatorius, Linne. Natural order, Legu- 
 minosae, Papilionacese, Viciese. 
 
 Habitat. — India, naturalized in other tropical countries. 
 
 Description. — Subspherical or globular-ovate, 5 to 8 milli- 
 meters (-g— J inch) long, scarlet-red, with a black spot at the 
 hilum ; testa hard ; cotyledons plano-convex ; radicle short, 
 curved ; inodorous ; taste bean-like. 
 
 Constituents. — Abric acid (crystalline, soluble in alcohol 
 sparingly soluble in water), fixed oil, lecithin or protagon 
 (yields phosphoric acid, glycerin, etc.), alkaloid (probably de- 
 composition product), ash about 3 per cent. The irritating 
 principles are two proteids rendered inactive by moist heat, a 
 paraglobulin (soluble in 15 per cent. NaCl solution, coagulated 
 near 80° C.) and an albumose (not coagulated by heat, but 
 precipitated by HNO3, this redissolved on heating, and repre- 
 cipitated on cooling). 
 
 Properties. — Irritating to the eyes ; infiision used in granular 
 ophthalmia. 
 
 SINAPIS ALBA.— White Mustard. 
 
 Origin. — Br^sica (Sindpis, lAnnS) dlba, Hooker jUius. 
 Natural order, Cruciferse, Brassicese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Almost globular, nearly 2 millimeters {^-^ 
 inch) in diameter ; hilum circular ; t€sta yellowish, finely 
 pitted, hard ; embryo greenish yellow, oily, with a curved 
 radicle and two cotyledons, one folded over the other; 
 inodorous ; taste pungent and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil (20-25 per cent., bland), lecithin 
 (small quantity), mucilage (mainly in the testa), myrosin 
 and other proteids, sinalbin, sinapine sulphocyanide, ash 
 4.5 per cent. ; free from starch. Sinalbin, Cj^H^jNjSjOu, 
 forms colorless prisms, is soluble iu water, sparingly solu- 
 ble in cold alcohol ; insoluble in ether and carbon disul- 
 phide, colored yellow by alkali, blood-red by HNO3, and 
 splits into sugar, sinapine sulphate, CijHjjNOjHjSO^, and 
 
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378 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 acrinyl sulphocyauide, C7H7O.NCS ; the latter is a yellow 
 acrid non-volatile oil, readily soluble in alcohol and ether. 
 Sinapine sulphocyanide forms colorless bitter prisms, solu- 
 ble in water and alcohol. On boiling with alkalies sinapine 
 yields choline (bilineurine) or sinkaline, C5Hj5N02, and 
 sinapic acid, C11HJ2O5. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, laxative, diuretic, stimulant, emetic ; 
 externally rubefacient and epispastic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
 (gr. xv-Sj), entire, in powder, or infusion; externally as 
 poultice. 
 
 SINAPIS NIGEA.— Black Mustard. 
 
 Origin. — Brassica (Sinapis, Idnne) nigra, Koch, 
 ural order, Cruciferse, Brassiceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Nat- 
 
 FiG. 230. 
 
 Sinapis. — Entire, mag- 
 nified. 
 
 Embryo. 
 
 Transverse section. 
 
 Description. — Almost globular, about 1 millimeter (^ 
 inch) in diameter, with a circular hilum ; testa blackish- 
 brown, finely reticulate, hard ; embryo greenish-yellow, 
 oily, with a curved radicle and two cotyledons, one folded 
 over the other ; iuodorous when dry, but when moist of 
 a pungent, penetrating, irritating odor; taste puugently 
 acrid. 
 
 Oonstiluents. — Fixed oil 25 per cent, (bland), mucilage 
 (mainly in the testa), lecithin (minute quantity), myrosin 
 
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 -i i! 
 
NUX VOMICA — NUX VOMICA. 
 
 379 
 
 and other proteids, sinigrin or potassium myronate about 
 0.5 per cent., sinapine sulphocyanide, ash 4 per cent., 
 no starch. Sinigrin, KCniHjgNS^O,,,, forms silky white 
 needles, is soluble in water, slightly soluble in absolute 
 alcohol, insoluble in ether, chloi'oform, and benzol ; splits 
 into sugar, acid potassium sulphate, and allyl sulpho- 
 cyanide or volatile oil of mustard, C3H5CNS ; the latter is 
 very pungent and acrid, has the density 1.018, dissolves in 
 sulphuric acid without coloration, and contains also variable 
 quantities of CS^. Myrosin coagulates at 60° C. (140° ¥.). 
 
 Properties and Dose similar to Sinapis alba. 
 
 Allied Seeds. — Turnip seeds, from Br&sica R4pa, lAnne. 
 Larger than the preceding, 1,5-2 millimeters {xt~rj inch) 
 thick, brown or nearly black, finely pitted; slightly acrid. 
 
 Rape seed. Cole or Colza seed, from Brdssica NApus, 
 lAnni. Larger than turnip seed, 2-2.5 millimeters (-j^iV 
 inch) thick, finely pitted, mostly blue-black, slightly acrid. 
 
 A NUX VOMICA.— Nux Vomica. 
 
 Origin. — Stry'chnos Nux vomica, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Loganiacese, Euloganiese. 
 
 Hahitai. — India and East India Islands. 
 
 Fig. 231. 
 
 Nux vomica.— Whole seed ; cut longitudinally ; cut transversely. 
 
 Description. — Orbicular, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) in 
 diameter, grayish or greenish-gray ; soft-hairy, of a silky 
 
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380 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DKUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 lustre, with a slight ridge extending from hilum in the 
 centre of one side to the edge, where the radicle is located ; 
 testa thin, tough, and closely blended with the albumen, 
 which is horny, yellowish or whitish, somewhat translucent, 
 very tough, and has a large circular cavity, into which the 
 heart-shaped nerved cotyledons project ; inodorous, per- 
 sistently bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Alkaloids (total amount 2.5-4.0 or 5.3 
 per cent.), strychnine, brucine, and igasurine (probably 
 impure brucine), combined with igasuric acid (amorphous, 
 
 Fig. 232. 
 
 Nux vomica.— Section through hiluin and albumen, magnified 60 diam. 
 
 dark green by ferric salts) ; loganin, proteids 11 per cent., 
 fat, gum, sugar 6 per cent., ash 1-1.5 percent. Strychnine 
 constitutes from 33 to 50 per cent, of the total alkaloids. 
 
 Strychnine, CjiHjjNjOj, is in four- sided prisms, very 
 bitter, insoluble in absolute ether, soluble in 5 parts of • 
 chloroform, 110 parts of cold 90 per cent, alcohol, 1600 
 parts of benzol, 7000 parts of cold water ; melting point 
 268° C. Sulphuric acid with potassium bichromate colors 
 
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NUX VOMICA. 381 
 
 deep violet or blue ; similar color by sulphuric acid and 
 lead peroxide or potassium ferricyanide, changing to red 
 and yellow ; heated with strong nitric acid yields picric 
 acid ; but diluted nitric acid does not aiFect the alkaloid 
 (Gerock, 1889). The salts are very bitter. Commercial 
 strychnine contains some homostrychnine, C^^^^t^fii 
 (Koefoed, 1889). Strychnine oxidized with permanganate 
 yields amorphous strychnic acid, C11HHNO3. Boiled with 
 soda in absolute alcohol strychnine is converted into strych- 
 nol (also called strychnic acid), 0211124^203, which is readily 
 soluble in alkalies, does not give the strychnine reaction 
 with chromic acid, is colored red by mixture of nitric and 
 sulphuric acids, and is reconverted by heating at 190° C. 
 in a current of hydrogen. 
 
 Brucine, C23H25N2O4, is in rectangular octahedra, contain- 
 ing 4II2O, is readily soluble in alcohol and in 7 parts of 
 chloroform, insoluble in pure ether, melting point (of 
 anhydrous) 178° C. ; nitric acid colors blood-red, changing 
 to orange and yellow, and the yellow liquid becomes violet 
 on the addition of stannous chloride, or sulphide of am- 
 monium or sodium; even nitric acid of 1.06 spec. grav. 
 decomposes brucine on heating (Gerock, 1889). The salts 
 are very bitter. 
 
 Loganin, C25H34O14, forms colorless prisms, is easily solu- 
 ble in alcohol and water, turns red and purple with sul- 
 phuric acid, and splits into sugar and loganetin. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, spinal nervine, poisonous. Dose, 
 0.03 to 0.3 gram (gr. ss-v), in tincture or extract. Strych- 
 nine, 0.001 to 0.01 gram (gr. ■^^). 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuants (stomach pump, emetics, purga- 
 tives) ; tannin, or animal charcoal ; chloroform inhalation ; 
 chloral hydrate. Also potassium bromide, curare, cannabis 
 indica, amyl nitrite, etc., have been recommended. 
 
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382 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 IGNATIA. — Bean of St. Ignatius. 
 
 Origin. — Stry'chnos Ign4tia, Lindhy, s. Ignatidna philip- 
 pinica, Loureiro. Natural order, Loganiacese, Euloganiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Philippine Islands. 
 
 Description, — Oblong or ovate, irregularly angular, about 
 3 centimeters (1|- inches) long, dull brownish or blackish, 
 very hard, horny ; hilum at one end ; fracture granular 
 
 Fig. 233. 
 
 Ignatia. — Vertical section. 
 
 irregular; the albumen brownish, somewhat translucent, 
 inclosing an irregular cavity with an oblong embryo ; in- 
 odorous, very bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Strychnine 0.5 to 1.5 per cent., brucine 
 0.5 to 1.4 per cent., proteids 10 per cent, fat, gum, ash 2.5 
 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Like nux vomica. Dose, 0.03 to 0.2 gram 
 (gr. ss-iij). 
 
 Antidotes. — Same as for nux vomica. 
 
 DELPHINIUM.— Lakkspue Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Delphinium Cons61ida, lAnnL Natural order, 
 Kanunculacese, Helleboreae. 
 
 Habitat. — Central Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Flattish tetrahedral, 1 to 1.6 millimeters (J^ 
 to ^ inch) broad, acute on the edges ; testa black, roughly 
 
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NIGELLA. 383 
 
 pitted ; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a small straight em- 
 bryo ; inodorous, taste bitter and acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil, probably also delphinine. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, cathartic, emetic, poisonous ; exter- 
 nally rubefacient ; rarely employed. 
 
 STAPHISAGRIA.— Stavesacre. 
 
 Origin. — Delphinium Staphis%ria, Linne. Natural 
 order, Ranunculacese, Helleborese. 
 
 Habitat. — Basin of the Mediterranean ; cultivated. 
 
 Des&ription. — Flattish tetrahedral, about 5 millimeters 
 (J inch) long and 3 or 4 millimeters (| to ^ inch) broad, 
 the broadest side convex, testa brown or brown-gray, with 
 
 Fig. 234. 
 
 Stavesacre seed and section; magnified 2 diam. 
 
 reticulate ridges ; albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a small 
 straight embryo ; nearly inodorous ; taste bitter and biting. 
 
 Omstituents. — Delphinine (white, crystalline, acrid), del- 
 phinoidine (amorphous), delphisine (crystalline) ; the three 
 alkaloids soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, the last 
 two becoming brown by sulphuric acid ; staphisain (yellow, 
 insoluble in ether, acrid, red and violet by sulphuric acid), 
 fixed oil 25 per cent., trace of volatile oil, proteids, muci- 
 lage ; ash 9 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, cathartic, emetic, poisonous ; ex- 
 ternally rubefacient ; mostly used for killing vermin. 
 
 NIGELLA.— NiGELLA. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Nig611a damasc6na, Xwne. 2. N. satfva, imn.^. 
 Natural order, Ranunculacese, Helleborese. 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
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384 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 Description. — 1. Triangular-ovate, 2.5 millimeters (jij^ inch) 
 long, finely pitted, dull black ; testa brittle ; albumen oily ; 
 embryo straight, small, in the pointed end ; odor on rubbing 
 strawberry-like ; taste bitter, somewhat acrid ; imparts fluores- 
 cence to petroleum benzin. No. 2. Similar, but netted-wrin- 
 kled, rounded at the edges, odor on rubbing cajuput-like; 
 benzin not rendered fluorescent. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil, volatile oil (odor difierent from 
 that of the seeds) ; in Ko. 1 damascenine (melting point 27° C, 
 fluorescent ; solutions of the salts not fluorescent) ; in No. 2 
 melanthin (acrid glucoside, soluble in alcohol, red or violet by 
 H^SO^) ; ash 4 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Emmenagogue, diuretic, expectorant ; rarely 
 used. 
 
 LINUM. — Flaxseed. 
 
 Origin. — Linum usitatissimum, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Linese, Eulinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated and 
 spontaneous in most temperate countries. 
 
 Description. — Flattish ovate or oblong ovate, about 5 
 millimeters (^ inch) long, obliquely pointed at one end; 
 
 Fig. 235. 
 
 Flaxseed.— Entire ; magnified 3 diam. Transverse section near the edge, 
 magnified 65 diam. 
 
 testa brown, glossy, very finely pitted, covered with a trans- 
 parent mucilaginous epithelium, which swells considerably 
 in water ; hilum near the pointed end ; embryo whitish, 
 oily ; cotyledons large, plano-convex, covered with a thin 
 albumen ; inodorous, mucilaginous, oily, and bitter. 
 
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STEOPHANTHUS 385 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 30-35 per cent, (in the nucleus), 
 mucilage 15 per cent, (in the epithelium), proteids 25 per 
 cent., amygdalia (minute quantity), resin, wax, sugar, ash 
 3-4 per cent. After expressing the oil, cake meal yields 5 
 to 6 or 8 per cent, of ash. Starch is absent. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent. Dose, 4 to 10 grams (5j-ijss) 
 or more, in infusion ; externally as poultice. 
 
 >^ 
 
 STROPH ANTH US.-Steophanthus. 
 
 Origin. — Stroph^nthus Komb6, Oliver, now regarded by 
 Oliver as a variety of Str. hispidus, De Gandolle. Natural 
 order, Apocynacese, Echitese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical Africa. 
 
 Description. — Oblong-lanceolate, 15 to 20 millimeters (f-f 
 inch) long, and 4 or 5 millimeters (|— ^ inch) broad, nar- 
 rowed, but blunt at the base, flattened on the sides and ob- 
 tusely two edged, grayish-green, covered with appressed silky 
 hairs, one side with a longitudinal ridge prolonged through 
 the attenuated, pointed apex into a brittle awn, which is 7 to 
 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long, bare in the lower half, 
 and above on all sides beset with delicate, straight, white silky 
 hairs, about 5 centimeters (2 inches) in length ; kernel white, 
 oily, consisting of a straight embryo with two thin cotyledons 
 and surrounded by a thin layer of endosperm ; inodorous, 
 taste very bitter. 
 
 The seeds are met in the market deprived of the awns ; 
 but are sometimes imported in the follicles, which are 20 to 
 30 centimeters (8-12 inches) long, linear-oblong and pointed ; 
 for medicinal purposes the awns and pericarps are to be 
 removed, the seed alone being used. 
 
 The decoction is brownish and not changed in color by solu 
 tions of iodine, ferric chloride, or Mayer's test. 
 
 False Kombe Seeds. — The seeds of Str. hispidus, De C, and 
 Str. dich6tomus, De C, resemble the above, but are brown or 
 chestnut-brown, and less densely covered with hairs. 
 
 The seed of Kicksia afric^na, Bentham, is pointed at both 
 ends, has the cotyledons irregularly folded, and is awnless, 
 but provided with a long funiculus covered with long hairs. 
 
 Constituents. — Kombic acid (precipitated by lead acetate) 
 and strophantin, CjiH^gO,.^. The latter is imperfectly crystal- 
 line, neutral, very bitter, soluble in water and alcohol, nearly 
 
 17 
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386 CELLULAB VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 insoluble in ether, benzol, and chloroform, precipitated by 
 tannin, colored green and brown by H^SO^, and blue by 
 
 Fig. 236. 
 
 Strophanthus seed with oomose awn. 
 
 HjSOj and KjCr^O,, and is by most acids easily split into 
 glucose and crystals of strophanthidin. 
 
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MYRISTICA — NUTMEG. 
 
 387 
 
 Properties. — Heart sedative. Dose of tincture (1 : 16 
 alcohol) 4-8 minims. 
 
 MYRISTICA.— Nutmeg. 
 
 Origin. — Myristica frdgrans, Houttuyn (M. mosch^ta, 
 Thunberg, M. aromatica, Lamarck, M. officinalis, lAnnS 
 Mius). Natural order, Myristicaceae. 
 
 Habitat. — Molucca Islands ; cultivated in tropical coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Description. — Roundish-ovate, about 25 millimeters (1 
 inch) long; deprived of the brittle woody testa, which 
 shows shallow impressions from mace ; kernel externally 
 light brown, reticulately furrowed ; internally of a fatty 
 lustre, pale brownish with dark brown veins containing 
 the folds of the inner seed-coat ; hilum and micropyle on 
 
 Fig. 237. 
 
 Fig. 238. 
 
 Nutmeg, with mace and transverse section. Wild nutmeg, with mace. 
 
 the broad end, chalaza near the upper end, united by a 
 groove corresponding to the raphe ; embryo small, in a 
 cavity at the base ; strongly aromatic, somewhat bitter. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
388 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 Varieties. — Limed or Dutch nutmegs ; covered with a 
 white powder, lime. 
 
 Penang and Singapore nutmegs ; unlimed. 
 
 Fake Nutmegs. — Myristica fdtua, Houttuyn, wild or 
 male nutmegs ; 4 to 5 centimeters (1 J to 2 inches) long ; 
 kernel pale colored, slightly aromatic. 
 
 Torr6ya californica, Torrey {Natural order, Coniferse), 
 testa smooth, brittle ; kernel oblong, marbled, terebinthi- 
 nate. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 2 to 8 per cent., fixed oil 25 
 to 30 per cent., starch, proteids, mucilage, ash 2 per cent. 
 Volatile oil of nutmeg has the spec. grav. 0.93, and con- 
 sists of myristicene, Ci„Hjj, and a little myristicol, Q^Hj^O. 
 Expressed oil of nutmeg consists chiefly of myristin, with 
 some myristic acid, palmitin, olein, resin, and about 6 per 
 cent, volatile oil. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, stomachic. Dose, 0.5 to 1.5 
 grams (gr. viij-xxij). 
 
 GYNOCARDIA.— Chaulmugra. 
 
 Origin. — Gynocdrdia (Chaulmoogra, Roxhurgli) odordta, 
 R. Brown. Natural order, Bixinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Malayan peninsula and Northeastern India. 
 
 Description. — Irregular ovate oblong, 2 to 3 centimeters 
 (4-1 -^ inches) long, 10 to 12 millimeters (|— J inch) broad, 
 somewhat angular and flattish ; testa dingy brown-gray, brit- 
 tle ; tegmen brown, thin ; albumen brown, oily ; embryo 
 nearly of the length of the seed, with a thick club-shaped 
 radicle, and two broad leafy-veined and somewhat heart- 
 shaped cotyledons ; odor slight ; taste oily. 
 
 Constituents. — Fat 50 per cent., proteids, mucilage. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, tonic ; in larger doses emetic. Dose, 
 0.3 to 0.6 gram (gr. v-x) ; mostly used for preparing chaul- 
 mugra oil. 
 
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HICINUS — CASTOR OIL SEED. 
 
 389 
 
 RICINUS.— Castor Oil Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Ricinus commiiais, lAnni. Natural order, 
 Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. 
 
 Sabitat. — India ; cultivated in tropical and warm tem- 
 perate countries. 
 
 Description. — Variable in size and color; 10 to 20 milli- 
 meters (|-f inch) long, about 8 millimeters (J inch) broad, 
 oval-oblong, flattened on the ventral surface; on one end 
 with a whitish caruncle, covering the hilum and micropyle ; 
 chalaza near the broader end ; raphe on the flat side ; testa 
 glossy, grayish or pale grayish-brown variegated with red- 
 brown, brittle ; tegmen white, thin, adhering to the white 
 
 Fig. 239. 
 
 RicinuB fruit. 
 
 Seed. 
 
 Longitudinal sections. 
 
 oily albumen ; embryo straight, with a short conical radicle 
 and two thin broad and veined cotyledons ; inodorous ; 
 taste oily, acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 45 to 50 per cent, (see Oleum 
 ricini), ricinin (crystalline, soluble in water and alcohol, 
 sparingly soluble in ether and benzol), proteids 20 per 
 cent., mucilage, sugar, ash (testa 10 per cent., kernel 4 per 
 cent.). The poisonous principle is an albuminoid com- 
 pound, ricin (Stillmark, 1888); it is soluble in 10 per 
 cent. NaCl solution, precipitated by acids and re-dissolved 
 
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390 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 by excess, coagulated by heat, precipitated by Mayer's 
 reagent and by phosphotungstic acid. 
 
 Properties. — Violently cathartic and emetic; used for 
 preparing castor oil. 
 
 TIGLIUM.— Croton Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Croton Tiglium, LinnS, s. Tiglium officinale, 
 Klotzsch. Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. 
 
 Habitat. — China ; cultivated in India. 
 
 Description. — About 12 to 15 millimeters (J or f inch) 
 long; oval-oblong, somewhat quadrangular, more or less 
 flattened on the ventral side ; surface dull gray-brown, or 
 
 Fig. 240. 
 
 Croton Tiglium. — Lateral and ventral view, and longitudinal 
 section of seed. 
 
 mottled with black from the removal of the outer coat ; 
 the caruncle usually absent from the commercial seed ; 
 otherwise like castor-oil seeds. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 50 to 60 per cent, (see Oleum 
 Tiglii), proteids, including a poisonous phytalbumose, ash 3 
 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — ^Violently drastic; used for preparing croton 
 oil. 
 
 CUROAS.— Forging Nut. 
 
 Origin. — Jdtropha Curcas, lAnne (Ciircas piirgans, Adan- 
 son). Natural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America ; naturalized in other tropical 
 countries. 
 
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CAFFEA COFFEE. 391 
 
 Description. — About 20 millimeters (f inch) long ; resem- 
 bles croton seed, but the testa is dull black and marked with 
 numerous small fissures; taste less acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 40 per cent, (yellowish or colorless, 
 vesicating), proteids, including a poisonous phytalbumose. 
 
 Properties. — Drastic and emetic ; similar to, but milder 
 than croton seed. 
 
 CAFFEA.— Coffee. 
 
 Origin. — Coff6a (C6ffea) ardbica, Linni. Natural order, 
 Riibiacese, Ixorese. 
 
 HahUat. — Tropical Africa; cultivated in tropical coun- 
 tries. 
 
 Description. — Elliptic or oval, from 8 to 12 millimeters 
 (^ to \ inch) long, yellowish or bluish-gray, planoconvex, 
 on the flat side with a longitudinal groove, penetrating 
 with a curve deeply into the horny albumen ; somewhat 
 oblique on one end ; hilum near the groove beneath the 
 rounded end ; testa membranous, brittle, usually wanting 
 on the back ; embryo small, at the oblique end, slightly 
 curved under the convex side ; odor faint, peculiar ; taste 
 somewhat bitter, astringent. 
 
 Varidies. — The cultivated varieties vary in size, color, 
 and flavor. The large and well-flavored Liberian coffee is 
 obtained from Cofi'6a liberica, Hiern. 
 
 Constituents. — Fat 13 per cent., glucose and dextrin 15 
 per cent., proteids 13 per cent., caffeine 1 to 1.3 per cent., 
 caffeotannic acid, trace of volatile oil, ash 3 to 4 or 5 per 
 cent. Caffeine, CgHmN^Oj, is methyltheobromine (trime- 
 thyl-xanthine) in white silky needles, faintly bitter, subli- 
 mable, soluble in water, more so in alcohol and chloro- 
 form ; on boiling with barium hydrate (or with potassa) 
 converted into carbonic anhydrid, COj, and caffeidine, 
 CjHij^P, and the latter ultimately into sarkosine, formic 
 acid, mcthylamine, and ammonia. It is said not to pro- 
 
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392 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS SEEDS 
 
 duce spasms like theiue, and its lethal dose to be smaller 
 than that of theioe. 
 
 Caifeotannin is amorphous, yields by oxidation viridinic 
 acid, with boiling potassa yellow crystalline cafFeic acid, 
 and with fusing potassa protocatechuic acid. 
 
 By the roasting of coffee the fat, sugar, and tannin are 
 destroyed, a little caffeine is lost with the water, and empy- 
 reumatic volatile oils (cqffeone) are produced. The loss by 
 roasting amounts to about 8 per cent, of water and 9 per 
 cent, of organic matter. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, stimulant, nervine, antiemetic. Dose, 
 4 to 16 grams (3j-iv), in infusion ; caffeine 0.1 to 0.2 gram 
 (gr. jss-iij). 
 
 STRAMONir SEMEN.— Stramonium Seed. 
 
 Thornapple seed. 
 
 Origin. — Datura Stramonium, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Solanacese, Hyoscyamese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia; naturalized in most countries. 
 
 Fig. 241. 
 
 Stramonium. — Capsule and longi- 
 tudinal section. 
 
 Stramonium seed and section, 
 magnified 3 diam. 
 
 Description. — Reniforin, flattened, about 4 millimeters 
 (^ inch) long ; hilura and micropyle on the concave edge ; 
 testa dull brownish-black, pitted and wrinkled ; albumen 
 whitish, oily, inclosing a cylindrical embryo curved par- 
 
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HYOSCYAMI SEMEN — HYOSOYAMUS SEED. 393 
 
 allel with the edge of the seed ; inodorous ; taste oily and 
 bitter. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 25 per cent., resin, mucilage, 
 proteids, ash 3 per cent., alkaloids 0.3 per cent. Daturine 
 is a mixture of hyoscyamine and atropine. Scopolamine 
 is also present. The oil contains daturic acid, 0,7113402. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, dilating the pupil, narcotic. Dose, 
 0.06 to 0,2 gram (gr. j— iij), in powder, tincture, or extract. 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuants (stomach pump, emetic) ; stimu- 
 lants (brandy, coffee, etc.) ; hot and cold douches ; mor- 
 phine ; pilocarpine. 
 
 HYOSCYAMI SEMEN.— Hyoscyamus Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Hyoscyamus (Hyoscy'amus) niger, Linne. Natu- 
 ral order, Solanacese, Hyoscyamese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe and Asia ; naturalized in some parts of 
 North America. 
 
 Description. — Roundish-reniform, flattened, 1 to 1.5 milli- 
 meters (-^V to -^ inch) long; hilum and micropyle on the 
 concave edge ; testa finely pitted, roughish, light gray-brown ; 
 
 Fig. 242. 
 
 a 
 
 Hyoscyamus niger. — Fruit (pyxis) removed from calyx. Seed, natural 
 size, magnified, and section. 
 
 albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a cylindrical embryo curved 
 parallel with the edge of the seed, but with the tip of the 
 cotyledons incurved ; inodorous ; taste oily, bitter, somewhat 
 acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 25 per cent., resin, mucilage, 
 proteids, hyoscyamine, hyoscine (scopolamine), hyoscypicrin 
 (bitter glucoside), ash 3 to 4 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Anodyne, hypnotic, dilating the pupil, nar- 
 
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394 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 cotic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v), in powder or emul- 
 sion. 
 
 Antidotes. — Same as for stramonium. 
 
 PAPAVER.— Poppy Seed, Maw Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Papilver somniferum, Linne. Natural order, 
 Papaveracese, Papaverese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Reniform, 1 to 1.5 millimeters (^'^^ to ^V inch) 
 long; hilum and micropyle on the concave side ; testa vary- 
 ing in color, bluish, blackish, or whitish, with shallow pits ; 
 albumen whitish, oily, inclosing a cylindrical semilunar em- 
 bryo ; inodorous ; taste oily. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 45 to 55 per cent., proteids about 
 16 per cent., mucilage, morphine (?), ash 6 to 7 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, mild anodyne. Dose, 1 to 4 grams 
 (gr. XV-3J), in emulsion. 
 
 SABA DILL A . — Ceyadilla . 
 
 Schoeuocaulon (Asagrse'a, Lindley ; Helonias, Don) offi- 
 cinale, Asa Gtray, s. Veratrum Sabadilla, 8chlechtendal. 
 Natural order-, Liliacese, Veratrese. 
 
 Habitat. — Mexico to Venezuela. 
 
 Description. — Narrow-oblong or lance-linear, about 6 
 millimeters (J inch) long, rounded below, rather beaked 
 
 Fig. 243. 
 
 Sabadilla — Fruit natural size ; seed and longitudinal section, magnified. 
 
 above, somewhat angular ; testa brownish-black, rugosely 
 wrinkled, thin ; albumen whitish and oily, with a small 
 
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SABADILLA — CEVADILLA. 395 
 
 linear embryo near the base ; inodorous, bitter, persistently 
 acrid, sternutatory. 
 
 The papery follicles sometimes present should be rejected. 
 Constituents. — Veratrine,C3,H53NO,j,cevadine,C32H49NOg, 
 cevadilline, Cj^HjjNOj, sabadine, CjgHjiNOj, sabadinine, 
 C2,H^3N08, angelic acid, CsHjOj (needles melt at 45° C), 
 methylcrotonic acid, CjHjOj (scales melt at 64.5° C), 
 cevadic acid (sublimable, odor of butyric acid, probably 
 identical with the preceding), veratric acid (sublimable in 
 prisms, melt at 180° C), fixed oil, ash 3.5 per cent. Vera- 
 trine (of Wright and Luff) is amorphous, melts at 180° C, 
 is sternutatory, and by potassa is split into veratric acid 
 and amorphous verine, CjgH^sNOj. Cevadine (Merck's 
 veratrine) crystallizes from alcohol in prisms, melts at 205° 
 C., is sternutatory, with sugar and H^SO^ is colored deep 
 green and blue, and by potassa is split into methylcrotonic 
 acid and amorphous cevine, C27H^3N08. Cevadilline is 
 amorphous and nearly insoluble in ether and benzol. Saba- 
 dine crystallizes from ether in needles, and is then nearly 
 insoluble in ether, melts at 238° C, is not sternutatory, 
 and, like the preceding alkaloids, is colored yellow, after- 
 ward red, by HjSO^. Sabadinine resembles sabadine, but 
 is at once colored blood-red by H2SO4. Medicinal veratrine 
 is a white powder, consisting of a mixture of the foregoing 
 alkaloids, and probably of their derivatives, acrid, sternu- 
 tatory, readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, 
 less freely soluble in glycerin and olive oil, and is colored 
 yellow and deep red by sulphuric acid, yellow by nitric 
 acid, and deep red by hot hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Properties. — Powerful irritant ; used for preparing vera- 
 trine, and for killing vermin. Dose, of veratrine, 0.002 to 
 0.005 gram (gr. -^^ to ^), in pills ; mostly externally in 
 ointment. 
 
 Ardidotes. — Evacuation (stomach pump or emetic) ; tan- 
 
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396 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — SEEDS. 
 
 nin; stimulaDts (brandy, coffee, ammonia, etc.); application 
 of warmth. 
 
 COLCHICr SEMEN.— CoLGHicuM Seed. 
 
 Origin. — Colchicum autumnale, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Liliacese, Colchicese. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, in meadows. 
 
 Description. — Subglobular, 2 to 3 millimeters {^-^ to \ 
 inch) thick ; hilum circular, furnished with a soft caruncle ; 
 testa dull reddish-brown, finely pitted, thin, but hard; 
 albumen whitish, oily, horny, and tough, inclosing a small 
 embryo nearly opposite the hilum ; inodorous ; tasfe bitter, 
 somewhat acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — fixed oil 6 to 8 per cent., gum, starch 
 sugar, ash 2.6 per cent., colchicine about 0.3 per cent., and 
 derivatives of the latter. Colchicine, C22H25NOJ (Zeisel, 
 1888), is a weak alkaloid, colorless or yellow, amorphous, 
 
 Fig. 244. 
 
 Colohici semen, — a. Natural size. b. Section, magnified. 
 
 fusible at 145° C, soluble in water, alcohol, and chloro- 
 form, less soluble in ether and benzol, of a saffron-like odor 
 and bitter taste, precipitated by tannin, turns moist litmus 
 paper slowly blue, and in aqueous solution is colored yel- 
 low by hydrochloric acid. It is the methylic ether of col- 
 chicein, C21H23NOJ -|- J H2O (Avhite crystals, melting and 
 becoming anhydrous at 140° C, inodorous, soluble in alco- 
 hol, chloroform, and hot water, colored green by ferric 
 chloride, and, after several days' standing, precipitated by 
 
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GRANUM PARADISI — GRAIN OF PARADISE. 397 
 
 tannin). Colchicoresin is brown, amorphous, soluble iu 
 chloroform and alcohol, insoluble in ether, and very spar- 
 ingly soluble in cold water. Beta-colchicoresin is blackish- 
 brown, soluble in strong alcohol and chloroform, and 
 insoluble in water and ether. The last two principles are 
 not, or but slightly, affected by tannin, are colored brown- 
 green by ferric chloride, and dissolve in potassa with a 
 brown color. Colchicine and colchicein yield with potassa 
 yellow solutions. The four principles yield with sulphuric 
 acid and potassium nitrate a deep blue or purplish-blue color, 
 and, when this has disappeared, concentrated potassa solu- 
 tion gives a more permanent brick-red. color. They are 
 extracted from the unbroken seeds by digestion with alco- 
 holic liquids, while maceration in the same exhausts only 
 about two-thirds of the principles. 
 
 Properties. — Cathartic, emetic, sedative; in gout and 
 rheumatism. Bose, 0.1 to 0.3 or 0.5 gram (gr. jss-v-viij), 
 in powder, tincture, wine, or fluid extract. 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuation (stomach pump or emetics) ; tan- 
 nin ; demulcents ; stimulants. 
 
 GRANUM PARADISI.— Grain of Paradise. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Amomum Grdnum-paradisi, Afzeliios. 2. Am. 
 Melegu^ta, Eoscoe. Natural order, Scitamiaese, Zingiberese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Africa. 
 
 Description. — Roundish-angular, 2 to 3 millimeters (-^ to 
 ^ inch) long ; hilum at the slightly conical end, rather broad 
 and depressed (Granum-paradisi), or grayish tufted (Mele- 
 gueta) ; testa reddish-brown, finely warty ; albumen whitish, 
 mealy, and oily, inclosing a small embryo; odor slightly 
 spicy ; taste pungent, pepper-like. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 0.3 per cent., paradol, CgHnO^, 
 (viscid, pungent), tannin, fat, resin, starch, gum, ash 2 to 3 
 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant ; used mainly in cattle powder, and 
 for imparting artificial strength to spirits. 
 
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398 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 ARECA.— Aeeca Nut. 
 
 Origin. — Ar6ca Catechu, Linne. Natural order, Palmese, 
 Arecese. 
 
 Habitat. — East Indies ; cultivated. 
 
 Desoription. — Roundish conical, about 25 millimeters (1 
 inch) long, flattish at the hilum, externally brown, veined, 
 internally horny, white, with dark brown veins ; embryo near 
 the hilum, small, conical; odor faint; taste slightly astrin- 
 gent. 
 
 Constituents. — Fat 14 per cent., several alkaloids, tannin, 
 resin, mucilage, ash 2.2 per cent. Arecoline (methyl arecaidine), 
 CgHijNOj, is oily, soluble in ether, alcohol, chloroform, and 
 water ; poisonous ; yields crystallizable salts, and probably 
 represents the tsenifuge principle. Arecaine, CjHuNO,, melts 
 at 213° C. ; the isomeric arecaidine melts at 222° C., and 
 guvacine, CgHjNO^, fuses at 271° C. ; these three alkaloids 
 crystallize, are soluble in water and diluted alcohol ; insolu- 
 ble, or nearly so, in absolute alcohol, ether, chloroform, and 
 benzol, and are not poisonous. 
 
 Properties. — Astringent, tsenifuge. Dose, 8 to 12 grams 
 (3ij-iij)- 
 
 12. CELLULAR DRUGS NOT READILY RECOG- 
 NIZED AS DISTINCT ORGANS OF PLANTS. 
 
 This class embraces excrescences, hairs, glands, sporules, 
 and such other vegetable drugs which do not belong to any 
 of the preceding classes, and do not constitute a distinct 
 organ of a plant, or are not readily recognizable as such. 
 The starches, though not truly cellular, but being of a 
 definite shape, are embraced in this class. 
 
 Classiflcatioi). 
 
 Sect. 1 . Not farinaceous. 
 
 Globular, tuberculated above. Galla. 
 
 Irregular-ovate, tuberculated or lobed, hollow ; Gallse chinenses 
 shell thin. etjaponicse. 
 
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CLASSIFICATION. 399 
 
 Irregular pieces, white, friable, very bitter. Fungus laricis. 
 
 Felt-like pieces, soft, brown, glossy, tasteless. Fungus 
 
 chirurgorum. 
 Irregular-globose, falling into a brown-black pow- 
 der. Ustilago. 
 Narrow oblong and subtriangular, three-grooved. Ergota. 
 Cylindrical, brownish, horn-like. Laminaria. 
 Cylindrical, white, spongy, mucilaginous. Sassafras 
 
 medulla. 
 
 Flat, divided into narrow bands, aromatic. Macis. 
 
 Thread-like, notched above, orange-brown red. Crocus. 
 
 Long, silky, thread-like, yellowish. Stigmata 
 
 maydis. 
 Curling, white filaments ; under the microscope 
 
 band-like. Gossypium. 
 Curling, brown, glossy filaments, under the micro- 
 scope jointed. Cibotium. 
 Stiff, brown-red, under the microscope retrorsely 
 
 serrate. Mucuna. 
 Pulverulent, brick-red, consisting of hairs and 
 
 glands. Kamala. 
 
 brown or dark purple, mixed with wood fibres. Araroba. 
 brown-yellow, aromatic, under the microscope 
 
 subglobular or hood-shaped. Lupulinum. 
 pale yellow, tasteless, under the microscope 
 
 tetrahedral. Lycopodium. 
 
 Viscid liquid, containing roundish cells. Fermentum. 
 
 Sect. 2. Farinaceous. 
 
 I. Unaltered starch granules, consisting of more or 
 
 less distinct layers. Amylum. 
 
 II. Granules partly altered. 
 
 Globular grains ; granules oblong, truncate. Sago. 
 
 Irregular lumps ; granules muller-shaped. Tapioca. 
 
 III. Granules wholly or partly inclosed in tissue. 
 Globular grains with a brown groove ; granules 
 
 similar to wheat starch. Hordeum. 
 
 Meal; granules polyhedral, small, united to 
 globules. Avena. 
 
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400 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 GALL A. — NUTGALL. 
 
 Oi-igin. — Excresceuces on Qu^rcus lusit^nica, Webb, var. 
 infectoria, Be CandoUe, s. Q. iDfectoria, Olivier {Natural 
 order, Cupuliferse), caused by the punctures and deposited 
 ova of Cy'nips gallse tiuctorise, Olivier {Class, lusecta. 
 Order, Hymenoptera). 
 
 Habitat. — Leva n t. 
 
 Description. — Subglobular, 2 centimeters (f inch) or less 
 in diameter, with a short stipe, more or less tuberculated 
 above, otherwise smot)th ; heavy, hard, often with a circular 
 
 Fig. 245. 
 
 Galla. 
 
 Entire. 
 
 Section. 
 
 hole near the middle, blackish-olive-green or blackish-gray ; 
 fracture granular, grayish ; in the centre a subglobular 
 cavity containing either the partly developed insect or pul- 
 verulent remains left by it, with remnants of the starchy 
 parenchyme. The cavity is inclosed by a hard shell, com- 
 posed of stone cells; outside of it the tissue consists of 
 parenchyme, chiefly containing tannin, and of a few soft 
 wood bundles. Nutgalls are nearly inodorous, and have a 
 strongly astringent taste. 
 
 Light, spongy, and whitish-colored nutgall should be 
 rejected. 
 
 Varieties. — Aleppo, or Syrian nutgalls, dark colored and 
 heavy. 
 
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GALLA — NUTGALL. 401 
 
 Smyrua nutgalls, of a grayish-olive color, intermixed 
 with white galls. 
 
 Soriau nutgalls, size of a pea; blackish. 
 
 Indigenous nutgalls, globular, smooth, or tuberculate, 
 white or blackish, spongy or firm, varying according to 
 
 Fig. 246. 
 
 Gallse chinenses. 
 
 origin ; the galls of Qu6rcus virens, Aiton, are of a firm 
 texture, dark color, and rich in tannin (40 per cent.). 
 
 California oak balls, from Qu^rcus lob^ta, Engdmann, 
 are globular, 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter, orange- 
 brown, internally white and spongy; v^rj astringent. 
 
 Chinese nutgalls, from Rhus semialdta, Murray, by the 
 sting of A'phis chin6usis. Bell; about 4 or 5 centimeters 
 (IJ to 2 inches) long, ovate, but very irregular, tubercu- 
 late, grayish-downy, hollow ; shell thin, fragile, inclosing 
 the remnants of numerous insects. 
 
 Japanese nutgalls, from Rhus semialdta or an allied 
 species; about 2 to 3 centimeters {^ to 1^ inches) long, 
 usually lobed, and the lobes tuberculate, densely pubes- 
 cent; contains starch granules; otherwise like the preceding. 
 
 Constituents. — Tanuin 50 to 60 per cent, (white galls 
 about 30 per cent.), gallic acid 2 to 3 per cent., mucilage. 
 
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402 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 sugar, resin, and, in the nucleus, starch. Tannin, gallo- 
 tannic acid or digallic acid, C^JI^fig, is yellowish-white, 
 amorphous, insoluble in absolute ether, chloroform, benzol, 
 benzin, and carbon disulphide, soluble in glycerin, alcohol, 
 and water, precipitated blue-black by ferric salts and white 
 by gelatin. Commercial tannin contains a little odorous 
 
 Fig. 247. 
 
 
 Gallas japonicBe. 
 
 and coloring matter and variable quantities of glucose. 
 Gallic acid, CjSfi^.Ufi, is in white silky needles, soluble 
 in alcohol and boiling water, less so in ether, and sparingly 
 soluble in cold water ; the aqueous solution is colored red 
 by potassium cyanide, is precipitated blue-black by ferric 
 salts, the color disappearing on boiling, and is not affected 
 by gelatin, except in the presence of gum. The tannin of 
 Chinese nutgalls differs somewhat from that of the offi- 
 cinal nutgalls. 
 
 AGAEICUS ALBUS.— FaNGUs Laeicis, White Agaric. 
 
 Origin. — Poly'porus officiniilis, Fries, s. Boletus l^ricis, 
 Jacquin. Natural order, Fungi, Hymenomycetes. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Europe, on the larch (Larix). 
 
 Description. — Deprived of the outer rind; hoof-shaped or 
 conical, about 15 centimeters (6 inches) broad, usually in 
 irregular pieces, white, light, somewhat fibrous and spongy, 
 
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USTILAQO — CORNSMUT. 403 
 
 very friable, but not readily pulverizable ; odor faint ; taste 
 sweetish, acrid, and very bitter. 
 
 ConstituenU. — Agaricin, CigHjjOj (also known as agaric 
 acid or laricin ; white, crystalline, soluble in hot alcohol 
 and glacial acetic acid, less soluble in ether and chloro- 
 form, almost insoluble in benzol), about 25 per cent, of bitter 
 resin (brown-red, soluble in cold alcohol, chloroform, benzol, 
 etc., purgative), resins sparingly soluble ia cold alcohol, an 
 indifferent crystalline substance about 4 per cent., white 
 amorphous substance separating jelly-like, 3 or 4 per cent., 
 sugar (mannit?), and fumaric, citric, and malic acids. 
 
 Properties. — Antisudoral, purgative, in large doses emetic. 
 Dose, 0.2 to 0.6 gram (gr. iij-x), in powder, tincture, or ex- 
 tract ; of agaricin 0.005-0.010 gram (gr. iV~i) ^^ antisu- 
 doral. 
 
 FUNGUS CHIRURGORUM. -SURGEON'S Agaric. 
 
 Origin.— Toly'poias (Bol6tu8, lAnnS) fomentdrius. Fries. 
 Natural order, Fungi, Hymenomycetes. 
 
 Habitat. — Europe, on the oak (Quercus) and beech 
 (Fagus). 
 
 Deseription. — Deprived of the harder rind, cut into slices, 
 boiled in lye, washed and beaten. Felt-like, soft-velvety 
 pieces, brown, glossy, nearly inodorous, tasteless ; consists of 
 interlaced filiform cells. Impregnated with potassium nitrate 
 it constitutes spunk or touchwood. 
 
 Uses. — Externally for arresting hemorrhage. 
 
 USTILAGO.— CoRNSMUT. 
 
 Origin. — Ustildgo May'dis, LeveillL Natural order, 
 Fungi, ^cidiomycetes. 
 
 Hahilai. — Upon all parts of Zea Mays, Linne, most 
 frequently upon the inflorescence. 
 
 Deseription. — Irregular globose masses, sometimes 15 
 centimeters (6 inches) in diameter, consisting of a blackish 
 gelatinous membrane, inclosing innumerable brown-black, 
 globular, and nodular spores; odor and taste disagreeable. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 2.5 per cent., probably sclerotic 
 acid, crystalline principle (soluble in carbon disulphide), 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
404 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DBUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 crystalline alkaloid (bitter, soluble in ether), volatile base, 
 sugar, mucilage, ash 5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Emmenagogue, parturient. Dose, 1 to 2 
 grams (gr. xv— xxx). 
 
 ERGOTA.— Ergot. 
 
 Secale cornutum. 
 
 Origin. — CMviceps purpurea, Tidasne. Natural order, 
 Fungi, Ascomycetes. 
 
 Habitat. — In the infloresceuce of Secdle ceredle, LinnS, 
 and other grasses. 
 
 Description. — Somewhat fusiform, obtusely triangular, 
 usually curved, about 20 to 40 millimeters (f-lj inches) 
 long, 3 or 4 millimeters (J-|^ inch) thick, three-fnrrowed, 
 attenuated and obtuse at both ends, purplish -black, often 
 transversely iissured, internally whitish, breaking with a 
 short fracture ; odor peculiar, heavy, increased by tritura- 
 tion with solution of potassa ; taste oily, unpleasant. 
 
 Ergot grows from a loose white mycelium, which in its 
 early stage is accompanied by an unpleasantly sweet mucus, 
 and penetrates into the ovary. In the following spring 
 stiped fruit-heads are produced, containing numerous 
 bottle-shaped conceptacles (perithecia) with fusiform spore- 
 sacs (asci) inclosing 8 filiform spores. 
 
 Ergot should be kept in a dry place, and renewed every 
 year. 
 
 Constituents. — Mostly difficult to isolate and purify, 
 owing to their amorphous condition and changeable nature. 
 The following have been obtained : Fixed oil 30 per cent., 
 mannit, mycose, proteids, cholesterin, ash about 3 per cent, 
 (mainly phosphates), scleromucin 2-3 per cent, (brown, 
 tasteless, after drying insoluble in water ; ecbolic ; accord- 
 ing to Kobert, impure ergotic acid), sclererythrin j^ per 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
EBGOTA — ERGOT. 
 
 405 
 
 cent, (soluble iu alcohol, ether, and in alkalies with a deep 
 red color), scleroiodin (not soluble in simple solvents, 
 
 FiQ. 248. 
 
 Fie. 249. 
 
 Ergota. 
 
 Fir. 251. 
 
 Ergot with fruit- 
 heads. 
 
 Section of head, showing 
 concepta«les. 
 
 Ergotized rye. 
 
 violet in alkalies), picrosclerotin (poisonous), sclerocrys- 
 tallin and scleroxanthin (crystalline, soluble in ether, inert). 
 
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406 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 Two acids possessing ecbolic properties have been obtained 
 in different stages of purity and named sphacelic and 
 sclerotic (ergotic) acid ; both are amorphous and nearly 
 tasteless ; the former, also known as sphacelotoxin, is in- 
 soluble in water, but soluble in alkalies; the latter is 
 soluble in water. Of alkaloids prepared from ergot, ergoti- 
 nine is colorless, crystalline, fluorescent in alcohol, ether, 
 and chloroform solutions, by HjSO^ colored red, violet, 
 and blue, and is regarded as harmless. Cornutine is an 
 active alkaloid, and is probably present to some extent in 
 the impure alkaloids ecboline and ergotine ; it is of a red- 
 dish color and entirely insoluble in ether and water and is 
 the chief active constituent of alcoholic extracts of ergot, 
 which contain also sphacelic acid. Aqueous extracts con • 
 tain principally ergotic acid and sphacelates. 
 
 Bonjean's ergotin is the aqueous extract of ergot, pre- 
 cipitated by alcohol, filtered and evaporated. 
 
 Properties. — Emmenagogue, ecbolic, parturient, hemo- 
 static, poisonous. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in 
 powder (freshly prepared), infusion, wine, or fluid extract; 
 ergotin 0.06 to 0.2 gram (gr. j-iij). 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuants (stomach pump, emetics, purga- 
 tives) ; stimulants ; amyl nitrite inhalation ; frictions. 
 
 LAMINAEIA.— Laminaria. 
 
 Origin. — Lamindria Cloristoni, Edmonston, s. L. digitdta, 
 Lamouroux. Natural order, Algae, Fucoidese. 
 
 Habitat. — North Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Description. — The stipitate portion of the plant is used. 
 Cylindrical or somewhat flattened pieces about 1 centimeter 
 (§ inch) thick, deeply wrinkled, brownish or brown, often 
 with a saline efflorescence, horn-like, sometimes hollow in the 
 centre (from old plants) ; after soaking in water brown-green, 
 elastic, and four or five times the former thickness ; in the 
 outer layer with large mucilage cells; odor slight seaweed- 
 like ; taste mucilaginous, saline. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
MACIS — MACE. 407 
 
 Constituents. — Mucilage, mannit, salts. 
 Properties. — Absorbent, dilatant; turned cylindrical or 
 conical, used as tents. 
 
 SASSAFRAS MEDULLA.— Sassafras Pith. 
 
 Origin. — Sassafras officinalis, Nees. Natural order, 
 Laurinese, Litseaeese. 
 
 Habitat. — North America, from Ontario to Florida and 
 Eastern Texas. 
 
 Description. — Slender cylindrical pieces, often curved or 
 coiled, light, spongy, white, inodorous, insipid ; consisting 
 entirely of parenchyme. 
 
 Oonstituerds. — Mucilage ; from its aqueous solution it is 
 not precipitated by alcohol or subacetate of lead. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent ; used mostly in collyria. 
 
 MACIS.— Mace. 
 
 (higin. — Myristiea fragrans, Houttuyn. Natural order, 
 Myristicacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Molucca Islands ; cultivated in the tropics. 
 
 Description. — It is the arillus of nutmeg. In narrow 
 bands, about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and 1 millimeter 
 (^^y inch) thick, somewhat branched and lobed above, 
 united to broader pieces at the base ; of a brownish-orange 
 color, fatty when scratched or pressed ; fracture short, 
 showing numerous yellow oil cells ; fragrant; taste warm, 
 aromatic. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 8 per cent, (mostly macene, 
 CijHjj, with little oxygenated compound), resin, fat, sugar, 
 dextrin, mucilage, proteids, no starch granules, ash 1.5-2 
 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic; used chiefly for flavoring. 
 
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408 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 CROCUS.— Saffron. 
 
 Origin. — Crocus sativus, LinnS. Natural order, Iridese, 
 Sisyrinchiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia ; cultivated for commerce 
 mainly in Spain and France. 
 
 Deseription. — It consists of the stigmas, which are sepa- 
 rate, or three attached to the top of the style, about 3 cen- 
 timeters (1^ inches) long, flattish-tubular, almost thread- 
 like, broader and notched above ; orange-brown red ; crisp 
 and somewhat elastic ; odor peculiar, aromatic ; taste bit- 
 terish and aromatic. When chewed it tinges the saliva 
 deep orange-yellow. It consists of thin-walled elongated 
 parenchyme and of delicate vascular veins, repeatedly 
 forked, a vein terminating in each tooth. 
 
 Saifron should not be mixed with the yellow styles, and 
 should not be sticky (glycerin). When pressed between 
 filtering paper, it should not leave an oily stain. When 
 soaked in water, it colors the liquid orange-yellow, and 
 should not deposit any pulverulent mineral matter, nor 
 show the presence of organic substances differing in shape 
 from that described (stamens, corolla-tubes, safflower, calen- 
 dula, etc.). For adulterating saffron mineral matters are 
 made to adhere to the drug by means of syrup or glycerin, 
 or it is impregnated with concentrated solutions of alkali 
 salts, or with cheaper coloring matters. Sodium nitrocre- 
 sylate dissolves in petroleum spirit with a lemon-yellow 
 color; the coloring matter of saffron is insoluble. 
 
 Vaneties. — Commercial saffron is mostly of Spanish or 
 French (Gatiuais) origin. African saffron is usually saf- 
 flower (carthamus). Cape saffron consists of the corolla of 
 Lyp6ria crocea, EoMon, natural order, Scrophularineae. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, CuHu, 1 per cent., fixed oil, 
 
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CROCUS — SAFFRON. 409 
 
 wax, mucilage, sugar, proteids, ash 5 per cent., moisture 
 about 12 per cent., picrocrocin aud crocin (polyehroit), 
 C^^HyjOjg. Tiie latter is amorphous, brown-yellow, insol- 
 uble iu ether, soluble in ordinary alcohol and wat^r, and is 
 split into sugar (crocose), and red crocetin (formerly called 
 crocin), Cg^H^jOg, which is^ soluble in ether and alcohol, 
 
 FiQ. 252. 
 
 Crocus —a. Stigma, upper part, magnified 4 diara. b. Style with stigmas. 
 V. Papillose margin of stigma, magnified 120 diam. 
 
 nearly insoluble in water, and is colored blue by sulphuric 
 acid, like crocin. Picrocrocin, CjgHjgOu, forms colorless 
 bitter needles, is readily soluble in alcohol and water, less 
 so in chloroform, sparingly soluble in ether, and with acids 
 or alkalies yields crocose and the volatile oil, Ci(,H,j. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, carminative, emmenagogue, 
 anodyne, mildly sedative. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v- 
 xxx), in powder, infusion, tincture, or syrup. 
 
 18 
 
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410 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 MAYDIS STIGMATA.— CoRNSiLK. 
 
 Origin. — Z6a Mays, LinnL Natural order, Graminese, 
 Maydese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America ; cultivated in the warm tem- 
 perate zone. 
 
 Description. — The stigmas are collected. Fine thread-like, 
 15 centimeters (6 inches) or more long, about 0.5 millimeter 
 (^ijj- inch) broad, yellowish or greenish, soft-silky, finely hairy, 
 inodorous, taste sweetish. 
 
 Constituents. — Sugar, mucilage ; maizenicacid (composition? 
 soluble in water, alcohol, and ether), fixed oil, resin, salts. 
 
 Properties. — Diuretic, lithoutriptic. Dose, about 2 grams 
 (gss) in decoction or syrup ; of the aqueous extract, 0.3 to 0.5 
 gram (gr. v-viij). 
 
 GOSSYPIUM.— Cotton. 
 
 Origin. — Gossy'pium herbdceum, Linne, and other 
 species of Gossypium. Natural order, Malvaceae, Hibis- 
 ceas. 
 
 Fio. 253. 
 
 Cotton fibres. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical Asia and Africa ; cultivated in trop- 
 ical and subtropical countries. 
 
 Description. — The hairs attached to the seeds are used. 
 One-celled filaments, about 2 (short staple) to 4 (long 
 
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MUCUNA — COWAGB. 411 
 
 staple) centimeters (f-lf inches) long, and about 0.02 mil- 
 limeter (0.0008 inch) broad ; white, soft, curling, under 
 the microscope appearing as flattened, hollow, and twisted 
 bands, which are spirally striate and slightly thickened at 
 the obtuse edges ; inodorous, tasteless, insoluble in water, 
 alcohol, ether, and potassa solution ; blackened by warm 
 solution of stannic chloride, not dyed by picric acid, soluble 
 in ammoniacal solution of copper sulphate. 
 
 Constituents. — Cellulose, inorganic constituents 1.5 per 
 cent., fixed oil 9-10 per cent., tiie latter removed by re- 
 peated boiling with caustic alkali (absorbent cotton). 
 
 Uses. — For preparing collodion and for surgical dress- 
 ings. 
 
 CIBOTIUM.— Penghawae. 
 
 Penghawar-Djambi, Pakukidang, Pulu. 
 
 Origin. — Cib6tium Bdromez, J. Smith, Cib. djambid,num, 
 Hasskarl, and other species of ferns. Natural order, Filices, 
 Cyatheaceee. 
 
 Habitat. — Sumatra, Java, and islands of the Pacific. 
 
 Description. — The chaffy hairs of the bases of the fronds 
 and stem are collected. Curling filaments, about 0.05 milli- 
 meter (0.002 inch) broad, glossy, brown or brown-yellow ; 
 under the microscope flat and jointed ; inodorous, tasteless. 
 Penghawar is about 25 millimeters (1 inch) long, and of a 
 yellowish tint. Paku-kidang, from A]s6phila Mrida, Hooker, 
 etc., is about 5 centimeters (2 inches) long, and of a brown 
 color. Pulu, or Pulu-pulu, from Cib6tium gladcum, Hooker, 
 etc., is slightly curling and very soft. 
 
 Cib6tium Schi6dei, Schlechtendal, of Mexico, yields a simi- 
 lar product. 
 
 Constituents. — Humin compounds, little resin, wax, trace of 
 tannin (green with iron). 
 
 Properties. — Hemostatic through the mechanical absorption 
 of the blood serum. 
 
 MUCUNA.— CowAGE. 
 
 Origin. — Muciina (Stizolobium, Persoon; D61ichos, Linne) 
 prtiriens, De Candolle. Natural order, Leguminosse, Papilio- 
 nacese, Phaseolese. 
 
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412 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 Habitat. — East and West Indies. 
 
 Description The hairs attached to the legumes are used. 
 
 One-celled, 2 or 3 millimeters (yV~8 inch) long, stiff, brown- 
 red, under the microscope appearing sharp-pointed, retrorsely 
 serrate, rather thick-walled and partly filled with a brown 
 granular matter. The hairs easily penetrate the skin, caus- 
 ing violent itching. 
 
 Constituents. — Little tannin and resin. 
 
 Muciina lirens, De Candolle, yields shorter and darker 
 hairs, which are equally irritating. 
 
 Properties. — Anthelmintic, externally irritant. Dose, 0.1 
 to 0.2 gram (gr. jss-iij), mixed with syrup. 
 
 KAMALA. — Kamala. 
 
 Origin. — Mallotus pbilippin^nsis, Mueller Arg. (Rot- 
 tl6ra tinctoria, Roxburgh). Natural order, Euphorbiacese, 
 Crotonese. 
 
 Habitat. — India, China, Philippine Islands, Australia ; 
 possibly also in Abyssinia. 
 
 Description. — The glands and hairs of the capsules are 
 collected. Granular, mobile, brick-red, inodorous and 
 nearly tasteless powder, imparting a deep red color to alka- 
 line liquids, alcohol, ether, and chloroform ; boiling water 
 yields a pale yellow solution, becoming brown with ferric 
 chloride. Under the microscope Kamala is seen to consist 
 of stellately arranged colorless hairs, mixed with depressed 
 globular glands, containing from 40 to 60 red club-shaped 
 vesicles. When heated in a crucible to redness, it leaves 
 an ash, weighing not over 8 per cent, of the drug. 
 
 Constituents. — Resins nearly 80 per cent., one soluble in 
 cold, the other in hot alcohol ; rottlerin, CjjHjjOj (yellow- 
 ish needles, soluble in hot alcohol, in ether, benzol, carbon 
 disulphide and, with a red color in alcohol ; altered on ex- 
 posure to air), albuminous matter and cellulose, each 7 per 
 cent., ash about 3 per cent. 
 
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AKAROBA — GOA POWDER. 413 
 
 Adulteration. — Earthy matters, sometimes to the extent 
 of 60 per ceut. ; best detected by incineration. 
 
 Properties. — Tsenifuge. Dose, 4 to 8 or 12 grams (3j- 
 ij-iij), in powder or electuary. 
 
 Substitute. — Wars or Wurrus from Fleraingia rhodo- 
 cdrpa, Baker ; Papilionacesa, Phaseolese ; indigenous to 
 Eastern Africa. The powder is coarser than Kamala, is 
 deep purple, has a slight odor, becomes black in the water- 
 
 FiG. 254. 
 
 Kamala. — Magnified 190 diam. 
 
 bath, and consists of cylindrical or subconical glands, en- 
 closing several tiers of oblong vesicles. Used as a vermi- 
 fuge, in skin diseases, and as a dye. An inferior kind of 
 wars consists of altered starch of flemingia seeds mixed 
 with red sand (Fliickiger). It contains resins 73, albumi- 
 nous matter 8, cellulose 7.5, and ash 6 per cent. 
 
 ARAEOBA.— GoA Powder. 
 
 Origin. — Andira Araroba, Aguiar. Natural order, 
 Legurainosae, Papilionacese, Dalbergiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Brazil. 
 
 Description. — Collected from radial clefts of the wood. 
 When fresh, light yellow, after exposure ochre-colored, 
 umber-brown, or brown-purple; somewhat crystalline, 
 rough, mixed with wood-fibres ; inodorous, bitter. Water 
 
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414 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 dissolves about 7 per cent., the solution being brownish ; 
 benzol dissolves about 80 per cent., and subsequently 
 alcohol about 2 per ceut. ; the insoluble portion consists 
 mostly of wood fibres. 
 
 Constituents. — Gummy matter, resin, and chrysarobin, 
 (031,112507 (orange-yellow, crystalline, soluble in alcohol 
 and ether, more freely soluble in chloroform and benzol ; 
 the solution in potassa is yellow, has a green fluorescence, 
 and becomes red, when it contains chrysophanic acid) ; ash 
 about 0.5 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Irritant ; used externally in skin diseases. 
 
 LUPULINUM.— LuPULiN. 
 
 Origin. — Hiimulus Liipulus, Linne. Natural order, 
 Urticacese, Oannabiuese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northern temperate zone ; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — ^The glands attached to the axis and bracts 
 of the strobiles are collected. Bright, brownish-yellow, 
 becoming yellowish-brown ; resinous, aromatic, and bitter. 
 
 Fig. 256. 
 
 Lupulin (fresh). 
 
 consisting of minute granules, which, under the micro- 
 scope, are subglobular or rather hood-shaped, and reticu- 
 late, the lower half being obtusely conical. "When agitated 
 with water and allowed to stand, no appreciable sediment 
 consisting of sand should be deposited. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 3 per ceut., choline (formerly 
 called lupuline, strongly alkaline liquid, not bitter, proba- 
 
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LYCOPODIUM. 415 
 
 bly from the decomposition of lecithin ; on boiling yields 
 trimethylamine), resin, wax (myricin), lupamaric acid, 
 CjjHjjO^ (bitter prisms, insoluble in water, freely soluble 
 in diluted and strong alcohol, ether, chloroform and other 
 solvents, turns yellow and resinous on exposure, with 
 HNO3 turns red, changing to orange on dilution or with 
 an alkali), ash about 5 per cent. The volatile oil, on ex- 
 posure, yields valerianic acid. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, anodyne. Dose, 0.2 to 
 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. iij-viij-xv), m powder, tincture, fluid 
 extract, or oleoresin. 
 
 LYCOPODIUM.— Lycopodium. 
 
 Origin. — Lycopodium clavdtum, lAnne, and other spe- 
 cies of Lycopodium. Natural order, Lycopodiaceae. 
 
 HaMtat. — Europe, Asia, and North America, in dry 
 woods. 
 
 Description. — A fine powder, pale yellowish, very mobile, 
 inodorous, tasteless, not wetted by water, burning quickly 
 when thrown into a flame. Viewed under the microscope 
 the granules are seen to be tetrahedral, reticulated, rounded 
 on one side and on the edge with short projections. 
 
 Fig. 256. 
 
 Lycopodium. 
 
 Constituents. — Fixed oil 47-49 per cent., cane sugar 2 per 
 cent., volatile base (methylamine) in minute quantity; ash 
 1.15 per cent, (and 3 or 4 per cent, of sand, etc.), contain- 
 ing 45.7 per cent, of ^fi^. The oil contains a peculiar 
 oleic acid, CuHjdOa {Langer, 1889). 
 
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416 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 Uses. — For protecting excoriated surfaces, and for pre- 
 venting the mutual adhesion of pills. 
 
 Fig. 257. 
 
 Pollen of pine. 
 
 Adulterations. — Pine pollen consists of an elliptic cell, at 
 both ends of which a globular cell is attached. Starch is 
 colored blue by iodine. Powdered turmeric is colored red- 
 brown by alkalies. Mineral admixtures subside in carbon 
 disulphide and increase the yield of ash. 
 
 FERMENTUM.— Yeast. 
 
 Origin. — Torula (Saccharomy'ces, Meyen) cerevisise, Tur- 
 pin. Natural order, Fungi, Saccharomycetes. 
 
 Habitat. — In fermenting malt liquors. 
 
 Description. — A viscid liquid or semifluid frothy mass, con- 
 taining numerous isolated roundish or oval cells (bottom 
 
 Fig. 258. 
 
 Yeast cells. 
 
 yeast), or the cells are arranged in short branching rows (top 
 yeast) ; odor peculiar, taste bitter. 
 
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AMYLUM — STARCH. 
 
 417 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, stimulating, laxative, antiseptic. Dose, 
 30 to 65 grams (ij-ij) ; externally for poultices. 
 
 AMYLUM.— Starch. 
 
 Origin. — In most vegetables. For medicinal and dietetic 
 purposes, and for uses in the arts, starch is prepared from 
 amylaceous seeds, tubers, rhizomes, and palm stems. 
 
 Description. — Fine white powder, sometimes superfi- 
 cially adhering so as to form irregular angular or columnar 
 masses, white, inodoi'ous, tasteless, insoluble in ether, 
 alcohol, and cold water ; under the microscope, appearing 
 as minute granules, varying in size and shape according to 
 origin, and consisting of more or less distinct concentric or 
 excentric layers, which are arranged around a cavity called 
 
 Fig. 269. 
 
 Wheat starch. 
 
 FiQ. 260. 
 
 Corn starch. 
 
 Fig. 261. 
 
 ■^ 
 
 <^ 
 
 % 
 
 
 o9 
 
 Bice starch. 
 
 the hilum or nucleus. Its ultimate composition is, CgHj^O,, 
 but it consists of a mixture of various modifications of 
 starch-cellulose and starch-granulose, the latter becoming 
 blue with iodine. Boiled with water the granules are rup- 
 tured and dissolve, yielding, on cooling, a jelly or muci- 
 laginous liquid acquiring a blue color with iodine. Heated 
 to 180° C. (356° F.) starch is converted into dextrin. 
 Boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, starch yields diiferent 
 
 18* 
 
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418 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 dextrins (colored violet or red, or not affected by iodine), 
 and finally glucose (dextrose). 
 
 Fig. 262. 
 
 Maranta starch. 
 
 Fig. 263. 
 
 Potato starch. 
 
 Starch soluble in water has been observed in the epider- 
 mal layers of some plants. Some starches acquire a yellow 
 and brown color with iodine, and probably consist mainly 
 of starch cellulose. 
 
 Fig. 264. 
 
 Fig. 265. 
 
 Canna starch. 
 
 Curcuma starch. 
 
 The most important starches found in commerce may be 
 distinguished by the microscopic appearance of the gran- 
 ules, as follows (the cuts represent the starch granules 
 magnified 250 diameters) : 
 
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SAGO — PEARL SAGO. 
 
 419 
 
 Lenticular, large and minute granules ; layers indis- Triticum 
 
 tinct; hilum slight, near the centre. vul| 
 
 Polyhedric, uniform ; size of wheat starch (nearly) ; 
 
 hilum central, large. Z^a Mays. 
 
 Polyhedric, uniform ; much smaller; hilum small. Ory'za sativa. 
 
 Ovate ; layers delicate, distinct ; hilum at broad end, Maranta 
 
 often cleft. arundinacea. 
 
 Ovate or roundish ovate ; larger than preceding ; lay- 
 ers very distinct ; hilum rather small at the narrow Solanum 
 end. tuberosum. 
 
 Ovate or ovate-oblong ; larger than preceding ; layers 
 numerous, delicate; hilum inconspicuous, mostly 
 
 at the narrow end. Canna spec. 
 
 Elliptic, flat, contracted at one end ; layers numerous, 
 
 delicate; hilum small at the narrow end. Curcuma spec. 
 
 SAGO.— Peael Sago. 
 
 Origin. — Metr6xylon Sdgu, Rotthoell, and M. Rumphii 
 Martins (Sdgus Rrimphii, Willdenow), and other palms. Nat- 
 ural order, Palmae, Lepidocaryae. 
 
 Habitat. — East India Islands ; cultivated. 
 
 Fig. 266. 
 
 Sago starch. 
 
 Description. — Globular, pearl-like grains, prepared by 
 granulation with heat ; vehite or brownish, somewhat diapha- 
 nous ; the unaltered starch granules oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 
 truncate at one end ; layers more or less distinct ; hilum at 
 the'rounded end often cleft. 
 
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420 CELLULAR VEGETABLE DRUGS — VARIOUS. 
 
 TAPIOCA. —Tapioca. 
 
 Origin. — M^nihot utilissima, Pohl (Jatropha M^nihot, 
 lAnne), and M^nihot Aipi, Pohl (Jatr. ddlcis, Gmelin). Nat- 
 ural order, Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. 
 
 Habitat. — Brazil ; cultivated in the tropics. 
 
 Fio. 261. 
 
 Cassava starch. 
 
 Altered starch granules from tapioca. 
 
 Description. — The starch of the rhizome (cassava starch), 
 while still moist, is dried on heated plates. Irregular lumps, 
 white and opaque or somewhat diaphanous ; the unaltered 
 starch granules muller-shaped ; layers indistinct ; hilum near 
 the rounded end, small, often cleft. 
 
 HOEDEUM.— Pearl Barley. 
 
 Origin. — Hordeum distichum, lAnne, and other cultivated 
 species of Hordeum. Natural order, Gramineee, Hordeeae. 
 Habitat. — Asia j cultivated. 
 
 Fig. 269. 
 
 Barley starch. 
 
 Description. — The fruit is almost completely deprived of 
 the integuments. Globular, white, mealy, on one. side with 
 
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AVENiE FARINA — OAT MEAL. 421 
 
 a groove, containing remnants of the brown integuments ; the 
 starch granules resemble those of wheat, but are rather 
 smaller; a portion of the gluten is present. 
 
 AVENiE FARINA.— Oat Meal. 
 
 Origin. — Av6na sativa, Linne. Natural order, Grami- 
 nese, Avenese. 
 
 Habitat. — Probably Asia; cultivated. 
 
 Description. — Meal not uniform, grayish-white, contain- 
 ing the gluten and fragments of the integuments ; taste 
 
 Oat Btarch. 
 
 bitterish ; the starch granules polyhedric, or muller-shaped, 
 often united to subspherieal or ovoid masses ; layers scarcely 
 observable ; hilum rather indistinct. 
 
 Properties. — Starches are demulcent ; farinaceous sub- 
 stances containing both starch and gluten, are demulcent 
 and nutritive. 
 
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PAET III. 
 
 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 These comprise secretions, exudations, and other organic 
 products which are destitute of cellular structure, though 
 fragments of tissue are in some of them always present, 
 and which, if of animal origin, like some of the fats, are 
 not readily recognized as such. 
 
 1. EXTRACTS AND INSPISSATED JUICES. 
 EXTRACTA ET SUOOI INSPISSATI. 
 
 These are of black or brown color, either wholly or 
 partly soluble in water or alcohol, yielding brown-colored 
 solution ; two of the inspissated milk-juices are completely 
 insoluble in both menstruums. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 Sect. 1. Wholly or partly soluble in water and alcohol. 
 
 I. Taste bitter. 
 
 Containing fragments of tissue ; also starch and 
 
 tannin ; red-brown, black-green by ferric salts. Guarana. 
 Fragments of tissue ; neither starch nor tannin ; 
 
 red-brown, blood-red by ferric salts. Opium. 
 
 Neither tissue, starch, nor tannin ; gray-brown, 
 
 not altered by ferric salts. Lactucarium. 
 
 dark orange-brown, black by ferric salts. Aloe, 
 
 blackish-brown, poisonous. Curare. 
 
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424 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 II. Taste sweet. 
 
 Brown black, glossy. 
 
 III. Taste astringent and sweetish. 
 
 Dark brown, more or less glossy ; black-green by 
 ferric salts. 
 
 Extractum 
 glycyrrhizse. 
 
 Catechu. 
 
 Brown, earthy, crystalline ; black-green by ferric 
 
 salts. 
 
 Gambir. 
 
 Brown-red, angular pieces ; black-green by ferric 
 salts. 
 
 Kino. 
 
 Black -brown, somewhat acrid; blue-black by 
 
 
 ferric salts. 
 
 Monesia. 
 
 Brown-red ; violet-black by ferric salts. 
 Sect. 2. Insoluble in water and alcohol. 
 
 Extr. 
 
 hsematoxyU. 
 
 Plastic in hot water. 
 
 Gutta percha. 
 
 Elastic at ordinary temperature. 
 
 Elastica. 
 
 GUARANA.— GuARANA. 
 
 Origin. — Paullinia sorbilis, Martins. Natural order, 
 Sapindacese, Sapindese. 
 
 Habitat. — ^Northern and Western Brazil. 
 
 Preparation. — The seeds are subglobular, 8 to 10 milli- 
 meters (J— f inch) in diameter, glossy blackish-brown and 
 with a broad light brown hilum and a whitish embryo. 
 They are roasted, then broken, kneaded with water into a 
 pasty mass, formed into cakes, and dried by artiiicial and 
 solar heat. 
 
 Description. — Subglobular, elliptic, or cylindrical cakes, 
 hard, dark reddish-brown ; fracture uneven, lighter col- 
 ored, showing fragments of the seeds; odor slight, peculiar; 
 taste astringent and bitter; partly soluble in water and 
 alcohol. The powder is light reddish-brown, and contains 
 thick-walled cells and thin-walled parenchyme with pasty 
 starch, starch granules, crystals, oil drops, etc. 
 
 Oonstiiuents. — Caffeine, CgHijN^Oj, 4 to 5 per cent., 
 tannin 26 per cent, (coloring ferric salts black-green), 
 
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OPIUM. 425 
 
 starch, mucilage, fat, saponin, resin, volatile oil, ash 2.5 
 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Mild astringent, tonic, stimulant, nervine. 
 Dose, 0.5 to 4 grams (gr. viij-5j), in powder, syrup, or 
 fluid extract. The extract (made with diluted alcohol), 
 0.2 to 1 gram (gr. iij-xv). 
 
 OPIUM.— Opium. 
 
 Meconium, Thebaicum, Succus thebaicus. 
 
 Origin. — Papdver somniferum, Linne. Natural order, 
 Papaveracese, Papaverese. 
 
 Mabitai. —Western Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Preparaiion. — The green capsule is scarified transversely 
 by a one-bladed knife (Asia Minor and Egypt), or longi- 
 tudinally by a several-bladed knife (India, Japan) ; the 
 white milk-juice assumes a brown color, thickens, and is 
 then scraped olF and formed into cakes. In Asia Minor 
 the cakes are wrapped in a poppy leaf and packed with 
 rumex-capsules ; this constitutes the officinal opium. 
 
 Description — Subglobular or irregularly angular and 
 flattened cakes, with the remains of poppy leaves and some 
 fruits of a species of rumex adhering to the surface, 
 plastic, and chestnut-brown, or harder, darker, somewhat 
 shining, and with a coarsely granular fracture ; internally 
 with some tears and fragments of the epicarp of the poppy 
 capsules ; odor heavy narcotic ; taste bitter and nauseous. 
 
 10 grams of opium — previously dried at a temperature 
 of 105° C. (220° F.), exhausted with cold water, and the 
 solution evaporated to dryness — yield an extract weighing 
 between 5.5 and 6 grams (or between 55 and 60 grains 
 from 100 grains of well-dried opium). Opium should 
 contain about 10 per cent., and powdered opium 12 to 16 
 per cent., of moqjhine. 
 
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426 DRUaS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE, 
 
 Varieties. — Smyrna, Turkey, or Constantinople opium, 
 described above. 
 
 Egyptian opium. Flattish cakes, enveloped in poppy 
 leaf, free from rumex fruit; now rarely exported. 
 
 Persian opium. Cylindrical sticks, short cones, or small 
 balls of a rather light brown color ; wrapped in paper or 
 oftener packed in poppy trash ; oily and of rather firm 
 consistence. 
 
 East Indian opium. In globular balls weighing about 
 1900 grams (nearly 4J lbs. avoirdupois), and enclosed in a 
 hard shell formed of poppy petals (provision opium) ; or 
 in flat square or circular cakes wrapped in oiled paper 
 (Abkari opium). 
 
 European and American opium, prepared experiment- 
 ally, but never on a large scale. 
 
 Factitious opium has been occasionally met with ; it was 
 probably the aqueous extract of the poppy plant, of a 
 blackish-brown color, soft consistence, and deficient in odor 
 and taste. 
 
 Adulterations. — Lead balls, shot, pebbles, starch, and 
 gum have been used for the purpose. 
 
 Oonstituents. — Free from starch, tannin, and oxalates. 
 Contains odorous principle, glucose, mucilage, pectin, 
 caoutchouc, wax, fatty matter, coloring principle, ash 6 
 per cent., meconic acid, CyH^O^ (present in free state; 
 ferric salts produce a deep red color, which is not dis- 
 charged by hydrochloric acid or mercuric chloride), lactic 
 acid IJ per cent., meconin, CijHijO^ (bitter, soluble in 
 alcohol and ether), meconoiosin, CjHjp02 (red, changing to 
 purple when evaporated with slightly diluted sulphuric 
 acid, while meconin turus green), and numerous alkaloids, 
 mostly present as sulphates. 
 
 Narcotine, CjjHjjNO^, 1.3 to 10 per cent. Soluble in 
 ether, benzol, chloroform and boiling alkali solutions ; 
 
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OPIUM. 427 
 
 melts at 176° C. (349° F.) ; dissolves blood-red iu sul- 
 phuric acid containing some nitric acid, and with orange 
 carmine and dingy violet colors in hot sulphuric acid ; 
 Frohde's reagent colors green, brown, yellow, and reddish ; 
 heated with nitric acid yields opianic acid, meconin, and 
 cotarnine, CjjHijNOj, a stronger base. 
 
 Morphine, CijHigNOj.HjO, 2.5 to 15 or 22.8 per cent. 
 Nearly insoluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol, soluble 
 in alkalies; blood-red, orange, then yellow with nitric 
 acid ; orange-colored by chlorinated alkalies ; deep blue by 
 ferric chloride, the color disappearing on heating or on 
 the addition of acids ; liberates iodine from iodic acid ; 
 Frohde's reagent colors violet, brown, and greenish ; heated 
 with hydrochloric acid under pressure yields apomorphine, 
 Ci7Hj7N02, which is emetic, and in moist air turns green. 
 
 Codeine, CigHjiNOj, 0.2 to 0.7 per cent. Soluble in 
 ether, chloroform, benzol, and water ; melts in hot water ; 
 crystallized from anhydrous ether melts at 153° C. 
 (307.4° F.) ; colored yellow by nitric acid ; blue by sul- 
 phuric containing a trace of nitric acid or ferric salt. It 
 is the methyl ether of morphine, CijHigNOj.OCHj. 
 
 Pseudomorphine,phormineoroxydimorphine,C3jH35N205, 
 0.2 per cent. Insoluble in ether and chloroform ; red by 
 nitric acid, and blue by ferric chloride ; tasteless, not poi- 
 sonous. 
 
 Thebaine (paramorphine), CigHjiNOj, 0.15 to 1 per 
 cent. Soluble in ether, chloroform, and benzol ; somewhat 
 soluble in alkalies ; colored red and yellow by sulphuric 
 acid ; yellow by nitric acid ; easily decomposed by mineral 
 acids. 
 
 Narceine, C^jH^gNOg, 0.02 to 0.1 or 0.7 per cent. In- 
 soluble in ether aud benzol ; freely soluble in boiling 
 water and alcohol ; sparingly so in chloroform ; colored 
 violet and cherry-red by warm dilute sulphuric acid ; tran- 
 
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428 DRUGS WlTHOaT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 sieatly yellow by nitric acid ; blue by a little iodine ; 
 brown and yellow by Frohde's reagent. 
 
 Papaverine, CjiHjiNO^, 1 per cent. Soluble in chloro- 
 form and benzol ; slightly soluble in ether ; melting point 
 147° C. (297° F.) ; violet-blue by warm sulphuric acid, 
 changing to green with a nitrate ; Frohde's reagent colors 
 violet, blue, and yellowish. 
 
 Ehoeadine, CjiHjiNOj. Nearly insoluble in simple sol- 
 vents; solutions in dilute acids tasteless and colorless, 
 turning purple by sulphuric acid. 
 
 Cryptopine, C21H23NO5. Freely soluble in chloroform, 
 sparingly soluble in other simple solvents ; melting point 
 217° C. (422.6 F.); salts gelatinize from hot water; blue 
 by sulphuric acid, changing to orange-yellow by a nitrate. 
 
 Gnoscopine, C34H3j]S'20„. Soluble in chloroform, car- 
 bon disulphide, and benzol ; carmine-red by sulphuric con- 
 taining nitric acid. 
 
 Oxynarcotine, C22H23NOg. Soluble in alkalies ; spar- 
 ingly so in alcohol ; insoluble in ether, chloroform, and 
 benzol ; on oxidation yields cotarnine and hemipic acid. 
 
 Lanthopine, C23H25NO4. Readily soluble in chloroform; 
 melts near 200° C. (392° F.); orange-red by nitric acid; 
 pale violet color by sulphuric acid, dark brown on heating. 
 
 Meconidine, C,iH23N04. Amorphous; readily soluble 
 in ether, benzol, and chloroform; melts at 58.6° C. 
 (136.4° F.) ; olive-green by sulphuric acid ; orange-red by 
 nitric acid. 
 
 Laudanine, C2QH25NO4. Sparingly soluble in cold 
 alcohol or ether, soluble in chloroform and benzol ; melts 
 at 166° C. (331° F.) ; rose-red by sulphuric acid contain- 
 ing ferric salt, violet on heating ; orange-red by nitric acid ; 
 emerald green with ferric chloride ; the salts bitter. 
 
 Codamine, C2|,H25N04. Readily soluble in simple sol- 
 vents; melting point 121° C. (250° F.) ; blue with sul- 
 
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LACTUCARIUM. 429 
 
 phuric acid containing ferric salt, on heating green and 
 dark violet ; dark green by nitric acid or ferric chloride ; 
 salts amorphous. 
 
 Deuteropine, C20H21NO5. Not known in pure state. 
 
 Laudanosine, C21H27NO4. Soluble in ether, chloroform, 
 and benzol ; melts at 89° C. (192.2° F.) ; colored yellow 
 by light; brown-red by sulphuric acid containing ferric 
 salt, changed to green and dark violet on heating. 
 
 Protopine, C2|,H,gN05. Slightly soluble in ether, ben- 
 zol, and alcohol ; more soluble in chloroform ; melting 
 point 202° C. ; crude HjSO^ colors deep violet. 
 
 Hydrocotarnine, Ci2Hj5N03. Soluble in ether, chloro- 
 form, and be;izol ; melts at 50° C. (122° F.) ; hot H2SO, 
 colors red ; on oxidation yields cotarnine. 
 
 The last twelve alkaloids are present only in minute 
 quantities. 
 
 Properties. — Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasraodic, 
 hypnotic, chiefly due to the morphine present. Narcotine 
 is antiperiodic and tetanizing, in doses of 1 to 2 grams (gr. 
 xv-xxx) hypnotic ; of similar action is hydro-cotarnine. 
 Codeine is hypnotic, in large doses tetanic, used in diabetes. 
 Thebaine is soporific, excitant, and tetanizing. Narceine is 
 feebly hypnotic. Papaverine and cryptopine are hypnotic 
 and sedative. Laudanine and laudanosine have a tetaniz- 
 ing action. Dose, opium 0.06 to 0.13 gram (gr j-ij) or 
 more. Morphine 0.01 to 0.03 gram (gr. -g— ss) or more. 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuation preferably by mechanical means, 
 (stomach-pump, etc.) ; ambulatory treatment ; stimulants 
 (strong coffee, brandy, etc.) ; cold douches ; atropine. 
 
 LACTUCARIUM.— Lactdcarium. 
 
 Origin. — Lacttica virosa, lAnnS, L. sativa, lAnni, and 
 L. Scariola, lAnnS. Natural order, Compositse, Cichoria- 
 cese. 
 
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430 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 Hahitat. — Southern and Central Europe; the second 
 species extensively cultivated (garden lettuce) ; the third 
 species naturalized in some parts of North America. 
 
 Preparation. — The top of the flowering stalk is cut off, 
 and the milk-juice scraped into earthen vessels to harden. 
 
 Description. — In sections of plano-convex circular cakes, 
 or in irregular angular pieces ; externally gray-brown or 
 dull reddish-brown ; internally whitish or yellowish, of a 
 waxy lustre ; odor narcotic ; taste bitter. 
 
 It is partly soluble in alcohol and ether, is softened by 
 hot water, and, when triturated with water, yields a turbid 
 mixture. Diluted alcohol dissolves between 36 and 44 per 
 cent, of the lactucarium. Spirit of chloroform dissolves 
 between 55 and 60 per cent., chiefly lactucon. 
 
 Lactiica canadensis, LinnS, at the time of flowering, 
 yields a good lactucarium ; earlier in the season its milk- 
 juice is not bitter, or but slightly so. 
 
 Constituents. — Lactucin, CuHj203.Il20 (bitter scales sol- 
 uble in 60 parts of cold water, insoluble in ether ; turns 
 red and brown by alkalies, and loses its bitter taste), lac- 
 tucic acid (crystalline, bitter, red by alkalies), lactucopicrin 
 (amorphous, bitter), lactucerin or lactucon about 50 per 
 cent, (tasteless needles ; composition variable), caoutchouc, 
 resin, sugar, mucilage, asparagin, trace of volatile oil, ash 
 7 to 10 per cent., etc. 
 
 Properties. — Anodyne, hypnotic, sedative. Dose, 0.1 to 
 0.3 or 0.5 gram (gr. jss-v-viij), in syrup or fluid extract. 
 
 Thridace or French lactucarium is not the milk-juice, 
 but the extract of the herb. 
 
 ALOE.— Aloes. 
 
 Origin. — 1. A'loe socotrina, Lamarck. 2. A. vulgaris, 
 Lamarck. 3. A. ferox. Miller, and other species of Aloe. 
 Natural order, Liliacese, Aloeinese. 
 
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ALOE — ALOES. 431 
 
 Hahiiai. — 1. Eastern Africa (A'loe P6rryi, Baker, in 
 the island of Socotra). 2. India and Northeastern Africa ; 
 naturalized in the West Indies. 3. Southern Africa, where 
 A. spicdta, Thunberg, and 6 or 8 additional species and 
 hybrids are used in the preparation of aloes. 
 
 Preparaiion. — The leaves are cut off and the juice exud- 
 ing from them is collected without using any pressure, 
 after which it is evaporated. 
 
 Description. — Of different shades of brown, opaque, and 
 in thin layers translucent or transparent ; fracture some- 
 what conchoidal, dull waxy or glossy resinous ; odor pecu- 
 liar, when breathed upon saffron-like j taste bitter, nau- 
 seous. Aloes is almost completely soluble in alcohol, in 
 boiling water, and in alkalies ; nearly insoluble in ether, 
 chloroform, benzol, benzin, and carbon disulphide. 
 
 Varieties. — Aloe socotrina; Socotrine aloes. Hard, or 
 the interior occasionally soft;, opaque, yellowish-brown or 
 orange-brown, not greenish, translucent ; odor rather pleas- 
 ant. Mixed with alcohol, and examined under the micro- 
 scope, it exhibits numerous crystals. It is exported from 
 Zanzibar and other places of Eastern Africa, frequently 
 via Bombay. 
 
 A'loe barbad6nse ; Barbadoes aloes. Deep orange-brown, 
 opaque, translucent ; odor differing somewhat from that of 
 the preceding ; under the microscope crystalline. It is ex- 
 ported from the island of Barbadoes. Bonare and Curagao 
 aloes, also derived from Aloe vulgaris, are more glossy. 
 
 A'loe cap6nsis ; Cape aloes. Blackish-brown or olive- 
 black, transparent and red-brown on the edges, glossy ; 
 odor unpleasant ; not crystalline under the microscope. 
 
 Natal aloes. Light yellowish-gray-brown, dull, and 
 opaque ; odor and taste weaker than in the other varieties ; 
 crystalline under the microscope ; medicinally of little 
 value. The plant yielding it is unknown ; it is exported 
 from Port Natal. 
 
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432 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 Moka aloes. Brown-black, opaque, impure, and of dis- 
 agreeable odor ; from the interior of Arabia. 
 
 Caballine aloes; Hoj'se aloes. Dark colored, opaque, 
 and fetid. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil a minute quantity, ash about 
 1 per cent., aloin and so-called resin. The latter amounts 
 to about 60 per cent., is soluble in hot water, and almost 
 wholly reprecipitated on boiling ; soluble in alcohol and 
 colored brown-black by ferric salts. The crystalline aloin 
 is yellow or pale yellow, and not freely soluble in simple 
 solvents. Cape aloes does not yield aloin. 
 
 Socaloin or zanaloin, CjjHijOj, is little affected by cold 
 nitric acid. 
 
 Nataloin, CjgHjgOj, is colored crimson by cold nitric 
 acid. If added to cold sulphuric acid, and the vapor of 
 nitric acid passed over it, the orange color will rapidly 
 change to green, red, and blue ; the other aloins are little 
 affected by this test. Oxidation with HNOj yields picric 
 and oxalic acids. 
 
 Barbaloin, CijH.2ifij, is colored crimson by cold nitric 
 acid. Yields like socaloin, on oxidation with HNO3, chrys- 
 ammic, aloetic, picric, and oxalic acids. 
 
 Properties. — Laxative, drastic, eramenagogue, vermifuge. 
 Dose, 0.12 to 0.3 or 0.5 to 1 gram (gr. ij-v or viij-xv), in 
 pills, tincture, wine, enema, or suppository. 
 
 CURAKA.— CuRAKE. 
 
 Origin. — Stry'chnos Castelnsedna, Weddell, Str. toxifera, 
 Sehomburgk, and other species of Strychnos. Natural order, 
 Loganiacese, Euloganiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Brazil and Guiana. 
 
 Preparation. — An infusion or decoction is made from the 
 bark with the addition of various other substances ; afterward 
 evaporated. 
 
 description. — Blackish-brown, extract-like, and hygro- 
 
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EXT. GLYCYRRHIZ^ — LICORICE. 433 
 
 scopic, or firmer, brittle, and friable; about 75 per cent, solu- 
 ble in cold water. 
 
 Constituents. — Curarine, NCigHjj, resin, fat, gum, inorganic 
 matters. Curarine is crystalline, very bitter, hygroscopic, 
 sparingly soluble in ether and chloroform, and is colored 
 dark red by nitric acid ; sulphuric acids colors carmine-red, 
 becoming violet with potassium chromate. 
 
 Properties. — Diaphoretic, nervous sedative, irritant. Dose, 
 0.006 to 0.02 gram (gr. ^i). 
 
 EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZiE.— Liquorice. 
 
 Licorice. 
 
 Succus liquiritise. 
 
 Origin. — Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linni. Natural order, 
 Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Galegese. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Europe; cultivated. 
 
 Preparation. — The bruised root is boiled with water, 
 expressed, the liquid evaporated, and the stiff extract while 
 warm rolled out into sticks. 
 
 Description. — Cylindrical brown-black sticks of varying 
 dimensions, somewhat flexible when warm, breaking with 
 a glossy and flat conchoidal fracture, and yielding a brown 
 powder; odor slight; taste sweet, somewhat acrid. 
 
 Licorice loses on drying from 10 to 15 per cent, of 
 moisture, and if now treated with cold water, yields to it 
 from 60 to 70 per cent, of its weight, and subsequently an 
 additional quantity to dilute ammonia. 
 
 Constituents. — Glyeyrrhizin, free and combined with 
 base.s, the former scjluble in ammonia ; glucose, pasty starch, 
 fragments of tissue, ash 6 to 8 per cent. 
 
 Adulteration. — Dextrin and gum are precipitated from 
 the aqueous infusion by alcohol ; glucose is not precipitated. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 2 
 grams (gr. xv-xxx) ; used for correcting the taste of bitter 
 
 medicines. 
 
 19 
 
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434 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 CATECHU.— Catechu. Cutch. 
 
 Ongin. — Acacia Catechu, Willdenow, aud Ac. Suma, 
 Kurz. Natural order, Leguminosse, Mimosese, Acaciese. 
 
 Habitat. — India ; the second species also in Eastern 
 Africa. 
 
 Preparation. — The brown heartwood is boiled with 
 water, and the concentrated decoction poured upon mats of 
 leaves or into moulds. 
 
 Description. — In irregular masses, containing fragments 
 of leaves, dark brown, glossy, brittle, breaking with a con- 
 choidal fracture, often somewhat porous in the interior ; 
 the powder of a red-brown color ; nearly inodorous ; taste 
 strongly astringent and sweetish; partly soluble in cold 
 water, the solution having an acid reaction, and the undis- 
 solved portion containing numerous acicular crystals ; 
 yields with hot water a dark brown turbid liquid; hot 
 alcohol leaves not over 15 per cent, undissolved ; the tinc- 
 ture diluted is turned green by ferric salts. 
 
 Constituents. — Catechutannic acid, about 35 per cent, 
 (brown, insoluble in ether, black-green with ferric salts), 
 catechin, CjgHjgOg (white needles, sparingly soluble in cold 
 water, soluble in ether, sweetish, green with ferric salts, 
 precipitated by albumen, but not by gelatin ; melting-point 
 217° C, on dry distillation yields pyrocatechin, phenol, 
 and acetic acid), catechu red, little quercetin, gum, ash 0.6 
 to 6 per cent. Catechin, fused with potasa, yields phloro- 
 glucin and protocatechuic acid, C^HjO^ (FcjCl^ colors the 
 solution dark green, changing by alkali carbonate to blue 
 and red). Pyrocatechin or catechol has the formula CjHjO^ ; 
 PcjClg colors it dark green, changing by ammonia, etc., to 
 violet. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grains 
 (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. 
 
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KINO. 435 
 
 CATECHU PALLIDUM.— Gambir. 
 
 Pale Catechu. Terra japonica. 
 
 Origin. — Uncdria (Nauclea, Hunter) Gdmbir, Roxburgh. 
 Natural order, Rubiacese, Nauclese. 
 
 Habitat. — East India Islands. 
 
 Preparation. — The leaves and young shoots are boiled 
 in water and the decoction is evaporated. 
 
 Description. — Irregular masses or cubes about 25 milli- 
 meters (1 inch) square; externally reddish brown, inter- 
 nally pale brown-gray or light ciunamon-brown ; fracture 
 dull earthy, under the microscope crystalline, friable, in- 
 odorous, bitterish, astringent, and sweetish ; slightly soluble 
 in cold water. 
 
 (Jonstiiuents. — Catechin (predominating in the pale col- 
 ored varieties), catechutannin, quercetin, ash 2 to 5 per 
 cent. Three catechins have been isolated, differing in melt- 
 ing-points and in composition, also from that of catechu. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams 
 (gr. viij-xxx), in powder, pills, troches, or tincture. 
 
 KINO.— Kino. 
 
 Origin. — Pterocdrpus Marsiipium, Roxburgh. Natural 
 order, Leguminosae, Papilionacese, Dalbergieae. 
 
 Habitat. — East Indies. 
 
 Preparation. — Incisions are made into the trunk of the 
 tree and the exuding red juice is inspissated without the 
 use of artificial heat. 
 
 Description. — Small, angular, dark brown -red, shining 
 pieces, brittle, in thin layers ruby-red and transparent ; not 
 crystalline; the powder of a red color; inodorous, very 
 astringent, and sweetish ; when masticated, becomes adhe- 
 sive to the teeth and tinges the saliva deep red ; soluble in 
 
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436 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 alcohol and in alkalies, mostly soluble in cold water, nearly 
 insoluble in ether ; separates gelatinous from hot water. 
 
 Constituents. — Kinotannic acid (black-green by ferric 
 salts ; in neutral solution violet by ferrous salts) ; kino-red 
 (tasteless, nearly insoluble in water), pyrocatechin or cate- 
 chol (trace, soluble in ether and water), kinoin (colorless 
 prisms, soluble in ether; slightly soluble in cold water; by 
 ferric chloride red ; at 125° C. converted into kino-red), ash 
 1.3 per cent. 
 
 Varieties. — Malabar kino, described above. 
 
 Bengal or Palas kino, from Biitea frondosa, Roxburgh, 
 Papilionacese, Phaseolese. Blackish-red, in transparent light 
 ruby-red tears or fragments, often with impressions of leaf- 
 veins, brittle, not adhesive on mastication. 
 
 Gambia kino, from Pteroc4rpus erin4ceus, Poiret, is now 
 not an article of commerce. 
 
 Australian or Botany Bay kino, from Eucaly'ptus amyg- 
 dalina, LabiUardihre, and other species of Eucalyptus, 
 Myrtacese ; varying in solubility and composition ; some 
 varieties contain much gum. Ceratop§talum gummiferum 
 and C. apStalum, Smith (Saxifragacese), also yield kino-like 
 exudations, that of the last species containing coumariu. 
 
 West Indian kino, from Coccoloba uvifera, Linne, Poly- 
 gonacese. Dark brown-red, almost wholly soluble in water 
 and alcohol ; taste astringent and bitterish. 
 
 Properties. — Tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.5 to 2 grams 
 (gr. viij-xxx), ia powder, pills, troches, or tincture. 
 
 MONESI A. — MONESIA. 
 
 Origin. — Lucuma glycyphlse'a, Martins et Eichler (Chrys- 
 ophy'llum glyciphoe'um, Casaretti). Natural order, Sapota- 
 cese. 
 
 Habitat—Brazil . 
 
 Preparation. — By boiling the bark in water and evaporat- 
 ing. 
 
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GUTTA PERCHA. 437 
 
 Description. — Black-brown cakes or angular fragments, 
 soluble in water, inodorous; taste sweet, astringent, and 
 acrid. 
 
 Constituents. — Tannin 62 per cent, (blue-black by ferric 
 salts) ; sweet principle (resembling glycyrrhizin, but not pre- 
 cipitated by acids), monesin (resembling saponin, acrid, foam- 
 ing in aqueous solution), pectin, coloring matter, ash 3 per 
 cent. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonic, astringent. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 
 grams (gr. v-xxij), in powder, tincture, and syrup. 
 
 Substitutions. — The astringent extracts described above 
 have been sold in place of it ; also 
 
 Extractum Haematoxyli, extract of logwood, which is red- 
 brown, not acrid, and yields with water a red solution. 
 
 GUTTA PERCHA.— GuTTA Pbrcha. 
 
 Origin. — Paldquium oblongifolium, Burck, and sevei'al 
 allied species. Natural order, Sapotacese, Eusapotese. 
 
 Habitat. — Malay peninsula and islands. Isondndra 
 (Dichopsis, Pal4quium) Gutta, Hooker, is said to be nearly 
 extinct. 
 
 Collection. — The trees are felled, and the bark is incised 
 or strips of it are removed; the milky juice is collected, 
 allowed to harden, then softened in hot water, and freed 
 from pieces of wood and bark. 
 
 Properties. — Grayish or yellowish masses, often with 
 red-brown streaks, hard, heavier than water if free from 
 cavities ; rather horny, somewhat flexible, but scarcely 
 elastic; spec. grav. about 0.98; plastic above 50° C. 
 (122° F.), very soft at the temperature of boiling water; 
 decomposed on melting ; nearly inodorous and tasteless ; 
 insoluble in water, cold alcohol, alkalies, and dilute acids ; 
 soluble in ether, benzol, chloroform, oil of turpentine, and 
 carbon disulphide. 
 
 Balata, chicle or tuno gum from Mimusops globosa, 
 Gaertner (Sapota Miilleri, Belkrode), the Central America 
 
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438 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 bully tree, closely resembles gutta percha in appearance 
 and properties. 
 
 ConstUuents. — Gutta, CjoHjj, about 80 per cent, (white 
 fine powder), a yellow resin, fluavil, C20H32O, and a white 
 crystalline resin, albane, C^a^ifit) *^^ 1^^* ^° separate on 
 cooling from hot alcohol. Ash 3 or 4 per cent. 
 
 Uses. — As an adhesive and protective agent for wounds 
 and abrasions, and for the preparation of bougies, pessa- 
 ries, and caustic pencils. 
 
 ELASTICA. RESINA ELASTICA.— Caoutchouc. 
 India Rubber. 
 
 Origin. — In the milk juices of many plants; prepared 
 chiefly from trees of the natural order of Euphorbiacese 
 (Siphonia, Hevea, Jatropha, etc.), Apocynacese (Urceola, 
 Vahea, Landolphia, etc.), and Artocarpacese (Ficus, Uro- 
 stigma, Castilloa, etc.) ; these grow in tropical countries. 
 
 Preparation. — Incisions are made, and the milk-juice is 
 allowed to congeal in mass, or it is dried over clay or 
 wooden moulds with or without the aid of artificial heat. 
 
 Description. — In cakes, balls, or hollow bottle-shaped 
 pieces, externally blackish-brown, internally brownish; 
 spec. grav. about 0.96; very elastic; odor slight, peculiar, 
 nearly tasteless ; soluble in carbon disulphide, chloroform, 
 benzol, and oil of turpentine. It melts at about 125° C. 
 (257° F.), and after cooling, remains soft and adhesive ; on 
 dry distillation it yields caoutchoucin, containing caoutchin, 
 CiqHjj, isoprene, CjHj and other hydrocarbons. 
 
 Constituents. — Crude caoutchouc contains some fat, vola- 
 tile oil, albumin, and coloring matters ; but the principal 
 constituent is a colorless solid hydrocarbon, C2QII32. On 
 combining it with about 10 per cent, of sulphur, vulcan- 
 ized rubber is obtained; and on incorporating half its 
 
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SACCHARUM — SUGAR. 439 
 
 weight of sulphur and hardening by pressure, vulcanite or 
 ebonite is produced. 
 
 Uses. — For plasters, bougies, pessaries, syringes, etc. 
 
 2. SUGARS.-SAOOHARA. 
 
 Sugars have a sweet taste, are soluble in water and diluted 
 alcohol, and insoluble in ether. 
 
 Classification. 
 Sect. 1. Solid sugars. 
 
 Crystalline ; not fermentable ; does not reduce 
 cupric oxide. Saccharum. 
 
 Fermentable; reduces cupric to cuprous oxide; Saccharum 
 often contains dextrin. uveum. 
 
 contains mucilage and mannit. Manna. 
 
 White, gritty, not forming a syrup. Saccharum 
 
 lactis. 
 Sect. 2. Liquid sugars. 
 
 Brown, somewhat empyreumatic. Syrupus fuscus. 
 
 Brownish, aromatic ; gradually becomes granular. Mel. 
 
 SACCHARUM.— Sugar. Cane Sugar. 
 
 Saccharose, Sucrose. 
 
 Origin. — Saccharum officindrum, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Graminese, Andropogoneee. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern Asia; cultivated in tropical and sub- 
 tropical countries. 
 
 Preparation. — Sugar cane yields by expression about 80 
 per cent, of juice, containing about 80 per cent, of water 
 and 18 per cent, of sugar. The juice is evaporated, the 
 residue granulated, the treacle or molasses drained off, and 
 the raw sugar refined by dissolving in water, heating with 
 blood or albumen, filtering through animal charcoal, and 
 
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440 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 concentrating in a vacuum pan, until, after cooling, it con- 
 geals to a crystalline mass, from which the mother liquor 
 is washed out by percolation with water or sugar solution. 
 Sugar is also prepared from the sugar-beet (B6ta vulgaris, 
 Linne), (Chenopodiacese), which contains about 14 per 
 cent, of it. 
 
 Description. — White crystalline pieces of transparent 
 granules, of spec. grav. 1.59, not hygroscopic, inodorous, 
 very sweet ; fusible at 160° C. (320° F.) ; soluble in half 
 its weight of cold water, forming a colorless slightly dex- 
 trogyre syrup ; sparingly soluble in strong alcohol ; insolu- 
 ble in ether. In contact with ferments contained in the 
 air, or on boiling with dilute acids, its aqueous solution 
 is converted into invert sugar (mixture of glucose and 
 Isevulose), is then directly fermentable, and reduces red 
 cuprous oxide from an alkaline solution of cupric oxide. 
 If kept for some time at 180° C. sugar is converted, with- 
 out loss of weight, into a mixture of levulosane, CjHjjOj, 
 and dextrose (glucose), C5H12O5. 
 
 Composition. — Q^^^fi^^. 
 
 Adulterations. — Inferior SHgars are whitened with ultra- 
 marine or Prussian blue. 
 
 Derivatives. — Saccharum crystallisatum, rock candy, is 
 cane sugar in large crystals. 
 
 Saccharum hordeatum, barely sugar, is cane sugar care- 
 fully melted and cooled ; it is amorphous, transparent, and 
 gradually becomes crystalline and opaque upon the surface. 
 
 Caramel. Cane sugar is heated to about 200° C. (392° 
 F.), the conversion is hastened by alkalies. Dark brown of 
 a bitter taste ; consists of colorless bitter caramelan CjaHigOj, 
 red-brown caramelene, and other compounds ; used for 
 coloring liquors. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, lenitive; externally in certain 
 ulcerations. 
 
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MANNA. 441 
 
 8ACCHAEUM UVEUM.— Grape Sugar. 
 
 Saccharum amylaceum. Starch sugar. Glucose. Dex- 
 trose. 
 
 Origin and Preparation. — Starch is boiled for a considera- 
 ble time with dilute sulphuric acid, the free acid removed by 
 calcium carbonate, and the filtered solution evaporated. 
 
 Description. — Whitish or yellowish masses or irregular 
 granules, crystallizes with and without water, inodorous, 
 sweet (less so than cane sugar), soluble in about one part of 
 cold water, but in all proportions in hot water; sparingly 
 soluble in strong alcohol, insoluble in ether ; melts near 85° C. 
 (185° F.), the anhydrous crystals at 144° C. (291° F.). 
 Ordinarily, commercial grape sugar contains about 60 per 
 cent, of glucose, 20 per cent, of dextrin and allied substances, 
 and 20 per cent, of water with 0.3 ash. The cold aqueous 
 solution rotate.? to the right ; mixed with twice its bulk of 
 alcohol, it yields a whitish precipitate if dextrin is present, 
 and a white precipitate with ammonium oxalate from the 
 presence of calcium sulphate. Commercial liquid grape sugar 
 is called glucose, and contains much dextrin. The dilute 
 solution in water is readily fermentable, is colored brown 
 when heated with potassa, speedily reduces red cuprous oxide 
 from an alkaline solution of cupric oxide, and separates a 
 metallic mirror from an ammoniacal solution of silver. 
 
 Compodtion. — CjHuOj.HjO ; on heating it caramel is ob- 
 tained. 
 
 Properties. — Similar to cane sugar. 
 
 MANNA. — Manna. 
 
 (h'igin. — Frdxinus O'rnus, LinnS, s. O'rnus europse'a, 
 Persoon. Natural m-der, Oleacese, Oleinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Basin of the Mediterranean. 
 
 Collection. — In Sicily transverse incisions are made 
 through the bark, and the exuding juice is allowed to 
 harden on the trunk of the tree or on tiles. 
 
 Description. — Flattish three-edged pieces occasionally 20 
 centimeters (8 inches) long, and 5 centimeters (2 inches) 
 broad, usually smaller pieces and irregular fragments; 
 friable, externally yellowish-white, internally white, porous, 
 
 19* 
 
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442 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 and crystalline. Or in brownish- white fragments of differ- 
 ent size, somewhat glutinous on the surface, internally 
 white and crystalline. Odor honey-like; taste sweet, 
 slightly bitter, and faintly acrid ; soluble in water and 
 alcohol, except fragments of bark and similar impurities. 
 
 Manna consisting of brownish viscid masses which con- 
 tain few or no fragments having a crystalline structure, 
 should be rejected. 
 
 Varieties. — Large flake manna ; the larger yellowish- 
 white pieces. 
 
 Small flake manna ; smaller pieces, occasionally of a 
 brownish hue. 
 
 Manna in sorts ; minute tears or small glutinous frag- 
 ments, internally crystalline. 
 
 Fat manna ; brownish viscid masses, without crystalline 
 fragments. 
 
 Constituents. — Mannit 90 per cent, in the best varieties, 
 glucose, mucilage, resin, fraxin, C32H35O21,. Maunit, 
 C5Hg(0H)j, crystallizes in white prisms, dissolves in 6.5 
 parts of cold water, and sparingly in strong alcohol ; on 
 careful oxidation yields fermentable raannitose and various 
 acids The amount of glucose and mucilage is largest in 
 the inferior kinds of manna, which also contain a larger 
 portion of fraxin, to which the fluorescence of the aqueous 
 solution is due. 
 
 The following mannas are not met with in commerce : 
 Briau9on from Larix europse'a. Be OandoUe, (Coniferse) ; 
 Armenian from Q,u6rcus vallonea, Kotschy (Cupuliferae) ; 
 Persian from Alhdgi camelorum, Fischer (Papilionacese, 
 Hedysarese); Australian from Eucaly'ptus maunifera, 
 Mudie, and E. vimindlis, LabiUardiere (Myrtacese) ; lerp 
 produced in Tasmania upon Eucaly'ptus dumosa, Cunning- 
 ham; trehala, the cocoon of Larinus mellificus, Jeckel 
 (Coleoptera), and others. 
 
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SYRUPUS FUSCUS — MOLASSES. 443 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, laxative. Dose, 4 to 32 grams 
 (3j-Sj), in solution, syrup, or as addition to other medi- 
 cines. 
 
 )C SACCHARUM LACTIS.— Milk Sugar. 
 
 Lactose, Lactin. 
 
 Origin. — The milk of mammals, especially of Bos Taurus, 
 LinnS ; order Ruminantia, family Bovidse. 
 
 Preparation. — After the removal of the butter and casein 
 from cow's milk, the whey is concentrated and allowed to 
 crystallize upon sticks or cords. 
 
 Description. — Hard whitish translucent four-sided 
 prisms, usually aggregated into cylindrical masses; spec, 
 grav. 1.525; becomes anhydrous at 130° C. (266° F.), and 
 melts at 203.5° C. (398° F.) ; soluble in 6 parts of cold 
 water without forming a syrupy solution, insoluble in 
 strong alcohol and in ether ; inodorous ; of a sandy and 
 sweetish taste. 
 
 The solution in water boiled with potassa turns yellow- 
 ish-brown, slowly reduces cuprous oxide from alkaline 
 solutions of cupric oxide, and deposits a metallic mirror 
 from an ammoniacal solution of silver. On boiling milk 
 sugar with lead acetate, and adding ammonia, a red precip- 
 itate is formed. 
 
 Composition. — C12H22O11.H2O ; on boiling with dilute 
 acids splits into dextrose (see page 441) and galactose 
 CjH^Oe (melting-point 145° C. = 293° F.) ; on heating 
 caramel is obtained. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, laxative ; chiefly used as a 
 vehicle. 
 
 SYRUPUS FUSCUS.— Molasses. 
 
 Sacehari fsex, Theriaca, Treacle. 
 
 Origin. — Obtained in the manufacture and refining of 
 sugar. 
 
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444 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 Description. — Syrupy liquid of various shades of brown, 
 clear or nearly clear, spec. grav. about 1.40 ; reaction slightly 
 acid ; odor slightly empyreumatic ; taste very sweet ; is not 
 precipitated by an equal bulk of alcohol. 
 
 Varieties. — West India and sugar-house molasses; the 
 former has a lighter color and somewhat different odor. 
 
 Properties. — Like sugar. 
 
 MEL.— Honey. 
 
 Origin and Preparation. — Honey is deposited in the 
 honeycomb by the bee, A'pis mellifica, LinnS. Class, In- 
 secta. Order, Hymenoptera. It is obtained either by 
 draining or by melting the honeycomb. 
 
 Description. — Syrupy, of spec. grav. 1.38 to 1.40 ; light 
 yellowish or pale brownish-yellow, translucent, gradually 
 becoming crystalline and opaque, the specific gravity in- 
 creasing to about 1.43 ; polarization slightly to the left, or 
 occasionally slightly to the right ; reaction slightly acid ; 
 odor agreeably aromatic ; taste sweet, mildly aromatic and 
 faintly acrid. 
 
 Boiled with water and allowed to cool, it does not be- 
 come blue on the addition of compound solution of iodine ; 
 and when diluted with one part of water, and the solution 
 mixed with an equal bulk of alcohol, no precipitate, or but 
 a very slight one, is produced. The solution of pure honey 
 is but faintly rendered turbid by silver nitrate and barium 
 nitrate. Adulteration with glucose may be determined by 
 polarization ; and with cane sugar by the difference in. the 
 effect of Fehling's solution before and after the inversion 
 with a mineral acid. 
 
 Constituents. — Grape sugar or dextrose (becomes crystal- 
 line), fruit sugar or levulose (remains liquid), little wax, 
 proteids, volatile oil, coloring matter, mucilage, aud a 
 minute quantity of formic acid ; ash 0.1 to 0.3 per cent. 
 
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ACACIA — GOM ARABIC. 445 
 
 Crude honey usually contains pollen grains in suspen- 
 sion. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, laxative; externally as a mild 
 stimulant. 
 
 3. GUMS.— GUMMATA. 
 
 Gums have an insipid taste, are insoluble in alcohol and 
 ether, but dissolve in water, forming a mucilaginous liquid, 
 or form with water a jelly-like adhesive mass. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 Soluble in water ; distinct tears, transparent, but fis- 
 sured internally. Acacia. 
 
 Swelling in water; curved bands, translucent, com- 
 posed of several layers. Tragacantha. 
 
 ACACIA. — Gum Arabic. 
 
 Origin. — Acdcia Senegal, Willdenow, s. A. V6rek, Guil- 
 lemin et Perottet, and other species of Acacia. Natural 
 order, Leguminosse, Mimoseae, Acaciese. 
 
 ffabitat. — Eastern Africa, principally Kordofan ; West- 
 ern Africa near the river Senegal. 
 
 Production. — The gum exudes spontaneously and from 
 incisions made into the bark. 
 
 Description. — Roundish brittle tears of various sizes, or 
 broken into angular fragments, with a glass-like, sometimes 
 iridescent fracture, opaque from numerous fissures, but 
 transparent and nearly colorless in thin pieces ; spec. grav. 
 1.49; nearly inodorous; taste insipid, mucilaginous; in- 
 soluble in alcohol ; soluble in water, forming a thick muci- 
 laginous liquid. This solution has an acid reaction to test- 
 paper, yields gelatinous precipitates with subacetate of lead. 
 
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446 DKUGS WITHOUT OELLULAB STBUOTUBE. 
 
 ferric chloride, and concentrated solution of borax, is ren- 
 dered turbid by oxalates, and is not colored blue by iodine. 
 
 Varieties. — Kordofan gum, the best kind, described 
 above. 
 
 Senaar gum, nearly equal to the preceding, is produced 
 by Ac4cia fistula, Sohweinfurth, and A. stenocdrpa, Hoch- 
 stetter. 
 
 Savakin (Suakin) gum, of handsome appearance, very 
 brittle ; does not completely dissolve in water except after 
 the addition of a little alkali. 
 
 Senegal gum. The tears are often larger, color more 
 yellow or reddish ; fissures fewer in number, therefore 
 more transparent and less brittle; taste sometimes bitterish ; 
 usually collected with African bdellium. 
 
 East India gum was formerly produced from Eastern 
 Africa, and shipped by way of Bombay. In recent years 
 much gum of Indian origin from various sources has been 
 sent to market, varying from colorless to yellow and red- 
 brown. The following gums are completely soluble in 
 water: Ac4cia C4techu, Willdenow ; Pithecolobium diilce, 
 Bentham ; Prosopis spicigera, Willdenow ; Melia Azadi- 
 r^chta, Linne ; Swiet6nia Mahog4ni, LinnS ; and Ferr6nia 
 elephdntum, Correa; the last four gums are not gelatin- 
 ized by borax. The gum of Anogeissus latifolia, Wal- 
 lich, is not gelatinized by ferric chloride. 
 
 Mezquit gum from Pros6pis (Algarobia) juliflora, De 
 Gandolle, s. P. glandulosa. Gray, in Western Texas and 
 Mexico ; resembles gum Arabic, but is mostly yellow or 
 red-brown; its solution in water is not precipitated by 
 subacetate of lead, ferric chloride, or borax. 
 
 Considerable gum is also produced from different species 
 of Acacia in Morocco, the Cape Colony, and Australia. 
 
 Oomposition. — Arabic acid, CijHjjO^, combined with 
 calcium, magnesium, and potassium; moisture about 14 
 
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TEAQACANTHA — TRAQAOANTH. 447 
 
 per cent. ; trace of sugar ; ash 3 to 4 per cent. Arabic or 
 gummic acid, after drying, swells with water, but does not 
 dissolve in it, except after the addition of au alkali (Sava- 
 kin gum) ; on boiling with acids yields arabinose (crystal- 
 lizes in prisms ; sweet ; not directly fermentable), possibly 
 also galactose (granular, less sweet). 
 Properties. — Demulcent. 
 
 TRAGACANTHA.— Teagacanth. 
 
 Origin. — Astragalus gummifer, Labillardikre, aud other 
 species of Astragalus. Natural order, Legumiuosae, Papi- 
 lionacese, Galegese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia. 
 
 Production. — The tissue of the pith and medullary rays 
 is gradually altered to a compound swelling with water, 
 and in this condition exuding spontaneously and from inci- 
 sions into the stem of the shrubs. 
 
 Description. — Narrow or broad bands, more or less curved 
 or contorted, marked by parallel wavy lines or ridges ; 
 white or faintly yellowish, translucent, horn-like, tough, 
 rendered more pulverizable by a heat 50° C. (122° F.) ; 
 inodorous; taste insipid, sometimes faintly bitterish. It 
 swells with water into a gelatinous mass which is tinged 
 blue by iodine, and the fluid portion of which is precipitated 
 by alcohol and lead acetate, but not disturbed by ferric 
 chloride and borax. 
 
 Varieties. — Flake tragacanth, the bands described above. 
 
 Vermiform tragacanth ; very narrow bands or strings, 
 variously coiled. 
 
 Tragacanth in sorts. Stratified or nodular, conical, and 
 subglobular pieces, more or less brown, often adulterated 
 with the gum of the almond and plum trees. 
 
 Constituents. — Traganthin or bassorin, CgHj^Oj, and the 
 
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448 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 calcium compound of a gummic acid, not identical with 
 arable acid; starch, fragments of cells, moisture 14 per 
 cent., ash 3 per cent. 
 Properties. — Demulcent. 
 
 4. GUM-RESINS.— GUMMI-RESIN^. 
 
 Gum resins are milky exudations of plauts and consist 
 of gum which is wholly or partly soluble in water, and 
 resin which is soluble in alcohol. Many gum-resins con- 
 tain also volatile oil. Fragments of vegetable tissue, small 
 fruits, or seeds are occasionally met with in the commercial 
 gum-resins, all of which yield emulsions on being tritu- 
 rated with water. 
 
 Olassifloation. 
 Sect. 1. Gum-resins containing volatile oil. 
 
 Tears internally white, turning red on exposure, 
 
 imbedded in a brown sticky mass. Asafoetida. 
 
 Tears small, internally whitish, superficially adhe- 
 sive ; occasionally brownish, semifluid. Galbanum. 
 
 Tears few, imbedded in a brown sticky mass ; emul- 
 sion brown ; odor garlic-like. Sagapenum. 
 
 Tears brownish-yellow, internally milk-white, dis- 
 tinct, or superficially adhering. Ammoniacum. 
 
 Tears or masses, dull reddish-brown. Opopanax. 
 
 Tears yellowish, translucent. Olibanum. 
 
 Tears or masses, reddish-brown, translucent; frac- 
 ture waxy. Myrrha. 
 
 Eesembling myrrh ; but tincture not colored purple 
 
 by nitric acid. Bdellium. 
 
 Sect. 2. Gum-resins free from volatile oil. 
 Pipes or cakes ; bright orange-yellow. Cambogia. 
 
 Tears frequently hollow ; light brown-yellow. Euphorbium. 
 
 Cakes greenish-black or grayish ; internally porous ; 
 
 odor cheese-like. Scammonium. 
 
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ASAF(ETIDA — ASAFETIDA. 449 
 
 ASAFCETIDA.— AsAFBTiDA. 
 
 QrUjin. — 1. F6rula Narthex, Boissier (N^rthex Asafoe'- 
 tida, Falconer). 2, Ferula Asafoe'tida, Hegel. 3. Ferula 
 foe'tida, Regel (Scorodosma fce'tidum, Bunge). Natural 
 order, Umbelliferje, Peucedanese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Western Thibet and probably Kashmir. 
 2, 3. Persia, Turkestan, and Afghanistan. 
 
 Colledion. — The top of the large root is laid bare, thin 
 slices are cut off, and the exuding milk-juice is scraped off. 
 
 Description. — In irregular masses composed of whitish 
 tears, imbedded in a yellowish-gray or brown-gray sticky 
 mass. The tears when hard break with a conchoidal frac- 
 ture, having a milk-white color which turns gradually to 
 pink and finally to brown. The sticky mass always con- 
 tains vegetable fragments and earthy impurities (calcium 
 sulphate, etc.). The odor is alliaceous ; the taste bitter, 
 acrid, and alliaceous. It is partly soluble in ether and in 
 alcohol, and yields with water a milk-white emulsion, 
 which becomes yellow on the addition of ammonia. Good 
 asafetida yields to alcohol about 60 per cent, of soluble 
 matter. Moistened with alcohol, asafetida acquires a 
 greenish color on the addition of hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Varieties. — Liquid asafetida ; white, opaque, syrupy, or 
 semifluid mass, gradually turning brown. 
 
 Asafetida in tears; tears of various sizes, distinct or adhe- 
 sive and agglutinated. 
 
 Amygdaloid asafetida ; the kind described above. 
 
 Stony asafetida ; various sized angular or rounded pieces 
 of gypsum and other earthy matters, agglutinated or 
 merely coated with the milk-juice ; unsuited for medicinal 
 purposes. 
 
 Constituents. — Aside from the impurities asafetida con- 
 tains 3 to 6 or 9 per cent, of volatile oil, 20 to 30 per cent.. 
 
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450 DRUGS WITHOUT CBIiLULAK STRUCTUKE. 
 
 sometimes more of gum (partly soluble in water, mostly 
 soluble in alkalies), and 50 to 70 per cent, of resin, of 
 which a small portion (3 to 4 per cent.) is insoluble in 
 ether, and which contains a little ferulaic acid, CioHmO^. 
 The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.98, and a strongly 
 alliaceous odor, and contains two terpenes, a sesquiterpene, 
 and two sulphur-compounds, CyHj^S^ and CuHj^Sz- The 
 tears yield 3 to 4 per cent, of ash. The earthy additions 
 consist of calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate, and sand, 
 occasionally to the amount of 40 per cent. On dry distil- 
 lation the resin yields umbelliferon, and fused with potassa 
 gives resorcin and protocatechuic acid. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant, laxative, antispas- 
 modic. Dose, 0.3 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in pills, emul- 
 sion, or tincture. 
 
 GALBANUM.— Galbanum. 
 
 Origin. — F6rula (Peuc6danum, Baillmi) galbaniflua, 
 Boissier et Buhse, and other species of Ferula. Natural 
 order, Umbelliferse, Peucedaneae. 
 
 Habitat. — Persia. 
 
 Production — Galbanum exudes spontaneously, chiefly 
 from the lower part of the stem. 
 
 Description. — In tears, from the size of a pin's head to 
 that of a pea, or larger, mostly agglutinated, forming a 
 more or less hard mass ; externally pale brownish, with a 
 yellow or green tint, internally milk-white or yellowish, 
 with a waxy lustre ; odor peculiar, balsamic ; taste bitter 
 and acrid ; partly soluble in ether and alcohol ; yields Avith 
 water a milk-white emulsion. When moistened with alco- 
 hol, it acquires a purple color on the addition of a little 
 hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Varieties. — Galbanum in tears, the kind described above. 
 
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AMMONIAOUM — AMMONIAC. 451 
 
 Lump galbanum ; soft or hard masses, of a more or less 
 brown color, inclosing tears or free from the same; it 
 differs moi'e or less in odor from the preceding and is often 
 not colored by alcohol and hydrochloric acid. It may, in 
 part, be derived from Ferula rubricaulis, Boissier. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 6 to 9 per cent., CidHj,, resin 
 60 to 66 per cent, (soluble in ether, alcohol, carbon disul- 
 phide, and alkalies ; yields on dry distillation a blue volatile 
 oil and tunbelliferon ; fused with HKO, resorcin is ob- 
 tained), gum 15 to 20 per cent., umbelliferon, CjHjOj 
 (soluble in alcohol and ether, sparingly soluble in cold 
 water, the latter solution blue fluorescent with ammonia). 
 The volatile oil has the spec. grav. 0.91 and a mild aro- 
 matic taste, and consists of terpenes and sesquiterpenes. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant, antispasmodic. Dose, 
 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-xxx), in pills or emulsion, externally 
 in plasters. 
 
 Allied Grum Resin. — Sagapenum ; probably obtained 
 from a species of Ferula ; yellowish-brown or brown, 
 amygdaloid or free from tears ; blue by hydrochloric acid ; 
 contains umbelliferon, the volatile oil free from sulphur. 
 
 AMMOI^IACUM. —Ammoniac. 
 
 Origin. — Dor6ma (Peuc6danum, Baillon) Ammoniacum, 
 Don. Natural order, Umbelliferse, Peucedanese. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Persia and Turkestan. 
 
 Production. — Ammoniac exudes from the stem and root 
 spontaneously, and in consequence of stings by insects. 
 
 Description. — Globular or irregular roundish, often some- 
 what flattened tears, either distinct or agglutinated, pale 
 brownish-yellow externally, and breaking with a conchoidal 
 waxy milk-white fracture. It softens by the heat of the 
 hand, yields a white emulsion when triturated with water. 
 
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452 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 and has a peculiar somewhat balsamic odor, and a bitter, 
 acrid, and nauseous taste. When moistened with alcohol, 
 it is not colored on the addition of hydrochloric acid. 
 
 Cake ammoniac, which exudes from the root, contains 
 vegetable fragments, sand, and tears imbedded in a brown 
 resinous mass ; it should not be employed internally. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil J to 4 per cent, (free from 
 sulphur), resin 70 per cent, (an acid aud an indifferent resin ; 
 does not yield umbelliferon), gum 18 to 22 or 28 per cent, 
 (partly soluble in water, mostly soluble in alkalies), moisture 
 5 per cent., ash 3 per cent. The resin fused with HKO, 
 yields protocatechuic acid and resorcin, C^HjOj, which is 
 soluble in simple solvents, volatile and inflammable, red- 
 dened on exposure and becomes purplish-black with ferric 
 chloride. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 0.3 to 2 
 grams (gr. v-xxx), in pills and emulsion. 
 
 Allied Gum Resins. — African ammoniac from F6rula 
 tingitdna, LinnS, in Northern Africa ; darker colored than 
 the preceding, of a rather more agreeable odor and acrid 
 not bitter taste ; yields umbelliferon. 
 
 Opopanax from Opopanax Chironium, Koch, of Southern 
 Europe; dull reddish-brown masses or tears, friable, of 
 waxy lustre ; odor unpleasant ; taste balsamic, bitter. 
 
 OLIBANUM. — Frankincense. 
 
 Origin. — Boswfillia Cart^rii, Birdwood, and other species of 
 Boswellia. Natural order, Burseracese, Burserese. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Africa and Southern Arabia. 
 
 Production. — Frankincense exudes from incisions made into 
 the bark. 
 
 Description. — Roundish, oblong, or irregular tears, variable 
 in size, externally dusty ; fracture flattish, waxy, yellowish or 
 pale reddish, translucent; odor balsamic terebinthinate, on 
 burning strongly aromatic ; softened by mastication ; taste 
 
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MYRRHA — MYRRH. 453 
 
 balsamic, bitteriah; partly soluble in alcohol; yields with 
 water a milk-white emulsion. 
 
 Lump olibanum consists of irregular impure masses which 
 have been gathered from the ground. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 4 to 7 per cent, (olibene, C,„Hi5, 
 and little oxygenated portion), resin 56 to 72 per cent., gum 
 about 30 per cent, (resembles arabin), bitter principle (solu- 
 ble in alcohol and water), ash about 3 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 1 to 3 grams 
 (gr. xv-xlv), in emulsion, mostly used in plasters and for 
 Aimigations. 
 
 MYREHA.— Myerh. 
 
 Origin — Commiphora (Balsamod6ndron, Nees), My'rrha, 
 Engler. Natural order, Burseracese, Burserese. 
 
 Habitat. — Eastern Africa and Southwestern Arabia. 
 
 Production. — Myrrh exudes spontaneously from the bark. 
 
 Description. — Roundish or irregular tears or masses, 
 dusty, brown-yellow or reddish-brown ; fracture waxy, 
 somewhat splintery, translucent on the edges, sometimes 
 marked with whitish veins ; odor balsamic ; on mastication 
 adhesive; taste aromatic, bitter and acrid. When tritu- 
 rated with water, myrrh yields a brown-yellow emulsion. 
 Alcohol yields a brown-yellow tincture which acquires a 
 purple hue on the addition of nitric acid. Dark-colored 
 pieces the alcoholic solution of which is not rendered purple 
 by nitric acid, and pieces of gum which dissolve completely 
 or merely swell in water, and are but slightly soluble in 
 alcohol, should be rejected. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 2 to 4 per cent, (contains 
 CioHjP, is easily resinified), resin 25 to 40 per cent, 
 (about 14 per cent, soluble in CSj, 12 soluble in ether, 
 5 insoluble in ether), gum 40 to 60 per cent, (precipitated 
 by lead acetate), bitter principle (soluble in alcohol and 
 water), ash 3 to 4 per cent. With fusing potassa the resin 
 yields protocatechuic acid and pyrocatechin. 
 
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454 DRUGS WITHOUT OELLULAB STRUOTUEK. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, tonio, expectorant, emmenagogue, 
 vulnerary. Dose, 0.3 to 2 grams (gr. v-3ss), in pills and 
 emulsion ; externally in powder and tincture. 
 
 Impurities. — Besides vegetable fragments and sand, occa- 
 sionally bdellium (see below) and dark-colored gums, the 
 latter becoming adhesive when moistened. 
 
 Balsam of Mecca, a greenish, slightly turbid oleoresin, 
 having a rosemary-like odor, is believed to be the exuda- 
 tion of Commiphora (Balsamod6ndron, Kunih) Opobdlsa- 
 muin, Engler, which as B. Ehrenbergi^num, Berg, had 
 been described as a source of myrrh. 
 
 BDELLIUM.— Bdellium. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Commiphora (Balsamodendron) Mukul, 
 Hooker ; 2. C. africdna, Engler. Natural order, Burseracese., 
 Burserese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. East India; 2. Western Africa. 
 
 Description. — 1. Globular or irregular pieces, externally 
 dusty ; fracture flat conchoidal, dark brown or blackish, 
 translucent in thin fragments. 2. Irregular, globular, or 
 oval tears, externally dusty ; fracture angular, waxy, yel- 
 lowish to brown-red, translucent. Odor and taste myrrh-like; 
 the tincture is not colored red by nitric acid. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, resin, gum, bitter principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Similar to myrrh, mostly used in 
 plasters. 
 
 CAMBOGIA.— Gamboge. 
 
 Gutti. Gambogia. 
 
 Origin. — Grarcinia Hanbiirii, Hooker jUius, s. G. Mor6lla, 
 Desrousseaux, var. pedicelldta, Hanbury. Natural order, 
 Guttiferse (Clusiacese), Garciniese. 
 
 Habitat, — Anam, Camboja, and Siam. 
 
 Production. — The milk-juice exudes from incisions, and 
 is collected in bamboo joints. 
 
 Description. — In cylindrical pieces, sometimes hollow in 
 the centre, 25 to 50 millimeters (1 to 2 inches) in diameter, 
 
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EUPHORBIUM. 455 
 
 longitudinally striate on the surface ; fracture flattish con- 
 ehoidal, smooth, of a waxy lustre ; orange-red or in powder 
 bright yellow ; inodorous ; taste at first mild, afterward 
 very acrid ; the powder sternutatory. It is partly soluble 
 in alcohol and ether ; when triturated with water yields a 
 yeUow emulsion, and forms with solution of potassa an 
 orange-red solution, from which, on the addition of hydro- 
 chloric acid, yellow resin is precipitated. Boiled with 
 water, gamboge yields a liquid which after cooling does 
 not become green with compound solution of iodine. 
 
 Varieties. — Pipe gamboge; the kind described above. 
 Cake gamboge ; in irregular lumps or cakes, dried in flat 
 vessels ; more liable to be adulterated. 
 
 Constituents. — Gum 16 to 26 per cent, (not precipitated 
 by lead acetate or ferric chloride), resin or cambogic acid 66 
 to 80 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and ether ; colored black- 
 brown by ferric chloride ; soluble in alkalies with a red 
 color), wax about 4 per cent, (soluble in alcohol and alka- 
 lies), ash 1 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.03 to 0.3 
 gram (gr ss-v), in pills, in combination with other medicines. 
 
 EUPHORBIUM.— EuPHORBiuM. 
 
 Origin. — Euphorbia resinifera, Berg. Natural order, Eu- 
 phorbiacese, Euphorbiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Morocco . 
 
 Production. — Euphorbium exudes from incisions made into 
 the stem. 
 
 Description. — In conical or globular nodular pieces, often 
 hollow or inclosing fragments of the spines or flowers, dull 
 brownish-yellow, slightly translucent, brittle; nearly inodor- 
 ous, the dust violently sternutatory ; taste very acrid ; partly 
 soluble in alcohol and ether ; triturated with water, a turbid 
 mixture is obtained, but not a complete emulsion. 
 
 Constituents. — Gum 18 per cent, (precipitated by lead ace- 
 tate), resin, CjoHuOj, 38 per cent, (soluble in cold alcohol, 
 very acrid), euphorbon, CjjHjjO (tasteless, crystalline, soluble 
 
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456 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 in ether, chloroform, and boiling alcohol), little starch, 
 malates 12 per cent., ash about 10 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Drastic purgative and emetic ; sternutatory, 
 rubefacient, vesicant, suppurant ; only used externally. 
 
 SCAMMONIUM.— ScAMMONY. 
 
 Origin. — Convolvulus Scammonia, LinnL Natural 
 order, Convolvulaceae, Convolvulese, 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia. 
 
 Production. — The top of the root is laid bare, thin slices 
 are cut off, and the milk-juice is collected in shells. 
 
 Description. — Irregular angular pieces or circular cakes, 
 greenish-gray or blackisli, internally porous and of a resinous 
 lustre, breaking with an angular fracture ; odor peculiar, 
 somewhat cheese-like ; taste slightly acrid ; powder gray 
 or greenish-gray. When triturated with water, scanimony 
 yields a greenish emulsion. It does not effervesce with 
 acids, and the decoction, when cold, is not colored blue by 
 iodine. Ether dissolves at least 80 per cent, of it, and 
 when the residue left on evaporating the ether is treated 
 with a hot solution of potassa it yields a solution which is 
 not precipitated by acids. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin 75 to 90 or 95 per cent., gum. The 
 resin is scammouin, C3^H5jOj5, soluble in alcohol, ether, 
 and benzol, and is identical with orizabin of Ipomoea 
 orizabensis; it is by alkalies converted into scammonic 
 acid, which is soluble in water. 
 
 Adulterations. — Calcium carbonate, starch, occasionally 
 other resins. 
 
 Properties. — Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.06 to 3 
 or 0.5 gram (gr. j-v-viij), in pills, powder, or emulsion, 
 usually combined with otlier medicines. 
 
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RESINS — RESINS. 457 
 
 5. RESINS.— RESINiE. 
 
 Resins are solid, rarely crystalline, fusible, not volatile, 
 combustible with a sooty flame, insoluble in water, but 
 soluble in one or more of the following menstruums : alco- 
 hol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, fixed oils, vola- 
 tile oils, the fixed alkalies, carbonated alkalies, and ammo- 
 nia. Those soluble in alkaline hquids (resin soaps) are 
 called resinacids. 
 
 Resins are excretions or secretions of plants, and are 
 found either diffused in the other constituents, or contained 
 in cells (heartwood of guaiacum), in ducts or upon the 
 surface of plants. When exuding from plants, resins are 
 dissolved in volatile oils. 
 
 The natural resins are usually mixtures of two or more 
 resins ; a few contain also benzoic or cinnamic acid ; all are 
 free from nitrogenated compounds. Those containing col- 
 oring matters may often be bleached by means of chlorine 
 or by repeatedly precipitating them from their alcoholic 
 solution with water. 
 
 Classification. 
 
 Sect. 1. Resins free from benzoic and cinnamic acids. 
 Greenish or gray friable fragments ; bitter, contain- 
 ing crystals. Elaterium. 
 Tears yellowish, transparent; on mastication 
 
 plastic. Mastiche. 
 
 on mastication pulverulent. Sandaraca. 
 
 Masses yellowish to brown, transparent, brittle. Colophonium. 
 
 Masses roundish, yellowish, transparent, harder 
 
 than preceding. Dammara. 
 
 Roundish or angular, often verrucose, yellowish to 
 
 brownish, hard. Copal. 
 
 Irregular, yellow to red-brown, hard and brittle ; 
 
 when heated, aromatic. Succinum. 
 
 20 
 
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458 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 Brown-red sticks, or thin glossy brownish or brown 
 fragments. Lacca. 
 
 Tears or masses, greenish-brown, by tincture of 
 
 ferric chloride blue or green. Guaiaci resina. 
 
 Sect. 2. Eesins containing benzoic or cinnamic acid. 
 Sticks or cakes, brittle, dark brown-red; powder 
 
 bright red. Draeonis resina. 
 
 Milk-white tears, imbedded in dull light brown or 
 
 glossy reddish-brown mass. Benzoinum. 
 
 Brittle pieces, externally brownish-yellow, inter- XanthorrhoeEe 
 
 nally yellow. resina. 
 
 ELATERIUM.— Elaterium. 
 
 Origin. — Ecbdllium (Momordica, Linne) Elaterium, 
 Richard. Natural order, Cucurbitacese, Cucumerineae. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia, Northern Africa, and South- 
 ern Europe; cultivated. 
 
 Production. — The nearly ripe fruit is cut lengthwise, 
 slightly pressed, the juice passed through a hair sieve and 
 then set aside ; the deposit is collected on calico and rapidly 
 dried between bibulous paper or on porous tiles. 
 
 Description. — In light, friable, flattish, opaque frag- 
 ments, pale green when fresh, afterward gray or light buff 
 colored with minute crystals on the surface; fracture 
 granular ; odor slight, tea-like ; taste acrid and very bitter. 
 It does not effervesce with acid, and the decoction with 
 water, after cooling, is not colored blue on the addition of 
 a drop of compound solution of iodine. When 1 gram 
 (16 grains) is exhausted with chloroform, and ether is 
 added to the solution, a crystalline deposit of elaterin is 
 obtained weighing not less than 25 centigrams (4 grains). 
 About one-half of elaterium is soluble in hot alcohol. 
 
 Constituents. — Elaterin 25 to 33 per cent., chlorophyll, 
 ash 8 to 10 per cent., perhaps also prophetin (soluble in 
 ether, brown-red with sulphuric acid, bitter), ecballin (soft, 
 
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459 
 
 yellow, acrid, and bitter), hydroelaterin (soluble in water), 
 and elaterid (bitter, insoluble in ether and water). Elaterin, 
 CajHjjgOj, is crystalline, fusible at 200° 0. (392° F.), readily 
 soluble in chloroform and hot alcohol, sparingly soluble in 
 ether, insoluble in water, alkalies and petroleum benzin, 
 very bitter in alcoholic solution, and is not colored by 
 chlorinated alkalies, but colored red by warm sulphuric 
 acid ; its solution in melted carbolic acid, on the addition of 
 sulphuric acid, acquires a crimson color, rapidly changing 
 to scarlet. 
 
 Adulterations. — Starch and calcium carbonate or other 
 mineral substances are used for this purpose. 
 
 Properties. — Hydragogue cathartic. Dose, 0.008 to 
 0.016 gram (gr. ^-^) ; elaterin, 0.004 to 0.005 gram (gr. 
 TB^ to 3^), in pill or alcoholic solution. 
 
 MASTICHE.— Mastic, Mastich. 
 
 Origin. — Pistdcia Lentiscus, Linne. Natural order, 
 Anacardiacese, Anacardiese. 
 
 JffaMtat. — Mediterranean basin. 
 
 Production. — Mastic exudes from vertical incisions into 
 the bark of the staminate trees, and is collected in the 
 island of Scio. 
 
 Description — Globular or elongated tears, of the size of 
 a pea, or larger, sometimes covered with a whitish dust, 
 pale yellow, transparent, of a glass-like lustre, brittle, 
 becoming plastic when masticated; spec. grav. 1.07; melt- 
 ing-point about 106° C. (223° F.) ; odor weak, balsamic, 
 stronger on heating ; taste slight terebinthinous and faintly 
 bitter ; soluble in ether and volatile oils ; benzol dissolves 
 from 65 (old mastic) to 90 (recent mastic) per cent. 
 
 Bombay mastic from Pist^cia cabiilica and P. Khinjuk, 
 
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460 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 8toeJes, closely resembles Scio mastic, but is usually less 
 clean and more opaque. 
 
 Constituents. — ^Volatile oil, Ci„Hig, 1 to 2 per cent., 
 alpha resin or mastichic acid, C20H32O2, 90 per cent, (solu- 
 ble in alcohol), mastiein (insoluble in alcohol). 
 
 Adulterations. — Sandarac, see below. 
 
 Properties. — Mild stimulant, mostly used as a mastica- 
 tory, for filling decayed teeth, for cements and varnishes. 
 
 SANDARACA.— Sandaeao. 
 
 Origin. — Callitris quadriv^lvis, Ventenat. Natural order, 
 Coniferse, Cupressinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Northwestern Africa. 
 
 Produdion. — Sandarac exudes spontaneously or from inci- 
 sions made through the bark. 
 
 Description. — Elongated, pale yellow tears, 5 to 15 milli- 
 meters (-^-f inch) long, covered with a whitish dust, of a 
 glass-like lustre, transparent, hard but brittle, becoming pul- 
 verulent when masticated; spec. grav. about 1.07; melting- 
 point near 135° C. (275° F.) ; odor and taste somewhat tere- 
 binthinous, balsamic, and faintly bitter ; soluble in hot alcohol 
 and ether, partly soluble in volatile oils and chloroform. 
 
 Constituents. — Three resins, differing in solubility ; bitter 
 principle, soluble in water. 
 
 Properties. — Mild stimulant; used chiefly for varnishes. 
 
 COLOPHONIUM.— Eesin, Rosin. 
 
 Eesina. 
 
 Origin. — Pinus paliistris, Milla- (P. austr^lis, Miohaux), 
 and other species of Pinus. Natural order, Couiferse, 
 Abietinese. 
 
 Hahitat. — United States. 
 
 Production. — The volatile oil is distilled from turpen- 
 tine ; the residue constitues colophony. 
 
 Description. — Transparent amber -colored brittle masses, 
 having a glossy and shallow conehoidal fracture, melting 
 
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COPAL. 461 
 
 at about 100° C. (212° F.); odor and taste faintly terebin- 
 thinate ; soluble in alcohol, ether, volatile oils, fixed oils, 
 chloroform, benzol, glacial acetic acid, and alkalies. 
 
 Varieties. — Distinguished according to color. 
 
 Constituents. — Abietic anhydrid, C^^^fi^, in the pres- 
 ence of dilute alcohol converted into abietic acid, which is 
 crystalline and dissolves in carbon disulphide, benzol, alco- 
 hol, ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid and alkalies. 
 
 Properties. — Mild stimulant ; used in plasters and oint- 
 ments. 
 
 DAMMAKA.— Dammar. 
 
 Origin. — 1. A'gathis Ddmmara, Richard (Dammara orien- 
 tdlis, Lambert) ; A'gathis austrdlis, Salisbury (Ddmmara 
 austrdlis, Lambert). Natural order, Coniferse, Abietinese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. East India islands ; 2. New Zealand. 
 
 Production. — Dammar exudes spontaneously ; the New 
 Zealand dammar or kauri resin is also found fossil. 
 
 Description. — Transparent straw-colored roundish masses, 
 about 1.08 spec, grav., having a glossy conchoidal fracture, 
 melting near 120° C. (248° P.) to a thick liquid; harder 
 than rosin, but softer than copal ; nearly inodorous and taste- 
 less ; partly soluble in alcohol and benzin ; more soluble in 
 ether, chloroform, beuzol, and carbon disulphide. 
 
 Kauri resin has the spec. grav. 1.11, softens somewhat 
 between the teeth, is often in large masses, melts at or above 
 180° C. (356° F.) and is also sold as copal. 
 
 Several species of Vat^ria and H6pea (order Diptero- 
 carpese) and of Engelhdrdtia (Juglandese) of India yield 
 resins likewise known as dammar. 
 
 Constituents. — Resin acid 1 per cent, (soluble in solution of 
 KjCOj), resin insoluble in alcohol, about 40 per cent., and 
 resin soluble in alcohol about 60 per cent. (Graf, 1889). By 
 distillation in a current of steam, a terpene, CioH,^, of the 
 boiling point 158° C. (316° F.), is obtained. 
 
 Uses. — Mostly for varnishes, and rarely in plasters. 
 
 COPAL.— Copal. 
 
 Origin. — Fossil in Zanzibar and probably in Western 
 tropical Africa ; also the exudations of different species of 
 
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462 DBUQS WITHOUT CELLULAR STKUCTUEE. 
 
 Trachylobium, Hymensea, and Guibourtia. Natural order, 
 Leguminosse, CsesalpiniesB, Amherstiese. 
 
 Habitat. — Africa, South America, West Indies. 
 
 Description. — Irregular spherical or flattish and angular, 
 the surface often finely verrucose (goose skin), varying be- 
 tween pale yellowish, reddish, and brownish, and after melt- 
 ing darker colored, spec. grav. 1.04, nearly as hard as amber, 
 transparent, or translucent ; fracture conchoidal, glossy ; in- 
 odorous and tasteless ; melting points of the different varieties 
 vary between about 180° to 300° C. (356° and 572° F.) ; 
 partly soluble in solvents ; after fusion more readily soluble 
 in alcohol and oil of turpentine. 
 
 Constituents. — Several resins, differing in solubility. 
 '. — For the preparation of varnishes. 
 
 SUCCINUM.— Amber. 
 
 Origin. — Fossil, from Picea succinifera, Conwentz (Pinitis 
 succinifer, Goeppert), and other extinct coniferous trees of 
 the southern coast of the Baltic and other localities. 
 
 Description. — Roundish or flattish pieces, the surface 
 usually rough and dull ; hard and brittle ; fracture con- 
 choidal, glossy, transparent or translucent, pale yellowish 
 to brown-red ; inodorous but aromatic when heated ; taste- 
 less ; spec. grav. 1.09 ; slightly soluble in chloroform, nearly 
 insoluble in alcohol, ether, and oils, melts at 287.5° C. 
 (550° F.), giving off succinic acid ; and at a higher heat 
 also water, volatile acids, and empyreumatic oil. 
 
 Constituents. — Succinic acid, C^HjO^, and several resins. 
 
 Uses. — For fumigations, and for the preparation of suc- 
 cinic acid and (empyreumatic) oil of amber ; also used in 
 the arts. 
 
 LACCA.— Lac. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Aleurites laccifera, WiUdenow; 2. Ficusindiea, 
 Roxburgh, and other trees. Natural order, 1. Euphorbiacese, 
 Crotonese; 2. Urticaceae, Artocarpese. 
 
 Habitat. — East Indies. 
 
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GUAIACI RESINA — GUAIAC RESIN. 463 
 
 Origin. — Exudation resulting from punctures by the im- 
 pregnated female C6ccus Lilcca, Kerr, order Hemiptera. 
 
 Description. — Stick lac. Thin branches, covered with a 
 brown-red resin, containing a blackish -red powder; softens 
 between the teeth and colors the saliva red ; taste bitterish, 
 slightly astringent ; on being heated, of an aromatic odor. 
 
 Seed lac. Irregular, somewhat glossy fragments, detached 
 from the twigs. 
 
 Lump lac. Made by boiling with water and melting. 
 Brown translucent cakes, deprived of the purplish-red color- 
 ing matter. 
 
 Shellac. Thin, glossy, more or less transparent fragments, 
 varying from amber-colored to dark brown ; brittle, taste- 
 less ; soluble in the fixed alkalies and in borax solution ; 
 almost wholly soluble in cold alcohol, ether, and volatile 
 oils. 
 
 Constituents. — Coloring matter (lac dye), five resins, waxy 
 matter. 
 
 Uses. — For the preparation of varnish and sealing-wax. 
 
 GUAIACI EESINA.— GuAiAC Eesin. 
 
 Origin. — Guaiacum officinale, lAnnS. Natural order, 
 Zygophylleae. 
 
 Habitat. — West India Islands and Northern South 
 America. 
 
 Production. — Guaiac resin exudes from incisions through 
 the bark, but it is mostly obtained by melting the resin of 
 the heartwood with fire. 
 
 Description. — Irregular brittle masses, or subglobular 
 tears about 10 to 25 millimeters (|— 1 inch) in diameter, 
 greenish-brown or reddish-brown, internally of a glassy 
 lustre, transparent in thin splinters; spec. grav. 1.20; 
 melting point 85° C. (185° F.); feebly aromatic, some- 
 what acrid ; powder grayish, turning green on exposure ; 
 soluble in alkalies, alcohol, acetone, ether, chloroform ; 
 partly soluble in oil of cloves ; sparingly so in carbon 
 disulphide, benzin, and benzol; the alcoholic solution is 
 
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464 DRUGS WITHOUT OELLULAE STBUCTUBE. 
 
 colored blue on the addition of ferric chloride, chlorine, 
 chromic acid, or other oxidizing agents. 
 
 Guaiac resin fused with KHO yields protocatechuic 
 acid. 
 
 Impurities. — Fragments of wood and bark, sometimes 
 amounting to 30 per cent. 
 
 Constituents. — Guaiacic acid and guaiac yellow (botii 
 crystalline, dissolved by milk of lime), guaiaretic acid, 
 CjijHjgO^, about 10 per cent, (crystalline, not colored blue 
 by nitric acid), guaiaconic acid, CigHjjOj, about 70 per 
 cent, (amorphous, colored blue by oxidizing agents), beta- 
 resin about 10 per cent, (insoluble in ether), little gum and 
 ash, 0.3 per cent. By dry distillation are obtained guaiacene, 
 CjHgO (odor of bitter almond), guaiacol, CjHgOj (colorless 
 aromatic oil, green by Fe^Clg), creosol, CgHijOj (resembling 
 guaiacol), and pyroguaiacin, CijHjgOj (inodorous scales, 
 colored green by FejClj and blue by warm sulphuric acid). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, alterative. Dose, 
 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in pills, mixture, or tincture. 
 
 DEACONIS EESINA.— Dragon's Blood. 
 
 Sanguis draconis. 
 
 Origin. — Cdlamus (DsemonoroTpa, Martius) Draco, Willdenow. 
 Natural order, Palmese, Lepidocaryse. 
 
 Habitat. — Borneo, Sumatra, and adjacent islands. 
 
 Production. — Dragon's blood exudes spontaneously from the 
 fruit while ripening, is separated by beating and sifting, soft- 
 ened by heat, and moulded. Inferior qualities are obtained 
 by heating the fruit, or boiling it in water. 
 
 Description. — -In tear-like grains ; in globular pieces about 
 35 millimeters (1-f inches) in diameter; in cylindrical sticks 
 about 80 centimeters (12 inches) long and 15 millimeters (f 
 inch) thick, or in irregular cakes; externally dark brown- 
 red ; internally brighter red, transparent in thin splinters ; 
 brittle; fracture irregular and rather dull ; inodorous — when 
 heated aromatic, resembling benzoin ; nearly tasteless ; soluble 
 (except the impurities) in alcohol, chloroform, benzol, and 
 alkalies. 
 
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BENZOINUM — BENZOIN. 465 
 
 Constituents. — Ked resin (by nitric acid converted into 
 benzoic, nitrobenzoic, oxalic, and a little picric acid), waxy 
 matter, benzoic acid 3 per cent., the latter obtainable by dry 
 distillation. In place of the latter, cinnamic acid appears to 
 be sometimes present, or both acids may be wanting. Fused 
 with KHO, phloroglucin, benzoic and oxybenzoic acids are 
 produced. 
 
 Properties. — Mild stimulant and astringent ; used for plas- 
 ters, tooth-powders, and varnishes. 
 
 BENZOINUM.— Benzoin. 
 
 Origin. — Sty'rax B6nzoin, Dryander. Natural order, 
 Styracese. 
 
 Habitat. — Sumatra, Java, probably also Slam. 
 
 Production. — Benzoin exudes from incisions made iuto 
 the bark of the tree. 
 
 Description. — In lumps consisting of agglutinated yellow- 
 ish-brown tears, which are internally milk-white, or of a 
 brown mass more or less mottled from vphitish tears im- 
 bedded in it. It has a somewhat aromatic and acrid taste 
 and an agreeable balsamic odor, gives off when heated fumes 
 of benzoic acid, and is soluble in alcohol and in solution of 
 potassa; the alcoholic solution is colored dark greenish- 
 brown with ferric chloride; soluble in carbon disulphide and 
 in benzol. 
 
 Varieties. — Sumatra benzoin. Mass brown-gray, some- 
 what porous, melting at 95° C. (203° F.), becoming sandy 
 and finally plastic on mastication, and containing white 
 tears melting at 85° C. (185° F.) ; partly soluble in carbon 
 disulphide; odor rather weak, and in Penang benzoin 
 somewhat like storax. Inferior kinds contain few or no 
 tears, and sometimes a large percentage of chips. 
 
 Siam benzoin. Mass red-brown, translucent, with a vari- 
 able proportion of large or small tears, almost wholly solu- 
 ble in CS2, softened and plastic on mastication, and melting 
 
 20* 
 
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466 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 at 75° C. (167° F.); odor agreeable, vanilla-like; taste 
 slight. 
 
 CoTistituents. — Benzoic acid, C^Hfi^, 12 to 20 or 24 per 
 cent, (usually fragrant from adhering volatile oil ; needles 
 or scales ; when pure, melts at 121° C. (250° F.), boils at 
 249° C. (480° F.); subllmable; soluble in alcohol and 
 ether, sparingly soluble in cold water), vanillin (in Slam 
 benzoin), cinnamic acid, C9H8O2 (variable quantity in Slam 
 and Penang benzoin), several resins, yielding with melted 
 potassa paroxybenzoic acid, CjHgOj, protocatechuic acid, 
 C7H5O4, and pyrocatechin, CjHjOj. Cinnamic acid is de- 
 tected by boiling benzoin with, milk of lime, filtering while 
 warm, and adding potassium permanganate, when the odor 
 of oil of bitter almond will become apparent. Benzoic acid 
 may be prepared from toluol, from phthalic acid, and from 
 hippuric acid (present in the urine of horses and cows). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant. Dose, 0.5 to 2 
 grams (gr. vlij-xxx), in powder or tincture. Externally 
 as a protective ; also in tooth-powders, lotions, and fumi- 
 gations. 
 
 XANTHOEEH(E..gE RESINA.— Acakoid Resin. 
 
 Botany Bay resin ; GrEisstree resin. 
 
 Origin. — Xanthorrhoe'a hdstilis, B. Brown. Natural order, 
 Liliacese, Lotnandrese. 
 
 Habitat. — Australia. 
 
 Production. — The spontaneous exudation on the leaves and 
 in the stem is separated by crushing and sifting. 
 
 Description. — Brownish-yellow, brittle masses, opaque, in- 
 ternally light yellow, resembling gamboge, fusible; odor 
 agreeable balsamic ; taste balsamic, somewhat acrid ; nearly 
 insoluble in water; soluble in ether and alcohol, the solution 
 turned brown-black by ferric chloride. 
 
 Red acaroid resin from Xanthorrhoe'a austrdlis, B. Brown, 
 reseoibles dragon's blood, is deep brown-red, internally bright 
 red, in thin splinters ruby-red and transparent; fracture 
 glass-like ; odor balsamic. 
 
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BALSAMS AND OLEORESINS. 467 
 
 Constituents. — Benzoic acid, some cinnamic acid, resins. 
 With melting potassa pyrocatechin, paroxybenzoic and proto- 
 catechuic acids are obtained. Oxidation with nitric acid 
 gives picric acid. 
 
 Properties. — Mild stimulant, tonic. Dose, 0.5 to 1 or 2 
 grams (gr. viij-xv-xxx), in powder, mixture, or tincture. 
 Mostly used in the preparation of colored varnishes. 
 
 6. BALSAMS AND OLEORESINS.— 
 BALSAMA ET OLEORESINS. 
 
 The term balsam is often used to designate unctuous or 
 liquid preparations, chiefly intended for external use, and 
 to which valuable curative powers are attributed. It is 
 also employed for those liquid or soft exudations of plants 
 which are wholly or chiefly composed of resins and volatile 
 oils, and are properly designated as oleoresins. The British 
 and United States Phaimacopoeias restrict the use of the 
 word balsam to those liquid or soft products which contain 
 resin, an odorous principle, and benzoic and cinnamic acids. 
 Some authors recognize as solid balsams those resins which 
 contain benzoic or cinnamic acid. 
 
 Classification. 
 Sect. 1. Containing benzoic or cinnamic acid : Balsams. 
 
 Liquid, black-brown, aromatic, slightly soluble in Balsamum 
 oil of turpentine. peruvianum. 
 
 Semi4iquid or soft, in the cold brittle mass ; aro- Balsamum 
 matic, in thin layers ; transparent. tolutanum. 
 
 Thick liquid, brown-yellow, transparent, aromatic, 
 drying to a yellowish-brown resin. Liquidambar. 
 
 Thick liquid, brown-gray, opaque ; after the evap- 
 oration of the water, dark-brown, transparent. Styrax liquidus. 
 
 Sect. 2. Free from benzoic or cinnamic acid : Oleo- 
 resins. 
 
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Terebinthina. 
 
 468 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 Thin or viscid liquid, light yellow or brownish, 
 
 transparent ; odor peculiar. Copaiba. 
 
 Viscid liquid, opaque and grayish in reflected light, 
 transparent and brown in transmitted light ; odor 
 like copaiba. Gurjun. 
 
 Thick liquid, transparent, pale yellow ; odor pleas- Terebinthina 
 antly terebinthinate. canadensis. 
 
 Thick liquid, slightly turbid, pale yellow, some- Terebinthina 
 what fluorescent ; odor terebinthinate. Veneta. 
 
 Viscid, yellowish opaque liquid, becoming granu- ' 
 lar; or 
 
 Yellowish-white opaque mass ; fracture crummy ; 
 odor terebinthinate. 
 
 Yellowish-brown, opaque, brittle in the cold ; frac- 
 ture conchoidal, translucent. Pix burgundica. 
 
 Dark red-brown, opaque, translucent on the edge, 
 
 brittle in the cold. Pix canadensis. 
 
 Yellowish mass, internally white, granular, opaque. Elemi. 
 
 Thick liquid, black-brown, becoming granular ; odor 
 empyreumatic, terebinthinate ; soluble in oil of 
 turpentine. Pix liquida. 
 
 BALSAMUM PERUVJANUM.— Balsam of Peru. 
 
 Origin. — Myroxylon (Myrosp6rmum, Royle; Toluifera, 
 BaUlon) Pereirse, Klotzsch. Natural order, Leguminosse, 
 Papilionacese, Sophorese. 
 
 Hahiiat. — Central America. 
 
 Production. — The bark is loosened by beating, and 
 charred ; the exudation is collected on rags, and these are 
 placed in hot water aud expressed. 
 
 Description. — A rather thick, but not viscous, brownish- 
 black liquid, in thin layers red-brown and transparent, of a 
 syrupy consistence ; spec. grav. about 1.135 to 1.150 ; odor 
 agreeably balsamic and somewhat smoky ; taste warm bit- 
 terish, afterward acrid. It has an acid reaction to test- 
 paper, is completely soluble in five parts of alcohol, and in 
 all proportions of absolute alcohol and chloroform ; partly 
 
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BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM. 469 
 
 soluble in ether and volatile or fixed oils, and does not 
 diminish in volume when agitated with an equal volume of 
 cold petroleum benzin or water. 
 
 Constituents. — Cinuamein or benzylic cinnamate, 
 Cg^j{CjILj)02, about 60 per cent, (colorless aromatic oil), 
 resin about 32 per cent, (insoluble in carbon disulphide ; 
 on dry distillation yields benzoic acid, styrol, CgHg, and 
 toluol, C,Hg), cinnamic acid, and small quantities of benz- 
 alcohol, CjHgO, behzylic benzoate, Cj'H.^{CjH.j)02, stilbene, 
 Cj^Hij, styrol, styracin, and benzoic acid. 
 
 Adulterations. — Fixed oils (soluble in petroleum benzin ; 
 on trituration with sulphuric acid and washing with water, 
 leave a sticky mass ; mixed with lime and gradually heated 
 to charring, a fatty odor is given off), resins, oleoresins, 
 alcohol. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary. Dose, 
 0.6 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion, syrup, or alco- 
 holic solution ; externally in ointment. 
 
 BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM.— Balsam of Tolu. 
 
 Origin. — Myroxylon (Myrospermum, Richard) Tolui- 
 fera, Kunth, s Toluifera Bdlsamum, Miller. Natural order, 
 Leguminosse, Papilionacese, Sophorese. 
 
 Habitat. — Venezuela and New Granada. 
 
 Production. — The balsam exudes from V-shaped inci- 
 sions and is received in calabash cups. 
 
 Description. — Semifluid or nearly solid, and then crys- 
 talline under the microscope ; brittle in the cold, yellowish 
 or brownish-yellow and transparent in thin layers ; odor 
 agreeably balsamic ; taste aromatic, acidulous, faintly acrid. 
 It is completely soluble in chloroform, ether, and alcohol 
 the solution being of an acrid reaction to test-paper, and is 
 
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470 DKUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 almost insoluble in water, petroleum benzin, and carbon 
 disulphide. 
 
 Constituents. — Resins (not investigated; the principal 
 constituents), benzylic benzoate, CjH5(C7Hj)02 (colorless 
 aromatic oil, spec. grav. 1.114; crystallizes, when pure, 
 below 20° C. (6b° F.) in laminae), benzylic cinnamate, 
 tolene, CiqOjj, 1 per cent, (colorless, thin, aromatic oil), 
 cinnamic and benzoic acids. 
 
 Adulterations. — Turpentine (soluble in carbon disul- 
 phide), sweet gum (yields to warm petroleum benzin styra- 
 cin, which crystallizes on cooling), storax or resins (the 
 extract with carbon disulphide turns brown with HjSO^, 
 but rose-red from pure tolu). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant, vulnerary. Dose, 
 0.5 to 2 grams (gr. viij— xxx), in emulsion or tincture, 
 mostly used as an agreeable flavor. 
 
 LIQUIDAMBAE.— Sweet Gum. 
 
 Origin. — Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linne. Natural order, 
 Hamamelidese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States from New York southward and 
 southwestward ; Mexico, and Central America. 
 
 Production. — The balsam exudes spontaneously under a 
 subtropical climate. 
 
 Description. — Thick brownish-yellow clear liquid, or a 
 transparent yellowish-brown resin, breaking in the cold with 
 a resinous fracture, showing whitish streaks; softened by the 
 warmth of the hand ; odor pleasantly balsamic, storax-like ; 
 taste aromatic and pungent ; soluble (except the impurities) 
 in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. 
 
 Constituents. — Aromatic hydrocarbon 3J per cent, (not 
 identical with styrol), cinnamic acid 5J per cent., styracin, 
 and brown tasteless resin, containing storesin. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 to 
 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion, also externally in oint- 
 ment or cerate ; mostly used as an agreeable flavor. 
 
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STYKAX — 8T0RAX. 471 
 
 STYRAX.— Storax. 
 
 Origin. — Liquidambar orient^lis, Miller. Natural order, 
 Hamamelidese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia Minor. 
 
 Production. — The inner bark is steeped in hot water, 
 and the melted balsam is skimmed off and expressed from 
 the bark. 
 
 Description. — Serai-liquid, viscid, gray, opaque, separat- 
 ing on standing a heavier dark -brown, in thin layers trans- 
 parent stratum ; odor agreeably balsamic ; taste balsamic 
 and acrid ; soluble (the impurities excepted) in alcohol, 
 ether, chloroform, and carbon disulphide ; warm petroleum 
 benzin, agitated with storax, remains colorless, and, on 
 cooling, deposits white crystals. 
 
 Constituents. — Styrol or cinnamene, CjHj (colorless fra- 
 grant liquid-, spec. grav. 0.906 ; boiling-point 145° C. 
 (293° F.) ; at 200° C. converted into solid metaciunamene), 
 cinnamic acid, CgHgOj, little benzoic acid, styracin or cin- 
 namyl ciunamate, CgHj(CjIl9)02 (crystallizing from hot 
 benzin), phenylpropyl cinnaraate, C9Hj(CgH,j)02 (inodor- 
 ous thick liquid), ethyl cinnamate, C9Hy(C2Hg)02, a small 
 quantity, probably ethyl-vanillin in minute quantity, 
 storesin, CjjHjgOj, in considerable quantity, and the cin- 
 namic ether of this alcohol ; also a resinous compound. 
 Water and other impurities amount to from 25 to 30 per 
 cent. Storesin is amorphous, melting near 145°C. (293° 
 F.) or near 165° C. (329° F.); the latter variety forms with 
 KHO a compound crystallizing in needles. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic. Dose, 0.5 
 to 2 grams (gr. viij-xxx), in emulsion or tincture ; mostly 
 externally in liniment or ointment. 
 
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472 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 COPAIBA.— CoPAiVA . 
 
 Origin. — 1. Copaifera Langsdorffii, Desfontaines, 2. 
 Cop. officindlis, LinnS, and other species of Copaifera. 
 Natural order, Leguminosse, Cajsalpiniese, Cynometreae. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Brazil. 2. Venezuela and New Granada. 
 
 Production. — The oleoresin flows from bore-holes or 
 boxes cut through the bark into the heart-wood of the tree. 
 
 Description. — A more or less viscid liquid, pale yellow 
 or brown-yellow, transparent or slightly turbid, lighter 
 than water (spec. grav. 0.94—0.99) ; odor peculiar ; taste 
 bitter and acrid ; soluble in absolute alcohol, ether, chloro- 
 form, benzol, carbon disulphide, and petroleum benzin ; 
 also in fixed and volatile oils. 
 
 Varieties. — Para copaiva ; pale colored and limpid ; 
 usually contains 60 to 90 per cent, of volatile oil. 
 
 Maranham and Rio Janeiro copaiva ; of the consistence 
 of olive oil ; contains 40 to 60, but sometimes 80 per cent, 
 of volatile oil ; yields, like Para copaiva, a clear mixture 
 with one-third or one-half ammonia water. 
 
 Maracaibo copaiba ; viscid, dark yellow or brownish, 
 slightly turbid ; contains 20 to 40 per cent, of volatile oil ; 
 solidifies with magnesia. 
 
 Constituents. — ^Volatile oil, CijHj^ (spec. grav. 0.89 ; 
 boiling-point about 255° C. — 491° F.), bitter principle 
 (soluble in water), and resins, bitterish, and mostly amor- 
 phous ; copaivic acid, C^Ji^fi^, oxycopaivic acid, CjoHjjOj 
 (from Para copaiva), and metacopaivic acid, CjjHg^O^ (from 
 Maracaibo copaiva), are crystalline. 
 
 Adulteraiions. — Turpentine (recognized by odor on warm- 
 ing) ; fixed oils (mostly insoluble in alcohol ; on evapora- 
 tion a soft and sticky residue is left ; after completely neu- 
 tralizing with KHO, more of the same alkali would be 
 
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TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS. 473 
 
 required for saponifying the fat) ; Gurjun balsam (is 
 fluorescent, and on heating becomes gelatinous). 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, laxative, 
 nauseant. Dose, 0.5 to 2 or 4 grams (gr. viij-3ss-j), in 
 emulsion, pills, suppositories, etc. ; the resin 0.3 to 0.6 
 gram (gr. v— x). Copaiba is also used as an addition to 
 certain varnishes. 
 
 GUEJUN. — Gimjuif Balsam, Wood Oil. 
 
 Origin. — Dipterocdrpus turbindtus, Oaertner, D. aldtus, 
 Roxburgh, and other species of Dipterocarpus. Natural order, 
 Dipterocarpese. 
 
 Habitat. — India and East Indian Islands. 
 
 Production. — The oleoresin exudes from excavations cut 
 into the wood and charred by fire. 
 
 Description. — Thick viscid liquid, opaque and grayish, 
 greenish or brownish in reflected light, transparent and red- 
 brown or brown in transmitted light ; spec. grav. 0.947- 
 0.964 ; odor resembling that of copaiba ; taste bitter ; soluble 
 in chloroform, acetone, volatile oils, and carbon disulphide, 
 partially soluble in alcohol, ether, and petroleum benzin. 
 Above 130° C. (266" F.) it becomes permanently gelatinous 
 or solid. On agitation with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric 
 acids it is colored red and purplish. 
 
 Constituents.— Voiatile oil, CijHj^, 40 to 70 per cent, (dis- 
 solved in carbon disulphide, and agitated with a drop of 
 mixed sulphuric and nitric acids, red or violet color is pro- 
 duced), gurjunic acid, CJigfi^ (a small quantity ; crystal- 
 line), resin (insoluble in potassa solution), and bitter principle. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Similar to Copaiva. 
 
 TEREBINTHINA CANADENSIS.— Canada 
 Turpentine. 
 
 Balsam of fir. 
 
 Origin. — A'bies bals^mea, Marshall. Natural order, 
 Coniferae, Abietinese. 
 
 Hahiiai. — Canada and Northern United States, west to 
 Minnesota, and south along the mountains to Virginia. 
 
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474 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STKUOTUKE. 
 
 Production. — The oleoresin is secreted in vesicles in the 
 bark, and collected by puncturing them. 
 
 Description. — A yellowish or faintly greenish transpar- 
 ent viscid liquid, of an agreeable terebinthinate odor, and 
 a bitterish, slightly acrid taste, on exposure drying slowly 
 into a transparent mass ; completely soluble in ether, chloro- 
 form, and benzol ; partly soluble in alcohol. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil, CmHij, 20 to 30 per cent., 
 uncrystallizable resin, bitter principle soluble in water. 
 
 Allied Turpentines. — Oregon Balsam of Fir, from A'bies 
 Menzi^sii, Lindley, resembles the preceding in physical 
 properties when fresh ; but becomes gradually granular and 
 opaque. 
 
 Strassburg Turpentine, Terebinthina argentoratensis, 
 from A'bies pectin^ta, De Candolle; like Canada turpen- 
 tine, but completely soluble in absolute alcohol; odor 
 slightly lemon-like ; taste bitter, not acrid. 
 
 Venice Turpentine, Terebinthina veneta, from Lirix 
 europse'a. Be Candolle, procured from the heart- wood by 
 bore-holes ; yellowish, greenish-yellow, or brownish, nearly 
 transparent, slightly fluorescent; odor terebinthinate bal- 
 samic ; taste bitter and acrid ; completely soluble in 90 per 
 cent, alcohol ; dries to a clear varnish without becoming 
 crystalline. 
 
 Adulterations, — Solutions of rosin in oil of turpentine, 
 the turpentine odor disguised through the addition of 
 another volatile oil, are sometimes sold. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic ; mostly 
 used externally. 
 
 TEEEBINTHINA.— Turpentine. 
 
 Terebinthina communis, s. vulgaris. 
 
 Origin. — Pinus austrdlis, Miehaux (P. paliistris, Miller), 
 
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TEBEBINTHINA — TURPENTINE. 475 
 
 and p. Tse'da, LinnS. Natural order, Coniferse Abieti- 
 nese. 
 
 Habitat. — United States, in the Atlantic and Gulf States 
 from Virginia to Eastern Texas. 
 
 Production. — Turpentine exudes spontaneously, but is 
 mostly collected in boxes cut into the alburnum. 
 
 Description. — Rarely seen in the American commerce as 
 a yellowish, viscid, more or less opaque liquid. Usually 
 as yellowish, opaque, tough masses, brittle in the cold, 
 softened by the heat of the hand, crummy crystalline in 
 the interior, of a peculiar odor, and bitter and acrid taste ; 
 known as white turpentine; also as Thus americanum or 
 , common frankincense, and corresponds to the galipot of 
 French commerce. 
 
 European Turpentine is obtained from Pinus Pinaster, 
 Solander, P. Laricio, Poiret, P. sylvSstris, LinnS, and 
 other allied species. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil 20 to 30 per cent., abietic an- 
 hydrid, crystallizing as abietic acid, C^^Hj^Oj ; bitter prin- 
 ciple soluble iu water ; small quantities of formic and suc- 
 cinic acids ; perhaps also other resin acids (pinic and sylvic 
 acids). Oil of turpentine, CmHig, is colorless, dextrogyre> 
 or (the French oil) levogyre ; spec. grav. 0.87 ; boiling- 
 point 150°-160° C. (300°-320° F.) ; readily soluble in 
 strong alcohol ; forms with HCl a crystalline compound, 
 CioHigHCl (artificial camphor). Abietic acid is soluble in 
 carbon disulphide, alcohol, ether, benzol, and glacial acetic 
 acid, and on oxidation yields formic and acetic acids ; the 
 salts are amorphous and insoluble in ether, if pure. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, astringent, 
 haemostatic. Dose, 1 to 4 grams (gr. xv-3j), in piUs (hard- 
 ened with magnesia) ; externally in ointments and plasters. 
 Oil of turpentine, 0.3 to 1 to 2 grams (gr. v-xv-xxx), in 
 emulsion ; externally in liniments. 
 
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476 DBDGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTUBE. 
 
 Terebinthina Chia, Chian turpentine, from Pistacia 
 Terebinthus, Linni (Anacardiacese), is greenish-yellow or 
 brownish, hardens to a transparent mass, and has a fennel- 
 like terebinthinate odor, and a mild bitterish taste. 
 
 FIX BUEGUNDICA.— BuEGTJNDY Pitch. 
 
 Origin. — A'bies exc6lsa, De Candolle, s. Pinus A'bies, 
 Linne. Natural order, Coniferse, Abietinese. 
 
 Sabitat. — Europe, in the southern part in mountainous 
 districts. 
 
 ProduGtion. — The oleoresin exudes spontaneously and 
 from incisions, is melted in hot water, and strained. 
 
 Description. — Yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, opaque 
 or translucent, not crystalline ; hard, yet gradually taking 
 the form of the vessel in which it is kept ; brittle when 
 cold ; fracture shining, conchoidal ; aromatic, not bitter ; 
 soluble in glacial acetic acid and strong alcohol. 
 
 Allied Products. — Resina pini ; white turpentine fused 
 in hot water and strained ; resembles the preceding, but 
 gradually becomes crystalline. 
 
 Terebinthina cocta ; the residue from the distillation of 
 turpentine with water, strained. 
 
 Constituents. — "Volatile oil, CnjHjg, in variable propor- 
 tion, water, and resin. 
 
 Substitution. — A mixture of rosin, palm oil or other fat, 
 and water ; incompletely soluble in warm glacial acetic 
 acid. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, irritant ; used in plasters. 
 
 PIX CANADENSIS.— Canada Pitch. 
 Hemlock Pitch. 
 
 Origin. — Tsiiga (Pinus, LinnS ; A'bies, ilichaux) cana- 
 densis, Carri^re. Natural order, Coniferse, Abietinese. 
 
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ELEMI. 477 
 
 Habitat. — North America, from Nova Scotia west to 
 Lake Superior, and southward, in the mountains, as far as 
 Greorgia and Alabama. 
 
 Production. — The oleoresin exudes from incisions; the 
 wood and barjj, rich in oleoresin, are heated in water, the 
 melted oleoresin is skimmed off, remelted and strained. 
 
 Description. — Dark reddish-brown, opaque or translucent, 
 not crystalline ; hard, yet gradually taking the form of the 
 vessel in which it is kept ; brittle when cold ; fracture 
 shining, conchoidal ; odor weak, terebinthinate, balsamic. 
 
 AduUeration. — Rosin . 
 
 Constituents. — Little volatile oil, water, and resins. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, irritant ; used in plasters. 
 
 ELEMI.— Elemi. 
 
 Origin. — Probably from Candrium commune, Linne. Natu- 
 ral order, Burseracese, Burserese. 
 
 Habitat. — Philippine Islands. 
 
 Production. — The oleoresin exudes from incisions. 
 
 Description. — Soft, yellowish, granular, more or less crystal- 
 line ; when old friable ; odor strong, resembling fennel and 
 lemon, somewhat terebinthinate ; taste bitter, disagreeable, 
 and pungent. 
 
 Constituents. — Volatile oil (terpene and polyterpenes) 10 
 per cent., brein 60 per cent, (amorphous resin, readily soluble 
 in cold alcohol), amyrin 25 per cent, (resin crystallizing from 
 hot, strong alcohol), bryoidin (easily soluble in alcohol, bitter 
 and acrid, crystallizes from hot water), bre'idin (crystalline, 
 less soluble in water and ether), elemic acid, G,^^0^ (crystal- 
 line). 
 
 Varieties. — Manila elemi, described above. 
 
 Brazilian elemi, from I'cica (Burs^ra, Baillori) Icicariba, 
 De Candolle, and allied species ; yellowish-white or greenish- 
 white, fragrant. 
 
 Mauritius elemi, from Coloph6nia (Can^rium) mauritiina, 
 De Candolle, resembles Manila elemi. 
 
 Mexican elemi, probably from A'myris elemifera, Royle; 
 yellow or greenish, more or less translucent, of waxy lustre. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, irritant ; used in plasters and oint- 
 ment. 
 
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478 DBUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 FIX LIQUIDA.— Tab. 
 
 Origin. — The wood of differeut species of Pinus. Natural 
 order, Coniferae, Abietinese. 
 
 Production. — The wood is subjected to destructive distil- 
 lation, either in retorts or packed in stacks covered with 
 earth. 
 
 Description. — Thick viscid semifluid, heavier than water, 
 blackish-brown, transparent in thin layers, becoming granu- 
 lar and opaque by age ; odor empyreumatic, terebinthinate ; 
 taste sharp, empyreumatic, and bitterish ; of an acid re- 
 action ; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, volatile oils, 
 and potassa solution ; partly soluble in water. 
 
 Constituents. — Acetic acid, and smaller quantities of 
 formic, propionic, and capronic acids ; acetone, methylic 
 alcohol, mesit, toluol, xylol, cumol, methol ; these pass over 
 with the light oil of tar. Naphthalin, pyrene, chrysene, 
 retene, paraffin, phenols, creasote, pyrocatechin, empy- 
 reumatic resin. The composition of commercial tar is 
 variable. 
 
 Pyrocatechin or catechol, C^fi^y '^ crystalline, sub- 
 limable, readily soluble in water, alcohol, ether, aud benzol, 
 has a sharp persistent taste, and in aqueous solution becomes 
 dark green with ferric chloride, changing to violet with 
 alkali (sodiiun bicarbonate). 
 
 Naphthalin, CnjIIg, more largely present in coal-tar, 
 forms pearly scales, has a strong aromatic odor and warm 
 taste, is readily volatilized, melts at 79° C. (174° F.), boils 
 at 218° C. (425° F.), dissolves freely in ether and hot 
 alcohol. Dose, 0.1-0.5 gram (gr. jss-viij) ; externally as 
 insecticide and anti-parasitic. 
 
 Creasote and phenol are poisonous ; when taken in exces- 
 sive doses, ti-eatment consists in evacuation (stomach-pump. 
 
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VOLATILE OILS AND OAMPHOBS. 479 
 
 emetics, alkali sulphates) ; milk or white of egg ; saccharated 
 lime; stimulants. 
 
 Allied Products. — Juniper tar, Oil of Cade, Oleum cadi- 
 num, from the wood of Juniperus Oxycedrus, lAnnS ; it is 
 more liquid, and of a somewhat different odor. 
 
 Birch tar, Dagget, Oleum Rusci, from the wood of B6tula 
 dlba, Linni, has the peculiar odor of Russian leather, and 
 i3ontaLns much pyrocatechin. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, irritant, insecticide. Dose, 0.3 
 to 1.5 grams (gr. v-xxij), in pills, mixtures, and aqueous 
 or vinous infusions ; externally in ointment, plaster, and 
 as fumigation. 
 
 7. VOLATILE OILS AND CAMPHORS.— OLEA 
 VOLATILIA ET 0AMPHOR.ffl. 
 
 Volatile oils are odorous volatile liquids which produce 
 upon paper a greasy stain, disappearing on the application 
 of heat. They are readily soluble in absolute alcohol, 
 ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzol, carbon disul- 
 phide, and fixed oils, and many of them dissolve also 
 freely in 80 per cent alcohol. All are but slightly soluble 
 in water. They exist ready-formed in plants, but in some 
 cases (volatile oils of mustard, almond, etc.) are the results 
 of chemical action in the presence of water. They are 
 mostly obtained by distillation with water, occasionally by 
 expression of the parts containing them, like the volatile 
 oils of lemon, orange-peel, etc. 
 
 Volatile oils are usually mixtures of two or more com- 
 pounds, differing in volatility and odor, the portion vola- 
 tilizing first being sometimes designated as elceopten, and 
 the portion volatilizing last as stearopten or camphor. The 
 
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480 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 latter usually contains oxygen, the former mostly consists 
 of carbon and hydrogen ; a few volatile oils (of mustard, 
 garlic, asafetida) contain sulphur, and in the volatile oils of 
 amygdalese (almond, etc.) nitrogen is found combined with 
 hydrocyanic acid. The compounds existing in volatile oils 
 are mostly imperfectly known ; but besides the hydrocar- 
 bons, some of these have been proved to belong to the 
 classes of alcohols, aldehyds, ethers, and compound ethers. 
 The yellow, blue, and brown color of volatile oils is due to 
 distinct compounds, which may be removed, in most cases, 
 by careful rectification. 
 
 On exposure to the air, more particularly in the presence 
 of light and moisture, volatile oils become darker and 
 thicker or even solid from resinification ; the addition of a 
 little alcohol will usually retard or prevent these changes. 
 
 As a class, the volatile oils consisting of hydrocarbons 
 are lightest in color and in specific gravity (the latter gener- 
 ally ranging between 0.85 and 0.91), are less prone to 
 resinification, and are not freely soluble in 85 per cent, 
 alcohol. The oxygenated volatile oils have usually a den- 
 sity from 0.90 to 0.99, and several of them are heavier than 
 water, some being 1.10. They are mostly more fi-eely solu- 
 ble in 80 per cent, alcohol, are usually more or less colored, 
 and the color is deepened on exposure. 
 
 Adulterations. — Chloroform (adapted only to the heavy 
 volatile oils) is readily detected on fractional distillation at 
 a temperature of about 70° C. (158° F.). 
 
 Alcohol will dissolve or soften fragments of fused calcium 
 chloride or dry potassium acetate. Agitation with water 
 will cause a diminution of volume. 
 
 Fixed oils will leave a permanent greasy stain on paper; 
 on agitation with 80 per cent, alcohol, the volatile oil will 
 be dissolved and the fixed oil left behind. 
 
 Cheap volatile oils are recognized by their odor on the 
 
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CAMPHORA — CAMPHOR. 481 
 
 slow evaporation from bibulous paper or from the hands. 
 The behavior to alcohol and to various chemical reagents is 
 sometimes of value, and it has been suggested to determine 
 for essential oils the "iodine niunber" in a similar manner 
 as is done for fixed oils. The variations in the proximate 
 composition of the volatile oils, and the presence or al)sence 
 of coloring principles, often render the detection of adultera- 
 tion, by meaus of reagents, very difficult. 
 
 Properties. — Externally employed volatile oils are stimu- 
 lant and rubefacient ; used internally they are carminative, 
 diaphoretic, antispasmodic, and sedative. 
 
 jintMotes. — The effects of overdoses are counteracted by 
 evacuants (stomach-pump, emetics, and purgatives), demul- 
 ceut drinks, and opium. 
 
 CAMPHORA.— Camphor. 
 
 Origin. — Ciunamomum (Laiirus, Linne) Cdmphora, F. 
 Nees et Ebermaier, s. Camphora officindrum, 0. Bauhin. 
 Natural order, Laurineae, Perseacese. 
 
 Habitat. — China and Japan. 
 
 Production. — The branches and chipped wood are exposed 
 to the vapors of boiling water, the volatilized camphor is 
 condensed, drained and pressed from the adhering volatile 
 oil (oil of camphor), and subsequently refined by sublimation 
 in vessels of glass or iron. 
 
 Besaription. — Crude camphor is in whitish granular 
 masses, that from Japan having often a reddish tint, while 
 Formosa camphor is grayish or blackish and more impure. 
 Refined camphor is in translucent masses of a tough con- 
 sistence and crystalline texture, readily pulverizable in the 
 presence of a little alcohol or ether, has the spec. grav. 0.99, 
 melts at 175° C. (347° F.), boils at 205° C. (401° F.), sub- 
 limes and burns without leaving any residue ; odor peue- 
 
 21 
 
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482 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 trating, peculiar ; taste pungent and bitter, afterward cool- 
 ing ; readily soluble in alcohol and most other solvents, 
 but sparingly soluble in water ; the solutions are dextro- 
 rotatory. It is liquefied in contact with chloral hydrate, 
 phenol, thymol, resorcin, and other substances. 
 
 Composition. — Ci„HijO. Heated with zinc chloride it 
 yields cymol, CioHj^, and with nitric acid, camphoric acid, 
 CjijHigO^, and camphoronic acid, CgHi^Oj. Camphoric acid 
 forms colorless, inodorous prisms, melts at 180° C. (356° 
 F.), is freely soluble in alcohol, sparingly so in water, in- 
 soluble in carbon disulphide. Camphoronic acid melts at 
 136° C. (277° F.) with decomposition, and is freely soluble 
 in water and alcohol. 
 
 Allied Camphor. — Borneo, Sumatra, or Barus camphor, 
 from Dryob^lauops Cdrnphora, Oolebrook. Natural order, 
 Dipterocarpese. It has a somewhat different odor, is 
 slightly heavier than water, less readily volatile, and with 
 nitric acid yields ordinary camphor. Composition C,|,HigO. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, sedative, rubefa- 
 cient, resolvent. Dose, 0.06 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. j-viij— 
 xv), in pills or emulsion ; externally in liniments and oint- 
 ments. Camphoric acid in catarrhal affections externally 
 and internally, 1 gram (gr. xv) or more. 
 
 THYMOL.— Thymol. 
 
 Origin. — Thy'mus vulgaris, LinnS, Mondrda punctata, 
 Linni, Cdrum A'jowan, Bentham et Rooher. Natural order, 
 Labiatse (Thymus, Monarda) ; Umbelliferse (Ajowan). 
 
 Production. — From the volatile oil by fractional distilla- 
 tion, by freezing, or by means of alkali solution. Oil of 
 monarda yields about 24 per cent, of thymol. 
 
 Properties. — Colorless rhombic scales or flat prisms, 
 spec. grav. 1.06, of a thyme- like odor and pungent taste; 
 
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OLEUM CAMPHORiB — OIL OF CAMPHOR. 483 
 
 melts at 50° C. (122° F.), boils at 230° C. (446° F.); 
 freely soluble in simple solvents (sparingly in water) and 
 in alkalies ; liquefied by camphor. The aqueous solution 
 is rendered turbid by bromine water, but is not colored by 
 ferric chloride. Thymol dissolves in HjSO^ with yellow 
 color, becoming rose-red on warming; on diluting with 
 water, agitating with excess of lead carbonate and filtering, 
 the liquid (containing thymolsulphonate) becomes violet with 
 ferric chloride. The solution of thymol in glacial acetic 
 acid becomes blue green on the addition of H^SO^, followed 
 by a drop of nitric acid. 
 
 Composition. — C,|,Hj^O . 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antiseptic. Dose, 0.1 to 0.3 gram 
 (gr. jss-v) ; used most externally. 
 
 MENTHOL.— PiPMENTHOL. 
 
 Origin. — Mentha piperfta, LinnL Natural order, Labiatae, 
 Satureinese. 
 
 Production. — By fractional distillation of the volatile oil, 
 and freezing the higher boiling product. 
 
 Properties. — Fine white needles, transparent when exam- 
 ined singly, of an agreeable peppermint odor and taste ; spec, 
 grav. 0.89 ; melts at 43° C. (109° F.) ; boils at 212° C. 
 (414° F.) ; freely soluble in most simple solvents, sparingly 
 soluble in water; liquefied by chloral hydrate; produces a 
 red color with bromine. The solution in H^SO^ is turbid red- 
 brown, slowly separates a colorless oil and loses the mint odor. 
 
 Japanese or Chinese menthol, from Mentha canadensis, 
 Idnni, var. piperascens, resembles pipmenthol, but is usually 
 moist from presence of oil, and has a mint4ike odor, difiering 
 somewhat from that of peppermint. 
 
 Composition. — C,jHjjO. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, rubefacient, anodyne. Dose, 0.1 to 
 0.3 gram (gr. jss-v) ; used externally. 
 
 OLEUM CAMPHORuE.— Oil op Camphor. 
 
 Origin and Production. — See Camphora. 
 Descriptions. — Deep yellow or yellowish-brown ; spec. grav. 
 about 0.94; boiling-point about 180° C. (356° F.) ; com- 
 
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484 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 pletely soluble in alcohol. Formosa camphor oil has a strong 
 camphoraceous odor and in the cold separates camphor. 
 Japanese camphor oil is more limpid, has a sassafras-like 
 odor, and separates little or no camphor. 
 
 Composition. — Terpenes, cineol and terpineol, CijHigO, 
 eugenol, safrol, camphor, and other compounds. 
 
 Properties. — Like camphor, mostly used in liniments. 
 
 OLEUM CAJUPUTL— Oil of Cajeput. 
 
 Origin. — Melaleuca Cujuputi, Roxburgh, s. M. minor, 
 Smith, s. M. Leucadendrou, var., Beniham. Natural order, 
 Myrtacese, Leptospermese. 
 
 Habitat. — East Indian Islands. 
 
 Production. — The leaves are distilled with water. 
 
 Description. — Green or, after rectification, colorless or 
 yellowish, neutral, very mobile, easily soluble in alcohol; 
 levogyre ; spec. grav. about 0.925 ; odor aromatic ; taste 
 warm, camphoraceous, cooling ; not congealing at — 25° C. 
 ( — 13° F). It dissolves iodine without violent reaction ; 
 the solution containing 20 per cent, iodine congeals in the 
 cold crystalline. 
 
 Constituents. — Chiefly cajuputol (cineol), C,jHigO ; also 
 hydrocarbons, CioHu and CijHj^, and acetic, butyric, and 
 valerianic ethers of terpilenol (CuHijO). The crude (green) 
 oil often contains a trace of copper, which yields a red- 
 brown color or precipitate on agitating the oil with warm 
 dilute hydrochloric acid and adding potassium ferrocvanide 
 to the watery liquid. 
 
 Properties. — Carminative, stimulant, diaphoretic, rube- 
 facient, counter-irritant. Dose, 0.1 to 0.5 or 1 gram (gr. 
 jss-viij-xv), in mixtures ; externally in liniments. 
 
 OLEUM ROS^.— Oil of Eose. Attar of Rose. 
 
 Origin. — Rosa damaseena, Miller. Natural order, Rosa- 
 cese, Rosese. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
OLEUM SUCCINI — OIL OF AMBEE. 485 
 
 Habitat. — Cultivated in Bulgaria. 
 
 Production. — The flowers are distilled with water, coho- 
 bation being resorted to ; yield about 0.03 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Pale yellow liquid, spec. grav. 0.87, of an 
 agreeable rose odor when diluted, and a sweetish taste ; 
 reaction neutral ; slightly dextrogyre ; separates at or below 
 15° C. (59° F.) transparent scaly crystals, which remain 
 suspended in the liquid. 
 
 Constituents. — Rhodinol, CmHigO (possibly also C,gH2„0) 
 very fragrant, readily soluble in alcohol ; stearopten, 12- 
 14 per cent., probably several hydrocarbons of formula 
 CnHjnj inodorous, iridescent crystals, melt at 32.5° C. 
 (90.5° F.) ; require about 100 parts of alcohol for solu- 
 tion. 
 
 Adulterations. — Spermaceti and paraffin crystallize in a 
 rather opaque crust. An addition of oil of ginger-grass or 
 rosh6 oil from Andropogon SchoeuAnthus, Linni, lowers 
 the congealing point of attar of rose, and imparts to it an 
 acid reaction ; the chief constituent is the alcohol geraniol, 
 CioHigO. 
 
 Uses. — For perfuming ointments and mixtures. 
 
 OLEUM SUCCINI.— Oil of Amber. 
 
 Production — Amber is subjected to destructive distilla- 
 tion, and the thick brown liquid distillate is rectified. 
 
 Description. — Pale yellow, spec. grav. 0.91-0.95 ; odor 
 empyreumatic, balsamic ; taste warm and acrid ; soluble in 
 4 parts of strong alcohol ; with nitric acid it acquires a red 
 color, and after some time is almost wholly converted into 
 a brown resinous mass, having a musli-like odor. 
 
 Adulterations. — Petroleum and the empyreumatic oils of 
 resins. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, irritant. Dose, 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
486 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 0.2 to 0.5 or 1 gram(gr. iij-viij-xv), in capsules or emul- 
 sion ; externally in liniments. 
 
 Syllabus of the Oflacinal Volatile Oils. 
 
 Magnoliaceos. 
 
 Oleum Anisi stellati, from the fruit of Illfcium vdrum, Hooker 
 filius. Pale yellow, sweet ; congeals at about 10° 0. (50° F.), 
 while at rest, at about 1° C. (34° F.) ; spec. grav. 0.98, levo- 
 gyre; consists of CijHjj and anethol, CijHjjO, with little safrol, 
 anisic acid, hydroquinone ethylester, etc. ; with alcoholic HCl 
 becomes brownish. 
 
 Crucifercs. 
 
 Oleum Sinapis, from the seeds of Brassica nigra, Koch; yield 0.5 
 per cent. Yellow, neutral, spec. grav. 1.018, pungent and 
 acrid, soluble in 3 parts of sulphuric acid without change of 
 color; boiling-point 148° C. (298° F.) ; without rotating 
 power ; chiefly allyl sulphocyanide, C3H5.CNS with some CSj. 
 
 RutacecB. 
 
 Oleum Eiitse, from the herb of Eiita gravedlens, Linne. Green- 
 ish yellow, neutral, spec. grav. 0.88, bitterish; congeals below 
 0° 0. (32° F.) ; solution in sulphuric acid brown-red ; chiefly 
 methyl-nonyl-ketone, CHjCO.OgHj,. 
 
 Oleum Limonis, from the rind of Citrus Limdnum, Risso. Yel- 
 lowish, neutral, spec. grav. 852, bitterish ; dextrogyre ; boil- 
 ing-point about 175° 0. (347° F.) ; chiefly citrene, Ci„H,5, with 
 citral, Ci„H,gO. 
 
 Oleum BergSmii, from the rind of Citrus Bergamia, var. vul- 
 garis, Risso. Greenish, faintly acid, spec. grav. 0.87, bitterish ; 
 boiling-point about 185° C. (365° F.) ; dextrogyre; consists of 
 citrene, CnjHig, and the acetic ester of linalool. 
 
 Oleum Aurantii amari, from the rind of Citrus vulgaris, Risso. 
 Yellowish, neutral, bitterish, spec. grav. about 0.86 ; chiefly 
 hesperidene (citrene), Ci„Hig. 
 
 Oleum Aurantii diilcis, from the rind of Citrus Aur&ntium, 
 Risso. Yellowish, neutral, spec. grav. about 0.86 ; chiefly 
 hesperidene, CjoHu, with some geranial CujHjjO ; readily altered 
 on exposure. 
 
 Oleum Auranlii fldrum, from the flowers of Citrus vulg&ris, 
 Risso. Colorless or trownish, neutral, bitterish, spec, grav- 
 
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OFFICINAL VOLATILE OILS. 487 
 
 about 0.88 ; boiling-point about 190° C. {374° F.) ; dextrogyre ; 
 gives violet fluorescence with alcohol; chiefly CioHu; the 
 stearopten melts at 55° 0. (131° P.). 
 
 Leguminosoe. 
 
 Oleum Copaibse, from the oleoresin of Copaifera spec. Colorless, 
 neutral, spec. grav. 0.89; boiling-point about 255° C. (491° 
 f.) ; levogyre ; consists of CijHjt. The oil of Maracaibo 
 copaiva becomes dark blue with gaseous HOI. 
 
 RoaacecB. 
 
 Oleum Amy'gdalse am&rse, from the seeds of Priinus Amy'g- 
 dalus, Baillon (Amy'gdalus communis, lAnne, var. amdra, De 
 Candolle). Tellowish, slightly bitter, spec. grav. 1.07 (1.049, 
 if deprived of HON by lime and ferric chloiide) ; chiefly benz- 
 aldehyd, G^B.fi with HON, in old oil benzoic acid. Evapo- 
 rated with potassa and alcohol, the residue, dissolved in dis- 
 tilled water, yields a nearly transparent solution, free from 
 brown-yellow sediment (nitrobenzol). The bitter almond odor 
 disappears on treatment with potassium permanganate, which 
 has no action on nitrobenzol. 
 
 Oleum Rosse (see page 484). 
 
 MyrtacecB. 
 
 Oleum Cajuputi (see page 484). 
 
 Oleum Eucaly'pti, from the leaves of Eucaly'ptus gWbulus and 
 Euc. amygdalina, Lahillardiere. Yellowish, neutral, spicy, 
 and cooling; contains CjqHi^, CijHig, and G^^^fi. Eucalyp- 
 tol, CijHjgO, is chemically identical with cajuputol and eineol. 
 
 Oleum Caryophy'Ili, from the flower-buds of Eugenia caryo- 
 phyllata, Thunberg. Yellowish-brown, slightly acid, taste hot, 
 aromatic; faintly levogyre; spec. grav. 1.05; boiling-point 
 about 250° C. (482° F.) ; contains O^fiu^ »°^ eugenol, O^fi^fi^. 
 
 Oleum Pimentse, from the fruit of Eugenia Pimenta, De Can- 
 dolle. Colorless or pale yellow, slightly acid, spec. grav. 1.040- 
 1.050; contains C15H24, and C,|,HjjOj. 
 
 Oleum My'rcise, from the leaves of My'rcia acris, De Candolle. 
 Yellowish or brownish-yellow, slightly acid, spec. grav. 0.965- 
 0.985, contains terpenes, eugenol, and little methyl eugenol. 
 The last three oils congeal with potassa, and their alcoholic 
 solution is colored purplish-blue or green by FejC',. 
 
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488 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 Umbelliferce. 
 
 Oleum Carui, from the fruit of Carum Carui, Linne. Colorless 
 or yellowish, neutral, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.96; boiling- 
 point about 175° C. (347° F.) ; contains carvene (chemically 
 identical with limonene, citrene, hesperidene), CmHjg, and 
 carvol, Ci(|H„0 ; the latter is colored light violet by FejClj, 
 and congeals with ammonia and sulphydric acid. 
 
 Oleum Pceniculi, from the fruit of Foeniculum vulgare, Qaertner. 
 Colorless, neutral, sweet, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.97; con- 
 geals below 0° C. (32° P.) ; contains phellandrene, C,„Hjj, and 
 anethol, Cj|,H(20. 
 
 Oleum Anisi, from the fruit of Pimpinella Anisum, Linne. 
 Colorless or yellowish, neutral, sweet, slightly levogyre or dex- 
 trogyre; spec. grav. 0.98; if at rest congeals near 10° C. 
 (50° F.), the temperature rising to 15° C. (59° F.) ; becomes 
 pink with alcoholic HCl; contains phellandrene, C^Hj^, and 
 anethol, OjqHjjO. 
 
 Oleum Anethi, from the fruit of Anethum (Peucedanum, Hiern) 
 graveolens, Linne. Pale yellow, neutral, sweetish, dextro- 
 gyre ; spec. grav. 0.88 ; citrene, CijHjj, and cajrvol. 
 
 Oleum Coriandri, from the fruit of Coriandrum sativum, Linne. 
 Colorless or yellowish, neutral, sweet, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 
 0.87; chiefly coriandrol, CioHuO (boiling at 195° C), with 
 little dextropinene. 
 
 Valerianece. 
 
 Oleum Valerianae, from the rhizome and rootlets of Valeriana 
 officinalis, Linne. Yellowish or brownish, somewhat viscid, 
 slightly acid, levogyre; spec. grav. 0.95: contains borneene 
 CjijHjg, borneol, CjjHjjO, its ether (CiqHj,)j0, and its valerianic 
 formic and acetic esters. 
 
 Composiice. 
 
 Oleum Anthemidis, from the flowers of A'nlhemis ndbilis, Linni. 
 
 Pale blue, green, or yellow, slightly acid; spec. grav. 0.90; 
 
 contains anthemol, CiqHijO, and the butyl and amyl esters 
 
 of angelic, valerianic and tiglinic acids. 
 Oleum Erigerdntis, from the herb of Erigeron canadfinse, Linne. 
 
 Pale yellow, neutral, strongly levogyre; spec, grav, 0.86; 
 
 limonene, Oi„Hj5, and oxygenated compound. Its solution in 
 
 acetic acid yields with bromine crystals of CioHijBr^ {Fluckiger). 
 
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OFFICINAL VOLATILE OILS. 489 
 
 Ericacece. 
 
 Oleum Gaultbdrise, from the leaves of Gaulthfiria procumbens, 
 Linne. Yellowish or reddish, slightly acid, sweetish, slightly 
 dextrogyre; spec. grav. 1.175-1.185; boiling-point 216° C. 
 (421° P.); chiefly methyl salicylate, OUyO,B.^O^, about 0.4 
 per cent, of OjjHj^ and some benzoic ester; yields with nitric 
 acid colorless crystals. Much of the commercial oil of winter- 
 green is distilled from the barli of the sweet birch, Betula lenta, 
 Linne {Natural order, Cupuliferse Betulese), which consists of 
 methyl salicylate. 
 
 LahiatcB. 
 
 Oleum Lavandulae, from the flowers (and leaves) of Lavandula 
 vera, De Candolle. Colorless or yellowish, neutral, bitlerish, 
 levogyre; spec. grav. about 0.90; boiling-point about 185° 0. 
 (366° P.) ; contains OijHjj, and as chief constituents the alco- 
 hol CioHigO (linalool) and its acetic ester. The oil from the 
 flowers is most fragrant. 
 
 Oleum MenthsB viridis, from the herb of Mentha vlridis, Linne. 
 Pale yellow, neutral, levogyre; spec. grav. 0.90, contains 
 CioH,5 and a compound, CjoHj^O. 
 
 Oleum Menthse piperitae, from the herb of Mentha piperita, 
 Linne. Pale yellow or greenish, neutral, taste warm and 
 cooling, strongly levogyre; spec. grav. 0.90 ; contains menthol, 
 CioHjdO (see page 483), and other compounds. 
 
 Oleum Thy'rai, from the herb of Thy'mus vulgaris, LinnS. Ked- 
 brown or yellowish, neutral, slightly levogyre ; spec. grav. 
 0.88; contains cymene, CuH^, thymene, OjoHi,, and thymol, 
 CjoHijO (see page 482). 
 
 Oleum Hededmae, from the herb of Hededma pulegiofdes, Fersoon. 
 Colorless or pale yellow, neutral, spec. grav. 0.94 ; dextrogyre ; 
 contains hedeomol, C^HuO, and formic, acetic, and isoheptoic 
 esters. 
 
 Oleum Kosmarini, from the leaves of Kosmarinus officinalis, 
 Linne. Colorless, neutral, dextrogyre; spec. grav. 0.90 ; con- 
 tains about 80 per cent. OioHje, besides Ci„HieO, borneol and 
 cineol, CjjHjjO. 
 
 Oleum Mon&rdsB, from the herb of Monarda punctata, Linne, 
 Reddish or browhish ; spec. grav. 0.920-0.925. Contains 
 CjpHjj (levogyre), thymol (about 24 per cent.), and formic, 
 acetic, and butyric esters. 
 
 21* 
 
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490 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 ChenopodiacecB. 
 
 Oleum Chenopodii, from the fruit of Chenopodium ambrosiofdes, 
 Linne, var. anthelminticura, Gray. Pale yellow, neutral, 
 bitterish ; spec. grav. 0.92 ; boiling-point about 180° C. (365° 
 
 PiperacecB. 
 
 Oleum Cubeb^, from the fruit of Cubeba officinalis, Miguel. 
 Colorless or faintly greenish or yellowish, neutral, dextrogyre ; 
 spec. grav. 0.92; boiling-point about 250° C. (482° P.); con- 
 tains little CioHij, and two hydrocarbons, CisH^j. 
 
 Myristicece. 
 
 Oleum Myristicse, from the kernel of Myristica fragrans, Hout- 
 tuyn. Colorless, neutral, dextrogyre ; spec. grav. 0.93 ; boiling- 
 point 160° C. (320° F.) ; chiefly myristicene, Ci„Hig, also myris- 
 ticol, CioH„0, 
 
 LaurinecR. 
 
 Oleum Cinnamomi, from the bark of Cinnamomum zeyUnieum, 
 Breyne. Yellow or reddish, slightly acid, sweet and spicy, 
 somewhat levogyre ; spec, grav. 1.05 ; chiefly cinnamic aldehyd, 
 CgllgO, also cinnamyl acetate and hydrocarbons ; in old oil 
 cinnamic acid. 
 
 Oleum Cinnam6mi Cissise, from the bark of Cinnamomum Cfesia, 
 Blume. Like the preceding; flavor less agreeable; slightly 
 levogyre or dextrogyre ; spec. grav. about 1.07. 
 
 Oleum Sassafras, from the root of Sfesafras officinale, Nees. 
 Tellowish or brownish, neutral, slightly dextrogyre ; spec, 
 grav. 1.09; contains safrene, CuHu, and chiefly safrol, C^^^fi^ 
 (melts at 12° C. = 53.6° P. ; no rotating power) ; with nitric 
 acid dark red and resinous. 
 
 SantalacecB. 
 
 Oleum SSntali, from the wood of SSntalum ilbum, Linne. Light 
 yellow, rather thick, slightly acid ; dextrogyre or levogyre ; 
 spec. grav. 0.97-0.99 ; boiling-point about 275° 0. (527° P.) | 
 contains C^H^jO and CijHjgO. 
 
 Coniferce. 
 
 Oleum Terebfnthinae, from the oleoresin of diflerent species of 
 Pinus. Colorless, neutral, bitterish ; spec. grav. 0.87 ; consists 
 of CiijHjg. American oil of turpentine is dextrogyre. 
 
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FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 491 
 
 Oleum Juniperi, from the fruit of Juniperus communis, Linne. 
 Colorless or faintly greenish, neutral, sweetish, slightly levo- 
 gyre ; spec. gray. 0.87 ; boiling-point 155° C. (311° F.) ; con- 
 sists of CjjHjj (pinene and other hydrocarbons). 
 
 Oleum Sablnse, from the branches (tops) of Juniperus Sabina, 
 Linne. Colorless, neutral, bitterish, dextrogyre ; spec. grav. 
 0.91 ; boiling-point near 160° C. (320° F.), rising to over 200° 
 C. ; consists of C]oHig. 
 
 Oleum Picis liquidae, from pine-wood tar. Yellowish or red- 
 brown, acid, odor and taste tar-like; consists mainly of CijHjg. 
 
 8. FIXED OILS AND WAXES— OLEA 
 PINGUIA ET OER^. 
 
 Fats are found in plants and animals, and are mostly 
 colorless, or white, inodorous and tasteless ; but some com- 
 mercial fats always contain coloring matter and volatile oil 
 or other odorous principle, and the fats of the volatile fatty 
 acids have a distinct odor. All fats are lighter than water 
 (spec. grav. mostly between 0.913 and 0.956), are insoluble 
 in water and mostly also in cold alcohol ; they are soluble 
 in ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin, benzol, and carbon 
 disulphide. The liquid fats are transparent; the solid fats 
 melt, by heat, to a transparent liquid, and in that condition 
 produce upon paper a greasy stain which does not disappear 
 by heat. Fats are not volatile ; when heated to about 
 300° C. (572° F.) they are decomposed with ebullition, at 
 the same time darkening in color. They ignite with ditfi- 
 culty, but aided by a wick will burn readily with a lumi- 
 nous flame. 
 
 Fats may be obtained by treating the tissues with a 
 solvent like carbon disulphide or benziu, or more generally 
 by expression and by heat. Crude fats usually contain 
 mucilaginous and protein compounds, from which they ai'e 
 freed by decantation or filtration ; or they must be treated 
 
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492 BRCGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 with certain chemicals for the removal of impurities, like 
 alum, lead acetate, zinc chloride, a small quantity of alkali, 
 or about J to 2 per cent, of sulphuric acid. The color of 
 certain fats is destroyed by heat, or by exposure to sun- 
 light, or by treatment with potassium dichromate and sul- 
 phuric acid. 
 
 Most fats are mixtures of two or more glycerides or 
 glyceryl-esters, the most important of which are tristearin, 
 CaHs.SCijHgP^ ; "tripalmitin, CjHs.SC.eHjiO^ ; trimyris- 
 tin, C3H5.3CUH27O2 ; trilaurin, C3H5.3C12H23O2 ; and tri- 
 olein, C3H5.3C18H33O2 ; these are usually designated as 
 stearin, palmitin, olein, etc. The drying oils which gradu- 
 ally harden on exposure to the air contain linolein, the acid 
 having the formula CijHjgO^. The same compound is stated 
 to be present also in small proportion in most vegetable 
 non-drying oils. Fats become rancid through the genera- 
 tion of volatile fatty acids, and perhaps of other compounds. 
 On saponification most of the liquid and solid fats yield 
 glycerin, C3HJO3. Soaps made with potassa are softer 
 than soda soaps, and the soaps of drying oils are softer 
 than those prepared from non-drying oils. Woolfat or 
 lanolin consists of cholesterin esters, is miseible with its 
 weight of water, and saponified with difficulty. 
 
 Fats having a high fusing-point are often called waxes ; 
 but this name is more properly applied to the compounds 
 of the fatty acids with the radicals of monatomic alcohols, 
 such as cetyl, C,gH33 (in spermaceti, ceryl, C27H55 (in 
 Chinese wax), and myricyl, CgjHji (in beeswax). 
 
 Adulterations. — The detection is difficult. The specific 
 gravity of the fat, and the melting and congealing points 
 of the fat and of the isolated mixed fat acids, should be 
 observed. Drying and non-drying oils are distinguished 
 by the effect of nitrous acid, which causes the latter to con- 
 geal in the course of two or three hours to one or two days, 
 
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FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 
 
 493 
 
 through the conversion of liquid olein into solid elaidin ; 
 linolein and allied oils are not solidified by this agent. 
 Trielaidin melts at about 38° C. 100° F.), and elaidic 
 acid at 45° C. (113° F.). The test is applied by mixing 
 2 parts of nitric acid, spec. grav. 1.42, 3 parts of water, and 
 5 parts of the oil, and adding 1 part of copper. Maumen6's 
 sulphuric acid test is applied by stirring together 50 grams 
 of the oil and 10 cubic centimeters of strong sulphuric acid, 
 and noting the rise of temperature. Heydenreich's test con- 
 sists in adding to 10 or 12 drops of the oil 2 or 3 drops of 
 sulphuric acid, and noting the color, then stirring and again 
 noting the color. For Calvert's test, 1 volume of sulphuric 
 acid, spec. grav. 1.53, is agitated for about five minutes 
 with 5 volumes of the oil, after which the color is observed. 
 Hirschsohu's test for cottonseed oil consists in heating for 
 twenty minutes in a water bath 3 cubic centimeters of the 
 oil with 6 drops of chloroformic solution of crystallized 
 auric chloride (0.5 per cent.), when a red color is produced. 
 Arachis, ben, hemp, maize, poppy, and walnut oils are 
 likewise colored red or dark, or precipitate metallic gold 
 (Moerck). The other oils in the next table are not aficcted 
 (Hirschsohn). 
 
 
 Tests. 
 
 Oil of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nitrous acid. 
 
 Manmene'B. 
 
 Heydenreich's. 
 
 CalTert's. 
 
 Almond 
 
 Whitisli, solid 
 
 52° C. 
 
 Yellow 
 
 White. 
 
 Atachis 
 
 Whitisb, solid 
 
 67 
 
 Yellow, green-brown 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Cod-liver 
 
 Yellow, liquid 
 
 102 
 
 Purple, red 
 
 Purple. 
 
 Cottonseed 
 
 Yellow, soft 
 
 70 
 
 Beddish and brown 
 
 Yellow. 
 
 Hemp 
 
 Yellow, liquid 
 
 98 
 
 Brown, black, solid 
 
 Dark green. 
 
 Lard 
 
 Yellow, BoUd 
 
 27 
 
 Yellow, brown 
 
 Yellowish. 
 
 Linseed 
 
 Brownish, liquid 
 
 103 
 
 Brown-red, blackish 
 
 Dark green. 
 
 Mustard 
 
 Yellowish, solid 
 
 
 Green, brown 
 
 Greenish-brown, 
 
 Olive 
 
 Yellowish, solid 
 
 42 
 
 Yellow, brownish 
 
 Greenish. 
 
 Poppy 
 
 Yellow, liquid. 
 
 
 Yellow, brown-green 
 
 Grayish. 
 
 Kapeseed 
 
 Brownish, soft 
 
 58 
 
 Green or brownish 
 
 Brown. 
 
 Ricinus 
 
 Whitish, soft 
 
 47 
 
 Brownish 
 
 Grayish-white. 
 
 Sesame 
 
 Red-brown, soft 
 
 68 
 
 Bniwa-red, gelatinous 
 
 Dirty-green 
 
 Sunflower 
 
 Yellow, soft 
 
 
 Bed- brown, brown 
 
 Yellow. 
 
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494 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 In many eases the action of iodine or bromine upon the 
 fat acids affords indication of the purity of fats. The fat 
 acids of the acetic acid group are not altered at ordinary 
 temperatures by these haloids; those of the oleic acid group 
 take up two atoms, and those of the linoleic acid group four 
 atoms of the haloid, and any excess of the latter may be de- 
 termined in the usual manner. The amount of haloid thus 
 taken up differs greatly for various oils, and varies com- 
 paratively little for each fat in its natural condition. Iodine 
 is usually employed for this purpose, and the percentage 
 of iodine combining with the oil is called the " iodine 
 number." 
 
 Oils aiid fats. 
 
 Spec. giav. 
 at 15° C. 
 
 Iodine number. 
 
 Melting-point 
 of fat acids. 
 
 Saponification 
 value. 
 
 Almond . . . 
 
 0.9186 
 
 97.5-98 
 
 14° C. 
 
 ] 94.5-1 96 
 
 Apricot . . 
 
 9191 
 
 99-102 
 
 4.5 
 
 192.9 
 
 Arachis . . 
 
 0.919 
 
 101-105 
 
 27-32 
 
 191.3 
 
 Butter . 
 
 0.930 
 
 26-35 
 
 38.0 
 
 227.0 
 
 Butterin 
 
 
 55.3 
 
 42.0 
 
 
 Cocoamit . 
 
 O.'STO 
 
 8.9-9.3 
 
 24.6 
 
 257.3-268.4 
 
 Cod-liver . . 
 
 0.923 
 
 123-140 
 
 
 213.2 
 
 Cottonseed . . 
 
 0.9228 
 
 105-115 
 
 3o!o 
 
 195.0 
 
 Hemp . . 
 
 
 0.9276 
 
 143 
 
 19.0 
 
 193.1 
 
 Japan wax . 
 
 
 0.980 
 
 4.2 
 
 ...... 
 
 222.0 
 
 Lanolin (suint) 
 
 
 0.973 
 
 36 
 
 41.8 
 
 170.0 
 
 Lard 
 
 
 0.940 
 
 58-64 
 
 44 
 
 195.3-196.6 
 191-196 
 
 Lard oil 
 
 
 0.918 
 
 
 
 Laurel . 
 
 
 
 49" 
 
 27.'o 
 
 
 Linseed 
 
 0.936 
 
 154-160 
 
 17.0 
 
 189-196 
 
 Neatsfoot . 
 
 0.916 
 
 66-70 
 
 30 
 
 190.9 
 
 Nut. . . 
 
 0.926 
 
 142-144 
 
 20 
 
 196.0 
 
 Nutmeg 
 
 0.990 
 
 31.0 
 
 42.5 
 
 
 Olive . 
 
 0.9149 
 
 81.6-90.2 
 
 25-29 
 
 191.7 
 
 Olive seed 
 
 0.9202 
 
 81.8 
 
 
 188.5 
 
 Palm . . . 
 
 0.96 
 
 50 4-53.4 
 
 47!8 
 
 202-202.5 
 
 Poppy . 
 
 0.925 
 
 135-137 
 
 19-24 
 
 194.6 
 
 Pumpkin . . . 
 
 
 0.9241 
 
 121 
 
 28.0 
 
 189.5 
 
 Rape . . 
 
 
 0.9172 
 
 97-105 
 
 18-22 
 
 177.0 
 
 Bicinus . . . 
 
 
 0.9613 
 
 84-93.9 
 
 13.0 
 
 181-181.5 
 
 Sesame . . 
 
 
 0.9213 
 
 105-108 
 
 25-30 
 
 190 
 
 Tallow .... 
 
 
 0.916 
 
 40—42 
 
 45.0 
 52.0 
 
 196.5 
 
 Theobroma . . 
 
 
 0.950 
 
 34.0 
 
 Hiibl prepares the " iodine solution " by dissolving 25 
 grams iodine in 500 cubic centimeters strong alcohol, and 
 
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FIXED OILS AND WAXES. 495 
 
 30 grams mercuric chloride in 500 cubic centimeters strong 
 alcohol, mixing the two solutions and setting aside for ten 
 hours. For ttsting, about 0.2 gram of a drying oil (or 0.3 
 gram non-drying oil, or 0.8 gram of solid fat) is dissolved in 
 10 cubic centimeters of chloroforai, mixed with 20 cubic 
 centimeters of the iodiiie solution, and set aside for about 2 
 hours, when the excess of free iodine is determined by sodium 
 thiosulphate. The "iodine number" of the fat acids is 
 determined in the same manner, using the mixed fat acids 
 separated from the saponified fat by a mineral acid. 
 
 Free fat acids are estimated, in the jjresence of alcohol 
 and phenolphthalein, by titration with KHO (acid number). 
 Valenta's saponification value is an extension of Koettstor- 
 fer's method for butter-testing : 1 gram of fat is saponified 
 by warming with 25 cubic centimeters of alcoholic solution 
 of KHO (about J normal), and the excess of alkali deter- 
 mined by titration ; the weight of KH( > in milligrams re- 
 quired for combining with the fat acids ;i?ives the "saponi- 
 fication value;" ou deducting from this the "acid number," 
 the "ester number" is found — i.e., the amount of KHO 
 in milligrams required for neutralizing the fat acids present 
 in combination. 
 
 Classification . 
 Sect. 1. Liquid fats. 
 
 I. Non-drying oils. 
 
 Yellowish, slightly nutty, not congealing at 01. Amygdalae 
 
 — 10° C. expressum. 
 
 Pale yellow, deposits granules near 0° C. 01. Olivse. 
 
 Yellow or brownish-yellow, solid at — 18° 0. 01. Sinapis 
 
 expressum. 
 
 Pale yellow, opaque at 0° C. 01. Bubulum. 
 
 Yellowish, solidifying near C° G. 01. Adipis. 
 
 II. Drying oils. 
 
 Yellow or brownish ; not solid at — 15° 0. 01. Liiii. 
 
 Pale yellow, bland, congeals at — 18° C. 01. Papaveris. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
496 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 Nearly colorless, nutty ; congeals at — 20° 0. 
 Green, unpleasant; congeals at — 15° C. 
 
 III. Intermediate oils. 
 
 Yellow, odor and taste fishy. 
 Brownish-yellow, acrid. 
 Yellowish, mawkish, slightly acrid. 
 Yellow, bland, congeals below 0° C. 
 Yellow, bland, congeals at — 5° C. 
 Yellow, bland, congeals at — 10° 0. 
 
 Sect. 2. Solid fats. 
 
 I. Containing volatile oil. 
 Butyraceous, granular, green, spicy. 
 Mottled orange-brown, melting at 45° C. 
 
 II. Odorous, but free from volatile oil. 
 Yellowish-white, chocolate odor, melting at 
 
 30° C. 
 Orange-red, violet odor, melting at 27° C. 
 Brownish-white, acrid, melting at 40° 0. 
 White, disagreeable odor, melting at about 
 
 25° 0. 
 Yellow, sweet, melting at 28° 0. 
 Whitish (the crude greenish-brown), animal 
 
 odor, melting at 40° C. 
 
 III. With no characteristic odor. 
 White, tnelting at 35° C. 
 White, melting at 45° C. 
 
 Sect. 3. Waxes. 
 
 White, crystalline, melting at 50° C. 
 Yellow, or white, melting at 62° C. 
 
 01. Juglandis. 
 01. Cannabis. 
 
 01. Morrhuae. 
 01. Tiglii. 
 01. Kicini. 
 01. Gossypii. 
 01. Sesami. 
 01. Maydis. 
 
 01. Iiauri. 
 01. MyristicsB 
 expressum. 
 
 01. Theobromse. 
 01. Palms. 
 01. GynocardisB. 
 
 01. Cocois. 
 Butyrum. 
 
 Lanolinum. 
 
 Adeps. 
 Sevum. 
 
 Cetaceum. 
 Cera. 
 
 OLEUM AMYGDALA EXPRESSUM.— 
 Almond Oil. 
 
 Cn-igin. — Priinus Amy'gdalus, BaiUon (Amy'gdalus 
 communis, Linni). Natural order, Rosacese, Prunese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia, naturalized in the Mediterra- 
 nean basin ; cultivated. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
OLEUM OLIV^ — OLIVE OIL. 497 
 
 Production. — Crushed bitter almonds are subjected to 
 powerful pressure preceding their being used for preparing 
 oil of bitter almond. Sweet almonds are likewise occasion- 
 ally expressed. Yield 40 to 50 or 55 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Yellowish, thin, spec. grav. 0.918, congeal- 
 ing near — 20° C. ( — 4° F.), of a slight nutty odor and 
 bland taste. A mixture of the oil with an equal bulk of 
 nitric acid, spec. grav. 1.16, on being warmed to 60° C. 
 (140° F.) does not acquire a yellow or orange color. The 
 mixed fat acids melt near 14° C. (57° F.) and solidify 
 near 5° C. (41° F.). 
 
 Constituents. — Chiefly olein, very little palraitin. 
 
 Svhstitution. — The fixed oils expre.-sed from the seeds of 
 the peach (Priinus Persica, LinnS) and apricot (Priinus 
 Armeniaca, Linni) closely resemble almond oil ; but warmed 
 with nitric acid, spec. grav. 1.16, speedily turn yellow and 
 orange-red. The fat acid of apricot oil melts near 5° C. 
 (41° F.). 
 
 Properties. — Lenitive. Dose, 2 to 16 grams (5ss-iv), in 
 emulsion ; externally in liniments and ointments. 
 
 OLEUM OLIV^.— Olive Oii.. 
 
 Origin. — O'lea europse'a, LinnS. Natural order, Olea- 
 ceae, Oleinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Production. — The crushed fruit, subjected to cold pres- 
 sure, yields virgin oil ; a second quality of oil is obtained 
 by mixing the press cake with hot water, and again ex- 
 pressing ; and an inferior more or less rancid oil is yielded 
 from the residue after it has undergone decomposition. 
 
 Description. — Pale yellow or light greenish-yellow, spec, 
 grav. 0.915 at 15° C.,"o.911 at 24° C. ; near 5° C. (41° F.) 
 separating white crystalline granules ; solid below 0° C. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
498 DRUGS WITHOUT CBLLULAE STRUCTURE. 
 
 (32° F.) ; of a slight agreeable odor, and a bland, faintly 
 acrid taste. The mixture, made upon a porcelain slab, of 
 10 drops of the oil and 5 or 6 drops of sulphuric acid, 
 does not acquire a brown-red or greenish-brown color. 
 Agitated with a cold mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids 
 it remains pale yellow or greenish. The mixed fat acids 
 separated after saponification, melt at about 26.5° C. (80° 
 F.) and begin to solidify at 17.5° 0. (63.5° F.). 
 
 QoTistiiuents. — Mainly olein; the solid fats are chiefly 
 palmitin with arachin and possibly stearin ; also choles- 
 terin, C,^^f), soluble in alcohol. 
 
 Properties and Uses. — Like Almond Oil. Olive oil, 
 containing about 6 per cent, of free oleic acid, has been 
 recommended as a substitute for cod-liver oil, under the 
 name of lipanin. 
 
 OLEUM SINAPIS EXPRESSUM.— Expressed 
 Mustard Oil. 
 
 Origin. — The seeds of Brdssica dlba, Hooker filius, and Br. 
 nigra, Koeh. Natural order, Cruciferse, Brassicese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Production. — The crushed seeds are subjected to cold pres- 
 sure ; yield about 22 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Bright yellow (from white mustard) to brown- 
 ish-yellow (from black mustard), spec. grav. 0.916, solid near 
 — 18° C, nearly inodorous, of a bland taste ; iodine number 
 96.0. Nitroso nitric acid colors reddish ; zinc chloride colors 
 dingy green. 
 
 Constituents. — Glycerides of oleic, stearic, erucic (C^jH^^Oj) 
 and behenic (CjjH^^O^) acids. 
 
 Uses. — Like olive oil. 
 
 OLEUM BUBULUM.— Neat's-foot Oil. 
 
 Production. — The fatty tissue of neat's feet is boiled with 
 water and the fat skimmed off, strained and pressed. 
 
 Description. — Pale yellow, spec. grav. about 0.916, opaque 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
OLEUM LINI — FLAXSEED OIL. 499 
 
 at or below 0° C. (82° F.) ; odor slight ; nearly tasteless. 
 The fat acid melts near 30° C. (86° F.). 
 
 Constituents. — Olein and solid fats. 
 
 Uses. — Chiefly externally. 
 
 OLEUM ADIPIS.— Lahd Oil. 
 
 Production. — Lard is exposed to a low temperature and 
 expressed. Yield about 50 to 60 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Pale yellowish or colorless, spec. grav. 
 about 0.918, solidifying near 0° C. (32° F.) ; odor and 
 taste slight. 
 
 Constituents. — Olein with palmitin and stearin. 
 
 Uses. — Externally. 
 
 OLEUM LINI.— Flaxseed Oil. Linseed Oil. 
 
 Origin. — Linum usitatissimum, LinnS. Natural order, 
 Linese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe ; cultivated. 
 
 Production. — The crushed seeds are expressed ; yield by 
 cold pressure 16 to 20 per cent. ; by hot pressure 25 to 28 
 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Yellow, limpid, spec. grav. about 0.935, 
 congealing at —27° C. (—16.5° F.) ; odor slight; taste 
 bland. The fresh pure oil dissolves in absolute alcohol in 
 all proportions, and in 1 or 2 parts of 95 per cent, alcohol, 
 becoming turbid with more. Expressed with heat, linseed 
 oil is of a darker color, stronger odor, and acrid taste. The 
 mixed fat acids melt near 17° C. (62.5° F.) The iodine 
 number of linseed oil is 154-160 (Hiibl), or 170-180 
 (Benedict). 
 
 Constituents. — Chiefly linolein, with palmitin and myris- 
 tin. By exposure it dries to linoxyn, CjjHj^On. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
500 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, laxative. Dose, 4 to 65 grams 
 (5j-oij) ; externally as a protective. 
 
 OLEUM PAPAVERIS.— POPPYSEED Oil. 
 
 Origin. — Papaver somniferum, lAnne. Natural order, 
 Papaveraceae, Papaverese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Production. — The crushed seeds are expressed. Yield 40 to 
 50 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Pale yellow, limpid, spec. grav. 0.925 ; con- 
 gealing at about — 18° C. (0° F.) ; odor slight ; taste bland. 
 The mixed fat acids melt near 20^ C. (68° F.). 
 
 Constituents. — Chiefly linolein, with palmitin and perhaps 
 other fats. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent and protective. 
 
 OLEUM JUGLANDIS.— Nut Oil. 
 
 Origin. — 1. Jiiglans r6gia, Linnk 2. Jiiglans cinerea, 
 Linne. 3. Cdrya amara, Nuttall. Natural order, Juglandese. 
 
 Habitat. — 1. Central Asia; cultivated. 2,3. North America, 
 westward to Nebraska. 
 
 Production. — The crushed seeds are expressed ; yield about 
 25 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Pale greenish or nearly colorless, somewhat 
 thicker than the preceding, spec. grav. 0.92 ; congealing at 
 about —18° C. (0° F.) ; odor and taste nutty. The mixed 
 fat acids melt near 20° C. (68° F.). 
 
 Constituents. — Probably linolein with some solid fats. 
 
 Properties. — Like Poppyseed Oil. 
 
 OLEUM CANNABIS.— Hempseed. 
 
 Origin. — Cannabis sativa, LinnL Natural order, Urtica- 
 cese, Cannabineae. 
 
 Habitat. — Southern and Central Asia ; cultivated. 
 
 Production. — The crushed fruit (hempseed) is expressed ; 
 yield about 30 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Green, becoming lighter and brownish on ex- 
 posure ; spec. grav. 0.93; odor hemp-like; taste rather mild; 
 thickens at —15° C. (5° F.). The mixed fat acids melt near 
 19° C. (66°F.). 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
OLEUM MORRHU^ — COD-LIVER OIL. 501 
 
 Constituents. — Linolein, probably with palmitin. 
 Properties. — Like Poppyseed Oil. 
 
 OLEUM MOERHU^.— Cod LIVER Oil. 
 
 Oleum jecoris aselli. 
 
 Origin. — Gddus Morrhua, LinnS, and other species of 
 (jiadus. Glass, Pisces. Order, Teleostia. Family, Gadida. 
 
 Habitat. — North Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Production. — The fresh livers are slowly heated and the 
 oil is decanted from the water, and sometimes deprived of 
 a portion of the solid fat by partial freezing. 
 
 Description. — Pale yellow, limpid, faintly acid, spec, 
 grav. 0.923 ; near 0° C. (32° F.), separating a white granu- 
 lar deposit; odor and taste mild, iishy. Sulphuric acid 
 colors it deep violet, changing to brown red. If obtained 
 by means of a greater heat, by boiling with water, or from 
 stale livers, cod-liver oil is denser, has an amber-brown or 
 dark-brown color, a stronger acid reaction, a more dis- 
 agreeable odor and more or less bitter taste, and deposits 
 granules at a higher temperature. 
 
 Constituents. — Chiefly olein, with pamitin and stearin, 
 iodine 0.001 to 0.002 per cent., traces of chlorine, bro- 
 mine, phosphorus, and sulphur, 0.3 cholesterin aud other 
 biliary compounds, probably also butyric and acetic acids. 
 With 90 per cent, alcohol the oil yields about 3.5 per cent, 
 of extract called morrhuol. A lecithin-like compound of 
 the oil, when heated with acids or alkalies, is decomposed 
 into glycerin, phosphoric acid, and morrhinic acid; the 
 latter is oily or crystalline, soluble in hot water, and 
 combines with acids and alkalies. Of the two alkaloids, 
 aselline and morrhuine, the latter acts as a diuretic aud 
 diaphoretic (Gautier, 1888). 
 
 Adulteration with rosin oil or paraffin oil is recognized 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
502 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 by saponifying with KHO in alcoholic solution ; the soap 
 of the pure oil is completely soluble in water. 
 
 lApanin, recommended as a substitute for cod-liver oil, 
 is olive oil containing about 6 per cent, of oleic acid, liber- 
 ated after partial saponification. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, alterative. Dose, 8 to 16 grams 
 (5j-Sss). 
 
 OLEUM TIGLII.— Ceoton Oil. 
 
 Origin. — Croton Tiglium, LinnS. Natural order, Eu- 
 phorbiacese, Crotonese. 
 
 Habitat. — India and Philippine Islands ; cultivated. 
 
 Production. — The crushed seeds are expressed or are ex- 
 hausted by carbon disulphide ; yield 30 to 40 per cent., or 
 about 50 per cent, of the kernels. 
 
 Description. — Yellow or brownish-yellow, somewhat 
 viscid, slightly acid, spec. grav. about 0.95 ; odor slight, 
 unpleasant ; taste oily, afterward acrid and burning. Croton 
 oil is soluble in 1 part, but only partly soluble in 7 parts 
 of absolute alcohol; it dissolves more readily in alcohol 
 when old than when fresh. Croton oil dissolves in sul- 
 phuric acid, and the slightly darkened solution remains 
 clear for some time. 
 
 Constituents. — Glycerides of formic, acetic, isobutyric, 
 tiglinic (CjHgOj), valerianic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and 
 stearic acids ; also crotonol, Ci^Hj^O^ (?). The purgative 
 principle appears to be insoluble in alcohol, and the vesi- 
 cating properties are due to a fat, the acid of which is 
 closely related to oleic and ricinoleic acids (Senier); but 
 Kobert (1887) considers crotonolic acid and its glyceride to 
 possess purgative and vesicating properties. 
 
 Properties. — Powerful purgative, irritant poison, rube- 
 facient. Dose, 0.016 to 0.12 gram (gr. i-ij), in fixed oil 
 or emulsion ; externally as an addition to liniments. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
COTTON-SEED OIL. 503 
 
 Antidotes. — Evacuants (stomach-pump or emetics); 
 demulcents (white of egg, gruel, etc.) ; stimulants ; mor- 
 phine. 
 
 OLEUM EICINI.— Castok Oil. 
 
 Origin. — Ricinus communis, LinnL Natural order, 
 Euphorbiacese, Crotonese. 
 
 Habitat. — India ; cultivated. 
 
 Production. — The seeds are crushed, freed from integu- 
 ments by winnowing, kiln-dried, aud expressed ; the oil is 
 clarified by mixing with warm water and decanting. Yield 
 by cold pressure about 30 per cent., by warm pressure 
 about 45 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Viscid, transparent after filtration, nearly 
 colorless ; congeals near — 18° C. (0° F.) ; spec. grav. 
 about 0.965 at 15° C, 0.960 at 2i° F. ; odor mild, rather 
 mawkish, taste mild, afterward slightly acrid ; soluble in 
 an equal weight of strong alcohol, partly soluble in petro-. 
 leum benzin. The mixed fat acids melt near 13° C. 
 (55.4° F.). Oxidation with dilute nitric acid yields oenan- 
 thic acid. 
 
 Constituents. — Ricinolein and palmitin ; acrid principle. 
 Ricinolic acid, CjgHj^Oj, is a viscid oil and by nitrous 
 a^id is converted into ricinelaidic acid, which crystallizes 
 and melts at 50° C. (122° F.). 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, purgative. Dose, 4 to 16 or 
 32 grams (3j-iv-Sj). 
 
 OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS.— Cotton-seed Oil. 
 
 Origin — Gossy'pium herb^ceum, LinnS, etc. Natural 
 order, Malvaceae, Hibiscese. 
 
 Habitat. — Asia and Africa ; cultivated. ' 
 
 Production — The seeds are expressed and the crude red- 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
504 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 brown oil is bleached with boiling water, followed by a 
 little alkali. Yield 15-20 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Yellowish or yellow; spec. grav. 0.922- 
 0.925 at 15° C, 0.917 at 24° C. of the crude oil about 
 0.930 ; neutral ; congeals below 0° C. (32° F.) ; odor and 
 taste mild, nutty. The mixed fat acids melt near 38° C. 
 (100.4° F.), and solidify near 30° C. (86° F.). 
 
 Constituents. — Olein, palmitin, and non-saponifiable yel- 
 low coloring matter. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent. 
 
 OLEUM SESAMI.— Benne-seed Oil. 
 
 Origin. — S6samum indicum, it'nn^, including the variety 
 S. orientdle. Natural order, Pedalinese, Sesamese. 
 
 Habitat. — India ; cultivated. 
 
 Production. — The seeds are expressed ; yield 45-50 per 
 cent. 
 
 Description. — Yellow, limpid, transparent; spec. grav. 
 0.922 at 15° C, 0.917 at 24° C. ; congeals at about —5° 
 C. (23° F.) ; nearly inodorous, bland ; colored green, red, 
 and brown-red on being agitated with a cold mixture of 
 sulphuric and nitric acids. On agitating the oil with a 
 solution of pyrogallol in HCl, and afterward heating the 
 acid liquid to boiling, it will acquire a deep purple color. 
 (Olive, almond and other oils are not thus aifectfid. — 
 Tocher.) The mixed fat acids melt near 38° C. (100.4° 
 F.), and solidify near 32° C. (89.6° F.) ; when dry, they 
 are colored red by HCl and sugar (Baudouin). 
 
 Constituents. — Olein, myristin, palmitin, stearin ; resin- 
 oid compound. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
EXPRESSED OIL OF NUTMEG. 505 
 
 OLEUM MAYDIS.— Maize Oil. 
 
 Origin. — Z6a Mays, LinnL Natural order, Graminese, 
 Maydese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical America, cultivated in the warm tem- 
 perate zone. 
 
 Production. — The fruit is broken, and the embryo, sepa- 
 rated from the farinaceous endosperm, by sifting and win- 
 nowing, is expressed ; yield 6-7.5 per cent, of the fruit, or 
 about 12-15 per cent, of the embryo. 
 
 Description. — ^Yellow, rather viscid, transparent ; spec, 
 grav. 0,916 at 15° C. ; congeals at about —10° C. (14° F.) ; 
 readily saponifiable ; odor peculiar, resembling that of corn- 
 meal : taste bland ; colored green by sulphuric acid, yellow- 
 ish-red by nitric acid or by a mixture of nitric and sulphuric 
 acids, and brown by nitroso-nitric acid. 
 
 Constituents. — Free fat acids 0.9 per cent., olein, palmitin, 
 and stearin. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent. 
 
 OLEUM LAUEL— Laueel Oil. Oil of Bays. 
 
 Origin. — Ladrus n6bilis, LinnL Natural order, Laurinese, 
 Litseacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Levant and Southern Europe. 
 
 Production. — The fruit is steeped in hot water and ex- 
 pressed ; yield about 30 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Of the consistence of butter, green, granu- 
 lar ; melts near 40° C. (105° F.) ; odor strongly aromatic ; 
 taste aromatic, spicy, bitter ; completely soluble in ether ; 
 coloring matter and aromatic principle soluble in alcohol ; 
 this solution is not colored red by ammonia (turmeric). 
 
 Constituents. — Laurin, olein, chlorophyll, volatile oil, resin. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, nervine; used in liniments and 
 ointments. 
 
 OLEUM MYRISTIC.^ EXPEESSUM.— Expressed 
 Oil of Nutmeg. 
 
 Oleum nucistiB. Butyrum nucistse. Nutmeg butter. 
 Origin. — Myristica Mgrans, Houttuyn. Natural order, 
 Myristicacese. 
 
 Habitat. — Molucca Islands ; cultivated. 
 
 22 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
506 DK0GS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTUEE. 
 
 Production. — Crushed nutmegs are expressed between hot 
 plates ; yield 28 per cent. 
 
 Description. — In blocks, of the consistence of tallow, unctu- 
 ous, marbled whitish and orange-brown ; spec. grav. 0.990- 
 0.995; fusing point near 45° C. (113° F.) ; odor aromatic; 
 taste spicy ; soluble in 4 parts of hot strong alcohol. The 
 mixed fat acids melt at 42.5° C. (108.5° F.). 
 
 Constituents. — Mainly myristin, with little myristic acid, 
 olein, palmitin, resin, coloring matter, and 6 to 8 per cent, of 
 volatile oil. 
 
 Properties. — Stimulant, carminative, digestive. Dose, 0.3 
 to 1 gram (gr. v-xv), in emulsion ; mostly used externally. 
 
 OLEUM THEOBROMiE.— Oil of Theobroma. 
 
 Butyrum (Oleum) cacao. Butter of cacao. 
 
 Origin. — Theobroma Cacio, Linne. Natural order, 
 Sterculiaceae, Buettueriese. 
 
 Habitat. — South America. 
 
 Production. — The seeds are deprived of the testa and 
 expressed between heated plates ; yield 35-45 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Yellowish-white, becoming white on keep- 
 ing, harder than tallow, yet melting in the mouth ; spec, 
 grav. about 0.95 ; fusing-point between 30° and 33° C. 
 (86° and 91.4° F.); aromatic, of a bland chocolate-like 
 taste. On dissolving 2 grams (gr. xxx) of the oil in 4 
 grams (3j) of petroleum benzin or of ether, by immersing 
 the test-tube in water of 17° C. (62.6° F.), and afterward 
 plunging the test-tube into water of 0° C. (32° F.), the 
 mixture does not become turbid, and does not produce a 
 granular deposit, in less than three minutes. 
 
 Constituents. — Stearin, laurin, arachin, and olein, with 
 glycerides of formic, acetic, and butyric acids, and probably 
 a little resin. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent. Dose, 2 to 4 grams (3ss-j), in 
 emulsion, mostly used for suppositories and in ointments. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
OLEUM COCOIS — COCOANUT OIL. 507 
 
 OLEUM PALM^.— Palm Oil. 
 
 Origin. — Else'is guineensis, Jaequin. Natural order, Pal- 
 mese, Gocainese. 
 
 Habitat. — Western Africa ; cultivated in tropical America. 
 
 Production. — ^The fruit is heated with water and expressed. 
 
 Description. — Harder than butter, orange-red, bleached by 
 exposure to light, and by rapidly heating to 240° C. (464° 
 F.) ; spec. grav. 0.95 ; fusing-point 27° C. (80.6° F.) ; odor 
 agreeable, violet-like ; taste bland. It rapidly becomes rancid, 
 and acquires an acid reaction, a higher melting-point, and an 
 acrid taste. 
 
 Constituents. — Palmitin, olein, coloring matter. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent ; used in ointments, mostly for soap 
 and candles. 
 
 OLEUM GYNOCARDIiE.— Chaulmugra Oil. 
 
 Origin. — Gynoc^rdia (Chaulmo6gra, Roxburgh) odordta, . 
 B. Brown. Natural order, Bixinese. 
 
 Habitat. — Malayan Peninsula. 
 
 Production. — The seeds are boiled in water and expressed ; 
 yield about 35 per cent., with ether 50 per cent, of oil. 
 
 Description. — Of the consistence of tallow, brownish-white, 
 of an acid reaction; fusing-point about 40° C. (104° F.) ; 
 odor peculiar ; taste acrid ; partly soluble in cold alcohol ; 
 by sulphuric acid colored red-brown, afterward olive-green ; 
 after agitation with warm water, the oil separates as a milky 
 emulsion. 
 
 Constituents. — Albuminoids; glycerides of cocinic, hypo- 
 gseic, palmitic, and gynocardic (Ci^HjjOj) acids, the last two 
 also in the free state. The acrid taste and reaction with sul- 
 phuric acid are due to gynocardic acid. 
 
 Properties. — Alterative, emetic. Dose, about 0.3 gram 
 (gr. v), in emulsion or dissolved in other oils. 
 
 OLEUM COCOIS.— CocoANUT Oil. 
 
 Origin. — Cocos nucifera, lAnnL Natural order, Palmese, 
 Gocainese. 
 
 Habitat. — Tropical countries. 
 
 Production. — The seeds are boiled with water and ex- 
 pressed ; yield 50 to 60 per cent. 
 
 Description. — Of butyraceous consistence, white ; melting- 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
508 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STKUCTURB. 
 
 point about 25° C. (77° F.) ; odor disagreeable ; becomes 
 rapidly rancid. The soap is soluble in salt water. The 
 mixed fat acids melt at 24.6° C. (76° F.). 
 
 Constituents. — Glycerides of lauric (predominating) with 
 palmitic, myristic, caprinic, caprylic, and capronic acids, and 
 very little olein. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent ; mostly used for soap. 
 
 BUTYEUM.— Butter. 
 
 Origin. — Bos Taiirus (femina), lAnnL Class, Mammalia ; 
 Order, Euminantia ; Family, Bovidae. 
 
 Habitat. — Domesticated. 
 
 Produetion. — The cream rising upon cows' milk is churned. 
 
 Description. — Soft, yellow, neutral, spec. gray, about 0.93, 
 fusing-point near 32° C. (89.6° F.), congealing-point near 
 23° C. (73° F.). ; odor delicate and sweet ; taste bland. For 
 medicinal use, butter should be freed from salt and casein 
 by melting it in warm water and decanting the clear liquid. 
 100 parts of pure butter on being saponified by an alkali, 
 and the soap decomposed by hydrochloric acid, yield fat 
 acids, which, after washing (to remove about 8 per cent, of 
 volatile fat acids) and drying, weigh between 85 and 88 
 parts. Most other fats yield over 95 per cent, of fat acids 
 insoluble in water. 
 
 Constituents. — Odorous principle a trace, olein about 30 
 per cent., palmitin and stearin about 68 per cent., and about 
 2 per cent, of the' glycerides of butyric, capronic, caprylic, 
 and caprinic acids. Butter having an acid reaction contains 
 free butyric acid. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent ; lenitive ; used as a dietetic and in 
 ointments. 
 
 LANOLINUM.— Lanolin. Woolfat. 
 
 Adeps Lanse ; CEsypum. 
 
 Origin. — O'vis A'ries, lAnnL Class, Mammalia; Order, 
 Kuminantia ; Family, Bovidse. 
 
 Habitat. — Domesticated. 
 
 Production. — Sheeps' wool is treated with a weak soda 
 solution and the solution acidulated. The remaining wool is 
 treated with benzin, the liquid distilled and the residue de- 
 prived of color by oxidizing agents or sunlight. Or crude 
 woolfat is emulsionized with alkali solution; and the non- 
 saponified portion separated and decolorized. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ADEPS — LAKD. 509 
 
 Description. — Rather firm, the crude woolfat of various 
 shades of greenish-brown and strong animal odor ; after de- 
 colorizing yellowish or whitish, of weak animal odor, and of 
 neutral reaction ; readily absorbed by the skin ; spec. grav. 
 0.973 ; melting-point about 40° C. (104° F.) ; miscible with 
 its weight of water, also with glycerin ; saponified with diffi- 
 culty. On being heated in the water-bath, it should lose not 
 over 30 per cent, of water. When heated with soda, ammo- 
 niacal vapors should not be given off. Anhydrous lanolin is 
 soluble in ether and chloroform, and but slightly soluble in 
 hot alcohol. 
 
 Constituents. — Cholesterin esters of stearic, palmitic, oleic, 
 valerianic, and other acids ; ash about 0.2 per cent. 
 
 Properties. — Lenitive ; used in ointments. 
 
 ADEPS.— Lard. 
 
 Axungia porci. 
 
 Origin. — Sus scrofa, lAnnS. Glass, Mammalia ; Order, 
 Pachydermata ; Family, Suidse. 
 
 Habitat. — Domesticated. 
 
 Production. — The fat attached to the mesentery, omen- 
 tum and kidneys is melted with water and strained. 
 
 Desaripticm. — Soft, white, neutral, spec. grav. 0.940 ; 
 melting-point near 38° C. (100.4° F.) ; odor faint ; taste 
 bland ; completely soluble in ether. Distilled water boiled 
 with lard does not acquire an alkaline reaction, is not pre- 
 cipitated by silver nitrate, and is not colored blue by iodine. 
 Lard boiled for five minutes with a 2 per cent, solution of 
 silver nitrate, remains clear and free from color (absence of 
 NaCl, cottonseed oil, etc. ; Ritsert, 1889). Hot alcohol 
 agitated with lard does not acquire an acid reaction (resins, 
 stearic, and other acids). The mixed fat acids melt at 
 44° C. (111° F.). 
 
 Oonstiluents. — Olein 50 to 60 per cent., palmitin and 
 stearin. 
 
 Properties. — Demulcent, lenitive ; used in ointments and 
 cerates. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
510 DRUGS WITHOUT OELLULAB STRUCTURE. 
 
 SEVUM.— Suet. 
 
 Sevum ovillum. 
 
 Origin. — O'vis A'ries, lAnne. Class, Mammalia ; Order, 
 Ruminantia; Family, Bovidse. 
 
 ffabitat. — Domesticated. 
 
 Production. — The internal fat is melted in a water-bath 
 and strained. 
 
 Description. — Solid, smooth, white, neutral ; melting-point 
 above 45° C. (113° F.) ; congealing-point about 39° C. 
 (102° F), rising to about 44° C. (111° F.); odor slight; 
 taste bland. 
 
 Constituents. — Stearin and palmitin (predominating), 
 olein, and hircin. 
 
 Allied Fat. — Sevum bovinum, beef tallow, the internal 
 fat of Bos Taurus, LinnS. Like the preceding, but melting- 
 point near 40° C. (104° F.) ; contains more palmitin, no 
 hircin. 
 
 Properties. — Lenitive ; used in cerates. 
 
 CETACEUM.— Spermaceti. 
 
 Origin. — Phys6ter macroc6phalus, LinnS. Class, Mam- 
 malia ; Order, Cetacea ; Family, Physeteridse. 
 
 Habitat. — Pacific and Indian Oceans. 
 
 Production. — The fat contained in cavities in the head 
 and in other parts of the body is allowed to congeal, ex- 
 pressed and remelted in water. 
 
 Description. — White, translucent, slightly unctuous 
 masses ; fracture scaly crystalline, of a pearly lustre ; pul- 
 verizable in the presence of a little alcohol; spec. grav. 
 0.94 to 0.95 ; melting-point near 50° C. (122° F.) ; con- 
 gealing-point near 45° C. (113° F.); soluble in ether, 
 chloroform, benzin, and in boiling alcohol. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CERA — WAX, BEESWAX. 511 
 
 AduMeration. — Stearic acid is extracted from melted 
 spermaceti by treatment with aqueous solution of sodium 
 carbonate or of ammonia, and precipitated from the cold 
 liquid by excess of acetic acid. 
 
 Gonstituents. — Mainly cetyl palmitic ester or cetin, C15H33. 
 CijHjiOj, with small amounts of other esters. 
 
 Properties. — Lenitive ; used in ointments and cerates. 
 
 CERA. — Wax, Beeswax. 
 
 Origin. — A'pis mellifica, LinnL Class, Insecta ; Order, 
 Hymenoptera. 
 
 Pi-oduction. — The honeycomb, after draining the honey, 
 is melted in water and the melted wax decanted. It is 
 bleached by exposing the wax in thin sheets to moisture 
 and sunlight. 
 
 Description. — Cera flava. Yellow wax. Yellow or some- 
 what brownish-yellow, breaking with a granular fracture 
 at and below 10° C. (50° F.), becoming plastic by the heat 
 of the hand ; spec. grav. 0.96 to 0.97 ; melting-point be- 
 tween 62° and 63° C. (about 145° F.) ; congealing with a 
 smooth and level surface ; odor aromatic, honey-like ; taste 
 luild ; soluble in boiling ether and in chloroform ; partly 
 soluble in cold ether, benzol, and benzin, and in hot alcohol. 
 
 Cera alba, White wax. Yellowish-white circular cakes, 
 somewhat translucent in thin layers, brittle in the cold, but 
 becoming plastic by the heat of the hand ; spec. grav. 0.97 ; 
 melting-point 64° to 65° C. (147° to 149° F.) ; odor 
 slightly rancid. 
 
 Conslitueids. — Aromatic and coloring matters in yellow 
 wax; hydrocarbons (probably C^i^m ^^^ Cig^HjJ about 12 
 to 14 per cent. ; cerin or cerotic acid, C^^H^fi^ (crystallizes 
 from boiling alcohol); myricin or myricyl palmitate, 
 CguHji.CieHjiOj (the principal constituent; acicular crystals. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
512 DRUGS WITHOUT CELLULAR STRUCTURE. 
 
 slightly soluble in hot alcohol, soluble ia hot ether), with 
 small quantities of an alcohol, C25H52O, and of ceryl-alcohol, 
 CjjHjgO. The acid number varies between about 18.5 and 
 21, and the true saponification number between about 67.5 
 and 72.5. 
 
 Advlterations. — Tallow renders wax softer and lessens its 
 specific gravity. Paraffin is not destroyed by hot sulphuric 
 acid ; 5 grams of the wax are heated in a flask for fifteen 
 minutes with 25 grams of strong sulphuric acid to 160° C. 
 (320° F.), and the mixture is diluted with distilled water ; 
 a layer of paraffin should not be separated. Resin is dis- 
 solved by hot 70 per cent, alcohol, and, after cooling, is 
 precipitated by water. Mineral and starchy substances are 
 insoluble in chloroform. 
 
 Properties. — Protective ; used in ointments, cerates, and 
 plasters. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
DRUGS ARRANGED ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 I. OP ANIMAL ORIGIN. 
 
 Mammalia. 
 
 Kodentia. Castor Piber, Linne. Castoreum . 
 Carnivora. Viverra Zibetha, Schreber, etc. Civet 
 Buminantia. Bos Taurus, Linne. Blood 
 
 Pepsin 
 Oxgall . 
 Milk 
 Butter 
 Milk sugar 
 Fixed oil . 
 Beef tallow 
 Bone 
 Gelatin 
 Ovis Aries, Linne. Pepsin 
 Suet 
 
 Lanolin . 
 MoBchus moschiferus, Linne. Musk 
 Hyracoidea. Hyrax capensls, Ouvier. Hyraceum 
 Pachydermata. Sus sorofa, Linne. Pepsin 
 
 Lard 
 Fixed oil 
 Cetacea. Physeter macrocephalus, Linne. Spermaceti 
 
 Ambergris 
 
 Aves. 
 Gallinse. 
 
 Pisces. 
 
 Teleostia. 
 
 Sturiones, 
 
 Gallus Bankiva, Temminck. 
 
 Egg (shell, albumen, 
 yelk) 
 
 Gadus Morrhua, //inne. Cod-liver oil . 
 Gadus merluccius, Linne. 1 A„e,i,^„ jg; i^,^ 
 Otolithus regalia, Ouvier. i 
 Acipenser Huso, Linne. Bussian isinglass . 
 22* 
 
 37 
 
 40 
 
 40 
 
 38 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 508 
 
 443 
 
 498 
 
 510 
 
 44 
 
 35 
 
 38 
 
 510 
 
 508 
 
 35 
 
 39 
 
 38 
 
 509 
 
 499 
 
 510 
 
 39 
 
 32 
 
 501 
 34 
 34 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
514 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Insecta. 
 
 Hymenoptera. Apia mellifica, Linne. Beeswax . . . 511 
 
 Honey . . 444 
 Cynips gallae tinctori», Olivier. Nutgalls . 400 
 Ooleoptera. Oantharis veaicatoria, DeGeer. Cantharides . 27 
 Oantharis vittata, Latreille. Potato fly . .28 
 Mylabria eichorii, Fabricius, etc. Ohineae blis- 
 tering flies 29 
 Larinus mellificus, Jeckel, etc. Manna . . 442 
 Orthoptera. Blatta orieutalia, Linne. Cockroach ... 31 
 Hemiptera. Coccus cacti, Linne. Cochineal .... 29 
 Coccus Lacta, Kerr. Lac 463 
 
 Crustacea. 
 
 Decapoda. Astacus fluviatilis, Fabricius. Crabs' atones . 43 
 
 Cephalopoda. 
 
 Decapoda. Sepia ofScinalis, Linne. Cuttlefiah bone . . 42 
 
 Aoephala. 
 
 Monomya. Oatrea edulis, Linne. Oyster shell ... 43 
 
 Vermes. 
 
 Annulata, Apoda. Sanguisuga medicinalis, Savigny, etc. 
 
 Leech . 81 
 Polypiphera. 
 
 Octocoralla. Corallium rubrum, Lamarck. Red coral . . 42 
 Hexacoralla. Oculina virginea, Lainarck. White coral . 42 
 
 Poriphera. 
 
 Ceratospongia. Spongia officinalis, Linne. Sponge . . 33 
 
 n. OP VEGETABLE ORIGIN. 
 
 1. SPEEMATOPHTTA. 
 a. Dicotyledones, Polypetalce. 
 
 KanunculacesB, Anemonese. Anemone pratensis, Linne, etc. 
 
 Herb . . . 265 ^ 
 Anemone Hepatica, Linne. 
 
 Leavea . . . 252 
 Banunculese. Banunculus bulbosus, Linne, etc. 
 
 Herb . . . 267 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 515 
 
 383 K 
 
 382 
 
 152 \ 
 252 
 
 154 
 
 Banunculacese, Helleboreaa. Hydrastis canadensis, lAnne. 
 
 Rhizome and roots . 138 ^ 
 Helleborus niger, Linne, etc. 
 
 Ehizome and roots . 141 ^ 
 Coptis trifolia, Salisbury. Herb . 267 
 Nigella damascena, Linne, etc. 
 
 Seed . . .383 
 Delphinium Staphisagria, Linne. 
 
 Seed 
 Delphinium Consolida, Linne. 
 
 Seed 
 Aconitum Napellus, Linne, etc 
 Tuberous root. 
 Leaves . 
 Aconitum ferox, Wallich, etc. 
 
 Tuberous root 
 Actsea alba, Linne. 
 
 Bhizome and roots . 142 
 Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott. 
 
 Ehizome and roots . 142 K 
 Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L'Heri- 
 
 iier. Rhizome and roots . 148 
 Magnoliacese, Winterese. Drimys Winteri, Forster. Bark . 208 
 Illicium verum. Hooker filius. 
 Fruit 
 
 Volatile oil 
 Illicium religiosum, Hiebold. 
 Pruit 
 Hagnoliese. Magnolia glauca, Linne, etc. 
 
 Bark 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera, Linne. 
 Bark 
 Menispermacese, Tinosporese. Jateorrhiza Calumba, Miers. 
 
 Root 
 Anamirta Oocculus, Wight et Ar- 
 nott. Fruit 
 Cocculeae. Abuta amara, Auhlet. Root and 
 stem 
 Abuta rufescens, Aublet. Root 
 Menispermum canadense, Linne. 
 Rhizome 
 
 . 347 
 348, 486 
 
 347 
 
 183 
 
 183 
 
 81 \ 
 
 335 
 
 96 
 96 
 
 147;^ 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
616 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 Menispermacese, Pachygonese. 
 Berberidaoese, Berberese. 
 
 Nymphaeaceae, Nymphseaj. 
 
 Papaveracese, Papaverese. 
 
 Chondodendron tomentosum, 
 Ruiz et Pavon. Koot . 
 Berberis vulgaris, Linne. Koot 
 
 Koot bark 
 Berberis aquifolium, Pursh, etc. 
 
 Khizome and roots . 
 
 Gaulophyllum thalictroides, Michaux. 
 
 Bhizome and roots . 
 
 Podophyllum peltatum, Linne. 
 
 Khizome. 
 
 Nuphur advena, Aiton. Rhizome . 
 
 Nymphsea odorata, Aiton. Ehi- 
 
 zome 
 Papaver Ehoeas, Linne. Petals 
 Papaver somniferum, Linne. 
 Pruit 
 
 Milk-juice (opium) 
 Seed 
 
 Fixed oil 
 Sanguinaria canadensis, Linne. 
 
 Bhizome 
 Chelidonium majus, Linne. Herb. 
 Pumariese. Dicentra canadensis, De CandoUe. Tuber 
 Cruciferse, Alyssinese. Cochlearia Armoracia, Linne. Koot . 
 Brassicese. Brassica nigra, Koch. Seed . 
 
 Pixed oil . 
 Volatile oil 379, 
 Brassica alba, BboA;er/iMus. Seed 
 
 Pixed oil 
 Brassica Kapa, Linne, etc. Seed . 
 Lepidinese. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench. 
 
 Herb 
 Cistinese. Helianthemum canadense, Michaux. Herb 
 Violariea3, Violese. Viola tricolor, Linne. Herb 
 
 lonidium Ipecacuanha, Ventenai. Koot . 
 
 Canellacese. Canella alba, Linne. Bark 
 
 Cinnamodendron corticosum, Miers. Bark . 
 Bixinese, Pangiese. Gynocardia odorata, R. Brown. Seed 
 
 Fixed oil 
 Polygaleae. Polygala Senega, Linne, etc. Koot 
 Polygala rubella, Willdenow. Herb 
 Krameria triandra, Ruiz et Pavon, etc. Koot 
 
 95 ^ " 
 98 
 185 
 
 148 
 
 139 ^^ 
 
 129 \ 
 129 
 
 128 
 313 
 
 345 
 425 
 394 
 500 
 
 125 
 268 
 154 
 76 
 378 . 
 498 
 486 
 377 
 498 
 379 
 
 268 
 269 
 274 
 
 93 
 207 
 208 
 388 
 507 
 
 54 
 270 
 
 99 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 517 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Caryophyllese, Silenes. Gypsophila paniculata, lAnne. Boot . 57 
 
 Saponaria officinalis, Linne. Boot . 57 
 Hypericinese, Hypericese. Hypericum perforatum, Linne. 
 
 Herb . . .269 
 Guttiferae, Garcinese. Garcinia Hanburii, Hooker fXius. 
 
 Gum resin . . 454 
 
 Garcinia Mangostana, LinnL Fruit . 340 
 
 TernstrcemiacesB, Gordoniese. Camellia Thea, Link. Leaves . 242 
 Dipterocarpese. Dryobalanope Camphora, Golebrook. 
 
 Stearopten . . 482 
 
 Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Oaertner. Oleoresin 473 
 
 Vateria and Hopea spec. Resin . . 461 
 
 Malvaceae, Malvese. Althaea officinalis, Linne. Root . 79 
 
 Althsaa rosea, CavaniUes. Flowers . . 313 
 
 Malva sylvestris, Linne. Flowers . . 314 
 
 Hibiscese. Gossypium herbaceum. Linne. 
 
 Root bark . . 202 
 
 Seed hairs . . 410 
 
 Fixed oil . . 503 
 
 Sterculiacese, Sterculiese. Cola acuminata, R. Brown. Seed . 374 
 
 Buettneriese. Theobroma Cacao, Linne. Seed . 873 
 
 Fixed oil . . 506 
 
 Tiliaceae, Tilieae. Tilia americana, Linne, etc. Flowers . . 310 
 
 Lineae, Eulineae. Linum usitatissimum, Linne. Seed . . 384 
 
 Fixed oil . 499 
 
 Erythroxyleae. Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck. Leaves 229 
 
 Zygophylleae. Guaiaoum officinale, Linne. Wood . . 164 
 
 Resin . . .463 
 Geraniaceae, Geranieae. Geranium maculatum, Linne. 
 
 Rhizome . 126 
 
 Rutaceas, Cusparieae. Galipea Cusparia, St. Silaire. Bark . 209 
 
 Monnieria trifolia. Linne. Leaves . 218 
 
 Ruteae. Ruta graveolens, Linne. Herb . . 255 
 
 Volatile oil . 255, 486 
 
 Diosmeae. Barosma betulina, Bartling, etc. Leaves . 249 
 
 Empleurum serrulatum, AHon, Leaves . 250 
 
 Zanthoxyleae. Xanthoxylum carolinianum, Lambert, ^ 
 
 etc. Bark . 199 
 
 Fruit . 347 
 
 Xanthoxylum elegans, Engler. Leaves 218 
 Pilocarpus pennatifolius, Lemaire. 
 
 Leaves 217 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
518 CLASSIFICATION ACOOKDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Rutaceae, Zanthoxylese. Esenbeckia febrifuga, Martius. Bark 209 
 Aurantiese. Citrus Limonum, Risso. Fruit . 841 
 
 Eind . . 363 
 
 Volatile oil 363,486 
 
 Citrus Bergamia, Risso. Volatile oil . 486 
 
 Citrus vulgaris, Risso. Leaves . . 221 
 
 Flowers . . 309 
 
 Fruit . . 339 
 
 Kind . . 3dl 
 
 Volatile oils 362,486 
 
 Citrus Aurantium, Risso. Leaves . . 221 
 
 Eind . . 362 
 
 Volatile oil 362,486 
 
 Feronia elephantum, Correa. G-um . 44(i 
 
 Aegle Marmelos, De CandolU. Fruit . 340 
 
 Simarubeie. Simaruba officinalis, De Candolle, etc. Bark . 139 
 
 Picrsena excelsa, Lindley. Wood .... 163 
 
 Bark . . . .193 
 
 Quassia amara, Linne. Wood .... 163 
 
 Bark ... 193 
 
 BurseracesB, Buraerese. Boswellia Carterii, Birdwood. 
 
 Gum resin . . 452 
 Commiphora Myrrha, Engler. 
 
 Gam resin . . 453 
 Commiphora Mukul, Hooker, etc. 
 
 Gum resin . 454 
 
 Bursera Icicariba, Baillon. Oleoresin . 477 
 Canarium commune, lAnne. Oleoresin 477 
 Oolophonia mauritiana, De Candolle. 
 
 Oleoresin . 477 
 
 Amyridese. Amyris elemifera, Royle. Oleoresin . 477 
 
 Meliaoese, Meliese. Melia Azedarach, Linne. Root bark . 198 
 
 Melia Azadirachta, Linne. Gum . . 446 
 
 Swietenieae. Swietenia Mahogani, Linne. Gum . 446 
 
 Ilicinese. Ilex opaca, Alton. Leaves 246 
 
 Ilex paraguayensis, Lambert. Leaves . . . 243 
 
 Ilex verticillata, Oray. Bark 184 
 
 Celastrinese, Celastrese. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacquin. 
 
 Bark . . .203 
 
 RhamnacesB, Ehamnese. Ehamnus cathartica, Linne, etc. Fruit 329 
 
 Rhamnus Frangula, Linne. Bark . 194 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 519 
 
 PAQB 
 
 Bhamnacese, Bhamnese. Bhamnus Furshiana, Z)e Ca»(£o22e. Bark 196 
 Ceanothus americanus, LinnS. Boot . 99 
 Gouaniese. G-ouania domingensis, Linne. Stem . 162 
 AmpelidesB. Vitis vinifera, Linne. Fruit .... 338 
 
 Sapindacese, Sapindese. FauUinia sorbilis, Martius. Dry paste 424 
 Anacardiaces3, Anaoardiese. Bhus Toxicodendron, Linne. 
 
 Leaves . . . 254 
 Bhus glabra, LinnS. Fruit . . 330 
 Bhus semialata, Murray. Galls . 401 
 Fistacia Terebinthus, Linne. 
 
 Oleoresin . . 476 
 Fistacia Lentiscus, Linne, etc. 
 
 Besiu . . .459 
 Loxopterygium Lorentzii, 
 
 Cfrisebach. Barls . 198 
 Anacardium occidentale, Linne. 
 
 Fruit . . .336 
 Semecarpus Anacardium, Linne. 
 
 Fruit . . .336 
 Coriarieffi. Coriaria myrtifolia, Linne. Leaves . . . 226 
 Leguminosse, Fapilionacese, Fodalyriesa. Baptisia tinctoria, 
 
 R. Brown. Boot . 98 
 GenistesB. Cytisus scoparius, Link. 
 
 Twigs . . .271 
 Trifoliese. Trigonella Foenum- 
 
 grsecum, Linne. Seed . . 376 
 Melilotus officinalis, 
 Willdenow, etc. Herb 270 
 Galegeas. Tephrosia Appolinea, 
 
 De CandoUe. Leaves . . 226 
 
 Astragalus gummifer, 
 
 LaHllardiire, etc. 
 
 Tragacanth . . 447 
 Glycyrrhiza glabra, 
 
 Linne. Boot . . 89 
 Extract . 433 
 Hedysarese. Alhagi camelorum, 
 
 Fischer. Manna . 442 
 Arachis hypogsea, Linne. 
 
 Fixed oil . 493, 494 
 ViciesB. Abrus precatorius, Linne. 
 
 Boot ... 90 
 Seed . . .377 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
520 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Iieguminosse, Papilionaceae, Phaseoleas. Butea frondosa, Rox- 
 burgh. Exudation 436 
 Mucuna pruriens, De 
 
 Candolle, etc. Hairs 411 
 Physostigma veneno- 
 sum, Balfour, etc. 
 Seed . . .374 
 Flemingia rhodo- 
 csapa, Baker. Glands 413 
 Dalbergiese. Pterocarpus Marsu- 
 pium, Roxburgh. 
 Kino . . .435 
 Pterocarpus santalinu?, 
 
 LinnSJiUus. Wood 164 
 Piscidia Erythrina, 
 
 Jacquin. Bark . 197 
 Andira Araroba, 
 
 Aguiar. Powder . 413 
 Dipteryx odorata, 
 
 Willdenow. Seed . 372 
 SophoreaB. Myroxylon Pereirse, 
 
 Kloizseh. Balsam 468 
 Myroxylon Toluifera, 
 Kunth. Balsam 469 
 
 Csesalpiniese, Eucsesalpinies. Hsematoxylon cam- 
 
 pechianum, Linne. Wood . 165 
 
 Extract . . 437 
 Oassiese. Cassia Pistula, Linne, etc. 
 
 Fruit . . .343 
 Cassia acutifolia, Delile. 
 
 Leaves . . . 225 
 Cassia elongata, Lemaire. 
 
 Leaves . . . 226 
 Cassia marilandica, Linne. 
 
 Leaves . . . 228 
 Ceratonia Siliqua, Linne. 
 
 Fruit . . .345 
 Amherstiese. Tamarindus indica, 
 
 Linne. Fruit-pulp 364 
 Hymensea, Trachylo- 
 bium, spec. Kesin 
 (copal) . . .462 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 521 
 
 Bosacese, Prunese, 
 
 Leguminoese, Csesalpiniese, Cynometrese. Copaifera Langs - 
 
 dorffii , Desfontaines, 
 
 etc. Oleoresin . 472 
 
 Volatile oil . 487 
 Dimorphandrese. Erythrophlceum 
 
 guineense, Don. Bark 200 
 Mimosese, Adenantherese. Prosopis juliflora, De 
 
 GandoUe, etc. Gum 446 
 Acaciese. Acacia Catechu, Willdenow. 
 
 Extract . 434 
 Gum . 446 
 Acacia Senegal, Will- 
 denow, etc. Gum . 445 
 Ingeae. Pithecolobium dulce, Bentham. 
 
 Gum . 446 
 
 Prunus Amygdalus, Baillon. Seed . . 369 
 
 Fixed oil . 496 
 Volatile oil . 370, 487 
 
 Prunus Persica, Linne. Leaves . . . 246 
 
 Fixed oil . . 497 
 
 Prunus domestica, Linne. Fruit . 337 
 
 Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. Bark . . 185 
 
 Prunus Laurooerasus, Linni. Leaves . 248 
 
 Prunus Armeniaca, Linne. Fixed oil . 497 
 
 Spiraea tomentosa, Linne. Herb . 272 
 Gillenia stipulacea, Nuttall, etc. 
 
 Khizome and roots . 143 
 
 Quillajeae. Quillaia Saponaria, Molina. Bark . . 203 
 
 Kubeae. Bubus Idaeus, Linne, etc. Fruit . . 338 
 
 Eubus villosus, Aiton, etc. Boot bark . 190 
 
 Fruit . . 338 
 
 Geum rivale, Linne. Rhizome and roots 137 
 
 Geum urbanum, Linne. Rhizome and 
 
 roots . . 137 
 
 Fragaria vesea, Linne. Rhizome . 134 
 
 Potentilla canadensis, Linne. Herb , 273 
 Potentilla Tormentilla, Sibthorp. 
 
 Rhizome . 127 
 Brayera anthelmintica, Kunth. 
 
 Inflorescence . 310 
 
 Argrimonia Eupatoria, lAtme. Herb . 272 
 
 Rosa canina, Linne. Fruit .... 329 
 
 Rosa gallica, Linn&. Petals . . . 312 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
 Spiraeeae. 
 
 Potentilleae. 
 
 Poterieae, 
 
 Roseae. 
 
'522 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Eosacese, Eosese. Eosa centifolia, Linne. Petals . . . 312 
 
 Eosa damascena, Miller. Volatile oil . . 484 
 
 Pomese. Pyrus Oydonia, Linne. Seed . . 368 
 
 Saxifragaeese, Saxifragesa. Heuchera americana, Linne. Eoot 81 
 
 Hydrangese. Hydrangea arboresoens, lAnne. 
 
 Eoot ... 88 
 Cunoniense. Ceratopetalum gummiferum, Smith. 
 
 Exudation . 436 
 
 Droseraceae. Drosera rotundifolia, Linne, etc. Herb . . 274 
 
 Hamamelideje. Hamamelis virginiana, Linne. Bark . 187 
 
 Leaves . . . 241 
 
 Liquidambar orientalis, Miller. Balsam . 471 
 
 Liquidambar Styraciflua, Linne. Balsam . 470 
 Oombretacese, Combretese. Terminalia Chebula, Retzius, etc. 
 
 I'ruit . . .337 
 
 Anogeissus latifolia, Wallieh. Gum 446 
 Myrtaceae, Leptospermese. Melaleuca Cajuputi, Roxburgh. 
 
 Volatile oil. . . 484 
 Eucalyptus globulus, Labillardiere. 
 
 Leaves . . 219 
 Volatile oil . 219, 487 
 Eucalyptus mannifera, Mudie,%ia. 
 
 Manna . . . 442 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labillar- 
 diere. Exudation 
 (kino) . . .436 
 
 Myrtese. Myrcia acris, De CandoUe. Leaves . . 220 
 
 Volatile oil . 220, 487 
 Eugenia caryophyllata, Thunberg. 
 
 JFlowerbud . . 307 
 
 I'ruit . . 334 
 
 Volatile oil . 308, 487 
 
 Eugenia Pimenta, De CandoUe. Fruit . 334 
 
 Volatile oil . . 487 
 
 Eugenia Chekan, Molina. Leaves . 220 
 
 LythrariesB, Lythrese. Punica Granatum, Linne. Bark . . 191 
 
 Eind . 363 
 
 Onagrarieae. Epilobium augustifolium, Linne. Herb . 273 
 
 (Enothera biennis, Linne. Herb . . 273 
 
 TurneraccEe. Turnera diffusa, Willdenow 243 
 
 Cucurbitacese, CucumerineEe. Cucumis Citrullus, Seringe. 
 
 Seed . . . 372 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 523 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Cucurbitace89, Cuoumerinese. Cuoumia Melo, Linne. Seed . 371 
 
 Cuoumis sativus, Linne. Seed . 372 
 Citrullue Colocynthis, Schroder. 
 
 Fruit . . .342 
 Ecballium Elateriuni,^. Richard. 
 
 Resinous deposit . 458 
 
 Cucurbita Pepo, iiirereg. Seed . 371 
 
 Bryonia alba, Linne, etc. Root 77 
 Cacteas, Echinocactese. Cactus grandiflorus, Linne. 
 
 Flowering branches 275 
 
 Opuntiese. Opuntia coobinillifera, Miller. Cochineal 29 
 
 Umbelliferse, Amminese. Conium maculatum, Linne. Leaves 256 
 
 Fruit . 354 
 
 Apium graveolens, Linne. Fruit . 356 
 
 Carum Carui, Linne. Fruit . . 359 
 
 Volatile oil 360, 488 
 
 Carum Ajowan, Bentham et Hooker. 
 
 Fruit . • 357 
 
 Stearopten . . 482 
 
 Carum Petroselinum, Baillon. Root 73 
 
 Fruit 356 
 
 Pimpinella Anisum, ijiwne. Fruit . 355 
 
 Volatile oil . 355, 488 
 
 Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linne. Root 72 
 
 Seselineae. Foeniculum vulgare, Oceriner. Fruit 357 
 
 Volatile oil . 358, 488 
 (Bnanthe Phellandrium, Lamarck. 
 
 Fruit . . .358 
 
 Levisticum officinale, Koch. Root . 71 
 Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann. 
 
 Root . 70 
 Archangelica atropurpurea,J3'o^ma»n. 
 
 Root ... 71 
 Peucedaness. Ferula Narthex, Boissier, etc. ^ 
 
 Gum resin . . 449 
 Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier et 
 Buhse, etc. Gum 
 
 resin . . 450 
 Ferula Sumbul, fiboier filius. 
 
 Root ... 73 
 
 Ferula tingitana,iinre(S. Gum resin 452 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
524 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Umbelliferse, Peucedanese. Dorema Ammoniacum, Don. 
 
 Gum resin . . 451 
 Peucedanum graveolens, Hiern. 
 
 Fruit . . .360 
 
 Volatile oil . . 488 
 Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. 
 
 Boot ... 74 
 Opopanax Chironium, Koch. 
 
 Gum resin . . 452 
 Caucalinese. Coriandrum sativum, Linne. 
 
 Fruit . . .353 
 
 Volatile oil . 354, 488 
 
 Cuminum Cyminum, Linne. Fruit 359 
 
 Daucus Carota, Linne. Fruit . 361 
 
 Laserpitiese. Laserpitiumlatifolium,ijirene. Koot 72 
 
 Araliacese, Araliese. Aralia spinosa, Linne. Bark . . . 200 
 
 Aralia racemosa, Linne. Bhizome and 
 
 roots . . . 144 
 
 Aralia nudicaulis, Linne. Ehizome . . 131 
 
 Aralia quinquefolia, Gray. Root . . 75 
 
 Cornacese. Cornus florida, Linne, etc. Bark .... 182 
 
 6. Dicotyledones, Gamopetalce. 
 
 Caprifoliacese, Sambucese. Sambucus canadensis, Linne, etc. 
 
 Flowers . . .319 
 Viburnum prunifolium, Linne. 
 
 Bark . . .188 
 Lonicerese. Triosteura perfoliatum, Linne. 
 
 Bhizome and roots . 144 
 
 Bubiacese, Nauclese. Uncaria Gambir, Roxburgh. Extract . 435 
 
 Cinchonese. Cinchona Calisaya, Weddell,%\jc. Bark 171 
 
 Eemijia pedunculata, Triana. Bark . 181 
 
 Eemijia Purdieana, Weddell. Bark . 181 
 
 Ladenbergia, Exostemma, etc. Bark . 179 
 
 Ixorese. Coffea arabica, Linne, etc. Seed . . 391 
 
 Psychotriese. Psyohotria emetiea, Mutis. Boot. . 92 
 
 Oephaelis Ipecacuanha, A.Richard. 
 
 Boot ... 91 
 
 Anthospermese. Mitchella repens, imree. Herb. 298 
 SpermaooceEe. Bichardsonia scabra, St. Uilaire. 
 
 Koot ... 93 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 525 
 
 Rubiacese, Galieaj. 
 
 FAQE 
 
 80 
 299 
 132 
 488 
 
 Rubia tinctorum, Linne. Root . 
 Galium Aparine, lAnne, etc. Herb 
 ValerianesB. Valeriana officinalis, Linne. Rhizome and roots 
 
 Volatile oil . 
 CompotilsB, EupatoriacesB. Eupatorium perfoliatum, Linne. 
 
 Herb 
 Asteroidese. Grindeliarobusta, iVwWaH. Herb 
 
 Grindelia squarrosa, Dunal. Herb . 
 Haplopappus discoideus, De CandoUe. 
 
 Leaves . 
 Solidago odora, Aiton. Herb . 
 Erigeron philadelphious, LinnS, etc. 
 
 Herb 
 Erigeron canadensis, Linne. Herb . 
 
 Volatile oil . 277, 488 
 Inuloidese. Gnaphalium polj'cephalum, Michaux, 
 
 etc. Herb 
 Inula Helenium, Linne. Root . 
 Helenioideae. Tagetes erecta, Linne, etc. Flower 
 
 heads 
 Helenium autumnale, Linne. Herb 
 Anthemidese. Anaoyclus Pyrethrum, De CandoUe. 
 
 Root 
 Anacyclus officinarum, Hoffmann. 
 
 Root 
 Achillea Millefolium, Linne. Herb 
 Anthemis nobilis, Linne. Flowers 
 
 Volatile oil 
 Anthemis arvensis, Linne. Flowers 
 Anthemis Cotula, Linne. Herb 
 
 Flowers . 
 Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Per- 
 
 soon. Herb . 
 Chrysanthemum cinerariaafoliura, 
 
 Fistarei, etc. Flowers 
 Matricaria Chamomilla, Linne. 
 
 Flowers . 
 Tanaoetum vulgare, Linni. Herb . 
 Artemisia Absinthium, Z>i»ree. Herb 
 Artemisia vulgaris, Linne. Herb . 
 Artemisia maritima, Linne. Flower 
 
 buds . . .308 
 
 275 
 278 
 279 
 
 244 
 
 277 
 
 277 
 277 
 
 282 
 64 
 
 319 
 279 
 
 02 
 
 63 
 280 
 315 
 488 
 315 
 279 
 315 
 
 280 
 
 316 
 
 314 
 281 
 281 
 282 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
526 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 Corapositse, Senecionidese. 
 
 CalendulacesB. 
 
 Cynaroidese. 
 
 Cichoriacese. 
 
 PAQE 
 
 TuBsilago Parfasa, Linne. Leaves 246 
 Arnica montana, Linne. Rhizome 
 
 and roots . . 133 
 
 Flowers . . . 317 
 
 Calendula oflScinalis, lAnne. Herb 283 
 
 Florets . . .318 
 
 Arctium Lappa, Linne. Boot . . 65 
 
 Fruit . 352 
 
 Cnicus benedictus, Linne. Herb . 283 
 
 Silybum marianum, Gaertner. Fruit 352 
 
 Carthamus tinctoriu8,i/imme. Florets 319 
 
 Cichorium Intybus, Linne. Root . 62 
 
 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desfon- 
 
 taines. Root . . 61 
 Lactuca virosa, Linne, etc. 
 
 Exudation . . 429 
 Lobelia inflata, Linne. Herb . . 284 
 Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Sprengel. 
 
 Leaves . . .222 
 Arctostaphylos glauca, Linne. Leaves . 223 
 Andromedeae. Gaultheria procumbens, Linne. 
 
 Leaves . . . 248 
 
 Volatile oil . 248, 489 
 
 Epigsee repens, iinree. Leaves. . 224 
 
 RhodoreEe. Kalmia latifolia, Linne. Leaves . . 225 
 
 Ledum latifolium, Aiton, etc. Leaves . 221 
 
 Pyroleae. Chimaphila umbellata, iVMitoii,etc. Leaves 246 
 
 Plumbaginese, Staticese. Statice Limonium, Linne, etc. Root 98 
 
 Sapotacese, Sapoleae. Lucuma glycyphlsea, Martins et Eichler. 
 
 Extract . 
 Mimusops glohosa, Gcertner. Milk-juice 
 (chicle) . 
 Euaapoteae. Palaquium oblongifolium, Burck. Milk- 
 juice (gutta percha) 
 Diospyros virginiana, Linne. Fruit 
 Sty rax Benzoin, Dryander. Resin .... 
 
 Campanulacese, Lobeliese. 
 Ericaceae, Arbuteae. 
 
 Ebenaceae. 
 Slyraceae. 
 
 Oleaceae, Fraxineae. Fraxinus americana, LinnS. Bark . 
 Fraxinus Ornus, Linne. Exudation 
 (Manna) . 
 Oleineae. Olea europasa, Linne. Fixed oil . 
 Apocynacese, Plumerieae. Aspidosperma Quebracho, Sc/dech- 
 
 tendal. Bark . 
 
 436 
 
 437 
 
 437 
 339 
 465 
 192 
 
 441 
 
 497 
 
 198 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 527 
 
 PAQE 
 
 Apocynacese, Echitese. -Nerium Oleander, iyinne. Leaves . 221 
 Strophanthus Kombe, Olivier, etc. 
 
 Seed . . .385 
 TJrceoIa elastica, Roxburgh, etc. 
 
 Caoutchouc . . 438 
 Apocynum cannabinum, Linng. Root 67 
 Apocynum androssemifolium, LinnL 
 
 Root ... 93 
 Kicksia africana, Beniham. Seed . 385 
 Asclepiadacese, Periplocesa. Hemidesmus indicus, R. Brown. 
 
 Root ... 90 
 Asclepiadese. Solenostemma Argel, Hayne. 
 
 Leaves . . .226 
 Asolepias Oornuti, Decaisne. 
 
 Rhizome . .130 
 
 Asclepias incarnata, Linne. 
 
 Rhizome and roots . 138 
 Asclepias tuberosa, lAnni. Root 66 
 Cynanchum Vincetoxicum, 
 
 R. Brown. Root . 57 
 Gonolobese. Gonolobus Cundurango, Triana. 
 
 Bark . . .194 
 Loganiaceae, Gelsemiese. Gelsemium sempervirens, Alton. 
 
 Root ... 94 
 EuloganieEe. Spigelia maiilandica, Lihn6. 
 
 Rhizome and roots . 136 
 Strychnos Nux vomica, Linne. 
 
 Seed . . .379 
 Bark . . .210 
 Strychnos Ignatia, lAndliy. Seed . 382 
 Strychnos Castelnseana, Weddell, etc. 
 
 Extract . . . 432 
 Gentianese, Chironieae. Erythrsea Centaurium, Persoon. 
 
 Herb . . .299 
 Sabbatia angularis, Pursh, etc. 
 
 Herb . . .299 
 Swertiese. Gentiana lutea, Linne, etc. Root . . 58 
 Gentiana puberula, Michaux, etc. 
 
 Root ... 59 
 Swertia Ohirata, Wallich, etc, Herb . 300 
 Prasera Walteri, Michaux. Root . . 60 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
528 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO OEIGIN. 
 
 Gentianeae, Menyantheae. Menyanthes trifoliata, Linne. 
 
 Leaves . . 254 
 
 Polemoniacese. Phlox Carolina, Linne. Khizome and roots . 136 
 
 Polemonium reptanSjZ/tMwI. Rhizome and roots 136 
 Hydrophjllacese, Namese. Briodictyon californieum, Bentham. 
 
 Leaves . . . 250 
 
 Boraginese. Symphytum officinale, LinnL Hoot ... 60 
 
 Allcanna tinctoria, Tausch. Koot .... 80 
 Convolvulacese, Convolvulese. Ipomoea Purga, Hayne. 
 
 Tuberous root . " 150 
 Ipomcea orizabensis, Ledanois. 
 
 Tuberous root. . 151 
 Ipomcea simulans, Hanbury. 
 
 Tuberous root. . 151 
 Ipomoea pandurata, Meyer. 
 
 Root ... 75 
 Convolvulus Mechoacanna, 
 
 Vandelli. Tuberous root . 152 
 Convolvulus Scammonia, 
 
 Linne. Gum resin . 456 
 
 Solanaceae, Solaneas. Solanum Dulcamara, Linne. Twigs . 161 
 
 Solanum tuberosum, Linne. Starch 419 
 
 Capsicum fastigiatum,£te»ie, etc. Fruit 341 
 
 Atropese. Atropa Belladonna, Linne. Boot . . 77 
 
 Leaves . . .232 
 Hyosoyamese. Datura Stramonium, lAnne, etc. 
 
 Leaves . . . 234 
 
 Seed . . .392 
 
 Hyoscyamus niger, Linne. Leaves 236 
 
 Seed . . .393 
 
 Cestririeas. Nicotiana Tabaeum, Linne. Leaves . 233 
 
 Salpiglossideaa. Duboisia myoporoides, jB. Brown. 
 
 Leaves . . . 233 
 Scrophularineze, Verbascese. Verbascum phlomoides, Linne, etc. 
 
 Flowers . . .320 
 
 Chelonese. Scrophularia nodosa, Linne. Herb 286 
 
 Ghelone glabra, Linne. Herb . 287 
 
 Manuleae. Lyperia crooea, Eeklon. Corolla . 408 
 
 Digitalese. Digitalis purpurea, Linne- Leaves 237 
 
 Veronica virginiea, Linne. 
 
 Rhizome . . 146 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 529 
 
 Labiatse, Ociraoidese. 
 
 Satureineae. 
 
 PAOE 
 
 OrobanchacesB. Epiphegus virginiana, Barton. Herb . . 286 
 Pedalinese, Sesameae. Sesamum Indicum, Linne. Leaves 229 
 
 Seed . . 370 
 
 Fixed oil . . 504 
 Lavandula vera, De CandoUe. Flowers 320 
 Volatile oil . . 489 
 Collinsonia canadensis, Linne. Rhizome 140 
 Mentha piperita, Linne. Herb . . 287 
 Volatile oil . 289, 489 
 Stearopten . . 483 
 Mentha viridis, Linne. Herb . . 288 
 Volatile oil . 289, 489 
 Lycopus virginicus, Linne. Herb . 290 
 Cunila Mariana, Linne. Herb . . 290 
 Origanum vulgare, Linne. Herb . 291 
 
 Volatile oil . . 291 
 Origanum Majorana, Linne. Herb . 292 
 Thymus Serpyllum, Linne. Herb 292 
 
 Thymus vulgaris, Linne. Leaves 216 
 
 Volatile oil . 216, 489 
 Stearopten . 216, 482 
 Hyssopus officinalis, Linne. Herb 290 
 
 Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. Herb 293 
 Volatile oil . 294, 489 
 Melissa officinalis, Linne. Herb . . 292 
 Salvia officinalis, Linne. Leaves . 240 
 
 Rosmarinus officinalis, Linne. Leaves 215 
 Volatile oil . 215, 489 
 294 
 489 
 482 
 295 
 '29r, 
 
 297 
 296 
 297 
 298 
 
 Monardeae. 
 
 ' Monarda punctata, Linne. Herb 
 Volatile oil 
 Stearop™i 
 Nepetese. Nepeta Cataria, Linne. Herb 
 
 Nepeta Glechoma, Bentham. Herb 
 Stachydese. Scutellaria lateriflora, Linne, etc. Herb 
 Marrubium vulgare, Linne. Herb 
 Leonurus Cardiaca, Linne. Herb 
 Plantaginaee^. Plantago major, Linne, etc. Herb . 
 
 c. Dicotyledones Monochlamyde<z. 
 
 Chenopodiace*, Euchenopodiese. Chenopodium anthelminti- 
 
 cum, Linne. Fruit . 
 
 Volatile oil 
 
 346 
 346, 490 
 
 23 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
630 CLASSIFICATION ACCOEDING TO ORIGIN, 
 
 Chenopodiaeese, Euchenopodie36. Beta vulgaris, Linne. Sugar 440 
 Phytolaccacese, Euphytolaecese. Phytolacca decandra, Linne. 
 
 Eoot . . 76 
 
 Fruit . . .329 
 Polygonacese, Eupolygonese. Polygonum Bistorta, Linne. 
 
 Ehizone . . .128 
 
 Kumiciese. Kheum officinale, Baillon, etc. " Eoot 84 
 
 Eheum rhaponticum, Linne. Eoot 83 
 
 Eumex crispus, Linne, etc. Eoot 83 
 
 Coccolobese. Coccoloba uvifera, Linne. 
 
 Extract (kino) 436 
 
 Aristolochiacese. Asarum canadense, Linne, etc. Ehizome . 145 
 Aristoloehia Serpentaria, Linne, etc. 
 
 Ehizome and roots 134 
 
 PiperacejE, Pipereaa. Piper elongatum, Vahl. Leaves . . 239 
 
 Piper mollicomum, Baillon, etc. Leaves 218 
 
 Piper Cubeba, Linne filius. Fruit . . 831 
 
 Volatile oil . 332, 490 
 
 Piper nigrum, Linne. Fruit . . 332, 333 
 
 Piper methysticum, i^brsier. Eoot. . 87 
 
 Piper Jaborandi, Velloz. Leaves . . 218 
 
 Piper officinarum, De Gandolle. Fruit . 326 
 
 Myristicacese. Myristica fragrans, Houttuyn, etc. Arillus . 407 
 
 Seed . . .387 
 
 Fixed oil . 388, 505 
 
 Volatile oil . 388, 490 
 
 Monimiaceae. Peumus Boldus, Molina. Leaves . . 216 
 
 Laurinese, Perseacese. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Breyne. 
 
 Bark . . .205 
 
 Volatile oil . 206, 490 
 
 Cinnamomum Cassia, Blume. Bark . 205 
 
 Volatile oil . 206, 490 
 
 Cinnamomum Camphora, F. Nees. 
 
 Stearopten . . 481 
 
 Volatile oil . . 483 
 
 Nectandra Eodiasi, Schomburgk. Bark 182 
 
 Litseacese. Sassafras officinale, JVees. Eoot . . 162 
 
 Eoot bark . . 207 
 Pith . . .407 
 Volatile oil . 207, 490 
 Laurus nobilis, Linni. Leaves . . 218 
 Fixed oil . 505 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 531 
 
 PAGE 
 
 liaurinese, Litseacese. Goto bark 202 
 
 Thymelaceae, Euthymelsaese. Daphne Mezereum, Linne, etc. 
 
 Bark . . .201 
 Santalacese, Osyridese. Santalum album, Linne, etc. Wood . 166 
 
 Volatile oil . . 490 
 Euphorbiaceae, Buxese. Buxus sempervirens, Linne. Bark . 192 
 Euphorbiese. Euphorbia corollata, Linne. Root 68 
 Euphorbia Ipecacuanha, Linne. 
 
 Eoot ... 68 
 Euphorbia resinifera, Berff. 
 
 Exudation . . 455 
 Crotonese. Jatropha Curcas, Linne. Seed 390 
 
 Jatropha, Hevea, etc., species. 
 
 Milk juice (caoutchouc) 438 
 
 Croton Tiglium, Linne. Seed . 390 
 
 Fixed oil . . 502 
 
 Croton Eluteria, Bennett. Bark . 210 
 
 Croton Malambo, Karsten, etc. 
 
 Bark . . .211 
 Aleurites laccifera, Willdenow. 
 
 Eesin . .462 
 
 Manihotulilissima, PoAZ, etc. Starch 420 
 Mallotus philippinensis, Mueller Arg. 
 
 Glands . . .412 
 
 Kicinus communis, lAnne. Seed . 389 
 
 ** Fixed oil . . 503 
 
 Stillingia sylvatica, Linne. Root . 69 
 
 TJrticaceas, Ulmese. TTlmus fulva, Miehaux, etc. Bark . . 204 
 
 Cannabinese. Humulus Lupulus, Linne. Strobiles . 327 
 
 Glands . . .414 
 
 Cannabis sativa, Linni. Herb . . 301 
 
 Eruit . . .353 
 
 Eixed oil ■ . . 500 
 
 Morese. Morus rubra, Linne, etc. Fruit . . 326 
 
 Artocarpeae. Ficus Carica, Linne. Fruit . . 327 
 
 Ficus indica, Linne, etc. Milk-juice 
 
 (caoutchouc) . . 438 
 
 Eesin . 462 
 
 Juglandese. Juglans cinerea, Linne. Bark .... 197 
 
 Juglans regia, Linne, etc. Fixed oil . . . 500 
 
 Engelhardtia species. Eesin ... .461 
 
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532 CLASSIFICATION ACGORDII^G- TO ORIGIN, 
 
 PAGE 
 
 251 
 200 
 
 48!) 
 479 
 188 
 
 Myricacese. Myrica asplenifolia, Blum. Leaves 
 
 Myrica cenfera, Linne. Bark 
 Cupuliferse, Betulese. Betula lenta, LinnL Volatile oil 
 Betula alba, Linne. Tar 
 Quercinese. Quercus alba, Linne, Bark . 
 
 Quercus tinctoria, £aWram, etc. Bark 189 
 
 Quercus infectoria, Olivier, etc. Galls 400 
 
 Quercus vallonea, Kotschy. Manna 442 
 
 Castanea vesca, Goertner. Leaves 244 
 
 Salicacese. Salix alba, Linne, etc. Bark ... . 186 
 
 d. Gymnospermece. 
 
 Coniferse, Abietinese. Agathis Dammara, Rich. Kesin . . 461 
 Pinus australis, Michaux, etc. Oleoresin 474 
 Kesin . . .460 
 Volatile oil . 475, 490 
 Tar . . . . 478 
 Empyreumatic vola- 
 tile oil . . . 491 
 Larix europsa, De Candolle. Oleoresin . 474 
 Manna . . . 442 
 Picea succinifera, Conwentz. Kesin . 462 
 Empyreumatic vola- 
 tile oil . . . 4S5 
 Abies balsamea, Marshall, etc. Oleoresin- 473 
 Abies pectinata, De Candolle. Oleoresin 474 
 Abies canadensis, Michaux. Oleoresin . 476 
 Abies excelsa, De Candolle. Oleoresin . 476 
 Cupressinese. Callitris quadrivalvis, Venienat. Kesin 460 
 Thuja occidentalis, Linne. Branchlets 304 
 Chamaecyparis sphaeroidea, Spach. 
 
 Branchlets . . 304 
 
 Juniperus communis, Linne. Fruit . 325 
 Volatile oil . 325, 491 
 
 Juniperus Oxycedrus, Linne. Tar . 479 
 Juniperus virginiana, Linne. Branch- 
 lets . . . .302 
 
 Juniperus Sabina, iirerae. Branchlets . 303 
 Volatile oil . 303, 491 
 
 Taxeaa. Torreya califorhica, Torrey. Seed . . 388 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATIOK' ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 533 
 
 15. Monocotyledones. 
 
 Orchidete, NeoUiesB. Vanilla planifolia, Andrews, etc. Fruit 350 
 
 Ophrydeaj. Orchis mascula, Linne, etc. Tuber . 156 
 Cypripedie?e. Cypripedium pubesoens, Willdenow, 
 
 etc. Bhizome and 
 
 roots . . . 122 
 
 ScitamineEe, Maranteae. Maranta arundinacea, Linne. Starch 419 
 
 Cannese. Canna edulis, Ker, etc. Starch . . 419 
 
 Zingiberese. Curcuma longa, Linne. Rhizome . 112 
 
 Curcuma leuoorrhiza, Roxburgh, etc. 
 
 Starch . . .419 
 
 Curcuma Zedoaria, i2o«coe. Rhizome 110 
 Amomum Cardamomum, Linne, etc. 
 
 Fruit . . .350 
 Amomum Melegueta, Roscoe, etc. 
 
 Seed . . .397 
 Elettaria Cardamomum, Maton. 
 
 Fruit . . .349 
 
 Elettaria major, Smith. Fruit . . 350 
 
 Zingiber officinale, Hoseoe. Rhizome 108 
 
 Alpinia officinarum, JTarece. Rhizome 111 
 
 Haemodoracese, ConostyleaB. Aletris farinosa, Linne. Rhizome 121 
 
 Iridese, Morese. Iris florentina, Linne. Rhizome . . . 114 
 
 Iris versicolor, iirene, etc. Rhizome and roots 121 
 
 Sisyrinchlese. Crocus sativus, Linne. Stigma . . 408 
 
 Dioscoreacese. Dioscorea villosa, Linne. Rhizome . . 125 
 
 Liliacese, Smilacese. Smilax medica, Schlechtendal, etc. Root 50 
 
 Smilax ornata. Hooker. Root ... 51 
 
 Smilax China, Linne, etc. Rhizome . 117 
 
 Polygonatese. Polygonatum biflorum, Elliott, etc. 
 
 Rhizome . . . 124 
 Convallarieae. Convallaria majalis, Linne. Rhizome 
 
 and roots . . 124 
 Aloeinese. Aloe eocolrina, Lamarck, etc. Inspissated 
 
 juice . . . 430 
 Lomandrese. Xanthorrhcea hastilis, R. Brown, etc. 
 
 Resin . . 466 
 
 Alliese. Allium sativum, Linne, etc. Bulb . . 158 
 
 Scillese. Urginea Scilla, Steinheil. Bulb . . . 157 
 
 Colchicese. Colchicum autumnale, Linne. Tuber . 155 
 
 Seed . . .396 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
534 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 
 
 Liliacese, Nartheciese. Chamaslirium luteum. Gray. Khizome 120 
 
 Medeoleie. Trillium erectum, lAnne, etc. Khizome 120 
 Veratrese. Veratrum album, lAnne. Ehizome and 
 
 roots . . .117 
 Veratrum viride, Aiton. Ehizome and 
 
 roots . . . 118 
 
 Schoenocaulon officinale, A. Ch: Seed . 394 
 
 Palmis, Arecese. Areca Catechu, Linne. Seed .... 398 
 
 Lepidocaryse. Calamus Draco, Willdenow. Eesin 464 
 
 Metroxylon Sagu, Rottboell, etc. Starch 419 
 
 Oocainese. Elseis guineensis, Jacquin. Fixed oil . 507 
 
 Cocos nucifera, Linne. Fixed oil . . 507 
 
 Aroidese, Arinese. Arissema triphyllum, Torrey. Tuber . 156 
 
 Arum maculatum, Linni, etc. Ehizome . 156 
 
 Orontiese, Symplocarpus foetidus, Salisbury. 
 
 Ehizome . . 119 
 
 Acorus Calamus, Linne. Ehizome . . 113 
 
 Cyperaceae, Cariciese. Carex arenaria, Linne. Ehizome . . 117 
 
 Graminese, Maydese. Zea Mays, Linne. Stigma . . . 410 
 
 Starch . . 419 
 
 Fixed oil . . 405 
 
 Oryzeae. Oryza sativa, Linne. Starch . 419 
 Andropogonese. Saccharum officinarum, Linne. 
 
 Sugar . . .439 
 Andropogon muricatus, Retzius. 
 
 Eoot ... 54 
 Andropogon SehcEnanthus, Linne. 
 
 Volatile oil . 485 
 
 Aveneaj. Avena sativa, Linne. Meal . . . 421 
 
 HordesB. Triticum vulgare, Villars. Starch . 419 
 
 Triticum repens, Linne. Ehizome 115 
 
 Hordeum distichum, Linne. Fruit, malt 252 
 
 Fruit decorticated . 420 
 
 2. SPOEOPHYTA.— A. Vasculares. 
 
 Lycopodiacese. Lycopodium clavatum, Linne, etc. Sporules . 415 
 Filices, Polypodiacese. Aspidium Filix mas, Swartz, etc. 
 
 Ehizome . . . 106 
 
 Adiantum pedatum, Linne . . 265 
 
 Cyatheacese. Cibotium Baromez, Kume, etc. Hairs . 411 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ORIGIN. 535 
 
 B. Cellttlabes. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Algse, Ploridese. Chondrus crispus, Lynglye. Plant . . 261 
 
 Gigartina mamillosa, Agardh. Plant . . 262 
 
 Eucheuma spinosum, Agardh, etc. Isinglass 34 
 
 Fucoidese. Fucus vesiculosus, Linne, etc. Plant . . 262 
 
 Laminaria Cloustoni, Edmonston. Stipe . 406 
 
 Lichenes, Ascomycetes. Cetraria islandica, Acharius. Plant . 264 
 
 Fungi, Hymenomycetes. Polyporus officinalis, Fries. Plant . 402 
 
 Polyporus fomentarius, Fries. Plant 403 
 
 ^cidiomycetes. TTstilago Maydis, LeveilU. Plant . 403 
 
 Ascomycetes. Claviceps purpurea, Tulasne. Plant . 404 
 
 Saccharomycetes. Torula cerevisias, Turpin. Plant 
 
 (yeast) . . .416 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 
 
 ABIES balsamea, 473 
 canadensis, 476 
 
 excelsa, 476 
 
 Menziesii, 474 
 
 pectinata, 474 
 Abri radix, 90 
 
 semen, 377 
 Abrus precatorius, 90, 377 
 Absinthium, 281 
 Abuta amara, 96 
 
 rufescens, 96 
 Acacia Catechu, 434, 446 
 
 fistula, 446 
 
 Senegal, 445 
 
 stenocarpa, 446 
 
 Suma, 434 
 
 Verels, 445 
 Acaroid resin, 466 
 Achillea Millefolium, 280 
 Acipenser Giildenstadtii, 34 
 
 Huso, 34 
 
 ruthenus, 34 
 
 stellatus, 84 
 Aconite leaves, 252 
 
 root, 152 
 Aconiti folia, 252 
 
 radix, 152 
 Aconitum Anthora, 154 
 
 Cammarura, 153, 253 
 
 ferox, 154 
 
 Fischeri, 154 
 
 heterophyllum, 154 
 
 luridum, 154 
 
 japonicum, 154 
 
 Lycoctonum, 154 
 
 Napellus, 152, 252 
 
 Stoerkeanum, 153, 253 
 
 uncinatum, 154 
 Acorue Calamus, 113 
 Ac£ea alba, 142 
 Adeps, 509 
 
 Adeps, lansB, 508 
 
 Adiantum Capillus Veneris, 265 
 
 pedatum, 265 
 jEgle Marmelos, 340 
 African ammoniac, 452 
 
 ginger, 109 
 
 marigold, 319 
 
 saflFron, 408 
 Agaricus albus, 402 
 Agathis australis, 461 
 
 Dammara, 461 
 Agathotes Chirayta, 300 
 Agrimonia Eupatoria, 272 
 Agrimony, 272 
 Ajowan, 357 
 Albumen ovi, 32 
 Alcea rosea, 313 
 Aletris farinosa, 121 
 Aleurites laccifera, 462 
 Alexandria senna, 225, 227 
 Algarobia glandulosa, 44R 
 Alhagi eamelorum, 442 
 Alkanet, 80 
 Alkanna tinctoria, 80 
 Allium Porrum, 158 
 
 sativum, 158 
 Allspice, 334 
 Almond, 369 
 
 oil, 496 
 Aloe barbadense, 431 
 
 capensis, 431 
 
 ferox, 480 
 
 Perryi, 431 
 
 soootrina, 430 
 
 spicata, 431 
 
 vulgaris, 480 
 Alpinia Cardamomum, 349 
 
 Galanga, 112 
 
 officinarum, 111 
 Alsophila lurida, 411 
 Altheea ofScinalis, 79 
 23* 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
538 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Althas rosea, 313 
 Alum root, 81 
 Amber, 462 
 Ambergris, 39 
 Ambra grisea, 39 
 American angelica, 71 
 
 cannabis, 301 
 
 castor, 38 
 
 columbo, 60 
 
 gentian root, 59 
 
 ipecac, 68, 143 
 
 isinglass, 34 
 
 senna, 228 
 
 spikenard. 144 
 
 ■valerian, 122 
 
 veratrum, 118 
 Ammoniacum, 451 
 Amomum aromaticum, 350 
 
 Cardamomum, 349, 350 
 
 globosum, 350 
 
 Granum paradisi, 397 
 
 maximum, 350 
 
 Melegueta, 397 
 Amygdala, 869 
 Amygdalus amara, 369, 487 
 
 communis, 369, 487, 496 
 
 dulcis, 369 
 Amj'lum, 417 
 Amyris elemifera, 477 
 Anacardium occidentalc, 836 
 
 orientale, 336 
 Anacyclus officinarum, 63 
 
 Pyrethrum, 62 
 Anamirta Cocculus, 335 
 
 paniculata, 335 
 Anchusa tinctoria, 80 
 Ardira Araroba, 413 
 Andropogon muricatus, 54 
 
 Scheenanthus, 472 
 Anemone aoutiloba, 252 
 
 Hepatiea, 252 
 
 patens, 265 
 
 pratensis, 265 
 
 Pulsatilla, 265 
 Anethum graveolens, 360, 488 
 Angelica, 70^ 
 
 atropurpurea, 71 
 
 officinalis, 70 
 
 triquinata, 71 
 Angustura, 209 
 Anise, 355 
 Anisum, 355 
 Anogeiosus latifolia, 446 
 
 Anthemis arvensis, 315 
 
 Cotiila, 279, 315 
 
 nobilis, 315, 488 
 Anthophylli, 334 
 Aphis chinensis, 401 
 Apis mellifica, 444, 511 
 Apium graveolens, 356 
 
 Petroselinum, 73, 356 
 Aplopappus discoideus, 244 
 Apocynum androssemifolium, 9 
 
 cannabinum, 67, 94 
 Aralia nudicaulis, 131 
 
 quinquefolia, 75 
 
 racemosa, 144 
 
 spinosa, 200 
 Araroba, 413 
 Arbor vitas, 304 
 Archangelica atropurpurea, 71 
 
 officinalis, 70 
 Arctostaphylos glauca, 223 
 
 Uva ursi, 222 
 Arctium Lappa, 65, 352 
 Areca Catechu, 398 
 
 nut, 398 
 Argel leaves, 226 
 Arissema triphyllum, 150 
 Aristolochia reticulata, 134 
 
 Serpentaria, 134 
 Armoracia rusticana, 76 
 Arnica flowers, 317 
 
 spec, 318 
 
 montana, 133, 317 
 
 root, 133 
 Arnicse radix, 133 
 Artanthe adunca, 239 
 
 elongata, 239 
 
 Mollicoma, 218 
 Artemisia Absinthium, 281 
 
 maritima, 308 
 
 vulgaris, 281 
 Arum Dracunoulus, 156 
 
 italicum, 156 
 
 maculatum, 156 
 
 triphyllum, 156 
 Asafoetida, 449 
 Asagrsea officinalis, 394 
 Asarabacca, 146 
 Asarum canadense, 145 
 
 europseum, 146 
 Asclepias Cornuti, 130 
 
 incarnata, 138 
 
 syriaca, 130 
 
 tuberoaa, 66 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 539 
 
 Afpidium athamanticum, 107 
 
 Filix mas, 106 
 
 marginale, lOfi 
 
 rjgidum, 107 
 Aspidosperma Quebracho, 198 
 Assam musk, 37 
 Astacus fluvialilis, 43 
 Astragalus gummifer, 447 
 Atropa Belladonna, 77, 232 
 Attar of rose, 481 
 Aubletia trifolia, 218 
 Aurantia immatura, 340 
 Aurantii cortex, 361 
 
 flores, 309 
 
 folia, 221 
 
 fructus, 339 
 Avena sativa, 421 
 Avense farina, 421 
 Avens, 137 
 Axungia poroi, 509 
 Azedarach, 198 
 
 BAEL, 340 
 Balata, 437 
 Balm, 292 
 Balmony, 287 
 Balsam of fir, 473 
 
 of Mecca, 454 
 
 of Peru, 468 
 
 of Tolu, 469 
 Balsamodendron africaniim, 454 
 
 Ehrenbergianum, 454 
 
 Mukul, 454 
 
 Myrrha, 453 
 Balsamum peruvianum, 4G8 
 
 tolutanum, 469 
 Baptisia tinctoria, 98 
 Barberry, 98 
 
 bark, 185 
 Barley, 352 
 
 starch, 420 
 
 sugar, 440 
 Barosma betulina, 249 
 
 crenulata, 249 
 
 serratifolia, 249 
 Barus camphor, 482 
 Bastard ipecac, 144 
 Bay berry bark, 200 
 Bayouru, 99 
 Bay leaves, -218, 220 
 Bdellium, 454 
 Bean of St. Ignatius, 382 
 
 Bebeeru, 182 
 Beech drop, 286 
 Beef tallow, 510 
 Beeswax, 511 
 Bela, 340 
 Belladonna leaves, 23i! 
 
 root, 77 
 Belladonnse folia, 232 
 
 radix, 77 
 Belugo, 34 
 Bengal Cardamom, 350 
 
 kino, 436 
 
 quince, 340 
 
 turmeric, 113 
 Benne leaves, 229 
 
 seed, 370 
 
 seed oil, 504 
 Benzoinum, 465 
 Berberis aquifolium, 148 
 
 nervosa, 148 
 
 repens, 148 
 
 vulgaris, 98, 185, 192 
 Beta vulgaris, 440 
 Bethroot, 120 
 Betula alba, 479 
 
 lenta, 489 
 Bikh or bish root, 154 
 Birch tar, 479 
 Bird pepper, 341 
 Birthworth, 120 
 Bistort, 128 
 Bistorta, 128 
 Bitter fennel, 358 
 
 orange, 339, 361 
 
 polygala, 270 
 Bittersweet, 161 
 Black alder, 184 
 
 haw, 188 
 
 hellebore, 141 
 
 ipecac, 92 
 
 jack, 189 
 
 mustard, 378 
 
 oak bark, 189 
 
 pepper, 332 
 
 snakeroot, 142 
 Blackberries, 338 
 Blackberry bark, 190 
 Bladder-wrack, 262 
 Blatta americana, 31 
 
 germanica, 31 
 j gigantea, 3 1 
 
 orientalis, 31 
 I Blessed thistle, 283 
 
 Digitized by Microsofi® 
 
540 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Blood, 40 
 Bloodroot, 125 
 Blue cohosh, 139 
 
 flag, 121 
 Bog bean, 254 
 Boldo, 216 
 Boldoa fragrans, 216 
 Boldus, 216 
 Boletus fomentarius, 403 
 
 laricis, 402 
 Bombay mastic, 459 
 
 senna, 228 
 Bone, 44 
 Boneset, 275 
 Borneo camphor, 482 
 Bos Taurus, 38, 40, 41, 443, 508,510 
 Boston iris, 122 
 Boswellia Carterii, 452 
 Botany Bay kino, 436 
 
 resin, 466 
 Bourbon vanilla, 351 
 Brassica alba, 377, 498 
 
 Napus, 379 
 
 nigra, 378, 486, 498 
 
 Kapa, 379 
 Brayera anthelmintica, 310 
 Brazilian angustura, 209 
 
 rhatany, 100 
 
 vanilla, 351 
 Broom, 271 
 
 Bryonia alba, dioica, 77 
 Bryony, 77 
 Bucharian musk, 37 
 Buohu, 249 
 Buckbean, 254 
 Buckthorn, 829 
 Bugle, 290 
 Burdock, 65 
 
 fruit, 352 
 Burgundy pitch, 476 
 Burnt sponge, 33 
 Bursa pastoris, 268 
 Bursera Icieariba, 477 
 Butea frondosa, 436 
 Butter, 41, 508 
 
 of caca(k||^06 
 Buttercups, 267 
 Buttermilk, 41 
 Butternut, 197 
 Butyrum, 508 
 
 cacao, 506 
 
 nucistse, 505 
 Buxus sempervirens, 192 
 
 /lABALLlNE aloes, 432 
 
 \j Gabardine musk, 37 
 
 Cacao, 373 
 
 Cactus grandiflor'us, 275 
 
 Caffea, 391 
 
 Calabar bean, 374 
 
 Calamus, 113 
 
 Draco, 464 
 Calculi cancrorum, 43 
 Calendula arvensis, 283 
 
 officinalis, 283, 318 
 California oak balls, 401 
 Calisaya bark, 176 
 Callitris quadrivalvis, 460 
 Calumba, 81 
 Cambogia, 454 
 Camphora officinarum, 481 
 Camellia Thea, 242 
 Canada erigeron, 277 
 
 pitch, 476 
 
 turpentine, 473 
 Canadian castor, 38 
 
 hemp, 67 
 Canarium commune, 477 
 
 mauritianum, 477 
 Cancer Astacus, 43 
 Cane sugar, 439 
 Canella alba, 207 
 Canna starch, 418, 419 
 Cannabis americana, 301 
 
 indica, 301 
 
 sativa, 301, 858, 500 
 Cantharides, 27 
 Cantharis vesicatoria, 27 
 
 vittata, 29 
 Caoutchouc, 438 
 Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 268 
 Capsicum annuum, 342 
 
 cerasiforme, 342 
 
 fastigiatum, 841 
 Caramel, 440 
 Caraway, 359 
 Cardamom, 349 
 Cardamomum, 349 
 Carduus benedictus, 283 
 Carex arenaria, 117 
 Carolina pink, 186 
 Carota, 361 
 Carrageen, 261 
 Carrot fruit, 861 
 Carthagena bark, 179 
 Carthamus tinctorius, 319 
 Carum Ajowan, 357, 482 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 541 
 
 Carum Carui, 859, 488 
 
 Petroselinum, 73, 356 
 Carya amara, 500 
 Caryophylli fructus, 334 
 Caryoghyllus aromaticus, 307, 334 
 Cascara sagrada, 196 
 Cascarilla, 210 
 Cashew nut, 336 
 Cassava starch, 420 
 Cassi^ acutifolia, 225 
 
 bacillaris, 344 
 
 brasiliana, 345 
 
 elongata, 226 
 
 Fistula, 343 
 
 grandis, 345 
 
 holosericea, 228 
 
 lignea, 206 
 
 marilandica, 228 
 
 moschata, 344 
 
 obovata, 227 
 
 puhescena, 228 
 Castanea dentata, 244 
 
 sativa, vesca, 244 
 Caslilloa, 438 
 Castor Fiber, 37 
 
 oil, 503 
 
 seed, 389 
 Castoreum, 37 
 Cataria, 295 
 Catechu, 434 
 
 pallidum, 435 
 Cathartoearpus Fistula, 343 
 Catnep, 295 
 
 Caulophyllum thalictroides, 139 
 Cayenne pepper, 341 
 Ceanothus amerioanus, 99 
 Celandine, 268 
 Celery fruit, 356 
 Centaury, 299 
 Cepbaelis acuminata, 92 
 
 Ipecacuanha, 91 
 Cera, 511 
 
 alba, 511 
 
 flava, 511 
 Ceraeus Laurocerasus, 248 
 
 serotina, 185 
 Ceratonia Siliqua, 345 
 Ceratopetalum apetalum, 436 
 
 gummiferum, 436 
 Cereus grandiflorus, 275 
 Cervispina cathartica, 329 
 Cetaceum, 510 
 Cetraria islandica, 264 
 
 Cevadilla, 394 
 Ceylon cardamom, 350 
 
 cinnamon, 205 
 Chamsecyparia sphseroidea, 304 
 Chamselirium luteura, 120 
 Chamomile, 315 
 Chaulmoograodorata, 388, 507 
 Chaulmugra oil, 507 
 
 seed, 388 
 Chavica officinarum, 320 
 
 Eoxburghii, 326 
 Chelcan, Cheljen, 220 
 Chelidonium majus, 268 
 Chelone glabra, 287 
 Chenopodium ambrosioides, var. 
 
 anthelmintioum, 346, 490 
 Cherry laurel, 248 
 Chestnut leaves, 244 
 Chewstick, 162 
 Chian turpentine, 476 
 Chicle, 437 
 Chicory, 62 
 Cbimaphila maculata, 247 
 
 umbellata, 246 
 China root, 117 
 Chinese aconite, 154 
 
 blistering flies, 29 
 
 cinnamon, 205 
 
 ginger, 110 
 
 isinglass, 34 
 
 musk, 37 
 
 nutgalls, 401 
 
 rhubarb, 85 
 
 turmeric, 113 
 Chirata,300 
 Chiretta, 300 
 Chittem bark, 196 
 Chondodendron tomentosum, 95 
 Chondrin, 35 
 Chondrus crispus, 261 
 
 mamillosus, 261 
 Chrysanthemum carneum, 316 
 
 cinerarisefolium, 316 
 
 Parthenium, 280 
 
 roseum, 316 
 Chrysophyllum gly^phloeum, 436 
 Cibotium Baromez,™!! 
 
 Djambianum, 411 
 
 glaucum, Schiedei, 411 
 Cichorium Intybus, 62 
 Cimioifuga racemosa, 142 
 Cinchona, 171 
 
 Callsaya, 176 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
542 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cinchona, lancifolia, 178, 179 
 
 officinalis, 178 
 
 Pitayensis, 179 
 
 pubescens, 179 
 
 scrobiculata, 178 
 
 spec, 175, 179 
 
 succirubra, 178 
 Ginnamodendron corticosum, 208 
 Cinnamomum Camphora, 481 
 
 Cassia, 205, 490 
 
 zeylanieum, 205, 490 
 Cinnamon, 205 
 
 cassia, 205 
 Cinquefoil, 273 
 Citrullus Coloeynthis, 342 
 
 vulgaris, 372 
 Citrus Aurantium, 221, 309, 861, 
 486 
 
 Bergamia, 486 
 
 Limonum, 841, 363, 486 
 
 vulgaris, 221, 309, 339, 861, 
 486 
 Civet, 40 
 Civetta, 40 
 
 Claviceps purpurea, 404 
 Cleavers, 299 
 Cloves, 307 
 
 Cnicus benedictus, 283 
 Coca, 229 
 Coccionella, 29 
 Coccoloba uvifera, 436 
 Cocculus indicus, 335 
 Coccus cacti, 29 
 
 Lacca, 468 
 Cochinchina turmeric, 113 
 Cochineal, 29 
 Cochlearia Armoracia, 76 
 Cockroach, 31 
 Cocoanut oil, 507 
 Cocos nucifera, 507 
 Cod-liver oil, 501 
 Coffea arabica, 391 
 
 liberica, 391 
 Coffee, 391 
 Cola acuminata, 374 
 Colchici radi* 155 
 
 semen, 396 
 Colchicum autumnale, 155, 396 
 
 root, 155 
 
 seed, 396 
 Cole seed, 379 
 Colicroot, 121, 125 
 CoUa piscium, 34 
 
 Collinsonia canadensis, 140 
 Colocynth, 342 
 Colocynthis, 342 
 Colombo, 81 
 
 Colophonia mauritiana, 465 
 Colophonium, 460 
 Coltsfoot, 246 
 Colza seed, 379 
 Comfrey, 60 
 Commiphora africana, 454 
 
 Mukul, 454 
 
 Myrrha, 453 
 
 Opobalsamum, 454 
 Common frankincense, 475 
 Comptonia asplenifolia, 251 
 Conchse, 43 
 Condurango, 194 
 Conii folia, 256 
 
 fructus, 354 
 Conium fruit, 354 
 
 leaves, 256 
 
 maculaLum, 256, 354 
 Convallaria majalis, 124 
 Convolvulus Mechoacanna, 152 
 
 Scammonia, 456 
 Copaiba, 472 
 Copaifera Langsdorffii, 472, 487 
 
 oflBcinalis, 472 
 Copaiva, 472 
 Copal, 461 
 Copalchi bark, 211 
 Coptis trifolia, 267 
 Coral, 42 
 
 Corallium rubrum, 42 
 Coriander, 353 
 
 Coriandrum sativum, 353, 488 
 Coriaria myrtifolia, 226 
 Corinthian raisins, 339 
 Corn starch, 419 
 Cornsilk, 410 
 Cornsmut, 403 
 Cornus circinala, 182 
 
 florida, 182 
 
 sericea, 183 
 Cortex radicis berberidis, 185 
 Corydalis canadensis, 154 
 
 formosa, 155 
 Goto bark, 202 
 Cotton, 410 
 Cottonroot bark, 202 
 Cottonseed oil, 503 
 Ootula, 279 
 Couchgrass, 115 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 543 
 
 Coumarouna odorata, 372 
 Cowage, 411 
 Crabs' eye, 43 
 
 stones, 43 
 Cranesbill, 126 
 Cratieva Maimelos, 340 
 Cream, 41 
 Cremor lactis, 41 
 Crocus sativus, 408 
 Croton Eluteria, 210 
 
 Malambo, 211 
 
 oil, 502 
 
 Pseudochina, 211 
 
 seed, 390 
 
 Tiglium, 390, 502 
 Crowfoot, 267 
 Crown bark, 178 
 Cubeb, 331 
 Cubeba canina, 332 
 
 crassipes, 332 
 
 Lowong, 332 
 
 officinalis, 331, i'M 
 
 Wallichii, 332 
 Cucumber seed, 372 
 Cucumis Citrullus, 372 
 
 Colocynthis, 342 
 
 Melo, 371 
 
 sativus, 372 
 Cucurbita Citrullus, 372 
 
 Pepo, 371 
 Culver's physic, 146 
 Cumin fruit, 359 
 Cuminum Cyminum, 359 
 Cunila Mariana, 290 
 Cuprea bark, 181 
 Cupressus thyoides, 304 
 Curacao aloes, 481 
 Curara, 432 
 Curare, 432 
 Curcas purgans, 390 
 Curcuma lon>;a, 112 
 
 species, 419 
 
 starch, 418 
 
 Zedoaria, 110 
 Currants, 339 
 Cusco bark, 179 
 Cutch, 434 
 Cuttlefish bone, 42 
 Cydonia vulgaris, 368 
 Cydonium, 368 
 
 Cynanchum Vincetoxicura, 57 
 Cynips gallae tinetorise, 400 
 Cynoabata, 329 
 
 Cypripedium parviflorum, 122 
 
 pubescens, 122 
 Cytisus scoparius, 271 
 
 D^EMONOROPS Draco, 464 
 Dagget, 479 
 Damiana, 243 
 Dammara australis, 461 
 
 orienlalis, 461 
 Dandelion, 61 
 Daphne Gnidium, 201 
 
 Laureola, 201 
 
 Mezereum, 201 
 Datura Stramonium, 234, 392 
 
 Tatula, 235 
 Daucus Carota, 361 
 Deadly nightshade, 232 
 Delphinium Consolida, 382 
 
 Staphisagria, 383 
 Dextrose, 441 
 Dicentra canadensis, 154 
 
 eximia, 155 
 Dichopsis Gutta, 437 
 Digitalis purpurea, 237 
 Dill, 360 
 
 Dioscorea villosa, 125 
 Diospyros virginiana, 339 
 Dipterocarpus alatus, 473 
 
 turbinatus, 473 
 Dipteryx odorata, 372 
 
 oppositifolia, 372 
 Dittany, 290 
 Dog's bane, 93 
 Dogwood, 182 
 Dolichos pruriens, 411 
 Dorema Ammoniacum, 451 
 Draconis resina, 464 
 Dracontium foetidum, 119 
 Dragon's blood, 464 
 Dragon root, 156 
 Drimys Winteri, 202, 208 
 Drosera intermedia, 274 
 
 rotundifolia, 274 
 Dryobalanops Camphora, 482 
 Duboisia myoporoides, 233 
 Dulcamara, 161 ^ 
 
 fjiCBALLlUM Elaterium, 458 
 L Egg, 32 
 Egg-shell, 32, 43 
 Elaeis guineensis, 507 
 Elastica, 438 
 Elaterium, 458 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
544 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Elder, 319 
 
 Elecampane, 64 
 
 Blemi, 477 
 
 Elettaria Cardamomum, 349 
 
 major, 350 
 Bmpleurum serrulatum, 250 
 Bngelhardtia, 461 
 Epicauta vittata, 29 
 Epigsea repeus, 224 
 Epilobium angustifolium, 278 
 Epiphegus virginiana, 286 
 fer^ot, ergota, 404 
 Erigeron annuus, 277 
 
 canadensis, 277, 488 
 
 philadelphicus, 277 
 
 strigoBus, 277 
 Briodictyon californicum, 250 
 Erythrsea Centaurium, 299 
 Brythrophlceum guineense, 200 
 BrythroxyloD Coca, 229 
 Esenbeckia febrifuga, 209 
 Eucalyptus amygdalina, 436, 
 487 
 
 dumosa, 442 
 
 globulus, 219, 487 
 
 mannifera, 442 
 
 viminalis, 442 
 Euobeuma spinosum, 34 
 Eugenia caryophyllata, 307, 334, 
 487 
 
 Chekan, 220 
 
 Pimenta, 334, 487 
 Buonymus atropurpureus, 203 
 Eupatorium perfoliatum, 275 
 Euphorbia corollata, 68 
 
 Ipecacuanha, 68 
 
 resinifera, 455 
 Euphorbium, 455 
 European centaury, 299 
 
 dragon root, 156 
 
 elder, 320 
 
 elm bark, 204 
 
 rhubarb, 86 
 
 turpentine, 475 
 Euryangium Sumbul, 73 
 Buspongia equina, 33 
 
 mollissima, 33 
 
 Zimocca, 33 
 Evening primrose, 273 
 Exogonium Purga, 150 
 Extraotum glycyrrhizae, 433 
 
 hasmatoxyli, 437 
 
 sanguinis, 40 
 
 FALSE augustura, 210 
 cubebs, 332 
 
 damiana, 244 
 
 jalaps, 151 
 
 nutmegs, 388 
 
 pareira brava, 96 
 
 sarsaparilla, 131 
 
 Solomon's seal, 124 
 
 Winter's bark, 208 
 Fel bovinum, 41 
 
 tauri, 41 
 Fennel, 357 
 Fenugreek, 376 
 Fermentum, 416 
 Ferronia elephantum, 446 
 Ferula AsafcEtida, 449 
 
 foetida, 449 
 
 galbaniflua, 450 
 
 Narthex, 449 
 
 rubricaulif, 451 
 
 Sumbul, 73 
 
 tingitana, 452 
 Feverfew, 280 
 Fever root, 144 
 Pious, 438 
 
 Carioa, 327 
 
 indica, 462 
 Fig, 327 
 Figwort, 286 
 Filix mas, 106 
 Fishberries, 335 
 
 Five-leaved water-hemlock, 358 
 Flaxseed, 384 
 
 oil, 499 
 Fleabane, 277 
 Flemingia rhodocarpa, 413 
 Flesh-colored asclepias, 138 
 Florentine orris, 114 
 Fceniculum capillaceum, 357 
 
 vulgare, 357, 488 
 Fo3num grsecum, 376 
 Foxglove, 237 
 Fragaria vesca, 134 
 Prangula, 194 
 Frankincense, 452 
 Frasera Walteri, 60 
 Fraxinus alba, 192 
 
 americana, 192 
 
 Ornus, 441 
 French berries, 330 
 
 lactucarium, 430 
 
 marigold, 319 
 
 safiron, 408 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 545 
 
 Prostwort, 269 
 Fucus nodosus, 263 
 
 vesiculosus, 262 
 Fungus chirurgorum, 403 
 
 laricis, 402 
 Fusiform jalap, 151 
 
 GADUS Merluocius, 34 
 Morrhua, 501 
 Galanga, 111 
 Galangal, 111 
 Galbanum, 450 
 Galipea Cusparia, 209. 
 
 oflScinalis, 209 
 Galium Aparine, 299 
 
 triflorum, 299 
 Galla, 400 
 Gallus Bankiva, 32 
 Gambir, 435 
 Gamboge, 454 
 Garcinia Hanburii, 454 
 
 Mangostana, 340 
 
 Morella, 454 
 Garden thyme, 216 
 Garlic, 158 
 
 Gaultheria procumbens, 248, 489 
 Gelatin, 35 
 Gelatina, 35 
 
 Gelsemium sempervirens, 94 
 Gentian, 58 
 Gentiana Andrewsii, 59 
 
 lutea, 58 
 
 pannonica, 58 
 
 puberula, 59 
 
 punctata, 58 
 
 purpurea, 58 
 
 Saponaria, 59 
 Geranium maculatum, 120 
 German chamomile, 314 
 
 fennel, 358 
 
 leech, 31 
 
 pellitory, 63 
 Geum rivale, 137 
 
 urbanum, 137 
 Gillenia stipulacea, 143 
 
 trifoliata, 143 
 Ginger, 108 
 Ginseng, 75 
 
 Glechoma hederacea, 296 
 Glucose, 431 
 Glue, 35 
 Glycyrrhiza glabra, 89, 433 
 
 glandulifera, 90 
 
 Gnaphalium margaritaeeum, 282 
 
 polycephalum, 282 
 Goa powder, 413 
 Golden rod, 278 
 
 seal, 138 
 Gold thread, 267 
 Gonolobus Condurango, 194 
 Gossypii radicis cortex, 202 
 Gossypium herbaceum, 202, 410, 
 
 503 
 Gouania domingensis, 162 
 Gracilaria lichenoides, 34 
 Grain of paradise, 397 
 Granati fructus cortex, 363 
 
 radicis cortex, 191 
 Granilla, 30 
 Granum paradisi, 397 
 Grape sugar, 441 
 Grasstree resin, 466 
 Gravel plant, 224 
 Gray ipecac, 92 
 Green ginger, 110 
 
 hellebore, 141 
 Greenheart bark, 182 
 Grindelia robusta, 278 
 
 squarrosa, 279 
 Ground-ivy, 296 
 Guaiaci lignum, 164 
 
 resina, 463 
 Guaiacum officinale, 164, 463 
 
 wood, 164 
 Guarana, 424 
 Guayaquil rliatany, 100 
 Guibourtia, 462 
 Gum arable, 445 
 Gunja, 301 
 Gurjun balsam, 473 
 Gutta percha, 437 
 Gutti, 454 
 
 Gynocardia odorata, 388, 507 
 Gypsophila Arrostii, 57 
 
 paniculata, 57 
 
 H^MATOXYLON carapechi- 
 anum, 165 
 Hagenia abyssinica, 310 
 Hake, 34 
 
 Hamamelis virginiana, 187, 241 
 Haplopappus diseoideus, 244 
 Hardback, 272 
 Heart's ease, 274 
 Hedeoma pulegioides, 293, 489 
 Helenium autumuale, 279 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
546 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Helianthemum canadense, 269 
 
 corymbosum, 269 
 HelleboruB niger, 141 
 
 viridis, 141 
 Helonias dioica, 120 
 
 officinalis, 394 
 Hemidesmus indicus, 90 
 HemlocJi fruit, 354 
 
 leaves, 256 
 
 pitch, 476 
 Hempseed, 353 
 
 oil, 500 
 Henbane, 286 
 Hepatica, 252 
 Heuchera americana, 81 
 Hevea, 438 
 Hips, 329 
 Hirudo, 31 
 Holly, 246 
 Hollyhock, 313 
 Honduras sarsaparilla, 52 
 Honey, 444 
 Hopea, 461 
 Hops, 327 
 Hordei fructus, 352 
 Hordeum distichum, 352, 420 
 Horehound, 296 
 Horse aloes, 421 
 Horsemint, 294 
 Horseradish, 76 
 Huamalies bark, 179 
 Huanuoo bark, 179 
 Humulus Lupulus, 327, 414 
 Hungarian leech, 31 
 Hydrangea arborescens, 88 
 Hydrastis canadensis, 138 
 Hymensea, 462 
 Hyoscyami folia, 236 
 
 semen, 393 
 Hyoscyamus leaves, 236 
 
 niger, 236, 393 
 
 seed, 393 
 Hypericum perforatum, 269 
 Hyraceum, 39 
 Hyrax capensis, 39 
 Hyssop, 290 
 Hyssopus officinalis, 290 
 
 TCELAND moss, 264 
 1 Ichthyooolla, 34 
 Icioa Icicariba, 477 
 Ignatia, 382 
 Ignatiana philippiuica, 382 
 
 Ilex opaca, 246 
 
 paraguayensis, 243 
 
 verticillata, 184 
 lUicium religiosum, 347 
 
 verum, 347, 486 
 Imperatoria Ostruthium, 74 
 Indian aconite, 154 
 
 hemp, 301 
 
 licorice, 90 
 
 sarsaparilla, 90 
 
 tobacco, 284 
 
 turnip, 156 
 India rubber! 438 
 
 senna, 226 
 Insect flowers, 316 
 Inula Helenium, 64 
 lonidium Ipecacuanha, 93 
 Ipecacuanha, 91 
 
 spurge, 68 
 Ipomcea orizabensis, 151, 456 
 
 pandurata, 75 
 
 Purga, 150 
 
 simulans, 151 
 Iris florentina, 114 
 
 germanica, 114 
 
 pallida, 114 
 
 verna, 122 
 
 versicolor, 121 
 
 virginica, 122 
 Irish moss, 261 
 Isinglass, 34 
 Isonandra Gutta, 437 
 
 TABORANDI, 217 
 t) Jaen bark, 179 
 Jalap, 150 
 
 stalks, 15L 
 Jalapa, 150 
 Jamaica dogwood, 197 
 
 ginger, 109 
 
 sarsaparilla, 51 
 Japanese aconite, 154 
 
 isinglass, 84 
 
 nutgalls, 401 
 Jateorrhiza Oalumba, 81 
 Jatropha, 438 
 
 Curcas, 390 
 
 dulcis, 420 
 
 Manihot, 420 
 Jequiriti, 377 
 Juglans cinerea, 197, 500 
 
 regia, 500 
 Juniper, 325 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 547 
 
 Juniper tar, 466 
 
 Juniperus communis, 325, 491 
 
 Oxycedrus, 479 
 
 Sabina, 303, 491 
 
 virginiana, 302 
 
 KALMIA latifolia, 224 
 Kamala, 412 
 Kauri resin, 461 
 Kava-kava, 87 
 Kieksia africana, 385 
 Kino, 435 
 Klipdas, 39 
 Kombe seed, 385 
 Koosso, 310 
 Kordofan gum, 446 
 Krameria argentea, 100 
 
 lanceolata, 100 
 
 secundiflora, 100 
 
 tomentosa, 99 
 
 triandra, 99 
 
 LABEADOE tea, 221 
 Lac, 40, 463 
 ebutyratum, 41 
 vacoinum, 40 
 Iiacca, 462 
 Lactin, Lactose, 443 
 Lactuca canadensis, 430 
 
 sativa, 429 
 
 Scariola,429 
 
 virosa, 429 
 Lactucarium, 429 
 Laminaria Claustoni, 406 
 
 digitata, 406 
 Landolphia, 438 
 Lanolin um, 508 
 Lapides cancrorum, 43 
 Lapilli cancrorum, 48 
 Lappa officinalis, 65, 352 
 LappsB fructus, 353 
 Lard, 509 
 
 oil, 499 
 Large flowering spurge, 68 
 Larinus mellificus, 442 
 Larix europsea, 442, 474 
 Larkspur seed, 382 
 Laserpitium latifolium, 72 
 Laurel, 218 
 Laurel oil, 505 
 Laurocerasus, 248 
 Laurus Camphora, 481 
 
 nobilis, 218, 505 
 
 Lavandula vera, 320, 489 
 Lavender, 320 
 Ledum latifolium, 221 
 
 palustre, 221 
 Leech, 31 
 Lemon, 341 
 
 peel, 363 
 Leonurus Oardiaca, 297 
 Leontice thalictroides, 139 
 Leontodon Taraxacum, 61 
 Leptandra virginica, 146 
 Lerp, 442 
 Levant soapwort, 57 
 
 wormseed, 308 
 Levisticum officinale, 71 
 Licorice, 433 
 
 root, 89 
 Life-everlasting, 282 
 Ligusticum Levisticum, 71 
 Lily of the valley, 124 
 Lima bark, 179 
 Limon, 341 
 Limonis cortex, 363 
 Linden flowers, 310 
 Linseed oil, 499 
 Linum usitatissimum, 384, 499 
 Lipanin, 498, 502 
 Liquidambar orientalis, 471 
 
 Slyraciflua, 470 
 Liquorice, 433 
 
 root, 88 
 Liriodendron Tulipifera, 183 
 Lisbon sarsaparilla, 53 
 Liverwort, 252 
 Lobelia inflata, 284 
 Logwood, 165 
 Long pepper, 366 
 Lovage, 71 
 Loxa bark, 178 
 
 Loxopterygium Lorentzii, 198 
 Luouma glyciphlsea, 436 
 Lupulin, 414 
 Lupulinum, 414 
 Lycopodium clavatum, 415 
 Lycopus europseuB, 290 
 
 virginicus, 290 
 Lyperia crocea, 408 
 Lytta vesicatoria, 27 
 
 MACASSAE sandalwood, 166 
 Mace, 407 
 Macis, 407 
 Macropiper methysticum, 87 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
548 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Madder, 80 
 
 Madras cardamom, 350 
 
 turmeric, 113 
 Magnolia acuminata, 183 
 
 glauca, 183 
 
 tripetala, 183 
 Maiden hair, 265 
 Maize oil, 505 
 Majorana, 29"^ 
 Malabar kino, 436 
 
 cardamom, 350 
 
 sandalwood, 166 
 Malambo bark, 211 
 Male fern, 106 
 , jalap, 151 
 
 nutmeg, 388 
 Mallotus philippinensis, 412 
 Mallow, 314 
 Maltum, 352 
 Malva sylvestris, 314 
 Mangosteen, 340 
 Manihot Aipi, 420 
 
 utilissima, 420 
 Manna, 441 
 Manroot, 75 
 Manzanita, 223 
 Maracaibo copaiba, 472 
 Maranham copaiba, 472 
 Maranla arundinaoea, 419 
 
 starch, 418 
 Marigold, 283, 318 
 Marrubium vulgare, 296 
 Marshmallow, 79 
 Marsh rosemary, 98 
 
 tea, 221 
 Maruta Cotula, 279, 315 
 Marylhistle, 352 
 Masterwort, 74 
 Mastic, 459 
 Mastiche, 459 
 Mate, 243 
 Matieo, 239 
 Matricaria Chamomilla, 314 
 
 Parthenium, 280 
 Maw seed, 394 
 May apple, 129 
 
 weed, 279 
 Maydis stigmata, 410 
 Mecca senna, 228 
 Mechoacanna root, 152 
 Meconium, 425 
 Mel, 444 
 Melaleuca Cajuputi, 484 
 
 Melaleuca Leucadendron, 484 
 
 minor, 484 
 Melegueta, 397 
 Melia Azadirachta, 446 
 
 Azedarach, 198 
 Melilotus albus, 270 
 
 altissimus, 270 
 
 officinalis, 270 
 Melissa officinalis, 292 
 Melo, 370 
 Melon seed, 870 
 Menispermum canadense, 147 
 Mentha canadensis, 483 
 
 piperita, 287, 483, 489 
 
 viridis, 288, 489 
 Menthol, 483 
 
 Menyanthes trifoliata, 254 
 Methysticum, 87 
 Metroxylon Kumphii, 419 
 
 Sagus, 419 
 Mezereon, 201 
 Mezereum, 201 
 Mezquite gum, 446 
 Milfoil, 280 
 Milk, 40 
 
 sugar, 41, 443 
 
 •weed, 130 
 Mimusops globosa, 437 
 Mitchella repeus, 298 
 Molasses, 443 
 
 Momordiea Elaterium, 458 
 Monarda punctata, 294, 482, 489 
 Monesia, 436 
 Monnieria trifolia, 218 
 Morus alba, nigra, rubra, 326 
 Moschus moschiferus, 35 
 Mother-clove, 334 
 Motherwort, 297 
 Mountain balm, 250 
 
 laurel, 224 
 Mucuna cylindrosperma, 375 
 
 pruriens, 411 
 
 urens, 412 
 Mugwort, 282 
 Mulberry, 826 
 Mullein, 320 
 Musk, 35 
 Mustard oil, 498 
 Mylabris bifasciata, 29 
 
 cichorii, 29 
 
 phalerata, 29 
 Myrcia acris, 220, 487 
 Myrica asplenifolia, 251 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 549 
 
 Myrica cerifera, 200 
 Myristica aromalica, 387 
 
 fatua, 388 
 
 fragrans, 387, 407, 490, 505 
 
 moschata, 387 
 
 oflBcinalis, 387 
 Myrobalan, 337 
 Myrobalanus, 337 
 Mvrospermum Pereirse, 4G8 
 
 Toluifera, 469 
 Myroxylon Pereirse, 468 
 
 Toluifera, 469 
 Myrrha, 453 
 
 NARTHEX Asafoetida, 449 
 Nauclea Gambir, 435 
 Neat's-foot oil, 498 
 Nectandra Eodiaei, 182 
 Nepeta Cataria, 295 
 
 Glechoma, 296 
 Nerium Oleander, 221 
 New Jersey tea, 99 
 Niootiana Tabacum, 233 
 Nigella damascena, 383 
 
 eativa, 383 
 Nigbt-blooming cereus, 275 
 Northern prickly ash, 199 
 Nuphar ad vena, 129 
 Nutgall, 400 
 Nutmeg, 387 
 
 butter, 505 
 Nut oil, 500 
 Nux vomica, 379 
 Nympbsea odorata, 128 
 
 OATMEAL, 421 
 Oculi cancrorum, 43 
 Oculina virginea, 42 
 (Enanthe Phellandrium, 358 
 (Enotbera biennis, 273 
 CEsypum, 508 
 Oil of amber, 485 
 
 of bays, 505 
 
 of Cade, 479 
 
 of cajeput, 484 
 
 of camphor 483 
 
 of ginger grass, 485 
 
 of nutmeg, expressed, 505 
 
 of rose, 484 
 
 of theobroma, 507 
 Olea europasa, 497 
 Oleander, 221 
 Oleum Adipis, 499 
 
 Oleum Amygdalse am arse, 487 
 
 expressum, 496 
 Anethi, 488 
 Anisi, 488 
 
 stellati, 486 
 Anthemidis, 488 
 Aurantii amari, 486 
 
 dulois, 486 
 
 florum, 486 
 Bergamii, 486 
 Bubulum, 498 
 Cacao, 507 
 Cadinum, 479 
 Cajupiiti, 484 
 Camphorse, 483 
 Cannabis, 500 
 Carui, 488 
 Caryophylli, 487 
 Chenopodii, 490 
 Cinnamomi, 206, 490 
 
 cassiae, 206, 490 
 Cocois, 507 
 Copaibae, 487 
 Coriandri, 488 
 Cubebse, 490 
 Erigerontis, 488 
 Eucalypti, 487 
 Foeniculi, 488 
 Gaultberiae, 248, 489 
 Gossypii, 503 
 Gynoeardise, 507 
 Hedeomse, 489 
 Jecoris aselli, 501 
 Juglandis, 500 
 Juniperi, 491 
 Lauri, 505 
 Lavandulae, 489 
 Limonis, 486 
 Lini, 499 
 Maydis, 505 
 Menthsa piperitse, 489 
 
 viridis, 489 
 Monardse, 489 
 MorrhusB, 501 
 Myrcise, 487 
 Myristicae, 490 
 
 expressum, 505 
 Nucistse, 505 
 OlivsB, 497 
 Palmse, 507 
 Papaveris, 500 
 Picis liquidas, 491 
 Pimentse, 487 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
550 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Oleum Kicini, 503 
 
 Eosa3, 484 
 
 Eosmarini, 489 
 
 Kusci, 479 
 
 Butse, 255, 486 
 
 Sabinse, 491 
 
 Santali, 490 
 
 Sassafras, 207, 490 
 
 Sesami, 504 
 
 Sinapis, 379, 486 
 expressum, 498 
 
 Succini, 485 
 
 Terebinthinae, 490 
 
 Theobromse, 507 
 
 Thymi, 489 
 
 Tiglii, 502 
 
 Valerianae, 488 
 Olibanum, 452 
 Olive oil, 497 
 Ophelia angustifolla, 299 
 
 Chirata, 299 
 Opium, 425 
 
 Opopanax Cliironium, 452 
 Opuntia cochinillifera, 29 
 Orange berries, 340 
 
 flowers, 309 
 
 leaves, 221 
 
 peel, 361 
 Orchis latifolia, 156 
 
 maculata, mascula, 156 
 Morio, 156 
 Oregon grape, 148 
 Origanum Majorana, 292 
 
 vulgare, 291 
 Ornus europ^a, 441 
 Orris, 114 
 Oryza sativa, 419 
 Os, 44 
 
 Os Sepise, 42 
 Osseter, 34 
 Ostrea edulis, 43 
 
 virginiana, 43 
 Otolithus regalis, 34 
 Ovis Aries, 38, 5(>8, 510 
 Ovum, 32 
 Ox Gall, 41 
 Oyster shell, 43 
 
 PAKU-KIDANG, 411 
 Palaquium oblongifolium, 
 Pale catechu, 435 
 
 rose, 312 
 Palm oil, 507 
 
 Panax quinquefolia, 75 
 Panna-panna, 107 
 Pansy, 274 
 Papaver Khoeas, 313 
 
 somniferum, 345, 394, 425, 500 
 Papoose' root, 139 
 Para copaiba, 472 
 rhatany, 100 
 sarsaparilla, 53 
 Paracoto bar Is, 202 
 Paraguay tea, 243 
 Pareira brava, 96 
 Parsley, 73 
 
 fruit, 356 
 Parthenium, 280 
 PasBulse majores, 339 
 
 minores, 339 
 PauUinia sorbilis, 424 
 Payta rhatany, 100 
 Peach leaves, 246 
 Pearl barley, 420 
 
 sago, 419 
 Pellitory, 62 
 Penghawar-Djambi, 411 
 Pennyroyal, 293 
 Pepo, 871 
 Peppermint, 287 
 Pepsinum, 38 
 Periplaneta orientalis, 31 
 Persian berries, 330 
 Persica vulgaris, 246, 497 
 Persimmon, 339 
 Peruvian bark, 171 
 
 rhatany, 100 
 Petroselinum sativum, 73, 356 
 Peucedanum Ammoniacum, 451 
 galbanifluum, 450 
 graveolens, 360, 488 
 Ostruthium, 74 
 Peumus Boldus, 216 
 Phasianus Gallus, 32 
 Phellandrium aquatieum, 358 
 Phlox Carolina, 136 
 Physeter macrocephalus, 39, 510 
 Physostigma cylindrospermuni, 
 375 
 veneuosum, 374 
 Phytolacca decandra, 76, 329 
 Phytolaccse baoca, 329 
 437 radix, 76 
 
 Picea succinifera, 462 
 Picrsena excelsa, 163, 193 
 Pilocarpus pennatifolius, 217 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 551 
 
 Pimenta, 334 
 
 Pimento, 334 
 
 Pimpernel, 72 
 
 Pimpinella Anisum, 355, 488 
 
 magna, 72 
 
 Saxifraga, 72 
 Pinitis succinifer, 462 
 Pinlcroot, 136 
 Pinus Abies, 476 
 
 australis, 460, 474 
 
 canadensis, 476 
 
 Laricio, 475 
 
 palustris, 460, 474 
 
 Pinaster, 475 
 
 sylvestris, 475 
 
 Taada, 475 
 Pipe isinglass, 34 
 Piper album, 333 
 
 caninum, 832 
 
 citrifolium, 218 
 
 crassipea, 332 
 
 Cubeba, 331 
 
 elongatum, 239 
 
 longum, 326 
 
 methysticum, 87 
 
 mollicomum, 218 
 
 nigrum, 832, 333 
 
 nodulosum, 218 
 
 officinarum, 326 
 
 reticulatum, 218 
 Pipmenthol, 483 
 Pipsissewa, 246 
 Piscidia Brythrina, 197 
 Pistaeia cabulica, 459 
 
 Kbinjuk, 459 
 
 Lentiscus, 459 
 
 Terebintbus, 476 
 Pitaya bark, 179 
 Pithecolobium duloe, 446 
 Pix burgundica, 476 
 
 canadensis, 476 
 
 liqulda, 478 
 Plantago lanceolata, 298 
 
 major 298 
 Plantain, 298 
 Pleurisy root, 66 
 Podophyllum Bmodi, 130 
 
 peltatum, 129 
 Poison oak, 254 
 Pokeberry, 329 
 Pokeroot, 76 
 Polemonium reptans, 136 
 Polygala alba, 56 
 
 Polygala Boykinii, 56 
 
 rubella, 270 
 
 Senega, 54 
 Polygonatum biflorum, 124 
 
 giganteum, 124 
 Polygonum Bistorta, 128 
 Polyporus fomentarius, 403 
 
 officinalis, 402 
 Pomegranate bark, 191 
 
 rind, 363 
 Pond lily, 129 
 Poppy, 345 
 
 seed, 394 
 oil, 500 
 Potato fly, 29 
 
 starch, 418 
 Potentilla canadensis, 273 
 
 Tormentilla, 127 
 Prayer beads, 377 
 Prickly ash, 199 
 
 fruit, 347 
 Prince's pine, 246 
 Prinos verticillatus, 184 
 Prosopis glandulosa, juliflora, spi- 
 
 cigera, 446 
 Prune, 337 
 Prunum, 337 
 Prunus Amygdalus, 369, 487, 490 
 
 armeniaca, 497 
 
 domestica, 337 
 
 Laurocerasus, 248 
 
 Persica, 246, 497 
 
 serotina, 185 
 
 virginiana, 185 
 Psychotria emetica, 92 
 Pterocarpus erinaceus, 430 
 
 Marsupium, 435 
 
 santalinus, 164 
 Ptychotis Ajowan, 357, 482 
 Pulpa tamarindorum, 364 
 Pulsatilla pratensis, 265 
 Pulu, 411 
 Pumpkin seed, 371 
 Puniea Granatum, 191, 303 
 Purging cassia, 343 
 
 nut, 390 
 Purse isinglass, 34 
 Pyrethri flores, 316 
 Pyrethrum, 62 
 
 carneum, 316 
 
 cinerarisefolium, 316 
 
 germanicum, 63 
 
 Parthenium, 280 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
552 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Pyrethrum roseum, 316 
 Pyrua Cydonia, 368 
 
 QUASSIA amara, 163, 193 
 bark, 193 
 
 exeelsa, 163, 193 
 Quassia cortex, 198 
 Queen's delight, 69 
 Quebracho bianco, 198 
 
 Colorado, 198 
 QuercuB alba, 188 
 
 coccinea, 189 
 
 falcata, 189 
 
 infectoria, 400 
 
 lobata, 401 
 
 lusitanica, 400 
 Qiiercus nigra, 189 
 
 tinctoria, 189 
 
 vallonea, 442 
 
 virens, 401 
 Quickens, 115 
 Quillaia Saponaria, 203 
 Quince seed, 368 
 Quinine flower, 299 
 Quitchgrass, 115 
 
 RADIX abri, 90 
 bardanse 65. 
 
 berberidis, 98 
 
 caryophyllatas, 137 
 
 enulse, 64 
 
 gentianse albse, 72 
 rubras, 58 
 
 graminis, 115 
 rubrse, 117 
 
 inulse, 64 
 
 IvarancusEe, 54 
 
 lapathi, 83 
 
 lappse, 65 
 
 liquiritise, 89 
 
 pyrethri germanici, 63 
 romani, 62 
 
 sarsaparillje germanicse, 117 
 Raisins, 338 
 Hanunculus acris, 267 
 
 bulbosus, 267 
 
 repens, 267 
 Kape seed, 879 
 Kaspberry, 338 
 Eed acaroid resin, 466 
 
 cedar, 302 
 
 cinchona, 178 
 
 ipecac, 92 
 
 Red poppy, 313 
 
 River snakeroot, 135 
 
 root, 99 
 
 rose, 312 
 
 Saunders, 164 
 
 sedge, 117 
 Remijia pedunculata, 181 
 
 Purdieana, 181 
 Resina, 460 
 
 elastiea, 438 
 
 pini, 475 
 Rhamnus californica, 196 
 
 cathartica, 329 
 
 Prangula, 194 
 
 Infectoria, 330 
 
 Purshiana, 196 
 
 saxatilis, 330 
 Rhapontic root, 83 
 Rhaponticum, 83 
 Rhatany, 99 
 Rheum officinale, 84 
 
 Rhaponticum, 83 
 
 spec, 86 
 Rhoeas, 813 
 Rhubarb, 84 
 Rhus glabra, 330 
 
 semialata, 401 
 
 Toxicodendron, 254 
 Rice starch, 417 
 Richardsonia scabra, 93 
 Ricinis communis, 389, 503 
 Rio Janeiro copaiba, 472 
 
 Negro sarsaparilla, 53 
 Rook candy, 429 
 Roman fennel, 358 
 
 pellitory, 62 
 Rosa canina, 829 
 centifolia, 312 
 damascena, 312, 484 
 gallica, 312 
 Rosemary, 215 
 Rosh^ oil, 485 
 Rosin, 460 
 
 Rosmarinus officinalis, 215, 489 
 Rottlera tinctoria, 412 
 Rubia tinctorum, 80 
 Rubus canadensis, 190 
 
 Idseus, 338 
 
 occidentalis, 338 
 
 strigosus, 388 
 
 trivialis, 190 
 
 villosus, 190, 338 
 Rue, 256 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 553 
 
 Rum ex crispus, 83 
 Kussian castor, 38 
 
 isinglass, 34 
 
 licorice root, 90 
 
 musk, 37 
 
 rhubarb, 84 
 Ruta graveolens, 255, 486 
 
 q ABADILLA, 394 
 Sabbatia angularis, 299 
 Elliottii, 299 
 paniculata, 299 
 Sabina, 303 
 Sacchari fsex, 443 
 Saecharomyces cerevisise, 416 
 Saccharose, 439 
 Saccharum amj-laceum, 441 
 
 crystallisatum, 440 
 
 hordeatum, 440 
 
 lactis, 443 
 
 officinarum, 439 
 
 uveum, 441 
 Safflower, 319, 409 
 Saffron, 408 
 Sagapenum, 451 
 Sage, 240 
 Sago, 419 
 
 Sagus Rumphii, 419 
 Saigon cinnamon, 206 
 Saint John's bread, 345 
 
 wort, 269 
 Salep, 156 
 Salix alba, 186 
 Salvia officinalis, 240 
 Sambucus canadensis, 319 
 
 nigra, 320 
 Sandal wood, 166 
 Sandaraca, 460 
 Sanguinaria canadensis, 125 
 Sanguis, 40 
 
 draconis, 464 
 Sanguisuga medicinalis, 31 
 
 officinalis, 31 
 Santalum album, 166, 490 
 
 rubrum, 164 
 
 Tasi, 166 
 Santonica, 808 
 Saponaria levantica, 57 
 
 officinalis, 57 
 Sapota Mulleri, 437 
 Sarothamnus scoparius, 271 
 Sarsaparilla, 50 
 Sassafras bark, 207 
 
 I Sassafras lignum (radix), 162 
 
 medulla, 407 
 \ officinale 162, 207, 407, 49U 
 pith, 407 
 wood (root), 162 
 
 Sassy bark, 200 
 
 Savakin gum, 446 
 
 Savanilla rhatany, 100 
 
 Savine, 303 
 
 Scabious, 277 
 
 Scammonium, 456 
 
 Scammony, 456 
 
 Schoenocaulon officinale, 394 
 
 Soilla maritima, 157 
 
 Scoparius, 271 
 
 Scopola carniolica, 79 
 
 Scorodosma foetidum, 449 
 ; Scrophularla nodosa, 286 
 
 Scutellaria lateriflora, 297 
 i spec, 297 
 
 1 Secale cereale, 404 
 cornutum, 404 
 ' Seed lac, 463 
 
 Semecarpus Anacardium, 336 
 
 Semen amomi, 334 
 
 Senaar gum, 446 
 
 Senega, 54 
 
 Senegal gum, 446 
 
 Seneka, 54 
 
 Senna alexandrina, 225 
 baladi, 227 
 indica, 226 
 ovalifolia, 228 
 
 Sepia officinalis, 42 
 ' Serpentaria, 134 
 
 Serpyllum, 292 
 
 Serronia Jaborandi, 218 
 
 Serum lactis, 41 
 
 Sesamum indicum, 229, 370, 504 
 
 Sevum bovinum, 510 
 ovillum, 510 
 
 Sewruga, 34 
 
 Sheeps' wool sponge, 33 
 
 Shellac, 463 
 
 Shepherd's purse, 268 
 
 Shikimi fruit, 348 
 
 Siberian castor, 38 
 musk, 37 
 
 Siliqua dulcis, 345 
 
 Silkweed, 130 
 
 Sllybum marianum, 352 
 
 Simaruba excelsa, 168 
 medicinalis, 193 
 24 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
554 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Simaruba officinalis, 193 
 Sinapis alba, 377 
 
 nigra, 378 
 Siphonia, 438 
 Skim milk, 41 
 Skullcap, 297 
 Skunk cabbage, 119 
 Slippery elm, 204 
 Smiiacina racemosa, 124 
 Smilax China, 117 
 
 glauca, 117 
 
 medica, 50 
 
 officinalis, 50 
 
 papyracea, 50 
 
 pseudochina, 117 
 Sneezewort, 279 
 Soapbark, 203 
 Soapwort, 57 
 Solanum Dulcamara, 161 
 
 tuberosum, 419 
 Solenostemma Argel, 226 
 Solidago odora, 278 
 Solomon's seal, 124 
 tjouthern prickly ash, 199 
 Spanish flies, 27 
 licorice root, 89 
 
 oak, 189 
 
 saffron, 408 
 Spearmint, 288 
 Spermaceti, 510 
 Spigelia marilandica, 136 
 Spiraea tomentosa, 272 
 Sponge, 33 
 Spongia officinalis, 33 
 
 usta, 33 
 Spotted pipsissewa, 247 
 Spurge, 68 
 Squaw root, 139 
 
 vine, 298 
 Squill, 157 
 Squirrel corn, 154 
 Staphisagria, 383 
 Staranise, 347 
 Starch, 417 
 
 sugar, 441 
 Starwort, 120,121 
 Statioe brasiliensis, 99 
 caroliniana, 98 
 
 Limonium, 98 
 Stavesacre, 383 
 Sterculia acuminata, 374 
 Sterlet, 34 
 Stick lac, 468 
 
 Stillingia sylvatica, 69 
 ] Stizolobium pruriens, 412 
 Stoneroot, 140 
 Storax, 471 
 Stramonii folia, 234 
 
 semen, 392 
 : Stramonium leaves, 234 
 
 seed, 392 
 Strassburg turpentine, 474 
 i Striated ipecacuanha, 92 
 j Strophanthus dichotomus, 385 
 
 hispidus, 885 
 
 Komb^, 385 
 Strychnos Castelnseana, 432 
 
 Ignatii, 382 
 
 Nux vomica, 210, 379 
 
 toxifera, 432 
 Styrax, 471 
 
 Benzoin, 465 
 Suakin gum, 446 
 Succinum, 462 
 Succory, 62 
 Succus liquiritse, 433 
 
 thebaicus, 425 
 Sucrose, 439 
 Suet, 510 
 Sugar, 439 
 Sumach, 330 
 Sumatra benzoin, 465 
 
 camphor, 482 
 Sumbul, 78 
 Sundew, 274 
 Surgeon's agaric, 403 
 Surinam quassia, 163, 193 
 Sus scrofa, 38, 509 
 Swamp dogwood, 183 
 
 milkweed, 138 
 Sweedish leech, 31 
 Sweet clover, 270 
 
 fern, 251 
 
 flag, 118 
 
 gum, 470 
 
 marjoram, 292 
 
 orange, 361 
 Swertia angusti folia, 300 
 
 Chirata, 300 
 Swietenia Mahogani, 446 
 Symphytum officinale, 60 
 Symplocarpus foetidus, 119 
 Syrupus fuscus, 443 
 
 fFABACUM, 283 
 
 1 Tagetes ereota, 819 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
INDEX. 
 
 555 
 
 Tagetes patula, 319 
 Tamarind, 364 
 Tamarindus indica, 364 
 
 officinalis, 364 
 Tampico jalap, 151 
 Tanacetum vulgare, 281 
 Tansy, 281 
 Tapioca, 420 
 Tar, 478 
 Taraxacum Dens-leonis, 61 
 
 officinale, 61 
 Tea, 242 
 
 Tephrosia Appolinea, 220 
 Terebintbina, 474 
 
 argenloralensis, 474 
 
 canadensis, 473 
 
 Chia, 476 
 
 coota, 476 
 
 communis, 474 
 
 veneta, 474 
 
 vulgaris, 474 
 Terminalia bellerica, 337 
 
 Ohebula, 337 
 
 cltrina, 337 
 Terra japon lea, 435 
 Testa ostreae, 43 
 
 ovi, 32, 43 
 Texas snakeroot, 135 
 Tbea cbinensis, 242 
 Thebaicum, 425 
 Theobroma Cacao, 373, 506 
 Theriaca, 443 
 Thibet musk, 37 
 Thornapple seed, 392 
 Thoroughwoit, 275 
 Thridace, 430 
 Thuja occidentalis, 304 
 Thus araericanum, 475 
 Thymol, 482 
 ThvmusSerpyllum, 292 
 
 ' vulgaris, 216, 482, 489 
 Tiglium officinale, 390, 502 
 Tilia americana, 310 
 
 heterophylla, 310 
 
 platyphylla, 310 
 
 ulmifoUa, 310 
 Tinnevelly senna, 228 
 Tobacco, 233 
 Toluifera Balsamum, 469 
 
 Pereirse, 468 
 Tonco, 372 
 Tonka bean, 372 
 Tonquin musk, 37 
 
 Tormentil, 127 
 Tormentllla erecta, 127 
 Torreya californica, 388 
 Torula eerevisise, 416 
 Toxicodendron, 254 
 Trachylobium, 462 
 Tragacantha, 447 
 Trailing arbutus, 224 
 Treacle, 443 
 Trehala, 442 
 
 Trigonella Fcenum graeuum, 376 
 Trillium erectum, 120 
 Triosteum perfoliatum, 144 
 Tripoli senna, 227 
 Triticum repens, 115 
 
 vulgare, 419 
 Tulip-tree bark, 183 
 Tuno gum, 437 
 Turkey corn, 154 
 
 opium, 476 
 
 sponge, 33 
 Turkish licorice root, 89 
 Turmeric, 112 
 Turiiera diffusa, 243 
 Turnip seed, 379 
 Turpentine, 474 
 Tussilago Farfara, 240 
 
 ULMUScampestris, 204 
 efifusa, 205 
 
 fulva, 204 
 Uncaria Gambir, 435 
 Undulated ipecacuanha, 93 
 Urceola, 438 
 Urginea Scilla, 157 
 Ustilago Maydis, 403 
 LTva passa, 338 
 
 ursi, 222 
 
 irAHEA, 438 
 V Valerian, 132 
 Valeriana officinalis, 132, 488 
 Vanilla guianensis, 351 
 
 planifolia, 350 
 
 Pompona, 351 
 Vanillon, 351 
 Valeria, 461 
 Venezuelan vanilla, 351 
 Venice turpentine, 474 
 Veratrum album, 117 
 
 Lobelianum, 118 
 
 Sabadilla, 394 
 
 viride, 118 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
556 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Verbasoum phlomoides, 320 
 
 thapsiforme, 320 
 
 Thapsua, 820 
 Veronica virginioa, H6 
 Vetiveria, 84 
 Vetivert, 54 
 
 Viburnum prunifolium, 188 
 Viola tricolor, 274 
 Virginia snakeroot, 135 
 Vitellus ovi, 32 
 Vitis vinifera, 338 
 Viverra Civetta, 40 
 
 2ibetha, 40 
 
 WAHOO, 203 
 Wars, 413 
 Water avens, 137 
 Water-dropwnrt, 358 
 Water-lily, 128 
 Watermelon-seed, 372 
 Wax, 511 
 Weakflsh, 34 
 Wheat starch, 417 
 Whey, 41 
 White agaric, 402 
 
 ash, 192 
 
 cedar, 304 
 
 gentian, 72 
 
 ipecacuanha, 93 
 
 mustard, 377 
 
 oak bark, 188 
 
 of egg, 32 
 
 pepper, 333 
 
 senega, 56 
 
 turpentine, 475 
 
 veratrum, 117 
 
 wax, 511 
 Wild chamomile, 279 
 
 cherry bark, 185 
 
 clove leaves, 220 
 
 ginger, 145 
 
 indigo, 98 
 
 jalap, 75 
 
 marjoram, 291 
 
 nutmeg, 388 
 
 senna, 227 
 
 thyme, 292 
 
 yam, 125 
 
 Willow, 186 
 
 herb, 273 
 Winged Java cardamom, 350 
 Wintera, 208 
 Winterberry, 184 
 Winter's bark 208 
 Wintergreen, 248 
 Witch hazel, 187, 241 
 Wood oil, 473 
 Woolfat, 508 
 Wormseed, 346 
 Wormwood, 281 
 Wurrus, 413 
 
 XANTHORRHIZA apiifolia, 
 148 
 Xanthorrboea austmlis, 466 
 
 hastilis, 466 
 Xanthorrhcese resina, 466 
 Xanthoxyli fructus, 347 
 Xanthoxylum americanum, 199, 
 347 
 earolinianura, 199, 347 
 Clava Herculis, 199, 347 
 elegans, 218 
 fraxineum, 199, 347 
 
 YAEKOW, 280 
 Teast, 416 
 Yelk, yolk, 32 
 Yellow cinchona, 176 
 
 dock, 83 
 
 jasmine, 94 
 
 parilla, 147 
 
 root, 148 
 
 wax, 511 
 
 zedoary, 111 
 
 yANTHOXYLUM. See Xan- 
 Li thoxylum, 
 Zea Mays, 403, 410, 419, 505 
 Zedoaria, 110 
 Zedoary, 110 
 Zibethum, 40 
 Zimocca sponge, 33 
 Zingiber Cassumunar, 111 
 officinale, 108 • 
 
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 Third edition, thoroughly revised and edited by Samubl W. Gross, 
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 MANUALS. See Student's Quiz Series, p. 14, Student's Series of Manu- 
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 SURGICAL PATHOLOGY. In one 12mo. volume of 511 pages, 
 
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