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BELL'S CATHEDRAL SERIES: 
 EDITED BY GLEESON WHITE 
 AND EDWARD F. STRANGE 
 
 HEREFORD 
 
THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF 
 
 HEREFORD 
 
 A DESCRIPTION OF ITS FABRIC 
 
 AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE 
 
 EPISCOPAL SEE 
 
 A. HUGH FISHER, A.R.E. 
 
 WITH FORTY 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 LONDON GEORGE BELL & SONS 1901 
 
FIRST PUBLISHED, MARCH IC 
 
 SECOND EDITION, REVISED, igOI. 
 
GENERAL PREFACE. 
 
 This series of monographs has been planned to supply visitors 
 to the great English Cathedrals with accurate and well illus- 
 trated guide-books at a popular price. The aim of each writer 
 has been to produce a work compiled with sufficient knowledge 
 and scholarship to be of value to the student of Archaeology 
 and History, and yet not too technical in language for the use 
 of an ordinary visitor or tourist. 
 
 To specify all the authorities which have been made use 
 of in each case would be difficult and tedious in this place. 
 But amongst the general sources of information which have 
 been almost invariably found useful are : — (i) the great 
 county histories, the value of which, especially in questions 
 of genealogy and local records, is generally recognised ; (2) 
 the numerous papers by experts which appear from time lo 
 time in the Transactions of the Antiquarian and Archffiological 
 Societies ; (3) the important documents made accessible in 
 the series issued by the Master of the Rolls ; (4) the well- 
 known works of Britton and Willis on the English Cathedrals ; 
 and (5) the very excellent serjes of Handbooks to the 
 Cathedrals, originated by the late Mr. John Murray ; to which 
 the reader may in most cases be referred for fuller detail, 
 especially in reference to the histories of the respective sees. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 In addition to the well-known books mentioned in the 
 General Preface, the " Monastic Chronicles " and many 
 other works named in the text, some dealing especially with 
 Hereford have been of valuable assistance to me in preparing 
 this little book. Amongst these are the various careful studies 
 of the Rev. Francis Havergal, Dean Merewether's exhaustive 
 "Statement of the Condition and Circumstances of the 
 Cathedral Church of Hereford in the Year 1 841," and "The 
 Diocese of Hereford," by the Rev. H. W. Phillott. 
 
 My best thanks are also due to the Photochrom Company 
 for their excellent photographs. 
 
 A. HUGH FISHER. 
 
 In revising this monograph for a second edition, my task 
 has been made easier by the kindness of Dr. G. R. Sinclair 
 and several other correspondents. While thanking them for 
 the trouble they have taken, I would at the same time venture 
 to hope that any remaining errors may be pointed out. 
 
 A. H. F. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter I.— History of the Building 
 
 Chapter II. — Exterior 
 The Central Tower 
 Bishop Booth's Porch 
 The North Transept 
 The Lady Chapel . 
 The Bishops' Cloisters 
 The Chapter-House 
 The Vicars' Cloisters 
 
 Chapter III. — Interior 
 The Nave 
 The Screen 
 The Central Tower 
 The North Transept 
 The South Transept 
 The Bishops' Cloisters 
 The South- East Transept 
 The Lady Chapel . 
 The Audley Chantry 
 The Crypt .... 
 The Vicars' Cloisters 
 The North-East Transept 
 The Choir ..... 
 The Choir Stalls . 
 The Cathedral Library . 
 Reliquary of St Thomas of Canterbury 
 Ancient Gold Rings 
 The Stained Glass . 
 
 Chapter IV. — History of the See 
 Dimensions of the Cathedral . 
 
 PAGE 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 28 
 28 
 29 
 30 
 30 
 32 
 
 34 
 34 
 38 
 41 
 43 
 SI 
 56 
 57 
 59 
 66 
 
 67 
 68 
 69 
 74 
 79 
 80 
 84 
 86 
 87 
 
 90 
 112 
 
2 
 
 ■ i3> 93) "oS, 109 
 16 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 of the Seventeenth 
 
 23 
 27 
 29 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Hereford from the Wye . . . Frontispiece 
 
 Arras of Hereford . Title 
 
 Hereford Cathedral, from the South-East 
 Gargoyles in the Cloisters 
 The Audley Chapel 
 The West Front, from an old print 
 The Nave after the fall of the West End 
 The Cathedral, from the North, at the end 
 Century . .... 
 
 Bish9p Booth's Potch and North Transept 
 
 General View, from the West 
 
 Exterior of the Lady Chapel . . 31 
 
 The Cloisters, v?ith the Ladies' Arbour ... 33 
 
 The North Porch ... 35 
 
 The Nave . ... . . 37 
 
 The Choir Screen . . ... . . 39 
 
 Section through Tower and Transepts . . 40 
 
 North Arch of Central Tower, showing Masonry erected about 1320 43 
 
 The North Transept . ^n_/*«>. 45 
 
 The Cantilupe Shrine . . V'" , . 49 
 
 East Wall of the South Transept \ • • • S3 
 
 The Lady Chapel . . . .* -^ . . . 60 
 
 Section through Lady Chajjel and Crypt . 6 1 
 
 Arch discovered at Entrance of Lady Chapel 62 
 
 Seal of Johanna de Bohun . . . . 64 
 
 The Crypt . . . . . . -67 
 
 View behind the Altar, looking North . ..71 
 
 Compartment of Choir, Exterior, North Side 74 
 
 Compartment of Choir, Interior, North Side . . 75 
 
 East End of the Choir in 1 84 1 . . -11 
 
 Early English Window Moulding . . ... 79 
 
 The Reredos ...... . 81 
 
 Ancient Reliquary in the Cathedral 
 Monumental Crocket 
 Early English Basement Moulding 
 Tomb of Bishop Thos. Charleton 
 
 85 
 
 99 
 
 Bye Street Gate, from an old print . . . . . no 
 
 Plan ..... in 
 
HEREFORD CATHEDRAL 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. 
 
 The early history of Hereford, like that of the majority of 
 cathedral churches, is veiled in the obscurity of doubtful 
 speculation and shadowy tradition. Although the see had 
 existed from the sixth century, it is not till much later that 
 we have any information concerning the cathedral itself. 
 
 From 755 to 794 there reigned in Mercia one of the most 
 powerful and important rulers of those times, — King Offa. 
 He was a contemporary of Charles the Great, and more than 
 once these two sovereigns exchanged gifts and letters. Under 
 Offa Mercia became the first power in Britain, and in addition 
 to much fighting with the West Saxons and the JECentish men 
 he wrested a large piece of the country lying west of the Severn 
 from the Welsh, took the chief town of the district which 
 was afterwards called Shrewsbury, and like another Severus 
 made a great dyke from the mouth of the Wye to that of the 
 Dee which became henceforth the boundary between Wales 
 and England, a position it has held with few changes to the 
 present day. In church history Offa is of no less importance 
 than in secular, for as the most powerful King in England he 
 seems to have determined that ecclesiastical affairs in this 
 country should be more under his control, or at least super- 
 vision, than they could possibly be with the Mercian church 
 subject to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 786, therefore, 
 he persuaded the Pope to create the Archbishopric of Lichfield. 
 
4 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Although Canterbury regained its supremacy upon Offa's death 
 when Lichfield was shorn by a new Pope of its recently acquired 
 honours, the position gained for the latter see by Offa, though 
 temporary in itself, must have had lasting and important 
 influence. Offa is generally held responsible for the murder, 
 about 793, of ^thelbferht. King of the East Angles, who had 
 been promised his daughter, ^.thelthryth, in marriage. 
 
 Had ^thelberht been gifted with a knowledge of future 
 events (which would not have been a more wonderful attribute 
 than many of the virtues which were ascribed afterwards to 
 his dead body), he could hardly have desired a more glorious 
 fate. His murder gained for him martyrdom with its immortal 
 glory, and he could scarce have met his death under happier 
 auspices. Visiting a king's residence to fetch his bride he died 
 by the order of a man whose memory is sullied by no other 
 stain, a man renowned in war, a maker of laws for the good of 
 his people, and eminent in an ignorant age as one who 
 encouraged learning. 
 
 Legend and tradition have so obscured this event that 
 beyond the bare fact of the murder nothing can be positively 
 asserted, and the brief statement of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 
 "792. This year Offa, King of the Mercians, commanded the 
 head of King ^thelberht to be struck off," contains all that 
 we may be certain of 
 
 One writer speaks of a hired assassin, and others lay the 
 crime at the door of Cynethryth, Offa's Queen, who is said to 
 have insinuated that the marriage was only sought as a pretext 
 to occupy the. Mercian throne. Finding her lord's courage not 
 equal to the occasion, she herself arranged the end of .^Ethel- 
 berht. There is talk of a pit dug in his sleeping-chamber 
 and a chair arranged thereover, which, with an appearance of 
 luxurious comfort, lured him to his fate. The body was, 
 according to one writer, privately buried on the bank of the 
 river "Lugg," near Hereford. 
 
 " On the night of his burial," says the Monkish Annalist, " a 
 column of light, brighter than the sun, arose towards heaven " ; 
 and three nights afterwards the figure (or ghost) of King 
 .^thelberht appeared to Brithfrid, a nobleman, and commanded 
 him to convey the body to a place called "Stratus Waye," and 
 to inter it near the monastery there. Guided by another 
 column of light, Brithfrid, having placed the body and the 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. 5 
 
 head on a carriage, proceeded on his journey. The head fell 
 from the vehicle, but having been discovered by a " blind man," 
 to whom it miraculously communicated sight, was restored by 
 him to the careless driver. Arrived at his place of destination, 
 then called " Fernlega " or " Saltus Silicis," and which has since 
 been termed Hereford, he there interred the body. Whatever 
 the motive for the crime, there is ample evidence of Oifa's 
 subsequent remorse. In atonement he built monasteries and 
 churches, and is even said by some to have gone on a pilgrim- 
 age to Rome, though this rests on slight evidence. 
 
 The miracles worked at the tomb of the murdered King 
 were, according to Asser, so numerous and incredible that 
 Offa, who had appropriated ^thelberht's kingdom, was induced 
 to send two bishops to Hereford to ascertain the truth of them, 
 and it is generally agreed that about a.d. 825 Milfrid, who was 
 Viceroy to the Mercian King Egbert after the death of Offa 
 and of his son Egfrid, expended a large sum of money in 
 building " Ecdesiani egregiam, lapidea structura " at Hereford, 
 which he consecrated to the martyred monarch, and endowed 
 with lands and enriched with ornaments. 
 
 Although one of the old chroniclers calls it a church of 
 stone, it is quite uncertain what were the materials, size, or 
 architectural character of this edifice. It seems, however, that 
 by 1012, when Bishop Athelstan was promoted to the see, it 
 had fallen into sheer ruin, or, at any rate, sufficient decay to 
 necessitate his beginning a new building. Of this no clearer 
 account has been handed down to us than of Milfrid's church. 
 Soon after it was finished Algar or Elfgar, Earl of Chester, son 
 of the Earl of Mercia, was charged with treason at a Witan in 
 London, and (though his guilt is still disputed) was outlawed 
 by Edward the Confessor. He hired a fleet of Danish pirate 
 ships from the Irish coast, joined King Gruffydd in Wales, and 
 marched with him into Herefordshire, determining to make 
 war upon King Edward. Here they began with a victory 
 about two miles from Hereford over the Earl of that shire 
 who was a Frenchman, and tried to make his men fight on 
 horseback in the French fashion, which they did not under- 
 stand, — the English way being for the great men to ride to the 
 field of battle, but there to dismount and fight with their heavy 
 axes on foot. Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, turned his horse's 
 head and fled the field, and the English, encumbered with 
 
6 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 their long spears and swords, followed helter skelter. After 
 killing some five hundred, ^Ifgar and Gruffydd turned to 
 Hereford and came upon the church which Bishop Athel- 
 stan had caused to be built. There ihey met with a spirited 
 resistance : amongst other victims seven of the canons were 
 killed in an attempt to hold the great door of the minster ; but, 
 ultimately, the church and town were burned. 
 
 Earl Harold, son of Earl Godwin, himself, when it was too 
 late, came with half of his army to Hereford, and with his 
 usual predilection for peace (notwithstanding his valour) soon 
 after removed the outlawry from .^Elfgar, and quiet was 
 restored. 
 
 In 1056, the year following this disaster, the worthy Bishop 
 Athelstan died at Bosbury. He had been blind for thirteen 
 years before his death, and a Welsh bishop had acted for him. 
 His body was interred in the church which he had " built from 
 the foundations," and we may therefore suppose that the 
 "minster" was not entirely destroyed. 
 
 In 1057, on the death of Earl Ralph, the Frenchman, so 
 important was Herefordshire, through its position on the Welsh 
 borders, and, since it had been strengthened by Harold, such 
 an important military post was the town of Hereford, that it 
 became part of his earldom. 
 
 From 1055 to 1079 the minster is said to have been in 
 ruins. At the latter date Bishop Lozing (Robert de Losinga) 
 began to rebuild the cathedral, and there are vague accounts 
 that it was in the form of a round church in imitation of a 
 basilica of Charlemagne which had been built at Aix-la- 
 Chapelle between 774 and 795. If such a form ever existed it 
 must have been completely destroyed, as the work of the Norman 
 period that remains is clearly English both in treatment and in 
 detail. If this could be proved to be Lozing's work, then it had 
 no similarity to the Roman style. The building begun by him 
 was carried on by Bishop Raynelm, who held the see from 1 107 
 to 1 1 15, and placed on a more regular basis the establishment 
 of cartons living under a rule. These prebendaries or canons 
 did not live in common like the monks, but in separate houses 
 near the church. Whether he completed the building or not, 
 Bishop . Raynelm undoubtedly made many additions and 
 alterations. 
 
 We may here quote an interesting account of the duties of 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. 7 
 
 the cathedral treasurer, which were probably settled about 
 this time. They throw a curious and suggestive light on the 
 ceremonies of the period. "At Hereford," says Walcott, "he 
 found all the lights ; three burning day and night before the 
 high altar ; two burning there at matins daily, and at mass, and 
 the chief hours on festivals ; three burning perpetually, viz., in 
 the chapter-house, the second before S. Mary's altar, and 
 the third before the cross in the rood-loft ; four before the 
 high altar, and altar on " Minus Duplicta," zxiA ?i\e tapers in 
 basons, on principles, and doubles, at mass, prime, and 
 second vespers, four tapers before the high altar, five in the 
 basons, thirteen on the beam, and seven in the candelabra; 
 the paschal and portable tapers for processions. He kept the 
 keys of the treasury, copes, palls, vestments, ornaments, and 
 the plate, of which he rendered a yearly account to the dean 
 and chapter. He found three clerks to ring the bells, light 
 the candles, and suspend the palls and curtains on solemn 
 days. He found hay at Christmas to strew the choir and 
 chapter-house, which at Easter was sprinkled with ivy leaves ; 
 and on All Saints' day he provided mats.''^ 
 
 The next great changes were made under Bishop William de 
 Vere (i 186-1 199). His work was of transitional character, and 
 bears much resemblance to the beautiful transitional work at 
 Glastonbury. He removed the three Norman apsidal termina- 
 tions at the east end and doubled the presbytery aisle-s, thus 
 making two side chapels in each transept, which have since 
 been replaced by the Lady Chapel with its vestibule. 
 
 In a paper read before the ArchEeological Institute in 1877, 
 Sir G. G. Scott suggests that the central apse projected one bay 
 beyond the sides ; but this is merely conjecture. A curious 
 feature in De Vere's work was his putting columns in the middle 
 of the central arch. It is probable that the part of the presby- 
 tery we now have was but the beginning of a larger scheme 
 never carried out, which included building the presbytery and 
 dividing the eastern wall into two arches instead of one as at 
 Lichfield and Exeter. 
 
 According to Sir Gilbert Scott's theory, the Early English 
 Lady Chapel was an extension of the work of Bishop de Vere : 
 it is especially interesting, and an unusual example of its date 
 in being raised upon a crypt. 
 
 ^ Cathedralia, p. 59. 
 
8 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 At the Bishop's palace was a splendid hall of which it seems 
 likely De Vere was the builder, — at any rate he must have been 
 the first or second occupier. It was of noble dimensions, 
 being no feet in length, consisting of a nave 23 feet broad, 
 with aisles 16 feet wide, independently of the columns. This 
 was divided into five bays by pillars supporting timber arches 
 formed of two pieces of curved oak. Nearly the whole of the 
 present Bishop's palace is included within the space occupied 
 by this grand hall. 
 
 In 1 188 when Archbishop Baldwin made pilgrimage into 
 Wales on behalf of the crusade, he was entertained in this hall 
 by Bishop de Vere, and doubtless some of those who ^evoted 
 themselves to the work were Hereford men. 
 
 The central tower of the cathedral was built by, or at any 
 rate during the episcopate of, Giles de Braose (1200-1215), 
 an ardent opponent of King John. It appears to have been 
 partly rebuilt, with its fine decorated details and profusion of 
 ball-flower ornament, about a century later, by Bishop Adam 
 Orleton (1316-1327). 
 
 The remaining examples of decorated date are the inner 
 north porch (as distinct from the addition of Bishop Booth) 
 and what remains of the beautifully designed chapter-house, a 
 decagon in plan, each side except the one occupied by the 
 entrance being subdivided into five sea's. 
 
 During the term of office of Bishop Foliot (1219-1234), a 
 tooth of St. .^thelberht, whose remains had been almost entirely 
 destroyed by ^Ifgar and Gruffuth in 1055, was given to the 
 cathedral. The donor of this precious relic was Philip de 
 Fauconberg, Canon of Hereford and Archdeacon of Huntingdon. 
 
 The next Bishop, Ralph de Maydenstan, 1234-1239, pre- 
 sented some service-books to the cathedral. 
 
 In 1 240 Henry III., with his wonted preference for foreigners, 
 appointed to the Hereford bishopric, Peter of Savoy, generally 
 known as Bishop Aquablanca, from Aqua Bella, his birthplace, 
 near Chambery. He it was who rebuilt the north transept. 
 He was one of the best hated men in England, and not con- 
 tent with showering benefices upon his relations, he perpetrated 
 one of the greatest frauds in history in order to raise money to 
 aid the annexation schemes of Popes Innocent IV. and Alex- 
 ander IV. 
 
 While he was absent in Ireland collecting tithes, attended 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. 9 
 
 by a guard of soldiers, Prince Edward, coming to Hereford to 
 resist the encroachments of Llewellyn, King of Wales, found 
 there neither bishop, dean, nor canons resident. For this they 
 earned the severe reprimand of the King, and the Bishop re- 
 turned to Hereford. Shortly after, he was seized within the 
 cathedral precincts by the insurgent barons of Leicester's party, 
 together with all the foreign canons (who were his own relations). 
 They were carried to Eardisley Castle, where the spoil they had 
 just brought from Ireland was divided among the insurgents. 
 
 Bishop Aquablanca died soon after these events, in 1268. 
 He was endowed with a character full of contradictions, extreme 
 aggressiveness, mingled with remarkable tact. 
 
 When he got the better of the Hereford citizens, after their 
 attempt to encroach upon his episcopal rights, he remitted one 
 full half of their fine and devoted the other to the cathedral 
 building. While he was showing in his life a disgraceful example 
 to the clergy of the country, at the same time he gave liberally 
 to the cathedral foundation in books, ornaments, money, and 
 land, left a rich legacy to the poor, and a lasting monument in 
 the rebuilding of the north transept of the cathedral itself. 
 
 With the exception of the arches, leading into the aisles of the 
 nave and choir, the Norman work of the transept was altogether 
 demolished, and replaced by another consisting of two bays with 
 an eastern aisle. Over the latter was built a story now used as 
 the cathedral library, which is approached from the north aisle 
 of the presbytery by a staircase turret. His tomb is one of the 
 finest in the cathedral. Under it, together with those of his 
 nephew, a Dean of Hereford, are his own remains, except the 
 heart, which, as he had wished, was carried to his own country 
 of Savoy. 
 
 In 1275 the Chapter of Hereford elected to the bishopric 
 Thomas de Cantilupe, one of the greatest men who has ever 
 held that office, a man whose life was in almost every way a 
 remarkable contrast to that of his predecessor, Bishop Aqua- 
 blanca. It is said that the Bishop of Worcester, his great- 
 uncle, asked him as a child as to his choice of a profession, and 
 that he answered he would like to be a soldier. "Then, 
 sweetheart," his uncle is said to have exclaimed, "thou shalt be 
 a soldier to serve the King of Kings, and fight urider the 
 banner of the glorious martyr, St. Thomas." Regular attendance 
 at mass was his custom from earliest years. Both at Oxford 
 
lO HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 and Paris he distinguished himself, gaining his degree of M.A. 
 at the Sorbonne, and on his return accepted, at the request of 
 the university of Oxford and with the consent of the King, the 
 ofifice of chancellor. In this capacity he showed singular 
 courage and determination in repressing a brawl between the 
 southern scholars and those of the north, in which we are told 
 he escaped with a whole skin, but not with a whole coat. 
 
 He was chosen to fill the post of Chancellor of England 
 under Simon de Montfort, at whose death, however, he was 
 deprived of the office. It was some years after this that he 
 became Bishop of Hereford, and was consecrated at Canterbury, 
 September 8th, 1275. No Welsh bishop attended the con- 
 secration. 
 
 After he became a bishop he still wore his hair-shirt and 
 showed ever intense devotion in his celebration of divine 
 service. He was remarkable in the steadfastness and ability 
 he displayed in maintaining the rights of the see. Gilbert de 
 Clare, Earl of Gloucester, claiming a certain "chace" near 
 Malvern Forest, whence came the Bishop's supply of game, found 
 a relentless opponent in Bishop Cantilupe. The Bishop was 
 prepared with the customary "pugil" or champion (who 
 received 6s. 8d. per annum), though his services were not 
 required. The Earl was excommunicated, and appealing to 
 the law in a trial Bishop Cantilupe eloquently maintained his 
 right to capture " buck, doe, fawn, wild cat, hare, and all 
 birds pertaining thereto," and as a result of the verdict being 
 in his favour, caused a long trench to be dug on the crest of 
 the Malvern Hills as a boundary line, which is still traceable. 
 
 Llewellyn, King of Wales, was made to restore three manors 
 of which he had obtained unlawful possession ; and Lord 
 Clifford, for cattle-lifting and maltreating the Bishop's tenants, 
 was compelled to walk barefoot to the high altar in the 
 cathedral, while the Bishop personally chastised him with a 
 rod. 
 
 Many cases did he fight out successfully, but his greatest 
 struggle was on a question of testamentary jurisdiction with 
 Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, by whom he was ulti- 
 mately excommunicated and obliged to leave the country, 
 attended by Swinfield, his faithful chaplain. 
 
 He obtained a decree in his favour from Pope Martin IV., 
 but died on the homeward journey on August 25th, 1282. 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. II 
 
 He was buried in the church of St. Severus, near Florence ; but 
 his bones having been divided from the flesh by boiling, were 
 later carried to England and solemnly placed in the Lady 
 Chapel of the cathedral. It is said that the Earl of Gloucester, 
 with whom Bishop Cantilupe had had the dispute about the 
 chace, attended the ceremony, and that blood began to flow 
 from the bones when he approached the casket containing 
 them ; upon which the Earl immediately restored the property 
 he had taken unjustly from the church. 
 
 Forty years later Bishop Cantilupe was canonised. It is 
 said, amongst other evidences of his saintliness, that he never 
 allowed his sister to kiss him. Three hundred sick people are 
 said to have been cured at the place of his interment, and so 
 many candles were presented by the crowds of visitors that 
 Luke de Bray, the treasurer of the cathedral, had a dispute with 
 the prebendaries as to the value of the wax, two-thirds being 
 finally assigned to the treasurer and one-third to the pre- 
 bendaries. 
 
 After five years Bishop Cantilupe's bones were removed to 
 the Chapel of St. Katherine, in the north-west transept, on 
 Maundy Thursday, April 6th, 1287, in presence of King 
 Edward I. They were again twice moved in the sixteenth 
 century to the Lady Chapel and back again to the north-west 
 transept. 
 
 The building of the chapter-house may have spread over 
 some part of Cantilupe's episcopate, and probably part of the 
 cloisters were erected about this time. 
 
 The miracles said to have been wrought at the shrine of St. 
 Cantilupe are both many and various. More than sixty-six 
 dead people are said to have been restored to life. The saint's 
 intervention appears to have been extended even to animals, 
 as we find that King Edward I. twice sent sick falcons to be 
 cured at this tomb. So great was the reverence for the saint 
 that the See of Hereford was allowed by the Crown to change 
 its armorial bearings for the arms of Cantilupe, which all its 
 bishops have since borne. 
 
 Bishop Cantilupe was succeeded by his devoted chaplain, 
 Richard Swinfield,.an excellent preacher and a man of agreeable 
 manners. Bishop Swinfield, like his predecessor, stoutly vindi- 
 cated the rights and discipline of his diocese, once against 
 a layman for taking forcible possession of a vacant benefice. 
 
12 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 another time against a lady for imprisoning a young clergyman 
 in her castle on a false charge, and also against the people of 
 Ludlow for violating the right of sanctuary, and in many cases 
 against abuses of all sorts. On one occasion Pontius de Cors, 
 a nephew of Bishop Aquablanca, who had obtained from the 
 Pope the provision of the prebend of Hinton, interrupted the 
 installation of Robert de Shelving appointed by Bishop 
 Swinfield, gained admission to the cathedral with an accomplice, 
 and was formally installed by him in spite of the remonstrance 
 of the Chapter. He held his place by force of arms during 
 that day and the next, but later submitted to the Bishop. 
 
 Bishop Swinfield was probably the builder of the nave-aisles 
 and of the two easternmost transepts. This amounted to a 
 remodelling of the work of De Vere. The bases of his piers 
 and responds were retained and may still be seen, and upon the 
 former octagonal columns were erected to carry the vaulting. 
 The windows were altered throughout. It was in his time that 
 the " Mappa Mundi" the curious map of the world designed by 
 Richard of Haldingham of Battle in Sussex, a prebendary of 
 Hereford in 1305, now preserved in the cathedral, came into 
 possession of the Chapter. 
 
 Richard Haldingham was a great friend of Bishop Swinfield, 
 and when it was accessary for him to send representatives to a 
 provincial Council in London, a.d. 13 13, Haldingham was 
 deputed to attend with Adam of Orleton, a place belonging to 
 the Mortimers of Wigmore in the north-east of Herefordshire. 
 
 Three years later (13 16), on the death of Bishop Swinfield 
 at his chief residence, Bosbury, Adam of Orleton succeeded 
 him in the bishopric. 
 
 King Edward II. was not jubilant over the appointment of a 
 friend of Roger Mortimer to this important position, and, failing 
 to persuade Adam to decline the bishopric, he appealed to the 
 Pope, begging him to cancel the appointment, but with no 
 more success. The fortunes of the Bishop of Hereford became 
 identified with the Queen, whom he joined on her return from 
 France with her eldest son. It was at Hereford that this youth, 
 then fourteen years of age, was appointed guardian of the 
 kingdom under the direction of his mother. 
 
 The King, who had sought refuge in Wales, was captured at 
 Neath Abbey, and the great seal taken from him by Bishop 
 Adam Orleton, while the Chancellor, Hugh Despenser. was con- 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. 
 
 13 
 
 veyed to Hereford, where he was crowned with nettles and 
 dressed in a shirt upon which was written passages from Psalm 
 lii. beginning, ' ' Why boastest thou thyself, thou tyrant : that 
 thou canst do mischief." Amid the bowlings of a great multi- 
 tude who mocked his name by shrieking " Hue ! " he was finally 
 hanged on a gallows 50 feet high and then quartered. Among 
 the prisoners were two in religious orders, and these the Bishop 
 of Hereford claimed as his perquisite. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ■-v 
 
 A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS, DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. 
 
 Bishop Adam, wary, unscrupulous, but at the same time 
 vigorous and of unusual ability, played a great part in politics 
 to the end of the wretched King's life. Some historians still 
 believe that he recommended the murder ; he certainly supported 
 the deposition in Parliament, and went to Kenilworth as one of 
 the commissioners to force the King's resignation. If thus 
 interested in secular politics, he was no less watchful and vigi- 
 lant in the affairs of his bishopric and the cathedral. 
 
 The great central tower, destined centuries later to be a 
 source of such anxiety and a problem of such difficulty to the 
 
14 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 restorer, was even at this early date showing signs of dilapida- 
 tion, and Bishop Orleton obtained from Pope John XXII. a 
 grant of the great tithes of Shenyngfeld (Swinfield) and Swale- 
 feld (Swallowfield) in Berkshire, in answer to the following 
 petition : — "That they, being desirous of rebuilding a portion of 
 the fabric of the Church of Hereford, had caused much super- 
 structure of sumptuous work to be built, to the adornment of 
 the House of God, upon an ancient foundation ; which in the 
 judgment of masons or architects, who were considered skilful 
 in their art, was thought to be firm and sound, at the cost of 
 20,000 marcs sterling and more, and that on account of the 
 weakness of the aforesaid foundation, the building, which was 
 placed upon it now, threatened such ruin, that by a similar 
 judgment no other remedy could be applied short of an entire 
 renovation ofthe fabric from the foundation, — which, on account 
 of the expenses incurred in prosecution of the canonisation of 
 Thomas de Cantilupe, Bishop of Hereford, of blessed memory, 
 they were unable to undertake." The " sumptuous work " 
 alluded to was evidently the central tower and the north 
 transept ; which latter had been built, as mentioned before, 
 for the remains and shrine of Bishop Cantilupe. 
 
 When Mr. R. Biddulph Phillips, some sixty years ago, was 
 examining the confused and unsorted mass of charters and 
 grants in the possession of the cathedral, he found a parchment 
 (which bore the two beautiful episcopal seals of Bishop Roger 
 le Poer of Sarum and Bishop Adam de Orleton of Hereford) 
 that acknowledged and confirmed this grant of tithes to the 
 sustentation of the fabric of the cathedral, which still forms 
 the backbone of the fabric fund. In 1328 Bishop Orleton was 
 translated to Worcester. 
 
 During the ensuing war with France, the church walls echoed 
 with prayers for the King's success, and, while the war-cloud still 
 darkened the political sky, orisons louder and more heartfelt 
 filled the cathedral. It is said that when the "Black Death" 
 reached Hereford in 1349, to retard its progress in the city the 
 shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe was carried in procession. 
 
 About this time, and possibly not unconnected with the 
 calamity of this terrible plague, Bishop Trilleck issued a 
 mandate prohibiting the performance of " theatrical plays and 
 interludes " in churches as " contrary to the practice of religion." 
 The exact character of these performances is doubtful, and the 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. 15 
 
 prohibition may have referred to some kind of secular mumming. 
 The mystery play survived long after Bishop Trilleck's time in 
 an annual pageant exhibited in the cathedral on Corpus Christi 
 Day, to assist in which some of the city guilds were obliged by 
 the rules of their incorporation. 
 
 The quarrels between the townspeople and the Bishop about 
 his rights of jurisdiction continued with more or less frequency. 
 It must certainly have been irritating to good Bishop Trilleck 
 "gratus, prudens, phis" as the mutilated inscription on his 
 effigy describes him, when one William Corbet forced his way 
 into the palace, carried away the porter bodily, shut him in the 
 city gaol, and took away the keys of the palace. 
 
 On the second visitation of the " Black Death," 1361-2, it is 
 said that the city market was removed from Hereford to a place 
 about a mile on the west of the town, still marked by a cross 
 called the " White Cross " bearing the arms of Bishop Charleton. 
 
 If Bishop Orleton was deeply concerned in the deposition of 
 King Edward II., a later Bishop of Hereford, Thomas Trevenant, 
 who was appointed in 1389 by papal provision, was no less 
 active in the deposition of King Richard II., and was sent to 
 the Pope with the Archbishop of York by Henry IV. to explain 
 his title to the Crown and announce his accession. 
 
 In 1396, during the episcopate of Bishop Gilbert, the priest 
 vicars of the cathedral were formed into a college by Royal 
 Charter, and the first warden or " custos " was appointed by the 
 King to show that the right of appointment was vested in the 
 Crown. The college was to have a common seal, and to 
 exercise the right of acquiring and holding property, but to be 
 subject to the Dean and Chapter of the cathedral. Its 
 members were the priests of the chantry chapels in the 
 cathedral, at this time apparently twenty-seven in number. 
 
 In 1475 the college was moved from Castle Street to its 
 present site, so that the vicars should be able more comfortably 
 to attend the night services. An order was also made about 
 this time concerning the celebration of mass at the altar of St. 
 John Baptist in the cathedral, an arrangement which shows that 
 then as now the parish of St. John had no church of its own 
 outside the cathedral walls. 
 
 About 14 1 8, the cloister connecting the Bishop's palace with 
 the cathedral was begun by Bishop Lacy, who took great interest 
 in the cathedral although he never visited his diocese. It was 
 
i6 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 upon this work of the cloisters that 2 800 marks were expended 
 by Bishop Spofford, 1421-1448, in whose time the great 
 west window was erected by William Lochard, the precentor. 
 The richly panelled and vaulted chapel of Bishop Stanbury, 
 approached from the north aisle of the presbytery, was added 
 between 1453 and 1474. 
 
 In 1492 Edmund Audley, the Bishop of Rochester, was 
 translated to Hereford, and during his episcopate founded the 
 two-storied chantry chapel south of the Lady Chapel and 
 near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe. The upper story 
 was probably intended as a private oratory for the Bishop 
 himself. Bishop Audley also presented 
 to the cathedral a silver shrine. 
 
 The next important alteration was 
 the lengthening of the great north 
 porch which bears the date 1519 and 
 the shields of Bishop Booth and his 
 predecessor, Bishop Mayo. It is a 
 very fine piece of Perpendicular work, 
 somewhat similar in design to the porch 
 in the middle of the west front of 
 Peterborough Cathedral. At his death 
 Bishop Booth left various books to the 
 cathedral library and some tapestry for 
 the high altar, together with silver and 
 gold ornaments for the Cantilupe 
 Shrine. The tapestry displayed the 
 story of David and Nabal. He also 
 bequeathed, amongst other things to his successor, the gold 
 ring with which he was consecrated, but notwithstanding his 
 forethought in specifying that these articles were not to be 
 taken away with such successor in case of his translation, they 
 have disappeared. Little could Bishop Booth have imagined, 
 in the enthusiasm of his building operations, the changes to 
 follow so closely upon his death. Yet the papal supremacy 
 had been abolished in this country in 1534, and though the 
 church services remained unaltered, the amended Primer had 
 beep published. On September 26th, 1535, was consecrated at 
 Winchester, to the See of Hereford, one of the most " excellent 
 instruments" of the Reformation, Edward Foxe, and in the 
 following year the suppression of the monasteries began in 
 
 THE AUDLEY CHAPEL. 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. 
 
 17 
 
 serious earnest. Still the chantry chapels were to be spared 
 for some time. Of these chantries and chapels there were 
 then no less than twenty-one in the cathedral. 
 
 In 1553, commissioners were appointed to visit the churches, 
 chapels, guilds, and fraternities all over the kingdom and take 
 inventories of their treasures, leaving to each parish church or 
 chapel " one or two chalices according to the multitude of 
 people." In Hereford Cathedral, amongst other valuable orna- 
 ments, was a chalice of gold weighing 22 lbs. 9^ oz., two 
 basins weighing 102 oz., and an enamelled pastoral staff in five 
 pieces of silver gilt weighing 11 lbs. 7 oz. 3 dwts. troy. It is 
 not possible to learn the value of the goods appropriated in the 
 cathedral alone, but the jewels and plate of the whole country 
 were estimated at 4860 J ounces, in value about j£tzis, is. 3d. 
 
 On August 22nd or 25th, 1642, the Royal Standard was set 
 up at Nottingham, and the clouds of the Great Rebellion burst 
 over the country. Bishop Coke of Hereford had been one 
 of the twelve churchmen' most active against the Bill for 
 excluding the bishops from Parliament, passed in the Commons 
 in May 1641, and was one of the ten bishops committed to 
 the Tower by the joint sentence of the Lords and Commons 
 on charge of treason. 
 
 The "popishly inclined" county of Hereford was at one 
 with its Bishop, but so unprepared for war that Lord Stamford, 
 with two troops of cavalry and a single infantry regiment, 
 entered Hereford under the orders of the Earl of Essex and 
 quartered himself in the Bishop's palace. Here he remained 
 till December 14th without, however, any serious plundering 
 in the town itself. In April 1643, Waller took the city for the 
 second time, and again without much resistance, a condition of 
 the surrender being the immunity of the Bishop and cathedral 
 clergy from personal violence and plunder. On his leaving 
 Hereford the place was retaken by the Royalists, and became 
 an asylum for fugitive Roman CathoHcs. So it went on, being 
 held first by one side and then by the other. In the autumn 
 of 1645 Hereford was besieged by Lord Leven with the 
 Scottish army, who were driven off by Colonel Barnabas 
 Scudamore with heavy loss. 
 
 The cathedral at this time suffered considerable injury 
 during the siege. The defenders used the lead from the 
 chapter-house roof to cover the keep of the castle, and possibly 
 
 C 
 
1 8 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 also to make bullets. Finally, on December i8th, through 
 the treachery of Colonel Birch, the governor of the city, Here- 
 ford was once more taken, and this time the whole place was 
 overrun by a rabble of plundering soldiery. 
 
 No doubt much damage had been done in the cathedral 
 during the Reformation, but despite the protests of an antiquarian 
 captain, one Silas Taylor, far greater mischief was perpetrated 
 in this military loot. "The storied windows richly dight" 
 were smashed to bits, monumental brasses torn up, the 
 library plundered of most valuable MSS., and rich ornaments 
 stolen. 
 
 Some while after the Restoration, an appeal was made by 
 the cathedral clergy to the nobility, baronets, knights, esquires, 
 and gentry of the county for help towards restoring the cathe- 
 dral, though it is not known with what welcome the appeal was 
 received. 
 
 Towards the beginning of the eighteenth century much harm 
 was done to the cathedral by the zeal of Bishop Bisse, one 
 of those irritating people who mean well but act abominably. 
 He spent much, both on the palace and the cathedral, 
 employing in the alterations of the former the stones of the 
 chapter-house, which had been doubtless much injured but not 
 irreparably so. In the cathedral itself he erected a mass of 
 masonry intended to support the central tower, which was, 
 however, nothing but a hideous architectural blunder. In 
 itself it was ugly to behold, and actually weakened by lateral 
 pressure that which it was intended to support. He also- 
 presented an elaborate altar-piece and Grecian oak screen with 
 scenic decoration above, boards painted to represent curtains, 
 and wooden imitations of tassels which hung immediately over 
 the heads of the ministering priests as they stood at the altar. 
 These were found later on to be hung on rusty nails by twine 
 " little better than pack thread." 
 
 During the episcopate of the Hon. Henry Egerton, 1723- 
 1746, an ancient building of early Norman date used as a 
 chapel for the palace was pulled down. It consisted of an 
 upper and a lower portion, the lower a chapel dedicated to St. 
 Katherine and the upper one to St. Mary Magdalene. Part of 
 one wall still remains. It was during the next episcopate, on 
 Easter Monday 1 786, that a terrible calamity occurred, — the fall 
 of the great western tower. Directly and indirectly this was 
 
, H St !!; >.i UAl , 
 
 iliit«UI!tt<.jU«iSMs<l<f. I 
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 m 
 
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 lilHllitilll 
 
 ii 
 
 THE WEST FRONT (iROM AN OLD PRINT]. 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. 
 
 21 
 
 the worst accident that has happened to Hereford Cathedral. 
 The west front was utterly destroyed, and a great part of the 
 nave seriously injured, while the injudicious restoration begun 
 in 1788 by the Dean and Chapter, with James Wyatt for 
 architect, did nearly as much to ruin the cathedral as the fall 
 of the tower. 
 
 Already, at Salisbury, Wyatt had been busy with irreparable 
 
 THE NAVE AFTER THE FALL OF THE WEST END. 
 
 deeds of vandalism, but at Hereford he surpassed his previous 
 efforts in this direction. He altered the whole proportion of 
 the building, shortening the nave by a bay of 1 5 feet, erected 
 a new west front on a "neat Gothic pattern," and availed 
 himself of the chance of removing all the Norman work in the 
 nave, above the nave arcade substituting a design of his own. 
 
 One of the strangest items in his scheme was a plaster hood 
 moulding round each of the arches above the arcade. These 
 eccentricities were removed not long since, but the roughened 
 
22 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 lines for adhesion of the plaster still remain. Inside the west 
 front may also still be seen large spaces of wall painted to 
 represent blocks of stone, but no more so in reality than the 
 wall of any stucco residence. 
 
 It should not be forgotten, while condemning the meaningless 
 insipidity of Wyatt's work, that it was enthusiastically approved 
 in his own day, and that the public generally were as much to 
 blame as himself. 
 
 The old spire was taken down from the central tower, and 
 in order to give it apparent height the roofs of both nave and 
 choir were lowered in pitch, its parapet was raised, and some 
 pinnacles were added. 
 
 At the same time the churchyard was levelled and new 
 burying-grounds provided for the city elsewhere. 
 
 In 1837, Dr. Thomas Musgrave was promoted to the See of 
 Hereford. He was a man of sound judgment and of much 
 practical ability, and it was during his episcopacy that a serious 
 competent and thorough repair of the cathedral was at last 
 undertaken at a cost of ;£2'j,ooo, to which no one devoted 
 more loving care or more untiring energy than Dean 
 Merewether. 
 
 " Is it time for you, O ye, to dwell in your ceiled houses 
 and this house lie wasta ? " he quotes in the beginning of his 
 exhaustive " Statement of the condition and circumstances of 
 the Cathedral Church of Hereford in the year 1841." In this 
 statement he shows the lamentable state of decay in the 
 eastern end of the Lady Chapel, the bulging of its walls and 
 the dangerous fissures, which, on the removal of whitewash 
 and plaster, became visible in the soffit of each of the window 
 arches. 
 
 In early times the walls were very much thicker, composed 
 of hewn stone, making a kind of casing at each side, called 
 ashlar, the interval being filled with rubble masonry cemented 
 with lime and loam. This stuffing having deteriorated the 
 weight above had split the outer wall, though most fortunately 
 the interior face was perfectly sound and upright. 
 
 To trace the cracks thoroughly, it was necessary to remove 
 the oak panelling fitted to the wall below the windows, and 
 the heavy bookcases filling up a great part of the area were 
 taken away with the lath and plaster partition from the sides 
 of the pillar at the west end of the chapel. 
 
24 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 By this clearing the beauty of the chapel so long obscured 
 became again manifest : its symmetrical proportions, the remains 
 of its ancient painting, the disclosure of two most interesting 
 monuments, two aumbries, a double piscina, the chapel of 
 Bishop Audley, but more important than all, two of the most 
 beautiful specimens of transition arches to be found anywhere, 
 Early English in form, but ornamented in their soffits with 
 the Norman moulding and the zigzag decoration, corre- 
 sponding with the remarkable union of the Norman inter- 
 secting arches on the exterior of the building, with its pointed 
 characteristics. 
 
 The further examination by Dean Merewether and Mr. 
 Cottingham, the architect, showed that the great central tower 
 of the cathedral was in imminent danger of falling, and might 
 at any moment entirely collapse. 
 
 Above the Grecian altar screen of Bishop Bisse they were 
 struck by the traces of Norman mouldings, whilst on traversing 
 the clerestory gallery the remains of Norman ornaments were 
 everywhere to be found, the gallery itself being still existent 
 at each side, returned behind the wooden coverings, up to the 
 splays of the eastern windows. 
 
 The whole incongruous covering of the east end of the choir 
 shown on p. 77 was then removed, and the change effected 
 wasmost striking. It was evident that long before the intro- 
 duction of the Grecian screen in 171 7, the original arrangement 
 had Been disturbed by the insertion of a Perpendicular window, 
 to support which the low circular arch in the centre had been 
 constructed ; on either side of this window were now to be 
 seen the mouldings and featherings of the original early 
 decorated lights, on a level with the lateral clerestory range ; 
 below these the Norman arcade, based upon a string course of 
 nebule ornaments. 
 
 " But below," says Dean Merewether, " the beauty of beauties 
 was to be traced, — the thickness of that part of the wall is 
 8 feet ; on either side of the arch, 24 feet in span, were 
 portions of shafts, corresponding with the pair of Norman 
 shafts exposed to view seven years ago. The bases of these 
 (stariding on a sort of plinth, which was continued through 
 those already referred to), as well as the capitals, of most 
 curious detail, were perfect, and upon them were visible as far 
 as the level of the window above, the remaining stones which 
 
THE HISTORY OF THE BUILDING. 25 
 
 formed the architecture of the exterior arch, from which it was 
 evident that its crown must have risen to the height of 30 
 feet. By cautious examination of the parts walled up, it was 
 discovered that the capitals were all perfect, and that this 
 exquisite and grand construction, the mutilation and conceal- 
 ment of which it is utterly impossible to account for, was, in 
 fact, made up of five arches, the interior and smallest supported 
 by the two semi-columns already described, and each of the 
 others increasing in span as it approached the front upon 
 square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch 
 being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman ornaments. 
 Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not only 
 hidden by the oak panelling of the screen, but were also, like 
 the two others, closed up with lath and plaster, as the central 
 arch ; and when these incumbrances and desecrations were 
 taken away, it is impossible to describe adequately the glorious 
 effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive by the 
 appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops Reynelm, 
 Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest beneath these 
 massive arches, of which, together with the noble triforium 
 above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had probably been the 
 founder, and the former of those just mentioned, the completer 
 and restorer after that era." 
 
 Under Mr. Cottingham many improvements were made, 
 though it cannot be said that all the work he did was good 
 either in design or execution. The beautiful lantern of the 
 central tower, with its fifty-six shafts, was satisfactorily 
 strengthened and thrown open to view. At the time of 
 Dean Merewether's death in 1850 much still remained to be 
 done, and in 1857 a further scheme was set going under the 
 financial management of Dean Richard Dawes, and the archi- 
 tectural direction of Mr., afterwards Sir Gilbert, Scott, who 
 restored the north transepts, the north porch, the choir, and 
 Lady Chapel. He also erected the large metal screen and 
 fitted up the Lady Chapel as a church for the parish of St. 
 John the Baptist. 
 
 Altogether in these two works of repair about _;^45,ooo was 
 expended, and the cathedral was opened for service on June 
 30th, 1863. 
 
CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE CATHEDRAL EXTERIOR. 
 
 Artistic unity is certainly not the chief characteristic of 
 Hereford Cathedral, but it is doubtful whether the absence 
 of that quality dear to a purist is not more than compensated 
 for by the fine examples of different periods, which make the 
 massive pile as a whole a valuable record of historical pro- 
 gress. And surely it is more fitting that a great ecclesiastical 
 edifice should grow with the successive ages it outlasts, and 
 bear about it architectural evidence of every epoch through 
 which it has passed. 
 
 Almost in the midst of the city the sturdy mass of the 
 cathedral building reposes in a secluded close, from which the 
 best general view is obtained. The close is entered either 
 from Broad Street, near the west window, or from Castle 
 Street ; the whole of the building lying on the south side of 
 the close between the path and the river. The space between 
 the Wye and the cathedral is filled by the Bishop's Palace and 
 the college of the Vicars Choral. 
 
 On the east are the foundations of the castle, which was 
 formerly one of the strongest on the Welsh marches. 
 
 The cathedral is especially rich in airchitecture of the 
 Norman, Early English, and Early Decorated periods. 
 
 The work of the Norman builders, found chiefly in the 
 interior, survives in the exterior aspect rather in the "sturdy" 
 quality remaining through the subsequent building being im- 
 posed upon the old foundations. The side apses of the 
 original triple eastern termination were converted into the 
 present eastern transept ; an operation, the result of which 
 helps to produce an intricate outline already irregular through 
 ihe projections of the porch of Bishop Booth. 
 
THE CATHEDRAL — EXTERIOR. 
 
 27 
 
 The Central Tower, a splendid example of Decorated 
 work, is of two stages above, the roofs, with buttresses at the 
 angles. It is covered with a profusion of ball-flower ornament, 
 
 Photockrmn Co.y Ld,^ Pkoto.'i 
 
 BISHOP booth's porch AND NORTH TRANSEPT. 
 
 which, except in the south nave aisle of Gloucester Cathedral, 
 is nowhere else so freely used. 
 
 Pershore Abbey is not far from Hereford, and from the 
 disposition of the upper windows of the central tower and the 
 
28 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Style and position of the dividing pilasters and bands of 
 ornament, it seems likely that the earlier lantern of Pershore is 
 partly responsible for its design. 
 
 In old prints of the cathedral the great central spire which 
 formerly existed is shown. It was a timber erection, covered 
 with lead. When this was taken down at the time of the 
 great repairs and rebuilding of the west end, a stunted, squat 
 appearance was given to the building. In the year 1830 
 Canon Russell presented a sum of money to the Dean and 
 Chapter to build four appropriate pinnacles at the angles. 
 
 The tower which formerly stood at the west end was similar 
 in design to the central one, but rose only one stage above 
 the leads of the nave. This seems to have been used as a 
 belfry j whereas the central tower was a lantern. 
 
 The large projecting North Porch, completed in 1530 by 
 Bishop Booth, is Perpendicular, and somewhat resembles, 
 though it is later in date, the porch in the centre of the west 
 front at Peterborough. The front entrance archway has highly 
 enriched spandrels and two lateral octagonal staircase buttress 
 turrets at the angles. These have glazed windows in the 
 upper portions, forming a picturesque lantern to each. This 
 outer porch consists of two stories, the lower of which is 
 formed by three wide, open arches, springing from four piers 
 at the extreme angles, two of which are united with the stair- 
 case turrets, the others with the ends of the old porch. The 
 upper story, containing an apartment, is. sustained on a vaulted 
 and groined roof, and has three large windows, with elaborate 
 tracery. 
 
 In the north transept the massive buttresses with bevelled 
 angles, of which those at the angles are turreted, with spiral 
 cappings, the remarkable windows, tall without transoms, and 
 rising nearly the whole height of the building, show to great 
 advantage. The clerestory windows, like those in the outer 
 wall of the triforium in the nave of Westminster, are triangular 
 on the exterior. 
 
 On the eastern side of this transept, which has an aisle, is 
 an unusual architectural feature. The windows of the tri- 
 forium have semi-circular arched mouldings, enclosing a 
 window of three lights of lancet-shaped arches. Beneath the 
 aisle window is a pointed arched doorway, which was probably 
 an original approach to the shrine of Cantilupe. 
 
THE CATHEDRAL — EXTERIOR. 
 
 29 
 
 In the angle is a staircase turret, which is circular at the 
 bottom and polygonal above ; and this probably was an access 
 to a private apartment for a monk over the aisle of the tran- 
 sept containing the sacred shrine. 
 
 Continuing an examination of the north side of the cathe- 
 dral one notices the buttresses of the north-east transept, the 
 Stanbury Chapel, the windows, parapet, and roof of the aisle, 
 the clerestory windows with arcade dressings to the walls, 
 and the modern parapet above the whole. 
 
 
 Fhotochroui Co., Ld., Pkoto.] 
 
 GENERAL VIEW, FROM THE WEST. 
 
 The style of the arcade and window, and also the blank 
 window or double arch, with two smaller arches within the 
 clerestory wall, claims especial attention, as well as the ribbed 
 roof rising above the Norman triforium. 
 
 We now come to the Early English work of the Lady 
 Chapel, the east end of which is especially noticeable, with 
 its bold angular buttresses rising from immense bases. The 
 numerous and large base mouldings running round the wall 
 of this building, its tall lancet-shaped windows, arcades, and 
 ovolar and lozenge-shaped panels, are so many interesting 
 peculiarities of design. 
 
30 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 The Audley Chapel projects on the south side. The angular, 
 embattled parapet at the end is a modern addition. 
 
 The south side of the cathedral is not easily examined by 
 the public, being shut within the walls of a garden between the 
 Bishop's and the Vicars' Cloisters. 
 
 The Bishop's Cloisters consist of two walks only, or 
 covered corridors, though that on the west, which was pulled 
 down in the reign of Edward VI. to make room for a pile 
 of brick building appropriated to the Grammar School, and 
 in its turn demolished in 1836, is now in course of restoration. 
 
 It does not appear that the cloisters ever had a walk on the 
 north side against the cathedral. 
 
 These cloisters are of Perpendicular, date, and between a 
 continued series of buttresses are windows of large dimensions, 
 with mullions and tracery. 
 
 The vaulting of the roof is adorned with numerous ribbed 
 mouldings, at the intersections of which are shields charged 
 with sculptured figures, foliage, arms, etc. These ribs spring 
 from slender pillars between the windows and corbels heads 
 on the other side; over the exterior of the windows are carved 
 grotesque heads, of which we give some illustrations. The 
 south walk of the cloisters is the more richly groined. At the 
 south-east corner is a square turreted tower containing a small 
 chamber, which has been carefully and completely restored. 
 It has always been called the "Ladye Arbour," although no 
 one has been able to discover the origin of this name or the 
 use to which the chamber was put ; many antiquarians suggest 
 a possible reference to the Virgin. 
 
 The entrance doorway to the Chapter-house from the east 
 walk still remains, but is walled up. It consists of a pointed 
 arch under a lofty, richly ornamented pedimental moulding, 
 having clustered shafts on the sides, with foliated capitals. 
 The archway is divided by a slender pillar into two smaller 
 openings. The once elegant chapter-room to which this 
 doorway communicated, whether or not they fell, as Britton 
 asserts, " beneath the fanatic frenzy of the Cromwellian 
 soldiers," was certainly neglected; and then, as long as any 
 material could be got from it, treated as a stone quarry by 
 Bishop Bisse and his successors. This chapter-house appears 
 to have been a beautiful piece of design of the rich Decorated 
 period. It was decagonal in plan, with a projecting buttress 
 
hM. !'■ 
 
32 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 at each angle. Each side, except the one occupied by the. 
 entrance, was sub-divided into five panels or seats. Remains 
 of three sides only are left, and these only as far as the 
 window-sills. 
 
 Against the south wall of the cloisters, towards its east end, 
 are some remains of two Norman chapels, one above the other. 
 The lower was dedicated to St. Katherine and the upper to 
 St. Mary Magdalene. 
 
 "The form, excepting a portico and choir (i.e. chancel) was 
 an exact square ; four pillars in the middle, with arches every 
 way, supported the roof; the portico was composed of a 
 succession of arches retiring inwards, and had a grandeur in 
 imitation of Roman works ; two pillars on each side consisted 
 of single stones. There was a descent of a few steps to the 
 lower chapel, which had several pillars against the walls made 
 of single stones, and an octagonal cupola on the four middle 
 pillars. The walls were much painted, and the arched roof 
 was turned with great skill, and resembled the architecture 
 which prevailed during the declension of the Roman Empire " 
 (see Stukeley, Havergal, etc.). 
 
 Mentioning the existence of the doorway and two small 
 windows in the remaining north wall, the author of The Pictur- 
 esque Antiquities of Hereford proceeds to say: "These are 
 extremely interesting, as they pertained to an edifice which 
 once stood on the south side of this wall, and is believed to 
 have been the original church of St. Mary, the patron saint of 
 the cathedral before the translation of the body of St. Ethelbert. 
 It was the parish church of St. Mary, to which the residences 
 in the cathedral close belonged. Transcripts of registers of 
 marriages there solemnised so late as the year 1730 are existent 
 in the Dean's archives." 
 
 A second cloister, known as the Vicars' Cloister, connects 
 the Vicars' College with the south-east transept. The arrange- 
 ment here may be compared with that of Chichester, as showing 
 the most probable plan of the latter before the destruction of 
 the south walk and its connection with the cloister of the 
 Vicars Choral. 
 
 In the area of the Bishop's Cloister was formerly a preaching 
 cross, which fell into a decayed state during the latter part of 
 the last century. Beneath it was a dome of masonry which 
 closed the aperture to a well of considerable depth, which had 
 
TlIK CATHEDRAL — EXTERIOR. 
 
 33 
 
 been formed with great exactness. This well still exists 
 beneath a plain square stone. Another well was (according 
 to Stukeley) situated between the College and the Castle Green, 
 with a handsome stone arch over it. 
 
 Fhotochroin Co,^ Ld., Photo. \ 
 
 THE CLOISTERS, WITH THE LADIES' ARBOUR. 
 
 Building operations are still in progress at Hereford, and it 
 was proposed to mark the year of Her Majesty's Jubilee by a 
 special restoration, dealing principally with the west end and 
 central tower. 
 
 D 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 The Cathedral is usually entered from the north-west through 
 the beautiful parvise porch of Bishop Booth. The lower stage 
 of this porch is formed by three arches with octagonal turrets 
 at their outer angles. These turrets are each capped by a 
 lantern. The second stage has three fine Perpendicular 
 windows. The doorway, which actually opens into the church, 
 belongs to a smaller porch within this outer one. The inner 
 porch is of the Decorated period. There is soine particularly 
 good iron-work on the doors, made by Messrs - Potter from 
 designs by Mr. Cottingham, junior. 
 
 Hereford has a smaller area than either of the other two 
 sister cathedrals, being only 26,850 feet in extent. 
 
 The Nave, which is separated from the aisles by eight 
 massive Norman piers (part of the original church), of which 
 the capitals are worthy of notice, has somewhat suffered by 
 restorations at the hand of Wyatt. The triforium, the cleres- 
 tory, the vaulting of the roof and the western wall and door- 
 way are all his work; and it must not be forgotten that he 
 shortened the original nave by one entire bay. Walking to the 
 west end, from which the best general view is to be obtained, 
 one is impressed by the striking effect of the great Norman 
 piers and arches and the gloom of the choir beyond. Through 
 the noble circular arches, which support the central tower and 
 the modern screen on the eastern side of it, we see the eastern 
 wall of the choir, pierced above by three lancet windows and 
 below by a wide circular arch receding in many orders. A 
 central pillar divides this lower arch, two pointed arches 
 springing from its capital and leaving a spandrel between them, 
 which is covered with modern sculpture. In the far distance 
 
THE NORTH PORCH. 
 
^6 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 may be distinguished the east wall of the Lady Chapel and 
 its brilliant lancet lights. 
 
 Throughout the Cathedral the Norman work is remarkable 
 for the richness of its ornament as compared with other build- 
 ings of the same date, such as Peterborough or Ely. 
 
 The main arches of the nave are ornamented with the billet 
 and other beautiful mouldings, and the capitals of both piers 
 and shafts are also elaborately decorated. The double half 
 shafts set against the north and south fronts of the huge circular 
 piers are in the greater part restorations. 
 
 Over each pier arch there are two triforium arches imitated 
 from the Early English of Salisbury. They are divided by 
 slender pillars, but there is no triforium passage. 
 
 During the Late Decorated period the nave-aisles were 
 practically rebuilt, the existing walls and windows being erected 
 upon the bases of the Norman walls, which were retained for a 
 few feet above the foundations. The vaulting of the roofs of 
 the nave-aisles and the roof of the nave itself were coloured 
 under the direction of Mr. Cottingham. 
 
 The Font, of late Norman design, probably twelfth century, 
 is in the second bay of the south aisle beginning from the west. 
 
 The circular basin is 32 inches in diameter, large enough 
 for the total immersion of children. Beneath arches round 
 the basin are figures of the twelve Apostles. These, however, 
 with one exception, have been much broken. The most 
 curious feature of this interesting font is the base with four 
 demi-griffins or lions projecting therefrom. The whole is 
 protected by a mosaic platform. 
 
 Monuments in the Nave. — The first monument on the 
 south side as we walk from the western end is the fine effigy in 
 alabaster of Sir Richard Pembridge in plate and mail armour 
 with his greyhound. This monument was formerly at the 
 Black Friars Monastery, but was removed here at the Suppres- 
 sion. Sir Richard Pembridge was a Knight of the Garter (53rd 
 of that order) at the time of Edward III., and was present at 
 Poitiers. He died in 1375. There are still traces of colour 
 on this monument and gold remains on the points of the cap 
 to which the camail is fastened, as also on the jewelled sword- 
 belt. A sheaf of green coloured feathers is separated from the 
 tilting helmet, on which the head rests, by a coronet of open 
 roses. When the effigy was brought here it had but one leg 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 37 
 
 left, and that the gartered one. A wooden hmb was carved, 
 and the workman showed such accuracy in duplicating the 
 stone leg that the Knight was adorned with a pair of garters 
 for many years until Lord Saye and Sele, Canon Residentiary, 
 presented the Cathedral with a new alabaster leg, and the 
 wooden one was banished to a shelf in the library. 
 
 Under a foliated Decorated arch in the wall in the fifth bay 
 
 PjMtochrom Co., Ld., Fluiio.] 
 
 THE NAVE, 
 
 is the carved figure of an unknown ecclesiastic. The effigy 
 is headless and otherwise much mutilated. 
 
 In the sixth bay is another mutilated and headless figure, 
 under a foliated arch, which is crowned by a bearded head 
 wearing a cap. It is thought to be the monument of a former 
 treasurer. 
 
 In the fifth bay a quaint door leads from the aisle to the 
 Bishop's Cloister. This has a square heading which rises 
 above the sill of the window over it. There is an interesting 
 series of heads in the hollow moulding, which are said to be 
 
38 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 copies of earlier work in the same position. The iron-work of 
 the door itself is modern by Potter. A lofty Norman arch 
 leads from this aisle into the south transept. 
 
 The north aisle of the nave is similar in style to the south. 
 It contains six memorial windows to Canon Glutton and his 
 wife, with subjects by Warrenton from the life of St. John the 
 Baptist. 
 
 In the sixth bay from the west of the north wall of the 
 nave is the effigy and tomb under which is buried Bishop 
 Booth (1535), the builder of the large projecting porch which 
 bears his name. The recumbent figure of the Bishop is fully 
 vested with a mitra pretiosa with pendent fillets. He wears a 
 cassock, amice, alb, stole, fringed tunic and dalmatic, and 
 chasuble with orfrays in front On his feet are broad-toed 
 sandals ; his hands are gloved ; a crozier (the head of which 
 has been broken) is veiled on the right. At this side is a 
 feathered angel. The original inscription, cut into stone and 
 fixed above the effigy, remains uninjured : 
 
 " Carolus Booth, episcopus Herefordensis cum 18 annos, 5 menses et 
 totidem dies Ecclesise hiiic cum laude prefuisset, quinto die Maii 1535 de- 
 functus sub hoc tumulo sepultus jacet. " 
 
 The iron-work in front of this tomb is the only specimen in 
 the Cathedral which has not been disturbed, although Mr, 
 Havergal says " most of our large ancient monuments were 
 protected by iron railings." It is divided into six square panels, 
 having shields and heraldic ornaments. 
 
 The beautiful wrought iron Screen, an elaborate example of 
 artistic metal-work, painted and gilt, executed by Messrs Skid- 
 more of Coventry, from designs by Sir Gilbert Scott, stands 
 between the eastern piers of the central tower, a little towards 
 the nave. The first great piece of metal-work of this kind 
 executed in England in modern times was the choir screen at 
 Lichfield, designed and carried out by the same artists as the 
 Hereford screen ; though the latter and subsequent production 
 transcends that of Lichfield, both in craftsmanship and beauty. 
 
 It has five main arches, each subdivided into two Sub- 
 arches by a slender shaft. The central arch is larger and 
 higher than the others, is gabled and surmounted by a richly 
 jewelled cross. This forms the entrance, and on either side, to 
 a height of 4 feet, the lower part of the arches are filled with 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 39 
 
 tracery in panels. The spandrels between the heads of the 
 arches are enriched with elaborate ornament in flowing outline. 
 A variety of foliage and flowers has been worked in thin 
 plates of copper and hammered iron, in imitation of natural 
 specimens, and throughout the screen the passion flower is 
 
 Photochrmil Co., Ld., Photo.} 
 
 THE CHOIR SCREEN. 
 
 prominent in the decoration. It is composed of 11,200 lbs. 
 of iron, 5000 lbs. of copper and brass, 50,000 pieces of vitreous 
 and other mineral substances in the mosaic panels, and about 
 300 cut and polished stones. There are also seven bronze 
 figures, three single figures, and two groups. Of these the 
 Times, May 29, 1862, well said: "These figures are perfect 
 
40 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL 
 
 Studies in themselves. Every one can understand them at a 
 glance, and from the centre figure of Our Saviour to those of 
 the praying Angels, the fulness of their meaning may be felt 
 without the aid of any inscriptions beneath the feet to set 
 forth who or what they are." 
 
 SECTION THROUGH TOWER AND TRANSEPTS. 
 
 The eastern side of the screen, though without statuary, is 
 no less worthy of inspection. Over the gates the large oval 
 space is filled with the sacred monogram I. H. C. The base 
 consists of polished Devonshire marble. The diversity of tint 
 of the metals used is in itself a source of colour, but the 
 whole of the hammered iron- work of the foliage has been 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 41 
 
 painted with oxides of iron and copper, while the colour 
 scheme is further carried out in the mosaics. 
 
 The whole effect is certainly beautiful, and the screen is 
 perhaps the best example of this kind of work produced in 
 modern times. The cost of the screen was ;^3ooo, though 
 the sum paid by the Chapter in accordance with their agree- 
 ment was only ;^i5oo. The same firm, the Skidmore Art 
 Company, who made it, also supplied the large corona and 
 gasfittings. 
 
 A brass eagle presented by the Misses Rushort to the 
 Cathedral, is placed near the south-west corner of the screen ; 
 it was designed by Cottingham. 
 
 The Central Tower. — Immediately above the four great 
 arches of the central tower, the interior walls are, says Pro- 
 fessor Willis in his report on the Cathedral, " Of a very singu- 
 lar construction ; twelve piers of compact masonry on each 
 side, beside angle piers, are carried up to the height of 26 ft., 
 and connected half-way up by a horizontal course of stone, in 
 long pieces, and by an iron bar, which runs all round immedi- 
 ately under this bonding course. Upon these gigantic stone 
 gratings, if I may be allowed the expression, the interior wall 
 of the tower rests, and they also carry the entire weight of the 
 bell-chamber and bells. 
 
 The whole space is now completely open from the floor of 
 the Cathedral to the wooden floor of the bell-chamber, which 
 is painted underneath in -blue and gold. From this floor hangs 
 the handsome corona of wrought iron. 
 
 Before Mr. Cottingham's restoration was commenced in 1843, 
 however, the whole appearance of the central tower was 
 different, and the beautiful lantern with- its many shafts was 
 hidden from view by a vault of the fifteenth century, which rose 
 above the great arches and completely concealed the upper 
 portion of the tower. 
 
 In his specific report of the condition of the central tower 
 in particular, which he jvas instructed to deliver in writing, Mr. 
 Cottingham said : 
 
 " To enable me to form the opinion which I have now the 
 honour of reporting, I have carefully examined the construction 
 of the four great pfers which support the tower; they are of 
 Norman workmanship, and sufficient in bulk to carry a much 
 greater weight than the present tower, had the masonry been 
 
42 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, 
 
 more carefully constructed ; they consist of a series of semi- 
 circular columns attached to a thin ashlar casing, which sur- 
 rounds the piers, and the chambers or cavities within are filled 
 with a rubble core, composed of broken stones, loam and lime 
 grouting ; this was undoubtedly sufficient to carry a low Nor- 
 man tower, but when the great Early English shaft was added 
 on the top of this work the pressure became too great for such 
 kind of masonry to bear. The ashlar and semi-columns, not 
 being well bonded and deeply headed into the rubble cores, 
 split and bulged, and the cores, for want of a. proper proportion 
 of lime, diminished and crushed to pieces. To remedy these 
 defects, a second facing of ashlar has been attached to the piers, 
 in some places by cutting out a part of the old ashlar, and in 
 others by merely fixing long slips of stone round the pier with 
 iron plugs, run in with lead, — these most unsightly excrescences 
 have destroyed the beauty of the original design, without adding 
 any strength to the masonry. The same unskilful hands blocked 
 up all the original Norman arches, except one, connected with 
 the tower piers and communicating with the aisles, choir, and 
 transepts, leaving only a small passage-way in each. 
 
 " The first triforium arches in the choir and east side of the 
 south transept, abutting against the tower, have also been closed 
 up with masonry, so as to leave scarcely a trace of the rich 
 work which lies concealed behind it. These injudicious per- 
 formances have tended to weaken instead of strengthen the 
 tower. The interior walls above the main arches of the tower, 
 up to the bases of the fifty-two pillars, which surround the bell- 
 ringers' chamber, are in a very ruinous state, particularly at the 
 four angles, where rude cavities, running in a diagonal direction, 
 have been made large enough for a man to creep in, — these 
 unaccountable holes have tended very much to increase the 
 danger, as all the masonry connected with them is drawn off 
 its bond, and many of the stones shivered to pieces by the 
 enormous pressure above. The stone-work, also, above the 
 pillars, is drawn off at the angles just below the timber-work of 
 the bell floor. On the whole, I never witnessed a more awful 
 monument of the fallibility of human skill than the tower of 
 Hereford Cathedral at this moment preser.ts." 
 
 In addition to the report of the architect the Chapter availed 
 themselves, on recommendation of the Bishop, of the opinion 
 of Professor Willis, of Cambridge. This gentleman, after the 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL, 
 
 43 
 
 most minute scrutiny and indefatigable labour, produced his 
 elaborate and well-known report. He essentially corroborated 
 the architect, especially as to the general state of the tower ; and, 
 under the strenuous exertions of Dean Merewether, the great 
 work of restoration was commenced. The tower contains a 
 fine peal of ten bells in the key of C. A new clock was erected 
 in 1861, which strikes the 
 hours and quarter-hours. 
 
 The North Transept. 
 — Passing through the 
 north arch of the tower we 
 come into some of the 
 most interesting parts of 
 the Cathedral. The tran- 
 sept beyond was entirely 
 rebuilt for the reception of 
 the shrine of Bishop Canti- 
 lupe, when his body was 
 removed from the Lady 
 Chapel in 1287, after the 
 miracles reported at his 
 tomb had already largely 
 increased the revenues of 
 the Cathedral. The un- 
 usual shape of the arches 
 and the fine and effective 
 windows of this transept 
 render it one of the most 
 distinguished English speci- 
 mens of the style. 
 
 On the north is a window 
 with triple lights on each 
 side of a group of banded 
 shafts, the tracery above 
 being formed of circles enclosing trefoils, 
 lights are sharply pointed. 
 
 The west side has two lofty windows recessed inside 
 triangular-headed arches, which completely fill the two bays. 
 They have three lights each, and are exactly similar to the 
 windows on the north side of the transept. 
 
 Surrounded by alternate shafts of sandstone and dark 
 
 NORTH ARCH 
 SHOWING 
 
 OF CENTRAL TOWER, 
 MASONRY ERECTED 
 
 ABOUT 1320. 
 
 The heads of the 
 
44 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 marble, a clustered pier divides the eastern aisle of the 
 transept into two bays. These shafts have foliated capitals, 
 and the bases have knots of foliage between them. 
 
 With the exception of one string of dog-tooth ornament the 
 mouldings of the main arches are plain. 
 
 Above is the interesting triforium stretching across the 
 Norman arch opening to the choir-aisle beyond the transept 
 itself. There are in each bay two pointed arches, each con 
 taining three smaller arches with foiled headings surmounted 
 by three open quatrefoils. The spandrels between the arches 
 are diapered in low relief with leaf ornament. Above, far back 
 in the clerestory arches, are octofoil windows with sills of over- 
 lapping courses, which incline forward to the string course above 
 the triforium. 
 
 The shafts of all the windows are ringed at the angles, and 
 the triangular arches are of an unusual stilted shape, similar 
 to those in the clerestory of Worcester Cathedral on the south 
 side of the nave. These are, however, of later date, and may 
 have been imitated by the Worcester architect. 
 
 The restoration of the north transept by Sir G. G. Scott was 
 satisfactorily carried out, and certainly improves the general 
 effect. 
 
 Monuments in the North Transept. — The great north 
 stained-glass window by Hardman was placed there as a 
 memorial to Archdeacon Lane-Freer who died in 1863. 
 Underneath this window, which is described later on in the 
 section devoted to stained glass, is the stone effigy of Bishop 
 Westfayling (died 1602). The canopy was removed by Wyatt, 
 and the effigy is now leaning on its side against the wall. 
 There is an undoubted original half-length portrait of this 
 bishop in the Hall of Jesus College, Oxford. There are 
 monuments to other members of the family in the church at 
 Ross. 
 
 In the pavement near the chpir-aisle is a brass to John 
 Philips, the author of The Splendid Shilling and of Cyder, a 
 poem endearing him to Herefordshire. His family belonged 
 to this county, although he himself was born in Oxfordshire 
 There is also a monument to Philips in Poets' Corner, West- 
 minster Abbey. He died in 1708, at the early age of 32. 
 
 The next monument in the north transept is the effigy of 
 Bishop Thomas Charlton, treasurer of England, 1329. This 
 
Fkatochrom Co., Ld.,[Pkoio.\ 
 
 THE NORTH TRANSEPT. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 47 
 
 effigy and its richly decorated alcove or canopy was most 
 luckily not touched by Wyatt. 
 
 Here are stained-glass windows to Captain Arkwright, lost 
 in an avalanche ; Captain Kempson, and Rev. S. Clark, Head- 
 master of Battersea College. 
 
 In a line with the central pier of the eastern aisle is the most 
 important monument in the north transept, viz. : — the pedestal . 
 of the celebrated shrine of St. Thomas de Cantilupe, 1282, 
 who died at Civita Vecchia, near Florence, on his way to 
 Rome, August 25th, 1282. His heart was sent to Ashridge 
 in Buckinghamshire, part of the body was buried near Orvieto ; 
 and the bones were brought to Hereford and deposited in the 
 Lady Chapel. 
 
 The pedestal is in shape a long parallelogram, narrower at 
 the lower end. It is of Purbeck marble, and consists of two 
 stages, the lower having a series of cinquefoiled niches and 
 fourteen figures of Templars in chain armour in different 
 attitudes, for Bishop Cantilupe was Provincial Grand Master of 
 the Knights Templars in England. 
 
 All the figures . are seated with various monsters under their 
 feet. The filling of the spandrels between these niches and 
 that of the spandrels between the arches of the upper stage is 
 especially noteworthy. It belongs to the first Decorated period, 
 and while the arrangement is still somewhat stiff or formal, the 
 forms are evidently directly copied from nature. 
 
 The slab inside the open arcade, which forms the upper stage, 
 still bears the matrix of the brass of an episcopal figure having 
 traces of the arms of the See {i.e., the arms of Cantilupe). 
 
 By the dedication of the north transept especially to Bishop 
 Cantilupe was avoided the secondary part which his shrine must 
 have played if it had been placed in the usual post of honour 
 at the back of the high altar. The shrine of St. Ethelbert was 
 probably already there, and wisely enough a distinguished 
 position was specially created by rebuilding the north transept 
 for the purpose. There is a similar state of affairs at Oxford 
 Cathedral with the shrine of St. Frideswide, and in the south 
 transept of Chichester Cathedral with that of St. Richard de la 
 Wych. 
 
 We note also a brass to Dean Frowcester, 1529; and 
 another to Richard Delamare and his wife Isabella (1435). 
 
 Near the Cantilupe shrine is a bust of Bishop Field (died 
 
48 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 1636), and on the floor is an efiSgy of John D'Acquablanca, 
 a Dean of Hereford (died 1320), and nephew of Bishop 
 D'Acquablanca, whose beautiful monument is close to it, 
 between the north choir-aisle and the eastern aisle of the 
 transept. Beholding the exquisite grace of this tomb we are 
 reminded of the more elaborate and equally beautiful chantry 
 of the same period (1262) in the south choir transept of Salis- 
 bury to Bishop Giles de Bridport. 
 
 Over the effigy, which is a most interesting example of 
 minute ecclesiastical costume, delicate shafts of Purbeck 
 marble support a gabled canqpy, each gable of which is sur- 
 mounted by a finial in the form of a floriated cross. 
 
 This monument once glowed with rich colour, and in 1861 
 a feeble attempt was made to restore it, which was, however, 
 not carried out. Bishop Aquablanca, Peter of Savoy, had 
 been steward of the household to his relative, William of Savoy, 
 the Queen's uncle. His preferment was one of the noteworthy 
 instances of Henry III.'s love of foreigners, and as Bishop of 
 Hereford he was especially unpopular. The King made him 
 his treasurer and consulted him on all matters of state. At his 
 death, says the Rev. H. W. Phillott,i " He was probably little 
 regretted in his cathedral city, whose citizens he had defeated 
 in an attempt to encroach on his episcopal rights. But he 
 used his victory with moderation, for he forgave them one half 
 of their fine and devoted the other half to the fabric of the 
 cathedral, probably that noble and graceful portion of it, the 
 north-west transept, which contains the exquisitely beautiful 
 shrine, probably erected by himself, under which repose the 
 remains of his nephew, John, Dean of Hereford, as well as 
 his own, his heart excepted, which, with a pathetic yearning 
 of home-sickness, he desired should be carried to the church 
 which he had founded in his own sunny land at Aigue-Belle, 
 in Savoy. Yet, though his memory has received no mercy at 
 the hands of historians and song-writers of his day, though his 
 example did much to swell the tide of ill-repute in which 
 many of the clergy of all ranks were held (for the laity, says 
 the song-writer, are apt to pay less attention to the doctrine 
 than to the life of their teachers), we ought not to leave out of 
 sight that he did much to improve the fabric of the Cathedral, 
 and bequeathed liberal gifts to its foundation in money, books, 
 ^ The Diocese of Hereford, H. W. Phillott. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 51 
 
 ornaments, and land, and also a handsome legacy to the poor 
 of the diocese." 
 
 In the north transept is a doorway leading to the tower. 
 
 South Transept. — Crossing the Cathedral in front of the 
 Skidmore screen it is a relief to turn from the nave with its 
 sham triforium to the south transept with its fine three stage 
 Norman east side. The groining, although incongruous, is still 
 beautiful, and does not irritate in the same way as Wyatt's 
 abominations in the nave. This transept contains several 
 disputed architectural points, and opinions are divided as to 
 whether it may not be the oldest existing portion of the 
 Cathedral. "At any rate," says G. Phillips Bevan.i "this 
 transept seems to have been the happy hunting-ground of 
 successive races of builders, who have left the side-walls in 
 admired confusion." 
 
 Though it underwent great alteration in the Perpendicular 
 period much of the Norman work remains. The east wall is 
 in the best preservation, and is certainly entirely Norman with 
 the exception of the groining. It is covered with five series of 
 arcades, which may be divided into three stages. In the 
 middle stage is a notably good triforium passage of very short 
 Norman arches. All the other ranges of arcades, except those 
 at the level of the clerestory, are blocked. On this side the 
 transept is lighted from the clerestory by two Norman 
 windows. 
 
 In both east and west walls there is a very fine Norman 
 moulded double arch. 
 
 In the west wall Perpendicular windows have cut into the 
 Norman work, and a large Perpendicular window nearly fills 
 the south wall with panelling round it of the same period. 
 
 Monuments in the South Transept. — There is an 
 interesting altar-tomb of Sir Alexander Denton, 1576, of 
 Hillesden, Co. Bucks, Esq., and his lady and a child in 
 swaddling clothes, toward the south-east angle of the transept. 
 The effigies are in alabaster, and retain considerable traces of 
 colour. They are in full proportion, and the knight wears a 
 double chain and holds a cross in his hands. The Dentons 
 were ancestors of the Coke family, now Earls of Leicester. 
 The swaddled body of the child lies to the left of its mother, 
 
 ' Guide to the Wye ajid its Neighbourhood, by the late G. Phillips 
 Bevan, F.S.S. 
 
52 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 its head resting on a little double pillow by her knee, and a 
 part of the red cloth on which she lies wraps over the lower 
 part of the babe. 
 
 To the right of the knight, balancing the child in the 
 composition, lie his two gauntlets or mail gloves, which have 
 been much scratched with names. 
 
 The head of the knight rests upon his helmet. 
 
 Round the verge of the tomb is this inscription : 
 
 " Here lieth Alexander Denton, of Hillesden, in the County of Bucking- 
 ham, and Anne his wife, Dowghter and Heyr of Richard Willyson of 
 Suggerwesh in the Countie of Hereford ; which Anne deceased the 29th of 
 October, A.D. 1566 the l8th yere of her Age, the 23rd of his Age." 
 
 " But," says Browne Willis, " this was but a csenotaph, for 
 Alexander Denton, the husband, who lived some years after, 
 and marry'd another lady, was bury'd with her at Hillesden, 
 Co. Bucks ; where he died January the i8th, 1576." 
 
 Under the south window is an effigy of Bishop Trevenant 
 (1389-1404), the builder of the Perpendicular alterations 
 in this transept. The effigy is unfortunately headless and has 
 lost its hands. The feet are resting on a lion. 
 
 There is a brass to T. Smith, organist of the Cathedral 
 
 (1877)- 
 
 The remains of an ancient fireplace may be noticed on the 
 west side of the south transept. 
 
 They consist of a rectangular recess with chimney vault 
 behind. This was doubtless cut away when the Perpendicular 
 window was placed above on this side. 
 
 From this transept a beautiful side view is obtained of the 
 lantern arches. 
 
 The Organ, which occupies the first archway on the south 
 side of the choir, was originally built by Renatus Harris in 
 1686, and was a present from King Charles II. Later on 
 Byfield added the choir organ ; and the instrument afterwards 
 underwent repairs by Green, Avery, Lincoln, and by Elliott, 
 who in 1 806 put pedals and pedal pipes ; and by Bishop, who 
 introduced a swell. In 1862 many alterations and additions 
 were made by Messrs Gray & Davidson, and in 1879 more 
 alterations and additions, including the solo organ, were made 
 by Messrs Henry Willis & Sons, of London. In 1892 the 
 
Photochroni Co., Ld., I'hoto.] 
 
 EAST WALL OF THE SOUTH TKANSEl^l. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 55 
 
 organ underwent a complete rebuilding by the last-named 
 firm. The whole of the action is pneumatic, and the 
 bellows are blown by five hydraulic engines. The organ has 
 1 6 great organ stops, 14 swell, 9 choir, 3 solo, 7 echo, 
 8 pedal, and 14 accessory stops. Altogether it contains 
 3455 speaking pipes. 
 
 In the south wall of the south choir-aisle are four Decorated 
 arched recesses containing four effigies of bishops, belonging to 
 the Perpendicular period. These effigies have been attributed, 
 beginning from the west, to R. de Melun, 1167 ; Robert De 
 Bethune. (died 1148), the last Norman builder; Hugh Foliot 
 (died 1234) or Robert Foliot (died 11 86); and William De 
 Vere (died 1199). 
 
 On the north wall under an arch opening to the choir is the 
 tomb of Bishop De Lorraine or Losinga (died 1095), who 
 superintended the building of the fine west front of the 
 cathedral so unfortunately destroyed. This effigy also belongs 
 to the Perpendicular period. The large size of the ball-flower 
 and fine wood-carving of the Decorated period on these tombs 
 is noticeable. 
 
 Between the two eastern piers of the choir is the fine effigy 
 and brass to Bishop Mayhew, of Magdalen College (1504- 
 1516). The effigy is wearing a mitre, and is fully vested. In 
 front of the monument are panels filled with figures of saints, 
 and over the effigy is an elaborate canopy, which has been 
 restored. 
 
 In the last bay to west of the south choir aisle a door gives 
 access to two Norman rooms, used as vestries or robing rooms, 
 to enter which you pass beneath the bellows of the organ. 
 Exhibited in cases in one of these rooms are some of the 
 treasures of the cathedral, ancient copies of the Scriptures, 
 chalices, rings, etc., described in detail towards the close of 
 this section. A two-storied eastern chamber was added to the 
 Norman work in the Perpendicular period, and was used as 
 the cathedral treasury. 
 
 Before leaving the south choir aisle the old stained glass 
 windows with figures restored by Warrington should be noticed, 
 and the celebrated Map of the World is well worth some 
 study. It was discovered under the floor of Bishop Audley's 
 Chapel during the last century, and appears from internal 
 evidence to have been probably designed about 13 14 by a 
 
56 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 certain Richard of Haldingham and of Lafford (Holdingham 
 and Sleaford in Lincolnshire). 
 
 " Tuz ki cest estorie ont 
 
 Ou oyront, oy luront, ou veront, 
 Prient a Jhesu en deyte 
 De Richard de Haldingham e de Lafford eyt pile 
 Ki I'at fet e compasse 
 Ke joie en eel li seit done." 
 
 Prebendary Havergal says : " It is believed to be one of the 
 very oldest maps in the world, if not the oldest, and it is full 
 of the deepest interest. It is founded on the cosmographical 
 treatises of the time, which generally commence by stating that 
 Augustus Csesar sent out three philosophers, Nichodoxus, 
 Theodotus, and Polictitus, to measure and survey the world, 
 and that all geographical knowledge was the result. In the 
 left-hand corner of the map the Emperor is delivering to the 
 philosophers written orders, confirmed by a handsome mediaeval 
 seal. The world is , here represented as round, surrounded 
 by the ocean. At the top of the map is represented Paradise, 
 with its rivers and trees ; also the eating of the forbidden fruit 
 and the expulsion of our first parents. Above is a remarkable 
 representation of the Day of Judgment, with the Virgin Mary 
 interceding for the faithful, who are seen rising from their 
 graves and being led within the walls of heaven. 
 
 " The map is chiefly filled with ideas taken from Herodotus, 
 Solinus, Isidore, Pliny, and other ancient historians. There 
 are numerous figures of towns, animals, birds, and fish, with 
 grotesque customs, such as the mediaeval geographers believed 
 to exist in different parts of the world; Babylon with its famous 
 tower; Rome, the capital of the world, bearing the inscription — 
 ' Roma, caput mundi, tenet orbis frena rotundi ' ; and Troy as 
 'civitas bellicosissima.' In Great Britain most of the cathedrals 
 are mentioned; but of Ireland the author seems to have known 
 very little. 
 
 " Amongst the many points of interest are the columns of 
 Hercules, the Labyrinth of Crete, the pyramids in Egypt, the 
 house of bondage, the journeys of the Children of Israel, the 
 Red Sea, Mount Sinai, with a figure of Moses and his supposed 
 place of burial, the Phoenician Jews worshipping the molten 
 image. Lot's wife," etc. 
 
 Bishop's Cloisters. — At the eastern end of the south 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. §7 
 
 nave aisle a door opens to the cloisters connecting the cathedral 
 with the episcopal palace. In the cloister is placed a monu- 
 ment and inscription to Colonel John Matthews of Belmont, 
 near Hereford, who died 1826. The subject, " Grief consoled 
 by an Angel," is carved in Caen stone. 
 
 Other monuments are: — one to the Hon. Edward Grey, D.D., 
 formerly Bishop of Hereford, 1832 to 1837. He died July 
 1837, and is buried beneath the bishop's throne. A monument 
 to Bishop George Isaac Huntingford, D.D., 1815 to 1832. 
 He died in his eighty-fourth year, April 1832, and was buried 
 at Compton, near Winchester. Also a monument to Dr. Clarke 
 Whitfield, an organist of the cathedral. 
 
 The following inscription, on an ancient brass, affixed to a 
 gravestone near the west part of the cathedral, which, being 
 taken off, was kept in the city tolsey or hall for some time 
 until it was finally fastened to a freestone on the west side of 
 the Bishop's Cloisters : — 
 
 " Good Christeyn People of your Charite 
 That here abide in this transitorye life, 
 For the souls of Richard Philips pray ye, 
 And also of Anne his dere beloved wife, 
 Which here togeder continued without stryfe 
 In this Worshipful City called Hereford by Name, 
 He being 7 times Mayer and Ruler of the same : 
 Further, to declare of his port and fame, 
 His pitie and compassion of them that were in woe, 
 To do works of charitie his hands were nothing lame, 
 Throughe him all people here may freely come and goe 
 Without paying of Custom, Toll, or other Woe. 
 The which Things to redeme he left both House and Land 
 For that intent perpetually to remain and stand. 
 Anne also that Godlye woman hath put to her Hand, 
 Approving her Husband's Acte, and enlarging the same, 
 Whyche Benefits considered all this Contry is band 
 Entirely to pray for them or ellis it were to blame. 
 Now Christe that suffered for us all Passion, Payne, and Shame, 
 Grant them their Reward in Hevyn among that gloriouse Company, 
 There to reigne in Joy and Blyss with -them eternally ! 
 
 Amen." 
 
 The South-east Transept, lying between the retro-choir 
 and the chapter-house, into which it opens, is in the main 
 Decorated, though its window tracery is perhaps somewhat 
 later, being almost flamboyant in character. It was altered 
 from the original Norman apse, and in the walls bases of the 
 
58 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 earlier work remain. It has an eastern aisle, separated from it 
 by a single octagonal pillar. 
 
 Before the aisles were added the now open window looking 
 into the Lady Chapel formed part of the outside wall of the 
 chapel, and was glazed. There is a lovely view from this 
 transept, looking slantwise into the Lady Chapel. In this 
 ■transept are a number of fragments of brasses, mouldings, 
 stone, etc. The chief monument is that to Bishop Lewis 
 Charleton, 1369. His efSgy lies under the wall dividing 
 the transept from the vestibule of the Lady Chapel. Above it 
 is a fine monument, restored in 1875, to Bishop Coke, died 
 1646. This bishop was brother to Sir John Coke, Secretary of 
 State to Charles I. His coloured shield is borne by two angels. 
 
 A black marble slab, in excellent preservation, marks the 
 spot where the remains of Bishop Ironside were laid on 
 Christmas Eve, 1867, in presence of the dean, archdeacon, 
 and praecentor, in a vault specially prepared for them ; and 
 there is a small brass on the wall. Gilbert Ironside, D.D., 
 Warden of Wadham College, Oxford, was Vice-Chancellor of 
 the University in 1687, when James II. seized upon the 
 venerable foundation of Magdalen College and sent his com- 
 missioners to Oxford to expel the Fellows. 
 
 In his replies to the king, Dr. Ironside showed a firm and 
 resolute spirit in defence of the rights of Oxford. His refusal 
 to dine with the commissioners on the day of the Magdalen 
 expulsion is described thus by Macaulay : — " I am not," he 
 said, "of Colonel Kerke's mind. I cannot eat my meals with 
 appetite under a gallows." 
 
 The brave old Warden of Wadham was not left to " eat his 
 meals " much longer in his beautiful college hall. William 
 III., almost immediately after his accession, made him Bishop 
 of Bristol, whence he was translated to Hereford, and, dying 
 in 1 701 at the London residence of the Bishops of Hereford, 
 in the parish of St. Mary Somerset, was buried in that church. 
 
 It was at the instigation of the Warden and Fellows of 
 Wadham College that the Dean and Chapter of Hereford con- 
 sented to the proposal that the remains and marble slab should 
 be removed to the precincts of their cathedral. 
 
 St. Mary Somerset, Thames Street, was the first church 
 closed under the Bishop of London's Union of Benefices Act, 
 and when it was dismantled and the dead removed from their 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 59 
 
 vaults in the autumn of 1867, the remains of Bishop Ironside 
 were found encased in lead only, all the outer coffins in the 
 vault having been previously removed or stolen. 
 
 For the purpose of identification the lead coffin was opened 
 by the Burial Board authorities, "and," says Mr. Havergal, 
 "so perfect were the remains that the skin was not broken, 
 and the features of the placid-looking bishop were un- 
 disturbed." In a square recess on the east wall is a bust 
 which has been taken by various critics to be Hogarth, Cow- 
 per, Garrick, and others, but is in reality a portrait of a Mr. 
 James Thomas, a citizen of Hereford, who is buried near this 
 place. Under it is a brass to Sir Richard Delabere, 15 14, 
 his two wives and twenty-one children ; the inscription is as 
 follows : — 
 
 " Of your Charitie pray for the Soul of Sir Richard Delabere, 
 Knight, late of the Countie of Hereford ; Anne, daughter of the 
 Lord Audley, and Elizabeth, daughter of William Mores, late 
 sergeant of the hall to King Henry VII., wyves of the said Sir 
 Richard, whyche decessed the 20th day of July, a.d. 15 13, on 
 whose souls Jesu have mercye. Amen." 
 
 The north-east window contains stained glass to the memory 
 of Bishop Huntingford. There is also an old effigy supposed 
 to represent St. John the Baptist. 
 
 The Lady Chapel. — The elaborate and beautiful Early 
 English work of this chapel, which dates from the first half of 
 the thirteenth century, about 1220, was twice under the 
 restorers' hands, the eastern end and roof having been rebuilt 
 by Cottingham and the porch and Audley Chapel by Sir G. G. 
 Scott. It is 24 by 45 feet in extent and has three bays. On 
 the north side each of these bays contains two large windows, 
 and on the south side two of the bays contain each two win- 
 dows, while the third is filled by the Audley Chapel. 
 
 In 1 841 the eastern gable of the chapel was stated by 
 Professor Willis to be in a parlous state, and the rebuilding of 
 this portion was one of the first works undertaken by Mr. 
 Cottingham. Sir G. G. Scott completed the pavement and 
 other restorations. 
 
 The glorious east window consists of five narrow lancets 
 recessed within arches supported by clustered shafts, the wall 
 above being perforated with five quatrefoil openings, of which 
 the outside ones are circular and the centre three are oval. 
 
6o 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Fergussoni remarks: "Nowhere on the Continent are such 
 combinations to be found as the Five Sisters at York, the east 
 end of Ely, or such a group as that which terminates the east 
 end of Hereford." 
 
 Of the beauties and interesting features which were developed" 
 by the clearing of the Lady Chapel by Mr. Cottingham, Dean 
 Merewether wrote : — ■ 
 
 " Its symmetrical proportions, before completely spoilt ; the 
 remnants of its ancient painting, which were traceable beneath 
 
 , rJioto.\ 
 
 THE LADY CHAPEL. 
 
 the whitewash ; the fair disclosure of the monuments of Joanna 
 de Kilpec, a benefactress to this very edifice, and Humphry 
 de Bohun, her husband, both of exceeding interest ; the 
 discovery of two aumbries, both walled up, but one with the 
 stones composing it reversed ; the double piscina on the south 
 side, the chapel of Bishop Audley ; but especially two of the 
 most beautiful specimens of transition arches which can be 
 found in any edifice, bearing the Early English form, the shafts 
 and capitals and the lancet-shaped arch above, but ornamented 
 ^ History of Architecture, ii. 38. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 61 
 
 in their sofiSts with the Norman moulding, and the zig-zag de- 
 coration, corresponding with the remarkable union of the Nor- 
 man intersecting arches on the exterior of the building, with 
 
 S «■. , T AX 
 
 SECTION THROUGH LADY CHAPEL AND CRYPT. 
 
 its pointed characteristics. The appearance of the central 
 column with a base in the Early English and its capital with 
 the Norman ornament might be added: the stairs to the 
 crypt, and the discovery of several most interesting relics in 
 
62 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 the adjoining vaults opened in reducing the floor to its original 
 level." 
 
 It was as a memorial to Dean Merewether, to whom the 
 
 cathedral owes so much, 
 that the stained glass 
 designed by Cotting- 
 ham was placed in the 
 east windows in the 
 narrow lancets that he 
 loved so dearly. It re- 
 presents scenes in the 
 early life of the Virgin 
 and the life of Christ ; 
 the last being the sup- 
 per in the house of 
 Mary and Martha. In 
 the side windows the 
 visitor should especially 
 notice the rich clustered 
 shafts and arches, the 
 Early English capitals, 
 and the ornamentation 
 of the arches. Above 
 these windows, corre- 
 sponding to the open- 
 ings above the east 
 window, a quatrefoil 
 opening enclosed by a 
 circle pierces the wall. 
 The quadripartite vault- 
 ing springs from slender 
 shafts, which descend 
 upon a slightly raised 
 base. 
 
 The double piscina 
 and aumbry south of 
 the altar are restora- 
 tions necessitated by the dilapidated state of the originals. 
 
 Monuments in the Lady Chapel.— Of great beauty and 
 interest is ■ the Perpendicular recess in the central bay on the 
 north side of the Lady Chapel, in which is the recumbent 
 
 ARCH DISCOVERED AT ENTRANCE OF 
 LADY CHAPEL. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 63 
 
 effigy which tradition has assigned without evidence to 
 Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, who died in the 46th 
 year of the reign of Edward IH., 1372. He was, however, 
 buried in the north side of the Presbytery in Walden Abbey, 
 Essex. 
 
 The Rev. Francis Havergal considers this to be the monu- 
 ment of Peter, Baron de Grandisson, who died 1358. In any 
 case, the knight was probably one of the Bohun family, and 
 husband of the lady whose effigy lies under an arch in the wall 
 adjoining. The costume is of the earlier part of the fourteenth 
 century ; full armour, and covered (a rare example) by a cyclass, 
 a close linen shirt worn over the armour in Edward III.'s reign. 
 This shirt is cut short in front and about 6 inches longer 
 behind. The visitor should also notice the fringed poleyns at 
 the knees. 
 
 The upper story of the recess itself has open tabernacle-work, 
 now containing a series of figures representing the crowning of 
 the Virgin ; on one side are figures of King Ethelbert and St. 
 John the Baptist, and on the other St. Thomas a Becket (with 
 double crozier) and Bishop Thomas de Cantilupe. Of these, 
 however, only the two central carvings are in their original 
 positions, the others having been discovered by Mr. Cottingham 
 when the oak choir-screen was removed. 
 
 In the easternmost bay on this side is the tomb of 
 Joanna de Bohun, Countess of Hereford, 1327. To quote 
 from Dean Merewether : "The effigy of the lady, there can 
 be scarcely a doubt, represents ' Johanna de Bohun, Domina 
 de Kilpec' She was the sister and heiress of Alan Plonknett 
 or Plugenet of Kilpec, in the county of Hereford, a name 
 " distinguished in the annals of his times ; and of his posses- 
 sions, his sister doing her homage, had livery 1 9 Edward II. 
 
 "In 1327 Johanna de Bohun gave to the Dean and Chapter 
 of Hereford, the church of Lugwardyne, with the chapels of 
 Llangarren, St. Waynards and Henthland, with all the small 
 chapels belonging to them, which donation was confirmed by 
 the king by the procurement and diligence of Thomas de 
 Chandos, Archdeacon of Hereford ; and the Bishop of Here- 
 ford further confirmed it to the Dean and Chapter by deed, 
 dated Lugwas, 22nd July, 1331 (ex Regist. MS. Thomae 
 Chorleton, Epi.) : And afterwards the Bishop, Dean and 
 Chapter appropriated the revenues of it to the service peculiar 
 
64 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 to the Virgin Mary, 'because in other churches in England 
 the Mother of God had better and more serious service, but 
 in the Church of Hereford the Ladye's sustenance for her 
 prieste was so thinne and small, that out of their respect they 
 add this, by their deeds, dated in the Chapter at Hereford, 
 April loth, 1333.' (Harl. MS. 6726, fol. 109.) 
 
 "Johanna de Bohoun died without issue, i Edward III., 
 1327, the donation of Lugwardyne being perhaps her dying 
 bequest. On the 1 7th of October in that year, she constituted 
 John de Badesshawe, her attorney, to give possession to the 
 Dean and Chapter of an acre of land in Lugwardine, and the 
 advowson of the church with the chapels pertaining to it. 
 This instrument was dated at Bisseleye, and her seal was 
 appended, of which a sketch is pre- 
 served by Taylor, in whose possession 
 this document appears to have been in 
 1655, and a transcript of it will be 
 found Harl. MS. 6868, f 77 (see also 
 672O, f. 109, which last has been 
 printed in Shaw's Topographer, i. 
 280). 
 
 " In the tower is preserved the patent 
 I Edward III., pro Ecclesia de Lug- 
 warden cum capellis donandis a 
 Johanna de Bohun ad inveniendum 8 
 capellanos et 2 diaconos appropri- 
 anda (Tanner's Notitia Monast.). 
 " The circumstances above mentioned appear sufficiently to 
 explain why the memorial of Johanna de Bohoun is found in 
 the Lady Chapel, to which especially she had been a bene- 
 factress. They also explain the original ornamerits of this 
 tomb, the painting which was to be seen not many years since 
 under the arch in which the effigy lies, now unfortunately 
 concealed by a coat of plaster, of Which sufficient has been 
 removed to prove that Cough's description of the original state 
 of the painting is correct. He says, 'The Virgin is represented 
 sitting, crowned with a nimbus ; a lady habited in a mantle and 
 wimple kneeling on an embroidered cushion offers to her a 
 church built in the form of a cross, with a central spire — and 
 behind the lady kneel eleven or twelve religious, chanting a 
 gorge deployee after the foremost, who holds up a book, on 
 
 SEAL OF JOHANNA DE 
 BOHUN. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 65 
 
 which are seen musical notes and "salve sea parens." Fleur- 
 de-lys are painted about both within and without this arch, 
 and on the spandrils two shields ; on the left, a bend cotised 
 between twelve Lioncels (Bohun) ; and on the right, Ermines, 
 abend indented. Gules.' This description was published 1786. 
 
 " By this painting there can be no doubt that the donation 
 of the church of Lugwardine was represented ; the eleven or 
 twelve vociferous choristers were the eight chaplains and two 
 deacons mentioned in the patent, who were set apart for the 
 peculiar service of the Lady Chapel, and provided for from 
 the pious bequest of Johanna de Bohoun. The two shields 
 mentioned by Gough are still discernible, that on the dexter 
 side bearing the arms of Bohun, Azure a bend. Argent between 
 two cotises, and six lions rampant, or. — The other. Ermines, 
 a bend indented, (or fusily) Gules, which were the bearings of 
 Plugenet, derived perhaps originally from the earlier Barons of 
 Kilpec, and still borne by the family of Pye in Herefordshire, 
 whose descent is traced to the same source. In the list of 
 obits observed in Hereford Cathedral, Johanna is called the 
 Lady Kilpeck, and out of Lugwardine was paid yearly for her 
 obit forty pence." 
 
 The efifigy of Joanna de Bohun is also valuable as a speci- 
 men of costume. Its curious decoration of human heads is 
 also noteworthy. 
 
 Over the grave of Dean Merewether, who is interred at the 
 north-east angle of the chapel, is a black marble slab with 
 a brass by Hardman bearing an inscription, which records 
 that to the restoration of the cathedral "he devoted the un- 
 wearied energies of his life till its close on the 4th of April 
 1850." 
 
 The next monument to notice is the effigy of Dean Berew 
 or Beaurieu (died 1462) in the south wall of the vestibule. 
 This is one of the best specimens of monumental sculpture 
 in the cathedral. The face, which is well modelled, and 
 the arrangement of the drapery at the feet, are especially 
 noticeable. There are remains of colour over the whole 
 monument. In the hollow of the arch-moulding are sixteen 
 boars with rue leaves in their mouths, forming a " rebus " of 
 the dean's name. 
 
 To the west of this monument is the efifigy of a priest, 
 supposed to be Canon de la Barr, 1386. 
 
 F 
 
66 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 The Audley Chantry.— In the central bay on the south 
 side of the wall is the Audley Chantry— a beautiful little 
 chapel built by Bishop Edmund Audley (1492-1502), with an 
 upper chamber to which access is obtained by a circular stair- 
 case at the south-west angle. 
 
 After Bishop Audley's translation to Salisbury in 1502 
 he erected a similar chantry in that cathedral wherein he 
 was buried, so that the object of the Hereford Chantry 
 as the place for his interment was of course never 
 fulfilled. 
 
 The following is an extract taken from the calendar of an 
 ancient missal: — "Secundum usum Herefordensem," which 
 notes a number of " oUits " or commemorations of bene- 
 factors, chiefly between the times of Henry I. and Edward H. 
 " X. Kal. Obitus Domini Edmundi Audeley, quondam Sarum 
 Efiscopi, qui dedit redditum XX. Solidorum distribuendorum 
 Canonicis et Clericis in anniversario suo jtresentibus, quique 
 capellam novam juxta Feretruyii Sancti ThomcR Confessoris e 
 /undo construxit, et in eadem Cantariam perpetuam amortizavit, 
 etc. Constituit necnon Feretrum argenteum in tnodum Ecdesice 
 fabricatum atque alia quam plurima huic Sacre Edi contulit 
 beneficia." 
 
 The lower chamber is shut off from the Lady Chapel by a 
 screen of painted stone with open-work panelling in two stages. 
 The chapel is a pentagon in plan, and has two windows, while 
 a third opens into the Lady Chapel through the screen. 
 The ceiling is vaulted, and bears evidences of having in former 
 times been elaborately painted. 
 
 There are five windows in the upper chamber, and the 
 groined roof is distinctly good. The boss in the centre 
 represents the Virgin crowned in glory. On other parts of 
 the ceiling are the arms of Bishop Audley and those of the 
 Deanery as well as a shield bearing the letters R.I. The 
 upper part of the chantry, which is divided from the Lady 
 Chapel by the top of the screen which serves as a kind of rail, 
 may have been used as an oratory ; but no remains of an altar 
 have been found. On the door opening on the staircase is 
 some good iron -work, and Bishop Audley's initials may be 
 noticed on the lock. 
 
 Standing by the door of this chapel the visitor has a lovely 
 view westward, two pillars rising in the roof and across the 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 &7 
 
 top of the reredos, to the right the Norman arches of the north 
 transept, and further on still the nave. 
 
 The Lady Chapel was used for very many years as a library, 
 and after 1862 as the church of the parish of St. John the 
 Baptist, which surrounds the cathedral, and claimed to hold 
 its service in some part of the building. 
 
 The Crypt is entered from the south side of the Lady 
 Chapel where a porch opens to a staircase leading down. 
 The porch is deeply in-set, and like the crypt itself and the 
 
 I'iiolOij'ironi. Cc'., Ld.^ phoio.] 
 
 THE CRYPT. 
 
 Lady Chapel, Early English; Professor Willis points out 
 that Hereford is the only English cathedral whose crypt is 
 later in date than the eleventh century; the well-known 
 examples at Canterbury, Rochester, Worcester, Winchester, 
 and Gloucester all belonging to earlier times. A flight of 
 twenty steps leads down to the crypt, which is now light and 
 dry, although previous to Dean Merewether's excavations it was 
 utterly neglected and nearly choked up with rubbish. There 
 is another approach to it from the interior of the church. 
 
68 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 It is 50 feet in length, and consists of a nave and aisles 
 marked out by undecorated columns. It runs beneath the 
 whole extent of the Lady Chapel. 
 
 This crypt having been used as a charnel-house is called the 
 " Golgotha." In the centre is an altar tomb, upon which is a 
 large and elaborately decorated alabaster slab, in a fair state of 
 preservation. It bears an incised representation of Andrew 
 Jones, a Hereford merchant, and his wife, with an inscription 
 setting forth how he repaired the crypt in 1497. Scrolls proceed- 
 ing from the mouths of the figures bear the following lines : — 
 
 " Remember thy life may not ever endure. 
 That thou dost thiself thereof art thou sewre. 
 
 But and thou leve thi will to other raenis cure, 
 And thou have it after, it is but a venture. " 
 
 At the back of the reredos is a brass to Mr. Bailey, M.P. 
 for the county, whose bust formerly stood here, but was 
 removed to a more fitting position in the county hall. 
 
 The Vicars' Cloisters. — The entrance to the college of 
 Vicars Choral is from the south side of the Lady Chapel. 
 Leading from the south-east transept of the cathedral to the 
 quadrangle of the college is a long cloister walk. 
 
 In the morning, when the sun shines upon the cloister, its 
 richly carved roof may be best seen. The western wall, with 
 the exception of a few mortuary tablets, is quite plain. The 
 eastern wall is pierced with eight three-light windows, between 
 which are the remains of small niches. 
 
 Many old vicars are buried within this cloister. The roof is 
 of oak, the wall-plates, purlins, and rafters are richly moulded, 
 and the tie-beams and principals are richly carved on both 
 sides with various patterns and devices. 
 
 The Rev. F. Havergal says:— "The late William Cooke 
 . acquired an immense amount of information relating to the 
 college and the vicars in olden time. His biographical notices 
 of them are most curious and amusing, giving a complete 
 insight into the manners, traditions, and customs of the place." 
 He goes on to quote from the Lansdowne Manuscript in the 
 British Museum, 213, p. 333. 
 
 "Relation of a survey of twenty-six counties in 1634, by a 
 captain, a lieutenant, and an ancient, all three of the military 
 company in Norwich. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 69 
 
 " Next came wee into a brave and ancient priviledg'd Place, 
 through the Lady Arbour Cloyster, close by the Chapter-house, 
 called the Vicars Chorall or Colledge Cloyster, where twelve 
 of the singing men, all in orders, most of them Masters in Arts, 
 of a Gentile garbe, have their convenient several dwellings, and 
 a fayre Hall, with richly painted windows, colledge like, wherein 
 they constantly dyet together, and have their cooke, butler, 
 and other officers, with a fayre library to themselves, consisting 
 all of English books, wherein (after we had freely tasted of 
 their chorall cordiall liquor) we spent our time till the Bell 
 toll'd us away to Cathedral prayers. There we heard a most 
 sweet Organ, and voyces of all parts, Tenor, Counter-Tenor, 
 Treble, and Base ; and amongst that orderly shewy crew of 
 Queristers our landlord guide did act his part in a deep and 
 sweet Diapason." 
 
 The North-East Transept. — This transept shows ample 
 evidence of the original Norman plan, although its present 
 character is Early Decorated. 
 
 Of the triple apse in which the Norman Cathedral probably 
 terminated — an arrangement similar to the eastern apses of 
 Gloucester and Norwich Cathedrals — portions remain in the 
 walls of the vestibule to the Lady Chapel, and in this, the 
 north-east transept, still remain parts of the apses which opened 
 from the choir aisles. These are somewhat later than the nave 
 and belong to the Transition period. 
 
 After the completion of the great north transept for the 
 reception of the shrine of St. Thomas Cantilupe, the terminal 
 apses of the choir aisles were almost entirely removed, and the 
 present north-east transept erected. 
 
 In the centre of this transept rises an octagonal pier which 
 helps to carry the quadripartite vaulting. Some Norman arches 
 in the west wall doubtless formed part of the original apse. 
 The windows belong to the Early Decorated period. Sir G. G. 
 Scott was responsible for the restoration of the transept. 
 
 Monuments in the North-East Transept. — Under 
 the north-west window is the canopied tomb of Bishop 
 Swinfield. The effigy of the bishop has been lost, and in its 
 place, which is now shown, is an unknown figure which was 
 found buried in the cloisters. In the mouldings of the arched 
 canopy the ball-flower ornament is again in evidence, and 
 behind the tomb a carving of the crucifixion is still visible, 
 
-JO 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 though nearly obliterated by the chisel of the Puritans. The 
 beautiful vine leaf carving at the sides has, however, been 
 happily spared j it is similar to the leafage on the Cantilupe 
 shrine. 
 
 The altar-tomb of Dean Dawes, 1867, one of the most active 
 of the modern restorers, is very beautiful. It is by Sir G. G. 
 Scott, with effigy by Noble. 
 
 Under the north-east window is an altar-tomb of an unknown 
 bishop. It has been assigned to Bishop Godwen, 1633, but 
 is probably much earlier. 
 
 There is also an old stained glass window, restored by 
 Warrington, with figures of SS. Catherine, Gregory, Michael, 
 Thomas, and a modern one, by Heaton, to the Rev. J. Goss. 
 
 In the north choir aisle, which is entered through the 
 original Norman arch, is an exquisite little chapel known as 
 Bishop Stanbury's Chantry. In style it is late Perpendicular 
 (1470). The roof is a good specimen of fan-vaulting, and the 
 walls are panelled with heraldic bearings. Its dimensions are 
 8 feet by 16 feet, and it is lighted by two windows on the 
 north side, the entrance being on the south. 
 
 At the east end are shields with emblems over the place of 
 the altar, and the west is covered with shields in panels and 
 tracery. 
 
 The capitals of the shafts at the angles are formed by 
 grotesques, and over the arch on the south side are shields 
 with emblems of St. Matthias, St. Thomas, and St. Bartholomew. 
 The Lancaster rose is prominent in the decoration, and there 
 is much under-cutting in the carving. 
 
 The stained windows, which form an interesting collection 
 of arms and legends, are in memory of Archbishop Musgrave, 
 once Bishop of Hereford, to whom there is also another 
 window by Warrington in the wall of the aisle above the 
 chantry, which is only 1 1 feet in height. The subjects are 
 taken from the life of St. Paul. 
 
 Monument to Bishop Raynaldus, 11 15, one of the chief of 
 the Norman builders of Hereford. 
 
 In a Perpendicular recess on the left of the door opening to 
 the turret staircase which leads to the archive room and 
 chapter library is an effigy said to be of Bishop Hugh de 
 Mapenore, 12 19. Above is a stained glass window by Clayton 
 and Bell, placed here as a memorial of John Hunt, organist, 
 
VIEW BEHIND THE ALTAR, LOOKING NORTH. AFTER A DRAWING BY 
 W. H. BARTLETT, 183O. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 73 
 
 who died 1842, and his nephew. There is also a small brass 
 plate at the side of the window, from which we learn that the 
 nephew James died "of grief three days after his uncle." 
 
 In the middle bay on the north side of the choir is the 
 monument of Bishop Bennett (1617), who was buried here. 
 He wears a close black cap, and the rochet and his feet are 
 resting on a lion. Across his tomb one gets a fine view of the 
 Norman double arches of the triforium stage on the other side 
 of the choir. 
 
 In the north wall of the north choir aisle in the first of the 
 series of arched recesses, of Decorated character, with floral 
 ornament in the mouldings, is an effigy assigned to Bishop 
 Geoffrey de Cliva (died 1120), and in the same bay of the 
 choir as Bishop Bennett's tomb is the effigy of a bishop, fully 
 vested, holding the model of a tower. It is assigned to Bishop 
 Giles De Braose (died 12 15), who was erroneously thought to 
 have been the builder of the western tower (which fell in 1 786). 
 This effigy belongs to the Perpendicular period, when a number 
 of memorials were erected to earlier bishops. 
 
 In the calendar of the ancient missal " Secundum usum 
 Herefordensem" previously quoted, occurs the following entry: 
 — "XK Kal. Decern. Obitus pie memorie Egidii de Breusa 
 Herefordensis Episcopi, qui inter cetera bona decimas omnium 
 molendinorum maneriorum suorum Herefordensi Ecciesie contulit, 
 et per cartam quam a Domino Rege Johanne acquisivit onines 
 homines sui ab exactionibus vicecomitum liber antur." 
 
 In the easternmost bay on the north of the choir is the effigy 
 of Bishop Stanbury, provost of Eton and builder of the chantry 
 already described. It is a fine alabaster effigy with accompany- 
 ing figures. The bishop wears alb, stole, and chasuble. 
 
 Beyond the entrance to Bishop Stanbury's Chantry is a 
 Perpendicular effigy under an arch which is assigned to Bishop 
 Richard de Capella (died 1127). 
 
 On the chancel floor is a very good brass to Bishop Trilleck 
 (died 1360). 
 
 In the north-east transept are the following antiquarian re- 
 mains: — Two altar-stones, nearly perfect, whereon are placed : — 
 
 Six mutilated effigies of unknown lay persons, probably 
 buried in or near the Magdalen Chapels, but dug up on the 
 south side of the Bishop's Cloisters, a.d. 1820, and brought 
 inside the cathedral a.d. 1862. 
 
74 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Two matrices of 
 brasses ; also a small 
 one on the wall. 
 
 The wooden pulpit — 
 very late Perpendicular 
 work — from which every 
 canon on his appoint- 
 ment formerly had to 
 preach forty sermons on 
 forty different days in 
 succession. 
 
 We may also notice 
 two rich pieces of iron- 
 work from Sir A. 
 Denton's tomb : the 
 head of a knight or 
 templar's effigy and 
 several heraldic shields 
 from monuments in the 
 catliedral — especially 
 seven in alabaster now 
 placed against the east 
 wall. 
 
 The Choir, with its 
 details of architecture 
 and its individual ac- 
 cessories, is very beauti- 
 ful, notwithstanding an 
 unusual deficiency of 
 light, caused by the 
 position of the tran- 
 septs, which practically 
 intercept all light except 
 that from the clerestory. 
 It consists of three lofty 
 Norman bays of three 
 stages. The middle of 
 the three stages has 
 some exquisite dwarfed 
 Norman arches with no 
 triforium passages; but 
 
 COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, EXTERIOR, 
 NORTH SIDE. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 75 
 
 there is one in the upper 
 stage, with slender and 
 graceful Early English 
 arches and stained glass 
 at back. The vaulting 
 is also Early English, 
 and dates from about 
 the middle of the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 The principal arches 
 of the choir are sup- 
 ported by massive piers 
 with square bases. The 
 shafts are semi-detached 
 and bear capitals en- 
 riched with foliated and 
 grotesque ornament. In 
 each bay on the tri- 
 forium level a wide 
 Norman arch envelops 
 two smaller arches, sup- 
 ported by semi-circular 
 piers on each side. 
 
 A richly carved square 
 string course runs along 
 the base of the tri- 
 forium. 
 
 The east end of the 
 choir was covered be- 
 fore 1 841 by the 
 "Grecian" screen, a 
 wooden erection placed 
 there by Bishop Bisse 
 in 1 7 1 7, and above it a 
 Decorated window con- 
 taining a stained glass 
 representation of the 
 Last Supper after the 
 picture by Benjamin 
 West. The improve- 
 ment effected by the 
 
 -,y^jJ^^|PSE^*W . 
 
 ■« 
 
 COMPARTMENT OF CHOIR, INTERIOR, 
 NORTH SIDE. 
 
•j6 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 removal of this screen with its heterogeneous appendages was 
 immense. The great Norman arch was once more exposed to 
 view ; and, in place of the Decorated window, we now have 
 three lancets at the back of the clerestory passage. 
 
 In describing the discoveries led up to by the removal of 
 the old screen, Dean Merewether says : " By cautious examina- 
 tion of the parts walled up it was discovered that the capitals 
 were all perfect, and that this exquisite and grand construction, 
 the mutilation and concealment of which it is utterly impossible 
 to account for, was in fact made up of five arches, the interior 
 and smallest supported by the two semi-columns, and each of 
 the others increasing in span as it approached the front upon 
 square and circular shafts alternately, the faces of each arch 
 being beautifully decorated with the choicest Norman orna- 
 ments. Of the four lateral arches, the two first had been not 
 only hid by the oak panelling of the screen, but were also, 
 like the two others, closed up with lath and plaster as the 
 central arch ; and when these incumbrances and desecrations 
 were taken away it is impossible to describe adequately the 
 glorious effect produced, rendered more solemn and impressive' 
 by the appearance of the ancient monuments of Bishops 
 Reynelm, Mayew, Stanbury, and Benet, whose ashes rest 
 beneath these massive arches, of which, together with the 
 noble triforium above, before the Conquest, Athelstan had 
 probably been the founder, and the former of those just 
 mentioned, the completer and restorer after that era." 
 
 The reredos is in Bath stone and marble, and was designed 
 by Mr. Cottingham, junior, as a memorial to Mr. Joseph Bailey, 
 1850, who represented the county for several years in Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 The sculptor was Boulton, and the subject is our Lord's Passion, 
 in five deep panels occupying canopied compartments divided 
 by small shafts supporting angels, who carry the instruments 
 of the Passion. The subjects in the separate panels are : — i. 
 The Agony in the Garden; 2. Christ Bearing the Cross; 3. The 
 Crucifixion ; 4. The Resurrection ; and 5. The Three Women at 
 the Sepulchre. 
 
 Above the reredos a broad spandrel left by two pointed arches 
 springing from a central pier fills the upper part'of the Norman 
 arch. The pier itself is old, but the upper part is a restoration 
 of Mr. Cottingham's. The spandrel is covered with modern 
 
EA.ST END Of THE CHOIR IN 184I. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 79 
 
 sculpture, as may be seen in the illustration. The subject is 
 the Saviour in Majesty,- the four evangelists holding scrolls ; 
 and below a figure of King Ethelbert. 
 
 An older representation of King Ethelbert is the small 
 effigy on a bracket against the easternmost pier south of the 
 choir, close to the head of the tomb of Bishop Mayo, who had 
 desired in his will to be buried by the image of King Ethelbert. 
 It was dug up about the year 1700 at the entrance to the Lady 
 Chapel, where it had doubtless been buried in a mutilated con- 
 dition when the edict went forth 
 for the destruction of shrines and 
 images. 
 
 Originally there were other re- 
 presentations of St. Ethelbert ; 
 on the tombs of Bishops Canti- 
 lupe and Mayo, Dean Frowcester, 
 Archdeacon Rudhale, Prsecentor 
 Porter ; in colour on the walls of 
 the chapter-house and the tomb 
 of Joanna de Kilpec ; in ancient 
 glass, recently restored, in a 
 window in the south aisle of the 
 choir; and in a stone-carving 
 over the door of the Bishop's 
 Cloister, and the effigy formerly 
 on the west front. 
 
 Opposite the throne a slab of 
 marble, from designs by Scott, 
 
 marks the spot, as far as it is known, where Ethelbert was 
 buried. 
 
 The Choir-stalls are largely ancient, belonging to the 
 Decorated period. They have good canopy work,- and are 
 otherwise excellent in detail. Some of the misereres are quaint, 
 among them being found several examples of the curiously 
 secular subjects chosen for this purpose by the wood-carvers 
 of the period. 
 
 In addition to the bishop's throne, which is of the fourteenth 
 century, there is, oiv the north side of the sacrarium, a very old 
 episcopal chair, concerning which a tradition remains that King 
 Stephen sat in it when he visited Hereford. Be this as it 
 may, the Hereford chair is uiidoubtedly of very great antiquity, 
 
 EARLY ENGLISH WINDOW 
 MOULDING. 
 
8o HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 and belongs to, or at least is similar to, the earliest kind 
 of furniture used in this country. The dimensions of. the 
 chair are — height, 3 feet 9 inches ; breadth, t,^ inches ; front 
 to back, 22 inches. The entire chair is formed of 53 pieces, 
 without including the seat of two boards and the two small 
 circular heads in front. 
 
 Traces of ancient colour — vermilion and gold — may 
 still be seen in several of the narrow bands : a complete 
 list of other painted work which has been recorded or still 
 exists in the cathedral has been compiled by Mr C. E. 
 Keyser.' 
 
 The Cathedral Library. — The Archive Chamber, on the 
 east side of the north transept, is also used as the Chapter 
 Library. This room, which has been restored by Sir G. G. 
 Scott, is now approached by a winding stone staircase. 
 
 In earlier times access was only obtainable either by a draw- 
 bridge or some other movable appliance crossing the great 
 north window. The Library (which Botfield ^ calls "a most 
 excellent specimen of a genuine monastic library ") contains 
 about 2000 volumes, including many rare and interesting manu- 
 scripts, most of which are still chained to the shelves. Every 
 chain is from 3 to 4 feet long, with a ring at each end and a swivel 
 in the middle. The rings are strung on iron rods secured by 
 metal-work at one end of the bookcase. There are in this 
 chamber eighty capacious oak cupboards, which contain the 
 whole of the deeds and documents belonging to the Dean and 
 Chapter, the accumulation of eight centuries. 
 
 Among the most remarkable printed books are : — A series of 
 Bibles, 1480 to 1690 ; Caxton's Legenda Aurea, 1483 ; Hig- 
 Aen's Folychronicon, by Caxton, 1495; 'Lynde.wioAe., Super Con- 
 stitutiones Provinciales, 1475; Nonius Marcellus, De proprietate 
 sermonum, 1476, printed at Venice by Nicolas Jenson; and 
 the Nuremberg Chronicle, completed July 1493. Of the 
 manuscripts, the most interesting is an ancient Antiphonarium, 
 containing the old "Hereford Use." One of the documents 
 attached to this volume states : " The Dean and Chapter of 
 Hereford purchased this book of Mr William Hawes at the 
 
 ^ List of Buildings hi Great Britain and Ireland having Mural, etc.. 
 Decorations. London: Dept. of Science and Art, 1883, p. 128. 
 
 ^ Botfield, Cathedral Libraries, 1848, p. 172. When he saw the collec- 
 tion it was in the Lady Chapel. 
 
I WATATAW 
 
 I'hotochroiii Co., Ld., f'holo.] 
 
 TJIK REREDOS. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 83 
 
 price of twelve guineas. It was bought by him some years 
 since at a book-stall in Drury Lane, London, and attracted his 
 notice from the quantity of music which appeared interspersed 
 in it." 
 
 The date of the writing is probably about 1270, the obit of 
 Peter de Aquablanca being entered in the Kalendar in the 
 hand of the original scribe and the following obit in another 
 hand. 
 
 The oldest of all the treasures preserved at Hereford Cathe- 
 dral, being certainly one thousand years old at least, is a Latin 
 version of the Four Gospels written in Anglo-Saxon characters. 
 
 The Rev. F. Havergal thus describes it : "This MS. is written 
 on stout vellum, and measures about 9x7 inches. It con- 
 sists of 135 leaves. Three coloured titles remain, those to the 
 Gospels of St. Matthew, St. Mark, and St. John. Two illumi- 
 nated leaves are missing — those that would follow folio i and 
 folio 59. With the exception of these two lacunse, the MS. 
 contains the whole of the Four Gospels. 
 
 No exact date can be assigned, but several eminent 
 authorities agree that it is the work of the eighth or ninth 
 century. 
 
 It does not exactly accord with any of the other well-known 
 MS. of that period, having a peculiar character of its own. 
 
 From the evidence of the materials it would appear to have 
 been written in the country, probably in Mercia, and not at 
 any of the great monasteries. 
 
 The text of this MS. is ante-Hieronymian, and offers a valu- 
 able example of the Irish (or British) recension of the original 
 African text. Thus it has a large proportion of readings in 
 corrimon with the Cambridge Gospels, St. Chad's Gospels, the 
 Rushworth Gospels, and the Book of Deir. 
 
 On the concluding leaves of this volume there is an entry of 
 a deed in Anglo-Saxon made in the reign of Canute, of which 
 the following is a translation : — 
 
 " Note of a Shire-mote held at .^Egelnoth's Stone in Hereford- 
 shire in the reign of King Cnut, at which were present the 
 Bishop Athelstan, the Sheriff Bruning, and ^gelgeard of 
 Frome, and Leofrine of Frome, and Godric of Stoke, and all 
 the thanes in Herefordshire. At which assembly Edwine, 
 son of Enneawne, complained against his mother concerning 
 certain lands at Welintone and Cyrdesley. The bishop asked 
 
84 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 who should answer for the mother, which Thurcyl the White 
 proffered to do if he knew the cause of accusation. 
 
 " Then they chose three thanes and sent to the mother to 
 ask her what the cause of complaint was. Then she declared 
 that she had no land that pertained in ought to her son, and 
 was very angry with him, and calling Leofloeda, her relative, 
 she, in presence of the thanes, bequeathed to her after her 
 own death all her lands, money, clothes, and property, and 
 desired them to inform the Shire-mote of her bequest, and 
 desire them to witness it. They did so ; after which Thurcyl 
 the White (who was husband of Leofloeda) stood up, and 
 requested the thanes to deliver free (or clean) to his wife all 
 the lands that had been bequeathed to her, and they so did. 
 And after this Thurcyl rode to St. Ethelbert's Minster, and 
 by leave and witness of all the folk caused the transaction to 
 be recorded in a book of the Gospels." 
 
 An Ancient Chasse or Reliquary is shown among the 
 treasures of the cathedral, which was looked upon for a long 
 time as a representation of the murder of St. Ethelbert, but this 
 is only an example of the many traditional tales which modern 
 study and research are compelled to discard. It undoubtedly 
 represents the martyrdom of St. Thomas of Canterbury. On the 
 lower part is the murder ; on the upper, the entombment of the 
 saint, very similar in style to the later Limoges work of the 
 thirteenth century. 
 
 The Rev. Francis Havergal gives a detailed description, 
 which we have condensed to the following : — 
 
 This reliquary consists of oak, perfectly sound, covered with 
 copper plates overlaid with Limoges enamel. It is 8^ inches 
 high, 7 long and 3I broad. The back opens on hinges and 
 fastens with a lock and key, and the upper part sloped so as 
 to form an acutely-pointed roof ; above this is a ridge-piece ; 
 the whole rests on four square feet. Front of Shrine : — Here 
 are two compartments ; the lower one shows on the right side 
 an altar, of which the south end faces the spectator; it is 
 supported on four legs and has an antependium. Upon the 
 altar stands a plain cross on a pyramidal base, and in front of it 
 a chalice covered with a paten. Before, or technically speaking, 
 in the midst of the altar stands a bishop celebrating mass, 
 having both hands extended towards the chalice, as if he were 
 about to elevate it. He has curly hair and a beard and 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 85 
 
 moustache. He wears a low mitre, a chasuble, fringed maniple, 
 and an alb. 
 
 In the top right-hand corner is a cloud from which issues a 
 hand pointing towards the figure just described. 
 
 Behind, to the left, stand three figures. The foremost has 
 just thrust the point of a large double-edged sword, with a 
 
 ANCIENT RELIQUARY IN THE CATHEDRAL. 
 
 plain cross hilt, through the neck of the bishop from back to 
 front. 
 
 The upper compartment represents the entombment of the 
 bishop. The middle of the design is occiipied by an altar 
 tomb, into which the body, swathed in a diapered winding-sheet, 
 is being lowered. 
 
 The ends of the bier are supported by two kneeling 
 figures. 
 
86 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 On the side of the tomb furthest from the spectator is a 
 bishop or abbot without the mitre looking toward a figure on 
 his right, who carries a tablet or open book with some words 
 upon it. 
 
 At either extremity of this panel stands a figure censing the 
 corpse with a circular thurible. 
 
 The border of each compartment is formed by a double in- 
 vected pattern of gold and enamel. The ridge-piece is of copper 
 perforated with eight keyhole ornaments. 
 
 The back of the shrine is also divided into two compart- 
 ments, and is decorated with quatrefoils. 
 
 It is pierced in the middle of the upper border by a keyhole 
 communicating with a lock on the inside. 
 
 The right-hand gable is occupied by the figure of a female 
 saint. The left gable is occupied by the figure of a male 
 saint. 
 
 A border of small gilt quatrefoils on a chocolate ground runs 
 round the margins of the two ends and four back plates. 
 
 Those parts of the copper plates which are not enamelled 
 gilded, while the colours used in the enamelling are blue, are 
 light-blue, green, yellow, red, chocolate, and white. 
 
 In the interior, on that side to which the lower front plate 
 corresponds, is a cross pattee fitcMe painted in red upon oak, 
 which oak bears traces of having been stained with blood or 
 some other liquid. The wood at the bottom is evidently 
 modern. This reliquary is said to have been originally placed 
 upon the high altar. It appears to have been preserved by 
 some ancient Roman Catholic family until it came into the 
 possession of the late Canon Russell, and bequeathed by him 
 to the authorities of the cathedral. 
 
 The art of enamelling metals appears to have been introduced 
 from Byzantium through Venice into Western Europe at the 
 close of the tenth century. After this time Greek artists are 
 known to have visited this country, and to have carried on a 
 lucrative trade in the manufacture of sacred vessels, shrines, 
 etc. 
 
 Ancient Gold Rings. — One of pure gold, supposed to 
 have been worn by a knight templar, was ploughed up near 
 Hereford. The device on the raised besel is a cross pattee in 
 a square compartment, on each side of which are a crescent 
 and a triple-thonged scourge. 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. B.^ 
 
 Within the hoop is engraved in black-letter character 
 " Sancte Michael." Date about 1380. 
 
 A massive ring set with a rough ruby of pale colour was 
 found in the tomb of Bishop Mayew. On each side a bold 
 tau cross with a bell is engraved. These were originally filled 
 with green enamel. Inside is engraved and enamelled "Ave 
 Maria." 
 
 A superb ring was also found in Bishop Stanbury's tomb, 
 on the north side of the altar. It contains a fine and perfect 
 sapphire, and flowers and foliage are beautifully worked in 
 black enamel on each side of the stone. 
 
 A fine gold ring was discovered in Bishop Trilleck's grave 
 in 1813, but was stolen in 1838 from the cathedral. It was 
 never recovered, though ;^3o was offered as a reward. 
 
 The Stained Glass has survived only in a few fragments, 
 scattered about the eastern end of the cathedral. 
 
 Some of the best, apparently of early fourteenth century date, 
 is in one of the lancets on the south side of the Lady Chapel, 
 west of the Audley Chapel. The subjects are : — 
 
 I. Christ surrounded by symbols of the four evangelists; 
 
 2. Lamb and flag ; 3. Angel and Maries at the sepulchre ; 4. 
 Crucifixion ; 5. Christ bearing His cross. 
 
 In the north-east transept is an ancient glass window, re- 
 stored and entirely releaded by Warrington, at the cost of the 
 Dean and Chapter, Oct. 1864. It is a fairly good specimen 
 of fourteenth century work. For many years it was hidden 
 away in old boxes, and was formerly fixed in some of the 
 windows onthe south side of the nave. 
 
 The figures represent — i. St. Katherine; 2. St. Michael; 3. 
 St. Gregory ; 4. St. Thomas of Canterbury. 
 
 In the south-east transept, again, is a window of ancient 
 glass, erected under the same circumstances. The figures in 
 this case represent — i. St. Mary Magdalene; 2. St. Ethelbert; 
 
 3. St. Augustine ; 4. St. George. 
 
 In the north aisle of the nave is a two-light window by 
 Warrington. It was erected in 1862 by Archdeacon Lane 
 Freer to the memory of Canon and Mrs. Clutton. The subjects 
 are from the life of St. John the Baptist. 
 
 In the north transept is a very fine memorial window to 
 Archdeacon Lane Freer, erected at a cost of ;^i3i6. The 
 window is one of the largest of the Geometric period {temp. 
 
88 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Edward I.) in England, the glass being 48 feet 6 inches in 
 height by 21 feet 6 inches in breadth. About five or six 
 shades each of ruby and Canterbury blue are the dominating 
 colours. Plain white glass has also been wisely used in the 
 upper part of the window. It was designed and erected by 
 Messrs. Hardman. 
 
 There is a small window by Clayton and Bell in the north 
 aisle of the choir to the memory of John Hunt, organist of 
 the cathedral. The subjects, in eight medallions, are : — i, 2. 
 King David; 3, 4. Jubal ; 5, 6. Zachariah the Jewish Priest; 
 7. St. Cecilia; 8. Aldhelm. In Bishop Stanbury's Chapel is 
 
 
 MONUMENTAL EARLY ENGLISH BASE- 
 
 CROCKET. MENT MOULDING. 
 
 a memorial window to Archdeacon Musgrave, of which the 
 subjects are: — i. St. Paul present at the Martyrdom of S. 
 Stephen; 2. Conversion of St. Paul; 3. The Apostle conse- 
 crating Presbyters; 4. Elymas smitten with Blindness. In the 
 lower part of the window, 5. Sacrifices to Paul and Barnabas 
 at Lystra ; 6. St. Paul before the Elders at Jerusalem ; 7. His 
 Trial before Agrippa; 8. His Martyrdom. 
 
 The five eastern windows in the Lady Chapel were designed 
 by Mr. Cottingham, junior, and executed by Gibbs, to the 
 memory of Dean Merewether. 
 
 A series of twenty-one subjects, in medallions, connected 
 
THE INTERIOR OF THE CATHEDRAL. 89 
 
 with the life of our Lord. These windows were erected in 
 1852. 
 
 In the south-east transept is a memorial window to Bishop 
 Huntingford, 1816 to 1832. It was designed and manu- 
 factured by Warrington at the sole cost of Lord Saye and 
 Sele. 
 
 The upper part of the tracery is filled with the arms of 
 George III., those of the See of Gloucester, the See of Here- 
 ford, Winchester College, and of the bishop's family. 
 
 The subjects, relating to St. Peter, are : — 
 
 I. His Call ; 2. Walking on the Sea ; 3. Receiving the Keys ; 
 4. Denial of our Lord ; 5. S. Peter and S. John at the Gate 
 of the Temple; 6. Baptism of Cornelius; 7. Raising of Dorcas ; 
 8. Deliverance from Prison by an Angel. 
 
 In the north and south side of the clerestory of the choir 
 are simple stained glass windows, consisting of various patterns. 
 They were manufactured by Messrs. Castell of Whitechapel. 
 
 The eastern central window of the choir was an anonymous 
 gift in 185 1, executed by Hardman. 
 
 Its beauties are entirely lost at its present height from the 
 ground. The circular medallions are 3 feet in diameter, the 
 subjects being : — 
 
 I. The Ascension ; 2. The Resurrection ; 3. The Cruci- 
 fixion. 
 
 The upper semi-circles represent Christ healing lepers and 
 demoniacs; the lower, His being taken down from the Cross, 
 and Mary with the box of precious ointment. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE SEE. 
 
 The true origin of the See of Hereford is lost in remote 
 antiquity. However, it seems probable from the researches of 
 many antiquarians that when Putta came to preside here in 
 the seventh century the see was re-established. 
 
 The Rev. Francis Havergal writes on this matter in the 
 beginning of his Fasti Herefordenses. 
 
 "The Welsh claim a high antiquity for Hereford as the 
 recognised centre of Christianity in this district. Archbishop 
 Usher asserts that it was the seat of an Episcopal See in the 
 sixth century, when one of its bishops attended a synod convened 
 by the Archbishop of Caerleon (a.d. 544). In the Lives of 
 the British Saints (Rev. W. J. Reeves, .1853), we learn that 
 Geraint ab Erbin, cousin of King Arthur, who died a.d. 542, 
 is said to have founded a church at Caerfifawydd, the ancient 
 British name for Hereford. In Wilkin's Concilia, i. 24, it is 
 recorded that beyond all doubt a Bishop of Hereford was present 
 at the conference with St. Augustine, a.d. 601. Full particulars 
 are given of the supposed time and place of this conference. 
 It is also stated — '■In secunda affuisse perhibentur septem hi 
 Britannia episcopi Herefordensis, Tavensis alias Llantavensis, 
 Paternensis, Banchoriensis, Chirensis alias Eli?iensis, Uniacensis 
 alias Wiccetisis, Morganensis.' It is styled ' Synodus Wigor- 
 nensis,' or according to Spelman, ' Pambritannicam.' Nothing 
 whatever is known of the names or of the number of British 
 bishops who presided over the earliest church at Hereford." 
 
 The boundaries of this diocese in the tenth century are 
 defined in Anglo-Saxon in an ancient volume known as the 
 Mundy Gospels, now in the library of Pembroke College, 
 Cambridge. 
 
HISTORY OF THE SEE. 9I 
 
 "The condition of the Church of Hereford (circa 1290 a.d.) 
 gave clear testimony to the liberal piety of its founders by the 
 extensiveness of its lands. The diocese itself was richly 
 endowed by nature, and enviably situated. Those of St. 
 Asaph, Lichfield, Worcester, Llandaff, and St. David's, were 
 its neighbours. On the north it stretched from where the 
 Severn enters Shropshire to where that river is joined on the 
 south by the influx of the Wye. From the west to the east 
 perhaps its greatest width might have been found from a point 
 where the latter river, near Hay, leaves the counties of Radnor 
 and Brecon, by a line drawn to the bridge at Gloucester. It 
 embraced portions of the counties of Radnor, Montgomery, 
 Salop, Worcester, and Gloucester, and touched upon that of 
 Brecon. It included the town of Monmouth, with four parishes 
 in its neighbourhood. The Severn environed its upper part. 
 Almost midway it was tr/iversed by the Teme, and the Wye pur- 
 sued its endless windings through the lower district, — a region 
 altogether remarkable for its variety, fertility, and beauty, 
 abounding in woods and streams, rich pastures, extensive 
 forests, and noble mountains. In several of the finest parts of 
 it Episcopal manors had been allotted, furnishing abundant 
 supplies to the occupiers of the see."^ 
 
 In the early history of British dioceses, territorial boundaries 
 were so vague as to be scarcely definable, but one of the earliest 
 of the bishops holding office prior to the landing of Augustme 
 was one Dubric, son of Brychan, who established a sort. of 
 college at Hentland, near Ross, and later on removed to another 
 spot on the Wye, near Madley, his birthplace, being guided 
 thither by the discovery of a white sow and litter of piglings in 
 a meadow ; a sign similar to the one by which the site of Alba 
 Longa was pointed out to the pious son of Anchises. 
 
 Dubric probably became a bishop about 470, resigned his 
 see in 512, and died in Bardsey Island, a.d. 522. 
 
 It was this Dubric who is said to have crowned Arthur at 
 Cirencester, a.d. 506. When he became bishop he moved to 
 Caerleon, and was succeeded there by Dewi, or David, who re- 
 moved the see to Menevia (St. David's). 
 
 The Saxons were driving the British inhabitants more and 
 more to the west, and before the close of the sixth century they 
 
 ' Rev. J. Webb's Roll of the Household Expenses of Bishop Swinfield, 
 xviii. 
 
92 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 had founded the Mercian kingdom, reaching beyond the Severn, 
 and in some places beyond the Wye. 
 
 The See of Hereford properly owes its origin to that of Lich- 
 field, as Sexwulf, Bishop of that diocese, placed at Hereford 
 Putta, Bishop of Rochester, when his cathedral was destroyed 
 by the Mercian King Ethelred. 
 
 From Bede we learn that in 668 a.d. Putta died, and that 
 one Tyrhtel succeeded him, and was followed by Torhtere. 
 
 Wahlstod, A.D. 731, the next Bishop, is referred to by both 
 Florence of Worcester and William of Malmsbury, as well as 
 Bede. We also hear of him in the writings of Cuthbert, who 
 followed him in 736. Cuthbert relates in some verses that 
 Wahlstod began the building of a great and magnificent cross, 
 which he, Cuthbert, completed. 
 
 Cuthbert died, a.d. 758, and was followed by Podda, a.d. 
 746. The names of these early Bishops cannot all be regarded 
 as certain, and their dates are, in many cases, only approximate. 
 Some of them may have been merely assistants or suffragans to 
 other Bishops of Hereford. 
 
 The remaining Bishops of Hereford, prior to the Conquest, we 
 give in the same order as the Rev. H. W. Phillott in his 
 valuable little Diocesan History. 
 
 a.d. 758, Hecca. 
 
 A.D. 836, Eadulf. 
 
 777, Aldberht. 
 
 838, Cuthwulf. 
 
 781, Esne. 
 
 866, Deorlaf. 
 
 793, Cedmand (doubt- 
 
 868, Ethelbert. 
 
 ful). 
 
 888, Cynemund. 
 
 796, Edulf. 
 
 89s, Athelstane I. 
 
 798, Uttel. 
 
 901, Edgar. 
 
 803, Wulfheard. 
 
 930, Tidhelm. 
 
 824, Beonna. 
 
 935, Wulfhelm. 
 
 825, Eadulf (doubtful). 
 
 941, Elfric. 
 
 833, Cedda. 
 
 966, Ethelwolf. 
 
 ioi6, Athelstane H .: he r 
 
 ebuilt the cathedral "from the 
 
 foundations " ; ^ t 
 
 ut also saw it destroyed in a 
 
 raid of the Welsh and Irish under Elfgar. 
 1056, Leofgar, slain in a fight with the Welsh. 
 
 Walter of Lorraine, A.D. 1061-1079. The diocese had 
 been administered for the last four years by the Bishop of Wor- 
 ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. 
 
HISTORY OF THE SEE. 
 
 93 
 
 cester, when Queen Edith's chaplain, a foreigner by birth, Walter 
 of Lorraine, was appointed. Beyond a probably satirical 
 reference by William of Malmsbury, all that is known of Walter 
 is an account of a discreditable death. 
 
 Robert de Losinga, a.d. 1079-1095. A man of much 
 learning and ability. During his episcopate, according to William 
 of Malmsbury, the cathedral was rebuilt after the pattern of 
 Charlemagne's church at Aix-la-Chapelle. In his time also 
 Walter de Lacy built the Church of St. Peter at Hereford. He 
 was a keen man of business, and it has been suggested that he 
 was open to bribery, but this accusation is hardly compatible 
 
 
 A GARGOYLE IN THE CLOISTERS. DRAWN BY A. HUGH FISHER. 
 
 with his intimate companionship with the high-minded Wulstan, 
 Bishop of Worcester, the date of whose death, January 19, 
 1095, is included in the calendar of the Hereford Service-Book. 
 Gerard, a.d. 1096-1101. Three days after the body of 
 William Rufus had been brought from the forest to Winchester 
 by Purkiss, the charcoal burner, Gerard, who was the Bishop 
 of Winchester's nephew, assisted at the coronation of Henry I., 
 for which service it was said he was promised the first vacant 
 archiepiscopal see. The King tried to evade the bargain a few 
 years later by promising to increase the Hereford income to the 
 value of that at York, but Gerard carried the day and obtained 
 his promotion. 
 
94 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Reyneltn, a.d. 1107-1115, Chancellor to Queen Matilda; 
 he resigned his appointment as soon as it was conferred, on 
 account of the King's quarrel with Anselm on the question of 
 investiture, was banished for six years, and was only consecrated 
 in 1 107. He is said to have been the founder of the hospital 
 of St. Ethelbert, and continued the work in the Cathedral begun 
 by Robert de Losinga. He regulated the establishment of 
 prebendaries and canons living under a rule. 
 
 Geoffrey de Clive, a.d. 1115-1119. During the latter 
 years of this episcopate, a question of jurisdiction over 
 the districts of Ergyng and Ewias, which had begun in the 
 previous century, was revived between the Bishop of Llandaff 
 and the Bishops of Hereford and St. David's. 
 
 Richard de Capella, a.d. ii 20-11 2 7, King's chaplain and 
 keeper of the Great Seal under the Chancellor. He helped to 
 build at Hereford a bridge over the Wye. 
 
 During his episcopate the Royal Charter was granted for the 
 annual holding of a three days' fair (increased to nine days 
 later) commencing on the evening of the 19th of May, called 
 St. Ethelbert's Day. 
 
 Nine-tenths of the profits of this fair went to the Bishop and 
 the rest to the Canons of the Cathedral. The bishop's bailiff 
 held a court within the palace precincts, with pillory and stocks. 
 The bishop also had a gaol for the incarceration of offenders 
 against his rights during fair-time. 
 
 Tolls were levied at each gate of the city. The suspension 
 of civic authority during fair-time was for centuries a source of 
 frequent quarrels. As late as the eighteenth century a ballad- 
 singer was punished by the bishop's officers. 
 
 The wreck of the " White Ship " occurred during this episco- 
 pate (Nov. 25th, 1 120), and one of the victims was Geoffrey, 
 Archdeacon of Hereford. 
 
 Robert de Bethune, a.d. 1131-1148, had become prior of 
 his monastery at his native place of Bethune, in French Flanders, 
 and thence had gone to Llanthony, a priory in a glen of the 
 Hatteral Hills in the disputed district of Ewias. 
 
 When later on the country was torn and despoiled with the 
 bitter struggle for the Crownj Bishop Robert, who was a 
 personal friend of Henry, Bishop of Winchester, the King's 
 brother, sided with Stephen. 
 
HISTORY OF THE SEE. 95 
 
 Hereford was seized near the beginning of the campaign by 
 Geoffrey de Talebot, and held by him for four or five weeks 
 for the Empress Matilda. It was then captured by Stephen, 
 and the victory celebrated in the cathedral on Whitsunday 
 (a.d. 1 1 38), when the King attended mass wearing his crown, 
 and seated, it is said, in the old chair described in an earlier 
 chapter. 
 
 In 1 139, the Empress's army again attacked Hereford, and 
 seizing the cathedral, drove out the clergy, fortified it, and used 
 it as a vantage ground from which to attack the castle. The 
 tower was used as a platform, from which missiles were thrown, 
 and the nave as a stable ; while a trench and rampart was 
 carried across the graveyard. 
 
 Bishop Robert was present at Winchester when the Empress 
 was accepted there by the clergy, and returned thence to 
 Hereford to purify the cathedral. He died at Chalons 
 of a disease contracted while attending a council of Pope 
 Eugenius III. 
 
 The Pope decided that his body should be taken to Here- 
 ford, and it was enclosed in the hide of an ox for the journey. 
 Both at Canterbury and at London were great demonstrations 
 of grief, which were again repeated at Ross, and on a still larger 
 scale at Hereford. Bishop Robert was undoubtedly a great 
 man, and his reputation for fine character, bravery, and ability 
 was well deserved. 
 
 Gilbert Foliot, a.d. 1148-1163, the next Bishop, had been 
 consecrated as Abbot of St. Peter's, Gloucester, by Bishop 
 Robert, with whom he had contracted an early friendship as 
 far back as 1139. 
 
 On the death of Bishop Robert, he succeeded him at Here- 
 ford. He assisted at the consecration of Becket at Canter- 
 bury, and the next year was transferred to the See of London. 
 He was followed by Robert of Maledon, a.d. 1163-1168, 
 said to have been remarkably wise. 
 
 Amongst his pupils he numbered John of Salisbury. He 
 attended the council of Clarendon, a.d. 1162, and in 1 164 was 
 present at the meeting at Northampton between Becket and 
 the King. 
 
 Such was the fury and importance of the Becket contro- 
 versy that even distant Hereford was entangled with it. Two 
 Hereford Bishops took part in the quarrel, and it was through 
 
96 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 this that the see continued vacant for six 'years after Bishop 
 Robert's death. 
 
 Notwithstanding the rigorous order of Henry VIII., a.d. 
 1538, for the destruction of all images and pictures of Bishop 
 Becket, there still existed in the cathedral, till late in the 
 seventeenth century, a wall painting of the Archbishop, and 
 even yet in the north-east transept there remains a figure of 
 him in one of the windows in good preservation. The 
 enamelled chasse or reliquary, with scenes of Backet's murder 
 and entombment, and its dark but doubtful stain, has already 
 been described among the treasures of the cathedral. 
 
 Some four miles from Hereford is yet another memorial still 
 remaining in a well-preserved window of painted glass at 
 Credenhill, a part of which represents the murdered Becket. 
 Lastly, the festival of the translation of St. Thomas of Canter- 
 bury, July 7, is still included in the cathedral calendar. 
 
 Robert Foliot, a.d. ii 74-1 186, had been a friend of 
 Becket's, and may have had some share in his education. 
 
 William de Vere, a.d. n 86-1 199, removed the apsidal 
 termination at the east end of the cathedral, and is said to 
 have erected chapels, since replaced by the Lady Chapel and 
 its vestibule. 
 
 Giles de Braose, a.d. 1200-1215, ^ stubborn opponent 
 of King John. 
 
 Hugh de Mapenor, a.Di 1216-1219, received his ap- 
 pointment by the influence of the papal legate, who, after King 
 John's submission, claimed the right of nomination to all 
 vacant sees and benefices. 
 
 Hugh Foliot, A.D. 1 2 19-1234, founded the Hospital of 
 St. Katherine at Ledbury, in which still hangs a portrait of 
 him, painted from an older picture. A tooth of St. Ethelbert 
 was presented to the cathedral during his episcopacy. He 
 endowed the Chapels of St. Mary Magdalene and St. Katherine, 
 in the ancient building adjoining the Bishop's palace, destroyed 
 in the eighteenth century. 
 
 Ralph de Maydenstan, a.d. i 234-1 239, presented to 
 the see a house in Fish Street Hill, London, as a residence 
 for the bishops when in the metropolis. He also made various 
 gifts to the cathedral, the chapter, and the college of vicars 
 choral. This Bishop was one of the commissioners to settle 
 the marriage of Henry III. with Eleanor of Provence. 
 
HISTORY OF THE SEE. (^y 
 
 Peter of Savoy (Aquablanca), a.d. i 240-1 268, a native 
 of Aqua Bella, near Chambery, whose appointment was an 
 instance of the preference Henry III. showed for foreigners. 
 One of the most unpopular men in England ; he was hand in 
 glove with the weak-minded, waxen-hearted King in schemes 
 for money getting. 
 
 Bishop Aquablanca proba:bly built the graceful north-west 
 transept of the cathedral, containing the shrine under which lie 
 the remains of his nephew, a Dean of Hereford, together with 
 his own, except the heart. This was carried, as he had re- 
 quested it should be, to the church he had founded in his 
 native place. 
 
 John de Breton, or Bruton, a.d. 1268-1275. 
 
 Thomas de Cantilupe, a.d. i 275-1 282. Born a.d. 
 1220, he showed, as a child, unusual religious zeal, was educated 
 at Oxford and Paris, and for some years filled the office of 
 Chancellor of England at the choice of the barons. ' This post 
 he lost on the death of Simon de Montfort. When he was 
 elected by the Chapter of Hereford to fill the episcopal chair 
 on De Breton's death he was only persuaded to accept it with 
 difficulty. 
 
 Bishop Cantilupe was renowned for his extreme piety and 
 devotional habits. In a dispute concerning the chace of 
 Colwall, near Malvern Forest, from which was derived the 
 Bishop's supply of game, he maintained successfully the epis- 
 copal rights. He was also triumphant in a more important 
 quarrel with the Welsh King Llewellyn about the wrongful 
 appropriation of three manors. 
 
 When Lord Clifford was in trouble for plundering his cattle 
 and maltreating his tenants, Bishop Cantilupe inflicted personal 
 chastisement upon him with a rod in the cathedral. The 
 clergy no less than laymen did he subdue, appealing when 
 necessary to the Pope. 
 
 In a quarrel arising out of a matrimonial case, in which the 
 defendant appealed to Canterbury against a sentence of the 
 sub-dean of Hereford, he was at last excommunicated by the 
 Airchbishop for refusing to go to discuss the affair with him at 
 Lambeth. At Rome he obtained a favourable decree, but 
 died in Tuscany on the homeward journey. 
 
 As already described (page 11) his remains were finally laid 
 with great pomp in the Lady Chapel. 
 
 H 
 
98 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Five years later the bones of Bishop Cantilupe were moved 
 to the Chapel of St. Katherine, in the north-west transept. 
 Twice more were they moved, finally resting in the same 
 Chapel of St. Katherine. 
 
 Richard Swinfield, a.d. 1283-1316, the next Bishop, had 
 been Bishop Cantilupe's devoted chaplain. He kept wisely 
 aloof from politics, but offered a keen resistance to any in- 
 fringement on the rights of his diocese. Several' boundary 
 questions were settled by Bishop Swinfield, and in 1289-90 he 
 made a tour through his diocese, of which has come down to us 
 a journal of daily expenses. 
 
 Bishop Swinfield was the probable builder of the nave-aisles 
 and two easternmost transepts. In his time the "■ Mappa 
 MundV came into possession of the Chapter. 
 
 He worked hard to obtain the Canonisation of his illustrious 
 predecessor, but it was not till four years a{ter his death that 
 Pope John XXH. granted an act for the purpose. He was 
 buried in the cathedral. 
 
 Adam Orleton, a.d. 1316-1327, was a friend of Roger 
 Mortimer, and consequently was opposed to Edward II. 
 Throughout the struggle of those many miserable years the 
 affairs of the diocese were dragged in the mire of civil war. 
 It was the Bishop of Hereford who, at Neath AbTaey, took the 
 King, carried him to Kenilworth, and deprived him of the 
 Great Seal. The Queen was staying at Hereford, and thither 
 many of the King's adherents were taken with the Chancellor 
 and Hugh Despenser. The last-named was hanged in the 
 town, decapitated, and quartered. 
 
 Bishop Adam showed much ability in managing the affairs 
 of the cathedral. He obtained a grant of revenues of two 
 churches from Pope John XXII. for monies necessary for the 
 dedication of the Cantilupe shrine, and also for repairs in the 
 cathedral. He was followed on his translation to Worcester by 
 
 Thomas Charleton, a.d. 1328-1343, who was made 
 treasurer of England in 1329. In 1337 he went to Ireland as 
 chancellor. He died in 1343. 
 
 John Trilleck, a.d. 1344-1360. The Black Death 
 reached Herefordshire in 1349, and Bishop Trilleck is said to 
 have kept it at bay in the city by a procession of the shrine of 
 the recently canonised St. Thomas of Hereford. 
 
 Bishop Trilleck was buried in the cathedral, and a fine brass 
 
HISTORY OF THE SEE. 
 
 99 
 
 effigy was placed on his grave. '■ Gratus, prudens, plus " are 
 among the words which may be still read from the mutilated 
 inscription, and they appear to have had more justification than 
 the rhetoric of the average epitaph. 
 
 TOMB OF BISHOP THOS. CHARLETON. 
 
 Lewis Charleton, a.d. 1361-1369, was appointed by 
 papal provision. The Black Death made a second visitation 
 in the first year of his episcopate, and it was then that the 
 market was removed to some distance from the town on the 
 
lOO HEREFORD CATHEDRAL 
 
 west. The "White Cross" there placed, which bears the arms 
 of Bishop Charleton, may mark the spot. He bequeathed 
 money and some books to the cathedral, 
 
 William Courtenay, a.d. 1370-1375, was also appointed 
 by papal provision, which was necessary in consequence of his 
 youth. Although he had already held a canonry of York and 
 prebends in Exeter and Wells in addition to the Chancellorship 
 of Oxford University, he was but twenty-eight years of age. 
 At Oxford he had, with Wicliff, opposed the friars, though he 
 afterwards turned against his former ally. 
 
 John Gilbert, a.d. 1375-1389, with partial success, 
 went to make terms of peace with Charles VI., the French 
 King. He became treasurer of England in 1386, an ofSce of 
 which he was deprived by Richard II. not long before his 
 translation to St. David's. Bishop Gilbert founded the Cathe- 
 dral Grammar School. 
 
 Thomas Trevenant, A.D. 1389-1404. An active politician, 
 this Bishop assisted in the deposition of King Richard II., and 
 was one of the commissioners to the Pope to announce the 
 accession of Henry IV. 
 
 Robert Mascall, a.d. 1404-1416, was employed as a 
 foreign ambassador by Henry IV., who also made him his 
 confessor. He attended the council of Constance in 1414. 
 
 Edmund Lacy, a.d. 141 7-1420. This Bishop began to 
 build the cloister connecting the cathedral with the Episcopal 
 palace. 
 
 Thomas Polton, a..d. 1420-142 1, was consecrated at 
 Florence, and the' next year was translated to Chichester. 
 
 Thomas Spofford, a.d. 1421-1448, Abbot of St. Mary's 
 at York, to which post he returned on resigning his see in 
 1448. According to a papal bull he laid out 2,800 marks on 
 the buildings of the cathedral, — probably completing the 
 cloisters begun by Bishop Lacy. His pension on retiring was 
 ;^ioo per annum. The great west window of the cathedral 
 was put up in his time by William Lochard. 
 
 Richard Beauchamp, a.d. 1448-1450. Son of Sir 
 Walter, and grandson of Lord Beauchamp of Powick, he was a 
 great architect in his day, although his chief work was done 
 after his translation to Salisbury, when he was appointed by 
 Edward IV. to superintend the works at Windsor which 
 included the rebuilding of St. George's Chapel where he was 
 
HISTORY OF THE SEE. lOI 
 
 buried. It is said he was the first Chancellor of the Order of 
 the Garter. 
 
 Reginald BuUer, a.d. 1450-1453, Abbot of St. Peter's, 
 Gloucester, was translated to Lichfield. He was buried in 
 Hereford Cathedral. 
 
 John Stanberry, a.d. 1453-1474, was a Carmelite friar 
 at Oxford, and was chosen by King Henry VI. to be his 
 confessor, and also first Provost of Eton. In 1448 he was 
 made Bishop of Bangor, and five years later was translated to 
 Hereford. After the battle of Northampton (July, 1460), he was 
 taken prisoner and was incarcerated for some time in Warwick 
 Castle, On his release he retired to the convent of his order 
 at Ludlow, where he died in May, 1474. He was buried at 
 Hereford, near his own ■ Chantry Chapel, which still bears his 
 name. He gave land from the garden of the bishop's palace 
 for building a dwelling-house for the vicars choral, which was 
 completed in 1475. 
 
 Thomas Mylling, a.d. 1474-1492, the next Bishop, was 
 Abbot of St. Peter's, Westminster, where he had been a monk. 
 King Edward IV. made him a Privy Councillor and gave him 
 the see of Hereford in remembrance of his services to Elizabeth 
 Woodville, whom he received into sanctuary when her husband 
 had to fly to Holland. After his death his body was carried 
 to Westminster, and the stone coffin is still there which is 
 said to have enclosed his remains. 
 
 Edmund Audley, A.D. 1 492-1 502, a prebendary of Lichfield, 
 of Lincoln, and of Wells, was Bishop of Rochester in 1480, 
 translated to Hereford in 1492, and to Salisbury in 1502. The 
 beautiful chantry chapel on the south side of the Lady Chapel, 
 near the shrine of St. Thomas of Cantilupe, was founded by 
 him. He also presented a silver shrine to the cathedral, and 
 a pulpit at St. Mary's, Oxford, is said to be his gift. 
 
 Adrian de Castello, a.d. i 503-1 504. He conducted the 
 negotiations between Henry VII. and the Pope ; and he was trans- 
 lated from Hereford to Bath and Wells, but never visited either see. 
 
 Richard Mayhew, a.d. 1504-1516, was made in 1480 
 the first regular president of Bishop Waynflete's new College of 
 St. Mary Magdalene at Oxford. He was also Chancellor of 
 the University, and almoner to King Henry VII., by whom he 
 had been sent in 1501 to bring the Infanta Katharine of 
 Aragon from Spain as the bride of Prince Arthur. 
 
I02 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 He was buried near the effigy of St. Ethelbert on the south 
 side of the choir, where his tomb is still to be seen. 
 
 Charles Booth, a.d. 1516-1535, Archdeacon of Bucking- 
 ham, and Chancellor of the Welsh Marches, left a lasting 
 memorial in the north porch of the cathedral, which bears 
 upon it the date of his death. He seems to have been much 
 in the King's favour, and was summoned in 1520 to make 
 one of the illustrious company on the Field of the Cloth 
 of Gold. He was attached to the company of Henry's 
 "dearest wife, the queen," and was accompanied by thirty 
 "tall personages." 
 
 On his death he left some books to the library, as well as a 
 tapestry for the high altar ; also to his successor a gold ring 
 and other articles which have disappeared. 
 
 Edward Foxe, a.d. 1535-1538. This "principal pillar of 
 the Reformation," as Fuller calls him, is said by Strype to have 
 been "an excellent instrument" in its general progress. 
 
 A Gloucestershire worthy, having been born at Dursley in 
 that county, he was sent first to Eton and then to Cambridge, 
 becoming, in 1528, Provost of King's College. In 1531 he 
 succeeded Stephen Gardiner as Archdeacon of Leicester. For 
 many years almoner to the King, he was employed in embassies 
 to France, Italy, and Germany, the most important of these 
 diplomatic missions being in February, 1527, when he was sent 
 to Rome with Gardiner to negotiate in the matter of Henry's 
 separation from his "dearest wife." 
 
 Foxe first introduced Cranmer to the King ; and he, again, 
 wrote the book called The Difference between the Kingly and 
 the Ecclesiastical Power, which Henry wished people to think 
 he had partly written himself, intended, as it was, to make easier 
 his assumption of ecclesiastical supremacy. 
 
 In August, 1536, Bishop Foxe began, by deputy, a visitation 
 of the diocese for the valuation of all church property therein, 
 in accordance with the order referred to above. Dr. Coren, 
 his vicar-general, actually carried out the valuation, and its 
 results are to be found iri the pages of Valor Ecclesiasticus, 
 printed by the Record Commissioners in 1802. 
 
 In March, 1535-6, an Act was passed by Parliament granting 
 to the King all religious houses possessing a revenue under ;^20o 
 per annum. There were about eighteen houses in the diocese, 
 excludingthe cathedral, and of these onlythe priories of Wenlock, 
 
HISTORY OF THE SEE. IO3 
 
 Wigmore, and Leominster possessed revenues exempting them 
 from appropriation. Bishop Foxe died in London in May, 1538, 
 and was buried in the Church of St. Mary Monthalt. 
 
 John Skypp, a.d. 1539-1552. The Archdeacon of 
 Leicester, Edmund Bonner, was appointed to the see on Foxe's 
 death, but was removed to London before his consecration, and 
 John Skypp, Abbat of Wigmore, Archdeacon of Dorset, and 
 chaplain and almoner to Ann Boleyn, became the next Bishop. 
 
 He was associated with Cranmer, though, after Cromwell's 
 execution for high treason in 1540, the Archbishop became 
 distant towards him. He was the part compiler with Foxe 
 oi the Institution of a Christian Man, published in 1537, of 
 the Erudition or Kin^s Book, published in 1543, and was 
 probably one of the , committee employed to draw up the 
 first Common Prayer-Book of Edward VI., in 1548, although, on 
 its completion, he protested against its publication. He died 
 in 1552 at the episcopal residence in London. 
 
 John Harley, a.d. 1553-1554, was appointed by Edward 
 VI. to hold the see "during good behaviour." He was conse- 
 crated on May 26, 1553, but only to be deposed in March, 
 1554. Soon after Mary came to the throne, she appointed a 
 commission of bishops to deprive the bishops appointed during 
 the reign of her brother. On various charges, and especially 
 on that of "inordinate life" (meaning marriage), the bishopric 
 of Harley was declared void. He is said to have spent the 
 remainder of his life wandering about in woods "instructing 
 his flock, and administering the sacrament according to the 
 order of the English book, until he died, shortly after his de- 
 position, a wretched exile in his own land." 
 
 Robert Parfew, a.d. 1554-1557, also known as Wharton- 
 was instituted to the Hereford See at St. Mary's Church, 
 Southwark, by Lord Chancellor Gardiner. He had been Abbat 
 of St. Saviour's, Bermondsey, as well as Bishop of St. Asaph, 
 attended the baptism of Prince Edward, and was one of those 
 concerned in the production of the Bishop's Book. On his 
 death, September 22, 1537, he bequeathed his mitre and 
 other ornaments to Hereford Cathedral, though whether he 
 was buried there or in Mold Church seems doubtful. The 
 Dean of Exeter, Dr. Thomas Reynolds, was appointed to 
 succeed him, but was imprisoned in the Marshalsea, on the 
 accession of Elizabeth, before he had been consecrated, and 
 
104 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 died there in 1559. Fuller, in his Church History of Britain, 
 remarks : " I take the Marshalsea to be, in those times, the best 
 for the usage of prisoners, but O the misery of God's poor 
 saints in Newgate, under Alexander the gaoler ! More cruel 
 than his namesake the coppersmith was to St. Paul; in 
 Lollard's Tower, the Clink, and Bonner's Coal-house, a place 
 which minded them of the manner of their death, first kept 
 amongst coals before they were burnt to ashes." ^ 
 
 John Scory, a.d. 1559-1585, was translated from 
 Chichester. On the accession of Mary, 1553, he is said to 
 have done penance for his marriage, and generally reconciled 
 himself with Rome, then to have withdrawn to Friesland and 
 retracted his recantation, becoming superintendent to the 
 English congregation there. When Elizabeth came to the 
 throne he returned, preached before her by appointment in 
 Lent, 1558, was restored to Chichester, and later on was 
 elected to Hereford. 
 
 During his episcopate the persuasive Queen induced Bishop 
 Scory to surrender to the Crown nine or ten of the best manors 
 belonging to the see, and to receive in exchange advowsons 
 and other less valuable possessions. In these transactions it 
 is possible he thought more of his own interest than that of 
 his successors ; in any case, serious charges were brought 
 against him in other ways. His steward Butterfield drops into 
 verse on the subject. One of his stanzas runs : — ■ 
 
 Then home he came unto our queene, the fyrst year of her raigne, 
 And byshop was of Hereford, where he doth now remaine ; 
 And where hee hath by enemyes oft, and by false slanderous tongues, 
 Had troubles great, without desert, to hys continuall wronges. 
 
 Bishop Scory was succeeded by Harberd (or Herbert) 
 Westphaling, a.d. 1585-1601, Prebendary of Christ Church, 
 Oxford : a man remarkable for the immoderate length of his 
 speeches, his great integrity, and a profound and unsmiling 
 gravity. He married a sister of the wife of Archbishop Parker, 
 and before his election to Hereford was treasurer of St. Paul's 
 and Dean of Windsor. 
 
 According to Sir John Harrington, Bishop Westphaling was 
 once preaching in his cathedral when a mass of frozen snow 
 fell upon the roof from the tower, creating a panic among the 
 
 ^ Fuller's Church History of Britain^ Brewer's ed., iv. 198. 
 
HISTORY OF THE SEE. IO5 
 
 frightened congregration. But the Bishop, remaining in his 
 pulpit, exhorted them to keep their places and fear not. He 
 spent all that he had in revenues from the see in charity and 
 good works, leaving, says Fuller, "no great, but a well-gotten 
 estate, out of which he bequeathed twenty pounds per annum 
 to Jesus College in Oxford." He lies in the north transept of 
 the cathedral, where his efifigy can still be seen. 
 
 Robert Bennett, a.d. 1602-16 17, a Fellow of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge, was a famous tennis player. 
 
 Queen Elizabeth had imprisoned him for a short time for 
 preaching against her projected marriage with the Duke of 
 Anjou, but made him Dean of Windsor towards the close of 
 her reign. He is said to have been vain, and especially fond 
 of having his name and arms carved on house fronts. In 1607 
 the old quarrel about the Bishop's rights respecting St. Ethelbert's 
 fair broke out again between the citizens and Bishop Bennett. 
 He spent large sums on the restoration of the Bishop's Palace. 
 Bishop Bennett was buried on the north side of the choir, where 
 his tomb remains with effigy. 
 
 Francis Godwin, a.d. 161 7-1633, translated to Hereford 
 from Llandaff, which preferment he is said to have obtained 
 from the Queen on account of his commentary De PraesuUbus 
 Angliae. He also wrote other historical works, including a life 
 of Queen Mary. To quote again from Fuller, " He was stored 
 with all polite learning both judicious and industrious in the 
 study of antiquity, to whom not only the Church of Llandaff 
 (whereof he well deserved) but all England is indebted, as for 
 his other learned writings, so especially for his catalogue of 
 Bishops." He was buried at Whitbourn, in a residence be- 
 longing to the see of Hereford, on April 29, 1633. 
 
 William Juxon, Dean of Worcester, and President of St. 
 John's College, Oxford, was chosen to follow Bishop Godwin, 
 but before consecration was called to l^ondon. During his 
 episcopacy in that see, he was by Bishop Laud's procurement 
 made Lord Treasurer of England. Fuller says of his ad- 
 ministration of these duties that " No hands, having so much 
 money passing through them, had their fingers less soiled 
 therewith." 
 
 Augustine Lindsell, a.d. 1633-1634, Bishop of Peter- 
 borough, was confirmed on March 24, 1633, but in November 
 of the following year was found dead in his study. 
 
Io6 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 Matthew Wren, a.d. 1635-1635, Dean of Windsor, held 
 a still briefer episcopate, and in the same year as his consecra- 
 tion to Hereford was translated to Norwich. 
 
 Theophilus Field, a.d. 1635-1636, who had been Bishop 
 of Llandaff and of St. David's, died a year after his translation, 
 and thereby saved the diocese the ill effects of a longer term of 
 servile and corrupt management. 
 
 George Coke, a.d. 163 6-1 646, Fellow of Pembroke Hall, 
 Cambridge, became Bishop of Bristol in 1633, and was trans- 
 lated to Hereford in 1636. He was a grave and studious man, 
 and well loved in his diocese, but in the troubled days of the 
 Civil War was deprived of his see. 
 
 Nicholas Monk, a.d. i66i-i66r, who followed, was brother 
 to the Duke of Albemarle, and provost of Eton. He died in 
 the December following his consecration, at Westminster, where 
 he was buried. 
 
 Herbert Croft, a.d. 1662-1671. The son of Sir Herbert 
 Croft, of an ancient family in the county of Hereford, he was 
 brought up at Douai and St. Omer as a Jesuit, but was restored 
 to the English Church through the influence of Bishop Morton, 
 of Durham. He became a determined opponent of Romanism, 
 and wrote several treatises against it. About this time there 
 seems to have been an appeal to the nobility and gentry of 
 the county for help towards restoring the cathedral. Bishop 
 Croft was buried in the cathedral, and joined to his gravestone 
 is that of his intimate friend George Benson, the Dean. He 
 left by his will a sum of money for the relief of widows, and for 
 apprenticing the sons of clergymen of the diocese. 
 
 Gilbert Ironside, a.d. 1691-1701, warden of Wadham 
 College, Oxford, was translated to Hereford from Bristol. He 
 died in London, and was buried in the church of St. Mary, 
 Monthalt. This church was destroyed in 1863, but the Rev. F. 
 T. Havergal succeeded in getting the Bishop's remains and tomb- 
 stone removed to Hereford Cathedral a few years later, in 1867. 
 
 H umphrey H umphreys, A.D.i7oi-i7i2,a Welshman , was 
 translated to Hereford from Bangor. He is said to have been 
 a good antiquary. Again, in the early days of the eighteenth 
 century, was the old contest revived between citizens and Bishop 
 as to his jurisdiction in respect of the fair of St. Ethelbert. 
 The episcopal rights remained unaltered, at least in form, down 
 to 1838, when the privileges were taken away by a special Act 
 
HISTORY OF THE SEE. I07 
 
 of Parliament, and compensation was made to the Bishop for 
 the profits arising from the fair privileges, to the amount of 1 2^ 
 bushels of wheat 'or its equivalent in money value, according 
 to the price current. This has now been transferred tp the 
 Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and the fair limited to two days' 
 duration. 
 
 Philip Bisse, a.d. 1712-1721, translated from St. David's, 
 was a man of great munificence, and of the best intentions, of 
 whom it may be said he spent " not wisely but too well." He 
 was entirely devoid of any aesthetic feeling or of architectural 
 fitness, and in the most religious spirit committed acts of whole- 
 sale sacrilege. He employed, it is said, in the work of restora- 
 tion in the palace, the stones of the chapter-house, at that time 
 much injured, but certainly by no means ruined. He built a 
 hideous structure intended to support the central tower of the 
 cathedral, and as a crowning act of magnificent liberality, 
 presented the church with the most dreadful, ponderous, and 
 unsuitable altar-piece that could well have been devised. In 
 an elaborate epitaph in the cathedral his virtues are recorded. 
 It was in the time of Bishop Bisse that the meeting of the three 
 choirs of Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester first took place. 
 
 Benjamin Hoadley, a.d. 1721-17 2 3, translatedfrom Bangor, 
 was again translated to Salisbury early in 1723. His rule over 
 Hereford was too short for him to have influenced it for good 
 or evil, and his history belongs rather to Salisbury and Win- 
 chester. 
 
 Hon. Henry Egerton, a.d. 17 23-1 746, fifth son of the 
 third Earl of Bridgewater, was chaplain to George I. He is 
 chiefly to be remembered for an attempt to destroy the early 
 Norman building adjoining the Bishop's Palace, and thought to 
 have been the parish church of St. Mary, each of its two stories 
 containing a chantry founded by Bishop Hugh Foliot. 
 
 Lord James Beauclerk,A.D. 1 746-1 787,grandsonof Charles 
 II. and Nell Gwynn, a native of Hereford, was the next Bishop. 
 It was during the last year of his episcopate on Easter Monday, 
 April 17, 1786, that occurred the fall of the western tower of 
 the cathedral, causing much injury. The west front of the 
 church was destroyed, and also a great part of the nave was 
 seriously injured. The Bishop died eighteen months after this 
 calamity. The see was next occupied for six weeks only by 
 the Hon. J. Harley. 
 
no 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL. 
 
 draw the appointment, and it was eventually carried out in spite 
 of all remonstrances ; not, however, until the question had 
 been taken from the Spiritual Court to the Court of Queen's 
 Bench, where the judges were equally divided in their opinion. 
 He died April 23, 1868, in London, and was buried at Kensal 
 Green, close to the Princess Sophia. His scholastic philosophy 
 was said by Hallam to be the only work of deep metaphysical 
 research on the subject to be found in the English language. 
 James Atlay, a.d. 1868-1895, second son of the Rev. 
 
 BYE STREET GATE. FROM AN OLD PRINT. 
 
 Henry Atlay, M.A., formerly Fellow of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. He was born July 3, 181 7; graduated at St. 
 John's College, Cambridge, of which he was afterwards Fellow, 
 appointed one of Her Majesty's Preachers at the Chapel 
 Royal, Whitehall, 1857; Vicar of Leeds, 1859; Canon of 
 Ripon, t86i; nominated to Hereford, May 9, consecrated at 
 Westminster on June 24, and enthroned in Hereford Cathedral, 
 July 2, 1868. He was succeeded in 1895 by the Right Rev. 
 John Percival, D.D., the present holder of the see. 
 
PLAN OF 
 
 HEREFORD 
 
 CATHEDRAL. 
 
112 
 
 HEREFORD CATHEDRAL, 
 
 The dimensions of the cathedral are ;^ 
 
 Total length outside, . . , about 
 
 Total length inside, . , . . 
 
 Length of Nave to Screen Gates, 
 
 Length of Choir-Screen to Reredos, . 
 
 Length of Lady Chapel from Reredos, 
 
 Breadth of Nave (span of roof). 
 
 Breadth of Nave and Aisles (internally), 
 
 Breadth of Central Transepts, 
 
 Breadth of North-East Transepts (each about 35 ft. sq.^ 
 
 Height of Choir, . .... 
 
 Height of Nave, ..... 
 
 Height of Lantern, 
 
 Height of Tower (top of /tJot/j), 
 
 Height of Tower (top oi pinnacles), . 
 
 Height of old central timber Spire, 
 
 Area, . 26,856 sq. ft. 
 
 Ft. 
 
 In 
 
 342 
 
 
 
 327 
 
 5 
 
 158 
 
 6 
 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 93 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 73 
 
 4 
 
 146 
 
 2 
 
 no 
 
 6 
 
 62 
 
 6 
 
 64 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 140 
 
 6 
 
 165 
 
 
 
 240 
 
 
 
 NEII.L AND COMPANY, LTD., PRINTERS, KDINnURCM. 
 
JSdll's Cathedral Series. 
 
 Profusely Illustrated. Cloth, crown Svo, is. 6d. net each. 
 
 NOW READY. 
 
 ENGLISH CATHEDRALS. An Itinerary and Description. Compiled 
 by James G. Gilchrist, A.M., M.D. Revised and edited with an 
 Introduction on Cathedral Architecture by the Rev. T. Perkins 
 M.A., F.R.A.S. 
 
 BRISTOL. By H. J. L. J. Masse, M.A. 
 
 CANTERBURY. By Hartley Withers. 3rd Edition, revised 
 
 CARLISLE. By C. K. Eley. 
 
 CHESTER. By Charles Hiatt. 2nd Edition, revised. 
 
 DURHAM. By J. E. Bygate, A.R.C.A. 2nd Edition. 
 
 ELY. By Rev. W. D. Sweeting, M.A. 
 
 EXETER. By Percy Addlbshaw, B.A. 2nd Edition. 
 
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 LICHFIELD. By A. B. Clifton. 2nd Edition, revised. 
 
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 ROCHESTER. By G. H. Palmer, B.A. 2nd Edition. 
 
 ST. DAVID'S. By Philip Robson, A. R.I. B.A. 
 
 ST. PAUL'S. By Rev. Arthur Dimock, M.A. 2nd Edition. 
 
 SALISBURY. By Gleeson White. 2nd Edition, revised. 
 
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 GLASGOW. By P. Macgregor Chalmers, I. A., F.S.A.(Scot.). 
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Opinions of the Press. 
 
 " For the purpose at which they aim they are admirably done, and 
 there are few visitants to any of our noble shrines who will not enjoy their 
 visit the better for being furnished with one of these delightful books, 
 which can be slipped into the pocket and carried with ease, and is yet 
 distinct and legible. ... A volume such as that on Canterbury is exactly 
 what we want, and on our next visit we hope to have it with us. It b 
 thoroughly helpful, and the views of the fair city and its noble cathedral 
 are beautiful. Both volumes, moreover, will serve more than a temporary 
 purpose, and are trustworthy as well as delightful." — Notes and Queries. 
 
 "We have so frequently in these columns urged the want of cheap, 
 well -illustrated, and well -written handbooks to our cathedrals, to take 
 the place of the out-of-date publications of local booksellers, that we are 
 glad to hear that they have been taken in hand by Messrs George Bell 
 & Sons." — St. James's Gazette. 
 
 " The volumes are handy in size, moderate in price, well illustrated, and 
 written in a scholarly spirit. The history of cathedral and city is in- 
 telligently set forth and accompanied by a descriptive survey of the 
 building in all its detail. The illustrations are copious and well selected, 
 and the series bids fair to become an indispensable companion to the 
 cathedral tourist in England." — Times. 
 
 "They are nicely produced in good type, on good paper, and contain 
 numerous illustrations, are well written, and very cheap. We should 
 imagine architects and students of architecture will be sure to buy the 
 series as they appear, for they contain in brief much valuable information. " 
 — British Architect. 
 
 " Bell's ' Cathedral Series,' so admirably edited, is more than a descrip- 
 tion of the various English cathedrals. It will be a valuable historical 
 record, and a work of much service also to the architect. The illustrations 
 are well selected, and in many cases not mere bald architectural drawings 
 but reproductions of exquisite stone fancies, touched in their treatment by 
 fancy and guided by art." — Star. 
 
 "Each of them contains exactly that amount of information which the 
 intelligent visitor, who is not a specialist, will wish to have. The dis- 
 position of the various parts is judiciously proportioned, and the style is 
 very readable. The illustrations supply a further important feature ; they 
 are both numerous and good. A series which cannot fail to be welcomed 
 by all who are interested in the ecclesiastical buildings of England." — 
 Glasgow Herald. 
 
 "Those who, either for purposes of professional study or for a cultured 
 recreation, find it expedient to ' do ' the English cathedrals will welcome 
 the beginning of Bell's 'Cathedral Series.' This set of books is an 
 attempt to consult, more closely, and in greater detail than the usual 
 guide-books do, the needs of visitors to the cathedral towns. The series 
 cannot but prove markedly successful. In each book a business-like 
 description is given of the fabric of the church to which the volume 
 relates, and an interesting history of the relative diocese. The books are 
 plentifully illustrated, and are thus made attractive as well as instructive. 
 They cannot but prove welcome to all classes of readers interested either 
 in English Church history or in ecclesiastical architecture. "^-Scotsman. 
 
 "They have nothing in common with the almost invariably wretched 
 local guides save portability, and their only competitors in the quality and 
 quantity of their contents are very expensive and mostly rare works, each 
 of a size that suggests a packing-case rather than a coat'pocket. The 
 ' Cathedral Series ' are important compilations concerning history, archi- 
 tecture, and biography, and quite popular enough for such as take any 
 sincere interest in their subjects." — Sketch. 
 
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