t- •1* A. m ^ OXFORD Study Guides EDITED BY F. S .PU LLING^M. A. Honour Classical Moderations LR.FARNELL. 4 PALMTRA OXONIENSIS. The obf^ of this Series'is to;fmpiah Exereiaes and Test Papers fif iga^f^f^atei prvparintiJoT the various jExammdtvmi at owr Pubiie Schools ' wad Universities. QUESTIONS and EXERCISES for MATRICULATION and EESPONSIONS. Contents: (1) Grammatacal Questions in ejreek and Latin; (2) Materials for Latin Prose; (g) Questions on '^Wtliois,. Fifth Edition. Crown 8ro. doth, 3«. %di QUESTIONS and EXERCISES for CLASSICAL SCHOLAR- SHIPS. Contents : (1) Critical Grammar Questions in Crrefk ,ajDd ' .I#in; (2) ynseen passages for translation. Adapted to die'^lord artd Cambridge Schools Certificate and the Oxford First P'uttie Examinations. Crown 8ro. cloth, 3«. 6A A Key, for Tutors only, in prepwration. QUESTIONS and EXERCISES for CLASSICAL SCHOLAR- SHIPS. Second BiTision. Contents: (1) Historical and ^^eneral r^TQiiestions ; (2) Subjects for English Essays. Crown Svo.jd^th, is'.6d, K,-*; QUESTIONS and EXERCISES in ELEMENTARY MATHE- MATICS. Contents: (1) Arithmetic; (2) Algebra; (3) Euclid. Third Edition, enlarged.' Adapted to Uiatricufitiiln, Eespoilsioiis, and#jii^t Public Examinations, and the Oxford and Cambridge Local and Certificate Examinations, C!i^i^ Sro. doth, 3«. 6(2. With Answbbs, &s. The Answebs separately, paper covers, la. 6d. QUESTIONS and EXERCISES in ELEMENTARY ■i.QGlG, DEDUCTIVE and INDUCTIVE; with Index of Ldgical ;^^s. Crown 8ro. cloth. (New Edition in the press.) . »; QUESTIONS and EXERCISES in RUDIMENTARY DI- VrNlTY. Contents: (1) Old Testament; (2) New Testament; (3) The Thirty-Nine Articles ; (4) Greek Passages for Translation. Adapted to the Oxford Pass and the' Oxford and Cambridge Certifi- cate Examinations. Cro'vrn Svo. cloth, 3s. 6d: ELEMENTARY QUESTIONS on the LAW of PROPERTY, BEAL and PERSONAL. Supplemented by Advanced Questions on the Law of Contracts., With Copious Beferences throughout, and an Index of Legal Terms. Crown Svo. cloth, Ss. 6d. QUESTIONS and EXERCISES in POLITICAL ECONOMY, with Beferences to Adam Smith, Bicardo, John Stuart Mill, Fawcett, J. B. Thorbld Rogers, Bonamy Price, Twiss, Senior, and others. Crown Svo. cloth, 3s. 6d- JAMES THORNTON, 33 HIGH STREET, OXFORD. Cornell University Library 3 1924 031 422 938 olin.anx Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031422938 OXFORD STUDY GUIDES. EDITED BY f. STTULLIMti, M.A. HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Published by JAMES THORNTON, OXFORD. ,„..„^„ [SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND Co, London ,., ... - {HAMILTON, ADAMS, AND Co. A GUIDE TO STUDYING FOR HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. L. Rr F_ARNELL, B.A., FELLOW OF EXETER COLLEGE, OXFORD. JAMES THORNTON, HIGH STREET. MDCCCLXXXI. CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction vii Extracts from the University Statutes . i Choice of Subjects 6 Time and Method 23 Composition and Unseen Translation . 32 List of Commentaries, Translations, &c. 35 Critical Paper 52 Logic 57 Philology 59 Examination Papers ..... 60 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. I. Logic. page Paper 1 60 Paper II 6i Paper III 63 II. Philology. Paper I. 65 Paper II 66 Paper III 66 Paper IV 67 III. Aristotle's Poetics and the Greek Drama. Paper 1 68 Paper II. ........ 69 Paper III 70 IV. Latin Literature. Paper I. 71 Paper II. ....... . 72 Paper III. 72 Paper IV. to the end of the Augustan Age, with Horace's Epist., Book ii., Ep. i 73 INTRODUCTION. The short pamphlet that I have been asked to prepare upon the course of study for Classical Moderations, is addressed mainly to those who are beginning to read for this school, and who may feel that they want special advice and direction in regard to the method and matter of their reading ; for others besides these I have not the experience that would enable me to offer any suggestions. It is in the Long Vacation, before a man comes into residence, and in his first Term, that he is most likely to need information as to the extent of his work ; and much needless loss of time is often caused by delaying to obtain this information. I have, therefore, tried to give some hints as to a plan of study and the selection of authors, and to prepare a short list of texts and commentaries — a list which I regret that I have not been able to make fuller and more effective. I have made no attempt here to anticipate all the questions that may be set on any viii INTRODUCTION. subject in the examination. Such as I have instanced are given merely for the sake of guiding a man in his general reading; to give a precise account of all the various sections in books that bear on the examination, even if it were possible, would reduce the reading to mere cram-work. I take this opportunity of sincerely thanking those who have allowed me, in preparing this guide for Classical Moderations, to avail myself of their suggestions and their wider experience. May, 1 88 1. HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. EXTRACTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY STATUTES. The following are the regulations as revised by the Board of Studies to June 30, 1880, concerning Honour Classical Moderations : — A. I. All Candidates for Honours will be examined in the following subjects : — (i) Translations of unprepared passages both in Greek and Latin. (2) Latin prose. (3) Greek and Latin authors to be selected from the list put out by the Board of Studies, and under the conditions published therewith. The mini- mum number which will be accepted of such authors is five. Grammar questions and ques- tions bearing directly upon the contents, style, and literary history of the books offered, will be considered an essential part of the Examina- tion. 2 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. II. Papers will also be set in the following subjects : — (i) Greek prose ; (2) Latin verse ; (3) Greek verse. (4) The Elements of Comparative Philology, especially as applied to the illustrations of Greek and Latin Inflexions, (s) The history of the Greek drama, with Aristotle's Poetics, excepting chapters xx. and xxv. ; or, as an alternative. The general history of Roman poetry to the end of the Augustan age, with Horace, Epist. Bk. ii. ep. i. [In and after Easter Tenn, 1882, the following clause will be substituted for the foregoing : — • (5) Aristotle's Poetics, excepting chapters xx. and xxv., with either the History of the Greek drama, or the History of Roman poetry to the end of the Augustan age.] (6) The elements of Deductive Logic, with Either, Magrath's selections from the Organon, §§ 3-6; 22-33 J 36-47; 50-53; 61-66; 68, and first paragraph of 69; 105-112; 118-127. [All these sections are to be understood as inclusive.] Or, Such portions of Inductive Logic as are contained in Mill's Logic, Bk. iii. ch. i.-iv., vi.-viii., x.-xii., and xx. Every Candidate will have the opportunity of doing all these papers, but deficiency in or omission of one or more of them will be no bar to the attainment of the highest Honours, if compensated by the quantity of the other work offered by the Candidate, or the general excellence of his papers. Candidates are recommended to take up not more omission of one or more of the Composition Papers, though at the same time it is not implied that in such cases a third subject is necessary to the attainment of the highest Honours.) The following is the list of Authors proposed ; — Greek. (i) Homer, four alternatives — -Iliad i.-xii., xiii.-xxiv. Odyssey, i.-xii., xiii.-xxiv. (2) Demosthenes — De Coronl (3) yEschylus — The Trilogy, or any four plays includ- ing the Agamemnon. (4) Sophocles — any three plays, (5) Euripides — any four of the following plays : Bacchse, Hippolytus, Ion, Iphigenia in Tauris, Medea, PhoenissEe. (6) Aristophanes — any three of the following plays : Acharnenses, Aves, Equites, Nubes, Ranse, Vespee. N.B. A selection composed as follows will be accepted as representing two authors, viz. : — (a) Two plays of .^schylus, including the Aga- memnon. (b) Two plays of Sophocles. {c) Two of the above-named plays of Aristophanes, or three of the above-named plays of Euripides. (7) Theocritus, 4 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. (8) Pindar — Olympian and Pythian Odes. (9) Plato— The Republic, Bks. i.-v. {10) Thucydides — Bks. L, iL,iii., or ii., iii. iv. Latin. (i i) Vergil, three alternatives : — («) Eclogues and Georgics with ^neid i.-vi. ip) Eclogues and Georgics with ^neid viL-xii. (c) The ^neid. {12) Cicero — three alternatives : — (a) Philippics, i.-vii., with part 5 of Watson's Select Epistles. {S) Pro Murasna 1 with part i of Watson's Select Pro Clueritio J Epistles, (c) Pro Mursena 1 with part 2 of Watson's Select Pro Sestio J Epistles. [In and after Easter Term, 1882, tlu latter part of the Jireceding clause will run as follows : — (c) In Verrem — any two parts of the second action, together with part i of Watson's Select Epistles.] (13) Horace — ^The Odes, Carmen Sseculare, and Epodes, with either the Satires or the Epistles, Bk. i., together with the Ars Poetica. (14) Juvenal (omitting Satires 2, 6, 9), with either Persius or one book of the Satires of Horace. (15) Propertius, Bks. i.-iii., or iv., v., with the Selec- tions from Catullus published by the Univer- sity Press. (16) Plautus any four of the following plays: Am- phitruo, Aulularia, Captivi, Mensechmi, Miles Gloriosus, Mostellaria, Rudens, Trinummus. For two of the four any four plays of Terence may be substituted. EXTRACTS FROM THE UNIVERSITY STATUTES. 5 (17) Lucretius, Bks. i., ii., iii., and v. (18) Tacitus — Annals, Bks. i.-iv. (19) Livy, Bks. ii.-v. The following rules are laid down with respect to the selection of books : — (i) All Candidates for Honours must offer the follow- ing authors: (i) Homer; (2) Demosthenes; (3) Vergil ; (4) Cicero. (2) If Candidates offer more than five books, one of them must be a Greek dramatist. (3) The number of Greek and Latin authors offered must be as nearly as possible equal. (4) If twd Greek dramatists are offered, one of the two must be either yEschylus or Sophocles. B. Examination Papers will be set from the following texts : — Homer. Dindorf. (Teubner's Series.) Demosthenes. Baiter. (Zurich.) .iEschylus. Dindorf. (Edition of 1851.) Sophocles. Campbell. Euripides. Dindorf. Aristophanes. Dindorf. Theocritus. Fritzsche. (Teub- ner.) Pindar. Dissen. Plato. Baiter and Orelli. (Zu- rich.) Thucydides. Bekker. Virgil. Conington. Cicero (Orations). Baiter and Kayser. Cicero (Letters). Watson. Catullus. Ellis. Lucretius. Munro. Horace. Orelli. Juvenal. Mayor. (2nd Edition.) Persius. Conington. Propertius. Haupt. Plautus. Mostellaria. Ritschl. ,, Aulularia. Wagner. ,, Amphitruo. Fleckei- sen. „ Captivi. Fleckeisen. ,, Mensechmi. Ritschl. ,, Miles. Fleckeisen. „ Rudens. Fleckeisen. ,, Trinummus. Fleckei- sen. Terence. Wagner. Livy. Madvig. Tacitus. Halm. Aristotle (Poetics). Vahlen. Quintilian (Bk. x.) Bonnell, Haupt, and Sauppe. CHOICE OF SUBJECTS. Selection will vary in three different cases. Case I. Case II. Case III. Considera- tions on Case I. As regards the choice of subjects for Honours in Classi- cal Moderations, some general rules may be laid down ; but much will depend on the different aims and capabili- ties of the men. The circumstances that ordinarily affect one's decision are such as the following : — 1. The student may have received a scholarly educa- tion sufficient to give him a keen interest in the subjects of Latin and Greek scholarship, and a facility in the study. In his choice of books, therefore, he may be guided by the desire to satisfy a special philological or literary interest, rather than by considerations of time and labour. 2. A man may want such scholarly ability, and can therefore only hope to attain a good class by a careful economy of time. In this case the subjects must neces- sarily be selected according to the quantity and quality of the work they involve. 3. A man may have determined upon the course of reading he intends to pursue after Moderations, and this will affect his selection of Moderations work. If he has already resolved to go in for Honours in Classical Greats, 'the necessities of this examination should not be lost sight of in deciding upon one's work for Moderations. Certain suggestions may be made applicable to these three cases. It is plain that where there is a special taste to guide one, as well as the capacity to indulge it, few definite CHOICE OF SUBJECTS. rules are necessary. It is enough to point out briefly how, within the limited freedom of choice allowed one by the Statutes, a certain system may be followed. Of the Latin authors, two are already prescribed — Vergil and Cicero. As regards the former, it makes no great differ- ence, from the point of view of a philological study of the Latin, whether the whole of the ^neid, or the Georgics and Eclogues with half the ^neid, be chosen. But if a man's interest is rather the literary, he will probably gain more from a reading of the latter subjects; his study of Vergil will become more interesting, in that he will become acquainted with the various sides of his genius. He will be able to contrast the success of the Vergilian epic with the success of his erotic and idyllic poetry, and he will be able to illustrate the influence of foreign, and especially of Alexandrine models, upon the whole range of Vergil's works. At the same time the monotonous length of the ^neid makes it the less easy to remember, while the variety and even the difficulty of the Georgics help to impress them on one's memory. Out of the orations of Cicero offered for selection, the Philippics are to be recommended, partly as models of style, partly on the ground of their oratorical and histori- cal interest. Under certain circumstances, on the other hand, one might be led to choose some of the smaller speeches, as giving better illustrations of the private life at Rome. As regards the rest of the Latin authors, the choice is less limited, and therefore more difficult. One gains much for the unity of one's work, if one selects in such a way as to illustrate some special subject. If, for in- stance, a man is offering the History of Roman Literature, it is well to choose some author that is representative of (a) Necessary Latin Authors. Advantages In offering Georgics and Eclogues. The Philippics, (b) Optional Latin Authors. HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Flantns, JtiTenal, Tacitus, Illustrative of tbe History of Literature. Seasons for offering Catullus, Fropertius, and Lucretius. the pre-Ciceronian style ; on this ground, as on many others, the reading of Plautus is of great service, partly as showing the cast of the spirit that was more properly Latin, partly as illustrating the manner of the Latin imitation of the Greek, and lastly, as illustrating the popular idiom and the popular system of accentuation. As Plautus stands at one extreme in the history of the Latin language, so at the other extreme, in the expanse covered by the Moderations scheme, are Tacitus and Juvenal; and with a view to a connected study of the development of the language, it is well to select some author that is representative of the earlier epoch of silver Latin. In Tacitus and Juvenal there is a marked simi- larity of style and tone, and many peculiarities that serve to distinguish both from the Ciceronian and Early Re- publican epochs. Both, moreover, will serve as a good illustration of the satiric spirit that was the most original fact in Latin literature. At the same time, the connected study of the growth, and changes of the language need not clash with a desire to read those works that are of the highest order of artistic creativeness. Thus for Plautus the selections of Catullus, and Propertius, or Lucretius, might be substi- tuted. From these three poets one can, perhaps, best appreciate how far the Roman imagination in its con- structive power could ga And their careful study would serve to raise Moderations work above the ordinary standard of the school routine ; and these subjects will be found to illustrate richly several questions of literary interest, especially the influence of Alexandrinism upon Roman literature. One last advantage that recommends the study of these books is the excellent commentaries of which one can avail oneself. These will be referred CHOICE OF SUBJECTS. to later in the list of texts and commentaries. If to Propertius and Catullus one adds Lucretius, one may lose something by the omission of the authors of the silver age, but one gains the knowledge of one of the greatest — if not the greatest — creative poet of Rome. Again, one's choice might be altered if, side by side with Roman literature, one offers Philology ; this makes in favour of taking up Plautus, since his preservation of many antique forms and an older system of accentuation throws light on many questions of Latin philology. The Aulularia might be recommended on account of Wagner's introduction and notes ; and the Amphitruo is interesting as a peculiar kind of mythologic travesty. The four plays of Terence can hardly be recommended on the ground of their poetic interest equally with the works already mentioned. His greatest importance is as the first stylist of the Early Republican era, as the writer ■ who set himself to fix and purify Latin style, and thus as representative of a tendency that was afterwards fully expressed in Cicero. In regard to the Greek books, one inay be guided by the same principles. The author that is of most assistance for the study of philology, as illustrating the more primitive forms of suffixes and roots, is Homer : and sections of either the Iliad or Odyssey are prescribed as necessary. As far as the interest of the several sections goes, there seems to be little to choose. That one can obtain a good English commentary of the first half of the Odyssey might decide in favour of this selection. More difficulty will, perhaps, be felt in making up one's mind concerning the optional subjects, viz., Pindar, ^schylus, Sophocles, Thucyd^des, Euripides, Aristophanes, and Theocritus : for while in FUloioglcai ' value of Plautus. Aulularia and AmpMtruo. Importance of Terence. (c) Necessary Greek Authors. (d) Optlcmal Greek Authors. HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Reasons for ofTeruig Theocritus. Flndar, JEscbylus. Tbucydides. Authors should be chosen to illustrate the Aristotelian criticism. Advantage of the Poetics. Latin one might confine oneself to those who stood first in point of literary merit, the literary interest of all these Greek authors is of the highest. And any one of these might be chosen on other grounds. If a man offers the Eclogues of Vergil, he will read them with more profit and intelligence if he takes up Theocritus : he will thus be able to trace the idyllic inspiration of Vergil to its fountain-head. At the same time, he will thus probably be widening the extent and changing the character of his earlier reading. Again, one might offer Pindar and JEschylus on the ground of their similarity in poetic idiom and thought ; but one's Greek reading would thus become rather onesided, as both these poets come before the period when Greek poetic style was freest and richest. To illustrate the development of prose style, one might do well to take up Thucydides and Demosthenes. Such a study would show one the differences of prose idiom, the points of progress and decay that mark the earlier and later epochs of Greek literature. And if it is advisable to choose with a view to prose composition, it becomes very advantageous to offer these two authors. But perhaps it is best to choose in order to exemplify the Aristotelian art criticism. The Poetics of Aristotle them- selves suggest a certain line of reading. It must be noticed that in and after the Easter term of 1882 this work will be made obligatory upon all who offer Greek or Latin literature; and though at present it remains optional, it can hardly be too highly recommended. It has the advantage of originality as compared with the Epistle of Horace ; and whether the often-repeated remark is true or not, ,that it is the basis of all modern criticism, it is at least the best and clearest criticism of the best period CHOICE OF SUBJECTS. ir of Greek literature. A right appreciation of the points discussed in the treatise enables a man to read his moderation-books with a more intelligent insight into their importance and worth ; and he will thus be able to raise his work above the standard of mere school-work : lastly, he will gain acquaintance with the style of Aristotle in its most difficult form, and this will stand him in stead if he afterwards proceeds to Greats. No doubt the ex- treme mutilation and uncertainty of the text repels many ; but a good scholar need not be more troubled by its difficulties than by an ^schylean chorus. If, then, the Poetics is chosen with the History of the Greek drama, it would be best for the sake of the unity of selection to offer the six or seven plays that are equivalent to two subjects, viz. : two of ^schylus ; two of Sophocles ; two of Aristophanes, or three of Euripides. Greater diversity is thus secured for one's reading than by taking up three plays of two authors; and it is well not to dissever Sophocles from ^schylus, for each has his peculiar ex- cellences and style, and both are better "understood in their connection. One can thus compare the different success with which each poet has solved the problem of dramatic creation, and one can note how the language of ^schylus is transformed into a subtler vehicle of ex- pression in the hands of Sophocles. At the same time both serve as an admirable pendant to the study of the Poetics. If a third dramatic poet is offered, Aristophanes is for some reasons preferable to Euripides. Even in regard to its poetic character, the Aristophanic comedy is perhaps equal to the tragedy of Euripides; but for the present purpose it is still more valuable on account of the clearer understanding it gives of contemporary life, political and The Trage- dians in connection with tlie Poetics. Seasons for offering Aristophanes. HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Advantage of Philology. The History of Literature as compared with Logic. Considera- tions on Case II. Necessary Authors. Odyssey, Bks. 1-12. private, at Athens. Thus, by uniting Aristophanes with ./Eschylus and Sophocles, one can group together as one subject of study the three poets who in the strongest and brightest colours express the character of the richest period of Attic democracy. Of the two plays of Aristo- phanes that may be offered, the Frogs might well be one, on account of the value of its literary criticism which lies beneath the disguise of burlesque. Lastly, if one is considering one's Moderations work alone, it is well to take Philology as an extra subject besides the History of Literature. For whatever the advantages of offering Logic may be, they do not lie in the connection that this subject has with the rest of one's work : and now more than ever is it found impossible to understand, the idiom and grammar of the two languages without some knowledge of philology. Most of the suggestions that have been made will have to be modified to suit the case of the man who is obliged to minimise the work necessary to attain a good class in Moderations. ■ In making the selection, such a man will have to consider (i) the comparative length of the different portions of the works prescribed; (2) their com- parative difficulty; (3) the possibility of obtaining good and practical commentaries. Of course, the two first considerations go together, and it is from the point of view of all three the following suggestions are made. To take the necessary subjects first. Of the four different selections of Homer that may be offered, it is certainly best for the man whose case is now being con- sidered to take up the first twelve books of the Odyssey ; not only is the actual amount considerably less than in other of the selections of Homer, but there is the additional advantage of a good English commentary in Mr. Merry's CHOICE OF SUBJECTS. 13 edition, Odyss. 1-12, the edition of the last half of the Odyssey by the same critic not having yet appeared. Again, on the ground of mere labour, the whole of the ^neid will always be offered rather than six books of the ^neid with the Eclogues and Georgics. The latter work, if the most perfect of Vergil, is certainly the hardest : its style is rendered difficult by its use of technical terms, and the main part of the subject-matter is hardly interest- ing to the ordinary reader. And, on the whole, better translation can be obtained of the .lEneid than of the Georgics and Eclogues. As regards the works of Cicero, which is the only other of the necessary subjects where any selection of parts is possible, there is much in favour of the choosing the Philippics with the fifth part of Watson's Select Letters. Apart from their superior eloquence and wider political interest, the Philippics are recommended for the reason that there is a good edition by Mr. King, and a very valuable commentary on the second Philippic by Professor Mayor. Of the Pro Cluentio there is a good English com- mentary; of the Pro Muroena a fair one; for the Pro Sestio there is no help except in foreign editions. In the choice of the Latin authors that are optional, there are some which will be immediately rejected on account of the difficulty they present to the ordinary reader. Such are Lucretius, where the subject-matter and style require special study ; Catullus and Propertius, the latter giving great difficulty through his abstruse and allusive style ; and lastly Persius, whose diction is still more difficult. So that if Juvenal is chosen it should be supplemented by Horace's Satires. The difficulty of Juvenal's Satires is greatly decreased by Mayor's excellent commentary, in which, of course, there are many notes The fneld. The Philip- pics, and fifth part of Watson's Select Letters. Optional Latin Authors. Difficulties of Lucretius, Catullus, Propertius, Persius. 14 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Advantages of offering Juvenal. Objections to Terence. To Tacitus. Advantages of offering Horace vitli Juvenal. that will have to be omitted, if time and labour are the chief considerations; but the reader will soon get ac- customed to selecting what is necessary for the translation and illustration of the hardest passages, and he will scarcely find any point of difficulty passed over or other- wise than clearly expressed. If the first edition can be obtained, it is more practically valuable than the later. Perhaps the easiest Latin author in the list is Terence ; but the amount required, namely four plays, is out of pro- portion to the other alternative, the two additional plays of Plautus. And Wagner's commentary, which is the best English commentary on Terence, is hardly full enough for all purposes, but the same commentator will be of great use for a man's reading of Plautus ; and if one offers Plautus, it is best to choose the Aulularia, the Mensechmi, and Trinummus, all of which Wagner has edited. It is the peculiar vocabulary and the antiquarianism, or the technicalities of civil and domestic life, that make Plautus difficult, rather than his idiom or constructions. Thus, on the whole, it becomes an easier subject than the Annals of Tacitus ; for though there is a good English commentary in Frost's edition, and though a man can generally find good lectures on the Annals, yet there are subtleties in the Tacitean diction which will always be hard for the average scholar; and the difficulty of rendering his phrases into English that is barely in- telligible is a reason why more trouble has to be taken with this book than with most others. The Livy is, no doubt, an easier subject, but it seems very rarely chosen, perhaps mainly for the want of a good edition in which to read it. Perhaps the two most manageable subjects are the Satires of Juvenal with one book of Horace's Satires, and the Odes, Epistles, bk. I., and the Ars Poetica CHOICE OF SUBJECTS. IS of Horace. The ordinary school-system has almost always included Horace, and a man is thus generally familiarised with his style and vocabulary, so that it becomes an easier book for him than either Plautus or Tacitus. Among the Greek books, also, there are many which in the present case would properly be avoided. Pindar, for instance, is certainly beyond a merely average capacity for scholarship, nor is the extreme difficulty of the style heightened by any good English commentary, Donaldson's being certainly insufficient. Again, a man would do well to avoid Theocritus, if he is quite unused to the Sicilian dialect. An ordinary man will probably find it harder to familiarise himself with a style so novel than to get a fair mastery over the difficulties of the Sophoclean dic- tion. Of course, in most cases of choice, one's previous school-reading is the best guide, and must be most considered if the aim is to economise time and labour as much as possible. On this ground Theocritus and Pindar will rarely be chosen. The two subjects that remain besides the dramatists are Thucydides, and the first five books of Plato's Republic. As regards the latter, one is scarcely likely to have read this dialogue before coming up to the University, and the difficulty of the subject-matter in these books, especially in the fifth book, is so great as to be an argument against offering them. But from one point of view they are certainly to be re- commended, as anticipating a considerable part of the work for Greats. In Honour Greats, as in Honour Moderations, familiarity with the text is essential, and familiarity with the text and the matter will to a great extent go together. If then a man has decided upon subsequently taking Honour Greats as his final school, Optional Greek Authors. Objections to Flndar and Theocritus. i6 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Choice of Dramatists, Euripides easiest, but amount required is more. he will gain greatly by offering the five books of the Republic, three books of Thucydides, and the Annals of Tacitus for Moderations. He will thus save for his Greits work as much as the moderate labour of many months. But supposing these are not his subsequent intentions, and that his school-reading has given him no inclination towards Thucydides, he will lose time in choosing this subject. The constructions are cumbrous, and the thought, in the speeches at least, is subtle and difficult ; and there is no good English commentary on the whole of Thucydides except Arnold, and the excel- lence of his commentary lies rather in its historical and geographical notes than in its textual criticism. In choosing from among the dramatists, one should remember that, of the two dramas of ^schylus, one is required by Statute to be the Agamemnon. The choruses of the play, even when not disfigured by corruptions, are exceedingly hard, and the dialogue also is difficult, not so much by reason of the subtlety of its thought, which makes the difficulty of the Sopho- clean dialogue, but on account of the unlikeness of its idiom to the idiom of ordinary life. From the point of view of the labour involved, a man would do better to confine himself to the dramas of Sophocles, and Aristophanes or Euripides ; as one of these must be Sophocles, the choice lies between Aristophanes and Euripides. The latter is certainly the easiest author, but the advantage is to some extent counterbalanced by the number of plays required, and an examiner might natu- rally be suspicious of an easy subject, and make more stringent demands in regard to accuracy of rendering. On the other hand there is much to recommend Euripides before Aristophanes. Even to a man of good scholarship CHOICE OF SUBJECTS. 17 the latter is exceedingly hard, owing to the abstruseness of his allusions, and his far-fetched turns of speech, and the want of a sufficient English commentary — a want that will be felt by the ordinary man. If Euripides is selected, the Medea should be one of the four plays, as perhaps the best specimen of Euripides' power. The Hippolytus, also, and the Iphigenia in Tauris are recom- mended by the interest attaching to the characters, and the skilful construction of the plot. The Bacchae again is advisable, partly on the ground of its peculiar dramatic character, partly on account of the excellent commentary lately published by Mr. Sandys. Of the Sophoclean dramas there is much in favour of choosing the Trilogy, the Antigone, CEdipus Tyrannus, and CEdipus Coloneus. But some might naturally be repelled from this selection 'on account of the difficulty of the CEdipus Tyrannus. If one is content with select- ing one of this group, the Antigone, for example, one might fill up the number with the Electra and Ajax. Neither of these plays is among the hardest of Sophocles, and both have been well commented on by Professor Jebb, whose edition is very useful both for literary as for textual criticism. Of all the seven plays, the one which there is the greatest reason for avoiding is the Trachinise; it is a play of doubtful merit, difficult, and partially corrupt, neither is there any English commentary that gives sufficient help, and at present it is rare to find a lecture on this play. It remains to say a few words concerning the selection of the so-called extra subjects. It is now the almost universal custom to offer two of these only ; and for those to whom economy of time is a chief considSration, the selection becomes of some practical importance. In the 3 Sophocles. BeaBons for offering Antigone Electra and Ajax. Choice of e^ra sub- jects. l8 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. History of Literature generally advisable. Logic advis- able in Case III. case of every man it may be said that the History of Literature should be chosen as one of these. For the next year the Poetics of Aristotle will continue to be a voluntary book, connected with the study of Greek Lite- rature. The effect of the new rule, which makes the Poetics necessary to either History of Literature after the Easter of 1882, will probably be the encouragement of Philology ; for the average man has always found the extreme difficulty of the style of the Poetics, and the tolerable difficulty of content, to be an objection against offering Greek Literature. The bare translation of the Greek is a stumbling-block, and the form of statement is not perhaps the most rememberable. On the contrary, the Epistle of Horace is far easier, and the criticism, such as it is, is delivered in a way more likely to impress the memory, and remarks are riiade which suggest most of the important questions in the History of Roman Lite- rature ; nor are these as numerous as might be at first expected, as the subject-matter of the early history is somewhat scanty. As regards the remaining extra subject, there is much to be said in favour of, and some- thing to be said against, the study of Logic. If a man has determined to take Honour Greats for his final school, then he may be strongly advised to take up Logic for Moderations. He will have then well prepared himself for the higher study of the subject, and will have famiHar- ised himself with the technicalities that are a necessary preliminary. It has always been found extremely dis- tasteful to have to wade through the dull, mechanical j)art of the subject at a time when one is or ought to be preoccupied with the higher interests of Greats work. No doubt the term Logic is elastic enough, as it is ap- plied even in Moderations, to have been made to in- CHOICE OF SUBJECTS. 19 elude a certain portion of Metaphysic which demands thoughtful though not abstruse reading. But, on the other hand, this higher treatment of the subject may make the man whose case is being considered hesitate to offer Logic. Still, as the tendency at present appears to be working towards a limitation of this wider application of the term. Logic will perhaps be found a more man- ageable subject than Philology, which makes greater demands on a man's memory. The inductive part of Logic should be offered rather than the deductive, on account of the difficulty generally found in the Greek of Aristotle's Organon. Little need be said in regard to Composition work. Though Latin Prose is the only kind of composition made obligatory by Statute, there is in most cases no question about Greek Prose. In order to obtain a First, it is more advisable, as far as labour is concerned, to offer all four kinds, if a man has acquired the ordinary facility that a public-school training gives. If verses are omitted, more is inevitably demanded from the rest of a man's work, and in most cases more trouble is perhaps involved in a third extra subject than in the attention which a man who is rather backward in verses must give to them, in order to bring them to a fair average standard. And a man who is already proficient in them will be throwing away one of his advantages in dropping them. On the other hand, if a man is more anxious to make his Mods work interesting than to economise time, and happens to lack a faculty for verse-making, he will gain greatly by omitting them altogether, and taking up the three extra subjects : Philology, the History of Literature, and Logic. The two first have a direct and elevating influence upon the reading of the authors ; and if a philological in- Induotive Logic in Case II. Composition work ; rea- sons for and agatnstverses in Case I. Advantages of offering a third extra subject in place of verses. 20 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. terest is acquired through Moderations work, a man who intends to pursue scholarship may be tempted to specialise himself in this line. Logic certainly is something apart from the rest of one's reading, but, including as it does in Moderations certain questions of Psychology and Metaphysic, it advances to some extent the standard and character of a man's work. Greek prose The case has still to be shortly considered of those who ^''"o^ttei "^^ ^"^^ Sreat difficulty with Greek Prose, and who cannot ordinarily write a piece of low average merit. Although it is far more venturesome to drop Greek Prose than the two verse-compositions, there is certainly nothing to pre- vent a man offering a third extra subject in place of this composition. But this is, perhaps, only to be recom- mended in the case of the man of good general ability, whose Greek training has through accident fallen behind his Latin, but who can master a general subject intelli- gently and quickly. On the other hand, if in spite of the Except in ordinary school-training a man is utterly deficient in the vocabulary and the mechanical faculty necessary to Greek composition, he may indeed gain little by offering it; but neither, it may be imagined, will such a man be equal to the labour of working up three general subjects ; for in this school, as in others, much is often lost by a man of average powers attempting too much ; in the present case it would be better for him to try what constant practice and special tuition could do for his Greek composition ; should this fail in producing much result, he will perhaps do better in dropping this composition altogether, than glaringly exposing a point of marked weakness in his work. But these cases are comparatively few ; as a rule, if a man has read enough of Greek literature to acquire a xaie eases. CHOICE OF SUBJECTS. 21 fairly copious vocabulary, with practice he will also acquire the mechanical faculty necessary to the production of a piece of average merit. The following is a summary of some of the sugges- tions that have been given in regard to choice of subjects : — • In Case I. the Eclogues and Georgics, with half the ^neid, will be probably found the most interesting section of Vergil. To this might be added Catullus, Propertius, and Lucretius, on account of their high literary value ; though for philological purposes the utility of Plautus is great. In order to attain a complete idea of the development of Latin style, the Annals of Tacitus or the Satires of Juvenal might be substituted for one of these authors. The selection will vary accord- ing to the varying interests with which men read. In the selection of Greek books it is best to choose so as to illustrate the criticism of the Poetics. This aim is most fully secured by taking up the six or seven plays which represent two subjects. As regards the general subjects, the two that have most connection with the rest of the Moderations work are Philology and the History of Literature. Of the four kinds of Composi- tion, verses may well be dropped where there is no special facility : in this case a man of general intelligence and a power of quick reading will do well to offer a third extra subject. In Case II. the whole of the MntiA should be offered, with the Philippics of Cicero, with Part V. of Watson's Select Epistles. The Odes of Horace, with Epistles, Book I., and the Ars Poetica, will be found an easy subject j and either the four Comedies of Plautus — three of which should be the Aulularia, the Mensechmi, and 22 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. the Trinummus — or the Satires of Juvenal, with one book of Horace's Satires. As regards the Greek Books, the first half of the Odyssey should be offered. Three plays of Sophocles, omitting the CEdipus Tyrannus, with four plays of Euri- pides. The choice should depend upon the quantity and quality of the work involved in the reading of the different authors, and upon one's previous reading. Nor in the case of the man whose scholarship is very defec- tive should more than six authors be offered. The History of Latin Literature, with the Epistle of Horace, is to be preferred to the Poetics of Aristotle. If time will allow a second general subject, this should be the elements of Deductive Logic, with the portions of Inductive Logic. While it is often advisable to drop verses, Greek Prose Composition should be offered, except in rare cases. In the case of the man who is intending to read for Classical Greats as his Final School, the first five books of Plato's Republic, the Annals of Tacitus, the three books of Thucydides, should be offered for Moderations; and Logic should be one of the general subjects. TIME AND METHOD. The length of time that should be devoted to Moderations is often a question. The general custom is to take the whole of the first two years for one's Moderation work ; and first-class men who are afterwards to read for classical Greats are often prompted to defer their first examination, in order that they may make sure of high honours in a school where the results are more in a man's own hands than is the case in Honour Greats. If one intends to stand for any other final school, the full time may be pro- fitably given to Moderations without injuring one's sub- sequent chances, as for most fiinal schools two years' steady reading will be found sufficient. But in the other instance a man ought to consider whether it is not more reasonable to devote the extra six months to the Greats work, which is more in quantity, and higher in quality, and regard to which he must be quite uncertain how long an initiation he will need before he has familiarised him- self with the scope and manner of the work; If, however, he has any reason to judge beforehand that his talent for the special kind of study which Greats involves will not enable him to get more than a second, and he still wishes to take this course of reading for the sake of the mental training it offers, he will then do wisely in giving himself the longest time for Moderations, espe- cially if he can discover that his success in Moderations will affect his future career. But apart from this con- Advisable, except in certain cases, to take Moderations in the fifth Term. 24 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Method of reading. Authors that are connected in style or character should be read together. sideration, given a good scholarly ability to start with, there is nothing in the work of the first school to prevent a man going in at the end of his fifth term. But to do this, it is essential to utilise the whole time, which is at most from fifteen to sixteen months ; and in case one enters at the beginning of the October term, and is free for some part of the preceding Long, it is requisite to acquaint one's self at once with the range of subjects pre- scribed for Moderations, so as to secure some seven or eight weeks for definite reading before one begins resi- dence. As a rule. Moderations is deferred till the eighth term, because the first two months are a blank as regards reading ; othersvise a good man could go in his first chance without excessively hurrying or crowding his work. At the same time two conditions must be presupposed : (i) that a man has sufficient scholarly ability to get over the ground with rapidity; (2) that with some of the subjects a man has already done something before. As for the method and order of reading, this will probably be determined by the lectures one is attending. One will generally find it most convenient to read the books in the order that has reference to these. But some rules, applicable primarily to the general reading of the classics, may be adapted to the special circumstances of Moderations. It is always the best, and at the same time the easiest, course to "read in masses,'' as Professor Mayor expresses it. Those books should be read together that belong to a particular period ; a clearer view is thus obtained of the contemporary thought, contemporary art, and style. And if in either Latin or Greek literature the subjects are so chosen as to represent two or three different epochs of literary manner, these should be read as far as possible in their historical order. Nor is this TIME AND METHOD. 25 method in any way more laborious than a fragmentary and disorderly method, which fails to bring one any sense of the distinction or identity of the different schools of authors. Thus, if two writers in the pre-Ciceronian age should be offered, such as Plautus, Terence, and Lucre- tius, they should be read together ; and from Lucretius a man should turn to Vergil, that the points of likeness and difference between the two poets may be thus com- pared. One will thus more quickly feel the contrast between the Vergilian and Lucretian verse-structure, as well as their distinction in poetic expression ; and he will be the better able to estimate the influence of the earlier upon the later poet. For the same purpose of illustrating Vergil, the idyls of Theocritus — if this subject is offered — should be read by the side of the Eclogues, or should follow as closely as possible upon them. If the six plays of the three Greek dramatists are offered, these should be read more or less consecutively, as forming part of one great whole in Attic literature. Of course no hard and fast line can be laid down for those who are reading according to some intelligent principle. The various motives which, apart from the motives of time and labour, might guide one's selection of subjects, will also decide upon the plan and method of one's reading. Authors may be read together as connected through affinity of style or through affinity of genius. But what- ever the method is, work done in this way is more in- telligent and better economy of time than desultory work. Facts are better remembered as connected than as apart, and facts that 'are seen to be illustrative of a particular epoch of style, of poetical or political thought, are better remembered than facts that are not seen to be illustrative of anything in particular. 26 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Another rule may be given, applicable to all classes of The general men : the general subjects should be taken in hand at an shotaTife ^''^^y^ stage of a man's reading. This may be said of tegun early. Logic as of the other two ; for this subject is, as a rule, comparatively new to a man who is reading for Modera- tions ; and if it is reserved to be dealt with hurriedly at the end, the rawness and uncertainty of his knowledge must show itself in his papers. In regard to the History of Literature and Philology, there are other reasons for beginning them early. It is obvious that much of the study of the inflexional system and of the history of words will assist one's reading of the Latin and Greek The History authors. And much of the value of the History of ^^^l^P*"^!, Literature consists in this, that it enables one to read should beread . ' . in connection One's books with a higher interest. A man should first, with the then, familiarise himself with the general criticism of hoo^s Aristotle or Horace, and then illustrate this for one's self in the various parts of one's reading. It is only, for instance, by a careful observation of the dramatic struc- ture of the Greek plays that the use of the so-called tipiiveia and of avayviipiais Can be appreciated. Apart from the advantages one thus gains for the study of the history of literature, it is only thus that one can prepare one's self for that part of the examination stated as essential — the contents, style, and literary history of the books. Those to whom the bare, accurate translation is the chief difficulty will be able to do but little for this part of the work. But for the man who aims at high honours and at working with the best result, some attention to the literary criticism is essential. And here a man must do much for himself; for if in the case of a drama, for instance, he relies too much on a lecture where analyses of the plot and characters are given, his memory will TIME AND METHOD. 27 probably retain less than if he illustrates by his own observation some general principles of criticism that he may have acquired from reading or from lectures. In reading one's books, then, there are these three points to be kept in view: (i) the literary criticism; (2) the grammatical criticism; (3) the difficulties of translation. It will generally be found too cumbrous to read with a view to all these at once. Most men, unless possess- ing an excellent memory, will find it necessary carefully to go through their books twice, and a third time perhaps superficially. Now, although in neither reading can the literary or the critical regard be altogether wanting, yet it will be found more profitable to keep now the one now the other intention more prominently in view. In one's first reading it would seem better to master the text, and aftenvards to deal with the book more as a literary work ; since, in order to gain any insight into the poetic cha- racter of a drama, it is necessary first to be able to read it with some degree of fluency, and to read it as a whole. 2. To do one's duty by the text, one has to cultivate Gramiuaticai a keen grammatical conscience. A good Greek and ^ " ^™' Latin Grammar should be at hand, as well as a good Lexicon, and reference should constantly be made to the grammar to explain any peculiarity of idiom or usage that one is unfamiliar with. Work of this kind is the reverse of that which consists in the preparation of marked passages, a plan which is of little real profit in the examination. It is natural that examiners should avoid setting those pieces of well-known difficulty which are fastened upon by the most superficial reader ; and it is found that the selection of passages apparently easier avails more in discovering the differences between in- telligent and unintelligent work, for the man who relies 2S HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Style of translation. How for freedom of rendering is advisable. on his preparation of the glaring difficulties will generally pass over those that lie below the surface ; and the fre- quent failure of men in the De Corona is probably owing to this, as this is a book where there are comparatively few " cruces " which press themselves upon one's notice, but where in nearly every clause accuracy is impossible without a due regard to the finer points of grammar. Of course one's last reading becomes little more than a re- vision of these places which one has marked as noticeable ; but this ought to mean something more than a review of the immemorial "cruces." Next in importance to a correct grammatical apprecia- tion is the style of translation ; and this is too often left to take its chance till the last moment, when the stress of the examination is supposed to be likely to suggest a happy rendering. But as this hope is too often found to lead to the very baldest of translations, it is well in most cases to have prepared beforehand certain render- ings; for though the language of certain authors like Cicero has a fluent perfection which allows it to pass easily into English moderately good, yet this is not the case with other authors. If one is content with a mere grammatical understanding of Tacitus' Annals, one will probably be betrayed into a translation which is rather a parody than an English reproduction of the original. To be literal is often the last insult to one's author, as one may see from Mr. Browning's translation of the Agamemnon. In fact, a literal version is often a sign of misunder- standing rather than understanding ; as, for instance again, if one subordinates in one's translation the sen- tences that are subordinate in Greek, one shows one's self wanting in the sense of the different force of the English TIME AND METHOD. 2g subordinate sentence as compared with the Greek ; and to render a Livian period into a corresponding English period is to forget that, by its subtler use of inflexion and mood, the Latin can combine length and articulateness in a way that is forbidden to the English. The limit one should set to freedom is the practical limit. Where some important point of grammar or syntax is involved, and a literal version will more easily express this than a free one, it is better, as regards Moderations, to make a momentary sacrifice of" style for the sake of the impression of accuracy. The extreme subtlety of Vergil and Tacitus, the bold- Necessity of ness and occasional ruggedness of the ^schylean phraseo- tomslatlng' iogy makes it especially essential to practise one's self in Vergii, Taei- rendering these three authors. If it is the duty of a ™s> -"S^^yl^S' translation to, interpret by means of a diction which, as far as possible, shall sound the same in our ears as the diction of our author must have sounded in the ears of his conitemporaries, then to give a literal version of similes and other figures of speech will often be a gro- tesque anachronism. Analogies, like products of the soil, will not always bear transplantation. In the barter of speech, as of other commodities, it is not identity, but equivalence, that is the ruling principle. If an ^schy- iean metaphor has nothing that in form corresponds to it in our own language, it may often be better rendered mghtuses through implication than by a bare-faced statement ; and °^ English here is the advantage of consulting a high-class translation by some master of style. In regard to this point, some excellent remarks of Professor Mayor may be quoted from his "Guide to the Choice of Classical Books." While lie is strong in deprecating that dishonest use of transla- tions which makes them a substitute for any mental effort 3° HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Caution necessary in the use of poetical translations. The gen3ral points of grammar may be studied in connection with the books. on the part of the user, he mentions several of their legitimate uses. " i. When the meaning of a passage is already known, and the translation is referred to as a model of English style. Both as a practical exercise, improving one's own powers of translation, and as giving an insfgliit into the relations between the modes of expres- sion in different languages, I can conceive few things more useful than a careful comparison of Conington's Horace with the original." " The second use is to enable students to run rapidly over portions or the whole of books for the purpose of gaining a general view before proceeding to make out the meaning of a particular passage.'' " The third use of translations is to supplement the explanatory notes on difficult authors, for the benefit of students who can make out the general meaning for themselves, but require occasional help." In the detailed list of commentaries given below, poetical translations are referred to ; but it is to be borne in mind that they must be used with care. To borrow verbatim from such translations is always dangerous ; and it will always require some skill so to manipulate the versions adopted from poetical translations that one's prose style does not pass beyond the limits of prose-style proper. A rhythm in one's own sentence should certainly be cultivated, especially in the rendering of lyric poetry,, but it must be the rhythm of good prose, not a pronounced metre. As regards the study of grammar in itself, there is in most cases hardly time sufficient to work through a scien- tifically arranged Latin or Greek Grammar. The man who- is bound to devote the main part of his time to his books will be able to read sections only of works like Roby's. Latin Grammar and Madvig's. He will have to . trust TIME AND METHOD. 31 partly to the incidental attention he is led to pay to the grammatical difficulties of his books ; and if this is done conscientiously, much will be gained for his knowledge of grammar without systematic reading. But on some questions, as, for instance, on the usages of the Latin and Greek moods and cases, it will be better to go through a complete exposition in a good grammar, which shows how various usages may be logically deduced from some leading idea. Something similar may be said of the work demanded by the critical paper. The books quoted below as bearing on this subject are the books which a man may read with advantage, but which, when the average time that men have at their disposal is considered, must be read in parts only. Lectures on general questions of literary and grammatical criticism will give one a sense of the main points of importance ; and the books of reference quoted must be read to illustrate and develop these. As regards this kind of reading, Professor Mayor has laid down the rule, which for purposes of general cultivation is no doubt an excellent one, that it is better to refer to the treatise where a certain subject is logically and impres- sively dealt with than to an article in a dictionary of antiquities, where, whatever may be the value of the content, the form has little to arrest the memory. But in estimating this advice, a man must consider the exi- gencies of an examination like Moderations, where the time for general reading is rarely ample enough to allow one to get more than an acquaintance of the outlines of the literature on any subject. Lectures on general questions of literary and grammatical criticism advisable. COMPOSITION AND UNSEEN TRANSLATION. faculty for composition improved toy- committing passages to memory. In regard to this course of work for Moderations, it is difficult to lay down any particular rules, because, in the first place, little time is found in most cases for any special practice of the faculty ; and, secondly, because men have usually fixed their style for good, bad, or indifferent before they come up. And a man who has failed to acquire this peculiar mechanical aptitude from the average practice given by the school-system will be hardly likely to make much progress in the five or eight terms of his college work. But, though this department of scholar- ship is becoming of less account, and the depreciation of verse-making is especially noticeable, yet the weight still assigned to composition in Moderations is enough to repay an attention that is moderately bestowed upon the subject. One might, indeed, feel an aversion against reading Sophocles or Demosthenes with the mercantile view always before one, if one believes that there are better things to be gained from them than a composi- tional facility. But occasionally to go through an im- pressive passage in a poet or prose-writer, marking the structure and idiom of the verse or period, is a labour good both in itself, good, that is, for the understanding of the writer's secrets of style, and good for the talent of compo- sition writing. In fact, if a man is sufficiently energetic to commit large passages of good prose and poetry to COMPOSITION. 33 heart, it will be the best discipline for his verse and prose- writing, and will benefit him in many other and better ways. In the first place, it gives the memory the best mechanical training ; and, secondly, one comes thus to possess a store of illustrations, a familiarity with the diction and structure of the work that is invaluable for purposes of criticism and comparison : the power of ready illustra- tion is always one that makes its impression in examina- tion-work. Much help may be derived from Sidgwick's Greek Prose, and from Pott's Hints towards Latin Prose Composition. The value of the last book lies not in any exhaustive table of idioms, but in its penetrating analysis of the characteristic features of Latin Prose. The cultivation of the power of translation at sight, which is the last point that suggests itself in connection with method, hardly admits of much methodical system. One acquires a facility only through constant practice. For most of the Terms in which a man is readihg for Moderations, he should attempt weekly one or two pieces of Unseen Translation. It is only thus that he can gain the sense which can comprehensively catch the whole intention of a piece, and is quick to perceive in outline the necessary bearing of some doubtful passage ; and it is in the greater clearness of this sense that progress in this line consists. It is well to practise one's self especially in those authors that do not enter into one's own list of subjects, e.g.. Martial, Lucian, Seneca, Pliny, Pindar, Apollonius Rhodius, or the private orations of Demos- thenes. One thus familiarises one's self with various styles, with differences of vocabulary, idiom, and structure of sentences. It is advisable that a man should find a lecture to help him for this purpose ; otherwise he should select passages for himself out of the less familiar authors, 4 The less Icnowii authors should he used for un- seen trans- lations. 34 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. and compare his version with some good translation. What has often been said may be here repeated, that the art of this and of every kind of translation lies partly in the etymological power over words, partly in the familiarity with the vocabulary and idiom, and greatly also in the habit of reading sentences in the light thrown upon them by the context. LIST OF COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. Plautus. — The Aulularia, Trinummus, Mensechmi, have all been edited by Wagner with a good commentary. His introduction to the Aulularia is especially helpful for the understanding of the difficulties connected with the Plautine prosody, the shortening of final long vowels, the loss of final consonants, &c. Many hints are also given that bear on questions belonging to the history of literature. Of other plays the following commentaries are useful : — Mostellaria, and Miles Gloriosus, by Lorenz, with German notes. There is another good but more expensive edition of the Mostellaria by Ramsay. The preface to Lorenz's edition of the play contains many points of general interest in regard to Plautus. Among editions with Latin notes, the edition in two volumes by Ussing is recommended. The main general questions that should be worked out in the study of Plautus are (i) philological; such as the character of his metre and prosody, peculiarities in his vocabulary and idiom ; (2) literary; e.g., his treatment of comedy, the nature of his imitation of the Greek, his use of the practice of " contaminatio," the characteristics of his style and comic faculty as compared with that of Terence, his delineation of character. Terence. — The best English edition with explanatory notes is Wagner's. His introduction contains a good 36 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. account of the circumstances of Terence's life, the cha- racteristics of his style, the distinction between the Teren- tian and Augustan prosody is shortly referred to, and at the close of the commentary a sketch of Terentian metres is added. With Latin notes, Stallbaum's, six vols., sold separately. For those who can read German, Wagner's edition of the Heautontimoroumenos, and Ziatzko's edition of the Phormio will be found useful. Critical questions con- nected with Terence are (i) his place in the history of the Latin style; (2) his delineation of character; (3) the cha- racteristics of his dramas, as imitations of Greek originals. Lucretius. — By far the best English commentary is Munro's. His notes are equally serviceable for textual criticism, as for explanation of the matter. His translation is of more value on account of its accuracy than as a model of style. In the study of Lucretius for Moderations, too much attention should not be paid to the more diffi- cult parts of his philosophical theory. Generally speaking, a knowledge of the matter is required, so far as it helps to the understanding of the text. The following questions should be noted : — ■ (i) The archaisms of Lucretius. Is his Latin the Latin of his contemporaries ? (2) The structure of the Lucretian hexameter, as com- pared with the hexameter of Ennius, Catullus, and Vergil. (3) The literary connection between Lucretius and his predecessors. (4) The Lucretian use of similes as compared with the Vergilian. The debt of Lucretius to the Greek dramatists. COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 37 For most of these points, as for others, the explanation and discussion of the poem given under Notes II. in Munro's edition are very serviceable. Catullus. — The selections of this poet that are ap- pointed for the examination should be studied in Mr. R. Ellis's edition, two vols. The dissertation on the text given in the Prolegomena to the first volume introduces one to questions that lie outside Moderations : but the Prolego- mena to the second, which discuss the poetical merit and position of Catullus, contains a valuable treatment of most of the questions that arise concerning the poems. Mr. Ellis has also published a translation, which en- deavours to reproduce in English the metres of Catullus. Another good translation is one by T. Martin. Notanda : (i) The metre of Catullus. Compare his hexameter with that of "Vergil, and his elegiac metres with those of Ovid and Propertius. (2) The relation of his diction to the popular diction of the day. (2) The meaning of his epithet " Doctus." (4) The relation of Catullus to the Alexandrine poets, especially to Callimachus. The whole question of the influence exerted by the Alexandrinism on Roman literature is best illustrated by reference to Catullus and Propertius. The question can be studied in — Sellar's Roman poets of the Republic. TeuffeTs History of Roman Literature. CruttweW s History of Latin Literature. ffertiberg's Introduction to Propertius. Elites Prolegomena to his commentary on Catullus. 38 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. In tracing the relation between these two poets and the Alexandrine school, one should define how many of the marks that are characteristic of this school are found in them, and what are the points of originality that stamp them as genuinely Roman. As regards Propertius, the special question arises as to the place of his elegy in the history of metre ; and this helps to determine his connection with Callimachus and his distinction from Ovid. The most practical edition of Propertius for the ordinary English reader is Paley's ; but it should be supplemented by the Latin notes of Hertzberg's, 4 vol. edition, the introductory " qusestiones " of which give a full view of the character of the poet. Cicero. — Select Letters, with English Notes, by Watson. The commentary is full of good scholarship, and the translations are helpful ; but the average man will need more assistance, and should seek a good lecture on the subject. For a knowledge of the political situation, the introductions which Mr. Watson has appended to each part are especially useful, and the Introduction to the fifth part will be equally serviceable for the Philippics, if these orations are chosen. Mayor's Introduction to the second Philippic should also be read. In connection with the reading of the letters, certain special points should be studied ; such are — the charac- teristics of the Roman epistolary style ; the system and the method of correspondence at Rome. The Philippics are generally read with King's notes. For the second Philippic Mayor's edition should be used, care being taken to select out of the large store of illus- COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 39 trations not more than enough for the explanation of the text. Pro Murxna. A small commentary By Heitland is to be recommended. There is also an edition with German notes by K. Halm. Pro Sestio. An edition with German notes by K. Halm. There seems to be no English edition on this oration. Pro Cluentio. This speech is well edited by W. Ramsay, Oxford. Each of these productions of Cicero illustrates some of the questions that arise concerning the style and character of Cicero — the social and political circumstances of his age. From the Letters his private character is best dis- cerned, and Forsyth's Life of Cicero will suggest much on this point. Both Letters and Speeches equally throw a light on the political constitution, the social and moral aspect of the Ciceronian age. On this subject consult Ramsay's introduction to the Pro MursenS, and Teuffel's chapter on the Ciceronian age, showing the attitude of Cicero to the fashionable Greek culture of the day. Care should be taken in going through the speeches to mark the leading features of the Ciceronian oratory. The importance of the Pro Sestio is mainly political, that of the Pro Mursena mainly legal. LiVY. — Bks. ii.-v. There is a lack of good English commentaries. Bks. i.-iii., iv. and v. have been edited with explanatory notes by Prendeville. Of Latin xom- mentaries Weissenborn in 10 vols, sold separately, wilt , be found useful. Note: (i) Livy's theory of History. (2) Livy's merit as a Historian. 40 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. (3) Characteristic features of Livy as distinct from Ciceronian style. Vergil. — For English readers the edition of Conington in 3 vols. For the Bucolics, the edition of C. G. Heyne, 5 vols., and G. Th. E. Wagner is most useful. For the Georgics, Forbiger in 3 vols. Henry's Notes of a Twelve Years' Voyage of Discovery will be found very interesting on the first books of the .^neid, but the practical purposes of Moderations allow a man little time for giving careful attention to the many first-class Vergilian commentaries ; and if he confines himself to Conington he will obtain a fairly sufficient knowledge of the views of other critics. The mannerisms, however, and peculiar theories of Conington detract to some extent from the interest of his work, and the naivete and suggestiveness of Henry will be found a good corrective. Conington will always form a main part of a man's Vergilian study ; but he must be able to select what is necessary from the mass of this criticism ; and he must be on his guard against the Coningtonian theory about the double entendre of Vergil, and also against the somewhat verbose and inelegant style of his prose trans- lations. In fact, it is the translation of the text that involves the greatest difficulty. Even when the intricate structure of a Vergilian sentence has been mastered, it is still no light matter to express it in intelligible English, and it is mainly for this purpose that a lecture on the subject is essential. Great help can be obtained from William Morris's translation of the .^Eneid, which has a peculiar excellence of its own, whether it be an exact reproduction of the original or not. COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 41 For ordinary men, Conington's small edition is perhaps sufficient as a commentary. The following are some of the questions to be noted : — (a) The effect on Vergil of his predecessors — ^Vergilius amantissimus vetustatis. ib) In what does the originality of Vergil consist? (c) The Alexandrian spirit in Vergil. (i) The character of the Vergilian simile as compared with the Homeric. [e) The Vergilian epithet. (/) The anachronisms — traces of modernisms. {g) The structure of the Vergilian verse — the use of the monosyllabic and quadrisyllabic ending. Sellar's Augustan Poets, Teuffel's Roman Literature, Conington's Miscellaneous Writings, and his Introduc- tions to the Bucolics, Georgics, and ^neid should be consulted. Horace. — Odes and Epodes : a valuable edition, with English notes by Wickham. Satires — Orelli, with Latin notes. This edition can only be obtained secondhand. For those who can read German, the edition of Kirch- ner and Teuffel, 2 vols., with a German translation, is recommended. Epistles, by G. T. A. Kriiger, with German notes. The whole works of Horace have been published, with a commentary by Maclean and Long, of which an abridged edition can be obtained. An interesting work is one published by C. W. King, with a preface by Munro. Each Ode, Satire, and Epistle is illustrated by antique gems appropriately selected, and the preface gives a critical account of the textual difficulties. 42 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. ■ The translations of the Odes, Satires, and Epistles by Conington, and the Odes and Satires by T, Martin, are both good. Note: (i) Horace's position in the history of satire. (2) Political bearing of the odes. (3) Information concerning the social life, education, &c., at Rome. (4) Chronology of his works. Vide some of the general remarks of Teuffel on the literary character of Horace. Tacitus. — Annals. Orelli, with Latin notes, vol. i. This commentary, which omits many difiSculties, might well be supplemented by Frost's. A good German edition of the Annals, in 2 vols., sold separately, is Nipperdey's, with German notes. In reading Tacitus a good translation is more necessary than in the case of most other authors. Church and Brodribb's is a good English translation, as it reso- lutely aims at finding an intelligent English expression for the mysteries of Tacitean style ; but it should not be read without a good critical commentary, as its accuracy is not always to be relied on. And much in the way of rendering will still be left to the effort of the reader. An ■ordinary man will greatly need a lecture on this subject. Note: (i) The characteristics of Silver Latin, and the causes that produced them. (2) The satiric spirit of Tacitus. (3) The army system. For most of the literary questions connected with Tacitus one should refer to — COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 43 (i) Teuffel's History of Roman Literature, especially to his general remarks on the character of the Imperial Age. {2) J. Wordsworth. Thucydidis cum Tacito com- paratio. (3) A few pages in Haase's preface to the third volume of his edition of Seneca. Juvenal. — Of the two good English editions, Maclean and Long and J. G. B. Mayor's, Mayor's is decidedly the best. His first edition, if it can be obtained, is prac- tically the most useful. With Mayor's notes a translation is hardly required. The obscurity of Juvenal is not such as makes translation difficult, being the obscurity of allusion rather than of idiom. Notanda : (a) His place in the history of Roman Satire. (b) His verse-structure, as connected with the history of the Hexameter. {c) His resemblance to Tacitus. (i) The contrast between his earlier and later satires. ie) The effect of patronage on literature, as illustrated from the Roman satirists. Vide Teuffel's general remarks. The Roman Satura, by Nettleship. G. Boissier, Juvenal et son Temps — Revue des deux Mondes, June, 1870, pp. 141-174. Persius. — Conington's edition is all that is necessary in the way of comment and translation. The difficulty of the idiom and vocabulary of Persius is great ; and the reader will find his memory truer on these points if he habituates himself to work without having the translation by the side of the text. 44 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Homer. — Iliad. Paley, 2 vols. Bk. i., Monro. A very good edition with Ger?nan notes is La Roche's, in six parts, sold separately, or Ameis' edition in five parts. Odyssey. — Bks. i.-xii., Merry and Riddell. The small edition may be used at first, but afterwards the large edition will be necessary. Hayman's edition of bks. i.-xii. is often suggestive. Of bks. xiii.-xiv., Mr. Merry has at present only published his small edition. Ameis' edition of the whole Odyssey, in 4 parts, might be used by those who understand German. Translations. — Lord Derby's verse translation of the Iliad is perhaps the best. For the Odyssey, vide Butcher and Long's prose translation. Much attention must be paid to the style of rendering Homer, and care should be taken to avoid the excessive use of archaism and other mannerisms of the ballad style {vide M. Arnold's Essay on Translations of Homer). The textual difficulty con- sists mostly in the subtler points of Homeric syntax, which are not immediately obvious. A man should endeavour to hear a lecture on the subject. Notanda : {a) Literary questions. The distinct authorship of Odyssey and Iliad. Unity of design in Iliad. Hints of a pre-existing Epic Poetry. Evidences as to the date of the introduction of writing. Comparison between Iliad and Odyssey in language — in theology — in mythology. The Cypria and its relation to its Iliad. Traces of modernism in Homer. {b) Critical and philological. What variations from the dominant dialect may be noted in Homer? COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 45 What light is thrown on the Homeric question by the various dialectic usages in Homer ? (c) Antiquarian. Homeric armour — Homeric ship-house — pro- cesses of weaving and spinning — prerogative of kings — position of people. Vide Merry's and Hayman's Appendices, and the excursus in La Roche's German edition. Pindar. — The greatest edition is Boeckh, which con- tains the scholia and an exhaustive analysis of the metres. But the compass of this work is rather beyond Modera- tions-reading. Dissen's Comment on the Olympian and Pythian Odes is to be recommended. Among English Commentaries, vide Donaldson, although his commentary is very scanty, and leaves much to be desired. A translation is necessary. Myer's is recommended by its style rather than by its accuracy. The great difficulty of Pindar lies in his allusiveness, his rapid transition from subject to Subject, his perversion of the usual order of the sentence', liis daring figures of speech. But after some practice the pecuUar difficulty of the odes disappears, and one is able to find an intelligible, or at least a Pindaric unity, in most of the odes. The main question with Pindar is his poetic style as compared and contrasted with that of Homer and the earlier tragedians. ^SCHYLUS. — Paley's edition of the seven plays will still be found useful, although its scholarship is in some points antiquated, and the style of his translation invariably bad. 46 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Detached plays may be read with other commentaries, e.g., ChmpJtorcB, with Conington's Commentary. Eumenides, with text and illustrations by Miiller (trans- lated by Deighton). Agamemnon, with Kennedy's, Conington's, or Blom- field's Commentary : with the two first good translations are given. The whole of ^schylus has been well translated by Plumptree. In translating as well as criticising the ^schylean diction, one should free one's self from the conventional belief that one finds in iEschylus nothing but rugged grandeur. A careful attention to much of the lyric passages will disclose the sweetness and polish which is the other side of his genius. On ^schylus as well as on Homer a good lecture is desirable, if only to learn a good style of rendering. Many of the general questions connected with .(Eschy- lus are questions which come into the study of all the three dramatists, e.g. : — (i) The theology of ^schylus as compared with that of Sophocles and Euripides. (2) The construction of the .^Eschylean plot as con- trasted with that of 'Sophocles and Euripides. (3). The comparison of the metres of the three drama- tists. (4) Data for the chronologic arrangement of their plays. Note especially : The relation of .^schylus with regard to previous authors — the changes introduced into Tragedy by ^schylus. Fide (a) general description of .^schylus in Ancient Classics for English Readers. COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 47 (b) Symonds' Greek Poets. (c) Etudes sur les Tragiques Grecs, by Patin. Sophocles. — For the (Ed. Tyrannus, (Ed. Coloneus, and Antigone, vide Professor Campbell's commentary, which, though not always accurate, is thorough, and ac- companied with good notes on the Sophoclean style and metre. Ajax and Eledra. Jebb's commentaries — an excellent edition, with very tasteful translation and careful exposi- tion of the plot and character. Philoctetes and Trachinice. Two English commentaries that might be used — one by Blaydes, another by Camp- bell and Evelyn Abbott. Wunder's Latin notes are occasionally useful, though somewhat antiquated, and often missing the point. A good lecture, especially on CEdipus Coloneus, is strongly advisable. For the general style and idiom of Sophocles, vide Professor Campbell's introduction. For his literary character, see Patin's Etudes sur Sophocle. Special questions in Sophocles : — (i) Justify from his diction the application of the epithet ftXofiripoe to Sophocles. (2) Point out any connection between Sophocles and Herodotus. (3) Show how any one of Sophocles' plays satisfies the • Aristotelian conception of a good plot. Of translations, Plumptree's may be recommended. Vide Symonds' Greek Poets on Sophocles. Euripides. — Paley's edition of the whole of his dramas 48 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. useful, though hardly interesting. For some of the plays other commentaries should be used, e.g. : — Baccha, the recent edition by Mr. Sandys. Ion, Badham. Medea, Elmsley's and Hermann's edition with Latin notes. For the manner and characteristics of Euripides, vide Paley's introduction to vol. i. ; Schlegel's Lectures on Dramatic Art, though much of his criticism may be charged with lack of appreciation ; Patin's Etudes sur Euripide. Translations : — Medea has been well translated by Webster. BacchcB by Milman. Alcestis. Browning's Balaustion is not so much a translation as a paraphrase, a reproduction of the original in a modern form and spirit ; still many excellent render- ings are given and much interesting criticism suggested ; and some notion may be derived from it of the effect of Euripides on his contemporaries. Special questions on Euripides : — (i) His merits and demerits as a dramatist ; (2) The changes he effected in the Tragic Drama ; (3) His relation to the succeeding age of Greek literature ; (4) The justice of the Aristophanic criticism. (5) In what sense is he rpayuniraros ? Aristophanes. — English commentary by Holden, ex- purgated edition — each play sold separately. Latin commentary, Bekker, with full and copious notes. The Acharnians, Vespa, Nubes, Ranm, Aves, have all been edited by Green with English notes, but many im- COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 49 portant difficulties are passed over. It is essential to read Aristophanes with a good translation such as Frere's (Acharnians, Knights, Birds, Frogs, Peace) ; vide also a metrical version of the Acharnians, Knights, and Birds — a very spirited and ingenious translation with excellent criticisms interspersed. Note: («) The literary criticism of Aristophanes. {b) His political aims and principles. (c) The light thrown by him upon the Athenian consti- tution, morals, education. Demosthenes De CormiL — The edition perhaps most used in Oxford is Holmes', whose commentary is copious but teeming with faults, while his style of translation is very unfortunate. Simcox's edition of De Corona and .(Eschines in Ctesiphontem should be consulted, together with some of Whiston's notes on the De Corona in his ten-volume edition. For understanding the circumstances of the speech, Simcox's introduction should be read, together with a few chapters in Grote's history, especially his account of the Phocian war, and the dispute between Athens and the Amphissians. Translations : — Lord Brougham's — a very spirited style. Kennedy — with notes. Notanda : (a) Constitutional questions ; e.g., procedure in an Athe- nian trial. {b) The constitution and functions of the /SouXjJ. {c) Critical points, such as the Demosthenic idiom as compared with that of Thucydides. S so HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Thucydides. — Arnold, for those who prefer Englisli notes. The historical and geographical dissertations are excellent, but the translations are often inaccurate, and the text is somewhat antiquated. Poppo's Latin notes are very useful to supplement Arnold. Each book in Poppo can be obtained sepa^ rately. Classen's eight-volume edition deals very fully with the difficulties of the text. Next to the difficulty of dis- covering the meaning of some of Thucydides' sentences, is the difficulty of finding a happy rendering ; the harsh- ness of his style is mainly owing to the imperfect state of the language of his time, and a literal English rendering is in consequence impossible. Most men will find a lecture on the style and text of Thucydides very usefuL Note: (a) Chief characteristics of Thucydidean style ; under what influences was it formed? Points of resemblance between this style and that of Sophocles. {b) Characteristics as a historian — traces in his history of personal or national bias. Plato. — Stallbaum's edition, with Latin notes, should be used, which gives a good criticism of the text, and, on the whole, a clear exposition of the argument. The translation of Davies and Vaughan is a good literal work, but the manner and beauty of the Platonic dialogue is far better given in Professor Jowett's transla- tion ; which, as it does not aim at a literal reproduction of the text, may be well read by the man who is begin- ning Plato, before he approaches the Greek. A general insight into the argument may thus be obtained. A COMMENTARIES, TRANSLATIONS, ETC. 51 knowledge of the argument is demanded so far as it is indispensable for a knowledge of the text. In his Introduction Professor Jowett gives many bril- liant criticisms of the characters and the development of the dialogue. Theocritus. — The Idyls may be read in either Snow's or Wordsworth's edition, both containing a good com- mentary. Calverley's very tasteful translation should be read. The student should learn to familiarise himself with the dialectical peculiarities of the author. Note: {a) The place of the Idyls in the History of Greek litera- ture. (b) The points of resemblance and contrast between the Theocritean and Vergilian idyl. CRITICAL PAPER. A GREAT part of this paper is made up of the questions proper to the individual authors, and some of these have been already referred to. It remains to speak shortly o^ the more general points of the subject. The heads under which the questions generally fall are gratnmar, literary criticism, and antiquarian points. The first subject is dealt with in two ways : Some questions refer to the general character of Latin and Greek syntax, and to those original usages of the different parts of speech, and of the different parts of the noun and verb from which the later more specific usages may be deduced. Other questions are concerned with the criticism of special passages quoted ; with many of such passages a man will be already familiar, as they are frequently chosen from the stated subjects. But it is not necessary to burden one's memory with a store of such passages so as to be familiar with most of those that can be set. It is hopeless for a man to attempt this, and if it were pos- sible, very little would be gained from it ; for the passages chosen in examination are generally typical of some idiomatic usages, which a man who was well versed in the range of Greek and Latin idiom, and had acquired one or two illustrations of all the more important points, would be well able both to explain and illustrate. To CRITICAL PAPER. 53 acquire this power one should, in the first place, attend a lecture on Grammar and Syntax, and then should sup- plement this by privately working at such grammars as Roby or Madvig for Latin, and Curtius, Farrer, or Clyde for Greek accidence and syntax. It is true that a man will, as a rule, scarcely find sufficient time for working through the very numerous examples of special usages which a book like Roby's Syntax supplies under each of the subjects treated of. Much will be gained by reading, in Roby's Introduction to his vol. ii., his general remarks on the usages of the nominative case, of the subjunctive mood, and on the general character of the gerundive and the gerund. But the reader should then work through some of his lists of examples, partly with a view to the actual knowledge so gained, partly to the facility to be so acquired in tracing out the various usages to some common notion. His analysis of the Toot-notions of the various parts of speech should be read carefully. In Greek, Jelf is useful as a book of reference and for examples. In Curtius' Greek Grammar the treatment of Greek accidence is fuller than that of Greek syntax. For this latter study see Farrer or Clyde, and especially Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses. As regards the structure of sentences, there is more difficulty found in dealing with one epoch of style than with another. The style of Sophocles, for instance, is cumbered with obscurities that are natural to that time in the growth of a language when it is struggling into clearness and subtle facility ; and the diction and syntax of Sophocles requires especial study. Professor Campbell's Essay on the Language of So- S4 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. phocles is very useful for the understanding not only of the author, but of some points of general grammatical criticism. The study of Grammar resolves itself into : — (i) The study of the various forms of the sentences. (2) The study of the various syntactical usages of the verb and noun, conjunctions and particles. (3) The classification of the various figures, such as pleonasm, prolepsis, double constructions, &c. lMti?i and Greek Antiquities. — Bekker's Gallus and Charicles should be read, and parts of Boeckh's Eco- nomy of Athens, together with articles in a Dictionary of Antiquities on the more important constitutional points. For the Literary Criticism reference to authorities has already been given under each author ; and no course of reading can be marked out other than that which is necessary for the History of Literature. Even those who are not offering Greek or Latin Litera- ture as a special subject will find highly useful such books as Symonds' Greek Poets, Jebb's Attic Orators, Words- worth's Fragments and Specimens of Early Latin, Con- ington's Miscellaneous Writings. The parts that should be selected for reading are such as the following : — (i) That treat of the general characteristics of a special epoch ; such as the Introduction in Jebb's Attic Orators, the General Introduction in Words- worth. (2) Those that help to characterise the special author, and the special works of the author, that one is dealing with. CRITICAL PAPER. Jj The questions of importance may be summarily repeated : — • (a) The position of the author in the History of Literature. (jf) The way in which other authors influenced him, or were influenced by him. (ir) The peculiar features of his style and thought, as shown in metaphors, similes, figures of speech, epithets, metre. (d) His mode of dealing with religious beliefs, mytho- logy, &c. For those who can read German the Introduction to Bergk's Griechische Literatur Geschichte is very interest- ing and useful. History of Literature. Latin. The range covered by this subject is mainly defined by the historical criticism of Horace's Epistles. This could naturally be divided into three parts : — (i) The period prior to Livius Andronieus, when the only literary or poetic production was the Fescen- nine verse, the Satura, the Atellanse fabulse, &c. (2) The period which begins with Livius Andronieus, Nxvius and Ennius, and ends with the poets of the Later Republic : an epoch which witnessed the transplantation to Rome of the Greek literature of Athens and Alexandria, the rise of the Epic, the cultivation of a purer style through the labours of the Scipionic circle. (3) The period of the Imperial writers. For a man beginning the subject, a general and interesting survey is given in CruttweU's History of 56 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. Roman Literature. This might be afterwards supple- mented by Teuffel's Roman Literature — a book for reference rather than for continuous reading. Sellar's Roman Poets of the Republic, and Sellar's Vergil. Wordsworth's Fragments and Specimens from Early Latin — selections from which are necessary for illustrating the manner of the early Epic, Tragic, and Comic Poets of Rome. The chapter on literature in Mommsen's History of Rome, especially useful in showing the connection between the different epochs of literature, and the influence of Greece upon Rome. Greek Literature. — Aristotle's Poetics. For the text Vahlen is useful, and the Oxford edition contains some very clearly expressed explanations of the matter. Note: {a) Aristotle's critical references to previous or con- temporary writers. (b) His analysis of the essential parts of a Drama. {c) His theory of icadapcic, and his views on the con- struction of a plot. (d) The nature of Comedy, and the relation between the Epic and Tragedy. For the general history of Greek Literature, dealing with the earlier period, refer to C. O. Muller's history of Greek Literature ; Symonds Greek Poets. For history of Drama : Donaldson's Theatre of the Greeks ; or Walford's Handbook of the Greek Drama ; or, Jebb's Primer of the Greek Drama. Refer also to Mure's History of Greek Literature. LOGIC. For the Deductive as well as the Inductive parts Mills' Logic is generally used; but it is hardly to be recom- mended to a beginner who wants a clear statement of the elements of the subject. For this purpose Professor Fowler's Deductive and Inductive Treatises, and Monck's Introduction to Logic are useful. As a comment on the selections from the Organon, those parts of Grote's Aristotle which refer to these should be read. The first part of a man's reading should be devoted to studying the Logical use of the Term, and the various kinds of Terms, the Logical Proposition and Logical Inference, the Technicalities of the Syllogism ; the moods and figures can then be acquired from Aristotle and a good lecture will help to clear up the difiiculties that attach to this purely mechanical part of the subject. He can then approach the higher questions which are at present allowed to come within the range of Moderations Logic. Such are the questions as to the Definition and Province of Logic, the Import of Names, of Propositions, the value of the Syllogism, the theory of Induction. The discussion of these questions can with difficulty be severed from points that belong to Metaphysics and to general Philosophy ; and the utterances of Mill on these points are obscured by metaphysical and psychological S8 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. assumptions, which often contradict other widely prevalent views, and, what is a greater stumbling-block to the beginner, often contradict themselves. The Deductive part of Mill should therefore be deferred until a man has gained some footing on the less disputable ground of Logic, and some chapters of Mill, e.g.. On the Import of Propositions, had perhaps better be omitted altogether. A more indispensable book is Mansel's Prolegomena Logica. A large part of the paper in the examination consists in a criticism of special arguments and exposure of fallacy ; and a man should practise himself occasionally upon some of the arguments given as specimens in former papers. PHILOLOGY. The main divisions are such as these : — (a) The Principles of the Classification of Language. The general Ethnic relations to Greek and Latin. The conceptions of root and stem. The origin and character of the formative suffixes. The relation between primitive word-structure and primitive thought. The different principles of change and progress in a language, such as assimilation, dissimilation, analogy, &c. The substitutions and transformations of sounds. (li) The analysis of the structure of noun suffixes, pro- nominal suffixes. The analysis of the different parts of the verb. The origin of conjunctions and prepositions. For questions in division (a) vide Curtius' Principles of Greek Etymology, translated by Wilkins and England. The introduction to vol. i., omitting the references to the history of the science, should be especially studied. Vide also Professor Sayce's Principles of Comparative Philology. For questions under division (b) Curtius Elucidations of the Greek Grammar should be read. A lecture on Comparative Philology is indispensable, and the same may be said of all the general subjects ; for the field that each covers is so wide that most men whose time is limited will need on many points a more condensed statement than can be found in the books to which he may refer. At the same time a man should not be content with getting up lecture-notes, but should illus- trate these with some reading, however scanty, of his own. EXAMINATION PAPERS. I. LOGIC. DEDUCTIVE. r. Define — language, speech, thought, category, pre- dicable, hypothesis. 2. "Formal Logic aims not at truth but consistency." Consider this. 3. Explain the nature of the chief question at issue between Realists, Nominalists, and Conceptualists. 4. What is meant by quantification of the predicate ? 5. Explain the phrase " Heads of Predicables." What different classifications of them have been given ? How do you account for their differences ? 6. How does the definition of the word " Inference " bear on the conception of the sphere of Logic ? 7. Does the syllogism involve " Petitio Principii," or not ? Give succinct reasons for your view. 8. Give an instance of syllogistic proof by Reductio ad impossibile ; adding such comments as are needed to explain the process. EXAMJNA TION PAPERS. 6l 9. Formulate and criticise these arguments : — (i) Misery, to be the object of benevolence, must be really or apparently casual. For were there no evils in the world but punishments, benevolence would only obstruct justice. — Faley. (2) History may please the curious, but is hardly a profitable study. For history must either repeat itself or not ; if it do, a study of the past is unnecessary; if it do not, it is un- fruitful. INDUCTIVE. 1. Wherein, if at all, does the Logic of common sense differ from that of science ? 2. In what way may Experience be made its own test ? 3. Contrast Experiment and Observation. Is there any radical difference between the two processes ? 4. What necessary difference of method is there be- tween the search for causes and the search for effects.? 5. Show that both the Method of Residues and that of Concomitant Variations are modifications of the Method of Difference. II. ■ DEDUCTIVE. 1. State and explain briefly the chief definitions that have been given of Logic. 2. Give briefly Mill's analysis of (i) the name, (2) the proposition, (3) the syllogism. 3. What is the difference between direct and cir- cumstantial evidence? Can the latter ever amount to proof? 62 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. 4. What is meant by "a relative term," "a material fallacy," "a category," "a dilemma," "an axiom," "beg- ging the question ? " 5. Point out the faults (if any) in the following definitions : — (i) Nation — " a certain number of men living within certain geographical limits." (2) Liberty — "that degree of freedom which it is well for people to possess." (3) Fame — " a fancied life in others' breath." (4) Republic — " a state in which people are self- governed." (5) Oats — "the food of horses in England, and of men in Scotland." 6. Explain and examine the following statements : — ■ (i) Names which are positive in form are often negative in reality. (2) The differentia must be of the essence of the subject. (3) The third figure of the syllogism is suited to the discovery or proof of instances and exceptions. 7. State in a syllogistic form and examine the argu- ments contained or implied in the following passages : — (i) From the corrupt state of the text of ^schylus it may be inferred that there has always been great difficulty in understanding him. (2) It is absurd to praise old books at the expense of new. If people had always done so, what old books should we have ? (3) A has been murdered, and B must have been the murderer, as no one else is known to have had any quarrel with A. EXAMINATION PAPERS. 63 (4) Steps should be taken to prevent French sugar from being sold in this country at a lower price than our own. It would be ruin to our sugar-refiners. INDUCTIVE. 1. Is it possible to put inductive reasoning in a syllogistic form ? 2. Examine the following statements : — (r) An inductive hypothesis is said to be demon- strated when the facts are shown to be in entire accordance with it. (2) The method of agreement is more emphatically the method of investigation on those subjects where artificial experimentation is impossible. (3) Colligation is not always induction, but induc- tion is always colligation. III. DEDUCTIVE. 1. Explain briefly the relation of thought to language. 2. Explain the phrases — Common and Collective terms; Connotation and Denotation of terms; Infima Species ; Verbal and Real propositions ; Arguing in a Circle ; Ignoratio Elenchi. 3. On what principle is Aristotle's list of the Heads of Predicables based? What objections can be taken to that of Porphyry ? 4. Distinguish between Definition and Description. Are any terms undefinable ? 5. Are there any differences between purely Formal and Applied Logic ? If there are, to which does Division rather belong, and why ? 64 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. 6. What different views have been held as to the value of the Universal Premise in the syllogism? 7. What objections have been urged against the Fourth Figure ? 8. What different definitions have been given of Dilemma, and for what reason? Can it be shown that the reasoning of Dilemma is syllogistic ? g. Point out the fallacies in the following : — (i) Some improbable events happen almost every day ; but what so happens is a probable event, therefore some improbable events are very probable. (2) Since statistics show that the proportion of the criminal to the virtuous classes of a community is on the whole a fixed one, punishment must be immoral, as interfering with a natural law. (3) There is no rule without an exception ; but that this does not derogate from its authority is clear from the fact that the exception proves the rule. INDUCTIVE. 1. Can it be consistently held that the uniformity of Nature is both the Axiom and the Result of Induction ? 2. What is a Hypothesis ? What is its use, and when is it valid ? 3. Illustrate by examples the possibility of scientific progress where experiment is impossible. 4. Is the deductive method ever applicable to inquiries still mainly in the inductive stage ? 5. Does the process called Colligation of Facts differ from Induction. EXAMINA TION PAPERS. 65 II.— PHILOLOGY. 1 . State the general principles of phonetic change, and the causes which lead to apparent exceptions. 2. Give instances in which Latin retains a more primi- tive form of inflexion than Greek. What are the general characteristics of the Greek inflexional system as com- pared with the Latin ? 3. Examine the methods employed in Greek and Latin to form the future. Compare them with the methods adopted in any other language. 4. Trace the relation between irivn, minre, and quisqucj oKoQi and o5\oE ; jroXic and irowXie ; iivai and tiiiiivm ; tixive and i/iov ; duellum and bellum ; §aivia and come. 5. Are the following forms received by Bekker into his Text of Homer etymologically correct, fuSov, lfiKTo,(fo\ira? 6. Explain the formation of the Latin perfect. 7. Write notes, with examples on (i) the use of redu- plication to form the aorist, (2) on the force of the suffix -OK. Point out under each head any differences between Homeric and Attic Greek. 8. Analyse and explain the forms, iiin^ktro, rove, etXij^a, idXuv, Oaaaov, iXijM^aro, 4^ei'nijj',iuxta,vixem,amamini, ausim, oinuorsei, quoius, gigno. 9. Trace the suffixes vani, mant, ya in Greek and Latin. 10. Give examples of the process by which roots originally concrete were employed to denote abstract ideas, 6 66 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. 1 1. Mention words cognate to the following : KEi/im, tx'c. ■itowr\, Zvyov, KaitvoQ, x6\og, i}\iof, genus, homo, bimus, doceo, socer, calamitas, wit, dais, world, raw, torch, garish, work Explain the chief phonetic changes, II. 1 . Explain the principle of dissimilation, and trace its influence on the forms of words. 2. Account for the diffejf^t forms of the dative case in Greek and Latin. 3. Show by a limited number of instances how light has been thrown on the syntax of the classical languages by the study of comparative philology. 4. Examine the following forms, UKuia, ^Sa, xivtaaw, vitels, iuvoijutv, rSdiK, postridie, vicies, Trojugenum,adeo,fecisti, bibitum, auditote. 5. What was the origin of conjunctions? Give some account of the following : 6u«, 'img, d, oirtoe, quia, enim, ut, seu. 6. How were contracted verbs formed in Greek and Latin ? Account for the existence of different conjuga- tions of them in both languages. IIL 1. The specialization of general roots is more common than the generalization of special roots. Explain this statement and examine it by reference to verbs of seeing and ^oing. 2. Explain the formation of the infinitive active in Latin and Greek. Is the infinitive strictly a mood ? 3. How is the aspirate to be accounted for in the words, ijXwg, riTzap, piu), tVo/Jni, &£, rj/tt'ig, tVw^i. Give yOUr reason in full. EXAMINATION PAPERS. 67 4. Analyze the following Homeric forms, and account forthecorresponding form in Attic : oBara, •Sa, i\eil^, ii\ii\ov9a, jSamXqoc, viimat, noWov, "wjiev, tio, iaaiTrai. 5. How does the Greek language avail itself of (i) the splitting of the A-sound, (2) of vowel intensification? Compare it in these respects with Latin. 6. How is the comparative formed in Greek and Latin ? 7. Examine the forms — reconciliassere, ferentis, vixi, gnaivod, facillimus, parricidas, fecissem, amabar, magis- treis ; and discuss the spelling of the words — contio, suspicio, pernicies, silva, milia. 8. Give the etymology of — irkaaio, viipuv, ofiiia, '6\oq, Svoim, ayxivri, alaa, scio, aio, laus, anser, homo, unus, vereor, stimulus, orchard, nought, stirrup, cry, danger, nephew, weigh. Explain the most important changes of letters, and give, where you can, cognate words in other languages. IV. 1. Explain the formation of the genitive and accusative singular and plural in Greek and Latin. 2 . Define and illustrate the terms — root, stem, formative suffix, secondary suffix. 3. Investigate the forms — -irpalionte, BOH/Sqircro, ^iptaKe, emTToieti, ausim, sisto, posui. 4. What are the lines of argument that have been employed to fix the pronunciation of the Latin V ? 5. How is the subjunctive formed in Greek and Latin ? Account for the subjunctives in Homer. 6. Give instances with explanations of indeclinable words which appear to have belonged to an inflexional system. 68 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. 7. Can any affinity be established between the follow- ing pairs of words : boXcIj', call ; uXoc, whole ? What Greek and Latin words correspond to the English beech, ward, queen, quick, wit, home, dust, which? Explain the chief phonetic changes, and remark on any noteworthy transitions of meaning. III.— THE HISTORY OF THE GREEK DRAMA, WITH ARISTOTLE'S POETICS. L 1. Give, with illustration from the practice of the extant Greek dramatists, and any criticisms from other sources, Aristotle's views as to — (i) The necessary quality of a good plot. (2) The use of irdSij in the structure of a plot. (3) The character that should belong to a tragic hero, and the managment of rfi^ in general. (4) The right use of the Chorus. 2. Describe briefly the literary career of Aristophanes, tracing changes in form, subject, and treatment between his earlier and later works. 3. Compare Euripides with his predecessors in respect of— (i) Metre and language. (2) Attitude towards soothsaying and towards posi- tive Greek religion. (3) Moral and religious ideas. 4. To what extent, and in what forms, did the drama flourish outside Attica ? EXAMINATION PAPERS. 69 5. Explain the phrase " Sophoclean irony." How far is this quality peculiar to Sophocles among tragic poets ? 6. The influence in political controversy of the Old Comedy. How far had it a definite party purpose ? How far has it value as a historical authority ? 7. Give some account of this element in Greek traged)', comparing the tragic poets in respect of the use which they make of it. 8. Discuss the effect upon the Greek drama — ■ (i) Of its connexion with religious ceremonies. (2) Of its employment of a chorus. 9. Give some account of the purposes to which iambic, trochaic, anapaestic, dochmaic, and dactylo- trochaic metres respectively are applied in the drama, with notices as to any changes in their use or management. II. 1. What does Aristotle say — (i) On the use of the marvellous ; (2) On the introduction of episodes ; (3) On painting and painters ? 2. iioXu ii fikyiarov to jisTatjiopiKbv eivai, Explam and illus- trate this. 3. In what points, according to Aristotle, does the difference between epic and tragic poetry consist ? 4. State what you know of Phrynichus the tragedian, Criates, Agathon, and Philemon, and of their influence on the Greek drama. 5. How were the compositions of the Greek dramatists affected by the number of actors they were allowed to employ. 70 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. 6. Describe the machinery and other contrivances which were used in a Greek theatre, illustrating where you can from ancient writers. 7. What were the strong, and what were the weak points of Euripides as an artist ? 8. How far may Aristotle be regarded as an authority for the so-called Dramatic Unities ; and how far may Greek plays be regarded as illustrating them ? III. 1. The function of the Chorus according to Aristotle. Trace the historical development of the Chorus, illustrating your account from the Poetics. 2. Aristotle's conception of art in general, with special reference to his theory of poetry. Compare Plato's view, or that of any modern writer. 3. The changes introduced into Tragedy by .(Eschylus. 4. Aristotle's account of to yikoiav. Compare Sicilian with the old Attic Comedy. 5. Collect the most important notices of Homer in the Poetics. What, according to Aristotle, constitutes a good Epic? 6. What merits and defects does Aristotle find in Euripides ? How does Euripides differ from his prede- cessors in (i) the construction of the plot; (a) the use of prologue and epilogue ? EX AM IN A TION PA PERS. 7 1 IV.— LATIN LITERATURE. L 1. " As a critic, Horace says nothing that is really new or instructive." How far is this remark borne out or re- futed by the contents of the First Epistle of the Second Book? 2. Enumerate the earliest known fragments of Latin writing, and point out which of them are still extant. 3. Give a brief account of the works of Livius Andro- nicus, Cn. Nsevius, Q. Ennius. 4. The origin and the various developments of Roman Satire. 5. The causes of the special devotion to poetry in the Augustan age. 6. The Latin poets had all a strong sense of their own personality ! Show how this sense comes out in the various authors, and account for this difference between the Greek and Roman writers. 7. Work out and illustrate one of the two following remarks : — " The Georgics are the glorification of labour." "The ^neid is more than any other Latin work representative — representative both of the general national idea and of the sentiment and culture of the age." 8. In what consisted the individuality and the merits of Lucretius and Catullus ? 72 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. II. 1. Explain and illustrate the terms — versus Saturnius, Atellanse, contaminate, annosa volumina vatum, satura, ludus, mimus, choriambus, epodos, scsena. 2. How far does Roman history appear to have stimulated the imagination of Roman poets prior to Vergil ; and to what sources was Vergil himself indebted for his version of the story of JEneas' wanderings, and of the origin of Rome ? 3. What is meant by "elegiac poetry"? Compare briefly the chief elegiac poets of Rome. 4. What is known of Roman epic poetry in the in- terval between Ennius and Vergil ? 5. Illustrate by quotation, and account for, the ten'- dency towards the deification of the Emperor in Augustan literature. 6. "The process of naturalising Greek metres in Roman poetry was marked by an increase of artificial strictness in metrical laws." Comment on this with reference to the Hexameter, Trochaic, Elegiac, and Alcaic metres. 7. What materials are available for settling the text of Terence, Lucretius, Vergil, or Horace ? 8. Compare Lucretius, Vergil, and Horace in their feeling for and expression of the beauty of outward nature. IIL I. " Plautus, verborum Latinorum elegantissimus, Latinae linguse decus" (Gellius). Compare this with Horace's estimate of Plautus, and give reasons for pre- ferring the one or the other view of his genius and writings. EXAMINA TION PAPERS. 73 2. Give some account of the works of Nsvius, Pacu- vius, and Accius. 3. Which of the Roman poets were of the greatest service in developing the Latin language ? 4. Describe the arrangements and accessories of a Roman theatre, illustrating where yoa can by quotations from Latin poets. 5. How far were either rhyme or alliteration con- sciously employed by Roman poets ? 6. What is known of the Satura, and of the Fescennine verses ? What branches of Roman literature owed their origin to them ? 7. Account for the great influence of Euripides on Roman dramatic literature. 8. Illustrate Vergil's fondness for animals and observa- tion of their habits. 9. Was Lucretius justified in complaining of "patrii sermonis egestas " ? 10. Give briefly a life of Horace from his writings. 11. What appears to have been Vergil's purpose in composing the iEneid ? IV. 1. Show how the production of poetry was both fostered and limited by the advent of Imperialism. 2. Show by references to Roman poets that the ora- torical spirit pervades the poetry of classical far more than that of modern literature. 3. Why was Roman poetry inclined, as a rule, to be imitative rather than original ? 4. To what writers was Vergil indebted, and in what ways ? How is his own influence on Roman literature shown ? 7 74 HONOUR CLASSICAL MODERATIONS. 5. Trace the progress of the Latin Hexameter from its first introduction to its final perfecting by Vergil, or, explain Horace's method of treating Greek metres. 6. A short account of the various works of Ovid. What are his merits and faults as a writer (not as a moralist) ? 7. "Propertius, the empty echo of Alexandrian for- malism." " Nihil tetigit quod non ornavit " is as true of Propertius as of Vergil. Reconcile these dicta. 8. An account of the Annals of Ennius, and an estimate of his genius. 9. What do you remember of the names, dates, and works of the less known Roman dramatists ? 10. There is enough in the Epistle (Horace, Ep. ii. i) to account for the high estimation in which it is held by the general reader. Prove or disprove this assertion. 11. Give the substance of Horace's criticisms on Roman dramatic poetry. What excuse has been sug- gested for their tone ? CLASSICAL WORKS AND TRANSLATIONS. The NICOMACHEAN ETHICS of ARIS- TOTLE. Books I. -IV. and Book X. Chap. 6 to 9, being the portion required in the Oxford Pass School, with Notes, &c., for the use of Passmen. By E. L. Hawkins, M.A., late Postmaster of Merton College. [/« the press. The POETICS of ARISTOTLE. The Text after Vahlen, with Introduction. A New Translation ; Ex- planatory and Critical Notes and Appendix on the Greek Drama. \In preparation. DEMOSTHENES on the CROWN. The Text after Baiter. With an Introduction, a New Translation, and Explanatory Notes. By Francis P. Simpson, B.A., Balliol College, Craven Scholar, 1877. [In the press. A SYNOPSIS oC LIVY'S HISTORY of the SECOND PUNIC WAR. Books XXI.-XXIV. With Appendices, Notes, Maps, and Plans. By J. B. Worcester, M.A. Second Edition. Fcap 8vo. cloth, 2s, 6d. A SYNOPSIS and SUMMARY of the ANNALS of TACITUS. Books I.-VI. With Intro- duction, Notes, and Indexes. By G. W. Gent, E.A. Crown 8vo. cloth, 3J. 6d. A SYNOPSIS and SUMMARY of the RE- PUBLIC of PLATO. With a Prefatory Excursus upon the Platonic Philosophy, and Short Notes. By George William Gent, B.A. [Preparing. The AGAMEMNON of ^SCHYLUS. A New Prose Translation. Crown 8vo. cloth limp, 2s. The NICOMACHEAN ETHICS of ARIS- TOTLE. A New Translation, with an Introduction, a Marginal Analysis, and Explanatoiy Notes. Designed for the Use of Students. By D. P. Chase, M.A., Fellow of Oriel College, and Principal of St. Mary Hall, Oxford. Fourth Edition, revised. Crown 8vo, cloth, ys. 6d. Classical Works and Translations — (Continued). ARISTOTLE'S ORGANON : Translations from the Organon of Aristotle, comprising those Sections of Mr. Magrath's Selections required for Honour Moderations. By Walter Smith, New College, and Allan G. Sumner Gibson, Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. The ELEMENTS of ARISTOTLE'S LOGIC, following the order of Trendelenburg, with Introduction, English Translation, and Notes. By Thomas Case, M.A., Tutor of Corpus Christi College, and sometime Fellow of Brasenose College. [Preparing. The PHILIPPIC ORATIONS of CICERO. A New Translation. By the Rev. John Richard King, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6j. The FIRST and SECOND PHILIPPIC ORATIONS of CICERO. A New Translation. By John R. King, M.A. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth limp, 2s. 6d. • LIVY'S HISTORY of ROME. The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Books. A Literal Translation from the Text of Madvig, with Historical Introductions, Summary to each Book, and Explanatory Notes. By a First Classman. Crown 8vo. 4J. 6d. The MENO of PLATO. A New Translation, with Introduction and Explanatory Notes, for the use of Students. Crown 8V0. cloth limp, xs. 6d. \yust published. PLUTARCH'S LIVES of the GRACCHI. Translated from the Text of Sintenis, with Introduction, Marginal Analysis, and Appendices. By W. W. Marshall, B.A., late Scholar of Hertford College. Crown 8vo. paper covers, is. 6d., or cloth 2s. \^fust ready. The iENEID of VIRGIL. Books I. to IV. Translated into English Prose. By T. Clayton, M.A. Crown 8vo. cloth, Zf. JAMBS THORNTON, 33, HIGH STEBBT. OXPOBD. 33 High Street, Oxford. OCTOBER i88i. JAMES THORNTON'S SELECT LIST OF PUBLICATIONS CHIEFLY EDUCATIONAL, MANY IN USE AT THE HIGHER SCHOOLS & UNIVERSITIES. CONTENTS. PAGE Class Books .6 Classical 4 Law and Political Economy . .' 9 Miscellaneous ... .3 OxFQRD Study Guides ... n Palestra Oxoniensis .... 7 Translations 4 Also Sold by SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., London. A Catalogue of these Publications with fuller descriptions, some notices from the press, arid specimen pages , will be forwarded gratis on application. James Thornton desires to direct attention to the accompany- ing List of Educational Works, many of which have now attained a wide circulation. The Authors and Compilers are mostly scholars of repute, as well as of large experience in teaching. Any notices of errors or defects in these publications will be gratefully received and acknowledged. The Books can generally be procured through local Booksellers in town and country ; but if at any time difficulty should arise, James Thornton will feel much obliged by direct communication on the subject. MISCELLANEOUS. THE CAROLINE LITURGIA ; or, an Account of the Latin Prayer Book of Dean Durel, together with a Reprint and Transla- tion of the Catechism therein contained, with Collations, Annotations, and Appendices by the Bev. Charles Maeshali,, M.A., Chaplain to the Lord Mayor of London, 1849-1850 ; and William W. Marshall, B.A., late Scholar of Hertford College, Oxford. [Beadt/ in November. The Authors have been led to the present undertaking by a desire to attract more attention to the Latin Prayer Book of 1670, and desire this for two reasons. Firstly, on account of the remarkable scarcity of the book itself. (In many of the most notable libraries no copy is to be found.) Secondly, because Durel's ' Liturgia' shows what the Revisers understood to be meant by the words which they retained and the words which they inserted; it shows the thought of the time as expressed by a contemporary and an authorised exponent. An UNDERGRADUATE'S TRIP to ITALY and ATTICA in the WINTER of 1880-1. By J. L. Thomas, BaUiol College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. 5s. [Just ready. UMBR^: Poems and Translations. By J. L. Postgate, Late Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Crown 4to. with loose parchment cover, 2s. 6d. THE LIVES AND LETTERS OF GIFFORD AND BUNYAN. By the Bev. T. A. Bltth, Queen's College, Oxford. [In preparation. JAMES THORNTON, 33 HIGH STREET, OXFORD. 3 CLASSICAL. The NICOMACHEAN ETHICS of ARISTOTLE. Books I.-IV. and Book X. Chap. 6 to 9, being the portion required in the Oxford Pass School, with Notes, &c. for the nse of Passmen. By E. L. Ha-wkins, M.A. late Postmaster of Merton College. Demy 8vo. [Nearly ready. The POETICS of ARISTOTLE. The Text after Vahlen, with Introdnction. A New Translation ; Explanatory and Critical Notes and Appendix on the Greek Drama. [In preparation. DEMOSTHENES on the CROWN. The Text after Baitee. With an Introduction, a New Translation, and Explanatory Notes. By Fbamcis p. SmpsON, B.A., Balliol College, Craren Scholar, 1877. Demy 8to. [Nearly ready, A SYNOPSIS of LIVY'S HISTORY of the SECOND PUNIC WAJl. Books XXI.-XXIV. With Appendices, Notes, Maps, and Plans. By J. B. Woeoestek, M.A. Second Edition. Fep. 8to. cloth, 25. 6d. A SYNOPSIS and SUMMARY of the ANNALS of TACITUS. Books I.-VI. With Introduction, Notes and Indexes. By G. W. Gent, B.A. Crown 8to. doth, 3«. 6d. A SYNOPSIS and SUMMARY of the REPUBLIC of PLATO. With a Prefatory Excursus upon the Platonic Philosophy, and Short Notes. By Geobge Wllliam Giara, B.A. [Preparing. A FEW NOTES on the ANNALS of TACITUS. Books I. to IV. For Passmen. Crown 8vo. [In the press. TEANSLATIONS. The AGAMEMNON of .ffiSCHYLUS. A new Prose Translation. Crown 8vo. cloth limp, 2s. The NICOMACHEAN ETHICS of ARISTOTLE. A New Translation, with an Introduction, a Marginal Analysis, and Ex- planatory Notes. Designed for the Use of Students. By D. P. Chase, M.A., Fellow of Oriel College, and Principal of St. Mary Hall, Oxford. Fourth Edition, rerised. Crown 8vo. cloth, 7s. 6d. i JAMES THORNTON, 33 HIGH STREET, OXFORD. TRANSLATIONS-co«imMed. ARISTOTLE'S ORGANON : Translations from the Organon of Aristotle, comprising those Sections of Mr. Magrath's Selections required for Honour Moderations. By Waltee Smith, New College, and AiiAN G. Sumnee Gibson, Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. The ELEMENTS of ARISTOTLE'S LOGIC, foUowing the order of Trendelenburg, with Introduction, English Translation, and Notes. By Thomas Case, M.A., Tutor of Corpus Christi College, and sometime Fellow of Brasenose College. [Preparing. The PHILIPPIC ORATIONS of CICERO. A New Translation, By the Eev. John Eichaed Kma, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. cloth, 6s. The FIRST and SECOND PHILIPPIC ORATIONS of CICERO. A New Translation. By John K. King, M.A. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth limp, 2s. 6d. LIVY'S HISTORY of ROME. The Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Books. A Literal Translation from the Text of Madvig, with Historical Introductions, Summary to each Book, and Explanatory Notes. By a First Classman. Crown 8yo. is. Gd. The MENO of PLATO. A New Translation, with Introduction and Explanatory Notes, for the use of Students. Crown 8to. cloth limp. Is. 6d. PLUTARCH'S LIVES of the GRACCHI. Translated from the Text of Sintenis, with Introduction, Marginal Analysis, and Appendices. By W. W. Mabshaxi., B.A., late Scholar of Hertford College. Crown 8to. paper covers, la. 6d., or cloth, 2s. [Just ready. The /ENEID of VIRGIL. Books I. to IV. Translated into English Prose. By T. Clayton, M.A. Crown 8vo. cloth, 2s. UUES THORNTON, 83 HIGH STREET, OXFORD. 5 CLASS BOOKS. OUTLINES of CHEMICAL THEORY, By Feedeeick Finnis Geensted, B.A., University College. [/» preparation. MELETEMATA ; or, SELECT LATIN PASSAGES IN PROSE AND VERSE FOR UNPREPARED TRANS- LATION. Arranged by the Eev. F. J. F. Gantillon, M.A., some- time Scholar of St. John's College, Cambridge, Classical Master in Cheltenham College. Crown 8to. cloth, 4s. 6d. The object of this volume is to furnish a collection of about 250 passages, graduated in difficulty, and adapted to the various Examinations in which * Unprepared Trans- lation * finds a place. * The work is nicely got up, and is altogether the best of the kind with which we are acquainted.' — THE Schoolmastbr, December 3, 1881. * We find this collection to be very judiciously made, and think it one of the best which has yet been published.' — Educational Times, Api-U 1, 1881. MELETEMATA GR^CA ; being a Selection of Passages, Prose and Verse, for unprepared Translation. By the Eev. P. J. F. Gantillon, M.A. \In the press. Fmming a Companion, Volvme to the above. SELECTED PIECES for TRANSLATION into LATIN PROSE. Selected and arranged by the Eev. H. C. Ogle, M.A. Head Master of Magdalen College School, and T. Clayton, M.A. Crown 8vb. doth, 4s. 6d. This selection is intended for the use of the highest forms in Schools and for University Students for Honour Examinations, for whom it was felt that a small and compact book woul^ be most serviceable. ' The selection has been made with much care and the passages which we have more particularly examined are very appropriate for translation.' School Guardiak, June 7, 1879. Latin and Greek Versions of a considerable number of these Pieces, for the use of Tutors only, will shortly be published. DAMON ; or, The ART of GREEK IAMBIC MAKING. By the Eev. J. Heebeet Williams, M.A., Composition Master in S. Nicholas College, Lancing ; late Demy of Magdalen College. Fcp. 8vo. Is. 6a!. [Just published. lihis small treatise claims as its merit that it really teaches Greek Iambic writing on a system,^and this- system is based on no arbitrary analysis of the Iambic line, but on the way in which the scholar practically regards it in maldng verses himself. A Key, for Tutors only. Fcp. 8vo. cloth, 3s. 6d. SHORT TABLES and NOTES on GREEK and LATIN GEAMMAE. By W. E. W. Collins, M.A., Jesus College. Crown 8vo. cloth, 3s. 6 JAMES THORNTON, 83 HIGH STREET, OXFORD. CLASS mOXS— continued. ARS SCRIBENDI LATINE ; or, Aids to Latin Prose Composition. In the Form of an Analysis of Latin Idioms. By B. A. Edwaeds, B.A., lata Scholar of Jesus College, Oxford. Crown 8vo. Is. ALGEBRAICAL QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES. For the Use of Candidates for Matriculation, Eesponsions, and First Puhlie Examinations, and the Oxford and Cambridge Local and Certificate Examinations. Crown 8vo. 2s. [Jiist ready. ARITHMETICAL QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES. For the Use of Candidates for Matriculation, Eesponsions, and First Public Examinations, and the Oxford and Cambridge Local and Certificate Examinations. Crown 8vo. Is. 6d. QUESTIONS AND EXERCISES IN ADVANCED LOGIC. For the Use of Candidates for the Honour Moderation Schools. Crown 8vo. Is. 6d. [Just ready. The RUDIMENTS of LOGIC, with Tables and Examples. By F. E. WEiTHERLT, M.A. Fcp. 8to. cloth limp. Is. Gd. * Here is everything needful for a beginner.* — EntJCATTONAL Times. ' Is a clever condensation of first prLaciples.' — School Guardian. A FEW NOTES on the GOSPELS. By W. E. W. Collins, M.A., Jesus College. New Edition. Crown 8vo. paper covers. Is. 6d. PALJISTEA OXONIENSIS. The object of this Series is to furnish Exercises and Test Fapersfor Candidates preparing for the various Examinations at our Public Schools and Universities. QUESTIONS and EXERCISES for MATRICULATION and EESPONSIONS. Contents : (1) Grrammatical Questions in Greek and Latin ; (2) Materials for Latin Prose ; (3) Questions on Authors. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. cloth, 3s. 6d. JAMES THORNTON, S3 HIGH STREET, OXFORD. 7 PALESTRA OXONIENSIS-co«fm«e