QJarnBll Itttoeraitg ffiihrarg 3tl}£«;a, Nem fork FROM THE BENNO LOEWY LIBRARY COLLECTED BY BENNO LOEWY 1854-1919 BEQUEATHED TO CORNELL UNIVERSITY The date shows when this volume was taken. To renew this book copy the call Nd. and give to the librarian. ■i-ltf T-f-' Av-v HOME USE RULES All Books subject to recall T^-ii-^v ■'■ All borrowers must re^s- fijOMfg^er in the library to bor- '■™'»^i*ibow books for' home nee. All books must be re* turned at end of college year for inspection and repairs. Limited books must be I QQy'^^^ .- i^ returned within the four !..... .I>^0.... week limit and not renewed. Students must return all „.' '. books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for the return of books wanted during their absence from town. Volumes of periodicals , and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as """ possible. For special pur- ^ poses they are given out for a limited time. Borrowers should not use , their library privileges for , the benefit of other persons. Books of special value ' and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not al- '■ lowed to circulate. Readers are asked to i v port all casesVof books , marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. Cornell University Library GN58.U58 A4 1911 3 1924 029 900 184 olin The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029900184 61»r CoNGRtss 1 QE-iLT 1 mti f Document KEPOKTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION CHANGES IN BODILY FORM OF DESCENDANTS OF IMMIGRANTS (FINAL REPORT) Presented by MR. DILLINGHAM June 8, 1911. — Ordered reprinted, with corrections and illustrations WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PBINTING OPFICE 1911 THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION. Senator William P. Dillingham, Representative Benjamin F. Howell. Chairman. Representative William S. Bennet. Senator Henry Cabot Lodge. Representative John L. Buhnett. Senator Asbury C. Latimer." Mr. Charles P. Neill. Senator Anselm J. McLaurin.'' Mr. Jeremiah W. Jenks. Senator Le Roy Percy, c Mr. William R. Wheeler. Secretaries: Morton E. Crane. W. W. Husband. C. S. Atkinson. Chief Statistician: Fred C. Croxton. Extract from act of Congress of February 20, 1907, creating and defining the duties of the Immigration Commission. That a commission is hereby created, consisting of three Senators, to be appointed by the President of the Senate, and three Members of the House of Representatives, to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and three persons to be appointed by the President of the United States. Said commission shall make full inquiry, examination, and investigation, by subcommittee or otherwise, into the subject of immigration. For the purpose of said inquiry, examination, and investiga- tion said commission is authorized to send for persons and papers, make all necessary travel, either in the United States or any foreign country, and, through the chair- man of the commission, or any member thereof, to administer oaths and to examine witnesses and papers respecting all matters pertaining to the subject, and to employ necessary clerical and other assistance. Said commission shall report to Congress the conclusions reached by it, and make such recommendations as in its judgment may seem proper. Such sums of money as may be necessary for the said inquiry, examina- tion, and investigation are hereby appropriated and authorized to be paid out of the "immigrant fund" on the certificate of the chairman of said commission, including all expenses of the commissioners, and a reasonable compensation, to be fixed by the President of the United States, for those members of the commission who are not Members of Congress; * * * . a Died February 20, 1908. i Appointed to succeed Mr. Latimer, February 25, 1908. Died December 22, 1909. « Appointed to succeed Mr. McLaurin, March 16, 1910. LIST OF BEPOBTS OF THE IMMIGBATION COMMISSION. Volumes 1 and 2. Abstracts of Eeports of the Immigration Commission, witli Conclusions and Recom- mendations and Views of the Minority. (These volumes include the Commission's complete reports on the following subjects: Immigration Conditions In Hawaii; Immigration and Insanity; Immi- grants in Charity Hospitals; AUen Seamen and Stowaways; Contract Labor and Induced and Assisted Immigration; The Greek Padrone System in the United States; Peonage.) (S. Doc. No. 747, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 3. Statistical Review of Immigration, 1819-1910— Distribution of Immigrants, 1860-1900. (S. Doc. No. 756. 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 4. Emigration Conditions in Europe. (S. Doc. No. 748, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 5. Dictionary of Races or Peoples. (S. Doc. No. 662, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volumes 6 and 7. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 1, Bituminous Coal Mining. (S. Doe. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 8 and 9. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 2, Iron and Steel Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 10. Immigrants In Industries: Pt. 3, Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States— Pt. 4, Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 11. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. S, Silk Goods Manufacturing and Dyeing— Pt. 6, Clothing Manufacturing— Pt. 7, Collar, Cufl, and Shirt Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 12. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 8, Leather Manufacturing— Pt. 9, Boot and Shoe Manufac- turing— Pt. 10, Glove Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 13. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 11, Slaughtering and Meat Packing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 14. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 12, Glass Manufacturing— Pt. 13, Agricultural Implement and Vehicle Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 15. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 14, Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing— Pt. 15, Furniture Man- ufecturing— Pt. 16, Sugar Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 16. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 17, Copper Mining and Smelting— Pt. 18, Iron Ore Mining— Pt. 19, Anthracite Coal Mhilng— Pt. 20, Oil Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 17. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. I. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 18. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. II — Pt. 22, The Floating Immi- grant Labor Supply. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 19 and 20. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 23, Summary Report on Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., ad sess.) Volumes 21 and 22. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 24, Recent Immigrants in Agriculture. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 23-25. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 25, Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain States. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 26 and 27. Immigrants in Cities. (S. Doc. No. 338, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volume 28. Occupations of the First and Second Generations of Immigrants in the United States— Fe- cundity of Inunigrant Women. (S. Doc. No. 282, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) Volumes 29-33. The Children of Immigrants in Schools. (S. Doc. No. 749, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volumes 34 and 35. Inunlgrants as Charity Seekers. (S. Doc. No. 665, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 36. Immigration and Crime. (S. Doc. No. 750, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 37. Steerage Conditions — Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes — Immi- grant Homes and Aid Societies— Immigrant Banks. (S. Doc. No. 763, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 38. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. (S. Doc. No. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess.) - Vojlume 39. Federal Immigration Legislation— Digest of Immigration Decisions— Steerage Legislation, 1819-1908— State Immigration and Allen Laws. (S. Doc. No. 758, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 40. The Immigration Situation in Other Countries: Canada — Australia— New Zealand — Argen- tina—Brazil. (S.Doc. No. 761, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 41. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested in the Subject of Immigration. (S. Doc. No. 764, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) Volume 42. Index of Reports of the Immigration Conunission. (S. Doc. No. 785, 61st Cong., 3d sess.) LETTER OF TRANSMITTAI. The Immigration Commission, Washington, D. C, December 6, 1910. To the Sixty-first Congress: I have the honor to transmit herewith, on behalf of the Immigra- tion Commission, a report entitled "Changes in bodily form of descendants of immigrants," which was prepared for the Commission by Franz Boas, professor of anthropology, Columbia University, New York. A partial report on this subject, by the same author, was transmitted to Congress December 16, 1909 (S. Doc. No. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess.). Respectfully, William P. Dillingham, Chairman. CONTENTS. Page. Introductory 1 Chapteb I. General results of the inveBtigation 5 Measurements of distinct types 9 Relations between time of immigration and change of type. . . 57 Rate of physiological development of foreign-bom and Amer- ican-bom 64 Probable causes of change in type 64 Problem of heredity 76 Phenomena of growth 78 Effect of size of family 79 II. Method of investigation 81 III. Color of hair 93 IV. Relations between bodily form and period of immigration 99 V. Investigations of the change of type, based on family observations . 117 VI. Growth - 129 Physiological development 129 Growth of the head 137 VII. Heredity 153 VIII. Stature of children in families of different sizes 161 Appendix — ^Tabulations 167 V LIST OF TABLES. Page. Table 1. Oeplialic index, or width of head expressed in per cent of length of head, of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews and Sicilians. . 5 2. Cephalic index of Hebrew and Sicilian boys: Foreign-bom, those bom in America within ten years after arrival of mother, and those born ten years or more after arrival of mother 8 3a. Measurements of foreign-born and American-bom Bohemians 10 36. Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Slovaks and Hungarians 12 3c. Measurements of foreign-bom and American-born Poles 14 Zd. Measurements of foreign-bom' and American-born Bohemians, Slovaks, Hungarians, and Poles, combined 16 4. Measurements of foreign-born and American-bom Hebrews 18 5. Measurements of foreign-born and American-born Sicilians 20 6. Measurements of foreign-born and American-bom Neapolitans 22 7. Measurements of American-bom minus measurements of foreign- born: All types measured 56 8. Differences in head form of Hebrew males, between foreign-bom, those born in America within ten years after arrival of mother, and those bom ten years or more after arrival of mother 58 9. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born, arranged ac- cording to time elapsed between birth and immigration : Hebrews, Sicilians, and Neapolitans 61 10. Differences in stature and weight of Hebrew males, between for- eign-bom, those born in America within ten years after arrival of mother, and those born ten years or more after arrival of mother. 63 11. Measurements of foreign-bom Hebrews, men and women, accord- ing to year of immigration 65 12. Cephalic index of foreign-bom and American-bom for each year of immigration: Hebrews, Sicilians, and Neapolitans 67 13. Width of face of foreign-born and American-bom adult Bohemians for each year of immigration 69 14. Excess of difference between parents and their American-bom children over difference between parents and their foreign-bom children: Bohemians, Hebrews, Sicilians, and Neapolitans 70 15. Width of face of foreign-bom and American-bom adult Bohemians arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immigra- tion 73 16. Rate of growth of head 78 17. Stature of children of families of different sizes: Toronto, Ontario, and Oakland, Cal 80 18. Number of individuals measured 84 19. Test measinrements of observers 85 20. Head measurements according to observers (adults) 87 21. Differences between head measinrements of single observers and general averages (adults) 91 21a. Personal equatiofis 92 22. Numerical values of hair colors of Hebrews 94 23. Numerical values of hair colors of Scotch 95 24. Numerical values of hair colors of Bohemians 95 25. Numerical values of hair colors of Sicilians 96 26. Comparison of numerical values of hair colors as obtained from different nationalities 97 27. Absolute numerical values of hair colors 98 VIII The Immigration Commission. Page. Table 28. Average measurements of Hebrews born in various parts of eastern Europe 99 29. Years of arrival of foreign-born Hebrews 101 30. Years of arrival of mothers of American-born Hebrews. 102 31. Comparison of foreign-bom and American-born Hebrews born more or less than ten years after arrival of mother 104 32. Cephalic index of American-bom Hebrew males (reduced to adults), according to time elapsed since immigration of mother 105 33. Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrew males (reduced to adults), according to age at time of immigration 105 34. Number of years elapsed between immigration of mother and birth of American-born child (Hebrews) 106 35. Cephalic index of Hebrews (reduced to adult males), according to year of immigration 108 36. Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, males and females, (reduced to adult males) 109 37. Cephalic index of foreign-bom Sicilians (reduced to adult males). . 109 38. Correction for number of years elapsed between immigration of mother and birth of American-bom child (Sicilians) 110 39. Cephalic index of Sicilians (reduced to adult males), according to year of immigration Ill 40. Cephalic index of American-bom Neapolitans, males and females, (reduced to adult males) Ill 41 . Cephalic index of foreign-bom Neapolitans (reduced to adult males) , according to age at time of immigration 112 42. Cephalic index of Neapolitans (reduced to adult males), according to year of immigration 113 43. Width of face of adult Bohemians arranged according to number of years between immigration and birth , 114 44. Width of face of adult Bohemians (reduced to males), according to year of immigration 115 45. Summary of differences between parents and their own foreign- bom children and parents and their own American-born children: 1, Bohemians; 2, Hebrews; 3, Sicilians; 4, Neapolitans 123 46. Differences in cephalic index between American-bom Hebrew children (bom ten years and more after arrival of mother) and their own parents 126 47. Excess of difference in cephalic index between American-born Hebrew children and parents over that between foreign-bom Hebrew children and parents 127 48. Frequency of stages of pubescence of Hebrew boys 129 49. Measmrements of Hebrew boys according to pubescence 130 50. Cephalic index according to age 138 51. Formulas showing decrease of cephalic index of foreign-bom with increasing age 139 52. Formulas showing decrease of cephalic index with increaaing age. . 139 53. Length of head of adult males, Dresden I, calculated from meas- urements of children 140 54. Increments of length of head of males (from all available material) '. 141 55. Increments of length of head of males in different European groups. 142 56. Increments of length of head of females (from all available material). 143 57. Increments of width of head (from all available material) 144 58. Rate of decrease of cephalic index of males (from all availalale material) 144 59. Length of head of males .'.]............... 145 60. Lei^h of head of females 146 61. Width of head of males 147 62. Width of head of females .. 149 63. Cephalic index of males \ 150 64. Cephalic index of females ..............] 151 65. Variability of cephalic index of children, arranged" according to differences in cephalic index between parents 154 66. Summary of correlations between parents find children. .. '. . ." . . .' . . . 156 67. Correlation for length of head Ibetween parents andchiidren (Hebrews) 157 List of Tables. ix Page. Table 68. Correlation lor width of head between parents and children (Hebrews) 158 69. Summary of correlations between parents and children (Hebrews). 159 70. Differences between statures of Toronto children of families of dif- ferent sizes and the average stature of children for each age 161 71. Differences between statures of Oakland, Cal., children of families of different sizes and the average stature of children for each age . 163 72. Average difference between statures of children of families of dif- ferent sizes and average statures 165 73. Stature of Toronto boys, arranged according to number of deceased children per family 166 APPENDIX— TABULATIONS . Table I. Growth of Bohemian males 169 II. Growth of Bohemian females 190 III. Growth of Hungarian and Slovak males 205 IV. Growth of Hungarian and Slovak females 217 V. Growth of Polish males 229 VI . Growth of Polish females 238 VII. Growth of Hebrew males 246 VIII. Growth of Hebrew females 261 IX. Growth of Sicilian males 274 X. Growth of Sicilian females 292 XI. Growth of Neapolitan males 308 XII. Growth of Neapolitan females 326 XIII. Growth of miscellaneous Italian males 342 XIV. Growth of miscellaneous Italian females 351 XV. Growth of Scotch males 356 XVI. Growth of Scotch females 364 XVII . Types of foreign-bom adult Hebrew males according to place of birth . 370 XVIII. Types of foreign-bom Hebrews immigrating at different periods 374 XIX. Growth of American-bom Hebrew boys bom ten years and more after mother's arrival 381 XX. Cephalic index of foreign-bom Hebrews, arranged according to age at time of immigration 387 XXI. Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child 396 XXII. Cephalic index of foreign-bom Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration 412 XXIII. Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child 424 XXIV. Cephalic index of fore^-bom Neapolitans, arranged according to age at time of immigration 432 XXV. Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child 441 XXVI. Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immigration 450 XXVII. Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed since immigration 461 XXVIII . Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-bom and foremi-bom children 469 XXIX. Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and foreign-bom children 479 XXX. Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American- bom and foreign-bom children 489 XXXI. Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American- bom and foreign-bom children 499 XXXII. Measurements of Hebrew boys according to pubescence 509 XXXIII. Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family. . . 526 XXXIV. Summary of statures of Toronto children 546. XXXV. Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family 548 XXXVI. Summary of statures of Oakland children 572 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fia. 1. Comparison of head form of American-bom and foreign-bom Hebrew and Sicilian males 6 2. Comparison of head form of Hebrews and Sicilians, arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immigration 8 3. Sketches of head forms 9 4. Statures of males: (a) Statures of Bohemian and Hebrew boys; (6) statures of Sicilian and Neapolitan boys : 24 5. Statures of females: (a) Statures of Bohemian and Hebrew girls; (5) statures of Sicilian and Neapolitan girls 26 6. Excess of stature of American-bom over foreign-bom 28 7. Weights of boys 29 8. Excess of weight of American-bom boys over foreign-bom boys 30 9. Length of head of foreign-bom and American-born Bohemians 31 10. Length of head of foreign-bom and American-bom Hebrews 32 11 . Length of head of foreign-bom and American-bom Sicilians 33 12 . Length of head of foreign-bom and American-born Neapolitans 34 13. Excess of length of head of American-bom over foreign-bom 35 14. Widthofheadof foreign-born and American-bom B(3iemians 36 15. Width of head of foreign-bom and American-bom Hebrews 37 16. Width of head of foreign-bom and American-bom Sicilians 38 17. Width of head of foreign-born and American-bom Neapolitans 39 18. Excess of width of head of American-bom over foreign-bom 40 19. Cephalic index of foreign-bom and American-bom Bohemians 41 20. Cephalic index of foreign-bom and American-bom Hebrews 42 21. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-born Sicilians 43 22. Cephalic index of foreign-born and American-bom Neapolitans 44 23. Excess of cephalic index of American-bom over foreign-born 45 24. Width of face of foreign-born and American-bom Bohemians 46 25. Width of face of foreign-bom and American-bom Hebrews 47 26. Width of face of foreign-bom and American-born Sicilians 48 27. Width of face of foreign-born and American-born Neapolitans 49 28. Excess of width of face of American-born over foreign-born 50 29. Color of hair of foreign-bom and American-born Bohemians 51 30. Color of hair of foreign-bom and American-bom Hebrews 52 31. Color of hair of foreign-bom and American-bom Sicilians 53 32. Color of hair of foreign-bom and American-bom Neapolitans 54 33. Excess of pigmentation of American-bom over foreign-bom 55 34. Comparison of head measurements of foreign-bom and American-born Hebrew children 60 35. Cephalic index of foreign-bom and American-bom (reduced to adult males), arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immi- gration 62 36. Comparison of stature and weight of foreign-bom and American-born Hebrew children 64 37. Comparison of measurements of immigrants arriving 'in America at different periods 66 38. Cephalic index of foreign-bom and American-bom for each year of im- migration 68 39. Widtn of face of foreign-bom and American-bom adult Bohemians for each year of immigration 69 40. Width of face of foreign-bom and American-bom adult Bohemians, arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immigration . . 73 41. Rate of annual growth of length of head, width of head, and cephalic index 79 ;42. Comparison of the statures of children in families of different sizes 80 XI XII The Immigration Commission. Page. Fig. 43. Difference in stature between parents and their own American-bom and foreign-bom children H^ 44 . Difference in length of head between parents and their own American- bom and foreign-bom children _ H^ 45. Difference in width of head between parents and their own American- bom and foreign-bom children -_ 120 46. Difference in cephalic index between parents and their own American- bom and foreign-bom children - -; 121 47. Difference in width of face between parenta and their own American- bom and foreign-bom children 122 48. Relation between stature and maturity 131 49. Relation between weight and maturity 132 50. Relation between length of head and maturity 133 51. Relation between width of head and matiuity 134 52. Relation between width of face and maturity 135 53. Relation between color of hair and maturity 136 CHANGES IN BODILY FORM OF DESCENDANTS OF IMMIGRANTS. By Franz Boas. INTRODFCTORY. In March, 1908, I was intrusted by the United States Immigration Commission with an investigation of the physical characteristics of immigrants. It seemed that the principal data to be collected in an investigation of this kind must relate to the differences in composition of the immi- grants that arrive in this country at different peirods, and to the changes that may take place among their descendants born in this country. This problem is an exceedingly comphcated one, on account of the • great differences in type of the people that have immigrated into the United States from different parts of Europe, on account of the changes of social conditions under which these people lived at home and here, and on account of the extended intermixture of descendants of various nationahties that is taking place in the United States. The investigations that have been carried on in Europe during the last fifty years have shown clearly that the types inhabiting various parts of Europe show fundamental differences, and that these differ- ences are distributed, on the whole, more according to geographical locahties than to nationalities. Thus the people of the Alps, no matter what language they may speak, show considerable similarities in type. On account of these local differences it seemed necessary to classify the immigrants according to their descent and country of origin; and in the intial stages of our inquiry we confined ourselves to a study of the east European Hebrew. When the essential points to be investigated became clearer by the results of this inquiry, the investigation was extended over Itahans of that part of Italy south of Kome, Bohemians, and Hungarians, and, to a more limited extent, over immigrants of Scotch descent. Since American environment differs very much in large cities, in small towns, and in the country, and again in different parts of the country, it seemed necessary to select a uniform American environ- ment. Since, from a practical point of view, a knowledge of the influence of the life in congested parts of our cities seemed to be most important, this particular problem was selected for investigation. According to our knowledge of anthropological conditions in the whole world, the form of the Dody seems to be the most stable char- acteristic of any given race of type. Indications have been found, The Immigration Commission. however, showing that under more favorable environment the ghysical development of a race may improve. This was shown by rould and Baxter in their investigations of the physical character- istics of the soldiers enhsting during the War of the Rebellion, by H. P. Bowditch in his investigations of the development of Boston school children, and by similar investigations carried on at later times in various cities in America as well as abroad. No evidence, however, has been collected which would show an actual change in. type due to the influence of environment. Where changes of this kind seem to occur — as, ior instance, in a comparison of the types of city population and country population in Southern Germany and in Italy — the inclination of observers has been rather to attribute the difference either to the elective elimination of the weaker type or to the immigration of different types. From a practical point of view it seemed all-important to know whether American environment had a favorable or unfavorable effect upon the descendants of immigrants. The investigation has shown much more than was anticipated. There are not only decided changes in the rate of development of immigrants, but there is also a far-reaching change in the type — a change which can not be ascribed to selection or mixture, but which can only be explained as due directly to the influence of environ- ment. This conclusion has been tested in many different ways, and . seems to be amply proved. It has been stated before that, according to all our experiences, the bodily traits which have been observed to undergo a change under American environment belong to those char- acteristics of the human body which are considered the most stable. We are therefore coinpelled to draw the conclusion that if these traits change under the influence of environment, presumably none of the characteristics of the human types that com6 to America remain stable. The adaptability of the immigrant seems to be very much greater than we had a right to suppose before our investigations were instituted. It is true that the investigation has been so fragmentary that only a very small part of the problem has been touched upon. It is only one kind of environment that has been investigated. Only a few of the European types have been tested, and none in numbers large enough to allow an inquiry into aU the important details of our prob- lem. The investigation has largely been confined to a study of the male sex, and the descendants of intermarriages among members of the same nationality only have been considered. By far the greater part of the work, therefore, remains to be done. In carrying on this work I have been ably assisted by Dr. C. Ward Crampton, who organized the work in the New York schools. In the initial stages of the work I also greatly profited by conferences with Dr. Maurice Fishberg, whose investigations among the New York Jews indicated the practicabihty of the present investigation. In planning the investigation it seemed desirable to select such measurements as would be most characteristic in defining the stage of development and the characteristic racial types of each group. The former question is most readily investigated by a study of the stature, weight, and general physiological development of the indi- vidual; the second, by a record of the length and width of the head. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. width of the face measured between the zygomatic arches, and by color of hair, eyes, and skin. Accordingly these items were selected for our inquiry. At the same time it seemed necessary to obtain with the greatest possible accuracy the descent of the individual measured, and the record of his immigration. In the beginning we were planning to conduct our investigation largely in schools and colleges. For reasons which wiU presently be explamed this plan had to be modified, but the blank for measurements as origkially adopted contained the information regarding the school and grade in which the measure- ments were taken. Considerable difficulty was encountered in the determination of the physiological development of the individual. According to my original plan, the condition of the teeth was to be observed, in order to determine the time of eruption of the permanent teeth as an indi- cation of general physiological development. It seemed, however, impossible to carry through this investigation successfully, on account of the difficulty of finding a sufficient number of adequately trained observers. The inherent difficulties of observing the teeth are very considerable, and require a large amount of experience. The funds at our disposal not being sufficient to permit the engagement of expe- rienced dentists, this part of the investigation was dropped. In those New York schools in which DathriOiO • >-i Q* Its ■«fr-<^^^ 03 to OS i^ Ob -^t-e^ <»( *+-:^ oo xs oi to ws ;2" i-H ^ i-l (N (N MC^NMCO b 9 P4 ooe^ws »3So oxoooo^ GOODOOOOOO 0000000000 00 OD 00 00 00 00 00 01 kj iQ --*-^+i^ 01 »c. OS i^ oa **Qq »*q:j-* ooiqOsso»o -+ g 0« -^COOSMQO WOCOOOO eOt^tr^fOCO 00>0>"*CO CO CO OSODOOOOOO OOOOO oiSoOOOOOOO 0000000000 00 00 3 B o r 0«; Oi"*I^COO ■—!■•-( >-H to :)io »o "Qio 00 c. igSiSg • ---I o< lea ^^--^i^ OS to OS *-- OS '^Qo ©les^^ ooiq^co'* o'»»0>00 OiQiO-*'t^ t^OQOt^OO t^r^t^f-t^ t^t^t^r^QO cooooooooo ooosoooooo Q* ws •^•^t* OS Ks OS fr~ oi ■^B'5 oj *^•«^ 00 iQ Ob Co «a iflooeoNO mooco?DO icecot^>o os'^ous-v i^ >-< b 0) o r N eoococO"- Co oosioj ws '<^ -i.HOT>-H •-"■-iMw coco-^^io u5to«ot^t» eot*t>.eot-- 1*1 »ftO rH g'oo thOihoooq lOtHQopo ino»nb-t* iHt^iooi^ OS O'-ii-ii-HN eoeon'^Ma »o«o«5«eo t-cocdusco -. rti-Hi-lTHT-l i-|,-(rHrHTH rH t-H rH i-< tH iH iH tH t-t i-H vvtfvv (uSvaSffi a)a>vva] cSsSvo «£^? >t t>>t>»t>>^>. t>»P>»t>i>>^ {>^>.Nt>.>% >^t^t>>k»>* P^ fe •W JOCDt^WOs O^CJW^ lr^^O^»Wa> Qi-HMcO-^ uicO Changes m Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 11 ■SB OS OO O O OOi-H i-1tHi-H,-Ii-| r-lTHi-li-HrH i-(t-I i-t i'- q.SS3.^^ ^^%§g S88SS SSSSt: SS OtP OiCOONtH CTNiHOO USOSSDM-* lOOlONi-l i-Hi-l S' Oi TjiiiosDco^ CMPOiOfOoo oeqoc>io5 c^i-ii-!eoN nm O iHt-(f-«.-lM CQ -+«4 to i^toOooo>-i ©ISOCOO-^ 93«ieoQ0-«h ■•-hCO 00 ■^ >-( ■^ ■'-< I-I l-l >-< -^pi e ■« U5 o-^NOic ot^TT^o looococfl eimioosm oo m gw iOt^t^oJoi tpmeptom oeceocJi-H mcocon^ cows C '"' l2 I^ ""^ '"' '"' (NtNNCSCM WPOMMCO CO CO « CO CC COCO gi^ SOWBGO^QO t~«tl30iOS Qrjl(5»QCoQ0 0»- Ol>-( r- eo>-HOO"*»o -^oow^d Osl>- S-o6 ci TjH CO -rjJ CD ^DcDt^odt> Or-Hi-H,-5o> THOOcii-H OO CO tp^-^^tjh TfTfi^^-^ loioioiOTtH loioiomio »o « ^ gOJ W5 >Q --,0O ^ ■^■^ ■„, -^ -^ >., --^ --.g O NOM3W30 t-»OeDOO O O CO t^ •«*» 0000»OOJCO CO eO So coopoceo odt-^mt^OT o5cDr-HC»Jeo i-hihcomo .-3 cj , ^ «# rf -^ in -^ -^ ^ ^ ^ ^ -^ if3 lo lO in irt lO »o lO in inio 1^^ , — ^^ ^^^^^ ^w^^^ ^ ^„ S^ eo*oeo»<30 ^^94003oa eoioiQ^ooo o>*acseoi- oi ■—. O CO coiO"*'^i-H mOOTOio wost-oofo cot>«D(D.-< cor^ S'.-H t-^ t^ t*^ oJ >-4 MccT|iiri(> oot^cDoood t^oiooooo odod «o co(0(Diot* t^t^t^r-i> i>D-t-t*o t^t-t^oor- r-i- ^ S «i >« >Q ■«t>«i «o i-^cooooQ-'-i 0493=00-'-^ »^»lo^o^^J^ -^co o Tpooioco w i> ■»»' ,-t o usocceooo i-h i-h t-i « i-n ooi> Sid odt>coo6r^ ncid-^-^ coooJot^ o6odoJodi> odo CO tococooeo r^r-i>t^oo oeooi>oo^- r-t-t-t-t- t^oo ;^^ ^^^^^ ^^^w^ ^^^.Hrt ^-.^^.H ^^ 3 OcO lOtDOOOiCJ OP-iOODOO OJMOOrtW i-Hmt^«0 OICO in idQ)coi-4i> cooDPoopci o^tHi-Swo r-Jeio-^rf o oi -» o> ooi-icic) coco"*'^io ineDtDOso (ocococoin com ^ ^^^^^ ^„„^^ , ^„^„„ ^„ S 91 iQ iQ -.COW(DO OOOOOt-Oi CflCOOlCOt^ t-oi « in "^WOQCO F-JcOOOirio t-^QONoi odoioodirf I>tD g oj O'-i'-iMcS eococo'^m mStocoio iniramcDm mm O r-t^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ .Sfl t4 o [=1 "5 fc! op ■Si r .£Pfi t4 o op P4 § . r g ggeee gesag esssg egsse gg S mramoScS (lSo3(9o3o3 .t»>.^(>» (>>>»{>.>>>. >*>*>>>>>. >>>>>>(>»>» >.>» * iocDt»ooo> o.-<«co^ moir-oom SkJSoJS^ SS 12 The Immigration Commission. ■a t I 53 o ^ S P<4 ui O •SB a> o •-0 ■SB ■Si ■SB ■g C b 2 a . (MOOi^tO COCOOCOU5 «^ w tell Kicot-f^i^ wji-^OiS^O eo *<^>H e tHWCOOOO CCCCCDM^ 5DcDi-lC^»f3 -^ O CJ Tt< O ^ I>- • T-H j~- OS to 00 ■^^ "^Wi ■'-ilea to CO ^ ' *-< o : ■ •- ; &itot^i~-^* x^®»OiOoc> eo-o w t-»o I : ^ OiNQO THiOciJOsC t-. cj to oi ■wi ^05i-,li3'to 0^)04 •■^ ■ -*~i e^to^-^^^* »o©*aiiwo 03^*-*-iQ4^* -^94^^^*<^to oiooMto o^oicooo mmoioN coioccccoT' ^^ cj to Oi '-H -^i«-^ioto GQ'ai ■^ ■^ i-ll>j-HI>(N eqic c3icqio CCiO o O >;5 sSSSs ssSIS 11 8 3 1 oitot- *^ (^ «s woionC) QO *J(.i^ Q4 -CJ- -^34 -t-'-i-to ^~^ >-1 iomTi-^ ^^^RT^^T^Qto GO ©4 CCi-HCOOCO 00»OOSDC^ oo I ©itof-t^E^ >fSWIOsGOC> ^^-*-*to >-i ON t^coe^ ^OJcD^D 0000i0»0 NOiOOCJ to too s^xs lOOOlOO ■^ to ^- »oC5 COi-HOCl« ' ■^ t-oi to oi »-> (DeDOcDO t-- "* .H t* I>. 1> O *0 ^OjQOCi '^©i^+^^to omoioo lOt^Ni-ica t-iooioic m»ooioco o tH rH iri 05 -^ i-5^0JlriO i-5cOi-HC^CO cocJc^cciri c4 JEgl !2Si2i5 V cua)a> aiQjg^a^a:) Qja^ojwoi a^ajgjojQ] uK;a ;>. >> t>. t>» ;>. t>> t>» t>* >* t>> t>> >1 >. t>) t>» >! t>> k> t>. t>. t>> ^^r •^ lO'Cr-ooos OrtcaeO'^ looi^ooos Qt-iNco'* lOco ,HiH^r^.H iHiHr-trHt-H C5 (N C^l c5 « M ?5 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 13 S ►J •a 8 QS3<»1i94 >m Go th incfli-H 00 i-i 0300^-100 >o e^eteoajco e^^oio^-O »!Ho «3 00 •-( ,-H *it^O wa^**ooits Qoi^sa"^^ »3 9 eOOOOOCT) t>(N->*»O00 OU30i-40 t-COCOt-O COO i^3 S:: c5cSpSoSo 00 us "o OS 00 >o *<^os e^es eaiqorjwje^ », (NU350O00 OJOt^t-eO OOMiOO O OOQOOOOOOO OCOOOOOOOO OOOOt^OOW 00 g »i«4^*»3e^ ea 1*3 »ci t^ cs cooi--eoH »0 T. , oooDOOoooo 00000 0000 1^ Oi^onaoioo xs^*ost^eo 05'«»a»lB* ~- -- *-t NMOmr- ost-or-o M0040M3 iSsss .ocdtd^ot-: sSSsS 3 s &3 0i"«hG0i- O-HlOi-HfC «3CO*^O0«5 cos^Go-^frto a^Q wcqaofM-* r-Tt. .0 •O^S-^OCQ »3i>.»3-:»-to »i*^ ■*ooe>»ocD ecot^Noo o«d tCBOOSt* Gr5»0 93 ^4 ^ >^ tti oioioir-t- ocooo»o o ai«l 9^«l•«^«0^- 93WS»t5t^O X5«O'«fQ0'« 93 1^ ©3 **«© »3 g t-WOOOi OO'^O'* tOTjHeooiO eotOOON t~»c e SSaSS SaSSS SSsSi lllli is § isiss sssii i,siss sssss si pi St>.Si?i>. ^S.P.f>>t>. ??f^(>.>.>. !>.!».>.!>.(^ !>.>> ^ u3»t.(ioa> OrtNMi* wgJ;2S 8Eq«S3Si S8 14 The Immigration Commission. o ft, S ^ 1 cs j£ f:^ r/l 1 <1 S a ■-^ ^ ^ 1 1 ■SB 03 O il is s a* •SB IH O op OS OS 0( ts. >^ Qfl (S^ *<^GO »3 C4 ooedccN £-2 »3»394to©l ©iOjltj OS OS «i 00 «i "SI eo -^flo GO <»» -^ IS QOoii-^ IN op loeoOMco d itj <:© eo .-H e?eoette<»a aiGoic OCOOOO eo t^ 00 c4 -^ S£S2 OS oo ®* oo 9^ ©i SO -+eo 00 tOCOecoOO »OM»Ob-CO oo co*jaito»i SQCo» 00 00 00 CO oeoco 95 55^ osOQd^oo^ »i03**eoo^ ©i*^ 1^ lOMOOCC S^»i eoGO©HOQ4 GOGo*ot>.ei coo loo eoQO^^Ot GOQO» ooo codcoo)»-H cooj ■^ GO to ■^"^to oo lO 00Ot~>H OtD or- 00 00 to■«^"«^tooo 00t-t~-M »0 ■i-i So to '^•^to oo ©4 Qo oo. old N CO 00I>** lOiO to ■'^-^to oo «* 00 oec cooi-Noo o CO Ui 'v(--i(.Co 00 ©4 © 00 »0 W3 CO CO >0 to S" f-3 d i-^ "xi dio r— <0 . >>l>.l>.t>.l>. t-.>.>>t>.l>. !>.>.>.>.>> l»t>> !>,>>>> (>,(>, ^ lO S ^ 33 2J "* iQ '^ Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 15 o O o 1 e S .9> ^ m n as a* .Sfg il ■SB ■< si ■SI Il •cB si op .as ■gi OP 1^ il eot^et t>.-^ ©»« t ■**»* -i ^^-^fr eo ^ -^"^oo xs ^ c^i>NO ifStor^iOM coco •^ai 00*-lOS GOl^®*l^** "3403 OCsiNCqcD eocooi>»o i-H t^N lOOQ ■»>. •«^94 to -^ 94 ©I us 0-5 »! NOOiOiO ■H •«^-<^ 93 to ^+^*oo >Q rj- cocQCOCO eocococceo So* --i Ol 00 00 00 00 00 e*5l>U3Oi00 00 (» 00 00 00 oo 00 00 v-l -v*.Ol to ■»* 04 O* K3 93 >-l eooooo(N oiocflcoo K5 -^ -^-^ 93 to •»+'-i-*^+ 93to'^'^00 00OC4O OOOiOI>-CO 00 OC Sg»l --- 03 a^t*«lt^-+ sssss t^t-OCOO M*»*9lto^* «l«H0 93-*- eoiooioo OiOOOO edcftc4 cpci N w "> >> t>» t-. t>> lOCOt^OOOS 16 The Immigration Commission. ■ USCQNffOt^ eopoeoeocq C4 1-H Ci rH m •i^-*93*^«) 00 00 813^-0 ■?3§ "3 r2 ■^ "3 e^ fs « iHOOCOTfHO ci rH i-i o c4 Oi OTJ^seo to ■•-H j-i g <0 CO oi t-I .H C --t --^ .-H N CO '-s t^ toOb OSOONi-HtO -^OOt-f-f* «DiOiOI>rt asssg ^1 r •¥ "O (D CD in OOOOOOQOOO 0>OS^-QO^>■ »^KOQ0»*'-H OjOS^iWSto *-• 1-H KS»3*QQrjOO »-i >-■ to eo-^cqoo**" oo^-I-looo> tocoooor-t o w oo>H i^ tooi t^iOCOtDO oocooo oooooooooo OOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOOOO I-) O gtotototoiQ s 132; o»o mmr-oiw i-it>.Nt-io ■^ -^ U3 »0 "O lO U3 »0 us lO lO wa lO iO lO »o »o „: 1-- ^^hoo t^ to J«<:Dt-iMO> Oxot-Or- ooQow5to>-i oc>-O eOiHdCOtO 0»t-C^OiM a . ■ ^.-!^w^^- to S r^coc^M CO <5 coi^ t^r-i>. w r-ON oi N ^H t- 1-H CO ui i--^ N o QOl ot ounoii-id o s ss ■^1 r ^lOOScDCDO C0t--OU3O Wf^CDON OCBOOCa dtidEsrf 'JJ<^*:;:?'!H aiJ<-Ho5j cc CO ^ ■*!* u3 uscDcot^c^ to ^- 1^ ^ F- Jt-'«h»St^to ^ Ss^lS^I? oooowi^;-j ?;:::$^^S~~^~~§~ COOOOWO OKOOO ■»><^t^-^QD CO COT >.l>i>.l>.>. t>.t^l>>t>.l>> >.t>,t.^>,>, t>>>.>,t>.i>, R^g lOCDC^COOl OtHNMTli kOCOt^OOOl O iH « CO ^ ua <0 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 17 i 2 r •2 6 aba bi o ■SB I'" M . bi O r 60 a OJ3 as -? Oft ©i -^-^j-xs I •H fcowugio^ ■-4 I t- COseoMcot^ oocio>i-i r-oooo t- S^%5to*Ot^ ^*5-^*3«0 00*50600^ >-<>q0*31^ «1 «! St-.-.«*>-.*-, i-h ^- .■^MOSfOOO ^OOOOSO COiOf-eO«D •il'O-^C^rH tH O gxf5(O(OQ0Q cieoiriidop oNOMft cJi-h^con wei I§3'~'^'~' MMMMM eocoeocoN cococococo coco Sos>-t-«ai-, ■^ >-, T-, v^ >-H '-H ■—( 1-, ■-H >H'-H»i04 >-iet940tQ« ■^oa ,o>'*«'©-* mtO'C'^iN t--*i-it*.-i coeoweooo co-* S CD t-^ 00 oJ i-i iriusioi-^N eoeoeococi ^-iTtH-^Tjiw lo iri g 1-H i-H i-H ^ M (N N M N CO cococoeoco coeocococo eoco SO«0«D«SlN. >QW3->-H*3CO 0095Q0C30-< »Q O ft^ t^ «l ©* I OCOOOCICI ^(DOO«eo WCOOtJhoo NOOWeO CON "rfidujupiri ■*"H t-- ai%iooco04 t-'*>-H«i^ ■_ >^ >H >-, >H >H >-i >H >-. ■'-H-^Qjet >-HO«<»t9a«t -^oi <§ »ot-Ni-ieo oocD-^r-o koeoco^b- ooj^o"** t-^ ed(Do6r~^w3 ujmioco'ri ^^^Tjim wj^trico-* ^^ oooDoooooo Gooocooooo 00 00 00 00 00 0000000000 woo SQ93^'*t» »000>-i»3<0 009000000 >-< >Q O 8^ t^ «l »» ,00t-«OC0»O C»«DfflCO<0 lOt^i-IQOt- CO 0> O O 0> OiiXt laiSii 23SSS SSaSS S§Sls SS S«;:;a5«; SSSS^ '^a-=:gS S8S58 SS I ^OiOtD'^oi eor-o>r-o oooosi-too ot-Ni-t-* oios ScQ-^usiocp t-lt-^t-itoQ mooJmw r-3.-5cocoos iHi-5 w,-^-^"*"*'* ■* Tt< T}* Tj< i3 loudTt^tnus »oinio«"o Howto'oi^ "^w^aoto oowoooici >-i»0O80l^ *( ©j Sgt,coto-i»i>H-^ »-( t- I o^oeoo Ncoeoeoco t-)00"*t^»o oo^-ootorn eot- gr^i>i-^0'-S eoeo»dw5t^ o6t-^t^o6od t^oJooooo 0606 wjCD^cDcDt- (^r-t-r-t- r~-r^t^t»t- t^r-t-oot^ t~t- S ^ tH i-H t-4 i-< tH tH tH 1-1 1-1 ^H i-H r-l tH i-H t-I 1-4 »H i-( i-l iH iH I lOONNO OWiO-^t^ ^^-tOCOeO lOOOJiHCO ■* tD 6irit^u3(^o eiweoiritd oioJooood t-^osoooot-^ o>S (OcDcDcob- r-t-t't^t- i^r-t-oot- r^r-t-f-t- t-oo ^uj-sht- -^ CO 0)000 00 a ■^oJ'^Cjcd 5 <50i-HCii w COi-lt-Ot* OOlUSClt-. c4odcoo6e4 oiQ'i':3<5 O lOO) WO CO CO ^ co to gOS>-iCS-^fr* OJG0000094 a cOOsO'^J'C^ CSTl'oicdH CO CO CO ■^tO coeowcoo u5 lOuSS t£3 COOCflt--* COiO ^§g'§§ §§§§§ §§§!§ §iiii sisio isi6^ §ss§§ ss^ss >>C>»I>»>.>» >> t>) t>i >> >> >>t>»t»>P>>>» t*>>iP>>^t^ tOcot^WA SJhSSJh IhShJhSS Sc5SflS3?S 18 The Immigration Commission. l5* S s 01 m n -6 ■cS r a-° in OS . ■se r z o .a" a Pa 0) o r B?-^ »a'>-iwsQo^ >-(OeoGo*H msqi^wj^ S>-; »Q-^«5?D*3 &rS«&i5!S ©3^1?^^ ,Tt* QOOOOOOOCO ^-Ct-lNi-Ht- Mi-HTjIOO 5 ct:~iraTHTfi oaooit^c^ co^eooot^ i-5mi-!mo ooioioJoJ aJoJoicood 13 ^oooo-K^^. t^t-.co'oto aaeQOiOoa^ C3 M M rt CO Mc5 w M m cC"*OtMO> rtfNtOOJOi Oi-HiHOCC CO ^ CO c? N 00 00 00 00 00 so°ooo-^ i>. Oa»3Goa^eo »n CO CO ceo Go-4-ooe^O 00— .oseo^s OrHOCOOS cDiOOOi3l w w^ w w abo -*eo as oo «i >-« 1^ f-00>t-CO 5O0000-'-hI>~ {^{^C| OIOXOCDCO COtOOiOOf- lOCOeOCOlO TJH T(* Tl< •* lO OIOU ■-< --1 --H fei Xi ^ CO CO C^ 00 fHcoeooos b-Nusmus lOt^Wi-iio •O U3 >A tn to U3 e OS CO *>-.Q5 t^OOOO»- o ■^oiweoua U3 us CO CO CO >» >^;>»>,>it>. >.>.i>>t>,>» ^t>^t>>>»>» >>^p;p.p, ?,>>> ■^ iCfflt^WO Oi-tNCO-^Jt lOCOt^OOOS OifHP iH iH l-i t-i 1-1 »HvHiHtHi-I C4e4C Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 19 f2 •is fcei C4C4rHC4i-4 i-i .H O tH oi O oi oJ OS S ■•^-OHa^ot Qo a:i wt a:) ^ v-iea*Q i© I hSfSm eocicir-lr-l oiOi-Ir-5r-* dfflo CO **H OtH r-t rt 1-1 1-t i-< ,-.^Wi-t 1-H tH o ^ Sto Q-<^b*toQi oo«ioiso^4- tooiiaf-HOo b*«sK5-^iQ &3-* I •o ect-oa>"* u3c^i-(t-h> cot>iMt>.w t^"<*-hco»3 ^*->-. to oa to 00 C6 oo iq S >H -ox -ox &3 64 94»i»ia5»i «l»^^QH^-<^ ai -i-. o* «i oi 040 I • O eow^'^t- t-cOMCOco ooecioos ecoJcONoo to-* iSo eot-^ododoJ i-neoTiScdoi i-4rHOOi-i Oi-hoc4o i-3co S,-H ,-4rHi-li-ii-l MC-IC^NCT eOCOCCCOCO COCCCOCOCO COCO 00 0000000000 0000000000 000000 00 S'-i o«ito-^-* rr 5? •* Se ::;?'■ S^Sf^ S S Tx »-i i-x W3 04 0rj&3«4eoO* <&l W3 »0 g O |>i-ITt(OOW ■*(N-*i-ICO OOOr-t IS 00 oooooooooo 0000000000 000000 00 OS to »3 -vh-i-x 00 Oi Oi»3CJlf>->Q WBOi&l-WH&s i-.'« »3"QW+ 0^ i-i ©j i-x >m *h ,00 -^CDCOOOOl Ot-OM«D lOrHiOCJN ■<*<'*00N00 O >-( Is SSS23 332^S SSSSS SSIH2 §S H'-^ Cj«ito>-i-* ■<-xeoooto« &3tot^soo4 Qoosg-.QoOi 95^ 5g >-.Y^>^Br>«i &3e5»j«oi atOiWiiJ5,'4- ao--t94«5 91 «ig ■O •^■tf'fHNW OiOOOCid r-10>^'*00 -^OlOf-lOS »0 00 1^ fS'SSS 2SSSS 2SSSS §S§^ 2S s* ^gs^g g^sfe^ gas=s ri t^odo>-<{N Mtdcoooo! s?9?:::i^t" E^tt;;!;^ SPS 3 to to ® t-- t^ r^ 1-- 1-- 1-- 1^ t- t~ t^ 00 1* t~- t-- ^- 1-- 00 00 l>oo oo-^ 03«to-^-Oii>ooos 232P ^ ■*^i-xT-i»30a orasoatSQ94 eao3«5»Q-«h e5>~iS4©j&i 04«t I ,0 00»00t- t-03eDO(0 OtHW^M CDOJCOOOtO MOO Sti* ■*[^t^oioJ .-HTj*(N«oo odt-^oooot) t^cocxjodio gooi ^^ ^^^^^ w^^«^ rnrn^ r^^ ^^^^^ w^ , e 1^ §333a ss32S tit t, Scd oodr-JoJM QC'o.-Hr^oJ irfirfuS ^O § . •-a ^ o r bog h O (=1 ^ o b 2 0,0 dds sssdg ggggg ggg§§ „ „„gsi ssiss gggsg lllgi >, S.?.t>.^(>. k.NP^(»>. (•>(»(>.(^l» >.t-.t»^>s « «»f-«ffl S3SS3 aaass sssas es ca 20 The Immigration Commission. ■S i .i. § •a O OS "o 11 •§g •gs .30 ll •§1 p ■gi ■^ bo his 3.1 ooi-(r- oc^oo^oo ^^o^ocSco t^odcdiot^ odt^ioocd (d to sS 4^S-S8 gggfeS S" N«"

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CO cn ca PB CO M CO CO ^ "^ iHOWO O CO i-f N eo S'od-^oco CO CO CO ^P "^ t-lOOiHOO t— 1— lOlt*^ t— CO s aHH^H hhESB BeEfie E^eae eS ■ s sssss sisii g^iii lilii §P^ >» >.>^>^>^k, k.t>.>.>^>^ ^>»>»N>^ P.S^5^P.5-. >>*^t * U3«t*ooo» Pi-icgpa^ ig«t>.ooos Or-tweo^ uito THiHiHrHr-t iHrHrHrHi-t c5-tO S'T.S"^^ S.00>-i»i30 »3?0*i^^* 90*3 ■•-* ao-'^wjwi lOOl iHiH-*»0 1- COt-r-fON t^OOOXO-* iHOO ttig mo^oatoo t-t*cc)t«co C4-^ cooJcJoo oiodoiotJt^ «do6t^t^td cDt^edioto eoco •Si CD ^ b 9 s^'S %^§g2 §§15^^ Soto©:)'*-* -*©5 - ig or- t-t-t>woo woooi^eo t>l>.OOiO (Nt- o |S§ OMWCOJO SSS^^ s;§sss3 MM 1 tH tH .-H i-< 1-1 1-H rH i-l i-H i-H i-H .-( i -- sssag Sfe8-%I8 g:^S§S ^SJ^Sg^ feg o ■* CO CO COM (MM'^MOS iO'^i:Dt1HO (M 1-1 b- cat- lO 00 1 3 C0 1OW3W00 mo3(mc5m cSmmKco sssss coco T-H I-H 1— 1 i-H »-t ,-( rH ,-H i-l I— 1 l-H iH rH T-H 1-1 tH tHT-lrHiH T-fl-1 ■ge op i~S :3-!3-SI§5 8S8£;S3 "'=«''-» -*« 0«D tDOI>mrH COySCOwCD ONb-^iO O t- o □COD GOOOOOOOOO 0000000000 OOOOt-OOOO t— 00 s ■^cooo®ito CDMOOIO OOMCOOOa lO -*M t^O ■§i ■5fS b S 0-1 '"^ ;"*co So «o »3 »Q -^ ^^eo ooiooio QOi-io-ooj ■^ 00 CO ooo e o CQtJh t-lOCO U5Mt>.OiOS t-oeoMco OSMOilNCO OiCD 1 OOOOOOt-Q CO CO CO CO^ i-H I-! i-l i-l i-l i-H i-l i-l rH tH i-l rH I-H i-l rH ^9 1—1 1-« T-HiHiHrHfH » 2 a* So eocoo^^*** -*»2 O-^OWt- O>C 10N-*M«0 (NOOCOOO M-#eo.*w MOOSOOt- f=4 60>-hO >H*iC5SO00O IOtH 1— IOS-OW3CO 00-*iMl> OTcooiOTCQ £2^fc3£SES {SmE^SSES a aS ArtnS^ ScQo^w SSSsS s£ SvoSv SvvStD ^£q)^^ wwwv— — ^ >.>, >^>i>t>>>> t>.t>>,t>.l>>t>. t>»>>t».l>>t»» t>.t>>t>i>»>» >>>» CO-* io«t*oooi o;ij«3^ ;3S5hSS ^w?3c3^ c3« 58392°— VOL 3&— 11- 22 The Immigration Commission. & m fO hj ^ -a, ■s- ■5 ^ ^ .so a; o (-, o « O C o .So .2Po op •SB .COM MiOWOON "3ILONCOM i-4CO(N»0>0 *S®2" S®Ij®2 oSoomodod coi>«5coco t§8 ^ rH r^ ^g 0SO00»0»0 ^COiOiO-^CO 'NOOCCi-HeC i-4i4ihoc5 oJoscoodt'^ odooci6aii> godoJ b-Mt>COi-< »O00"5OO OO T-<.- tONNC^O ■* 00OO-- oaat~.«i>ta ~*0*-0^* ■*OOC10> CCCQOJCTiO "*»OMr*« -,>-. -^ w; H t-CCOOS lO 00 00 00 CO coco ISS 1-1 ^ cq osM 5353^^!$ ^^ ■* I>C^ t-Oi * t-^OOOO t-j-^OO^^I-l -?»*CO W»0 O ■»4- ooOO^t^ O ao t^ ©a >xs ~-*'C) ■^ O ^^ O OOOOCfl o OCOtOt^OO lOOO O CDt-H CO 1^ 3' co0000»C»O (N W OOOO s 00 CO oiow Cq CO CO CO CO ^<3>CO S'N«5 Dcooie 50tHr ooeoa>M« WCOTtfMCO oi-^cdca t^ ^^ -<^oo >«^T-^ -*SScDlOeOrHOi SS£:S'^ S"'^'~^'='"* "^^ °^ Tftasi>i>co t^NCCiQ t^ W coco ^ ■^ NCDt-WCO if5ioco«5«5 CO^ U5cC>l>00pi O.-iiMCO'^ w5CDt>-C0OJ Qi-I(MC0tH lO sO r-i r-l r-1 rl rn rH rH »H iH W ^ W &» C^ ci W « Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 23 •Si a* .2 a ooo oot^cdi> -f-t "^ •«^^». Oj >H OGO«(94-+ Oi O O O Ol 00 «i -lOOCD CON W 113 OlMMQCO (Dt^OOr^i— I ira^f-OC* OM '^cOCi- oifl Nioiraom t-ioxfOJt- e O <1 *^ ^:$^^4 1-1 miot-cc ^ ^ ^ o o «1>00 iQioCsOi'^ oteswt-t^ OiO oocom oogp OiOOO--HO OMI-"^M |SS o6.-H b-OO -SB a> o r iot>. *Jt--^oo »« -<^ OS to i^ 0 -+toO^-o> cOOb^OU? to ua U3 tA in i iiiii iiiii iiiii iiili 11 >>>. CC-* a) (jj qj aj . >> t>l t>» t>* irt«?t-CCOl d) Q) ffi ffi m U3 _ 09 V a> o US CD 24 The Immigration Commission. _^_ Bohemian foreign-bom. ..^. . Bohemian American-bom. — Hebrew toreign-bom. Hebrew American-bom. Fig. to.— Statures of Bohemian and Hebrew boys. Scale, 1 square=0.5cm. In the diagram the growth of Bohemian boys is shown on the left; that of Hebrew boys on the right. The ages of the Bohemians should be read according to the italic figures; the ages of the Hebrews accord- ing to the roman figures placed in parentheses. The diagram shows that American-bom boys of both these groups are, on the whole, better developed than foreign-bom boys. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 25 ::|: ::::!;; "I ;;;;;;;--;-:;";;;;;---"g-"---' ■■■":■■■ -'■■■" yZOd .:--. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ,[ n^ Ft - - - -1 . - -,- ,H - j- - -1 h :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::±:::: :::::;:;::::::::(::: ;-h;i;::;!:;± ::::::::!;:: __ __ T^Ti l---^ -/:*-- -^-T + - moo ...-. :i:::::;::::*::::-:::::::::::::::::;:;;;;T::-:t":±;'-:;F:::::^ :;;:;::-:: :::::: + :: 4+;;:::;Sj;;i:::;::;t;;;;:::;:;;^^|:^^:4:=:i|-|^i^i-?^:^::^:|i:S::::=: :::::::;:iTt*::::::::::::::::::±:::::::::::::::::i; ;■■■-■ ■■■'-?-■-■? -■■■-" -^-- :|:|:::||::::::::::::::::::::|:::::::::|:::::;:ih:::::|rf::::::::;;:;:5::;;;|;:; :x::::±::|S^::j:: ::::::::::::::::;::::::::::::::( ::::::::::;; = ::::; :::::::::::::::t4 Egi:::±^|;:|;;;;:;;;;;;|:;::i;;i;::^=i:^=::^^:^a^:^:^:::::±:^H:::::±:± --4i 4S---±Si - + #- i. ..;::::. + ::::g ; + ::;::;: /JOO. I '■/40t^ -::::::::±: ::::::;:::::::::: ::::l: ::/?:::::::::(::::::: + ::::::::::::::: ::::::::: 1. L^..^:X I X WillliiiilliiHliliMi 1 - + ! < - /300 ■■■- T '? r' T ::::±:it:::±:i::: ::::::::::!?::: ::::::3z:: ::::::::::::::::::::;::::::::::: ::::::::::::: ■^- '^—\^ Jf- ■ / ■' - -\^ J-LX.. J. ^ _. ;;;;;;;;;:;|;|;|±;p;;:;;::;;|:;;;;:|;;;;:;;;;;|:;;;:;;::::;x;-;;;;;x;:::|:; - - 5^' ^- ^ rf- r- - ' — ----T ^ 32 ^" i Ll..- ...-^4Lyy -pH-'r^- ---1- --T-^ ■- -TT :::::::::: ::(a: :::::;:::»:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::;:::: ::::::::::::: ;;;;x;t;;;::;;;?!;;;;:|;gi;;;;;;;;;x;;x;;;x;;x;;;;;;;x:;;x;;;;;;;;x;x;x;;;-; - T--ti : i ;--::: - :::::::: /ZOO : : : : J:::: //oo ::::::!::: B::^!::± ::::,: - Ml ■-^ ^^-■-■^■:*-.:::;;:*f;;;;:;;:::^::i;:i^ -^^^^^ ^^T^^^ ::::::::■(!::::::::!:;;:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::"::::::: :±::::::zr:t::::^:!:::::::::::::::::":i:::::: :::::::-" x::::::: :::::::::: :::::::::: ::::: :::£::: :::::!;.:::: - - ;;; f :;::ii;:;i|:;:::;:;::;:::;|;#t::;:t;:::;:ip :::^ 11 iliiili 1 11^ -::::::;: |: ::::::: ::::::::::: !::::::::::!:::::::::::::: : - - - - J ::::::::::::::::::; } 5 /O 10) /S (IS) KS Hff H.^' ^___ Sicilian foreign-bom. ^. . Sicilian American-bom. Neapolitan loreign-bom. Neapolitan American-bom. Fig. 46.— Statures of Sicilianand Neapolitan boys. Scale, 1 square=0.5 cm. In the diagram the growth of Sicilian boys is shown on the left; that of Neapolitan boys on the right. The ages of the Sicilians should be read according to the italic figures; the ages of the Neapolitans accord- ing to the roman figures placed in parentheses. The diagram shows no striking differences between the two groups. 26 The Immigration Commission. f606 -/- ¥.. '-^. JS06 :-^ /40(' t 'f- m. 77 7300 /SOO //OO I fOOO W 7? (10) /^ Fsr f& Z6 — Bohemian American-born. ._._ Hebrew foreign-born. , Bohemian foreign-born. . Hebrew Amerioan-born. Fig. 5s.— Statures of Bohemian and Hebrew girls. Scale, 1 square=0.5 cm. In the diagram the growth of Bohemian girls is shown on the left; that of Hebrew gjrls on the right. The ages of the Bohemians should be read according to the italic figures; the ages of the Hebrews according to the roman figures placed in parentheses. The diagram shows that American-born girls of both these groups are, on the whole, better developed than foreign-born girls. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 27 /ooth SicUian foreign-born. Sicilian Amerioaa-born. Neapolitan foreign-born. Neapolitan Amerioan-born. FIG. 56.— Statures of Sicilian and Neapolitan girls. Scale, 1 square=0.5 cm. In tlie diagram the growth of Sicilian girls is shown on the left; that of Neapolitan girls on the right. The ages of ffie Sioihans should be read according to the italic figures; the ages of the Neapohtans accord- ing to the reman figures placed in parentheses. The diagram shows that foreign-born girls of both these groups are, on the whole, better developed than American-bom girls. 28 The Immigration Commission. --' "^^^^mm I ::::: s ■-■ :: ::t :: ::: TfLI i iiiilT it IT X\X \ 11 ; = W. Rirn :: = r^-i: :: ;: .■!.i£.- 11 iLJlU-liJiJ j|[Tft^ .......\-...\-.-... ttttTt fflW m — i^ r "■-- - f ": - :::: :: ::::iz :: 1 :: :^ :: :: i --- ■--\ = -;--- i- - t r - w ■--■=• n Tri - -J ---- -- - - . -t ^i : g-" - _ _ TTTrT - - -rf -- - - -- 'i - — z Ull^ .- .._ /o /S . ... "- t : : I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians. II. Hebrews. in. Sicilians. IV. Neapolitans. Fig. 6.— Excess of stature of American-bom over foreign-bom. Scale, 1 sqiiare=0. 6 cm. indicate males; light lines, females. Heavy lines In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the stature of foreign-bom individuals from that of Amencan-bom individuals. The heavy base lines indicate the difference The diagram shows that among the Bohemians and Hebrews the difference Is almost throughout positive showing that In both sexes the American-bom is taller than the foreign-bom. Among the SicfiianB the difference is decidedly under the Ime, showing that the American-bom Sicilian Is not so favorably developed as the foreign-bom. Among the Neapolitans the diflerenoes are irregular and small. The curve suggests how- ever, that among the Italians the unfavorable conditions are more marked in the females than in the males. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 29 ^ JO // f^ XJ ^-^ f^ ^6 , Bohemian foreign-bom. ■ Bohemian American-bom. , . Hebrew foreign-bom. Hebrew American-born. Sicilian foreign-bom. Sicilian American-born. Neapolitan ioreign-born. Neapolitan American-bom. Fig. 7.— Weights of boys. Scale, 1 square = 0.5 kgm. In this diagram the increase in weightofboysof the difEerentnatlonaJities Is shown. The^^^ Bohemianslhould be read from the base-line 30.0, near the top of the diagram; those tor the Hebrews, from tte base-ltae 30.0 below the Bohemians; the weights for the SicUians should be read from the b^e-tae Voo under the Hebrews; while those for the Neapolitans should be read from the base-line 30.0, at the lower end rthe di^Z. The differences in weight are not very striking, but the Increase in weight among American-bom Hebrews is quite marked. 30 The Immigration Commission. I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians. n. Hebrews. III. Sicilians. IV. Neapolitans. Fig. 8.— Excess ol weight of American-born boys over foreign-born boys. Scale, 1 square=0.5 kgm. In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the weight of foreign-born individuals from that of American-bom individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference, 0. Only among the Hebrews does there appear to be any marked difference in favor of the American-bom. Among the Sicilians the difference is markedly in favor of the foreign-bora. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 31 r_ _.:_.:..::..:._:.:.:;_ ' "o --*. ..-,---,. Esi, -; r l ■•* -^s.3 \ ■■ V : :_:: :,_:___:: . :»s . -i"^ : ::: — ::::>!? k. -• " ' ^^ \ . ~* ^tZ !!::__ u i' -,_- r <---■* 5>. I \ 'i. t V •>s I ^. K - ------ Zi. 4__ . ,^ 4__ izt"-"- — I'":: 3s - -i ~s J • _1 _.:^ ^. — - - -V > 2: ■s t t 1 ± >•, 7^^ ] It : ^i,/_ ]___._ i^ X ^s c^;: ': : :: :::::: -S 5.^4 ^s. r ---_-___ --> ■==, '\ ^ Z-JZ--;-; Z..Z z..:.: ^.^-_ " v'' ,' ; . . "^S . " — " :__ __ ,z.... iL S^^s 1*; "^,3^ --\--- ^s ^ 1. -.^, Z ^^ - - . "--Z- i,5^._v..sz z.zizz: _S J- -rlt_ . : : :: _:^Z-.-' \- - S .- - :. -^ - . _ :-- _ v-f - ^ - - ._jS Xz zzliziz ::: . j . I. , . r jzz z z _z ■ z'z:^ - ..Mr 3 a ._:5^ . i,-v - --S, -.5^. ^uJ ..-^' . - *» '-^ .. _ - -- ._ 's,^ .>v .. .-. -_-J>, 3. i!^ . _5s_ Z - .- - - \S ^,!=, - -- ^^t '-^s.- \ s 5, ~ , ^ Z Z,L z,^.z>, z:::::::::::::^z:::z::-:zz:> — 1 -,--, — :-:^5;; ::::z::Jzizz: 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 ' N 1 1 1 M 1 M 1 1. -ill la S3 "a o f:° ft'is 1 1^ II f^rt PI s J^ k §1 a < *3 "3 Mm -a o 60 J3gS — ' Jr. o I 55 I 2 iS4 S o s s .£f -g .2? "C oj S ^ f .. __|_ ^ L- -..- -,.^ j,..|^ 3 *^ Z <; J ^ ^ i! ^ ^^ '^ : — ^ . . ..[ ^> . _::.^>,-- --. > . ^ ^-. - --1 -^ - r-- - J- -^._ - - - _ V '^ — t - Y -' ■ - - - -.--'■ -- "- \- 1 : A ^ " j L : - _ - ^ ' " j"7 " -- _ i" : " j:.-;... :: :;::*i3 J, ^- - -^- : ::: _. _ - s 1 S 2 J __ ^ . - " - " ^^iz.^z : __ _ t-^-H- ^l ^ - - _ ^ . . ^ ^ \ ^ \ . ^ L. ^ s s ..^. .. . - — 'I :.; .. ...; .. \:. _.!;..!: : ._ ^ . _- . L t L !,__ -- _- ... -,..-S .-^ ix^ : :: _ : :: ^- _ ■^, ^^' " ""-__:: ::: -- _- - ^- -S - \ v'l, 'X. ' — ^ :::::::::::: :r::5 : z V i :: :::::::s ^^ -- - - — X 1^ ^ ~ ___: __ !__-__ _,..,,.. \ ,,.,. * _. — ^ — ^. . ... J L V T - ^ , . . .. : ::: „: _ :: _:: 5; ^ i- \, e:^.. I -S : - ::;::: S5 I r, . .t -^i . ; — -^vS _ . . t :::::; ^j ' ^ - \ .i^. s ^ S7. A :■=;: :: s '^ ., i, * 1 _. -.tz ■'" t "" -^'-- ^ i. ^^ _«.-■_-_-. , — T I i ^5 8*3 2 •? S-s 9 ■ s.a«r ft( a, ..g ^■3 a o hS 3 S 3 s saga II Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 33 I ^; zV4 3 ^ *5 -/-'- I :a ^ " = a £ f Sg'g a all's i 11 "S^d-^ < d) "3 o o S >: „r 3 S ® m q3 ^ o . I =^ ^ s &i - b| ■ 5*1 is? g am 2^ a to o o-'^C £ ^tj flj ^4 a ■s-£§s^ . _d ® o a 9 fH g lll^- ^ £ "^ H W ij _£ ■t-i "Tj ""-3 a s5« I Ills ■"932 o c3 a.Q O ■= .tl M .Q q bo a a ° s s .|.ia.i Q) 0) 0) a; s g a fH << Ph .? I I 34 The Immigration Commission. s; 9 ff J^ a So i^4 « ^g5S o Sufi's »--|s-s _j w H O y ^ O) _ S S JH -^ aj o P g o g^ Q riii d P.O S fab -eri g O fc) S ^ am 3 a • 9 ® m S a IS 5 a g S a s-e >d OS go P^-" ^gs-g P S s §■? §•2 P ° B, 2 M -g .Hi -jj 0} O) u u g a s a |i| ■? ^ :. S- 5 ;. - - : aIv:: " - -- J ^ :\ "^ -l"^:" -::::: " " K ' - A .- ----- - -- ^^^. -\-\ - :..s ----__ - S - ;_.;..::; "*" ' :; " Z-^\Z~T ~7' 7 . s _ - : ^ :• ~" :.::.:;^''._. .. J, :.!.: _ " - ^ - - -S*" 1; — - _- s; " • ^ "; : 5 - ;:: 5 s " - : - ; S " X- ---- .. .. ., _. :.:_;_ ^"*. "■_. ^ -: . <^ Iks'? ^ ° o fl o o s S a si .^1 53 Be e s e s .8) 'c .8) -g 0) V *ffi OJ 1 1 I I Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 37 m m i % -4-- ^ ? ^ ^^ f ■g w ^1 S 0) •^ ca . I -a sail ^ te a) K+3 K S -SSo-sS • l^g&B " '^ E 2 b o . M s !a S g-iaKHS ^ 3 gvl CO 3+4 a ia-a « pa's ag«a-2^ C-H - m 2 [ |S'«a-s J S i-.o'3'9 aZ. -Ed is -^ e ° s a s a N -ii h <; ! I I I I I 58392°— VOL 38—11- 38 TTie Immigration Commission. 5© 0138.2 *j a a g mSs 3 fr- ^* 2 -^ " saSi W "^ 03 f^ ^ .Big; a fes*5 I a^lr o a I ti ^ „ 3 S «= » fa S a-3 S a >>2a'' i^ioi' B gm-s^ .i>'§s§ S *^ ■♦^jj 03 el's o ■? s g Changes In Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants, 39 C- 2! o tH ■g B M aj "lis ^ OS ^|d ■SB's" CO V ^ cd ■Ssg-S ftS-ia ■OodSa a .S S 3 M •^ i " s S|S3? ° §--a.a ^o|| = illis p a, a ^O ■Sjj s m a ^£0053 '^ p of S3 ■S B H § o T o "i i Si a a V a u *fl) a) (U E 5 PI g a 40 The Immigration Commission. TTTTTTTT TT 1 — X TT 4ff- h^ T p ::: :: - tfttttt :: c . , '-\- - _ _ _ r ::■ -^ - _.s . ?^ iJ ^ - • --: l\^\' t: : i ^r- = - 1 |/[ L il - -\ -- -^-^ : : -■|-z --'- i::::: ; II — -^ - - i -T , =" ; J - La,, _ >. . ; - - , - - i - , - ~ ' ? - - ^ ' ^ t r ~~= "^ p : r ■- - -p - ■'- - - \r 1 -^-- l_ . \ L -,-, J. . -,- _ . . . ID "^T^T ;i = :: -■- ^ ^= ■ M Sj"^-] W :::::!;: ]^ li::l i; = l: e :: "I J r '■ -- — ,_ ffl 1..--- — - « !l :i ; .£. _ . ::: :: --- :: : > - .. ^ a s I /o ytf - H Sf" ::: I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians. II. Hebrews. III. Sicilians. IV. Neapolitans. Fig. 18.— Excess ot width of head of American-born over foreign-bom. Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm. lines indicate males; light lines, females. Heavy In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the width of head of foreign-bom indi- viduals from that of American-born individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference 0. The diagram shows that for the Bohemians the width- of head is slightly less among the American-bom than among the foreign-bom. Among the Hebrews the excess of the foreign-bora over the American-born is very marked. Among the Sicilians and Neapolitans the difference is, on the whole, positive, indicatine an increased width ot head among the American-bom. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 41 .g oSa a& jo's 6 6^ d rt P 3.!3 C u >3 I "la 48 The Immigration Commission. af sga ^ &bS 03 § O O tH a E^ "flag if! if iteSS8 ^ S a at Hill e pgffi'" lilt g ^ O SodH I l*saa » fe 3 ? a :-3S (u s s s s a s a fH ■-' - /|> ,, . -Ui 1 :::::::i::::::::::^ r --i-- f'^ ' ^ , TnT J4 f --- i -i-- 1 1 1 1 1 1 |- \ \ .^ — :::: ::!:^ .-■ = = = = — --.^ />/.?/?>:::::::::;;;;:; :::::::<::::::: I \ - ^ ■ .1. - --'- -- /J /^ ^tf- , Foreign-bom boys. - Foreign-bom girls. American-bora girls. , , American-bom boys. — Fig. 27.— Widtb of face of foreign-bom and American-bom Neapolitans. Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm.i The diagram shows the increasing with of face of children from 5 years up. The upper two lines indicate' the growth in width of face of boys; the lower two, the growth in width of face of girls. Since the values of this measurement are nearly the same for males and females, the two sets of lines have been separated. The measurements of the males should be read from the lines marked with roman numbers; those of females, from the lines marked with Italic numbers. The diagram shows that the faces of foreign-bom children, both boys and girls, are wider than those of American-bom children. 50 The Immigration Commission. & ze I. Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians. II. Hebrews. III. Sicilians. IV. Neapolitans. Fig. 28. — Excess of width of face of American-lbom over foreign-born. Scale, 1 square =0.5 mm. Heavy lines indicate males; light lines, females. In this diagram is shown the difference obtained by subtracting the width of face of foreign-bom indi- viduals from that of American-bom individuals. The heavy base-lines indicate the difference 0. The diagram shows a decrease in the width of face in all types, which is most marked among the Bohemians and Sicilians. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 51 52 The Immigration Commission. II ill :::::::::::::k:: ::t^::: If ^ __i.4 ::=:::::E?=:^:::: =:?=::: ::E:::=:E:5;E:=::::^:::: ::::::: ::::: J? ::::: ::i:::::::- ::::: ^^-:::: :::::::::w :::;: ::^:::: f 1 ^> :::::::::::::::+ ::::::; -__':] i 'Z" .: y llllllllll/llllllllmlllll ~. :::::::::j:::::::7 ::::::: ^ i ^ :::::::::t ::::::: :^::::: IIII EEEE^E :e:eeeee^ Ieeeie --^ -EEEEEE^S EEEEEEE 1 1 i IN ]( \ • I :>? < \ Fm CD Sa ;3B O o aa is IS 0,3 .a I tea 're's tW 515 U lU <0 0) sssa II ii ii Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 53 58392P— VOL 38—11 54 The Immigration Commission. ::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::^ :::::::::::::::::-z:::::::::::::::::z:::^j ,^ _ ^ — 1 ^ ,2 i. ^iiiiiniiinitiimniiiiiiiiiiiiiii -- - - --i\ : :: :: ; :::: ^ \ ^ :::::=:::^:::::::::E::::::::^:: = :::::: :::::: :^::::::::::-: :^^:::: :::: :::;:::: f::::::::::::::::^fj :::::::::: ::E:EEE;fcEEEEEE::EE:;EE5EEE :E:E:!::^ mmmmm iiiiiiiiiiiiiHmniTiiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiii o* 03 I 03 i ^ «2 i -■2 ■a u do o ■^■9 than /Oj^ears after mother^ Bor/tmAnenea/Ocr/nare^ear^ of£er /not£er'3 •") Fig. 34.— Compariaon of head measurements oi foreign-born and Aiqericau-borii Hebrew children; In this diagram the measurements of the total series of Hebrew children, born both abroad and in America, have been considered as the norm, which is indicated by the zero line in each diagram. ' The differences between this norm and the measurements of foreign-born children, of children born in America less than ten years after their mother's arrival, and of those born in America ten or more years after their mother's arrival are shown. The diagram indicates that for the length of head, loreign-born children remain throughout below the norm; that children born soon after their mother's arrival in America exceed the norm; and that children born a long time after their mother's arrival are still more in excess of the norm. For the width of the head , width of the face, and cephalic index these conditions are reversed. These measurements of the foreign-bom child are above the norm, while those of the American-born child are below the norm, the more so the longer the mother has been in America before the birth of the child. In all four diagrams the difference between the foreign-born and those born in America less than ten years after the mother's arrival is greater than the corresponding difference between the two groups of American-born. A more detailed study of these phenomena illustrates still more clearly the increased modification of the descendants of immigrants born a long time after the arrival of their parents in America. Among the Hebrews the cephaUc index of the foreign-born is practi- cally the same, no matter how old the individual at the time ofimmi- gration. This might be expected when the immigrants are adult or nearly mature; but it is of interest to note that even children who come here one year or a few years old develop the cephalic index char- acteristic of the foreign-born. This index ranges around 83. When we compare the value of this index with that of the index of the American-born, according to the time elapsed since their immigra- Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 61 tion, we find a sudden change. The value drops to about 82 for those born immediately after the immigration of their parents, and drops_ to 79 in the second generation, i. e., among the children of Americaji-born children of immigrants. In other words, the effect of American environment makes itself felt immediately, and increases slowly with the increase of the time elapsed between the immigration of the parents and the birth of the child. _ The conditions among the SicUians and Neapolitans are quite similar to those observed among the Hebrews. The cephahc index of the foreign-born remains throughout on almost the same level. Those bom m America immediately after the arrival of their parents show an increase of the cephahc index. In this case the transition, although rapid, is not quite so sudden as among the Hebrews, prob- ably because among the Italians born within a year before or soon after immigration, there is some doubt as to the place of birth. These uncertainties are due to the habit of the ItaUans to migrate back and forth between Italy and America before finally settling here, and to the indefiniteness of their answers in regard to the place of birth of the child, which sometimes had to be inferred from the age of the child and the year of immigration of the mother. As long as this uncertainty exists, which is hardly present at all in the data relating to the Hebrews, it does not seem necessary to assume any other cause for the more gradual change of the cephalic index about the time of immigration. The Italian immigration is so recent that iadividuals who have been bom many years after the arrival of their parents in America are very few in number, and no individuals of the second generation have been observed. For this reason it is hardly possible to decide whether the increase of the cephalic index continues with the length of time elapsed between the immigration of the parents and the birth of the child. These conditions appear clearly in Table 9 and figure 35." Table 9. — Cephalic index of foreign-horn and American-bom, arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immigration: Hebrews, Sicilians, and Neapolitans. Bom before immigra- tion o( self (-) ." He- brews. Sicilians. Nea- poli- tans. Born after immigration of mother (+).<: He- brews. SiciUans. Nea- poli- tans. —18 81.2 83.3 83.3 82.6 83.5 82.2 82.8 83.2 82.7 83.7 82.9 82.8 82.9 83.4 83.6 83.4 83.2 83.4 77.1 77.2 77.6 78.1 77.7 77.9 77.5 78.5 77.8 77.5 77.6 77.9 77.5 77.9 77.5 78.2 78.3 77.5 79.8 81.0 80.8 80.8 80.5 81.3 82.0 80.2 80.7 81.1 80.4 80.5 80.7 80.7 80.0 80.0 80.9 81.5 ±0 82.4 81.6 81.8 81.9 ■81.4 81.4 81.3 81.6 81.3 81.4 81.2 81.3 81.3 80.8 80.9 80.5 80.4 80.7 80.7 784. 79.2 78.3 78.6 79.0 79.5 80.3 79.9 79.6 78.9 80 5 78.4 79.9 79.0 78.0 82.5 79.0 79.5 77.1 80.0 —17 -)-l 81.9 —16 +2 81.6 +3 81.8 —15 +i 82.1 —14 . +5 13 81.6 12 .... -H6 80.9 11 +7 81.5 +8 82.2 10 +9 80.8 —9 -flO 8 81.1 7 -fll.. 81.6 -H2 81.1 -1-13 81.7 -H4 82.1 —4 +16 80.9 +16 81.8 1 +17 82.1 +18 81.4 oSeepp. 105, 109, HI, 112. i Foreign-bom. c American-born. 62 The Immigration Commission. :=== ;!v {<:. 7Zi -/e /J /o J -0+ J /o u, Hebrews; b, Sicilians; c, Neapolitans. /J /S+ Fig. 35.— Cephalic index ol foreign-bom and American-bom (reduced to adult males), arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immigration. Scale, 1 square=0.5 unit. These diagrams show that the cephalic index of the foreign-bom Hebrews (to the left of the 0-point) ranges about the value 82.6. For those bom at the time of immigration of their parents there is a sudden drop, which continues to the right of the O-point until gradually a value a little below 80 is reached. The corresponding curve giving the values for the Sicilians shows lower values until the time of immigration, and a sudden rise after immigration. Similar conditions prevail among the Neapolitans, but the difference between the foreign-bom and American-bom is not so marked. Among the east European Hebrews the American environment, even in the congested parts of the city, has brought about a general more favorable development of the body, which is expressed in the increased height of body (stature) and weight of the children. The Italian children, on the other hand, show no such favorable influence of American environment, but rather a small loss in vigor as compared to the average condition of the immigrant children. It therefore appears that the south Italian race suffers under the influence of American city life, while the east European Hebrew develops under these conditions better than he does in his native country. It seems that the change in stature and weight increases with the time elapsed between the arrival of the mother and the birth of the child. This is indicated by the increased differences between children born more than ten years after the arrival of the mother, as compared to those bom less than ten years after the arrival of the mother (Table 10, fig. 36). Changes m Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 63 Table 10. — Differences in stature and weight of Hebrew males, between foreign-bom, those bom in America within ten years after arrival of mother, and those bom ten years or more after arrival of mother. STATURE. Age. Average of total series. Differences In stature ol total series and those — Forelgn- bom. Bom In America — Less than 10 years after arrival of mother. Ten years or more after arrival of mother. 5years Cyears 7years 8 years 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over. 103.4 107.6 114.5 121.9 126.6 131.0 135.8 139.9 145.3 151.9 155.1 159.4 163.3 164.6 165.4 71 S6 71 97 186 4SS 613 S17 68 S7 -2.2 -1.6 -0.4 -1.0 -1.1 -1.6 -0.2 -1.7 -1.4 -1.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.4 -0.9 -0.4 18 16 18 27 50 8g m ISS 1S7 120 93 36 BS 22 SO +0.5 ±0.0 -2.2 -0.2 ±0.0 ±0.0 +0.3 +0.4 +0.1 -0.2 217 +1.2 +1.6 +2.7 +1.4 +0.7 +1.0 -0.2 +1.2 +1.^0 +1.8 -0.7 lis -1. 6 20 -2. 2 10 164.3 800 +4.2 B +1.9 6 +2. 9 38 24 IS 2i 26 76 133 136 166 US 123 +1. 8 79 +3. 5 12 +4.7 4 WEIGHT. Age. 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years Average of total series. 27.8 30.8 32.9 36.8 42.1 44.6 49.7 276 378 m 443 414 271 32 Differences in weight of total series and those— Foreign- bom. -0.4 ±0.0 -0.6 -0.9 -0.7 ±0.0 +0.7 86 101 116 92 71 16 Bom in America. Less than 10 years after arrival of mother. -0.3 -0.1 -0.3 +0.2 -0.1 107 179 192 193 194 -0.3 lis —1. ; ? Ten years or more after arrival of mother; +0.5 +0.1 +0.8 +0.5 +0.7 +0.5 +2.7 114 114 161 136 128 72 6 64 The Immigration Commission. / / / ^ miahf, \ foretgn'born 75 ' Born in America /csithan 'O years after mothers arrii/al-' Born in America /Oor nnore years a/ter mather'f arritrai ^ c. J5 /o 1} 20 / / / ■ / \ / \ /N^/' / "--^ ^^..-^^ \ y-- ^"-^^ ^,^^ / V V — /\ 3tafuri\ Fig. 36: — Comparison of stature and weight of foreign-born and American-born Hebrew children. In this diagram the stature and weight of the total series of Hebrew children, born both abroad and in America, have been considered as the norm, which is indicated by the zero line in each dia- gram. The diflerence between this norm and the stature and weight of foreign-born children, of children born in America less than ten years after their mother's arrival, and of those born in America ten or more years after their mother's arrival are plotted. The diagram shows that both stature and weight of foreign-bom children are under the norm; that those of children bom less than ten years after their mother's arrival are near the norm, while those of children born more than ten years after their mother's arrival are above the norm. In this case the difference between children born leas than ten years and those born more than ten years after the arrival of their mother is greater than the difference between foreign-born children and those born within ten years after their mother's arrival. BATE OF PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF FOREIGN-BOEN AND AMERICAN-BORN. The data collected show apparently that American-born boys reach maturity slightly earlier than foreign-born boySj while the period of childhood is exactly the same among the foreign-born and American-born children. This method was first apphed by Dr. C. Ward Crampton. (See p. 129 et seq.) PROBABLE CAUSES OF CHANGE IN TYPE. The explanation of these remarkable phenomena is not easy. Whatever their causes may be, the change in form can not be doubted. It might, however, be claimed that the causes are no deep, physiolog- ical changes, but due to_ the changes of certain external factors. It is obvious that a change in the composition of the immigrants of a cer- tain region that have arrived in America at different times might bring _it_ about that the people who came here at different periods had distinct physical characteristics, and that those are now reflected in the descendants of the older generations when compared with those of the more recent immigrants. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 65 I have carried through an investigation of the absolute measure- rnents of the Hebrews. Although the results are not quite con- vincing, it would seem that. after the panic of 1893 a decrease in the general development of the immigrant appeared, which continued for several years. These observations are contained in Table 11 and figure 37, in which for each period the difference between the meas- urement for aU the immigrants and for those arriving during each period are given. Table 11. — Measurements of foreign-bom Hebrews, men and wom^n, according to year of immigration . Period of arrival. Stature. Length of head. Width of bead. Cephalic index. Width of face. 1880 . Cm. -0.5 -0.8 +0.5 +0.1 -0.9 +0.7 ±0.0 Mm. + 1.7 +0.2 +1.2 +1.6 -1.2 -0.9 -0.3 Mm. +1.5 +0.7 +0.3 +0.4 -0.3 -0.4 +0.1 +0.1 +0.0 -0.4 -0.5 +0.3 +0.2 +0.1 Mm. +3.5 +1.6 +0.4 +0.2 4 1880-1884 1885-1889 1890-1894 -. 1895-1899 1900-1904 -0.7 1905-1909 A further investigation of the cephalic index has shown that this measurement as observed among Bohemians, Hebrews, Sicilians, and NeapoHtans, immigrating at different periods between 1860 and 1909, is almost constant, so that the annual differences can not account for the change of type of the descendants of immigrants. This result has been obtained, first, by a direct comparison of types immigrating at different periods. Furthermore, I have compared the cephalic index of all immigrants of a certain year and that of their descendants. I have tabulated in the same maimer the width of face of Bohe- mians. It appears from these tabulations, Tables 12 and 13, figures 38 and 39, that the differences which are exhibited by the whole series exist also between the inmaigrants who arrived here in a certain year and their descendants.'* The purely statistical explanation of the phenomenon may therefore be dismissed. It may be remarked here that the stature of Sicilians and Nea- poHtans is considerably more than those recorded by Livi for enhsted soldiers. According to Livi* these values range for the districts in question from 1626 to 1635 mm. Here it must be remembered that all individuals under 154 cm. are excluded from the army, and that in aU the lower values a considerable elimination occurs which will depress the average stature by fully 0.5 cm. The difference between the American and European value is, therefore, about 2.5-3 cm., which seems more than can be allowed for the shoes, the American measurement being taken with shoes. It would require a further study to determine whether any selection of taller individuals has taken place. a See pp. 108, HI, 113. i> Auttopometria Militate, p. 267. 66 The Immigration Commission. /880 'So-'av 'e>yS9 '9>-94 'Sf-'S9 'oo;i» b4:'o9 Stature Length of/70aef Widthof head CefhafeC tne/ey Width off. ace Fig. 37.— Comparison of measurements of immigrants arriving in America at diflerent periods. In this diagrpi the average measurements of all adult immigrants, males and females, liave been taken as a norm, and the differences between immigrants arriving at diflerent periods and the general norm have been plotted. On the whole, the diagram does not show any strildng changes in type, although the change in the width of face requires explanation. The most strildng feature of the diagram is the geSeral decrease m all ineasurements m the period following the year 1894, which indicates that the arrivals during the period following the pamc of 1893 were underdeveloped in every direction. The increase in the eephaUc index during the same period does not contradict the data contained in the other curves, because the index is not an absolute measurement, but the ratio between length of head and width of head. A preliminary tabulation of the measurements after 1907 shows a similar decrease to the one noted here. This deereSe is perhaps due to the panic of 1907. -^i. u^oio. j-iuauetreasBi* Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 67 Table 12. — Cephalic index of foreign-bom and American-bom for each year of immigra- tion: Hebrews, Sicilians, and Neapolitans. Hebrews. SicUians. Neapolitans. Year of immigration. For- eign- bom. Ameri- can- bom. Differ- ence. For- eign- born. Ameri- can- bom. Difler- ence. For- eign- bora. Ameri- can- born. Differ- ence. 1S70 84.3 83.5 84.5 82.0 82.7 87.5 80.0 82.0 80.6 80.2 79.3 79.5 79.2 81.9 81.1 80.3 80.6 80.5 81.3 80.8 80.9 80.3 81.2 81.5 81.0 82.0 81.4 81.2 81.3 81.1 81.4 81.3 82.2 82.1 82.7 81.2 83.6 82.3 80.8 82.8 82.2 81.6 -2.3 -2.9 -4.3 -2.7 -3.2 -8.3 +1.9 1871 1872 1873 "^ 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878. . ... 83.0 83.0 82.7 82.4 82.8 83.2 83.5 82.6 82.9 82.1 82.8 82.7 82.4 82.0 82.8 83.0 82.3 82.4 83.5 83.3 84.1 83.4 83.6 83.4 82.9 83.1 83.3 83.1 83.2 83.1 83.0 82.9 -2.7 -2.4 -2.2 -1.1 -2.0 -2.3 -3.2 -1.4 -1.4 -I.l -0.8 -1.3 -1.2 -0.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.0 -0.2 -1.4 -0.6 -2.9 -fO.2 -1.3 -2.6 -0.1 -0.9 -1.7 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 74.9 77.6 76.2 78.7 77.0 76.3 77.2 77.1 76.8 76.9 77.5 77.3 76.4 77.5 78.0 77.8 77.9 77.8 77.9 77.9 77.6 77.7 77.8 77.7 77.4 79.8 79.4 81.6 78.9 79.5 79.8 79.7 79.4 79.2 78.5 79.6 79.4 78.4 77.8 78.4 78.6 78.0 78.6 78.7 76.9 78.6 +4.9 +1.8 +5.4 +0.2 +2.5 +3.S +2.5 +2.3 +2.4 +1.6 +2.1 +2.1 +2.0 +0.3 +0.4 +0.8 +0.1 +0.8 +0.8 -1.0 +1.0 80.1 80.6 79.9 79.8 80.4 80.5 81.2 81.5 81.8 80.6 81.3 80.8 80.1 80.9 80.3 80.4 80.7 80.4 80.3 80.2 80.8 79.8 80.4 79.9 81.0 80.5 80.7 81.5 82.0 82.1 81.5 82.0 81.7 81.8 81.7 81.4 82.2 81.0 80.3 80.7 81.6 81.0 80.5 82.1 81.7 80.8 +0.4 1886 +0.1 +1.6 1888 +2.2 +1.7 1890 +1.0 1891 +0.8 +0.2 1893 ±0.0 +1.1 1895 +0.1 1896 +1.4 +0.9 1898 -0.6 +0.4 +1.1 1901 +0.3 +0.1 1903 +1.8 +1.5 1905 ±0.0 1906 1908 68 The Immigration Commission. 63.0 80.0 /686 -90 ^S /SOO 'OS Off 80.tr: \ \- 7£i /B8£ yo 'SIS. fgoo 'OS b dJtJ 60.0 rzf : ,-'""^w'!s;-c = :,,^'^:: :." : z:5; — :~~:" : "" " y .- > 3t S 7^Z , T :;^::::--^:::::::s?..!;-5<>i^:; = g5?:::;2;::::::z:::;::: /88>3 /8&0 fS&d /SOO /^OJ C& Foreign-born. American-born. a, Hebrews; 6, Sicilians; c, Neapolitans. Fig. 38.— Cephalic index of loreign-born and American-bom for each year of Immigration. Scale, 1 square =0.5 unit. The diagram shows that the cephalic index ot the American-born Hebrews is less each year than that of the foreign-bom, while for the Sicilians and Neapolitans the reverse is the case. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 69 Table 13. — Width of face of foreign-bom and American-bom adult Bohemians for each year of immigration. Year of immigration. For- eign- born. Ameri- can- bom. Differ- ence. Year of immigration. For- elgn- bom. Ameri- can- bom. Difler- ence. 1870 142.6 142.9 141.7 143.1 14a 8 139.6 142.1 141.0 153.5 143.9 139.6 140.8 140.8 136.6 13a 3 137.1 140.8 139.8 141.2 138.6 -3.0 -2.1 -0.9 -6.5 -2.5 -2.5 -1.3 -1.2 -2.3 -5.3 1880 143.1 144.6 145.3 143.7 144.7 143.4 142.1 143.6 144.2 142.6 140.6 139.3 141.8 139.8 13a 8 135.7 140.5 139.6 137 4 139.7 -2.6 1881 -6.3 1872 1882 -3.5 1873 1883 -3.9 1884 -6.9 1885 -7.7 1876 1886 -1.6 1877 1887 -4.0 1888 ^6.8 1879 1889 -2.9 /^Ji^ uao /3A0 ..._...-_-. .^ 1 B^ M 1 11 1 1^] y^l^ /870 /S7J /a80 /se^ fe3$ . Foreign-born. . American-born. FlQ 39.— Width of face of foreign-born and American-born adult Boliemians for each year of immigration. Scale, 1 square=0.5 mm. The diagram shows that the width of lace of the American-born is much less than that of the foreign-born. In order to overcome all possible objections based on the assump- tion of a different composition of the immigrant series and of the American-bom series, I have also compared the measurements of ?arents and their own foreign-born and American-born children, he results of this tabulation are contained in Table 14. The figures contained in this table were obtained in the following manner: For each year the difference between father and his American- born son, father and his American-born daughter, mother and her American-born son, , and mother and her American-born daughter, were determined; and these were compared with the senes giving the same differences for the parents and their foreign-born children. After these differences had been obtained for each year and for the 58392°— VOL 38—11—6 70 The Immigration Commission. four possible combinations of sexes, the difference obtained for par- ents and their American-born children was compared with the dif- ference between parents and their foreign-born children, the latter being subtracted from the former. Since the parents of both groups, foreign-born and American-born, are of the same type, when the American-born child has a larger measurement than the foreign-born child the difference of the values compared will be negative, and when the measurement of the American-born is less than that of the foreign- born the difference will be positive. The values in Table 14 were obtained by averaging the results for all ages and for all combinations of sexes. It will be seen that the results of the observations agree with the results obtained by the generalized comparison of the foreign-born and American-born, as given in Table 7. Among the Bohemians, for instance, we find the stature increased, all the other measurements decreased ; among the Sicilians we find stature, length of head, and width of face decreased, while width of head and cephalic index increase. This shows clearly that an actual difference between the two groups must have developed. Table 14. — Excess of difference hetween parents and their American-horn children over difference between parents and their foreign-born children: Bohemians, Hebrews, Sici- lians, and Neapolitans. Measurements. Bohe- mians. Hebrews. Sicilians. Neapoli- tans. Stature (mm.) Length of head (mm.) Width of head (nun.). Cephalic index Width of face (mm.) . . -5.60 +0.74 +1.31 +0.69 +1.04 -13. 10 - 1.65 + 1.52 + 1.50 + 2.10 +2.60 +2.91 -1.05 -1.78 +1.33 -11. 90 + 1.66 - 0.-48 - 0.97 + 1.65 More difficult to investigate is the hypothesis that the mechanical treatment of infants may have a decided infiuence upon the form of the head, and that the changes in cradhng and bedding which are made by immigrants almost immediately after their arrival in America account for the changes of head form. If this were true, the continued changes among the Hebrews might indicate merely that the American method of cradling is used the more frequently the longer the family has resided in this country. A number of investigators have claimed that the position of the child on the back tends to produce short- headedness, and that the position on the side tends to produce long- headedness." There is good evidence that a flattening of the occiput occurs when a very hard pillow is used and the child lies permanently on its back. This is the case, for instance, among many Indian tribes ; and similar results might obtain if a swathed child were to lie permanently on its back. The prevalence of rachitis in New York would favor distortion due to pressure. While I can not disprove the existence of such influences, I think weighty considerations are against their acceptance. If we assume that among the Hebrews the children born abroad have a lesser length of head than those bom here, because they are swathed and lie more permanently on their backs than the American-born children who can move about freely, oG. Walclier, Ueber die Entstehung von Brachy- und Dolichokephalie (Zontral- blatt fiir Gynakologie, 1904, XXIX, No. 7). Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 71 we must conclude that there is a certain compensatory decrease in the other diameters of the head of the American-born. Since this compensation is distributed in all directions, its amount in any one direction will be very small." The decrease in the width of head that has been observed is so lar^e that it can not be considered simply as an effect of compensation ; but we have to make the additional hypothe- sis that the American-born children lie so much on their sides that a narrowing of the head is brought about by mechanical pressure. The same considerations hold good in all the other types. If, there- fore, in one case the greater freedom of position of the child increases the length of its head, it is difficult to see why, among the Bohemians, the same causes should decrease both horizontal diameters of the head, and why, among the Sicilians, the length should decrease and the width increase. Dr. S. Breitenfeld, who is familiar with the treatment of infants both in Bohemia and in New York City, informs me that in Bohemia new-born children are swaddled from the shoulders down. During the first four or six weeks of life the arms are also tied to the body. The Bohemian claims that the swathing serves to keep the limbs straight. The head is covered with a cap made, among the well-to-do, of lace, and among the poor, of muslin or other material. The object of the cap is said to be to i-:eep the ears close to the head, but the pressure exerted by the cap is very sUght only. The head rests on a soft pillow made of"^ feathers or down. The child is carried about on a cushion {Steckkissen) . The swaddling is continued for five or six months. The Bohemians, on coming to America, do not give up the custom of swaddling right away, but it is gradually discontinued. Children are carried for baptism almost always in swaddling clothes. The cushions used by the Bohemians in America are, on the whole, harder than those used by Bohemians abroad. On the whole it seems probable that Bohemian children born abroad lie more regu- larly on their backs on soft cushions than do American-born children, who move more freely but lie on harder cushions. The Bohemian Hebrews give up the custom of swathing their children much more rapidly than the Bohemians. Doctor Breitenfeld also believes that rachitis is much more comnion among Bohemian children living abroad than among Bohenaian children living in New York, and that in Bohemia itself rachitis is more conamon in the country than in the cities. Dr. Maurice Fishberg had the kindness to give me the following information: In eastern Europe the Slavs, as well as tte Jews, swathe their new-born infants with roller bandages from the shoulders down to the ankles. The infant is usually kept flat on its back on a soft pillow. This swathing is continued for at least three months, often as long as six, and even longer when the infant is of poor vitality. I do not believe that the horizontal position in which these infants are kept has any influence on the shape of their heads. The fact that the pillows on which they are kept are quite soft, made as they invariably are of feathers or even down, precludes any effective pressure on the occiput. Indeed, there is hardly any difference m the pressure on the occiput between swathed and other children. They are often turned on their sides. In New York City the immigrants discard swathing completely. Among thousands of infants seen by me in my practice I never saw one swathed. a See F. Boas, The Cephalic Index (American Anthropologist, N. S., vol. I [1899], p. 448 et seq.). 72 The Immigration Commission. Rickets, atrophy, malnutrition, scrofula, etc., are quite common among the Jews in eastern Europe. The fact that they are town dwellers almost exclusively and have an appalling proportion of poor and destitute, coupled with a high fecundity, explains it. In Wilna, Dr. S. Kowarsky (Wratchebnaia Gazeta, No. 20, 1908) shows that Jewish infanta are more often rickety than the Christiana in that city. The same is true of other cities in Russia, Poland, and Roumania. In New York City the reverse is true. The proportion of Jewish infants with rickets is much less than among non-Jewish infants of the same social and economic status. The reasons are the improvement in their economic conditions, as compared with eastern Europe, as well as the fact that comparatively few mothers go out to work after marriage, rarity of artificial feeding, etc. It appears to me that the Italian children in New York City very often suffer from rickets, probably more often than in southern Italy. Dr. Antonio Stella has had the kindness to give me the following information in regard to the treatment of Italian children: Neapolitan and Sicilian children are swathed, the bandages extending from the shoulders down. For several months the arms are tied to the body, while later the bandaging continues from the chest downward. The swaddling is generally contin- ued until the children are weaned. The mattress of the child is made of wool, and the pillow is either made of wool or of feathers. It would seem that, according to description, the pillow is harder than that used by the Hebrews and Bohemians. During the hot season the children are left freer than m winter. They are not carried about on cushions, but in the arms of the mothers. After immigration the Italians do not. give up the custom of swaddling children, but continue for years the same habits to which they are accustomed in Europe. The question whether the heads of children of immigrants are more plastic than those of the foreign-born children, owing to greater fre- quency of rachitis, can not easily be answered. Doctor Breitenfeld believes that rachitis is much more common among European Bohe- mians than among Bohemians in New York City, while Doctor Stella asserts that the reverse is true among the Italians; but, even allowing for the greater plasticity, the treatment of the infant would not explain m a simple manner the changes that have been observed. The development of the width of the face seems to my mind to show most clearly that it is not the mechanical treatment of the infant that brings about the changes in question. The cephahc index suffers a very slight decrease from the fourth year to adult life. It is therefore evident that children who arrive in America very young can not be much affected by American environment in regard to their cephalic index. On the other hand, if we consider a measure- ment that increases appreciably during the period of growth, W3 may expect that in children born abroad but removed to America when young, the total growth may be modified by American environment. The best material for this study is presented by the Bohemians, among whom there are relatively many full-grown American-bom indi- viduals. The width of face of Bohemians, when arranged according to their age at the time of immigration, shows that there is a loss among those who came here as young children — the greater the younger they were. Continuing this comparison with the American-born, bom one, two, etc., years after the arrival of their mothers^ the width of face is seen to decrease still further. It appears therefore that the American environment causes a retardation of the growth of the width of face at a period when mechanical influences are no longer possible. This is shown by Table 15 and figure 40. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 73 Table 15. — Width of face of foreign-bom and American-bom adult Bohemians am according to time elapsed between birth and immigration. Bom before inunigra^ tion of self (— ).ci -36.. -34.. -33.. -32.. -31.. -30.. -29.. -28.. -27.. -26. -25. -24. -23. -22. -21. -20.. -19. -18. 141.0 146.8 144.8 145.6 144.3 146.1 140.9 143.2 142.6 140.8 142.7 142.7 142.5 14L5 14a 6 142.3 143 5 14a2 -17 i 1415 -16 1 142.0 i -15 i 142.8 -14 1 1430 -13 ' 1408 -12 1 141.7 -11 i 142.6 Com- bined. -10.. -9... 143 7 142.0 142.8 1431 141.2 141.3 141.7 141.0 14a 138 Smoothed. Cases. 9 IB 144.2 145. 7 IS 144.9 « 145.3 » 143 8 to 143 7 il 142.2 S3 142.2 U 142.0 SI 142.1 60 142.6 4S 142.2 48 142.2 4S 142.1 48 143 1 74 143 61 143 4 67 142.9 66 142.8 66 142.6 48 142.2 141.8 22 141.7 26 142.7 H 142.8 12 142.8 18 142.6 11 142.4 8 14L9 12 14L4 11 141.3 18 141.6 IB 140.3 20 140.6 U 1 1 Bom after immigrar tion of mother (+).& ±0 141.8 +1 141. 3 +2 139.6 +3 139.0 +4 139.7 +5 139.8 +6 139. 1 +7 139.8 +8 138.3 +9 140.2 +10 138.2 +11 139.9 +12 . 140 5 +13 139.7 +14 140.7 +15 135.1 +16 135.5 +17 143 8 +18 . 139.4 +19 137.0 +20 143 7 +21 136.7 +22 128.0 +23 147.7 +24 +25 138.7 +26 .... 137.7 +27 135.3 +2S +29 +30 134.7 +31 142.7 Com- bined. Smoothed. 140.4 140.9 139.9 139.4 139.5 139.5 139.6 139.1 139.4 138.9 139.4 139.5 140.0 140.0 138.6 137.1 138.1 139.6 140.1 140.0 139.1 136.1 137.5 138 9 11 18 26 27 16 21 28 22 IB H 8 8 7 a Foreign-bom. bAmerican-bom . /■fj.0 /40.0 /35.0 [^^^ m Fig. 40. — Width of face of foreign-born and American-bom adult Bohemiana arranged according to time elapsed between birth and immigration. Scale, 1 square=0.6 mm. The diagram shows that the width of face of individuals who were bom more than ten years before their arrival here ranges about 142.5 Trim. From here on a gradual decrease in the width of face sets La, which continues among those bom in America. I have not carried through the analogous investigation for stature, because in this case the increase might simply be ascribed to the better nutrition of most of the north and central European immi- grants after their immigration into this country. There is another hypothesis which might account for the observed changes of type. If it were assumed that among the descendants of 74 The Immigration Commission. immigrants bom in America there are an appreciable number who are in reality children of American fathers, not of their reputed fathers, a general assimilation with the American type would occur. Socially this condition is not at all plausible, but on account of the importance of the phenomenon that we are discussing it should be considered. I do not think that any of the observations that have been naade are in favor of this theory. The changes that occur in the Bohemians who arrive here as young chUdren, the different directions of the changes in distinct types, particularly the shortening of the head of the Bohemians and of Italians, do not favor the assumption. _ Fur- thermore, if the modification were due to race mixture the similarity between fathers and American-born children should be less than the similarity between fathers and foreign-born children. There is no indication that this is the case, for the index of correlation which expresses the degree of similarity is about the same in either group, 0.37 between fathers and foreign-born children, 0.39 between fathers and American-bom children. (See p. 154 et seq.) That the index of correlation is a sensitive index of similarity and, we may say, of purity of sexual relations, is shown by the correlation for color of hair between Hebrew mothers and daughters, which is exceptionally low (0.13 for 616 cases), because many mothers wear wigs, and perhaps some daughters dye their hair. This hypothesis is also shown to be untenable by the comparisons of fathers and mothers with their own foreign-born and American' born children. These comparisons show that the differences are the same in the case of fathers and children and of mothers and children, so that obviously the same conditions must control the relations between fathers and their children and mothers and their children. In other words, the fathers must be considered as the true fathers of their children. It seems to my mind that the changes that have been observed in the transition of Europeans to the environment of New York must be considered as analogous to those that the European rural popula- tion undergoes when it moves from the country to the city. Ammon," who was the first to observe these changes in Baden, ascribes them to the effects of natural selection, which weeds out among the south Germans that move to the city the more short-headed type, while the long-headed type survives. Livi,*" who made similar observations in Italy, believed that the changes are simply due to the wider range of territory from which urban populations are drawn. The more varied descent, from which the urban population is derived, brings it about that in a region inhabited by short-headed people the urban I)opulation will be more long-headed, while in a region inhabited by ong-headed people it will be more short-headed, than the rural population. I believe that this factor is of considerable importance in the devel- opment of differences between urban and rural population; but our American observations show that there is also a direct influence at work. Ammon's observations are in accord with those on our Ameri- can city-born central Europeans ; Livi's, with those on our American oNatiirliche Auslese beim Menschen, 1893. Zur Anthropologie der Badener, 1899, pp. 431 et seq. and 615 et seq. ftAntropometria Militare, 1896. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 75 city-born Sicilians and Neapolitans. Parallel observations made in rural districts and in various climates in America, and others made in Europe, may solve the problem whether the changes that we have observed here are only those due to the change from rural life to urban life. From this point of view the slight changes among the Scotch are also naost easily inteUigible, because amongthem there is no marked transition from one mode of life to another, most of those measured having been city dwellers and skilled tradesmen in Scotland, and continuing the same life and occupation here. On the whole, it seems more likely that the phenomena observed in the cities of Europe and among the descendants of immigrants in America are analogous, but not the same; that both are expressions of the general plasticity of human types when living imder different conditions. The variability of the Hebrew type in different parts of Europe, which has been so clearly demonstrated by Maurice Fishberg," is also in favor of this theory. Doctor Fishberg has shown that the Hebrew type in various parts of eastern Europe varies somewhat, and generally in accordance with the type of the surrounding population. He was inclined to interpret this phenomenon as due to intermixture, but it may well be an expression of the effect of environment upon the same type. It may be possible that the wider range of intermarriages which occur in America may have an effect upon human types. The actual intermarriages in small villages in Europe are preponderantly of such character that the same strain will persist for a long period with very shght disturbance by intermixture from outside, the majority of intermarriages in small communities being generally in that community. When immigrants leave their home and settle in large cities this permanence of strain is entirely broken; and it seems at least possible that the changes which have been noticed in urban types, both in Europe and in America, may in part be due to this cause. Our present views of heredity would make it plausible that a disturbance of the established type would occur in such a case, even if the two intermarrying types are not markedly distinct. It has not been possible up to this time to investigate the material thoroughly from this point of view; but I beheve the theory deserves to be followed up. Modifications in the distribution of sexes have been observed in an analogous case in the Argentine Repubhc, where it has been shown that in intermarriages between Spaniards and Itahans the^proportion of the sexes changes materially. The infor- mation contained in our material will permit us to investigate the question here suggested. Earnest advocates of the theory of selection might claim that all these changes are due to the effects of changes in death rate ainong foreign-born and American-born; that either abroad or here individ- uals of certain types are more liable to die, and that thus these changes are gradually brought about. On the whole, it seems to my mind, the burden of proof would lie entirely on those who claim such a cor- relation between head index, width of face, etc., and death rate — a correlation which I think is highly improbable, and which could be proposed only to sustain the theory of selection, not on account of o Materials for the Physical Anthropology of the Eastern European Jews (Mem. Am. Anthr. Ass., Vol. I., 1905, p. 1 et seq.)- 76 The Immigration Commission. any available facts. I grant the desirability of settling the question by actual observations, but until these are available we may point out that the very suddenness of the changes after immigration, and the absence of changes due to selection by mortalitj^ among the adult foreign-born, would reqmre such a complicated adjustment of cause and effect in regard to the correlation of mortality and bodily form that the theory would become improbable on account of its complexity. It would be saying too much to claim that all the distinct European types become the same in America, without mixture, solely by the action of the new environment. First of all, we have investigated only the effect of one environment, and we have every reason to believe that a number of distinct types are developing m America. But we will set aside this point and discuss only our New York observations. Although the long-headed Sicilian becomes more round- headed in New York and the round-headed Bohemian and Hebrew more long-headed, the approach to a uniform general type can not be established, because we do not know yet how long the changes continue and whether they would all lead to the same result. I con- fess I do not consider such a result as likely, because the proof of the plasticity of types does not imply that the plasticity is unlimited. The history of the British types m America, of the Dutch in the East Indies, and of the Spaniards m South America favors the assumption of a strictly limited plasticity. Certainly our discussion should be based on this more conservative basis until an unexpectedly wide range of variability of types can be proved. It is one of the most important problems that arise out of our investigation to determine how far the instability or plasticity of types may extend. Whatever the extent of these bodily changes may be, if we grant the correctness of our inferences in regard to the plasticity of human types, we are necessarily led to grant also a great plasticity of the mental make-up of human types. We have observed that features of the body which have almost obtained their final form at the time of birth show modifications of great importance in our new surroundings. We have seen that others which increase during the whole period of growth, and are therefore subject to the continued effect of the new environment, are modified even among individuals who arrive here during their childhood. From these facts we must conclude that the fundamental traits of the mind, which are closely correlated with the physical condition of the body and whose development continues over many years after physical growth has ceased, are the more sub- ject to far-reachifig changes. It is true that this is a conclusion by inference; but if we have succeeded in proving changes in the form of the body, the burden of proof will rest on those who, notwithstand- ing those changes, continue to claim the absolute permanence of other forms and functions of the body. PROBLEM OF HEREDITY. In the course of our investigation it has been necessary to inquire into certain problems which have no immediate connection with the change of type of the descendants of immigrants, but which are of great importance for our knowledge of the amalgamation of differ- ent types in America. The most important of these is the problem of heredity. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 77 Two theories of heredity are being held. In accordance with one, the children show a tendency to revert to a type intermediate between the types of the two parents — a mid-parental type — or, in cases of changes of types, to another type dependent upon the mid-parental type. In other words, the characteristics of the parents are blended in the children. According to the other theory, the laws of heredity act rather in such a way that, in regard to certain traits, either the father's or the mother's type, or the type of a more remote ancestor, is reproduced, and that certain parental traits may be dominant over others. In a generalized way we may say that by dominance is meant the tendency of one particular trait — either the father's or the mother's — to appear with greater frequency in the children than the corresponding but different trait of the other parent. It does not necessarily follow that all the traits of the same type are dominant, but dominant traits may be present in both parents, some in one, some in the other. In a mixed population, like that of America, in which the fre- c^uencies of mixtures increase with the increasing social amalgama- tion of the descendants of immigrants, these questions are of prime importance, and it seemed desirable to obtain as much information as possible on this point. An inquiry into the values of the cephaHc index has shown clearly that the type of heredity in intermarriages in the same race is that of alternating heredity. Children do not form a blend between their Earents, but revert either to one type or to the other. The method y means of which this problem has been investigated is based on the consideration that in case children show a tendency to revert to a type intermediate between that of father and mother, the varia- bUity of all the children in each family must remain the same, no matter what the difference between father and mother may be. On the other hand, if there is a reversion to the parental types, we must expect that the variabdity of the children in each family will increase with the difference in type between the two parents. "The actual calculation of these data requires a reduction of the results according to the number of children to each family. After this reduc- tion was made and the cephalic index of the mother reduced to corresponding male values, it was found, that, when the difference between the parents was — From 0-2.9 units, the variability of the children was. . ± 6.8 units. . (1102 cases). From3-5.9units, the variability of the children was.. ± 6.7 units. .( 736 cases). From6-8.9units, the variability of the children was.. ± 8.3 units.. ( 317 cases). 9 units and more, the variability of the children was. ±13.0 units. . ( 108 cases). No evidence has been obtained showing that one type is domi- nant, but all show equal degrees of correlation between father and child and between mother and child and for various values of the cephahc index. The exact character of the alternating inheritance can not be established from the data at our disposal. Although a large number of f amihes have been investigated, they are all f amihes consisting of father and mother belonging to the same type, and consequently cases of great differences between the parents are rare; and these are the ones which bring out the facts of alternating inheritance most clearly. It seems from the discussion of the available data 78 The Immigration Commission. that in the type of heredity investigated — that is, of the cephaUc index among members of the same type of man — the facts agree best with the theory which assumes the absence of dominant traits in the type, an equal frequency of reversion to the parental types, a lesser reversion to ancestral types, and the existence of a family type (genotype). PHENOMENA OF GROWTH. It has also been found necessary to investigate the phenomena of frowth. The older investigations of Bowditch, Roberts, Peckham, 'orter, and myself, not to mention many later ones, have _ shown that there is a period of marked acceleration of growth during the period of adolescence. Our inquiries have demonstrated that a similar period of acceleration occurs in the growth of the head, most markedly in the growth of the length of the head, and that the period is synchronous in both sexes with the rapid increase iii the bulk of the body. The occurrence of this period of acceleration of growth during the period of adolescence is of interest because the periods of rapid growth of different parts of the body are not by any means the same throughout. (Table 16, figure 41.) The material for this investigation was obtained from the tables fubhshed by Rose,'* Ranke,* Boas," and by use of the tables of the mmigration Commission. Table 16. — Rate of growth of head. Males. Length of head. Width of head. Cephalic index. Females. Length of head. Width of head. 4-5 years . . 6-6 years . . 6-7 years . . 7-8 years . . 8-9 years . . 9-10 years . 10-11 years 11-12 years 12-13 years 13-14 years 14-16 years 16-16 years 16-17 years 17-18 years 18-19 years 19-26 years +1.6 +L6 +1.1 +1.2 +1.0 +0.9 +0.8 +1.0 +1.2 +L5 +1.6 +1.6 +1.6 +1.0 +0.8 +0.9 +1.3 +1.3 +1.0 +0.9 +0.6 +0.7 +0.6 +0.7 +0.6 +0.9 +0.9 +1.0 +0.8 +0.6 +0.3 +0.4 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.2 -0.3 -0.0 -0.1 -0.0 +1.4 +1.1 +0.9 +1.1 +1.9 +1.2 +1.2 +1.4 +1.3 +1.3 +0.3 +0.3 +0.2 +0.6 +0.4 +0.0 +1.0 +0.9 +0.9 +0.7 +0.6 +0.7 +0.7 +0.8 +0.7 +1.0 +0.4 +0.1 -0.1 +0.3 +0.3 +0.2 .::..::pi.^.,-i ::.- _. J fO , f6 20 ZS a, Length of head; &, width of head; c, cephalic index. Fig. 41. — Bate of annual growth of length of head, width of head, and cephalic index. Scale, a, b, lsquare=0.5nun.; c, 1 square=0.5 imit. This diagram shows that both length of head and width of head have first a decreasing rate of growth, then a more rapid growth during adolescence, followed by a gradual decrease in rate of growth. The max- imum rate at the period of adolescence seems to be, for girls, at about 12 years; for boys, between 15 and 16 years. For the cephahc index the greatest rapidity of change in boys is also about 15 years. The cephalic index develops in a peculiar way. It is about con- stant dunng the early years of life, but during the period of adoles- cence it shows a rapid decrease in both sexes. (See p. 137 et. seq). EFFECT OF SIZE OF FAMILY. Among the influences upon the physical development of children that have been studied, the size of the family deserves especial men- tion on account of the tendency of American-born families to decrease in size. Children of small families in Toronto, Ontario, are taller than those of families of larger size. The same phenomenon exists in Oakland, Cal., where the average size of the family is much smaller than in Toronto. About the same proportions prevail among chil- dren of families of one, two, three and more children, as in Toronto, 80 The Immigration Commission. The differences obtained from the measurements in both cities, weighted according to the number of cases, are given in the table and figure following : Table 17 . — Stature of children of families of different sizes : Toronto, Ontario, and Oakland, California. Number of children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Excess of stature over norm WeigM +0.21 i,067 +0.10 S,189 +0.05 s,ooe ±0.00 3,119 -0.05 $,6S6 -0.06 g,001 -0.14 i,ees -0.11 86S -0.12 -0.23 S07 -0.05 ISB -0.29 S4 *ff,20 + -ozo :=2 ■s;: 3 * CO wa to En »m 1 t- 00 (N O OS fl .s g g g i 1 g § g"^ §,a :§ a •^ -^ t^ ■^ T^ k Oi (M •o ■* o gs ^ S3 2 % s s g s !^- i-H 1-1 " H s? ■•^ ■-( o « oa ...., >-t O CO OS to ** >Q CD *o 1 li O "3 CO l> O t^ O CO CO 00 U5 s .00 M CB wa s 2? ^ 1 s s s c4 |S a> r- t- CO t- iQ »o •H h goa ^ P g S S 8 ^ ^ -< t^ a V CO -a* eo QTJ -^ >-i g C3-- a OO 00 CO CO W OO t- r- th CO oi U3 o o> ||| g g g. g g g g « g S g s g s s ^ s ^ a • .oo30^*oso:>oooo 93 CJ -* Oi 03 Qo QO g* ^ O ^^ O t^ «5 o o -~r O *^ "O o a ,Q_M (3 ^§ 77.0 81.2 79.9 80.6 80.2 78.7 80.2 <= 52.0 52.7 62.2 53.3 52.5 51.9 52.3 ^^ 01 •o ;^^ ^ ^ .H „ ^ - 2s ^ o3 i * s => - »■ s "^ - .11 t)o o o o Q t* O CT> O r- gg sis s -Ji g I> t^ o •O lO CO g S p N r-l 1-t ,-1 S3 ^ K a ei O <=> *^ o •P p -^ 11 •3 (In 00 o « OS O CO gi & gi 1 !g lO lO i T— 1 rH ^ > — M a ^- »3 GO i- 95 eo M « '"* - oo CO 00 3 gg 00 00 00 1 g i i i g a gS3 ^ h 05 0» H C) 'O 00 t^ If! ■U ^ a 1~, -^ -^ IQ -^ T^ T-. >-| t- r- ■* CO CO CO c 00 C4 CO 00 CO o l:^ 1 g g i § g s 1 LO u5 >0 iO U3 to ^ ^ rt W .H 1-t S ^*i 1? S CO 03»3CO^*H>^'^^ »3 Oo 00 ■-^ T^ -^ «J B^-^SS?.«3^S •«^ 00 O OS OS gg g ^ s 1 ^ i 1 g g g g 1 s g g > 1 0) OJ ■S o i 1 ^ J 6 s f^ i-:i z a ^ 1 w ffl -< A ffl ^ ;s S: a. PC r (E E- ;: 1 90 The Immigration Commission. II <*% 2 ■" 3 = tH t-I 00 og PhCP r * oi g - Ooo s ° r- ■SPh a §5 o ^- If i 3 ^ § .0 o. M ^5 00 t- CO ■* a 10 gS h i^ to >rs ©^ »c. ©^ >-i S a s ia.2 § PI ^ M -5 ci d d CO e CO "^ W ^ 5 » 5§ S - - " - #1 0« eo (N 00 00 -* 00 Mm. 139 135 134 135 134 132 135. 2 Es i » s "^ - .2.2 00 tH :3 ^ ^ en S-^ ^ e i 8 8 " MO 3 f w 9 fl • --I S »-i ws 00 t^ 14 Pi 1 00 ■a 1 trj' a ^ 1 w M < A & B s 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 91 Table 21. — Differences between head measurements of single observers and general averages (adults). 1. LENGTH OF HEAD. Males. Females. Observers. Foreign- born Hebrews. Foreign- bom Sicilians. Foreign- bom Central Italians. Foreign- bom Hebrews. American- born Hebrews. Forcign- bom Sicilians. Foreign- bom Central Italians. o.s -0.6 -0.9 ±0.0 -0.9 +1.4 +2.6 +0.2 +8.6 +1.0 -0.9 +0.1 +1.5 -0.3 -2.7 +0.8 +7.8 +5.3 -0.9 +0.9 -1.1 -0.4 -0.3 +0.3 +1.1 +0.8 -0.6 L.W ±0.0 Ep +0.7 -7.4 +0.4 J.V +0.5 Lu -0.2 L.F -0.8 +3.4 -1.1 +1.2 +1.0 -4.3 +2.4 H.L +5.8 Le +0.5 M F -0.6 +0.7 +2.5 +1.1 P. E. -9.2 2. WIDTH OF HEAD. o.s -0.1 ±0.0 -0.9 +0.1 +5.7 -1.0 -0.2 -4.5 +0.3 -0.6 -0.3 +0.8 +1.4 -1.4 +0.2 +4.2 -0.8 -0.2 -0.4 -0.3 ±0.0 +0.5 +1.6 -0.4 -1.3 -1.0 L W. +1.2 En +2.3 -2.3 +0.1 J V . . . -0.7 Lu -1.2 L F ±0.0 +0.7 -0.3 +0.2 +1.4 -0.3 +2.6 H L +5.3 +6.7 M F -0.3 -0.7 +3.7 +5.7 +1.6 3. WIDTH OF FACE. OS -0.9 -1.1 +1.2 -0.8 +4.2 +1.1 +0.6 +4.2 -0.2 -1.2 +1.1 +1.1 +0.1 -0.7 +3.3 -4.2 -2.7 -1.3 -O.S -0.9 +1.1 -0.4 +1.8 -0.2 -0.1 -1.8 L W +1.4 En +0.5 -2.6 +0.1 jV +0.5 -1.3 L. F +0.2 +1.5 -0.6 +2.1 +2.0 -0.3 +4.9 TT T, +3.9 +6.3 +0.1 +0.1 +2.3 +3.5 -3.8 1. LENGTH OF HEAD. Males. Females. Observers. For- eign- bom Bohe- mians. Amer- ican- bom Bohe- mians. For- eign- bom Slo- vaks. For- eign- bom Poles. For- eign- bom Hunga- rians. For- eign- bom Bohe- mians. Amer- ican- bom Bohe- mians. For- eign- bom Slo- vaks. For- eign- bom Poles. For- eign- bom Hunga- rians. H.L Be -3.4 -0.2 +1.0 +0.7 +0.2 -1.0 -0.4 ■■+i.'8' -0.2 +1.9 -1.6 -1.6 -3.6 +0.9 + 1.5 -1.5 -3.1 +1.1 -0.2 +0.5 +0.1 -1.4 +0.1 ■■+6.'i' +0.1 -0.1 +0.6 -0.5 -0.9 - 0.9 +0.5 +0.7 A.G Ja --.. ■■+6.'4' -5.2 -5.2 -i.s' -10.1 ■■+2.' 5' -1.1 -2.1 +i3.6 + 0.5 - 3.7 + 1.7 "'-b'.i' +2.1 "■■+2;4 Br T.M -- — 92 The Immigration Commission. Table 21. — Differences between head measurements ofi single observers and general averages (adults) — Continued. 2. WIDTH OF HEAD. Males. Females. Observers. For- eign- bom Bohe- mians. Amer- Ican- bom- Bohe- mlans. For- eign- bom Slo- vaks. For- eign- bom Poles. For- eign- bom Hunga- rians. For- eign- bom Bohe- mians. Amer- ican- bora Bohe- mians. For- eign- bom Slo- valcs. For- eign- born- Poles. For- eign- born Hunga- rians. H. L -.1.9 -0.3 -0.1 -H.O +0.9 -0.9 ±0.0 ■■+i.'i' -2.5 -2.4 +1.1 -1.1 +2.2 -0.8 - 0.2 -1.0 -0.5 +0.2 -0.3 +0.8 ±0.0 -0.6 -0.2 '-b'.i' -0.8 +1.7 +1.0 -1.4 +0.1 - 0.8 -0.9 -0.1 Be.. ... . A. G. + 7.5 + 0.1 - 1.2 + 2.3 Ja +1.1 -4.0 +1.5 + 6.3 - 1.6 +0.3 +1.2 +3.3 +1.3 +1.9 -0.7 Br +1.1 T M M. F. ' 3. WIDTH OF FACE. H.L -1.2 +0.7 +0.3 +1.1 +0.1 -1.6 -0.9 +1.5 -1.7 -3.3 +0.8 -1.4 +2.1 +0.4 + 0.6 -0.4 +4.5 +0.8 -0.6 +1.0 ±0.0 -2.4 +0.2 +0.2 -0.1 +0.4 +0.1 -1.3 +1.6 + 0.6 +0.1 +0.8 Be A.G + 5.6 - 0.6 + 0.3 - 0.8 Ja . -0.1 -0.9 -2.3 - 0.7 + 0.8 -0.1 +0.2 +5.1 -0.3 +3.3 —0.7 Br —0.7 T. M. M.F Table 21o. — Personal equations (in Mm.). Observers. Length of head. Width of head. Width of face. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. O.S . . -0.8 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 -0.7 -0.3 +1.4 +1.5 +0.6 +0.7 +0.5 -1.0 -1.6 -0.9 -0.7 -0.2 -0.1 +0.4 +0.4 +0.2 +0.2 +0.5 +0.7 +0.2 +0.4 -0.3 -0.6 +0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.6 +0.4 +2.2 -1.3 -0.1 -0.5 +0.2 +0.2 -0.6 +0.5 +0.7 -0.7 +0.1 -0.5 +0.6 +0.5 +0.2 -0.8 -0.5 -0.3 +0.7 +0.1 -0.3 +0.8 +0.4 -0.6 +0.4 +3.3 -1.1 +1.1 -0.1 +0.9 ±0.0 +0.6 +0.6 -0.4 +1.0 -0.2 -0.1 +0.2 -1.4 -0.2 1 2 L.W +1.3 Up J.V .... +1.0 -0.8 +0.3 +1.0 +0.3 +0.6 -0.3 +0.2 ±0.0 -1.8 +0.4 +1.0 Lu L. F... fl.L:;:.. .;:::::;;:::::;;::;;:;;;;;;;;;:: Le Be A. G Ja Br T.M M. F P.R [r2] TTmn.2 0.78 0.18 0.33 0.39 0.42 0.73 I mention again that statures were taken in schools in stocking- feet; in families, with shoes. Chapter III. COLOR OF HAIE. The color of hair was determined by comparing the hair over the forehead with locks of hair of different colors, extending from black to flaxen. The samples were 17 in number. Besides these, there were 8 different shades of reddish hair, beginning with a very hght color and extending to a very dark-reddish hue. These were marked with the numbers from 18-25. Unfortunately I was later on unable to match in additional samples the color 12, so that the saniple is missing in the observations made on Bohemians, Slovaks, Poles, and Hungarians. There were so few individuals with hair of a red color that the subdivision of the reds has not been utilized in our tabulations. The different samples of black, brown, and blond represent essen- tially one kind of pigment, which is present in different intensities. If, therefore, the whole series from black to flaxen can be divided into equal intervals, it will be possible to determine numerically the color of the hair. My attempts to find samples of hair which gave the impression of equal color contrasts, beginning with the darkest and extending up to the lightest, were unsuccessful, because the different colors of hair could not be found either in the New York market or in the European market. For this reason I was compelled to utilize a series of colors which had arbitraiy distances, and which were numbered from 1 to 17. It seems possible, however, to ascribe to these colors numerical values. Our whole experience justifies the assumption that the distribution of different degrees of pigmentation follows m general the law of proba- bilities — the exponential law. If this is true, it is always possible to determine with accuracy at what distance from the average value of the whole series a certain point is situated, provided we know the fre- quencies with which the event in question occurs below and above the selected point. For instance, if aU colors darker than 4 were found to occur with a frequency of 16 per cent, we know from the tables giving the values of frequencies conforming to the probabihty curve mat me color 4 will represent the value of the average minus the mean square variability. I have determined ia this manner the numerical values for eveiy sample of hair from the distribution of hair-colors among the Hebrews. The frequencies of the observa- tions will be found in Table 22 (p. 94). The values of the multiples of the mean square variation, which will be found in the fifth column of our table, were taken from Shep- ard's table of the integral of the probability function, published in the second volume of "Biometrika." 93 94 The rmmigration Commission. Table 22. — Numerical values of hair-colors of Hebrews. Numter of hair-color. Cases. Per cent. Total per- centage of all cases from 17 to— Multiple Offf. Average for each in multiples of 1901 3 1900 1899 1 ?. 1898 1 1897 1 1 1896 1895 1 "'i' 1 1 1 2 1894 1 1 1 1892 1 1 1890 1 Average year of arrival, 1900+.. Cases 05.6 15 06.3 12 05.3 17 04.0 25 03.9 47 03.5 76 03.6 110 03.0 126 02.7 133 02.2 118 02.2 87 02.2 33 03.6 23 02.2 20 02.9 31 2. GIRLS. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 ..... 7 3 2 5 2 1 2 2 3 4 5 1 4 2 5 1 3 1 1 1 ..... 1 2 '"2 6 1 3 1 "2 1 1 4 6 1 4 4 2 4 1 2 2 ..... 1 1 1 ?. 1908 1 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 6 "2 1 2 8 7 1 4 4 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 4 4 1 -2 '"'i' 3 6 6 5 5 1 3 ..... 3 2 1 3 2 3 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 9 1906 1 2 6 4 1905 5 1904 2 3 1902 5 3 1900 3 1899 3 1898 1 1897 3 1896 1895 1 1 1894 3 1893 1 1892 3 Average year of arrival, 1900+ Cases 06.0 1 05.6 9 05.9 11 05.6 15 04.4 30 04.8 24 03.7 28 04.2 32 02.4 26 02.5 35 02.4 25 01.8 21 03.4 35 02.3 5,5 58392°— VOL 38—11 8 102 The Immigration Commission. Table 30. — Years of arrival of mothers of American-bom Hebrews. 1. BOYS. Age(yeais) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. o9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. IS. 19. 1903 ... 6 3 6 3 1902 3 6 5 3 2 "'i' 1 2 "s 4 2 2 1901 4 4 2 2 1 2 1 6 2 2 4 2 4 1 1900 4 6 3 3 3 1 6 3 8 4 2 3 1 2 1 6 2 1899 1898 . 1 1 ""i' "i' "i' 2 2 3 8 4 9 9 15 16 8 8 7 7 3 2 6 2 11 7 17 15 23 24 19 16 10 11 '1 12 7 9 8 2 4 3 2 1897 4 10 8 13 17 16 48 34 25 11 16 11 16 8 14 9 7 , 6 7 "2 1896 . 6 11 17 20 21 46 36 36 23 22 17 9 11 17 12 5 9 3 3 1 1895 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 2 2 2 7 7 21 18 34 33 29 23 17 21 16 17 15 3 7 6 8 4 2 1 2 4 ""i" 3 1 1 1894 14 16 21 25 31 23 16 15 25 20 13 13 9 10 7- 5 3 3 3 7 10- 20 16 17 18 11 9 16 1 6 11 9 5 3 "'i' 1893 1892 3 4 3 6 1 ? 2 3 1 2 1 1891 1 1 ..... 2 "i' 2 1890 1889.. .. 1 1888 1 1887 2 1886 3 2 1 1 1 1885 9 1884 2 1883. . .. 1882 1 1 1881 1 1880 1 1879. 1 1 1878 1 2 2 1 1877 1876 1875 2 3 3 2 "2 2 2 1 1 4 3 1 2 1 2 1 1874 1 ..... 2 1 1 2 1873 1872 1 1871 3 1 1870 1 1 1 1869 1868 1 1867 1866. . . 1 1865 1 1864 1863 1 1862 1861 1 1 1860 1 1859 1 1858 1857 1 37 United States 6.... 1 93.2 37 3 92.6 45 4 14 81.3 110 25 27 88.1 292 37 37 46 5 1 1 95.2 45 . . .. Average year of arrival, 1800+ 91.6 5 92.4 58 88.7 235 87.7 341 87.0 305 86.8 282 86.8 173 86.7 31 82.7 13 84.2 4 81.4 II In the tabulations a numljer of cards of 9-year-old boys were mislaid by one of the calculators There was no time to collect all the cards again, and there Is probably an error in this 9-year column. 6 Not included in number of cases and average. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 103 Table 30. — Years of arrival of mothers of American-bom Hebrews — Continued. 2. GIRLS. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1906 1 1 1 1905 1904 2 CD 1903 1902 1 3 2 2 3 2 4 5 4 (1) 1901 . ... 2 6 4 ..... 2 1 1900 (1) 1899 2 1 ..... 2 1 '"2 5 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 2 4 2 3 4 1 1 1898 1897 3 "'2 4 2 5 4 3 1 4 5 ..... 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 2 4 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 '"2 4 5 2 1 4 1 1 4 1896 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 5 1 ■"e" 6 1 1895 1894 5 5 5 6 4 6 6 3 4 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 4 ..... 2 2 2 2 1 5 1 5 3 2 1 3 1 3 ..... 4 4 2 4 1 1 2 1893 1 2 1 1892 1891 2 1890 1889 3 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 4 1 1 2 3 '"'i' 1888 ?, 1887 1 3 1886 .- 1885 1 1 1 1884 1 1883 . . . 1 1882 1 1 1881 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1880 2 1 ""'i' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1878 1 3 1 1 1876 1 1 1 1874 1 1 1 1 1873 1 1872 1 1 1 1871 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 4 7 6 4 6 10 4 7 Average year of arrival, 1800+ Cases 89.0 6 94.0 37 92.3 53 91.7 52 90.9 39 90.9 32 87^6 48 89.8 34 89.7 53 89.3 28 87.1 32 86.9 31 85.7 16 83.8 14 a Not included m number of cases and average. In discussing this result, it seems, first of all, desirable to investi- gate whether the apparent change of type that takes place in America becomes more pronounced with time. In order to investigate this question, I have tabulated the measurements of those individuals who were bom in America ten years and more after the arrival of their mothers. The details of this tabulation wiU be found in Table XIX of the Appendix (pp. 381-386). In order to gam a clear insight into the characteristics of these measurements I have compared the three groups with the general characteristic measurements of each age. The general measurement was obtained as an average of the ■vraole series. The average values for the foreign-bom, and for that group of American-bom bom less than ten years after the arrival of the mother, and for those bom ten or more years after the arrival of 104 The Immigration Commission. the mother, were calculated, and the difference between each of these averages and the general average was determined. The results of this tabulation are contained in Table 8 (pp. 58, 59) and figure 34 (p. 60). These tables show very clearly that the change in type is progressive with time. The differences between the foreign-born and those born ten years and more after the arrival of the mother are throughout greater than the differences between the foreign-bom and those born less than ten years after the arrival of the mother. It would seem that the effect of American environment takes place almost imme- diately after the arrival of the parents, and that the later effect is, comparatively speaking, slight. This is expressed by the fact that the difference between the foreign-born and those bom less than ten years after the arrival of the mother is greater than the difference between the two American-born groups. This fact comes out very clearly in the following table : Table 31. — Comparison of foreign-born and American-born Hebrews, born more or less than ten years after arrival of mother. Average differences between total series observed and — Foreign- bom. American-born. Bom less than 10 years after arrival of mother. Bora 10 years or more after arrival of mother. Length of head, mm. Width of head, mm. Cephalic index Width of face, mm. . , Stature, cm Weight, kgm -1.7 -1-1.3 -1-1.2 -1-0.8 -1.1 -0.4 4-0.2 -0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 +1.0 -0.9 -1.0 -0.3 +1.1 +0.6 I have introduced in this table also the differences in stature and weight, and it is noticeable that in these two cases the effect of American environment seems to continue much longer and more markedly than in the other cases. I have also approached the problem of the increasing effect of American environment upon the descendants of immigrants by another method. The determination of the decrease of the cephalic index during the period of growth, which will be found discussed on pages 137 et seq., has made it possible to determine the characteristics of the general change in type of the descendants of immigrants with greater accuracy than has been done heretofore. I have tabulated the measurements of American-born individuals according to the number of years elapsed since the immigration of the mother, and of the foreign-born individuals according to their own ages at the time of their immigration; in other words, according to the number of years elapsed between their birth and their immigration. All the boys have been reduced to adult forms by assuming a decrease of 0.15 per year for the cephalic index up to the twentieth year. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 105 The following table gives the results ob tamed for the Hebrews. The original material on which this statement is based will be found m the Appendix, Tables XX and XXI (pp. 387-411). The table given below shows clearly a gradual decrease of cephalic index after immigration. Table 32. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrew males (reduced to adults) accord- ing to time elapsed since immigration of mother. Number of years bom after inunigration of motber. Cephalic index. Cases. Number of years bom after immigration of mother. Cephalic index. Cases. 1 81.6 81.8 81.9 81.4 81.4 81.3 81.6 81.3 81.4 81.2 81.3 81.3 80.8 80.9 71 86 125 119 148 163 178 164 139 107 94 92 92 64 15 80.5 80.4 80.7 80.7 81.1 79.5 81.2 79.6 80.5 80.1 79.9 80.7 79.8 81.9 78.9 79.7 72 2 16 . . 46 3 17 53 4 .'. 18 40 19 . 33 5 20 6 26 7 21 19 8 22 16 9.. 23 ... 22 24 16 10 25 11 9 12 26 9 13 27 8 14 ... 28 6 29 6 United States 219 The change in type from the time of immigration on may be expressed by the formula Ct = 82. 0-O.O&t. where c< is the index for the time t elapsed between the immigration of the mother and the birth of the child. It will be noticed that the second generation of descendants of immigrants has the type which would belong to the first generation born thirty years after the arrival of the mother. Foreign-born boys arranged according to their own ages at the time of their immigration — in other words, according to the time elapsed between their birth and immigration — show the following vahjes of the cephalic index reduced to adult types. Table 33. — Cephalic index of foreign-bom Hebrew males (reduced to adults) according to age at time of immigration. Number of years bom before immigration. Cephalic index. Cases. Number of years bom before immigration. Cephalic index. Cases. 18 81.2 83.3 83.3 82.6 83.5 82.2 82.8 &3.2 82.7 3 4 12 16 16 23 34 55 62 9 83.7 82.9 82.8 82.9 83.4 83.6 83.4 83.2 83.4 82.4 56 17 8 05 7 73 15 6.; 76 87 14 4 13 63 3 . 71 jj 2 • 61 1 47 48 106 The Immigration Commission. The change in type from the time of immigration may be expressed by the formula Ct = 83.2-0.018<. It will be seen that the graphical representation (fig. 35a, p. 62) as well as the formula indicates a very sudden break at the time of immigration, which is bridged only by the measurements of those born in the year of immigration. Considering the uncertainty of information, it may well be that in this year the country of birth is not reported with adequate accuracy, and that in reahty the drop from the level of 83.2 to 82 is quite abrupt. In interpreting these results we have to consider that children of various ages born in America will exhibit an influence upon, the cephaUc index dependent upon the average time elapsed since immi- gration of the mothers. In order to eliminate the varying effect of this cause upon children of different ages I have tabulated the aver- age time elapsed since immigration of the mother for American-born children of different ages. The correction of the cephalic index for each year, entered in the following table, has been obtained by multiplying the number of years elapsed since immigration by 0.08 (see p. 105). Table 34. — Number of years elapsed between immigration of mother and birth of Ameri- can-born child {Hebrews). Age (years). Average number of years when immigra- tion oc- curred be- fore birth of child. Corre- sponding correction for the cephalic index. Cases. 5 9.0 8.2 9.7 8.6 11.2 10.1 9.6 8.6 8.9 8.2 7.4 6.3 11.9 6.0 -1-0.7 +0.6 -fO.7 -1-0.7 +0.9 +0.8 +0.8 +0.8 +0.8 +0.6 +0.6 +0.6 +1.0 +0.5 45 6 .... 37 7 46 8 . 57 9 119 10 236 11 287 12 13 304 14 282 15 166 10 31 17 16 18 2 This table shows that on the average the cephalic index of American- born individuals must be increased by 0.7 in order to reduce the data to the values of individuals born immediately after the arrival of the mother; or, in other words, the uncorrected values refer to chil- dren born on the average about nine years after the immigration of their mothers. ^ order to eliminate another source of error, it seems necessary to investigate more fully the types of immigrants which come to America in different years. The change in type of Hebrew immigrants has been discussed before (pp. 65, 100, Appendix, Table XVIII), Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 107 based entirely on observations of foreign-born adults. More ex- tended material may be obtained by reducing foreign-born children to the adult foreign-born standards, in accordance with the data discussed on page 137 et seq. For purposes of comparison the whole series of American-born individuals has oeen reduced to the standard of American-born adults. In one column these reductions have been made without reference to the time elapsed since the immigration of the mother; in the second column all these observations have been reduced to the time of immigration, in accordance with the data given on page 105. The table (35, p. 108) is arranged in the foUowmg manner: The first column contains the year of immigra- tion of the individual or of its mother. The second column con- tains the cephalic index of the foreign-born reduced to the adult type, according to age and sex. For males the annual reduction from 5 to 20 years has been assumed as 0.15; for females the same reduc- tion has been assumed from 5 to 17 years, and an additional amount of 0.5 has been subtracted in order to reduce the female type to the male type. The third column contains the cephalic index of Ameri- can-born, with the reduction for sex and age. The fourth column contains the same values corrected for sex, age, and year of immi- gration. In the fifth column the average number of years elapsed since immigration, and the number of cases of American-bom, are fiven. Columns 6 and 7 contain, respectively, the differences etween columns 3 and 2 and columns 4 and 2; in other words, the differences between the American-bom type, excluding correction for time elapsed since immigration, and the foreign-born type, and the difference between the American-bom type reduced to the time of immigration, and the foreign-born type. In column 8 the weights of these differences have been given. Column 6 shows very clearly the gradual increase of the difference between the types of Ainerican- bom and foreign-born for the earlier years of immigration. This is due to the fact that at this period the time elapsed since immigration and the birth of the American-born individual is much longer than for the later years. Thus the cumulative effect of American environ- ment is brought out with great clearness. It also appears that the values in column 7, which have been corrected for the interval between immigration and birth, are fairly constant. The average of the values of column 7 is —0.7. The calculation of the same difference according to the method discussed before (see pp. 105, 106) would give us a difference of —1.2. These tables show definitely that the differences between American-born and foreign-bom are not due to a different composition of the body of immigrants at different periods, and they emphasize the cumulative effect of the environment. Column 2 shows very slight differences only in the cephalic index of the immigrants, so that it would seem permissible to assume that no changes in this respect have taken place during the Hebrew immigration ffom 1870 up to the present time. In fig. 38 (p. 68) have been plotted the values contained in columns 2 and 3. 108 The Immigration Commission. Table 35. — Cephalic index of Hebrews {reduced to adult males) according to year of immigration. 1. Year of immigrar tlon. 2. Cephalic index of foreign- born male and female reduced to adult type according to age and sex. 3. Cephalic index of American- bom re- duced for sex and age. 4. Cephalic index of American- bom re- duced and corrected for sex, age, and year of immigra- tion. 5. Average number of years since immigra- tion, and number of cases of American- bom. 6. Difference between columns 3 and 2. 7. Difference between columns 4 and 2. 8. Weights of differences. 1870 Cases. 84.3 2 83.5 S 84.5 « 82.0 1 82.7 8 87.5 1 80.0 « 82.0 80.6 80.2 79.3 79.5 79.2 81.9 81.1 80.3 80.6 80.5 81.3 80.8 80.9 80.3 81.2 81.6 81.0 82.0 81.4 81.2 81.3 81.1 81.4 81.3 82.2 82.1 82 7 81.2 83.6 82 3 80.8 82 8 82.2 81.6. 84.1 82.6 82.2 81.2 81.3 81.0 83.7 82.8 81.8 82 81.9 82 6 82 82 81.3 82.2 82.4 81.8 82 7 82.0 81.8 81.8 81.6 81.7 81.6 82 5 82 4 82 9 81.4 83.8 82.6 81.0 82.9 82.3 81.6 Cases. 26. 6 11 25. 3 11 24 9 9 24. IS 23. 1 IS 23.2 9 23.0 9 20 9 18 19. 26 18. 2 40 17. 1 66 15. 9 71 16. 2 ee 13. 9 98 13. 4 9S 12 127 11.0 137 10.1 144 8.7 1S6 8.0 202 7.0 215 6.4 261 5.8 16S 4.2 ISl 4.4 106 4.1 62 3.6 49 3.0 22 3.3 18 2.6 29 2.5 SO 2.1 24 1.4 9 1.0 « 0.0 S -2.3 -2.9 -4.3 -2.7 -3.2 -8.3 -1-1.9 -0.2 -0.9 -2 3 -0.8 -1.4 -6.5 -1-3.7 2 1871 2 1872 2 1873 1 1874 6 1875 1 1876 2 1877 187S . 83.0 S 83.0 11 82 7 e 82. 4 U 82 8 4 83. 2 10 83. 5 M 82. 6 dO 82. 9 SS 82. 1 S5 82 8 «i 82 7 iS 82 4 49 82 88 82 8 78 83. ie 82.3 S4 82. 4 4S 83. 5 39 83. 3 87 84. 1 60 83.4 102 83.6 174 83.4 177 82.9 eiB 83.1 200 83.3 »0 83.1 260 83.2 294 83.1 235 83.0 132 82. 9 SI -2 7 -2 4 ■ -2 2 -1.1 -2 -2 3 -3.2 -1.4 -1.4 -1.1 -0.8 -1.3 -1.2 -0.7 -1.7 -1.6 -1.0 -0.2 -1.4 -0.6 -2.9 -1-0.2 -1.3 -2.6 -0.1 -0.9 -1.7 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 H-0.2 -0.8 -1.2 -2 2 -0.4 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 -0.7 -0.6 -0.2 -1.2 -1.3 -0.7 -1-0.1 -1.1 -0.4 -2.7 +0.i -1.1 -2.4 ±0.0 -0.8 -1.7 3 1879 9 1880 . 5 1881 12 1882. . 4 1883 9 1884 22 1885 24 1886 27 1887. . 26 1888 17 1889 36 1890 39 1891 60 1892... 54 1893. 1894 40 1895 25 1896 23 1897 1898. 14 1899 1900.. 28 1901 1902 9 1903 .1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 An analogous treatment of the Sicilians, the original material for which is given in Tables XXII and XXIII of the Appendix (pp. 412- 432), gives the following results (see fig. 35&, p. 62) : Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 109 Table 36. — Cephalic index of American-bom Sicilians, males and females (reduced to 1 adult males). Number of yeare bom after arrival of mother. Cephalic index. Total cases. Number of years bom after arrival of mother. Cephalic index. Total cases. Males. Females. Com- bined. Males. Females. Com- bined. Cases. 78.4 Bl 78.9 43 78.2 47 78.6 Bl 78.0 se 78.6 36 81.4 24 79.7 BB 79. 1 18 80.4 IB Cases. 78.5 11 79.6 40 78.4 S9 78.7 SI 80.3 27 80.7 IS 79.1 23 80.2 19 80.1 M 77.9 17 78.4 79.2 78.3 78.6 79.0 79.5 80.3 79.9 79.6 78.9 32 83 86 82 63 64 47 44 33 29 10 Cases. 80.0 19 77.9 13 79.9 19 77.1 7 78.6 9 84.3 6 79.2 1 77.7 B 77.1 4 Cases. 81.5 10 79.1 9 80.5 78.4 79.9 79.0 78.0 82.5 79.0 79.5 77.1 29 1 11 . 22 2 12 19 3 13 81.2 6 76.8 4 77.3 2 79.0 B 81.3 2 13 4 14 13 5 15 8 . . 16 6 7 17 4 8 18 4 9 This table may be represented by the formula Ce = 78.9 + 0.0« and it appears therefore, that there is a shght continued increase of the cephalic index, in accordance with the time elapsed between the immigration of the mother and the birth of the child. Unfortunately, in the Sicilian series the number of individuals bom a considerable number of years after the arrival of the mother is very small, and for this reason the change in type does not appear very clearly. It will, however, be shown (p. Ill) that in all probabdity the change in type after immigration is more marked than the present table seems to suggest. An investigation of the cephalic index of foreign-born is given in the following table : Table 37.— Cephalic index offoreign- bom Sicilians (reduced to adult males). Number of Cephalic index. Total cases. Number of years bom before im- migration. Cephalic index. Total cases. years bom before im- migration. Males. Females. Com- bined. Males. Females. Com- bined. Coses. 76.8 10 77.9 9 79.5 14 78.4 7 79.2 4 77.2 S 80.4 10 75.2 9 77.4 16 77.7 BS 79.4 7 78.1 16 77.7 IB 77.6 BB 77.7 BS 77.7 19 77.4 4S 78.6 SB 77.8 37 ■77.7 37 77.9 U 77.8 40 77.7 U 77.4 S9 77.2 SO Cases. 76.3 10 78.9 11 77.5 IB 76.5 U 77.9 11 77.7 16 78.0 19 76.4 18 77.0 BO 76.3 Bl 78.2 17 78.7 16 77.0 Bl 78.0 27 77.5 BB 77.2 Be 77.1 BS 76.4 BS 77.4 SB 78.2 Be 77.3 Be 77.6 42 77.9 40 78.2 SS 77.2 37 76.5 78.4 78.6 77.1 78.2 77.5 78.8 76.0 77.2 77.0 78.5 78.4 77.3 77.8 77.6 77.4 77.3 77.6 77.6 77.9 77.7 77.7 77.8 77.8 77.2 20 20 26 21 15 24 29 27 36 44 24 32 36 49 48 45 68 67 69 63 70 82 84 77 67 20 Cases. 78.0 BB 77.4 27 77.0 BS 76.8 31 77.1 BS 77.8 BS 77.1 SO 76.9 18 77.8 BS 78.7 B9 78.2 SS 77.1 se 77.3 31 77.9 SS 77.8 4S 77.9 40 77.8 47 78.7 4S 78.4 U 76.8 BS 78.6 B5 Cases. 77.4 37 77.6 38 77.2 48 77.4 69 77.8 BS 78.2 Bl 78.1 48 78.3 40 77.3 40 78.2 27 77.5 SB 77.9 4i 77.9 BS 77.9 44 77.0 B9 YAH 77.6 SS 78.1 30 78.3 B4 77.8 U, 77.6 77.5 77.1 77.2 77.6 78.1 77.7 77.9 77.5 78.5 77.8 77.5 77.6 77.9 77.5 77.9 77.6 78.2 78.3 77.5 78.3 62 44 19 65 18 71 42 17 90 16 81 40 15 74 14 78 38 13 58 12 68 36 11 56 35 10 68 9 77 8 54 32 7 79 6 72 84 29 4 85 3 80 2 74 26 1 52 25 39 24 23 22 21 110 The Immigration Commission. For the period from years to 18 years this series may be repre- sented by the formula Cj = 78.0-0.04<. The full table shows, however, clearly that the rate of decrease in the cephalic index is due only to the apparent changes which occur in children a few years old at the time of immigration. When we disregard these, the cephalic index remains practically constant. It might seem that this indicates an influence of American environ- ment upon the youn§ American child which was not noted in the Hebrew series. An investigation of the original records shows, however, a peculiar uncertainty in regard to the place of birth in many cases where the child was born near the time of immigration. This is due to the frequent habit of the Italians to go back and forth between Italy and America before settling here. In many of these cases the answers regarding the birthplace of the child were contra- dicted by the statement regarding the j^ear of immigration of the mother, and a considerable number of errors seem to have occurred in the collection of these data. It might also be supposed that among the children born a few years before their own immigration into this country there are a consider- able number whose father had Hved here, and where, owing to this fact, the mode of life had undergone certain changes; but, since no data are available showing definitely that such influences did occur, it seems fully satisfactory to assume that the uncertainty in regard, to place of birth, for those born near the time of immigration of the family, accounts satisfactorily for the irregularities. It has been shown before (p. 109) that the average time elapsed since immigration of the mother of American-bom children of difl'er- ent ages must be considered, and that a certain correction for the cephalic index has to be made in accordance with the period elapsed. The results of this tabulation are given here. Table 38. — Correction for number of years elapsed between immigration of mother and birth of American-born child (Sicilians). Age. Average number of years, when immigration occurred, before birth of child. Males. Females. Combined. Yrs. Cases. Yrs. CaMS. Yrs. Cases. 5.3 SO 6.0 9 6.6 » 6.9 iS 6.1 4t 6.5 se 5.0 ii 6.0 iS 6.5 87 5.7 S9 5.5 S« 5.6 71 8.3 SS 6.9 11 7.1 U 6.0 « 6.2 19 6.1 40 7.3 29 4.8 IS 6.4 U 5.1 4S 5.2 19 5.1 «« 5.4 W 4.8 19 5.2 76 5.5 S6 3.5 16 4.9 SI 5.8 19 6.8 10 5.8 -«9 4.0 U 2.0 IS 2.9 U 8.0 S 6.0 S 6.5 10 4.0 « 2.3 S 3.0 S 2.4 e 3.5 IS 3.2 $0 Corre- sponding correction for the cephahc index. 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years -0.3 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -0.1 -0.3 -0.1 -0.1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. Ill Finally, I have tabulated the type of Sicihan foreign-born and American-born according to the year of immigration (Table 39, fig. 386, p. 68). The table is analogous to Table 35, p. 108. Table 39. — Cephalic index of Sicilians {reduced to adult males) according to year of immigration. 1. Year of immi- gration. 2. Cephalic index of foreign-born reduced to adult type according to age and sex. 3. Ce- phalic index of Ameri- can- born, reduced for sex and age. 4. Ceph. index ot Ameri. born, reduced for sex, age and immi- gration. 5. Average number of years since immigra- tion, and number of cases of American- bom. 6. Differ- ence be- tween col- umns 3 and 2(d). 7. (a) Males. (6) Fe- males. (c) Chil- dren. (,d) Com- bined. ence be- tween columns 4 and 2. 1885.... Cases. 76.0 1 78.0 1 76.6 8 80.5 4 77. 3 li 75.8 10 77. 5 BO 77. 1 19 76.5 13 77.4 11 77.2 B6 78.2 17 77.0 ei 78.0 S4 78.6 U 78.0 47 77.4 4S 78.0 68 77.9 74 77.8 6S 77.8 80 77.9 117 78.0 6S 77. 4 17 77.7 4B Cases. 74.6 3 77.6 7 75.7 7 77.7 7 76.9 19 77.1 6 76. 9 SI 77.4 «i 77.2 BO 76.1 J/ 77.8 BS 76.6 S« 76.3 3« 77. 1 40 78.3 SB 77.5 S8 77. 8 70 77.7 78 77.7 «r 78.0 S3 77.5 99 77.6 US 78.1 87 77.7 «7 77. 1 Si Cases. Cases. 74.9 4 77.6 8 76.2 IS 78.7 11 77.0 SS 76.3 18 77.2 4 J 77.1 41 76.8 SS 76.9 S7 77.5 57 77.3 S4 76. 4 S3 77.5 i/0 78.0 14s 77.8 149 77.9 188 77.8 2«S 77.9 257 77.9 22s 77.6 2S4 77.7 3S0 77.8 BBS 77.7 r« 77.4 108 79.8 79.4 81.6 78.9 79.5 79.8 79.7 79.4 79.2 78.5 79.6 79.4 78.4 77.8 78.4 78.6 78.0 78.6 78.7 76.9 78.6 79.3 78.9 81.2 78.5 79.2 79.5 • 79.4 79.2 79.0 78.3 79.4 79.3 78.2 77.7 78.3 78.6 77.9 78.5 78.7 76.9 78.6 13.5 11 11.7 9 10.6 18 10.1 19 8.5 S6 7.8 27 8-.1 eo 5.8 38 5.1 SB 3.9 29 5.0 18 3.1 4B 3.9 se 3.6 37 2.8 40 2.9 B9 2.0 38 1.6 2S 1.1 19 0.3 9 0.0 / +4.9 -t-1.8 + 5.4: -1-0.2 -1-2.5 +3.5 -1-2.5 -1-2.3 -(-2.4 -1-1.6 -1-2.1 -1-2.1 -1-2.0 -HO. 3 -fO.4 -1-0.8 -1-0.1 -HO. 8 -HO. 8 -1.0 -Hl.O -H4 4 1888.... -HI. 3 1887.... -H5.0 2 1888 1889.... -H2.2 1890.... -H3 2 1891 .... -H2.2 1892.... 1893 1894.... 1896 1896.... 1897.... 1898. . . . 1899.... 1900.... 1901.... 1902.... 1903.... 1904 1905.... 1906 74.6 76.5 77.5 77.8 78.0 76.1 77.4 77.2 78.0 78.7 77.8 78.0 77.8 77.5 77.6 77.5 77.3 77.2 1 3 S 9 IS 10 38 P 44 BS 77 96 SO 105 m SS 34 SB -H2.1 +2.2 +1.4 +1.9 +2.0 +1.8 +0.2 +0.3 +0.7 ±0.0 +0.7 +0.8 -1.0 +1.0 1907 1908 1909 The table of differences (column 6) suggests a much more marked change of type ■with increase of time elapsed between immigration of mother and birth of child than is obtained from the data given in Table 36 (see p. 109). An analogous treatment of the Neapolitans, the original material for which is given in Tables XXIV and XXV of the Appendix (pp. 432-449) gives the following results (fig. 35c, p. 62) : Table 40. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, males and females (reduced to adult males). Number of years bom after arrival of mother. Cephalic index. Total cases. Number of years bom after arrival of mother. Cephalic index. Total cases. Males. Females. Com- bined. Males. Females. Com- bined. Cases. 80.1 Bl 81.3 61 81.3 49 82.0 67 81.2 49 81.6 4S 80.7 47 81.4 53 82.5 4£ 81.3 S9 Cases. 80.7 7 82.8 34 82.2 B9 81.7 35 83.4 34 81.8 39 81.3 SB 81.8 BO 81.7 S5 79.9 Bl 80.2 81.9 81.6 81.8 82.1 81.6 80.9 81.5 82.2 80.8 28 85 78 102 83 87 79 73 70 60 10 Cases. 80 2 SS 80.1 27 80.7 27 82.4 2S 81.8 18 80.8 SO 82.1 BO 82.3 IS 81.7 » 80. -9 78.3 9 80.2 3 Cases. 83.0 17 83.7 BO 82.3 BO 80.9 19 82.9 11 81.2 8 81.0 7 81.5 3 81.1 8 79.5 2 79.9 3 83.1 S 81.1 81.6 81.1 81.7 82.1 80.9 81.8 82.1 81.4 79.9 78.9 81.0 50 1 11 47 12 47 3 13 45 4 14 29 15 28 6 16 17 18 27 7 16 16 9 19 20 11 12 21 (i 112 The Immigration Commission. The change of the cephalic index with the increase of time elapsed since immigration is so sUght in this ease that it may be disregarded. The cephaUc index of foreign-born shows also practically no change in type. Table il.— Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans (reduced to adult males) according to age at time of im,migration. Cephalic index. Number of years bom before immigration. Adults. Children. Combined. Total cases. Male. Temale. Male. Female. 40 Cases. 81.5 4 80.7 9 82.4 B 81.4 8 84.0 e 81.1 9 79.6 9 80.0 e 80. 1 12 78.7 8 81.8 IB 80.4 IS 80.1 le 80.5 26 81.0 22 80.5 SO 81.3 SS 81.4 28 80.6 20 80.0 SO 81.0 28 81.8 19 80.1 22 80.9 IS 81.5 6 81.8 10 81.0 6 82.7 e 83.5 4 85.3 3 81.7 S 77.7 3 81.8 4 80.4 J 80.0 1 83.0 1 80.0 1 Cases. 81.9 « 80.0 10 80.4 4 80.7 J2 80.3 9 82.4 i3 77.5 7 78.6 « 79.2 « 79.4 20 79.9 J4 80.4 22 79.8 22 80.6 /« 79.6 28 80.6 2« 78.8 21 80.2 27 80.6 SO 81.1 SS 81.6 34 79.5 SS 79.8 29 81.8 24 80.6 22 80.4 23 82.7 11 80.4 12 82.1 « 78.3 3 81.4 ii 82.1 4 80.6 5 82.0 5 82.0 B 83.1 4 78.6 6 79.6 « 83.1 4 83.6 / 81.1 2 Cases. C(we«. 81.7 80.3 81.5 80.9 81.7 81.8 78.6 78.9 79.4 79.1 80.8 80.3 79.9 80.5 80.0 80.5 80.1 80.8 80.6 80.6 81.2 79.7 79.8 81.0 80.8 80.8 80.5 81.3 82.0 80.2 80.7 81.1 80.4 80.6 80.7 80.7 80.0 80.0 80.9 81.5 79.8 13 39 19 9 37 20 15 35 22 34 16 33 21 32 31 31 28 30 . .. 29 29 35 28 38 27 38 26 50 25 58 56 23 65 22 50 21 63 20 ... 62 19 52 18 73.7 1 83.7 1 81.3 « 82.5 6 77.9 7 82.1 « 82.5 S 81.3 4 79.8 22 81.8 16 80.2 2i 80.5 SS 80.8 SJ 80.8 3J 80.1 42 79.3 22 80.6 Si 80. 8 34 52 17 38 16 36 15 79.3 S 80.8 9 81.9 e 81.7 il 78.6 7 82.5 8 81.3 i4 80.6 12 80.8 /3 80.7 iS 80.5 20 81.1 M 81.2 20 81.7 19 8.1. 1 « 44 33 13 29 31 11 ... 17 10... 44 37 8 42 7 68 6 56 5 60 4. 64 3 44 80.5 .? 59 1 41 0. . . . .. 84.0 / 79.8 18 79.7 9 30 1 The tabulation of the type of Neapohtan foreign-born and Ameri- can born according to the year of immigration (Table 42, fig. 38c, p. 68) is analogous to the table given on .page 108, and shows that the American-born type is more short-headed than the foreign-born. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 113 Table 42. — Cephalic index of Neapolitans {reduced to adult males) according to year of immigration. 1. 2. Cepballc Index of foreign-bom reduced to adult type according to age and sex. 3. Cephalic index of American- bom reduced for sex and age. 4. Differ- ence between columns 3 and 2 id). Yo»r of immigration. (a) Males. (6) Females. (c) Children. ((2) Ck)m- bined. 1885 Cases. 81.2 9 79.1 10 80.5 18 81.3 10 80.1 IS 81.5 IB 81.1 19 81.2 IS 82.4 IS 81.5 8 81.5 10 80.5 18 79.8 18 82.4 16 80.8 2» 80.4 2/ . 81.0 SB 80.5 41 81.4 B7 77.9 25 80.8 S3 80.1 B9 81.0 19 78.3 S 81.5 IS Cases. 78.4 5 81.9 IS 79.5 17 78.6 11 80.7 19 79.9 i8 81.4 S4 82.0 18 81.5 20 80.5 IS 80.9 is 80.4 24 80.1 2« 79.7 22 80.4 SB 81.3 32 80.5 4S 79.9 SB 80.4 39 80.7 SI 81.3 4S 79.5 «9 78.8 S7 80.7 7 80.5 16 Cases. Cases. 80.1 i4 80.6 BS 79.9 35 79.8 Bl 80. 4 S2 80.5 B8 81.2 5S 81.6 SS 81.8 S8 80.6 25 81.3 B6 80.8 57 80.1 67 80.9 60 80.3 89 80.4 86 80.7 ise 80.4 iii 80.3 IBS 80.2 iOO 80.8 134 79.8 i77 80.4 98 79.9 SS 81.0 SS Cases. 80.5 48 80.7 60 81.5 67 82.0 50 82.1 7i 81.6 72 82.0 106 81.7 76 81.8 56 81.7 U 81.4 37 82.2 56 81.0 46 80.3 28 80.7 35 81.5 25 81.0 35 80.5 S9 82.1 iS 81.7 9 80.8 5 -F0.4 1886 -HO.l 1887 -1-1.6 1888 +2.2 1889 -1-1.7 1890 -1-1.0 1891 -1-0.8 1892 77.2 2 80.4 3 79.8 4 83.2 2 81.9 i5 80.7 2i 81.0 Bl 79.9 Si 79.5 SS 80.8 62 81.2 35 79.9 69 81.5 4« 80.6 68 80.0 79 81.6 4^ 79.9 SS 81.8 4 -1-0.2 1893 ±0.0 1894 -1-1.1 1895 4-0.1 1896 -H.4 1897 -t-0.9 1898 -0.6 1899 -1-0.4 1900 +1.1 1901 +0.3 1902 -. +0.1 1903 +1.8 1904 +1.5 1905 ±0.0 1906 . . ... 1908 I have not carried through a similar calculation for the Bohemians, because the difference between the cephalic index of foreign-bom and that of American-bom is not as marked as among the Hebrews and Italians. On the other hand, we find that among Bohemians the width of face of foreign-bom and American-born shows a very marked difference. It seems, furthermore, advantageous to compare one of the characteristic traits which changes considerably during the period of growth. The width of face is favorable for a study of this kind, because its increase from 5 years up to the adult stage is quite marked. The original material for this study is given in Tables XXVI and XXVII of the Appendix (pp. 450-468). Table 43 (fig. 40, p. 73) contains the values for width of face of adult Bohemians, males and females, arranged according to the time elapsed before the immigration of the individual, or, for the American- bom, for the time elapsed between the immigration of the mother and the birth of the child. The numbers of cases for some of these years are not considerable, and for this reason I have smoothed the distribution by calculating the average for any group of three years. These smoothed values will be found in the last colunm of the table. They show very clearly that the width of face of the Bohemians born abroad is about 142.5 mm. Beginning with those who i mmi grated at the age of 10 years, and extending to those immigrating very young, a marked decrease in the width of face is noticeable, which continues among the Ajoaerican-born until it reaches an approximate value of 139 mm.; so that the total decrease in the width of face is nearly 4 mm. 114 The Immigration Commission. Table 43. — Width of face of adult Bohemians arranged according to number of years between immigration and birth. Number of years born before and after immigration. Males. Females reduced to male adults. Combined. Smoothed. Foreign^born. —35 Cases. 141. 2 6 147.1 IB 145.4 10 147.7 U 147.9 U 145. 5 8 137.3 /« 141.5 17 142.1 14 138.8 16 141.8 Sff 142.3 » 141.0 M 143.3 13 144.4 M 141.3 S« 146.0 «9 142.8 19 146. 9 8 142.7 11 145.3 10 143.4 11 140.1 9 141.0 9 143.3 6 143. 5 i 138.8 6 139.7 S 143. a 140. 5 i 142.8 e 140. 6 S 140.3 7 143. 1 11 136.0 4 137.7 6 145. 1 138.1 10 137.4 e 139.6 IB 137. 8 S 138.0 e 138.0 8 137.3 7 141. 2 B 138.6 « 134.0 1 140.8 « 136. S Cases. 140.7 S 146.7 .f 143.5 S 141.4 ? 140.5 M 146.6 11 145. 8 9 145.0 16 143.3 iJ 143.0 IB 144.0 «.{ 143.1 » 143.8 25 r 140. 8 S3 142.8 «5 143.1 i8 141.2 3« 143.3 4« 142.9 48 141.9 as 142.2 S« 142.9 31 141.3 JS 142. 1 17 142.0 S 143.8 8 143.3 is 143.9 « 143.2 6 141. 6 « 139.5 B 142.1 IS 141.7 8 140. 7 9 138:8 10 146.7 5 141. 1 17 140.4 JS 139.4 «2 139.8 le 141.0 JO 139.6 IB 140.6 20 138.8 IJ 139.7 10 138.1 19 140.7 7 139. 7 « 142.4 4 140.7 6 131.2 « 134. 7 S 142.7 J 139.4 4 137.0 3 143.7 3 136.7 3 128.0 1 147.7 1 Cases. 141. 9 146.8 J9 144.8 IB 145.6 «1 144.3 27 146.1 19 140.9 2/ 143.2 33 142.6 «5 140.8 Si 142.7 60 142.7 ^iJ 142.5 48 141.5 46 143.6 4« 142.3 74 143.5 6/ 143.2 67 143.5 « 142.0 ee 142.8 48 143.0 42 140.8 22 141.7 26 142.6 i4 143.7 IB 142.0 i« 142.8 11 143. 1 « 141.2 i2 141.3 11 141.7 18 141.0 IB 142.0 20 138.0 14 141.8 11 141.3 18 139.5 26 139.0 27 139.7 28 139.8 16 139.1 21 139.8 28 138.3 22 140.2 IS 138.2 24 139.9 8 140. 6 8 139.7 7 140.7 6 135.1 6 136.5 4 143. 8 2 139.4 6 137.0 3 143.7 3 136.7 3 128.0 1 147. 7 1 —34 . . 144.2 -33 145.7 -32 ... . 144.9 —31 145.3 —30 143.8 -29 143.7 -28 142.2 —27 142.2 -26 142.0 —25 142.1 -24 142.6 -23 142.2 -22 142.2 -21 142.1 —20 . . 143.1 -19 143.0 -18 . 143.4 -17 142.9 -16 142.8 -15 142.6 -14 142.2 -13 . .. 141.8 -12 141.7 -11 142.7 -10 142.8 — 9 . 142.8 - 8 142.6 — 7 142.4 — 6 141.9 — 5 141.4 - 4 141.3 - 3 141.6 - 2 140.3 — 1 140.6 Americanriorn. 140.4 1 140.9 2 139.9 3 139.4 4 . . 139.5 5 139.6 6 139.6 7 139.1 8 139.4 9 . 138.9 10 139.4 11 139.6 12 140.0 13 140.0 14 138.5 15 137.0 4 138.0 f 145. 1 139. 5 2 137.1 16 138.1 17 ." 139 6 18 . 140 1 19 140 20 139 1 21 22 128.0 i 137.5 23 24 25 138.7 1 137.7 1 136.3 ;S 138.7 1 137.7 1 136.3 « 26 27 140.0 1 138 9 28 29 30 ■ - 134.7 1 142.7 1 134.7 1 142. 7 1 31 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 115 The same difference between foreign-born and American-born appears also in Table 44 (fig. 39, p. 69), in which the values for foreign- born and American-born who immigrated in the same year are com- pared. Table 44. — Width of face of adult Bohemians {reduced to males) according to year of immigration. 1. 2. Width of face of foreign-born. 3. Width of face of American-born. 4. Differ- ence Year of immigra- tion. (a) Males. (6) Females reduced. (c) Com- bined. (a) Males. (6) Fe- (c) Corn- males, bined. between columns 2 (c) and 3(c). 1909 Cases. 138. 3 6 136.0 2 139.7 18 139.4 16 142.8 19 142.6 19 142.9 IS 141.6 Iff 141.6 11 144.3 10 143.5 8 145.2 6 141.7 3 142.0 7 141.6 9 143. 6 5 142.2 12 144.3 11 142.1 B4 143.5 19 143.9 20 144.5- 19 143.0 2S 141.9 10 141.8 11 145.0 22 142.9 7 145.3 m 146. 1 IS 142.8 2S 142.4 19 143. 8 B 134. 5 4 141. 2 159.0 1 138.8 4 144.0 8 140. 3 140. 3 3 142. 2 6 Cases. 144.4 6 137. 7 2 142.4 11 142.6 Bl 142.2 B4 141.9 B5 140.7 BS 142.4 15 141.9 17 140.9 11 142.8 15 143.7 IB 141.0 S 140.2 10 139.8 14 141.3 7 141.2 24 142.7 S9 141.5 5« 140.0 35 142.0 39 144.0 25 144.2 23 142.2 19 144.9 12 144.3 1« 144.2 IB 145.4 Iff 143.9 SO 143.3 30 145.2 22 143. 3 5 143.6 10 142. 4 7 137.4 9 141. 8 8 141. 9 e 142.9 4 146. 7 2 143. 2 4 Cases. 141.3 12 136.8 4 140.7 29 141.2 37 142.5 43 142.2 44 141.5 se 142.0 31 141.8 B8 142.5 21 143.0 23 144.1 17 141.2 11 140.9 17 140.5 BS 142.3 12 141.5 3S 143.1 50 141.7 82 141.2 54 142.6 59 144.2 44 ' 143.6 46 142.1 B9 143.4 23 144.7 40 143.7 19 145.3 42 144.6 43 143.1 52 143,9 4i 143.5 10 141.0 14 142. 1 9 139.6 10 140.8 IB 143. 1 14 141. 7 7 142.9 5 142.6 10 Cases. Coses. Owes. 1908 1907 1906 1905 1904 1903 1902 1901 1900 1899 1898 1897 1896 1895 1894 1893 1892 1891 1890 18S9 139. 7 5 137.4 3 139. 5 5 141.9 4 136.3 5 139.6 13 138. 2 4 142.5 14 138.7 18 142.5 1« 139.0 24 140.0 3 139.7 3 141.1 5 136.7 20 137.9 12 137.0 8 142.5 7 140.3 5 142.7 2 139. 7 5 137.4 » 139. 6 8 140.5 7 135. 7 ff 138.8 1« 139.8 7 141.8 17 139.3 24 140.6 B4 138.6 33 141. 2 4 139.8 5 140.8 8 137.1 12 138.3 19 136.6 11 140.8 10 140.8 7 139.6 ff 4-2.9 1888 1887 139.7 3 138.7 3 133. 1 136. 6 5 142.0 3 138. 3 3 141.2 ff 135. 6 137.6 9 145.0 1 140.0 B 140.3 3 139.0 2 138.9 7 135. 7 3 137.0 3 142, 2 138.0 4 -1-4.0 -1-1.6 +1.7 -1-5.9 -)-3.9 +3.5 1886 1885 1884 1883 1882 1881 1880 -1-2.6 1879 . . -f 5 3 1878 +2.3 1877 . . -1-1.2 1876 -1-1.3 1875 ; -1-2.5 1S74 -1-2.5 1873 +6.5 1872 +0.9 1871 +2.1 1870 +3.0 It appears from this table that the width of face of the foreign- bom is throughout greater than that of the American-born. Chapter V. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CHANGE OF TYPE, BASED ON FAMILY OBSERVATIONS. In order to overcome all possible influences of changes in the composition of the immigrant population it seems necessary to compare parents with their own children. If it can be shown that the differences between a parent and his child born abroad are not the same as the differences between a parent and his child born in America, the fact would seem to be established that an actual change of type, due to environment, takes place after immigration. In order to bring out this point, we have collected a large number of measurements of famihes, and we have compared the forms of the mothers and fathers with those of their own children. The details of this investigation are given in Tables XXVIII- XXXI of the Appendix (pp. 469-508) . Owing to the comparatively small number of cases in which measurements of parents and their own children have been obtained, the groups, fathers and own sons, fathers and own daughters, mothers and own sons, mothers and own daughters, are each rather small. It therefore seemed advisable, in order to bring out the results more clearly, to combiae these tables into a single table showiag differences between parents and children. These summarized tables are given on page 70 and more fully in Table 45. If d expresses the difference between parent and his own child of a certain age, if the particular age is iadicated by j, and / indicates foreign-born, and „ American-born, then the figures entered in. our table signify dt,f — dt,a In the second half of these summaries (Table 45) the observations for the dijfferent ages have been grouped together, and the measurements for the pairs of fathers and sons, fathers arid daughters, mothers and sons, mothers and daughters, have been kept separate. 58392°— VOL 38—11 117 118 The Immigration Commission. ::"!":::""::-"!!!::: — ::: 4. kiiiiiiiJ^Tiimiiiiiiiir , 1- 4 IW -IJ" i t — ^-- -- 4. -iZ : ~ ._ _ - ,? "-.., : :"' '-' ---- - -f- _ , ^^ lI 1 4 [TH T i^ 5-- - - _ -- T ---s--)--'^--' j _, — v-l-- — ^ -X--^|l-----r^ — - i ~r''^i<-'-------'--T----~- It ii' ■'" '-=,, " :" _ -- d*-'l .-,4^-^. — :z -" , ---'J ^^ , t ^•"_j ■" ^ ^ T il- i^--^. _:::^;!i;;::::;:::: 1 1 mm iMMrffHH ::^-.^^:::::::: ::::::: T" J. ^•!..:::i!:=^ ^ le a -_ j__"-^. 3 t~ -a. - — -■'"''" 1 J ^=.. - "' _i I^a, _,^ .__ 4+. .,__^ .....3^ -■s, t ;e .--'! '"■^ T' .;■-::■•:. . .--- - it ^» I, ;ii- -- -- r- _ ._!^, ii: __".-:;:-:::» :_ ,_ — x^t ^ ,*" - ■^^ t ^'^.•■- ""^ T. -^"s ^i _ ^£i^ ._:.!; ^^ <-i^ . _. -•-ut^ _ -- ^ --li^ ." I^ / -•---,,- - - _ _.^t 1_ :: :_.!!:2>__: ^^_ _ 1^^ . ►_ -.. t " ■'•. ^I • t ^ ' "^ :::ii : :_::.: _ . — >g r J _ _ . t,: I : ,.- ' r ^ > __ : .' *" ■" ^__»^^ 1 -- : . "^ t" _ '■* . ___ * - j;' : : :: : : - . A < " - - ,^ - . ^ _zi 1 7- ti --*.-. ..^- — __. . . _ / r -, N \ _:t -- Ivv ^ - z . z _.:_-:. l^siL.:.: ; -fe. -t ^.^_ •~, ti - -» - ^ -^ ., - I - --^t j; c -■•> - -I t~ -- ^ i -■-«._:: : ±._j X-:..::: *l e>^, OJ-UXJ ft k .-sa S s|8g « s S S .s .a .a f "^ 3 --■s.a'o «ss |l 5S^ 2i+ II ■** ■3-2 5 lS.fc .SJ! 3S Ai-.fl "S3 .SfS c P m (fl § C3 -f^ © Tt 3 f* ^i.s|g.5||,| -^-^aaS-aspa . ^ (U 03 J ^ U H-i< ■ f rt>U :: ===! ;:::......===, !.=====;;,.... .:,.......,-., ^5 -. s;'' — III :__:^_:_ ---^- - ;;_:::::_:::;:_ "i Vl ' ■ M \A ^z ;«..:;:: __ :::::?:.,:-::: "-:::::i :::::: .:..:5 2-:::::- ..,....:.. "2!. ::::;.?. H li ' n n \ i. \r\ ..i -zz ;:._:, i;_.; e; =^ ::;:..!;;;;:;.;. I- ■"; 's z.izzzzzzzzzzz.i r :-::"::::"■--:::_:_:::::::::;::: ::::::::??:::;: ::::::: :.;. iZ 1 : J T H-L /f H r _:! _ L_. - = = _;:;_ _.::::: i _ :::::: ; ::__ _;_:;.:__ :.:::::. •-. _:::;: — : :::.;:::::_:::::: j tzz - - -- - ;:::::::;:::_; _:_.;: -y--- — - - ---- -- -- 3 ;-; - ::: : ■ — - — __::_:_:: :_:::::::_ — _::: rj; ."";::::-::: - i-.-i.-zz " ~" :.::""::-- :. ~::":_ ; :;.: ;_:__;:;:::;_ ;:k : +J.0 + AO /o fj zo ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Bohemian. . , . , Hebrew. Sicilian. Neapolitan. 1 square=0.2 mm. ElG. 44.— Diflerence in length of head between parents and their own American-born and loreign-born children. In this diagram the difference in length of head between parent and his own American-born child is assumed as the norm and indicated by the zero Une. The difference in length of head between foreign- born child and its own parent differs from the corresponding difference between the Amencan-born child and its parent. This difference is plotted in the diagram. . , ^ , ^. , , It appears that on the average the excess for the Hebrew child has a considerable negative value; for the Sicilian and Neapolitan, a considerable positive value; while for the Bohemian the difference is rather small. This shows that the heads of American-bom Hebrew children mcrease considerably m length, while those of Sicilian and Neapolitan children decrease in length. 120 The Immigration Commission. + T - - 1 -T i::::::::::::; ::-:::::•:: :::::::::::::: -::::::::::::|::^:::::|:: ::::::::::::::: ■■■■■i s; : I XI :: ::: : i^; j :-f-;:::i:: :^::::::::::::: ^4__::=.,j_,t ^..-^ f=>«i- 1 -C jt-t t' ■» 1 — ^ >| r---\-i^ :::::::::::::V;::E^::::i: :::::::::::::::: [Ml- ti L 1 WJ i \ml 1 m \\\\\W m WJJ Jl ' Itim ! / .; i *_si__4. L T'H'l ! LU-mm ' UtiT EEEEEEEEE;;h| E^EEEEEEHE <=;EEEEEEEEEEE Ihtl 1 ml m kffl i M — 5^_ — 4, i__j. ::::::: : i^::;^: ::;::ii:l3::::::-::::-: .__________-_l^ . .__ s,------------ ::::::::::::::: ::::^^!^:i::i::::^^::::::::: ::::::::::::::-::--^::l:::::.-::::::::: :::::::::::::! ^ril::-::::^--:-::: -y ---i x-^l :::::::::::;; :^i:z-::::::i;q:::::::::::::: ::^^::::-=-:!::::::::::l::L::::::::::::: *l ^ «N^ SB a o ^ ^ C3d a o eg 3 5 a- 05 a) S3 3S m d 2 OS ST) ^^ C3 O ^ r^ ffi ^ •S -2 a ill (O H g (-1 ^ O a a^ a> a 9 E a_, S g « •S3 S-oZ^S ■S ^a°Sa to SStoB^ a -w i, >- a JS w ■a 83 ® c « 2 ca a-«jj M-a "7 asS«a o hH.4 t>HH W)P( +^£ i 03 .Cf o!iz; S OJ § J ^ « ff a n n in Iz; a ^ « I Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 121 ::::::::::::::::::::: = ===;^-==: = r = = == ::i^::::::::i: ::::::: .^.. _ _ :^:±::::::::::::::::: 7 . ^ ^ - - - - \ "< » ^^r-- -- ^ : ^>j: > ^'" ^*l;' " " _!v_.. _i!_^^ !_:5; :_ . "^ ^5. - -:::i — : : — ^ V •-t^. k . A ^ - -. - ^s -'- --'''^' ~ .L. ___ I — ';? :-■ U ,-' ^^t~- ,--' ' ' ^?-_ ,^-' . \ ^ ?_4-,=- __ ' H j= J,.^"' ~ - t ± ^y' r» r !, + ^ ^ Z __ . T.^-^"- L.. J, _ i. VS.. ^^S, - =:, : 2 ."N,. _,£__ _ ^^ _ -^ ._>. _-,, -^__ / / 7 _r : J / _ -^ i _ Z / v" 1 ■ „ iZ /.- ^: ::>: — s *'^ _ _ ^ -- % > !.^- ~ 5" ~ ' i: V S ^^, % ' »_ k. •• ^ k V. y :i. Zj, j__- — :2 -.-• " ' i ^^ -,^^e' _._ _: 1 2 - _ .5'' - ■I ^ «-' _: --\%. tf -:' i: ___^__^ , _ :: : _ n ^7 j\. . S. J C ■ '^>-- I ^ ,! - • ^ :__ .:>»__. _-_ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ *"s- >- !» s.- ; _7 r _. . , *^ , J ->H ----- ► J ±2 -^' f _ MIIIIIMI -+--h ,^n_ ■■1 ; :•._: o ^ +1' 1-9 fi S fi o 2 g|a So 3fl 2 "iriB ■§■§1 t m M b ;z; ■? 122 The Immigration Commission. at! ■s as o O 01 aa ^ III ^ '^ e3.S E a a ■a Sfl,i.:_ ■ * - ^2- ^ "" • .jii _3Z"" : .^^ X ^ -' , ^ __ ™__j' ^t-i / r X- i, ' tj.- 17 ~ ~ ~ - 4- -l -^Z- T- i .' . .'7 / IC- ± ._.- nZ'^.y / 1 - 2,^_;z:_^. 2 ■•^ztz t- a^lSI a ^- X i-t / 7 - 2-,U L t _ _ _ Ut-Tt -*- . — J ij _j ^ ^t'^ 7^,^ i t3 7-^^ ^ -.^Vt- - - j!_Zv - - - r^'-^ JM -t i Z-.t '^2 __ ^L__ JI_ 1 f 1 _ IE _ . Fig. 48.— Relation between stature and maturity. Scale, 1 square=0.5 cm. Heavy lines Indicate foreign-bom; light lines, American-bom. The curves of this diagram show the statures of individuals of infantile type (P. I), of adolescent type (P II), and of mature type (P. III). The diagram shows the great differences in stature among Indi- viduals of different grades of maturity. In each of the three groups the American-bom are taller than the foreign-born. The apparent drop In stature at 15 years for the infantile and adolescent groups is due to the fact that these two groups contain excessively relOT4ed lndividual.s only. 132 The Immigration Commission. 46.0 4-0.0 36,0 3ao Z6.0 2 r It .: Ll Jt - '«■ ~ ~~ , J ^ 1 , T •7 -/■-■* "v 7 / ^ " E~ ji ~ -; ^t%^ 1 ^Z -i! ^ ' ' ^^ t ^'^Xzi\ :2- _ ^'^ ■ ^Er 1 L ■ T. 'L f_ -^ ^[_. _i "? '■" '^ Is i L .^ ^ Z \ , z__,i: /^i^^r ± 1 — z ^' v^ I s '^ --' v" -^-^^i %^ 5 r-' ^ 2^ CI-Cl:- 1-' >■• -- Z^ ^ C ,2 ,-:^_ __/:: __ ^ J -•'^ : ri"^ ^7 ^/ jlIa ^^ / tL ^^-^^^ itX^^^"^-- : - -_ : J 7^" _. ^L ll f--A^ ^2 ^2__ ^ : Y H^ ' /O // /2 /3 /4 /J Fig. 49.— Relation between weight and maturity. Scale, 1 squar6=0.S kg. Heavy lines indicate foreign-bom; light lines, AmeriCan-bom. The curves ol this diagram show the weights in kilograms of individuals of infantile type (P. I), of adolescent type (P. II), and of mature type (P. III). On the whole the American-bom is sUghtly heavier than the foreign-bom. The apparent drop in weight at 15 years for the infantile and adolescent groups is due to tlie fact that these two groups contain excessively retarded individuals only. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 133 _____ __ ^--5C(-]I ioO.O ■ ~ 1/~ _i_ -I __::_:::__- : z; _^^ l ^ : jj^!:^__^^^ _^ _______ — _^__*_^ ^f. --^ -t-^V^ ..l»-FP - : _: :_:^:- ^z-z^bs.^ vv- _ ^:: — :__ i-Ti^ 3^ .. "^^ /*«^F ■f ^^Yi --■ ._-_- ifr n * " ^ ^ ^ — " ■'" _,^^ ■fjLT^ _^ ^' i N *" —— — ■.— —•" ^t|Lr: ^■f/? y7 --^ -ii_:t. /Oi/.€/ - - ^.•' ---= "ti"" : ^-' . -/■j/ fy ^ . . ., i; .y.. _ .. f'^/.O ^ ^ ,*' ^'" iPEl 3'^9 ^ . . /tJyC. O ,' c^ - ^~. . ..?^'' -'--...f 7- , /■f/9/? /I ,<...' /UU.U 7 i^: 3 -,-^^- - I-, ^^ ._ ■/AT' A . ,-_'' _. J^ ftU -\ - - I " : • /y/j)/9 1-- . t • i. > /---*' -^-^ ^C5 ..r_j > ^- ^^ ^-^ ^ V - ^ *■ «^ • ^^^ ■TT"T ^7 = "—- \i-^;:" Iu3^ S ■- y"^ ^k- - >!^ __ _ _ Ji- -- __ _ ^ .- -+- _5 -4-fF- 7 r J . 1 /B.^ -^^ '^^lU 3*^ ^' ^>. ^•' -:' -^-^ ^~ ■ ■ :::::J::!^^::::::::::: ::+:+--- v;v S " "* " =• - " 1^ ^ " ^ - - » '*'"•• ■ — al ^ /(^ // /2 /3 /4 /5 Foreign-born, P. III. American-born, P^ III. Foreign-born, P. II. American-born, P. II Foreign-born P. I. AmericaD-bom, P. I. Fig. 53. — Relation between color of hair and maturity. The curves of this diagram show that the color of hair of American-bom is throughout a little lighter than that of the foreign-bom, but that no material differences occur according to stage of maturity. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 137 of development. This shows clearly that the greater size of American- born children is not entirely due to an acceleration of development. The head measurements show also the same typical differences for all stages of maturity. According to the data contamed in this table, the beginning of Eubescence occurs very nearly at the same time among American orn and foreign born, while maturity among the American bom may be reached slightly earlier than among the foreign born, but the difference in period seems to be trilling. On the other hand, the differences in measurements persist, and these differences are so great that they can not be accounted for by the small differences in rapidity of physiological development. These facts, therefore, seem to support our conclusion that the difference between the two types is not due to the rapidity of development, but to other causes. The actual decrease in the transversal diameters of the head and in those of the face can in no way be accounted for by acceleration of develop- ment. GROWTH OF THE HEAD. The discussions contained on page 104 etseq. are based on a detailed study of the growth of head measurements. The results of this investigation are given in the following pages. Average bate of change of cephalic index. — The change of the cephahc index is so sUght that up to the present time there has been no accord among investigators in regard to the question whether there is a change (decrease or increase) and whether the same changes take place in all different types of man. For the purpose of a discussion of our material, we will assume that the change in the cephalic index proceeds at the same rate until the adult stage is reached, and we will first consider only the material collected for the present investigation. It will be shown later on that the measurements of foreign-born and American-born individuals show certain typical differences. In the following table these measurements have been combined, the American born being reduced to the foreign-born type by adding the typical difference between the two groups (see p. 70). Table 50, on the following page, shows the observations on cephalic index of males and females: If the value of the average for any particular year is called Ct, we may say Ct = a + U, where t is assumed to be measured from the average age of the series and where a and h are certain constants. It follows — if we indicate averages by brackets — that [ct] = a [ctt\ = Wl The constants a and h have been determined in this manner. 138 The Immigration Commission. Table 50. — Cephalic index, according to age. 1. MALES. Age. Boliemian. Slovak and Hungarian. Pole. Hebrew. Sic lian. Neapoli- tan. 3 years., 4 years., 5 years., 6 years-, 7 years., 8 years., 9 years. 10 years., 11 years., 12 years., 13 years., 14 years., 15 years., 16 years. , 17 years. 18 years. 19 years. 20 years. 21 years., 22 years - 23 years. 24 years. 25 years 26year3 and over. Cases. Cases. Cases. 85. 1 10 85. 8 sr 86. 7 4S 86. 6 4S 87. 2 4« 86. 1 iS 85.3 85.6 80.1 84.9 86.3 84.7 84.5 85.1 85.9 85.6 84.0 86.9 86.2 87.0 87.1 85.3 86.0 86.6 83.7 83.2 84.7 82.5 85.4 79.0 85.3 87.3 83.3 84. & 84.2 83.3 8.3. 6 81.3 84.3 84.8 e as 84.6 86.4 85.7 83.3 86.8 86.2 81.7 85.3 83.9 84.0 85.0 85.4 85.0 84.7 84.8 84.8 84.5 84.5 84.4 84.4 84.2 84.0 SB9 81.5 2 83.6 83.0 82.7 83.1 i77 SSI 73 J>0 m 37 85.0 84.2 81.9 81.1 82.4 83.0 = 3.64. and the variability of children approximately v=6A3 + 0.22d, where d represents the difference between the parents. Another possible explanation of the change in type of the descend- ants of immigrants should be considered. Such a difference between the type of Anaerican-born descendants of immigrants and the foreign- Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 155 born would develop in case there should be any mixture with Ameri- cans which is not revealed in the marriage relations. If this should actually be the case, a considerable number of instances must occur in wliich the alleged father of the child is not the real father. Accord- ing to the laws of heredity, an occurrence of tliis kind would be expressed by a low coefficient of correlation between fathers and children; and the calculation of some material of this kind which I collected years ago on the North American Indians has shown that iUegitimacy of descent can easily be detected by biometrical methods." The sociological conditions of the immigrants in New York do not make it in the least probable that such conditions prevail here. Never- theless it seemed necessary to make the test. For this purpose I have collected the correlation in head-form and color of hair among the Hebrews for the groups of foreign-born and American-born fathers and sons, fathers and daughters, mothers and sons, mothers and daughters. The calculation is not quite simple, on account of the phenomena of growth, and the following method was adopted. If the measure- ment of a parent is caUed X, that of a child of a certain age Y, and the difference between the type of the parent and the type of the child of a certain age d, [{x-Yy\=[{d+x-yy] = d^ + [{x-yY]. The weight to be given to [{x-yY] must be n- 1, because the num- ber of cases in each group is very small. By calculating tliis value for each year, a general average may be obtained, which has been used as a basis for the calculation of the coefficient of correlation. Our tables show that in aU the head-measurements the variabUities may be considered as constant for the whole series from 5 years up to the adult stage, the variations being very small and irregular. If we call these variabilities for parent and child a^ and Oy, we may therefore say [{x-yy]=^o,' + a,/-2[xy] and [xy] = Uo.' + ) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMEEICAN-BORN. Aee fvears^ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15 mm. 1 132 1 1 134 135 1 1 2 1 1 4 3 1 1 2 1 3 4 1 2 1 2 2 ...... 2 1 1 1^7 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 3 • "4' 2 3 6 3 3 2 ■' i' 2 1 3 3 139 1 3 4 2 1 1 2 14 9 9 9 7 11 10 12 5 6 12 5 6 ""2 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 140 ' "i" 3 1 2 2 I 3 7 '""i 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 4 """4" 4 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 5 1 5 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 6 7 8 9 6 14 11 12 3 13 15 4 5 6 8 3 1 2 2 1 3 6 3 4 6 5 12 10 10 7 6 9 9 6 6 4 3 4 6 1 2 1 142 3 2 2 3 9 5 8 10 13 9 11 8 9 6 8 2 1 6 1 ...... 1 1 4 1 2 6 4 5 10 6 5 6 3 2 2 143 1 1 144 1 145 2 1 5 147 i 1 2 148 1 3 5 5 1 1 153 2 155 1 2 156 . 1 2 2 1 2 6 158 2 3 1 2 1 ...... 165 • - -- "l 1 1 166 1 1 1 144.6 144.9 ±5.5 35 146.4 ±4.5 38 147.7 ±6.2 39 149.3 ±5.8 41 148.0 ±5.1 41 149.1 ±5.3 143 149.8 ±5.2 123 160.5 ±6.8 142 151.2 ±4.5 120 151.6 ±6.3 78 151.4 ±6.9 9 46 58392°— VOL 38—11- -13 182 The Immigration Commission. Table I. — Orowth of Bohemian males — Continued. 4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued. (&) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMEEICAN-BOEN— Continued. Aee f years) 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. 26 and over. mm. 140 1 1 141 142 144 145 1 1 146 1 1 147 . 1 i 148 1 1 149 2 150 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 7 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 151 1 1 1 ""'i' 1 1 2 1 1 152 » 5 153 3 154 4 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 166 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 "i 5 156 2" 1 3 1 1 3 1 157 6 168 1 159 1 1 1 8 160 i' 2 1 1 1 1 i' 2 1 1 4 2 1 1 6 162 2 163 . 1 1 1 1 164 1 3 165 .... 1 166 2 1 167 ' 168 1 1 169 170 171 1 Average 165.8 ±4.6 23 165.7 ±4.4 28 158.9 169.2 159.2 165.7 160.2 166.2 165.5 167.6 156 6 ±6.2 Cases 9 11 8 13 5 13 6 11 60 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 183 Table I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued. 5. CEPHALIC INDEX. (a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 75 2 1 76 77 78 1 79 1 go 1 1 1 X 1 3 3 ...... 1 1 1 81 ffi 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 ...... 1 1 2 3 83 84 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 85 86 1 2 1 1 4 5 2 1 87 88 2 1 1 2 2 89 90 1 1 1 91 1 2 1 93 94 1 1 Average. 84.0 1 92.6 2 88.6 5 87.0 4 87.2 4 86.6 7 85.8 9 86.9 15 85.4 9 83.2 17 85.8 19 85.5 4 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. 71 . .. 2 72 73 2 2 74 1 75 1 76 1 3 5 1 1 2 8 1 2 19 1 1 33 81 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 40 82 1 1 1 1 2 2 ...... 40 83 1 1 49 1- 2 1 49 85 1 1 1 1 1 63 1 1 39 87 - .. 1 1 1 1 39 88 1 1 23 1 1 1 20 90 1 4 91 1 6 92 1 93 1 1 94 1 1 1 1 83.3 87.0 88.5 85.2 81.9 84.4 83.0 81.3 88.0 86.2 83.8 ±3.4 Cases 3 2 4 4 8 5 g 6 5 14 450 184 The Immigration Commission. Table I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued. 5. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued. (6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BORN. Ase (vearsl . 4. 5. 6 7 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 72 73 74 1 1 75 1 2 3 8 11 16 10 18 17 15 12 13 3 3 3 1 1 1 76 7 8 6 8 18 14 16 7 8 8 5 6 5 1 1 3 3 3 6 5 10 11 9 6 7 7 2 2 ""2 77 1 1 3 5 4 11 12 18 23 14 15 10 8 8 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 9 7 10 11 7 17 18 16 7 8 4 1 1 78 1 2 2 ..... 3 3 4 4 2 3 4 3 1 79 1 4 1 2 3 3 2 7 4 4 2 1 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 5 5 2 3 2 4 1 1 5 80 1 1 3 2 7 5 3 5 3 3 1 1 2 6 5 81 3 82 4 83 2 1 5 84 5 85 10 2 4 3 2 3 5 86 2 87 2 1 1 3 88 3 89 3 2 3 1 1 91 1 92 1 3 1 93 94 95 96 2 Average 84.3 84.3 ±3.9 35 85.3 ±3.0 38 85.5 ±3.7 39 86.2 ±4.1 41 84.9 ±3.6 41 84.7 ±3.5 143 84.6 ±3.3 123 85.3 ±3.6 142 84.2 ±3.5 120 84.1 ±3.4 78 84 ±3.5 9 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 over. 75 1 76 1 77 1 1 1 78 1 79 1 1 5 1 4 4 1 1 1 80 2 1 4 1 5 4 1 1 2 """i' 2 81 2 1 1 1 2 2 82 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 ""i" ' i' 10 7 83 1 1 3 2 3 1 1 84 . 3 2 1 6 2 3 • 2 1 1 86 2 1 6 2 1 87 2 2 1 1 4 88 1 1 2 2 89 2 1 1 90 91 1 1 3 92 1 2 93 94 95 96 Average 84.4 ±2.8 23 84.2 ±3.4 28 86.2 84.8 85.6 82.3 81.4 82.9 83. S 84.5 84.4 ±4.0 60 Cases g 11 8 13 S 13 6 11 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 185 Table I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued. 6. WIDTH OF FACE. (a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOEEIGN-BOEN. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. mm. 112 1 113 1 ... 114 115 1 116 1 1 117 1 1 ...... 1 ...... 1 118 119 1 - 120 1 1 1 1 1 1 121 2 ""2 1 1 122 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 ""'i' 1 1 2 3 1 123 124 125 1 1 1 1 126 1 127 ""2 1 1 2 2 1 1 "i' 1 1 1 128 1 1 1 2 1 1 5 3 1 2 129 1 1 130 2 132 .- 133 1 1 1 134 135 1 1 136 137 2 1 139 1 117.0 1 116.5 2 119.0 5 119.8 4 120.8 4 122.4 7 125.6 9 127.3 15 128.4 9 128.5 17 131.2 19 132.5 4 * 186 The Immigration Commission. Table I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Contiaued, 6. WIDTH OP FACE— Continued, (a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOEEIGN-BOEN— Continued. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20, 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 126 1 127 1 128 1 2 129 1 1 3 1 1 5 131 1 2 132 1 1 7 133 7 134 . 1 8 135 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 136 1 16 137 1 1 1 1 1 2 29 138 1 1 1 22 139 1 1 1 19 140 1 28 141 1 1 2 1 22 142 1 26 143 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 31 144 1 22 2 29 146 1 1 1 23 1 26 148 1 1 1 24 12 18 151 17 152 1 16 153 6 5 « 156 6 3 158 1 159 1 131.7 139.5 143.2 138.0 136.5 138.4 142.8 139.0 136.8 141.9 143 ±6.1 3 2 4 4 8 5 9 6 S 14 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 187 Table I. — Grqwih of Bohemian males — Continued. 6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued. (6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMEBICAN-BOEN. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. mm. 2 1 4 2 3 3 4 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 109 1 1 1 ""2 3 4 1 4 1 6 6 3 ""2 1 1 1 111 1 1 3 3 1 4 3 9 4 3 1 2 2 2 "'i' 1 1 """i" 2 2 2 6 3 7 2 5 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 114 1 1 1 3 6 5 12 8 13 11 11 15 6 5 7 7 3 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 116 ""2 5 1 7 3 4 3 5 1 1 ■ 3 1 5 10 8 11 14 10 7 12 18 6 6 9 8 5 3 4 1 2 3 2 6 6 6 13 9 9 13 10 10 12 8 10 3 ""s 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 U7 1 1 1 120 9 2 7 9 6 8 4 9 7 11 8 10 8 9 4 2 '"'i' ...... 1 1 3 1 1 2 5 10 6 10 5 3 7 10 1 6 2 2 2 121 2 122 4 123 2 124 2 1 126 1 4 128 2 129 2 1 2 4 5 133 1 2 4 4 136 2 133 2 2 139 1 1 i 116.7 115.8 ±4.3 35 118.4 ±4.5 38 118.3 ±4.0 39 120.4 ±3.8 41 121.6 ±4.2 41 123.5 ±4.6 143 124.6 ±4.2 123 125.9 ±5.0 142 127.5 ±5.1 120 128.5 ±4.5 78 129.1 9 188 The Immigration Commission. Table I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued. 6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued. (6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN— Continued. Age (ved-TS).. . 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 121 2 1 122 123 124 1 125 1 126 1 127 1 1 12S 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 5 2 1 1 2 1 1 129 . . 1 1 130 1 3 131 1 1 1 132 1 2 1 1 133 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 134 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 "'i' 1 3 1 1 1 2 ""i' 1 1 ...... 3 135 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 136 5 137 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 4 138 7 139 1 1 1 4 140 5 141 6 142 1 1 143.. 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 145 1 8 146 2 147 1 1 1 148 1 1 1 149 150 l' 132.5 ±6.3 23 135.9 ±4.8 28 139.7 ±4.1 9 137.0 140.4 137.9 137.4 136.8 137.2 137.9 139 2 ±4.7 11 8 13 5 13 6 11 60 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 189 Table I. — Growth of Bohemian males — Continued. 7. COLOR OP HAIR. (a) COLOR or HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN. Age (years). 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. No. of hair color. 1 4 2 32 3.. 47 4 1 3 2 2 1 1 48 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ■■"i" 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 58 6 1 1 3 4 1 2 3 1 43 7 1 1 1 2 1 33 g 1 2 2 21 9 1 27 10 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 ..... 13 11 2 4 1 2 1 1 1 44 12 13 2 14 . 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 2 1 6 15 1 1 1 1 5 16.. 3 1 1 6 17 1 2 18 1 19.. 2 Absolute average... 17.9 17.1 16.3 13.1 17.5 14.8 14.6 15.6 13.5 14.0 12.7 10.3 11.7 13.6 9.8 12.1 10.3 ±3.9 cH1m9; 1 2 5 4 4 7 9 15 9 17 19 4 3 2 4 4 391 3 (6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years). 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. No. of hair color. 1 1 1 5 9 17 11 17 15 27 8 5 6 3 8 4 1 3 3 1 1 1 2 4 3 3 12 3 1 "i' ..... 4 3 2 10 1 1 5 2 4 6 4 5 2 1 4 12 15 15 16 13 19 2 4 5 8 5 ..... 2 4 5 6 14 19 20 14 16 5 5 10 9 9 2 3 ■3 8 7 13 15 8 11 23 3 4 7 6 5 3 4 8 7 5 9 11 4 9 12 1 4 3 4 1 7 6 8 4 1 1 6 2 1 2 2 ■■■3' 1 1 1 "2 1 8 4 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 9 16 5 ..... 1 1 2 5 9 1 2 3 1 3 15 10 12 7 2 "'3' 1 "i' 1 1 1 8 8 1 13 9 b 10 6 11 2 11 1 13 2 3 4 4 1 1 2 2 5 5 1 2 2 2 5 3 2 6 7 1 1 ..... 2 2 2 2 3 ..... 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 14 1 1 4 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22 1 Absolute average... c CaseslJo io' 16.2 ■■■■9 15.4 ±3.1 34 1 16.2 ±2.7 34 15.2 ±3.2 38 16.1 ±3.1 39 14.4 ±3.3 37 14.1 ±2.7 138 1 13.7 ±2.6 121 1 14.1 ±2.6 140 1 13.8 ±3.0 119 1 12.6 ±3.2 78 12.7 ±2.8 41 1 11.8 ±2.9 19 1 12.1 ±4.8 27 1 11.3 ""9 13.2 ■"io 10.6 ±3.8 108 190 The Immigration Commission. Table II. — Growth of Bohemian females. 1. STATURE. (a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN. Age (years) 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. cm. 92-93. 1 94-95 96-97 1 98-99 1 1 100-101. . 102-103 104-105 1 106-107. . 1 2 1 1 108-109 110-111 1 112-113 1 1 1 114-115 116-117 1 118-119 1 1 120-121 2 1 2 122-123 1 124-125 126-127 1 1 128-129 1 1 130-131 1 1 132-133 1 1 1 ""i' 1 1 1 2 1 3 134-135. . . 136-137 1 1 138-139 z 140-141 142-143 1 1 1 1 1 144-145 1 146-147 148-149 150-151 1 152-153 1 1 164-155 1 156-167 1 1 158-159 160-161 1 "'i' 1 162-163 1 164-165 166-167 1 168-169 Average 96.0 2 104.2 5 112.0 6 116.0 4 120.0 2 123.7 6 131.7 7 133.3 6 138.2 8 145.6 8 160.0 1 157.0 2 160.3 3 160.8 Age (vears). . 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. cm. 156 167 167 158 161 162 163 165 168 180 cm. 149 153 154 156 169 161 162 164 165 166 170 cm. 163 153 164 165 166 165 166 166 166 169 162 168 176 cm. 152 163 153 154 166 167 160 161 162 163 170 171 cm. 151 151 152 165 156 158 159 159 160 163 164 166 172 cm. 153 163 153 166 167 160 160 162 163 163 166 169 171 cm. 149 151 161 152 154 164 166 157 157 158 158 169 169 166 cm. 143 160 153 156 156 157 160 161 166 167 168 cm. Oases. 110—1 115—1 138— 2 139— 2 142—2 144^ 4 145— 4 146—3 147—10 148—21 149—12 160—20 161—25 162—24 153—40 154—28 165—42 156—34 167—32 cm. Oases. 158—41 159—40 160—33 161—28 162—25 163—20 164-15 165—14 166—14 167—10 168—13 169—3 170-6 171—3 172— 1 173— 1 175—2 177— 1 185—1 162.7 169.9 168.2 169.3 168.9 160.3 166.7 167.9 ±6.0 ^00 Cases 10 11 13 12 13 13 14 11 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 191 Table II. — Growth of Bohemian females — Continued. 1. STATURE— Continued. (6) STATUBE OP AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12 cm. 95 <>3 96 1 97 98 1 1 1 7 1 3 6 5 2 2 1 1 1 3 4 2 99 . 100 . 1 101 ' . . •■ 102 . 1 1 103 3 2 5 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 6 1 '5' 3 1 2 2 4 4 2 1 3 105 106 107 108 109 1 1 3 3 1 3 4 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 115 1 3 1 2 1 119 1 3 1 4 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 4 1 1 120 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 "'i' cl 1 1 1 1 ""2 2 3 4 2 2 3 1 4 2 2 1 129 1 1 1 132 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 i 14,1 5 1 1 6 .... 1 3 1 1 3 147;;;:::;:::::;::; 3 2 148 1 1 150 — 151 — 1 1 2 1 1 154 155 "■'i' i 61 1 ) WEIGHT OF AMERICAN-BOEN. Age (years) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. kgm. 20-21 7 18 27 17 12 7 3 1 3 1 10 19 33 47 44 39 15 6 1 3 2 22-23 2 5 1 2 1 9 39 30 52 49 44 23 17 11 9 3 2 1 2 1 12 41 39 63 67 48 32 22 13 12 4 1 3 1 1 1 2 24-25 4 6 16 39 49 43 46 26 24 20 19 16 4 4 4 4 26-27.. . . 1 4 13 16 26 33 37 36 33 29 21 23 13 8 10 6 5 2 28-29 2 3 6 10 14 20 22 19 18 23 18 8 11 10 6 3 2 2 i' 30-31 32-33 34^35 1 36-37 1 38-39 1 40-41 1 42-43 1 44-45 1 46-47... 2 48-49 60-51 2 52-63 1 1 54-55 1 1 66-67 3 68-69 60-61 62-63 64-66 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 66-67 68-69 70-71 72-73 2 74-76 76-77 78-79 80-81 1 26.4 26.0 ±3.8 96 27.9 ±4.5 221 30.8 ±6.2 293 33.1 ±5.4 343 37.1 ±7.0 328 42.3 ±7.8 322 44.6 ±7.8 200 49.1 ±a6 17 11 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 249 Table VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Coutinued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD. ((I) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN. Age (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. mm. 156 1 157 158 159 160 1 1 1 161 162 1 1 ■ 163 164 1 2 1 165 1 166 1 1 2 1 a 2 1 1 3 2 1 .... 2 1 2 1 1 1 ..... 2 4 5 6 4 1 8 10 7 9 3 5 4 2 1 2 3 1 """i" 4 2 2 3 6 3 7 14 10 8 8 5 12 8 2 5 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 ■"'4" 1 6 4 5 8 6 7 11 11 8 8 7 7 8 7 7 4 4 1 2 2 1 "i' 1 167 1 1 1 4 1 "2 1 1 "3" ""l" 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 6 2 4 5 6 6 4 2 1 .... i 1 2 1 168 169 1 3 3 5 3 5 11 9 11 1 7 18 12 5 6 10 6 3 3 4 5 1 1 170 3 1 4 6 5 8 3 7 12 6 4 4 8 7 8 5 6 6 5 2 3 2 2 1 1 , 2 1 171 172 ..... 3 1 5 5 3 6 6 7 7 4 3 2 3 5 8 6 4 2 3 2 1 1 173 1 174 1 175 1 1 176 ... 1 177 1 3 ■■3' 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 3 2 179 1 2 ""i' 180 1 2 6 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 """i" 1 5 1 3 181 182 2 1 2 1 184 3 185 1 187 1 1 2 ■3 1 2 1 1 2 4 188 2 189 . 1 190 1 191 2 192 1 2 1 1 193. 1 1 194 2 195 1 196 .. .. 3 1 197 1 1 199 1 200 1 1 202 204 205 206 207 209 210 Average 169.9 ±6.0 18 171.8 ±4 3 16 173.3 ±6.1 18 174.9 ±6.1 27 176.5 ±5.7 51 176.3 ±6.3 S3 178.0 ±5,9 115 178.1 ±5.7 133 179.3 ±5.4 137 180.9 ±6.9 120 182.9 ±6.7 94 183.1 ±5.6 36 183.6 ±6.6 25 186.6 ±6.2 22 185.1 ±6.2 31 250 The Immigration Commission. Table VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued. (a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOKEIGN-BORN— Continued. Age Cvearsl 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26-49. 50-54. 55-59. 60-64. 65-69. 70-74. 75-80. mm. 166 1 167 168 169 170 1 3 2 2 2 5 4 171. .. 2 1 172 • 1 173 1 "i' 174 175 1 1 2 176 1 1 1 177 1 1 1 2 1 9 7 9 25 7 20 30 24 31 25 31 37 31 33 22 21 22 10 17 7 10 8 4 6 5 5 2 178 1 1 179 2 180 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 6 1 1 1 3 ..... 1 2 2 2 1 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 7 1 1 '"2 ""2 3 1 1 1 6 4 1 5 2 2 1 3 2 1 7 """i' 1 2 1 1 ""2 1 181 5 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 2 "2 2 4 4 '"2 4 2 182 4 183 3 1 4 3 5 1 2 2 186 4 3 2 1 2 1 ...... 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 188 1 190. .. 191 1 1 1 1 1 1 192 1 1 1 193 1 1 2 1 1 1 195. . 1 2 1 196 2 1 198 1 1 1 1 199 1 1 1 1 1 200 1 201 1 202 2 203 1 1 205 2 206 209 . . 210 1 1 Average 185.6 ±0.1 34 180.8 ±5.7 29 186.2 ±7.5 33 188.5 ±6.4 29 187.4 ±5.9 30 187.8 ±6.9 32 187.5 ±6.3 470 186.6 ±6.0 45 189.4 ±6.9 30 186,5 184.8 195.5 isl 5 2 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 251 Table VII. — Growth of Hebrew males — Continued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued. (b) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. mm. 156 1 157 158 1 1 159 1 1 160.. 1 161 2 1 162. 2 "i" 163 1 1 1 1 1 3 164 3 2 1 1 165 1 1 '"'i' 1 4 2 5 7 12 10 9 7 12 11 2 8 15 13 3 2 8 "'i' 4 2 '"'2" 2 4 8 10 6 9 14 18 16 26 16 14 25 20 11 9 11 17 16 3 4 4 3 4 2 1. 2 ■"3" 3 5 6 6 12 13 13 19 23 14 15 17 28 19 30 13 13 28 10 6 6 7 4 5 4 1 166 2 5 1 5 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 ■"■3 1 1 4 2 167 1 5 3 5 4 5 5 3 7 2 1 3 1 168 2 2 6 3 6 12 15 22 22 21 27 23 30 28 21 21 13 27 21 15 11 4 11 8 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 3 6 10 5 10 11 6 17 18 26 18 28 35 30 20 26 22 14 10 7 11 6 5 3 1 1 5 1 "i 2 3 3 6 9 15 11 14 18 21 20 15 16 28 23 23 24 20 7 7 12 6 ]7 8 4 6 6 3 3 3 1 1 1 169 2 2 3 5 6 6 5 3 2 4 4 4 2 6 3 1 8 3 9 5 3 5 3 2 3 6 ""2 2 1 170 1 1 1 171 172. 173 1 2 3 4 2 2 I 10 9 10 20 17 17 18 14 11 19 16 8 7 6 8 4 1 5 174 175 1 1 1 2 176 177 178 1 179. 1 180 2 ""3' 4 2 1 3 4 3 1 3 4 181. 2 1 2 2 1 182 1 ..... 1 2 1 183. 1 184 185. .. 1 186 1 1 ..... 1 187. .-. 2 1 188 1 1 ..... 189 190 1 191 1 192 1 2 1 193 194 1 195 i 1 1 1 2 196 197 2 198 3 2 1 1 199 1 200 1 1 201. i 202 1 1 2 t Average ) WEIGHT OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years). 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. T- . 2 1 23 24 1 1 1 2 5 4 2 8 1 2 2 3 1 1 25 2 2 1 3 3 1 3 8' 9 3 5 3 4 3 1 26 27 3 1 28 1 29 1 30 2 3 31 1 1 1 32 33 4 3 3 1 34 35 1 36 *•' % 2 1 3 37 38 1 2 1 1 2 41 2 3 1 1 43 . 1 44. , 1 1 1 2 1 46 1 47 1 48 1 1 1 50 51 1 53 54 1 1 65 66 58 1 27.0 ±2.2 6 27.3 ±5.6 7 30.1 ±5.0 37 32.3 ±3.7 49 36.8 ±6.2 29 40.5 ±6.2 18 41.4 ±7.5 6 56.0 2 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 279 Table IX. — Orowth of Sicilian males — Continued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD. (o) LENGTH OF HEAD OP FOREIGN-BORN. Age (years). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. mm. 163 1 164 165 1 166 1 167 1 168 1 1 1 1 169 170 1 1 i" 1 2 2 1 6 2 2 i' 5 2 1 1 1 171 -. 1 1 1 1 2 i" 1 2 3 3 4 2 1 5 4 4 4 i' 5 1 3 1 i' 1 172 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 173 1 1 2 174 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 8 4 8 6 3 6 3" 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 4 7 6 3 5 6 3 8 6 4 7 5 3 3 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 175 176 2 2 3 3 4 2 3 3 2 3 4 i' 3 2" 1 1 .3 3 1 1 177 1 1 6 3 5' 2 3 2 5 3 2 3 4 2 1 1 i' 178 2 3 2 1 180 181 1 2 2 182 1 2 183 2 1 184 2 185 1 1 i" 3 186 2 1 187 188 1 i' 1 1 189 190 191 2 1 192 1 2 193 1 194 1 3 196 1 1 197 2 198 2 1 1 1 1 199 1 200 • 1 201 202 203 204 205 "... 206 207 208 209 176.6 ±4.9 11 177.6 ±5.9 16 178.8 ±6.2 17 179.5 ±4.9 36 181.4 ±6.0 19 180.2 ±5.5 31 182.1 ±5.5 48 183.7 ±5.4 62 184.0 ±6.3 90 185.3 ±5.7 49 187.3 ±7 9 33 280 The Immigration Commission. Table IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued. (a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOEEIGN-BOBN— Continued. Age (years). 16 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. 163 164 165 « 166 167 168 . . 169 170 171 172 173 1 174 1 175 176 1 2 177 3 178 1 4 179 4 1 1 1 1 12 181 1 1 2 6 182 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 5 1 2 1 10 183 ... 1 2 i' 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 i' 1 1 1 1 1 i" 2" 2 2 7 4' 2 3 2 2" 2 i' 1 1 13 184 8 185 2 2 1 1 1 i' 2 1 1 6 1 2 2 23 186 2 1 4 3 2 3 4 2 1 3 3 3 25 187 33 188 i 2 3 2 2 1 3 3 1 31 1 2 1 3 §■ 6 4 3" 1 1 2 i' 2 4 1 2 i' 2 2 31 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 2 3 i' 1 41 191 46 41 193 51 194 33 195 65 196 1 2 1 1 2 2 35 26 198 34 199 1 19 200 1 15 201 1 9 202 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 14 203 1 2 1 12 204 10 2 1 g 206 1 3 207 5 208 4 209 1 190.3 ±0.2 34 191.4 ±5.9 17 192.0 ±6.9 24 189.7 ±5.6 18 189.8 ±4.4 21 101.0 ±5.7 31 191.6 ±6.4 36 194.0 ±6.8 24 193.0 ±4.7 34 191.0 ±5.5 29 192.3 ±6.3 667 Cases. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 281 Table IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued. (6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 20 and 21. mm. 157 1 158 159 160 161 1 1 162 1 163 2 164 1 1 165 1 1 1 166 167 2 1 4 2 1 3 5 6 3 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 2 "'i' 1 1 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 2 2 1 "'i' 2 1 3 4 2 4 1 8 1 1 3 2 3 2 3 '"i" 1 1 171 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 ""i' 3 2 3 4 2 2 3 3 5 1 5 3 6 5 2 5 3 6 1 2 1 1 174 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 '"2 ..... 2 1 175 176 1 4 2 3 ..... 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 178 1 1 179 1 1 1 ..... 1 3 3 1 2 181 1 182 2 1 2 1 184 1 2 186 1 1 1 188 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 197 1 1 1 199 1 200 202 203 1 Average 172. f ±5.9 22 174.8 ±5.2 46 174.4 ±6.5 43 176.9 ±5.9 34 177. S ±6.1 2S 179.4 ±4.2 23 180. f ±6.1 31 179.7 ±5.7 45 180.6 ±6.4 62 181.6 ±7.4 37 185.0 ±6.8 21 181.0 ±8.1 13 183.8 198.0 190.2 185.0 Cases 5 2 5 2 282 The Immigration Commission. Table IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued. 4. WIDTH OF HEAD. (a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOEEIGN-BOBN. Aee fvearsl 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. mm. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 7 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 i' 1 3' 2 3 3 1 1 i' 1 135 1 2 1 3" 1 1 136 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 "'"2 3 3 3 2 6 2 7 6 3 3 4' 1 1 138 1 2 3 4 1 4 8 3 8 6 5 6 2 3 2 i' 2 7 6 6 6 3 6 10 7 9 4 5 2 5 2 2 4 1 5 2 1 3" 2 2 3 3 2 2 4 1 3 7 3 4 3 4 3 4 1 1 140 3 1 1 1 3 2 3 4 3 i' 1 1 141 142 3 143 4 144 145 1 1 2 1 2 3 147 i' 3 1 3 148 1 149 3 150 5 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 154 1 1 2 156 1 1 1 i 1 158 1 1 ^ 161 1 163 1 166 168 Average 142.4 ±4.1 11 141.0 ±3.7 16 142.8 ±4.7 17 141.4 ±4.5 36 143.3 ±4.0 19 144.4 ±6.0 31 145.2 ±5,3 48 144.7 ±4.7 62 146.1 ±5.0 90 146.3 ±4.4 49 147.0 ±4.6 33 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 283 Table IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued. 4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued. (o) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued. Age Cvears) 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. mm. 133 134 1 135 1 1 1 136 1 137 2 138 1 1 1 4 139 1 2 11 140 2 1 3 141 1 4 2 4 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 i' 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 3' 2 11 142 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 4 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 i' 18 143 1 i' 5 5 1 1 2 2 6 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 3 2 4 1 3 2 2 26 144 1 2 2 2 2 1 4 1 3" 1 4 1 1 r 1 2 2 4 3 1 2 4 3 2 3 4 4" 4 2 145... 40 148 147 . 57 148 63 149 150.. 65 151 152 50 153.. 2 4 3 1 3 42 154 31 155 i' 2 1 33 156 1 1 1 2" 3 2 1 1 1 3 16 157 16 158 : 12 159 1 10 160 ; 2 5 161 3 163 2 164 2 165 1 166 1 167 168 1 146. 2. ±4.8 34 146.5 ±5.7 17 148.3 ±4.6 24 148.4 ±5.1 18 148.9 ±4.4 21 150.8 ±4.0 29 148.9 ±5.2 37 150.6 ±4.3 24 149.5 ±4.3 34 147.7 ±4.3 30 149.5 ±5.0 Cases 669 284 The Immigration Commission, Table IX. — Growth of Sicilian males — Continued. 4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued. (6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 20 and 21. mm. 123 1 124 125 126. 127 128.... 129 130 2 131 1 1 3 1 3 2 4 5 2 6 3 3 3 1 1 3 2 "i" 1 2 132 1 1 133 2 1 2 3 2 134 1 3 5 2 1 3 5 1 1 1 4 2 4 ■■4' 2 1 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 3 2 "'i' 2 2 3 1 135 1 136 3 2 1 1 1 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 3 1 137 2 1 4 1 2 2 1 1 4 "i' 1 1 2 138 1 2 2 2 2 5 "■'4' 2 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 "4" 3 5 4 2 3 5 8 3 3 "i' 1 2 1 5 2 4 9 6 5 4 4 4 6 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 139 1 3 140 1 "i" 141 1 3 3 3 2 4 5 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 "2 1 1 142 1 2 143 144 145 2 2 2 146 147 148 1 4 """i" 1 149 160 151 1 1 1 1 1 152 153 1 2 154 1 1 155 1 156 1 1 157 158 1 1 159 160 161 162 1 Average -1,37 2 1,38-1,39.. 1 140-141 . I 1 ! .» 1 -i Til -(T T r 142-1.1.3 ! ' 144-145. : . i i -T -X * i. 14S_147 1 L 148-149 150-151 2 i •' ' B [ 15:^153... i J - 11 } i _ 154-156 1 1 156-157 -1 .J : Ti '. .Ii 1 158-159 i J i 11L...I L' S| 1 ■! lf/)-Jf.l... 1 if)2-'iC^^ r ■ " 5 1 '1 ' I. I I I T IM-lf/. ..„ '.f/. '1 ■a 1 IW, l(.7 ., irx i«i ■ 3 I7(> 171 1 1 I7Z-I7X... 174^ I7r,. ... 1 I7C. 177.. 1 t'/K nil Hll H 1 •;. 7 70 i«i mi 1 1 169.01 154. 5 Average. . ff l((7..'i > r,, (1 41 112.0 ±5.7 ,'H IIB 2 1B,« 121.2 ±6.7 43 120.2 ±5 6 .59 1.M.3 ±6.0 136.4 ±7.3 110 142.2 ±6.4 114 147.3149.9 ±7.7 ±9.S 100, 47 138^ + 160.2 ±8.1l±7.3 14j S Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 311 Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 2. WEIGHT. (o) WEIGHT OF FOREIGN-BORN. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. T:. 1 1 1 24 1 25 26 2 2 4 1 2 2 5 2 4 27 1 i' 3 2 3 3 4 2 4 6 5 6 3 2 2" 1 1 28 1 29 . .... 30 1 1 31 32 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 2 4 1 3 3 3 3 4" 2 2" 2 3 1 4 1 33 34 35 -^ 36 1 2 1 1 37 38 .. 2 39 40 . . .- 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 42 1 43 44 1 45 1 1 1 2 1 46 47 . 48 1 1 1 49 50 2 1 52 - . 1 1 1 1 53 54 : 1 ss 1 57 58 59 1 1 1 60 61 62 63 1 27.0 26.8 31.6 ±5.7 18 33.0 ±5.2 34 35.5 ±6.2 51 39.2 ±5.5 39 42.9 ±5.7 20 62.6 55.5 1 6 7 2 312 The Immigration Commission. Table XI.— Growth of Neapolitan moZes— Continued. 2. WEIGHT— Continued. (b) WEIGHT OF AMEEICAN-BORN. j^fTQ (years) 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. kgm. 21 2 1 1 2 4 7' 3 3 1 4 1 1 1 22 1 23 1 1 3 6 3 2 2 3 2 4 6 3 4 3 1 1 1 1 2 5 5 6 10 9 6 2 1 2 26 i' 3 7 6 5 5 6 6 9 6 10 5 3 3 7 5 3 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 27 1 2 3 1 2 4 5 2 7 3 5 9 5 4 4 4 7 1 3 4" 1 1 1 1 30 J 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 35 36 39 1 40 41 1 1 1 1 43 45 1 46 .. ... 48 49 2 1 1 50 51 63 1 1 1 1 1 55 56 2 1 58 59 60 1 1 61 62 1 26.9 ±2.9 7 27.1 ±3.1 30 30.6 ±4.5 47 32.7 ±6.1 85 36.1 ±6.9 99 39.5 ±6.1 81 42.0 ±7.8 36 47.8 41.0 5 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 313 Table 'Xl.^-Growth of Neapolitan males — ContiQued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD. (a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOEEIGN-BORN. Age (years). . 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. mm. 160 1 161 162. 163 2 1 1 164 165 166 1 1 167 1 1 2 1 168 1 2 1 i' 2 2 1 1 169 1 3 170 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 171 1 3' 1 2 2 7 6 3 6 3 4 5 4 2 2 2 3 2 1 172 1 3' 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 i' 1 f 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 4 2 2 1 3' 4 4 2 4 11 3 1 3 4 2 2 2 3 2 1 173 2 174 2 1 1 1 2 175 1 2 176 177 1 1 2 1 6 179. 3 180 3 1 1 1 182 1 i" 1 1 2 1 1 2 184 2 185 .. 3 186 1 1 1 187 3 1 2 1 1 3 189 1 190 4 2 1 1 2 192 2 1 194 195 1 2 196 197 1 199 2 200 201 207 209 168.5 172.0 173.6 ±4.0 10 173.0 ±4.9 10 174.5 ±5.5 14 177.1 ±5.4 17 177.3 ±4.7 18 180.0 ±6.8 32 179.6 ±5.7 68 181.1 ±7.1 68 181.7 ±6.3 4 8 46 314 The Immigration Commission. Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued. (a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FORBIGN-BOEN— Continued. Age (years) 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 years and over. mm. 160 161 162 163 164 165 166. 1C7 168 169 1 170 2 171 172. 1 1 1 . 1 173 2 174 2 175 3 2 1 1 1 2 176 177 1 i' 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 7 178 1 1 1 1 8 179 1 1 7 180 i" 1 13 181 2 4 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 3" 3 13 182 1 1 16 183. 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 20 184 3 1 1 23 185 1 24 186 1 1 2 1 1 1 20 187 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 i 18 188. 29 189 1 2 1 1 24 190 1 1 1 1 21 191 1 1 1 1 2 1" 16 192 2 1 2 1 2 20 193. 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 26 194 2 1 18 195 . . 1 1 2 1 i" 27 196 1 14 197 1 i 4 1 1 1 198. 1 13 199 12 200 4 201 1 202. . 1 1 g 203 2 1 204 2 205 ^ 1 206 207 208 209 210 Average.. 182.0 ±6.8 185.2 ±5.2 184.6 ±6.9 17 188.2 ±6.1 12 187.8 s" 188.7 ±6.9 24 192.8 ±6.9 10 189.8 ±7.8 11 190.5 ±6.2 10 189.6 ±6.6 14 190.2 ±6.4 10 189.1 ±6.7 433 Cases 30 13 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 315 Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — CoBtinued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued. (6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMBEICAN-BORN. Age (years). 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 10. mm. 156 1 157 158 159 1 2 l60 ..... 3 1 1 2 6 8 6 3 7 5 4 3 2 6 1 3 2 2 1 "'"i' 5 2 1 "2 4 2 2 '"'i" 3 3 4 1 2 3 1 1 1 161 1 162 1 1 1 163 3 2 1 164 165 ..... 1 "'i' 3 4 s 1 5 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 "'"i' 2 1 4 • 2 1 3 2 2 5 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 ..... 2 2 3 2 6 5 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 4 2 4 4 8 11 ^ 4 5 5 7 7 • 7 1 5 3 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 166 2 2 '"i" S 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 "2 7 3 2 7 2 3 7 ""'i' 5 ■""2" 1 3 2 2 2 1 4 3 8 3 3 2 5 10 2 4 4 1 2 1 1 167 '"2 2 1 4 3 5 4 7 7 6 6 12 6 5 11 9 3 2 4 2 3 4 4 1 1 168 169 170 1 1 '"2 3 4 1 4 2 10 10 9 "'5' 9 4 4 4 8 6 4 3 1 2 1 171 1 1 1 4 172 173 2 1 1 174 175 2 176 1 2 1 3 3 1 4 2 5 3 1 2 6 1 2 1 177 '"2 2 1 1 178 179 180 2 181.. 182 . 2 2 2 2 183 2 - 184 1 1 1 1 185 2 2 186 1 2 1 187 1 2 2 1 188.. 189 1 190 191 1 1 1 192 193 1 194 ... 195 . . 1 2 196 197 .. 198 1 199 1 200 1 201 1 1 •1 202 1 203 .. . 204 1 205 1 Average.. ff Cases 167.2 167.3 ±4.6 23 171.0 ±5:5 71 172.2 ±7.1 44 172.3 ±5.1 34 174.fi 176.0 ±4. 8 ±5. 9 35 44 177.5 ±6.6 59 178.3 ±5.8 68 177.6 ±7.2 110 180.1 ±6.5 116 182.0 ±5.7 100 183.1 ±6.8 47 182.1 ±4.7 14 181.6 ..... 185.8 ..... 186.0 ..... 316 The Immigration Commission. Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 4. WIDTH OF HEAD. (o) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOEEIGN-BOBN. , 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. mm. 129 1 130. . 131 132 1 133 134 135 1 136 . . 1 2 2 1 1 i 1 1 2 1 137 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 7 5 5 6 2 7 4 3 1 2 2 1 138 2 1 1 2 2 2 i" 1 3 3 1 3' 2 3 6 1 i" 4 2 2 3 2 4 6 2 6 5 4 4 6 7 3 4 2 6 2 1 1 2 139 . .. 1 140 i' 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 141 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 142 1 143 2 144 145 3 1 2 2 147 . 1 2 8 148 1 149 1 1 1 150 1 1 3 151 4 152 1 1 i '.'....'.'. 1 1 1 1 154 155 1 156 167 1 158 2 1 2 2 159 160 1 161 162 163 164 .165 166 167 168 169 170 Average . . . 141.3 140.0 142.5 ±3.5 10 141.9 ±3.9 10 144.5 ±'4.7 14 145.0 ±3.4 17 144.0 ±3.8 18 147.8 ±5.2 32 147.0 ±5.2 58 146.2 ±6.0 68 148.0 ' ±5.4 46 Cases.. 4 8 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 317 Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued. (a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued. Age (years).... 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. 26 and over. Tfim. 129 • 130 131 132 133. 134 135 1 1 136 1 137. 138 1 1 139 1 140 • 2 141. 2 1 2 1 1 3 142 1 7 143 1 1 1 11 144 1 1 6 145 1 i" 1 1 1 13 146 2 4 4 1 2 2 1 2 3 i' 3 1 2 1 2 3 18 147 1 13 148 3 1 i' 1 1 2 29 149 1 1 1 2 22 ISO 1 29 ISl i' 1 1 2 1 1 20 152 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 8 2 1 3 28 153 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 40 154 39 165 2 i" 1 2 1 2 1 1 ..... 3 23 156... 3 19 157 24 158 2 1 1 24 159 1 2 1 1 12 160. 1 1 1 1 1 ..:.... 10 161 7 162 1 8 163 1 5 164 1 1 1 5 165 1 6 166 2 5 167 168 1 1 169 1 170.. 1 Average.. 148.0 ±5.7 30 150.6 ±3.5 13 151.6 ±4.6 17 161.7 ±6.5 12 152.8 s' 153.5 ±6.5 24 153.8 ±6.0 10 156.0 ±5.1 11 160.6 ±6.4 10 165.1 ±5.8 14 151.3 ±7.3 10 162.7 ±5.7 Cases 433 318 The Immigration Commission. Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 4. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued. (6) WIDTH or HEAD OF AMEEICAN-BOEN. Age (years).. 3. 4. 6. j 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. 117 1 118 119 120 . 121 122 123 124 125 1 126 127. 128 1 1 129 130 • 131 1 1 1 2 2 1 6 7 9 2 9 6 6 6 1 5 3 1 1 1 132 133 1 1 1 2 134 1 2 2 1 3 2 6 5 5 4 3 ..... 2 1 2 1 1 135 2 136 1 137 1 1 2 1 2 6 3 5 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 1 5 3 2 9 1 6 6 S 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 5 5 9 9 9 9 9 11 5 1 4 6 5 6 2 "2 1 1 1 3 2 4 2 4 8 8 5 11 11 6 9 5 7 8 5 5 3 2 3 2 138 1 3 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 1 3 3 2 5 4 6 '"2 2 4 1 1 2 3 3 8 7 3 6 4 2 6 2 ..... 1 1 1 1 2 1 ""2" 1 2 '"'3" 4 11 7 8 6 10 6 5 10 7 6 6 1 3 1 1 1 139 140 1 1 1 141 1 2 1 1 1 2 5 6 4 4 4 4 3 2 2 142 2 1 ..... 1 1 1 143.. 144 1 1 145 1 1 3 1 146 1 147 1 148... 1 149 . 150 1 3 1 1 2 2 151 . 2 1 1 2 5 152 1 163 1 154. 1 1 1 1 1 155 1 166 157 2 1 1 158 159 1 160 1 161 2 162 1 163 164 1 1 1 165 1 Average. . Cases 138.8 140.4 ±6.1 23 142.1 ±4.5 71 142.4 ±4.3 44 143.2 ±4.6 34 143.9 ±5.3 35 145.2 ±4.7 44 147.4 ±5.3 59 148.7 ±5.6 66 147.2 ±6.1 110 148.7 ±5.2 116 148.9 ±4.8 100 149.4 ±5.0 47 149.3 ±4.8 14 149.2 162.5 147.0 ..... Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 319 Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 5. CEPHALIC INDEX. (o) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BOEN. Age (vears). 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 66 1 67 68 69 70 71 72 1 i" 1 1 73 74 75 1 1 i" 2 2 2 4 5 2 1 4 4 2 1 1 4 2 6 4 11 5 4 6 4 2 5' 1 3 4 2 8 3 5 7 6 8 9 1 5 2 1 1 2 1 3 5 2 3 3 6 6 6 2 2 76 1 1 1 3 2 1 4 2 1 77 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i' 1 2 78 79 1 1 2 i" 1 1 2 i 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 2 80 81 82 83 1 i' 1 2 2 1 1 84 85 . . 1 86... 87 1 88 1 2 1 89 90 1 91 1 92 93 94 83.8 81.4 82.0 ±2.9 10 82.0 ±3.4 10 82.9 ±2.7 14 81.9 ±2.7 17 81.3 ±3.2 18 82.2 ±3.8 32 81.9 ±3.7 58 80.9 ±4.1 67 ±3.9 4 8 Age (years).... 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. 66 67 68 69 70 71 1 72 1 4 73 1 74 1 1 1 i' 3 1 1 10 75 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 9 76 1 3 2 3 2 6 1 3 5 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 24 77 1 1 1 3' 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 26 78 30 79 2 2 4 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 50 80 53 81 55 82 i 3 2 1 1 3 35 83 28 84 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 23 85 1 1 27 86 21 87 1 1 16 88 i 1 9 89 1 1 6 90 1 1 91 1 1 92 93 - 94 1 Average.. 81.4 ±2.9 30 "81.6 ±2.3 13 82.2 ±3.1 17 80.7 ±5.0 12 81.6 5' 81.1 ±4.5 24 79.7 ±2.4 10 82.3 ±3.1 11 79.0 ±3.3 10 81.9 ±3.6 14 79.5 ±4.4 10 80.8 ±3.8 Cases 433 320 The Immigration Commission. Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 5. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued. (i) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMEEICAN-BOEN. Age (years). 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 69 1 70 1 1 71 72 1 1 73 1 1 74 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 5 4 11 5 11 12 12 6 9 11 4 6 2 2 "i' 4 6 S 5 11 16 10 13 9 9 11 7 1 1 3 2 9 6 8 15 11 8 8 13 9 3 2 75 1 76 1 1 3 5 3 12 6 11 11 4 2 3 3 4 1 1 3 1 3 3 7 6 6 3 5 1 2 1 2 1 2 6 4 4 4 5 8 5 2 1 1 1 1 ..... 77 1 1 4 4 4 2 4 3 5 1 3 1 1 2 4 2 5 8 2 9 2 7 8 3 2 1 1 2 5 2 7 4 11 8 8 5 5 3 3 1 1 78 3 1 3 6 5 9 1 4 4 1 1 3 1 2 1 4 3 5 7 3 ..... '"2 2 1 1 79 3 2 3 1 80 1 1 81 ..... 4 1 1 2 3 1 ..... 1 1 82 1 1 1 83 2 2 5 84 85 86 . . . 87 4 88 89 1 90 1 91 2 92 1 1 1 93 . 1 94 95 1 1 Average.. 82.8 83.9 ±3.4 ■ 23 83.1 ±3.5 71 82.8 ±3.5 44 a3.2 ±3.1 34 82.5 ±3 3 35 82.6 ±3.2 44 83.] ±4.0 69 83.4 d=3.5 68 83.0 ±4.1 110 82.7 ±3.7 116 81.9 ±3.3 100 81.6 ±3.3 47 82.2 ±2.9 14 82.2 82.2 79.0 Cases 5 8 4 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 321 Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 6. WIDTH OF FACE, (o) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 771771. 102 1 103 104. 105 106 107 1 108 1 1 109 110 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2' i' 1 1 Ill 2 i" 1 112 1 113 1 114 1 1 1 i' 1 2 i" 2 3 1 1 115 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 3 2 2 3 116 1 117 2' 1 2 2 1 118 3 1 2 3 1 4' I 3 4 1 5 7 4 6 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 3 4 3 9 6 7 4 4 6 1 4 1 4 119 1 120 1 121 2 3 3 3' 3 1 1 2 123 2 124 2 4 5 126 1 3 127 1 2 128 1 2 129 3 4 131 1 1 2 132 2 1 1 4 133 - . .- 134 1 2 1 ■ 2 5 136 2 137 . ' 1 1 139 Average 113.3 113.5 113.7 ±3.8 10 116.1 ±3.2 10 120.1 ±4.9 14 120.4 ±5.0 17 119.4 ±4.1 18 124.4 ±5.3 32 124.4 ±4.8 58 125.5 ±4.7 67 128.2 ±5.3 Cases 4 8 46 322 The Immigration Commission. Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued. (0) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued. Age (years) 15. 10. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 114 1 115 1 117 119 120 1 121 1 122 1 1 1 123 1 124 1 1 135 2 6 1 1 3 4 2 2 1 126 2 i' 2 2 1 127 1 128 1 1 1 3 129 ( 1 1 3 130 3 i' 3 1 2 2 1 2 132 1 1 1 1 14 133 4 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 i' i" 1 11 134 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 10 136 20 136 18 137 2 2 2 i' 2 1 1 1 1 22 138 29 139 - - -- 1 2 1 30 140 2 1 38 141 i 2 i' 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 22 142 2 1 4 1 2 2 3 1 38 143 1 1 39 144 . . .. 1 28 145 21 146 1 18 147 14 148 1 i" 16 149 7 150 5 161 4 152 5 153 1 4 154 2 155 1 166 157 168 169 160 161 1 Average. . 128.3 ±4.8 30 131.4 ±7.5 13 132.8 ±.5.1 17 136.6 ±4.2 12 136.6 s' 1.37.6 ±5.1 24 136.8 ±5.0 10 142.9 ±5.2 11 138.8 ±4.9 10 139.7 ±3.9 14 136.8 ±6.7 10 140.8 ±5.5 433 Cases Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 323 Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 6. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued. (b) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMEEICAN-BORN. Age (years). 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. mm. 95 1 96 97 1 98 99 100 1 101 102 1 ..... 2 1 ..... 3 2 7 3 7 3 5 9 5 4 5 1 1 103 1 104 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 2 105 2 1 1 106 1 107 1 1 108 1 1 1 1 109 110 5 4 5 5 2 3 4 3 2 2 6 2 2 1 1 2 4 4 2 3 1 1 1 Ill 2 1 1 1 5 2 2 5 3 ""3' 3 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 2 8 3 2 5 1 1 5 1 2 2 112 ..... 2 3 3 5 5 2 10 2 6 2 4 3 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 3 3 3 2 2 4 5 3 5 9 5 4 5 113 2 2 1 1 2 114 1 115 3 1 5 6 1 13 7 10 3 7 9 8 9 6 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 6 1 5 6 12 12 7 16 11 11 7 2 3 6 4 116 117 "2" 1 3 6 3 4 9 9 10 6 7 9 6 6 5 5 2 118 1 1 119 120 2 3 2 2 1 121 2 2 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 4 2 3 1 2 122 1 1 123 1 124 2 1 1 125 1 126 127 128 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 129 1 3 ..... 130 1 131 1 132 1 133 1 4 1 1 134 1 135 . 1 1 3 2 3 1 136 1 1 1 137 1 1 138 1 2 1 140 2 1 1 142 144 1 Average.. a Cases 108.2 ""s 109.7 ±4.1 23 112.9 ±5.8 71 113.6 ±5.1 44 115.1 ±4.5 34 117.7 ±4.9 35 118.7 ±4.9 44 121.7 ±5.4 59 124.3 ±5.4 68 123.7 ±5.7 110 125.6 ±4.2 116 127.1 ±4.7 100 127.5 ±4.9 47 130.8 ±6.0 14 129.5 ""s 137.0 ■■■"4 131.0 ..... 324 The Immigration Commission. Table XI. — Orowth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 7. COLOR OF HAIR. (a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN. Aee Cvears^ 4. 5. 6. 7. S. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. No. of hair color. 2 1 3 3 3' i' 1 1 1 1 3' 4 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 8 4 1 5 1 5 16 7 8 . 7 5 3 6 22 10 8 7 5 3 2 i' 7 3 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 i" 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 13 4 1 8 5 8 6 3 i' 3 7 1 8 1 9 1 1 1 10 1 1 2 1 i' 1 11 1 12 13 14 1 1 15 1 1 1 16 1 1 1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Absolute average 10.0 ±1.1 4 11.9 ±4.7 5 11.0 ±2.9 10 11.8 ±3.0 10 10.6 ±3.2 8 10.5 ±4.1 16 9.8 ±2.8 17 9.5 ±3.7 29 8.5 ±2.9 53 8.4 ±3.0 65 7.8 ±3 Cases 1-17 43 Age (years) 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. No. of Mir color. 1 4 7 4 4 4 1 1 i' 3 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 3 6 2 6 2 1 i 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 1 32 2 1 3 1 2 3 2 i" 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 106 65 3 4 5.. 14 27 6 / i' 1 2 8 3 9 1 1 2 10 2 1 1 3 11 1 12 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1 1 Absolute average. 8.2 ±3.6 29 8.8 ±2.6 12 8.3 ±4.2 15 9.1 ±3.1 12 7.3 ±3.8 4 6.4 ±3.8 21 7.9 ±3.9 10 7.2 ±4.0 10 8.2 ±3.4 9 6.2 ±3.9 14 4.0 ±3.2 10 5.6 ±3.4 288 Casesl-17 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 325 Table XI. — Growth of Neapolitan males — Continued. 7. COLOR OP HAIR— Continued. (5) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (yeare) . 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. No. of hair color. 1 1 1 6 3 9 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 4 4 5 5 6 2 2 3 1 ..... 8 12 8 6 7 5 2 1 1 6 16 10 12 7 2 3 1 1 1 1 10 22 17 15 10 7 7 8 3 4 1 10 27 29 14 14 7 2 2 3 2 1 12 23 16 16 10 6 5 2 1 1 1 4 12 12 5 4 3 1 1 "2 2 3 2 8 12 7 8 8 3 4 3 1 3 3 1 3 1 2 2 7 4 3 3 1 ..... 2 3 2 ■ 5 4 5 8 3 ..... 1 3 4 1 2 2 1 4 1 1 3 4 1 1 3 3 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 6 1 1 7 8 1 1 10 1 12 13 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 2 1 17 19 1 21 1 22 1 1 24 1 Absolute average. Cases i-i/ 12.6 ..... 13.3 ±3.0 21 11.3 ±3.2 66 10.5 ±3.1 37 11.1 ±3.7 30 10.8 ±2.9 35 10.2 ±3.4 35 9.5 ±2.8 52 8.5 ±3.3 62 9.2 ±3.5 106 8.3 ±2.8 HI 8.3 ±3.1 94 8.1 ±3.2 44 7.3 ±2.7 13 6.2 ±3.6 7 6.5 ±4.8 4 3.5 ..... 58392°— VOL 38—11- -22 326 The Immigration Commission. Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females. 1. STATURE. (a) STATUHE OF FOEEIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.' 16. 17. cm. 66-67 1 68-69 70-71 73-73 74-75 76-77 ; 7S-79. . 80-81 82-83 84-85 86-87 . 1 88-89 1 90-91 92-93 94-95 96-97 1 1 1 . 98-99 100-101 2 102-103 2 2 2 2 104-105.. . 2 1 106-107 108-109 1 3 1 2 1 110-111 112-113 4 114-115 3 "■"4" 116-117 3 1 1 1 2 118-119 1 1 2 120-121 1 122-123 1 124-125 1 1 3 3 '"2 2 1 1 126-127 128-129 1 1 3 130-131 132-133 2 2 1 134-135 136-137 1 1 1 138-139 1 3 1 1 ""■4" 1 ""4 "2 1 1 140-141 2 1 142-143 1 144-145 3 ""2 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 1 1 4 7 3 2 1 3 146-147 148-149 1 1 3 2 5 2 6 3 150-151 4 152-153 154-166 3 156-157 158-159 1 2 2 160-161 2 162-163 1 164-166 166-167 2 168-169 1 Average 88.5 76.5 101.3 107.2 ±6.7 15 112.5 ±4.6 10 120.6 ±7.5 9 123.0 ±5.8 11 127.5 ±6.1 12 136.3 ±7.4 13 141.0 ±10.1 13 142.4 ±9.5 17 149.8 ±5.5 17 152.2 ±4.3 23 154.7 ±6.6 26 155.5 ±5.6 23 1 2 5 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 327 Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 1. STATURE— Continued. (a) STATURE OF FOEEIGN-BOBN— Continued. Age (years) 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. cm. 128 1 129 130 * .... 131 132 133 134 1 135 136 137 1 138 139 5 140 1 1 141 142 4 143 4 144 6 1 10 146 1 1 12 147 2 2 18 148 ...: 1 2 1 2" 1 1 2 i' i' 1 18 149 1 2 2 2 4 19 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 i' i' 1 46 151 2 i' 1 1 1 2 1 2 26 . 35 153 2' 1 2 i' 2 29 31 155 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 i' 2 1 1 2" 41 156 3 32 32 158 2 2 1 1 1 i' 1 2 1 2 24 159 21 2 1 i' 1 2 25 161 3 2 2 17 17 163 14 1 9 1 1 12 166 1 1 7 2 168 1 1 1 1 2 169 1 2 1 173 1 156.8 ±6.7 21 157.6 ±5.9 20 156.0 ±7.6 14 156.7 ±5.4 16 157.7 ±5.7 20 156.8 ±5.1 17 15S.1 ±4.9 19 166.5 ±7.6 18 164.3 ±6.2 525 328 The Immigration Commission. Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 1. STATURE— Continued. (t) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BOEN. Age (years) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. cm. 86-87 1 2 88-89 90-91 92-93 3 4 4 2 2 i 2 2 94-95 1 96-97 4 8 7 6 5 2 1 98-99 1 100-101 3 7 6 3 8 6 7 2 1 102-103 1 3 8 6 4 1 5 4 4 104-105 106-107 1 2 3 1 8 7 6 7 3 1 3 1 1 1 108-109 1 1 110-111 112-113 1 2 2 6 11 6 6 3 1 4 1 114-115 "* 116-117 118-119 1 3 3 1 7 6 7 4 2 3 120-121 122-123 1 124-125, 3 2 1 2 C 4 5 6 2 3 1 1 126-127 128-129 1 4 2 2 1 3 8 5 2 1 2 130-131 1 132-133 134-135 2 1 1 6 3 9 3 1 4 2 1 136-137 1 138-139 1 140-141 2 4 142-143 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 4 2 144-145 146-147 1 ..... 3 4 4 1 3 2 1 1 2 4 4 3 3 2 148-149 ""2 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 150-151 152-153 154-155 156-157 158-159 1 160-161 162-163 164-165 1 2 I 166-167 1 168-169 1 96.5 ""2 96.7 ±5.0 24 100.6 ±3.4 34 107.4 ±4.6 44 111.5 ±5.7 38 118.1 ±5.7 45 122.2 ±6.5 44 128.3 ±6.2 39 135.1 ±5.6 36 139.5 ±6.2 37 144.9 ±6.7 36 151.3 ±7.1 31 163.4 ±5.4 21 163.4 ±6.3 18 a 156.3 ±5.2 16 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 329 Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 2. LENGTH OP HEAD. (o) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN. Age (years) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. mm. 154 1 155 15(j 157 1 158 1 159 160 2 162 1 3 1 1 163 ■ 164 1 1 1 165 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 i 1 2 1 1 1 2 167 168 3 1 i 1 2 170 2 1 1 1 1 172 1 i' 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 173 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 177 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 179 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 181 1 1 1 183 1 1 1 1 184 1 3 185 3 1 187 1 1 1 191 1 1 194 195 197 199 201 203 Average.. 176.0 163.0 168.8 166.3 ±6.7 15 168.4 ±7.2 10 172.4 ±6.6 9 173.1 ±6.8 11 171.9 ±3.5 12 173.8 ±5.7 13 175.0 ±6.2 13 180.1 ±6.0 17 179.9 ±5.2 Cases 1 2 5 17 330 The Immigration Commission. Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 2. LENGTH OF HEAD— Continued, (a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOEEIGN-BOEN— Continued. Age (years) 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. 154 155 156 167 158 169 160 161 162 163 164 165 1 3 166 1 1 1 167 1 1 1 2 168 1 I 169 1 2 1 3 170 1 1 1 1 1 g 171 1 1 1 1 i' 1 i' g 172 10 173 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 i" 1 3 15 174 2 1 2 1 2 20 176 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 i' 2 i' 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 i 2 15 176 18 177 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 4 1 2 3 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 25 178 1 2 3 1 3 40 179 180 41 181 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 30 182 i' 1 2 2 i' 1 183 184 22 185 1 1 2 i" 1 1 i' 1 29 186 2 187 1 1 1 1 1 188 1 1 1 27 15 19 6 189 1 1 190 191 192 1 2 7 g 193 194 3 195 2 196 197 2 198 1 1 199 200 201 202 2 203 204 205 1 Average.. 179.6 ±5.1 23 179.3 ±6.3 26 179.7 ±5.6 23 180.4 ±4.2 21 177.3 ±5.8 20 177.6 ±5.5 14 177.8 ±4.9 16 181.1 ±5.S 20 177.7 ±5.6 17 181.7 ±4.8 19 178.7 ±6.5 18 181.7 ±6.3 528 Cases Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 331 Table XII. — Orowth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 2. LENGTH OP HEAD— Continued. (6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. mm. 150 1 151 1 152 153 154 . .. 1 155 1 1 1 156.. . 157 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 158 1 2 159 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 3 1 2 5 4 2 1 1 1 1 160 1 1 1 1 2 161.. 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 2 1 1 162 .- 1 163 2 3 1 4 5 1 6 2 1 4 3 2 1 3 3 2 ■"'4" 4 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 1 " i" 1 . 1 1 3 1 3 3 ""5' 2 8 2 1 3 4 2 1 1 ""i' 1 2 3 2 4 3 2 6 2 4 2 1 3 I 1 164. 1 1 1 2 165.. 1 1 4 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 ..... 1 166 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 5 3 3 1 2 3 2 167 2 2 2 3 1 9 1 2 3 2 168... . . 2 3 6 1 5 7 4 1 '"2 1 1 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 5 4 2 2 169 1 2 1 1 3 1 "2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 171 3 1 1 1 172 173.. . . .. 175 176 1 1 1 178 2 179 180 2 1 181 1 - i 182 3 1 1 1 3 2 183 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 185 1 1 1 2 1 186 ■ . . 1 188 1 1 1 190 ! 191 1 1 (T Cases 168.5 "i 165.2 ±5.7 24 167.0 ±5.0 34 169.5 ±6.3 46 169.2 ±6.5 38 170.5170.2 ±6.5 ±5.7 46 44 171.9 ±7.0 39 173.1 ±3.6 36 174.7 ±4.8 37 175.2 ±4.6 36 174.7 ±5.3 32 179.0 ±6.6 22 173.6 ±5.0 18 177.5 ±5.5 16 332 The Immigration Commission. Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 3. WIDTH OP HEAD. (0) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN. Age (years) 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. mm. 130... . 131 132 1 1 133.. 1 1 1 2 2 i' 1 1 134 1 2 135 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1.36 1 1 i' 2 1 137 138 1 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 2' 4 1 i 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 3 139 140 3" 2 i' 2 1 1 141 1 142 1 143 2 4 144 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 145.. 2 1 1 146 3 147 1 2 1 1 1 148.. 1 1 149 1 i' 1 150.. 1 1 1 1 151, 1 15^.... 153 154 1 1 155. 156 157.. . . 158 159 160 161 162 163 104 165 Average.. 136.0 136.5 138.8 139.3 ±4.2 15 140.5 ±3.8 10 141.3 ±4.8 9 141.0 ±3.9 11 140.6 ±4.5 12 143.5 ±3.0 13 144.2 ±4.5 13 143.8 ±3.9 17 145.2 Cases 1 2 6 17 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 333 Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued. (o) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN— Continued. Age (years) — 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 130 131 132 1 133 1 1 134 2 135 1 136 1 1 1 137 1 2 i' i 1 2 i" 138 1 1 1 10 139 1 2 i' 3 1 3 2 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 i' 3 2 2 2 2 140 1 1 1 1 2 2 141 2 1 2 1 2 142 1 1 4 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 4 2 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 S 2 143 44 144 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 3 4' i' 1 1 1 1 145 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 3' 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 40 146 28 147 5 5 1 1 1 1 148 149 30 150 35 151 .. . 25 162 1 25 153 1 2 1 1 14 154 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 15 155 12 156 1 s 157 2 158 1 1 1 159 1 2 160 1 4 161 2 162 163 164 1 165 1 Average. 147.7 ±5.2 23 146.1 ±4.8 26 144.7 ±5.1 23 144.7 ±5.2 21 147.2 ±3.9 20 144.1 ±3.4 14 146.6 ±3.7 16 145.3 ±4.6 20 145.2 ±5.7 17 145.9 ±4.6 19 145.6 ±5.8 18 146.3 ±5.3 Cases 528 334 The Immigration Commission. Table XII.^ — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued. (b) WIDTH or HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. mm. 128 1 129 1 1 130 1 ..... a 1 3 2 ..... 3 1 2 131 1 1 1 3 1 3 6 2 1 6 1 2 2 132 "i' 3 1 4 4 2 6 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 "i' 3 3 2 6 S 4 ■"■3" "'"i' 1 1 1 1 133 1 2 1 3 3 4 2 5 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 3 5 9 2 1 3 2 ■3' 1 1 1 135 136 1 2 3 2 4 2 3 4 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 137 1 1 138 1 4 5 1 4 5 2 4 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 7 1 6 1 6 4 1 ""i' 1 2 139 140 1 1 5 2 2 1 4 6 3 3 1 3 1 2 2 ..... 1 1 1 6 3 3 2 '"'3' 1 1 2 1 9. 141 ... 1 1 ..... 1 142 143 1 1 2 3 1 144 3 1 ..... 3 2 2 3 3 1 2 4 1 146 . . 1 1 1 147 1 1 3 1 1 1 148 149 1 ISO 1 151 1 1 1 1 2 163 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 155 1 1 156 1 1 . 1 1 158 169 161 1 Average o 134.0 ""2 137.2 ±4.8 24 138.1 ±4.6 34 140.3 ±4.1 44 142.5 ±5.1 38 142.7 ±5.5 46 142.3 ±4.1 44 142.4 ±5.3 39 144.4 ±3.5 36 144.4 ±4.2 37 147.0 ±4.1 36 147.0 ±5.0 32 147.3 ±6.3 22 146.7 ±4.2 18 144.8 ±5.8 16 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 335 Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 4. CEPHALIC INDEX. (a) CEPHALIC INDEX OP FOREIGN-BOEN. Age (years).... 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 67 ,.... 68 ?.... 69 7 70 71 72 73 74 75 1 76 1 i' 1 1 2 77 78 2 1 i' 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 4 3 2 79 1 2 80 1 i" 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 81 1 4 1 1 2 1 2 i' 1 i' 1 2 i" 1 82 6 83 4 1 1 2 3 4 84 2 1 2 1 85 1 86 1 87 1 i' 1 2 1 88 i 1 89 90 , 91 i 92 93 1 Average.. 80.0 83.5 82.2 84.5 ±3.4 15 83.5 ±4.2 10 82.0 ±3.1 9 81.5 ±2.9 11 81.7 ±3.0 12 82.5 ±3.5 13 82.4 ±2.9 13 79.9 ±2.2 17 80.7 ±2.4 1 Cases 1 2 5 17 Age (years).... 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. 67 1 68 1 69 70 71 72 .... 4 73 1 i 2 1 2 i' 1 4 2 1 2 2 i' 6 74 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 2 \ 2 1 1 1 1 1 7 75 . . 2 13 76 2 2 2 4 4 1 1 3 1 19 77 . . . . 2 1 2 3 3 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 i' 4 4 3 3 2 i' 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 I I 3 i' 1 2 2 2 i' 4' 2 1 53 78 4 1 1 3 6 3 3 2 2 1 s' i' 1 1 2 41 79 64 80 7 63 81 53 82 56 83 2 3 4 1 1 1 44 84 . . . 34 85 . . . 20 86 21 87 2 1 1 12 V 89 2 1 7 90 2 1 3 1 92 1 93 Average.. 82.2 ±3.1 23 81.5 ±3.6 26 80.6 ±3.9 23 80.1 ±3.0 21 83.1 ±3.2 20 81.1 ±2.3 14 82.6 ±3.6 16 80.1 ±4.1 20 81.8 ±3.8 17 80.4 ±2.4 19 81.6 ±3.5 18 80.6 ±3.6 Cases 530 336 The Immigration Commission. Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 4. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued. (6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BOKN. Age (years) 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 69 1 70 71 72 73 1 74 1 1 1 75 1 1 1 2 2 76 "'i' 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 7 6 1 2 5 2 4 1 77 1 1 3 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 1 78 ■""3" 5 3 8 7 4 2 ..... 1 4 5 3 5 4 6 4 4 5 3 "2 3 2 6 3 3 6 2 1 2 "3" 4 4 3 6 6 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 4 2 6 5 5 3 2 2 3 2 "'3' "'h' 4 4 2 4 4 6 2 2 1 79 1 1 ■■■3' 1 ..... 2 2 1 3 1 1 80 5 5 2 3 3 4 6 2 4 3 2 2 4 4 7 4 8 3 3 5 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 4 3 7 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 5 2 2 2 1 1 2 81 1 3 82 1 83 3 84 2 85 86 87 2 1 2 88 89 90 91 1 1 92 1 1 93 94 95 1 Average a Cases - . 80.0 ■■"2 83.2 ±3.7 24 82.6 ±2.8 34 83.3 ±2.8 44 84.3 ±3.3 38 83.8 ±4.2 46 83.7 ±3.0 44 82.9 ±3.6 39 83.4 ±2.9 36 82.8 ±3.7 37 84.0 ±2.9 36 84.2 ±3.0 32 82.4 ±4.1 22 84.6 ±2.8 18 81.6 ±4.2 16 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 337 Table XII. — Growth, of Neapolitan females — Continued. 5. WIDTH OP FACE, (a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOBEIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. mm. 100 1 101 102 103 104 1 105 106 107 108 1 1 109 110 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 Ill 112 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 i' 1 113 114 1 115 1 1 2 4 1 1 116 1 1 117 1 1 118 1 2 1 3 119. . 1 1 2 2 120 2 2 1 121 1 1 1 2 2 2 122 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 123 1 1 i" 1 1 1 124 1 125 2 126 1 127. . . . 1 128 1 i' i' 3 1 1 1 1 129 1 1 130 1 1 2 131. 2 1 132 133. 1 1 134 1 1 135 1 1 136 137. 138 ' 139 140 141 142 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 Average.. 100.0 111.5 111.0 113.9 ±4.1 15 115.3 ±2.9 10 117.9 ±5.2 9 117.7 ±3.4 11 121.0 ±5.5 12 125.2 ±4.0 13 124.2 ±5.1 13 125.8 ±4.5 17 126.6 ±6.3 Cases 1 2 5 17 338 The Immigration Commission. Table XII. — Orowth of Neapolitan females — Ooatinued. 5. WIDTH OP FACE— Continued. (a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOEEIGN-BOEN— Continued. Age (years) 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 lor 108 109 110 m 112. . . 113 114 115 1 116 1 117. 118 119 120 1 1 2 121 1 1 1 2 1 2 122 1 1 i' 1 i" 2 1 1 3 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2' 1 1 1 4 123 1 1 i' 2 2 1 4 124 1 2 10 125 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 16 126 4' 4 1 4 1 4 1 2 2 2 2 1 3' i' 1 14 127 17 128 3 3 2 1 2 4 3 1 33 129 2 5 1 i' 1 1 2 3 3 1 2 2 i' 1 2 1 2 i' 1 4 1 3 3 33 130 3' 3 1 4 1 2 1 2 40 131 29 132 . . . . 47 133 38 134 1 2 3 33 135 2 3" 1 1 39 136 i" 2 1 i' 1 27 137 2 1 1 2 i' 1 1 35 138 2 1 25 139 23 140 2 11 141 1 1 10 142 13 143 6 144 5 145 1 5 146 4 147 148 149 150 1 Average- 130.6 ±4.4 23 129.7 ±4.0 26 129.8 ±5.5 23 128.7 ±3.4 21 132.1 ±4.6 20 130.5 ±5.0 14 131.4 ±4.8 16 131.7 ±4.1 20 131.8 ±6.2 17 129.4 ±3.3 19 129.1 ±4.8 18 133.0 ±5.3 £28 Cases Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 339 Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued. (6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. mm. 90 1 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 1 98 99 100 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 101 102 1 4 1 1 " i' 1 2 1 5 103 104 2 1 1 1 105 106 107 1 "2 6 1 2 1 1 1 3 7 5 2 3 2 2 1 ..... 3 1 1 108 1 '"2 1 109 2 2 7 3 1- 5 2 2 6 4 1 2 2 1 2 1 ""i" 2 2 6 3 3 8 1 2 1 4 1 3 110 1 Ill 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 4 5 2 1 4 4 1 3 4 112 2 1 6 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 4 2 6 1 7 1 4 2 1 113 1 114 lis 1 "i' 1 1 5 3 6 3 7 4 1 1 "i 116 1 2 1 4 2 4 3 4 1 2 5 4 2 2 117 118 2 119 1 1 1 1 1 130 121 3 1 3 •1 4 2 5 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 5 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 122 123 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 ""i' 1 2 2 ..... "i' 1 1 2 '"2 4 2 '"2 1 1 125 1 3 126 2 i' 2 1 128 1 1 130 2 131 132 2 133 2 1 135 136 ... 137 1 1 138 139 140 _ 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 1 Average 105.0 ""2 107.3 ±6.9 24 110.9 ±5.7 34 114.7 ±4.4 43 114.3 ±4.9 38 115.8 ±5.5 46 117.7 ±4.8 44 119.1 ±4.4 39 122.0 ±3.6 36 123.1 ±3.7 37 126.8 ±4.4 36 127.6 ±6.2 32 128.8 ±6.9 22 129.2 ±4.0 18 129.1 ±4.2 16 340 The Immigration Commission. Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 6. COLOR OP HAIR. (a) COLOR OF HAIB OF FOEEIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. No.of hair color. 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 i" 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 i' 1 2 1 2 4 1 i' 2 1 1 1 2 2 5 1 1 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 1 10 1 11 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 12 13 1 14 1 1 1 15 1 1 16 1 1 17 18 19., 20 21 22 23 24 r... 25 Absolute average. 11.7 10.6 9.9 ±3.6 5 11.1 +3.9 14 12.7 ±3.3 7 12.7 ±3.0 9 10.5 ±4.9 11 9.4 ±3.6 10 9.3 ±2.7 13 10.1 ±2.6 12 10.4 ±3.6 12 9.5 ±2.8 14 Cases 1-17 1 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 341 Table XII. — Growth of Neapolitan females — Continued. 6. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued. (a) COLCil OF HAIR OF FOEEIGN-BOBN— Continued. Age (years) 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 2Cand over. No.ofhair color. 1 2 4 3 1 6 2 1 2 4 3 2 4 1 1 5" 6 3 2 2 4 3 1 5 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 25 2 5 6 2 1 1 2 4 4 2 1 1 1 4 5 6 1 118 88 3 4 7 4 3 2 3 1 2 6 2 3 1 i" 5 6 2 2 30 7 1 8 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 9 2 2 3 1 6 10 1 1 1 6 11 1 :::::::! I 12 1 2 13 14 15 2 1 16 17 18 19 20 1 21 ............ 1 22 1 1 23 24 \ 25 Absolute average. 9.6 ±4.3 21 7.5 ±3.7 23 7.4 ±3.1 23 8.3 ±3.6 19 8.1 ±4.6 19 7.2 ±4.7 14 5.9 ±3.2 13 7.9 ±4.1 19 8.5 ±3.5 16 7.7 ±3.1 18 8.9 ±4.1 17 6.5 ±3 4 Cases 1-17 387 (6) COLOE OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN Age (years) 3. 4. .5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. No. of hair color. 1 7 9 1 5 5 ■-•j- 5 5 2 6 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 7 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 6 1 1 5 ..... 4 4 5 6 3 2 1 1 2 3 6 10 3 5 3 1 1 1 2 2 3 5 6 4 3 3 1 1 4 ..... ...„ 4 6 15 2 ..... 3 1 1 2 1 1 4 3 9 11 4 4 3 1 1 3 1 7 6 5 2 4 2 2 4 2 3 3 6 4 1 3 3 5 2 2 3 3 7 1 1 1 ..... 1 3 3 4 5 5 2 6 1 7 1 8 . ... 9 10 1 11 1 1 12 1 2 "i' 1 13 1 1 3 14 1 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 16 2 1 . . 17 18 1 19 1 20 i 21 22 1 Absolute average. Cases 1-1 7 .'.'.'.''.'! 16.6 10.6 ±3.1 21 11.3 ±3.3 32 11.4 ±3.1 40 11.0 ±3.7 36 10.7 ±2.8 41 10.6 10.0 ±2.9 ±3.3 43 32 10.4 ±3.4 28 7.0 ±3.2 29 8.5 ±3.6 32 7.8 ±4.0 26 8.0 ±2.6 18 7.4 ±3.5 15 8.4 ±2.5 14 58392°— VOL 38—11- -23 342 The Immigration Commission. Table XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males. 1. STATURE. (a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. cm. 124 1 125 1 126 127 1 128 2 129 130 1 131 132 133 1 134 2 135 1 136 137 138 1 139 140 141 1 1 142 143 1 1 144 145 1 146 1 1 147 148 1 1 149 160 1 1 151 152 1 153 2 154 1 155 2 1 156 1 157 158 1 159 1 160 161 <... 1 162 2 163 1 1 1 164 1 165 3 166 2 167 168 1 169 2 170 171 172 1 173 1 174 175 1 132.0 04 136.3 9 139.2 4 150.6 10 164.0 3 163.0 1 163.5 Cases 19 oS years, 1-92 cm. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 343 Table XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued. 1. STATURE— Continued. (6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years)... 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. cm. 117 1 1 118 119 1 1 1 120 1 121 2 1 1 122 1 1 1 1 123 1 124 1 125 1 126 1 1 2 4 3 1 127 1 1 128 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 129 1 130 1 131 1 1 1 1 132 2 1 1 6 1 1 3 1 6 1 5 2 2 4 1 2 2 2 4 4 ""2 ""l 2 2 1 1 133 134 1 1 2 1 135 136 137 138 1 2 139 3 1 2 1 2 140 141 142 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 143 144 145 1 2 2 1 146 1 1 1 147 148 149 150 1 2 ". "i" 2 4 151 152 1 153 1 154 155 1 156 1 1 1 157 1 ■■"2' 168.. 159 160 1 161 1 '"2 1 162 . 1 1 1 2 163 1 164 1 165 166 167 168 169 61 Average. 119.6 122.2 125.0 129.4 133.6 ±6.0 24 136.4 ±7.1 46 141.6 ±7.4 45 148.3 ±8.3 32 155.8 126.0 164.0 162.0 160.0 Cases.... a2 6 6 11 13 1 i 2 1 a i years, 102—1. 6178—1. 344 The Immigration Commission. Table XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued. 2. LENGTH OF HEAD. (a) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOBEIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. U. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. mm. 166 1 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 1 169 170 . 1 171 172. . 1 173 1 1 1 1 174 175 176 2 177 1 178 1 179 1 1 180 1 181 2 1 182 183 1 2 2 184 1 185 2 186 187 1 3 188 1 1 1 3 189 1 190 1 1 191 192 193 194 2 2 195 1 196 1 197 1 198 2 199 200 1 Average 170.0 1 182.2 4 185.7 9 169.3 4 180.6 10 190. C 189.0 1 188.4 Cases 19 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 345 Table XIII. — Qrowth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued. 2. LENGTH OF HEAD— (5ontinued. (b) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years). 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. mm. 158 1 169 160 161 . 1 162 163 164 165 1 1 1 166 167 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 '"2 3 3 2 3 6 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 168 1 1 169 170 1 1 ..... 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 171 1 4 2 1 4 2 4 ..... 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 172 173 1 2 1 1 "■3" 1 174 1 1 175 1 1 1 1 1 176 177 2 1 2 1 1 .3 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 178. . 179 180 1 181 1 IK 1 1 183 :-. 184 3 1 185 1 186 1 2 1 2 1 187 188 1 189 1 2 2 190 2 1 1 191 192. 1 1 1 193 194 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 195 196 1 2 198 1 201 203 1 Average.. 174.0 180.5 176.2 171.0 174.1 181.0 ±6.2 24 177.5 ±6.2 46 180.2 ±7.1 46 183.5 ±7.4 32 190.0 186.0 184.0 188.6 180.0 Cases.. .. 1 2 5 6 11 13 1 1 2 1 346 The Immigration Commission. Table Xlll.— Growth of miscellaneous Italian maZes— Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD. (a) WIDTH or HEAD OF FOREIGN-BOHN. Age (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. mm. 13G 1 137 ■ 139 140 1 2 1 141 1 142 1 1 1 1 1 144 1 146 1 2 1 1 147 1 1 1 2 149 4 1 150 3 151 1 1 152 . 3 1 1 1 153 164 1 155 . 1 1 156 2 167 ,.. 1 158 .. 1 2 159 1 160 161 1 162 163 164 1 166 106 1 136.0 1 148.7 4 146.2 9 143.3 4 148.7 10 152.0 3 152.0 1 153.4 19 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 347 Table XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued. (6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years). 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. mm, 134 1 135 1 136 1 137 138 1 2 139 2 3 1 2 1 1 3 4 4 6 1 6 1 2 5 1 "i" 140 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 4 4 4 1 2 2 3 2 ...„ 1 2 1 2 141 . 142 2 1 4 1 3 143 1 2 1 2 1 3 144 1 2 145 2 1 1 146 1 2 1 147 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 148 149 150 1 8 2 2 1 3 "2 2 1 151 152 3 153 2 154 1 1 155 1 156 1 157 1 158 159 1 1 1 1 1 160 161 162 1 163 164 _ 1 143.4 148.5 148.3 ±4.5 24 Average.. 147.0 145.0 145.3 148.7 ±6.2 46 147.9 ±5.1 45 149.4 ±4.8 32 151.1 159.0 154.0 155.0 147.0 Cases 1 2 5 6 11 13 1 1 2 1 348 The Immigration Commission, Table XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued. 4. CEPHALIC INDEX. (a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 72 1 1 73 74 7S 76 *!l 2 77 2 4 1 78 1 2 79 . . 1 80 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 81 . . 4 1 1 1 2 82 1 83 1 "i 1 84 3 85 1 1 86 1 1 1 87 88 ... 1 89 1 90 1 91 92 93 94 1 82.4 10 80.3 3 80.0 1 Average Cases 80.0 1 81.8 4 78.8 9 84.7 4 81.3 19 (6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMEEICAN-BORN. Age (years). 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 72 1 73 74 1 75 1 1 1 2 1 3 4 6 2 4 2 2 2 "i" 76 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 77 1 1 1 3 """4' 1 6 5 6 3 i 7 3 "i' 1 2 1 ..... 5 2 7 2 8 4 2 5 1 1 2 78 79 1 80 81 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 82 1 ..... 1 1 83 84 1 2 1 1 85 1 1 1 1 3 86 87 1 88 89 2 90 1 91 92 93 ... 1 94 Average.. 83.0 80.5 81.6 84.8 85.1 81.8 ±3.7 23 83.8 ±3.7 46 83.2 ±3.6 45 81.6 ±3.3 32 79.7 85.0 84.0 79.0 82.0 2 2 5 6 12 13 1 1 1 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 349 Table XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian nudes — Continued. 5. WIDTH OF FACE. (a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BOKN. Age (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. mm, 106 1 107 108 109 110 Ill 112 113 114 115 2 116. 1 117 118 1 119... 120. 1 1 121 - 122 123. 1 2 2 1 1 2 124 125. 2 1 126 1 127.. 128 129 1 130 1 2 131.. 1 1 132 1 133 1 2 134. 135. . 1 1 1 2 136 1 137 3 138. 2 139 1 140 1 141 i 142 1 143 2 144. 145 146 1 147. ?, 148 1 Average 106.0 1 122.2 4 125.4 9 121.2 4 127.8 10 133.0 3 135.0 1 139.7 19 350 The Immigration Commission. Table XIII. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued. 5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued. (6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMEEICAN-BOBN. Age (years). 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. mm. Ill 1 112 113 114 . . . 1 1 115 1 1 1 116 1 2 117 118. 1 1 2 4 1 6 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 4 3 3 ■2 "2 4 1 5 3 3 4 7 2 4 1 6 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 119 120 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 4 1 3 1 1 121 122 1 1 123.. 1 124 , 125. 126 1 ■■■3' 5 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 1 127 128. 1 129 130 3 131 2 132. 1 133 2 134 1 1 1 1 1 2 135 1 1 136 137 138 1 1 1 1 139 140 1 141 142 1 Average.. 114.0 116.5 117.2 122.2 121.8 124.8 ±4.1 24 125.0 ±5.0 46 125.6 ±3.9 45 127.3 ±5.0 32 132.7 120.0 138.0 136.0 138.0 Cases 1 2 5 6 11 13 1 1 2 1 6. COLOR OF HAIR. (a) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN. Ace fvears) 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 over. No. of hair color. 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 ...... 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 4. . . 3 5 1 2 6 1 1 2 1 7 1 1 8 1 9 1 Absolute average 9.4 1 6.5 3 6.7 9 9.6 4 8.0 9 7.7 3 7.3 Cases 1-17 12 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 351 Table XI U. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian males — Continued. 6. COLOR OF HAIR— Continued. (6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. No. of hair color. 1 1 6 6 4 6 11 1 4 2 1 1 2 1 2 5 4 3 3 7 7 6 3 6 3 4 1 6 4 4 10 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 2 1 6 1 1 7 1 8 2 1 9 1 2 1 10 3 2 2 1 1 11 . . 12 1 ..... 2 13. 14 15 1 Absolute average. 13.5 11.7 16.5 8.4 7.0 9.7 10.2 ±2.9 22 8.9 ±3.5 43 9.6 ±3.1 41 8.1 ±3.1 26 7.2 8.1 3.5 10.0 Cases 1-17 1 1 2 2 2 9 9 1 1 2 Table XIV. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian females. <*- 1. STATURE. (o) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN. Age (years) 10. 18 and over. Average cm. 131 cm. Cases. 146—2 147—1 150—3 151—1 152—2 154—1 155-3 166-3 168—1 159—1 160—1 161—1 162—1 163—2 164-3 166—1 131.0 1 156.1 27 352 The Immigration Commission. Table XIV. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian females — Continued. 1. STATURE— Continued. (6) STATURE OF AMEEICAN-BOEN. Age (years). S. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. Average Cases cm. 97 109 cm. 100 105 cm. cm. 125 cm. 125 126 cm. 126 cm. 133 cm. 130 135 cm. 163 cm. 139 141 cm. 155 157 cm. 154 cm. 160 cm. 148 153 156 157 159 164 103.0 2 102.5 2 125.0 1 125.5 2 126.0 1 133.0 1 132.5 2 153.0 1 140.0 2 156.0 2 154.0 1 160.0 1 156.2 6 2. LENGTH OF HEAD, (o) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOEEIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 10. 18 and over. mm. 172 mm. Cases 170—1 172-1 175—1 176-2 178-4 179—3 180—2 182—3 183—1 184-3 18S-3 187—1 188—1 192-1 172.0 1 180.8 27 Cases (6) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. IS. 16. 17. 18 and over. Average Cases mm. 161 172 mm. 170 175 mm. mm. 169 mm. 171 176 mm. 168 mm. 171 mm. 167 173 mm. 182 mm. 175 177 mm. 172 177 mm. 178 188 mm. 174 mm. 167 169 173 182 183 189 165.6 2 172.6 2 169.0 1 173.5 2 168.0 1 171.0 1 170.0 2 182.0 1 176.0 2 174.6 2 183.0 2 174.0 1 177.2 6 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 353 Table XIV. — Growth of mwcellaneous Italian females — Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD. (a) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOEEIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 10. 18 and over. Average mm, 138 mm. Cases 134—1 139—1 140—1 141—2 142—1 144—3 145—3 146—1 147—1 148—1 149—1 160-3 151—2 153-2 154—1 158-1 169—1 138.0 1 147.2 27 Cases (6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMEEICAN-BOEN. Age (years). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. Average.... Cases mm. 136 137 mm. 140 145 mm. Tiim. 149 mm. 132 145 mm. mm. 143 mm. 136 139 mm. 149 mm. 144 146 771771. 144 145 mm. 149 156 mm. 149 mm. 144 144 145 146 150 151 136.5 2 142.5 2 149.0 1 138.5 2 144.0 1 143.0 1 137.6 2 149.0 1 145.0 2 144.5 2 152.5 2 149.0 1 146.7 6 4. CEPHALIC INDEX, (a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOEEIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 10. 18 and over. Average 80 Cases. 73—1 74—1 77—2 78—2 79-4 80—1 81—3 82—2 83-3 84-2 85—4 86-1 87-1 80.0 1 81.1 27 354 The Immigration Commission. Table XIV. — Orowth of miscellanecms Italian females — Continued. 4. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued. (6) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMEEICAN-BOKN. Age (years). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and OTer. ATerage Cases 79 85 82 83 88 77 82 86 86 79 83 82 82 83 82 84 83 84 86 77 82 82 84 85 86 82.0 2 82. S 2 88.0 1 79.5 2 86.0 1 86.0 1 81.0 2 82.0 1 82.5 2 83.0 2 83.5 2 86.0 1 82.7 6 5. WIDTH OF FACE. (a.) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOEEIGN-BORN. Age (years) 10. 18 and over. 771771. 115 mm. Cases 118—1 126-2 127—1 129—1 130—3 131—1 132—3 133-4 134-2 135—3 137—1 13»-3 140—1 141—1 115.0 1 132.6 27 5. WIDTH OF FACE. (6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMEEICAN-BOEN. Age (years). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. Average. - Cases mm. 110 112 mm. Ill 117 771 7W. mm. 125 mm. .119 122 mm. 116 mm. 117 mm. 119 120 mm. 130 mm. 123 127 mm. 123 127 mm. 122 135 mm. 130 mm. 122 128 128 130 133 136 111.0 2 114.0 2 125.0 1 120.5 2 116.0 1 117.0 1 119.5 2 130.0 1 126.0 2 125.0 2 128.5 2 130.0 1 129. S 6 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 355 Table XIV. — Growth of miscellaneous Italian females — Continued. 6. COLOR OF HAIR. (a) COLOE OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN. Age fvears^ 10. 18. No. of Itair color. 2 8 3 1 3 4 .. 4 5 4 6 1 7 8 . 9 10 H 1 6.2 1 6.8 21 (6) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years).-. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over No.of lair color. 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 4 1 2 5 1 1 1 1 1 8 9 1 10 1 1 Absolute average- Cases 7.8 2 12.4 2 11.7 1 3.5 1 6.2 1 8.1 1 13.5 1 3.5 1 8.1 2 11.7 1 7.4 5 356 The Immigration Commission. Table XV. — Growth of Scotch males. 1. STATURE. (a) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BOEN. ^ 7 i| 1 10. U. 12. 13. 14. IS. 16. 17. cm. 103 104 111 115 cm. Ill cm. 119 129 cm. cm. 119 122 138 140 cm. 143 cm. cm. 150 151 cm. cm. 161 cm. cm. 168 174 108.2 4 111.0 1 124.0 2 129.7 4 143.0 1 150.5 2 161.0 . 1 . 171.0 2 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Average cm. 168 cm. 161 165 177 cm. 166 167 173 174 cm. 166 cm. 160 165 168 172 176 cm. 159 164 168 171 176 179 181 cm. 166 166 167 173 173 175 176 176 C7n. 158 166 165 167 168 168 171 173 173 176 179 180 181 183 183 185 188 cm. Cases. 164- 1 158—2 160— 4 161—5 162— 6 163—4 164—6 165-15 165-5 167—11 168—17 169—17 170—14 171—19 172—18 173—15 174—11 cm. Cases. 175—18 176—11 177—11 178—14 179—7 180—7 181—3 182—5 183— 4 184-2 185— 2 186—2 187—2 191— 1 .... 168.0 167.7 170.0 166.0 168.2 171.1 171.5 174 3 172.1 ±6.4 262 1 n 4 1 .•; 7 X 17 1 (6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN AEe(vears) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. Average cm. 105 112 119 cm. 109 112 117 cm. 127 cm. 113 120 121 122 126 131 cm. 122 130 cm. 116 130 134 140 142 144 144 cm. 135 136 139 141 144 146 146 cm. 141 149 cm. 143 cm. 142 148 151 151 156 167 158 162 162 162 162 163 166 cm. 160 161 163 161 161 169 169 170 170 172 cm. 151 160 168 112.0 3 112.7 3 127.0 1 122.2 6 126.0 2 135.7 7 141.0 7 145.0 2 143.0 1 156.9 13 162. 6 10 159.7 3 Cases Age (years) 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. cm. 160 164 170 172 174 191 cm. 169 164 169 170 171 174 cm. 166 169 181 cm. 165 174 cm. 172 cm. 168 174 175 184 cm. 175 cm. 168 169 190 cm. cm. Cases. 164—2 166—1 169—2 170—3 171—2 172—2 cm. Cases. 176—2 176—3 178—1 180-1 181—1 187—1 171.8 167.8 172.0 169.5 172.0 176.2 175.0 175.7 173.0 ±5.6 21 Cases . . 6 6 3 2 1 4 i 3 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 357 Table XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued. 2. LENGTH OF HEAD. (o) LENGTH OF HEAD OP FOREIGN-BOEN. Age (years) - 6. 7. £ a 1 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. mm. 172 175 180 182 mm. 176 mm. 171 187 mm. mm. 172 174 185 194 mm. 179 mm. 771771. 186 188 mm. TUTU. 198 mm. 177.2 4 176.0 1 179.0 2 L81.2 179.0 4 1 87.0 2 198.0 1 Cases . Age (years) 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Average mm. 189 191 mm. 190 mm. 187 196 197 mm. 184 193 197 199 mm. 201 mm "188 191 195 201 202 mm. 185 190 191 196 196 196 198 mm. 186 187 194 195 195 198 201 202 mm. 184 186 189 191 192 192 193 193 194 194 194 196 198 198 199 202 203 mm. Cases. 181—1 182—1 184^1 185—2 186—4 187—9 188— 6 189—5 190—7 191—15 192—12 193—18 194—10 195—24 196—24 197—13 198—13 mm. Cases. 199-20 200—14 201—12 202— 8 203—7 204— 7 206—8 206—8 207— 6 208—1 209— 2 210—1 211— 1 212— 2 213— 1 190.0 190.0 193.3 193.2 201.0 195.4 193.0 194.8 194.0 196.7 ±5.9 263 Cases 2 1 3 4 T 6 7 8 17 (fi) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Aee fvears)- 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Average 777777. 177 182 188 mm. 180 181 185 777777. 187 777777. 172 180 181 183 185 185 191 777777. 170 199 777777. 177 177 186 191 192 193 194 777777. 170 176 180 181 185 190 191 777717. 180 181 777777. 180 777777. 175 178 180 183 184 188 189 190 191 194 196 198 199 mm. 173 183 188 188 189 191 192 193 193 194 182.3 3 182.0 3 187.0 1 182.4 7 184.5 2 187.1 7 181.9 7 180.5 2 180.0 1 188.1 13 188.4 10 Cases - Age f years). 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 176 183 183 185 mm. 189 191 194 194 195 197 7n777. 190 191 194 195 197 199 777777. 192 199 202 777777. 190 195 777777. 200 777777. 186 193 200 206 777777. 203 mm. 193 195 198 mm. 198 777777. Cases. 186—1 191-1 193—3 195—2 196—3 197—3 198—1 199—3 201—2 206-2 181.7 4 193.3 6 194.3 6 197.7 3 192.5 2 200.0 1 196.2 4 203.0 1 195.3 3 198.0 1 196.9 21 1 58392°— VOL 38—11 24 358 The Immigration Commission. Table XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued. 3. WIDTH OP HEAD. (o) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12 13. 14. 15. 16. mm. 139 142 144 145 mm. 146 mm. 139 154 mm. mm. 140 144 146 146 mm. 144 mm. mm. .146 153 mm. mm. 147 mm. 142.6 4 146.0 1 146.5 2 144.0 4 144.0 1 149.5 2 147.0 1 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Average . mm. 147 152 mm. 152 mm. 142 146 151 mm. 148 150 151 152 mm. 163 mm. 146 150 154 154 155 mm. 1-15 147 148 151 152 164 164 mm. 141 147 148 149 149 153 155 157 mm. 145 145 147 147 148 160 151 161 151 151 152 152 153 163 163 165 161 mm. Cases. 140—.. 141—1 142— 1 144— 1 145— 5 146—6 147—11 148—10 149—16 160—17 151—21 152—19 153—22 154—8 166—24 166—21 157—18 158—20 159—10 160—11 161—8 162— 6 163—2 164— 2 165—2 170— 1 149.5 152.0 146.0 160.2 163.0 151.8 151.6 149.9 150.9 153.8 ±4.7 26.1 Cases 2 ] 3 4 1 f, 7 X 17 \ Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 359 Table XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD— Continued. (6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Average TrtTW. 136 142 144 mm. 136 136 148 mm. 145 mm. 135 138 138 140 141 141 144 vim. 140 159 mm. 133 136 138 143 146 151 152 mm. 132 140 142 143 147 149 149 771771. 144 146 777777. 153 mm. 143 144 147 149 149 151 156 141 145 150 150 166 160 mm. 136 145 160 161 163 163 147 148 161 161 777777. 142 143 149 150 140.7 3 140.0 3 145.0 1 139.6 7 149.5 2 142.6 7 143.1 7 145.0 2 163.0 1 149.2 13 148.4 10 146.0 41 Cases Age (years) 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. 26 and over. Average mm. 141 147 148 160 154 158 mm. 143 150 150 162 166 156 mm. 149 151 162 mm. 145 146 mm. 153 mm. 145 146 145 155 mm. 153 mm. 147 160 163 mm. 151 mm. Cases. 142— 1 146— 1 146—1 147—1 148— 3 161— 2 152— 2 777777. Cases. 154—2 155— 1 169— 1 160— 2 162— 1 164— 1 165— 2 149.7 6 151.2 6 164.0 3 145.5 2 153. )147.5 4 163.0 1 163.3 3 151.0 1 153.7 21 1 4. CEPHALIC INDEX, (a) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BORN. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Average 76 81 81 84 83 81 82 75 78 81 84 80 78 82 74 80.5 4 83.0 1 81.5 2 79.5 4 80.0 1 80.0 2 74.0 1 Aee (y&^tz) 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. 78 80 80 73 77 77 76 77 78 80 81 75 76 77 79 82 73 76 79 79 80 80 84 70 75 76 77 79 79 79 81 74 74 75 75 75 76 77 77 78 78 79 79 80 80 81 81 82 70—1 71— 1 72—2 73—4 74^8 75—15 76—37 77—35 78—38 79—31 80—37 81—29 82—12 83—11 84^.. 85—2 79.0 80.0 75.7 77.8 81.0 77.8 78.7 77.0 77.7 78.3 ±2.6 263 Cases 2 1 3 4 1 5 7 8 17 1 360 The Immigration Commission. Table XV.— Growth of Scotch maZes— Continued. 4. CEPHALIC INDEX— Continued. (b) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMEBICAN-BOHN. Age (years) 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 72 79 80 73 75 82 78 73 74 75 77 78 79 80 80 82 70 74 76 76 79 80 81 73 75 78 79 81 82 82 80 81 85 76 77 78 80 81 82 83 73 75 75 81 85 85 75 78 80 80 80 81 77 78 78 80 77.0 3 76.7 3 78.0 1 76.6 7 81.0 2 76.3 7 78.6 7 80.5 2 85.0 1 79.3 13 78.7 10 Cases Aee f Tears).. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. 78 78 81 85 74 76 77 78 79 80 75 76 77 78 78 82 74 76 84 75 76 77 73 75 75 78 76 74 78 84 76 73—1 74—3 76—1 76—3 77—2 79—2 80-5 82—2 83—1 84—1 80.5 77.3 77.7 78.0 7S.S 77.0 75.2 75.0 78.7 76.0 J78.2 ±3.1 21 Cases 4 6 6 3 2 1 4 1 3 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 361 Table XV. — Orowth of Scotch males — Continued. 5. WIDTH OP FACE, (a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOREIGN-BORN. Ace Cvears) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16; mm. 113 116 118 119 mm. 117 mm. 116 120 mm. mm. 110 117 119 120 mm. 124 mm. mm. 130 132 mm. mm. 129 mm. 116.5 4 117.0 1 118.0 2 116.5 4 124.0 1 131.0 2 129.0 1 Cases 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Average mm. 132 135 mm. 139 mm. 129 130 135 mm. 129 132 134 134 mm. 140 mm. 131 133 134 138 138 mm. 129 130 134 136 137 139 140 mm. 127 133 133 133 135 138 140 145 mm. 126 128 130 133 133 134 134 135 135 135 135 136 138 139 142 142 143 mm. Cases. 125- 1 127— 1 128—2 129—3 130—5 131—9 132-9 133—19 134—6 135-10 136—16 137—26 138—15 139—16 140—13 141-22 142—13 14»-16 144-11 145—15 146—13 147-4 148- 4 149— 5 150—3 151— 1 152—2 155—2 160— 1 133.5 139.0 131.3 132.2 140.0 134.8 135.0 135.5 135.9 139.3 ±5.6 2 1 3 4 1 5 7 8 17 1 362 The Immigration Commission. Table XY .—Growth of Scotch maZes— Continued. 5. WIDTH OF FACE— Continued. (6) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMEEICAN-BORN. 5 6 7 8 9. in. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Average . Tnin. 103 113 116 mtn. 107 114 121 mm. 120 mm. 103 105 108 111 113 116 117 mm. 117 134 mm. 108 115 116 116 123 127 128 mm. 114 116 119 124 125 126 127 mm. 126 128 mm. 121 mm. 118 123 127 127 128 130 130 122 130 130 130 132 137 mm. 122 123 125 128 130 131 133 133 134 135 110.7 3 114.0 3 120.0 1 110.4 7 125.5 2 119.0 7 121.6 7 127.0 2 121.0 1 128.0 13 129.4 10 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 128 130 130 135 mm. 121 130 132 133 134 139 mm. 125 130 132 135 135 137 mm. 135 136 144 mm. 129 135 mm. 133 mm. 130 132 140 141 mm. 140 mm. 124 125 147 mm. 135 mm. Cases. 132—2 133—3 134—1 135—4 136—1 137—3 138—1 140—1 143—1 144—1 146—1 147—1 150—1 130.7 4 131.5 6 132.3 6 138.3 3 132.0 2 133.0 ) 135.7 4 140.0 132.0 3 135.0 ) 137.7 21 Cases Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 363 Table XV. — Growth of Scotch males — Continued. 6. COLOE OF HAIR. (a) COLOE or HAIR OF FOEEIGN-BOEN. Age (years) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15 16. No. 8 13 16 16 No. 7 No. 9 16 No. No. 6 6 7 16 No. 14 JVo. No. 3 21 No. No. 7 No. 16.8 4 11.7 1 16.4 2 12.8 4 17.0 1 6.2 1 11.7 1 Cases 1-17 -Ace (years). . . 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Absolute average. 5 7 No. 14 No. 6 10 21 No. 3 4 22 No. 11 No. 3 3 4 5 10 No. 3 4 6 5 5 7 19 No. 3 3 4 5 8 10 14 No. 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 13 16 No. 2-25 3^5 4—29 5—24 6—24 7—15 8—10 9—10 10— 8 11—8 13— 2 14— 3 15— 3 16—3 17— 1 18— 5 19—2 10.5 17.0 11.8 7.1 15.1 8.8 9.0 10.5 10.0 9.4 ±3.8 ' Casesl-17 2 1 2 2 1 5 6 7 17 ■ (6) COLOE OF HAIE OF AMEEICAN-BOEN. Age (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Absolute average . No. 7 11 13 No. IS 17 19 No. 7 No. 7 12 13 14 16 17 18 No. 5 18 Ao. 7 8 8 9 10 15 17 No. 4 7 8 11 11 14 14 iVb. 5 11 JVb. 18 No. 6 6 7 8 8 8 10 10 10 16 17 JVo. 3 3 4 11 11 11 15 15 14.2 3 18.9 2 11.7 1 16.5 6 9.4 1 14.6 7 13.8 7 12.2 2 13.8 11 12.7 8 Cases 1-17 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Ao. 6 8 9 14 No. 3 4 5 10 No. 3 7 8 9 15 No. 6 8 10 No. 5 23 iVo. 5 No. 3 7 9 13 JVo. 7 No. 1 2 14 No. 11 No. 3—4 4—5 5—4 6—1 7—2 8—1 9—1 10—1 13.4 4 ■ 9.5 4 12.4 S 12.6 3 9.4 1 9.4 1 11.8 4 11.7 1 6.8 ] 3 5.1 1 9.3 19 Cases 1-17 .. .- 1 364 The Immigration Commission. Table XVI. — Growth of Scotch females. 1. STATURE. (0) STATURE OF FOREIGN-BORN. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Average - cm. 116 116 127 cm. 133 142 cm. 130 cm. 130 142 144 cm. 140 143 148 cm. cm. 158 cm. 164 165 166 cm. 167 cm. 119.7 137.5 130.0 138.7 143.7 158.0 165.0 157.0 3 2 1 3 3 1 3 1 Ase (years). 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. cm. 163 cm. 170 cm. 155 155 cm. 160 157 cm. 156 157 cm. 156 164 cm. 158 162 cm. Cases. 139—1 146—1 149-1 160—1 151—3 162—2 163—2 164-1 156—1 156-1 157—3 158-5 159—7 160—3 cm. Cases. 161—6 162—6 163—4 164-6 165—1 166—4 167—1 168—1 169-1 170—1 172—1 174—1 175—1 161 158 160 165 166 159 165 166 168 170 163.0 170.0 159.0 156.0 162.0 159.5 163.7 160.1 ±0.3 66 Cases 1 1 4 4 6 . 2 4 1 (6) STATURE OF AMERICAN-BORN. Aee (vears) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. cm. 96 cm. 110 cm. 118 122 116 cm. 110 118 123 cm. 120 cm. 126 137 cm. 129 132 133 134 134 136 137 cm. 124 133 135 133 cm. 140 141 145 146 cm. 163 167 167 160 161 cm. 146 154 156 158 cm. 151 160 167 96.0 1 110.0 1 118.3 3 117.0 3 120.0 1 131.6 2 133.4 7 131.2 4 143.0 4 157.6 5 153.2 4 161.3 3 Cases 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Average cm. 160 166 167 170 170 cm. 165 165 160 cm. 168 160 163 168 170 172 cro. 149 159 162 164 172 175 177 cm. 161 163 167 176 cm. 159 160 160 103 165 cm. 159 166 175 cm. 153 168 169 cm. 162 cm. 168 164 165 168 cm. Cases. 155—1 160—1 161—3 164—1 165—2 168—1 169—1 171-1 173—1 160.6 6 163.3 3 165.2 6 165. 4 7 166.6 4 161. 4 5 106.7 3 163.3 3 162.0 1 163.7 4 164.4 15 Cases 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 365 Table XVI. — Growth of Scotch feTnales — Continued. 2. LENGTH OF HEAD. (o) LENGTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN. 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16. 17. 18. Averse. . mm. 171 171 183 771771. 179 183 77l77i. 178 mm. 178 181 182 mm,. 177 179 180 mm. mm. 191 mm. 182 183 185 mm. 191 mm. 175.0 181.0 178.0 180.3 178.7 191.0 183.3 191.0 Cases... 3 2 1 3 3 1 3 1 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 195 mm. 186 mm. 179 183 188 194 77im. 179 183 185 190 77l7n. 173 178 183 184 185 mm. 185 186 mm. 179 184 192 193 mm.cases 170—1 171—2 180—3 181—2 182—2 183-4 184—5 185—3 185-6 187—3 188—2 mm.cases. 189—7 190—6 191—4 192-2 193—5 194-^ 195—2 197—1 198—1 200—1 195.0 186.0 186.0 184.2 180.6 185.5 187.0 187.5 ±5.9 66 Cases. 1 1 4 4 5 2 4 1 (h) LENGTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age Cvears) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 771771. 174 mm. 171 mm. 171 175 179 771777. 173 176 184 mm. 176 777777. 174 181 mm. 178 180 180 180 184 189 183 777777. 176 176 182 183 mm. 174 177 177 180 183 185 777m. 169 186 186 186 188 777777. 176 178 188 180 777777. 173 182 193 174.0 1 171.0 1 175.0 3 177.7 3 176.0 1 177.5 2 182.0 7 179.0 4 179.3 6 182.8 5 180.6 4 182.7 3 Cases... 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm, 177 182 188 192 193 77im. 175 181 181 777771. 175 178 178 185 191 193 mm. 178 181 181 188 189 189 189 mm. 181 184 187 188 777777. 179 181 182 185 186 771777. 184 191 193 mm. 178 181 186 771777. 188 777777. 174 178 191 194 777777. Cases. 181—2 182—1 183—2 187—1 188-2 190-1 193—1 197—1 202—1 186.4 5 177.9 3 183.3 6 185.0 7 186.0 4 182.6 5 189.3 3 181.7 3 188.0 1 184.2 4 187.9 ■ 12 366 The Immigration Commission. Table XYl.^Growth of Scotch /emoZcs— Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD. (0) WIDTH OF HEAD OF FOREIGN-BORN. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17 18. Average mm. 134 142 146 mm. 138 145 mm. 142 mm. 142 143 145 135 136 141 mm. mm. 146 mm. 140 146 148 mm. 152 mm. 140 7 141.5 142.0 143.3 137.3 146.0 144.7 152.0 3 2 1 3 3 1 3 1 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 145 mm. 148 mm. 143 145 148 149 mm. 141 144 146 149 mm. 135 136 137 137 146 150 mm. 135 147 mm. 149 149 151 152 mm. Cases. 137—1 138—3 139—2 140—1 141-4 142—1 .143—3 144—7 145-^ 146—7 mm. Cases. 147—5 148—5 149—7 150-3 151—6 152—1 153—2 164^1 155—2 156—1 145.0 148.0 146.3 145.0 140.2 141.0 150.3 146.4 ±4.5 66 1 1 4 4 6 2 4 (6) WIDTH OF HEAD OF AMERICAN-BORN. Aae f years') ■ 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. mm. 135 mm. 138 mm. 138 140 143 mm. 129 139 147 mm. 137 mm. 135 141 mm. 132 135 140 140 140 142 149 mm. 133 134 134 144 mm. 132 144 144 145 145 145 mm. 137 140 141 142 148 mm. 133 138 144 146 mm. 129 138 139 135.0 1 138.0 1 140.3 3 138.3 3 137.0 1 138.0 2 139.7 7 136.2 4 142.5 6 141.6 5 140.0 4 135.3 3 Cases 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. 26 and over. mm. 143 144 146 147 156 mm. 139 141 143 mm. 141 144 144 148 150 15'4 mm. 135 140 141 142 143 146 149 mm. 144 146 149 153 mm. 141 141 145 147 156 mm. 147 149 149 mm. 141 144 155 mm. 141 mm. 143 144 150 153 mm. 141 144 145 145 146 146 150 150 152 152 152 153 147.2 5 141.0 3 146.8 6 142.3 7 148.0 4 146.0 5 148.3 3 146.7 3 141.0 147.5 148.4 Cases Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 367 Table XVI. — Growth of Scotch females — Continued. 4. CEPHALIC INDEX. (o) CEPHALIC INDEX OF FOREIGN-BOEN. Aee f years). 9 10 11 12 1' 14 1^ 1„. Ifi 17. Average 77 78 8S 77 79 83 78 80 80 76 76 78 76 77 79 81 80 80.0 3 78.0 2 83.0 1 79.3 3 76.7 3 76.0 1 79.0 3 80.0 1 Cases Age (years) 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Average 74 80 74 79 81 81 77 77 80 81 74 77 78 79 81 73 79 77 79 81 85 72-1 73—2 74—2 75—3 76—9 77—8 78—9 79—12 80—10 81—5 82— 3 83— 1 87— 1 74.0 80.0 78.7 78.7 77.8 76.0 80.5 78.2 ±2.6 66 Cases 1 1 4 4 .s 9. d. (b) CEPHALIC INDEX OF AMERICAN-BOKN. Aee ( vears) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 11 12 13 14 15. Average . 78 81 78 81 82 73 80 80 78 75 81 73 74 75 79 78 81 78 73 74 76 82 76 78 79 80 82 82 75 76 76 79 81 76 77 78 80 77 80 81 78.0 1 81.0 1 80.3 3 77.7 3 78.0 1 78.0 2 76.9 7 76.2 4 79.5 6 77.4 5 77.7 4 79.3 3 Cases Age (years). . 15. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Average .. . . . . 76 76 80 81 81 77 78 82 75 78 79 80 84 85 75 75 75 77 79 79 79 78 78 79 85 76 78 78 81 87 76 78 81 78 81 83 75 74 79 80 88 73—1 75—1 76—1 77—2 79—1 80—3 82—1 83—1 84—1 78.8 5 79.0 3 80.2 6 77.0 7 80.0 4 80.0 5 78.3 3 80.7 3 75.0 1 80.2 4 78.8 12 Cases 1 368 The Immigration Commission. Table XVI. — Growth of Scotch females — Continued. 5. WIDTH OF FACE. (a) WIDTH OF FACE OF FOEEIGN-BOEN. Age (years)... 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Average Caaes mm. 108 115 120 mm. 119 124 mm. 120 mm. 118 120 123 mm. 116 117 118 771771. mm. 124 mm. 124 125 133 mm. 129 771771. 114.3 3 121.5 2 120.0 1 120.3 3 117.0 3 124.0 1 127.3 3 129.0 1 Age (years) . . . 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Average mm. 129 mm.. 126 mm. 129 130 131 139 mm. 126 127 128 130 mm. 120 120 125 126 130 131 771771. 122 127 771771. 127 127 130 131 771771. Cases 118—2 120— 2 125—3 126—2 127—6 128— 1 129—7 130—3 131— 9 132—3 771771. Cases 133—4 134—5 135— 1 136—3 137— 6 138-3 139-1 140-2 141—2 146— 1 129.0 126.0 132.2 127.7 125.3 124.5 128.7 131.7 ±5.5 66 1 1 4 4 6 2 4 1 (jb) WIDTH OF FACE OF AMERICAN-BORN. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 771771. i02 mm. 118 777777. 103 112 115 mm. 109 111 121 777777. Ill 777771. 116 123 771771. 112 117 118 120 120 120 124 771771. Ill 114 117 118 771771. 116 120 120 120 125 126 777.771. 120 122 125 128 130 771771. 118 120 125 126 771771. 124 131 134 102.0 1 118.0 1 110.0 3 113.7 3 111.0 1 119.5 2 118.7 7 115.0 4 121.2 6 125.0 5 122.2 4 129.7 3 Cases . . . 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. mm. 127 128 129 133 136 771777. 125 132 136 777777. 126 128 131 131 133 134 771777. 118 125 125 130 131 132 135 77157. 126 127 128 141 771771. 124 125 125 125 133 771771. 132 133 139 777771. 125 129 142 771777. 132 128 128 128 140 771771. 125 127 128 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 137 130.6 5 131.0 3 130.5 6 128.0 7 130.5 4 126.4 5 134.7 3 132.0 3 132.0 1 131.0 4 132.1 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 369 Table XVI. — Growth of Scotch females — Continued. 6. COLOR OF HAIR. (o) COLOR OF HAIR OF FOREIGN-BORN. Age (years).. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. IS. Absolute av- erage Cases 1-17.... No. 5 9 13 No. 5 No. 5 No. 6 6 7 No. 5 6 14 No. No. 11 No. 5 6 6 No. 9 No. 12.9 3 9.4 2 9.4 1 11.0 3 12.3 3 1S.1 1 10.2 3 13.5 1 Age (years)... 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Absolute av- erage No. 14 No. 22 No. 3 13 14 18 No. 6 7 8 9 No. 3 6 8 8 10 14 No. 10 No. 3 7 8 16 3-4 4—7 6—9 6—8 7—5 8—6 9-3 10—3 11—1 12—2 13—2 15-2 16-1 20—1 17.0 13.0 12.1 12.2 14.2 12.5 11.3 -1-3.1 Cases 1-17 1 3 4 6 1 4 53 (b) COLOR OF HAIR OF AMERICAN-BORN. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. U. 12. 13. 14. 15. Absolute average... Cases 1-17 No. 9 No. 10 No. 7 14 16 No. 6 11 16 JVo. 16 No. 10 13 No. 6 7 10 10 11 11 16 No. 6 11 16 17 No. 3 6 7 8 11 15 JVo. 3 6 7 11 14 JVo. 7 8 9 11 JVo. 5 6 9 13.6 1 14.2 1 16.0 3 15.0 3 19.4 1 15.0 2 14.3 7 16.3 4 12.3 6 12.1 5 13.2 4 11.2 3 Aee f vears^ 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26 and over. Absolute average . . . Cases 1 17 No. 5 7 7 10 16 iVo. 4 10 10 No. 3 4 6 7 11 12 No. 4 5 7 11 19 20 JVo. 6 6 11 19 No. 6 7 15 15 16 No. 4 22 No. 9 10 10 JVo. 6 JVo. 3 6 7 17 2—1 3-^ 7—2 8—1 9—1 13.3 5 12.2 3 11.2 6 11.1 . 4 12.1 3 15.5 5 8.1 1 14.0 3 10.6 1 12.1 4 8.6 10 370 The Immigration Commission. Table XVII. — Types of fordgn-bom adult Hebrew tnales, according to place of birth. 1. STATURE. Roumania. Galicia. Little Russia. White Russia. Poland. Litliuania. cm. Ul 1 148 1 149 1 2 2 1 1 150 2 1 1 161 1 1 1 1 4 6 1 1 4 3 5 11 1 6 14 6 6 7 6 4 3 6 6 3 5 2 3 1 152 4 2 1 3 1 2 1 6 4 1 8 8 8 7 4 9 6 6 6 5 3 2 3 2 2 1 153 164 3 2 2 2 4 5 6 6 8 5 10 9 14 10 10 6 4 6 3 3 2 2 4 4 7 11 9 4 9 9 10 17 8 5 14 3 3 5 5 2 155 4 4 6 7 5 11 8 10 16 10 14 14 8 9 4 6 6 5 3 1 3 2 156 1 167... . 4 158 1 169 4 160 7 161 6 162 5 163 6 164 7 165 6 166 8 167 6 168 6 169 5 170 171 3 172 1 173 . . 174 175 ... 1 2 3 1 4 1 176 177 2 1 178 1 179 180 1 181 1 164.8 126 163.6 143 165.6 117 163.8 163 163.5 100 164.0 Cases 82 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 371 Table XVII. — Types of foreign-bom adult Hebrew males, according to place of birth — Continued. 2. LENGTH OF HEAD. Roumania. GaUcia. Little Russia. White Russia. Poland. Lithuania. mm. 166 1 167 168 169 170 1 1 3 1 1 1 171 172 1 1 1 2 1 1 173 1 1 2 174 2 1 3 3 4 3 13 3 6 9 7 11 10 9 9 3 7 6 2 2 1 3 1 175 . 3 1 3 3 5 8 7 10 3 15 7 10 6 16 6 8 4 8 5 4 2 1 - 2 1 176 1 3 2 1 3 3 5 10 8 11 13 10 13 10 13 7 5 8 4 8 2 4 5 1 1 177 3 1 2 6 3 5 7 4 7 6 5 10 6 9 6 5 7 3 2 1 1 4 1 178 179 2 3 3 4 7 4 6 7 6 7 5 3 5 4 9 5 8 3 2 2 2 180 1 181 182 1 183 6 3 185 6 186 3 187 7 188 7 189 10 190 6 191 3 192 3 193 4 194 2 195 4 196 3 197 6 198 199 3 1 1 4 1 2 2 201 1 1 202 2 3 1 1 2 205 206 208 209 210 1 211 1 185.3 126 185.3 144 187.6 115 188.1 161 188.2 101 190.5 Cases 83 372 The Immigration Commission. Table XVII. — Types of foreign-born adult Hebrew males, according to place of birth— Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD. Houmania. GaUcia. Little Russia. WMte Russia. Poland. Lithuania. mm. 138 1 139 1 1 140 1 141 3 « 142 1 143 1 1 1 5 1 5 6 8 8 9 8 9 9 8 6 5 5 4 6 6 6 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 5 6 9 7 11 13 12 10 13 8 11 12 4 5 6 7 2 3 3 1 1 1 144 ... 1 1 2 3 5 2 16 6 6 6 4 8 13 8 14 10 12 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 4 5 6 4 5 9 12 4 7 3 6 7 6 2 3 2 2 2 3 1 145 2 3 146 2 147 148 6 1 2 3 11 8 7 8 7 16 10 2 4 4 6 7 4 1 2 2 1 2 150 5 151 2 152 4 153 12 184 6 3 166 11 167 S 158 5 159 . - 7 5 161 3 162 4 163 166 166 167 1 168 1 1 1 170 1 1 1 171 154.4 126 166.1 144 156.4 115 154.3 161 156.6 101 154.9 83 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 373 Table XVII. — Types of fweign-bom adult Hebrew males, according to place of hirth- Continued. 4. CEPHALIC INDEX. Roumanla. Galicia. Little Russia. Wliite Russia. Poland. Lithuania. mm. 71 1 1 1 72 73 1 74 75 2 3 I 18 13 28 28 8 16 13 4 3 4 2 1 3 1 76 . 2 1 2 13 10 16 19 10 17 11 12 2 2 7 1 1 1 1 1 6 9 13 16 21 15 13 3 9 4 1 4 77 1 6 4 6 14 19 14 14 19 19 10 8 5 1 3 7 78 3 7 6 11 13 12 12 18 6 S 3 1 4 79 6 80 10 81 7 82 19 83 10 84 6 85 4 86 2 87 1 89 90 1 1 92 1 j Averaee 83.4 126 84.3 144 83.5 115 82.1 161 83.3 101 81.1 83 6. WIDTH OF FACE. mm. 1 1 2 126 1 1 1 1 128 61 1 3 1 2 5 9 9 4 S 8 10 16 10 8 4 13 7 7 6 6 2 1 1 1 2 1 129 1 4 2 6 7 5 7 5 4 8 6 17 11 9 3 5 6 6 3 4 3 4 3 10 7 8 9 8 6 6 12 15 9 8 6 12 6 9 3 3 2 3 2 130 5 1 3 5 3 6 5 11 8 3 10 11 4 6 3 9 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 2 132 2 6 4 7 4 4 8 1 14 8 9 7 3 6 5 2 1 1 1 2 2 5 133 2 134 4 135 1 136 2 137 6 138 5 139 3 140 10 141 3 142 8 143 i 144 6 145 6 146 5 147 1 148 2 149 1 1 1 1 al 1 1 1 cl 154 ol 139.4 125 140.3 142 140.0 112 139.3 168 140.0 101 139.5 83 o 157—1. 58392°— VOL 3&— li- ft 121—1. c 156—1. -25 374 The Immigration Commission. Table XVIII. — Types of foreign-bom Hebrews immigrating at different periods. A. Adult Males. 1. STATURE. Before 1880. 1880-1884. 1885-1889. 1890-1894. 1895-1899. 1900-1904. 1905-1909. cm. 150-151 ol 1 3 8 10 11 16 23 17 11 8 8 5 2 1 2 3 6 5 13 10 20 9 7 3 6 2 1 1 6 3 4 10 15 20 32 38 32 21 14 7 6 4 3 62 152-153 3 3 154-155 . . 1 1 6 4 3 6 3 3 1 2 14 166-157 2 4 7 8 7 14 14 6 2 3 2 11 168-159.. .. 2 4 3 1 3 3 2 1 1 15 160-161 25 162-163 22 164-165 30 166-167 24 168-169 25 170-171 12 172-173 15 174-175 2 4 176-177 5 178-179 1 180-181 1 1 164.7 21 162.6 30 165.4 71 164.3 127 163.7 88 164.3 215 164.2 210 2. LENGTH OF HEAD. mm. 170 1 2 1 171 1 3 172 1 1 3 3 173 1 1 1 cl 1 1 176 1 2 2 176 1 5 2 9 11 12 13 16 14 13 10 13 18 9 18 6 4 9 3 6 1 2 1 5 1 2 2 177 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 3 2 7 2 2 3 2 7 11 3 7 3 4 6 2 6 2 4 2 2 1 4 178 2 179 1 180 1 1 4 1 9 3 6 9 3 9 10 10 6 7 7 6 2 6 4 4 2 3 3 2 3 11 181 3 182 1 4 2 2 6 7 4 5 7 2 5 7 2 3 1 1 1 7 183 5 3 12 184 18 185 1 2 3 2 2 3 1 3 2 2 15 186 . 20 187 2 2 1 2 8 188 22 189 12 190 9 191 9 192 1 3 2 3 193 5 194 195 g 196 1 1 197 S 6 1 1 1 2 198 199 200 2 1 201 1 202 2 203 204 1 <2 148-149—1. i 210—1. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 375 Table XVIII. — Types of foreign-bom Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con. A. Adult Males — Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD. Before 1880. 1880-1884. 1885-1889. 1890-1894. 1895-1899. 1900-1904. 1905-1909. TUVl. 138 1 139 1 1 140 1 1 1 1 141 3 142 1 1 143 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 5 10 3 1 6 7 10 3 5 5 6 4 1 144 1 3 1 2 5 4 10 5 5 8 5 8 13 7 10 8 7 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 6 2 5 3 14 9 22 15 18 21 13 16 8 8 8 7 8 8 5 2 2 2 3 145 1 1 1 4 2 1 4 4 3 4 5 7 2 5 7 7 3 2 146 147 1 1 8 8 12 12 148 ; 1 149 150 4 151 152 1 2 1 3 153 14 9 154 . . . . 155 156 3 2 5 18 157 1 3 1 158 159 3 160 2 1 4 161 . 1 1 1 10 162 164 ... 1 4 165 8 1 1 4 167 1 2 1 2 168 1 4 169 170 1 1 1 1 172 .... 154.8 22 155.5 30 155.5 71 155.7 128 155.4 87 155.1 213 155.7 Cases 211 376 The Immigration Commission. Table XYIII.— Types of foreign-bom Hebrews immigrating at different periods— Con. A. Adult Males — Continued. 4. CEPHALIC INDEX. Before 1880. 1880-1884. 1885-1889. 1890-1894. 1895-1899. 1900-1904. 1905-1909. imn. 75 ol 1 2 3 4 7 8 11 11 3 5 1 7 4 1 1 1 76 63 4 ■8 8 10 17 20 16 11 9 12 5 1 1 7 13 18 18 28 28 30 23 14 14 6 8 3 2 4 77 1 2 1 3 1 4 2 2 3 2 1 5 78 1 «3 4 4 11 14 12 6 10 11 3 4 4 4 79 12 80 1 4 6 9 2 1 4 1 1 13 81 . 18 82 30 83 22 84 22 85 26 86 23 87 10 6 89 3 6 90 ... 3 1 4 92 1 1 Average 82.2 22 83.1 30 82.4 71 82.1 128 83.3 87 83.3 214 83.4 211 5. WIDTH OF FACE mm. cl 1 1 1 1 126 1 127 1 1 1 3 1 8 6 2 8 3 6 6 4 13 10 9 8 9 5 8 3 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 128 .... 2 129 1 1 1 1 3 3 7 2 6 6 6 4 9 5 4 5 7 4 1 1 6 3 130 2 8 3 9 6 9 9 7 10 16 14 25 19 14 9 12 10 6 7 8 4 131 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 10 2 6 4 1 3 4 6 2 1 2 132 5 133 1 1 1 14 134 1 12 135 15 130 10 137 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 4 3 1 8 138 13 139 1 5 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 9 140 22 141 17 142 10 143 10 144 11 145 . . 14 146 10 147 2 148 5 149 2 150 1 1 3 2 1 151 1 1 1 152 1 153 1 154 1 155 1 166 167 2 141.2 22 139.7 30 140.2 70 140.1 128 139.6 87 139.9 211 139.1 206 1171— 1. 6 71—1,74—1. ■■121- 1. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 377 Table XVIII. — Types of foreign-horn Hebrews immigrating at different -periods — Con. B. Adult Females. 1. STATURE. Before 1880. 1880-1884. 1885-1889. L890-1894. 1895-1899. 1900-1904. 1905-1909. cm. 126 1 127. 128 129.. 130 131 132 2 133 134 .. 135 1 1 136 137 1 1 138 1 139 140 2 141 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 6 3 7 4 9 14 7 13 12 14 10 11 4 9 7 4 2 6 1 2 1 1 1 142 1 143 2 2 5 4 6 4 9 9 17 17 11 25 15 22 15 15 13 13 11 8 8 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 144 2 3 4 2 4 3 4 6 4 5 3 8 2 2 3 5 2 2 3 1 145 2 2 146 - --- 1 2 3 2 2 7 8 10 8 8 4 10 5 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 147.. 1 1 2 6 148 8 149 2 6 150 11 151 1 2 2 1 1 6 1 20 152 16 153 14 154 2 2 3 12 155 24 166 15 157 2 22 3 1 3 3 -1 1 1 9 159 1 15 160 12 161 9 162 8 7 164 1 2 1 1 1 4 165 4 4 1 3 1 169 1 1 179 1 175 1 163.2 15 154.9 32 155.1 91 185. 1 163 163.7 77 155.4 250 165.0 248 378 The Immigration Commission. Table XVIIL- - Types of foreign-horn Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con. B. Adult Females — Continued. 2. LENGTH OF HEAD. Before 1880. 1880-1884. 1885-1889. 1890-1894. 1895-1899. 1900-1904. 1905-1909. TOTTi. 1 1 1 1 163 1 165 1 166 3 1 1 1 167 1 1 1 1 . 2 1 2 4 2 6 2 7 13 11 3 5 4 3 1 4 4 4 4 2 1 3 168 1 1 1 5 4 1' 3 6 6 2 2 7 1 13 7 5 4 3 3 15 6 7 9 10 21 18 10 23 17 23 13 12 11 6 9 8 7 10 3 3 1 1 170 1 1 4 2 3 5 4 7 8 3 17 7 20 12 10 7 11 8 10 3 6 1 3 2 2 2 1 13 171 6 172 1 1 2 11 174 . G 175 176 1 2 1 2 2 24 11 10 178 1 15 12 181 2 G 2 2 2 1 3 1 4 37 11 1 4 1 1 11 183 17 9 2 2 3 11 6 187 7 188 5 1 1 1 1 6 191 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 181.6 15 180.5 32 180.3 90 180.4 161 177.6 78 178.5 251 179.2 246 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 379 Table XVIII. — Types of foreign-horn Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con. B. Adult Females — Continued. 3. WIDTH OF HEAD. Before 1880. 1880-1884. 1885-1889. 1890-1894. 1895-1899. 1900-1904. 1905-1909. 131 1 132 133 134.. 135 136 1 137 138.. 1 1 139 4 4 3 4 13 10 19 16 14 23 11 29 16 22 11 12 14 3 10 3 2 140 3 2 1 3 2 5 7 6 13 9 11 12 24 10 12 8 5 8 13 2 5 3 2 2 5 141 1 6 142 6 143 7 2 3 5 3 9 8 7 8 5 5 6 2 2 5 6 2 3 144 1 2 7 11 3 3 5 8 11 5 3 5 4 3 1 1 1 1 11 145 27 146 1 10 147 2 2 1 5 2 3 4 2 4 11 148 16 149 1 2 1 17 150 31 151 15 152 22 1 1 1 4 2 1 13 154 10 155 17 156 7 157 2 1 8 7 159 1 160 2 161 4 2 1 162 1 1 1 1 1 1 165 1 153.6 15 151.1 32 150.2 91 150.3 163 149.1 78 149.4 261 149.7 248 380 The Immigration Commission, Table XVIII. — Types of fordgn-bom Hebrews immigrating at different periods — Con. B. Adult Females — Continued. 4. CEPHALIC INDEX. Before 1880. 1880-1884. 1885-1889. 1890-1894. 1895-1899. 1900-1904. 1905-1909. mm, 76 1 77 1 2 3 6 13 11 9 17 11 7 5 1 3 1 3 9 5 6 17 16 25 25 18 20 11 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 10 9 12 8 12 9 ! 2 1 2 3 4 6 21 23 28 38 31 27 28 20 7 9 2 3 1 1 78 ... 5 79 12 80 2 3 6 5 5 6 4 2 20 81 1 24 82 -_ 24 83 4 4 1 1 2 2 38 84.. 28 85 29 86 30 87 12 88... 13 89 3 90 3 91 2 92 1 93 1 94 84.7 15 83.6 32 83.3 90 83.4 162 83.9 78 83.7 251 83.6 246 5. WIDTH OF FACE. mm. 116 1 117 118 1 119 120 1 1 1 1 121 4 4 2 1 7 8 10 20 12 32 16 17 21 16 18 14 12 10 4 5 3 3 2 122 1 1 5 123 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 3 9 6 6 8 11 5 10 6 2 6 5 4 1 4 4 9 6 4 17 17 9 7 S 13 11 11 9 5 8 2 3 3 2 4 124 3 125 1 3 2 4 2 7 7 3 5 6 9 2 2 2 4 7 2 7 126 11 127 9 128. 2 20 129 11 130 1 1 1 5 23 131 16 132 17 133 16 134. 2 2 1 1 2 2 21 135. ... 16 136 15 137 7 138 9 139 4 1 1 140 5 4 2 2 141.. . 2 142 2 1 2 143 2 144 2 2 145 2 146 1 1 147 1 1 4 1 148 149 160 1 1 139.9 15 136.6 31 133.8 91 133.5 161 133.0 76 132.0 244 131.9 Cases . .. 233 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 381 Table XIX.— Growth of American-hom Hebrew boys bom ten years and more after mother's arrival. 1. STATURE. Age (years)... 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 95 96 1 1 1 1 1 97 98 99 2 1 1 100 101 2 102 103 1 4 1 2 4 2 2 104 1 105 1 108 107 7 108 3 3 109 1 1 2 Ill 112 1 3 1 113 1 2 1 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 i' 2 2 1 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 115 1 1 i' 116 117 1 1 1 1 5 3 6 5 6 1 8 9 7 3 2 3 3 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 6 5 5 1 5 5 11 11 5 11 3 9 9 9 5 4 5 1 1 2 5 1 119 1 120 i' 1 121 122 + 123 .... 1 1 124 125 1 4 . 4 3 2 8 11 3 13 3 10 9 6 7 6 10 2 3 6 3 3 3 5 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 126 127 128 129 3 3 3 130 2 131 1 132 133 5 134 , 135 1 Q 136 137 5 138 139 7 140 141 1 142 8 143 1 5 145 1 146 5 147 1 1 5 149 150 3 151 3 1 2 153 2 154 4 155 2 156 157 1 158 1 159 2 1 101.8 S 104.5 109.3 117.2 24 123.3 26 127.3 76 132.1 133 135.6 1.35 141.1 24 15 1 156 ' 382 The Immigration Commission. Table XIX. — Growth of American-bom Hebrew boys bom ten years and more after mother's arrival — Continued. 1. STATURE— Continuea. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. cm. 125 126 127 128 129 1 130 131 132 1 2 1 1 133 134 135 136 4 7 2 8 15 6 7 8 12 4 7 S 2 6 6 2 5 6- 6 3 5 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 5 2 4 5 2 10 7 4 4 9 7 4 3 4 5 5 10 1 4 4 3 4 4 3 137 138 139 140 142 3 2 2 1 4 3 144 145 1 147 148 149 150..* 2 4 3 3 1 3 4 3 4 3 a 5 4 2 3 4 4 S i" 152 1 164 2 155 156 1 157 : 159 160 161 1 162 164 1 165 2 1 166 167 1 3 168 1 6 169 170 1 171 1 1 1 172 i 173 1 1 1 175 176 177 178 179 180 1 1 Average 146.3 145 163.5 133 156.9 79 162.8 12 168.0 4 166.0 2 168.0 2 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 383 Table XIX. — Growth of American-bom Hebrew boys born ten years and more after mother's arrival — Continued. 2. WEIGHT. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. kgms. 20 3 4 3 6 9 8 5 5 4 2 4 1 3 1 3 5 8 7 13 12 9 14 14 7 9 "i" 4 21 22 1 2 4 14 4 19 7 12 14 5 11 5 4 3 2 2 5 1 3 2 1 23 24 1 1 2 3 7 10 6 10 13 13 10 12 11 7 6 4 7 4 6 3 5 3 1 1 25 26 27 1 1 1 4 3 7 7 8 13 8 8 14 6 8 5 6 5 3 5 6 2 3 4 1 2 2 28 1 . 29 30 6 2 3 1 3 3 5 6 7 8 6 10 8, 8 3 5 8 2 6 5 4 2 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 31 32 2 33 2 1 2 1 3 4 3 3 1 4 4 6 2 2 3 5 6 2 35 1 37 2 39 40 1 41 42 44 1 1 46 1 1 1 1 49 1 51 3 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53 1 1 1 1 1 1 56 3 1 59 1 60 61 1 1 63 1 * 1 66 ■ 1 26.0 4 25.6 58 28.3 114 30.9 114 33.7 151 37.3 135 42.5 128 45.2 72 52.4 5 384 The Immigration Commission. Table XIX. — Growth of American-horn Hebrew hoys horn ten years and more after mother's arrival — Continued. 3. LENGTH OF HEAD. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. mm. 165 156... 1 157 1 158 1 1 159 1 1 160.. 161 1 1 1 162 1 "'i' 163 1 1 164 1 165 1 2 166 1 3 1 3 ..... 1 2 1 167 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 6 7 4 5 7 8 11 11 7 11 9 7 10 6 3 4 6 2 2 2 168 1 4 2 3 4 7 6 3 4 7 6 1 4 7 8 2 2 2 G 3 6 7 10 8 12 7 7 9 10 8 3 6 7 8 1 1 4 3 3 1 1 2 1 3 3 7 7 13 6 11 10 14 13 10 7 4 8 12 8 7 3 5 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 2 6 4 11 7 11 15 13 14 8 11 9 3 5 3 3 3 2 ..... 1 2 1 169... 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 "i" 1 2 4 "3' 2 2 1 3 170 171.. 1 172 173 1 2 3 3 4 4 2 5 11 8 4 6 11 14 8 11 8 2 3 7 1 9 2 1 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 174. . 175 176 1 1 3 2 2 5 6 7 9 4 3 2 6 7 4 3 3 3 1 177 1 1 178 2 179 180 1 2 '"'i' 181 1 182 183 1 1 1 184 1 185 1 1 5 186 ""2 1 1 1 187 188 1 1 ""'i' 4 2 189 1 190 191 3 2 1 192 1 193 194 1 195 196 1 3 197 1 198 1 2 1 199 200 1 1 201 202 1 2 "■'i 203 204 Average Cases 169.0 5 172.9 24 171.2 16 174.1 25 177.1 26 178.1 82 178.6 137 180.1 144 181.2 163 182.0 153 184.7 142 186.4 83 186.1 14 186.7 6 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 385 _ _, Table XIX. — Growth of American-horn Hebrew boys born ten years and more after mother's arrival — Continued. 4. WIDTH OF HEAD. Age (years) mm. 130.. 131.. 132.. 133.. 134.. 12. 19. 135.. 136.. 137.. 138.. 139.. 140.. 141.. 142.. 143.. 144.. 145.. 146.. 147.. 148.. 149.. 150.. 151.. 162.. 1S3.. 154.. 155.. 156.. 157.. 158.. 159.. 160.. 161.. 162.. Average.. Cases 138.8 5 142.4 24 143.1 16 143.7 26 144.7 146.1 82 147.0 136 147.3 144 148.1 163 148.9 163 150.1 142 150.5 14 150.2 5. CEPHALIC INDEX Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19; mm. 1 71 1 1 74 1 1 1 2 3 2 4 8 16 18 12 14 19 15 8 8 3 2 7^ 3 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 4 2 4 1 "2 3 9 4 14 8 16 7 9 9 12 2 3 1 1 2 3 ■■5' 11 11 20 26 11 17 9 11 8 I ..... 3 3 3 5 6 4 3 13 7 7 2 3 1 1 76 1 4 6 8 10 22 19 16 13 10 15 6 5 1 5 3 10 12 23 25 22 23 14 16 3 2 "'I' ..... 5 6 11 13 19 19 16 17 16 10 8 2 5 3 2 ""i" 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 78 2 3 2 2 2 4 1 2 2 1 2 ..... 1 3 2 2 2 3 3 5 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 SO 2 2 2 1 2 82 84 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 92 Q4 Average — Cases 82.2 6 82.4 24 83.3 15 82.6 25 81.7 26 82.3 100 82.4 139 81.8 139 81.7 163 81.9 153 81.5 134 80.8 63 81.0 14 81.0 6 77.0 2 78.5 2 386 The Immigration Commission. Table XIX. — Growth of American-horn Hebrew hoys horn ten years and more after mother's amuaZ— Continued. 6. WIDTH OF FACE. Age (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. mm. 100 " 102 ' 103 104 105 1 "T 1 106 107 108 109. 110 2 2 1 1 111 112 2 1 1 2 3 5 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 113 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 "i 1 6 4 1 2 3 1 ...„ 4 2 9 10 12 3 8 7 5 1 2 3 1 3 3 9 12 5 9 19 6 21 9 14 10 9 12 8 1 3 1 2 1 114 1 7 4 2 6 5 10 8 7 10 18 11 16 4 1 8 3 5 2 2 ..... 3 6 6 8 13 15 10 12 10 8 11 11 5 10 2 1 3 2 2 1 115 116 1 117 1 118 1 1 8 4 5 9 9 21 10 12 13 13 15 5 7 3 5 6 5 1 1 2 4 3 6 6 11 2 11 18 13 13 6 10 12 4 5 5 1 4 119 120 2 121 123 1 ..... 1 2 3 5 2 7 6 3 6 7 5 6 9 4 4 S 2 3 1 124 125 1 1 2 1 126 127 6 1 2 2 1 1 128 1 1 2 3 ..... 129 1 130 131 1 2 132 133. 134 1 2 1 2 135. 136 1 ..... 1 137. . 138 2 139 140 1 141 3 142 1 1 143 1 144 Average Cases 112.0 S 116.9 24 116.4 16 117.2 ?4 119.3 26 121.8 82 123.1 135 124.4 144 124.8 163 127.4 153 129.2 142 131.1 83 130.3 14 132.5 6 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 387 Table XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-bom Hebrews, arranged according to age at time (^immigration. A.— MALES. Age at Immigra- tion years. Year of immigra- tion Age, 1909 (years). 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 11 .. 1 2 1 1.1 1 1 1 1 .. 3 1 .. 2 1 .... 1 1 2 .. 1 1 .. 2 2 .... 1 1 .... 1 1 .... 1 .... 1 .. 2 1 1 112 2 89 1 1 1 Age at immigra- 1 year. Year of Immigra- tion Age, 1909 (years). 1905. 5. 1904. 6. 1903. 7. 1902. 8. 1901. 9. 1900. 10. 1899. 11. 1S98. 12. 1897. 13. 1896. 14. 1895. 15. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 16. 17. 18. 19. 80 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 "1 "1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 "1 "1 1 2 1 2 1 1 81 82 "1 "1 2 1 .. .. 83 84 85 86 1 .. .. 87 88 . .. 89 Age at Immlgra- 2 years. Year of immigra- tion 1906. 5. 1905. 6. 1904. 7. 1903. 8. 1902. 9. 1901. 10. 1900. 11. 1899. 12. 1898. 13. 1897. 14. 1896. 15. 1895.1894.1893.1892. Age, 1909 (years).. 16. 17. 18. 19. 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 i 1 i 1 .- '2 1 i 'i 'i i 1 i 1 i 'i 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 "i 1 i 'i 'i '3 1 1 i 3 'i "i 1 '2 1 1 1 i 1 1 'i "i 1 'i 1 1 1 .. .. 84 1 .. 1 1 85 86 87 88 89 90 ■■ •■ 91 388 The Immigration Commission. Table XX..— Cephalic index ofj^c/reign-barn Hebrews, arranged according to ogeMSHim of immigration — Continued . A.-MALES-Contlnued. Age at Immlgra- 3 years. Year of immigra^ tion. Age, 1909 (years) . . 1907. 5. 1906. 6. 1905. 7. 1904. 8. 1903. 9. 1902. 10. 1901. 11. 1900. 12. 1899. 13. 1898. 14, 1897. 15. 1 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 16. 17 18. 19. t 79 80 81 'i "i 1 'i i i 1 'i '2 1 1 1 2 "i. 1 2 i 1 i '2 1 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 '3 1 3 1 '2 i 1 ■3 3 i 1 "i 1 '2 "2 1 .. 1 82 83 84 ;; '.'. i '.'. 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 1 1 -- 1 Age at immigra- 4 years. Year of Immigra- tion. Age, 1909 (years)-. 1908. 5. 1907. 6. 1906. 7. 1905. 8. 1904. 9. 1903. 10. 1902. 11. 1901. 12. 1900. 13. 1899. 14. 1898. 15. 1897.1896.1895.1894. 16. 17. 18. 19. 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 'i i 2 1 'i 1 1 1 1 1 'i 2 1 1 'i "2 3 1 1 "i i "i 1 i 1 1 "i 'i 3 2 1 "i 2 '2 "2 i 1 "2 i '2 2 1 1 'i "i 2 i '.'. '.'. '.'. 1 91 92 93 ;: :; Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 389 Table XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-horn Hebrews, arranged according to age at time of immigration— Continued . A.— MALE S— Continued. Age at tamilgra- 5 years Year of fimnigra- tion. Age, 1909 (years).. 1909. 1908. 1907 5. 6. 7. 1906 8. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902 9. 10. 11. 12. 1901 13. 1900. 1899 14. 15. 1898.1897.1896.1895. 16. 17. 18. 19. 78 ;; ;; i -■ -• 'i 79 so: 1 'i "2 '2 1 2 "i 4 1 2 3 2 '3 3 1 81 82 83 84 L "2 i '.'. '.'. '.'. i ;; ;; v. 85 86 87 88 89 1 i 5 1 "i 1 4 '3 2 2 1 1 3 'i 1 1 3 3 1 "i 90 -• -■ 1 1 91 1 Age at immigration. . 6 years. Age, 1909 (years) 1909. 1908. 1907 6. 7. 8. 1906. 1905 9. 10. . 1904 11. . 1903 12. . 1902 13. . 1901. 14. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 76 77 78 79 '3 i 1 1 80 81 1 'i 1 1 1 1 1 1 "2 4 2 i "i 1 i 1 2 i 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 6 1 i 1 3 1 1 1 90 91 'i 'i 1 58392°— VOL 38—11- -26 390 The Immigration Commission. Table XX.— Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Age at immigration 7 years Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1909. 1908. 7. 8. 1907. 9. 1906. 10. 1905. 11. 1904. 12. 1903. 13. 1902. 14. 1901. 15. 1900. 16. 1899. 17. 1898. 18. 1897. 19. 74 1 ., ,. ,. 75 76 77 78 79 i '2 i - 80 81 82 83 'i '.'. i 1 1 i '2 1 "i 4 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 i '2 i -■ 84 85 86 87 88 89 'i 1 2 "i 2 1 2 1 '3 1 1 1 2 2 1 'i 'i i 2 ;; 1 90 91 92 93 ■■ :: 1 i -■ ■• 8 years 1909. 8. 1908. 9. 1907. 10. 1906. 11. 1905. 12. 1904. 13. 1903. 14. 1902. 15. 1901. 16. 1900. 17. 1899. 18. Age, 1909 (years) 19. 75 76 77 78 79 1 i ■■ 80 81 82 83 'i 1 '3 1 1 1 i 3 3 1 2 i '2 1 '2 "i i i 1 84 85 86 i 3 2 3 2 'i 1 1 1 1 2 'i 87 88 89 90 91 i ■■ Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 391 Table XX.— Cephalic index of foreign-bom Hebrews, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued . A.— MALES— Continued. A ^p ^t iTTiTTiigrfttioii . . 9 years . Year of immigration , Age, 1909 (years) 1909. 1908. 1907 9. 10. 11. 1906 12. 1905 13. 1904. 14. 1903. 15. 1902 16. 1901 17. 1900 18. 1899. 19. 77 ■■ 1 i 3 1 2 1 1 'i 2 2 .'2 4 3 1 '3 4 1 2 'i 2 1 'i 1 i 1 78 79 80 81 82 'i 83 84 85 86 87 88. 89 ; 90 .... 91 92 . 1 10 years. 1909 10. . 1908. 11. 1907. 12. 1906. 13. 1905. 14. 1904. 15. 1903. 16. 1902. 17. 1901. 18. 1900. 19. Age, 1909 (years) 1 'i i i i 1 '2 4 "i 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 4 "3 1 "i 3 1 2 i 1 1 i "i "i 1 1 3 1 i 2 1 "i 1 "i ■■ 'i 77 79 " 80 82 1 84 1 85 87 89 90 11 years 1909. 11. 1908. 12. 1907. 13. 1906. 14. 1905. 15. 1904. 16. 1903. 17. 1902. 18. 1901 Age, 1909 (years) 19. '2 1 1 '2 2 'i 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 "2 1 1 'i "i 'i i "i i 80 81 i 2 82 83 1 84 85 86 88 89 90 • 1 392 The Immigration Commission. Table XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time of immigration— Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Agp at iTnmiprat.inn , . 12 years. 1909. 12. 1908. 13. 1907. 14. 1906. 15. 1905. 16. 1904. 17. 1903. 18. 190?!. 19. 77 2 '3 i 1 i 'i 'i 2 1 2 3 'i 'i 1 '2 '3 1 'i 1 1 78 79 : 80 81 82 83 84.. . 1 85 - 86 87 88 1 1 Age at immigration. . 13 years. 14 years. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1909. 13. 1908. 14. 1907. 15. 1906. 1905. 16. 17. 1904. 1903. 18. 19. 1909. 14. 1908. 16. 1907. 1906. 16. 17. 1905. 18. 1904. 19. 74 76 76 77 78 'i 1 'i 'i 1 1 'i "i '2 1 i ;; "i i 1 "i "i 'i 1 1 "i 1 1 1 1 1 1 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Age at immigration. . 15 years. 16 years. 17 years. 18 years. Year of Immigration. Age, 1909 (years) 1909. 1908 15. 16. 1907. 17. 1906. 18. 1905. 19. 1909 16. 1908. 1907 17. 18. 1906. 19. 1909 17. 1908. 1907. 18. 19. 1909 18. 1908. 19. 76'. '.'. "i 1 '.'. "i 1 '2 1 2 1 'i "i 1 "i 1 i '.'. '.'. 76 77 78 79 80 81 'i 1 .. 1 i 2 82 83 84 85 1 3 86 87 2 88 89 .. .. 1 90 ■- •■ 1 .. ■• Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants, 393 Table XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued . B.— FEMALES. years. Year of Immigration 1903. 6. 1902. 7. 1901. 8. 1900. 9. 1899. 10. 1898. 1897. 11. 12. 1896. 13. 1895. 14. 1894. 15. 1893. 16. 1892. Age, 1909 (years) 17. 86 82 83 84 83 81 86 85 87 80 80 81 84 87 Age at immigration. . lyear. Year of immigration. 1906. 190.5. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 189S. 1897. 1896. 189.5. 1894. 1893. Age, 1909 (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 87 82 82 83 87 87 87 89 82 89 si 82 83 86 90 88 87 85 87 81 85 86 85 82 81 Agft at imTTiigTatinTi. . r years Year of immigration 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1903 1901. 1900. 1899, 1898. 1897. lS9fi. 1895. 1894. Age, 1909 (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 88 82 83 82 80 SO 83 92 86 79 82 80 93 83 91 83 84 85 84 88 86 88 88 83 83 84 3 years. Year of immigration 1906. 6. 1905. 7. 1904. 8. 1903. 9. 1902. 10. 1901. 11. 1900. 12. 1899. 13. 1898. 14. 1897. 15. 1986. 16. 1895. Age, 1909 (years) 17. 83 82 90 80 81 84 84 83 85 80 84 83 85 87 89 92 87 82 85 85 94 84 86 90 85 4 years. Year of immigration 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. Age, 1909 (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 85 86 86 83 86 86 83 83 84 85 85 84 85 SO 86 Ki 83 85 88 83 85 86 88 84 87 89 84 91 92 394 The Immigration Commission. Table XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-horn Hebrews, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. B.— FEMALES— Continued. Agp at. ImTnigra-tion 5 years. Year of immigration 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. ign.'l. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. Age, 1909 (years) S. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. m 81 82 85 86 84 82 86 86 83 83 Rfi 82 82 90 87 90 83 8t> 83 88 85 86 87 91 84 84 86 87 87 87 90 85 86 88 88 6 years. Year of immigration 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903 1903, 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. Age, 1909 (years) . . . 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 82 78 79 84 84 86 84 83 85 84 81 81 84 86 87 84 83 81 Sfi 88 87 84 82 89 87 84 Ki 87 86 83 83 7 years. 1908. 8. 1907. 9. 1906. 10. 1905. 11. 1904. 12. 1903. 13. 1902. 14. 1901. 15. 1900. 16. Age, 1909 (years) 79 83 84 84 84 85 86 87 79 85 81 83 85 88 88 83 83 83 85 82 84 85 81 83 83 8 years 1908. 1900. 17 Age, 1909 (years) 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 78 81 86 80 77 82 84 82 85 82 85 86 90 82 83 86 86 86 87 82 84 85 91 86 87 Age at immigration ] years 1909. 1908 1905. 13. 1904. 14. 1903. 15. 1902. 16. 1901. 17. Age, 1909 (years) 9. 10. 11. 12. 84 90 80 81 82 84 85 79 85 86 85 84 82 84 87 80 86 88 88 iSi 87 S3 88 90 85 87 89 84 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 395 Table XX. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Hebrews, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued . B. — FEMALES— Continued. AgP J^t ITTITnigT^tJnTl. . * 10 years. "ypm* nf lTnTnigrp.tinTi . 1909. 10. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 19( 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1 )3 1902 Age, 1909 (years) 83 82 84 83 87 86 89 88 84 .. 83 80 86 81 82 83 84 Age at iiaiDigration . 11 years. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 19( 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1 M. 1903. Aee. 1909 fvears^ i. 17. 78 78 82 86 81 80 83 79 82 84 85 83 83 87 85 89 Age at tminigratioii 12 years. 13 years. Year of inuaigratioa 1907. 1906. 1905. 14. 15. 16. 1904. 17. 1908 14. 1907. 1906. 15. 16. 1905. Aee. 1909 fvears) 17. 90 83 82 83 83 87 82 84 76 83 83 85 86 82 83 84 84 87 U years. 13 years. 16 years. 17 1907. 1906. 16. 17. 1909. 15. 1908. 16. 1907. 17. 1909. 1908. 16. 17. 1909. Affe 1909 (vearsi . 17. 80 80 83 84 83 93 83 94 83 83 85 81 82 84 87 81 83 84 86 86 86 87 87 87 79 81 85 86 86 82 83 396 The Immigration Commission. Table XXI. — Cephalic index of American-bom Hebrews, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child. A.— MALES. Bom 1 year after arrival of motber. Year of immigra- tion. Age, 1909 Cyears) 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 1888 and earlier. 20 and over. 76 i 2 i "i "i i 1 1 i i 1 i 1 i 'i 1 1 2 i 2 2 'i 1 1 1 77 78 '2 79 80 81 . 2 1 's 3 i ■■ 1 1 1 '2 82 83 1 3 84 3 -■ 1 .. .. 1 85 86 2 87 1 1 88 Bom 2 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigra- tion. . Age, 1909 (years)... 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 1887 and earlier. 20 and over. 76 77 78 79 i -■ i 'i '2 i "i 80 81 "i 1 'i 'i i 1 '2 1 'i 2 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 '3 2 1 -- 82 1 83 84 85 1 i 1 i i 1 'i 2 -• 3 1 3 i -j 2 1 'i '2 1 i 86 87. 1 88 89 tmmigra- (years) . . . Bom 3 years after arrival of mother. Year of tion. Age, 1909 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. *16. 17. 18. 19.' 1886 and earlier. 20 and over. 75 76 77 78 79 ■• "i .. •- "i '3 "5 "i 80 1 '2 i '2 "i 1 1 2 1 1 "i "2 2 i 3 1 2 5 •> 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 81... 82 2 1 1 1 83 84 " 85 86 87 i 'i 1 '2 2 1 'i i 1 1 1 '2 1 2 2 -:; i 88 89 90 1 91 92 93 •• Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 397 Table XXI. — Cephalic index of American-bom Hebrews, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Born 4 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigra- tion. Age, 1909 (years)... 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. tsQS. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885 and earlier. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 77 .. .. 2 78 79 i I .. 1 1 1 II 19 1 1 80 2 1 1114 2 2 81. 1 2 12 3 2 1 .... 1 .. 2 2 4 4 3 3 1 3 1 3 4 .halic index of American-bom Hebrews, arranged according to between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. time B .—FEMALES— Continued . Bom 11 years after arriTal of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 78 79. 80 1 2 .. 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 1 2 1 1 81 82 83 84 1 1 .. 1 .. .. 2 .. 1 2 .. 1 1 1 1 1 .. 1 11 85 86 87 88 89 1 .... 2 1 1 .. .. 1 '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. Bom 12 years after arrival of motlier. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1892. 5. 1891. 6. 1890. 7. 1889. 8. 1888. 9. 1887. 10. 1886. 11. 1885. 12. 1884. 13. 1883. 14. 1882. 15. 1881. 16. 1880. 17. 78 79 80 81 82 "i 1 'i 'i 3 'i 1 '2 "i 'i 1 i 1 i 1 i i 1 i "i 83 84 85 86 87 Bom 13 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1891. 5. 1890. 6. 1889. 7. 1888. 8. 1887. 9. 1886. 10. 1885. 11. 1884. 12. 1883. 13. 1882. 14. 1881. 15. 1880. 16. 1879. 17. 69 86 ---' 83 83 83 89 82 82 86 89 91 83 78 81 -- 76 85 80 Bom 14 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1891. 4. 1890. 5. 1889. 6. 1888. 7. 1887. 8. 1886. 9. 1886. 10. 1884. 11. 1883. 12. 1882. 13. 1881. 14. 1880. 15. • 86 89 •■ 79 80 81 85 79 85 87 88 79 85 81 76 76 78 80 84 82 84 87 410 The Immigration Commission. Table XXI.— i II. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time elapsed between arrrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. B.— FEMALES— Continued. Bom 16 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) . 1889. 5. 1888. 6. 1887. 1886. 7. 8. 1885. 1884. 9. 10. 1883. 1882. 11. 12. 1881. 13. 1880. 14. 78 80 81 80 83 85 84 86 85 88 90 78 75 85 86 80 Bom 16 years after arrival of mother. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1886. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1884. 9. 1883. Aee 1909 fvears) 10. 83 82 82 84 84 85 86 84 80 Bom 17 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1887. 5. 1886. 6. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1879. 13. 1878. 14. 83 81 82 81 76 -. .. .. 84 87 78 86 82 Bom 18 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration. Age, 1909 (years) 1887. 1886. 4. 5. 1885. 6. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 14. 16. 16. 17. 81 85 75 84 84 86 81 75 .. 80 .. 85 85 80 79 Bom 19 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigra- tion 1885. 1884. 5. 6. 1883 7. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1877. 1876. 1875. Age, 1909 (years). 13. 14. 16. 8 9 86 80 83 81 .. 80 85 86 Born 20 years after arrival of mother. 1886. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. <• 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Age, 1909 (years) 86 81 83 .... 84 80 81 84 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 411 Table XXI. — Cephalic index of American-born Hebrews, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — dontinued. B.— FEMALES— C!ontlnued. Bom 21 years after arrival of motlier. Year of Immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1884. 4. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1874. 14. 1873. 15 84 86 80 Bom 22 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 83 .. 83 .. 80 80 Bom 23 years after arrival of mother. Bom 24 years after arrival of mother. Bom 25 years after arrival of mother. Bom 27 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 5. 6. 7. 8. 1875. 1869. 10. 16. 1878. 1874. 1870. 6. 10. 14. 1874. 1873. 1872. 8. 9. 10. 81 84 .. 79 88 82 84 86 80 84 84 82 84 .. 79 Bom 28 years after arrival of mother. Bom 29 years after arrival of mother. Bom 32 years after arrival of mother. Bom 33 years after arrival of mother. Year of iTnir'lErfvti'^" . 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1874.1873.1872.1871.1870. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1869. 8. 1869. Aee. 1909 (veis) 7. 83 .. .. 85 81 79 80 80 Mother bom in the United States. Aee Tvears) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 77 77 77 76 75 75 73 79 77 78 78 79 79 78 77 79 78 81 79 81 80 78 78 79 81 81 82 80 79 78 81 84 80 78 82 83 85 80 78 84 85 80 82 84 85 79 73 79 75 79 80 80 82 83 412 The Immigration Commission. Table XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-bom Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration. A.— MALES. Age at immlgra- years. Year of immigra- gration. Age, 1909 (years).. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889 and earlier. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 ... 1 1 1 1 .. .. 1 .. 1 1 Ill 1 1 12.. 1 1 " i '.'. '.'. '.'. i i '.'. '.'. i '.'. '.'. '.'. i ;; !! 1 '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i " '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. v. 1 Age at Immlgra- 1 year. Year of Immlgia- Age, 1909 (years)... 1906. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890 and earlier. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.^.16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 72 73 74 11 .. .. 1 1 1 75 76 77 78 1 -- 1 1 1 2 .. 1 1 79 1 .... 1 . 2 11 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 88 89 90 .. 1 .. 1 1 1 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 1 '.'. '.'. i ;; '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. ;; ;; ;; .. .. 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 413 Table XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-horn Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— MALE&— Continued. Age at tmmlgra- 2 years. Year of Immigia- tlon. Age, 1909 (years)... 1900. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 1891 and earlier. 20 and over. 74 i 1 1 1 "i 2 '2 75 76 i i 1 1 i "i "i 1 1 2 "i 1 1 77 1 1 1 .... 11 .. 1 78 79 80 1 81 82 -- 1 1 1 1 "i 1 2 1 1 84 85 1 86 87 -- Age at Immigra- 3 years Year ol tounigrar tlon. Age, 1909 (years)... 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 1892 and earlier. 20 and over. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 i i -- 1 ■• 1 1 i 3 2 i i 2 3 2 1 '.'. i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. v. '.'. 'i "i 1 2 2 1 .. 82 83 84 86 1 1 1 •- 1 .. 88 89 90 91 92 •• i ■- 414 The Immigration Commission. Table XXII. — Cephalic index of /oreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Age at limtiigia- 4 years Year of immigra- tion Age, 1909 (years) . . 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 1893 and earlier. 20 and over. 73 74 75 i 1 1 1 1 1 "i 'i 1 1 "i !! '.'. '.'. '.'. "i 76 1 .. 77 78 i "3 "i '2 i 1 1 '2 '2 2 1 1 '2 1 '.'. 'i '.'. '.'. -■ 1 80 81 82 1 1 1 83 1 84 85 •■ Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 73 1 74... 1 75... 1 76 1 1 77 . 2 12 1 78 1 2 1 .... 1 2 1 79 1 .. .. 1 1 go ... 1 1 2 .. .. 1 1 81 1 .. 2 1 .. 3 82 1 .. .. 1 83 1 84 . 1 85 86 87 . . 88 89 90 91 92.: .: 93.;.. '. 94 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 415 Table XXII. — Cephalic index of /orei^n-bom Sicilians, arranged according to age at " '.of ii time of immigration — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Age at immigra- tion Year ol immigra- tion. Age, 1909 (years). 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895 and earlier. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 75.... 76.... 77 78.... 79 80.... 81.... 82.... 83.... 84.... 85.... 86.... ..11.. 1 .. 2 .. 1 1 .. .. 1 1 11.. 11 1 2 1 1 Age at immigra- tion 7 years. Year of immigra- tion 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896 and earlier. Age, 1909 (years). 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 1 ;; !! ;; v. v. "2 i i w '.'. '.'. i '.'. v. 1111 1 .... 1 2 1 1 1 .. .. 1 2 .. .. 1 1 Ill .. .. 1 11 .. 1 1 Ill v. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. !! ;; !! '.'. '.'. i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. 416 The Immigration Commission, Table XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-horn Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Age at immigratiDn . 8 years. Year of immigration. . Age, 1909 (years) 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 1897 and earlier. 20 and over. 70.. 71.. 72.. 73.. 74.. 75.. 76.. 77.. 78.. 79.. 81..., 83.. 84.. 85.... Age at immigration. . 9 years. Year of immigration . Age, 1909 (years) 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898 and earlier. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 73.. 74.. 75.. 76.. 77.. 78. 79.. 80.. 81.. 82.. 83.. 84.. 85.. Age at immigration 10 years. Year of immigration 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899 and Age, 1909 (years) earlier. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 74 75 76 1 11 J 11 11 77 78 1 1 111 79 1 1 .. 3 .. 1 80 81 82 • •■ 13 1 1 1 .... 1 1 .... 1 .. 1 1 1 '.'. 'i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. " '.'. '.'. V. 83 84 86 86 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 417 Table XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-bom Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. 11 years. Vfiar nf imTnigrfttioTi 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900 and earlier. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. Age, 1909 (years) 70 1 71 72 73 1 74 75 1 76 77 78. .. 2 .. .. 1 1 1 .. 1 2 79 80 81 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 .. 1 1 1 82 83 84 g 12 years. 1909. 1908. 1907.' 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901 and earlier. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 70 71 1 73 74 75 .... 1 2 2 11 2 77 .. 1 .. . 1 11 2 79 .- 1 2 .. 1 .. 80 1 81 ..... 1 82 1 .. 1 83 1 85 1 .. . 86 1 .. 1 Age at immigration.. 13 years. Year of immigration . Age, 1909 (years) 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77.. 78. 79. 80. 81. 1908. 14. 1907. 15. 1906. 16. 1905. 17. 1904. 18. 1903. 1902 and earlier. 19. 20 and over. 418 The Immigration Commission. Table XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-bom Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration— -Gontimied. A.— MALES— Continued. Age at immigration. Year of Immigration Age, 1909 (years).... 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 14 years. 1909. 14. 1908. 15. 1907. 16. 1906. 17. 1905. 18. 1904. 1903 and earlier. 19. 20 and over. Age at immigration. 15 years. 16 years. Year of Immigra- tion. Age, 1909 (years).... 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904 and earlier. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and • over. 1909. 1908. 1907. 16. 17. 18. 1906. 1905 and earlier. 19. 20 and over. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82.. 83.. 84. 85.. Age at Immigration. . 17 years. 18 years. Year of immigration . Age, 1909 (years) 1909. 17. 1908. 18. 1907, 1906 and earlier. 19. 20 and over. 1909. 18. 1908. 1907 and earlier. 19. 20 and over. 74 75 79 73 77 79 84 74 77 Cases. 72—1 73—2 75—1 76—4 77—8 78—1 79—3 80—1 84—1 Cases. 74—1 75—8 76—6 77—3 78—6 79—1 80—4 81—2 82—4 83—2 86-1. Changes in Bodily Fonn of Descendants of Immigrants. 419 Table XXII. — Cephalic index of forekin-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— ItALES— Continued. ADULTS. Age at tmm!- giation 19. ■20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 70 1 2 71 1 'i ■- 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 •- i 1 •• 72 ., 73 1 1 4 3 1 4 3 3 1 3 1 2 4 4 3 4 4 4 2 2 1 3 1 5 4 3 7 5 5 '2 1 1 1 6 4 6 4 8 1 3 1 2 1 1 4 1 4 S 4 6 7 4 'i 2 1 1 2 5 3 3 3 10 1 5 2 4 2 1 1 2 3 2 4 7 4 5 2 1 "2 1 1 "2 1 6 8 3 8 2 1 2 1 2 1 3 '4 4 1 8 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 7 6 8 4 4 1 1 2 '3 2 2 3 S 1 "i 1 4 3 2 4 2 1 1 2 i 5 4 1 3 1 5 1 1 1 74 1 75 2 76 77 3 78 2 79 1 80 4 81 82 83 1 84 86 .. 86 1 1 87 .. i .. 88 .. i .. .- 89 •• ■- "" gration 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 68 1 ■■ ■■ .. 69 70 ,. .. .. .. -- 71 72 ., 1 -. -- 1 2 i 1 1 73 74 "i "i 3 1 3 3 i 1 1 "i i 2 i 2 i 2 76 2 76 2 4 'V 5 4 3 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 i '2 2 2 2 1 1 1 '2 2 i i 4 77 78 • - 79 2 2 1 1 2 3 1 "i 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 2 ^ 1 2 i 1 2 1 2 'i i i 2 2 2 ■4 '2 '2 1 i 80 81 82 83 -- 84 ■- ■■ 86 1 86 ,. 2 -- -■ ■- ■• •• 87 ,, -- -- -- •" 88 .. -- -- '" 89 " 420 The Immigration Commission. Table XXII. — Cephalic index of J'oreign-bcn-n Sicilians, arranged according to age at time oj immigration — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Age at immigration. 49. 50. 51. 62. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 69. 60. 61. 62. 65. 67. 71. 70 71 72 1 1 73 .. 74 2 1 75 1 1 1 76 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 77 3 1 2 1 1 1 ., 78. 1 1 2 "i 1 2 1 2 1 i i 79 80 81 1 1 82 1 1 83 .. 84 -■ -- -- ■ - -. 85 1 1 86 1 B.— FEMALES. years. 1903. 6. 1902. 7. 1901. 8. 1900. 9. 1899. 10. 1898. 11. 1897. 12. 1896. 13. 1895. 14. 78 78 85 77 79 79 80 81 78 79 82 78 80 80 Age at immigra- Year of immigra- tion. Age, 1909 (years). 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892 and earlier. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 77 78 78 78 82 77 77 78 74 80 79 .. 76 78 79 83 85 77 79 82 80 87 80 85 84 Age at immigration 2 years. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893 and earlier. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 77 78 79 79 79 78 78 84 77 78 .. 75 78 .. 75 79 82 80 80 78 84 77 78 78 87 82 84 82 79 78 84 81 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 421 Table XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. B.— FEMALES— Continued. Age at immigra- tion 3 years. Year of immigra- 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1R9S. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894 and tion. earlier. Age, 1909 (years). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 74 77 82 SO 70 83 76 80 74 80 78 78 74 78 79 88 74 8.') 7fi 75 80 78 77 80 80 7S 83 75 80 81 86 81 82 81 84 Age at immigra- tion 4 years. Yearofimmigra- 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895 and gration. earlier. Age, 1909 (years). 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 78 SO 78 77 80 78 ■73 76 79 78 71 77 78 74 81 78 80 80 82 82 79 80 87 81 84 74 77 83 77 80 80 78 75 74 75 77 78 79 Age at immigration 5 years. Year of immigration. . . 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896 and earlier. Age, 1909 (years) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 74 78 75 77 79 77 78 79 R2 76 74 83 79 77 79 SO 78 SO 79 78 77 80 77 78 79 79 81 86 79 79 80 83 87 81 82 80 78 78 78 78 80 80 81 Age at immigration — 6 years. Year of immigration. . . 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897 and earlier. 18 and over. Age, 1909 (years) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 79 79 SO 77 76 73 76 73 78 76 74 79 78 80 75 77 78 80 76 81 79 80 81 84 82 78 79 83 77 58392°— VOL 38—11- -28 422 The Immigration Commission. Table XXII. —Cephalic index of fweign-hmn Sicilians, arranged according to age at time 0/ immigration— Continued. B.— FEMALES— Continued. Age at inimigration . 7 years. Year of immigration. Age, 1909 (years) 1909. i908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898 and earlier. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 7R 77 76 79 78 77 79 78 81 80 84 80 82 74 79 76 75 79 78 78 SO 78 79 83 78 m 84 S3 M 75 78 78 79 79 79 79 80 81 83 Age at immigration. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years).... 8 years. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899 and earlier. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 7a 77 78 76 79 75 80 77 76 79 78 81 78 79 76 81 82 79 77 84 79 82 81 9 years. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900 and earlier. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Cases. 79 75 77 72 78 74 75—2 81 77 79 76 82 77 82 79 83 79 83 78 79 79 80 83 76—2 77—2 7S-4 79—3 81—3 83-1. Age at immigration 10 years. 11 years. Year of immigra- 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901 and 1907.1906.1905.1904.1903. 1902 and tion. earlier. Age, 1909 (years)... 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18 and over. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18 and over. 79 70 77 72 74 73 75 77 76 72 76 76 77 74 75 75 76 VV VS 83 77 78 77 SO 77 79 77 78 VV 78 82 77 80 80 8,1 79 79 78 79 80 83 78 80 84 80 79 80 83 78 81 80 , 79 8U 85 78 82 82 78 85 82 81 82 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 423 Table XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-bom Sicilians, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. B .—FEMALES— Continued . Ageat inunlgratlon 12 years 13 years. Year of Immigra- 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903 and 1909.1908.1907.1906.1905. 1904 and tion. earlier. earlier. Age, 1909 (years) . . 12. 13. 14. 15. 15 17. 18 and over. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. C(ue3. Cases. 78 75 78 74 75 74 71—1 77 76 76 74 72-1 80 78 77 77 77 74—1 76 78 76 75-1 7S 77 77 75-3 78 SO 77 76-4 79 80 77 77—4 82 78 77—1 79 80 78 78—2 89 78 78-3 80 87 81 79—2 79 79-2 83 80-1 81—1 82—1 80—3 81—5 82—3 84—2 Ageatimmigra- 14 years. 15 years. 16 years. 17 years. Year of Immi- 1909.1908.1907.1906. 1905 and 1908.1907. 1906 and 1909.1908. 1907 and ]909. 1908 and gration. 14. 15. 16 17 earlier. 18 and over. 16 . 17. earlier. IS and over. 16. 17. earlier. 18 and over. 17. earlier. 18 and over. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. 75 83 73 74 74—1 75 76 72— 1 75 76 71-1. 78 69—1 78 75 76 75—1 76 74— 1 78 73—3 78 70-1 80 76 76—1 70 75—2 82 74—3 79 73—3 81 77 77—7 77 76—3 83 75—4 82 74—7 77 78—2 77 77— 2 76—5 83 75—4 77 79—5 78 78—12 77—3 76-2 77 80—4 79 79—5 78—5 77—8 78 81—4 80 80— 1 79-9 78-6 79 82-2 80 81— 5 80—3 79-7 79 83-1 81 82—2 81—4 80-3 82 84-1 82 83—4 82—4 81—6 83 84— 1 83-1 84-1 85-1 86—1 82-2 83—2 84—1 88-1 ADULTS. Age at Immigration 18. 19. 20. 21. 5 •2. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30 31. 32. 33. 68 .. i 1 2 1 3 2 "4 3 6 2 70 3 3 3 6 7 5 9 4 2 1 .. 1 . 1 1 71 1 1 1 2 3 5 3 4 5 8 6 3 4 4 3 3 1 1 .. 5 2 1 2 1 2 i 5 7 5 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 i 2 1 4 3 1 e 4 s 4 1 4 3 2 2 1 i 2 5 3 5 3 '2 1 1 72 1 11112 2 ..72112 2 1115 4 5 6 4 3 4 4 8 3 5 4 6 2 6 112 5 3 8 3 2 5 11 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 8 12 12 2 2 3 2 2 1 4 1 .. .. 1 .. i i 73 1 1 2 75 76 4 '3 77 1 6 78 s 1 79 2 2 80 1 1 81 3 2 82 2 1 83 1 84 86 1 2 .. 1 . 1 88 89 .. .. 1 90 .. .. .. .. 424 The Immigration Commission. Table XXII. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Sicilians, arranged accordirig to age at time of immigration — CoHtinued. B.— FEMALES— Continued. Age at immigration 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 67 68 69 -. .. 1 v. i !! "i '.'. .'. '.'. v. '. 70 1 .... 1 71 72 73 1 2 .. 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 11.. 1 74... ... 212 3 1.2.. 1.. .. 11 75 12 2 3 2 2 2 .. 4 76 2321412212.. 211 77 2.. 241211232 5 78. 2 432421211.. 131 79 .. 3232122.. 311.. 1.. 80 433222511.. 11.. 1.. 81 11111311.. 1.. .. 2.. 1 2 111 .. 1 1 .. 1 83 1 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. .. 1 84. . 86 1 1 1 .. .. 1 86. 87 88 89 .. .. ,. .. 1 1 Age at Immigration. 49. 60. 61. 52. 63. 64. 55. 56. 67. 68. 69. 60. 61. 62. 63. 73. 74. 75 73 75 75 73 81 77 76 70 79 .. 73 76 82 77 76 78 77 75 76 76 82 79 75 83 7(i 79 80 78 78 79 76 77 77 82 82 85 Table XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arrarwed according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of chitd. A.— MALES. Bom years after arrival of mother. Year of immi- gration 1906. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. Age, 1909 (yrs.). 4. 5. b. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 76 76 1 1 77 78 1 1 79 1 1 1 1 .. .. 80 1 81 1 2 1 82 83 84 •■ 1 •• I Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 425 Table XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Year of imml. gration Age, 1909(yis.). Bom 1 year alter arrival of mother. 19047 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1896. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 87.. 90. 91. "i "i 1 1 .. 1 . 1 1 .. 1 .. 1 1 1 1 .... 1 .. 1 .. 2 1 1 1 .... 1 1 1 1 .. 3 1.1 11... 1 1 .. .. 1 1 :: . 1 1 Bom 2 years after arrival of mother. Year of immi- gration Age, 1909(yrs.). 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 ... 1 1 '.'. '.'. "i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'■ '.'- '.'■ '■'■ 1 1 12 1 11 1 1 1 2 2 79 80 1 2» 1 2 1 4 1 81 82 .. .. 1 .. 1 1 1 11 83 84 85 .. .. 1 11 - .. 1 2 1 .. .. 1 1 86 87 88 89 " '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i '.'■ i " '■'- '■'■ '■'■ -- 426 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIII ei II.— Cephalic index of American-bom Sicilians, arranged according to time lapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Year of immigration Age,1909 (years).... 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Bom 3 years after arrival of mother. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 1 .. 1 .. 1 1 1 2 .. .. 14 1.. 2 .- 1 12 1.. 1 .. 3 .. 1 Year of immi- gration Age, 1909(yrs.). Bom 4 years after arrival of motlier. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1896. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) Bom 5 years after arrival of mother. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 86 86 87 i 1 i ! i !! i "i !! 1 2 1 1 i '.'. i ;; i : 1 i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '. 1 v-nanges in coauy rorm or Descendants of Immigrants. 427 Table XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-bom Sicilians, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Year of immigration. Age, 1909 (years) Bom 6 years after arrival of mother. 898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 75. 76. .77. 78. 79. «0. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 90. 91. 92. 1 1 1 4 1 Y«ar of Immigration. Age, 1909 (years) Bom 7 years after arrival of mother. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 81. 82. 85. 86. 1 2 1 Year of Immigration . Age, 1909 (years) Born 8 years after arrival of mother. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1887. 14. 1886. 15. 1885. 16. 76. 77. 78. 79. 81. 82. 83. 84. 86. 86. 87. 1 1 2 1 .. .. 1 1 1 '.'. '.'. i '.'. '.'. v. 2 1 .. 1 '.'. '.'. '.'. "i '.'■ '.'. 428 Tlie Immigration tJommission. Table XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-hom Sicilians, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. A.— MALE S— Continued. Bom 9 years after arrival of mother. Bom 10 years after arrival of mother. YearofiTirmi- gratlon Age,1909(yrs.) 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 1896. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 82 .. 89 .. 83 81 76 81 80 84 80 85 81 81 77 .. 77 83 79 78 .. 83 80 78 83 85 79 79 82- 85 82 83 94 Born 11 years after arrival of mother. Year of immlgi Age, 1909 (yeai ration s) 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 76 79 .. 79 79 78 83 78 82 80 80 80 79 81 Bom 12 years after arrival of mother. Y*>ar nf iTnTni^atlnn 1892. 1891. 1890 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1R82. 1881. Age, 1909 (years) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 80 81 83 83 83 80 80 80 84 80 84 89 86 80 81 74 84 76 81 • Bom 13 years after arrival of mother. YpaT n^ ImTnip-atlrtTi 1891. 5. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886 1885 1884 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 76 80 78 .. 74 .. 81 80 83 Bom 14 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1891. 1890. 4. 5. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 76 81 84 82 74 .. .. 81 77 85 Born 16 years after arrival of mother. Bora 16 years after arrival of mother. Bom 17 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 6. 6. 7. 8. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1886. 8. 1887. 1881. 6. 11. 82 .. 81 86 82 84 81 81 81 78 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 429 Table XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to tirne elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of ciWW— Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Bom 18 years after arrival of mother. Bom 19 years after arrival of mother. Bom 20 years after arrival of mother. Bom 21 years after arrival of mother. Born 22 years after arrival of mother. Bom 25 years after arrival of mother. Born 27 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration. . . Age, 1909 (years) 1886. 1878. 5. 13. 1885. 1880. 5. 10. 1880. 9. 1876. 13. 1880. 7. 1870. 14. 1872. 10. 71 86 76 83 80 85 80 77 84 83 80 B.— FEMALES. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) Bom years after arrival of mother. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1896. 1894. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 81. 82. Year of Immigration. Age, 1909 (years) Born 1 year after arrival of mother. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890 and 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and ' over. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81.. 82.. 83.. 84.. 85.. 1 ! '.'. '.'. i ;; 2 '.'. '.'. '.'. i 1 ! i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i '.'. i 1 .. .. 1 2 1 .. 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 .. .. 1 1 1 .. 1 .. 1 . .. 1 1 .. .. 430 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birtk 0/ cftiid— Cqntioued. B.-FEMALES-Contlnued. BornS years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1903.1902.1901. 4, 5. 6. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1889 and earlier. 18 and over. 74 i 1 2 1 1 .. 1 .. 75 76 .. 77 i 1 1 1 1 i i 1 1 1 !! i 1 1 2 78 1 .. 1 .. 1 1 1 79 1 80 81 1 82 83 84 85 86 1 1 Born 3 years after arrival of mother. Year ol Immi- gration. Age, 1909 (years). 1901. ] 5. 900. 6. 1899. 7. 1898 8. 1897 9. . 1896. 10. 1895. 1894. 11. 12. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1889. 17. 1888 and earlier. 18 and over. 76 77 "2 1 1 i i 1 3 i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. .. i 1 78 79 80 81 82 83 '* 84 1 85 -■ 1 86 87 88 •■ Born 4 years after arrival of mother. Year of Immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 1887 and earlier. 18 and over. 77 1 1 -■ .. 1 1 'i .. 78 •• 79 1 i 1 1 1 •• •• 80 81 i i 1 .. .. 1 82 1 83 i '.'. 2 1 1 -- 84 i 85 1 86 87 88 1 .. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i ■* -• Changes in Bodily Form of [Descendants of Immigrants. 431 Table XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth o/cAiW— Continued. B.— FEMALES— Continued. Year of Immigration. Age, 1909 (years) Born 5 years after arrival of mother. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891 . 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886 and earlier. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 79... 80... 81... 82... 84. 85. Year of Immigra- tion. Age, 1909 (years) Born 6 years after arrival of mother. ims. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885 and 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 76.... 77 78. . . . 79. . . . 80.... 81.... 84 85 86 87 1 1 1 i" '. '.'. i 1 1 2 1 i '.'. '.'. 1 1 1 1 1 Born 7 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigra- tion. Age, 1909 (years) 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 77. 78. 79. 80., 81. 82., 83. 84., 85.. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) Bom 8 years after arrival of mother. 1896. 5. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 1885. 16. 78 78 80 84 84 87 85 83 80 79 78 81 81 87 432 The Immigration Commission. Tabie XXIII. — Cephalic index of American-born Sicilians, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. B.— FEMALES— Continued . Year of immigra- tion. Age, 1909 (years) Bom 9 years after arrival of mother. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. , 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882 and earlier. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18 and over. 78 .. 79 77 73 76 77 76 82 .. .. 79 84 80 79 79 Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) Bom 10 years after arrival of mother. 1S94.1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. n. 12. Bom 11 years after arrival of mother. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 80 81 85 79 81 87 87 .. 84 79 87 75 80 82 .. .. 78 .- 85 .. .. 79 .- -. Born 13 years after arrival of mother. Year of Immigration. Age, 1909 (years) 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 5. 6. 7. . 8. 9. 10. 79 81 83 Born 14 years after arrival of mother. 1891. 1890. 1889. 4. 5. 6. 76 81 79 80 Bom 15 years after arrival of mother. L889. 1888. 5. 6. 78 81 Year of immi- gration Age, 1909 (years) Bom 16 years after arrival of mother. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1886. 5. 6. 7. 8. 80 82 78 85 Born 17 years after arrival of mother. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1886. 4. 5. 6. 7. 87 Bom 19 years after arrival of mother. 1887. 1886. 1885. 3. 4. 6. 80 Bom 20 years after ar- rival of mother. 1880. 9. Mother bom in United States. Table XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-bom Neapolitans, arranged according to age at time of immigration. A.— MALES. Age at immi- gration years. Year of immi- gration. Age, 1909 (years). 1005. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901, 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889 and earlier. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 79 80 80 .. 82 79 84 81 79 78 84 .. 81 .. . 84 86 80 79 79 84 82 86 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 433 Table XXIV. — Cephalic index of fareign-bom Neapolitans, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A .—MALE S— Continued. Age at immigration.. Year of inunigratlon Age, 1909 (years) 1 year. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 84 79 79 80 76 78 76 78 83 86 80 83 81 78 80 79 79 86 86 84 85 81 81 86 82 86 84 87 77 84 Age at immigration. 2 years. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years).... 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1«96. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891 and earlier. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 77 78 84 83 .. 78 81 87 83 79 86 84 85 79 80 80 82 84 88 75 75 75 73 86 78 87 89 82 92 85 86 81 84 87 76 75 86 Age at immigration. . 3 years. Year of immigration. Age, 1909 (years) 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904 5. 6. 7. 8. 1903 9. . 1902. 1901. 1900. 10. 11. 12. 1899. 13. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 81 77 80 83 87 85 81 82 - 72 81 77 84 85 75 86 78 79 .. .. 80 78 79 79 84 Age at immi- graiaon 4 years. Ypiir nf imTTii- gration. Age, 1909 (years). 1909. 4. 908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893 and earlier. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 85 .. 84 75 87 86 82 83 82 82 82 83 78 73 75 80 77 76 80 78 78 81 78 78 81 78 81 83 80 82 83 82 85 85 83 85 85 87 85 85 86 83 80 434 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIV. — Cephalicindex of foreign-born Neapolitans , wranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— MALES— continued. Age at inimigratioii 5 years. Year of immigration 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895 1894 and earlier. 20 and Age, 1909 (years) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. over. 33 85 77 80 77 82 80 76 79 77 78 82 .. .. 83 53 80 81 79 85 81 81 83 81 83 79 82 82 82 85 86 83 83 84 86 88 m Age at immigratioD.. 6 years. Year of immigration 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 896. 1895. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 81 77 81 79 77 84 78 .. 82 81 80 85 84 82 80 79 78 86 84 82 81 82 82 86 79 79 84 85 88 88 82 84 84 Age at immigration 7 years. Year ol immigration. . . 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905 . 1904 . 1903. 1902 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896 and earlier. Age, 1909 (years) 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 84 86 83 86 81 76 79 76 81 80 .. 80 77 88 87 81 76 80 78 80 m 76 81 80 81 84 80 80 81 82 82 83 84 82 82 83 83 84 80 81 83 i years. Year of immigration . 1908. 1907. 1906 . 1905 . 1904. 1903 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897 and earlier. Age, 1909 (years) . 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 83 .. 78 73 79 77 77 84 89 79 79 81 83 77 80 80 81 84 80 82 85 83 84 82 86 87 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 435 " — ■ — ■ 4 Table XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Age at immigration 9 years. Year of immigration. . . Age, 1909 (years) 1907. 11. 1906. 12. 1905. 13. 1904. 14. 1903. 15. 1902. 16. 1901. 17. 1900. 18. 1899. 19. 1898 and earlier. 20 and over. 84 86 80 82 84 81 83 83 84 80 84 86 81 81 83 83 75 76 82 Age at immigration ID years. Year of immigration. . . 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899 and earlier. Age, 1909 (years) 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 75 77 72 75 84 78 81 77 81 81 82 82 91 78 78 81 83 84 84 84 80 83 86 82 85 Age at immigral ion . 11 vp-ftrs. • Yearofimmigra Age, 1909 (years tion 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900 and ) ; earlier. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 78 80 79 .. 80 91 82 94 Ageatimmlgrar 12 years. 13 years. Year of immi- gration. Age,1909(years.) 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901 and earlier. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902 and earlier. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 78 83 .... 85 80 66 84 87 80 77 88 82 84 88 81 82 84 .. .. 79 83 81 84 82 82 84 88 436 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-bom Neapolitans, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— ItiLES— Continued. Age at immigra- tion 14 years. IS years. Year of immigra- 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905 1904 tion. and earlier. and earlier. Age, 1909 (yrs).... 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 and over. 77 79 76 77 79 82 89 79 79 81 76 79 81 80 81 80 81 81 88 83 84 80 80 81 81 83 84 85 85 Age at immigra- tion 16 years. 17 years. 18 years. Year of Immigra- tion. Age, 1909 (yrs.).. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1908 1907. 1906 and earlier. 20 and 1909. 1908 and earlier. 17. 18. 19. 20. 18. 19. 18. 19 and over. over. 80 77 84 76 84 71—1 74 72—1 82—4 ^ 81 82 84 77 77—1 73—1 83-1 81 84 79 83 84 90 78—1 79—2 80—1 82—2 84—2 85—2 86—1 74-1 75—1 76—3 80—5 81-1 85—1 87—1 88-1 89—1 ADULTS. Age at immi- gration 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 72 73 74 i 1 1 1 i 2 'i 'i 1 i •■ i i - ■ 75 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 '■>. 'i 2 4 3 '2 2 2 3 i 2 2 3 1 2 1 3 7. 1 2 3 4 3 1 i 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 "i 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 i 1 "i 76 i 77 78 1 1 79 1 80 2 4 1 4 1 3 2 1 3 1 5 i 6 3 6 2 i i 1 3 3 i 2 i 4 3 3 3 3 1 1 "i 1 6 4 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 3 6 1 2 2 3 i 5 3 1 2 4 1 1 5 4 ) 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 'i 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 i 1 1 2 i 2 1 1 1 2 2 i 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 81 82 83 84 1 .. 2 .. 86 1 1 1 86 87 1 "i .. 1 88 89 90 1 ■■ 'i •• ■• ■■' 91 .. .. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 437 Table XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. ADULTS. Age at immi- gration 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 65. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 72 73 74 1 1 75 1 .- .. .. .. 1 . . 76 77 .. 2 i i 78 11 11. 2 1 79 1 .. 2 1 1 1 .... 1 1 i ... .J 80 1 1 . 1 . 1 81 -.2 1 11 82 11 1 . 83 1 1 84 2 1 85 .. 1 1 1 86 1 1 1 .. .. 2 .. .. 87 1 88 89 90 91 B.— FEMALES. Age at inunigration. . . years. Year of immigration. . Age, 1909 (years) 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891 and earlier. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 79 .. 88 .... 82 76 .. 80 80 79 80 78 82 83 Age at immigration 1 year. Year of immigration . . . Age, 1909 (years) 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892 and earlier. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. IS. 16. 17. 18 and over. 87 86 .. 84 84 .. .. 84 89 88 2 years. Year of immigration Aee. 1909 fvears) 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893 and earlier. 4. S. 6. 7. 8. B. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 82 80 82 81 .. 81 87 83 79 .. 85 81 86 81 83 87 84 83 84 84 85 87 87 58392°— VOL 38—11- -29 438 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIV. — Cephalic index of foreign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. B.— FEMALES— Continued. Age at immigra- tion 3 years. Year of immi- gration. Age, 1909 (years). 1907. 5. 1906. 6. 1905. 7. 1904. 8. 1903. 9. 1902. 10. 1901. 1900. 1899. 11. 12. 13. 1898. 14. 1897. 15. 1896. 16. 1896. 17. 1894 and earlier. 18 and over. 81 79 81 82 8S 78 83 91 83 78 81 75 85 80 81 88 83 85 88 77 83 Age at immigration 4 years. Year of immigration. . . 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. ,1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895 and earlier. 18 and over. Age, 1909 (years) 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 82 86 78 85 80 81 85 84 79 78 81 84 79 80 89 75 77 79 81 85 5 years. Year of immigration 1907. 7. 1906. 8. 1905. 9. 1904. 10. 1903. 11. 1902. 1901. 12. 13. 1900. 14. 1899. 15. 1898. 16. 1897. 17. 1896 and Age, 1909 (years) earlier. 18 and over. 88 76 80 80 83 80 76 77 82 79 80 79 84 84 87 83 82 85 Age at immigration 6 years. Year of Immigration . . Age, 1909 (years) 1909. 6. 1908. 1907. 1906. 7. 8. 9. 1905. 10. 1904. 1903. 1902. 11. 12. 13. 1901. 14. 1900. 1899. 1898. 15. 16: 17. 1897 and earlier. 18 and over. 93 79 .. .. 77 81 78 78 80 83 83 82 84 84 83 78 85 87 75 .. . 77 80 82 84 86 96 Age-at immigration . . . 7 years. Year of immigration. . . Age, 1909 (years) 1907 9. 1906. 1905. 10. 11. 1904. 12. 1903. 1902. 13. 14. 1901 15. 1900. 1899. 16. 17. 1898 and earlier. 18 and over. 82 76 80 84 79 82 80 81 83 80 85 80 87 79 82 85 86 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 439 Table XXIV. — Cephalic index of fcweign-born Neapolitans, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. B .—FEMALES— Continued . Age at immigration . . . 8 years. Year of immigration. . . Age, 1909 (years) 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. . 1900. 1899 and earlier. 17. 18 and over. 81 81 81 81 79 .. .. 78 82 83 85 87 78 80 80 81 82 Age at immigration . . 9 years. 10 years. Year of immigration . . Age, 1909 (years) 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900 and earlier. 12. 13. 14. IS. 16. 17. 18 and over. 1906. 1905. 1904 13. 14. 15. 1903. 1902. 1901 and earlier. 16. 17. 18 and over. 79 83 .. 78 77 81 76 80 80 82 82 81 86 85 83 82 84 87 81 80 82 84 81 89 76 82 77 83 78 79 82 84 85 86 89 11 years. 12 years. Year of immigration 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902 and earlier. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. and over. 1907. 1906 14. 15. 1905. 1904. 1903 Age, 1909 (years) and earlier. 16. 17. 18 and over. 79 77 80 .. 74 76 83 75 78 84 82 82 78 80 85 88 83 80 77 88 78 79 83 84 85 90 Age at immigration . . . 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. Year of immigration — Age, 1909 (years) . 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904 and earlier. . 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905 and earUer. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18 and over. 1908. 1907. 1906 and earUer. 16. 17. 18 and over. 86 89 77 79 79 81 80 82 81 84 82 78 85 80 76 76 84 77 79 80 80 84 83 84 85 86 90 91 75 79 73 79 77 81 79 83 80 81 82 83 84 8S 87 440 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIV. — Cephalic iridex of ^cyrdgn-bom Neapolitans, arranged according to age at time of immigration — Continued. B .— F EMALES— Continued. ADDLTS. Age at immigration 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 67 .. 1 6S 1 69 . 70 71 72 11 1 73 2 1 1 Ill 74 ... .... Ill 1 , .1.11 75 11 1 2 1 . 1 1 . 1 2 .. 1 2 .. 76 1 1 .. 1 .. 1 2 .. 1 .- 1 2 .. 2 .. 1 .. .- 2 .. 1 1 77 21313414244132231--.- 112...- 1 78 . 1242111433521122 1.. 11 79 3145552131413.- 1152121111.. 80 3.. 3335444411121122.--. 12111 81 16541232144.. 34113211 22 82 112465433231132321 -. 1.. 1211 83 22612324.. 431132312.... 2.. .. 21 84 .. 54125 22 321.23.. 213 85 .1 2 3 4 . 2 1 1 .... 2 1 2 .. 1 .. 86 2 2 1 2 1 -- 11.. 2 .. .. 1 .- 1 13 1 1 87 .. 2 . 2 2 1 1 1 2 89 .. 1 -. 1 .. 1 1 1 -- 1 .. .. 1 90 1 .- 11 91 92 .. 1 Age at immigration 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 62. 63. 64. 56. 56. 67. 68. 60. 61. 63. 66. 70. 83. 67 68 .. . . 69 70 ... 71 72 1 . 73 74 ... 11 75 .. 1 . 1 .. 76 11 1 77 1111 ... 2 78 . 1 1 1111 1 79 .. 1 1 1 .. 1 1 . .. 2 1 80 .. 2 .. 2 2 .. 1 1 1 1 .. 1 .. 2 .. 1 1 81 1111 1 1 82 1 .. 1 1 1 .... 1 . . 11 83 1 1 . 1 . 1 84 .. 1 .. 1 85 1 1 86 87 88 .. .. 1 89 90 91 92 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 441 Table XXV. — Cephalic index of American-bom Neapolitans, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mather and birth of child. A.— MALES. Born years after arrival of mother. Year ol Immigration. Age, 1909 (years) 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. , 80 81 77 84 76 84 82 77 89 85 79 83 Born 1 year after arrival of mother. Year of immi- gration Age, 1909 (.years) 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 10. 17. 81 85 87 83 84 92 78 83 83 80 82 80 87 83 83 84 79 81 81 83 74 81 82 84 85 85 78 82 87 87 79 81 82 85 81 81 83 84 85 Born 2 years after arrival of mother. Year of Immigration - 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. Age, 1909 (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 84 79 80 80 80 SO 77 83 78 79 76 84 81 87 80 81 82 81 sa 81 84 79 81 83 85 Sfi 92 83 82 S3 84 8;i 85 82 83 86 S3 82 S3 88 84 8« 87 85 84 83 85 86 87 Born 3 years after arrival of mother. Year of immi- » gration 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1189. 1888. Age. 1909 (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 79 77 84 77 76 81 83 76 81 78 77 86 82 79 81 86 S3 81 Ki 87 77 82 V8 83 84 81 88 81 KX 78 S2 SO 86 86 82 84 86 87 89 84 88 85 85 89 91 82 82 83 84 86 86 87 89 95 82 82 83 87 88 81 81 83 83 85 87 88 85 442 The Immigration Commission. Table XXV. — Cephalicindex of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Bom 4 years after arrival of motlier. Year of Immigration . 1900. 1S99. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1S94. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. Age, 1909 (years) 5. 0. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. IJ). 16. IV. 18. 79 75 Rfi 79 86 79 SO 83 80 72 74 78 83 SI SI 83 81 86 81 78 79 82 84 81 S2 S7 SI XU S2 83 8.5 89 S2 80 83 85 87 89 82 82 83 89 85 86 87 88 84 84 86 Bom 5 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration . 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. issn. 1887. Age, 1909 (years).... 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. IB. 17. 84 82 78 83 75 79 82 83 78 79 77 79 81 84 82 83 87 S6 79 81 SO 87 84 85 91 87 80 82 81 84 82 83 81 87 83 85 83 9r 85 86 89 82 82 83 84 85 86 87 Bom 6 years after arrival of mother. Year of Immigration. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 80 78 82 82 .. 83 78 79 78 78 79 79 86 85 79 79 81 85 88 79 80 84 82 86 83 78 78 81 79 81 81 80 80 80 • 85 85 82 81 87 Xi 82 88 84 86 87 84 85 86 Bom 7 years after arrival of mother. Year of Immigration. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1S92. 1891. 1890. 1S89. 1SSS 1887. 1886. Age, 1909 (years).... 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 87 81 83 81 79 84 80 80 80 70 79 78 77 81 83 81 84 80 81 83 78 84 79 84 85 82 81 82 84 79 85 84 88 85 86 86 83 83 87 83 90 83 85 91 81 81 81 83 82 85 87 87 86 86 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 443 Table XXV.— Cei elapsed )halic index of American-bom Neapolitans, arranged according to time between arrival of mother and birUi of child — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Bom 8 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration 1898. 1897. 18%. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888, 1887. 1886. Age, 1909 (years) 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 84 81 89 84 85 82 81 81 82 79 76 76 82 82 84 81 78 79 83 86 86 82 82 86 85 87 89 86 88 90 84 84 84 85 86 86 90 83 84 85 85 85 86 86 Bom 9 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration 1896. ISft?. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. Age, 1909 (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 79 82 81 79 82 81 81 78 77 74 79 85 83 83 79 86 85 84 86 80 82 82 83 83 88 84 84 89 87 82 83 84 85 87 87 82 85 86 87 Bom 10 years after arrival of motlier. Year of immigration 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. Age, 1909 (yeMS) 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 78 80 83 82' 80 80 85 81 76 78 76 79 83 86 82 77 78 81 85 84 78 80 82 87 89 80 81 S3 87 84 82 83 84 Bom 11 years after arrival of motlier. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1892. 6. 1891. 7. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1883. 15. 1882. 16. 80 88 89 78 81 82 88 74 81 77 74 76 78 86 80 77 81 81 82 82 83 87 84 84 88 84 77 444 The Immigration Commission. Table XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. A.— MALE S— Continued. Bom 12 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1893 4. 1892 5. 1891 6. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1884. 13. 1883. 14. 1882. 16. 81 83 87 87 90 78 .. .. 76 74 75 76 83 80 77 80 93 82 83 85 87 87 87 81 88 78 73 82 84 Bom 13 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1891. 5. 1890. 6. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1883. 13. 1882. 14. 1881. 15. 80 81 82 85 81 86 85 77 85 .. 82 89 86 82 86 83 82 86 83 83 87 86 86 86 88 81 84 Bom 14 years alter arrival of mother. 1890. 5. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1883. 12. 1882. 13. 1881. 14. 82 88 82 81 82 83 83 89 85 85 84 84 88 79 82 82 84 81 84 Bom 15 years after arrival of mother. Year of Immigration AEe. 1909 (years) 1891. 1890. 3. 4. 1889. 5. 1888. 6. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1881. 13. 1880. 14. 1879. 15 83 84 95 78 80 82 78 .. 85 80 80 86 81 84 84 74 83 83 85 81 80 Bom 16 years after arrival of mother Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1888. 5. 1887. 6. 1886. 1886. 1884. 1883. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1882. 11. 1881. 12. 1880. 13. 1879. 14. 1878. 15. 1877. 16. 83 86 81 84 83 85 .. 86 90 75 88 79 80 83 84 85 86 81 86 82 83 Changes in Bodily Form of E)escendants of Immigrants. 445 Table XXV. — Cephalic index of American-bom Neapolitans, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birm of child — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. Bom 17 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years).... 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 81 81 81 83 89 77 81 88 86 83 86 85 88 Bom 18 years after arrival of mother. 1887. 1886. 1886. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. Age, 1909 (yM rs)... 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 80 81 81 78 79 83 85 Born 19 years after arrival of motlier. Year of Immigration Age, 1909 (years).... 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 85 82 78 78 .. 80 76 .. 86 83 84 Bon 1 20 years after arriTal of motlier. Bom 21 years after arrival of mother. Year of immi- gration Age, 1909 (yrs.) 1884. 5. 1883. 6. 1882. 7. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1876. 1874. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 1877. 1876. 1876. 1874. 11. 12. 13. 14. 89 80 78 78 .. 81 .. 85 78 84 78 87 .. 79 78 Bom 23 years after arriTal of mother. Bom 24 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years).... 1881. 5. 1880. e. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 1871. 1870. 14. 15. 84 ■■ 89 80 83 80 84 Born 25 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1873. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869. Age, 1909 (yeai ■s).... 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 76 86 76 .. 84 446 The Immigration Commission. Table XXV. — Cephalic index 0/ American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time elapgea between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. A.— MALES— Continued. - Born 28 years after ar- rival of mother. Born 29 years after ar- rival of mother. Born 30 years after ar- rival of mother. Born 35 years after ar- rival of mother. Bom 36 years after ar- rival of mother. Born 43 years after ar- rival of mothCT. Year of immigration 1867. 14. 1871. 12. 1866. 13. 1860. 14. 1860. 13. 1853. Age, 1909 (years) 13. 82 87 92 78 86 84 B.— FEMALES. Bom year after arrival of mother. Year of Immigration. Age, 1909 (years) 1905. 4. 1904. 5. 1903. 6. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1898. 1897. 11. 12. 1896. 13. 1895. 14. 1894. 15. 1893. 16. 79 81 83 83 .. 90 .. 81 85 Bom 1 year after arrival of mother. Yfear of immigration. Age, 1909 (years) 1904. 4. 1903. 5. 1902. 6. 1901. 7. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1896. 1895. 12. 13. 1894. 14. 1893. 15. 1892. 16. 1891. 17. 82 80 81 85 80 81 85 86 87 84 87 89 98 85 84 83 84 86 87 87 87 88 82 79 87 83 85 83 86 89 73 83 Born 2 years after arrival of mother. Year of immi- gration Age, 1909 (yrs.) 1904. 3. 1903. 4. 1902. 5. 1901. 6. 1900. 7. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1895. 1894. 12. 13. 1893. 14. 1892. 15. 1891. 16. 1890 17. 81 84 79 89 81 82 84 82 87 81 .. .. 81 84 84 86 88 87 .. 80 82 87 89 83 90 84 80 82 Bom 3 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration . Age, 1909 (years) 1902. 4. 1901. 5. 1900. 6. 1899 7. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 8. 9. 10. 11. 1894. 1893. 12. 13. 1892. 14. 1891. 15. 1890. 16. 1889. 17. 80 81 84 87 79 80 82 92 83 84 85 86 80 88 .. 80 80 84 82 82 85 87 89 .. 81 80 85 86 81 84 81 81 83 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 447 Table XXV. — Cephalic index of American-bom Neapolitans, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. B.— FEMALES— Continued. Bom 4 years after arrival of mother. Year of inunigration 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 18.98. 1889. Age, 1909 (years) 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 81 82 80 79 85 82 82 .. 83 81 84 81 84 84 84 83 86 83 88 85 82 85 88 87 84 86 88 84 88 84 85 Bom 5 years after arrival of mother. Year of Immigration . 1900. 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. Age, 1909 (years) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.^ 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 82 81 79 80 80 78 85 80 88 82 84 69 84 80 82 87 82 85 81 86 88 83 89 83 83 84 88 86 87 88 82 84 85 86 87 89 Bom 6 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration . 1899. 1898. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. Aee,1909 (years) 4. 5. B. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 77 82 79 85 84 86 76 81 79 79 82 82 88 74 85 80 81 84 8S 88 87 80 83 82 84 86 82 83 85 85 Bom 7 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1897. 5. 1896. 6. 1895. 7. 1894. 1893. 8. 9. 1892. 10. 1891. 11. 1890. 12. 1889. 1888. 13. 14. 1887. 15. 1886. 16. 1885. 17. 86 82 77 84 74 82 79 83 86 90 74 83 88 85 77 81 81 84 Bom 8 years after arrival of mother. Year of -immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1896. 5. 189S. 6. 1894. 1893. 7. 8. 1892. 9. 1891. 10. 1890. 11. 1889. 1888. 12. 13. 1887. 14. 1886. 15. 1885. 16. 79 83 83 87 76 84 86 77 82 84 85 86 79 82 86 83 87 82 83 85 78 86 87 79 • 448 The Immigration Commission. Table XXY.— Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time elapseabetween arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. B .— FE MALES— Continued . Bom 9 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (yeais) 1896. 4. 1895. 1894. 1893. 5. 6. 7. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1887. 13. 1886. 14. 85 75 81 77 80 76 80 78 88 83 82 82 79 83 84 87 86 81 88 80 Bom 10 years after arrival of mother. Year ot immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1893. 6. 1892. 1891. 1890. 7. 8. 9. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1884. 16. 1883. 16. 82 83 87 78 82 88 85 89 90 88 85 80 83 84 85 87 Bom 11 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909 (years) 1891. 7. 1890. 8. 1889. 1888. 9. 10. 1887. 1886. 1885. 11. 12. 13. 1884. 14. 1883. 15. 1882. 16. 86 86 90 92 86 90 85 79 83 83 79 79 86 81 82 84 87 95 85 Bom 12 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration. Age, 1909 (years) 1893. 4. 1892. 5. 1891. 6. 1890 7. 1889. 8. 1888. 9. 1887. 10. 1886. 1886. 1884. 1883. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1882. 16. 1881. 16. 1880. 17. 82 83 91 83 78 82 84 85 84 80 83 88 89 81 81 83 86 79 . 87 91 Born 13 years after arrival of mother. . Year of immi- gration Age, 1909 (yrs.) 1893. 3. 1892. 4. 1891. 5. 1890. 6. 1889. 1888. 7. 8. 1887. 9. 1886. 10. 1885. 11. 1884. 1883. 12. 13. 1882. 14. 1881. 16. 1880. 16. 1879. 17. 78 79 ■ 89 80 83 86 89 81 87 78 79 82 81 82 81 87 ■• 84 79 Bom 14 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigration Age, 1909(yeare) 1890. 5. 1889. 1888 6. 7. . 1887. 8. 1886. 9. 1886. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1880. 1879. 15. 16. 80 83 83 82 84 87 91 83 81 88 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 449 Table XXV. — Cephalic index of American-born Neapolitans, arranged according to time elapsed between arrival of mother and birth of child — Continued. B.— FEMALES— Continued. Bom 15 years after arrival of mother. Bom 16 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigra- tion Age, 1909 (years)... 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 86 82 78 .. .. 83 85 .. 80 87 83 87 80 .. 82 84 .. .. 80 83 85 Born 17 years after arrival of mother. Bom 18 years after arrival of mother. Year of immigra- tion ;... Age, 1909 (years) . . 1886.1885.1884.1883. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 80 .... 83 87 82 .. .. 91 77 .. .. 81 83 81 84 Bom 19 years after arrival of mother. Bom 20 years after arrival of mother. Bora 21 years after arrival of mother. Bom 22 years after arrival of mother. Bom 23 years after arrival of mother. 1886. 1881. 4. 9. 1886. 1883. 1881. 4. 6. 8. 1883. 1880. 1879. 5. 8. 9. 1879. 8. 1874. Age, 1909 (years) 12. 78 85 79 82 85 85 81 89 81 82 81 Bom 24 years after arrival of mother. Bom 25 years after arrival of mother. Bom 26 years after arrival of mother. Bom 28 years after arrival of mother. 1881. 1879. 4. 6. 1874. 10. 1879. 4. 1874. Age, 1909 (years) 7. 89 87 86 81 84 450 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration. A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES. Year of immigration. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. 1899. 1898. mm. 126 1 .. 127 ,. .. .. 128 1 1 .. .. ., ., 129 'i -- -• 130 131 .. 132 i "i 133 1 i ,, ,, 134 "i 1 .. 1 '1 ■ - 135 2 1 1 136 'i "i i i 137 'i 1 2 '2 3 138 2 1 1 1 139 i 2 1 "2 i 140 3 3 1 1 141 i "i '2 'i "2 1 142 1 2 "i 1 "2 143.. 3 1 1 i 144 'i 1 1 1 -- "i 145 1 2 2 5 1 2 1 146 1 1 2 1 147 "i 2 1 "i 148 1 1 1 "2 149 -■ .- 1 '2 'i 150 1 151 'i i 152 'i 1 1 _. 'i "i 153 ,. ,, i 154 -- -. .. 155 156 ,, .. > i 157 .. ,, ,, ,, .. 158 ^, 159 -- -- -- -- • - • - 138.3 136.0 139.7 139.4 142.8 142.6 142.9 141.6 141.6 144.3 143.5 145.2 Cases 6 2 18 16 19 19 13 16 11 10 8 5 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 451 Table 'KXVl.— Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration— Continued . A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES— Continued. Year of immigration. 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. mm. 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 V 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155. 156.' 157 --. 158 159 ;; ;; y. v. y. ;; i ;; " " v. v. 1 .. 3 1 .. -. 1 :: :; :: :; i :: ;; ;; i v. i ;; 1 11 1 1 1 .. 2 1 1 .. 1 .- .. 1 1 .... 1 3 1 3 .. 2 1 .. .. 1 .. 2 .. -- 4 1 ..11 2 1 .... 2 1 2 1 3 .. 2 1 .. 1 11 12 2.. 21.. 1212 1 13.-21 1 .. 12 2 12 1 1 1 2 .... 2 .... 3 1 .. 1 2 2 .. 1 .. 3 1 3 3 .. 1 1 1 2 .. 1 2 1 .. 1 .... 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 .. 4 .. .. 1 .. .. 1 1 3 2 1 1 .. .. 1 1 .. 1 1 :: ;: i i .. .. i ;; ;". v. '.'. v. i "i '.'. ; 1 Average Cases 141.7 142,0 141.6 143.6 142.2 144.3 142.1 143.5 143.9 144.5 143.0 141.9 3 7 9 5 12 11 24 19 20 19 23 10 452 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration — Continued . A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES— Continued. Year of Immigration. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. mm. 126 127 128 129 '2 '.'. '.'. '.'. 130 1 131 132 '.'. '.'. '.'. i 133 134 .. .. 135 1 1 1 1 .. 1 136 2 .. i 2 137 1 2 1 138 2 2 2 139 2 i '.'. '.'. '.'. 140 2 1 141 "i 1 i ;; ;; !! 142 2 '3 143 1 1 2 '.'. '.'. '.'. i 144 1 1 2 145 1 2 1 1 14fi ., 147 "2 '2 '.'. "i ;.' '.'. 148 1 'i 149 i 1 150 1 2 151 .. 2 152 .. 'i 153 2 .. 154 .. .. 156 i 157 .. 168 ,. 159 •• -■ i Average 141.8 145.0 142.9 145.3 146.1 142 8 142.4 143.8 134.5 141.0 159.0 138.8 Cases 11 22 7 26 13 22 19 5 4 2 14 ^ Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 453 Table XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration — Continued. A.— FOBBIGN-BOEN MALES— Continued. Year of immigration . 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1867. 1866. 1865. 1864. 1863. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141- 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. Average Cases... 1 144.0 140.0 140.3 142.2 145.5 140.0 144.5 148.0 143.0 143.5 138.0 83362123122 58392°— VOL 3S— U 30 454 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration — Continued . B.— FOEEIGN-BOEN FEMALES. Year of inunlgratlon. 1909. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. 1903. 1902. 1901. 1900. mm. 118... 119... 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 160. 151. 152. 163. 154. Average. Cases 136.7 130.0 134.7 134.9 134.6 134.2 133.0 134.7 134.2 133.2 135.1 6 2 11 21 24 25 23 16 17 11 15 136.0 12 y Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 455 Table XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration — Continued . B.— FOREIGN-BORN FEMALES— Continued. Year of Immigration . 1897. 1896. 1895. 1894 1893. 1892. 1891. 1890. 1888. 1887. 1886. mm. lis.. 119.. -- ■- ■- -- .- -- 120.. 1 121.. 122.. .. 1 1 12.1.. 1 1?4 1 1 12S.. 2 1 1 126.. 2 1 2 1 1 1 127.. 2 3 2 3 128.. 2 2 2 1 129.. 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 130.. 1 131.. 1 1 4 2 S 1 3 3 1 132 . 1 2 1 3 'i 1 3 3 3 4 4 1 2 1 2 4 1 4 1 133.. 134.. 1 1 2 1 i 1 1 2 1 1 "i 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 2 5 1 5 4 3 6 4 1 3 3 "i 2 5 6 4 2 1 i 2 2 2 - 3 1 135 5 136 4 137. 1 138, 139.. -- 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 140 1 •• ■• 3 1 2 2 i 4 1 141. 14? 1 1 2 2 1 143. 4 1 1 2 1 144. -- -- 2 14S. 1 3 3 146. 1 .. .. .. 147. ., .. 1 ., i .. .. 148. ,. i 1 .. 149. -■ -- 2 •• l.W. ., .. .. .. .. .. liil. .- .. .. .. I.ra. .. .. 2 .. .. .. .. 1,53. .. .. .. .. .. -. .. .. 154. Average -- -- -• -■ •- -• -■ -• •- -• 133.3 132.5 132.1 133.6 133.5 135.0 133.8 132.3 134.3 136.3 136.5 134.5 Cases 8 10 14 7 24 39 58 35 39 25 23 19 456 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVI. — Width efface of Bohenrnm adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration — Continued . B.— FOREIGN-BOEN FEMALES— Continued Year of Immigration. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. mm. 118.... 119.... 120 121.... 122 123 124 125.... 126 127.... 128 129 130.... 131 132 133 134.... 135 136 137 138...- 139 140 141.... 142.... 143.... 144 145.... 146.... 147 148 149 160.... 151.... 162.... 153...- 154.... 137.2 136.6 136.5 137.7 136.2 135.6 137.5 135.6 135.9 134.7 129.7 12 18 12 16 30 30 22 5 10 7 9 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 457 Table XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration — Continued . B— rOBEIGN-BOEN FEMALES— Continued. Year ol immigration. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869. 1868. 1867. 1866. 1860. 1857. mm. 118 119 120 121 122 123 "i 2 2 1 1 i 1 2 2 i 'i 1 1 i 1 'i 1 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 .- 133 134 135 136 137 . . 138 139 1 140 141 142 143 i '.'. '.[ 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 11.. 152 154 Average Oases.. 134.1 8 134.2 6 135.2 4 139.0 2 135.5 4 132.7 3 134.5 2 131.5 2 141.7 144.0 .. 3 1 1 458 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration — Continued . C— AMEEIOAN-BORN MALES. Year of immigration 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. 1878. 1877. 1876. mm. 126 127.... J 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 1 1 '.'. '.'. '.'. i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.. '.'. '.'. 11 2 1 1 .. 1 1 1 .. .. 1 1 .. 2 .... 1 1 1 138 139 140 1 1 .. .. 1 1 .. 1 .. .. 2 .. 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 .. .. 1 142 144 145 147 148 149 ISO 1 11 1 1 '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i '.'. '.'. '.'. 1 Average 139.7 138.7 133.0 136.6 142.0 138.3 141.2 135.0 137.6 145.0 140.0 140.3 331S33669123 Year of immigration 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869. 1868. 1867. 1866. 1865. 1864. m9n. 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 :: ;; ;; ;: v. '.'. v. v. v. v. v. i .... 1 1 .. .. 1 1 '.'. i " ;; '.! '.'. '.'. v. V. '.'. '.'. '.-. 1 1 1 1 1 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 .. 2 .. 1 1 .. 2 1 .. .. 1 .. 1 1 11 2 1 .. .... 1 .. 1 .. .. 1 i ;; '.'. '.'. "i '.'. v. v. '.'. '.'. '.'. .'. 144 146 146 147 148 149 ISO 1 . 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 1 2 ;; i !! !; v. '.'. v. '.'. v. v. v. v. Average (^Qses 139.0 138.9 135.7 137.0 142.0 138.0 138.8 138.0 145.0 141.0 136.0 137.5 273324 11 11114 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 459 Table XXVI. — Widik of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration — Continued . C— AMEEICAN-BORN MALES— Continued. Year of iminigration 1868 ^flR7 IfiRR ^SPJi lfiA.1 1fiA5l 1fiA9 IfiAl 1860 138 145 141 136 128 141 147 .. 138 140 144 140 Average... 138. 145. 141. 136. 137. 5 141. 147. . . 11114 11.. 140 1 1859. 1858. 1857. 1856. 1855. 1854. 1853. 1838. 138 137 141 Average 13& 137. 141.0 Cases 1 1 1 D.— AUERICAN-BOEN FEMALES. Vfyir nf imTnigrfttio" . . 1889. 1888. 1887. 1886. 1885. 1884. 1883. 1882. 1881. 1880. 1879. mm. 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 1 i 1 1 i i 2 1 i i i i 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 "i 3 i 2 1 '2 2 1 i i 1 1 1 'i "3 3 4 1 i i i 1 i '2 i 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 124 125 1 126 127 128 "i 9. 129 130 3 5 131 . . 2 132 ..: 1 133 . . . 2 134 : 2 135 . . 2 136 2 137 1 138 .^ 139 140 141 .- . . . 142 143 144 145 146 132.0 129.7 131.8 134.2 128.6 131.9 130.5 134.8 131.0 134.8 5 3 5 4 5 13 4 14 18 18 131.3 24 460 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVI. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to year of immi- gration — Continued . D.— AMERICAN-BOEN FEMALES— Continued. Year of immigration 1878. 1877. 1876. 1875. 1874. 1873. 1872. 1871. 1870. 1869. mm. 115 116 1 i 1 i "i 1 'i 1 1 1 1 1 ■5 'i i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 2 1 1 '2 'i 1 'i 1 i 1 1 .- 117 118 119 120 121 ■- 122 123 124 125 . 1 126 127 128 129 1 130. . 1 131 2 132 1 133 134 135 3 136 1 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 .- 132.3 3 132.0 133.4 3 5 129.0 10 130.2 12 129.3 8 134.8 7 132.6 5 135.0 2 131.9 Cases 10 Vpftr nf imTnigr^^tion 1868. 1867. 1866. 1866. L864. 1863. 1862. 1861. 1860. 1854. 1853. ^ mm. mm. 129 130 133 135 136 138 mm. 131 133 mm. mm. mm, 130 129 129 140 131 133 135 137 142 mm.. 129 mm, mm. mm 128 .. 127 mm. 123 125.0 134.4 132.0 135.0 131.7 135.2 129.0 128.0 15 2 2 3 4 11 .. 127. 123.0 1 1 Cases Changes m Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 461 Table XXVII. — WidA of face of Bohemian aduUs, arranged according to time since immigration. A.— FOREIGN-BORN MALES. Years elapsed ."since immigration 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. mm. 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133.. .. . . '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. I .. 11 v. v. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i i 1 1 134 13S 136 137 138 139 140 Wl 1 11.... 11 2 1 1 .. 12 1 .... 11 1 .. 1 1 .... 2 1 11 .. .. 1 11 1 1 1 2 .. .. 1 142 143 144 145 146 W7 148 140 150 151 152 153 154 155 166 157 158 159 .. 1 1 2 .. 1 1 .. 1 11 .... 1 1 1 2 11 ."Ill 1 1 1 .. 1 1 1 1 .. .. 1 1 ;; '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. '.'. i i '.'. .. .. 1 Average Cases.. 137.2 136.0 143.1 1*13 140.« 142.8 140.5 143.0 139.7 138.8 143.6 143.3 141.0 140.1 24 11 7564235 4 6 99 - - 462 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed since immigration — Continued. A.— FOBEIGN-BOEN MALE&-Coiitinued. Years elapsed since immigiatioii 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. 26. mm. 126 .. ,. .. 127 _, 'i 128 ._ ,. ,, "i .. .. 129 -- -- "i -- •- 130 1 1 1 131 ,, .. ,_ 132 ,, 1 ., .. 133 'i 134 .. -- 'i "i i '2 135 1 2 1 2 136 ., 3 1 i 'i 3 137 ,, 2 "2 i 4 3 4 'i 138 i 3 1 2 1 4 139 2 'i "i 1 4 140 2 1 4 2 2 1 2 1 141 3 2 . 1 2 '2 1 142 i 2 2 3 1 3 1 1 143 4 3 1 'i 2 2 144 3 1 i '2 1 2 145 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 146 2 1 1 1 2 1 147 2 2 2 2 'i 148 'i 3 4 'i 1 2 149 1 2 1 3 -• ■ ■ 150 1 3 1 1 1 161 i .. 'i ,, 152 1 '2 ,. 2 ., 163 i 1 ,_ 154 "2 -■ -- -• -. 156 156 .. ., .. ,, 157 'i .. .. .. _. 158 .. ,. .. 159 •- 'i -- • • 143.4 146.3 142.7 146.9 14i8 146.0 141. 3 144. 4 143. 3 141. 142. 3 141. 8 138.8 Cases 11 10 11 S 19 29 32 23 13 23 26 36 16 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 463 Table XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed since immigration — Continued. A.— FOKEIGN-BORN MALES— Continued. Years elapsed since Immigration 27. 2S. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37 . 38. 39. mm. 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 i 1 1 "i '2 "i "2 1 1 1 i "i 2 2 2 1 s 2 i i i "2 2 1 '2 1 1 i i "2 2 1 1 'i '2 1 1 i 2 1 1 3 "2 2 1 i 1 2 1 3 2 'i i 3 1 3 1 1 2 !! i 1 1 i 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 2 '.'. 143 145 146 1 147 2 148 149 150 151 152 2 ;: 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 142.1 14 141.5 17 137.3 12 145.5 8 147.9 14 147.7 145.4 147.1 141.2 139.0 144 14 10 15 6 4 Cases „... 6 6 1 Years elapsed, since. mmi- 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. mm. 133 145 mm. 142 145 mm. 138 mm. 143 mm mm mm. 146 148 mm mm. mm. mm. 142 151 139.0 2 143.5 2 138.0 1 143.0 1 147.0 2 1 1 Years elapsed since immi- 51. 52. 53. 54 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 74. mm. mm. mm 129 138 139 mm. mm. 136 138 mm. 146 mm. mm. 158 mm. mm. 168 140 135.3 137.0 2 146.0 1 158.0 1 158. 140. 1 1 464 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed since immigration — Continued. B.— FOBEIGN-BOEN FEMALES. Years elapsed since immi- gration 0. 1. 3. i. 5. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. mm. 118... 119... 120... 121... 122... 123... 124... 125... 126... 127... 128... 129... 130... 131... 132... 133... 134... 135... 136... 137... 138... 139... 140... 141... 142... 143... 144... 14S... 146... 147... 148... 149. . . 150... 151... 152... Average 1 .. '.'. '.'. '.'. i 1 .. 1 'i ;; " !! 'i 1 1 2 .. 1 .. 1 1 2 1 'i :; .. i " '.'. "i 11.. 1 I .. .. 1 1 1 .. .. 1 .. 1 i ;." ;; y. . .. 1 .. 2 1 1 .. .. 3 2 1 .. 1 1 1 .. 2 'i " 'i ..12 1 1 . ..13 2 1 .. .' 2 .".' 'i 2 2 .. 1 .. . .. 1 1 112 1 1 .. .. 1 2 .. 1 2 2 1 1 i :: :: }. i '.'. '.'. . .. i }. }. :: 1 .. 2 '.'. "i " . .. 1 . .. '■ '.'. '.'. '.'. 139.0 131.1 133.0 134 134.4 131.8 133.9 135.5 136.2 135.6 136.1 134.3 134.4 5 10 9 8 13 5 8 6 8 13 8 8 17 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 465 Table XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed since immigration — Continued. B.— FOEEIGN-BORN FEMALES— Continued. Years elapsed since immi- gration 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. mm. 118 .. 119 .. .. .. 120 1 1 1 121 •.... _, .. ,, 122 ,. 'i 'i 123 ,, 'i 124 -- i .- .. -- 1 -- '3 125 1 2 1 1 1 126 i '2 '2 1 i 127 "i 2 '3 3 2 128 i 1 3 2 1 '2 129 1 1 2 1 'i '2 ■- -- 130 1 2 1 1 4 2 2 1 131 6 6 3 3 2 2 1 i 1 132 3 6 4 4 3 1 2 1 133 2 1 3 1 4 1 2 - '2 2 3 3 1 1 3 2 6 2 1 1 135 2 2 2 9 5 3 3 1 3 1 136 2 3 4 5 3 5 5 4 1 137 2 4 8 1 '2 3 2 3 3 1 138 2 3 2 5 7 1 3 3 139 2 2 2 4 '2 1 3 2 '2 140 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 141 1 2 2 1 1 142 1 2 "2 "4 1 .. 143 1 5 1 1 144 1 1 ■- 'i 145 1 1 1 2 146 1 .. 147 i 1 .. 148 i i .. 149 1 -■ 150 .. .. 151 'i ., ,. 152 -■ •• 133.6 135.2 134.5 134 2 135.2 135. 6 133. 5 135. 4 135. 1 133. 1 136. 1 135. 4 Cases 13 31 38 55 48 48 32 42 25 33 25 20 466 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed since mTOi^ration— Continued. B.— FOEEIGN-BORN FEMALES— Continued. Years elapsed since immi- gration 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. mm. 118- . 119.. 120. . 121.. 122.. 123.. 124.. 125.. 126.. 127.. 128.. 129.. 130.. 131.. 132... 133.- 134.. 135.. 136.. 137.. 138.. 139.. 140.. 141.. 142.. 143.. 144.. 145.. 146,. 147. . 148.. 149.. 150.. 151.. 152.. Average Cases... 130.3 135.3 135.6 137.3 138.1 138.9 132.8 133.7 135.8 138.0 133.0 134.3 24 15 11 16 9 11 13 7 5 4 3 6 Years elapsed since im- 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm,. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 133 130 129 131 131 131 131 138 129 134 136 139 132 131 133 139 133 147 135 139 141 144 138 146 152 138 141 Average 138.0 133.3 136.0 131.6 136.3 131.0 140.0 138.5 135.2 3 3 4 2 3 1 6 2 4 Years elapsed since im- 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 56. 69. 65. mm. 129 135 mm. 143 mm. mm. 136 mm. 136 142 mm. 127 139 145 mm. mm. 126 mm. 130 mm, 133 1.32. 2 143.0 1 136.0 1 139.0 2 136.3 3 '■'■ 126.0 1 130.0 1 133.0 1 Cases Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 467 Table XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged according to time elapsed since immigration — Continued. C— AMEBICAN-BOEN MALES. Years elapsed since immi- gration 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. mm mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 126 145 133 133 132 130 135 127 130 137 133 134 138 141 134 135 134 1.37 135 134 130 139 136 139 142 136 139 137 137 136 136 134 141 140 140 143 13B 140 139 138 136 137 137 144 141 140 137 140 139 140 140 137 13S 145 143 143 138 139 145 146 138 144 145 141 139 145 148 141 140 l.W 141 141 144 141 146 148 Average 138.0 145.0 138.1 137.4 139.6 137.8 138.0 138.0 137.3 141.2 138.6 134.0 140.8 Cases 4 1 10 5 12 e t a 7 5 5 16 Years elapsed since immi- 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 27. 38. mm. mm. 135 135 138 mm, mm. mm. 131 138 145 134 137 146 mm. mm. 138 141 mm. mm. mm. mm. vim. .. 128 140 141 136.0 .. 3 137.0 138.0 145.0 4 1 1 139.5 .. 2 .. 128.0 140.0 141.0 ..111 D.— AMERICAN-BORN FEMALES. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 124 127 126 115 121 124 123 122 126 127 125 124 131 125 128 124 130 130 125 125 133 128 129 127 130 130 127 127 133 129 129 128 131 131 127 130 133 130 129 128 132 132 127 130 133 131 131 129 132 133 129 132 137 131 131 131 132 133 130 132 137 132 131 131 133 133 130 133 137 133 132 131 133 133 131 133 138 134 132 133 136 134 131 133 134 133 134 136 135 132 135 135 134 135 137 135 132 139 136 134 135 138 136 133 139 137 135 137 138 137 134 141 140 135 142 140 138 134 146 136 140 135 136 137 138 138 141 136 137 140 142 133.4 17 132.7 16 131.7 22 132.1 16 133.3 10 131.9 15 132.8 20 131.1 15 468 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVII. — Width of face of Bohemian adults, arranged aci since immigration — Continued. to time D.— AMEEICAN-BORN FEMALES— Continued. Years elapsed since inuuigr 9. 10. 11 12. 13 14. 15. 16. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 125 123 123 131 133 128 115 125 129 124 125 133 134 130 132 126 130 124 130 136 131 130 131 127 133 136 133 132 127 135 138 133 128 136 138 134 129 145 135 VM 135 130 136 130 130 131 132 133 133 135 137 137 139 Average.. 132.0 134.7 4 133.0 123.5 127.0 6 2 3 10 19 7 2 Years elapsed since immi- 17. 18. 19. 20 21. 22. 23 24 25. 26. 27. 30. 31. Tnm. Tnm, mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 135 126 129 133 125 .-.. 140 131 130 123 127 135 131 129 137 129 135 130 138 133 135 Cases 1 4 3 3 3 . 1 11111 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 469 Table XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-horn arul foreign-born children. 1. DrPFERENCB IN StATURE. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. Age. American-born. Father. Differ- ence between father and son. Cases. Foreign-born. Fatlier. Differ- ence between father and son. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years , 16 years - . 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over. cm. 166.6 167.8 168.5 168.0 167.9 168.3 168.3 167.8 169.2 166.2 169.6 171.8 168.2 167.7 171.1 170.1 168.2 cm. -1-65.4 +62.6 +S8.6 4-52.2 +46.6 +40.2 +36.6 +29.0 +25.6 +22.2 +17.1 + 8.4 + 3.6 - 0.8 - 3.9 - 2.0 - 3.2 168.8 166.1 164.9 165.1 165.2 166.2 166.0 162.1 173.2 168.9 169.5 167.2 +66.3 +55.8 +51.1 +46.6 +41.1 +37.8 +32.3 +18.5 +27.1 +19.3 +13.5 + 2.6 -3.7 +2.8 +1.1 0.0 -0.9 -1.2 -3.3 +7.1 -4.9 -2.2 -5.1 +1.0 4 9 9 10 6 7 5 4 3 4 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. American-born. Foreign-born, Differ- ence between coIiiTnns 2 and 5. Age. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and daughter. Cases. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and daughter. Cases. Weight. cm. 171.7 167.5 169.9 166.1 167.7 165.6 167.8 165.4 167.0 166.5 166.1 167.0 167.9 168.8 167.9 cm. +70.9 +62.0 +59.7 +52.6 +46.9 +41.2 +35.2 +26.5 +23.3 +18.5 +14.4 + 7.2 + 8.2 + 7.1 + 6.3 8 41 33 44 41 25 41 24 30 35 26 22 30 18 67 cm. 161.2 164.9 165.8 164.8 163.5 167.3 164.3 162.6 164.5 167.5 164.6 159.8 172.3 172.9 166.2 cm. +61.8 +62.2 +56.4 +51.3 +49.8 +42.7 +32.6 +28.7 +23.8 +21.9 +13.7 + 3.4 +14.0 + 5.3 + 4.2 2 14 6 5 8 13 10 5 4 9 8 4 3 1 34 cm. +9.1 -0.2 +3.3 +1.3 -2.9 -1.5 +2.9 -2.2 -0.5 -3.4 +0.7 +3.8 -5.8 +1.8 +2.1 2 4 6 years 5 5 8 years 7 9 years 9 10 years 8 11 years 4 3 13 years 7 14 years 6 15 years 3 3 17 years 1 23 58392°— VOL 38—11- 470 The Immigration Commission. Table XXYUI.— Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-horn and foreign-born children — Continued. 1. Difference in Stature — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. 1 American-born. Foreign-born. Dif- ference between columns 2 and 5. Age. Mother. Dif- ference between mother and son. Cases. Mother. Dif- ference between mother and son. Cases. Weight. 4 years 5 Tears' .... cm. 149.8 156.4 156.5 157.7 156.5 159.2 155.1 158.6 158.0 155.7 160.2 154.9 157.2 154.5 159.9 160.1 152.8 cm. -t-45.0 +52.8 +45.9 +42.1 +35.2 +30.8 +23.7 +20.9 +16.1 + 8.7 + 4.9 - 4.1 - 8.6 -12.8 -15.3 -13.4 -17.4 10 53 52 66 60 36 38 28 30 24 19 16 19 18 6 5 20 cm. cm. cm. 155.6 154.2 154.9 154.7 155.2 156.3 157.5 163.7 166.2 168.3 156.5 156.5 159.0 155.5 161.0 156.0 +54.7 +45.2 +40.8 +36.9 +31.2 +27.0 +23.3 +10.3 +13.5 + 8.8 + 6.6 - 6.8 -12.0 -13.5 - 6.1 -13.5 6 12 13 14 19 10 10 7 4 16 3 4 1 4 2 30 - 1.9 + 0.7 + 1.3 - 0.7 - 0.4 - 3.3 - 2.4 + 5.8 - 4.8 - 3.9 -10.7 - 2.8 - 0.8 - 1.8 - 7.3 - 3.9 6 10 7 years 11 8 years 12 7 8 11 years 8 6 3 14 years 5 15 years 3 16 years 3 1 2 19 years 1 12 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-born. Foreign-born Dif- Dif- Dif- ference ference ference between Mother. between mother and daughter. Cases. Mother. between mother and daughter. Cases. columns 2 and 6. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. 158.3 +59.1 13 151.9 +64.6 4 +4.6 166.8 +52.2 66 154.6 4 51.1 19 +1.1 157.5 +47.4 50 154.8 +46.3 10 +1.1 156.6 +42.7 58 156.9 +42.7 8 0.0 156.5 +35.8 69 152.0 +36. 1 10 -0.3 156.4 +29.9 54 154.6 +30.7 15 -0.8 157.0 +24.4 64 157.3 +25.8 12 -1.4 156.7 +24.5 41 164.7 +22.1 9 +2.4 156.8 + 13.0 47 156.4 +17.2 14 -4.2 156.7 + 8.3 62 154.7 + 8.2 IS +0.1 155.9 + 2.2 39 158.1 + 6.8 11 -3.6 155.5 + 2.7 30 169.0 + 4.6 6 -1.9 156.0 + 4.3 36 167.1 - 0.5 9 +4.8 156.5 - 5.2 24 162.9 - 3.1 5 -2.1 156.7 + 5.0 98 156.6 - 3.7 59 +8.7 Weight. 4 years Syears 6years 7years Syears 9 years 10 years U years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years IS years and over. 14 8 7 9 12 10 7 11 14 5 7 4 37 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 471 Table XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-born and foreign-born cMlaren — Continued. 2. DiFFBBBNCB iN LENGTH OF HeAD. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. Age. American-bom. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and son. Foreign-bom. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and son. Differ- ence be- tween columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4years Syears eyeais 7years Syears 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over TOTTl. 188.4 188.5 190.3 188.2 189.7 189.8 191.1 190.9 188.9 187.5 187.1 194.5 190.3 191.7 191.7 192.2, 192.4 mw,. -1-17.1 -1-17.0 -1-18.8 -)-16.4 +16.3 4-14.3 -1-14.9 -1-15.3 -1-12.2 -HO.O + 8.0 +12.3 + 4.5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 5.7 + 3.3 193.8 189.2 189.1 187.6 185.9 183.7 190.5 184.4 192.0 188.0 191.8 186.8 +25.3 +16,8 +17.3 +14.2 +14.7 + 8.1 +11.8 + 6.0 +11.3 +13.4 + 8.3 + 1.8 -8.3 +2.0 -0.9 +2.1 -0.4 +6.8 +3.5 +6.2 -1.3 -5.4 +4.0 +2.7 10 6 7 5 4 3 4 + 1.8 +1.4 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. American-bom. Foreign-bom. Differ- ence be- tween columns 2 and 5. Age. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and daughter. Cases. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and daughter. Cases. Weight. ram. 188.5 190.6 190.3 189.0 190.4 187.4 189.3 189.4 190.5 190.5 190.2 189.0 190.3 190.1 190.8 mm. +22.9 +23.6 +24.2 +21.1 +21.0 +17.5 +17.2 +16.3 +15.8 +14.8 +13.6 +10.9 +12.5 +10.9 +11.7 8 41 33 44 41 25 41 24 30 35 26 . 22 30 18 67 mm. 178.5 189.3 190 5 193.2 189.3 185.0 189.1 187.4 189.8 186.7 190.5 182.3 186.0 183.0 191.8 mm. +13.5 +24.7 +23.7 +29.4 +21.8 +13.5 +15.8 +14.6 +16.8 +11.1 +12.3 + 3.1 +11.1 + 4.0 +11.0 2 14 6 5 8 13 10 5 4 9 8 4 3 1 34 mm. +9.4 -1.1 +0.5 -8.3 -0.8 +4.0 +1.4 +1.7 -1.0 +3.7 +1.3 +7.8 +1.5 +6.9 +0.7 2 5 years 4 6 years 5 5, 8 years 7 9 10 years.. 8 4 12 years 3 7 14 years 6 15 years 3 16 years 3 1 18 years and over 23 472 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-horn and foreign-born children — Continued. 2. DuTERBNCB IN Length OP Head — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHEE AND SON. Age. American-bom. Mother. Difler- ence be- tween mother and son. Foreign-bom. Mother. Differ- ence be- tween mother and son. Cases. Differ- ence be- tween columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4years Syears 6years 7 years Syears 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over 178.6 180.8 179.7 180.0 181.1 180.3 178.6 180.3 180.6 180.2 181.7 179.3 181.3 181.2 181.2 183.4 177.7 mm. -i- 8.2 -1-10.2 H- 8.3 -^■ 8.4 -I- 8.2 -1-6.2 -I- 3.2 -1-4.6 -I- 5.1 -I- 1.7 -I- 1.9 - 1.5 - 4.0 - 4.9 - 4.8 - 4.6 - 8.5 178.3 177.9 177.0 179.5 181.3 179.1 182.1 181.7 177.5 181.7 179.3 178.2 190.0 183.5 187.0 182.5 -flO.6 + 4.1 -1-4.4 -1-6.9 -I- 9.4 + 4.0 -I- 4.7 -I- 4.1 - 3.0 -I- 5.7 H- 0.6 - 4.8 - 3.0 - 6.0 -f 6.5 - 7.2 - 0.4 -f 4.2 -f 4.0 4- 1.3 - 3.2 - 0.8 - 0.2 H- 1.0 -F 4.7 - 3.8 - 2.1 - 0.8 - 1.9 + 1.2 -11.1 6 10 11 12 7 1.3 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Foreign-born Differ- Differ- Differ- ence be- ence be- ence be- tween Mother. tween mother and daughter. Cases. Mother. tween mother and daughter. Cases. columns 2 and 5. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 180.1 -1-15.9 13 186.0 21.0 + 4 -6.1 179.6 -1-12.6 66 180.7 15.3 +19 -2.7 180.0 +12.7 50 177.1 10.6 +10 +2.1 179.9 -H2.5 58 179.1 14.4 + 8 -1.9 180.6 +10.7 59 178.7 11.7 +10 -1.0 180.2 + 9.2 64 179.8 9.5 +15 -0.3 181.3 + 8.6 64 181.4 8.0 +12 +0.6 181.1 + 7.8 41 179.1 8.0 + 9 -0.2 180.6 + 5.5 47 180.4 7.1 +14 -1.6 180.8 + 4.3 62 180.6 5.2 +18 -0.9 179.7 + 2.3 39 181.6 4.1 +11 -1.8 182.4 + 5.6 30 . 180.5 1.0 + 6 +4.6 182.4 + 6.2 36 182.8 3.1 + 9 +2.1 181.2 + 4.1 24 181.4 3.2 + 5 +0.9 181.9 + 3.0 98 181.4 1.9 +59 +1.1 Weight. j 4years 5 years 6years 7year8 1 8years 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over 3 14 8 7 9 12 10 7 11 14 9 5 7 4 37 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 473 Table XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their ovm American-horn ajid foreign-horn children — Continued. 3. DiPFEBBNCE IN WiDTH OF HeAD. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. Age. American-bom. Father. Differ- ence between father and son. Cases. Foreign-born. Father. Differ- ence between father and son. Cases. Difler- ence between colomDS 2 and 5. Weight. 4 years Syears 6 years , 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over. mm. 158.1 157.5 158.2 157.5 157.1 157.7 168.6 158.7 158.9 156.4 158.4 158.6 160.7 159.8 161.3 161.7 158.2 mm. -HI. 7 -1-12.8 -HI. 3 -t-10.1 + 8.8 -I- 9.3 -I- 7.7 -HO. 9 -1- 6.7 + 5.7 + 6.6 -1-3.5 -I- 4.1 -I- 3.4 + 1.3 -1-3.2 -1- 1.9 155.3 156.9 159.9 157.4 155.1 156.1 157.3 155.2 160.0 155.2 161.1 1M.3 -f- 4.5 -(-9.5 -H2.4 -HO. 2 -I- 8.8 + 4.3 -I- 4.3 -t- 4.8 -1-8.0 -I- 4.2 -1-6.6 + 1.3 H-8.3 -H.8 -2.3 -1.4 -1-0.5 4-6.6 -H.9 -2.3 -1-2.2 -3.1 -1-2.8 4 9 9 10 6 7 5 4 3 4 3 3 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Foreign-bom. Differ- Differ- Differ- ence ence ence between Father. between father and daughter. Cases. Father. between father and daughter. Cases. columns 2 and 5. mm. mm. vim. mm. mm. 157.4 -H6.6 8 156.5 -H6.5 2 ±0.0 157.8 -H6.2 41 158.4 -H4.9 14 +1.3 159.4 -H6.4 33 158.5 -H4.6 6 +1.9 157.4 -H4.4 44 154.4 -t- 8.0 5 +6.4 158.9 -H3.0 41 163.6 + 8.7 8 +4.3 158.0 + 8.1 25 157.2 -HO. 4 13 -2.3 158.8 -H2.7 41 157.3 -1- 8.3 10 +4.4 157.5 -HO. 6 24 157.2 -HO.O 5 +0.6 158.2 +11.5 30 168.0 +10.0 4 +1.5 157.3 -1- 9.1 35 165.7 + 9.4 9 -0.3 157.6 + 9.4 26 160.0 + 8.0 8 +1.4 159.5 -1- 9.2 22 166.8 + 3.6 4 +5.7 169.2 + 8.5 30 156.0 + 9.0 3 -0.5 166.7 + 4.4 18 162.0 + 8.0 1 -3.6 158.8 -1- 7.9 67 157.6 + 6.6 34 +1.3 Weight. 4years Syears 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and oyer 3 3 1 23 474 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-horn and foreign-horn children — Continued. 3. DiFFEEENCB IN WiDTH OF Head — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. Age. American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Cases. Foreign-born. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4 years 5years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over mm. 151.9 151.0 152.1 152.3 151.0 152.2 151.9 151.1 152.9 151.4 151.7 151.8 153.3 153.1 153.2 158.0 152.2 mm. +1.2 -F5.5 -1-6.2 -1-4.3 +2.9 -1-3.7 -f2.2 -1-2.0 -1-1.6 -1-0.2 -0.2 -1.2 -2.7 -1.6 -4.0 -2.4 -6.5 10 150.7 150.0 149.2 151.6 149.8 151.8 154.0 147.3 149.2 151.9 152.3 162.5 156.0 156.5 155.6 150.5 + 0.7 -I- 1.3 -F 2.5 + 4.7 4-3.2 -t- 0.1 -H 0.3 - 2.7 - 0.8 -I- 1.5 -1-0.6 - 1.0 + 4.0 -H4.3 - 4.5 - 6.7 -I- 4.8 -f 4.9 + 1.8 - 1.8 + 0.5 -I- 2.1 -I- 1.7 + 4.3 + 1.0 - 1.7 - 1.8 - 1.7 - 6.6 -18.3 + 2.1 + 1.2 6 10 11 12 7 8 8 6 3 6 3 3 1 2 1 12 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. mm. 149.5 151.3 151.1 151.1 151.7 151.5 154.4 161.3 163.0 163.7 151.9 152.8 152.7 152.9 163.7 + 1.8 +10.2 + 7.8 + 7.9 + 7.7 + 6.5 + 8.4 + 4.6 + 6.2 + 5.5 + 3.8 Cases. Foreign-born. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. mm. 163.2 150.1 150.3 151.7 152.3 161.5 151.4 161.7 147.4 149.5 153.6 149.8 155.2 151.0 151.7 mm. +13.2 + 7.4 + 7.2 + 6.6 + 7.4 + 6.0 + 3.4 + 4.0 +11.3 + 2.9 + 2.1 - 2.2 + 6.8 + 1.0 ±0.0 Cases. Differ-, ence between columns 2 and 5. mm. -11.4 + 2.8 + 0.6 + 2.3 + 0.3 + 1.5 + 5.0 + 0.6 - 6.1 + 2.6 + 1.7 + 4.7 - 3.6 + 0.6 + 2.5 Weight. 14 8 7 10 7 11 14 S 7 4 37 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 475 Table XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-born and foreign-bom children — Continued. 4. DiPFBKENCB IN CEPHALIC InDEX. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. Age. 4 years Syeais 6years 7years 8 years 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13yeai3 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over American-born. Father. 83.2 82.7 82.9 83.1 83.1 83.1 84.2 83.5 84.7 81.6 84.5 83.5 84.3 84.6 82.3 DifEer- ence between father and son. -0.8 -2.5 -3.2 -2.7 -1.5 -2.6 -1.2 -2.0 -1.4 -0.1 -3.6 -0.1 -0.6 -1.4 -0.4 Foreign-bom. 80.1 83.1 84.6 83.9 83.5 85.1 82.6 84.2 83.4 84.1 82.7 Diflcr- ence between ■ father and son. -9.4 -2.4 -1.3 -1.1 -0.9 -1.4 -3.1 -0.1 -1.3 -3.9 -0.1 -0.1 -1-0.2 20 Differ- ence between colunms 2 and 5. -fS.e -0.1 -1.9 -1.6 -0.6 -1.2 +1.9 -1.9 -0.1 -1-2.8 -3.5 ±0.0 -1-0.6 Weight. 4 9 9 10 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Foreign-bom Differ- Differ- Differ- ence ence ence between Father. between father and daughter. Cases. Father. between father and daughter. Cases. coiumns 2 and 5. 82.9 -2.3 41 83.8 -3.4 14 +1.1 84.0 -2.0 33 84.2 —2.2 6 +0.2 83.3 -2.1 44 81.7 -7.7 5 +5.6 83.6 -2.5 41 81.2 -5.4 8 +2.9 84.4 —0.3 25 83.5 -2.1 13 +1.8 84.0 -0.8 41 83.2 -2.8 10 +2.0 83.4 -1.5 24 83.9 -1.3 5 -0.2 83.2 -0.8 30 84.8 -0.7 4 -0.1 82.6 -1.8 35 83.5 +0.1 9 -1.9 83.1 -0.2 26 84.1 -1.3 8 +1.1 84.5 ±0.0 22 86.1 +0.6 4 -0.6 83.7 -1.1 30 83.9 -0.1 3 -1.0 82.5 -2.0 18 88.5 +2.5 1 -4.5 83.1 -1.1 67 82.2 -1.4 34 +0.3 Weight. Syears 6years 7 yeaiB Syears 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over 3 1 23 476 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. 4. DuTBBENCE IN Cbphalic Index — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. Age. American-bom. Mother. Difler- ence between mother and son. Cases. Foreign-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. "Weight. 4 years 5 years 6years 7 years Syears 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17years 18 years.'. 19 years 20 years and over. 86.0 83.6 84.4 84.6 83.6 84.3 84.9 83.9 86.0 84.0 83.6 84.7 84.7 84.5 84.7 86.3 86.7 ±0.0 -1.4 -0.8 -1.9 -2.4 -1.1 -0.6 -1.0 -0.9 -0.9 -1.3 ±0.0 +0.4 -1.3 +0.1 +1.0 +1.7 84.5 84.8 84.4 84.6 82.7 84.8 84.6 80.3 84.2 83.3 84.3 86.6 82.1 85.3 83.6 82.6 -4.7 -0.8 -0.6 -0.7 -2.6 —1.9 -2.1 -4.2 +0,8 -2.2 -0.6 +1.6 +3.3 -4.8 -6.1 -0.5 +3.3 ±0.0 -1.3 -1.7 +1.6 +1.4 +1.1 +3.3 -1.7 +0.9 +0.6 -1.1 -4.6 +4.9 +6.1 +2.2 6 10 11 12 7 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Eoreign-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4years 6 years 6years 7years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 16 years 16 years 17year8 18 years and over. 84.3 84.0 84.3 84.1 84.1 86.2 83,6 85.0 85.0 84.4 83.7 83.7 84,1 84 4 -2.6 -0.3 -1.7 -1.5 -1.0 -0.7 +0.7 -1.1 +0.9 +1.1 +0.9 -1.4 -1,3 -1,4 -0.1 82.5 83.1 84.9 84.7 86.4 84.4 83.6 85.1 84.3 82.9 84,6 83.1 85,0 83,3 83,9 -2.3 -3.3 -1.1 -3.2 -0.2 -1.7 -1.8 -1.2 -0.8 -0.8 -0.8 -1.5 +1,8 —0,9 -0,8 -0,3 +3.0 -0.6 +1.7 -0.8 +1.0 +2.5 +0.1 +1.7 +1.9 +1.7 +0.1 -3.1 -0.5 +0.7 3 14 8 7 9 12 10 7 11 14 5 7 4 37 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 4Y7 Table XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-bom and foreign-born children — Continued. 5. DiPFEHENCE IN WiDTH OF FaCB. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. Age. American-tom. Father. Differ- ence between father and son. Cases. Foreign-bom. Father. Differ- ence between father, and son. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4years Syears 6 years 7 years Syears 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over mm. 145.6 141.8 144.3 142.4 143.5 141.5 141.9 144.1 144.6 141.3 142.4 141.7 146.0 144.8 145.3 144.7 142.8 mm. -1-28.3 -1-24.6 -1-26.0 4-23.0 -1-21.3 -1-19.2 -1-18.3 -f20.7 -H7.4 -1-13.6 -1-14.2 -1-9.4 -1-12.7 + 7.5 -f 4.0 4-6.7 -f 6.7 139.5 141.6 145.2 144.3 143.5 140.8 143.8 139.2 145.3 143.0 144.5 143.5 -1-20.8 +23.2 -f24.7 -t-23.5 -1-22.4 -H6.0 -(-17.8 + 9.2 -1-17.0 -H1.6 -HO. 3 -1-8.5 -1-3.8 -f2.8 -1.7 -2.2 -3.2 H-2.3 4-2.9 4-8.2 -3.4 4-2.6 -0.9 4-4.2 4-3.2 4-3.5 10 6 7 5 4 3 4 3 3 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Foreign-bom . Differ- Father. Differ- ence be- tween fa- Cases. Father. Differ- ence be- tween la- Cases. ence between columns 2 and 5. ther and ther and daughter. daughter. mm. mm. mm. ram. mm. 141.6 29.4 8 140.0 29.0 2 + 0.4 141.7 26.2 41 141. B 25.3 4 4- 0.9 143.1 27.1 33 145.0 25.7 6 4- 1.4 143.0 0.3 44 140.4 20.6 5 -20.3 143.8 24.6 41 139.0 19.6 8 4- 5.0 142.4 22.4 25 ]41.5 20.7 13 4- 1.7 144.1 21.9 41 141.9 15.8 10 4- 6.1 142.5 18.9 24 141.4 16.4 5 4- 2.5 143.8 19.0 30 140.0 15.0 4 4- 4.0 148.2 6.2 35 139.4 12.3 9 - 6.1 142.6 14.5 26 143.4 12.4 8 4- 2.1 142.6 11.4 22 140.3 15.5 4 - 4.1 145.2 12.8 30 141.3 12.3 3 4- 0.5 140.4 9.8 18 145.0 9.0 1 4- 0.8 143.1 11.3 67 142.9 9.0 34 4- 2.3 Weight. 4years 5years 6years , 7 years Syears 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17years 18 years and over 8 4 3 7 6 3 3 1 23 478 The Immigration Commission. Table XXVIII. — Difference between Bohemian, Pole, Hungarian, and Slovak parents and their own American-horn and foreign-horn children — Continued. 5. Difference in Width of Pace — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. Age. American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Cases. Foreign-born. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Differ- ence between colmnns 2 and 5. Weight. 4 years 5 years 6 years 7years Syears 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over mm. 133.0 134.8 134.8 134.7 134.9 134.4 134.3 135.3 134.7 135.2 134.8 134.4 136.9 133.9 138.0 139.4 132.9 -)-14.2 -1-17.5 -1-16.3 -1-15.2 -1-13.9 -1-12.3 -1-11.5 -H0.3 -f 8.6 + 7.0 -1-6.0 -I- 3.8 + 4.3 - 1.6 - 0.3 -1-0.6 - 4.2 135.5 133.1 174.2 135.6 133.9 136.4 135.8 136.1 134.0 137.7 136.0 135.5 140.0 138.3 140.5 136.7 -1-17.3 -H4.6 -1-13.8 -1-15.0 -1-12.7 -1-11.3 + 9.2 -f 6.2 -t- 7.2 H- 8.0 + 5.3 + 1.0 -1-9.0 - 5.2 - 0.5 - 2.5 + 0.2 + 1.7 + 1.4 - 1.1 - 0.4 -I- 0.2 -I- 1.1 + 2.4 - 0.2 - 2.0 - 1.5 + 3.3 -10.6 -h 4.9 + 1.1 - 1.7 10 U 12 7 8 8 6 3 5 3 3 1 2 1 12 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-born. Foreign-bom Differ- Differ- Differ- ence ence ence between Mother. between mother and daughter. Cases. Motlier. between mother and daughter. Cases. columns 2 and 6. mm. mm. mm. mm. min. 132.1 -1-19.8 13 137.2 +25.5 4 -6.7 135.0 -1-19.6 65 135.9 +19.2 19 +0.4 134.5 -1-18.0 50 133.7 +16.0 10 +2.0 135.2 -H8.4 58 135.0 +16.6 g +1.8 134.9 -)-16.2 59 134.0 +14.9 10 +1.3 136.3 +14.7 53 135.8 +14.5 15 +0.2 136.6 -(-14.4 64 135.6 +10.4 12 +4.0 135.3 -H1.4 40 138.7 +13.4 9 +2.0 135.9 -1-11.1 47 136.1 +10.7 14 +0.4 136.7 -1-10.7 62 132.9 + 5.5 18 +5.2 135.8 -1- 7.1 39 136.4 + 5.0 11 +2.1 136.3 -f- 5.5 30 138.7 + 5.5 6 ±0.0 135.7 + 3.4 .36 138.8 + 6.7 9 -3.3 134.8 -1-3.9 24 138.8 + 7.0 5 -3.1 135.8 4-3.5 98 135.7 + 1.1 69 +2.4 Weight. 4 years 6years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over 14 8 7 9 12 10 7 11 14 9 5 7 4 37 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants, 4*79 Table XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and foreign-bom children. 1. Difference in Stature, a.— between father and son. Age. American-born. Foreign-born Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Fatber. Differ- ence between fatber and son. Cases. Fatber. Differ- ence between fatber and son. Cases. cm. 165.6 164.4 163.7 164.6 165.1 162.5 163.1 161.5 162.1 163.9 163.3 164.0 162.8 164.0 165.3 163.5 cm. 4-60.3 -f55.7 -1-49.8 +42.2 4-40.4 -1-31.7 -1-26.3 +21.0 . +16.5 +15.7 ' + 1.6 + 4.1 - 3.2 - 4.0 - 1.7 - 5.2 31 20 26 33 17 26 16 15 10 12 9 10 5 4 3 16 cm. 168.6 162.4 164.9 165.5 160.7 165.2 166.0 165.9 163.2 162.9 162.8 162.3 164.6 161.2 161.2 162.7 CTJl, +69.5 +56.4 +52.8 +46.5 +38.1 +36.1 +29.8 +25.6 +15.0 +13.9 + 6.0 + 3.1 + 0.7 - 3.2 - 3.8 - 2.0 8 7 9 15 17 19 19 17 10 15 12 12 7 10 10 69 cm. -9.2 -0.7 -3.0 -4.3 +2.3 -4.4 -3.5 -4.6 +1.5 +1.8 -4.4 +1.0 -3.9 -0.8 +2.1 -3.2 Weigbt. Syears 6years Tyears Syears 9 years 10 years Uyears 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years... 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over 5 7 10 9 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. American-bom. Foreign-bom. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Age. Father. Differ- ence be- tween fa- tber and daughter. Cases. Fatber. Differ- ence be- tween fa- tber and daughter. Cases. Weigbt. COT. 164.5 166.1 165.0 164.7 165.0 163.1 164.7 164.5 162.9 164.3 161.9 163.0 161.9 164.1 cm. +61.6 +56.2 +49.7 +44.6 +41.3 +32.6 +28.2 +22.9 +15.8 +10.3 + 6.8 + 6.8 + 4.3 + 3.2 23 35 18 18 13 19 16 26 18 16 13 9 10 36 cm. 165.7 169.0 161.3 163.7 163.3 165.1 163.4 164.6 163.1 163.0 165.8 161.1 163.8 162.3 cm. +62.1 +60.2 +48.0 +47.0 +39.1 +37.0 +29.6 +24.7 +17.2 + 9.8 +12.3 + 6.1 + 8.1 + 6.9 7 6 10 14 13 14 18 13 IS 12 10 16 23 82 cm. -0.5 -4.0 +1.7 -2.4 +2.2 -4.4 -1.4 -1.8 -1.4 +0.6 -5.5 +1.7 -3.8 -2.7 5 6 years 5 6 8 years 8 7 8 11 years 8 9 13 years 9 7 6 16 years 6 7 18 Tears and over . . 25 480 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own, American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. 1. DiiTERENCE IN Statueb — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHEB AND SON. Age. American-bom. Foreign-born Differ- ence between Difler- Differ- Mother. between Cases. Mother. between Cases. columns 2 and 6. mother mother and son. and son. cm. cm. cm. cm. cm. 1S4.6 +49.8 39 163.6 +52.1 13 -2.3 163.2 +45.2 28 163.6 +46.7 11 -1.5 154.6 +40.2 39 154.3 +41.3 11 -1.1 155.9 +34.6 46 152.8 +32.5 16 +2.1 155.0 +30.3 29 166.8 +32.8 23 -2.5 165.7 +25.3 38 154.9 +27.3 23 -2.0 156.6 +19.9 20 164.3 +17.3 21 +2.6 154.8 +14.9 20 163.2 +14.2 26 +0.7 164.0 + 9.6 19 166.0 +10.0 13 -0.4 154.2 + 2.8 18 163.3 + 2.0 18 +0.8 163.9 - 6.9 16 154.7 - 3.6 15 -2.3 163.1 - 4.8 8 163.1 - 4.8 14 ±0.0 154.1 -10.0 10 153.8 -10.6 10 +0.6 169. S -11.6 4 150.6 -12.7 9 +1.2 166.3 -12.0 3 165.3 - 9.9 11 -2.1 166.7 - 7.4 16 154.4 - 9.7 74 +2.3 Weight. i Syears i 6years ' 7years Byears Oyears 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years...; 15 years 16 years 17years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over 12 13 14 10 11 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. 5years Oyears Tyears Byears 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over American-born. Mother. cm. 164.9 156.1 166.5 166.4 163.4 164.8 153.2 155.4 164.9 156.9 156.4 155.9 154.8 153.9 Differ- ence between mother and daughter. cm. +51.6 +45.0 +40.4 +36.7 +30.3 +24.1 +18.6 +12.7 + 9.3 + 2.8 + 1.4 + 0.2 - 1.7 - 5.3 Cases. 37 Foreign-born. Mother. cm. 161.0 156.3 155.7 156.1 160.6 156.0 150.0 153.7 156.4 156.7 152.4 154.8 153.3 154.6 Differ- . ence between mother and daughter. cm. +49.1 +47.5 +43,1 +37.4 +28.8 +28.1 +14.6 +16.9 + 9.1 + 6.6 - 1.3 - 1.2 - 2.8 - 2.2 Cases. 15 21 17 22 24 22 21 18 12 22 29 127 Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. cm. +2.6 -2.5 -2.7 -0.7 +1.5 -4.0 +3.9 -4.2 +0.2 -2.8 +2.7 +1.4 +1.1 -3.1 Weight. 6 7 11 12 9 13 12 13 11 8 25 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 481 Table XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own Am«rican-born and foreign-bom children — Continued. 2. DippEEENCE IN Length op Head. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. 5 years 6years 7 years , 8 years 9years 10 years , 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over. American-born . Father. mm. 188.4 187.4 186.0 190.6 188.4 188.1 188.6 185.3 189.7 188.3 189.1 190.4 187.2 188.8 190.7 189.1 Differ- ence between father and son. mTn. -1-15.8 +15.8 +13.1 +13.3 +12.8 +10.0 +11.4 + 4.1 +11.9 + 7.1 + 2.3 + 4.9 + 2.0 + 1.3 + 1.7 + 1.3 Cases. Foreign-born. Father. mm. 186.0 183.0 189.7 186.6 187.1 186.1 186.2 187.1 188.1 185.3 188.5 182.0 188.1 187.3 185.9 186.5 Differ- ence between father and son. mm. +14.6 +12.3 +16.4 + 14.8 +14.0 +10.4 +10.4 + 7.2 + 8.6 + 5.5 + 6.4 - 1.8 + 4.2 + 2.3 + 4.0 + 2.6 Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. mm. +1.2 +3.5 -3.3 -1.6 -1.2 -0.4 +1.0 -3.1 +3.3 +1.6 -41 +6.7 -2.2 -1.0 -2.3 -1.3 Weight. 6 5 7 10 10 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. 5 years 6 years , 7 years = .. 8years Qyears ... 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years : 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over. American-bom. Father. mm. 188.0 189.1 188.7 187.6 187.8 187.6 191.4 190.4 188.9 188.0 186.2 188.4 187.0 189.5 Differ- ence between father and daughter. mm. +18.9 +20.4 +17.3 +17.4 +16.7 + 14.4 +14.1 +13.4 +U.8 + 9.6 + 9.4 +10.2 + 7.4 + 10.9 Cases. Foreign-bom. mm. 190.0 188.0 188.0 185.8 187.7 186.9 188.8 184.6 184 3 187.2 182.8 183.8 187.1 187.1 Differ- ence between father and daughter. mm. +23.7 +23.2 +21.1 +18 4 +16.0 +15.5 +14 4 +13.1 +11.7 + 8.4 + 8.0 + 7.2 +10.4 + 9.4 Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. mm. -4.8 -2.8 -3.8 -1.0 +0.7 -1.1 -0.3 +0.3 +0.1 +1.2 +1.4 +3.0 -3.0 +1.5 Weight. 7 25 482 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIX..— Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and joreign-bom children — Continued. 2. DirFEEENCB IN LENGTH OP Hbad — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. Age. American-bom. Mother. Difler- ence between mother and son. Foreign-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Differ- ence between columns 2 &d S. Weight. Syears 6years 7years Syears 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years Uyears 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over. mm. 179.0 177.6 179.9 180.0 179.1 180.9 180.5 179.5 180.3 182.7 182.4 181.3 179.2 180.0 180.7 181.5 -1-6.9 -1-6.9 -1-5.9 -1-4.0 -1-3.8 + 2.8 +Z.i -H.0 -1-0.9 -1-1.5 -3.4 -3.3 -6.4 -9.5 -9.0 -7.0 mm. 180.8 181.6 183.8 181.7 178.2 180.5 180.3 179.7 179.2 179.8 179.1 177.4 178.4 183.4 179.3 179.2 mm. -MO.O -1-10.1 -1-10.2 + 7.1 + 4.7 H-6.1 -1- 4.0 -1-2.2 + 1.2 - 1.4 - 3.5 - 5.8 - 7.1 - 4.7 - 6.3 - 6.8 mm. -3.1 -3.2 -4.3 -3.2 -0.9 -2.3 -0.7 -1.2 -0.3 +2.9 -f0.1 +2.5 4-0.7 -4.8 -3.7 -0.2 10 8 9 12 13 13 11 12 8 5 5 3 2 12 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Cases. Foreign-born. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. Syears 6years 7years Syears 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over. mm. 179.3 180.3 182.0 181.2 180.2 179.9 180.9 179.1 179.7 180.4 181.2 182.8 181.5 182.0 mm. +11.6 +11.5 +11.6 +11.8 + 8.3 + 8.4 + 4.8 + 2.6 + 1.4 + 2.3 + 4.7 + 3.5 + 1.4 + 3.2 mm. 180.0 181.9 181.3 181.4 179.2 180.8 179.4 179.5 180.8 180.6 178.6 179.1 178.3 180.5 mm. +16.4 +13.9 +13.6 +12.7 + 9.8 + 8.9 + 5.2 + 6.9 + 7.0 + 2.9 + 2.0 + 2.2 + 1.2 + 2.3 24 22 21 IS 12 22 29 128 mm. -4.8 -2.4 -2.0 -0.9 -1.5 -0.5 -0.4 -4.3 -5.6 -0.6 +2.7 +1.3 +0.2 +0.9 7 7 11 12 9 13 12 14 11 9 8 8 8 25 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 483 Table XXIX.— Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-barn and foreign-born children — Continued. 3. DlPTERENCB IN WiDTH OF HeAD. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. Age. 5 6. 7yeais Syeais 9 years >- 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over American-bom. Father. TJITTI. 153.7 156.7 156.3 154.8 155.0 156.2 154.8 155.5 156.4 157.6 158.1 155.4 154.8 157.0 159.0 155.4 DlHer- enoe be- tween father and son. mm. +10.4 +13.9 +11.2 + 8.7 + 9.2 +10.3 + 7.1 + 7.8 + 9.3 + 7.6 + 2.9 + 6.3 + 2.0 + 8.0 + 7.3 + 1.6 Foreign-bom. Father. mm. 165.9 151.6 156.3 154.3 153.5 157.0 152.5 156.2 157.8 152.7 156.3 150.2 157.6 155.0 156.4 153.6 Difler- ence be- tween father and son. mm. +11.4 + 5.3 +10.5 + 8.2 + 3.7 + 9.9 + 3.7 + 4.3 + 6.9 + 2.8 + 2.2 - 1.1 + 7.6 + 2.7 + 2.2 - 0.2 Cases. Difler- ence be- tween coliunns 2 and 5. mm. -1.0 +8.6 +0.7 +0.5 +5.5 +0.4 +3.4 +3.5 +2.4 +4.8 +0.7 +7.4 -5.6 +5.3 +5.1 +1.8 Weight. 6 5 7 10 10 12 8 8 5 7 6 5 3 3 2 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Foreign-bom . Differ- Differ- Differ- ence be- ence be- ence be- tween Father. tween father and daughter. Cases. Father. tween father and daughter. Cases. oolmnns 2 and 5. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 155.8 +15.2 23 154. 4 +13^8 7 +1.4 155.6 +16.2 35 167.5 +13.'8 6 +2.4 156.4 +12.9 26 154.2 +10.8 10 +2.1 157.2 +14.7 18 156.6 +15.1 14 -0.4 157.1 +14.6 13 155.5 +12.0 13 +2.6 156.2 +11.8 19 154.5 + 9.1 14 +2.7 156.9 +10.1 15 155.6 + 8.9 18 +1.2 156.0 +11.5 25 154.7 + 8.8 13 +2.7 153.8 + 7.2 18 156.5 + 8.5 18 -1.3 156.2 + 8.0 15 154.3 + 6.0 12 +2.0 153.4 + 4.9 13 152.8 + 4.8 10 +0.1 154.8 + 7.4 9 152.1 + 5.0 16 +2.4 153.5 + 7.1 10 154.3 + 6.0 23 +1.1 156.1 + 7.7 36 154.2 + 5.4 77 +2.3 Weight. 5 years 6years Tyears 8 years , 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over 6 6 7 25 484 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIX.— Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. 3. Difference in Width of Head — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. Age. Syears 6years Tyears Syears 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years ~- — 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over. American-bom. Motlier. mm. 149.2 147.9 150.2 149.8 148.6 151.1 160.0 ISO. 4 151.8 150.9 162.1 151.6 160.9 164.8 161.3 153.6 Differ- ence be- tween mother and son. mm. +5.9 -t-6.4 +4.8 +3.9 +2.6 +5.2 +2.4 +4.4 +3.2 +1.0 -0.5 +2.7 -0.5 +6.3 -1.0 -0.5 Foreign-bom. Mother. mm. 148.5 161.3 161.4 149.6 160.7 149.2 148.7 160.0 148.2 150.5 151.1 149.3 148.3 152.2 149.5 149.1 Differ- ence be- tween mother and son. mm. +4.0 +6.6 +5.9 +3.6 +2.0 +2.3 -1.3 -0.7 -1.6 ±0.0 -1.2 -1.3 -4.7 -1.0 -5.0 -5.1 Cases. Differ- ence be- tween colunms 2 and 5. mm. +1.9 -1.2 -1.1 +0.3 +0.5 +2.9 +3.7 +5.1 +4.8 +1.0 +0.7 +4.0 +4.2 +7.3 +4.0 +4.6 Weight. 10 8 9 12 13 13 11 12 8 9 6 6 3 2 12 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Foreign-bom Differ- Dlfler- DiBer- ence be- ence be- ence be- tween Mother. tween mother and daughter. Cases. Mother. tween mother and daughter. Cases. columns 2 and 5. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 149^ 149f2 +10.1 37 146.9 +6.3 8 +3.8 + 8.9 43 . 148. 1 +6.5 8 +2.4 151.0 + 8.0 43 149.9 +6.2 15 +1.8 150.1 + 8.5 29 149.3 +6.4 21 +2.1 149.7 + 6.8 20 147.1 +4.7 17 +2.1 160.4 ■ +5.5 34 150.0 +4.6 22 +0.9 149.8 + 3.6 26 149.2 +1.7 24 +1.9 149.5 + 4.8 36 150.7 +4.2 22 +0.6 151.8 + 6.5 22 150.5 +3.3 21 +3.2 150.8 + 4.3 19 148.9 +0.6 18 +3.8 149.7 + 2.4 22 149.4 +1.1 12 +1.3 152.2 + 4.7 12 149.6 +1.6 22 +3.1 160.4 + 3.9 11 149.4 +1.1 29 +2.8 160.8 + 3.7 31 150.6 +1.1 129 +2.6 Weight. Syears 6years 7 years Syears 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over 7 7 11 12 9 13 12 14 11 9 8 8 8 25 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 485 Table XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. 4. DUTEBENCE IN CEPHALIC INDEX. A.— BETWEEN FATHEE AND SON. Age. Syears 6years 7 years Syears 9years 10 yeaiB 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over American-bom. Father. 81.6 83.6 84.0 81.4 82.3 83.0 82.1 84.0 82.4 83.7 83.7 81.6 82.7 83.2 82.2 Difler- enoe between father and son. -1.4 +0.3 +0.1 -1.1 -0.9 +1.0 -1.3 +2.1 -0.4 +0.8 +0.3 +1.1 +0.2 +3.7 +3.4 +0.3 Foreign-bom. Father. 82.9 82.4 83.3 82.3 84.4 82.0 83.5 83.9 82.5 83.0 82.6 83.8 83.1 Differ- ence between father and son. -0.6 -2.8 -1.8 -0.8 -4.3 +0.7 -2.7 -0.9 -0.2 -0.9 -2.0 +0.2 +2.2 +1.4 -0.9 -0.5 Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. -0.8 -3.1 +1.9 +0.7 +3.4 +0.3 +1.4 +3.0 -0.2 +1.7 +2.3 +0.9 -2.0 +2.3 +4.3 +0.8 Weight. 6 5 7 10 10 12 8 8 S 7 5 5 3 3 2 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTEE. American-bom. Differ- ence be- tween fa- ther and daughter. Foreign-bom. Father. Differ- ence be- tween fa- ther and daughter. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4years ; Syears 6years 7years Syear? 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over. 82.7 82.4 83.0 82.0 82.0 81.2 82.5 82.5 82.2 82.5 81.9 -1.7 -0.5 -0.4 -0.8 ±0.0 +0.3 -0.2 -0.9 +0.3 -1.4 +0.2 -1.5 -0.7 +0.6 -0.7 81.3 83.7 82.1 84.3 82.9 82.7 82.7 83.9 85.0 82.5 83.7 82.8 82.5 81.8 -3.3 -3.4 -3.9 -0.2 -0.8 -2.3 -1.5 -1.2 -0.5 -0.5 -1.0 -0.5 -1.5 -1.0 7 6 10 14 13 14 18 13 18 12 10 16 23 120 +2.8 +2.8 +3.0 +3.1 +0.2 +1.1 +2.1 +0.6 +1.6 -0.9 +0.7 -0.5 -0.2 +1.0 +0.3 9 7 6 6 7 25 58392°— VOL 38—11- 486 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIX.— Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. 4. DiFPBBBNCE IN CEPHALIC Indbx — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. Age. Amerioan-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Forelgn-bom. Mother. Difler- enoe between mother and son. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. Syears 6years Tyears Syears 9years 10 years 11 years '. 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years. 20 years and over 83.6 83.3 83.5 83.4 83.0 83.1 83.8 84.2 82.7 83.6 83.7 84.2 86.0 -HO. 2 -0.3 -0.1 -1-0.4 -0.5 -1-1.6 -0.2 -1-2.0 -fl.3 -0.1 -H.3 -1-3.0 -1-2.6 -1-7.7 -1-3.6 -1-3.1 82.2 83.3 82.3 82.4 84 6 82.7 82.5 83.6 82.8 83.7 84.8 84 2 83.2 83.0 83.4 -2.4 -1.1 -1.7 -1.3 -1.2 -1.1 -2.8 -1.4 -1.3 -1-0.6 +0.9 -1-2.0 -H.2 -H2.4 -0.4 4-0.2 -f2.6 -1-0.8 -fl.6 -1-1.7 -1-0.7 -fO.5 +2.6 -f3.4 -i-2.6 -0.7 -2.2 -1.0 -1.4 -5.3 -3.2 -3.3 10 12 13 13 11 12 8 9 8 5 5 3 2 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Cases. Foreign-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 6. Weight. 5years 6years 7years 8 years 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over 82.7 83.1 82.9 83.4 83.6 84.6 83.7 82.7 83.3 82.8 82.9 -HO. 2 -0.5 -0.9 -0.8 -)-0.2 -0.9 -0.3 -1-1.0 +2.9 -1-1,4 -0.6 4-0.2 -1-1.5 -1-0.6 81.6 81.6 82.7 82.4 82.1 83.0 83.2 84.0 83.3 82.5 83.7 83.4 83.9 83.4 -4.4 -2.8 -3.1 -2.3 -2.0 -1.7 -1.6 -0.9 —1.5 -1.1 -0.3 -0.2 4-0.1 -0.5 15 21 17 22 24 22 21 18 12 22 29 127 4-4.2 4-2.3 4-2.2 4-1.5 4-1.8 4-0.8 4-1.3 4-2.5 4-4.4 4-2.5 -0.3 4-0.4 4-1.4 4-1.1 7 7 11 12 9 13 12 14 11 8 8 25 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 487 Table XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-bom and foreign-born children — Continued. 5. DlFFEKENCE IN WiDTH OF FaCE. A.— BETWEEN FATHEE AND SON. Age. Americaa-born. Foreign-bom Differ- Differ- Differ- ence between Father. between father and son. Cases. Father. between father and son. Cases. cohmins 2 and 5. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 140.5 +23.8 30 140.6 +22.1 8 +1.7 141.0 +24.9 20 138.0 +21.3 7 +3.6 141.5 +23.7 26 139.9 +20.5 9 +3.2 141.5 +20.1 33 139.9 +19.0 15 +1.1 141.3 +20.9 28 137.8 +16.7 17 +4.2 142.3 +20.7 26 140.7 +18.7 19 +2.0 142.1 +17.2 16 139.7 +14.4 19 +2.8 141.2 +15.0 15 139.2 +11.6 17 +3.4 142.1 +15.8 10 141.8 +14.2 10 +1.6 143.6 +15.4 12 138. 3 +10.2 15 +5.2 141.7 + 9.3 9 139.4 + 7.7 12 +1.6 141.2 +13.1 10 137.4 + 4.5 12 +8.6 138.8 + 6.0 5 144.3 +10.4 7 -4.4 141.8 + 7.3 4 142.7 + 7.8 10 -0.5 142.3 + 9.6 3 140.2 + 5.5 10 +4.1 141.5 + 2.9 18 140.0 + 2.5 67 +0.4 Weight. 5 years Byears 7years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over. 6, 5 7 10 10 12 8 8 5 7 5 5 3 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. American-bom. • Foreign-bom. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Age. Father. Differ- ence between father and daughter. Cases. Father. Differ- ence between father and daughter. Cases. Weight. 5 years mm. 142.0 140.4 142.0 141.9 140.9 140.1 142.0 141.0 140.0 140.6 137.9 138,2 137.3 141.2 mm. +29.0 +26.0 +21.9 +23.8 +20.9 +19.3 +17.9 +17.5 +15.2 +12.8 + 9.0 + 10.9 + 8.8 +10.2 23 34 26 18 13 19 15 25 17 15 13 9 10 36 mm. 142.9 140.5 137.6 138.1 141.2 138.7 139.6 142.0 141.5 140.4 138.5 139.6 141.5 140.7 mm. +28.6 +22.7 +19.9 +23.2 +20.0 +17.3 +16.3 +16.8 +15.7 +11.1 + 8.8 + 9.6 +10.9 + 9.7 7 6 10 14 13 14 18 13 18 12 10 16 23 77 mm. +0.4 +3.3 +2.0 +0.6 +0.9 +2.0 +1.6 +0.7 -0.5 +1.7 +0.2 +1.3 -2.1 +0.5 5 5 7 years. 7 8 years 8 6 10 years. 8 8 12 years. 8 9 7 15 years 6 6 17 years - . 7 25 488 The Immigration Commission. Table XXIX. — Difference between Hebrew parents and their own American-bom and foreign-bom children — Continued. 5. DiFPEEBNOE IN WiDTH OF FAOE^Jontinued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. Age. American-born. Foreign-born Differ- ence between Differ- Difler- Mother. ence between Cases. Mother. between Cases. columns 2 and 6. mother mother and son. and son. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 133.0 +16.7 39 131.3 +15.0 13 +1.7 130.4 +14.9 28 133.8 +17.1 11 -2.2 131.8 +13.9 39 134.6 +14.6 11 -0.7 134.6 +14.0 45 132.1 +10.2 16 +3.8 133.2 +12.6 29 131.7 +10.4 23 +2.2 135.0 +13.3 38 132.7 +10.9 23 +2.4 135.4 +10.4 19 133.3 + 7.8 22 +2.6 134.3 + 9.0 20 133.3 + 6.9 25 +2.1 135.7 + 9.5 19 131.9 + 4.8 13 +4.7 134.7 + 8.4 18 132.9 + 4.3 18 +4.1 134.8 + 3.0 16 132.4 + 0.6 15 +2.4 137.5 + 8.5 8 132.2 + 0.1 14 +8.4 137.0 + 3.8 10 133.7 - 1.6 10 +5.3 140.3 + 5.8 4 135.4 - 0.7 9 +6.5 137.7 + 4.7 3 133.3 - 2.0 11 +6.7 138.3 + 2.0 15 133.5 - 4.0 74 +6.0 Weight. S years 6years 7 years 8 years Qyears 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over. 10 8 9 12 13 13 11 12 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-born. Foreign-bom Differ- Differ- Differ- ence ence ence between Mother. between mother and daughter. Cases. Mother. between mother and daughter. Cases. columns 2 and 5. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 133.2 +20.3 37 130.5 +16.2 8 +4.1 134.7 +19.7 43 133.9 +18.6 8 +1.2 134,7 +15.2 43 133.7 +15.2 15 ±0.0 134.8 +16.4 29 133.8 +15.9 21 +0.5 133.3 +14.9 20 131.1 +12.7 17 +2.2 134.4 +12.8 34 133.8 +12.0 22 +0.8 132.6 + 9.6 25 132.5 + 9.0 24 +0.6 134.9 +10.7 36 134.0 + 9.7 22 +1.0 134.7 +10.1 22 133.2 + 7.4 21 +2.7 134.8 + 7.0 19 134.5 + 6.7 18 +1.3 135.6 + 7.2 22 135.5 + 5.6 12 +1.6 135.0 + 5.2 12 133.3 + 1.9 22 +3.3 136.2 + 7.3 11 132.7 + 2.3 29 +5.0 136.3 + 6.5 31 134.4 + 3.2 129 +3.3 Weight. 5years 6years 7 years 8 years 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16years 17 years 18 years and over. 7 7 11 12 9 13 12 14 11 9 8 8 25 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 489 Table XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-bom and foreign-bom children. Age. 1. Difference in Stature, a.— between father and son. American-bom. Father. Differ- ence between father and son. Cases. Foreign-bom. Father. Differ- ence between father and son. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4 years. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 3 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. 16 years. 17 years.. 18 years.. 19 years.. 20 years and over. , cm. 165.5 166.3 167.6 164.3 164.8 162.9 162.9 162.0 167.5 165.2 160.0 170.7 cm. 68.5 64.0 68.1 51.1 46.1 38.6 32.2 30.0 27.8 9.2 23.0 17.0 165.0 166.3 166.5 166.7 166.2 164.7 164.0 167.4 165.8 165.2 166.7 158.8 163.0 166.7 166.3 165.4 63.2 57.2 55.2 45.9 40.9 35.6 30.4 29.8 23.6 16.6 12.7 —0.7 2.7 2.3 8.0 0.0 + 0.8 -I- 0.9 - 4.1 -1-0.2 - 2.3 - 3.4 - 0.4 - 2.0 -14.4 -I- 6.5 + 4.3 6 7 7 10 5 S 4 4 3 1 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. American-bom. Foreign-bom. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Age. Father. Differ- ence between fatlier and daughter. Cases. Father. Differ- ence between father and daughter. Cases. Weight. cm. 163.2 164.7 165.0 165.1 164.7 164.9 164.2 163.2 164.5 161.4 162.1 162.5 169.0 164.7 161.6 cm. 63.5 62.8 57.4 63.3 46.5 39.9 39.6 31.9 29.4 16.8 13.7 13.3 10.7 9.0 6.0 6 28 31 19 13 11 10 10 13 8 7 11 3 3 6 cm. 177.0 166.4 165.1 164.1 166.8 166.8 165.5 166.5 164.6 166.2 166.8 166.1 166.5 166.7 166.6 cm. 81.0 65.4 55.6 61.6 45.2 42.5 34.8 30.8 23.7 21.8 16.9 12.2 9.1 8.2 9.7 1 7 16 15 9 13 10 24 11 22 18 28 19 23 103 cm. -17.5 - 2.6 + 1.8 -1- 1.7 -(- 0.3 - 2.6 -H 4.8 -1- 1.1 + 5.7 - 6.0 - 3.2 + 1.1 + 1.6 -1- 0.8 - 3.7 1 5 years '. 6 11 7 years . 8 5 9 years 5 10 years 5 6 12years.. 6 6 14 years 5 15years.. 8 3 17 years 3 5 490 The Immigration Commission. Table XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. 1. DiiTERENCE IN Statube — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. I Age. Amerloan-bom. Mother. Difler- ence. between mother and son. Foreign-born. Mother. Difler- ence between mother and son. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and S. Weight. 4 years . 6 years . 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. IG years. 17 years. 18 years. 19 years. cm. 156.1 152.8 164.3 164.5 154.6 167.7 165.3 154.5 154.8 154.6 152.7 151.5 147.0 cm. 67.9 60.1 45.6 41.4 36.7 31.9 24.5 22.3 17.7 13.3 9.0 -4.5 -4.5 20 years and over.. 156.8 165.2 164.9 167.4 166.1 164.2 153.1 166.1 153.1 157.6 154.6 156.4 151.4 154.5 151.7 163.6 54.2 56.0 41.4 37.1 29.6 25.1 20.7 18.3 - 1.9 - 3.4 -10.1 - 9.8 -13.1 -13.1 - 4.1 -10.4 0.0 - 1.4 + 2.4 - 0.6 + 1.6 - 0.6 -1-3.6 - 0.9 - 2.6 - 1.1 9 10 14 7 10 4 7 5 2 3 2 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-born. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Cases. Foreign-born. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4years 5 years 6 years 7years 8 years 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 16 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over. cm. 166.4 163.8 164.3 152. 6" 154.3 166.3 167.0 154.1 155.3 155.0 153.0 163.4 167.6 148.7 163.1 69.2 62.2 46.8 41.0 35.7 31.0 32.5 21.5 18.4 7.6 1.4 1.9 -0.5 -7.0 -3.6 cm. 158.0 163.8 166.3 154.4 155.6 164.5 156.9 162.9 153.9 155,7 155.4 164.1 154.2 166.6 164.8 cm. 62.0 62.1 45.9 41.2 34.9 30.1 23.8 18.9 13.3 15.1 5.3 0.2 -1.8 -1.1 -2.6 10 18 24 17 22 22 30 21 28 26 36 25 34 146 -2.8 -HO.l +0.9 -0.2 -1-0.8 -1-0.9 -f8.7 -1-2.6 +e.i -3.5 -H.7 -fl.3 -6.9 -1.0 13 12 10 9 10 11 10 10 5 3 13 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 491 Table XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. 2. Difference in Length of Head. a.— between father and son. 4- years - 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years - 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. 15 years., 16 years.. 17 years.. 18 years.. 19 years.. Age. 20 years and over.. American-bom. Father. mm. 192.9 192.3 191.6 192.7 192.9 193.3 193.4 190.2 190.0 192.0 192.0 190.7 Differ- ence between latlier and son. mm. 20.9 18.1 14.9 14.9 16.6 13.0 14.2 13.2 7.7 12. S 36.0 13.7 Foreign-bom. Father. 192.9 193.8 190.5 191.3 193.1 191.3 192.9 193.3 192.5 190.8 190.6 189.4 190.4 193.5 190.7 191.1 Dlfler- ence between father and son. 18.4 17.1 12.4 13.4 11.6 11.3 10.5 9.2 6.9 6.0 6.0 -1.7 -1.7 2.4 0.7 0.0 Cases. Differ- ence between colunms 2 and 5. - 0.3 - 2.2 -1-2.5 + 3.2 + 1.4 + 2.9 + 2.7 - 1.5 + 5.6 +30.0 + 7.7 Weight. 6 7 7 10 5 5 4 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Foreign-bom Differ- Differ- Differ- ence ence ence between Father. between father Cases. Father. between father Cases. columns 2 and 5. and and daughter. daughter. mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 189.0 19.5 6 208.0 27.0 1 -7.5 194.2 23.7 28 194.6 21.9 7 +1.6 191.6 20.9 31 189.7 17.8 16 +3.1 192.5 21.4 19 191.1 18.9 15 +2.5 191.8 20.8 13 194.4 19.3 9 +1.5 191.5 19.2 11 197.1 19.6 13 -0.4 191.7 13.6 10 193.4 14.7 13 +1.1 190.4 16.0 10 191.7 13.7 24 -2.3 194.2 16.7 13 190.3 9.6 11 +7.1 188.0 13.9 8 195.0 14.8 22 -0.9 196.1 14.5 7 192.3 11.8 18 +2.7 191.6 16.9 11 193.2 11.9 28 +5.0 193. Q 18.3 3 192.8 8.9 19 +9.4 191.3 9.6 3 192.4 7.7 23 + 1.9 191.2 11.6 5 193.0 9.0 104 +2.6 Weight. 4years Syears 6years 7 years 8 years 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years IS years and over. 6 11 8 5 5 5 7 6 6 5 492 The Immigration Commission. -Table XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. , 2. DiFFBEBNCB IN LENGTH OF He AD— Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. 4»years. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years., 13 years.. 14 years., 15 years.. 16 years.. 17 years.. 18 years.. 19 years.. Age. 20 years and over.. American-bom. Mother. mm. 184.7 183.7 184.6 186.0 185.6 184.8 187.8 183.4 186.5 183.9 177.3 183.0 188.5 Differ- ence between mother and son. mm. 13.1 9.2 8.5 8.9 8.5 5.7 7.5 4.0 6.0 7.8 -6.2 0.7 7.6 Cases. Foreign-bom. Mother. 183.4 182.0 183.5 185.0 185.8 184.5 182.7 185.5 185.2 184.8 185.6 184.8 187.5 183.8 185.6 Differ- ence between mother and son. 7.9 6.3 4.0 5.7 4.3 4.9 1.1 3.4 -1.1 -0.8 -2.5 -4.5 -5.9 -4.0 -7.2 Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. -)- 1.3 -i- 3.2 -1-4.9 -f 2.8 -I- 1.4 -f 3.2 -1-12.0 "Weight. 9 10 14 7 10 4 7 5 2 3 2 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. 4years Syears 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over. American-born. Mother. mm. 188.4 185.7 183.1 183.3 184.1 186.4 186.6 184.1 183.6 184.4 184.9 183.5 183.3 182.3 186.9 Differ- ence between mother and daughter. mm. 17.0 15.6 13.5 12.0 11.5 14.1 9.5 8.9 7.4 6.0 3.1 5.3 9.0 0.6 8.6 Foreign-born. Mother. mm. 197.0 183.1 182.9 184.1 184.9 184.5 184.8 182.9 183.7 184.6 184.8 184.4 186.4 186.2 185.6 Differ- ence between mother and daughter. mm. 16.0 9.0 11.1 10.6 10.8 8.1 6.7 4.5 3.4 3.8 5.2 1.6 4.0 2.6 2.3 Cases. 36 25 34 147 Differ- ence between colunms 2 and 5. Tjim. +1.0 -1-6.6 -f2.4 -H.4 -1-0.7 -f6.0 4-2.8 -1-4.4 -1-4.0 -1-2.2 -2.1 -1-3.7 -f5.0 -2.0 -i-6.2 Weight. 8 13 12 10 10 8 10 9 9 7 10 2 3 13 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 493 Table XXX. — Difference between Sicilian 'parents and their own American-horn and foreign-bom children — Continued. 3. DlFPEEBNCE IN WiDTH OF HeAD. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. Age. American-bom. Father. Differ- ence between father and son. Foreign-bom. Father. Differ- ence between father and son. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4 years. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years., 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. 16 years. 17 years. 18 years. 19 years. mm. 147.9 151.7 151.5 148.6 150.9 147.0 148.5 148.0 148.3 149.2 145.0 147.0 mm. 10.3 11.9 9.0 5.2 8.6 4.8 3.5 2.2 2.0 5.4 4.0 20 years and over.. 148.9 152.2 149.0 150.6 148.8 151.9 148.1 151.1 151.2 152.4 150.0 149.6 150.9 150,5 149.7 149.7 10.9 5.3 9.0 2.6 7.2 5.5 6.8 4.8 6.2 4.9 1.7 3.0 -1-5.0 -1.9 -0.1 -0.4 +2.2 -3.7 -3.3 -4.8 -1-0.6 -2.2 -3.0 6 7 7 10 5 5 4 4 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. American-born. Foreign-bom. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Age. Father. Differ- ence between father and daughter. Cases. Father. Differ- ence between father and daughter. Cases. Weight. mm. 149.2 149.1 149.0 148.8 145.7 150.6 149.7 148.7 148.5 152.0 147.7 150.0 150.0 147.6 146.4 mm. 10.4 12.8 9.7 9.9 7.2 10.2 9.0 8.7 6.0 7.9 6.3 5.7 1.7 4.7 0.6 6 28 31 19 13 11 10 10 13 8 7 11 3 3 5 mm. mm. mm. 150.7 149.3 149.6 150.2 152.4 147.0 150.1 149.6 150.0 150.6 149.5 149.0 150.8 149.5 11.1 10.8 11.2 10.4 13.5 5.6 8.5 8.6 9.1 7.2 4.6 4.6 5.9 4.9 7 16 15 9 13 13 24 11 22 18 28 19 23 104 +1.7 -1.1 -1.3 -3.2 -3.3 +3.4 +0.2 -2.6 -1.2 -0.9 +1.1 -2.9 -1.2 -4.3 6 6 years 11 8 8 years 5 9 years 5 5 7 12 years 6 6 14 years 5 15 years 8 3 17 years 3 5 494 The Immigration Commission. Table XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their ovm American-bom and foreign-born children — Continued. 3. DiFPBEBNCB IN WiDTH OF Head — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. Age. American-bom. Differ- ence between mother and son. Cases. Foreign-born. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Cases. Differ- ence between columBs 2 and 5. Weight. 4 years. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. 16 years. 17 years. 18 years. 19 years. mm. 144.7 143,8 143.6 143.6 142.2 140.5 144.1 145.4 144.4 141.1 140.7 142.2 144.0 mm. 6.i 2.0 1.6 -0.8 -2.4 -0.4 -0.8 -1.9 -1.2 -3.0 -3.3 -1.5 20 years and over.. 142.6 142.1 145.8 142.4 144.2 143.0 142.4 146.0 146.0 143.4 141.7 143.2 143.3 140.8 143.7 143.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 -0.9 -1.0 0.1 0.3 -1.0 -4.6 -1.4 -3.8 -8.7 -5.9 +2.7 -1-0.9 -1.8 -1.9 -1.5 4-0.6 -0.9 -2.2 -1.1 4-0.9 4-1.2 -0.1 10 14 7 10 4 7 5 2 3 2 -5,6 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Foreign-born. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 6. Weight. 4 years 6 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years... 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over. mm. 146.1 142.6 143.6 142.8 142.6 143.2 145.0 142. i 143.1 142.5 143.1 141.1 143.0 142.3 143.2 mm. 7.0 6.0 4.5 3.6 3.0 0.9 1.4 -2.2 -0.4 -2.4 -3.7 0.0 -0.7 10 mm. 162.0 143.5 145.4 142.8 145.1 143.3 144.6 142.9 143.7 144.6 142.7 144.7 144.1 143.7 144.0 mm. 12.0 5.3 6.3 4.1 7.3 3.2 2.3 1.5 3.3 3.7 1.1 0.2 1.1 0.1 0.3 10 18 24 17 22 22 30 21 28 26 36 25 34 147 mm. -5.0 4-0.7 -1.8 -0.3 -3.8 -0.2 4-1.3 -0.6 -1.9 -5.9 -1.5 -2.6 -4.8 -0.1 -0.4 13 12 10 10 11 10 10 5 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 495 Table XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-bom and foreign-bom children — Continued. 4. Difference in Cephalic Index, a.— between father and son. Age. American-bom. Father. Difler- ence between father and son. Foreign-bom. Father. Differ- ence between father and son. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. 16years- 17 years- 18 years. 19 years. 79.0 78.9 77.2 78.1 76.1 76.7 78.0 78.1 77.7 76.6 77.3 -1.3 -1.7 -3.5 -2.7 -2.8 -4.3 -4.5 -2.2 -2.6 -S.7 -4.7 20 years and over. . 77.2 78.6 78.2 78.7 77.3 79.5 76.9 78.2 78.8 79.9 78.8 79.0 79.3 77.8 78.7 78.4 -4.3 -2.3 -2.6 -0.9 -1.9 -0.6 -1.3 -0.2 -0.1 -1-0.7 ^-o.l -1-2.7 -1-3.2 -0.2 -1-1.6 -1-0.2 -f3.0 +0.6 -0.9 -L8 -0.9 -3.7 -3.2 -2.0 -2.4 -9.4 6 7 7 10 5 5 4 4 3 1 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bora. Foreign-born Differ- Differ- Differ- ence ence ence between Father. between father and daughter. Cases. Father. between father and daughter. Cases. columns 2 and S. 76.8 -3.2 28 77.4 -3.5 7 +0.3 77.8 -4.0 31 78.7 -7.6 16 +3.6 77.4 -3.9 19 78.4 -2.0 15 -1.9 76.1 -5.0 13 77.1 -2.8 9 -2.2 78.7 -2.8 11 77.3 -1.0 13 -1.8 78.2 -0.8 10 76.0 -3.2 14 +2.4 78.2 -2.7 10 78.2 -1.4 24 -0.8 76.7 -3.6 13 77.5 -1.0 13 -2.6 81.0 -1.4 g 77.2 -1.0 22 -0.4 75.3 -2.7 7 78.0 -1.5 19 -1.2 78.4 -4.2 11 77.6 -2.1 2« -2.1 77.8 -6.0 3 77.2 -1.4 19 -4.6 77.1 -1.5 3 78.4 0.0 23 -1.5 76.3 -4.9 5 77.5 -1.2 104 -3.7 Weight. 5 years 6 years 7years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over. 6 11 8 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 8 3 3 5 496 The Immigration Commission, Table XKX.— Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-horn and foreign-born children — Continued. 4. Difference in Cephalic Index — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. American-born. Foreign-bom. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Age. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Cases. Mother. Differ- ence between mother •and son. Cases. Weight. 78.5 77.6 77.3 77.0 75.7 76.8 78.7 77.5 76.8 79.3 78.2 76.4 -1.7 -2.7 -3.0 -3.7 -4.1 -3.4 -2.9 -3.2 -4.3 -1-0.3 -2.3 -4.1 43 35 27 29 13 18 5 11 7 3 6 2 77.8 78.1 79.6 77.0 78.0 77.6 87.9 78.5 78.7 78.4 76.7 76.8 77.6 75.1 78.0 77.4 -3.0 -1.8 0.0 -1.8 -1.2 -2.6 -1-9.4 -1.3 0.0 0.0 -1.4 4-1.1 -fO.8 -3.3 -0.3 -0.6 10 13 16 27 16 21 21 21 21 7 12 20 12 15 9 71 + 1.3 - 0.9 - 3.0 - 1.9 - 2.9 - 0.8 -12.3 - 1.9 - 4.3 -1- 0.3 - 0.9 - 5.2 8 6 years. . 9 10 14 9 years 7 10 11 years . . 4 7 13 years . 5 2 3 16 years.. 2 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. American-bom. Foreign-bom. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Age. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Cases. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Cases. • Weight. 76.8 78.4 77.6 77.9 76.9 77.7 77.1 77.4 77.3 75.0 79.0 78.1 78.1 76.6 -3.5 -3.5 -3.6 —2.7 -4.5 -2.1 -3.4 -3.1 -3.6 -4.0 -1.6 -6.1 -0.5 -4.0 36 46 23 27 16 17 17 18 14 10 13 7 3 14 78.9 79.6 77.7 78.5 78.0 78.2 78.3 78.4 78.3 77.3 78.5 77.5 77.3 77.6 -0.8 -L4 -2.3 -0.7 -1.6 -1.8 -1.1 -1-0.2 -1-0.4 -1.6 -0.6 -1.0 -1.0 -1.1 10 18 24 17 22 23 31 21 28 27 36 25 34 151 -2.7 -2.1 -1.3 -2.0 -2.9 -0.3 -2.3 -3.3 -4.0 -1.4 -1.0 -5.1 +0.6 -2.9 8 6 years . . . 13 12 10 9 years 9 10 years 10 11 12 years 10 9 7 10 16 years S 17 years. . 3 13 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 497 Table XXX. — Difference between Sicilian parents and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. 5. Difference in Width of Face, a.— between father and son. Age.- 4 years. 5 years . 6 years . 7 years . 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years . 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. 16 years.. 17 years., 18 years.. 19 years.. 20 years and over.. American-bom. Father. mm. 138.0 139.3 140.9 137.9 140.8 136.6 139.3 136.8 140.2 140.5 134.0 136.0 Differ- ence between lather and son. mm. 20.1 27.5 26.0 23.4 24.3 20.5 18.4 15.5 14.4 16.0 21.0 11.7 Cases. Foreign-bom. Father. 137.1 138.5 139.2 139.4 139.3 142.0 139.1 140.1 139.8 140.9 142.4 136.6 136.4 140.6 139.7 140.6 Differ- ence between father and son. 23.0 23.3 21.6 23.1 19.1 20.0 15.2 15.8 14.6 13.1 12.8 6.4 4.8 6.6 6.0 4.4 Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. +4.5 +2.7 +1.8 +1.2 +1.4 -1.6 +0.3 -1.4 +1.4 +7.9 -1.1 Weight. 6 7 7 10 5 5 4 4 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. American-bom. Foreign-bom. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Age. Father. Differ- ence between father and daughter. Cases. Father. Differ- ence between father and daughter. Cases. Weight. 4 years . . mm. 138.0 138.2 138.2 138.8 136.9 141.1 138.1 137.9 140.7 138.0 138.6 140.7 138.3 136.7 139.4 mm. 18.7 27.6 15.9 25.9 21.1 24.1 21.3 21.6 18.7 16.8 13.6 15.9 17.6 11.7 12.6 6 28 31 19 13 11 10 10 13 8 7 11 3 3 5 mm. 146.0 141.6 139.2 138.8 142.1 139.9 136.4 138.2 138.9 138.7 141.2 138.5 139.0 140.0 140.1 mm. 34.0 27.3 23.2 24.0 22.9 21.4 15.1 16.3 16.1 14.2 12.4 9.8 9.4 9.1 9.7 1 7 16 15 9 13 13 24 11 22 18 28 19 23 103 mm. -15.3 + 0.3 - 7.3 + 1.9 - 1.8 - 2.7 + 6.2 + 5.3 + 2.6 + 2.6 + 1.2 + 6.1 + 8.2 + 2.6 + 2.9 1 6 11 7 years 8 5 9 years 5 5 11 years 6 6 6 14 years 5 8 3 17 years 3 5 498 The Immigration Commission. Table XXX. — Difference hetween Sicilian parents and their own American-horn and foreign-horn children — Continued. 5. DiPFEBENCB IN WiDTH OF Facb — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. Age. American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Cases. Foreign^bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and son. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4 years.. 5 years.. 6 years.. 7 years.. 8 years.. 9 years.. 10 years . . 11 years.. 12 years.. 13 years.. 14 years.. 15 years.. . 16 years.. 17 years.. 18 years.. 19 years.. 20 years and over. . •mm. 131.2 131.4 131.9 130.8 132.1 129.8 132.1 133.2 132.7 133.9 128.0 133.0 133.0 mm. 23.4 19.4 18.3 16.7 14.5 12.2 12.2 12.2 9.1 11.5 6.3 7.2 3.5 130.9 131.2 132.6 131.3 131.5 130.0 129.7 133.3 133.6 133.1 130.2 131.9 132.7 131.2 132.7 132.9 18.0 16.0 16.8 14.6 11.6 8.1 6.5 9.2 8.9 7.0 0.2 2.5 -1-0.4 -2.7 -4.2 -3.6 4-1.4 4-2.3 -0.1 -0.1 4-0.6 4-4.1 4-6.7 -0.1 4-2.6 -0.7 4-7.0 4-1.0 10 14 7 10 4 7 5 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Foreign-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. 4years 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years Oyears 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over. mm. 134.0 130.8 131.4 130.5 132.6 132.9 133.1 131.2 131.3 130.6 132.1 132.2 129.7 13J.3 130.8 mm^ 26.2 20.2 19.1 18 7 15.9 16.2 15.5 12.4 10.9 6.4 6.4 7.3 2.7 6.3 1.9 mm. 132.0 130.9 130.8 130.1 133.4 131.1 132.2 131.5 132.7 131.4 132.6 133.1 133.4 133.9 133.1 mm. 20.0 17.9 15.0 14.7 16.0 12.7 10.6 10.4 10.8 6.7 5.9 4.7 4.3 4.0 2.9 10 18 24 17 22 22 30 21 28 26 36 25 34 147 mm. 4-6.2 4-2.3 4-4.1 4-4.0 -0.1 4-3.5 4-5.0 4-2.0 4-0.1 -0.3 -0.5 4-2.6 -1.6 4-2.3 -1.0 13 12 10 10 11 10 10 5 3 13 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 499 Table XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-bom and foreign-born children. 1. DlFFBEBNCE IN StATURE. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. Age. American-born. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and son. Foreign-bom. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and son. Cases. Differ- ence be- tween columns 2 and 6. Weight. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years . 15 years. 16 years. 17 years. 18 years. 19 years. 20 years and over.. cm. 164.8 164.5 165.9 163.6 163.9 161.9 164.4 164.9 161.5 161.1 161.2 160.6 164.5 160.5 171.5 164.0 cm. -1-54.1 4-57.0 -1-51.5 -1-47.2 -1-40.2 Tf36.5 -1-27.3 -1-25.9 -t-22.3 -1-12.6 -I- 4.2 - 1.4 - 1.0 - 6.6 -(-16.5 - 1.0 cm. 163.4 164.4 163.0 166.0 165.6 165.8 165.7 165.8 166.1 162.6 164.2 162.8 162.0 165.4 162.8 cm. 4-60.7 -1-66.5 -1-50.9 -1-45.5 4-43.5 4-38.5 4-35.5 4-29.2 4-26.7 4-16.6 4-12.0 4-12.3 - 1.3 - 0.5 - 1.9 165.3 4-0.6 4-0.5 4-0.6 4- 1.7 - 3.0 - 8.2 - 3.3 - 4.4 - 4.1 - 7.8 -13.7 4-0.3 - 6.0 -17.4 - 1.6 B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. American-born. Foreign-born. Differ- ence be- tween columns 2 and 5. Age. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and daughter. Cases. Father. Differ- ence be- tween father and daughter. Cases. Weight. 5 years cm. 162.7 164.0 164.2 163.4 163.7 164.9 164.9 164.6 163.8 161.0 163.4 164.0 165.4 163.3 cm. 4-61.7 4-55.6 4-53.5 4-45.5 4-42.4 4-36.2 4-31.0 4-24.5 4-16.1 4-11.6 4- 9.5 4-10.7 4-11.8 4- 7.7 18 26 19 30 24 17 17 14 20 16 16 8 9 16 cm. 166.8 162.1 164.1 170.6 161.1 167.4 165.6 168.4 165.0 164.9 166.6 166.9 165.9 165.3 cm. 4-66.0 4-54.1 4-50.3 4-47.4 4-37.7 4-38.2 4-28.7 4-29.6 4-24.8 4-14.2 4-14.1 4-12.7 4-11.6 4- 7.2 5 6 5 6 5 7 9 9 9 9 14 18 16 38 cm. - 4.3 4- 1.5 4- 3.2 - 1.9 4- 4.7 - 2.0 4- 2.3 - 5.1 - 8.7 - 2.6 - 4.6 - 2.0 4- 0.2 4-0.5 4 4 7 years . . 4 5 9 years 4 5 6 5 13 years 6 6 15 years 8 16 years 6 6 18 years 11 500 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-horn and foreign-horn children — Continued. 1. Difference in Statuee — Continued. C— BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years - 10 years. 11 years. 12 years. 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. 16 years. 17 years. 18 years. 19 years . Age. 20 years and over.. American-bom. Mother. cm. 154.6 153.9 154.9 154.0 153.6 151.9 154.9 152.7 153.5 152.9 156.5 155.7 154.6 155.6 154.9 Difler- ence be- tween mother and son. cm. -1-53.5 -f39.6 -F42.3 -H37.7 +29.7 4-24.5 -fSO.O -1-18.2 H-ll.l -)- 5.4 -1-5.5 - 8.8 - 7.3 -13.0 -14.0 Cases. Foreign-bom. Mother. cm. 158.7 152.4 155.8 154.0 153.5 158.3 152.8 154.2 154.3 151.6 148.9 155.0 165.0 153.6 Difler- enoe be- tween mother and son. cm. -1-67.0 -)-45.1 -H42.1 +33.0 +30.3 +31.4 +23.4 + 17.6 +14.8 + 3.7 - 1.6 + 4.6 - 5.1 -14.5 -11.7 Cases. 36 Differ- ence be- tween columns 2 and 5. cm. - 3.5 - 5.5 + 0.2 + 4.7 ^0.6 - 6.9 + 6.6 + 0.7 - 3.7 + 1.7 + 7.1 -13.3 - 2.2 + l.S 2.3 Weight. 7 8 9 7 7 10 7 5 4 2 4 3 D.— BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years li years 12 years 13 years 14 years 16 years 16 years 17 years 18 years American-born. Mother. Differ- ence be- tween mother and daughter. cm. 163.9 166.0 164.9 154.0 156.1 155.1 153.7 164.1 164.2 163.5 165.6 163.0 154.8 154.2 cm. +53.6 +45.5 +44.3 +36.2 +32.9 +26.4 +18.4 +14.3 + 8.3 + 2.1 + 1.6 + 0.6 - 1.6 - 2.6 Cases. Foreign-born. Mother. Differ- ence be- tween mother and daughter. cm. 156.7 156.0 168.2 166.0 154.6 156.6 155.9 152.6 153.7 155.4 163.5 165.2 163.4 162.8 cm. +56.6 +27.8 +45.3 +33.0 +31.7 +28.2 +19.4 +12.0 +12.0 + 4.2 + 0.9 + 0.6 - 1.8 - 2.7 Cases. Differ- ence be- tween columns 2 and 5. cm. - 2.0 - 2.3 - 1.0 + 3.2 + 1.2 - 1.8 - 1.0 + 2.3 - 3.7 - 2.1 + 0.6 ±0.0 + 0.2 + 0.2 Weight. 4 10 7 7 9 7 8 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 501 Table XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born and foreign-bom children — Continued. 2. DiFPBEBNOB IN LENGTH OP HeAD. A.— BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. S years 6years 7 years Syears 9years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years and over. Ainerican-bom. Father. Tntn. 187. 7 188.9 186.2 189.8 189.8 184.4 191.4 188.2 189.7 186.5 189.0 194.0 179.0 188.0 198.0 181.3 Differ- ence between father, and son. mm. +16.7 +16.8 +13.9 +15.7 +13.8 + 8.7 +14.4 +12.1 + 7.3 + 7.1 - 1.7 +10.7 - 1.7 + 7.0 +20.0 - 3.4 Forelgn-bom. Father. mm, 183.6 190.6 186.3 188.9 192.1 186.8 192.7 191.1 189.8 188.0 189.5 185.5 187.4 188.7 181.3 191.9 Differ- ence between rather, and son. mm. +12.8 +16. 8 +11.0 +15.5 +15.2 +10.3 +13.4 +11.9 +11.2 + 8.7 + 9.5 + 4.0 + 4.8 + 1.3 - 3.4 - 0.1 27 Differ- ence between coliunns 2 and 5. mm. + 3.9 ±0.0 + 2.9 + 0.2 - 1.4 - 1.6 + 1.0 + 0.2 - 3.9 - 1.6 -11.2 + 6.7 - 6.5 + 6.7 + 4.4 - 3.3 Weight. B.— BETWEEN FATHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-born. Father. Differ- ence between father and daughter. Cases. Foreign bom. Father. Differ- ence between father and daughter. Cases. Diaer- ence between columns 2 and 5. Weight. Syears 6 years 7 years Syears 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over. mm. 190.6 189.3 191.0 188.2 188.6 187.9 191.1 187.0 190.1 189.7 190.4 183.9 189.1 188.9 mm. +21.7 +20.6 +19.1 +17.2 +18.6 +16.1 +19.3 +13.8 +14.6 +14.5 +11.9 +12.4 +11.7 +11.1 mm. 191.4 189.8 192.0 191.7 189.6 185.3 191.1 192.0 188.4 189.9 190.4 189.3 189.1 mm. +24.2 +24.3 +23.6 +19.5 +14.8 +16.2 +11.9 +14.2 +12.1 + 8.4 +10.8 +10.6 +10.0 +10.2 mm. - 2.5 - 3.7 - 4.5 - 2.3 - 3.8 - 0.1 + 7.4 - 0.4 + 2.6 + 5.5 + 1.1 + 1.8 + 1.7 + 0.9 6 6 11 58392°— VOL 38—11- 502 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-horn and foreign-horn children — Continued. 2. DiFFEHENCB IN LENGTH OF Hbad — Continued. C. BETWEEN MOTHER AND SON. 5 years. 6 years. 7 years. 8 years. 9 years. 10 years. 11 years. 12 years - 13 years. 14 years. 15 years. 16 years. 17 years - 18 years. 19 years. 20 years and over. American-bom. , Motlier. mm. 181.7 182.0 181.3 181.1 180.9 184.0 182.7 181.1 184.9 183.0 180.9 184.0 183.7 185.8 190.3 Differ- ence between mother, and son. mm. +10.8 + 9.4 + 9.1 + 6.7 + 6.4 + 7.6 + 6.6 + 7.4 + 5.6 + 1.5 - 2.4 + 2.6 - 3.6 ±0.0 + 2.0 Foreign-born. Mother. mm. 180.4 181.6 184.2 184.1 182.8 183.0 181.6 184.6 182.7 177.9 178.9 182.6 181.9 181.4 183.2 Differ- ence between motlier. and son. mm. + 9.3 + 8.3 +10.6 + 9.1 + 7.6 + 6.8 + 2.3 + 5.4 + 4.5 + 1.5 - 0.8 + 1.0 - 2.5 - 7.1 36 Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. mm. + 1.5 + 1.1 - 1.5 - 2.4 - 2.2 + 0.8 + 4.3 + 2.0 + 1.0 ±0.0 - 1.6 + 1.6 - 1.0 + 7.1 +10.8 Weight. 8 7 8 9 7 7 10 7 5 1 2 4 3 D.— DIFFEBENCE BETWEEN MOTHER AND DAUGHTER. Age. American-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Foreign-bom. Mother. Differ- ence between mother and daughter. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 6. Weight. 5years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years and over mtn. 182.2 182.5 181.3 182.0 183.2 182.7 182.4 182.3 182.2 182.6 183.1 181.7 183.7 184.7 mm. +15.5 +14.0 +12.5 +11.4 +13.3 +11.4 + 9.9 + 7.0 + 6.5 + 7.9 + 4.2 + 8.4 + 5.8 + 5.4 mm. 184.7 180.1 180.9 180.8 179.5 180.0 181.5 181.4 184.1 183.7 181.1 182.0 180.5 180.8 mm. +15.8 +13.9 +13.7 + 7.6 + 6.4 + 8.6 + 7.7 + 6.7 + 3.5 + 2.7 + 1.7 + 2.0 + 0.6 + 1.8 mm. -0.3 +0.1 -1.2 +3.8 +6.9 +2.8 +2.2 +0.9 +3.0 +5.2 +2.5 +6.4 +5.3 +3.6 4 10 7 7 9 7 8 8 9 8 22 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 503 Table XXXI. — Difference between Neapolitan parents and their own American-born and foreign-born children — Continued. 3. Difference in Width of Head, a.— between father and son. Age. 5 years 6 years 7 years 8 years 9 years 10 years 11 years 12 years 13 years 14 years 15 years 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years American-born. Father. mm. 161.4 153.4 161.0 152.0 153.0 162.4 163.7 165.9 152.8 151.6 153.7 148.5 146.3 149.0 163.0 166.0 DifEer- ence between lather and son. mm. +10.0 +11.5 + 8.5 + 8.6 + 7.6 + 6.9 + 5.2 + 6.3 + 5.1 + 6.0 ± 0.0 - 0.6 ±0.0 - 1.0 +10.0 + 2.7 Foreign-born. Father. mm. 152.6 150.7 151.5 161.0 153.5 150.8 151.3 162.0 152.3 146.1 152.8 148.0 153.6 151.3 169.0 164.1 Differ- ence between father and son. mm. +13.6 + 8.5 + 9.0 + 7.4 + 9.6 + 6.8 + 6.4 + 4.6 + 7.6 + 8.1 + 5.1 - 1.5 ± 0.0 - 0.4 + 5.5 - 1.7 Cases. Differ- ence between columns 2 and 5. mm. -i CQf-tCO t-H fin' . 1-H i-H '"' (N^ •"^ '"' 1-1 3 ^ !M (N CM 1-1 i-l .-( ■"" ■"• ""^ ^(N,-l'^P-< .-lCqiM(M CO COOl '• p^ T-l 1—1 1— 1 MM.-!-*"^ comi-!.-! i-ICOi-l S R *"" -' ■^ M ^ ""* ""* T-tmcocom iH id 1—1 M M CM iHrHCQCC M (M i-H lO .-( ■*«!-( COC* (NiToeq .-I.-I '"' ^ ■^ S" M MrH'T C^l-H *"" ""* 3^ 1— 1 --Hrt • (MO CO I-H '-' IM ^r-l ■-* '-' ""^ OOO l-H P^ .-KMrH '"' """ h-i -r f-4 ■ n 2 (M 00 iQ 1^ ""* cs 3 00 CO 1— 1 ^^ A^ d O^ 1-1 M P^ Oi-H 1— ( i-lOl i < ! 1 11 IT ? ? 7 I? CC l^ 5 § I i s 1 1 1 1 s F E2 r-i -5 ) Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 511 I -.3 IS o ^ -D Q d o ^ d P5 o o rO O ^ g 1 ->! IJ s f^ pO M o tq g H ■s> 1 g "i ^ M g 1 t—i X X X w >j n ■< H 3 l-H Ph* (M l-H Ah* (N ■^i-H l-H iH '■ CNiHrHINTH W ■^ T-HiHM rHrH(N(M COiHiOCO '"' 1—1 NiH W'-HONCO ec 3 '"' iH t-4 P^ rHi-l c^^^ in^TPooM 1-1 r-1 ■^ (MtNM -TfCC-^t-"* Oii-*00CD«D oi 3 r-l iH ■"^ a rH 1-1 tHCOM (M Tt< '-JH O CO -^COSDCOt- ^iH NrHfH CO lO-'^Olt-CD rHtD-^eOt- Oi Oi t- O I- s '"' P^ tH ^^,Hi-l rH.-li-liH.-l -*ci cot-o-*.H m?Dr-»o^H t^-'J'OJcoco s a P^ p^ ^(N i-nm (Ni-< W eo(Ni-i'*c» CO-Vi-liM iOWtH ^ r-t _tH^ i-i.-i"^co^ r-t-'^eo'S Ot-hcoio-* ooj!D« a a i 1 ^ 1 1 g E 1 1 ? 1- S ? 5 • c \t s !c 1 \ $ 5 § ? i^ 512 The Immigration Commission. o i. Ti a ^ e3 lO l-H •i-CeOlOCO i-H .-irH l-H l-H Sa PM -fCO**>f3CO W^SD-^CQ -^meOi-HM »-l N "^(NtH (MiMCOINiM l-H 2 M l-H rtrHTHrtCO (N CC(NCq CD^ N CO .Hi-H ""^ 3" 1-5 l-H l>.t^CO"^t^ «5COrt'!f^ """ ^s PM lOMCCCOW (NN.-H rH l-H CO (N r oi l-H IN r-iCS) l-H tH s'' cocq-a-5 1— t Cq ' 1 ^ 5S 5 S s s & s fq s ? er ? 5; ? s 5 ^ h ^ 5 i ^ k k • a s's 514 The Immigration Commission. g, !3 o •a t>^ ff o 4 s, o m o o o i I ,^ w o ^ ^ o 1 N w ^ ■^ ^ W3 f4 IMr- ) ^ « S «3 S S & <3 -< ; 3 ft' -1 a ft' ""* ii-HlNCO ft r-l eo(N (M ■*■ a ft 1-HiH l-H 1-1 M ft' rHiNCOCN-^ ft iH (N COCONtN'^ S a M Ph' l-H P^ .-H(M -^COtOOlC 1— I Ph* l-H .-1 l-H CO ■>*< to oioooaoiM (N h- ( i-H F-I Ph* (N ■*i-cH< eooeot-eo ft r-i CO "<*< CT> CO ilD t- T-l?D«ifas •H a ft' ft -H CONMCqiO Tfl T!tH « Tt< IC. ft' Cq^-tji t>io«coio »oo«cico d a M ft M ft i-HrHr-HMM CO O N -* IM ^ -I^M.-((N MlOCCCOO CD lO CD C<1 CD C-1 N i-l iH -* W THrt CD CO Ot*-j:cOOO iOU3e*3»0.-l ^-l*^,-! ,^^rH .1-1 r CO^ffOlM^ lO . 1-1 *"* CO I^ ^rt^(M ^-^^^(^ ^ Jo —1 (Mi-I ^ ^ 3" COCOt^COcD U3.-((N-<1*M "(M 1^^ (N ■"* *"• 1-1 ^^ oOM^^cor-^ ^^ 1^ ■1 ■ I-H i^ •COCOi-l i-l i""* '^ OcD'*CO(N COCOOtH.-h «5 00 CO ocoTjteo'eq N •^ ""* ■"' •rH ^ COM M-H rH i-H m 1-H.- C4 !N (M »0(N(Ni-i »O-HC0(NOM ^ ^^ d ■"^ PM *"* I I ... ^ """ .-H (M ?H f4 ^ I-H-H ^,_l,_(^ -iSf in (N CO i-H .HMi-l CO 1 3 ■3 iiSi ii i 1 s 1 1 g M ^ s g g n s 1 5 g 1 1 g Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 517 iHO CJ ^s " ooo ^ CD 00 (N i-Hi-H 2S i-H i" ''"' W 00 QO i" 2" i' ■"* t^g g OCO '"' ■^ g ""* s '"' to 3S i i 1 s s g 1 S i w 1^ O a w !S H H i-l iz; ^ CO 1^ « 1 ^ m H US a .Ni-H . .-^mifS Mt-MOli-l I^OllNCDCO a If-I I Ii-H ir^i . .,-H co^eoffo 1 -rflCqcO 1 rH Ph' 1 'tn .H tH com a '• i (N(N.HrH.H COiO-^t-cD CC CO N »0 H "rff 1>(N »0 CO O O US 1 l-H ill .-(.-H (NtNMUSt- ^t^lXNIM 'J'OOOOlO W 00 W tJH (M ^ H pi 1-4 M Ph l(N .-1 I.- H>-HeO COUSM(NT-t -"itlMeOCOiM "^COCCeOrH ^HM I— lusmt^us t^c^r^t^t^ uit^totoeo i-hitsni— irn o Ph' Pi . . .rH l(N T-i '. • MtM «-:t*«S'-iO (NT-(O0O 3 a i-H CO rH eo-^ iHih ^ 2^ i-H M H Pi '"' '"' iH a pi tH i-jiMi-iT-i ^coiHcocq T-ii-i tH r !-i Pi iH « (M CONNCOCO NlMCTlrH(N tH rH iH iHiH 1" rH d pi >H Ot-t a pi N rH iHiHiHrHrH r-CiH '"' (D.H pi (^^r^ ■*N (MCq Ni-H"*N"* rH .H ^ i^ 1 <1 5 1 ig 5 ^ ^ 1 tH g 1 3 s El K s S S S a s 5 iH a tH S < 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 521 o a CO CO t--COir3«00 S rH Sh fH <» iH lOCDOON "* i-lfH B FN rH .-Hi-i ^ec ' f rH"*C-( (MCOC^llO-* m 3 ■"^ '~' M COIMCO (MCO-^OCO (M 1-4 rt I-H t-t «) >oco coe»r-t-t^ cDcDiO'^co cDTtHc^-^t-t i-i« 1 ^ ^ (N>O^C0lO t^t^OOOOO t^-^-^iOm o N.-«miNt^ oacoeouaoo OiHi-himcm .-h 3S s iHi-( '"' t-co a pi ■"• ^(N ^ T-t'^T-i lOMCJCO-* i-HtDrHINCO ■"It.-irHW i-( ' i-t (N ■*Ti«,-(Osa> .-i.-i.-«tMN mosooio c*5»oco P o S dj '"' ■"^ (NNCO -^-^lOtD-C (M TJ< i ■3 ii s s i c ^ i 1 T 1 g 3 ^ T- § 5 1 C g ? If £ g s i ■s k H I- K 53 h 1 < 522 The Immigration Commission. 73 » .3 a o O ft. ^ o M O &, m .s Z ri 1 P5 ^ •< O gi. h |4 o n o g W w ^ o ^ o ! iO lO MrHrH CO "* ■* CM (M -.*(■<}< Tt" .-1 i-H .-l(N 'C »1 ooo h-i l-H f4' I I "^ I 1 .-H j W •i-HrH j-^w , i.r-l I coo lit H ! !""" I iH ■ ■ i-HrH ■ t-< ;H • I-H ■ ' o»oo 3 h- ( rHTH .f-(eo ,^ -^wiHeoec eocji-H -oj • *"" : S^ N^ < eo(Nco(MT-i coiftcqeoi-H ■ "(M ■■ 1 h-i i-H i-H j(M tH I rHMi-l .-I '• '• l^O fh c4 M* dl i-(.H CO j COi-HO tH(McO i-)iH i OOO ' eq.H(M • IN eo-tJ< l-ICO (Mi-H ' ' i 3 lO COl-.« 3 1 gg? 3g S g! ^8S S i S S i Hi 00O> Or ^^ 21 -A 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 523 « T-t iH M"»*owo» cooo;*^^ COI>.»0«'^ ■^ ^ s S M -* p-t (N fHCOCq MrpW M CO M Pi° (NtH «•«*< fH tH *"* *"* (DCO Tin' eqc^i-Hi-Ht^ t>.N00'-! '„ 524 The Immigration Commission. i, z o o e>i m S 1^, o § s a < o g. w Pi o ^ h o o S PS B5 ^ o -■i t^ o r-) W O "5^ CD 1 « o o ^ u J3 1 § -** 3 WCDCC h-'^iO '"' s- ■^ W03 ijt CO i-H i-H tH ^ ^ 3- .-H W CCi-Hi-< i-HfH """ (MO a 1— 1 ^ IOtH MCflrH I— 1 tH r OS CO F-I M PM rHlO-* OOOMN"* i-( 00 CO Oi l-H Ah' eOI>t> Tft«(Ni-l iHCO '"' cot- cq Pl| ""* iH cq^ Ph' T-HCOlO CO-ViHCOlM NM i^ M P^ CCOSQO -^t^eoCOTH tHiH '"' iH a i-li-tr-i toeo (N>OcO N-^T-Hi-l CO o> 1-5 -^^-00 U30J"* CO MN cq O a a; '"' ^ b-I-H l-H pi C»tHIO N ^ 00 '- 1-i pi eO"*-* h-COOrHrH ss 1 > i ' O 3 1 « •* IT. «C !>. 00 o> r- Csi m •«r ifl to ^ 00 Oi s 1— gi §5 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 525 lO SE58 tOOi t^ ^ -* (NCO«5 (M cn S3 li; ciec*Oe<3 (NMKl^ . IN 3^ M (i tHi-H Cq (Ni-HrHCqtH ■"" T^ (NCO -^ i-(N COl-H (M ^ (M s "*(DeD t-"5meo T-. W o6" «(Mr~ 01000 CO-^Mi-KN ^^ rH ci 3 (MM (MN W (N TjlOOt- ■^•^OiOi'^ W* ^ ^ f-( «5Mg- OrHb-t^CO (NM^f-i "" (M i-H CT>i-l - p^ cq Cfl i>cq NOW -^CO lOM i-HTjHWCN cq J-i S^ P^ ^ SS o M M P^ TPt-t- C0'*»O»OCO IMi-lT-lw ^ COM P4 >-l>0^00 COO-^WIO »0^rt(NrH (N (N ^ T-l rHOO > -1 O s cq CG "* lO eo t- OO cr c C< W ■^ w cc a o- s C^ (M CS 5 C3 1 'c 1 ^ C 526 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIII.— Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family. BOYS 5 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. CVl. 91 1 92 1 93 94 1 95 96 2 1 1 1 1 97 1 1 2 3 3 2 4 7 5 8 6 6 3 3 7 6 6 5 2 1 1 4 6 1 6 4 6 5 10 6 7 6 5 7 7 2 2 1 2 5 i' 3 6 5 3 3 4 5 6 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 3' 1 1 2 1 4 3 1 3 i' 2 4 1 5 6 2 7 4 6 4 4 3 4 3 3 1 101 1 1 1 4 3 2 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 103 1 2 105 1 2 i 1 108 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 110 1 112 1 1 1 1 2 113 1 115 1 1 1 2 1 1 117 1 118 1 2 119 120 1 121 1 122 . . - 123 124 125 126 127 128 1 129 130 Cases 107 25 106.4 63 106.2 81 106.6 88 106.3 54 105.5 28 106.5 21 109.3 6 104 7 104.4 S 100 1 103 3 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 527 Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. BOYS 6 YEAES OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 0. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. cm. 90 91 92 93 1 94 95 96 2 97 i 1 1 1 98 . 1 99 1 100 1 101 3 4 4 4 11 10 8 12 6 19 7 17 7 10 9 6 4 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 7 1 2 5 11 9 9 4 10 8 13 5 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 3 5 4 13 8 4 3 6 5 2 3 1 1 ' "i' 1 1 102 1 3 4 '"2 1 8 9 8 12 7 7 4 5 5 4 2 4 1 2 ...... 5 8 4 10 5 10 13 10 10 7 15 11 9 6 6 5 2 ...... 1 1 "5' 1 4 4 4 4 1 2 3 1 ""2 1 1 1 103 1 1 3 2 3 2 5 5 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 104 2 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 4 6 3 "'2" 1 2 I 1 1 1 105 106 1 107 108 2 ■ i' 3 \ 1 ...... 1 1 2 111 113 1 2 115 1 1 1 120 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 128 129 Average 111.4 40 111.6 91 111.4 141 110.3 154 111.3 104 110.9 72 110.9 35 111.2 33 109.7 14 108.1 7 110.2 5 115 1 118 1 528 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. BOYS 7 YEARS OLD. Number of living cMIdren in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. cm. 90 91 92 1 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 1 100 101 102 103 2 1 3 1 4 4 8 8 9 8 8 14 10 14 11 7 7 3 2 2 1 1 1 104 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 9 11 6 15 21 8 9 13 15 9 6 15 2 5 2 1 3 4 1 1 105 1 ""2 ""2 7 8 11 17 12 11 13 11 19 U 12 10 6 6 6 5 4 '"" i' 1 1 3 1 1 106 ""'i' 1 6 4 2 6 8 11 3 6 5 7 6 6 3 5 2 2 2 1 '" i 1 2 2 107 i 1 1 2 1 2 3 6 5 2 4 4 2 2 6 3 7 1 1 8 9 9 U 5 11 4 4 4 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 108 109 1 110 5 2 2 3 4 3 5 3 3 5 2 '""'3' 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 4 2 3 1 "i' 2 2 1 Ill 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 112. 113 114 1 1 1 115 1 116 117 118 1 119 120 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 121 122 123 1 1 1 124 125 126 127 1 128 1 1 1 129 1 130 1 131 132 133 2 134 135 136 137 1 138 139 116.6 44 116.9 102 116.3 182 117 165 115.8 130 116 89 116.2 48 115.2 32 113.4 17 116.3 11 113.4 6 115 3 Cases . Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 529 Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. BOYS 8 YEARS OLD. Nmnber of living cliildren in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. cm. 91 1 100 101... 1 102 103 1 104 105 1 1 1 1 106 1 107 1 1 "i' "'i' 11 10 7 8 8 7 10 11 5 5 6 5 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 108 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 3 8 8 17 9 11 6 10 12 13 17 8 6 10 2 3 2 5 1 2 1 109 1 ""'i 4 3 6 9 4 8 14 11 16 11 8 11 17 8 7 10 6 2 5 3 3 3 2 2 2 4 2 3 2 9 10 7 7 9 13 17 20 20 8 12 12 7 6 10 4 3 1 ■ i' 2 1 110 1 1 3 2 3 1 4 6 6 4 4 14 6 6 14 3 8 5 3 7 2 2 ""2 1 1 1 111 112 2 3 1 3 5 6 3 3 6 6 10 3 6 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 114 2 5 3 6 3 5 8 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 116 1 1 5 5 4 3 2 ...... 1 "'""i' 1 4 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 lis 2 6 3 3 3 1 3 4 3 2 2 4 2 2 1 3 1 1 122 123 1 1 1 1 126 127 2 i^n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 , ^ 1 1 1 1 145 1 Average Cases 123.8 50 121.2 110 122 180 121.2 191 121.8 169 120.7 115 120 69 121.2 61 120.7 29 120.5 21 123.6 7 116 3 118 1 124 1 530 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIII.— ^Statore of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family— Con. BOYS 9 YEAES OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. cm. 1 94 95 1 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 1 107 1 108 1 1 109 110 1 1 111 1 1 112 1 2 113 1 1 3 1 114 . .. 1 115 1 2 3 5 3 9 10 11 13 14 10 16 9 10 12 13 12 10 10 4 6 2 1 2 6 3 4 9 10 10 8 12 15 8 11 9 10 11 7 10 7 7 4 2 1 ■ -4 4 2 3 7 4 9 9 10 9 8 10 6 4 5 7 5 3 3 1 1 116 1 1 1 2 4 3 4 15 8 12 13 16 14 16 9 7 11 8 6 4 7 4 1 1 3 4 5 1 4 1 3 6 4 10 3 5 5 2 4 3 4 1 1 2 1 117 1 2 3 4 2 6 1 1 4 1 8 3 118 1 1 1 3 2 2 4 3 3 2 4 2 3 1 3 6 2 4 4 2 4 1 6 7 5 2 8 9 6 7 4 5 3 3 3 6 1 3 3 1 1 3 2 1 1 5 1 2 119 1 1 1 120 1 1 1 121 122 . . 1 123 124 2 1 '"'i' 1 2 1 1 2 2 125 126.. 127 . . 1 128 129 1 130 5 2 4 1 1 '"'i' 2 4 1 1 1 131 132 2 133 1 134 135 1 1 136 2 137 138 i 2 1 1 2 139 1 140 1 1 141 142 1 143 1 1 144 145 146 1 147 148 1 149 150 1 Average 127.8 48 127.1 96 126.4 174 126.2 194 126.0 171 126.9 121 125.0 72 126.1 62 124.3 31 126.2 13 124.7 7 124.2 4 129 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 531 Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size offam^ — Con. ' BOYS 10 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. cm. 107 1 108 110 1 113 114 1 2 lis 2 1 1 2 2 4 3 7 10 5 11 6 11 18 8 8 15 7 9 12 6 6 5 1 5 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 5 3 6 9 8 5 7 12 13 15 9 6 8 5 3 11 3 4 6 2 4 1 1 ...... 1 1 2 1 118 1 1 - 2 3 2 5 2 5 4 5 6 12 4 13 9 8 5 6 6 9 3 5 S 3 3 4 1 1 ■■■'2 119 3 "■■"2' 2 7 1 3 S 6 7 10 6 7 11 8 15 4 5 2 5 5 6 1 3 2 1 3 5 5 3 3 S 4 4 6 3 6 1 8 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 ""2 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 4 6 3 3 3 6 4 3 1 1 4 1 1 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 124 12S 126 ...... 4 8 4 4 6 5 4 3 5 6 5 4 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 .... 127 128 3 2 2 2 5 8 5 3 7 3 2 1 1 1 •■••4" 2 1 2 2 ...... 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 ...... 1 1 .... 129 130 131 132 133 ■""i' 1 134 136 '"'i' 137 --■-_ 139 2 1 141 142 3 '"'i' :::: 144 145 147 148 149 2 ..... 1 ..... ..... ■■"2 131.4 54 132 78 131.0 136 131.5 172 130.9 159 132.2 126 129.9 78 130.3 58 129.8 27 130.2 22 131.4 7 129 1 532 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIII.— Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family— Con. BOYS 11 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2_ 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. cm 115 1 117 1 1 118 120 2 ""if 1 2 6 1 3 4 3 6 4 9 4 8 6 10 5 8 12 10 6 4 4 1 3 1 2 ""'i' 1 1 ...... 4 1 2 3 3 2 2 12 9 4 5 7 9 12 6 11 3 6 9 6 6 1 4 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 8 11 5 1 8 12 9 7 12 10 9 10 12 8 5 6 2 ...... 1 122 1 123 ...... 1 2 5 7 6 7 7 11 5 10 9 12 4 9 7 7 6 5 5 2 2 2 4 2 1 8 3 5 2 4 7 4 3 4 6 3 S 2 1 2 2 2 1 125 ""2 1 1 127 1 2 4 3 5 3 3 4 13 8 2 3 6 6 5 3 3 2 1 3 2 128 3 5 6 1 3 6 3 1 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 4 1 1 1 3 129 3 1 1 130 1 1 133 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 136 1 1 137 2 1 139 2 2 3 1 1 3 1 141 142 2 '""i' 2 1 5 1 1 1 • 1 146 1 147 2 2 2 1 2 148 2 1 150 1 1 1 1 "'i' 1 i 1 152 153 1 1 1 1 156 1 168 1 160 161 ■ 163 164 1 140. 5 28 135.6 88 136.1 139 136 154 135.2 129 135 133 133.6 72 134.7 54 135.3 35 135.6 11 137 5 125 1 .... 135.5 2 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 533 Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. BOYS 12 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. cm. 105 106 107 1 108 109 110 Ill 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 1 120 121 122 1 123 2 124 2 2 1 1 1 125 1 ...... 2 1 2 ...... 4 1 5 3 2 8 2 6 9 4 3 3 3 4 2 1 2 1 126 2 ...... 2 3 3 8 3 4 8 11 3 12 5 10 6 \ 5 4 4 6 7 6 2 1 ...... ...... S 2 5 4 5 3 5 9 S 6 S 3 10 3 4 5 4 3 6 3 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 5 5 6 6 7 3 6 4 2 6 1 2 1 ...... 2 2 127 ...... 4 4 1 2 10 6 6 4 6 10 7 12 6 11 5 8 3 4 8 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 ...... 3 4 6 2 2 4 10 5 9 5 15 6 4 7 10 11 4 6 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 128 1 1 129 130 1 131 1 1 1 1 1 132 1 2 1 ...... ...... 1 1 1 133 ...... 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 5 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 1 134 1 2 1 1 135 1 1 1 137 139 1 1 2 3 4 3 1 1 140 141 1 143 ' 144 1 1 1 1 145 146 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 151 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 ■■"i" 1 2 1 1 1 1 i i 1 160 1 1 Average... Cases 141.5 35 140.7 74 139.3 139 140.5 133 139.6 131 139.9 110 139.6 76 139.7 50 139 23 138.9 14 138.6 7 141.7 3 141 1 139 1 58392°— VOL 38—11- 534 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIII. Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size offamily— Con. BOYS 13 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ID. 11. 12. 13. cm. 120 122 123 1 125 1 1 127 1 3 130 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 3 5 6 6 5 6 7 3 4 5 3 3 3 1 2 6 3 ""2 1 2 1 131 1 2 '""i" 1 1 2 1 132 2 1 1 ""'i' 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 134 1 3 4 3 1 1 3 S 8 2 3 4 6 5 4 3 4 8 5 2 5 5 6 3 2 " "5" 3 135 1 1 1 2 1 136 3 3 1 4 4 5 6 3 4 8 6 7 8 5 8 5 7 5 2 3 4 4 4 1 ""4 1 1 6 1 7 7 4 10 7 5 8 5 7 4 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 "i' 2 2 2 2 2 '"'i' 1 1 1 '""i' 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 137 139 140 2 3 3 3 3 7 ■■3' 3 3 3 3 2 3 4 2 1 "'i' 2 2 1 1 2 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 4 2 1 1 1 2 1 142 1 144 1 146. . . 1 147 1 1 149 151 2 152 1 2 1 2 154 155 156 1 ...... 157 1 3 2 1 "i' 2 1 1 1 1 159 160 1 1 161 1 1 '""i" 2 1 1 1 1 162 164 1 1 1 1 165 166 167 1 1 168 169 ... 1 170 1 1 147.9 37 146.4 70 147.7 116 146 98 145 105 144.8 85 141.7 41 144.2 34 144.4 17 139.1 15 140 3 138.6 5 IS? Cases 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 535 Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. BOYS 14 YEARS OLD. Number of Uviiig children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. cm. 120 121 1 122. 123 124. 1 125 1 126 1 127. 128 1 129 130 1 131 132 1 133 1 1 134 1 1 2 135 1 1 2 3 1 3 ...... 1 ....„ 3 2 ...... '""2 '"3 1 136. 1 1 1 138 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 8 1 3 4 2 3 ---•y- 6 1 3 3 3 2 2 4 2 ...... 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 5 2 6 5 4 2 4 ....„ 6 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 5 2 5 3 4 3 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 4 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 141 4 1 142 143. 3 2 1 3 2 3 1 ...... 1 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 ...... 1 "'"i" 1 2 1 ...... 1 1 145. 2 1 146 147. 148 2 1 2 1 1 1 6 2 6 5 2 1 151 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 153 1 2 4 3 1 2 5 ...... 1 155 1 156 1 158 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 1 ...... 1 161 1 1 1 163 1 1 1 1 1 2 ...... 1 1 1 2 166 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 171 1 1 174 1 151.6 16 151.9 45 152.6 71 150.7 73 149.5 70 149.7 148.5 56 1 40 151.6 24 149.4 5 148.6 5 154.3 3 139 1 536 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — ^Con. GIRLS 5 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 85 86 87 1 88 89 90 91 1 92 93 . . 1 94 1 95 1 i' 4 4 2 6 5 8 16 3 8 7 1 2 2 4 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 96 2 1 4 2 9 5 8 6 9 11 7 6 7 3 7 5 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 97 98 1 1 3 6 3 2 3 5 4 6 5 1 5 3 2 i 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 99 100 1 1 1 3 4 5 4 6 3 4 4 2 6 7 6 4 4 5 2 1 1 1 1 101 102 1 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 103 104 1 106 3 2 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 106 107 108 1 109 1 no 1 Ill 1 1 1 112 1 1 1 113 114 115 1 1 1 1 117 118 1 119 120 121.. . . 1 122 123 124 Average 105.5 15 106.7 68 105.3 102 104.5 81 104.7 52 103.9 29 102.8 16 103.7 10 102.9 11 100.6 5 108.5 2 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 537 Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. GIELS 6 YEABS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. cm. 95 1 96 97 1 1 98 2 1 1 1 1 99 2 1 """"4" ....„ 6 11 12 9 9 11 9 11 9 4 11 5 8 2 2 3 100 ...... 4 2 5 6 5 11 10 7 16 10 12 13 9 11 5 2 4 2 ...... 1 "'i' 1 2 1 1 3 6 3 4 7 6 10 9 8 5 4 4 5 2 4 1 101 2 2 2 7 2 5 5 8 10 8 5 11 8 7 6 3 6 1 2 ""2 4 4 2 5 6 6 7 4 4 4 4 2 3 7 1 1 1 3 ...... 2 2 '""^ 1 1 3 3 ■■3' 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 102 103 1 1 4 1 1 1 104 •. 1 1 105 106 2 1 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 4 1 107 ■ 3 1 1 108 109 110 1 ...... Ill 1 112 1 1 113 114 1 115 3 1 116 1 117 2 2 118 119 2 120 1 121 1 122 1 1 1 1 123 1 124 1 1 125 1 126 127 128 . 129 Average. , lll.O 29 110.4 102 110.4 140 110.7 141 110.3 88 110.4 68 108.9 28 109.2 29 107.5 15 108.5 6 110.0 6 108.5 ?. 538 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. GIRLS 7 YEARS OLD Number of living children in ramily. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. cm. 100 101 102 1 ...... 2 6 1 1 8 5 11 16 8 9 10 15 8 17 11 11 12 9 7 2 8 2 4 5 2 3 2 5 3 3 9 10 11 6 12 12 19 9 11 10 13 12 5 3 1 1 2 ...... 103 1 2 1 1 1 104 1 105 3 2 1 1 106 1 1 1 3 5 3 2 8 8 9 7 7 5 6 4 8 3 5 3 1 2 1 2 1 107. 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 10 2 6 2 4 3 5 108 4 2 6 6 9 7 6 4 11 6 7 4 5 6 5 2 4 "■"i' 1 1 1 3 4 1 4 6 2 6 6 5 3 3 9 4 3 6 1 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 6 3 4 4 8 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 1 109 2 1 3 3 I 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 3 3 "i' 1 4 3 1 1 4 ""2 • 1 110 Ill 1 1 ...... 112 .* 113. . . 1 114 115. 116 1 1 1 117 1 118 119 120 1 121 122 123 1 124 2 1 2 125 1 1 1 126 1 127 1 128 ' "i' 3 1 129 1 130 >• 131 1 132 133 1 134 116.7 58 116.5 94 115.8 191 116.2 168 115.6 102 116.7 78 116 61 116.1 37 116.6 26 116.8 9 112.2 4 117 3 Cases Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 539 Table XXXIII. ^Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family— Con. GIRLS 8 YEARS OLD. Number o( living children in family- 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. cm. 100 101 102 2 1 103 104 105 1 2 1 1 lOfi 1 107 1 108 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 4 7 11 U 6 8 12 19 17 14 16 9 g 7 5 9 1 3 ""l 109 4 4 2 4 2 8 7 9 11 10 9 14 9 9 11 10 13 6 7 6 4 2 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 ...... 110 1 1 2 1 2 ""2 2 5 4 9 14 8 9 7 16 13 10 4 10 11 9 12 2 2 4 1 3 ...... 1 1 1 '"""i' Ill """4' 8 4 2 8 3 4 7 6 10 9 6 3 6 5 3 3 3 1 112 , 1 113 114 3 1 4 3 9 9 12 6 8 5 9 4 6 3 1 1 4 ...... 2 1 1 1 1 1 115 1 3 1 3 3 2 3 4 4 1 4 6 3 4 1 3 1 1 5 ...... 4 3 7 5 7 3 6 2 1 1 1 2 2 6 1 2 2 7 1 3 1 1 ""2 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 2 2 116 117 119 1 2 120 1 121 122 1 1 3 3 1 124 1 125 1 1 126 127 1 128 129 1 1 1 130 131 132 1 1 133 1 1 134 2 1 1 1 135 1 1 137 138 1 139 140 1 Average 122.7 51 121.1 101 120.8 165 120.5 181 120.6 169 119.1 90 119.9 57 119.2 34 120.1 11S_7 120.8 10 121 4 116 5 20 19 2 640 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. GIRLS 9 YEARS OLD. Number of living cliildren in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. cm. 95 1 105 1 _ 106 1 107 1 108 1 109 1 1 110 Ill 1 H2 1 '"2 3 "'3' 1 3 2 4 3 7 8 3 5 5 3 2 3 4 3 ""'i' 1 "i" 1 113 2 1 3 2 3 2 4 6 7 11 11 14 16 8 18 11 9 10 7 S 4 2 3 4 S 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 4 I 4 4 8 7 16 11 6 11 9 6 9 7 5 1 1 1 2 1 1 114 1 1 3 "s 6 7 7 3 5 6 12 14 6 • 8 9 6 6 "2 1 1 1 115 1 6 ..... 7 9 14 9 5 13 10 12 11 8 17 6 10 8 6 2 3 5 2 ..... 3 5 12 8 11 17 7 6 4 12 10 10 S 5 6 5 1 1 4 2 2 1 116 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 5 2 4 1 1 1 1 "i' 4 2 2 4 3 3 2 1 ..... 2 1 ...: 117. 1 1 118 119 1 4 3 3 5 4 7 3 4 1 2 6 1 3 1 1 1 120 121 122 1 123 1 124 4 1 125 126 127.^ 3 3 1 128 129 130 3 4 1 2 2 "2 2 1 1 131 132 133 134 2 135 1 1 1 1 136 137 1 138 139 1 140 141 142 1 143 144 167 1 Cases 125.6 62 125.6 108 126.2 172 124.7 172 124.7 142 126.4 126 124.1 67 124.8124.7 121.9 16 127.1 8 120.7 3 127 1 122 1 :::: 122 1 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 541 Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. GIELS 10 YEARS OLD. ' Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. cm. 109 1 ♦ 110 1 Ill 1 112 113 114 1 lis 1 116 1 1 117 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 3 ""2 2 8 9 8 7 5 5 7 4 2 5 7 1 2 3 1 118 1 1 2 2 4 1 6 11 7 3 8 2 13 10 8 6 9 8 3 11 6 3 3 2 '"'i' 1 1 1 119 1 '""i" 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 11 12 3 6 2 13 " "4" 4 3 120 2 1 3 9 3 4 11 6 13 6 4 9 9 9 15 10 11 8 4 3 2 5 3 1 1 3 "■"'4" 4 4 12 6 3 6 14 10 12 12 10 7 10 5 2 3 6 2 1 ...... 1 3 2 1 3 3 6 6 5 5 S 3 5 4 2 3 3 5 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 121 122 3 123 1 2 5 2 2 2 4 2 5 4 1 2 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 3 3 1 1 ""2 3 124 1 5 2 1 4 4 5 2 1 7 3 1 3 2 4 2 3 126 127 2 128 129 . . 2 ""'i' 1 1 , 1 2 2 1 1 1 131 1 132 133 1 135 1 136 1 1 ...... 2 1 1 138 140 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 ...... 2 1 2 1 - 145 1 1 ...... ...... 1 1 2 1 1 1 148 1 ISO 1 1 1 1 154 131.3 55 130.9 94 131.1 145 130.7 156 130.5 149 130.8 96 130.7 75 130.7 46 131.1 24 128.9 22 128.3 12 129.6 Cases 6 542 The Immigration Commission, Table XXXIII —Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size qffamily— Con. GIRLS 11 YEARS OLD. Number ol living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. U. 12. 13. cm. 115 1 1 1 116 117 118 119 1 120 1 1 ...... 1 2 1 4 4 6 7 8 9 8 8 13 6 9 18 11 13 9 6 4 9 4 4 2 3 1 1 121 . . 1 1 1 1 122 '"2 1 4 7 4 5 8 6 8 6 4 11 8 12 9 6 13 7 5 6 5 7 3 2 4 i 3 1 2 1 1 6 3 7 8 6 4 9 7 6 6 4 5 4 4 2 4 1 3 2 2 1 123 2 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 2 9 2 10 6 9 8 8 11 8 11 7 7 4 2 2 5 4 3 2 4 124... 1 1 ■ "i' 3 3 ""2 2 3 3 5 5 5 5 6 4 6 1 2 2 2 ...... 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 8 4 3 4 2 6 1 3 1 4 5 4 2 1 125 126 1 2 3 4 9 3 4 5 5 7 10 8 6 3 7 3 3 '""i 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 127 1 128 i 1 2 1 ...... 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 ...... - 1 "i' ...... 1 ...... 3 1 '"'i' 1 2 129 1 130 131 2 3 5 1 2 3 6 2 1 4 3 133 2 1 134 135 1 1 136 138 2 139 140... 1 1 141 143 2 1 145 1 1 2 3 1 146 1 148 1 3 3 4 1 1 3 2 150 1 161 1 152 1 1 163 1 1 165 , 156 158 169 1 Average 138.0 42 136.2 102 136.2 143 135.6 175 136.8 157 134.7 104 136.8 67 135.1 70 136.8 28 136.1 13 137.5 11 137.0 5 13.'i Cases 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 543 Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. GIELS 12 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. cm. 120 121 1 2 122 1 1 1 124 2 1 2 125 1 1 1 126 1 1 1 ""•i 3 1 3 2 4 1 2 1 6 4 3 4 10 6 7 7 5 6 4 5 4 7 2 6 1 128 1 1 2 "'i' 2 2 1 1 129 1 1 1 1 2 1 '""i 1 4 4 7 14 11 3 10 6 8 9 5 13 6 12 -■•■7- 5 4 ...... 1 1 1 5 3 3 6 7 5 2 10 10 11 9 9 10 9 10 5 6 6 1 7 3 3 2 4 1 130 1 ...... 4 2 2 1 1 5 '""i 1 9 4 6 4 4 5 9 6 11 8 3 4 2 3 2 1 132 4 2 4 3 6 4 3 4 6 7 5 6 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 5 3 1 1 1 2 1 '"2 2 2 2 1 133 1 2 1 1 4 1 136 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 1 1 4 2 5 3 5 3 2 2 2 ■■■"3' 7 4 1 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 "'i' 1 3 1 143 2 2 ■"■'4" 3 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 5 2 2 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 ...... '"'i 1 1 1 1 4 ""i 1 2 1 1 1 155 156 157 158 ;.--. 159 160 161 162 1 1 "'i' 1 1 ""2 1 1 ...... 1 .... 163 164 Average .. Cases 142.7 48 142.3 67 142.3 117 ...... 141.7 157 142.3 152 139.9 109 140.3 77 141.2 46 141.5 35 140.8 25 143 7 140.8 4 140.5 2 147 1 544 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. GIRLS 13 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. S. 9. 10. 11 cm. 125 126 127 1 128 1 129 1 1 130 1 131 1 132 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2' 1 1 i' 1 3 6 4 6 2 5 5 4 4 2 3 1 133 1 1 \ 1 2 3 4 1 6 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 4 3 3 5 3 3 4 3 3 1 3 2 i' 4 3 3 8 5 10 7 8 9 6 6 7 4 10 2 1 10 5 1 2 i' 134 1 2 1 1 6 1 4 1 2' 4 3 3 4 4 8 2 4 8 2 6 4 3 1 1 4 4 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 3 3 6 5 10 7 6 5 6 8 5 7 1 3 2 5 2 5 4 1 1 1 "" 135 136 1 2' 1 2 3 1 2 3 6 5 2 10 1 2 4 6 6 3 1 1 4' 2 137 1 1 1 1 2 2 138 1 139 140 1 2 i 1 2 4 6 5 4 i" 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 141 142 143 1 1 1 3 1 4' 3 3 1 144 1 2 1 i' 1 1 1 146 i 147 148 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 149 150 1 151 152 1 163 164 2 3" 1 2 2 i' 155 166 4' 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 157 158 159 1 160 161 162 2 1 i" 2 1 i" 1 163 i 164 3 2 166 166 167 168 169 170 171 i' Average Cases 147.7 24 148.3 73 148.2 92 148.1 111 148.9 104 147 116 148.6 66 147.7 44 146.9 29 148.4 17 148.6 8 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 545 Table XXXIII. — Stature of children, Toronto, arranged according to size of family — Con. GIRLS 14 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. cm. US 116 117 118 1 119 120 121 122 123 124 12S 126 127 1 128 129 130. 131 1 133 1 135 1 136 1 1 1 1 2 138 1 1 1 ' "i" 2 4 2 1 i' 2 1 2 140 141 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 143 1 1 1 i' 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 2 3 6 1 2 1 2 4 2 1 2' 3 6 3 2 7 6 6 2 3 3 2 5 2 1 4" 1 2 2 9 3 3 5 2 6 4 1 2 3 4 4 1 145 1 1 146 1 3 ""2 5 2 5 4 6 9 10 6 13 2 7 2 1 2 1 2 8 7 4 5 7 7 7 3 5 2 7 2 3 148 3 4 1 1 5 2 3 4 2' 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 149 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 4 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 151 2 1 154^ 1 1 157 1 158 2 2 1 iRn 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 170 - 1 1 Average 153 22 153.8 43 162.4 64 154 92 153.3 79 152.1 63 150.7 39 152.3 30 151.9 14 151.1 15 158 1 169 2 546 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXIV. — Summary of statures of Toronto children. 1. BOYS. Age (years)... 5. 6. 7. 8. Age (years).. 9. 10. 11. 12. Age (years).. 13. 14. cm. 90 'i ;; ;; "i 1 .. 1 .. 1 1 6 2 !! ;; 2 2 .. .. 8 2 .. .. 13 2 1 .. 18 1 14 5 .. 1 24 9 24 16 2 1 30 21 3 30 33 5 4 31 26 7 1 19 33 13 2 28 46 16 2 30 60 20 3 25 77 34 10 23 65 41 8 20 58 58 14 11 42 45 21 4 60 62 26 5 51 66 46 7 32 64 45 1 23 63 50 3 20 67 68 16 66 65 1 8 48 91 1 8 35 70 4 39 76 2 21 58 .. 20 63 2 12 64 1 6 41 .. 1 6 34 1 .. 8 43 3 21 4 18 12 14 2 10 8 5 4 .... 1 1 1 1 ." !! '.'. i 1 '.'. '.'. '.'. i 1 cm. 106 w 1 1 1 .. 1 2 1 3 1 .. .. 3 5 2 1.... 3 5 1.. 10 20 5 1 .. 31 3 1 .. 23 10 .. 1 39 12 2 57 10 3 49 24 6 1 58 21 8 2 68 36 8 4 76 41 20 5 63 37 14 5 70 43 18 8 62 49 32 10 48 53 34 12 63 72 56 19 43 62 36 17 52 56 38 24 39 60 41 24 28 43 62 29 22 59 49 34 16 44 66 48 4 34 42 42 10 25 53 61 2 24 43 45 2 23 47 64 1 26 39 42 1 11 37 48 2 6 27 37 7 12 45 1 18 31 1 6 11 24 2 9 31 1 2 10 27 3 3 12 1 1 4 22 .... 3 7 .... 2 6 .... 2 3 .... 2 5 7 .... 1 7 2 .... 1 1 2 2 cm. 120 121 122 "i i 1 4 6 7 6 8 10 14 23 21 17 18 32 29 31 30 26 45 25 30 35 23 31 23 19 17 13 19 10 10 11 7 5 5 2 3 4 i 2 i 2 91... 106 92 107 93 108 123 94 109 110 124 126 126 95 96 . .. Ill 97 112 127 98 113 128 99 114 129 130 100 115 101 116 131 102 117 132.... 103 118 133 104 119 134 106 120 135 106 121 136 6 107 122 137 5 108 123 138 6 109 124 139. 5 110 .. 126 140 9 Ill 126 141 . 112 127 142 6 113 128 143 10 114 129 144 115 130 145 21 116 131 146 16 117 132 147 18 118 133 148 27 119 134 149 13 120 136 150 27 121 136 161 12 122 137 162 25 123 138 163 14 124 139 164 24 125 140 165 17 126 141 156 12 127 142 157 12 128 143 129 144 159 13 130 146 160 10 131 146 161 10 132 147 148 162.... 10 133 134 149 150 164. . . . 7 136 166 5 136 137 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 Average. a Cases.... 166 167 4 2 138 139 168 169 2 4 140 170.... 2 141 142 143 144 146...: 146 147 148 149 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 Average. a Cases.... 2 1 Average.. 106.3 111.0 116.2 121.4 ±5.0 ±4.9 ±6.1 ±6.8 382 698 828 1,007 126.2 131.2 136.6 139.9 ±6.8 ±6.2 ±6.4 ±6.7 984 918 861 797 145.6 ±7.7 627 150.6 ±8.6 407 Cases o 93, 95-1. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 547 Table XXXIV. — Summary of statures of Toronto children — Continued. 2. GIRLS. Age (years) .. 5. 6. 7. 8. Age (years).. 9. 10. 11. Age (years).. 12. 13. 14. cm. 85 i '.'. "i '.'. 1 2 1 6 2 2 17 6 12 2 28 2 24 10 29 17 30 13 39 31 28 28 33 32 26 45 18 51 20 43 19 60 16 43 12 56 11 44 4 33 4 43 5 24 27 1 14 9 5 1 3 3 2 4 1 3 2 3 1 8 14 3 10 2 9 2 22 5 22 10 43 11 46 12 42 19 48 24 49 28 62 40 71 55 60 43 51 57 44 56 52 86 47 66 32 69 22 54 20 54 10 52 13 40 8 35 3 29 2 11 3 17 1 3 13 1 3 6 1 2 1 cm. 105 "I .. "i i ;; 1 1 1 1 2 6 6 1 16 1 2 16 2 1 19 5 25 8 43 3 1 49 12 3 48 13 5 59-26 3 61 18 10 73 28 7 75 67 12 64 34 20 76 44 19 62 46 32 39 60 33 55 66 49 43 62 40 30 49 42 14 59 43 11 43 55 17 50 53 13 30 56 9 40 67 4 28 48 2 18 58 1 19 53 .. 6 42 1 7 22 8 27 (6) 4 20 4 23 4 16 4 14 ..2 7 13 1 14 1 3 ..2 2 1 1 cm. 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 5 3 ;; 4 2 5 1 10 1 9 2 14 1 8 1 27 5 16 2 31 7 28 6 34 9 40 9 49 20 39 12 53 20 49 -22 47 20 50 30 46 31 42 50 28 43 40 37 31 37 23 32 27 41 11 39 11 34 9 20 17 29 9 19 14 15 3 18 4 18 1 15 2 12 3 4 1 8 5 1 7 1 86 87 106 107 108 109 88 89 1 90 110 91 HI 92 112 122 93 . 113 123 124 94 114 95 115 125 96 116 126 97 117 127 1 98 118 128 99 119 129 100 120 130 101 121 131 102 122 132 1 103 ... 123 133 104 124 134 1 105 125 135 1 106 126 136 1 107 127 137 4 108 128 138 1 109 129 139 7 110 130 140 2 111 131 141 3 112 132 142 9 113 133 143 144 4 114 134 13 115 135 145 12 136 146 9 117 137 147 7 138 148 20 119 139 149 15 120 140 150 37 121 141 151 30 122 142 152 25 143 153 28 124 144 154 32 125 145 155 39 146 156 35 127 147 157 18 148 158 30 129 149 150 159 13 160 27 131 151 161 10 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 Average. ff Cases.... 162 8 163 164 4 3 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 Average. ff Cases 3 3 3 2 2 Average.. 105.0 110.3 115.9 120.5 ±4.8 ±5.0 ±5.3 ±5.5 391 654 821 909 125.1 130.7 135.9 ±5.6 ±6.2 ±6.5 945 868 918 141.6 148.1 ±7.1 ±7.0 847 684 152.8 ±6.5 Cases 95-1. 6 167-1. 548 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family. BOYS 6 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. cm. 97 1 98 99 100 101 102 1 2' 1 i' 1 103 1 104 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 3 2 2 1 105 1 2 106 2 107 2 i' 2 2 2 3 1 5 1 1 2 2 1 108 2 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 109 1 1 2 1 110 HI 1 2 1 112 1 1 2 1 1 1 i' 2 1 113 1 114 115 1 1 116 117 118 1 1 119 2 5 1 1 1 120 .' 1 121 1 122 1 1 1 123 2 1 124 125 126 1 127 128 129 1 130 131 132 133 1 ' 112.5 11 115.7 28 114.9 28 113.4 33 115.0 19 111.5 12 107.4 8 112.0 2 116 Cases Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 549 Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . BOYS 7 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. cm, 103 1 1 1 104 105 106 1 107 1 108 2 109 1 2 2 1 1 6 1 5 3 3 3 2 3 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 i' 1 110 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 5' 2 5 3 1 2 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 1 i" 111 1 112 1 1 3 1 2 3 2 4 9 1 4 2 2 4 113 1 i' 1 114 115 1 1 2 i' 2 2 i' 1 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 116 3 2 1 118 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 i' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 130 119.9 16 118.7 40 117.7 45 116.7 32 117.1 25 116.2 20 115.2 9 118.5 2 114.3 4 118.0 3 - 58392°— VOL 38—11- 550 The Immigration L-ommission. Table XXX.Y .—Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to siee oj family — Continued . BOYS 8 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. S. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. cm. 108 1 1 111 1 1 113 1 1 114 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 7 2 2 '3 3 2 '"'i' ""1 115 2 1 1 2 3 " "3' 1 2 4 5 7 2 2 4 1 116 1 ""2 1 1 2 117 118 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 119 1 ""2 3 120 1 3 5 2 4 3 4 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 121 122 1 5 """2' 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 123 124 126 1 1 1 1 1 127 ■" 128 1 1 129 1 1 2 1 131 1 132 2 1 2 133 1 1 135 136 2 1 138 139 1 140 141 . ' i 1 Average 125.0 19 125.2 43 124.7 41 125.4 39 124.5 22 122.6 16 120.2 10 126.7 6 123.0 2 126.0 1 126.0 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 551 Table XXX.Y. ^Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . BOYS 9 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. cm. HI 1 112 113 114 115 116 1 117 1 1 1 i' 1 1 2' 118 2 1 119 3 1 1 2 1 4 2 4 1 1 1 120 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 6 4 3 3 2 1 2 1 121 1 1 122 123 2 3 3 3 7 1 5 1 2 4 2 4 1 3 2 4 4 i' 3 1 1 3 4 4 2 1 2 3 124 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 125 126 i' 2 1 3 127 128 129 4 2 1 1 131 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 I 132 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 133 134 135 136 2 2" 1 i" 2 1 1 1 1 137 2 1 2 1 138 140 141 1 142 1 143 1 128.8 22 128.7 46 129.0 38 128.3 37 127.0 32 129.1 16 128.3 13 124.4 10 127.3 Cases 3 552 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size oj family— Continued. BOYa 10 YEARS OLD. Mumber of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 118 .... 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 119 120 1 1 2 1 1 121 1 122 123 ... 1 1 _ 124 1 2 2 1 2 3 2 4 3 3 3 10 3 1 4 2 4 2 1 125 2 3 1 4 2 3 4 1 1 s' 1 1 6 2 2 3 1 2 126 2 6 1 6 5 2 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 i 1 2 1 5 2 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 i' 1 1 2 2 2 1 ~ 127 . .. 1 128 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 129 130 1 1 1 1 1 2 131 132 1 1 1 2 1 133 134 1 135 136 137 1 2 2 1 \ 139 2 140 1 142 143 144 1 145 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 147 148 149 2 150 1 Average . 135.6 14 133.2 48 134.5 65 131.9 40 132.6 40 132.5 20 129.0 9 130.6 8 131.3 3 130.0 2 132 5 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 553 Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . BOYS 11 YEAKS OLD. Numtier of living diildren in lamily. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. cm. 114 1 120 1 1 121 122 123 124 1 1 1 125 126 1 127 1 1 1 1 2 1 128 1 1 2 3 3 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3" 4' 2 4 2 2' 2 1 2 1 1 129 1 1 130 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 131 2 4 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 4 2 2 i' 2 1 3" 3 1 1 2 1 3 4 3 5 1 1 1 1 132 1 133 134 2 2 1 1 135 136 2 2 1 137 138 2 1 2 1 2 139 1 140 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 141 142 1 143 1 1 144 1 145 1 2 2 1 1 14S 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 152 153 l 156 1 Average... Cases 138.9 18 137.3 34 137.1 35 137.6 38 137.0 38 136.7 18 136.3 13 131.6 2 139.8 6 140.0 1 120.0 1 554 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXV.— iStetwre of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . BOYS 12 YEAES OLD. Number of living children in lamlly. - 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. cm. 123 1 124 125 126 1 1 1 127 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 128 1 129 1 3 2 1 1 1 I 130 2 1 1 1 131 132 2 133 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 134 1 1 1 1 i' 135 2 1 1 1 3 5 3 3 1 2 2 2 2 6 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 1 4 2 4 2 1 2 3 1 1 136 1 1 1 137 138 2 3 1 6 3 4 1 4 1 1 3 2 4 1 1 3 2 3 1 i' 2 1 1 1 139 1 1 1 2 140 1 141 142 2 2 1 1 1 143 1 144 2 1 1 1 1 146 146 147 . . 1 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 148 1 1 149 150 3 1 i' 1 151 2 1 1 1 1 2 162 ... . 2 1 3 1 1 1 153 164 1 1 155 1 1 166 1 157 1 158 169 1 1 1 1 160 161 162 1 Average... Cases 146.0 19 142.9 60 142.1 45 140.6 44 140.7 37 144.3 21 139.1 15 139.2 6 137.0 4 143.0 1 156.0 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 555 Table /', — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . BOYS IS YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. cm. 107 1 / 124 1 125 ... 126 127 128 1 129 1 130 131 1 1 1 132 133 1 1 1 13S 1 1 137 1 3 1 3 ...... 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 2 138 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 2 140 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 144 1 145 1 3 2 2 1 1 146 ""i" 1 3 3 1 ...... 1 2 1 1 1 """"i' 1 1 3 ...... 2 1 1 1 ...... 2 3 2 3 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 165 166 ""2 Average 161.3 23 147.0 28 148.2 37 148.4 39 143.8 21 146.6 22 146.6 14 141.0 4 150.5 2 143.0 2 141.0 1 556 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued. BOYS 14 YEARS OLD. Nvunber of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8, 9. 10. 11. cm. , 132..... 1 133 134 135 1 136 137 1 138 '.. 2 1 1 139 140 1 1 141 1 1 142 1 3 143 144 2 1 1 145 2 1 2 1 1 1 146 1 2 3 3 1 3 1 i' 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 i' 2 1 3 i 3' 2 147 1 1 1 148 . 1 2 1 2 149 ISO 4 1 3" 1 2 1 i' 1 1 1 2 2" 1 3 1 1 152 1 ....... 1 • 153 2 1 2 154 . 1 155 . . . 1 156 ■ 1 157 . 3' 1 2 i' 1 1 1 1 2 2 169 1 1 1 1 160 162 2 1 , 164 2 1 165 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 166 167 ... 1 1 168 1 169 1 1 170 171 1 1 172 173 174 1 2 175 176 177 178 179 1 156.2 21 154.2 33 157.1 34 154.1 28 150.9 27 156.9 16 155.4 8 155.5 6 152.0 1 155.0 1 Cases. . . Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 557 Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . BOYS 15 YEARS OLD. Number of living cMldren in lamily. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 128 1 140 1 1 141 142 1 143 144 1 1 145 146 1 147 1 1 1 148 1 1 1 149 1 1 1 150 1 2 ISl . . 152 2 1 153 1 3 1 1 154 1 1 155 1 3 1 1 1 156 1 1 1 1 1 158 1 2 1 1 159 1 1 3 2 1 1 161 3 1 1 i 163 . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 6 2 1 1 166 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 168 1 1 i' 1 1 1 1 171 1 172 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 1 175 1 1 1 17Q 1 1 181 1 183 1 Average 154.5 4 163.3 28 158.8 25 163.7 28 161.0 16 166.6 11 162.2 10 163.0 1 148.0 Cases 1 558 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oahland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . BOYS 16 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 121 1 122 123 124 145 ... 146 147 1 148 1 149 t 150. 2 151 152 1 1 153 .. 1 154 155 1 2 156 167 i 2 158 1 2 1 1 1 1 159 1 160 1 i' 1 1 1 161 1 162 163 1 1 4 1 4 1 3 2 2 1 i' 1 1 164 165 '. 1 1 1 166 1 1 i' 3 167 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 168 2 3 4 4 4 3 1 1 2 169 1 1 1 170 1 171 172 1 i' 1 173 1 174 1 175 1 2 1 i' 1 2 176 177 1 178 1 1 1 179 180 1 1 181 1 1 182 183 1 1 184 1S9...... 1 Average . 168.4 5 167.9 3D 167.7 23 165.9 19 163.0 21 166.5 11 161.0 3 173.3 3 164.7 3 162.5 2 169.0 1 Cases. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 559 Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size oj family — Continued . GIELS 6 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 101 1 102 103 1 1 104 1 105 3 2 1 1 2 3 106 1 3 1 107 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 5 3 1 a 1 2 1 1 1 2 108 109 110 1 1 1 1 Ill 2 2 2 112 3 2 3 i' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 113 1 5 2 1 114 1 1 115 3 116 117 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 i' 1 1 118 119 120 1 122 1 124 1 125 126 1 142 1 114.2 9 113.9 23 111.4 25 111.4 27 110.2 13 113.6 5 112.0 9 111.8 5 124.0 1 560 The Immigration Commission. Table XXKV .—Stature of children, Oakland, Gal., arranged aceording to size of family— Continued . GIELS 7 YEAES OLD. Number of living chjldreu in fam 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. ■cm. 103 1 105 1 1 1 1 108 1 2 5 3 1 2 2 ...... 1 2 2 2 1 1 109 1 2 1 1 3 4 ....„ 2 4 2 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 6 5 3 I 2 2 1 4 2 2 1 1 2 1 111 1 ■■"2" 1 2 7 4 3 2 2 2 2 112 2 1 1 1 113 3 3 3 2 ...... 1 2 1 115 i ""2 1 2 1 1 117 1 2 3 3 119 120 ... i 1 1 1 1 1 1 125 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 127 1 ""'i' i 1 129 130 1 1 1 132 134 135 137 1 Average 118.6 18 118.4 31 118.0 34 117.5 46 115.4 29 115.3 21 119.8 9 113.8 110.0 2 109.0 1 122.0 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 561 Table "SXSV. -^Stature of children, Oahland, Cal., arranged according to me of family — Continued . GIRLS 8 YEAES OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 85 1 86 87 88 89 100 101 102 104 105 V 1 106 107 1 109 1 110 2 Ill -- - 1 1 1 1 2 1 112 1 1 1 4 i' 1 2 4 i" 6 6 4 3' 3 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 4 1 3 6 1 1 4 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 117 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 1 1 1 i" 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 3 3 4 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 1 122 1 127 1 1 19S 1 1 1 1 '* 2 1 2 1 1 1 tVi 142. .t 1 123. S 15 121.8 41 122.7 47 122.5 42 119.5 24 122.4 22 121.7 16 120.4 6 123.7 131.0 2 119.0 2 662 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to aize of family — Continued . GIELS 9 YEARS OLD. Number ol living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. Ill 1 112 1 113 1 114. . . 1 1 116 1 116 1 117 1 1 2 2 1 4 1 1 7 2 9 6 2 3 1 1 1 3 2 118 119 1 2 2 3 4 1 4 1 3 2 2 4 7 2 1 2 3 1 5 2 4 3 4 8 3 3 2 3 i' 1 1 3 1 2 4' 2 2 1 120 121. .. 1 2 1 1 1 122 1 1 123 1 124 1 1 125 2 126 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 127 1 3 3 2 3 3 4 2 1 1 1 128 129 1 130 3 i" 1 131 1 1 1 1 132 133 1 134 1 2 1 1 1 135 3 136 137 1 2' 4 1 1 1 138 139 140 1 1 141 142 143 1 1 1 Average . . 128.1 20 128.3 46 127.6 49 126.4 52 127.2 39 127.5 10 131.1 12 123.9 7 125.7 3 130.3 3 123 Cases 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 563 Table XKKY.—Statwre of children, Oakland, Cat., arranged according to size oj family — Continued. GIRLS 10 YEAKS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 119 1 120 1 121 1 1 1 1 122 1 1 1 123 1 1 1 2" 3 1 1 1 124 1 125 2 2 3 1 2 2 i' 3' 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 i" 2 3 1 5 5 2 3 2 1 1 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 126 127 1 i 1 1 2 3 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 128 1 1 1 129 1 1 130 2 2 1 131 1 132 1 2 133 1 134 135 136 1 1 3 2 137 1 1 1 \ 138 1 139 , 140 2 1 1 1 1 1 141 2 2 1 1 142 1 143 1 144 1 145 1 146 2 1 1 1 147 148 149 1 150 1 151 152 1 134.8 10 134.8 38 132.7 33 133.4 39 131.8 21 134.2 25 132.0 10 129.0 6 130.0 3 136.0 2 564 The Immigration Commission. Table XXKV .Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . GIRLS 11 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 99 1 120 122 123 1 1 1 • 124 125 1 I 3 1 2 2 1 1 4 3 1 2 1 5 3 2 1 1 i' 1 1 1 126 1 1 127 2 1 128 1 3 3 1 4 2 4 1 6' 2 ? 3 3 2 i i" 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 4 3 2 2 3 1 2' 1 1 129 1 1 1 130 2 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 131 132 3 1 1 1 i' 1 1 3 1 3 5 2 2 i' 1 1 133 134 135 1 136 138 1 4 2 1 4 1 139 . 1 1 1 141 1 2 2 1 143 1 1 2 1 1 145 1 1 146 1 2 1 148 1 1 149 2 2 1 151 1 153 1 1 165 1 156 1 167 1 158 169 161 A 1 Average... 139.8 18 142.0 29 138.3 44 138.7 41 135.5 39 135.1 27 139.8 18 135.3 4 132.0 3 134.7 3 139.0 1 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 565 Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . GIBLS 12 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 114 1 125 1 126 127 1 1 1 128 129 1 130 131 1 1 1 1 1 132 1 1 1 3 1 3 4 4 4 3 1 2 4 2 1 4 2 4 2 4 1 2" 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 5 3 1 4 3 i' 1 3 1 133 134 1 1 i' 4 1 1 2 2 1 4 2 i' 2 1 3 1 1 135 1 1 2 1 2 4 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 136 2 3 1 2 137 1 1 1 138 139 1 1 140 2 i' 3 4 2 1 2 2 1 3 142 2 2 1 1 143 1 144 1 1 1 146 1 1 1 i' i' 1 147 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 149 1.50 152 153 2 2 154 4 2 2 2 3 1 155 1 2 3 1 1 157 1 159 2 160 1 1 i' 1 1 1 162 163 1 164 .... 1 165 ■ 1 Average 147.9 19 146.2 39 144.8 65 145.9 65 144.5 41 144.3 34 139.3 16 144.4 10 146.0 1 145.0 2 58392°— VOL 38—11- -37 566 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . GIRLS 13 YEARS OLD. Number of living clilldren in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. • 8. 9. cm. 130 1 131 1 132 1 133 1 1 134 1 135... 136 137 138 1 1 1 139 1 140 1 4 1 3 141 1 1 1 142 1 2 143 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 3 5 1 6 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 144 2 2 1 2 145 1 1 2 2 1 Z 4 1 2 2 2 3 1 3 4 1 1 146 3 147 1 148 3 1 4 3 3 6 3 2 3 1 6 4 2 149 160 . . 151 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 152 1 2 2 1 154.. 155 . ... i' 1 156. 1 157 3 1 1 1 1 1 159 1 160 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 161 1 162 1 2 3 2 i' 163 1 1 164 165 .. 1 166 167.. 168 169 170 1 171 .. 172 1 173 .. . 1 174 1 151.3 18 152.4 48 160.3 41 152.7 49 150.8 28 149.3 15 151.2 17 160.4 6 150.4 5 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 567 Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued. GIRLS 14 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. cm. 101 1 102 103 104 105 106 1 107 108 109 130 1 131 132 133 134 135 1 136 . .. 1 137 138 1 1' 140 1 3 141 1 1 1 143 1 1 1 1 1 145 146 1 2 1 3 3 5 2 3' 3 7 2 2 1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1 i' 2 1 1 1 4 3 2 4 3 2 3 4 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 148 i" 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 4 2 1 3 4 4 1 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 153 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 3 i' 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 i' 2 1 1 163 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 157.8 24 157.4 39 156.9 45 154.0 55 155 5 27 160.1 17 154.2 16 150.8 5 156.2 4 155.5 2 129.0 568 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — CoBtinued . GlELS 15 YEARS OLD. Number ol living cliildren in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. cm. 144 . 1 1 1 145 i' 1 1 1 146. . 1 147 1 1 148... 1 1 149 1 1 1 2 1 1 i' 3 2 1 2 1 160 2 1 i' 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 2 3 4' 2 3 1 1 4 3 i 3 i' 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 1 4 1 2 151 i 152. 1 1 153 2 154 155 1 1 1 156 1 157 1 2 i i 158 1 169 160 3 1 2 4 1 161... 1 1 1 163 1 1 1 1 164. 1 1 166 1 1 2 1 1 168 i' 1 1 1 1 171 1 2 1 173 174 175 - 176... 177 1 155.0 12 158.9 28 167.6 37 155.6 30 166.9 27 166.8 20 158.0 10 169.5 4 158.6 2 168.0 Cases 1 » 106, 1; 110, 1; 135, 1. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 569 Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . GIELS 16 YEARS OLD. Number of living cliildreii in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. cm. 130 1 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 . .. 141 142 143 144 1 146 1 J 147 1 148 149 1 1 1 1 i 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 4 2 3 151 1 2 154 1 4 i 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 155 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 156 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 157 i 1 1 1 158 2 2 1 161 3 3 1 1 1 162 '2 2 1 AM 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 i7n 1 1 1 172 1 161.4 10 158.5 22 160.5 33 160.0 21 156.5 15 161.0 14 161.8 4 160.3 4 161.0 1 158.5 Cases 2 570 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cat., arranged according to size of family — Continued . GIRLS 17 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. cm. 135 1 136 .. ..: . . . 137 138 1 139 140 141 142 •. 143 144 145 146 147 148 1 1 149 1 150 1 1 1 151 2 152 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 153 1 164 1 155 2 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 157 4 1 1 2 1 158 1 159 2 1 1 i' 2 1 160 2 4 1 1 1 1 161 162 3 1 5 1 1 2 1 2 1 163 " 164 165 1 1 1 1 166 1 167 1 168 1 1 i' 1 1 1 169 1 1 170 171 1 2 172 1 1 173 160.6 8 158.5 17 158.1 19 161.1 20 161.2 13 159.8 15 161.0 2 160.0 1 160.0 2 Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 571 Table XXXV. — Stature of children, Oakland, Cal., arranged according to size of family — Continued . GIRLS 18 YEARS OLD. Number of living children in family 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. cm. 149 1 150 151 1 152 1 1 153 1 154 1 1 1 155 3 2 1 1 156 2 3 1 1 1 2' 2 1 1 2 157 1 1 1 i' 2 i 158 1 1 2 1 1 159 1 160 1 161 1 1 3 1 3' 162 163 164 1 1 1 4 1 2 165 2 166 1 167 168 1 1 1 1 1 1 172 1 1 Average 162.7 6 159.3 15 159.4 12 160.8 13 160.4 14 161.7 10 157.0 2 164.0 2 157.0 Cases 1 572 The Immigration Commission. Table XXXVI. — Summary of statures of Oakland children. 1. BOYS. Age (years). cm. 97.. 99... 100... 101... 102... 103... 104... 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. 113. 114. 115.... 116.... 117.... 118.... 119..-. 120. . . . 121.... 122.... 123.... 124. . . . 126. . . . 126.... 127.-.. 128.... 129.... 130.... 131.... 132.-.. 133.... 134.... 135.... 136.... 137.... 138... . 139.... 140.... 141.... 142.... 143.... 144.... 146.... 146... . 147.... 148.... 149.... Average. . a Cases 7. 8. 9. 10. 18 5 13 3 3 4 10 16 9 15 19 14 18 7 10 11 3 2 4 9 1 9 3 10 2 19 17 10 11 18 15. 14 7 5 5 7 7 3 11 14 12 16 20 10 16 15 11 14 5 4 8 7 2 1 2 2 2 4 7 7 13 10 10 18 17 13 13 15 21 11 15 12 7 10 113.8 117.5 124.4 128.2 133.0 ±5.8 ±5.1 ±5.6 ±6.7 ±0.1 143 196 199 217 241 Age (years). cm. 120.... 121.... 122. . . . 123. 124.. 125. 126.. 127.. 128. . . 129... 130... 131... 132... 133... 134... 135... 136. . . 137... 138. . . 139... 140... 141... 142... 143... 144..., 145... 146... 147... 148... 149... 150... 151... 152... 163... 154... 166. . . 156. . . 157... 158... 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. Average ff Cases 11. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. a2 10 11 8 15 9 12 11 17 5 2 5 3 7 9 11 4 13 5 3 10 13 4 10 11 16 13 12 12 11 12 12 1 1 '2 1 2 1 2 4 1 16 8 7 7 5 7 7 10 13 4 6 5 6 3 7 1 4 1 2 , 4 2 2 4 1 2 1 3 6 12 6 7 3 13 7 9 3 2 11 4 11 10 10 3 3 12 13 7 2 ..5723 2 4 12 9 2 2 6 4 6 3 2 11 2 2 3 2 6 5 1 2 4 7 2 2 1 1 1 i 2 1 («) 137. 2 142. 147. 3 154. 8 162. 166. i ±6.4 ±7.6 ±8.3 ±8.5 ±10.1±8.8 204 243 193 176 124 121 114-). i> 107-1. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. 573 Table XXXVI. — Summary of statures of Oakland children — Continued. 2. GIRLS. Age (yestrs). 6. 7. 8. 9. Age (years). 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. cm. 100 1 '.'. '.'. '.'. 2 i ;; ;; I 3 1 o2 .. 3 2 .. .. II 1 .. 5 3 1.. 6 3 1.. 14 10 2 8 7 4 1 7 7 2 1 12 8 5 1 9 19 4 1 8 12 10 2 1 13 5 1 7 18 9 6 7 18 6 1 5 .12 9 9 2 14 13 4 1 8 11 8 12 22 10 1 6 17 14 1 6 18 15 2 18 8 1 4 10 22 2 13 11 3 8 23 .. 1 7 20 1 10 12 .. 2 1 16 4 13 .... 3 9 .... 2 8 8 1 .. 1 .. 4 4 4 2 v. '.'. i '■'. 3 112.2 117.3 122.1 127.5 ±4 7 ±5.3 ±6.3 ±5.8 116 197 219 242 cm. 120. 61 2 4 4 2 8 10 10 5 10 9 9 6 13 14 8 ID 11 12 6 7 6 6 3 133.3 ±6.5 187 (=) W .. (') w 101 121 102 122 103 123 3 104 124 105 125 2 1 106 126 107 127 6 2 108 128 6 1 109 129 110 130 11 11 1 Ill 131. 7 2 1 112 132 15 5 1 113 133 11 5 2 114 134 135 5 4 1 115 11 7 . 1 1 .. 1 .. 116 136. . 9 8 1 117 137 5 10 118 138 7 14 2 1 119 139 22 11 2 1 120 140 16 12 1 2 121 141 13 13 6 3 122 142 13 16 5 2 123 143 9 8 8 1, 124 144 7 11 6 3 1 125 145 10 15 10 2 2 1 126..... 146 6 12 9 1 4 1 .. .. 127 147 4 8 7 5 2 1.... 128 148 5 16 15 5 2 -. 1 .. 129 149 3 12 8 5 1 1 2 1 130 150 5 18 10 10 6 2 3 -. 131 151 3 13 17 10 5 2 2 1 132 152 8 la 11 10 3 4 2 133 134 135 136 137 153 154 155 156 157 158 169 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 Average. a Cases 1 9 15 8 12 1 3 1 1 10 15 W 7 4 2 2 1 3 8 11 10 9 7 4 1 7 14 16 10 5 2 5 1 6 14 18 7 12 7 8 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 Average. IT Cases 2 8 16 12 8 3 4 2 5 8 8 11 6 4 3 4 12 13 8 6 5 3 3 15 7 10 5 7 1 .. 6 10 8 12 13 9 1 6 7 10 1 4 2 1 1 9 13 4 2 5 ... 1 1 12 2 9 7 6 6 3 6 2 2 ....2212.. 13 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 ....12161.- 13 13 1 .. 1 .. M 1 1 2 1 n .. .. 1 .. 1 138.1 145.0 151.4 155.9 157.2 159.7 159.7 160.4 ±7.5 ±7.6 ±7.2 ±8.5 ±8.3 ±6.1 ±6.8 ±4 9 227 282 226 536 171 126 98 75 a85-l. 6119-1. «99-l- ''114-1- '101,106-1. /176,177-1. »106,110-1. "177-1. o