(![arneU Httmeraitg Sltbratg 3tl|ata, New $ork Wliitt ^iatnrttal Sibcatg THE GIFT OF PRESIDENT WHITE MAINTAINED BY THE UNIVERSITY IN ACCORD- ANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF THE GIFT CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 826 208 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924101826208 A REPOET OF THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE ROMAN INQUISITION FULGENTIO MANFRED!. LONDON : GIJ.BKBT & KiyiNGTON, PRINTEES, ST, JOITN'S SQDjaiE. WERE ^'HERETICS" EVER BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? yf^ A REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE ROMAN INQUISITION FULGENTIO MANFREDI; TAKEN FROM THE ORIQINAL MANUSCRIPT BROUGHT FROM ITALY BY A FRENCH OFFICER, AND EDITED, WITH A PARALLEL ENGLISH VERSION, AND ILLUSTRATIVE ADDITIONS, BY THE REV. RICHARD GIBBINGS, M.A., RECTOR OF RAYMUNTEKDONEY, IN THE DIOCESE OF RAPHOE. ,\^ i\imiiii III '•\'l .'#"" y '""% ■ ^1 h \ • ^ ! /' \ \ 1 f i ii^ l<, / s: > LONDON: ^> /f/, w'^:-^- ' ?^c JOHN PETHERAM, 94, HIGH HOI^BORN. Mfm,. c«*^ Tlie ^■ President White Library _ ♦" REPORT Ol' THE PROCEEDINGS, WERE "heretics" EVER BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? Jn the Dublin Review for June, 1850', in an article attributed to Cardinal Wiseman, it was boldly declared to be a " fact," that " the Roman Inquisition, — ^that is to say, the tribunal which was immediately subject to the control and direction of the Popes themselves in their own city, — has never been known to order the execution of capital punishment." Is this a fact, or is the assertion false ? An opportunity shall now be afforded of deter- mining this question by means of one example of what was nothing extraordinary until the object aimed at — the extinction of light — had been suffi- ' p. 457. 2 WERE HERETICS EVER ciently accomplished. But, at the outset, it is to be observed, (and the remark may enable us to ac- count for the degree of fearlessness exhibited in the foregoing statement,) that the policy of the papal Court, especially as compared with that of Spain, has always been to guard against needless publicity with respect to the punishment of criminals ; and the efforts to prevent intimations of the truth from transpiring have been attended with so much suc- cess, that books are nearly altogether silent ; and, during three centuries of incessant warfare between the Churches of England and Rome, a single docu- ment, similar to those which shall be presently pro- duced, has never hitherto emerged from secrecy. The historian of the suppressed Reformation in Italy ^ " entertained no hope of finding access" to such records ; and heartily lamented the difficulty of obtaining the slightest authentic information, " as the archives of the Inquisition are locked up." The peculiar case of Manfredi is available for two distinct purposes. It furnishes a conclusive answer to the delusions of the Dublin Review relative to the infliction of the punishment of death in obedience to the sentence of the Inqui- sition; and it also presents to our notice an in- stance of violated faith, more directly chargeable upon the Church of Rome, and less Uable to be pal- ' Dr. Mc Crie. See his Preface, and p. 271. BURNED ALIVE AT ROME ? 3 liated by her defenders, than the iniquitous deal- ings of the Council of Constance with Hus and Jerom of Prague two hundred years before. The first and principal division of this subject we shall arrive at an acquaintance with in due time : the consideration of the latter point may be fitly intro- duced by the citation of the following passage from the Bishop of Exeter's invaluable Letters to Charles Butler, Esq. ' : — " Father Fulgentio, the friend of the illustrious Paul Sarpi, was prevailed with to come to Rome under a safe-conduct granted by the Pope. When there, he was treated as a heretic, and, on appeal- ing to his safe-conduct, was answered, that ' the conduct was safe for his coming thither, but not for his going thence.' After this, who will deny the strict fideUty of the Church of Rome to all its engagements with heretics ?" Bearing in mind that the individual here men- tioned was not the Servite, the biographer of Sarpi, but Fulgentio Manfredi, a Franciscan Monk and Priest, who, when resident at Venice, had " spared not to rebuke the vices of the Roman Court*," we have to reflect upon the circumstances which demonstrate the treachery of his enemies. Early in the year 1607, the diflferences between the papal and Venetian governments were termi- p. 298. London, 1826. T.PtfKrs of Father Paul, pp. 38, 39. London, 1693. 4 WERE " HERETICS EVER nated through the mediation of the King of France. On the 19th of May, Contarini, the Ambassador from Venice, had an audience of his Holiness Pope Paul v., who pledged himself " that he would never after remember any thing that had passed ; taking up that word of Scripture, Recedant vetera, nova sint omnia \" — "Let old things pass away, and all things become new." The Pontiff, in answer to a special question, added, as a proof of perfect reconciliation, " that he had given his bene- diction to all*." How far this assurance and the blessing were intended to be effectual, Father Paul Sarpi speedily discovered ; for in less than five months afterward he was assaulted and grievously wounded by several assassins, who almost entirely deprived him of his life, stilo Romance Curice, as he himself humor- ously said; (that is, "in the style," or "with the dagger, of the Court of Rome.") These mur- derers in design fled for refuge to the only house in Venice which would afford them shelter until they could escape at night, — the palace of the papal Nuncio Gessi. On the 8th of August in the following year, Fulgentio privately left Venice, and commenced his unfortunate journey to Rome. There " he will • History of the Quarrels of Pope Paul V. with the State of Venice, pp. 431, 432. London, 1626. ° Sarpi's Life^ by Fulgentio, p. liv. London, 1676 ; or by Lockm^n, p. Ix. Westminster, 1736. BURNED ALIVE AT ROME ? 5 quickly be," (writes Father Paul in the same month/) having been " at last wheedled ;" " and they will soon lay hands on the strayed sheep, and make a beast of him quickly." "He went hence" (says Sarpi^) " with the Nuncio's safe-conduct ; he went through the Patrimony of the Church, and was met and congratulated by the way." .... " He has had kind and long audiences from his Holi- ness ; and particularly about a fortnight since he was two full hours with the Pope." ... " Friar Fulgentio writes word to his friends here that he shall quickly come back to Venice." But Father Paul judged more wisely ; and ac- cordingly, in a letter^ bearing date Augusts, 1610, we read as follows : " I dare say you have a great mind to -know the truth of the miserable end of Friar Fulgentio be- cause you knew him, and that you are the more willing to know it because it has been told divers ways. " I myself do not as yet know the whole of it certainly ; and I am very cautious in believing where I have not good grounds for it. Wherefore, the narrative that I shall give you shall be nothing but truth, though it be not the whole truth. " Father Fulgentio went away, as you yourself know, in the beginning of August, 1608, with a ' LeMers, p. 39. ' Ibid. p. 50. » D. 180. 6 WERE " HERETICS " EVER most ample patent of safe-conduct, and a particular clause in it that nothing should be done against his honour. Being got to Rome, they tampered with him to abjure, and do public penance ; but he still denied it most resolutely, referring himself to his safe-conduct. At last, persisting in the negative of doing public penance, he was wrought upon to make a very secret Abjuration, before a Notary and two witnesses'", by the new de- claration of the Cardinals that it should be under- stood as done without any dishonour, and without any prejudice to him." .... This very interesting extract shall be continued as soon as we shall have seen what were the first formal proceedings in the Inquisition against Ful- gentio. An English translation of the documents shall be supplied, and facsimiles given of the signa- tures. " This was no mark of favour shown to Fulgentio ; for the general rule is, that " Haeretici sponte comparentes abjurant tantummodo coram Inquis. ordinario, Notario, et duobus testi- bus, in secreto Auditorio S. Officii." (Csesaris Carenae Trac- tatus de Offic. sanctiss. Inquisit., p. 382. Cremonse, 1655.) BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? " Noi, Frate Stefano Vicario da Garessio, dell' Ordine de Predicatori, Maestro di sacra Theol*., et Comessario Gene- rale della santa et universale Inquisitione Romana. " Essendosi in questo S'°. Officio havuti da diverse vie inditii giuridici che tu Fra Ful- gentio, figliuolo del q. Lodo- vico Manfredi da Venetia, Sacerdote ProfessodeH'Ord"*. de Min". Osservanti, dell' eta tua d' anni 45 in circa, stando gl'anni prossimi passati nella citta di Venetia, havessi nelle tue predicationi et ragiona- menti, che publicamente facevi al popolo, asserito propositioni hereticali, erronee, scandalose, et degne d' altra censura, con- tro I'autorita del somo Ponte- fice, e santa Sede Apostolica, respettivamente, et in partico- lare : — " Che rinterdetto, posto dal somo Pontefice nella citta di Venetia, et altre citta et luoghi deir istesso dominio, non si dovesse temere, stimare, ne " We, Friar Stefano Vicario', a native of Garessio, of the Dominican Order, Master of sacred Theology, and Com- missary General of the holy and universal Inquisitioh of Rome. " Juridical evidence having been obtained by various means in this Holy Office that you, Friar Fulgentio, son of the deceased Lodovico Manfredi, a native of Venice, a Priest and professed Monk of the Or- der of Observant Franciscans, of about forty-five years of age, while dwelling of late years in the city of Venice, have, in your Sermons and Discourses* which you publicly addressed to the people, asserted propo- sitions heretical, erroneous, scandalous, and deserving of other censure, against the au- thority of the supreme Pontiff", and of the holy Apostolic see, respectively, and in particu- lar:— " That no one should fear, regard, or observe the Interdict laid by the supreme Pontiff" upon the city of Venice, and upon the other cities and places ■ In Latin Stephanas de Vicariis. See the notice of him in Quetif and Echard, ScripU. Ord. Freed, ii. 424. Lut. Paris. 1721. 2 A summary of the doctrines advocated by the Venetian preachers and writers, at the commencement of the seventeenth century, may be seen in Bramhall's Jmt VindkaUon of the Chnisrch of England, Part i. Chap. vii. Works, i. 242-3. Oxford, 1842. 8 WERE "heretics" EVER osservare ; con dire che non era stato legitimamente publi- cato, ne la Chiesa matrice I'osservava; et anco per che dal Prencipe di Venetia era stato dichiarato nullo; et per esser stato posto per cose tetn- porali, et non per occasione di Fede ; aggiungendo che quello che si trova in gratia di Dio non dove temere ne Scomunica ne Interdetto. " Ch'il confessarsi, et comu- nicarsi spesso, 1' andar' alia Dottrina Christiana, et oratorii, fussero cose da putti et da femine, et frutti de falsi Pro- feti ; se ben poi dichiarando te stesso, dicesti d' haver' inteso che fussero cose facili. of that republic ; saying, that it was not lawfully proclaimed, and that the mother Church did not observe it; and also because that it was declared to be of no effect by the Prince of Venice ; and since it had been imposed for the sake of tem- poral matters, and not on ac- count of the Faitlj; adding, that he who is in the favour of God ought not to fear either Excommunication or Interdict. "That to confess', andtocom- municate frequently*, to attend at the exercises of the Christian Doctrine', and at places allotted for prayer, were things suitable for children and women, and fruits of false Prophets ; al- though afterwards, when ex- plaining yourself, you have said that you had meant that those were things easily performed. ' Compare with this clause the following passage from Le Conrayer's Difente de la nouvetU tradmition de I'Histowe da ConoUe de Trente : " Ce r^clt de Burnet" ILife of Bishop Bedell, p. 12.] "est confirm^ par une accusation portde centre Fra- Paolo devant le Nonce par quelques-uns de ses proprea Confreres, qui le charg^rem de ne jamais se confessor ni lui ni ses disciples." (p. 52. A Amsterd. 1742.) * It is not unlikely that this charge against Fulgentio may have heen founded on his opposition to some of the tenets maintained by the Jesuits, who were at utter vai-iance with the divines of Venice. The extent to which this sacramental controversy was afterward carried between the Jeauita and the Jansenists may be learned from the Avertissement pre- fixed to the eleventh edition of Antoine Amauld's treatise De la friqwnte Commiimon. A Lyon, 1739. The Jesuitical view is defended against Amauld in the work of the learned Denys Petau, De la Pinitenoe pub- lique, et de lapripairation h la Communion, 2° edit. 4to, i, Paris, 1644. ' Bellarmin's well-known Catechism, written by the command of Pope BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 9 " Ch' havessi detto di non conoscere altro superiore che Dio et il Prencipe di Venetia. " Ch' havessi essaltato et laudato il Regno d' Inghilterra ; dicendo ch'era Regno santo, et simili parole. " Che li Pontefici antichi havessero chiamato licenza dagl' Imperatori d' instituire le Feste, edificar Chiese et Monasterii ; et questi moderni vogliono poterlo fare senza chiamar licenza a Prencipi ; il che pare indegnita. "Ch' havessi detto ch'il Papa non havesse autorita alcuna nel temporale. " Che Christo o la santissima sua Madre non fussero della stirpe di David. " Fosti per questo, d'ordine degl' 111™, et R™. SS"*. Cardi- nal, Generali Inquisitori in tutta la Republica Christiana, giuridicamente amonito et ci- tato a dovere personalmente comparire in Roma, avanti le sud'. III™. SS". Cardinal!, 6 vero avanti il P. suoComessario Giiale, residente nel Palazzo " That you have affirmed that you did not recognise any other superior than God and the Prince ofVenice. " That you have extolled and commended the Icingdom of England ; saying that it was a holy kingdom, and using simi- lar expressions. "That the ancient Pontiffs applied to the Emperors for permission to institute holy- days, to build churches and monasteries ; and those of mo- dern times wish to have power to do so without asking for the sanction of Princes ; a thing which seems to imply con- tempt. " That you have said that the Pope has no authority in temporal matters. " That neither Christ nor His most holy Mother was of the family of David. " Wherefore, by order of the most illustrious and most reve- rend Lords th e Cardinals, Inqui- sitors General in the whole Christian commonwealth, hav- ing been juridically warned and summoned to appear per* sonally in Rome, before the above-mentioned most illustri- ous Lords the Cardinals, or Clement VIII., was called " The Christian Doctrine." It was translated into French from the Italian by Crampon, and published at Rouen in 1601. 10 WERE ' HERETICS EVER della santa Inquisitione Ro- tnana, in termine di giorni 24, ad respondendum de fide, et ad espurgarti delle sudette, et altre cose deposte contro di te, et questo sotto pena di Scom°''. maggiore di lata sentenza, et altre pene espresse nelle litere citatorie et monitoriali, et suc- cessivamente citato canonica- mente, passati i debiti termini, et non havendo tu obedito, fosti denuntiato, scomunicato, et in- corso in tutte le pene espresse in dette Ire monitoriali. "Con tutto cid essendo da te stesso alcuni mesi sono venuto it Roma. Comparesti personalmente in questo S\ Officio, dicendodi voler'respon- dere a tutto quello di che fossi stato interrogato, essendoti before the Father, who is their Commissary General, and who resides in the palace of the holy Inquisition of Rome, within the space of twenty-four days, in order that you might reply to questions concerning your or- thodoxy, and clear yourself from the foregoing as well as other charges advanced against you, under the penalty of the greater Excommunication latee sententicB^, and other punish- ments set forth in the citatory and admonitory letters ; and having been afterward cited canonically, you overpassed the appointed periods ; and inas- much as you did not obey, you were denounced, excommuni- cated, and you incurred all the penalties expressed in the said admonitory letters. " Notwithstanding all this, some months ago you came of your own accord to Rome. You have appeared personally in this Holy Office, de;:laring that you were desirous of replying to every question that might (come dicesti) p«. presentato be proposed to you; having ai piedi di Nfo Sig"., et all' (as you said) previously pre- 111""'. Protettoro della tua Re- sented yourself before the • That is, already determined. As to this species of Excommunication see Zanger's DieiertaMo Thologioo-Juridim, p. 6, sqq. Witeb. 1607. Tlio twenty-one evils (« mala ") produced by it are enumerated in the Summa AngeHoa de casibm Gomcientice, by Angelus de Clavaaio, fol. exvii. Argent 1491. Exclusion from the Itingdom of heaven is the fifthof these punishments! ' Seo the extract from Father Paul, p. 6. BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 11 ligione; etch'eri pronto d^ dare sodisfatione et conto di te stesso a q*". S'". OflScio; dicendo pero di non esser consapevole d' ha- ver data mala sodisfatione, ne meno haver mai havuto tal' in- tentione, da quella giiale in poi, d'esser restate in quella citta a tempo deir Interdetto, et haver persuaso al popolo nelle tue predicationi et sermoni il vio- lare 1' Interd". " £t interrogato sopra i capi de quali venevi inditiato, come sopra, prima confessasti di haver predicato, — "Che r Interdetto non si doveva osservare, si per che non era sta^o legitimam**. pub- licato, si ->er che la Chiesa Patriarchale non I'osservava; et anco per ch' era stato posto per occasione de beni tempo- rali : le quai parole pero di- cesti ch' inavertentemente t' useimo di bocca, per haver sentito cosi fattamente parlare ; ma n^asti d' haver detto che feet of our Lord \ and to the most illustrious Guardian of your Order ; and that you were ready to give satisfac- tion and an account of yourself to this Holy Office; stating, ne- vertheless, that you were not conscious of having given dis- satisfaction ; neither had you, from the commencement of that embarrassment, ever enter- tained the design to have re- mained in the said city during the time of the Interdict, and in your Discourses and Ser- mons to have incited the people to the infringement of it. " And when questioned as to the heads of those matters about which evidence had been given against you as above, you have first acknowledged that you have taught in your Sermons,-^ " That no one should ob- serve the Interdict, as well be- cause it had not been lawfully proclaimed as that the patri- archal Church ° did not regard . it ; and also because that it had been imposed on account of temporalities : which words, however, you have declared that you had inadvertently uttered, in consequence of having heard people speaking in that way ; ' The Pope, whose ordinary title is, " La Santit^ di nostro Signore." » OfVeni.e. 12 WERE "heretics EVER 1' Interd". non si doveva osser- vare, per che dal Doge fusse stato dichiarato nullo ; sapendo ch' a nessun Prencipe secolare tocca far tale dichiaratione. " Et quanto al secondo capo, dicesti, non haver mai biasmato la frequenza de Sacramenti, le Dottrine Christiane, et altre opere pie, come venisti inditi- ato, quando perd si frequentano debitamente, e buona disposi- tione ; mk che sapendo, ch'in frequentarli c' intervenivano molti abusi et eccessi, essage- rasti contro quelli che non fanno profitto, et indebitam*". li fre- quentano, senza le debite pre- paration! ; etlechiamasti opere non eroiche, et da huomini, ma da femine et putti ; et negasti gl' altri capi, de quali eri indi- tiato come sopra, in quanto pero importano delitto, et nel modo esplicato da testimonii. •' Et per che nella risposta but you have denied that you had said that no one should ob- serve the Interdict because of it having been declared to be null by the Doge ; since you were aware that the power to iTiake such a declaration does not appertain to any secular Prince. " And as to the second point, you have declared that you had never found fault with the frequent use of the Sacraments, the Christian Doctrine, and other works of piety, as it had been alleged against you, whensoever people attend to them duly and in a right state of mind ; but that being con- scious that many abuses ac- companied the continual at- tendance on them, you de- claimed against those who do not profit by them, and who engage in tliem in an improper spirit, and without due pre- paration ; and you called them works not of pre-eminent ex- cellence, and such as were suited to men, but rather those of women and children ; and you havedenied theother points respecting which you had been accused as above, so far as they imply an offence, and in the sense put upon them in the evidence. " And since, in the answer BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 13 che facesti alle Ire monitoriali et citatorie, tra le altre propo- sition! degne di censura, si contiene questa, cioe : " ' Che Dio non cdmanda all' huorao cosa Impossibile natu- ralm'^. et civilm*'. ; et ch' il dir altrimente sia heresia.' " Et in una If a privata, da te riconosciuta, come scritta di tua mano, si trovano inserte queste parole, cioe : " 'Quasi cheChiesasiaquella Corte iniqua, et ch' ella stia ; 6 consista nelle lascivie, vanitadi, et pompe,' &c. vasse un libro prohibito, aetto Difensorio di GuglielmoOkam, contra Papa Giovanni 22° ; et che r havessi prestato ad un Frate del tuo Ordine, afBnche ne potesse cavar copia ; et ch' air istesso havessi detto, che that you made to the letters of admonition and citation, among other propositions deserving of censure, it contains this state- ment, viz. : " ' That God does not enjoin upon man a thing that is na- turally and civilly impossible ; and that to speak otherwise would be heresy.' " And in a private letter, which is admitted by you to be in your own hand-writing, the following words are found inserted : " ' As if the Church were that impious Court, and a re- ceptacle for beasts ' ; or were composed of dissoluteness, va- nities, and empty show *,' &c. " And, moreover, informa- .ion was given against you, that in your possession was found a prohibited book, enti- tled, " Defensorium Guilielmi Occami contra Joannera Pa- pam XXII. ' ;'' and that you had lent it to a Friar of your Order, that he might transcribe ' Perhaps there may be here an allusion to Rev. xviii. 2. A curious alphabetical list of various beasts to which heretics have been compared by ancient writers is given in Raynaud's ErotetncUa de maiis ao bonis libris, pp. 93—96. Lugd. 1653. ' Vid. Nicolaus de Clemangiis, De Buina EccUsue, Cap. iii. apud Von der Hardt, i. iii, 7- ^ This must have been a manuscript. The tract was afterwards printed in Brown's Appendix to the Fasmaalm Rerwm expetmdarum et fugiendarum, pp. 436 — 465. Lond. 1690. Part of the Defensorium seems to be an abridgment of the 0pm nonaginta dierum. See Cap. xeiii. of the latter work, Lugd. 1495. The copy just now consulted exhibits on its title-page the notice, " Questo libbro e proibito." 14 WERE HERETICS EVER s'liavessi qnattro 6 cinq, com- pagni, com' hebbe detto Okam, non haveresti paura di resistere in faccia a chi se sia, come fece d". Okam. " Interrogate sopra questi capi, rispondesti, die per delta propositione, ' Ch' Iddio non comanda cose impossibili na- turalm'". et civilmente,' non in- tendesti di parlare di cose di Fede, et sopranaturali ; ma intendesti delle attioni esteriori, naturali et morali ; et ti sfor- zasti dicliiarare te stesso in senso Catolico ; se ben poi la tuaesplicationc non fu giudicata tale, rimettendoti in cio alia determinatione della santa, Ca- tolica, et Apostolica Romana Chiesa. " Dicesti in oltre haver scrit- to in quella Ifa privata cioe, ' Che Chiesa sia,' &c., per sovercliio zelo del profitto della Christianity; et che per le dette parole altro non hai vo- luto inferire, che di biasmare la vita scandalosa dei Ecclesi- astici ; scnza pregiudicare all' autorita et santit^ della santa Chiesa, per la quale (come di- cesti) spargeresti il sangue. it ; and tliat you had declared to the same individual, that, if you had four or five associates, as the said Occam had, you would not be afraid to oppose any one to the face as he did. " Having been questioned about these points, you have replied, that in the said proposi- tion, ' That God does not pre- scribe things that are naturally and civilly impossible,' you did not mean to speak of mat- ters relating to the Faith, and such as ai-e supernatural ; but that you referred to external actions, natural and moral ; and that you had endeavoured to express yourself in a Catholic sense ; but that, since your ex- planation was not considered sound, you would submit your- self in that matter to the de- cision of the holy. Catholic, and Apostolic Church of Rome. " You have said, moreover, that you had written in the same private letter thus ; ' That the Church was,' &c., through ex- cessive zeal for the interest of the Christian religion ; and that by those words you liad not wished to signify any thing be- yond a condemnation of the disgraceful lives of the Clergy ; without detracting from the au- thority and sanctity of the holy Church, for which (as you affirmed) you would shed your blood. BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 15 " Dicesti anco di haver pre- stato il llbro prohibito di Okam ad un Frate del tuo Ordine ; che te lo ricerco; et d' haver saputo che detto libro era pro- hibito, etche d°. Frate I'haveva copiato ; et d' haver' ancora detto indifierentemente a piu persone, che s' havessi 4 6 5 compagni, com'hebbe Okam, non haveresti paura di dir'in faccia a chi se sia la verita, quando pero ne fossi certo, come delle cose della Fede : ma che cid dicesti haver detto ad altro proposito, che dell' opinione di Okam ; et che cid dicesti per desiderio c'.hai sempre havuto del benefitio delle anime, et in proposito di togliere gl'abusi et scandali, per edificatione, et reprendendo i vitii. " Di pill confessasti haver letto altri libri prohibiti : et particolarmente, uno intitolato Chrisiiance Religionis Institutio, auihore Calvino ; ma che pero lo leggesti obiter ; et per ch' avvertisti che trattava contro i Sacramenti, te ne stomacasti, et non volesti piu leggerlo : "Furthermore, you have de- clared that you had lent the interdicted book of Occam to a Friar of your Order ; that he had asked you for it ; and that you were aware that the book had been forbidden, and that the said Friar had transcribed it ; and also, that you had told several persons, without dis- tinction, that if you had four or five companions, as Occam had, you would not fear to speak the truth boldly to any one ; only, however, when you were certain about it, as with re- spect to matters relating to the Faith : but you affirmed that you had used this language for another purpose than with a view to maintain the opinions of Occam ; and that you had so spoken in consequence of the anxiety which you had always felt concerning the wel- fare of souls, and with the de- sign of removing abuses and scandals by means of edifica- tion and the reproof of vice. " Besides this, you have ac- knowledged that you had read other books that were prohibit- ed : and especially, one, which was named ' The Institution of Christian Religion,' by Cal- vin ; but you said that you had only perused it cursorily ; and that, having perceived that it 16 WERE " HEaETICS EVER un altro intitolato Ecclesice AngUcance Apologia : il 3°. il cui titolo h Catechismo, che conteneva la dottrina di Cal- vino : et per il zelo della s". Fede Catolica, et della tua patria, sentisti dispiacere che tai libri ci capitassero ; et che detti libri furno da te restituiti a quelli che te li havevano por- tati ; dicendo non sapere a che fine te li portassero ; tna che pero si puo persuadere, ch' essendo quelle persone di. casa del Ambasciatore Inglese, il lor pensiero sia stato persua- dendosi tirarti in alcuna delle opinion! erronee di detti libri : non hai perd havuto mala in- tentione, et credulita, ne di contrafare h, precetti et ordini di santa Chiesa, ne di adherire was written against the Sacra- ments, you were disgusted, and would read no more of it : an- other, entitled, ' An Apology of the Church of England * :' a third, which was called, ' A Ca-i techisra °,' and which contained the doctrine of Calvin : and that through zeal for the holy Catholic Faith, and on behalf of your native country, you were displeased that such books should have arrived in it; and that they were re- turned by you to those who had brought them ; declaring that you did not know what had been their object in bring- ing them ; but yet that one may feel assured, that as they are members of the household of the English Ambassador ', it ' The name of Bishop Jewel's celebrated work will at once be recog- nised. Many years before this time, however, as he informs us, {Def. of Apol. Part i.,) it was not unnoticed in " Italy, Naples, and Rome itself." His Epistle to Soipione Biondi, a Venetian nobleman, respecting the absence of English representatives from the Council of Trent, may also have been known in Italy, though it was not printed until Sir Nathanael Brent an- nexed it to his translation of Father Paul's History of that Synod. In the Belgic Appendix to the Tridentine Index, (p. 72. Antverp. 1570.) Bishop Jewel has been stupidly entered under the letter " Y ;" and he is styled both " Yudlmi Anglus," and " Yonetiu), vel londJm Anglua j" thus in his own person forming « Primce classis auctores " in that section of the Catalogue of those prescribed. ^ Probably a copy of an Italian version of the Catechwrms Qeneveniit • but we may also remember the estimation in which Dean Nowel's Latin Catechism was then held. " Sir Henry Wotton was the Ambassador employed by King James I. at Venice at the time of the Interdict ; and his Chaplain, here undoubtedly referred to, and subseciuently, as we shall see, described by the Inquisitors BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 17 a dottrina falsa, et contraria air istessa santa Chiesa. "Per tanto volendo venire air espeditione di questa tua causa, et havendo visto il De- creto, fatto nella Congregatione tenuta avanti Nro Sig"., sotto il di undici del presente mese di Decembre, col quale a noi e comessa tal' espeditione, ci siamo rissoluti venir' all' infra- scritta sentenza. " Invocato dunq; il s™". noma del Nro Sig". Giesu may have been their persua- sion that they should induce you to adopt some of the erro- neous principles of those books ; that you have, never- theless, not harboured any evil intention, or credulity, with re- gard either to disobeying the precepts and injunctions of the holy Church, or adhering to doctrine which is false and op- posed to her. " Wherefore, being desirous of despatching this your cause, and having seen the decree made in the Congregation held in the presence of our Lord, upon the eleventh day of the month of December instant, by which such despatch has been committed to us, we are resolved to pass the sentence recorded underneath. " Having then invoked the most sacred name of our Lord as an " English stranger," and as " a heretic from England," was the pious and admirable Bedell, afterwards Bishop of Kilmore. Father Panl spealis of him as " a Minister that was an excellent person ;'' (Letters, p. 339.) and to him he gave permission to " use," though not then to transcribe for publication, his History of the Venetian Interdict, which Potter put forth in English, and Bedell himself in Latin, in 1626. An- other deeply interesting and apposite testimony to his character is to be found in a letter from Sir Henry Wotton to King Charles I., recommend- ing him as a person eminently worthy of promotion to the Provostship of Trinity College, Dublin. " For it may please your Majesty to know," he writes, " that this is the man whom Padre Paolo took, I may say, into his very soul ; with whom he did communicate the inwardest thoughts of his heart ; from whom he professed to have received more knowledge in all divinity, both scholastical and positive, than from any that he had ever ■practised in his days." (Ediqaiw WottoniamoB, p. 330. Lond. 1672. Bur- net's Life of Bedell, p. 25. Dubl. 1736.) 18 WERE " HERETICS " EVER Cliristo, et della sua gloriosis- Jesus Christ, and that of His sima Madre sempre Vergine most glorious Mother, Mary Maria, nella causa et cause ever Virgin, in the cause and vertenti tra il Rev, Sig". causes pending between the Carlo Sinceri, dell' una et dell' reverend Lord, Carlo Sinceri, altra Legge Dottore, Procura- Doctor of Laws, Fiscal Pro- tore Fiscale di questo S'", Offi- curator of this Holy Office, on cio, per una parte, et te Fra one side, and on the other you, Fulgentio sudetto, processato, Friar Fulgentio, before named, inditiato, et in parte confesso, who have been processed, et colpevole ritrovato, come against whom evidence has sopra, dair altra; per questa been received, and who have nostra diffinitiva sentenza, qual partly confessed, and have sedendo pro Tribunali profe- been found culpable, as it rimo in questi scritti, dicemo, appears above ; by this our pronuntiamo, sententiatno, et definitive sentence, which, sit- dichiaramo, te Fra Fulgentio ting on the Tribunal, we make Manfredi sudetto, per le cose known by these letters, we sudette, dedotte in processo, et say, pronounce, give judgment, da te in parte confessate, come and declare, that you, the said sopra, et particolarmente per Friar Fulgentio Manfredi, by la ritentione et lettione de libri reason of the things before prohibiti, esserti reso vehe- mentioned, drawn up in the mentemente sospetto di he- proceedings, and by you in resia ; cioS, d' haver tenuto et part acknowledged, as above, creduto tutti gl' errori signifi- and particularly on account of cati per le propositioni da te, your having kept and read come sopra, proferite ; et d' ha- prohibited books, have been ver anco tenuto et creduto rendered very strongly sus- quelle che si contengono nei pected of heresy ; that is to libri prohibiti sud', ; et conse- say, that you have held and quentemente sei incorso in believed all the errors ex- tutte le pene et censure da pressed in the propositions put sacri Canoni et altre Consti- forth as above by you ■ and tutioni, tanto generali quanto that you have likewise held particolari, contro simili delin- and believed those which are quenti inflitte et promulgate, contained in the said forbidden Onde sei tenuto d' abjurarle, books ; and have consequently BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 19 come vehementemente sospetto, et generalmente ogni et qua- lunq; altro errore, heresia, et setta, contraria alia santa, Ca- tolica, et Apostolica Romana Chiesa, nel modo et forma che da noi ti sara data. Dopo la quale abjuratione, ci conten- taremo assolverti dalla Scomu- nica, et altre censure, in quanto per ie sudette cose ne fosti in- corso. '• Et accio che possi piu facil- mente ottener'il perdono dal Nro S. Iddio, procedendo teco come sponte comparente, t' im- poniamo le infrascritte Peni- tenze salntari ; et prima, " Ch' una volta visiti le sette Chiese privilegiate, dentro et fuori le mura di Roma. " Che per cinq; anni pros- simi a venire, reciti una volta become liable to all the penal- ties and censures inflicted upon, and published against, similar offenders by the sacred Canons, and other constitutions, both general and special. That you therefore, as one vehemently suspected, are bound to abjure these tenets, and without ex- ception each and every other error, heresy, and sect, in op- position to the holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church of Rome, in the manner and form which shall be prescribed for you by us. After which abjuration, we shall be satisfied to absolve you from the Excommunication and other censures, so far as you have incurred them in con- sequence of the things already stated. " And in order that you may more easily obtain the pardon of our Lord God, we, dealing with you as a person appearing here of your own accord, im- pose upon you the subjoined salutary Penances ; and first, " That you are to visit once the seven privileged Churches, within and without the walls of Rome '. " That for the next five years you are to recite once ' See Fiscus Papalis; sice, Catalogus Indalgetitiarum et Beliqttiantm septem priiuapaliam Eodesiaittm wins Romoe, published in Latin and English bv Crasbaw. 4to. Lond. 1617. 20 WERE HERETICS EVER la settimana li sette Salmi Pe- riitentiali, con le Litanie, ora- iioni, et preci sussequenti ; et una volta 1' OflBtio per i morti. " Ch' ogni Venardi per detto tempo habbi a digiunare sem- plicemente. " Riservando pero alH 111""', et R""'. SSrt. Cardinal!, generali Inquisitori, la facolta di mode- rare, mitigare, et levare, in tutto b in parte, le sud«. Peni- tenze. " Et cosi dicemo, pronun- tiamo, sententiamo, dichiari- amo, penitentiamo, et riser- viamo, in questo et in ogni altro meglior modo et forma, che di ragione potemo et do- in the week the seven Peni- tential Psalms, together with the Litanies, orisons, and prayers which follow ; and once the Office for the dead. " That you are to fast rigor- ously on every Friday during the same period. " Reserving nevertheless to the most illustrious and most reverend Lords the Cardinals, Inquisitors General, the right to moderate, mitigate, and al- leviate the foregoing Penances either entirely or in part. " And thus we say, pro- nounce, pass sentence, declare, enjoin Penances, and make re- servation, in this and in every other better manner and form which we reasonably can and ought to adopt. f.^U.^^^t^e^U' " I, Friar Stephanus Vicarii a Garexio, the Commissary above-mentioned, have thus pronounced. " Die Sabati, 13 men'. De- cembris, 1608, " On Saturday, the thirteenth day of the month of December BURNED ALIVE AT ROME ? 21 " Lata, data, et in his scriptis pronunciata fuit suprascripta sententia, per suprascriptutn Adm. R. P. Comissarium, pro Tribunal!, ut supra, seden, Roni8e,in palatio Sancti Officii ; lecta vero et publicata alta et intelligibili voce per me, &c. ; ibidem presend''.Fre Fulgentio Manfredo, audiente, intelli- gente, et non contradicente : qui dictae sententiae parere volens, genuflexus coram eod. Adm. R. P, Com""., sacro- sancta Dei Evangelia, coram posita, manibus corporair tan- gens, abjuravit, maledixit, et detestatus est hsereses et er- rores de quibus vehementer suspectus judicatus fuit ; et generalr &c. et alias, prout latius in schedula abjurationis, ejus propria manu subscripta, incipien. ' lo Fra Fulgentio, figliuolo,' &c. continetur. " Qua quidem abjurations sic ut supra facta, idem Fr Fulgentius, adhuc coram eo- dem Adm. R. P. Com"°. genu- flexus, fuit ab eo absolutus, ad 1608, the preceding sentence was passed, given, and pro^ nounced in these letters, by the above-named very reverend Father the Commissary, sitting, as it appears before, on the Tribunal, in the palace of the Holy Office at Rome ; but it was read and published in a loud and intelligible voice by me, &c. ; the said Friar Ful- gentio Manfredi being there present, hearing, understand- ing, and not objecting to it : who, being willing to comply with the said sentence, kneel- ing before the same very re- verend Father the Commis- sary, actually touching with his hands the holy Gospels of God which lay in view, ab- jured, execrated, and declared his abhorrence of, the heresies and errors on account of which he was adjudged to be very strongly suspected ; and in ge- neral, &c., all other heresies likewise, as is expressed more fully in the schedule of his ab- juration, which he has signed with his own hand, and which commences thus : ' I, Friar Fulgentio, son,' &c. " Which abjuration having been so made, the said Friar Fulgentio, still on his knees before the same very reverend Father the Commissary, was 22 WERE " HERETICS EVER cautelam, in forma Ecc". con- sueta, a sentia Excois, et aliis censuris ecc"'., quas prsetnissor causa et occ"^ quomodolibet forsan incurrerat ; et coJnu- nioni fidelium, participationiq; ecclesiasticorum Sacramentof, et sanctse tnatris Ecclesise uni- tati et gremio restitutus ; adhi- bitis orationibus et cseremoniis solitis et consuetis, ac injunctis ei Poenitentiis salutaribus in Seiitia contentis. " Super quibus, &c. " Actum ubi supra, in man- sionibus d'. Adm. R. P. Com'''. ; ibid. praesentibusR. P. D. Mar- cello Philonardo, J. U. D., et Sancte de Sanctis, de loco Materillae, status Ferentilli, nullius dioecesis, testibus.'' by him, in the usual cautionary form which the Church em- ploys, absolved from the sen- tence of Excommunication, and the other ecclesiastical cen- sures, which, by reason and through occasion of the fore- going matters, he had haply in any way incurred ; and was restored to the communion of the faithful, and to the right to partake of the ecclesiastical Sacraments, and to the unity and bosom of our holy mother the Church ; the ordinary and accustomed prayers and cere- monies having been used, and the salutary Penances com- prised in the sentence having been enjoined upon him. " Upon which, &c. "This was done in the before- mentioned residence of the said very reverend Father the Com- missary ; the witnesses there present being, the reverend Father Signor Marcello Phi- lonardo, Doctor of Laws, and Sanctes de Sanctis, from the place Materilla, in the district of Ferentilli, exempt from the control of a Diocesan." At the sight of those who were ready to become his executioners, Pulgentio's courage forsook him for the time. His Recantation, in the ordinary form, follows next. Let us beware of judging BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 23 harshly of an amount of temporary weakness from which, under circumstances scarcely so terrific, Cranmer and Jewel were not free. "lo, Fra Fulgentio, figliuolo del q. Lodovico Manfredi da Venetia, Sacerdote Professo deir Ord°. de Min". Osservanti, deir eta mia d' anni 45, in circa, constituito personalmente in giudicio, et inginocchiato avanti di voi molto R. P. Frate Ste- fano Vicario da Garessio, dell' Ordine de Predicatori, Maestro di sacra Theologia, et Com"". Generale della santa et uni- versale Inquisitione Rotnana, havendo avanti gl' occhi tniei li sacrosanti Evangelii, quali tocco con le proprie mani, giuro che sempre ho creduto, hora credo, et credero sempre per r avvenire, tutto quello che tiene, crede, predica, et inseg- na la santa, Catolica, et Apos- tolica Romana Chiesa. "Ma per che da q'". S'". 011*. sono stato giudicato vehe- Hientemente sospetto di heresia, per haver' io ritenuto appresso di me, et letti libri prohibit!, che contenevano heresie, et errori manifesti, contro la santa Fede; per haver ne prestato uno ad un Frate dell'Ord"'. mio, quale con mia saputa ne " I, Friar Fulgentio, son of the deceased Lodovico Man- fredi of Venice, a Priest and professed Monk of the Order of Observant Franciscans, of about forty-five years of age, being placed in person at the Tri- bunal, and kneeling before you very reverend Father, Friar Stefano Vicario of Garessio, of the Dominican Order, Mas- ter of sacred Theology, and Commissary General of the holy and universal Inquisition of Rome, having before my eyes the holy Gospels, which I touch with my own hands, do swear, that I have always believed, now believe, and ever shall believe for the time to come, all that the holy. Catholic, and Apostolic Church of Rome holds, believes, in- culcates, and teaches. " But because that I have been adjudged by this Holy OfBce to be very strongly sus- pected of heresy, for having kept in my possession, and read, prohibited books, con- taining heresies and manifest errors, contrary to the holy Faith ; as well as for having lent one of them to a Friar of 24 WERE " HERETICS EVER prese copia, si com' io stesso ho confessato spontaneam'°. " Et per esser state inditiato d' haver ne miei ragionamenti public!, fatti in Venetia h tem- po dell' Interdetto, persuaso il popolo h non osservare 1' Inter- detto, con dire, ' Che non era obligate ad osservarlo, si per che non era stato legitimam*". publicato, si anco per che la Chiesa Catredale non 1' osser- vava ; si anco per che non era stato posto per interesse di Fede et dei Sacramenti, ma solo per interesse de beni tempo- rali;' aggiongendo, 'Chequan- do r homo si trova in gratia di Dio, non deve teraere ne Sco- munica ne Interdetto.' " Et per esser stato inditiato, ' Che le orationi, gl'oratorii, il confessarsi, et coihunicarsi spesso, le Dottrine Christiane, fussero frutti de falsi Profeti, et cose da putti.' " Et d' haver detto, ' Che li Pontefici Romani antichi ha- vessero chiamato licenza da Prencipi secolari di stabilire le Feste ; et questi moderni vog- liono poter' edificar Chiese et my own Order, who, with full knowledge of the fact on iny part, transcribed it ; as I have voluntarily made confession. " And in consequence of evidence having been given, that in my public Discourses, delivered in Venice at the time of the Interdict, I had persuaded the people not to regard it ; saying, ' That they were not bound to do so, since it had not been lawfully pro- claimed, and as the Cathedral Church did not attend to it ; as also because that it had not been imposed on account of the Faith and the Sacraments, but only for the sake of tempo- ralities ;' adding, ' That when a man is in a state of grace he should not fear either Excom- munication or Interdict.' "And owing to the evidence brought forward of my having said, ' That prayers, and orato- ries, and constant attendance at Confession, the Communion, and the exercises of the Chris- tian Doctrine, were fruits of false Prophets, and things fit only for children.' "And forhaving also affirmed, ' That the ancient Roman Pon- tiffs had applied for the sanc- tion of the secular Rulers to establish holydays ; and that those of modern times desire BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 25 Monasterii, senza chiamar li- cenza a Prencipi.' "Et d' haver detto, 'Ch'io non conoscevo altro superiore ch' Iddio, et il mio Prencipe di Veneda.' " Etper essersi trovato scrit- to in una mia Ira familiare, da me riconosciuta, tra le altre cose, queste parole, ' Quasi che Chiesa sia quella Corte iniqua, et ch'ella stia; o consista nelle lascivie, vanitadi, et pompe,' &c., mode veram". di parlare degl' heretici contro la Chiesa santa. " Et per haver' io scritto questa proposit"'., ' Ch' Iddio non comanda aU'huomo cosa che egli non possa naturalm'". et civilm''.' "Etper haver scritto, 'Esser vano il timore di colore ch' havevano paura di violare 1' Interdetto.' " Io, PER levare dalla mente d' ogni fidele questa vehe- mente sospitione di me con- cetta, con cuore sincero, et fede non finta, abjure, maledico, et to have power to erect churches and monasteries without seek- ing for the permission of Princes.' "And that I had said fur- ther, ' That I did not acknow- ledge any other superior than God, and the Doge of Venice, my Sovereign,' " And on account of the following words, amongst other things, having been found written in a private letter, which I have admitted to be mine : — ' As if the Church were that impious Court, and a receptacle for beasts ; or consisted of licentiousness, va- nities, and empty show,' &c. ; which is in truth a way that heretics speak against the holy Church. " And because of my having written this proposition, — ' That God does not enjoin upon a man any thing that he is naturally and civilly unable to perform.' " Likewise for having writ- ten, 'That the fear of those per- sons who were afraid of in- fringing the Interdict was vain.' " In order to remove from the minds of all faithful people this very strong suspicion en- tertained concerning me, I, with sincerity of heart and 26 WERE HERETICS EVER detesto, tutte le heresie et cr- rori contenuti in detti libri ; et anco le sudette propositioni, de quali sono stato denuntiato haver proferite, et ch' io stesso ho confessato, come tnal dette: et generalmente abjuro, male- dico, et detesto, ogni et qua- lunq; altro errore, heresia, et setta, contraria alia sud^. santa Chiesa, "Giuro anco, et prometto, clie mai piu predicaro, dird, d asseriro, ne in publico ne in privato, simili assertioni ; ne meno terro, leggerd, libro 6 scrittura, che contenga dottrina heretica et dannata; ne fard cosa per la quale si possa di me havere tal suspitione. "Anzi se conoscerd alc°. heretico, 6 sospetto d' heresia, b che tenga insegni errori et heresie, 6 vero che tenga, legga, b componga libri 6 scritture prohibite, lo denuntiaro, quanto prima potr6, h questo S»°. OfF"., b vero all' Inq«., 6 Ordinario del luogo dove mi trovaro. unfeigned fidelity, abjure, exe- crate, and abhor, all the here- sies and errors contained in the above-named books ; to- gether with the foregoing pro- positions, for the utterance of which I have been denounced, and which I have admitted to be wrong expressions : and in general I abjure, execrate, and abhor, each and every other error, heresy, and sect, opposed to the said holy Church. " I do also swear and pro- mise, that I will never again preach, utter, or put forward, either publicly or privately, similar assertions : nor will I keep or read either book or writing which may contain heretical and condemned doc- trine ; nor will I do any thing by reason of which it might be possible to form such a sus- picion respecting me. "Moreover, if I should know any heretic, or person suspected of heresy, or any one who should maintain notable errors and heresies, or who should keep in his possession, read, or compose, prohibited books or writings, I will denounce him, as soon as possible, to this Holy Office, or to the Inquisitor or the Ordinary of the place in which I may hap- pen to be. BURNKD ALIVE AT ROME? 27 " Giuro anco, et prometto, di adempire et osservar' intie- ratnente tutte le Penitenze, che mi sono, 6 mi sarano imposte da questo S'". Off". : et s' ad alcuna delle sud*. mie pro- messe et giuramenti io contra- venissi,(del che Diomiguardi,) mi obligo et sottopongo a tutte le pene et castighi, da sacri Canoni, et altre Constit"',, gnali et partic"., contro simili delinquenti inflitte et promul- gate. Cosi Iddio mi ajuti, et questi suoi sacrosanti Evan- gelii, ch' io tocco con le proprie mani. " Io, FraFulgentio Manfredi sud'"., ho abjurato, giurato, promesso, et mi sono ubligato, come sopra. Et in fede del vero, ho sottoscritto la piite cedola di mia abjuratione di propria mano, et recitatala di parola in parola, in Roma, nel Palazzo del S«°. Officio, qsto di 13. di X""", 1608." " I do also swear and pro- mise, that I will fulfil and entirely observe all the Pe- nances, which are or shall be enjoined upon me by this Holy Office : and if I should con- travene any of the preceding promises and oaths, (from which offence may God pre- serve me,) I hereby bind and submit myself to all the penal- ties and chastisements inflicted upon, and promulgated against, similar delinquents by 'the sa- cred Canons, and other consti- tutions, general and special. So help me God, and these His holy Gospels, which I touch with my own hands, "I, Friar Fulgentio Man- fredi, before-named, have ab- jured, sworn, promised, and bound myself, as above. And, for a testimony of the truth, I have with my own hand sub- scribed to the present schedule of my abjiiration, and recited it word for word, at Rome, in the palace of the Holy Office, this thirteenth day of December, 1608. "I, Friar Fulgentio, with my own hand." 28 WERE The quotation, from Father Paul's Letters, which was necessarily interrupted ', is now to he resumed. The agreement of his narrative in so many parti- culars with the details furnished hy these the only records extant by which it could be verified de- mands our special attention ; and from the fact of so much accuracy being proved to exist on this occasion, we may judge how great is the amount of confidence which may reasonably be reposed in the writings of this excellent man at other times. Sarpi's letter is dated August 3, 1610; and it will be seen that Fulgentio's fife had been spared until the preceding month. " Matters passed on with him sometimes well, sometimes ill, according as he was looked on, till February last ; and then one evening Cardinal Pamphilio, the Pope's Vicar, sent some Sergeants to apprehend him; pretending that he had done something, I know not what, that did belong to his office. They put him in prison in the Tower of Nona, where men of ordinary offences are thrust. " Then they went to seize upon his papers ; and having looked into them, they removed him from that prison to the Inquisition-Jail. There they drew up three charges against him. One, that he had amongst his books some prohibited ones. The second, that he kept correspondence by letters with * See page 6. BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 29 the heretics of England and Germany. The thu-d, that there was a writing, all of his own hand, which contained divers articles against the Catholic Roman doctrine : particularly. That St. Peter was not superior to the other Apostles ; That the Pope is not Head of the Church ; That he cannot com- mand any thing beyond what Christ had com- manded ; That the Council of Trent was neither a General Council, nor a lawful one ; That there are many heresies in the Church of Rome ; and a great many such things. " To these charges he answered : " ' 1. As to the books; that he did not knpw that they were prohibited. " ' 2. As to the commerce of letters that passed between him and those persons, and those persons and him ; that they were none of them declared heretics. " ' 3. As to the writings that were under his own hand ; that they were imperfect ; and that they were not his opinions, but only memorandums to make considerations upon those points.' " At which answers of his, the Inquisition being unsatisfied, they resolved to proceed against him by way of Torture : which being intimated to him, he answered, that he [as a Priest '] was not a per- ° These words inserted within crotchets by the translator, the Rev. Edward Brown, show that he was tinacquainted with the rule discoverable in all the private Guide-books of Inquisitors, 30 WERE " HERETICS " EVER son to be put to Torture; but, however, they might do as they pleased, for he put himself upon their mercy. " The 4th of July he was brought into St. Pe- ter's, where there was an unspeakable throng of people ; and there being placed upon a floor, his faults were rehearsed, and the sentence passed upon him, That he should be excluded from the bosom of holy Church, as a heretic relapsed, and deUvered over to the Governor of Rome, to be chastised with a ', but without fetching blood. " At this ceremony, which lasted about an hour, Father Fulgentio stood with eyes lifted up to heaven, and never spake a word. People thought that he had a gag in his mouth *. The ceremony being over, he was conducted to the Church of St. Saviour's in Lauro, and there degraded ; and that persons in holy orders may be punished with tortures even upon the testimony of a single witness. " Clericus potest tor- queri," says Bernard of Como plainly. {Lucerna Inquisitorum, fol. 84, b. Mediol. 1566.) • Part of a bull's hide. See Brown's Addenda et Emendanda. -De poena Fustigationis, vid. Carense Tractat. de Off. S. In- quis., p. 390. Cremonse, 1655. " There is no room for conjectures about this matter j the thing is certain. In Pegna's forty-seventh Scholium on the second part of Eyraerici's Directory, Romae, 1578, we read : " Hoc est omnino praecipiendum, ut lingua eorum alligetur, et impium os obstruatur ;"— " that their tongue is to be bound, and their impious mouth gagged." BURNED ALIVE AT ROME ? 31 next morning he was brought to Campo di More, and there hanged' and burned." " The ' It appears to be impossible to determine absolutely whether Fulgentio was burned alive, or strangled and then consumed. In either case ropes must have been used; and this circum- stance might account for the expression here employed. When we come, however, to examine the evidence, the weight of it seems to be on the side of the assurance that he suiFered death in its most awful form. He was condemned as a relapsed heretic by ten Cardinals, Inquisitors-General ; and the doom of persons reputed to have so apostatized is, without any hearing, to be handed over to the civil power : " sine ulla penitus audi- entia, relinquendi sunt judici sseculari." (Bern. Comensis, fol. 70, b.) This is to be their destiny whether they repent or not ; " sive poeniteant sive non ; " (Eymerici, p. 264.) for now there can be no compassion : " absque ulla misericordia." (Carena, p. 79.) What, then, is the inevitable treatment which all such heretics are to receive from the secular arm ? " They are to be punished with the penalty of fire, and to be burned :" — " debent puniri poena ignis, et quod debent cremari :" (B. Comens. fol. 26, b.) and if any infliction more appalling could have been devised, it should have been their portion. (Carena, p. 387.) With regard to the precise fate of Fulgentio, the decision of the point depends upon the question, whether, on the occasion of his second trial, he shrank from the confession of the truth or not. It can scarcely be supposed that his inexorable judges would have been contented with a slender and vacillating ac- knowledgment of regret for certain errors ; and nothing short of a complete retraction of his principles (and of this tliere is not any intimation, but the reverse,) would have rendered him enti- tled to the dismal privilege of being burned after death. Pre- vious str^gulation was never permitted in the case of one who had not fully renounced his ofiensive opinions ; but an edict of the Emperor Frederic, confirmed by papal authority as an un- 32 WERE " HERETICS EVER beginning and the end of it are plain; that is, A SAFE-CONDUCT, AND A ROASTING FIRE." changeable decree, required, that all persons found to have " persevered in constancy" should be " committed to the judg- ment of the flames," and " burned alive in the presence of the people :" " ut vivi in conspectu hominum comburanturj flaramarum commissi judicio." (See the Apostolic Letters sub- joined to the Directorium Inquisitorum, p. 17- Romae, 1579.) The following is the registered memorial of the final proceedings against Manfredi. " Noi, Domenico Vescovo " We, Domenico Pinello, d' Ostia Pinello ; Fra Gero- Bishop of Ostia ; Friar Gero- nimo Berniero, Vescovo di nimo Berniero', Bishop of Porto, detto d' Ascoli ; Pietro Porto, called d'Ascoli ; Pietro del titolo di Santi Giovanni e Aldobrandino, of the title of Paolo Aldobrandino ; Lorenzo S. John and S. Paul ; Lorenzo del titolo di San Lorenzo in Bianchetto, of the title of S. pane et perna Bianchetto ; Laurence in Pane et Perna ' ; Roberto del tt°. di Santa Ma- RobertoBellarmino, of the title ria in via Eellarmino ; Antonio ofS. Mary in the Way; An- del titolo di Santa Croce in tonio Zapata °, of the title of ' He was Protector of the Order of Servites, to which Father Paul be- longed; (Ciaconii VitcB Pomt^ff. et Cardd. Tom. iv. col. 163. Romca, 1677-) and might therefore have been the source of the intelligence received at Venice about Fulgentio. ' Vid. Ciampini, De saoHs uEdiJkm d, oonatantmo Mag. oonstruot., p. 138. Romee, 1693. The words " Pane et Perna" are a corruption of Panisperna, and this perhaps of Pei-pernia. (De Montfaueon, Diwrivm Italioum, p. 203. Paris. 1702.) ' Afterwards Inquisitor-General in Spain, and the Cardinal who sanc- tioned the publication by De Pineda of the Novm Index librarum prohi- Intorwm et expurgatorum, folio, Hispali, 1632. In p. 820 of this Index Sarpi has been placed in the second class, and one of his books forbidden ■ BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 33 Gerusalemtne Zapata ; Ferdi- nando Taverna, del titolo di Sant' Eusebio ; Gio: Garsia del tt°. di Santi Quattro Coronati Millino; Francesco del titolo di San Calisto de la Roche- foucaiUt ; et Fabritio del titolo di S. Agostino Verallo ; chia- Hiati, per la misericordia di Dio, della santa Romana Chiesa Preti Cardinali ; in tutta la Rep". Christiana con- tro rheretica praviti giiali Inquis''. ; dalla santa sede Apo- stolica spealmente deputati. " Havendo f u Fra Fulgentio, figliolo del q. Ludovico Man- fredi da Venetia, Sacerdote Professo dell' Ordine de Min. Osservanti, hora dell' eta tua d'anni 48 in circa, dell' anno 1608, in questa s*». et uiile Inquis^. Romana, abjurato, co- me ^ehementemente sospetto d' heresia, molti errori et he- resie, delle quali fosti denun- tiato, et da piu persone giuri- dicamente inditiato d'haverle asserite, et nei publici ragio- the Holy Cross in Jerusalem ; Ferdinando Taverna, of the title of S. Eusebius ; Giovanni Gar- sia Millino, of the title of the Four Crowned Saints' ; Fran- cois de la Rochefoucault, of the title of S. Callistus ; and Fa- britio Verallo, of the title of S, Augustin ; styled, by the mercy of God, Cardinals Priests of the holy Roman Church ; Inquisitors General against heretical pravity in the entire Christian Common- wealth ; specially deputed by the holy Apostolic see. "You, Friar Fulgentio, son of the lateLudovico Manfredi of Venice, a Priest and professed Monk of the Order of Ob- servant Franciscans, now of about forty-eight years of age, having, in the year 1608, in this holy and universal Inqui- sition of Rome, abjured, as one very strongly suspected of he- resy, many errors and heresies, for which you were denounced, and which several persons gave legal evidence that you had but previously (p. 801.) a higher rank had been assigned to him, among authors of " damned memory ;" and the Jesuit who compiled the Index, not knowing that Pielro Soaw Polano was the anagram of Pado Sarpi Veneto, has made the writer of the History of the Council of Trent a Pole, " Polonus,"— and describes him as " homo pestilens." ' Aringhi Soma Subterrmea, Tom. i. p. 23. Bomse, 1651. The names of these Martyrs, it is said, were, Severus, Severianus, Carpophorus, and Victorinus. (Sorius, De probat. SancU. Histor. vi. 177. Colon. Agripp. 1581.) D 34 WERE "heretics EVER namenti prechiate et insegnate, et in parte da te confessate ; et in generals ogn'altro errore et heresia contraria alia santa, Cat"*., et Apost'=^ Romana Chiesa, £t dell' anno 1610, essendo tu stato carcerato in Torre di Nona, dalla Corte deir 111"". Sig. Cardinal Vica- rio, per cause spettanti a quel Tribunale ; et con tal occasione fattasi la perquisitione della tua stanza, furno in essa trovati molti libri prohibit!, et scritture perniciose,che contenevanoma- nifesti errori et heresie, contro la sacra Scrittura, et la santa, Catholiea, et Apost°". Bomana Chiesa, et del Sommo Fonte- fice suo Capo ; le quali, con i libri prohibiti, furno piitate in questo Sant' OfHtio. " Perilche fu ordinato, che da dette carceri dovesse esser transportato alle carceri dell' istesso S'". Offitio ; dove con- stituito in giuditio col tuo giu- ramento, dopo d' haver riconos- ciuti i libri prohibiti ritrovati nella tua stanza, recognoscesti anco le scritture perniciose, et dicesti haverle scritte di tua mano : dalle quali scritture, tra I'altre, si raccolgono 1' infra- asserted, and in your public Discourses preached and taught, and which you in part acknow- ledged; and in general every other error and heresy opposed to the holy. Catholic, and Apo- stolic Church of Rome. And you having been imprisoned in the Tower of Nona, in the year 1610, by the Court of the most illustrious Lord the Cardinal Vicar, for reasons relating to that Tribunal ; and your abode having been searched on the same occasion, there were found in it many prohibited books, and pernicious writings, which contained manifest errors and heresies, contrary to the sacred Scripture, and the holy. Catho- lic, and Apostolic Church of Rome, and the supreme Pon- tiff who is her Head ; which writings, together with the for- bidden books, were produced in this Holy Office. " Wherefore an order was given, that you should be re- moved from that place of con- finement to the prisons of this Holy Office ; where having been brought to trial, and put upon your oath, after having recognised the prohibited books found in your dwelling, you avowed knowledge of the per- nicious writings also, and said that you had written them with BURNED ALIVE AT ROME ? 35 scritte heresie et errori, cioe: — " ' Che il Papa non sia Capo della Chiesa Catholica.' " ' Che sia bestemia dire, che gli Apostoli fossero soggetti a San Pietro, 6 fosse loro Capo et Prelato.' " ' Che San Pietro et suoi Successori non habbino havuto, ne habbino, potesta sopra tutte ]e Chiese del Christianesimo.' " ' Che il Papa non habbia auttorita d'instituir Vescovi.' " ' Che non sia di necessita di salute, che ciascun Christiano sia soggetto et obedisca alia Chiesa Romana et Romano Pontefice.' " ' Che la Chiesa militante non habbia Capo visibile.' " ' Che la Chiesa Romana non sia santa, se non di voti.' " ' Che non siaCatolica: Che non sia Apost"^. : Che non sia Christiana.' " ' Che sia heretica, et con- traria a Christo.' "'Che sia seminatrice di heresia, et di discordie.' your own hand : from which writings the following heresies anderrors, amongstother things, are collected, viz. — " ' That the Pope is not the Head of the Catholic Church.' " ' That it is blasphemy to say, that the Apostles were subject to S. Peter, or that he was their Head and Prelate.' '"That S. Peter and his Successors have not had, and have not, power over all the Churches of Christendom'.' " ' That the Pope has no authority to give institution to Bishops.' " ' That it is not necessary to salvation, that every Christian should be subject and obedient to the Church of Rome, and to the Roman Pontiff.' " ' That the Church militant has not any visible Head.' " ' That the Church of Rome is not holy, except in vows.' " ' That she is not Catholic, nor Apostolic, nor Christian.' " ' That she is heretical, and opposed to Christ.' " ' That she is the dissemi- nator of heresy and strife'.' ' " This superiority of the see of Rome was unknown in ancient times." (Father Paul on The Rights of Sovereigns cmd Subjects, p. 44. Lond. 1722.) ' So Petrarch thought, as we leai'n from one of his interdicted Sonnets, in which he writes of Rome as " Fontana di dolore, albergo d'ira, Scola d'errori, e tempio d'heresia." 36 WERE "HERETICS EVER " ' Che non sia Capo Maestra di tutte le altre.' et " ' Che nella Chiesa non ve siano Vescovi canonicamente eletti.' " ' Che faccia contra la dot- trina et institute di Christo, consecrando in azimo, et astrin- gendo li fedeli a quelle cose alle quali Christo gli ha lasciati liberi.' " ' Che il Concilio Triden- tino non fu unle, ne legmo ; et che in esso si contengono de- creti contra il santo Evangelo di Christo.' " ' Che i Papisti non hanno ragione alcana ne auttorita dell' Evangelo, per provare il pri- mato di San Pietro, da due in poi, che falsamente espongono.' " ' That she is not the Head and Mistress of all other Churches,' " ' That in the Church there are no Bishops canonically chosen.' " ' That she acts contrary to the doctrine and appoint- ment of Christ, in using unlea- vened bread for consecration, and in binding the faithful to those things with regard to which Christ has left them free.' " ' That the Council of Trent was neither universal nor legi- timate' ; and that among its ordinances are found decrees opposed to the holy Gospel of Christ.' " ' That the Papists have not any testimony or authority of the Gospel, to prove the pri- macy of S. Peter, except from two passages', which they in- terpret falsely.' ' " Meantime this infallibility is plainly supposed ; because in every session of the Council of Trent there is this expression, sancta Synodus in Spi/ritu Saneto legitime oongregata ; i. e. ' the sacred Synod lawfully assem- bled in the Holy Ghost.' " (Sarpi's Ua/Ate of Sovereigns, p. 78.) If it had been conceded that the Council of Trent was really a " General" one, and in every respect " lawfully assembled," cdl its ordinances must have been considered binding ; for the Divines of Venice agreed in opinion with the Doctors of the Parisian school, (see Richer's Apologia pro Joanne Gersonio, Admonit. and Preefat.) one of whose articles of theological belief was this : " Certum est, Cunciliura Generale, legitime congregatum, universalem re- prsEsentans Eoclesiam, in fidei et morum determinationibus en-are nou posse." (Videantur Launoii Epiatolx, p. 242. Cantab. 1()89.) ' " In all the New Testament there are but two passages where Jesus BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 37 " ' Che tutti i Papi et Pa- pist! siano heretici.' " ' Che il Papa erri in deti- nire in materia di Fede :' — con altri molti errori, degni di gra- vissima censura, quali per bre- vita si tralasciano. "Sopra delle quali esami- nato col tuo giuramento, ti sforzasti scusarti circa 1 'haver tenuto et letto libri prohibiti, con dire 'non haver saputo che alcuni d' essi fossero prohibiti : altri dicesti haverli tenuti con saputa de Superiori ; et parte con'animo di restituirli a chi te li haveva prestati, anchorche prohibiti ; et alcuni altri per scriverli contro.' " Et quanto alle scritture, che contenevano i sudetti errori et heresie, rispondesti, ' haverle scritte per la piii parte secondo I' opinions d'altri, et per inipiig- narle ; et anco a fine di chia- rirti d' alcuni dubii che ti pas- savano per la mente circa li abusi della Religione ; et mas- sime dope d' haver letto et inteso molte cose di contro-; versie intomo I'auttorita del " ' That all the Popes and Papists are heretics.' " ' That the Pope may err in his decisions in matters of Faith :' — with many other er- rors, worthy of the severest censure, which are omitted for the sake of brevity. " Having been examined on your oath about these matters, you endeavoured to excuse yourself, respecting your hav- ing kept and read prohibited books, by saying,'That you were not aware that some of them had been forbidden : others you declared that you had kept with the knowledge of your Superiors ; and a portion with the intention of returning them to those who had lent them to you though they were prohi- bited; and some others in order to write against them.' " And as to the writings which contained the foregofng errors and heresies, you an- swered, ' That you had written them for the most part as representing the opinion of others, and with a view to impugn them ; and also for the purpose of clearing up to your- self some doubts which, were passing through your mind- concerning' the abuses of Reli- Christ speaks of St. Peter's authority." (Sarpi's Riglits of Sovereigns, 38 WERE "heretics EVER Pontefice Romano, et della Corte di Rotna ; et haver trat- tato con' un pelegrino Inglese, quale per molti giorni havendo dimorato teco nelle tue stanze, ti raccotd molte cose del stato della Religione in quel regno, et delle qualita et inclinationi di quel Re, appresso del quale ti diceva che eri in bona opi- nione ; et che per cio ti venne desiderio di passar in quel regno, per trattar seco per servitio di Dio, et della Reli- gione Christiana. Et che anco le hai scritte, tnosso da diversi pensieri e passioni;' adducendo altre scuse frivole. " Interrogato poi in parti- colare intorno i capi contenuti in d«. tue scritture, dopo molte fughe, tergiversationi, contra- rieta, et inverisimili risposte, dicesti 'haverne scritti alcuni secondo le opinioni d' altri, con intentione di scrivere pro et contra, per chiarirti della verita,' alle quali dicesti non haver adherito ne creduto ; et d' altri dicesti 'haverci havutodubio;' gion ; and especially after hav- ing read and heard many things connected with the controversies which relate to the authority of the Roman Pontiff, and of the Court of Rome ; and that you had intercourse with an English stranger', who, having remained for many days in your dwelling with you, recounted to you many things concerning the state of Religion in that king- dom, and the character and disposition of the King, with whom he told you that you were in favour ; and that there- fore you desired to go to that kingdom, to communicate with him for the service of God and of the Christian Religion. And moreover that you had written them under the impulse of va- rious thoughts and passions;' alleging other frivolous ex- cuses. " Having been further spe- cially questioned with regard to the points contained in your said writings, after many eva- sions, tergiversations, incon- sistency, and unlikely answers, you declared ' That you had written some of them as exhi- biting the opinions of other persons; having intended to write on both sides of the questions, in order to make This « stranger" certainly was Bedell. See pp. 16, 17. BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 39 et in altri ' esservi cascato, et haverci adherito, creduto, in- clinato, et in essi perseverato, respettivamente.' " Et in par'*- dicesti haver adherito aH'opinione ; — " ' Che il Papa non sia Capo della Chiesa.' " ' Che San Pietro non fosse Capo et Prelato delle altri Apostoli.' " ' Che il Papa non havesse aufta d'instituir Vescovi.' " ' Che la Chiesa Romana non sia Maestra delle altre qnto a tutti i riti et costumi.' the truth manifest to your own mind;' which statements you said that you had not adhered to nor believed : and of other things that were written you affirmed ' that you had enter- tained doubts;' and into others of those tenets you admitted ' that you had fallen, and that you had adhered to, believed, felt inclined towards, and had persevered in them, respect- ively.' " And in particular you said that you have adhered to the opinion ; — " ' That the Pope is not the Head of the Church.' '"That S. Peter was not the Head and Prelate of the other Apostles.' "'That the Pope has no authority to give institution to Bishops*.' " ' That the Church of Rome is not the Mistress of other Chutches' with regard to all rites and customs.' * The subject of ecclesiastical Benefices, revenues, and Investitures, is very ably discussed in Sarpi's TraUato dette Materie Benefidarie, in Miran- dola, 1676. Carolus Caifa published a Latin version of this work, Jense, 168) ; and it was translated into English by Tobias Jenkins, Esq., M.P. 3d edit. Westminster, 1736. * An article in the Creed of Pope Pius IV., to which all the Romish Clergy have been pledged by oath since the year 1564, is thus expressed : " Sanctam, Catholicam, et Apostolicam Romanam Ecclesiam omnium Ec- clesiarum Matrem et Magistram agnosco." (Vid. Cherubini BuUmivm, Tom. ii. p. 97. Romse, 1638.) A decisive book upon this fundamental tenet is Bishop Morton's Grand ImpoOme of Hie (now) Church of Borne; second edit. Lend. 1628. 40 WERE " HERETICS EVER " ' Che non fosse di neces- sita di salute, che ciascun Christiano sia tenuto ad obe- dire alia Chiesa Rotnana, et al Romano Pontefice:' dicendo, 'esserti mosso & credere qsto p molte cause, mh particolar- menteper proprio tuo interesse ; et massime intendendo di an- dare in paesi ove potessi vivere secondo laliberta di conscienza, et scrivere senza impedimento.' "'Che la Chiesa Romana non sia santa, ne Catolica, ne Apost"., ne Christiana ; non immitando la vita di Christo, ne delle Apostoli : ma che sia heretica, et seminatrice di he- resie et di discordie ; et con- traria a Christo.' Et a queste opinioni dicesti ' haver adherito anco avanti la tua Abjuratione.' " ' Che la Chiesa faccia con- tro la dottrina et instituto di Christo, astringendo i Chierici " ' That it is not necessary to salvation that every Chris- tian should be bound to yield obedience to the Church of Rome, and to the Roman Pon- tiff" :' saying, ' That you were induced to believe this by many reasons, but particularly by a regard to your own interest ; and especially as you intended to go into countries in which you might live according to freedom of conscience, and write without any Jiinderance.' " ' That the Church of Rome is not holy, nor Catholic, nor Apostolic, nor Christian ; not endeavouring to resemble the life of Christ or of the Apostles : but that she is heretical, and the source of heresies and dis- union; andis opposed toChrist,' And to these opinions you said ' that you had adhered even before your Abjuration.' ".' That the Church contra- venes the doctrine and ordinance of Christ, in binding the Clergy » Such an assertion was not likely to be tolerated, as it directly contra- dicts an essential principle of the papal Canon Law. The Extravagant Unam sanctam of Pope Boniface VIII. concludes with these terms: " Porro subesse Romano Pontifici omni humance creaturee declaramus dicimus, diffinimus, et pronuntiamus, omnino esse de necessitate salutia •" (Z)« major, et obed. Cap. i. ad fin. Lib. sext. DecretaU. col. 212. Paris. 1585.) and the fortieth of the articles maintained by Wyclyffe and Hub, and con- demned at the Council of Constance was this : " Non est de necessitate salutis credere Romanam Ecolesiam esse supremam inter alias Ecclesias." (See the Reprobations of these articles at the end of the first edition of the Commntar. Mneee Sylvii de Coneil. Basil, p. 296. Conf. Binii CotkUI. Tom. iii. P. ii. p. 947. Colon. Agripp. 1618.V BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 41 et Religiosi alia castita et celi- bate :' aggiungendo, di ' haver adherito a questa opinione, et haverci perseverato piu che in altra.' " ' Che I'havere 6 possedere beni temporali in commune repugni alia perfettione et stato Apostolico :' nella quale opi- nione dicesti 'haver inclinato, parendoti piii ragionevole ; et che Giovann 22°. habbia er- rato, decretando in tal materia,' " ' D' haver creduto, che li Vescovi eletti et instituiti dal Romano Pontefice non siano canonicam'". et legitimamente instituiti ; et che il Papa si usurpi I'auttorita in deputarli.' " Confessasti in oltre, d'esser cascato, d'haver inclinato, et d'haver adherito, respettiva- mente, ad altre opinioni erro- nee, come piu difusamente appare ne tuoi constituti ; et in particolare, d'esser ricaduto in quelle opinioni erronee et hereticali che p". havevi abju- rato, per esser intrato in pen- siero.che il Sant' OflBtio havesse giudicato male, dechiarandoti vehementeinente sospetto d' heresia. and members of religious Orders to chastity and celibacy :' add- ing, ' That you have adhered to this opinion, and have perse- vered in it more firmly than in any other.' " ' That to have or possess temporal goods in common is adverse to perfection and the Apostolic state :' to which opi- nion you declared ' thatyouhave felt inclined, as it appeared to you more reasonable ; and that John XXII. had erred in issuing a decree about such a matter.' " ' That you have believed that the Bishops elected and instituted by the Roman Pon- tiff are not canonically and lawfully instituted; and that the Pope has usurped authority in making such appointments.' " You have confessed more- over, that you have fallen into, have felt inclined towards, and have adhered to, respectively, other erroneous sentiments, as it appears at greater length in your examinations ; and in par- ticular, that you have relapsed into those erroneous and here- tical opinions which you at first abjured, in consequence of your having adopted the persuasion, that the Holy Office had judged wrongly in declaring you to be very strongly suspected of he- resy. 42 WERE "heretics" EVER " Et essendoti stato ofFerto il terniine competente a fare le tue difese, al quale renunciasti, dicendo, che ti rimettevi alia misericordia di Dio, et alia benignita et charita del Sant' Offitio, da te stesso dicesti ' voler rispondere liberamente airinterrogatorio piu volte re- plicato cioe. A che fine, et con qual intentione, havessi scritto le dette scritture tanto perniciose et scandalose ; et dicesti esserti mosso a scriverle per diversi aflFetti et passioni, et per sdegno ; et che tua in- tentione era di scrivere contro il Papa, et contro la Chiesa Romana ; et che S. questo tni- rava ogni cosa che scrivevi ; notando in quel fogli non solo le cose che ti parevano, ma quelle ancora secondo il parer d'altri :'scusandoti,'chequando adherivi et entravi in quelle opinioni, non pensavi che fos- sero hereticali ; anzi che ti parevano pie et salutari ; et particolarmente quelle nelle quali ti fermasti per alcun tempo.' Aggiungendo di piu, 'che I'animo tuo era d'andar in Germania, 6 in Inghilterra, dove si lascia vivere in liberty di conscieza, et quivi scrivere senza impedim'ento. Quello che ti passava p la mente ; et che h questo eifetto havevi " And a sufficient time hav- ing been offered to you for making your defence, (which you refused to do, saying that you left yourself to the mercy of God, and to the kindness and charity of the Holy Office,) you declared of your own accord, ' That you wished to answer freely the interrogatory put to you several times. For which purpose, and with which inten- tion, you had composed the said so pernicious and scanda- lous writings ; and you affirmed that you were moved to write them by various affections and passlions, and by disdain ; and that your intention was to write against the Pope, and against the Church of Rome ; and that this was the object at which every thing that you have written aimed; when you set down on those papers not only the things which you yourself thought, but also those which coincided with the sentiments of others :' alleging as an excuse for yourself, ' That when you adhered to and adopted these opinions, you did not conceive that they were heretical; on the contrary that they seemed to you pious and salutary ; and especially those in which you had for some time fixed your- self.' Addingfiirthermore.'That BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 43 abozzato una lettera al Re d' Inghilterra;' se ben dicesti non haverla mandata. " Dicesti anco interrogate, ' Che in detti luoghi intendevi di vivere Catolicamente, et sotto r obedienza del Romano Pontefice et Romana Chiesa.' Et dettoti che questo non po- teva stare bavendo intentione (come dicesti) di scrivere con- tro il Romano Pontefice et Romana Chiesa, rispondesti, que ' qsto era il maggior bis- biglio et viluppo che ti pas- sasse per la mente ;' ne altra risposta adducesti. " Apparisce ancora da tre minute di lettere, ritrovate tra le tue scritture, indrizzate ad un Potentato heretico, il com- mertio et intelligenza che tu havevi con heretici ; tanto piii che in una di esse ti afFatichi your design was to go into Germany, or to England, where people are permitted to live in freedom of conscience, and where one might write without obstruction. Which was pass- ing through your mind; and that to this effect you made a sketch of a letter to the King of England :' you declared, how- ever, that you had not sent it. " You also said, when ques- tioned, ' That in those places you intended to lead a Catholic life, and to remain in obedience to the Roman Pontiff, and to the Church of Rome.' And when it was remarked to you that this was inconsistent with your having the design, which you had spoken of having enter- tained, of writing against the Roman Pontiff and the Church of Rome, you answered, that ' This was the greatest confusion and perplexity which had come into your mind ;' and-you made no other reply. " The intercourse and under- standing that you have had with heretics appear also from three minutes of letters, found amongst those writings of youM, addressed to a heretical Poten- tate' ; the more so because ' King James I. — See before, p. 38. It is observable that this Monarch had been definitely honoured with the epithet of " Heretic" at the con- clusion of Bellarmin's pseudonymous Answer to his Apology for the Oath 44 WERE "heretics" ever biasmare la dottrina d'un scrit- that in one of them you have tor Catolico intorno al primato laboured to vituperate the doc- del Romano Pontefice, impug- trine of" a Catholic writer' with of AUegianoe. "Certd ex ipsa Apologia diacet" [lector], "non Catho- licum, sed plan^ Hsereticum, esse hujus auctorem Apologise." King James replied to the charge in his Premonition, pp. 32 — 51. Lond. 1609. ' This "Catholic writer" was none other than the famous Cardinal Bellarmin, whose name was advisedly omitted as he was now present, and not disinterested, and whose autograph is among those which are attached to the sentence passed upon Fulgentio by the Inquisitors-Genei-al. It is well known that after the discovery of the Gunpowder-plot, the English Sovereign and Parliament had considered it both right and reasonable that an Oath of Allegiance should be administered to Romanists simply as a test of their loyalty. In the years 1606-7, however, two Briefs were . issued by Pope Paul Y., instructing all his dependants, if they valued the salvation of their souls, utterly to abstain from taking that or any similar Oath. King James I, pubhshed in English his Apology for it, (whimsically styled Triplioi nodo tripUx otmeus,) in 1607 ; and the Latin version which Bellarmin tells us, at the commencement of his Besponsio, he had just then obtained, was the performance of Sir Henry Savile, (see Bishop King's Letter to Izaak Walton : Hooker, Vol. i.p, 105. ed. Keble, Oxford, 1841.) and was printed in 4to, London, in the same year. So much was this book detested and dreaded, that John Mole, a native of Devonshire, and who was travelling in Italy with Lord Ross, was, in consequence of his possessing it, and his having communicated its contents to a Florentine acquaintance, confined for thirty years, and at length died, in the prison of the Inquisition at Rome; (Beliquiw WoUoniancB, p. 314. Lond. 1672. Fuller's Church Hist, of Britain, B. x. pp. 48-9. lb. 1655.) where of course he was not permitted to receive the letter addressed to him by Bishop Hall. (Deoad vi. Epist. ix. Lond. 1634.) On the 8th of April, 1609, the second edition of the regal Apology (the first with the King's name) was set forth ; and together with it the Preamble, or Premonition, to all Chris- tian Monarches, free Princes, and States; and botli compositions very speedily appeared in Latin, in 8vo, at the Hague. Bellarmin did not at first come forward in his own person ; but having assumed the title of Matthaus Tortus in his Answer to King James, he met with a prompt and complete refutation from the ToHura Torti of the incomparably-learned Bishop Andrewes ; Lond. 1609. In this year, at Rome, the Cardinal's Apologia pro Besponsione sua was published j and there was a reprint of it, apparently at Cologne, in 1610. This Apology was directed against the Admonitory Preface of King James, which was assailed also in the folio Examen of the Augustinian Leonardus Coquteus, at Friburg in Suabia • and Andrewes repelled his royal master's leading adversary in his Re'. sponsio ad Apologiam Cwrdinalia BeUarmini, Lond. UilO. BURNED ALIVE AT ROME ? 45 nato dal detto lieretico ; offe- regard to the primacy of the rendoti voler dire qualche cosa Roman Pontiff, which had been Preston, a Benedictine Monli in England, who toolc the appellation of Roger Widdrington, was a, distinguished opponent of Bellarmin, the "Adolphus Sehulckenius" whose twenty calumnies he confutes in the Appendix to his Sapplicatio to Pope Paul V., Albionopoli, 1616. The Congregation for the Index, as it might have been expected, strenuously assisted those who were hostile to the Oath of Allegiance ; and their de- cree, by which Widdrington's previous books had been stigmatized, may be found in Dodd's Cliurch History of England, ii. 481. Brussels, 1739. It is remarkable also, that Bellarmin and Aldobrandin, now among Fulgentio's judges, were those Cardinals who had received deceptive letters from Holy-Rood house in connexion with the fictitious application made by Lord Balmerino to Pope Clement VIII., in the name of King James, for the establishment of diplomatic relations with Rome, in 1599. (Dodd, ii. 460. Spottiswoode's Hist. ofOlmrch of Scotland, pp. 456, 507. Lend. 1677. Calderwood's True History, pp. 426, 600. an. 1678. Andrewes, Tortura Torti, p. 229. ed. Bliss, Oxon. 1851.) But the most singular circumstance to be noted with respect to Bel- larmin is, that he had been compelled to change his own opinion as to the nature of the Pope's power in temporals. He had for some time attempted to avoid the vindication of extreme views ; but succeeded only in exas- perating the ultramontane party, while he did uot gain favour with the Doctors of tlie Sorbonne. His book against Barclay, though proceeding from Rome, was condemned by an ordinance of the Parisian Parliament in 1610; and the doctrine therein defended, relative to the seduction of subjects from obedience to their Princes, was pronounced to be " false and detestable." (Goldasti RepUoaHo pro Imperio, pp. 81-2. Hanov. 1611. Clement, Biblioth. Owrieme, Tome iii. pp. 58-9. A Giittingen, 1752.) On the other hand, since he had at first, in his treatise De Romano Pontifice, pleaded merely for indirect, though supreme, papal authority in political affairs, his celebrated Ditputationes de Contronerms Christiance Fidei were prohibited by the Index of Pope SixtusV. (fol, 52, b. Romse, 1590.) This Index was suppressed, perhaps solely on account of the untoward misad- venture which bad befallen so renowned a champion ; and it might never have been visible again had not a copy of it happily come into the posses- sion of the Rev. Joseph Mendham, who carefully reprinted it in 1835. (Compare his ever interesting and most useful work on Tlie Literary Policy of the Church of Rome, pp. 104-7. Lend. 1830.) A rumour as to the fate of the " Aries gregis" which had confronted him had reached King James I., who observes : " Fama etiara proditum est, hand scio quam vera, libros Controversiarum Bellarmini in Italia non permitti vulgo ;" (Protestatio Antivorstia : 0pp. p. 173. Francof. 1689.) and measures were adopted at T3<^mp t.n obviate any awkward allusions to the fact. For example, when 46 WERE HERETICS EVER contro detto scrittor Cato- lico. " Fu anco ritrovata un'altra lettera, scrittati da un'heretico d' Inghilt^, nella quale fa men- tione di mandacti un libro here- tico et pestilente. Le quali cose tutte mostrano il tuo tnal' animo et mala volenti contro la santa Fede, et Chiesa Cato- lica Rotnana. " Et essendoti state rao- strate le dette lettere, le hai riconosciute ; dicendo ' di non haver mai havuto animo di pregiudicare a Catholici ; et che le parole scritte in bi- asmo del scrittor Catolico, le scrivesti per impeto di pass°., et quando vacillavi e titubavi intorno il primato del Romano Pontefice ; et che conosci d' haver scritto raalamente et falsamente ; et che il libro, del quale si fa impugned by the said heretic ; making an offer expressive of your readiness to say somes- thing in opposition to the said Catholic writer. " There was likewise found another letter, written to you by a heretic from England", in which he made mention of sending to you a heretical and pestilent book. All of which things demonstrate your evil dispo- sition and ill-will against the holy Faith, and the Catholic Church of Rome. " And the said letters having been shown to you, you have admitted their genuineness ; saying, ' That you never had a design to injure Catholics; and that the words which were de- rogatory to the Catholic writer you wrote through vehemence of passion, and at a time when you were irresolute and waver- ing with respect to the primacy ofthe Roman Pontiff: and that you are conscious of having written wrongly and falsely ; the energetic and candid Jesuit Raynaud had stated that the cause of the proscription was, that "negaverat Pontifici dominium directum super omnia regna Christiana," the Congregation for the Index marked tliese words for expurgation. {Apopompaeus, p. 264. CracoviiB, 1669.) After the death of Pope Sixtus V. Bellarmin's name was no longer inserted in any Catalogue of mterdicted authors ; and for future impressions of his writings he prepared a modification of every unacceptable sentiment:— " paucis denique quse minus placebant correctis ;" as he says in the Pre- face to his BeoognUw libroi-um omniwm, p. 2. Ingolstad. 1608. 9 Bedell. See pp. 16, 38. BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 47 mentione nell'altra lettera, non Thai ricevuto.' " Finalmente, ti fu di novo assignato il termine a fare le tue difese ; e rispondesti, ' non voler far altre difese ; ma che conosci d'haver errato ; et che sei molto pentito di tali errori ; et che ti rimetti alia benignita etmisericordiadel Sant'Offitio.' " Et parendoci che non ha- vessi detto la verita intorno ai Complici, ordinassimo, che con- tro di te si venisse al rigoroso essame ; solamente per sapere se in dette tue opinion! here- tiche et erronee havessi havuto Complici. II che essendo stato eseguito, doppo d'haver pro- posta questa tua causa nella Congregatione nostra gnle, et quella votata et risoluta, siamo venuti all'infrafta sentenza. and that you have not received the book of which mention was made in the other letter.' "Finally, the set time for making your defence was anew assigned to you; and you answered, 'That you did not desire to make any other de- fence ; but that you are sensible of your having erred ; and that you are very penitent for such errors ; and that you commit yourself to the benignity and compassion of the Holy Office.' " And as it appears that you have not spoken the truth with regard to your accomplices, we commanded that you should be subjected to an examination by torture' ; solely for the purpose of discovering whether in these your heretical and erroneous opinions you have had accom- plices. Which having been carried into effect, after having proposed this your cause in our general Congregation*, and it having been put to the vote and determined upon, we have ' Scourging was the punishment inflicted on this occasion. Compare what we have already learned from Father Paul, p. 30, with the informa- tion given by Carena, that "in secundo casu," (that of concealing the truth,) " stilus S. Offitii est non punire testem falsum poena talionis, sed alia extraordinaria, scilicet Fustigationis" . . . (Par. ii. p. 276. Conf. Pegnse Schol. p. 252.) ' That is, the Congregation for the Inquisition ; the first of the fifteen Congregatioi\s of Cardinals instituted hy Pope Sixtus V. in the year 1587. (Cherub. Btdla/r. Tom. ii. p. 464. Romae, 1638.) 48 WERE "HERETICS EVER "Invocatodunq; ilnomes""'. di nostro Sig". Gesu Christo, et della glorios""'. sua Madre sempre Vergine Maria, nella causa et cause predette, al pnte vertenti in questo Sant' Offitio, tra il Rev. Carlo Sinceri, dell' una et I'altra Legge Dottore, Procurator Fiscale di d°. Sant' Offitio, da una parte, et te Fra Fulgentio Manfredi sud°., reo gia inquisito, et come vehemen- tetnente sospetto di heresia, sententiato, et abjurato, et di novo per tua confessione col- pevole et heretico relasso ritro- vato, dair altra ; per. questa nostra diffinitiva silza, quale di conseglio et parere de Rev. Pri, Maestri di sacra Theologia, et Dottori dell' una et I'altra Legge, nostri Consultori, pro- ferimo in questi scritti, dicemo, pronuntiamo, sententiamo, et dechiariamo, te Fra Fulgentio predette essere heretico relas- so ; et per cio esser incorso in tutte le censure ecclesiastiche et pene, da sacri Canoni, leggi, et constitution!, cosi gnli come particolari, k tali heretici con- fess! et relassi imposte; et come tale ti degradiamo ver- balmente, et dechiaramo dover esser degradato, si come ordi- niamo, et commandiamo, che come to the underwritten sen- tence. "Having then invoked the most sacred name of our Lord Jesus Christ, and that of His most glorious Mother, Mary ever Virgin, in the cause and causes aforesaid, at present pending in this Holy Office between the reverend Carlo Sinceri, Doctor of Laws, Fiscal Procurator of the said Holy Office, on the one side, and on the other side you Friar Ful- gentio Manfredi before-men- tioned, a criminal formerly impeached, who, as very strongly suspected of her resy, were under sentence, and abjured, and who by your own confession have anew been found culpable, and a relapsed heretic ; by this our definitive sentence, which, by the counsel and advice of the reverend Fathers our Consultors, Masters of sacred Theology, and Doc- tors of Laws, we put forth in these letters, we say, pronounce, give sentence, and declare, that you the above-named Friar Fulgentio are a relapsed here- tic ; and have ' consequently incurred all the ecclesiastical censures and penalties imposed upon such confessed and re- lapsed heretics by the sacred Canons, laws, and constitutions, BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 49 sii attualm*^. degradato da tutti gl'Ordini ecc"., maggiori et minori, nei quali sei constituito, secondo I'ordine de sacri Ca- noni ; et dover esser scacciato, si come ti scacciamo, dal Foro nfo ecc*°., et dalla nostra santa et immaculata Chiesa, della cui misericordia ti sei reso indegno ; et dover esser rilasciato alia Corte secolare, si come ti ri- lasciamo alia Corte di Mon- sig'*. Govematore di Roma, overo al suo Luogotenente Criminale, qui piite, per pu- nirti delle debite pene : pre- gandolo pero efficacemente, che voglia mitigare il rigore delle le^ circa la pena della tua psona ; che sia senza peri- as well general as special ; and as such we degrade you ver- bally, and declare that you ought to be degraded, as we do ordain and command that you be actually degraded, from all theecclesiastical Orders,greater and less, into which you may have been admitted, according to the appointment of the sacred Canons^ ; and that you ought to be expelled, as we do expel you, from our ecclesiastical Tribunal, and from our holy and immaculate Church, of whose compassion you have rendered yourself unworthy ; and that you ought to be deli- vered to the secular Court, as we do deliver you to the Court ^ An instance of the manner in which the ceremony of Degradation is performed is furnished by the Book of the Sentences of the Inquisition of Toulouse, which Limborch published at Amsterdam in 1692. 'The case is that of John Philibert, a Priest, who having relapsed into union with the Waldensas, early in the fourteenth century, was degraded from all his Orders previously to his being delivered over to the secular Court. (lAh, Sentt. Inq. Thol., pp. 252-5, 274-7.) Verbal Degradation, or Deposition, takes place when a criminal is tp be perpetually imprisoned : but Actual Degradation must ensue when the person accused of heresy is to suffer death ; as it ia thought necessary, that, before his " Relaxation," (Llo- rente, i. xlvi, 122. A Paris, 1817-) or being surrendered to the civil power, he should be deprived of every dignity which might have exempted him from its jurisdiction. All the formulas and ceremonies appertaining to the rite of Ordination are now reversed : the various privileges which had been conferred from the lowest to the highest are contrariwise taken away: the unction is erased from the hands by scraping them slightly with a piece of glass ; and lastly the head is shaved, so that no mark of the tonsure may remain upon it. Then the sacrifice is offered. (Lim- borch, Hist. Inquis., pp. 349-50, et Addenda ante pag. 1. Baker's Bistort/ of the InguisUion, pp. 316-20. Lond. 1734. Conf. Martene, De antiguis Eadesiw JUtilms, ii. 318-19. Venet. 1783.) 50 WERE " HERETICS " EVER colo di morte, 6 mutilatione di of his Lordship the Governor membro. of Rome, or to his Deputy in criminal cases, who is present, in order that he may inflict the due penalties upon you : ear- nestly entreating of him, how- ever, that he would be pleased to mitigate the severity of the laws with regard to the punish- ment of your person ; that it may be effected without danger of death, or mutilation of limb*. * To those who hare not investigated the mysteries of the Inquisition this supplication for mercy, presented to the secular arm, will probably appear either to have been added in derision of the unhappy victim, or else to be an irrefutable confirmation of the statement put forward in the Dublin Memew, and referred to at the commencement of these pages. If the words were to be taken literally, they might certainly be spoken of as exhibiting " gross and confident mockery of God and the world ;" (Geddes, Tnquk. i» Portugal: Tracts, i. 409.) for assuredly this petition is never granted, even at Rome, where the same person possesses supremo spiritual and civil power ; nor is it intended that it should be complied with ; but manifestly any such concession would be totally at variance with the de- sires, principles, and conduct, of those who have made the request appa- rently from compassion. It is argued in defence of the Inquisitors, that they, as ecclesiastical judges, may intercede for the offender in another, that is in the temporal, Court ; and though any kind of intercession tending to favour the indivi- dual designated as a heretic, or to impede the execution of supposed jus- tice, is strictly forbidden, and out of the question, yet it is presumed that recourse may be had to this species of entreaty for the sake of avoiding the irregularity of Clergymen consenting to the effusion of blood, and especially because that a particular ordinance in the papal Canon Law has declared that "the Church ougU to intercede efficaciously" — "debet Ecclesia efficaciter intercedere" — on these occasions. (DecretaU. Greg.IX. Lib. V. Tit. xl. Cap. xxvii.) This obligation was imposed by Pope Inno- cent III., the first and great patron of Inquisitors, about the year 1216 ; and it may be seen in Eymerici's Directory, (p. 77. Conf. pp. 333, 386.) in which its meaning is discussed by his annotator Pegna. {Sehol. xvii. pp. 43-4.) The Constitution Oupimtm almmii, issued by Pope taul IV. in April, 1S67, which is not to be found in the Bidlarmm Magnmajhut is duly adverted to by Castellanus, (Cornpemi. Cotatt. fol. 77. Venet. 1604.) decided BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 51 " Et cosi dicemo, pronun- tiamo, sniamo, dechiariamo, ordiniamo, commandiamo, de- gradiamo, scacciamo, rilasci- amo, et preghiamo, respettiva- mente, in questo et in ogn'altro miglior modo et forma che di ragione potemo et dovemo. "ItapronutiamusNosCardi*', Gnles Inquisitores infrascrip- ti— " And thus we say, pro- nounce, pass sentence, declare, ordain, command, degrade, ex- pel, deliver up, and entreat, respectively, in this and in every other better manner and form which we reasonably can, and should, adopt. " So we Cardinals, Inquisi- tors General, whose names are written beneath, pronounce — Jrp^ar^-^ that ecclesiastics assisting in causes of heresy should not thenceforth be esteemed "irregular," Whatever might be the result of the proceedings which they should originate and perfect ; and Pope Pius V. subsequently ratified and enlarged the same Decree. So timid and scrupulous^ however, are the consciences of Inquisitors, that they have been unwilling to rest contented with such a provision for their peace of mind, and have declined to omit or alter the letter of the ancient law ; and accordingly the formal protest against cruelty and bloodsI)ed, which, being designedly inoperative, is actually hypocritical, has been still retained. Finally, let it not be for- gotten, that one of the propositions selected from Luther's writings, and condemned by Pope Leo X. in the BuH Mxswrge, in 1520, as pestiferous and destructive, &o., was this, " That it is contrary to the mil of the HcHy Spirii that heretics should be bwmed :" — " H^keticos combuki est comtra VOLtTNTAlEM SPIBITUS." e2 52 WERE " HERETICS " EVER ^ /fr^^^^isr^iS^ ^^A^. I'M I, ^' ^MI ^ (t/f/40-7^7u^ BURNED ALIVE AT ROME ? 53 jf. ck.r'Z.^'^'^ ^ 54 WERE " HERETICS EVER " On Thursday, the first day of July, 1610, the foregoing sentence was passed, given, and pronounced in these letters, by the most illustrious and most reverend Lords the Car- dinals, Inquisitors General, whose signatures appear above, sitting for signs ° on the Judg- ment-seat, in the general Con- gregation of the holy and uni- versal Roman Inquisition, holden at Rome, in the Apos- tolic palace of the Quirinal mount ; the reverend Fathers, Seigniors, Brother Stephanus de Vicariis k Garexio, of the Order of Preaching-Friars, Master of sacred Theology, and Commissary General, and Marcellus Philonardus, Doctor of Laws, the Assessor of the Holy Office, being there pre- sent as witnesses. ^^vHc^^ ^JifU^ih^ J^J^ y "Die Jovis, prima Julii, 1610, " Lata, data, et in his scriptis pronuntiata fuit suprascripta siitia p suptos 111™', et R™". Diios Cardinales gnales Inqui- sitores, pro Tribunali ut signa seden, in Cong°. gnali sanctse Romanes et Vnlis Inq"'*., ha- bita Romse, in Palatio Aposto- lico Montis Quirinalis ; pntibus ibidem RR. PP. DD. Ffe Stephano de Vicariis a Garexio, Ord. Praed., sacrse Theologies Magro, et Commissario gnali, et Marcello Philonardo, J. U.D., Assessore S". Officii, testibus. -er^ ' Probably this phrase was used in allusioa to I«aiah viii. 18, "for signs and for wonders in Israel ;" or to Ezek. xii. 6, " I have set thoe for a sign unto the house of Israel." Many persons would consider that verse. Psalm Ixxiv. 4, move applicable to such an assembly : " Thine ene- mies roar in the midst of Thy congregations ; they set up their ensigns for signs," BURNED ALIVE AT ROME? 55 "Andreas de Pettinis, No- tary of the holy and universal Inquisition of Rome. " Die Dominica, quarta mensis Julii, 1610, post Ves- peras, " In executionem decreti facti in gnali Cong^. sanctae Inq™., coram S™". D. N., sub die 27 Maii proximo praeteriti, et ad instantiam R. D. Procu- ratoris Fiscalis anted^ ; con- gregatis et coadunatis RR. PP. DD. ejusdem sanctae Inqui- sitionis Consultoribus, et Offi- cialibus, in Basilica Sancti Petri de Urbe ; astantibus etiam ibidem RR. DD. Canonicis et Capitulo dictse Basilicae, nee non magna populi multitudine, lecta et publicata fuit, alta et intelligibili voce, supta sfitia ; ibidem pnte eodem Ffe Ful- gentio Manfredo, audiente, et intelligente : qui incontinenti, in illius executionem, fuit con- signatus R. P. D. Julio Mon- terentio, almae Urbis Guber- natori, pnti, %t acceptanti. "On Sunday', the fourth day of July, 1610, after Ves- pers, " In execution of the decree made in the general Congrega- tion of the holy Inquisition, on the twenty-seventh of last May, in the presence of our most holy Lord ', and at the soli- citation of the reverend Seignior the Fiscal Procurator before- named; the reverend Fathers and Seigniors the Consultors of the said holy Inquisition, and the Officials, being assem- bled and met together in the church of S. Peter of the city ; the reverend Seigniors the Canons and the Chapter of the same Cathedral, as well as a great multitude of people, being bystanders, the preceding sen- tence was read and promul- gated in a loud and intelligible voice ; the said Friar Fulgentius Manfredus being present, hear- ing, and understanding it : who, for the purpose of it being executed, was immediately * How suitable was the evening which was selected for such an employ- ment ! ? It is then undeniable that Pope Paul V. superintended the trial, and authorized the destiny, of Fulgentio. 56 WERE " HERETICS " EVER BURNED ALIVE, &C. " Super quibus, &c. " Actum ubi supra ; pntibus RR. DD, Araerico Egio Spo- letano, et Thoma Oldovino Cremonen, ejusdetn Basilicee Beneficiatis, ac Jo. Antonio Thomasio Romano, testibus ad prsemissa vocatis, habitis, atque rogatis," handed over to the reverend Father Seignior Julius Monte- rentius, the Governor of the plenteous city, who was pre- sent, and took him into his charge. " Upon which, &c. " This was done in the place before-mentioned ; in the pre- sence of the reverend Seigniors, Americus Egius of Spoleto, and Thomas Oldovinus of Cremona, Beneficiaries of the said Cathe- dral, and Joannes Antonius Thomasius of Rome, who were summoned, taken, and request- ed, to be witnesses of what is above recorded." THE END. Gilbert & Rivington, Printers, St. John's Square, London.