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FIRST COURT-HOUSE OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 (From plans and epeciflcations on fllo in tin- avchivcB of the county.) 
 
HISTOIl^^ 
 
 OF 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY, 
 
 TOGBTHBK WITH 
 
 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE WABASH YALLEY, 
 
 GLEANED FROM EAKLT AUTHORS, OLD MAPS AND MANUSCRIPTS, 
 
 PRIVATE AND OFPICIAL CORRESPONDENCE, AND OTHER 
 
 AUTHENTIC, THOUGH, FOR THE MOST PART, 
 
 OUT-OF-THE-WAY SOURCES. 
 
 By H. W. ^ECKWITH, 
 
 Op the Danville Bab ; Corresponding Member op the Historical Societies op 
 • Wisconsin and Chicago. 
 
 WITH MAP AND ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 CHICAGO: 
 
 H. H. HILL AND N. IDDIN6S, PUBLISHERS. 
 1881. 
 
 ..o.y. 
 
F 
 
 S'ZZ 
 
 COPTBIOHT, 1881, 
 
 W. BBCKWITH AND SO 
 
 By H. W. BBCKWITH 
 
 ON. 
 
 
 .„98BSi'..^d» 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In presenting this History to the public the editors and publishers 
 have had in view the preservation of certain valuable historical 
 facts and information which without concentrated effort would not 
 have been obtained, but with the passing away of the old pioneers, 
 the failure of memory, and the loss of public records and private 
 diaries, would soon have been lost. This locality being compara- 
 tively new, we flatter ourselves that, with the zeal and industry 
 displayed by our general and local historians, we have succeeded 
 in rescuing from tlie fading years almost every scrap of history 
 worthy of preservation. Doubtless the work is, in some respects, 
 imperfect; — we do not present it as a model literary effort, but, in 
 that which goes to make up a valuable book of reference for the 
 present reader and the future historian, we assure our patrons that 
 neither money nor time has been spared in the accomplishment of 
 the work. Perhaps some errors will be found. With treacherous 
 memories, personal, political and sectarian prejudices and prefer- 
 ences to contend against, it would be almost a miracle if no mistakes 
 were made. We hope that even these defects which may be found 
 to exist may be made available in s,o far as they may provoke dis- 
 cussion and call attention to corrections and additions necessary to 
 perfect history. 
 
 The "History of the Wabash Valley" — necessarily the founda- 
 tion for the history of this part of the country, by H. W. Beckwith, 
 of Danville — has already received the hearty endorsement of the 
 press, of the historical societies of the northwestern states, and ot 
 the most accurate historians in the country. Mr. Beckwith has in 
 his possession perhaps the most extensive private library of rare 
 historical works bearing on the territory under consideration in the 
 world, and from them he has drawn as occasion demanded. 
 
6 - PBBFACB. 
 
 The general county history, written by P. S. Kennedy, will 
 be found by our readers to be in a bold, fearless style, dealing m 
 facts as so many causes, and pursuing effects to the end without 
 turning to the right or left to accommodate the opinions or prefer- 
 ences of friend, party or sect. 
 
 The war record, which is as complete as can possibly be obtained, 
 it is believed will give eminent satisfaction to the many brave boys 
 who still- survive and who took their lives in their hands and went 
 forth to battle for the Union, and who have liberally patronized us 
 in this work. 
 
 The township histories, by Messrs. Cowan, Cochran, Kaymond, 
 Hyde and Turner, will be found full of valuable recollections, which, 
 but for their patient research, must soon have been lost forever, 
 but which are now happily preserved for all ages to come. These 
 gentlemen have placed upon the county and the adjacent country 
 a mark which will not be obliterated, but which will grow brighter 
 and broader as the years go by. 
 
 The biographical department contains the names and private 
 sketches of nearly every person of importance in each township. 
 A few persons, whose sketches we should be .pleased to have pre- 
 sented, for various reasons refused or delayed furnishing us with 
 the desired information, and in this matter only we feel that our 
 work is incomplete. However, in most of such cases we have 
 obtained, in regard to the most important persons, some items, 
 and have woven them into the county or township sketches, so 
 that, as we believe, we cannot be accused of either partiality or 
 prejudice. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 'Topography — The drainage of the Lakes and the Mississippi, and the Indian and 
 
 French names by which they were severally called 11 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Drainage of the Illinois and Wabash — Their tributary streams — The portages 
 connecting the drainage to the Atlantic with that of the Gulf 17 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The ancient Maumee Valley — Geological features — The portage of the Wabash 
 and the Kankakee 31 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The rainfall — Cultivation of the soil tends to equalize rainfall, and prevent the 
 recurrence of drouths and floods 26 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 •Origiii of the prairies — Their former extent — Gradual encroachment of the 
 forest — Prairie fires — Aboriginal names of the prairies, and the Indians 
 who lived exclusively upon them 29 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Early French discoveries — .raques Cartier ascends the St. Lawrence in 1535 — 
 Samuel Cham plain founds Quebec in 1608 — In 1643 Montreal is established — 
 Influence of Quebec and Montreal upon the Northwest continues until subse- 
 quent to the war of 1813 — Spanish discoveries of the lower Mississippi in 1525, 37 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Joliet and Marquette's Voyage — Father Marquette's Journal, descriptive of the 
 journey and the country through which they traveled — Biographical sketches 
 of Marquette and Joliet 43 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 iLa Salle's Voyage — Biographical sketch of La Salle — Sketch of Father Hennepin 
 and the merit of his writings 54 
 
 CHAPTER" IX. 
 Jja Salle's Voyage continued — He erects Fort Miamis 63 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The several rivers called the Miamis — La Salle's route down the Illinois — The 
 Kankakee Marshes — The French and Indian names of the Kankakee and 
 Des Plaines — The Illinois — '-'Fort Crevecoeur " — The whole valley of the 
 great river taken possession of in the name of the King of France 72 
 
TABLE OP CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 Death of La Salle, in attempting to establish a colony near the mouth of the 
 Mississippi — Chicago Creek— The origin of the name — La Salle assassinated 
 and his colony destroyed — Second attempt of France, under Mons. Iberville, 
 in 1699, to establish settlements on the Gulf— The Western Company— 
 Law's scheme of inflation and its consequences o^ 
 
 CHAPTER Xn. 
 
 Surrender of Louisiana to the French Crown in 1731 — Early routes by way of the 
 Kankakee, Chicago Creek, the Ohio, the Maumee and Wabash described — 
 The Maumee and Wabash, and the number and origin of their several names 
 
 — Indian villages ^^ 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Aboriginal inhabitants — The several Illinois tribes — Of the name Illinois, and its 
 origin — The Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Tamaroas, Peorias and Metchigamis, sub- 
 divisions of the Illinois Confederacy — The tradition concerning the Iroquois 
 River — Their decline and removal westward of the Missouri 105 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 TheMiamis — The Miami, Piankeshaw and Wea bands — Their superiority and 
 their military disposition — Their trade and difficulties with the French and 
 the English — They are upon the Maumee and Wabash — Their Villages — 
 They defeat the Iroquois — They trade with the English, and incur the anger 
 of the French — Their bravery — Their decline — Destructive effects of intem- 
 perance — Cession of their lands in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio — r Their re- 
 moval westward and present condition 119' 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 The Pottawatomies — Originally from the north and east of Lake Huron — Their 
 migrations by way of Mackinaw to the country west of Lake Michigan, and 
 thence south and eastward — Their games — Origin of the name Pottawato- 
 mie — Occupy a portion of the country of the Miamis along the Wabash — 
 Their villages — At peace with the United States after the war of 1812 — Cede 
 their lands — Their exodus from the Wabash, the Kankakee and Wabash ... IST 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 The Kickapoos and Mascoutins reside about Saginaw Bay in 1613 ; on Fox River, 
 Wisconsin, in 1670 — Their reception of the Catholic fathers — On the Maumee 
 in 1712 — In southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois — Migrate to the 
 Wabash — Dwellers of the prairie — Their destruction at the siege of De- 
 troit — Nearly destroy the Illinois and Piankeshaws, and occupy their country 
 
 — Join Tecumseh in a body — They, with the Winnebagoes, attack Fort 
 Harrison — Their country between the Illinois and Wabash — Their resem- 
 blance to the Sac and Fox Indians 15S 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 The Shawnees and Delawares — Originally east of the Alleghany Mountains — 
 Are subdued and driven out by the Iroquois — They war on the American 
 settlements — Their villages on the Big and Little Miamis, the St. Mary's, 
 the Au Glaize, Maumee and Wabash — The Delawares — Made women of by 
 tie Iroquois — Their country on White River, Indiana, and eastward defined 
 — They, with the Shawnees, sent west of the Mississippi 170 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 The Indians — Their implements, utensils, fortifications, mounds, manners and 
 customs 180 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Stone implements used by the Indians before they came in contact with the Euro- 
 peans — Illastrations of various kinds of stone implements, and suggestions 
 as to their probable uses 195 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 The war for the fur trade — Former abundance of wild animals and water-fowl in 
 the Northwest — The buffalo ; their range, their numbers, and final disap- 
 pearance — Valine of the fur trade ; its importance to Canada 208 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 The war for the empire — English claims to the Northwest — Deeds from the Iro- 
 quois to a large part of the country 324 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 Pohtiac's war to recover the country from the English — Pontiac's confederacy 
 falls to pieces — The country turned over to the English — Pontiac's death. . . 334 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Gren. Clark's conquest of the " Illinois " — The Revolutionary war — Sketch of 
 Gen. Clark — His manuscript memoir of his march to the Illinois — He cap- 
 tures Kaskaskia — The surrender of Vincennes — Capt. Helm surprises a 
 convoy of English boats at the mouth of the Vermilion River — Organization 
 of the northwest territory into Illinois county of Virginia 345 
 
 HISTORY OP MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Topography and geology 1 
 
 Early history & 
 
 A noted criminal trial 38 
 
 Montgomery County in the war of the rebellion 31 
 
 Roll of ofScers in the civil war 83 
 
 Soldiers of the war for the Union - 44 
 
 The honored dead 103 
 
 Railroads of Montgomery County Ill 
 
 County ofiicers 114 
 
 Union Township 116 
 
 Crawfordsville '. lift 
 
 Organization of city 183 
 
 Additions 187 
 
 Benevolent Orders 143 
 
 Fire Department 147 
 
 Trades and professions 149 
 
 Wabash College 153 
 
 Biographical , 159 
 
 Brown Township 319 
 
 Lake Harney 323 
 
 Public improvements 324 
 
 Early history '. 825 
 
 Organization ; 327 
 
 Towns and villages 329 
 
 SecretOrders ..: 333 
 
 Churches 33& 
 
 Brown's Valley 345 
 
 New market 346 
 
 Biographical ~ 349 
 
 Walnut Township 863 
 
 Towns 368 
 
 Schools and churches '. 870 
 
 Lodges .371 
 
 Biographical 374 
 
10 , TABLE OF CONTKNTS. 
 
 Scott Township 406 
 
 Biographical 414 
 
 Madison Township. .• 431 
 
 Lodges .... ■. 433 
 
 Churches 434 
 
 Biographical 435 
 
 Clarlt Township 443 
 
 Biographical 452 
 
 Coal Creek Township 476 
 
 Schools 484 
 
 Churches 485 
 
 Meharry ftrove 488 
 
 Bioffraphical ... 488 
 
 Franklin Township 521 
 
 Organization 525 
 
 Early history 526 
 
 First land sales 527 
 
 Early improvements 528 
 
 Biographical 540 
 
 Su«ar Creek Township , , ... 563 
 
 Biographical 570 
 
 Ripley Township 583 
 
 Biographical ' . . 587 
 
 Wayne Township .....'. 590 
 
 Biographical ' ' ' ' 592 
 
THE WABASH VALLEY. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 The reader will have a better understanding of the manner in 
 which the territory, herein treated of, was discovered and subse- 
 quently occupied, if reference is made, in the outset, to some of its 
 more important topographical features. 
 
 Indeed, it would be an unsatisfactory task to try to follow the routes 
 of early travel, or to undertake to pursue the devious wanderings of 
 the aboriginal tribes, or trace the advance of civilized society into a 
 country, without some preliminary knowledge of its topography. 
 
 Looking upon a map of North America, it is observed that west- 
 ward of the Alleghany Mountains the waters are divided into two 
 great masses; the one, composed of waters flowing into the great 
 northern lakes, is, by the river St. Lawrence, carried into the Atlantic 
 Ocean ; the other, collected by a multitude of streams spread out like 
 a vast net over the surface of more than twenty states and several ter- 
 ritories, is gathered at last into the Mississippi River, and thence dis- 
 charged into the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 As it was by the St. Lawrence River, and the great lakes connected 
 with it, that the Northwest Territory was discovered, and for many 
 years its trade mainly carried on, a more minute notice of this remark- 
 able water communication will not be out of place. Jacques Cartier, 
 a French navigator, having sailed from St. Malo, entered, on the 10th 
 of August, 1535, the Gulf, which he had explored the year before, and 
 named it the St. Lawrence, in memory of the holy martyr whose feast 
 is celebrated on that day. This name was subsequently extended to 
 the river. Previous to this it was called the River of Canada, the 
 name given by the Indians to the whole country.* The drainage of 
 the St. Lawrence and the lakes extends through 14 degrees of longi- 
 tude, and covers a distance of over two thousand miles. Ascending 
 
 * Father Charlevoix' "History and General Description of New France;" Dr. 
 John G. Shea's translation ; vol. 1, pp. 37, 115. 
 
12 HISTOKIC NOTES OF THE NOKTHWEST. 
 
 this river, we behold it flanked with bold crags and sloping hillsides ; 
 its current beset with rapids and studded with a thousand islands ; 
 combining scenery of marvelous beauty and grandeur. Seven hundre 
 and fifty miles above its mouth, the channel deepens and the shores 
 recede into an expanse of water known as Lake Ontario.* 
 
 Passing westward on Lake Ontario one hundred and eighty mileB 
 a second river is reached. A few miles above its entry into the lake, 
 the river is thrown over a ledge of rock into a yawning chasm, one 
 hundred and fifty feet below;- and, amid the deafening noise and clouds 
 of vapor escaping from the agitated waters is seen the great Falls of 
 Niagara. At Buff^alo, twenty-two miles above the falls, the shores of 
 JSTiagara Eiver recede and a second great inland sea is formed, having 
 an average breadth of 40 miles and a length of 240 miles. This is 
 Lake Erie. The name has been variously spelt,— Earie, Herie, Erige 
 and Erike. It has also born the name of Conti.f Father Hennepin 
 says : " The Hurons call it Lake Erige, or Erike, that is to say, the Lake 
 of the Cat, and the inhabitants of Canada have softened the word to 
 Erie ; " vide " A New Discovery of a Yast Country in America," p. 77 ; 
 London edition, 1698. 
 
 Hennepin's derivation is substantially followed by the more accurate 
 and accomplished historian. Father Charlevoix, who at a later period, 
 in 1721, in writing of this lake uses the following words : " The name 
 it bears is that of an Indian nation of the Huron language, which was 
 formerly settled on its banks and who have been entirely destroyed by 
 the Iroquois. Erie in that language signifies cat, and in some accounts 
 this nation is called the cat nation." He adds : "Some modern maps 
 have given Lake Erie the name of Conti, but with no better success 
 than the names of Conde, Tracy and Orleans which have been given 
 to Lakes Huron, Superior and Michigan.";]: 
 
 At the upper end of Lake Erie, to the southward, is Maumee Bay, 
 of which more hereafter ; to the northward the shores of t\\e lake again 
 
 The 
 
 word is Huron- Iroquois, and is derived, in their language,"from Ontra, a lake,"and io 
 beautiful, the compound word meaning a beautiful lake ; vide Letter of DuBois 
 D'Avaugour, August 16, 1663, to the Ministfer: Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 16. Baron 
 LaHontan, in his work and on the accompanying map, calls it Lake Frontenac; vide 
 "New Voyages to North America," vol. 1, p. 319. And Frontenac, the name by which 
 lihis lake was most generally designated by the early French writers, was given to it in 
 honor of the great Count Frontenac. Governor-General of Canada. 
 
 t Narrative of Father Zenobia Membre, who accompanied Sieur La Salle in the 
 voyage westward on this lake in 1679 ; vide " Discovery and Exploration of the 
 l^ississippi," by Dr. John G. Shea, p. 90. Barou La Hontan's "Voyages to North 
 America, ' vol. 1, p. 217, also map prefixed ; London edition, 1703. Cadwalder Col- 
 den's map, referred to in a previous note, designates it as " Lake Erie, or Okswego " 
 
 X Journal of a Voyage to North America, vol. 2, p. 3 ; London Edition, 1761 
 
THE LAKES, 13 
 
 approach each other and form a channel known as the Riv?eF Detroit, % 
 French word signifying a strait or narrow'passage. Northward some 
 twenty miles, and above the city of Detroit, the river widens into a 
 small body of water called Lake St. Clair. The name as now written 
 is incorrect : " we should either retain the French form, Claire, or take 
 the English Clare. It received its name in honor of the founder of the 
 Franciscan nuns, from the fact that La Sajle reached it on the day con- 
 secrated to her."^ Northward some twelve miles across this lake the 
 land again encroaches upon and contracts the waters within another 
 narrow bound known as the Strait of St. Clair. Passing up this strait, 
 northward about forty miles, Lake Huron is reached. It is 250 miles 
 long and 190 miles wide, including Georgian Bay on the east, and its 
 whole area is computed to be about 21,000 square miles. Its magnitude 
 feiUy justified its early name, La Mer-douce, the Fresh Sea, on account 
 of its extreme vastness.f The more popular name of Huron, which 
 has survived all others, was given to it from the great Huron nation of 
 Indians who formerly inhabited the country lying to the eastward of 
 it. Indeed, many of the early French writers call it Lac des Hurons, 
 that is. Lake of the Hurons. It is so laid down on the maps of Hen- 
 nepin, La Hontan, Charlevoix and Golden in the volumes before quoted. 
 Going northward, leaving the Straits of Mackinaw, through which 
 Lake Michigan discharges itself from the west, and the chain of 
 Manitoulin Islands to the eastward, yet another river, the connecting 
 link between Lake Huron and Superior, is reached. Its current is 
 Bwift, and a mile below Lake Superior are the Falls, where the water 
 leaps and tumbles down a channel obstructed by boulders and shoals, 
 where, from time immemorial, the Indians of various tribes have 
 resorted on account of the abundance of fish and the ease with which 
 they are taken. Previous to the year 1670 the river was called the 
 Sault, that is, the rapids, or falls. In this year Fathers Marquette and 
 Dablon founded here the mission of " St. Marie du Sault " (St. Mary 
 of the Falls), from which the modern name of the river, St. Mary's, is 
 derived.:]: Eecently the United States have perfected the ship canal 
 
 fliit. in Rnlid rnnV. flrnnnd t.bfi falls. t.hrniiD'li wrTiiWi t.Vif> lanreat vAsscda 
 
14 HISTORIC NOTES OS THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 poetically and not inaccurately described by a Jesuit Father, whose 
 account of it is preserved in the Kelations for the years 1669 and 1670 : 
 " This lake has almost the form of a bended bow, and in length is more 
 than 180 leagues. The southern ^ore is as it were the cord, the arrow 
 being a long strip of land [Keweenaw Point] issuing from the south- 
 ern coast and running more than 80 leagues to the middle of the 
 lake." A glance on the map will show the aptness of the comparison. 
 The name Superior was given to it by the Jesuit Fathers, " in conse- 
 quence of its being above that of Lake Huron.* It was also called 
 Lake Tracy, after Marquis De Tracy, who was governor-general of 
 Canada from 1663 to 1665. Father Claude Allouez, in his " Journal 
 of Travels to the Country of the Ottawas," preserved in the Relations 
 for the years 1666, 1667, says: "After passing through the St. 
 Mary's Eiver we entered the upper lake, which will hereafter bear 
 the name of Monsieur Tracy, an acknowledgment of the obligation 
 under which the people of this country are to him." The good father, 
 however, was mistaken ; the name Tracy only appears on a few ancient 
 maps, or is perpetuated in rare volumes that record' the almost for- 
 gotten laboi's of the zealous Catholic missionaries; while the earlier 
 name of Lake " Superior " is familiar to every school-boy who has 
 thumbed an atlas. 
 
 At the western extremity of Lake Superior enter the Rivers Bois- 
 Brule and St. Louis, the upper tributaries of which have their sources 
 on the northeasterly slope of a water-shed, and approximate very near 
 the head-waters of the St. Croix, Prairie and Savannah Rivers, which, 
 issuing from the opposite side of this same ridge, flow into the upper 
 Mississippi. 
 
 The upper portions of Lakes Huron, Michigan, Green Bay, with 
 their indentations, and the entire coast line, witii the islands eastward 
 and westward of the Straits of Mackinaw, are all laid down with quite 
 a degree of accuracy on a map attached to the Relations of the Jesuits 
 for the years 1670 and 1671, a copy of which is contained in Bancroft's 
 History of the United States,t showing that the reverend fathers were 
 industrious in mastering and preserving the geographical features of 
 the wilderness they traversed in their holy calling. 
 
 Lake Michigan is the only one of the five great lakes that lays 
 wholly within the United States, — the other four, with their connect- 
 ing rivers and straits, mark the boundary between the Dominion of 
 Canada and the United States. Its length is 320 miles ; its average 
 breadth 70, with a mean depth of over 1,000 feet. Its area is some 
 
 * Relations of 1660 and 1669. f "Vol. 3, p. 152; fourth edition. 
 
LAKE MICHIGAN. 15 
 
 22,000 square miles, being considerably more than that of Lake Huron 
 and less than that of Lake Superior. 
 
 Michigan was the last of the lakes in order of discovery. The 
 Hurons, christianized and dwelling eastward of Lake Huron, had been 
 driven from their towns and cultivated fields by the Iroquois, and scat- 
 tered about Mackinaw and the desolate coast of Lake Superi-"- *")yond, 
 whither they were followed by their faithful pastors, the Jesuits, who 
 erected new altars and gathered the remnants of their stricken follow- 
 ers about them ; all this occurred before the fathers had acquired any 
 definite knowledge of Lake Michigan. In their mission work for the 
 year 1666, it is referred to " as the Lake Illinouek, a great lake adjoin- 
 ing, or between, the lake of the Hurons and that of Green. Bay, that 
 had not [as then] come to their knowledge." In the Eelation for the 
 same year, it is referred to as " Lake Illeaouers," and " Lake Illinioues, 
 as yet Unexplored, though much smaller than Lake Huron, and that the 
 Outagamies [the Fox Indians] call it Maehi-hi-gan-ing." Father Hen- 
 nepin says : " The lake is called by the Indians, ' Illinouek,' and by the 
 French, 'Illinois,'" and that the "Lake Illinois, in the native lan- 
 guage, signifies the 'Lake of Men.' " He also adds in the same para- 
 graph, that it is called by the Miamis, " Misehigonong, that is, the 
 great lake." * Father Marest, in a letter dated at Kaskaskia, Illinois, 
 ITovember 9, 1Y12, so often referred to on account of the valuable his- 
 torical matter it contains, contracts the aboriginal name to Michigan, 
 and is, perhaps, the first author who ever spelt it in the way that has 
 become universal. He naively says, " that on the maps this lake has 
 the name, without any authority, of the ' Lake of the Illinois^ since 
 the Illinois do not dwell in its neighborhood." f 
 
 * Hennepin's " New Discovery of a Vast Country in America," vol. 1, p. 35. The 
 name is derived from the two Algonquin words, Michi (raishi or missi), which signifies 
 great, as it does, also, several or many, and Sagayigan, a lake; vide Henry's Travels, 
 p. 37, and Alexander Mackenzie's Vocabulary of Algonquin Words. 
 
 t Eip's Early Jesuit Missions, p. 222. 
 
CHAPTER IL 
 
 ' ©RAINA6E OF THE ILLINOIS AND WABASH. 
 
 « 
 
 Tbb feeder's attention wiU now be directed to the dp^inage of t})(9 
 Illinois and Wabash I^ivers to the Mississippi, and that of the Maumee 
 Jliver into Lake Erie. The Illinois Eiver proper is formed in Grundy 
 cpwnty, Illinois, helow the city of Joliet, by the union of the Kanka- 
 kee gipd Pesplaines Eivers. The latter rises in southeastern "Wisconsin ; 
 and its course is almost south, through the counties of Cook and Wil}. 
 The JCankakee has its source in the vicinity of South Bend, Indian^. 
 It pursues a devious way, through marshes and low grounds, a south- 
 westerly course, forming the boundary-line between the counties pf 
 li^porte, Porter and Lake on the north, and Stark, Jasper and INewtoii 
 on the south ; thence across the dividing line of the two states of Jndj- 
 ana and Illinois, and some fifteen miles into the county of Kankakei§, 
 at the confluence of the Iroquois Eiver, where its direction is changej^ 
 northwest to its junction with the Desplaines. The Illinois passes 
 westerly into the county of Putnam, where it again turns and pursuesB 
 a generally southwest course to its confluence with the Mississippi, 
 twenty miles above the mouth of the Missouri. It is about five hun- 
 dred miles long ; is deep and broad, and in several places expands into 
 basins, which may be denominated lakes. Steamers ascend the river, in 
 high water, to La Salle ; from whence to Chicago navigation is contin- 
 ued by means of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. The principal trib- 
 utaries of the Illinois, from the north and right bank, are the Au Sable, 
 Fox Eiver, Little Vermillion, Bureau Creek, Kickapoo Creek (which 
 empties in just below Peoria), Spoon Eiver, Sugar Creek, and finally 
 Crooked Creek. From the south or left bank are successively the Iro- 
 quois (into the Kankakee), Mazon Creek, Vermillion, Crow Meadow, 
 Mackinaw, Sangamon, and Macoupin. 
 
 The "Wabash issues out of a small lake, in Mercer county, Ohio, and 
 runs a westerly course through the counties of Adams, Wells and 
 Huntington in the state of Indiana. It receives Little Eiver, just 
 below the city of Huntington, and continues a westwardly course 
 through the counties of "Wabash, Miami and Cass. Here it turns" 
 more to the south, flowing through the counties of Carroll and Tippe- 
 canoe, and marking the boundary -line between the counties of Warren 
 
 16 
 
THE MAUMEE AND PORTAGES. 17 
 
 and Yermillion on the west, and Fountain and Park on the east. At 
 Covington, the county seat of Fountain county, the river runs more 
 directly south, between the counties of Yermillion on the one side, 
 and Fountain and Parke on the other, and through the county of Vigo, 
 some miles below Terre Haute, from which place it forms the boundary- 
 line between the states of Indiana and Illinois to its confluence with 
 the Ohio. 
 
 Its principal tributaries from the north and west, or right bank of 
 the stream, are Little Kiver, Eel Kiver, Tippecanoe, Pine Creek, Eed 
 Wood, Big Yermillion, Little Yermillion, Bruletis, Sugar Creek, Em- 
 barras, and Little "Wabash. The streams flowing in from the south and 
 east, or left bank of the I'iver, are the Salamonie, Mississinewa, Pipe 
 Creek, Deer Creek, Wildcat, Wea and Shawnee Creeks, Coal Creek, 
 Sugar Creek, Kaccoon Creek, Otter Creek, Busseron Creek, and White 
 Kiver. 
 
 There are several other, and smaller, streams not necessary here to 
 notice, although they are laid down on earlier maps, and mentioned in 
 old " Gazetteers " and " Emigrant's Guides." 
 
 The Maumee is formed by the St. Joseph and St. Mary's Elvers, 
 which unite their waters at Ft. Wayne, Indiana. The St. Joseph has 
 its source in Hillsdale county, Michigan, and runs southwesterly 
 through the northwest corner of Ohio, through the county of De Kalb, 
 and into the county of Allen, Indiana. The St. Mary's rises in 
 Au Glaize county, Ohio, very near the little lake at the head of the 
 Wabash, before referred to, and runs northwestwardly parallel with the 
 Wabash, through the counties of Mercer, Ohio, and Adams, Indiana, 
 and into Allen county to the place of its union with the St. Joseph, 
 at Ft. Wayne. The principal tributaries of the Maumee are the Au 
 Glaize from the south. Bear Creek, Turkey Foot Creek, Swan Creek 
 ~from the north. The length of the Maumee Biver, from Ft. Wayne 
 northeast to Maumee Bay at the west end of Lake Erie, is very little 
 over 100 miles. 
 
 A noticeable feature relative to the territory under consideration, 
 and having an important bearing on its discovery and settlement, is 
 the fact that many of the tributaries of the Mississippi have their 
 branches interwoven with numerous rivers draining into the lakes. 
 They not infrequently issue from the same lake, pond or marsh situated 
 on the summit level of the divide from which the waters from one end 
 of the common reservoir drain to the Atlantic Ocean and from the other 
 to the Gulf of Mexico. By this means nature herself provided navig- 
 able communication between the northern lakes and the Mississippi 
 Yalley. It was, however, only at times of the vernal floods that the 
 
18 HISTORIC KOTES OF THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 communication was complete. At other seasons of the year it was 
 interrupted, when transfers by land were required for a short distance. 
 The places where these transfers were made are known by the French 
 term portage, which, like many other foreign derivatives, has become 
 anglicized, and means a carrying place ; because in low stages of water 
 the canoes and effects of the traveler had to be carried around the dry 
 marsh or pond from the head of one stream to the source of that beyond. 
 
 The first of these portages known to the Europeans, of which 
 accounts have come down to us, is the portage of the Wisconsin, in the 
 state of that name, connecting the Mississippi and Green Bay by means 
 of its situation between the Wisconsin and Fox Eivers. The next is 
 the portage of Chicago, uniting Chicago Creek, which empties into 
 Lake Michigan at Chicago, and the Desplaines of the Illinois Kiver. 
 The third is the portage of the Kankakee, near the present city of 
 South Bend, Indiana, which connects the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan 
 with the upper waters of the Kankakee. And the fourth is the portage 
 of the Wabash at Ft. Wayne, Indiana, between the Maumee and the 
 Wabash, by way of Little Eiver. 
 
 Though abandoned and their former uses forgotten in the advance 
 of permanent settlement and the progress of more efficient means of 
 commercial intercourse, these portages were the gateways of the 
 French between their possessions in Canada and along the Mississippi. 
 
 Formerly the Northwest was a wilderness of forest and prairie, with 
 only the paths of wild animals or the trails of roving Indians leading, 
 through tangled undergrowth and tall grasses. In its undeveloped 
 form it was without roads, incapable of land carriage and could not 
 be traveled by civilized man, even on foot, without the aid of a savage 
 guide and a permit from its native occupants which afforded little or no 
 security to life or property. For these reasons the lakes and rivers, with 
 their connecting portages, were the only highways, and they invited 
 exploration. They afforded ready means of opening up the interior. 
 The French, who were the first explorers, at an early day, as we shall 
 hereafter see, established posts at Detroit, at the mouth of the Niagara 
 River, at Mackinaw, Green Bay, on the Illinois Eiver, the St. Joseph's 
 of Lake Michigan, on the Maumee, the Wabash, and at other places 
 on the route of inter-lake and river communication. By means of 
 having seized these strategical points, and their influence over the 
 Indian tribes, the French monopolized the fur trade, and although 
 feebly assisted by the home government, held the whole Mississippi 
 Valley and regions of the lakes, for near three quarters of a century, 
 against all efforts of the English colonies, eastward of the Alleghany 
 ridge, who, assisted by England, sought to wrest it from their grasp. 
 
CHICAGO PORTAGE. 19 
 
 Kecurring to the old portage at Chicago, it is evident that at a com- 
 paratively recent period, since the glacial epoch, a large part of Cook 
 county was under vrater. The waters of Lake Michigan, at that time, 
 found an outlet through the Desplaines and Illinois Rivers into the 
 Mississippi.* This assertion is confirmed from the appearance of the 
 whole channel of the Illinois River, which formerly contained a stream 
 of much greater magnitude than now. The old beaches of Lake 
 Michigan are plainly indicated in the ridges, trending westward several 
 miles away from the present water line. The old state road, from 
 Yincennes to Chicago, followed one of these ancient lake beaches from 
 Blue Island into the city. 
 
 The subsidence of the lake must have been gradual, requiring 
 many ages to accomplish the change of direction in the flow of its 
 waters from the Mississippi to the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The character of the portage has also undergone changes within 
 the memory of men still living. The excavation of the Illinois and 
 Michigan Canal, and the drainage of the adjacent land by artificial 
 ditches, has left little remaining from which its former appearance can 
 now be recognized. Major Stephen H. Long, of the U. S. Topo- 
 graphical Engineers, made an examination of this locality in the year 
 1823, before it had been changed by the hand of man, and says, con- 
 cerning it, as follows : " The south fork of Chicago River takes its rise 
 about six miles from the fort, in a swamp, which communicates also 
 with the Desplaines, one of the head branches of the Illinois. Hav- 
 ing been informed that this route was frequently used by traders, and 
 that it had been traversed by one of the ofiicers of the garrison, — who 
 returned with provisions from St. Louis a few days before our arrival 
 at the fort, — we determined to ascend the Chicago River in order to 
 observe this interesting division of waters. We accordingly left the 
 fort on the 7th day of June, in a boat which, after having ascended 
 the river four miles, we exchanged for a narrow pirogue that drew 
 less water, — the stream we were ascending was very narrow, rapid and 
 •crooked, presenting a great fall. It so continued for about three miles, 
 when we reached a sort of a swamp, designated by the Canadian vcJ}^- 
 agers under the name of 'Ze Petit Lac.'' \ Our course through this 
 swamp, which extended three miles, was very much impeded by the 
 high grass, weeds, etc., through which our pirogue passed with diffi- 
 culty. Observing that our progress through the fen was slow, and the 
 day being considerably advanced, we landed on the north bank, and 
 continued our course along the edge of the swamp for about three 
 
 * Geological Survey of Illinois, vol. 3, p. 240. 
 ,t What remains of this lake is now known by the name of Mud Lake. 
 
20 HISTOEIO NOTES OF THE NOKTHWEST. 
 
 miles, until we reached the place where the old portage road meets the 
 current, which was here very distinct toward the south. We were 
 delighted at beholding, for the first time, a feature so interesting in 
 itself, but which we had afterward an opportunity of observing fre- 
 quently on the route, viz, the division of waters starting from the same 
 source, and running in two different directions, so as to become feed- 
 ers of streams that discharge themselves into the ocean at immense dis- 
 tances apart. Lieut. Hobson, who accompanied us to the Desplaines, 
 told us that he had traveled it with ease, in a boat loaded with lead 
 and flour. The distance from the fort to the intersection of the port- 
 age road is about twelve or thirteen miles, and the portage road is 
 about eleven miles long ; the usual distance traveled by land seldom 
 exceeds from four to nine miles ; however, in very dry seasons it is 
 said to amount to thirty miles, as the portage then extends to Moiml 
 Juliet, near the confluence of the Kankakee. Although at the time 
 we visited it there was scarcely water enough to permit our pirogue 
 to pass, we could not doubt that in the spring of the year the routft 
 must be a very eligible one. It is equally apparent that an expendi- 
 ture, trifling when compared to the importance of the object, would 
 again render Lake Michigan a tributary of the Gulf of Mexico." * 
 
 * Long's Expedition to the Source of the St. Peter's River, vol. 1, pp. 165, 166, 
 167. The State of Illinois begun work on the construction of a canal on this old 
 portage on the 4th day of July, 1836, with great ceremony. Col. Guerdon S. Hubbard, 
 still living, cast the first shovelful of earth out of it on this occasion. The work was 
 completed in 1848. The canal was fed with water elevated by a pumping apparatus 
 at Bridgeport. Recently the city of Chicago, at enormous expense sunk the bed 
 of the canal to a depth that secures a flow of water directly from the lake, by means 
 of which, the navigation is improved, and sewerage is obtained into the Illinois River. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 ANCIENT MAUMBE VALLEY. 
 
 W"hat has been said of the changes in the surface geology of Lake 
 Michigan and the Illinois Kiver may also be affirnied with respect to 
 Lake Erie and the Maumee and "Wabash Rivers. There are peculiari- 
 ties which will arrest the attention, from, a mere examination of the 
 ■course of the Maumee and of the St. Joseph and St. Mary's Rivers, as 
 they appear on the map of that part of Ohio and Indiana. The St. 
 Joseph, after running southwest to its union with the St. Mary's at 
 Ft. Wayne, as it were almost doubles back upon its former course, 
 taking a northeast direction, forming the shape of a letter Y, and after 
 having flowed over two hundred miles is discharged at a point within 
 less than fifty miles east of its source. It is evident, from an exami- 
 nation of that part of the country, that, at one time, the §t. Joseph 
 ran wholly , to the - southwest, and that the Maumee River itself, 
 instead of flowing northeast into Lake Erie, as now, drained this lake 
 southwest through the present valley of the Wabash. Then Lake 
 Erie extended very nearly to Ft. Wayne, and its ancient shores are 
 still plainly marked. The line of the old beach is preserved in the 
 ridges running nearly parallel with, and not a great distance from, the 
 -St. Joseph and the St. Mary's Rivers. Professor G. K. Gilbert, in his 
 report of the " Surface Geology of the Maumee Yalley," gives the 
 result of his examination of these interesting features, from which we 
 take the following valuable extract.* 
 
 "The upper (lake) beach consists, in this region, of a single bold 
 ridge of sand, pursuing a remarkably straight course in a northeast and 
 southwest direction, and crossing portions of Defiance, Williams and 
 Fulton counties. It passes just west of Hicksville and Bryan ; while 
 Williams Center, West Unity and Fayette are built on it. When 
 Lake Erie stood at this level, it was merged at the north with Lake 
 Huron. Its southwest shore crossed Hancock, Putnam, Allen and 
 Van Wert counties, and stretched northwest in Indiana, nearly to Ft. 
 Wayne. The northwestern shore line, leaving Ohio near the south 
 line of Defiance county, is likewise continued in Indiana, and the two 
 converge at New Haven, six miles east of Ft. Wayne. They do not, 
 * Geological Survey of Ohio, vol. 1, p. 550. 
 
22 HISTORIC NOTES OF THE NORTHVVKST. 
 
 however, unite, but, instead, become parallel, and are continued as the 
 sides of a broad watercourse, through which the great lake basin then 
 discharged its surplus waters, southwestwardly, into the valley of the 
 "Wabash Eiver, and thence to the Mississippi. At New Haven, this 
 channel is not less than a mile and a half broad, and has an average 
 depth of twenty feet, with sides and bottom of drift. For twenty-five 
 miles this character continues, and there is no notable fall. Three 
 miles above Huntington, Indiana, however, the drift bottom is replaced 
 by a floor of Niagara limestone, and the descent becomes comparatively 
 quite rapid. At Huntington, the valley is walled, on one side at least, 
 by rock in situ. In the eastern portion of this ancient river-bed, the 
 Maumee and its branches have cut channels fifteen to twenty-five feet 
 deep, without meeting the underlying limestone. Most of the inter- 
 val from Ft. Wayne to Huntington is occupied by a marsh, over which 
 meanders Little Kiver, an insignificant stream whose only claim .to the 
 title of river seems to lie in the magnitude of the deserted channel of 
 which it is sole occupant. At Huntington, the "Wabash emerges from 
 a narrow cleft, of its own carving, and takes possession of the broad 
 trough to which it was once an humble tributary." 
 
 "Within the personal knowledge of men, the "Wabash Kiver has been, 
 and is, only a rivulet, a shriveled, dried up representative in comparison 
 with its greatness in pre-historic times, when it bore in a broader 
 channel the waters of Lakes Erie and Huron, a mighty flood, souths 
 ward to the Ohio. "Whether the change in the direction of the flow of 
 Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan toward the Eiver St. Lawrence, instead 
 of through the "Wabash and Illinois Eivers respectively, is because 
 hemispheric depression has taken place more rapidly in the vicinity of 
 the lakes than farther southward, or that the earth's crust south of the 
 lakes has been arched upward by subterraneous influences, and thus 
 caused the lakes to recede, or if the change has been produced by 
 depression in one direction and elevation in the other, combined, is not 
 our province to discuss. The fact, however, is well established by the 
 most abundant and conclusive evidence to the scientific observer. 
 
 The portage, or carrying place, of the Wabash,* as known to the 
 early explorers and traders, between the Maumee and Wabash, or rather 
 the head of Little Eiver, called by the French " La Petit Eiviere," 
 commenced directly at Ft. Wayne ; although, in certain seasons of the 
 year, the waters approach much nearer and were united by a low piece 
 
 ,o„.*^"^^°^l?'^?ff'^''^''*^^?^^"*'^^*^^°*'al Portions of the Mississippi Vallev "in thpwar 
 1821, pp^ 90 91 In this year Mr. Schoolcraft made an examZtion of' the locaC 
 mth a view to furnish the pubhc information on the practicability of a canal to unite 
 the waters of the Maumee and the Wabash. It was at a time when great irSt 
 existed through all parts of the country on all subjects of internal navigation ^ 
 
POKTAGE OF THE WABASH. 23 
 
 of ground or marsh (an arm or bay of what is now called Bear Lake), 
 where the two streams flow within one hundred and fifty yards of each 
 other and admitted of the passage of light canoes from the one to the 
 other. 
 
 The Miami Indians knew the value of this portage, and it was a 
 source of revenue to them, aside from its advantages in enabling them 
 to exercise an influence over adjacent tribes. The French, in passing 
 from Canada to New Orleans, and Indian traders going from Montreal 
 and Detroit, to the Indians south and westward, went and returned by 
 way of Ft. "Wayne, where the Miamis, kept carts and pack-horses, with 
 a corps of Indians to assist in carrying canoes, furs and merchandise 
 around the portage, for which they charged a commission. At the 
 great treaty of Greenville, 1795, where General Anthony Wayne met 
 the several Wabash tribes, he insisted, as one of the fruits of his victory 
 over them, at the Fallen Timbers, on the Maumee, the year before, that 
 they should cede to the United States a piece of ground six miles 
 square, where the fort, named in honor of General Wayne, had been 
 erected after the battle named, and on the site of the present city of 
 Ft. Wayne ; and, also, a piece of territory two miles square at the 
 carrying place. The distinguished warrior and statesman, " Mishe- 
 kun-nogh-quah" (as he signs his name at this treaty), or the Little Turtle 
 on behalf of his tribe, objected to a relinquishment of their right to 
 their ancient village and its portage, and in his speech to General 
 Wayne said : "Elder Brother, — When our forefathers saw the French, 
 and English at the Miami village — that ' glorious gate ' which your 
 younger brothers [meaning the Miamis] had the happiness to own, 
 and through which all the good words of our chiefs had to pass [that 
 is, messages between the several tribes] from north to south and from 
 east to west, the French and English never told us they wished to 
 purchase our lands from us. The next place you pointed out was the 
 Little River, and said you wanted two miles square of that place. This 
 is a request that our fathers the French or British never made of us ; 
 it was always ours. This carrying place has heretofore proved, in a 
 great degree, the subsistence of your brothers. That place has brought 
 to us, in the course of one day, the amount of one hundred dollars. 
 Let us both own this place and enjoy in common the advantages it 
 affords." The Little Turtle's speech availed nothing.* 
 
 The St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, a fine stream of uniform, rapid 
 current, reaches its most southerly position near the city of South 
 Bend, Indiana, — the city deriving its name from the hend of the river ; 
 
 * Minutes of the Treaty of Greenville: American State Papers, on Indian Affairs. 
 vol. 1, pp. 576, 578. 
 
24 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 here the river turns northward, reenters the State of Michigan and dis- 
 charges into the lake. West of the city is Lake Kankakee, from 
 which the Kankakee Eiver takes it? rise. The distance intervening be- 
 tween the head of this little lake and the St. Joseph is about two miles, 
 over a piece of marshy ground, where the elevation is so slight " that 
 in the year 1832 a Mr. Alexander Croquillard dug a race, and secured 
 a ilow of water from the lake to the St. Joseph, of sufficient power to 
 run a grist and saw mill." * 
 
 This is the portage of the Kankakee, a place conspicuous for its 
 historical reminiscences. It was much used, and offered a choice of 
 routes to the Illinois Eiver, and also to the Wabash, by a longer land- 
 carriage to the upper waters of the Tippecanoe. A memoir on the 
 Indians of Canada, etc., prepared in the year 1718 (Paris Documents, 
 vol. 1, p. 889), says : " The river St. Joseph is south of Lake Michi- 
 gan, formerly the Lake of the Illinois ; many take this river to pass to 
 the Eocks [as Fort St. Louis, situated on ' Starved Eock ' in La Salle 
 county, Illinois, was sometimes called], because it is convenient, and 
 they thereby avoid the portages ^ des Chaines^ and ^des Perches,^" — 
 two long, difficult carrying places on the Desplaines, which had to 
 be encountered in dry seasons, on the route by the way of Chicago 
 Creek. 
 
 The following description of the Kankakee portage, and its adjacent 
 surroundings, is as that locality appeared to Father Hennepin, when he 
 was there with La Salle's party of voyagers two hundred years ago the 
 coming December : " The next morning (December 5, 1679) we joined 
 our men at the portage, where Father Gabriel had made the day before 
 several crosses upon the trees, that we might not miss it another time." 
 The voyagers had passed above the portage without being aware of it, 
 as the country was all strange to them. We found here a great quan- 
 tity of horns and bones of wild oxen, buffalo, and also some canoes 
 the savages had made with the skins of beasts, to cross the river with 
 their provisions. This portage lies at the farther end of a champaign ; 
 
 and at the other end to the west lies a village of savages, Miamis 
 
 Mascoutines and Oiatinons (Weas), who live together. " The river of 
 the Illinois has its source near that village, and springs out of some 
 marshy lands that are so quaking that one can scarcely walk over them. 
 The head of the river is only a league and a half from that of the Mi- 
 amis (the St. Joseph), and so our portage was not long. We marked 
 the way from place to place, with some trees, for the convenience of 
 those we expected after us ; and left at the portage as well as at Fort 
 
 * Pro/ • G. M. Levette's Report on the Geology of St. Joseph County: Geological 
 Survey of Indiana for the year 1873, p. 459. "' "B'^i" 
 
THE KAKKAKEE. 25 
 
 Mianiis (which they had previously erected at the mouth of the St. 
 Joseph), letters hanging down from the trees, containing M. La Salle's 
 instriTCtions to our pilot, and the other five-and-twenty men who were 
 to come with him." The pilot had been sent back from Mackinaw 
 with La Salle's ship, the Griffin, loaded with furs ; was to discharge 
 the cargo at the fort below the mouth of Niagara Kiver, and then 
 bring the ship with all dispatch to the St. Joseph. 
 
 " The Illinois Kiver (continues Hennepin's account) is navigable 
 within a hundred paces from its source, — I mean for canoes of barks of 
 trees, and not for others, — but increases so much a little way from 
 thence, that it is as deep and broad as the Meuse and the Sambre joined 
 together. It runs through vast marshes, and although it be rapid 
 enough, it makes so many turnings and windings, that after a whole 
 day's journey we found that we were hardly two leagues from the place 
 we left in the morning. That country is nothing but marshes,. full of 
 alder trees and bushes ; and we could have hardly found, for forty 
 leagues together, any place to plant our cabins, had it not been for the 
 frost, which made the earth more firm and consistent." 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 RAINFALL. 
 
 An interesting topic connected with our rivers is the question of 
 rainfall. The streams of the west, unlike those of mountainous dis- 
 tricts, which are fed largely by springs and brooks issuing from the 
 rocks, are supplied mostly from the clouds. It is within the observa- 
 tion of persons who lived long in the valleys of the Wabash and Illinois, 
 or along their tributaries, that these streams apparently carry a less 
 volume of water than formerly. Indeed, the water-courses seem to be 
 gradually drying up, and the whole surface of the country drained by 
 them has undergone the same change. In early days almost every 
 land-owner on the prairies had upon his farm a pond that furnished 
 an unfailing supply of water for his live stock the year around. These 
 never went dry, even in the driest seasons. 
 
 Formerly the "Wabash afforded reliable steamboat navigation as 
 high up as La Fayette. In 1831, between the 5th of March and the 
 16th of April, fifty-four steamboats arrived and departed from Yin- 
 cennes. In the months of February, March and April of the same year, 
 there were sixty arrivals and departures from La Fayette, then a village 
 of only three or four hundred houses ; many of these boa^ were large 
 side-wheel steamers, built for navigating the Ohio and Mississippi, and 
 known as New Orleans or lower river boats.* The writer has the 
 concurrent evidence of scores of early settlers with whom he has con- 
 versed that formerly the Vermilion, at Danville, had to be ferried on 
 an average six months during the year, and the river was considered 
 low when it could be forded at this place without water running into 
 the wagon bed. Now it is fordable at all times, except when swollen 
 with freshets, which now subside in a very few days, atid often within 
 as many hours. Doubtless, the same facts can be affirmed of the many 
 other tributaries of the Illinois and Wabash whose names have been 
 already given. 
 
 The early statutes of Illinois and Indiana are replete with special 
 laws, passed between the years 1825 and 1840, when the people of 
 these two states were crazed over the question of internal navigation, 
 providing enactments and charters for the slack-water improvement of 
 
 * Tanner's View of the Mississippi, published in 1833. p. 154. 
 26 
 
EAINFALL. 27 
 
 hundreds of streams whose insignificance have now only a dry bed, 
 most of the year, to indicate that they were ever dignified with such 
 legislation and invested with the promise of bearing upon their bosoms 
 a portion of the future internal commerce of the country. 
 
 It will not do to assume that the seeming decrease of water in the 
 streams is caused by a diminution of rain. The probabilities are that 
 the annual rainfall is greater in Indiana and Illinois than before their 
 settlement with a permanent population. The "settling up" of a 
 country, tilling its soil, planting trees, constructing railroads, and erect- 
 ing telegraph lines, all tend to induce moisture and produce changes 
 in the electric and atmospheric currents that invite the clouds to pre- 
 cipitate their showers. Such has been the effect produced by the hand 
 of man upon the hitherto arid plains of Kansas and Nebraska. Indeed, 
 at an early day some portions of Illinois were considered as uninhab- 
 itable as western Kansas and Nebraska were supposed, a few years ago, 
 to be on account of the prevailing drouths. That part of the state 
 lying between the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers, south of a line run- 
 ning from the Mississippi, between Rock Island and Mercer counties, 
 east to the Illinois, set off for the benefit of the soldiers of the War 
 of 1812, and for that reason called the " Military Tract," except that 
 part of it lying more immediately near the rivers named, was laid under 
 the bane of a drouth-stricken region. Mr. Lewis A. Beck, a shrewd 
 and impartial observer, and a gentleman of great scientific attainments,* 
 was through the " military tract " shortly after it had been run out into 
 sections and townships by the government, and says concerning it, 
 "The northern part of the tract is not so favorable for settlement. 
 The prairies become very extensive and are badly watered. In fact,, 
 this last is an objection to the whole tract. In dry seasons it is not 
 unusual to walk through beds of the largest streams without finding a 
 drop of water. It is not surprising that a country so far distant from 
 the sea and drained by such large rivers, which have a course of several 
 thousand miles before they reach the great reservoir, should not be well 
 watered. This, we observe, is the case with all fine-flowing streams of 
 the highlands, whereas those of the Champaign and prairies settle in 
 the form of ponds, which stagnate and putrify. Besides, on the same 
 account there are very few heavy rains in the summer ; and hence 
 during that season water is exceedingly scarce. The Indians, in their 
 journeys, pass by places where they know there are ponds, but gener- 
 ally they are under the necessity of carrying water in bladders. This 
 drouth is not confined to the ' military tract,' but in some seasons is 
 very general. During the summer of 1820 it was truly alarming; 
 * Beck's Illinois and Missouri Gazetteer, published in 1823, pp, 79, 80. 
 
28 HISTOBIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 travelers, in many instances, were obliged to pass whole days, in the 
 warmest weather, without being able to procure a cupful of water for 
 themselves or their horses, and that which they occasionally did find 
 was almost putrid. It may be remarked, however, that such seasons 
 rarely occur; but on account of its -being washed by rivers of such 
 immense length this section of the country is peculiarly liable to suffer 
 from excessive drouth." The millions of bushels of grain annually 
 raised in, and the vast herds of cattle and other live stock that are fat- 
 tened on, the rich pastures of Bureau, Henry, Stark, Peoria, Knox, 
 "Warren, and other counties lying wholly or partially within the " mili- 
 tary tract," illustrate an increase and uniformity of rainfall since the 
 time Professor Beck recorded his observations. In no part of Illinois 
 are the crops more abundant and certain, and less liable to suffer from 
 excessive drouth, than in the " military tract." The apparent decrease in 
 the volume of water carried by the "Wabash and its tributaries is easily 
 reconciled with the theory of an increased rainfall since the settlement 
 of the country. These streams for the most part have their sources in 
 ponds, marshes and low grounds. These basins, covering a great extent 
 of the surface of the country, served as reservoirs ; the earth was cov- 
 ered with a thick turf that prevented the water penetrating the ground ; 
 tall grasses in the valleys and about the margin of the ponds impeded 
 the flow of water, and fed it out gradually to the rivers. In the tim- 
 ber the marshes were likewise protected from a rapid discharge of their 
 contents by the trunks of fallen trees, limbs and leaves. 
 
 Since the lands have been reduced to cultivation, millions of acres 
 of sod have been broken by the plow, a spongy surface has been turned 
 to the heavens and much of the rainfall is at once soaked into the 
 ground. The ponds and low grounds have been drained. The tall 
 grasses with their mat of penetrating roots have disappeared from the 
 swales. The brooks and drains, from causes partially natural, or artifi- 
 cially aided by man, have cut through the ancient turf and made well 
 defined ditches. The rivers themselves have worn a deeper passage in 
 their beds. By these means the water is now soon collected from the 
 earth's surface and carried off with increased velocity. Formerly the 
 streams would sustain their volume continuously for weeks. Hence 
 much of the rainfall is directly taken into the ground, and only a por- 
 tion of it now finds its way to the rivers, and that which does has a 
 speedier exit. Besides this, settlement of and particularly the growing 
 of trees on the prairies and the clearing out of the excess of forests in the 
 timbered districts, tends to distribute the rainfall more evenly through- 
 out the year, and in a large degree prevents the recurrence of those ex- 
 tremes of drouth and flood with which this country was formerly visited. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE PRAIRIES. 
 
 The prairies have ever been a wonder, and their origin the theme of 
 much curious speculation. The vast extent of these natural meadows 
 would naturally excite curiosity, and invite the many theories which, 
 from time to time, have been advanced by writers holding conflicting 
 opinions as to the manner in which they were formed. Major Stod- 
 dard, H. M. Brackenridge and Governor Reynolds, whose personal 
 acquaintance with the prairies, eastward of the Mississippi, extended 
 back prior to the year 1800, and whose observations were supported 
 by the experience of other contemporaneous residents of the west, held 
 that the prairies were caused by fire. The, prairies are covered with 
 grass, and were probably occasioned by the ravages of fire; because 
 wherever copses of trees were found on them, the grounds about them 
 are low and too moist to admit the fire to pass over it ; and because it is 
 a cominon practice among the Indians and other hunters to set the 
 woods and prairies on fire, by means of which they are able to kill an 
 abundance of game. They take secure stations to the leeward, and 
 the. fire drives the game to them.* 
 
 The plains of Indiana and Illinois have been mostly produced by 
 the same cause. They are very different from the Savannahs on tjie 
 seaboard and the immense plains of the upper Missouri. In the 
 prairies of Indiana I have been assured that the woods in places have 
 been known to recede, and in others to increase, within the recolleertion 
 of the old inhabitants. In moist places, the woods are still standing, 
 the fire meeting here, with obstruction. Trees, if planted in these 
 prairies, would doubtless grow. In the islands, preserved by accidental 
 causes, the progress of the fire can be traced ; the first burning would 
 only scorch the outer bark of the tree; this would render it more 
 susceptible to the next, the third would completely kill. I have seen 
 in places, at present completely prairie, pieces of burnt trees, proving 
 that the prairie had been caused by fire. The ^rass is generally very 
 luxuriant, which is not the case in the plains, of the Missouri.. There 
 may, doubtless, be spots where the proportion of salts or other bodies 
 may be such as to favor the growth of grass only.f 
 
 * Sketches of Louisiana, by Major Amos Stoddard, p. 813. 
 t Brackenridge's Views of Louisiana, p. 108. 
 
30 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Governor Eeynolds, who came to Illinois at the age of thirteen, in 
 the year 1800, and lived here for over sixty years, the greater portion 
 of his time employed in a "public capacity, roving over the prairies 
 in the Indian border wars or overseeing the affairs of a public and busy 
 life, in his interesting autobiography, published in 1855, says: "Many 
 learned essays are written on the origin of the prairies, but any atten- 
 tive observer will come to the conclusion that it is fire burning the 
 strong, high grass that . caused the prairies.' I have witnessed the 
 growth of the forest in these southern counties of Illinois, and know 
 there is more timber in them now than there was forty or fifty years 
 before. The obvious reason is, the fire is kept out. This is likewise 
 the reason the prairies are generally the most fertile soil. The vegeta- 
 tion in them was the strongest and the fires there burnt with the most 
 power. The timber was destroyed more rapidly in the fertile soil than 
 in the barren lands. It will be seen that the timber in the north of 
 the state, is found only on the margins of streams and other places 
 where the prairie fires could not reach it." 
 
 The later and more satisfactory theory is, that the prairies were 
 formed by the action of water instead of fire. This position was taken 
 and very ably discussed by that able and learned writer, Judge James 
 Hall, as early as 1836. More recently. Prof. Lesquereux prepared an 
 article on the origin and formation of the prairies, published at length 
 in vol. 1,, Geological Survey of Illinois, pp. 238 to 254, inclusive ; and Dr. 
 Worthen, the head of the Illinois Geological Department, referring to 
 this article and its author, gives to both a most flattering indorsement. 
 Declining to discuss the comparative merits of the various theories as 
 to the formation of the prairies, the doctor " refers the reader to the 
 very able chapter on the subject by Prbf. Lesquereux, whose thorough 
 acquaintance, both with fossil and recent botany, and the general laws 
 which govern the distribution of the ancient as well as the recent flora, 
 entitles his opinion to our most profound consideration." * 
 
 Prof. Lesquereux' aricle . is exhaustive, and his conclusions are 
 summed up in the declaration " that all the prairies of the Mississippi 
 Valley have been formed by the slow recessions of waters of various 
 extent; first transformed into swamps, and in the process of time 
 drained and dried; and that the high rolling prairies, and those of 
 these bottoms along the rivers as well, are all the result of the same 
 cause, and form one whole, indivisible system." 
 
 Still later, another eminent writer, Hon. John D. Caton, late Judge 
 of the Supreme Court of Illinois, has given the result of his observa- 
 
 *Chap. 1, p. 10, Geology of Illinois, by Dr. Worthen; vol. 1, Illinois Geoloeical 
 Survey. ^ 
 
THE PRAIEIES. 31 
 
 tions. While assenting to the received conchision that the prairies — 
 the land itself — have been formed under water, except the decomposed 
 animal and vegetable matter that has been added to the surface of the 
 lands since their emergence, the judge dissents from Prof. Lesquereux, 
 in so far as the latter holds that the p|^sence of ulmic acid and other 
 unfavorable chemicals in the soil of the prairies, rendered them unfit 
 for the growth of trees ; and in extending his theory to the prairies on 
 the uplands, as well as in their more level and marshy portions. The 
 learned judge holds to the popular theory that the most potent cause 
 ' in keeping the prairies as such, and retarding and often destroying 
 forest growth on them, is the agency of fire. Whatever may have 
 been the condition of the ground when the prairie lands first emerged 
 from the waters, or the chemical changes they may have since under- 
 gone, how many years the process of vegetable growth and decay may 
 have gone on, adding their deposits of rich loam to the original sur- 
 face, making the soil the most fertile in the world, is a matter of mere 
 speculation ; certain it is, however, that ever within the knowledge of 
 man the prairies have possessed every element of soil necessary to in- 
 sure a rapid and vigorous growth of forest trees, wherever the germ 
 coxild find a lodgment and their tender years be protected against the 
 one formidable enemy, fire. Judge Caton gives the experience of old 
 settlers in the northern part of the state, similar to that of Bracken- 
 ridge and Reynolds, already quoted, where, on the Vermillion Eiver 
 of the Illinois, and also in the neighborhood of Ottawa many years 
 ago, fires occurred under the observation of the narrators, which 
 utterly destroyed, root and branch, an entire hardwood forest, the 
 prairie taking immediate possession of the burnt district, clothing it 
 with grasses of its own ; and in a few years this forest land, reclaimed 
 to prairie, could not be distinguished from the praii'ie itself, except 
 from its greater luxuriance. 
 
 Judge Caton's illustration of how the forests obtain a foot-hold in 
 the prairies is so aptly expressed, and in Wch harmony with the ex- 
 perience of every old settler on the prairies of eastern Illinois and 
 western Indiana, that we quote it. 
 
 " The cause of the absence of trees on the upland prairies is the 
 problem most important to the agricultural interests of our state, and 
 it is the inquiry which alone I propose to consider, but cannot resist 
 the remark that wherever we do find timber throughout this broad 
 field of prairie, it is always in or near the humid portions of it, — as 
 along the margins of streams, or upon or near the springy uplands. 
 Many most luxuriant groves are found on the highest portions of the 
 uplands, but always in the neighborhood of water. For a remarkable 
 
32 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 example I may refer to that great chain of groves extending from and 
 including the Au Sable Grove on the east and Ilolderman's Grove on 
 the west, in Kendall county, occupying the high divide between the 
 waters of the Illinois and the Fox Eivers. In and around all the 
 groves flowing springs abound, and some of them are separated by 
 marshes, to the very borders o* which the great trees approach, as if 
 the forest were ready to seize upon each yard of ground as soon as it is 
 elevated above the swamps. Indeed, all our groves seem to be located 
 where water is so disposed as to protect them, to a great or less extent, 
 from the prairie fire, although not so situated as to irrigate them. If 
 the head-waters of the streams on the prairies are most frequently with- 
 out timber, so soon as they have attained sufficient volume to impede 
 the progress of the fires, with very few exceptions we find forests on 
 their borders, becoming broader and more vigorous as the magnitude 
 of the streams increase. It is manifest that land located on the borders 
 of streams which the fire cannot pass are only exposed to one-half the 
 fires to which they would be exposed but for such protection. This 
 tends to show, at least, that if but one-half the fires that have occurred 
 had been kindled, the arboraceous growth could have withstood their 
 destructive infiuences, and the whole surface of what is now prairie 
 would be forest. Another confirmatory fact, patent to all observers, is, 
 that the prevailing winds upon the prairies, especially in the autumn, 
 are from the west, and these give direction to the prairie fires. Conse- 
 quently, the lands on the' westerly sides of the streams are the most 
 exposed to the fires, and, as might be expected, we find much the most 
 timber on the easterly sides of the streams." 
 
 "Another fact, always a subject of remark among the dwellers on 
 the prairies, I regard as conclusive proof that the prairie soils are pecu- 
 liarly adapted to the growth of trees is, that wherever the fires have 
 been kept from the groves by the settlers, they have rapidly encroached 
 upon the prairies, unless closely depastured by the farmers' stock, or 
 prevented by cultivation.. * This fact I regard as established by careful 
 observation of more than thirty-five years, during which I have been 
 an interested witness of the settlement of this country, — from the time 
 when a few log cabins, many miles apart, built in the borders of the 
 groves, alone were met with, till now nearly the whole of the great 
 prairies in our state, at least, are brought under cultivation by the in- 
 dustry of the husbandman. Indeed, this is a fact as well recognized 
 by the settlers as that corn will grow upon the prairies when properly 
 cultivated. Ten years ago I heard the observation made by intelligent 
 men, that within the preceding twenty-five years the area of the timber 
 in the prairie portions of the state had actually doubled by the sponta- 
 
FOREST EKCROACHMENT. 33 
 
 neous extension of the natural groves. However this may be, certain 
 it is that the encroachments of the timber upon the prairies have Ijeen 
 universal and rapid, wherever not impeded by fire or other physical 
 causes." 
 
 When Europeans first landed in America, as they left the dense 
 forests east of the AUeghanies and went west over the mountains into 
 the valleys beyond, anywhere between Lake Erie and the fortieth* 
 degree of latitude, approaching the Scioto Kiver, they would h^ve seen 
 small patches of country destitute of timber. These were called open- 
 ings. As they proceeded farther toward the Wabash the number and 
 area of these openings or barrens would increase. These last were called 
 by the English savannahs or nieadows, and by the French, prairies. 
 Westward of the Wabash, except occasional tracts of timbered lands 
 in northern Indiana, and fringes of forest growth along the inter- 
 vening water-courses, the prairies stretch westward continuously across 
 a part of Indiana and the whole of Illinois to the Mississippi. Taking 
 the line of the Wabash railway, which crosses Illinois in its greatest 
 breadth, and beginning in Indiana, where the railway leaves the tim- 
 ber, west of the Wabash nearMarshfield, the prairie extends to Quincy, 
 a distance of more than two hundred and fifty miles, and its contin- 
 uity the entire way is only broken by four strips of timber along four 
 streams running at right angles with the route of the railway, namely 
 the timber on the Vermillion Eiver, between Danville and the Indiana 
 state-line, the Sangamon, seventy miles west of Danville near Decatur, 
 the Sangamon again a few miles east of Springfield, and the Illinois 
 Kiver at Meredosia ; and all of the timber at the crossing of these 
 several streams, if put together, would not aggregate fifteen miles 
 against the two hundred and fifty miles of prairie. Taking a north 
 and south direction and parallel with the drainage of the rivers, one 
 could start near Ashley, on the Illinois Central railway, in Washing- 
 ton county, and going northward, nearly on an air-line, keeping on the 
 divide between the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash, the Sangamon and 
 the Vermillion, the Iroquois and the Vermillion of. the Illinois, cross- 
 ing the latter stream between the mouths of the Fox and Du Page and 
 travel through to the state of Wisconsin, a distance of nearly three 
 hundred miles, without encountering five miles of timber during the 
 whole journey. Mere figures of distances across the " Grand Prairie," 
 as this vast meadow was called by the old settlers, fail to give an ade- 
 quate idea of its magnitude. 
 
 Let the reader, in fancy, go back fifty or sixty years, when there 
 were no farms between the settlement on the North Arm Prairie, in 
 Edgar county, and Ft. Clark, now Peoria, on the Illinois River, or 
 3 
 
34 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 between the Salt Works, west of Danville, and Ft. Dearborn, where 
 Chicago now is, or when there was not a house between the Wabash 
 and Illinois Rivers in the direction of La Fayette and Ottawa; when 
 there was not a solitary road to mark the way ; when Indian trails alone 
 led to unknown places, where no animals except the wild deer and 
 slinking wolf would stare, the one with timid wonder, the other with 
 treacherous leer, upon the ventursome traveler; when the gentle winds 
 moved the supple grasses like waves of a green sea under the sum- 
 mer's sky; — the beauty, the grandeur and solitude of the prairies may- 
 be imagined as they were a reality to the pioneer when he first beheld 
 them. 
 
 There is an essential diiference between the prairies eastward of the 
 Mississippi and the great plains westward necessary to be borne ia 
 mind. The western plains, while they present a seeming level appear, 
 ance to the eye, rise rapidly to the westward. From Kansas City to 
 Pueblo the ascent is continuous ; beyond Ft. Dodge, the plains, owing 
 to their elevation and consequent dryness of the atmosphere and 
 absence of rainfall, produce a thin and stunted vegetation. The prai- 
 ries of Illinois and Indiana, on the contrary, are much nearer the sea- 
 level, where the moisture is greater. There were many ponds and 
 sloughs which aided in producing a humid atmosphere, all which 
 induced a rank growth of grasses. All early writers, referring to thb 
 vegetation of our prairies, including Fathers Hennepin, St. Cosme, 
 Charlevoix and others, who recorded their personal observations nearly 
 two hundred years ago, as well as later English and American travel- 
 ers, bear uniform testimony to the fact of an unusually luxuriant 
 growth of grasses. 
 
 Early settlers, in the neighborhood of the author, all bear witness 
 to the rank growth of vegetation on the prairies before it was grazed 
 by live stock, and supplanted with shorter grasses, that set in as the 
 country improved. Since the organization of Edgar county in 1823, — 
 of which all the territory north to the Wisconsin line was then a 
 part, — on the level prairie between the present sites of Danville and 
 Georgetown, the grass grew so high that it was a source of amusement 
 to tie the tops over the withers of a horse, and in places the height ot 
 the grass would nearly obscure both horse and rider from view. Thia 
 was not a slough, but on arable land, where some of the first farms in 
 Vermillion county were broken out. On the high rolling prairies tha 
 vegetation was very much shorter, though thick and compact ; its aver- 
 age height being about two feet. 
 
 The prairie fires have been represented in exaggerated pictures of 
 men and wild animals retreating at full speed, with every mark of ter- 
 
PRAIRIE FIRES. 35 
 
 ror, before the devouring element. Such pictures are overdrawn. In- 
 stances of loss of human life, or animals, may have sometimes occurred. 
 The advance of the fire is rapid or slow, as the wind may be strong or 
 light ; the flames leaping high in the air in their progress over level 
 ground, or burning lower over the uplands. "When a fire starts under 
 favorable causes, the horizon gleams brighter and brighter until a fiery 
 redness rises above its dark outline, while heavy, slow-moving masses 
 of dark clouds curve upward above it. In another moment the blaze 
 itself shoots up, first at one spot then at another, advancing until the 
 whole hforizon extending across a wide prairie is clothed with fiames, 
 that roll and curve and dash onward and upward like waves of a burn- 
 ing ocean, lighting up the landscape with the brilliancy of noon-day. 
 A roaring, crackling sound is heard like the rushing of a hurricane. 
 The flame, which in general rises to the height of twenty feet, is seen 
 rolling its waves against each other as the liquid, fiery mass moves for- 
 ward, leaving behind it a blackened surface on the ground, and long 
 trails of murky smoke floating above. A more terriflc sight than the 
 burning prairies in early days can scarcely be conceived. "Woe to the 
 farmer whose fields extended into the prairie, and who had sufiered 
 the tall grass to grow near his fences ; the labor of the year would be 
 fiwept away in a few hours. Such accidents occasionally occurred, 
 although the preventive was simple. The usual remedy was to set 
 fire against fire, or to burn oif a strip of grass in the vicinity of the 
 improved ground, a beaten road, the treading of domestic animals 
 about the inclosure of the farmer, would generally afi'ord protection. 
 In other cases a few furrows would be plowed around the field, or the 
 grass closely mowed between the outside of the fence and the open 
 prairie.* 
 
 • ISTo wonder that the Indians, noted for their naming a place or 
 thing from some of its distinctive peculiarities, should have called 
 the prairies Mas-ko-tia, or the place of fire. In the ancient Algon- 
 quin tongue, as well as in its more modern form of the Ojibbeway (or 
 Chippeway,as this people are improperly designated), the word scoutay 
 means fire ; and in the Illinois and Pottowatamie, kindred dialects, it 
 is scotte and seutay, respectively.! It is also eminently characteristic 
 that the Indians, who lived and hunted exclusively upon the prairies, 
 were known among their red brethren as " Maskoutes," rendered by 
 the French writers, Maskoutines, or People of the Fire or Prairie 
 Country. 
 
 North of a line drawn west from Yincennes, Illinois is wholly 
 
 * Judge James Hall: Tales of the Border, p. 244; Statistics of the West, p. 83. 
 t Gsdiatin's Synopsis of the Indian Tribes, etc. 
 
36 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST, 
 
 prairie, — always excepting the thin curtain of timber draping the 
 water-courses ; and all that part of Indiana lying north and west of 
 the Wabash, embracing fully one-third of the area of the state, is 
 essentially so. 
 
 Of the twenty-seven counties in Indiana, lying wholly or partially 
 west and north of the "Wabash, twelve of them are prairie ; seven are 
 mixed prairies, barrens and timber, the barrens and prairie predomi- 
 nating. In five, the barrens, with the prairies, are nearly equal to the 
 timber, while only three of the counties can be characterized as heavily 
 timbered. And wherever timber does occur in these twenty-seven 
 counties, it is found in localities favorable to its protection against the 
 ravages of fire, by the proximity of intervening lakes, marshes or 
 water-courses. We cannot know how long it took the forest to ad- 
 vance from the Scioto; how often capes and points of trees, like skir- 
 mishers of an army, secured a foothold to the eastward of the lakes and 
 rivers of Ohio and Indiana, only to be driven back again by the prairie 
 fires advancing from the opposite direction ; or conceive how many 
 generations of forest growth were consumed by the prairie fires before 
 the timber-line was pushed westward across the state of Ohio, and 
 through Indiana to the banks of the Wabash. 
 
 The prairies of Illinois and Indiana were born of water and pre- 
 served by fire for the children of civilized men, who have come and 
 taken possession of them. The manner of their coming, and the difiS- 
 culties that befell them on the way, will hereafter be considered. The 
 white man, like the forests, advanced from the east. The red man, 
 like the prairie fires, as we shall hereafter see, came from the west. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 EARLY DISCOVERIES. 
 
 Having given a description of the lakes and rivers, and noticed 
 some of tlie more prominent features that characterize the physical 
 geography of the territory within the scope of our inquiry, and the 
 parts necessarily connected with it, forming,' as it were, the outlines or 
 ground plan of its history, we will now proceed to fill in the frame- 
 work, with a narration of its discovery. Jacques Cartier, as already 
 intimated in a note on a preceding page, ascended the St. Lawrence 
 Kiver in 1535. He sailed up the stream as far as the great Indian vil- 
 lage of Hoc Lelaga, situated on an island at the foot of the mountain, 
 fityled by him Mont Royal, now called Montreal, a name since extend- 
 ed to the whole island. The coimtry thiis discovered was called New 
 France. Later, and in the year 1598, France, after fifty years of 
 domestic troubles, recovered her tranquillity, and, finding herself once 
 more equal to great enterprises, acquired a taste for colonization. Her 
 attention was directed to her possessions, by right of discovery, in the 
 new world, where she now wished to estaj^lish colonies and extend the 
 faith of the Catholic religion. Commissions or grants were accordingly 
 issued to companies of merchants, and others organized for this pur- 
 pose, who undertook to make settlements in Acadia, as Nova Scotia 
 was then called, and elsewhere along the lower waters of the St. Law- 
 rence; and, at a later day, like efforts were made higher up the river. 
 In 1607 Mr. De Monts, having failed in a former enterprise, was 
 deprived of his commission, which was restored to him on the condition 
 that he would make a settlement on the St. Lawrence. The company 
 he represented seems to have had the fur trade only in view, and this 
 object caused it to change its plans and avoid Acadia altogether. De 
 Monts' company increased in numbers and capital in proportion as the 
 fnr trade developed expectations of profit, and many persons at St. 
 Malo, particularly, gave it their support. Feeling that his name 
 injured his associates, M. De Monts retired ; and when he ceased to be 
 its governing head, the company of merchants recovered the monopoly 
 with which the charter was endowed, for no other object than making 
 money out of the fur trade. They cared nothing whatever for the col- 
 ony in Acadia, which was dying out, and made no settlements else- 
 
38 HISTORIC NOtES ON THE NOETHWEST. 
 
 where. However, Mr. Samuel Champlain, who cared little for the fur 
 trade, and whose thoughts were those of a patriot, after maturely ex- 
 amining where the settlements directed by the court might be best 
 established, at last fixed on Quebec. He arrived there on the 3d of 
 July, 1608, put up some temporary buildings for himself and company, 
 and began to clear off the ground, which proved fertile.* 
 
 The colony at Quebec grew apace with emigrants from France; 
 and later, the establishment of a settlement at the island of Montreal 
 was undertaken. Two religious enthusiasts, the one named Jerome le 
 Eoyer de la Dauversiere, of Anjou, and the other John James Olier, 
 assumed the undertaking in 1636. The next who joined in the move- 
 ment was Peter Chevirer, 'Baron Fancamp, who in 1640 sent tools and 
 provisions for the use of the coming settlers. The projectors were 
 now aided by the celebrated Baron de Rent}-^, and two others. Father 
 Charles Lalemant induced John de Lauson, the proprietor of the island 
 of Montreal, to cede it to these gentlemen, which he did in August, 
 1640 ; and to remove all doubts as to the title, the associates obtained 
 a grant from the New France Company, in December of the same year, 
 which was subsequently ratified by the king himself. The associates 
 agreed to send out forty settlers, to clear and cultivate the ground ; to 
 increase the number annually ; to supply them with two sloops, cattle 
 and farm hands, and, after five years, to erect a seminary, maintain 
 ecclesiastics as missionaries and teachers, and also nuns as teachers and 
 hospitalers. On its part the New France Company agreed to trans- 
 port thirty settlers. The associates then contributed twenty-five thou- 
 sand crowns to begin the settlement, and Mr. de Maisonneuve embarked 
 with his colony on three vessels, which sailed from Ebchelle and 
 Dieppe, in the summer of 1641. The colony wintered in Quebec, 
 spending their time in building boats and preparing timber for their 
 houses ; and on the 8th of May, 1642, embarked, and arrived nine 
 days after at the island of Montreal, and after saying mass began an 
 intrenchment around their tents.f 
 
 Notwithstanding the severity of the climate, the loss of life by dis- 
 eases incident to settling of new countries, and more especially the 
 
 * History of New France. 
 
 tFrom Dr. Shea's valuable note on Montreal, on pages 129 and 130 vol 3 of 
 his translation of Father Charlevoix' History of New France. Mr. Albach', publisher 
 of Annals of the West, Pittsburgh edition, 1857, p. 49, is in error in saying that 
 Montreal was founded in 1613, by Samuel Champlain. Champlain, in company with 
 a young Huron Indian, whom he had taken to and brought back from France on a 
 previous voyage, visited the island of Montreal in 1611, and chose it as a place for a 
 settlement he designed to establish, but which he did not begin, as he was obliged to 
 return to i ranee; vide Charlevoix' " History of New France," vol. 3, p 23 The Ameri- 
 can Clycl.opedia, as well as other authorities, concur with Dr. Shea, tlat Montreal was 
 founded in 1642, seven years after Champlain 's death. 
 
QUEBEC FOUNDED. 39 
 
 destruction of its people from raids of the dreaded Iroquois Indians, 
 the French colonies grew until, according to a report of Governor 
 Mons. Denonville to the Minister at Paris, the population of Canada, 
 in 1686, had increased to 12,373 souls. Quebec and Montreal became 
 the base of operations of the French in America; the places from 
 which missionaries, traders and explorers went out among the savages 
 into countries hitherto unknown, going northward and westward, 
 even beyond the extremity of Lake Superior to the upper waters of 
 the Mississippi, and southward to the Gulf of Mexico; and it was 
 from these cities that the religious, military and commercial affairs of 
 this widely extended region were administered, and from which the 
 French settlements subsequently established in the northwest and at 
 New Orleans were principally recruited. The influence of Quebec and 
 Montreal did not end with the fall of French power in America. It 
 was from these cities that the English retained control of the fur trade 
 in, and exerted a power over the Indian tribes of, the northwest that 
 harassed and retarded the spread of the American settlements through 
 all the revolutionary war, and during the later contest between Great 
 Britain and the United States in the war of 1812. Indeed, it was 
 only until after the fur trade was exhausted and the Indians placed 
 beyond the Mississippi, subsequent to 1820, that Quebec and Montreal 
 ceased to exert an influence in that part of New France now known as 
 Illinois and Indiana. 
 
 Father Claude Allouez, coasting westward from Sault Ste. Marie, 
 reached Chegoimegon, as the Indians called the bay south of the Apos- 
 tle Islands and near La Pointe on the southwestern shore of Lake Supe- 
 rior, in October, 1665. Here he found ten or twelve fragments of 
 Algonquin tribes assembled and about to hang the war kettle over the 
 fire preparatory for an incursion westward into the territory of .the 
 Sioux. The good father persuaded them to give up their intended 
 hostile expedition. He set up in their midst a chapel, to which he gave 
 the name of the " Mission of the Holy Ghost," at the spot afterward 
 known as "Lapointe du Saint Esprit," and at once began his mission 
 work. His chapel was an object of wonder, and its establishment soon 
 spread among the wild children of the forest, and thither from great 
 distances came numbers all alive with curiosity, — the roving Potta- 
 watomies. Sacs and Foxes, the Kickapoos, the Illinois and Miamis, — 
 to whom the truths of Christianity were announced.* 
 
 Three years later Father James Marquette took the place of Allouez, 
 and while here he seems to have been the first that learned of the Missis- 
 sippi. In a letter written from this mission by Father Marquette to 
 * Shea's History of Catholic Missions, 358. 
 
40 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 his Eeverend Father Superior, preserved in the Eelations for 1669 and 
 1670, he says : " "When the Illinois come to the point they pass a 
 great river, which is almost a league in width. It flows from north 
 to south, and to so great a distance that the Illinois, who know nothing 
 of the use of the canoe, have never as yet heard tell of the mouth ; they 
 only know that there are great nations below them, some of whom, 
 dwelling to the east-southeast of their country, gather their Indian-corn 
 twice a year. A nation that they call Chaouanon (Shawnees) came to 
 visit them during the past summer; the young man that has been 
 given to me to teach me the language has seen them ; they were loaded 
 with glass beads, which shows that they have communication with the 
 Europeans. They had to journey across the land for more than thirty 
 days before arriving at their country. It is hardly probable that this 
 great river discharges itself in Virginia. "We are more inclined to 
 believe that it has its mouth in California. If the savages, who have 
 promised to make me a canoe, do not fail in their word, we will navi- 
 gate this river as far as is possible in company with a Frenchman and 
 this young man that they have given me, who understands several of 
 these languages and possesses great facility for acquiring others. We 
 shall visit the nations who dwell along its shores, in order to open the 
 way to many of our fathers who for a long time have awaited this 
 happiness. This discovery will give us a perfect knowledge of the sea 
 either to the south or to the west." 
 
 These reports concerning the great river came to the knowledge 
 of the authorities at Quebec and Paris, and naturally enough stimu- 
 lated further inquiry. There were three theories as to where the river 
 emptied ; one, that it discharged into the Atlantic south of the British 
 colony of Virginia ; second, that it flowed into the Gulf of Mexico ; 
 and third, which was the more popular belief, that it emptied into the 
 Ked Sea, as the Gulf of California was called ; and if the latter, that it 
 would afi"ord a passage to China. To solve this important commercial 
 problem in geography, it was determined, as appears from a letter from 
 the Governor, Count Frontenac, at Quebec, to M. Colbert, Minister of 
 the navy at Paris, expedient " for the service to send Sieur Joliet to 
 the country of the Mascoutines, to discover the South Sea and the great 
 river — they call the Mississippi — which is supposed to discharge itself 
 into the Sea of California. Sieur Joliet is a man of great experience 
 in these sorts of discoveries, and has already been almost to that great 
 river, the mouth of which he promises to see. We shall have intelli- 
 gence of him, certainly, this summer.* Father Marquette was chosen 
 to accompany Joliet on account of the information he had already ob- 
 * Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 92. 
 
SPANISH EXPLOKATIOKS. 41 
 
 tained from the Indians relating to the countries to be explored, and 
 also because, as he wrote Father Dablon, his superior, when informed 
 by the latter that he was to be Joliet's companion, " I am ready to go 
 on your order to seek new nations toward the South Sea, and teach 
 them of our great God whom tliey hitherto have not known." 
 
 The voyage of Joliet and Marquette is so interesting that we intro- 
 duce extracts from Father Marquette's journal. The version we adopt 
 is Father Marquette's original journal, prepared for publication by his 
 superior. Father Dablon, and which lay in manuscript at Quebec, among 
 the archives of the Jesuits, until 1852, when it, together with Father 
 Marquette's original map, were brought to light, translated into Eng- 
 lish, and published by Dr. John G. Shea, in his " Discovery and Explo- 
 ration of the Mississippi." The version commonly sanctioned was 
 Marquette's narrative sent to the French government, where it lay 
 unpublished until it came into the hands of M. Thevenot, wbo printed 
 it at Paris, in a book issued by him in 1681, called " Eeceuil de Voy- 
 ages." This account differs somewhat, though not essentially, from 
 the narrative as published by Dr. Shea. 
 
 Before proceeding farther, however, we will turn aside a moment 
 to note the fact that Spain had a prior right over France to the Missis- 
 sippi "Valley by virtue of previous discovery. As early as the year 
 1525, Cortez had conquered Mexico, portioned out its rich mines 
 among his favorites and reduced the inoffensive inhabitants to the worst 
 of slavery, making them till the groimd and toil in the mines for their 
 unfeeling masters. A few years following the conquest of Mexico, the 
 Spaniards, under Pamphilus de ISTarvaez, in 1528, undertook to conquer 
 and colonize Florida and the entire northern coast-line of the Gulf. 
 After long and fruitless wanderings in the interior, his party returned 
 to the sea-coast and endeavored to reach Tampico, in wretched boats. 
 Nearly all perished by storm, disease or famine. The survivors, with 
 one Cabeza de Yaca at their head, drifted to an island near the present 
 state of Mississippi ; from which, after four years of slavery, De Vaca, 
 with four companions, escaped to the mainland and started westward, 
 going clear across the continent to the Gulf of California. The 
 natives took them for supernatural beings. They assumed the guise 
 of jugglers, and the Indian tribes, through which they passed, invested 
 them with the title of medicine-men, and their lives were thus guarded 
 with superstitious awe. They are, perhaps, the first Europeans who 
 ever went overland from the Atlantic to the Pacific. They must have 
 crossed the Great River somewhere on their route, and, says Dr. 
 Shea, " remain in history, in a distant twilight, as the first Europeans 
 known to have stood on the banks of the Mississippi." In 1539, 
 
42 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NOllTHWEST. 
 
 Hernando de Soto, with a party of cavaliers, most of them sons of 
 titled nobility, landed with their horses upon the coast of Florida. 
 During that and the following four years, these daring adventurers 
 wandered through the Wilderness, traveling in portions of Florida, 
 Carolina, the northern parts of Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, 
 crossing the Mississippi, as is supposed, as high up as White Eiver, 
 and going still westward to the base of the Eocky Mountains, vainly 
 searching for the rich gold mines of which De Vaca had given marvel- 
 ous accounts. De Soto's party endured hardships that would depress 
 the stoutest heart, while, with fire and sword, they perpetrated atrocities 
 upon the Indian tribes through which they passed, burning their 
 villages and inflicting cruelties which make us blush for the wicked- 
 ness of men claiming to be christians. De Soto died, in May or June, 
 1542, on the banks of the Mississippi, below the mouth of the 
 Washita, and his immediate attendants concealed his death from the 
 others and secretly, in the night, buried his body in the middle of the 
 stream. The remnant of his survivors went westward and then 
 returned back again to the river, passing the winter upon its banks. 
 The following spring they went down the river, in seven boats which 
 they had rudely constructed out of such scanty material and with the 
 few tools they could command. In these, after a three months' voyage, 
 they arrived at the Spanish town of Panuco, on the river of that name 
 in Mexico. 
 
 Later, in 1565, Spain, failing in previous attempts, eifected a lodg- 
 ment in Florida, and for the protection of her colony built the fort at 
 St. Augustine, whose ancient ruin, still standing, is an object of curi- 
 osity to the health-seeker and a monument to the hundreds of native 
 Indians who, reduced to bondage by their Spanish conquerors, perished, 
 after years of unrequited labor, in erecting its frowning walls and 
 gloomy dungeons. 
 
 While Spain retained her hold upon Mexico and enlarged her posses- 
 sions, and continued, with feebler eiforts, to keep possession of the 
 Floridas, she took no measures to establish settlements along the Mis- 
 sissippi or to avail herself of the advantage that might have resulted 
 from its discovery. The Great Eiver excited no further notice after 
 De Soto's time. For the next hundred years it remained as it were 
 a sealed mystery until the French, approaching from the north by 
 way of the lakes, explored it in its entire length, and brought to 
 public light the vast extent and wonderful fertility of its valleys. 
 Eesnming the thread of our history at the place where we turned aside 
 to notice the movements of the Spanish toward the Gulf, we now pro- 
 ceed with the extracts from Father Marquette's journal of the voyage 
 of discovery down the Mississippi. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 JOLIET AND MARQUETTE'S VOYAGE. 
 
 The day of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Vil-gin,, 
 whom I had always invoked, since I have been in this Ottawa country, 
 to obtain of God the grace to be able to visit the nations on the River 
 Mississippi, was identically that on which M. Jollyet arrived with 
 orders of the Comte de Frontenac, our governor, and M. Talon, our 
 intendant, to make this discovery with me. I was the more enraptured 
 at this good news, as I saw my designs on the point of being accom- 
 plished, and myself in the happy necessitj' of exposing my life for the 
 salvation of all these nations, and particularly for the Illinois, who had,, 
 when I was at Lapointe du Esprit, very earnestly entreated me to carry 
 the word of God to their country." 
 
 ""We were not long in preparing our outfit, although we were 
 embarking on a voyage the duration of which we could not foresee.. 
 Indian corn, with some dried rneats, was our whole stock of provisions. 
 With this we set out in two bark canoes, M. Jollyet, myself and five- 
 men, firmly resolved to do all and sufier all for so glorious an enterprise." 
 
 " It was on the 17th of May, 1673, that we started from the mission. 
 of St. Ignatius, at Michilimakinac, where I then was."* 
 
 " Our joy at being chosen for this expedition roused our courage- 
 and sweetened the labor of rowing from morning to night. As we 
 were going to seek unknown countries, we took all possible rarecaur- 
 tions that, if our enterprise was hazardous, it should not be foolhardy;, 
 for this reason we gathered all possible information from the Indians- 
 who had frequented those parts, and even from their accounts, traced 
 a map of all the new country, marking down the rivers on which we- 
 were to sail, the names of the nations and places through which we 
 were to pass, the course of the Great River, and what direction we 
 should take when we got to it." 
 
 "Above all, I put_ our voyage under the protection of the Blessed 
 Virgin Immaculate, promising her that, if she did us the grace to dis- 
 cover the Great River, I would give it the name of the conception ;. 
 
 * St. Ignatius was not on the Island of Mackinaw, but westward of it, on a point 
 of land extending into the strait, from the north shore, laid down on modern maps as 
 "Point St. Ignace." On this bleak, exposed and barren spot this mission was estab- 
 lished by Marquette himself in 1671. Shea's Catholic Missions, p. 364. 
 
 43 
 
44 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 and that I would also give that name to the first mission I should 
 establish among these new nations, as I have actually done among the 
 Illinois." 
 
 After some days they reached an Indian village, and the journal 
 proceeds: "Here we are, then, at the Maskoutens. This word, in 
 Algonquin, may mean Fire Nation, and that is the name given to them. 
 This is the limit of discoveries made by the French, for they have not 
 yet passed beyond it. This town is made up of three nations gathered 
 here, Miamis, Maskoutens and Kikabous.* As bark for cabins, in this 
 country, is rare, they use rushes, which serve them for walls and roofs, 
 but which afford them no protection against the wind, and still less 
 against the rain when it falls in torrents. The advantage of this kind 
 of cabins is that they can roll them up and carry them easily where 
 they like in hunting time." 
 
 " I felt no little pleasure in beholding,the position of this town. The 
 view is beautiful and very picturesque, for, from the eminence on which 
 it is perched, the eye discovers on every side prairies spreading away 
 beyond its reach interspersed with thickets or groves of trees. The 
 soil is very good, producing much corn. The Indians gather also 
 quantities of plums and grapes, from which good wine could be made 
 if they choose." 
 
 " No sooner had we arrived than M. JoUyet and I assembled the 
 Sachems. He told them that he was sent by our governor to discover 
 new countries, and I by the Almighty to illumine them with the light 
 of the gospel; that the Sovereign Master of our lives wished to be 
 known to all nations, and that to obey his will I did not fear death, to 
 which I exposed myself in such dangerous voyages ; that we needed 
 two guides to put us on our way ; these, making them a present, we 
 begged them to grant us. This they did verj' civilly, and even pro- 
 ceeded to speak to us by a present, which was a mat to serve ns on our 
 voyage." 
 
 "The next day, which was the 10th of June, two Miamis whom 
 they had given us as guides embarked with us in the sight of a great 
 crowd, who could not wonder enough to see seven Frenchmen, alone 
 in two canoes, dare to undiertake so strange and so hazardous an expe- 
 dition." 
 
 " We knew that there was, three leagues from Maskoutens, a river 
 emptying into the Mississippi. We knew, too, that the point of the 
 compass we were to hold to reach it was the west-southwest, but the 
 
 * The village was near the mouth of Wolf River, which empties into Winnebago 
 Lake, Wisconsin. The stream was formerly called the Maskouten, and a tribe of this 
 name dwelt along its banks. 
 
Marquette's voyage. 45 
 
 way is so cut up with marshes and little lakes that it is easy to go 
 astray, especially as the river leading to it is so covered with wild oats 
 that you can hardly discover the channel ; hence we had need of our 
 two guides, who led us safely to a portage of twenty-seven hundred 
 paces and helped us transport our canoes to enter this river, after 
 which they returned, leaving us alone in an unknown country in the 
 hands of Providence."* 
 
 " We now leave the waters which flow to Quebec, a distance of four 
 or five hundred leagues, to follow those which will henceforth lead'us 
 into strange lands. 
 
 " Our route was southwest, and after sailing about thirty leagues we 
 perceived a place which had all the appearances of an iron mine, and 
 in fact one of our party who had seen some before averred that the one 
 we had found was very rich and very good. After forty leagues on. 
 this same route we reached the mouth of our river, and finding our- 
 selves at 42^° I^. we safely entered the Mississippi on the 17th of June 
 with a joy that I cannot express."f 
 
 * This portage has given the name to Portage City, Wisconsin, where the upper 
 waters of Fox River, emptying into Green Bay, approach the Wisconsin River, which, 
 coming from the northwest, here changes its course to the southwest. The distance 
 from the Wisconsin to the Fox River at this point is, according to Henry R. School- 
 craft, a mile and a half across a level prairie, and the level of the two streams is so nearly 
 the same that in high water loaded canoes formerly passed from the one to the other 
 across this low prairie. For many miles below the portage the channel of Fox River 
 was choked with a growth of tangled wild rice. The stream frequently expanding, 
 into little lakes, and its winding, crooked course through the prairie, well justifies the 
 tradition of the Winnebago Indians concerning its origin. A vast serpent that lived 
 in the waters of the Mississippi took a freak to visit the grSat lakes ; he left his trail 
 where he crossed over the prairie, which, collecting the waters as they fell from the rains 
 of heaven, at length became Fox River. The little lakes along its course were, prob- 
 ably, the places where he flourished about in his uneasy slumbers at night. Mrs. John 
 H. Kinzie's Waubun, p. 80. 
 
 t Father Marquette, agreeably to his vow, named the river the Immaculate Concep- 
 tion. Nine years later, when Robert La Salle, having discovered the river in its entire 
 length, took possession at its mouth of the whole Mississippi Valley, he named the 
 river Colbert, in honor of the Minister of the Navy, a man renowned alike for his 
 ability, at the head of the Department of the Marine, and for the encouragement he 
 gave to literature, science and art. Still later, in 1713, when the vast country drained by 
 its waters was farmed out to private enterprise, as appears from letters patent from the 
 King of France, conveying the whole to M. Crozat, the name of the river was changed 
 to St. Lewis. Fortunately the Mississippi retains its aboriginal name, which is a com- 
 pound from the two Algonquin words missi, signifying great, and sepe, a river. The 
 former is variously pronounced missil or michil, as in Michuimakinac ; miehi, as iii Mich- 
 igan ; missu, as in Missouri, and missi, as in the Mississeneway of the Wabash. The 
 variation in pronunciation is not greater than we might expect in an unwritten lan- 
 guage. ' ' The Western Indians, ' ' says Mr. Schoolcraft, ' ' have no other word than missi 
 to express the highest degree of magnitude, either in a moral or in a physical sense, and 
 it may be considered as not only synonymous to our word great, hat also magnificent, 
 supreme, stupendous, etc." Father Hennepin, who next to Marquette wrote concern- 
 ing the derivation of the name, says : " Mississippi, in the language of the Illinois, 
 means the great river." Some authors, perhaps with more regard for a pleasing fic- 
 tion than plain matter-of-fact, have rendered Mississippi "The Father of' Waters;" 
 whereas, nos, noussey and nosha mean father, and neebi, nipi or n&pee mean water, as 
 universally in the dialect of Algonquin tribes, as does the word missi piean great and 
 sepi a river. 
 
'46 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 " Having descended as far as 41° 28', following the same direction, 
 we find that turkeys have taken the place of game, and pisikious (buf- 
 falo) or wild cattle that of other beasts. 
 
 " At last, on the 25th of June, we perceived foot-prints of men by 
 the water-side and a beaten path entering a beautiful prairie. We 
 ■stopped to examine it, and concliiding that it was a path leading to 
 some Indian village we resolved to go and reconnoitre ; we accordingly 
 left our two canoes in charge of our people, cautioning them to beware 
 of a surprise ; then M. Jollyet and I undertook this rather hazardous 
 discovery for two single men, who thus put themselves at the mercy of 
 an unknown and barbarous people. We followed the little path in 
 silence, and having advanced about two leagues we discovered a village 
 on the banks of the river, and two others on a hill half a league from 
 the former. Then, indeed, we recommended ourselves to God with all 
 our hearts, and having implored his help we passed on undiscovered, 
 and came so near that we even heard the Indians talking. We then 
 deemed it time to announce ourselves, as we did, by a cry which we 
 raised with all our strength, and then halted, without advancing any 
 farther. At this cry the Indians rushed out of their cabins, and hav- 
 ing probably recognized us as French, especially seeing a black gown, 
 or at least having no reason to distrust us, seeing we were but two and 
 had made known our coming, they deputed four old men to come and 
 speak to us. Two carried tobacco-pipes well adorned and trimmed 
 with many kinds of feathers. They marched slowly, lifting their pipes 
 toward the sun as if offering them to it to smoke, but yet without 
 uttering a single word. They were a long time coming the little way 
 from the village to us. Having reached us at last, they stopped to con- 
 sider us attentively. 
 
 " I now took courage, seeing these ceremonies, which are used by 
 them only with friends, and still more on seeing them covered with stuffs 
 which made me judge them to be allies. I, therefore, spoke to them 
 first, and asked them who they were. They answered that they were 
 Illinois, and in token of peace they presented their pipes to smoke. 
 They then invited us to their village, where all the tribe awaited us 
 with impatience. These pipes for smoking are all called in this country 
 calumets, a word that is so much in use that I shall be obliged to employ 
 it in order to be understood, as I shall have to speak of it frequently. 
 
 " At the door of the cabin in which we were to be received was an 
 old man awaiting us in a very remarkable posture, which is their usual 
 ceremony in receiving strangers. This man was standing perfectly 
 naked, with his hands stretched out and raised toward the sun as if he 
 wished to screen himself from its rays, which, nevertheless, passed 
 
PRESENTATION OF THE CALUMET. 47 
 
 through his fingers to his face. When we came near him he paid us 
 this compliment : ' How beautiful is the sun, O Frenchman, when 
 thou comest to visit us ! All our town awaits thee, and thou shalt 
 enter all our cabins in peace.' He then took us into his, where there 
 was a crowd of people, who devoured us with their eyes but kept a 
 profound silence. We heard, however, these words occasionally ad- 
 dressed to us : ' Well done, brothers, to visit us ! ' As soon as we had 
 taken our places they showed us the usual civility of the country, 
 which is to present the calumet. You must not refuse it unless you 
 would pass for an enemj', or at least for being very impolite. It is, 
 however, enough to pretend to smoke. While all the old men smoked 
 after us to honor us, some came to invite us, on behalf of the great 
 sachem of all the Illinois, to proceed to his town, where he wished to 
 hold a council with us. We went with a good retinue, for all the 
 people who had never seen a Frenchman among them could not tire 
 looking at us ; they threw themselves on the grass by the wayside, 
 they ran ahead, then turned and walked back to see us again. All this 
 was done without noise, and with marks of a great respect entertained 
 for us. 
 
 "Having arrived at the great sachem's town, we espied him at. his 
 cabin door between two old men ; all three standing naked, with their 
 calumet turned to the sun. He harangued us in a few words, to con- 
 gratulate us on our arrival, and then presented us his calumet and made 
 us smoke ; at the same time we entered his cabin, where we received 
 all their usual greetings. Seeing all assembled and in silence, I spoke 
 to them by four presents which I made. By the first, I said that we 
 marched in peace to visit the nations on the river to the sea ; by the 
 second, I declared to them that God, their creator, had pity on them, 
 since, after their having been so long ignorant of him, he wished to 
 become known to all nations ; that I was sent on his behalf with this 
 design ; that it was for them to acknowledge and obey him ; by the 
 third, that the great chief of the French informed them that he spread 
 peace everywhere, and had overcome the Iroquois ; lastly, by the fourth, 
 we begged them to give us all the information they had of the sea, and 
 of nations through which we should have to pass to reach it. 
 
 " When I had finished my speech, the sachem rose, and laying his 
 hand on the head of a little slave whom he was about to give us, spoke 
 thus : ' I thank thee. Black-gown, and thee, Frenchman,' addressing 
 M. Jollyet, ' for taking so much pains to come and visit us. Never has 
 the earth been so beautiful, nor the sun so bright, as to-day ; never has 
 our river been so calm, nor so free from rocks, which your canoes have 
 removed as they passed ; never has our tobacco had so fine a fiavor, 
 
48 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST; 
 
 nor our corn appeared so beautiful as we behold it to-day. Here is my 
 son that I give thee that thou mayest know my heart. I pray thee 
 take pity on me and all my nation. Thou knowest the Great Spirit 
 who has made us all ; thou speakest to him and hearest his word ; ask 
 him to give me life and health, and come and dwell with us that we 
 may know him.' Saying this, he placed the little slave near us and 
 made us a second present, an all mysterious calumet, which they value 
 more than a slave. By this present he showed us his esteem for our 
 governor, after the account we had given of him. By the third he 
 begged us, on behalf of his whole nation, not to proceed farther on 
 account of the great dangers to which we exposed ourselves. 
 
 " I replied that I did not fear death, and that I esteemed no happi- 
 ness greater than that of losing my life. for the glory of him who made 
 us all. But this these poor people could not understand. The coun- 
 cil was followed by a great feast which consisted of four courses, which 
 we had to take with all their ways. The first course was a great wooden 
 dish full of sagamity,— that is to say, of Indian meal boiled in water 
 and seasoned with grease. The master of ceremonies, with a spoonful 
 of sagamity, presented it three or four times to my mouth, as we would 
 do with a little child ; he did the same to M. Jollyet. For the second 
 course, he brought in a second dish containing three fish ; he took 
 some pains to remove the bones, and having blown upon it to cool it, 
 put it in my mouth as we would food to a bird. For the third course 
 they produced a large dog which they had just killed, but, learning 
 that we did not eat it, withdrew it. Finally, the fourth course was a 
 piece of wild ox, the fattest portions of which were put into our 
 mouths. 
 
 " We took leave of our Illinois about the end of June, and em- 
 barked in sight of all the tribe, who admire our little canoes, having 
 never seen the like. 
 
 "As we were discoursing, while sailing gently down a beautiful, 
 still, clear water, we heard the noise of a rapid into which we were 
 about to fall. I have seen nothing more frightful; a mass of large 
 trees, entire, with branches, — real floating islands, — came rushing from 
 the mouth of the river Pekitanoiii, so impetuously that we could not, 
 without great danger, expose ourselves to pass across. The agitation 
 was so great that the water was all muddy and could not get clear.* 
 
 * Pekitanotti, with the aboriginals, signified " muddy water," on the authority of 
 Father Marest, in his letter referred to in a previous note. The present name, Mis- 
 souri, according to Le Page du Pratz, vol. 2, p. 157, was derived from the tribe, Mis- 
 Eouris, whose village was some forty leagues above its mouth, and who massacred a 
 French garrison situated in that part of the country. _ The late statesman and orator, 
 Thomas A. Benton, referring to the muddiness prevailing at all seasons of the year in 
 the Missouri River, said that its waters were "too thick to swim in and too thin to 
 ■walk on." 
 
PLOT AGAINST MARQUETTE'S LIFE. 49 
 
 "After having made about twenty leagues due south, and a little 
 less to the southeast, we came to a river called Onabouskigou, the mouth 
 of which is at 36° north.* This river comes from the country on the 
 east inhabited by the Chaouanons, in such numbers that they reckon 
 as many as twenty-three villages in one district, and fifteen in another, 
 lying quite near each other. They are by no means warlike, and are 
 the people the Iroquois go far to seek in order to wage an unprovoked 
 war upon them ; and as these poor people cannot defend themselves 
 they allow themselves to be taken and carried off like sheep, and, inno- 
 cent as they are, do not fail to experience the barbarity of the Iroquois, 
 ■who burn them cruelly.' 
 
 Having arrived about half a league from Akansea (Arkansas 
 River), we saw two canoes coming toward us. The commander was 
 standing up holding in his hand a calumet, with which he made signs 
 according to the custom of the country. He approached us, singing quite 
 agreeably, and invited us to smoke, after which he presented us some 
 sagamity and bread made of Indian corn, of which we ate a little. 
 "We fortunately found among them a man who understood Illinois much 
 better than the man we brought from Mitchigameh. By means of 
 him, I first spoke to the assembly by ordinary presents. They admired 
 what I told them of God and the mysteries of our holy faith, and 
 showed a great desire to keep me with them to instruct them. 
 
 " We then asked them what they knew of the sea ; they replied 
 that we were only ten days' journey from it (we could have made the 
 distance in five days) ; that they, did not know the nations who inhab- 
 ited it, because their enemies prevented their commerce with those 
 Europeans ; that the Indians with fire-arms whom we had met were 
 their enemies, who cut off the passage to the sea, and prevented their 
 making the acquaintance of the Europeans, or having any commerce 
 with them ; that besides we should expose ourselves greatly by passing 
 on, in consequence of the continual war parties that their enemies sent 
 out on the river ; since, being armed and used to war, we could not, 
 without evident danger, advance on that river which they constantly 
 occupy. 
 
 " In the evening the sachems held a secret council on the design of 
 some to kill us for plunder, but the chief broke up all these schemes, 
 and sending for us, danced the calumet in our presence, and then, to 
 rertiove all fears, presented it to me. 
 
 "M. Jollyet and I held another council to deliberate on what we 
 should do, whether we should push on, or rest satisfied with the dis- 
 
 *The Wabash here appears, for the first time, by name. A more extended notice 
 of the various names by which this stream has been known will be given farthei' on. 
 4 
 
50 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 covery that we had made. After having attentively considered that 
 we were not far from the Gulf of Mexico, the basin of which is 31° 
 40' north, and we at 33° 40'; so that we could not be more than two 
 or three days' journey off; that the Mississippi undoubtedly had its 
 mouth in Florida or the Gulf of Mexico, and not on the east in Vir- 
 ginia, whose sea-coast is at 34° north, which we had passed, without 
 having as yet reached the sea, nor on the western side in- California, 
 because that would require a west, or west-southwest course, and we 
 had always been going south. We considered, moreover, that we 
 risked losing the fruit of this voyage, of which we could give no 
 information, if we should throw ourselves into the hands of the Span- 
 iards, who would undoubtedly at least hold us as prisoners. Besides 
 it was clear that we were not in a condition to resist Indians allied to 
 Europeans, numerous and expert in the use of fire-arms, who contin- 
 ually infested the lower part of the river. Lastly, we had gathered all 
 the information that could be desired from the expedition. All these 
 reasons induced us to return. This we announced to the Indians, and 
 after a day's rest prepared for it. 
 
 "After a month's navigation down the Mississippi, from the J:2d to 
 below the 34th degree, and after having published the gospel as well 
 as I could to the nations I had met, we left the village of Akansea on 
 the 17tli of July, to retrace our steps. "We accordingly ascended the 
 Mississippi, which gave us great trouble to stem its currents. We left 
 it, indeed, about the 38th degree, to enter another river (the Illinois), 
 which greatly shortened our way, and brought us, with little trouble, 
 to the lake of the Illinois. 
 
 " We had seen nothing like this river for the fertilit}' of the land, its 
 prairies, woods, wild cattle, stag, deer, wild-cats, bustards, swans, ducks, 
 parrots, and even beaver ; its many little lakes and rivers. That on 
 which we sailed is broad deep and gentle for sixty-five leagues. 
 During the spring and part of the summer, the only portage is half a 
 league. 
 
 " We found there an Illinois town called Kaskaski^, composed of 
 seventy-four cabins ; they received us well, and compelled me to promise 
 them to return and instruct them. One of the chiefs of this tribe, with 
 his young men, escorted us to the Illinois Lake, whence at last we 
 returned in the close of September to the Bay of the Fetid (Green Bay), 
 whence we had set out in the beginning of June. Had all this voyage 
 caused but the salvation of a single soul, I should deem all my fatigue 
 well repaid, and this I have reason to think, for, when I was returning, 
 I passed by the Indians of Peoria. I was three days announcing the 
 faith in their cabins, after which, as we were embarking, they brought 
 
BIOGRAPHY OF JOLIET. 51 
 
 me, on the water's edge, a dying child, which I baptized a little before 
 it expired, by an admirable providence for the salvation of that inno- 
 ■cent soul." 
 
 Count Frontenac, writing from Quebec to M. Colbert, Minister of 
 the Marine, at Paris, under date of November 14, 1674, announces that 
 " Sieur Joliet, whom Monsieur Talon advised me, on my arrival from 
 France,, to dispatch for the discovery of the South Sea, has returned three 
 months ago. He has discovered some very fine countries, and a navi- 
 gation so easy through beautiful rivers he has found, that a person can 
 go from Lake Ontario in a bark to the Gulf of Mexico, there being 
 only one carrying place (around Niagara Falls), where Lake Ontario 
 communicates with Lake Erie. I send you, by my secretary, the map 
 which Sieur Joliet has made of the great river he has discovered, and 
 the observations he has been able to recollect, as he lost all his minutes 
 and journals in the shipwreck he suifered within sight of Montreal, 
 where, after having completed a voyage of twelve hundred leagues, 
 he was near being drowned, and lost all his papers and a little Indian 
 whom he brought from those countries. These accidents have caused 
 me great regret."* 
 
 Louis Joliet, or Jolliet, or Jollyet, as the name is variously spelled, 
 was the son of Jean Joliet, a wheelwright, and Mary d'Abancour; he 
 was born at Quebec in the year 1645. Having finished his studies at 
 the Jesuit college he determined to become a member of that order, and 
 with that purpose in view took some of the minor orders of the society 
 in August, 1662. He completed his studies in 1666, but during this 
 time his attention had become interested in Indian affairs, and he laid 
 aside all thoughts of assuming the " black gown." That he acquired 
 great ability and tact in managing the savages, is apparent from the 
 fact of his having been selected to discover the south sea by the way of 
 the Mississippi. The map which he drew from memory, and which 
 was forwarded by Count Frontenac to France, was afterward attached 
 to Marquette's Journal, and was published by Therenot, at Paris, in 
 1681. Sparks, in his " Life of Marquette," copies this map, and ascribes 
 it to his hero. This must be a mistake, since it differs quite essentially 
 from Marquette's map, which has recently been brought to public notice 
 by Dr. Shea. 
 
 Joliet's account of the voyage, mentioned by Frontenac, is published 
 in Hennepin's " Discovery of a Vast Country in America." It is very 
 meagre, and does not present any facts not covered by Marquette's nar- 
 rative. 
 
 In 1680 Joliet was appointed hydrographer to the king, and many 
 
 * Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 121. 
 
52 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 well-drawn maps at Quebec show that his office was no sinecure. After- 
 ward, he made a voyage to Hudson's Bay in the interest of the king ; 
 and as a reward for the faithful performance of his duty, he was granted 
 the island of Anticosti, which, on account of the fisheries and Indian 
 trade, wafe at that time very valuable. After this, he signed himself 
 Joliet d'Anticosty. In the year 1697, he obtained the seignory of 
 Joliet on the river Etchemins, south of Quebec. M. Joliet died in 
 1701, leaving a wife and four children, the descendants of whom are 
 living in Canada still possessed of the seignory of Joliet, among whom 
 are Archbishop Taschereau of Quebec and Archbishop Taehe of Eed 
 River. 
 
 Mount Joliet, on the Desplaines Eiver, above its confluence with the 
 Kankakee, and the city of Joliet, in the county of Will, perpetuate 
 the name of Joliet in the state of Illinois. 
 
 Jacques Marquette was born in Laon, France, in 1637. His was 
 the oldest and one of the most respectable citizen families of the place. 
 At the age of seventeen he entered the Society of Jesus ; received or- 
 ders in 1666 to embark for Canada, arriving at Quebec in September 
 of the same year. For two years he remained at Three Rivers, study- 
 ing the different Indian dialects under Father Gabriel Druillentes. 
 At the end of that period he received orders to repair to the upper 
 lakes, which he did, and established the Mission of Sault Ste. Marie. 
 The following year Dablon arrived, having been appointed Superior of 
 the Ottawa missions ; Marquette then went to the " Mission of the Holy 
 Ghost " at the western extremity of Lake Superior ; here he remained 
 for two years, and it was his accounts, forwarded from this place, that 
 caused Frontenac and Talon to send Joliet on his voyage to the Mis- 
 sissippi. The Sioux having dispersed the Algonquin tribes at Lapointe, 
 the latter retreated eastward to Mackinaw ; Marquette followed and 
 founded there the Mission of St. Ignatius. Here he remained until 
 Joliet came, in 1673, with orders to accompany him on his voyage of 
 discovery down the Mississippi. Upon his return, Marquette remained 
 at Mackinaw until October, 1674, when he received orders to carry out 
 his pet project of founding the " Mission of the Immaculate Concep- 
 tion of the Blessed Virgin " among the Illinois. He immediately set 
 out, but owing to a severe dysentery, contracted the year previous, he 
 made but slow progress. However, he reached Chicago Creek, De- 
 cember 4, where, growing rapidly worse, he was compelled to winter. 
 On the 29th of the following March he set out for the Illinois town, 
 on the river of that name. He succeeded in getting there on the 8th 
 of April. Being cordially received by the Indians, he was enabled to 
 realize his long deferred and much cherished project of establishing 
 
DEATH OF MARQUETTE. 53 
 
 the " Mission of the Immaculate Conception." Believing that his life 
 was drawing to a close, he endeavored to reach Mackinaw before his 
 death should take place. But in this hope he was doomed to disap- 
 pointment ; by the time he reached Lake Michigan " he was so weak 
 that he had to be carried like a child." One Saturday, Marcjiiette and 
 his two companions entered a small stream — which still bears his 
 name — on the eastern side of Lake Michigan, and in this desolate 
 spot, virtually alone, destitute of all the comforts of life, died James 
 Marquette. His life-long wish to die a martyr in the holy cause of 
 Jesus and the Blessed Virgin, was granted. Thus passed away one of 
 the purest and most sacrificing servants of God, — one of the bravest 
 and most heroic of men. 
 
 The biographical sketch of Joliet has been collated from a number 
 of reliable authorities, and is believed truthful. Our notice of Father 
 Marquette is condensed from his life as written by Dr. Shea, than 
 whom there is no one better qualified to perform the task. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 EXPLORATIONS BY LA SALLE. 
 
 The success of the French, in their plan of colonization, was so 
 great, and the trade with the savages, exchanging fineries, guns, knives^ 
 and, more than all, spirituous liquors for valuable furs, yielded such 
 enormous profits, that impetus was given to still greater enterprises. 
 They involved no less than the hemming in of the British colonies 
 along the Atlantic coast and a conquest of the rich mines in Mexico, 
 from the Spanish. These purposes are boldly avowed in a letter of 
 M. Talon, the king's enterprising intendant at Quebec, in 1671 ; and 
 also in the declarations of the great Colbert, at Paris, " I am," says M. 
 Talon, in his letter to the king referred to, "no courtier, and assert, 
 not through a mere desire to please the king, nor without just reason, 
 that this portion of the French monarchy will become something 
 grand. What I discover around me makes me foresee this ; and those 
 colonies of foreign nations so long settled on the seaboard already 
 tremble with fright, in view of what his majesty has, accomjDlished 
 here in the interior. The measures adopted to confine them within 
 narrow limits, by taking possession, which I have caused to be effected,, 
 do not 'allow them to spread, without subjecting themselves, at the 
 same time, to be treated as usurpers, and have war waged against them. 
 This in truth is what by all their acts they seem to greatly fear. They 
 already know that your name is spread abroad among the savages 
 throughout all those countries, and that they regard your majesty alone 
 as the arbitrator of peace and war; they detach themselves insensibly 
 from other Europeans, and excepting the Iroquois, of whom I am not 
 as yet assured, we can safely promise that the others will take up arms 
 whenever we please." " The principal result," says La Salle, in his 
 memoir at a later day, " expected from the great perils and labors which 
 I underwent in the discovery of the Mississippi was to satisfy the wish 
 expressed to me by the late Monsieur Colbert, of finding a port where 
 the French might establish themselves and harass the Spaniards in 
 those regions from whence they derive all their wealth. The place I 
 propose to fortify lies sixty leagues above the mouth of the river Col- 
 bert {i. e. Mississippi) in the Gulf of Mexico, and possesses all the- 
 advantages for such a purpose which can be wished for, both on account 
 
 M 
 
EARLY LIFE OF LA SALLE. 55 
 
 of its excellent position and the favorable disposition of the savages who 
 live in that part of the country."* It is not our province to indulge 
 in conjectures as to how far these daring purposes of Talon and Col- 
 bert would have succeeded had not the latter died, and their active 
 assistant, Kobert La Salle, have lost his life, at the hands of an assassin, 
 when in the act of executing the preliminary part of the enterprise. 
 "We turn, rather, to matters of historical record, and proceed with a 
 condensed sketch of the life and voyages of La Salle, as it was his dis- 
 coveries that led to the colonization of the Mississippi Yalley by the 
 French. 
 
 La Salle was born, of a distinguished family, at Rouen, France. 
 He was consecrated to the service of God in early life, and entered the 
 Society of Jesus, in which he remained ten years, laying the foundation 
 of moral principles, regular habits and elements of science that served 
 him so well in his future arduous undertakings. Like many other 
 young men having plans of useful life, he thought Canada would offer 
 better facilities to develop them than the cramped and fixed society 
 of France. He accordingly left his home, and reached Montreal in 
 1666. Being of a resolute and venturesome disposition, he found 
 employment in making explorations of the country about the lakes. 
 He soon became a favorite of Talon, the intendant, and of Frontenac, 
 the governor, at Quebec. He was selected by the latter to take com- 
 mand of Fort Frontenac, near the present city of Kingston, on the St. 
 Lawrence River, and at that time a dilapidated, wooden structure on 
 the frontier of Canada. He remained in Canada about nine years, 
 acquiring a knowledge of the country and particularly of the Indian 
 tribes, their manners, habits and customs, and winning the confidence 
 of the French authorities. He returned to France and presented a 
 memoir to the king, in which he urged the necessity of maintaining 
 Fort Frontenac, which he ofiered to restore with a structure of 
 stone ; to keep there a garrison equal to the one at Montreal ; to em- 
 ploy as many as fifteen laborers during the first year ; to clear and till 
 the land, and to supply the surrounding Indian villages with Recollect 
 missionaries in furtherance of the cause of religion, all at his own ex- 
 pense, on condition that the king would grant him the right of seigniory 
 and a monopoly of the trade incident to it. He further petitioned for 
 title of nobility in consideration of voyages he had already made in 
 Canada at his own expense, and which had resulted in the great bene- 
 fit to the king's colony. The king heard the petition graciously, and 
 
 * Talon's letter to the king: Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 73. La Salle's Memoir to 
 the king, on the necessity of fitting out an expedition to take possession of Louisiana: 
 Historical Collections of Louisiana, part 1, p. 5. 
 
56 HISTOEIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 on the 13th May, 1675, granted La Salle and his heirs Fort Frontenae, 
 with four leagues of the adjacent country along the lakes and rivers 
 above and below the fort and a half a league inward, and the adjacent 
 islands, with the right of hunting and fishing on Lake Ontario and 
 the circumjacent rivers. On the same day, the king issued to La Salle 
 letters patent of nobility, having, as the king declares, been informed 
 of the worthy deeds performed by the people, either in reducing or 
 civilizing the savages or in defending themselves against their frequent 
 insults, especially those of the Iroquois ; in despising the greatest dan- 
 gers in order to extend the king's name and empire to the extremity 
 of that new world ; and desiring to reward those who have thus ren- 
 dered themselves most eminent ; and wishing to treat most favorably 
 Kobert Cavalier Sieur de La Salle on account of the good and laudable 
 report that has been rendered concerning his actions in Canada, the 
 king does ennoble and decorate with the title of nobility the said cav- 
 alier, together with his wife and children. He left France with these 
 precious documents, and repaired to Fort Frontenae, where he per- 
 formed the conditions imposed by the terms of his titles. 
 
 He sailed for France again in 1677, and in the following year after 
 he and Colbert had fully matured their plans, he again petitioned the 
 king for a license to prosecute further discoveries. The king granted 
 his request, giving him a permit, under date of May 12, 1678, to en- 
 deavor to discover the western part of New France ; the king avowing 
 in the letters patent that " he had nothing more at heart than the dis- 
 covery of that country where there is a prospect of finding a way to 
 penetrate as far as Mexico," and authorizing. La Salle to prosecute dis- 
 coveries, and construct forts in such places as he might think necessary, 
 and enjoy there the same monopoly as at Fort Frontenae, — all on con- 
 dition that the enterprise should be prosecuted at La Salle's expense, 
 and completed within five years ; that he should not trade with the 
 savages, who carried their peltries and beavers to Montreal ; and that 
 the governor, intendant, justices, and other officers of the king in New 
 France, should aid La Salle in his enterprise.* Before leaving France, 
 La Salle, through the Prince de Conti, was introduced to one Henri 
 de Tonti, an Italian by birth, who for eight years had been in the 
 French service. Having had one of his hands shot off while in Sicily, 
 he repaired to France to seek other employment. It was a most for- 
 tunate meeting. Tonti — a name that should be prominently associ- 
 ated with discoveries in this part of America — became La Salle's 
 companion. Ever faithful and courageous, he ably and zealously fur- 
 
 * Vide the petitions of La Salle to, and the grants from, the king, which are found 
 at length in the Paris Documents, vol. 9, pp. 123 to 127, 
 
LOUIS HENNEPIK. 5? 
 
 thered all of La Salle's plans, followed and defended him under the 
 most discouraging trials, with an unselfish fidelity that has few paral- 
 lels in any age. 
 
 Supplied with this new grant of enlarged powers, La Salle, in com- 
 pany with Tonti, — or Tonty, as Dr. Sparks says he has seen the name 
 written in an autograph letter, — and thirty men, comprising pilots, 
 sailors, carpenters and other mechanics, with a supply of material 
 necessary for the intended exploration, left France for Quebec. Here 
 the party were joined by some Canadians, and the whole force was 
 sent forward to Fort Frontenac, at the outlet of Lake Ontario, since 
 this fort had been granted to La Salle. He had, in conformity to the 
 terms of his letters patent, greatly enlarged and strengthened its de- 
 fenses. Here he met Louis Hennepin, a Franciscan Friar, whom it 
 seems had been sent thither along with Father Gabriel de la Eibonrde 
 and Zenobius Membre, all of the same religious order, to accompany 
 La Salle's expedition. In the meantime, Hennepin was occupied in 
 pastoral labors among the soldiers of the garrison, and the inhabitants 
 of a little hamlet of peasants near by, and proselyting the Indians of 
 the neighboring country. Hennepin, from his own account, had not 
 only traveled over several parts of Europe before coming to Canada, 
 but since his arrival in America, had spent much time in roaming 
 about among the savages, to gratify his love of adventure and acquire' 
 knowledge. 
 
 Hennepin's name and writings are so prominently connected with' 
 the early history of the Mississippi Valley, and, withal, his contradic-' 
 tory statements, made alt a later day of his life, as to the extent of his 
 own travels, have so clouded his reputation with grave doubt as to his 
 regard for truth, that we will turn aside and give the reader a sketch 
 of this most singular man and his claims as a discoverer. He was 
 bold, courageous, patient and hopeful under the most trying fatigues ; 
 and had a taste for the privations and dangers of a life among the 
 savages, whose ways and caprices he well understood, and knew how- 
 to turn them to insure his own safety. He was a shrewd observer and 
 possessed a faculty for that detail and little minutiae, which make a 
 narrative racy and valuable. He was vain and much given to self- 
 glorification. He accompanied La Salle, in the first voyage, as far as 
 Peoria Lake, and he and Father Zenobe Membre are the historians of 
 that expedition. From Peoria Lake he went down the Illinois, under 
 orders from La Salle, and up the Mississippi beyond St. Anthony's 
 Falls, giving this name to the falls. This interesting voyage was not 
 prosecuted voluntarily ; for Hennepin and his two companions were 
 captured by the Sioux and taken up the river as prisoners, often in 
 
58 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 great peril of their lives. He saw La Salle no more, after parting with 
 him at Peoria Lake. He was released from captivity through the 
 intervention of Mons. Duluth, a French Coureur de Bois, who had 
 previously established a trade with the Sioux, on the upper Mississippi, 
 by way of Lake Superior. After his escape, Hennepin descended the 
 Mississippi to the mouth of the "Wisconsin, which he ascended, made 
 the portage at the head of Fox Eiver, thence to Green Bay and Mack- 
 inaw, by the route pursued by Joliet and Marquette on their way to 
 the Mississippi, seven years before. From Mackinaw he proceeded to 
 France, where, in 1683, he published, under royal authority, an account 
 of his travels. For refusing to obey an order of his superiors, to return 
 to America, he was banished from France. He went to Holland and 
 obtained the favor and patronage of William IH, king of England, to 
 whose service, as he himself says, " he entirely devoted himself." In 
 Holland, he received money and sustenance from Mr. Blathwait, King 
 William's secretary of war, while engaged in preparing a new volume 
 of his voyages, which was published at Utrecht, in 1697, and dedicated 
 "To His Most Excellent Majesty William the Third." The revised 
 edition contains substantially all of the first, and a great deal besides ; 
 for in this last work Hennepin lays claim, for the first time, to having 
 gone down the Mississippi to its mouth, thus seeking to deprive La 
 Salle of the glory attaching to his name, on account of this very dis- 
 covery. La Salle had now been dead about fourteen years, and from 
 the time he went down the Mississippi, in 1682, to the hour of his 
 death, although his discovery was well known, especially to Hennepin, 
 the latter never laid any claim to having anticipated him in the discov- 
 ery. Besides, Hennepin's own account, after so long a silence, of his 
 pretended voyage down the river is so uttei-ly inconsistent with itself, 
 especially with respect to dates and the impossibility of his traveling 
 the distances within the time he alleges, that the story carries its own 
 refutation. For this mendacious act. Father Hennepin has merited the 
 severest censures of Charlevoix, Jared Sparks, Francis Parkman, Dr. 
 Shea and other historical critics. 
 
 His first work is generally regarded as authority. That he did go 
 up,the Mississippi river there seems to be no controversy, while grave 
 doubts prevail as to many statements in his last publication, which 
 would otherwise pass without suspicion were they not found in com- 
 pany with statements known to be untrue. 
 
 In the preface to his last work, issued in 1697, Father Hennepin 
 assigns as a reason why he did not publish his descent of the Missis- 
 sippi in his volume issued in 1683, "that I was obliged to say nothimr 
 of the course of tlie Mississippi, from the mouth of the Illinois down 
 
HENNEPIN AND LA SALLE. 59' 
 
 to tlie sea, for fear of disobliging M. La Salle, with whom I begap my 
 discovery. This gentleman, alone, would have the glory of having dis- 
 covered the course of that river. But when he heard that I had done 
 it two years before him he could never forgive me, though, as I have 
 said, I was so modest as to publish nothing of it. This was the true 
 cause of his malice against me, and of the barbarous usage I met with 
 in France." 
 
 Still, his description of places he did visit; the aboriginal namea 
 and geographical features of localities ; his observations, especially upon 
 the manners and customs of the Indians, and other facts which he had 
 no motive to misrepresent, are generally regarded as true in his last as 
 well as in his first publication. His works, indeed, are the only repos- 
 itories of many interesting particulars relating to the northwest, and 
 authors quote from him, some indiscriminately and others with more 
 caution, while all criticise him without measure. 
 
 Hennepin was born in Belgium in 1640, as is supposed, and died 
 at Utrecht, Holland, within a few years after issuing his last book. This 
 ■ was republished in London in 1698, the translation into English being 
 wretchedly executed. The book, aside from its historical value and the 
 notoriety attaching to it because of the new claims Hennepin makes, 
 is quite a curiosity. It is made up of Hennepin's own travels, blended 
 with his fictitious discoveries, scraps and odd ends taken from the 
 writings of other travelers without giving credit ; the whole embellished 
 with plates and a map inserted by the bookseller, and the text empha- 
 sized with italics and displayed type; all designed to render it a speci- 
 men, as it probably was in its day, of the highest skill attained in the 
 art of book-making. 
 
 La Salle brought up the St. Lawrence to Fort Frontenac the 
 anchors, cordage and other material to be used in the vessel which he 
 designed to construct above the Falls of Niagara for navigating the 
 western lakes. He already had three small vessels ofl Lake Ontario, 
 which he had made use of in a coasting trade with the Indians. One 
 of these, a brigantine of ten tons, was loaded with his effects; his men,, 
 including Fathers Gabriel, Zenobius Membre and Hennepin, who were, 
 as Father Zenobia declares, commissioned with care of the spiritual 
 direction of the expedition, were placed aboard, and on the 18th of 
 November the vessel sailed westward for the Niagara River. They 
 kept the northern shore, and run into land and bartered for corn with 
 the Iroquois at one of their villages, situated where Toronto, Canada,, 
 is located, and for fear of being frozen up in the river, which here 
 empties into the lake, had to cut the ice from about their ship. Detained 
 by adverse winds, they remained here until the wind was favorable,, 
 
 > 
 
60 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 when they sailed across the end of the lake and found an anchorage in 
 the mouth of Niagara Kiver on the 6th of December. The season was 
 far advanced, and the ground covered with snow a foot deep. Large 
 masses of ice were floating down the river endangering the vessel, and 
 it was necessary to take measures to give it security. Accordingly the 
 vessel was hauled with cables up against the strong current. One of 
 the cables broke, and the vessel itself came very near being broken to 
 pieces or carried away by the ice, which was grinding its way to the 
 open lake. Finally, by sheer force of human strength, the vessel was 
 dragged to the shore, and moored with a strong hawser under a protect- 
 ing cliff out of danger from the floating ice. A cabin, protected with 
 palisades, for shelter and to serve as a magazine to store the supplies, 
 was also constructed. The ground was frozen so hard that it had to be 
 thawed out with boiling water before the men could drive stakes into it. 
 
 The movements of La Salle excited, first the curiosity of the Iro- 
 quois Indians, in whose country he was an intruder, and then their jeal- 
 ousy became aroused as they began to fear he intended the erection of a 
 fort. The Sieur de La Salle, says the frank and modest-minded Father 
 Zenobe Membre, " with his usual address met the principal Iroquois 
 chiefs in conference, and gained them so completely that they not only 
 agreed, but offered, to contribute with all their means to the execu- 
 tion of his designs. The conference lasted for some time. La Salle 
 also sent many canoes to trade north and south of the lake among 
 these tribes." Meanwhile La Salle's enemies were busy in thwarting 
 his plans. They insinuated themselves among the Indians in the 
 vicinity of Niagara, and filled their ears with all sorts of stories to La 
 Salle's discredit, and aroused feelings of such distrust that work on the 
 fort, or depot for supplies, had to be suspended, and La Salle content 
 himself with a house surrounded by palisades. 
 
 A place was selected above the falls,* on the eastern side of the 
 river, for the construction of the new vessel. 
 
 The ground was cleared away, trees were felled, and the carpen- 
 ters set to work. The keel of the vessel was laid on the 26th of Jan- 
 uary, and some of the plank being ready to fasten on. La Salle drove 
 the first spike. As the work progressed, La Salle made several trips, over 
 ice and snow, and later in the spring with vessels, to Fort Frontenac, to 
 hurry forward provisions and material. One of his vessels was lost on 
 Lake Ontario, heavily laden with a cargo of valuable supplies, through 
 the fault or willful perversity of her pilots. The disappointment over this 
 calamity, says Hennepin, would have dissuaded any other person than 
 
 ♦Francis Parkman, in his valuable work, "The Discovery of the Great West," 
 p. 133, locates the spot at the mouth of Cayuga Creek on the American shore. 
 
THE FIRST SAIL ON LAKE ERIE. 61 
 
 La Salle from the further prosecution of the enterprise. The men 
 worked industriously on the ship. The most of the Iroquois having 
 gone to war with a nation on the northern side of Lake Erie, the few 
 remaining behind were become less insolent than before. Still they 
 lingered about where the work was going on, and continued expres- 
 sions of discontent at what the French were doing. One of thenj let 
 on to be drunk and attempted to kill the blacksmith, but the latter 
 repulsed the Indian with a piece of iron red-hot from the forge. The 
 Indians threatened to burn the vessel on the stocks, and might have 
 done so were it not constantly guarded. Much of the time the only 
 food of the men was Indian corn and iish ; the distance to Fort Fron- 
 tenac and the inclemency of the winter rendering it out of power to 
 procure a supply of other or better provisions. 
 
 The frequent alarms from the Indians, a want of wholesome food, 
 the loss of the vessel with its promised supplies, and a refusal of the 
 neighboring tribes to sell any more of their corn, reduced the party to 
 such extremities that the ship-carpenters tried to run away. They 
 were, however, persuaded to remain and prosecute their work. Two 
 Mohegan Indians, successful hunters in La Salle's service, were fortu- 
 nate enough to bring in some wild goats and other game they had 
 killed, which greatly encouraged the workmen to go on with their task 
 more briskly than before. The vessel was completed within six months 
 from the time its keel was laid. The ship was gotten afloat before en- 
 tirely finished, to prevent the designs of the natives to burn it. She 
 was sixty tons burthen, and called the " Grifiin," a name given it by 
 La Salle by way of a compliment to Count Frontenac, whose armorial 
 bearings were supported by two griffins. Three guns were fired, and 
 "7'e Deums" chanted at the christening, and prayers offered up for a 
 prosperous voyage. The air in the wild forest rung with shouts of 
 joy; even the Iroquois, looking suspiciously on, were seduced with 
 alluring draughts of brandy to lend their deep-mouthed voices to the 
 happy occasion. The men left their cabins of bark and swung their 
 hammocks under the deck of the ship, where they could rest with 
 greater security from the savages than on the shore. 
 
 The Griffin, under press of a favorable breeze, and with the help 
 of twelve men on the shore pulling at tow-ropes, was forced up against 
 the strong current of the Niagara River to calmer waters at the en- 
 trance of the lake. On the 7th of August, 1679, her canvas was spread, 
 and the pilot steering by the compass, the vessel, with La Salle and his 
 thirty odd companions and their effects aboard, sailed out westward 
 upon the unknown, silent waters of Lake Erie. In three days they 
 reached the mouth of Detroit River. Father Hennepin was fairly 
 
■62 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 delighted with the country along this river — it was " so well situated 
 and the soil so fertile. Vast meadows extending back from the strait 
 and terminating at the uplands, which were clad with vineyards, and 
 plum and pear and other fruit-bearing trees of natui-e's own planting, all 
 so well arranged that one would think they could not have been so dis- 
 posed without the help of art. The country was also well stocked 
 with deer, bear, wild goats, turkeys, and other animals and birds, that 
 supplied a most relishing food. The forest comprised walnut and 
 other timber in abundance suitable for building purposes. So charmed 
 was he with the prospect that he " endeavored to persuade La Salle to 
 settle at the ' De Troit,' " it being in the midst of so many savage na- 
 tions among whom a good trade could be established. La Salle would 
 not listen to this proposal. He said he would make no settlement 
 within one hundred leagues of Frontenac, lest other Europeans would 
 be before them in the new country they were going to discover. This, 
 says Hennepin, was the pretense of La Salle and the adventurers who 
 were with him ; for I soon discovered that their intention was to buy all 
 the furs and skins of the remotest savages who, as they thought, did 
 not know their value, and thus enrich themselves in one single voyage. 
 On Lake liuron the Griffin encountered a storm. The main-yards 
 and topmast were blown away, giving the ship over to the mercy of 
 the winds. Tiiere was no harbor to run into for shelter. La Salle, 
 althougli a courageous man, gave way to his fears, and said they all 
 were undone. Everyone thereupon fell upon their knees to say pray- 
 ers and prepare for death, except the pilot, who cursed and swore all 
 the while at La Salle for bringing him there to perish in a nasty lake, 
 after he had acquired so much, renown in a long and successful naviga- 
 tion 'on the ocean. The storm; abated, and on the 27th of August, the 
 Griffin resumed her course northwest, and was carried on the evening 
 of the same day beyond the island of Mackinaw to point St. Ignace, 
 and safely anchored in a bay that is sheltered, except from the south, 
 by the projecting mainland. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 
 LA SALLE'S VOYAGE CONTINUED. 
 
 St. Ignace, or Mackinaw, as previously stated, had become a princi- 
 pal center of the Jesuit missions, and it had also grown into a head- 
 quarters for an extensive Indian trade. Duly licensed traders, as v^ell 
 as the Coureurs de Bois, — men who had run wild, as it were, and by 
 their intercourse with the nations had thrown off all restraints of 
 civilized life, — resorted to this vicinity in considerable numbers. These, 
 lost to all sense of national pride, instead of sustaining took every 
 measure to thwart La Salle's plans. They, with some of the dissatis- 
 fied crew, represented to the Indians that La Salle and his associates 
 were a set of dangerous and ambitious adventurers, who meant to 
 engross all the trade in furs and skins and invade their liberties. These 
 jealous and meddlesome busybodies had already, before the arrival of 
 the GriflBn, succeeded in seducing fifteen men from La Salle's service, 
 whom with others, he had sent forward the previous spring, under 
 command of Tonty, with a stock of merchandise; and, instead of 
 going to the tribes beyond and preparing the way for a friendly recep- 
 tion of La Salle, as they were ordered to do, they loitered about 
 Mackinaw the whole summer and squandered the goods, in spite of 
 Tonty's persistent efforts to urge them forward in the performance of 
 their duty. La Salle sent out other parties to trade with the natives, 
 and these went so far, and wei'e so busy in bartering for and collect- 
 ing furs, that they did not return to Mackinaw until N^ovember. It 
 was now getting late and La Salle was warned of the dangerous storms 
 that sweep the lakes at the beginning of winter ; he resolved, therefore, 
 to continue his voyage without waiting the return of his men. He 
 weighed anchor and sailed westward into Lake Michigan as far as the 
 islands at the entrance of Green Bay, then called the Pottawatomie 
 Islands, for the reason that they were then occupied by bands of that 
 tribe. On one of these islands La Salle found some of the men 
 belonging to his advance party of traders, and who, having secured a 
 large quantity of valuable furs, had long and impatiently waited his 
 coming. 
 
 La Salle, as is already apparent, determined to engage in a fur trade 
 that already and legitimately belonged to merchants operating at 
 
64 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 MoHtreal, and with which the terms of his own license prohibited his 
 interfering. Without asking any one's advice he resolved to load his 
 ship with furs and send it back to Niagara, and the furs to Quebec, and 
 out of the proceeds of the sale to discharge some very pressing debts. 
 The pilot with five men to man the vessel were ordered to proceed with 
 the Griffin to Niagara, and return with all imaginable speed and join La 
 Salle at the mouth of the St. Joseph Kiver, near the southern shore of 
 Lake Michigan. The Griffin did not go to Green Bay City, as many 
 writers have assumed in hasty perusals of the original authorities, or 
 even penetrate the body of water known as Green Bay beyond the 
 chain of islands at its month. 
 
 The resolution of La Salle, taken, it seems, on the spur of the 
 moment, to send his ship back down the lakes, and prosecute his 
 voyage the rest of the way to the head of Lake Michigan in frail 
 birchen canoes, was a most unfortunate measure. It delayed his 
 discoveries two years, brought severe hardships upon himself and 
 greatly embarrassed all his future plans. The Griffin itself was lost, 
 with all her cargo, valued at sixty thousand livres. She, nor her crew, 
 was ever heard of after leaving the Pottawatomie Islands. What 
 became of the ship and men in charge remains to this day a mystery, 
 or veiled in a cloud of conjecture. La Salle himself, says Francis 
 Parkman, "grew into a settled conviction that the Griffin had been 
 treacherously sunk by the pilot and sailors to whom he had intrusted 
 her; and he thought he had, in after-years, found evidence that the 
 authors of the crime, laden with the merchandise they had taken from 
 her, had reached the Mississippi and ascended it, hoping to join Du 
 Shut, the famous chief of the Coureurs de Bois, and enrich them- 
 selves by traffic with the northern tribes.* 
 
 The following is, substantially, Hennepin's account of La Salle's 
 canoe voyage from the mouth of Green Bay south, along the shore of 
 Lake Michigan, past Milwaukee and Chicago, and around the southern 
 end of the lake ; thence north along the eastern shore to the mouth of 
 the St. Joseph River ; thence up the St. Joseph to South Bend, mak- 
 ing the portage here to the head-waters of the Kankakee ; thence down 
 the Kankakee and Illinois through Peoria Lake, with an account of 
 the buildmg of Fort Crevecceur. Hennepin's narrative is full of in- 
 teresting detail, and contains many interesting observations upon the 
 condition of the country, the native inhabitants as they appeared nearly 
 two hundred years ago. The privation and suffering to which La Salle 
 arid his party were exposed in navigating Lake Michigan at that early 
 day, and late in the fall of the year, when the waters were vexed with 
 * Discovery of the Great West, p. 169. 
 
FIRST VOYAGE ON LAKE MICHIGAlf. 65 
 
 teanpestuous storms, illustrate the courage and daring of the under-, 
 taking. 
 
 Their suffering did not terminate with their voyage upon the lake. 
 Difficulties of another kind were experienced on the St. Joseph, Kan- 
 kakee and Illinois Rivers. Hennepin's is, perhaps, the first detailed 
 account we have of this part of the "Great "West," and is therefore of 
 great interest and value on this account. 
 
 " "We left the Pottawatomies to continue our voyage, being fourteen 
 men in all, in four canoes. I had charge of the smallest, which carried 
 five hundredweight and two men. My companions being recently 
 from Europe, and for that reason being unskilled in the management, 
 of these kind of boats, its whole charge fell upon me in stormy 
 weather. 
 
 " The canoes were laden with a smith's forge, utensils, tools for car- 
 penters, joiners and sawyers, besides our goods and arms. , "We steered 
 to the south toward the mainland, from which the Pottawatomie 
 Islands are distant some forty leagues; but about midway, and in the 
 night time, we were greatly endangered by a sudden storm. The, 
 waves dashed into our canoes, and the night was so dark we had great 
 difficulty in keeping our canoes together. The daylight coming oli,, 
 we reached the shore, where we remained for four days, waiting for the 
 lake to grow calm. In the meantime our Indian hunter went in quest 
 of game, but killed nothing other than a porcupine; this, however, 
 made our Indian corn more relishing. The weather becoming fair, we . 
 resumed our voyage, rowing all day and well into the night, along the 
 western coast of the Lake of the Illinois. The wind again grew to fresh, 
 and we landed upon a rocky beach where we had nothing to protect ; 
 ourselves against a storm of snow and ,rain except the clothing on our 
 persons. We remained here two days for the sea to go down,, hav- 
 ing made a little fire from wood cast ashore by the waves. We pro- . 
 ceeded on our voyage, and toward evening the winds again forced us 
 to a beach covered with rushes, where we remained three days ; and in , . 
 the meantime our provisions, consisting only of pumpkins and Indian, 
 corn purchased from the Pottawatomies, entirely gave out.. Our 
 canoes were so heavily laden that we could not carry provisions with, 
 us, and we were compelled to rely on bartering for such supplies on 
 our way. We left this dismal place, and after twelve leagues rowing, 
 came to another Pottawatomie village, whose inhabitants stood upon 
 the beach to receive us. But M. La Salle refused to let anyone land, 
 notwithstanding the severity of the weather, fearing some of his men 
 might run away. We were in such great peril that La Salle flung 
 himself into the water, after we had gone some three leagues farther, 
 5 
 
66 HISTORIC NOTES OUT THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 and with the aid of his three men carried the canoe of which he had 
 charge to the shore, upon their shoulders, otherwise it would have been 
 broken to pieces by the waves. We were obliged to do the same with 
 the other canoes. I, myself, carried good Father Gabriel upon my 
 back, his age being so well advanced as not to admit of his ventur- 
 ing in the water. We took ourselves to a piece of rising ground to 
 avoid surprise, as we had no manner of acquaintance with the great 
 number of savages whose village was near at hand. We sent three 
 men into the village to buy provisions, under protection of the calu- 
 met or pipe of peace, which the Indians at Pottawatomie Islands had 
 presented us as a means of introduction to, and a measure of safety 
 against, other tribes that we might meet on our way." 
 
 The calumet has always been a symbol of amity among all the In- 
 dian tribes of North America, and so uniformly used by them in all 
 their negotiations with their own race, and Europeans as well ; and 
 Father Hennepin's description of it, and the respect that is accorded to 
 its presence, are so truthful that we here insert his account of it at 
 length : 
 
 " This calumet," says Father Hennepin, " is the most mysterious 
 thing among the savages, for it is used in all important transactions. 
 It is nothing else, however, than a large tobacco pipe, made of red, 
 black, or white stone. The head is highly polished, and the quill or 
 stem is usually about two feet in length, made of a pretty strong reed 
 or cane, decorated with highly colored feathers interlaced with locks of 
 women's hair. Wings of gaudily plumaged birds are tied to it, mak- 
 ing the calumet look like the wand of Mercury, or staff which ambas- 
 sadors of state formerly carried when they went to conduct treaties of 
 peace. The stem is sheathed in the skin of the neck of birds called 
 '■Hv.ars'' (probably the loon), which are as large as our geese, and 
 spotted with white and black; or else with those of a duck (the little 
 wood duck whose neck presents a beautiful contrast of colors) that 
 make their nests upon trees, although the water is their ordinary ele- 
 ment, and whose feathers are of many different colors. However, 
 every tribe ornament their calumets according to their own fancy, with 
 the feathers of such birds as they may have in their own country. 
 
 "A pipe, such as I have described, is a pass of safe conduct among all 
 the allies of the tribe which has given it ; and in all embassies it is car- 
 ried as a symbol of peace, and is always respected as such, for the sav- 
 ages believe some great misfortune would speedily befall them if they 
 violated the public faith of the calumet. All their enterprises, declara- 
 tions of war, treaties of peace, as well as all of the rest of their cere- 
 monies, are sealed with the calumet. The pipe is filled with the best 
 
CANOE VOYAGE ON LAKE MICHIGAN. 67 
 
 tobacco they have, and then it is presented to those -with whom they 
 are about to conduct an important affair ; and after they have smoked 
 out of it, the one offering it does the same. I would have perished," 
 concludes Hennepin, "had it not been for the calumet. Our three 
 men, carrying the calumet and being well armed, went to the little 
 village about three leagues from the place where we landed ; they 
 found no one at home, for the inhabitants, having heard that we refused 
 to land at the other village, supposed we were enemies, and had aban- 
 doned their habitations. In their absence our men took some of their 
 corn, and left instead, some goods, to let them know we were neither 
 their enemies nor robbers. Twenty of the inhabitants of this village 
 came to our encampment on the beach, armed with axes, small guns, 
 bows, and a sort of club, which, in their language, means a head- 
 breaker. La Salle, with four well-armed men, advanced toward them 
 for the purpose of opening a conversation. He requested them to come 
 near to us, saying he had a party of hunters out who might come 
 across them and take their lives. They came forward and took seats 
 at the foot of an eminence, where we were encamped ; and La Salle 
 amused them with the relation of his voyage, which he informed them 
 he had undertaken for their advantage ; and thus occupied their time 
 until the arrival of the three men who had been sent out with the 
 calumet ; on seeing which the savages gave a great shout, arose to their 
 feet and danced about. "We excused our men from having taken some 
 of their corn, and informed them that we had left its true value in 
 goods ; they were so well pleased with this that they immediately sent 
 for more corn, and on the next day they made us a gift of as much as 
 we could conveniently find room for in our canoes. 
 
 " The next day morning the old men of the tribe came to us with 
 their calumet of peace, and entertained us with a free offering of wild 
 goats, which their own hunters had taken. In return, we presented 
 them our thanks, accompanied with some axes, knives, and several little 
 toys for their wives, with all which they were very much pleased. 
 
 " We left this place and continued our voyage along the coast of 
 the lake, which, in places, is so steep that we often found it diflBcult to 
 obtain a landing ; and the wind was so violent as to oblige us to carry 
 our canoes sometimes upon top of the bluff, to prevent their being 
 dashed in pieces. The stormy weather lasted four days, causing us 
 much suffering ; for every time we made the shore we had to wade 
 in the water, carrying our effects and canoes upon our shoulders. The 
 water being very cold, most of us were taken sick. Our provisions 
 again failed us, which, with the fatigues of rowing, made old Father 
 Gabriel faint away in such a manner that we despaired of his life. 
 
68 HISTOBIC NOTKS ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 With a use of a decoction of hyacinth I had with me, and which I 
 found of great service on our voyage, he was restored to his senses. 
 We had no other subsistence but a handful of corn per man every 
 twenty-four hours, which we parched or boiled ; and, although reduced 
 to such scanty diet, we rowed our canoes almost daily, from morning^ 
 to night. Our men found some hawthorns and other wild berries, 
 of which they ate so freely that most of them were taken sick, and we 
 imagined that they were poisoned. 
 
 "Yet the more we suffered, the more, by God's grace, did I become 
 stronger, so that I could outrow the other canoes. Being in great dis- 
 tress, He, who takes care of his meanest creatures, provided us with 
 an unexpected relief. We saw over the land a great many ravens, 
 and eagles circling in mid-air ; from whence we conjectured there was 
 prey near by. We landed, and, upon search, found the half of a wild 
 goat which the wolves had strangled. This provision was very ac- 
 ceptable, and the rudest of our men could not but praise a kind Provi- 
 dence, who took such particular care of us. 
 
 " Having thus refreshed ourselves, we continued our voyage directly 
 to the southern part of the lake, every day the country becoming finer 
 and the climate more temperate. On the 16th of October we fell in 
 with abundance of game. Our Indian hunter killed several deer and 
 wild goats, and our men a great many big fat turkey-cocks, with 
 which we regaled ourselves for several days. On the 18th we came to 
 the farther end of the lake.* Here we landed, and our men were sent 
 out to prospect the locality, and found great quantities of ripe grapes,, 
 the fruit of which were as large as damask plums. We cut down the 
 trees to gather the grapes, out of which we made pretty good wine,, 
 which we put into gourds, used as flasks, and buried them in the sand 
 to keep the contents from turning sour. Many of the trees here are 
 loaded with vines, which, if cultivated, would make as good wine as 
 any in Europe. The fruit was all the more relishing to us, because we 
 wanted bread." 
 
 Other travelers besides Hennepin, passing this locality at an early 
 day, also mention the same fact. It would seem, therefore, that Lake 
 Michigan had the same modifying influence upon, and equalized the 
 temperature of, its eastern shore, rendering it as famous for its wild 
 fruits and grapes, two hundred years ago, as it has since become noted 
 for the abundance and perfection of its cultivated varieties. 
 
 " Our men discovered prints of men's feet. The men were ordered 
 
 * From the description given of the country, the time occupied, and forest zroyrih 
 the voyagers must now be eastward of Michigan City, and where the lake shore trends 
 more rapidly to the north. 
 
SAVAGES PLUNDEB LA SALLE. 69 
 
 io be upon guard and make no noise. In spite of this precaution, one 
 of our men, finding a bear upon a tree, shot him dead and dragged 
 him into camp. La Salle was very angry at this indiscretion, and, to 
 avoid surprise, placed sentinels at the canoes, under which our effects 
 had been put for protection against the rain. There was a hunting 
 party of Fox Indians from the vicinity of Green Bay, about one hun- 
 dred and twenty in number, encamped near to us, who, having heard 
 the noise of the gun of the man who shot the bear, became alarmed, 
 and sent out some of their men to discover who we were. These 
 spies, creeping upon their bellies, and observing great silence, came 
 in the night-time and stole the coat of La Salle's footman and some 
 goods secreted under the canoes. The sentinel, hearing a noise, gave the 
 alarm, and we all ran to our arms. On being discovered, and thinking 
 our numbers were greater than we really were, they cried out, in 
 the dark, that they were friends. We answered, friends did not visit 
 at such unseasonable hours, and that their actions were more like 
 those of robbers, who designed to plunder and kill us. Their headsman 
 replied that they heard the noise of our gun, and, as they knew that 
 none of the neighboring tribes possessed firearms, they supposed we 
 were a war party of Iroquois, come with the design of murdering 
 them ; but now that they learned we were Frenchmen from Canada, 
 whom they loved as their own brethren, they would anxiously wait 
 until daylight, so that they could smoke out of our calumet. This is a 
 compliment among the savages, and the highest mark they can give of 
 their affection. 
 
 " We appeared satisfied with their reasons, and gave leave to four of 
 their old men, only, to come into our camp, telling them we would not 
 permit a greater number, as their young men were much given to 
 stealing, and that we would not suffer such indignities. Accordingly, 
 four of their old men came among us; we entertained them until 
 morning, when they departed. After they were gone, we found out 
 about the robbery of the canoes, and La Salle, well knowing the genius 
 of the savages, saw, if he allowed this affront to pass without resenting • 
 it, that we would be constantly exposed to a renewal of like indigni- 
 ties. Therefore, it was resolved to exact prompt satisfaction. La 
 Salle, with four of his men, went out and captured two of the Indian 
 hunters. One of the prisoners confessed the robbery, with the cir- 
 cumstances connected with it. The thief was detained, and his comrade 
 was released and sent to his band to tell their headsman that the cap- 
 tive in custody would be put to death unless the stolen property were 
 returned. 
 
 " The savages were greatly perplexed at La Salle's peremptory mes- 
 
70 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 sage. They could not comply, for they had cut up the goods and coat 
 and divided among themselves the pieces and the buttons ; they there- 
 fore resolved to rescue their man by force. The next day, October 
 30, they advanced to attack us. The peninsula we were encamped 
 on was separated from the forest where the savages lay by a little sandy 
 plain, on which and near the wood were two or three eminences. La 
 Salle determined to take possession of the most prominent of these 
 elevations, and detached five of his men to occiipy it, following him- 
 self, at a short distance, with all of his force, every one having rolled 
 their coats about the left arm, which was held up as a protectioa 
 against the arrows of the savages. Only eight of the enemy had fire- 
 arms. The savages were frightened at our advance, and their young 
 men took behind the trees, but their captains stood their ground, while 
 we moved forward and seized the knoll. I left the two other Francis- 
 cans reading the usual prayers, and went about among the men ex- 
 horting them to their duty ; I had been in some battles and sieges in 
 Europe, and was not afraid of these savages, and La Salle was highly 
 pleased with my exhortations, and their influence upon his men. When 
 I considered what might be the result of the quarrel, and how much 
 more Christian-like it would be to prevent the eifusion of blood, and 
 end the difficulty in a friendly manner, I went toward the oldest 
 savage, who, seeing me unarmed, supposed I came with designs of a 
 mediator, and received me with civility. In the meantime one of our 
 men observed that one of the savages had a piece of the stolen cloth 
 wrapped about his head, and he went up to the savage and snatched 
 the cloth away. This vigorous action so much terrified the savages that, 
 although they were near six score against eleven, they presented me 
 with the pipe of peace, which I received. M. La Salle gave his word 
 that they might come to him in security. Two of their old men came 
 forward, and in a speech disapproved the conduct of their young men ; 
 that they could not restore the goods taken, but that, having been cut 
 to pieces, they could only return the articles which were not spoiled, 
 and pay for the rest. The orators presented, with their speeches, some 
 garments made of beaver skins, to appease the wrath of M. La Salle, 
 who, frowning a little, informed them that while he designed to wrong 
 no one, he did not intend others should affront or injure him ; but, inas- 
 much as they did not approve what their young men had done, and were 
 willing to make restitution for the same, he would accept their gifts and 
 become their friend. The conditions were fully complied with and 
 peace happily concluded without farther hostility. 
 
 " The day was spent in dancing, feasting and speech-making. The 
 chief of the band had taken particular notice of the behavior of the 
 
INDIAN SPEECH TO THE GRAY-COATS. 7l 
 
 Franciscans. 'These gray-coats,'* said the chief of the Foxes, 'we 
 value very much. They go barefooted as well as we. , They scorn our 
 beaver gowns, and decline all other presents. They do not carry arms 
 to kill us. They flatter and make much of our children, and give them 
 knives and other toys without expecting any reward. Those of our 
 tribe who have been to Canada tell us that Onnotio (so they call the 
 Governor) loves them very much, and that the Fathers of the Gown 
 have given up all to come and see us. Therefore, you who are captain 
 over all these men, be pleased to leave with us one of these gray-coats, 
 whom we will conduct to our village when we shall have killed what 
 we design of the buffaloes. Thou art also master of these warriors ; 
 remain with us, instead of going among the Illinois, who, already 
 advised of your coming, are resolved to kill you and all of your 
 soldiers. And how can you resist so powerful nation ? ' 
 
 " The day November 1st we again embarked on the lake, and came 
 to the mouth of the river of the Miamis, which comes from the south- 
 east and falls into the lake." 
 
 * While the Jesuit Fathers wore black gowns as a distinctive mark of their sect, the 
 Recollects, or Franciscan missionaries, wore coats of gray. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE SEVERAL MIAMIS-LA SALLE'S VOYAGE DOWN THE ILLINOIS. 
 
 Much confusion has arisen because, at different periods, the name 
 of " Miami " has been applied to no less than five different rivers, viz. : 
 The St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan ; the Maumee, often designated as 
 the Miami of the Lakes, to distinguish it from the Miami which falls 
 into the Ohio Eiver below Cincinnati ; then there is the Little Miami 
 of the Ohio emptying in above its greater namesake ; and finally 
 the "Wabash, which with more propriety bore the name of the 
 " Eiver of the Miamis." The French, it is assumed, gave the name 
 " Miami " to the river emptying into Lake Michigan, for the reason that 
 there was a village of that tribe on its banks before and at the time of La 
 Salle'? first visit, as already noted on page 24. The name was not of 
 long duration, for it was soon exchanged for that of St. Joseph, by which 
 it has ever since been known. La Hontan is the last authority who 
 refers to it by the name of Miami. Shortly after the year named, the 
 date being now unknown, a Catholic mission was established up the 
 river, and, Charlevoix says, about six leagues below the portage, at 
 South Bend, and called the Mission of St. Joseph ; and from this cir- 
 cumstance, we may safely infer, the river acquired the same name. It 
 is not known, either, by whom the Mission of St. Joseph was organ- 
 ized ; very probably, however, by Father Claude Allouez. This good 
 man, and to whose writings the people of the west are so largely 
 indebted for many valuable historical reminiscences, seems to have been 
 forgotten in the respect that is showered upon other more conspicuous 
 though less meritorious characters. The Mission of the Immaculate 
 Conception, after Marquette's death, remained unoccupied for the space 
 of two years, then Claude Jean Allouez received orders to proceed 
 thither from the Mission of St. James, at the town of Maskoutens, on 
 Fox Kiver, Wisconsin. Leaving in October, 1676, on account of an 
 exceptionally early winter, he was compelled to delay his journey nntil 
 the following February, when he again started ; reaching Lake Mich- 
 igan on the eve of St. Joseph, he called the lake after this saint. 
 Embarking on the lake on the 23d of March, and coasting along the 
 western shore, after numerous delays occasioned by ice and storm, he 
 arrived at Chicago Kiver. He then made the portage and entered the 
 
 72 
 
LA SALLE BEACHES THE ST. JOSEPH. 73 
 
 Kaskaskia village, which was probably near Peoria Lake, on the 8th of 
 April, 1677. The Indians gave him a very cordial reception, and 
 flocked from all directions to the town to hear the "Black Gown" 
 relate the truths of Christianity. For the glorification of God and the 
 Blessed Virgin Immaculate, Allonez "erected, in the midst of the 
 village, a cross twenty-five feet high, chanting the Vexilla Eegis in the 
 presence of an admiring and respectful throng of Indians ; he covered 
 it with garlands of beautiful flowers."* Father Allouez did not remain 
 but a short time at the mission ; leaving it that spring he returned in 
 1678, and continued there until La Salle's arrival in the winter of 
 1679-80. The next succeeding decade Allouez passed either at this 
 mission or at the one on St. Joseph's Eiver, on the eastern side of Lake 
 Michigan, where he died in 1690. Bancroft says: "Allouez has 
 imperishably connected his name with the progress of discovery in the 
 West ; unhonored among us now, he was not inferior in zeal and ability 
 to any of the great missionaries of his tinie." 
 
 We resume Hennepin's narrative : 
 
 "We had appointed this place (the mouth of the St. Joseph) for our 
 rendezvous before leaving the outlet of Green Bay, and expected to 
 meet the twenty men we had left at Mackinaw, who, being ordered to 
 come by the eastern coast of the lake, had a much shorter cut than we, 
 who came by the western side ; besides this, their canoes were not so 
 heavily laden as ours. Still, we found no one here, nor any signs that 
 they had been here before us.f 
 
 " It .was resolved to advise M. La Salle that it was imprudent to 
 remain here any longer for the absent men, and expose ourselves to 
 the hardships of winter, when it would be doubtful if we could flnd 
 the Illinois in their villages, as then they would be divided into fami- 
 lies, and scattered over the country to subsist more conveniently. We 
 further represented that the game might fail us, in which event we 
 must certainly perish with hunger ; whereas, if we went forward, we 
 would flnd enough corn among the Illinois, who would rather supply 
 
 * "Allouez' Journal," published in Shea's "Discovery on Exploration of the Missis- 
 sippi Valley." 
 
 t In some works, the Geological Surveys of Indiana for 1873, p. 458, among others, 
 it is erroneously assumed that La Salle was the discoverer of the St. Joseph River. 
 While Fathers Hennepin and Zenobe Membre, who were with La Salle, may be the only 
 accessible authors who have described it, the stream and its location was well known 
 to La Salle and to them, as appears from their own account of it before they had ever 
 seen it. Before leaving Mackinaw, Tonti was ordered to hunt up the deserters from, 
 and to bring in the tardy traders belonging to. La Salle's party, and conduct them to 
 the mouth of the St. Joseph. The pilot of the Griffin was under instruction to bring 
 her there. Indeed; the conduct of the whole expedition leaves no room to doubt that 
 the whole route to the Illinois River, by way of the St. Joseph and the Kankakee port- 
 age, was well known at Mackinaw, and definitely fixed upon by La Salle, at least be- 
 fore leaving the latter plajse. 
 
74 HISTOKIC KOTBS ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 fourteen men than thirty-two with provisions. We said further that 
 it would be quite impossible, if we delayed longer, to continue the 
 voyage until the winter was over, because the rivers would be frozen 
 over and we could not make use of our canoes. Notwithstanding 
 these reasons, M. La Salle thought it necessary to remain for the rest 
 of the men, as we would be in no condition to appear before the Illi- 
 nois and treat with them with our present small force, whom they 
 would meet with scorn. That it would be better to delay our entry 
 into their country, and in the meantime try to meet with some of their 
 nation, learn their language, and gain their good will by presents. 
 La Salle concluded his discourse with the declaration that, although all 
 of his men might run away, as for himself, he would remain alone with 
 his Indian hunter, and find means to maintain the three missionaries— 
 meaning me and my two clerical brethren. Having come to this con- 
 clusion, La Salle called his men together, and advised them that he 
 expected each one to do his duty ; that he proposed to build a fort 
 here for the security of the ship and the safety of our goods, and our- 
 selves, too, in case of any disaster. None of us, at this time, knew 
 that our ship had been lost. The men were quite dissatisfied at Lar 
 Salle's course, but his reasons therefor were so many that they yielded, 
 and agreed to entirely follow his directions. 
 
 " Just at the mouth of the river was an eminence with a kind of 
 plateau, naturally fortified. It was quite steep, of a triangular shape, 
 defended on two sides by the river, and on the other by a deep ravine 
 which the water had washed out. We felled the trees that grew on 
 this hill, and cleared from it the bushes for the distance of two musket 
 shot. We began to build a redoubt about forty feet long by eighty 
 broad, with great square pieces of timber laid one upon the other, and 
 then cut a great number of stakes, some twenty feet long, to drive into 
 the ground on the river side, to make the fort inaccessible in. that direc- 
 tion. We were employed the whole of the month of November in 
 this work, which was very fatiguing, — having no other food than the 
 bears our savage killed. These animals are here very abundant, be- 
 cause of the great quantity of grapes they find in this vicinity. Their 
 flesh was so fat and luscious that our men grew weary of it, and desired 
 to go themselves and hunt for wild goats. La Salle denied them that 
 liberty, which made some murmurs among the men, and they went 
 unwillingly to their work. These annoyances, with the near approach 
 of winter, together with the apprehension that his ship was lost, gave 
 La Salle a melancholy which he resolutely tried to but could not con- 
 ceal. 
 
 "We made a hut wherein we performed divine service every Sun- 
 
FOET MI AMIS. 75 
 
 day ; and Father Gabriel and myself, who preached alternately, care- 
 fully selected such texts as were suitable to our situation, and fit to 
 inspire us with courage, concord, and brotherly love. Our exhorta- 
 tions produced good results, and deterred our men from their meditated 
 desertion. We sounded the mouth of the river and found a sand-bar, 
 on which we feared our expected ship might strike ; we marked out a 
 channel through which the vessel might safely enter by attaching 
 buoys, made of inflated bear-skins, fastened to long poles driven into 
 the bed of the lake. Two men were also sent back to Mackinac to 
 await there the return of the ship, and serve as pilots.* 
 
 " M. Tonti arrived on the 20th of November with two canoes, laden 
 with stags and deer, which were a welcome refreshment to our men. 
 He did not bring more than about one-half of his men, having left 
 the rest on the opposite side of the lake, within three days' journey of 
 the fort. La Salle (was angry with him on this account, because he 
 was afraid the men would run away. Tonti's party informed us that 
 the Griffin had not put into Mackinaw, according to orders, and that 
 they had heard nothing of her since our departure, although they had 
 made inquiries of the savages living on the coast of the lake. This 
 confirmed the suspicion, or rather the belief, that the vessel had been 
 cast away. However, M. La Salle continued work on the building of 
 the fort, which was at last completed and called Fort Miamis. 
 
 " The winter was drawing nigh, and La Salle, fearful that the ice 
 would interrupt his voyage, sent M. Tonti back to hurry forward the 
 men he had left, and to command them to come to him immediately ; 
 but, meeting with a violent storm, their canoes were driven against 
 the beach and broken to pieces, and Tonti's men lost their guns and 
 equipage, and were obliged to return to us overland. A few days. 
 ■ after this all our men arrived except two, who had deserted. We pre- 
 pared at once to resume our voyage ; rains having fallen that melted 
 the ice and made the rivers navigable. 
 
 " On the 3d of December, 1679, we embarked, being in all thirty- 
 three men, in eight canoes. We left the lake of the Illinois and 
 went up the river of the Miamis, in which we had previously made 
 soundings. We made about five-and-twenty leagues southward, but 
 failed to discover the place where we were to land, and carry our canoes 
 and eifects into the river of the Illinois, which falls into that of the 
 Meschasipi, that is, in the language of the Illinois, the great river. 
 We had already gone beyond the place of the portage, and, not know- 
 ing where we were, we thought proper to remain there, as we were 
 expecting M. La Salle, who had taken to the land to view the country. 
 * This is the beginning, at what is now known as Benton Harbor, Michigan. 
 
76 HISTORIC KOTES ON THE NOBTHWEST. 
 
 "We staid here quite a while, and, La Salle failing to appear, I went a 
 distance into the woods with two men, who fired off their guns to 
 notify him of the place where we were. In the meantime two other 
 men went higher up the river, in canoes, in search of him. We all 
 returned toward evening, having vainly endeavored to find him. The 
 next day I went up the river myself, but, hearing nothing of him, 1 
 came hack, and found our men very much perplexed, fearing he was 
 lost. However, about four o'clock in the afternoon M. La Salle returned 
 to us, having his face and hands as black as pitch. He carried two 
 beasts, as big as muskrats, whose skin was very fine, and like ermine. 
 He had killed them with a stick, as they hung by their tails to the 
 branches of the trees. 
 
 " He told us that the marshes he had met on his way had compelled 
 him to bring a large compass ; and that, being much delayed by the 
 snow, which fell very fast, it was past midnight before he arrived upon 
 the banks of the river, where he fired his gun twice, and, hearing no 
 answer, he concluded that we had gone higher up the river, and had, 
 therefore, marched that way. He added that, after three hours' march, 
 he saw a fire upon a little hill, whither he went directly and hailed us 
 several times ; but, hearing no reply, he approached and found no per- 
 son near the fire, but only some dry grass, upon which a man had laid 
 a little while before, as he conjectured, because the bed was still warm. 
 He supposed that a savage had been occupying it, who fled upon his 
 approach, and was now hid in ambusdade near by. La Salle called out 
 loudly to him in two or three languages, saying that he need not be afraid 
 of him, and that he was agoing to lie in his bed. La Salle received 
 no answer. To guard against surprise, La Salle cut bushes and placed 
 them to obstruct the way, and sat down by the fire, the smoke of 
 which blackened his hands and face, as I have already observed. Hav- 
 ing warmed and rested himself, he laid down under the tree upon the 
 dry grass the savage had gathered and slept well, notwithstanding the 
 frost and snow. Father Gabriel and I desired him to keep with his 
 men, and not to expose himself in the future, as the success of our 
 enterprise depended solely on him, and he promised to follow our 
 advice. Our savage, who remained behind to hunt, finding none of 
 us at the portage, came higher up the river, to where we were, and 
 told us we had missed the place. "We sent all the canoes back under 
 his charge except one, which I retained for M. La Salle, who was so 
 weary that he was obliged to remain there that night. I made a little 
 hut with mats, constructed with marsh rushes, in which we laid down 
 together for the night. By an unhappy accident our cabin took fire, 
 and we were very near being burned alive after we had gone to 
 sleep." 
 
ABORIGINAL NAME OF "KANKAKEE." 77 
 
 Here follows Hennepin's description of the Kankakee portage, and 
 of the marshy grounds about the headwaters of this stream, as already 
 quoted on page 24. 
 
 " Having passed through the marshes, we came to a vast prairie, in 
 ■which nothing grows but grasses, which were at this time dry and 
 burnt, because the Miamis set the grasses on fire every year, in hunt- 
 ing for wild oxen (buffalo), as I shall mention farther on. We found 
 no game, which was a disappointment to us, as our provisions had 
 begun to faU. Our men traveled about sixty miles without killing 
 anything other than a lean stag, a small wild goat, a few swan and 
 two bustards, which were but a scanty subsistence for two and thirty 
 men. Most of the men were become so weary of this laborious life 
 that, were it practicable, they would have run away and joined the 
 savages, who, as we inferred by the great fires which we saw on the 
 prairies, were not very far from us. There must be an innumerable 
 quantity of wild cattle in this country, since the ground here is every- 
 where covered with their horns. The Miamis hunt them toward the 
 latter end of autumn."* 
 
 That part of the Illinois River above the Desplaines is called the 
 Kankakee, which is a corruption of its original Indian name. St. 
 Cosme, the narrative of whose voyage down the Illinois Eiver, by 
 way of Chicago, in 1699, and found in Dr. Shea's work of " Early 
 Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi," refers to it as the The-a-li-ke, 
 " which is the real river of the Illinois, and (says) that which we de- 
 scended (the Desplaines) was only a branch." Father Marest, in his 
 letter of November 9, 1712, narrating a journey he had previously 
 made from Kaskaskia up to the Mission of St. Joseph, says of the Illi- 
 nois River : " We transported all there was in the canoe toward the 
 source of the Illinois (Indian), which they call Hau-ki-ki." Father 
 Charlevoix, who descended the Kankakee from the portage, in his let- 
 ter, dated at the source of the river Theakiki, September 17, 1721, 
 says : " This morning I walked a league farther in the meadow, having 
 my feet almost always in the water ; afterward I met with a kind of a 
 pool or marsh, which had a communication with several others of dif- 
 ferent sizes, but the largest was about a hundred paces in circuit ; these 
 are the sources of the river The-a-ki-ki, which, by a corrupted pronun- 
 ciation, our Indians call Ki-a-ki-ki. Theak signifies a wolf, in what 
 language I do not remember, but the river bears that name because the 
 Mahingans (Mohicans), who were likewise called wolves, had formerly 
 
 * Hennepin and Ms party were not aware of the migratory habits of the buffalo ; 
 and that their scarcity on the Kankakee in the winter months was because the herds 
 had gone southward to warmer latitude and better pasturage. 
 
78 • HISTORIC KOTES ON THE NOETHWEST. 
 
 taken refuge on its banks." * The Mohicans were of the Algonquin 
 stock, anciently living east of the Hudson River, where they had been 
 so persecuted and nearly destroyed by the implacable Iroquois that 
 their tribal integrity was lost, and they were dispersed in small fami- 
 lies over the west, seeking protection in isolated places, or living at 
 sufferance among their Algonquin kindred. They were brave, faithful 
 to the extreme, famous scouts, and successful hunters. La Salle, ap- 
 preciating these valuable traits, usually kept a few of them in his em- 
 ploy. The " savage," or " hunter," so often referred to by Hennepin, 
 in the extracts we have taken from his journal, was a Mohican. 
 
 In a report made to the late Governor Ninian Edwards, in 1812, 
 by John Hays, interpreter and Coureur de Bois of the routes, rivers 
 and Indian villages in the then Illinois Territory, Mr. Hays calls the 
 Kankakee the Quin-que-que, which was probably its French-Indian 
 name.f Col. Guerdon S. Hubbard, who for many years, dating back 
 as early as 1819, was a trader, and commanded great influence with 
 the bands of Pottawatomies, claiming the Kankakee as their country, 
 informs the writer that the Pottawatomie name of the Kankakee is 
 Ky-an-ke-a-kee, meaning " the river of the wonderful or beautiful 
 land, — as it really is, westward of the marshes. "A-kee," "Ah-ke " and 
 "Aki," in the Algonquin dialect, signifies earth or land. 
 
 The name Desplaines, like that of the Kankakee, has undergone 
 changes in the progress of time. On a French map of Louisiana, in 
 1717, the Desplaines is laid down as the Chicago River. Just after 
 Great Britain had secured the possessions of the French east of the 
 Mississippi, by conquest and treaty, and when the British authorities 
 were keenly alive to everything pertaining to their newly acquired 
 possessions, an elaborate map, collated from the most authentic sources 
 by Eman Bowen, geographer to His Majesty King George the Third, 
 was issued, and on this map the Desplaines is laid down as the Illinois, 
 or Chicago River. Many early French writers speak of it, as they 
 do of the Kankakee above the confluence, as the " River of the Illi- 
 nois." Its French Canadian name is Au Plein, now changed to Des- 
 plaines, or Riviere Au Plein, or Despleines, from a variety of hard 
 maple, — that is to say, sugar tree. The Pottawatomies called it She- 
 shik-mao-shi-ke Se-pe, signifying the river of the tree from which a 
 great quantity of sap flows in the spring.;]: It has also been sanctifled 
 by Father Zenobe Membre with the name Divine River, and by authors 
 
 .r,a*, Cliarlevoix' " Journal of a Voyage to America," vol. 2, p. 184. London edition, 
 
 fHisto^of Illinois and life of Governor Edwards," by his son Ninian W 
 Jjidwards, p. 98. 
 
 j: Long's Second Expedition, vol. 1, p. 173. 
 
NAMES OF THE ILLIITOIS. 79 
 
 of early western gazetteers, vulgarized by the appellation of Kickajpoo 
 Creek. 
 
 Below the confluence of the Desplaines, the Illinois Eiver was, by 
 La Salle, named the Seignelay, as a mark of his esteem for the brilliant 
 young Colbert, who succeeded his father as Minister of the Marine. 
 On the great map, prepared by the engineer Franquelin in 1684, it 
 is called Elver Des Illinois, or Macoupins. The name Illinois, which, 
 fortunately, it will always bear, was derived from the name of the con- 
 federated tribes who anciently dwelt upon its banks. 
 
 "We continued our course," says Hennepin, " upon this river (the 
 Kankakee and Illinois) very near the whole month of December, at 
 the latter end of which we arrived at a village of the Illinois, which 
 lies near a hundred and thirty leagues from Fort Miamis, on the Lake 
 of the Illinois. We suffered greatly on the passage, for the savages 
 having set fire to the grass on the prairie, the wild cattle had fled, and 
 we did not kill one. Some wild turkeys were the only game we 
 secured. God's providence supported us all the while, and as we 
 meditated upon the extremities to which we were reduced, regarding 
 ourselves without hope of relief, we found a very large wild ox stick- 
 ing fast in the mud of the river. We killed him, and with much difli- 
 culty dragged him out of the mud. This was a great refreshment to 
 our men; it revived their courage, — being so timely and unexpectedly 
 relieved, they conchaded that God approved our undertaking. 
 
 The great village of the Illinois, where La Salle's party had now 
 arrived, has been located with such certainty bj' Francis Parkman, the 
 learned historical writer, as to leave no doubt of its identity. It 
 was on the north side of the Illinois Kiver, above the mouth of the 
 Yermillion and below Starved Rock, near the little village of Utica, 
 in La Salle county, Illinois.* 
 
 " We found," continues Father Hennepin, " no one in the village, 
 as we had foreseen, for the Illinois, according to their custom, had di- 
 vided themselves into small hunting parties. Their absence caused 
 great perplexity amongst us, for we wanted provisions, and yet did 
 not dare to meddle with the Indian corn the savages had laid under 
 ground for their subsistence and for seed. However, our necessity be- 
 ing very great, and it being impossible to continue our voyage without 
 any provisions, M. La Salle resolved to take about forty bushels of 
 corn, and hoped to appease the savages with presents. We embarked 
 again, with these fresh provisions, and continued to fall down the river, 
 
 * Mr. Parkman gives an interesting account of his recent visit to, and the identifi- 
 cation of, the locality, in an elaborate note in his " Discovery of the Great West," pp. 
 221, 222. 
 
80 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 which runs directly toward the south. On the Ist of January we went 
 through a lake (Peoria Lake) formed by the river, about seven leagues 
 long and one broad. The savages call that place Pimeteoui, that is, in 
 their tongue, ' a place where there is an abundance of fat animals. ' * 
 Kesuming Hennepin's narrative : " The current brought us, in the 
 meantime, to the Indian camp, and M. La Salle was the first one 
 to land, followed closely by his men, which increased the consterna- 
 tion of the savages, whom we easily might have defeated. As it was 
 not our design, we made a halt to give them time to recover them- 
 selves and to see that we were not enemies. Most of the savages who 
 had run away upon our landing, understanding that we were friends, 
 returned ; but some others did not come back for three or four days, 
 and after they had learned that we had smoked the calumet. 
 
 " I must observe here, that the hardest winter does not last longer 
 than two months in this charming country, so that on the 15th of Jan- 
 uary there came a sudden thaw, which made the rivers navigable, and 
 the weather as mild as it is in France in the middle of the spring. 
 M. La Salle, improving this fair season, desired me to go down the 
 river with him to choose a place proper to build a fort. "We selected 
 an eminence on the bank of the river, defended on that side by the 
 river, and on two others by deep ravines, so that it was accessible only 
 on one side. We cast a trench to join the two ravines, and made the 
 eminence steep on that side, supporting the earth with great pieces of 
 timber. We made a rough palisade to defend ourselves in case the 
 Indians should attack us while we were engaged in building the fort ; 
 but no one offering to disturb us, we went on diligently with our work. 
 
 ♦Louis Beck, in his "Gazetteer of Illinois and Missouri," p. 119, says: "The Indi- 
 ans call the lake Pin-a-tah-wee, on account of its being frequently covered with a 
 scum which has a greasy appearance." Owing to the rank growth of aquatic plants 
 in the Illinois River before they were disturbed by the frequent passage of boats, and to 
 the grasses on the borders of the stream and the adjacent marshes, and the decay 
 taking place in both under the scorching rays of the summer's sun, the surface of the 
 river and lake were frequently coated with this vegetable decomposition. Prof. School- 
 craft ascended the Illinois River, and was at Fort Clark on the 19th of August, 1821. 
 Under this date is the following extract from his "Narrative Journal": "AlDout 9 
 o'clock in the morning we came to a part of the river which was covered for several 
 hundred yards with a scum or froth of the most intense green color, and emitting a 
 nauseous exhalation that was almost insupportable. We were compelled to pass 
 through it. The fine green color of this somewhat compact scum, resembling that of 
 verdegiis, led us at the moment to conjecture that it might derive this character from 
 some mineral spring or vein in the bed of the river, but we had reasons afterward 
 to regret this opinion. I directed one of the canoe men to collect a bottle of this 
 mother of miasmata for preservation, but its fermenting nature baffled repeated at- 
 tempts to keep it corked. We had daily seen instances of the powerful tendency of 
 these waters to facilitate the decomposition of floating vegetation, but had not before 
 observed any in so mature and complete a state of putrefaction. It might certainly 
 justify an observer less given to fiction than the ancient poets, to people this stream 
 with the Hydra, as were the pestilential-breeding marshes of Italy.' —Schoolcraft's 
 "Central Mississippi Valley," p. 305. 
 
FORT CEEVECOEUK AND ITS LOCATIOK. 81 
 
 When the fort was half finished, M. La Salle lodged himself, with M. 
 Tonti, in the middle of the fortification, and every one took his post. 
 We placed the forge on the curtain on the side of the wood, and laid 
 in a great quantity of coal for that purpose. But our greatest diffi- 
 culty was to build a boat, — our carpenters having deserted us, we did 
 not know what to do. However, as timber was abundant and near at 
 hand, we told our men that if any of them would undertake to saw 
 boards for building the bark, we might surmount all other difficulties. 
 Two of the men undertook the task, and succeeded so well that we 
 began to build a bark, the keel whereof was forty-two feet long. Our 
 men went on so briskly with the work, that on the 1st of March our 
 boat was half built, and all the timber ready prepared for furnishing it. 
 Our fort was also very near finished, and we named it ' Fort Creve- 
 cceur, ' because the desertion of our men, and other difficulties we 
 had labored under, had almost ' broken our hearts. ' * 
 
 " M. La Salle," says Hennepin, " no longer doubted that the Griffin 
 was lost; but neither this nor other difficulties dejected him. His 
 great courage buoyed him up, and he resolved to return to Fort Fron- 
 tenac by land, notwithstanding the snow, and the great dangers attend- 
 ing so long a journey. We had many private conferences, wherein it 
 was decided that he should return to Fort Frontenac with three men, 
 to bring with him the necessary articles to proceed with the discov- 
 ery, while I, with two men, should go in a canoe to the River Me- 
 schasipi, and endeavor to obtain the friendship of the nations who 
 inhabited its banks. 
 
 "M. La Salle left. M. Tonti to command in Fort Crevecceur, and 
 ordered our carpenter to prepare some thick boards to plank the deck 
 of our ship, in the nature of a parapet, to cover it against the arrows 
 of the savages in case they should shoot at us from the shore. Then, 
 calling his men together. La Salle requested them to obey M. Tonti's 
 orders in his absence, to live in Christian union and charity ; to be 
 courageous and firm in their designs ; and above all not to give credit 
 to false reports the savages might make, either of him or of their com- 
 rades who accompanied Father Hennepin." 
 
 Hennepin and his two companions, with a supply of trinkets suitable 
 
 * "Fort Crevecceur," or the Broken Heart, was built on the east side of the Illi- 
 noie River, a short distance below the outlet of Peoria Lake. It is so located on the 
 great map of Franquelin, made at Quebec in 1684. There are many indications on 
 this map, going to snow that it was constructed largely under the supervision of La- 
 Salle. The fact mentioned by Hennepin, that they went down the river, and that coal 
 was gathered for the supply of the rort, would confirm this theory as to its location; 
 for the outcrop of coal is abundant in the bluffs on the east side of the river below 
 Peoria. There is also a spot in this immediate vicinity that answers well to the site 
 of the fort as described by Fathers Hennepin and Membre. 
 6 
 
82 HISTORIC NOTES OS THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 for the Indian trade, left Fort Crevecceur for the Mississippi, on the 
 29th of February, 1680, and were captured by the Sioux, as already 
 stated. From this time to the ultimate discovery and taking possession 
 of th^ Mississippi and the valleys by La Salle, Father Zenobe Membre 
 was the historian of the expe(^ition. 
 
 La Salle started across the country, going up the Illinois and Kan- 
 kakee, and through the southern part of the present State of Michigan. 
 He reached the Detroit Eiver, ferrying the stream with a raft ; he at 
 length stood on Canadian soil. Striking a direct line across the wilder- 
 ness, he arrived at Lake Erie, near Point Pelee. By this time only 
 one man remained in health, and with his assistance La Salle made a 
 canoe. Embarking in it the party came to Niagara on Easter Monday. 
 Leaving his comrades, who were completely exhausted, La Salle on the 
 6th of May reached Fort Frontenac, making a journey of over a thou- 
 sand miles in sixty-five days, " the greatest feat ever performed by a 
 Frenchman in America."* 
 
 La Salle found his affairs in great confusion. His creditors had 
 seized upon his estate, including Fort Frontenac. Undaunted by this 
 new misfortune, he confronted his creditors and enemies, pacifying the 
 former and awing the latter into silence. He gathered the fragments 
 of his scattered property and in a short time started west with a com- 
 pany of twenty-five men, whom he had recruited to assist in the prose- 
 cution of his discoveries. He reached Lake Huron by the way of Lake 
 Simcoe, and shortly afterward arrived at Mackinaw. Here lie found 
 that his enemies had been very busy, and had poisoned the minds of 
 the Indians against his designs. 
 
 We leave La Salle at Mackinaw to notice some of the occurrences 
 that took place on the Illinois and St. Joseph after he had departed for 
 Fort Frontenac. On this journey, as La Salle passed up the Illinois, 
 he was favorably impressed with Starved Kock as a place presenting 
 strong defenses naturally. He sent word back to Tonti, below Peoria 
 Lake, to take possession of " The Rock " and erect a fortification on its 
 summit. Tonti accordingly came up the river with a part of his avail- 
 able force and began to work upon the new fort. "While engaged in 
 this enterprise the principal part of the men remaining at Fort Creve- 
 cceur mutinied. They destroyed the vessel on the stocks, plundered 
 the storehouse, escaped up the Illinois River and appeared before Fort 
 Miami. These deserters demolished Fort Miami and robbed it of goods 
 and furs of La Salle, on deposit there, and then fled out of the country. 
 These misfortunes were soon followed by an incursion of the Iroquois, 
 
 * Parkman's " Discovery of the Great West." 
 
DEATH OF FATHER GABRIEL. 83 
 
 "who attacked the Illinois in their village near the Starved Rock. Tonti, 
 acting as mediator, came near losing his life at the hand of an infuriated 
 Iroquois warrior, who drove a knife into his ribs. Constantly an object 
 of distrust to the Illinois, who feared he was a spy. and friend of the 
 Iroquois, in turn exposed to the jealousy of the Iroquois, who imag^ 
 ined he and his French friends were allies of the Illinois, Tonti 
 xemained faithful to his trust until he saw that he could not avert the 
 blow meditated by the Iroquois. Then, with Fathers Zenobe' Membre 
 and Gabriel Rebourde, and a few Frenchmen who had remained faith- 
 ful, he escaped from the enraged Indians and made his way, in a leaky 
 ■canoe, up the Illinois River. Father Gabriel one fine day left his com- 
 panions on the river to enjoy a walk in the beautiful groves near by, 
 and while thus engaged, and as he was meditating upon his holy call- 
 ing, fell into an ambuscade of Kickapoo Indians. The good old man, 
 unconscious of his danger, was instantly knocked down, the scalp torn 
 from his venerable head, and his gray hairs afterward exhibited in tri- 
 umph by his young murderers as a trophy taken from the crown of an 
 Iroquois warrior. Tonti, with those in his company, pursued his course, - 
 passing by Chicago, and thence up the west shore of Lake Michigan. 
 Subsisting on berries, and often on acorns and roots which they dug 
 from the ground, they finally arrived at the Pottawatomie towns. Pre- 
 vious to this they abandoned their canoe and started on foot for the 
 Mission of Green Bay, where they wintered. 
 
 La Salle, when he arrived at St. Joseph, found Fort Miamis plun- 
 dered and demolished. He also learned that the Iroquois had attacked 
 the Illinois. Fearing for the safety of Tonti, he pushed on rapidly, ' 
 only to find, at Starved Rock, the unmistakable signs of an Indian 
 slaughter. The report was true. The Iroquois had defeated the Illi- 
 nois and driven them west of the Mississippi. La Salle viewed the 
 wreck of his cherished project, the demolition of the fort, the loss of 
 his peltries, and especially the destruction of his vessel, in that usual 
 calm way peculiar to him ; and, although he must have suffered the 
 most intense anguish, no trace of sorrow or indecision appeared on his 
 inflexible countenance. Shortly afterward he returned to Fort Miamis. 
 La Salle occupied his time, until spring, in rebuilding Fort Miamis, 
 holding conferences with the surrounding Indian tribes, and confeder- 
 ating them against future attacks of the Iroquois. He now abandoned 
 the purpose of descending the Mississippi in a sailing vessel, and de- 
 termined to prosecute his voyage in the ordinary wooden pirogues or 
 canoes. 
 
 Tonti was sent forward to Chicago Creek, where he constructed a 
 number of sledges. After other preparations had been made, La Salle 
 
84 HISTORIC NOTES OST THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 and his party left St. Joseph and came around the southern extremity 
 of the lake. The goods and effects were placed on the sledges pre- 
 pared by Tonti. La Salle's party consisted of twenty-three French- 
 men and eighteen Indians. The savages took with them ten squaws 
 and three children, so that the party numbered in all fifty-four persons. 
 They had to make the portage of the Chicago River. After dragging 
 their canoes, sledges, baggage and provisions about eighty leagues 
 over the ice, on the Desplaines and Illinois Eivers, they came to the 
 great Indian town. . It was deserted, the savages having gone down 
 the river to Lake Peoria. From Peoria Lake the navigation was open, 
 and embarking, on the 6th of February, they soon arrived at the Mis- 
 sissippi. Here, owing to floating ice, they were delayed till the 13th 
 of the same month. Membre describes the Missouri as follows: "It is 
 full as large as the Mississippi, into which it empties, troubling it so 
 that, from the mouth of the Ozage (Missouri), the water is hardly 
 drinkable. The Indians assured us that this river is formed by many 
 others, and that they ascend it for ten or twelve days to a mountain 
 where it rises ; that beyond this mountain is the sea, where they see 
 great ships ; that on the river are a great number of large villages. 
 Although this river is very large, the Mississippi does not seem aug- 
 mented by it, but it pours in so much mud that, from its mouth, the 
 water of the great river, whose bed is also slimy, is more like clear 
 mud than river water, without changing at all till it reaches the sea, a 
 distance of more than three hundred leagues, although it receives seven 
 large rivers, the water of which is very beautiful, and which are almost 
 as large as the Mississippi." From this time, until they neared the 
 mouths of the Mississippi, nothing especially worthy of note occurred. 
 On the 6th of April they came to the place where the river divides 
 itself into three channels. M. La Salle took the western, the Sieur 
 Dautray the southern, and Tonti, accompanied by Membre, followed 
 the middle channel. The three channels were beautiful and deep. 
 The water became brackish, and two leagues farther it became perfectly 
 salt, and advancing on they at last beheld the Gulf of Mexico. La 
 Salle, in a canoe, coasted the borders of the sea, and then the parties 
 assembled on a dry spot of ground not far from the mouth of the river. 
 On the 9th of April, with all the pomp and ceremony of the Holy 
 Catholic Church, La Salle, in the name of the French King^ took pos- 
 session of the Mississippi and all its tributaries. First they chanted 
 the " Yexilla Eegis " and " Te Deum," and then, while the assembled 
 voyageurs and their savage attendants fired their muskets and shouted 
 " Vive le Eoi," La Salle planted the column, at the same time pro- 
 claiming, in a loud voice, " In the name of the Most High, Mighty, 
 
TAKING POSSESSION OF LOUISIANA. 85 
 
 Invincible, and Yictorions Prince, Louis tlie Great, by the Grace of 
 God King of France and of Navarre, Fourteenth of that name, I, this 
 9th day of April, one thousand six hundred and eighty-two, in virtue 
 of the commission of His Majesty, which I hold in my hand, and 
 which may be seen by all whom it may concern, have taken, and do now 
 take, in the name of His Majesty and his successors to the crown, posses- 
 sion of this country of Louisiana, the seas, harbors, ports, bays, adjacent 
 straits, and all the people, nations, provinces, cities, towns, villages, 
 mines, minerals, fisheries, streams and rivers within the extent of the 
 said Louisiana, from the mouth of the great river St. Louis, otherwise 
 called Ohio, as also along the river Colbert, or Mississippi, and the 
 rivers which discharge themselves therein, from its source beyond the 
 country of the Nadonessious (Sioux), as far as its mouth at the sea, 
 and also to the mouth of the river of Palms, upon the assurance we 
 have had from the natives of these countries that we were the first 
 Europeans who have descended or ascended the river Colbert (Missis- 
 sippi) ; hereby protesting against all who may hereafter undertake to 
 invade any or all of these aforesaid countries, peoples or lands, to the 
 prejudice of His Majesty, acquired by the consent of the nations 
 dwelling herein. Of which, and of all else that is needful, I hereby 
 take to witness those who hear me, and demand an act of the notary 
 here present." 
 
 At the foot of the tree to which the cross was attached La Salle 
 caused to be buried a leaden plate, on one side of which were engraven 
 the arms of France, and on the opposite, the following Latin inscription: 
 
 LVDOVICUS MAGNUS REGNAT. 
 
 NONO APRILIS CIO IOC LXXXII. 
 
 ROBERTVS CAVALIER, CVM DOMINO DETONTI LEGATO, R. P. ZENOBIO 
 
 MEMBRE, RECCOLLECTO, ET VI6INTI GALLIS PRIMVS HOC FLVMEN, 
 
 ■ INDE AB ILINEORVM PAGO ENAVAGAVIT, EZVQUE OSTIVM FECIT 
 
 PERVIVM, NONO APRILIS ANNI. 
 
 CIO IOC LXXXI. 
 
 Note. — ^The following is a translation of the inscription on the leaden plate: 
 
 " Louis the Great reigns. 
 "Robert Cavalier, with Lord Tonti as Lieutenant, R. P. Zenobe Membre, Recollect, 
 and twenty Frenchmen, first navigated this stream from the country of the Illinois, 
 and also passed through its mouth, on the 9th of April, 1682." 
 
 After which. La Salle remarked that His Majesty, who was the 
 «ldest son of the Holy Catholic Church, would not annex any country 
 to his dominion without giving especial attention to establish' the 
 
86 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NOKTHWEST. 
 
 Christian religion therein. He then proceeded at once to erect a cross, 
 before which the "Vexilla" and "Domine Salvum fac Kegem" were 
 sung. The ceremony was concluded by shouting "Vive le Eoi ! " 
 
 Thus was completed the discovery and taking possession of the 
 Mississippi valley. By that indisputable title, the right of discovery, 
 attested by all those formalities recognized as essential by the laws of 
 nations, the manuscript evidence of which was duly certified by a no- 
 tary public brought along for that purpose, and witnessed by the sig- 
 natures of La Salle and a number of other persons present on the occa- 
 sion, jFrance became the owner of all that vast country drained by the 
 Mississippi and its tributaries. Bounded by the Alleghanies on the 
 east, and the Kocky Mountains on the west, and extending from an 
 undefined limit on the north to the burning sands of the Gulf on the 
 south. Embracing within its area every variety of climate, watered 
 with a thousand beautiful streams, containing vast prairies and exten- 
 sive forests, with a rich and fertile soil that only awaited the husband- 
 man's skill to yield bountiful harvests, rich in vast beds of bituminous 
 coal and deposits of iron, copper and other ores, this magnificent 
 domain was not to become the seat of a religious dogma, enforced by 
 the power of state, but was designed under the hand of God to become 
 the center of civilization, — the heart of the American republic, — where 
 the right of conscience was to be free, without interference of law, and 
 where universal liberty should Only be restrained in so far as its unre- 
 strained exercise might confiict with its equal enjoyment by all. 
 
 Had France, with the same energy she displayed in discovering 
 Louisiana, retained her grasp upon this territory, the dominant race in 
 the valley of the Mississippi would have been Gallic instead of Anglo- 
 Saxon. 
 
 The manner in which France lost this possession in America will 
 be referred to in a subsequent chapter. 
 
CHAPTEE XI. 
 
 LA SALLE'S RETURN, AND HIS DEATH IN ATTEMPTING A 
 SETTLEMENT ON THE GULF. 
 
 La Salle and his party returned up the Mississippi. Before they 
 reached Chickasaw Bluffs, La Salle was taken dangerously ill. 
 
 Dispatching Tonti ahead to Mackinaw, he remained there under 
 the care of Father Membre. About the end of July he was enabled to 
 proceed, and joined Tonti at Mackinaw, in September. Owing to the 
 threatened invasion of the Iroquois, La Salle postponed his projected 
 trip to France, and passed the winter at Fort St. Louis. From Fort 
 St. Louis, it would seem, La Salle directed a letter to Count Frontenac, 
 giving an account of his voyage to the Mississippi. It is short and his- 
 torically interesting, and was first published in that rare little volume, 
 Thevenot's " Collection of Voyages," published at Paris in 1687. This 
 letter contains, perhaps, the first description of Chicago Creek and the 
 liarbor, and as everything pertaining to Chicago of a historical charac- 
 ter is a matter of public interest, we insert La Salle's account. It 
 seems that, even at that early day, almost two centuries ago, the idea 
 of a canal connecting Lake Michigan and the Illinois was a subject of 
 consideration ; 
 
 ^' The creek (Chicago Creek) through which we went, from the lake 
 of the Illinois into the Divine Eiver (the Au Plein, or Des Plaines) is 
 so shallow and so greatly exposed to storms that no ship can venture 
 in except in a great calm. Neither is the country between the creek 
 and the Divine River suitable for a canal ; for the prairies between 
 them are submerged after heavy rains, and a canal would be immedi- 
 ately filled up with sand. Besides this, it is not possible to dig into 
 the ground on account of the water, that country being nothing but a 
 marsh. Supposing it were possible, however, to cut a canal, it would 
 be useless, as the Divine River is not navigable for forty leagues 
 together ; that is to say, from that place (the portage) to the village of 
 the Illinois, except for canoes, and these have scarcely water enough in 
 summer time." ' 
 
 The identity of the " River Chicago," of early explorers, with the 
 modern stream of the same name, is clearly established by the map of 
 Franquelin of 1684:, as well, also, as by the Memoir of Sieur de Tonti. 
 
 87 
 
:88 ■ HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NOKTHWEST. 
 
 The latter had occasion to pass through the Chicago River more fre- 
 quently than any other person of his time, and his intimate acquaint- 
 ance with the Indians in the vicinity would necessarily place his decla- 
 rations beyond the suspicion of a mistake. Eeferring to his being sent 
 in the fall of 1687, by La Salle, from Fort Miamis, at the mouth of the 
 St. Joseph, to Chicago, already alluded to, he says : " We went in 
 canoes to the ' Eiver Chicago,' where there is a portage which joins that 
 of the Illinois." * 
 
 The name of this river is variously spelled by early writers, " Chi- 
 cagon,"i- " Che-ka-kou," :]: "Chikgoua."§ In the prevailing Algonquin 
 language the word signifies a polecat or skunk. The Aborigines, also, 
 called garlic by nearly the same word, from which many authors have 
 inferred that Chicago means "wild onion." | 
 
 While La Salle was in the west. Count Frontenac was removed, 
 and M. La Barre appointed Governor of Canada. The latter was the 
 avowed enemy of La Salle. He injured La Salle in every possible 
 
 * Tonti's Memoir, published in the Historical Collections of Louisiana, vol. 1, p. 59. 
 
 t Joutel's Journal. 
 
 i La Hontan. 
 
 § Father Gravier's Narrative Journal, published in Dr. Shea's "Voyages Up and 
 Down the Mississippi." 
 
 II A writer of a historical sketch, published in a late number of "Potter's Monthly," 
 on the isolated statement of an old resident of western Michigan, says that the Indi- 
 ans living thereabouts subsequent to the advent of the early settlers called Chicago 
 "Tuck-Chicago," the meaning of which was, "a place without wood," and thus in- 
 vesting a mere fancy with the dignity of truth. The great city of the west has taken 
 its namie from the stream along whose margin it was first laid out, and it becomes im- 
 portant to preserve the origin of its name with whatever certainty a research of all 
 accessible authorities may furnish. In the first place, Chicago was not a place "with- 
 out wood," or trees; on the contrary, it is the only locality where timber was anything 
 like abundant for the distance of miles around. The north and south branches west- 
 ward, and the lake on the east, afforded ample protection against prairie fires; and Dr. 
 John M. Peck, in his early Gazetteer of the state, besides other authorities, especially 
 mention the fact that there was a good quality of timber in the vicinity of Cnicago, 
 particularly on the north branch. There is nowhere to be found in the several Indian 
 vocabularies of Sir Alexander Mackenzie, Dr. Edwin James, and the late Albert Gal- 
 latin, in their extensive collections of Algonquin words, any expressions like those used 
 by the writer in Potter's Monthly, bearing the signification which he attaches to them. 
 In Mackenzie's Vocabulary, the Algonquin word for polecat is "Shi-kak." In Dr. 
 James' Vocabulary, the word for skunk is "She-gahg (shegag); and Shig-gau-ga-win- 
 zheeg is the plural for onion or garlic, literally, in the Indian dialect, "skunk- weeds." 
 Dr. James, m a foot-note, says that from this word in the singular number, some have 
 derived the narne Chi-ka-go, which is commonly pronounced among the Indians, Shig- 
 gau-go, and Shi-gau-go-ong (meaning) at Chicago. 
 
 An association of English traders, styling themselves the "Illinois Land Compa- 
 ny, on the 5th of July, 1773, obtained from ten chiefs of the KaskasMa, Cahokia and 
 Peo^a tribes, a deed for two large tracts of land. The second tract, in the description 
 of ite boundaries, contains the following expression: "and thence up the Illinois River, 
 by the several courses thereof, to Chicago, or Garlic Creek; " and it may safely be as- 
 sumed that the parties to the deed knew the names given to identify the grant. Were 
 an additional reference necessary. "Wau Bun," the valuable work of Mrs. John H. 
 Kinzie, might also be cited, p. 190. The Iroquois, who made frequent predatory 
 excursions from their homes in New York to the Illinois country, called Chicago Kan- 
 era-ghik; vide Cadwalder Colden's " History of the Five Nations." 
 
MISFORTUNES OF LA SALLE'S COLOlfY. 89 
 
 way, and finally seized upon Fort Frontenac. To obtain redress, La- 
 Salle went to France, reaching Eochelle on the 13th of December, 
 1683. Seignelay (young Colbert), Secretary of State and Minister of 
 the Marine, was appealed to by La Salle, and became interested and 
 furnished him timely aid in his enterprise. 
 
 Before leaving America La Salle ordered Tonti to proceed and finish 
 " Fort St. Louis," as the fortification at Starved Rock, on the Illinois 
 Eiver, was named. " He charged me," says Tonti, " with the duty to 
 go and finish Fort St. Louis, of which he gave me the government, 
 with full power to dispose of the lands in the neighborhood, and left 
 all his people under my command, with the exception of six French- 
 men, whom he took to accompany him to Quebec. We departed from 
 Mackinaw on the same day, he for Canada and I for the Illinois.* On 
 his mission to France La Salle was received with honor by the king 
 and his officers, and the accounts which he gave relative to Louisiana 
 caused them to further his plans for its colonization. A squadron of 
 four vessels was fitted out, the largest carrying thirty-six guns. About 
 two hundred persons were embarked aboard of them for the purpose 
 long projected, as we have foreseen, of establishing a settlement at the 
 mouth of the Mississippi. The fleet was under the command of M. 
 de Beaujeu, a naval officer of some distinction. He was punctilious in 
 the exercise of authority, and had a wiry, nervous organization, as the 
 portrait preserved of him clearly shows.f La Salle was austere, and 
 lacked that faculty of getting along with men, for the want of which 
 many of his best-laid plans failed. A constant bickering and collision 
 of cross purposes was the natural result of such repellant natures as 
 he and Beaujeu possessed. 
 
 After a stormy passage of the Atlantic, the fleet entered the Gulf 
 of Mexico. Coasting along the northern shore of the gulf, they failed 
 to discover the mouths of the Mississippi. Passing them, they finally 
 landed in what is now known as Matagorda Bay, or the Bay of St. 
 Barnard, near the Kiver Colorado, in Texas, more than a hundred 
 leagues westward of the Mississippi. The whole number of persons 
 left on the beach is not definitely known. M. Jontel, one of the sur- 
 vivors, and the chronicler of this unfortunate undertaking, mentions 
 one hundred and eighty, besides the crew of the " Belle," which was 
 lost on the beach, consisting of soldiers, volunteers, workmen, women 
 and children.:]: The colony being in a destitute condition. La Salle, 
 
 *Tonti's Memoir. 
 
 t A fine steel engraving copy of Mons. Beaujeu is contained in Dr. Shea's transla- 
 tion of Charlevoix's " History of New France." 
 t Spark's ' ' Life of La Salle. ' ' 
 
90 HISTOBIO NOTES ON THE NOBTHWEST. 
 
 accompanied by Father Anastius Douay and twenty others, set out to 
 reach the Mississippi, intending to ascend to Fort St. Louis, and there 
 obtain aid from Tonti. They set out on the 7th of January, and after 
 several days' journey, reached the village of the Cenis Indians. Here 
 some of La Salle's men became dissatisfied with their hardships, and 
 determined to slav him and then join the Indians. The tragic tale is 
 thus related by Father Douay : « The wisdom of Monsieur de La Salle 
 was unable to foresee the plot which some of his people would make 
 to slay his nephew, as they suddenly resolved to do, and actually 
 did, on the 17th of March, by a blow of an ax, dealt by one Liotot. 
 They also killed the valet of the Sieur La Salle and his Indian ser- 
 vant, Nika, who, at the risk of his life, had supported them for three 
 years. The wretches resolved not to stop here, and not satisfied 
 with this murder, formed a design of attempting their commander's 
 life, as they had reason to fear his resentment and chastisement. As 
 M. La Salle and myself were walking toward the fatal spot where his 
 nephew had been slain, two of those murderers, who were hidden in 
 the grass, arose, one on each side, with guns cocked. One missed Mon- 
 sieur La Salle ; the other, firing at the same time, shot him in the head. 
 He died an hour after, on the 19th of March, 1687. 
 
 " Thus," says Father Douay, " died our commander, constant in ad- 
 versity, intrepid, , generous, engaging, dexterous, skillful, capable of 
 everything. He who for twenty years had softened the fierce temper 
 of countless savage tribes was massacred by the hands of his own domes- 
 tics, whom he had loaded with caresses. He died in the prime of life, 
 in the midst of his course and labors, without having seen their success."* 
 The colony which La Salle had left in Texas was surprised and 
 destroyed by the Indians. Not a soul was left to give an account of 
 the massacre. Of the twenty who accompanied him in his attempt to 
 reach the Mississippi, Joutel, M. Cavalier, La Salle's brother, and four 
 others determined to make a last attempt to find the Mississippi ;• the 
 others, including La Salle's murderers, became the associates of the less 
 brutal Indians, and of them we have no farther account. After a long 
 and toilsome journey Joutel and his party reached the Mississippi near 
 the mouth of the Arkansas. Here they found two men who had been 
 sent by Tonti to relieve La Salle. Embarking in canoes, they went up 
 the Mississippi, arrived at Fort St. Louis in safety, and finally returned 
 to France by way of Quebec. 
 
 Froni this period until 1698 the French made no further attempts 
 to colonize the Lower Mississippi. They had no settlements below the 
 
 * Father Douay 's Journal, contained in Dr. Shea's " Discovery and Exploration of the 
 Mississippi." 
 
BILOXI AND MOBILE FOUNDED. 91 
 
 Ohio, and above that river, on the Illinois and the upper lakes, were 
 scattered only a few missions and trading posts. 
 
 Realizing the great importance of retaining possession of the Mis- 
 sissippi valley, the French court fitted out an expedition which con- 
 sisted of four vessels, for the purpose of thoroughly exploring the mouth 
 of the Mississippi and adjacent territory. Le Moyne Iberville was put 
 in command of the expedition. He was the third of the eleven sons 
 of Baron Longueil. They all held commissions from the king, and con- 
 stituted one of the most illustrious of the French Canadian families. 
 The fleet sailed from Brest, France, on the 24th of October, 1698. 
 They came in sight of Florida on the 27th of January, 1699. They 
 ran near the coast, and discovered that they were in the vicinity of 
 Pensacola Bay. Here they found a colony of three hundred Spaniards. 
 Sailing westward, they entered the mouth of the Mississippi on Quin- 
 quagesima Monday, which was the 2d of March. Iberville ascended 
 the river far enough to assure himself of its being the Mississippi, then, 
 descending the river, he founded a colony at Biloxi Bay. Leaving his 
 brother, M. de Sauvole, in command of the newly erected fort, he sailed 
 for France. Iberville returned to Biloxi on the 8th of January, and, 
 hearing that the English were exploring the Mississippi, he took formal 
 possession of the Mississippi valley in the name of the. French king. 
 He, also, erected a small foilr-gun fort on Poverty Point, 38 miles below 
 New Orleans. The fort was constructed very rudely, and was occupied 
 for only one year. In the year 1701 Iberville made a settlement at 
 Mobile, and this soon became the principal French town on the gulf. 
 The unavailing eiforts of the king in the scheme of colonization induced 
 a belief that a greater prosperity would follow under the stimulus of 
 individual enterprise, and he determined to grant Louisiana to Monsieur 
 Crozat, with a monopoly of its mines, supposed to be valuable in gold 
 and silver, together with the exclusive right of all its commerce for the 
 period of fifteen years. The patent or grant of Louis to M. Crozat is 
 an interesting document, not only because it passed the title of the 
 Mississippi valley into the hands of one man, but for the reason that it 
 embraces a part of the history of the country ceded. We, therefore, 
 quote the most valuable part of it. The instrument bears date Sep- 
 tember 12th, 1712 : 
 
 " Louis (the fourteenth). King of France and Navarre ; To all who 
 shall see these presents, greeting : The care we have always had to 
 procure the welfare and advantage of our subjects, having induced us, 
 notwithstanding the almost continual wars which we have been en- 
 gaged to support from the beginning of our reign, to seek all possible 
 opportunities of enlarging and extending the trade of our American 
 
^2 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 colonies, we did, in the year 1683, give our orders to undertake a dis- 
 covery of the countries and lands which are situated in the northern 
 parts of America, between New France (Canada) and New Mexico. 
 And the Sieur de La Salle, to whom we committed that enterprise, 
 having had success enough to confirm the belief that a communication 
 might be settled from New France to the Gulf of Mexico by means of 
 large rivers ; this obliged us, immediately after the peace Of Kyewick 
 (in 1697), to give orders for the establishment of a colony there (under 
 Iberville in 1699), and maintaining a garrison, which has kept and 
 preserved the possession we had taken in the year 1683, of the lands, 
 coasts and islands which are situated in the Gulf of Mexico, between 
 Carolina on the east, and old and New Mexico on the west. But a 
 new war breaking out in Europe shortly after, there was no possi- 
 bility till now of reaping from that new colony the advantages that 
 might have been expected from thence ; because the private men who 
 are concerned in the sea trade were all under engagements with the 
 other colonies, which they have been obliged to follow. And where- 
 as, upon the information we have received concerning the disposition 
 and situation of the said countries, known at present by the name of 
 the province of Louisiana, we are of opinion that there may be estab- 
 lished therein a considerable commerce, so much the more advan- 
 tageous to our kingdom in that there has been hitherto a necessity of 
 fetching from foreigners the greatest part of the commodities that may 
 be brought from thence ; and because in exchange thereof we need 
 carry thither nothing but the commodities of the growth and manu- 
 facture of our own kingdom ; we have resolved to grant the com- 
 merce of the country of Louisiana to the Sieur Anthony Crozat, 
 our counsellor, secretary of the household, crown and revenue, to 
 whom we intrust the execution of this project. "We are the more 
 readily inclined thereto because of his zeal and the singular knowledge 
 he has acquired of maritime commerce, encourages us to hope for as 
 good success as he has hitherto had in the divers and sundry enter- 
 prises he has gone upon, and which have procured to our kingdom great 
 quantities of gold and silver in such conjectures as have rendered them 
 very welcome to us. For these reasons, being desirous to show our 
 favor to him, and to regulate the conditions upon which we mean to 
 grant him the said commerce, after having deliberated the affair in our 
 council, of our own certain knowledge, full power and royal authority, 
 we by these presents, signed by our hand, have appointed and do ap- 
 point the said Sieur Crozat to carry on a trade in all the lands pos- 
 sessed by us, and bounded by New Mexico and by the English of Caroli- 
 na, all the establishments, ports, havens, rivers, and particularly the port 
 
LOUISIANA GKANTED TO CROZAT. 95 
 
 and haven of Isle Dauphin, heretofore called Massacre ; the river St. 
 Louis, heretofore called Mississippi, from the edge of the sea as far as- 
 the Illinois,* together with the river St. Philip, heretofore called Mis- 
 souris, and St. Jerome, heretofore called the Ouabache (the Wabash), 
 with all the countries, territories, lakes within land, and the rivers which 
 fall directly or indirectly into that part of the river St. Louis. Our 
 pleasure is, that all the aforesaid lands, countries, streams, rivers and 
 islands, be and remain comprised under the name of the Goveenment 
 OF Louisiana, which shall be dependent upon the general government 
 of New France, to which it is subordinate." 
 
 Crozat was permitted to search and open mines, and to pay the 
 king one-fifth part of all the gold and silver developed. Work in de- 
 veloping the mines was to be begun in three years, under penalty of 
 forfeiture. Crozat was required to send at least two vessels annually 
 from France to sustain the colonies already established, and for the 
 maintenance of trade. 
 
 The next year, 1713, there were, within the limits of Crozat's vast 
 grant, not more than four hundred persons of European descent. 
 
 Crozat himself did little to increase the colony, the time of his 
 subordinates being spent in roaming over the country in search of the 
 precious metals. He became wearied at the end of three years spent 
 in profitless adventures, and, in 171 Y, surrendered his grant back to the 
 crown. In August of the same year the French king turned Louis- 
 iana over to the " Western Company," or the " Mississippi Company," 
 subsequently called "The Company of the Indies," at whose head 
 stood the famous Scotch banker, John Law. The rights ceded to Law's 
 company were as broad as the grant to Crozat. Law was an infla- 
 tionist, believing that wealth could be created without limit by the 
 mere issuing of paper money, and his wild schemes of finance were 
 the most ruinous that ever deluded and bankrupted a confiding people. 
 Louisiana, with its real and undeveloped wealth a hundred times mag- 
 
 * The expression, " as far as the Illinois," did not refer to the river of that name, 
 but to the country generally, on both sides of the Mississippi, above the mouth of the 
 Ohio, which, under both the French and Spanish governments was denominated "the 
 country of the Illinois," and this designation appeared in all their records and official 
 letters. For example, letters, deeds, and other official documents bore date, respect- 
 ively, at Kaskaskia, of the Illinois; St. Louis, of the Illinois; St. Charles, of the Illi- 
 nois; not to identify the village where such instruments were executed merely, but to 
 denote the country in which these villages were situated. Therefore, the monopoly of 
 Crozat, by the terms of his patent, extended to the utmost limit of Louisiana, north- 
 ward, which, by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713, was fixed at the 49th° of latitude; vide 
 Stoddard's " Sketches of Louisiana," Brackenridge's "Views of Louisiana." From 
 the year 1700 until some time subsequent to the conquest of the country by the British, 
 in 1763, a letter or document executed anywhere within the present limits of the states 
 of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, or Missouri, would have borne the superscription oi "Les 
 Illinoix," or "the Illinois." 
 
M HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 nilied, became the basis of a fictitious value, on which an enormous 
 volume of stock, cdnvertible into paper money, was issued. The stock 
 rose in the market like a balloon, and chamber-maids, alike with 
 wealthy ladies, barbers and bankers,— indeed, the whole French peo- 
 ple, — gazing at the ascending phenomenon, grew mad with the desire 
 for speedy wealth. The French debt was paid off ; the depleted treasury 
 filled ; poor men and women were made rich in a few days by the con- 
 stantly advancing value of the stocks of the " Company of the West." 
 Confidence in the ultimate wealth of Louisiana was all that was re- 
 quired, and this was given to a degree that would not now be credited 
 as true, were not the facts beyond dispute. 
 
 After awhile the balloon exploded; people began to doubt; they 
 realized that mere confidence was not solid value; stocks declined; 
 they awoke to a sorrowful contemplation of their delusion and ruin. 
 Law, from the summit of his glory as a financier, fell into ignominy, 
 and to escape bodily harm fled the country ; and Louisiana, from be- 
 ing the source of untold wealth, sunk into utter ruin and contempt. 
 
 It should be said to the credit of " the company " that they made 
 some efforts toward the cultivation of the soil. The. growth of tobacco, 
 sugar, rice and indigo was encouraged. Negroes were imported to till 
 the soil. New Orleans was laid out in 1718, and the seat of govern- 
 ment of lower Louisiana subsequently established there. A settlement 
 was made about Natchez. A large number of German emigrants were 
 located on the Mississippi, from whom a portion of the Mississippi has 
 ever since been known as the " German coast." The French settle- 
 ments at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, begun, as appears from most authen- 
 tic accounts, about the year 1700, — certainly not later, — were largely 
 increased by emigration from Canada and France. In the year 1718 
 the " Company of the West " erected a fortification near Kaskaskia, and 
 named it Fort Chartes, having a charter from the crown so to do. It 
 is situated in the northwest corner of Randolph county, Illinois, on the 
 American bottom. It was garrisoned with a small number of soldiers, 
 and was made the seat of government of " the Illinois." Under the 
 mild government of the " Company," the Illinois marked a steady 
 prosperity, and Fort Chartes became the center of business, fashion and 
 gaiety of all " the Illinois country." In 1756 the fort was reconstruct- 
 ed, this time with solid stone. Its shape was an irregular quadrangle, 
 the exterior sides of the polygon being four hundred and ninety feet, 
 and the walls were two feet two inches thick, pierced with port-holes 
 for cannon. The walls of the fort were eighteen feet high, and con- 
 tained within, guard houses, government house, barracks, powder 
 house, bake house, prison and store room. A very minute description 
 
FOKT CHAKTES. 95 
 
 is given of the whole structure within and without in the minutes of 
 its surrender, October 10, 1765, by Louis St. Ange de Belrive, captain 
 of infantry and commandant, and Joseph Le Febvre, the king's store- 
 keeper and acting commissary of the fort, to Mr. Sterling, deputed by 
 Mr. De Gage (Gage), governor of New York and commander of His 
 Majesty's troops in America, to receive possession of the fort and coun- 
 try from the French, according to the seventeenth article of the treaty 
 of peace, concluded on the 10th of February, 1763, between the kings 
 of France and Great Britain.* Fort Chartes was the strongest and 
 most elaborately constructed of any of the French works of defense in 
 America. Here the intendants and several commandants in charge^ 
 whose will was law, governed " the Illinois," administered justice to 
 its inhabitants, and settled up estates of deceased persons, for nearly 
 half a century. From this place the English commandants governed 
 " the Illinois," some of them with great injustice and severity, from 
 the time of its surrender, in 1765, to 1772, when a great flood inun- 
 dated the American Bottom, and the Mississippi cut a new channel So 
 near the fort that the wall and two bastions on the west side were un- 
 dermined and fell into the river. The British garrison then abandoned- 
 it, and their headquarters were afterward at Kaskaskia. 
 
 Dr. Beck, while collecting material for his "Gazetteer of Illinois 
 and Missouri," in 1820, visited the ruins of old Fort Chartes. At that 
 time enough remained to show the size and strength of this remarkable 
 fortification. Trees over two feet in diameter were growing within its 
 walls. The ruin is in a dense forest, hidden in a tangle of under- 
 growth, furnishing a sad memento of the efibrts and blasted hopes of 
 La Belle France to colonize "Zes Ulinoix." 
 
 * The articles of surrender are given at length in the Paris Documents, vol. 10, 
 pp. 1161 to 1166. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 SURRENDER OF LOUISIANA BY THE INDIES COMPANY-EARLY ROUTES. 
 
 In 1731 the company of the Indies surrendered to France, Louisiana, 
 with its forts, colonies and plantations, and from this period forward to 
 the time of the conquest by Great Britain and the Anglo-American 
 colonies, Louisiana was governed through officers appointed by the 
 
 crown 
 
 We have shown how, when and where colonies were permanently 
 established by the French in Canada, about Kaskaskia, and in Lower 
 Louisiana. It is not within the scope of our inquiries to follow these 
 settlements of the French in their subsequent development, but rather 
 now to show how the establishments of the French along the lakes 
 and near the gulf communicated with each other, and the routes of 
 travel by which they were connected. 
 
 The convenient way between Quebec and the several villages in the 
 vicinity of Kaskaskia was around the lakes and down the Illinois 
 River, either by way of the St. Joseph Eiver and the Kankakee port- 
 age or through Chicago Creek and the Des Plaines. The long winters 
 and severe climate on the St. Lawrence made it desirable for many 
 people to abandon Canada for . the more genial latitudes of southern 
 Illinois, and the still warmer regions of Louisiana, where snows were 
 unknown and flowers grew the year round. It only required the pro- 
 tection of a fort or other military safeguards to induce the Canadians 
 to change their homes from Canada to more favorable localities 
 southward. 
 
 The most feasible route between Canada and the Lower Mississippi 
 settlements was by the Ohio Eiver. This communication, howev6r, 
 was effectually barred against the French. The Iroquois Indians, from 
 the time of Champlain, were allies, first of the Dutch and then of the 
 English, and the implacable enemies of the French. The upper waters 
 of the Ohio were within the acknowledged territory of the Iroquois, 
 whose possessions extended westward of New York and Pennsylvania 
 well toward the Scioto. The Ohio below Pittsburgh was, also, in the 
 debatable ground of the Miamis northward, and Chickasaws south- 
 ward. These nations were warring upon each other continually, and 
 
 96 
 
THE MAUMEE AKD WABASH ROUTE. 97 
 
 the country for many -miles beyond either bank of the Ohio was 
 infested with war parties of the contending tribes.* 
 
 There were no Indian villages near the Ohio River at the period 
 concerning which we now write. Subsequent to this the Shawnees and 
 Delawares, previously subdued by the Iroquois, were permitted by the 
 latter to establish their towns near the confluence of the Scioto, Mus- 
 kingum and other streams. The valley of the Ohio was within the 
 confines of the " dark and bloody ground." Were a voyager to see 
 smoke ascending above the forest line he would know it was from the 
 camp fire of an enemy, and to be a place of danger. It would indi- 
 cate the presence of a hunting or war party. If they had been suc- 
 cessful they would celebrate the event by the destruction of whoever 
 would commit himself to their hands, and if unfortunate in the chase 
 or on the war-path, disappointment would give a sharper edge to their 
 cruelty, f 
 
 The next and more reliable route was that afforded by the Maumee 
 and "Wabash, laying within the territory of tribes friendly to the 
 French. The importance of this route was noticed by La Salle, in his 
 letter to Count Frontenac, in 1683, before quoted. La Salle says: "There 
 is a river at the extremity of Lake Erie,:]: within ten leagues of the 
 strait (Detroit Kiver), which will very much shorten the way to the 
 Illinois, it being navigable for canoes to within two leagues of their 
 river." § As early as 1699, Mons. De Iberville conducted a colony of 
 Canadians from Quebec to Louisiana, by way of the Maumee and "Wa- 
 bash. " These were followed by other families, under the leadership 
 of M. Du Tessenet. Emigrants came by land, first ascending the St. 
 Lawrence to Lake Erie, then ascending a river emptying into that lake 
 to the portage oi Des Miami? ; their effects being thence transported 
 to the river Miamis, where pirogues, constructed out of a single tree, 
 and large enough to contain thirty persons, were built, with which the 
 voyage down the Mississippi was prosecuted." || -This memoir corre- 
 sponds remarkably well with the claim of Little Turtle, in his speech 
 to Gen. "Wayne, concerning the antiquity of the title, in his tribe, to 
 the portage of the "Wabash at Fort "Wayne. It also illustrates the 
 fact that among the first French settlers in lower Louisiana were 
 
 * A Miami chief said that his nation had no tradition of " a time when they were 
 not at war with the Chickasaws." 
 
 t General William H. Harrison's Address before the Historical Society of Cin- 
 cinnati. 
 
 t The Maumee. 
 
 {Meaning the Wabash. 
 Extract taken from a memoir, showing that the first establishments in Louisiana 
 were at Mobile, etc., the original manuscript being among the archives in the depart- 
 ment " De la Marine et Des Colonies," in Paris, France. 
 7 
 
98 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 those who found their way thither through the " glorious gate,'' be- 
 longing to the Miamis, connecting the Maumee and Wabash. 
 
 Originally, the Maumee was known to the French as the " Miami," 
 " Oumiami," or the " Eiver of the Miamis," from the fact that bands 
 of this tribe of Indians had villages upon its banks. It was also called 
 " Ottawa," or " Tawwa," which is a contraction of the word Ottawa, 
 as families of this tribe "resided on this river from time immemorial." 
 The Shawnee Indian name is " Ottawa-sepe," that is " Ottawa Eiver." 
 By the Hurons, or "Wyandots, it was called " Cagh-a-ren-du-te," the 
 " Eiver of the Standing Eock." * Lewis Evans, whose map was pub- 
 lished in 1755, and which is, perhaps, the first English map issued of 
 the territory lying north and west of the Ohio Eiver, lays down the 
 Miami as " Mine-a-mi," a way the Pennsylvania Indian traders had of 
 pronouncing the word Miami. In 1703, Mons. Cadillac, the French 
 commandant at Detroit, in his application for a grant of land six 
 leagues in breadth on either side of the Maumee, upon which he pro- 
 posed to propagate silk-worms, refers to the river as " Grand Eiver " f 
 As early as 1718 it is mentioned as the " Miamis Eiver,":]: and- it bore 
 this name more generally than that of any other from 1718 to a pe- 
 riod subsequent to the War of 1812. Capt, Eobert M'Afee, who was 
 in the various campaigns up and down the Maumee dunng the War 
 of 1812, and whose history of this war, published at Lexington, Ky., 
 in 1816, gives the most authentic account of the military movements 
 in this quarter, makes frequent mention of the river by the name of 
 " Miami," occasionally designating it as the " Miami of the Lake." 
 
 Gen. Joseph Harmar, in his report of the military expedition con- 
 ducted by him to Fort Wayne, in October, 1790, calls the Miami the 
 "Omee." He says: "As there are three Miamis in the northwestern 
 territory, all bearing the name of Miami, I shall in the future, for dis- 
 tinction's sake, when speaking of the Miami of the Lake, call it the 
 ' Omee,' and its towns the Omee Towns. By this name they are best 
 known on the frontier. It is only, however, one of the many corrup- 
 tions or contractions universally used among the French- Americans in 
 pronouncing Indian names. 'Au-Mi,' for instance, is the contraction 
 for 'Au Miami.' " § 
 
 The habit of the " Coureur de Bois " and others using the mongrel 
 language of the border Canadians, as well, also, the custom prevailing 
 
 * "Account of the Present State of Indian Tribes, etc., Inhabiting Ohio." By John 
 Johnson, Indian Agent, June 17, 1819. Published in vol. 1 of Archseologia Amencana. 
 
 t Sheldon s History of Michigan, p. 108. 
 
 t Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 886 and 891. 
 ._Q J *^^?;.Harinar'a official letter to the Secretary of War, under date of November 23. 
 1790, pubhshed m the American State Papers. 
 
OKIGIN OF THE NAME MAUMEE. 99 
 
 among this class of persons in giving nicknames to rivers and locali- 
 ties, has involved other observers besides Gen. Harmar in the same 
 perplexity. Thomas Hatchins, the American geographer, and Capt. 
 Harry Gordon visited Kaskaskia and the adjacent territory subsequent 
 to the conquest of the northwest territory from the French, and be- 
 came hopelessly entangled in the contractions and epithets applied to 
 the surrounding villages on both sides of the Mississippi. Kaskaskia 
 was abbreviated to ^^Au-has" and St. Louis nicknamed " Pain Court " 
 — Short Bread; Carondelet was called ^'■Vide Pouche" — Empty 
 Pocket; Ste. Genevieve was called "Missier" — Misery. The Kas- 
 kaskia, after being shortened to Au-kaus, pronounced "Okau," has 
 been further corrupted to Okaw, and at this day we have the singu- 
 lar contradiction of the ancient Kaskaskia being called Kaskaskia near 
 its mouth and " Okaw " at its source. 
 
 The Miamis, or bands of their tribe, had villages in order of time ; 
 first on the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, then upon the Maumee ; after 
 this, 1750, they, with factions of other tribes who had become disaflfiected 
 toward the French, established a mixed village upon the stream now 
 known as the Great Miami, which empties into the Ohio, and in this way 
 the name of Miami has been transferred, successively, from the St. Jo- 
 seph to the Miami, and from the latter to the present Miami, with 
 which it has become permanently identified,* The Miamis were, also, 
 called the " Mau-mees," — this manner of spelling growing out of one 
 of the several methods of pronouncing the word Miami — and it is 
 doubtless from this source that the name of Maumee is derived.f 
 
 In this connection we may note the fact that the St. Marys and the 
 Au-glaize were named by the Shawnee Indians, as follows : The first 
 was called by this tribe, who had several villages upon its banks, the 
 "" Go-kothe-ke-sepe," Kettle River; and the Aiiglaize "Cow -then -e- 
 te-sepe," or Fallen Timber River. These aboriginal names are given 
 by Mr. John Johnson, in his published account of the Indian tribes 
 before referred to.^: 
 
 We will now give a derivation of the name of the Wabash, which 
 has been the result of an examination of a number of authorities. 
 Early French writers have spelled the word in various ways, each en- 
 deavoring, with more or less success, to represent the name as the sev- 
 
 *The aboriginal name of the Great Miami was "Assin-erient," or Rocky River, 
 from the word Assin, or Ussin, the Algonquin appellation for stone or stony. Lewis 
 Evan's map of 1755. 
 
 tin an official letter of Gen. Harrison to the Secretary of War, dated March 22, 
 1814, the name " Miamis " and "Maumees " are given as synonymous terms, referring 
 to the same tribe. 
 
 i Mr. Johnson had charge of the Indian affairs in Ohio for many years, and was 
 especially acquainted with the Shawnees and their language. 
 
100 HISTORIC KOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 eral Algonquin tribes pronounced it. First, we have Father Marquette's 
 orthography, " Oua-bous-kigou ; " and by later French authorities it i& 
 spelled " Abache," " Ouabache," " Oubashe," " Oubache," " Oubash," 
 "Oubask," "Oubache," "Wabascou," ""Wabache," and "Waubache." 
 It should be borne in mind that the French alphabet does not contain 
 the letter W, and that the diphthong " ou " with the French has nearly 
 the same sound as the letter W of the English alphabet. The Jesuits 
 sometimes used a character much like the figure 8, which is a Greek 
 contraction formulated by them, to represent a peculiar guttural sound 
 among the Indians, and which we often, though imperfectly, represent 
 by the letter W, or Wau.* 
 
 That Wabash is an Indian name, and was early applied to the stream 
 that now bears this name, is clearly established by Father Gravier. 
 This missionary descended the Mississippi in the year 1700, and speak- 
 ing of the Ohio and its tributaries, says : " Three branches are assigned 
 to it, one that comes from the northwest (the "Wabash), passing 
 behind the country of the Oumiamis, called the St. Joseph,f which 
 the Indians properly call the Ouabaehei; the second comes from the 
 Iroquois (whose country included the head-waters of the Ohio), 
 and is called the Ohio ; and the third, which comes from the Chaou- 
 anona:]: (Shawnees). And all of them uniting to empty into the Mis- 
 sissippi, it is commonly called Ouabachi." § 
 
 In the variety of manner in which Wabash is spelled in the exam- 
 ples given above, we clearly trace the Waw-Msh-kaw, of the Ojibe- 
 ways; the WaMsca (pronounced Wa-bis-sa) of the modern Algon- 
 quin ; Wau-bisk of the Menominees, and Wa-bi of the ancient Algon- 
 quins, words which with all these kindred tongues mean WMte.\\ 
 
 Therefore the aboriginal of Wabash (Sepe) should be rendered 
 White River. This theory is supported by Lewis Evans, who for many 
 years was a trader among the Indians, inhabiting the country drained 
 by the Wabash and its tributary waters. The extensive knowledge 
 which he acquired in his travels westward of the Alleghanies resulted 
 
 * Shea's Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi, p. 41, foot-note. For 
 example, we find in the Journal of Marquette, 8ab8kig8, for Wabash. The same man- 
 ner of spelling is also observed in names, as written by other missionajies, where they 
 design to represent the sound of the French " ou," or the English W. 
 
 t.Probably a mistake of the copyist, and which should be the St. Jerome, a name 
 given by the French to the "Wabash, as we have seen in the extracts taken from Crozat's 
 grant. Dr. Shea has pointed out numerous mistakes made by the copyist of the man- 
 uscripts from which the " Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi " are composed. 
 
 t The Tennessee. 
 
 § Father Gravier's Journal in Dr. Shea's Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi, 
 pp. 130, 121. 
 
 1 The several aboriginal names for white, which we have given above, are taken 
 from the vocabularies of Mackenzie, Dr. Ewin James and Albert Grallatin, which are 
 regarded as standard authorities. 
 
OEIGIK OF THE NAME WABASH. 101 
 
 in his publishing, in 1755, a map, accompanied with an extended de- 
 scription of the territory it embraced. In describing the "Wabash, Mr. 
 Evans calls it by the name the Iroquois Indians had given it, viz : the 
 " Quia-agh-tena," and says " it is called by the French Ouabach, though 
 that is truly the name of its southeastern branch." "Why the "White 
 Bivgr, of Indiana, which is the principal southeastern branch of the 
 "Wabash, should have been invested with the English meaning of the 
 word, and the aboriginal name should have been retained by the river 
 to which it has always properly belonged, is easily explained, when we 
 consider the ignorance and carelessness of many of the early travelers, 
 whose writings, coming down to us, have tended to confuse rather than 
 laid the investigations of the modern historian. The Ohio River helow 
 the confluence of the "Wabash is designated as the "Wabash by a majority 
 -of the early French writers, and so laid down on many of the contem- 
 poraneous maps. This was, probably, due to the fact that the "Wabash 
 was known and used before the Ohio had been explored to its mouth. 
 So fixed has become th^ habit of calling the united waters of these two 
 streams "Wabash, from their union continuously to their discharge into 
 the Mississippi, that the custom prevailed long after a better knowledge 
 -of the geography of the country suggested the propriety of its aban- 
 donment. Even after the French of Canada accepted the change, and 
 treated the Ohio as the main river and the "Wabash as the tributary, the 
 French of Louisiana adhered to the old name. 
 
 "We quote from M. Le Page Du Pratz' History of Louisiana : * 
 " Let us now repass the Mississippi in order to resume a description of 
 the lands to the east, which we quit at the river 'Woihash. This river 
 is distant from the sea four hundred and sixty leagues ; it is reckoned 
 to have four hundred leagues in length from its source to its conflu- 
 ence with the Mississippi. It is called "Wabash, though, according to 
 the usual method, it ought to be called the Ohio, or Beautiful Eiver,f 
 seeing the Ohio was known under that name before its confluence 
 was known; and as the Ohio takes its rise at a greater distance off 
 than the three others which mix together before they empty them- 
 selves into the Mississippi, this should make the others lose their 
 
 *The author was for sixteen years a planter of Louisiana, having gone thither from 
 Prance soon after the Company of the West or Indes restored the country to the crown. 
 He was a gentleman of superior attainments, and soon acquired a thorough knowledge 
 of the French possessions m America. He returned to France, and in 1758 published 
 his "History of Louisiana," with maps, which, in 1763, was translated into English. 
 These volumes are largely devoted to the experience of the author in the cultivation of 
 rice, indigo, sugar and other products congenial to the climate and soil of Louisiana, 
 and to quite an extended topographical description of the whole Mississippi Valley. , 
 
 tThe Iroquois' name for the Ohio was " 0-io" meaning beautiful, and the French 
 retained the signification in the name of "La Belle Rioiere," by which the Ohio was 
 bnown to them. 
 
102 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 names; but custom has prevailed in this respect. The first known 
 to us which falls into the Ohio is that of the Miamis (Wabash), which 
 takes its rise toward Lake Erie. It is by this river of the Miamis that 
 the Canadians come to Louisiana. For this purpose they embark on 
 the Kiver St. Lawrence, go up this river, pass the cataracts quite to 
 the bottom of Lake Erie, where they find a small river, on which they 
 also go up to a place called the carriage of the Miamis, because that 
 people come and take their effects and carry them on their backs for 
 two leagues from thence to the banks of the river of their name which ■ 
 I just said empties itself into the Ohio. From thence the Canadians 
 go down that river, enter the "Wabash, and at last the Mississippi, 
 which brings them to New Orleans, the capital of Louisiana. They 
 reckon eighteen hundred leagues from the capital of Canada to that 
 of Louisiana, on account of the great turns and windings they are 
 obliged to take. The river of the Miamis is thus the first to the north 
 which falls into the Ohio, then that of the Chaouanons to the south, 
 and lastly, that of the Cherokee, all which together empty themselves 
 into the Mississippi. This is what we (in Louisiana) call the Wabash, 
 and what in Canada and New England is called the Ohio." * 
 
 A failure to recognize the fact that the Ohio below the mouth of the 
 Wabash was, for a period of over half a century, known to the French 
 as the Wabash, has led not a few later writers to erroneously locate 
 ancient French forts and missionary stations upon the banks of the 
 Wkbash, which were in reality situated many miles below, on the Ohio.f 
 
 * On the map prefixed to Du Pratz' history, the Ohio from the Mississippi up to 
 the confluence of the Wabash is called the " Wabash "; above this the Ohio is called 
 Ohio, and the Wabash is called "The River of the Miamis," with villages of that 
 tribe noted near its source. The Maumee is called the "River of the Carrying Place." 
 The Upper Mississippi, the Illinois River and the lakes are also laid down, and, alto- 
 gether, the map is quite accurate. 
 
 t A noticeable instance of such a mistake will be found relative to the city of Vin- 
 cennes. On the authority of LaHarpe, and the later histoirian Charlevoix, the French 
 in the year 1700, established a trading post near the mouth of the Ohio, on the site of 
 the more modern Fort Massac, in Massac county, 111., for the purpose of securing 
 buffalo hides. The neighboring Mascotins, as was customary with the Indians, soon 
 gathered about for the purpose of barter. Their numbers, as well as the expressed 
 wish of the French traders, induced Father Merment to visit the place and engage in 
 mission work. At the end of four or five years, in 1705, the establishment was broken 
 up on account of a quarrel of the Indians among themselves, and which so threatened 
 the lives of the Frenchmen that the latter fled, leaving behind their effects and 13,000 
 buffalo hides which they had collected. Some years later Father Marest, writing from 
 KaskasMa, in his letter before referred to, relates the failure of Father Merment to 
 convert the Indians at this " post on the Wabash " ; and on the authority of this letter 
 alone, and although Father Marest only followed the prevailing style in calling the 
 lower Ohio the AVabash, some writers, the late Judge John Law bemg the first, have 
 contended that this post was on the Wabash and at Vincennes. Charlevoix says " it 
 was at the mouth of the Wabash which discharges itself into the Mississippi." La 
 Harpe, and also Le Suere, whose personal knowledge of the post was contemporaneous 
 with its existence, definitely fix its position near the mouth of the Ohio. The latter 
 
 fives the date of its beginning, and the former narrates an account of its trade and 
 nal abandonment. In this way an antiquity has been claimed for Vincennes to which. 
 it is not historically entitled. 
 
EARLY ACCOUNT OF THE MAUMEE. 103 
 
 "We now give a description of the Maumee and "Wabash, the location 
 of the several Indian villages, and the manners of their inhabitants, 
 taken from a memoir prepared in 1718 by a French oflficer in Canada, 
 and sent to the minister at Paris.* 
 
 " I return to the Miamis River. Its entrance from Lake Erie is 
 very wide, and its banks on both sides, for a distance of ten leagues 
 up, are nothing but continued swamps, abounding at all times, espe- 
 cially in the spring, with game without end, swans, geese, ducks, cranes, 
 etc., which drive sleep away by the noise of their cries. This river is 
 sixty leagues in length, very embarrassing in summer in consequence 
 of the lowness of the water. Thirty leagues up the river is a place 
 called La 6laise,\ where buifalo are always to be found ; they eat the 
 clay and wallow in it. The Miamis are sixty leagues from Lake Erie, 
 and number four hundred, all well formed men, and well tattooed ;:|: 
 the women are numerous. They are hard working, and raise a species 
 of maize unlike that of our Indians at Detroit. It is white, of the 
 same size as the other, the skin much finer, and the meal much whiter. 
 This nation is clad in deer skin, and when a woman goes with another 
 man her husband cuts off her nose and does not see her any more. 
 They have plays and dances, wherefore they have more occupation. 
 The women are well clothed ; but the men use scarcely any covering, 
 and are tattooed all over the body. 
 
 "From this Miami village there is a portage of three leagues to a 
 little and very narrow stream,§ that falls, after a course of twenty 
 leagues, into the Ohio or B.eautiful Eiver, which discharges into the 
 Ouabache, a fine river that falls into the Mississippi forty leagues from 
 the Cascachias. Into the Ouabache falls also the Casquinampo, || which 
 communicates with Carolina ; but this is far off, and is always up 
 stream. 
 
 " The Eiver Ouabache is the one on which the Ouyatanons Tf are 
 settled. 
 
 " They consist of five villages, which are contiguous the one to the 
 other. One is called Oujatanon, the other Peanguichias,** and another 
 
 *The document is quite lengthy, covering all the principal places and Indian tribes 
 east of the Mississippi, and showing the compiler possessed a very thorough acquaint- 
 ance with the whole subject. It is given entire in the Paris Documents, vol. 9; that 
 relating to the Maumee and Wabash on pages 886 to 891. 
 
 t Defiance, Ohio. 
 
 % These villages were near the confluence of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph, and 
 this is the first account we have of the present site of Fort Wayne. 
 
 8 Little River, that empties into the Wabash just below Huntington. 
 
 I The Tennessee River. 
 
 if The "Weas," whose principal villages were near the mouth of Eel River, near 
 Logansport, and on the Wea prairie, between Attica and La Fayette. 
 
 ** The ancient Piankashaw town was on the Vermilion of the Wabash, and the 
 Miami name of the Vermilion was Piankashaw. 
 
104 HISTORIC NOTES OX THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Petitseotias, and a fourth Le Gros. The name of the last I do not 
 recollect, but they are all Oujatanous, having the same language as the 
 Miamis, whose brothers they are, and properly all Miamis, having the 
 same customs and dress.* The men are very numerous; ftilly a 
 thousand or twelve hundred. 
 
 " They have a custom different from all other nations, which is to 
 keep their fort extremely clean, not allowing a blade of grass to remain 
 within it. The whole of the fort is sanded like the Tuilleries. The 
 village is situated on a high hill, and they have over two leagues of 
 improvement where they raise their Indian corn, pumpkins and 
 melons. From the summit of this elevation nothing is visible to the 
 eye but prairies full of buffaloes. Their play and dancing are inces- 
 sant.f 
 
 "All of these tribes use a vast quantity of vermilion. The women 
 wear clothing, the men very little. The Eiver Ohio, or Beautiful river, 
 is the route which the Iroquois take. It would be of importance that 
 they should not have such intercourse, as it is very dangerous. Atten- 
 tion has been called to this matter long since, but no notice has been 
 taken of it." 
 
 *The "Le Gros," that is, The Great (village), was probably "Chip-pe-co-ke," or 
 the town of "Brash-wood," the name of the old village at Vincennes, which was the 
 principal city of the Piankashaws. 
 
 t The village here described is Ouatanon, which was situated a few miles below 
 sf f ^y.^'**' near which, though on the opposite or north bank of the Wabash, the 
 Stockade Fort of "Ouatanon" was established by the French. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 ABORIGINAL INHABITANTS— THE SEVERAL ILLINOIS TRIBES. 
 
 The Indians who lived in and claimed the territory to which our 
 attention is directed were the several tribes of the Illinois and Miami 
 confederacies, — the Pottawatomies, the Kickapoos and scattered bands 
 of Shawnees and Delawares. Their title to the soil had to be extin- 
 guished by conquest or treatise of purchase before the country could 
 be settled by a higher civilization ; for the habits of the two races, red 
 and white, were so radically different that there could be no fusion, arid 
 they could not, or rather did not, live either happily or at peace 
 together. 
 
 We proceed to treat of these several tribes, observing the order in 
 which their names have been mentioned ; and we do so in this coh- 
 nection for the reason that it will aid toward a more ready under- 
 standing of the subjects which are to follow. 
 
 The Illinois were a subdivision of the great Algonquin family. 
 Their language and manners differed somewhat from other surround- 
 ing tribes, and resembled most the Miamis, with whom they originally 
 bore a very close affinity. Before Joliet and Marquette's voyage to the 
 Mississippi, all of the Indians who came from the south to the mission 
 at La Pointe, on Lake Superior, for the purposes of barter, were by the 
 French called Illinois, for the reason that the jwst Indians who came 
 to La Pointe from the south " called themselves lUinoisP * 
 
 In the Jesuit Relations the name Illinois appears as " Illi-mouek," 
 "Illinoues," " Ill-i-ne-wek," " Allin-i-wek " and " Lin-i-wek." By 
 Father Marquette it is "Ilinois," and Hennepin has it the same as it 
 is at the present day. The ois was pronounced like our wa/ij, so that 
 ouai, ois, weTc and oueh were almost identical in pronunciation.f 
 "Willinis" is Lewis Evans' orthography. Major Thomas Forsyth, 
 who for many years was a trader and Indian agent in the territory, and 
 subsequently the state, of Illinois, says the Confederation of Illinois 
 
 * As we have given the name of Ottawas to all the savages of these countries, al- 
 though of different nations, because the first who have appeared among the French 
 have been Ottawas; so also it is with the name of the Illinois, very numerous, and 
 dwelling toward the south, because the first who have come to the " point of the Holy 
 Ghost for commerce called themselves Illinois." — Father Claude Dablon, in the Jesuit 
 Relations for 1670, 1671. 
 
 t Note by Dr. Shea in the article entitled " The Indian Tribes of Wisconsin," fur- 
 nished by him for the Historical Society of Wisconsin, and published in Vol. Ill (A 
 their collections, p. 128. 
 
106 HISTORIC NOTES OK THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 " called themselves Linneway" — which is almost identical with the 
 Lin-i-wek of the Jesuits, having a regard for its proper pronuncia- 
 tion, — " and that by others they were called Minneway, signifying men," 
 and that their confederacy embraced the combined Illinois and Miami 
 tribes ; " that all these different bands of the Minneway nation spoke 
 the language of the present Miamis, and the whole considered them- 
 selves as one and the same people, yet from their local situation, and 
 having no standard to go by, their language became broken up into 
 different dialects." * They were by the Iroquois called ^^ Chick-tagh-. 
 ichsy 
 
 Many theories have been advanced and much fine speculation in- 
 dulged in concerning the origin and meaning of the word Illinois. 
 We have seen that the Illinois first made themselves known to the 
 French by that name, and we have never had a better signification of 
 the name than that which the Illinois themselves gave to Fathers Mar- 
 quette and Hennepin. The former, in his narrative journal, observes : 
 " To say Illinois is, in their language, to say ' the men,' as if other 
 Indians, compared to them, were mere beasts." f " The word Illinois 
 signifies a man of full age in the vigor of his strength. This word Illi- 
 nois comes, as it has already been observed, from Illini, which in the 
 language of that nation signifies a perfect and accomplished man." \. 
 
 Subsequently the name Illini, Linneway, "Willinis or Illinois, with 
 more propriety became limited to a confederacy, at first composed of 
 four subdivisions, known as the Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Tamaroas and 
 Peorias. Not many years before the discovery of the Mississippi by 
 the French, a foreign tribe, the Metchigamis, nearly destroyed by wars 
 with the Sacs to the north and the Chickasaws to the south, to save 
 themselves from annihilation appealed to the Kaskaskias for admission 
 into their confederacy.! The request was granted, and the Metchiga- 
 mis left their homes on the Osage river and established their villages 
 on the St. Francis, within the limits of the present State of Missouri 
 and below the mouth of the Kaskaskia. 
 
 The subdivision of the Illinois proper into cantons, as the French 
 writers denominate the families or villages of a nation, like that of 
 other tribes was never very distinct. There were no villages exclu- 
 sively for a separate branch of the tribe. Owing to intermarriage, 
 adoption and other processes familiar to modern civilization, the sub- 
 
 * 
 
 ! W^ of Black-Hawk, by Benjamin Drake, seventh edition, pp. 16 and 17 
 t Shea s Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, p 25 
 tffennepm's Discovery of America, pp. 35 and 119, London edition, 1698. 
 
 «1 J V rl??"'^- ' . Nai-ratije Journal '_^tol. II, p. 228. Also note of B. F. French, p. 
 
 61 of Vol. Ill, First Series of Histoncal Collections of Louisiana. 
 
LOCATIOK OF VILLAGES. 107 
 
 tribal distinctions were not well preserved ; and when Charlevoix, that 
 acute observer, in 1721 visited these several Illinois villages near Kas- 
 kaskia, their inhabitants were so mixed together and confounded that 
 it was almost impossible to distinguish the different branches of the 
 tribe from each other.* 
 
 The first accounts we have of the Illinois are given by the Jesuit 
 missionaries. In the " Relations " for the year 1655 we find that the 
 Lin-i-ouek are neighbors of the Winnebagoes ; again in the "Rela- 
 tions" for the next year, "that the Illinois nation dwell more than 
 sixty leagues from here, f and beyond a great river, :]: which as near 
 as can be conjectured flows into the sea toward Yirginia. These 
 people are warlike. They use the bow, rarely the gun, and never the 
 canoe. 
 
 When Joliet and Marquette were descending the Mississippi, they 
 found villages of the Illinois on the Des Moines river, and on their 
 return they passed through larger villages of the same nation situated 
 on the Illinois river, near Peoria and higher up the stream. 
 
 While the Illinois were nomads, though not to the extent of many 
 other tribes, they had villages of a somewhat permanent character, and 
 when they moved after game they went in a body. It would seem 
 from the most authentic accounts that their favorite abiding places 
 were on the Illinois river, from the Des Plaines down to its confluence 
 with the Mississippi, and on the Mississippi from the Kaskaskia to the 
 mouth of the Ohio. This beautiful region abounded in game ; its riv- 
 ers were well stocked with flsh, and were frequented by myriads of 
 wild fowls. The climate was mild. The soil was fertile. By the 
 mere turning of the sod, the lands in the rich river bottoms yielded 
 bountiful crops of Indian corn, melons and squashes. 
 
 In disposition and morals the Illinois were not to be very highly 
 commended. Father Charlevoix, speaking of them as they were in 
 1700, says : " Missionaries have for some years directed quite a flour- 
 ishing church among the Illinois, and they have ever since continued 
 to instruct that nation, in whom Christianity had already produced a 
 change such as she alone can produce in morals and disposition. Before 
 the arrival of the missionaries, there were perhaps no Indians in any 
 part of Canada with fewer good qualities and more vices. They have 
 
 * " These tribes are at present very much confounded, and are become very inconsid- 
 erable. There remains only a very small number of Kaskaskias, and the two villages 
 of that name are almost entirely composed of Tamaroas and Metchigamis, a foreign 
 nation adopted by the Kaskaskias, and originally settled on a small river you meet 
 with going down the Mississippi. "—Charlevoix' " Narrative Journal," Letter XXVIII, 
 dated Kaskaskia, October 20, 1731; p. 238, Vol. II. 
 
 t The letter is sent from the Mission of the Holy Ghost, at La Pointe. 
 
 X The Mississippi. 
 
108 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 always been mild and docile enough, but they were cowardly, treach- 
 erous, fickle, deceitful, thievish, brutal, destitute of faith or honor, 
 selfish, addicted to gluttony and the most monstrous lusts, almost un- 
 known to the Canada tribes, who accordingly despised them heartily, 
 but the Illinois were riot a whit less haughty or self-complacent on 
 that account. 
 
 " Such allies could bring no great honor or assistance to the French ; 
 yet we never had any more faithful, and, if we except the Abenaqui 
 tribes, they are the only tribe who never sought peace with their ene- 
 mies to our prejudice. They did, indeed, see the necessity of our aid 
 to defend themselves against several nations who seemed to have sworn 
 their ruin, and especially against the Iroquois and Foxes, who^ by con- 
 stant harrassing, have somewhat trained them to war, the former taking 
 home from' their expeditions the vices of that corrupt nation." * 
 
 Father Charlevoix' comments upon the Illinois confirm the state- 
 ments of Hennepin, who says : " They are lazy vagabonds, timorous, 
 pettish thieves, and so fond of their liberty that they have no great 
 respect for their chiefs."t 
 
 Their cabins were constructed of mats, made out of flags, spread 
 over a frame of poles driven into the ground in a circular form and 
 drawn together at the top. 
 
 " Their villages," says Father Hennepin,:]: " are open, not enclosed 
 with palisades because they had no courage to defend them ; they would 
 flee as they heard their enemies approaching." Before their acquaint- 
 ance with the French they had no knowledge of iron and fire-arms. 
 Their two principal weapons were the bow and arrow and the club. 
 Their arrows were pointed with stone, and their tomahawks were made 
 out of stag's horns, cut in the shape of a cutlass and terminating in a 
 large ball. In the use of the bow and arrow, all writers agree, that 
 the Illinois excelled all neighboring tribes. For protection against the 
 missies of an enemy they used bucklers composed of bufialo hides 
 stretched over a wooden frame. 
 
 In form they were tall and lithe. They were noted for their swift- 
 ness of foot. They wore moccasins prepared from buffalo hides ; and, 
 in summer, this generally completed their dress. Sometimes they wore 
 a small covering, extending from the waist to the knees. The rest of 
 the body was entirely nude. 
 
 The women, beside cultivating the soil, did all of the household 
 drudgery, carried the game and made the clothes. The garments 
 
 * Charlevoix's " History of New France," vol. 5, page 130. 
 t Hennepin, page 132, London edition, 1698. 
 i Page 182. 
 
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 109 
 
 were prepared from buffalo hides, and from the soft wool that grew 
 upon these animals. Both the wool and hides were dyed with bril- 
 liant colors, black, yellow or vermilion. In this kind of work the 
 Illinois women were greatly in advance of other tribes. Articles of 
 dress were sewed together with thread made from the nerves and ten- 
 dons of deer, prepared by exposure to the sun twice in every twenty- 
 four hours. After which the nerves and tendons were beaten so that 
 their fibers would separate into a fine white thread. The clothing of 
 the women was something like the loose wrappers worn by ladies of 
 the present day. Beneath the wrapper were petticoats, for warmth in 
 winter. With a fondness for finery that characterizes the feminine sex 
 the world over, the Illinois women wore head-dresses, contrived more 
 for ornament than for use. The feet were covered with moccasins, and 
 leggings decorated with quills of the porcupine stained in colors of 
 brilliant contrasts. Ornaments, fashioned out of clam shells and other 
 hard substances, were worn about the neck, wrists and ankles ; these, with 
 the face, hands and neck daubed with pigments, completed the toilet of 
 the highly fashionable Illinois belle. 
 
 Their food consisted of the scanty- products of their fields, and prin- 
 cipally of game and fish, of which, as previously stated, there was in 
 their country a great abundance. Father Allouez, who visited them in 
 1673, stated that they had fourteen varieties of herbs and forty-two 
 varieties of fruits which they use for food. Their plates and other 
 dishes were made of wood, and their spoons were constructed out of 
 buffalo bones. The dishes for boiling food were earthen, sometimes 
 glased.*" 
 
 From all accounts, it seems that the Illinois claimed an extensive 
 tract of country, bounded on the east by the ridge that divides the 
 waters flowing into the Illinois from the streams that drain into the 
 Wabash above the head waters of Saline creek, and as high up the lUir 
 nois as the Des Plaines, extending westward of the Mississippi, and 
 reaching northward to the debatable ground between the Illinois, 
 Chippeways, Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes. Their favorite and most 
 populous cities were on the Illinois river, near Starved Rock, and 
 
 *The account we have given of the manners, habits and customs of the Illinois is 
 compiled from the following authorities : La Hontan, Charlevoix, Hennepin, Tonti, 
 Marquette, Joutel, the missionaries Marest, Rasles and Allouez. Besides, the historic 
 letter of Marest, found in Kip's Jesuit Missions, is another from this distinguished 
 priest, written from EaskasMa to M. Bienville, and inct^orated in Penicaut's Annals 
 of Louisiana, a translation of which is contained in the Biistorical Collections of Louisi- 
 ana and Florida, by B. F. French. In this letter of Father Marest, dated in 1711, is a 
 very fine description of the customs of the Illinois Indians, and their prosperous condi- 
 tion at Easkaskia and adjacent villages. 
 
110 HISTORIC ISrOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 below as far as Peoria. The missionary station founded by Father 
 Marquette was, in all probability, near the latter place. 
 
 Prior to the year 1700, Father Marest had charge of a mission at 
 the neck, strait or narrmm of Peoria lake. In Peoria lake, above 
 Peoria, is a contracted channel, and this is evidently referred to by 
 Father Gravier in his " Narrative Journal " where he states : " I ar- 
 rived too late at the Illinois du Detroit, of whom Father Marest has 
 charge, to prevent the transmigration of the village of the Kaskaskias, 
 which was too precipitately made on vague news of the establishment 
 on the Mississippi. I do not believe that the Kaskaskias would have 
 thus separated from the Peouaroua and other Illinois du Detroit. At 
 all events, I came soon enough to unite minds a little, and to prevent 
 the insult which the Peouaroua and the Mouin-gouena were bent on 
 offering to the Kaskaskias and French as they embarked. I spoke to 
 all the chiefs in full council, and as they continued to preserve some 
 respect and good will for me, we separated very peaceably. But I 
 argue no good from this separation, which I have always hindered, 
 seeing too clearly the evil results. God grant that the road from 
 Chikagoua to this strait " (au Detroit) " be not closed, and the whole 
 Illinois mission suffer greatly. I avow to you, Reverend Father, that 
 it rends my heart to see my old flock thus divided and dispersed, and 
 I shall never see it, after leaving it, without having some new cause of 
 affliction. The Peouaroua, whom I left without a missionary (since 
 Father Marest has followed the Kaskaskias), have promised me that 
 they would preserve the church, and that they would await my return 
 from the Mississippi, where I told them I went only to assure myself 
 of the truth of all that was said about it." * 
 
 The area of the original country of the Illinois was reduced by 
 continuous wars with their neighbors. The Sioux forced them east- 
 ward ; the Sac and Fox, and other enemies, encroached upon them 
 from the north, while war parties of the foreign Iroquois, from the east, 
 rapidly decimated their numbers. These unhappy influences were doing 
 
 * Father Gravier's Journal in Shea's Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi, 
 pp. 116 and 117. Dr. Shea, in a foot note, p. 116, says: "This designation {Illinois 
 Du Detroit) does not appear elsewhere, and I cannot discover what strait is referred to. 
 It evidently includes the Peorias." 
 
 Dr. Shea's conjecture is very nearly correct. The narrows in Peoria lake retained 
 the appellation of Little Detroit, a name handed down from the French-Canadians. 
 Dr. Lewis Beck, in his " Gazetteer of Illinois and Missouri," p. 124, speaks of "Little 
 Detroit, an Indian village situated on the east bank of lake Peoria, six miles above 
 Ft. Clark." On the map prefixed to the Gazetteer prepared in 1820 the contraction of 
 the lake is shown and designated as " Little Detroit." 
 
 We have seen from extracts from Father Marquette's Journal, quoted on a preced- 
 ing page, that it was the Kaskaskias at whose village this distinguished missiona.ry 
 Eromised to return and to establish a mission, and that with the ebbing out of his life 
 e fulfilled his engagement. From Father Gravier's Journal, just quoted, it is appar- 
 
ATTACK OF THE IROQUOIS. Ill 
 
 their fatal work, and the Illinois confederacy was in a stage of decline 
 when they first came in contact with the French. Their afflictions made 
 them accessible to the voice of the missionary, and in their weakness 
 they hailed with delight the coming of the Frenchman with his prom- 
 ises of protection, which were assured by guns and powder. The mis- 
 fortunes of the Illinois drew them so kindly to the priests, the coureurs 
 des Bois and soldiers, that the friendship between the two races never 
 abated ; and when in the order of events the sons of France had de- 
 parted from the Illinois, their love for the departed Gaul was inculcated 
 into the minds of their children. 
 
 The erection of Fort St. Louis on the Illinois, St. Joseph on the 
 stream of that name, and the establishment at Detroit, for a while 
 stayed the calamity that was to befall the Illinois. Frequent allusion 
 has been made to the part the Iroquois took in the destruction of this 
 powerful confederacy. For the gratification of the reader we give a 
 condensed account of some of these Iroquois campaigns in the Illinois 
 country. The extracts we take are irom a memoir on the western 
 Indians, by M. Du Chesneau,* dated at Quebec, September 13, 1681 : 
 " To convey a correct idea of the present state of all those Indian na- 
 tions it is necessary to explain the cause of the cruel war waged by the 
 Iroquois for these three years past against the Illinois. The former 
 were great warriors, cannot remain idle, and pretend to subject all other 
 nations to themselves, and never want a pretext for commencing hos- 
 tilities. The following was their assumed excuse for the present war : 
 Going, about twenty years ago, to attack the Outagamis (FoxeS), 
 they met the Illinois and killed a considerable number of them. This 
 continued during the succeeding years, and finally, having destroyed a 
 great many, they forced them to abandon their country and seek refuge 
 in Y&cy distant parts. The Iroquois having got quit of the Illinois, 
 took no more trouble with them, and went to war against another 
 nation called the Andostagues.f Pending this war the Illinois re- 
 turned to their country, and the Iroquois complained that they had 
 
 «nt that the mission had for some years been in successful operation at the combined 
 village of the Kaskaskias, Peorias and Mouin-gouena, situated at the Du Detroit of the 
 Illinois; and also that the Kaskaskias, hearing that the French were about to form es- 
 tablishments on the lower Mississippi, in company with the French inhabitants of their 
 ancient village, were in the act of going down the Mississippi at the time of Gravier's 
 arrival, in September, 1700. All these facts taken together would seem to definitely 
 locate the Mission of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the 
 narrows, six mUes above the present city of Peoria, which is upon the site of old Fort 
 Clark, and probably, from the topography of the locality, upon the east bMik of the 
 strait. In conclusion, we may add that the Kaskaskias were induced to halt in their 
 journey southward upon the nver, which has ever since borne their name ; and the 
 mission, transferred from the old Kaskaskias, above Peoria, retained the name of " The 
 Immaculate Conception," etc. 
 
 * Paris Documents, vol. 9, pp. 161 to 166. 
 
 t The Eries, or Cats, were entirely destroyed by the Iroquois. 
 
112 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 killed forty of their people who were on their way to hunt beaver in 
 the Illinois country. To obtain satisfaction, the Iroquois resolved to 
 make war upon them. Their true motive, however, was to gratify the 
 English at Manatte * and Orange,t of whom they are too near neigh- 
 bors, and who, by means of presents, engaged the Iroquois in this ex- 
 pedition, the object of which was to force the Illinois to bring their 
 beaver to them, so that they may go and trade it afterward to the 
 English ; also, to intimidate the other Indians, and constrain them to 
 to do the same thing. 
 
 '< The improper conduct of Sieur de la Salle, ^ governor of Fort 
 Frontenae, has contributed considerably to cause the latter to adopt 
 this proceeding ; for after he had obtained permission to discover the 
 Great Eiver Mississippi, and had, as he alleged, the grant of the 
 Illinois, he no longer observed any terms with the Iroquois. He ill- 
 treated them, and avowed that he would convey arms and ammunition 
 to the Illinois, and would die assisting them. 
 
 "The Iroquois dispatched in the month of April of last year, 1680, 
 an army, consisting of between five and six hundred men, who ap- 
 proached an Illinois village where Sieur Tonty, one of Sieur de la 
 Salle's men happened to be with some Frenchmen and two Recollect 
 fathers, whom the Iroquois left unharmed. One of these, a most holy 
 man, § has since been killed by the Indians. But they would listen 
 to no terms of peace proposed to them by Sieur de Tonty, who was 
 slightly wounded at the beginning of the attack ; the Illinois having 
 fled a hundred leagues thence, were pursued by the Iroquois, who 
 killed and captured as many as twelve hundred of them, including 
 women and children, having lost only thirty men. 
 
 " The victory achieved by the Iroquois rendered them so insolent that 
 they have continued ever since that time to send out divers war parties. 
 The success of these is not yet known, but it is not doubted that they 
 have been successful, because those tribes are very warlike and the Illi- 
 nois are but indifferently so. Indeed, there is no doubt, and it is the 
 universal opinion, that if the Iroquois are allowed to proceed they will 
 subdue the Illinois, and in a short time render themselves masters of 
 all the Outawa tribes and divert the trade to the English, so that it is 
 absolutely essential to make them our friends or to destroy them." 
 
 * New York. 
 
 t Albany, New York. 
 
 t It must be remembered that La Salle was not exempt from the jealousy and envy 
 which is inspired in souls of little men toward those engaged in great undertakings ; 
 and we see this spirit manifested here. La Salle could not have done otherwise than 
 supply fire-arms to the Illinois, who were his friends and the owners of the country, the 
 trade of which he had opened up at great hardship and expense to himself. 
 
 § Gabriel Ribourde. 
 
DEFEAT OF THE lEOQUOIS. 113 
 
 The Iroquois were not always successful in their western forays. 
 Tradition records two instances in which they were sadly discomfited. 
 The first was an encounter with the Sioux, on an island in the Missis- 
 sippi, at the mouth of the Des Moines. The tradition of this engage- 
 ment is preserved in the curious volumes of La Hontan, and is as fol- 
 lows : " March 2nd, 1689, 1 arrived in the Mississippi. To save the lahor 
 of rowing we left our boats to the current, and arrived on the tenth in 
 the island of Rencontres, which took its name from the defeat of four 
 hundred Iroquois accomplished there by three hundred Nadouessis 
 (Sioux). The story of the encounter is briefly this: A party of 
 four hundred Iroquois having a mind to surprise a certain people in 
 the neighborhood of the Otentas (of whom more anon), marched to 
 the country of the Illinois, where they built canoes and were furnished 
 with provisions. After that they embarked upon the river Mississippi, 
 and were discovered by another little fleet that was sailing down the 
 other side of the same river. The Iroquois crossed over immediately 
 to that island which is since called Axtx Rencontres. The Nadouessis, 
 i. e., the other little fleet, being suspicious of some ill design, without 
 knowing what people they were (for they had no knowledge of the 
 Iroquois but by hear-say) — upon this suspicion, I say, they tugged hard 
 to come up with them. The two armies posted themselves upon the. 
 point of the island, where the two crosses are put down in the map,* 
 and as soon as the Nadouessis came in sight, the Iroquois cried out in. 
 the lUinese language : ' Who are ye f To which the Nadouessis- 
 answered, ' Somehody '/ and putting the same question to the Iroquois,; 
 received the same answer. Then the Iroquois put this question to- 
 'em: ^ Where are you going f^ ' To hunt buffalo,' answered the iTa- 
 douessis ; ' but, pray,' says the Nadouessis, ' what is.your business ? ' ' To 
 hunt men,' reply'd the Iroquois. "Tis well,' says the Nadouessis; 
 ' we are men, and so you need go no farther.' Upon this challenge, 
 the two parties disembarked, and the leader of the I^adouessis cut his 
 canoes to pieces, and, after representing to his warriors that they be- 
 hoved either to conquer or die, marched up to the Iroquois, who 
 received them at first onset with a cloud of arrows. But the Nadou- 
 essis having stood their first discharge, which killed eighty of them, 
 fell in upon them with their clubs in their hands before the others 
 could charge again, and so routed them entirely. This engagement 
 lasted for two hours, and was so hot that two hundred and sixty Iro- 
 quois fell upon the spot, and the rest were all taken prisoners. Some 
 of the Iroquois, indeed, attempted to make their escape after the action 
 
 * On La Hontan's map the place marked is designated by an island in the Missis- 
 sippi, immediately at the mouth of the Des Moines. 
 8 
 
114 HISTOKIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 was over ; but the victorious general sent ten or twelve of his men to 
 pursue them in one of the canoes that he had taken, and accordingly 
 they were all overtaken and drowned. The Nadouessis having ob- 
 tained this victory, cut off the noses and ears of two of the cleverest 
 prisoners, and supplying them with fusees, powder and ball, gave them 
 the liberty of returning to their own country, in order to tell their 
 countrymen that they ought not to employ women to hunt after men 
 any longer."* 
 
 The second tradition is that of a defeat of a war party of Iroquois 
 upon the banks of the stream that now bears the name of " Iroquois 
 Eiver." Father Charlevoix, in his Narrative Journal, referring to his 
 passage down the Kankakee, in September, 1721, alludes to this defeat 
 of the Iroquois in the, following language : " I was not a little sur- 
 prised at seeing so little water in the The-a-ki-ki, notwithstanding it 
 receives a good many pretty large rivers, one of which is more than a 
 hundred and twenty feet in breadth at its mouth, and has been called 
 the River of the Iroquois, because some of that nation were surprised 
 on its banks by the Illinois who killed a great many of them. This 
 check mortified them so much the more, as they held the Illinois in 
 great contempt, who, indeed, for the most part are not able to stand 
 before them." f 
 
 The tradition has been given with fuller particulars to the author^ 
 by Colonel Guerdon S. Hubbard, as it was related by the Indians to 
 him. It has not as yet appeared in print, and is valuable as well as 
 interesting, inasmuch as it explains why the Iroquois Eiver has beea 
 so called for a period of nearly two centuries, and also because it gives 
 the origin of the name Watseka. 
 
 The tradition is substantially as follows : Many years ago the Iro. 
 quois attacked an Indian village situated on the banks of the river & 
 few miles below the old county seat, — Middleport, — and drove oui 
 the occupants with great slaughter. The fugitives were collected in 
 the night time some distance away, lamenting their disaster. A wo- 
 man, possessing great courage, urged the men to return and attack the 
 Iroquois, saying the latter were then rioting in the spoils of the village 
 and exulting over their victory ; that they would not expect dange^ 
 from their defeated enemy, and that the darkness of the night would 
 prevent their knowing the advance upon them. The warriors refused 
 to go. The woman then said that she would raise a party of squaws 
 and return to the village and fight the Iroquois ; adding that death or 
 captivity would be the fate of the women and children on the morrow, 
 
 * La Hontan's New Voyages to America, vol. 1, pp. 128, 129. 
 t Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, vol. 2, p. 199. 
 
INDIAN LEGEND. 115 
 
 and that they might as well die in an effort to regain their village and 
 property as to submit to a more dreadful fate. She 'called for volun- 
 teers and the women came forward in large numbers. Seeing the 
 bravery of their wives and daughters the men were ashamed of their 
 cowardice and became inspired with a desperate courage. A plan of 
 attack was speedily formed and successfully executed. The Iroquois, 
 taken entirely unawares, were surprised and utterly defeated. 
 
 The name of the heroine who suggested and took an active part in 
 this act of bold retaliation, bore the name of Watoh-e-kee. In honor 
 of her bravery and to perpetuate the story of the engagement, a coun- 
 cil of the tribe was convened which ordained that when Watch-e-kee 
 died her name should be bestowed upon the most accomplished maiden 
 of the tribe, and in this way be handed down from one generation to 
 another. By such means have the name and the tradition been pre- 
 served. 
 
 The last person who bore this name was the daughter of a Potta- 
 watomie chief, with whose band Col. Hubbard was intimately associ- 
 ated as a trader for many years. She was well known to many of the 
 old settlers in Danville and upon the Kankakee. She was a person of 
 great beauty, becoming modesty, and possessed of superior intelligence. 
 She had great influence among her own people and was highly re- 
 spected by the whites. She accompanied her tribe to the westward of 
 the Mississippi, on their removal from the state. The present county 
 seat of Iroquois county is named after her, and Col. Hubbard advises 
 the author that "Watseka, as the name is generally spelled, is incorrect, 
 and that the orthography for its true pronunciation should be Watch-e- 
 kee.* 
 
 We resume the narration of the decline of the Illinois : La Salle's 
 fortification at Starved Eock gathered about it populous villages of 
 IllinoiSj Shawnees, Weas, Piankeshaws and other kindred tribes, shown 
 on Franquelin's map as the Colonie Du Sr. de la Salle.f The Iroquois 
 were barred out of the country of the Illinois tribes, and the latter 
 enjoyed security from their old enemies. La Salle himself, speaking 
 of his success in establishing a colony at the Kock, says : " There would 
 he nothing to fear from the Iroquois when the nations of the south, 
 
 * The Iroquois also bore the name of Can-o-wa-ga, doubtless an Indian name. It 
 had another aboriginal name, Mocdbella (which was, probably, a French-Canadian cor- 
 ruption of the Kiekapoo word Mo-qua), signifying; a bear. Beck's Illinois and Mis- 
 souri Gazetteer, p. 90. The joint commission appointed by the legislatures of Indiana 
 and Illinois to run the boundaiy line between the two states, in their report in 1831, 
 and upon their map deposited in the archives at Indianapolis, designate the Iroquois 
 by the name of Pick-a-mink .River. They also named Sugar Creek after Mr. McDon- 
 ald, of Vincennes, Indiana, who conducted the surveys for the commission. 
 
 tThis part of Franquelin's map appears in the well executed frontispiece of Park- 
 insons Discovery of the Great West. 
 
116 HISTORIC KOTES OS THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 strengthened through their intercourse with the French, shall stop 
 their conquest, and prevent their being powerful by carrying off a great 
 number of their women and children, which they can easily do from 
 the inferiority of the weapons of their enemies. As respects com- 
 merce, that post will probably increase our traflBc still more than has 
 been done by the establishment of Fort Frontenac, which was built 
 with success for that purpose ; for if the Illinois and their allies were 
 to catch the beavers which the Iroquois now kill in the neighborhood 
 in order to carry them to the English, the latter not being any longer 
 able to get them from their own colonies would be obliged to buy from 
 us, to the great benefit of those who have the privilege of this traffic. 
 These were the views which the Sieur de la Salle had in placing the 
 settlement where it is. The colony has already felt its eiTects, as all 
 our allies, who had fled after the departure of M. de Frontenac, have 
 returned to their ancient dwellings, in consequence of the confidence 
 caused by the fort, near which they have defeated a party of Iroquois, 
 and have built four forts to protect themselves from hostile incursions. 
 The Governor, M. de la Barre, and the intendant, M. de Muelles, have 
 told Sieur de la Salle that they would write to Monseigneur to inform, 
 him of the importance of that fort in order to keep the Iroquois in 
 check, and that M. de Sagny had proposed its establishment in 1678. 
 Monsiegneur Colbert permitted Sieur de la Salle to build it, and 
 granted it to him as a property." * 
 
 The fort at Ze Rocher (the rock) was constructed on its summit in 
 1682, and enclosed with a palisade. It was subsequently granted to 
 Tonti and Forest. -f It was abandoned as a military post in the year 
 1702; and when Charlevoix went down the Illinois in 1721 he passed 
 the Eock, and said of it : " This is the point of a very high terrace 
 stretching the space of two hundred paces, and bending or winding 
 with the course of the river. This rock is steep on all sides, and at a 
 distance one would take it for a fortress. Some remains of a palisado 
 are still to be seen on it, the Illinois having formerly cast up an en- 
 trenchment here, which might be easily repaired in case of any inter- 
 ruption of the enemy.":j: 
 
 The abandonment of Fort St. Louis in 1702 was followed soon after 
 by a dispersion of the tribes and remnants of tribes that La Salle and 
 Tonti had gathered about it, except the straggling village of the 
 Illinois. 
 
 * Memoir of the Sieur de la Salle, reporting to Monseigneur de Seineelav the dis- 
 coveries made by him under the order of His Majesty. Historical CoUections of 
 Louisiana, Part I, p. 42. 
 
 t Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 494. 
 
 % Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, vol. 2, p. 200. 
 
DECLINE OP THE ILLINOIS. 117 
 
 The Iroquois came no more subsequent to 1721, having war enough 
 •on their hands nearer home ; but the Illinois were constantly harassed 
 by other enemies; the Sacs, Foxes, Kickapoos and Pottawatomies. 
 In 1722 their villages at the Rock and on Peoria Lake were besieged 
 by the Foxes, and a detachment of a hundred men under Chevalier de 
 Artaguette and Sieur de Tisne were sent to their assistance. Forty of 
 these French soldiers, with four hundred Indians, marched by land to 
 Peoria Lake. However, before the reinforcements reached their des- 
 tination they learned that the Foxes had retreated with a loss of more 
 than a hundred and twenty of their men. " This success did not, 
 however, prevent the Illinois, although they had only lost twenty men, 
 with some women and children, from leaving the Rock and Pimiteony, 
 where they were kept in constant alarm, and proceeding to unite with 
 those of their brethren who had settled on the Mississippi ; this was a 
 stroke of grace for most of them, the small number of missionaries 
 preventing their supplying so many towns scattered far apart ; but on 
 the other side, as there was nothing to check the raids of the Foxes 
 along the Illinois River, communication between Louisiana and New 
 France became much less practicable."* 
 
 The fatal dissolution of the Illinois still proceeded, and their 
 ancient homes and hunting grounds were appropriated by the more 
 vigorous Sacs, Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. The killing of 
 Pontiac at Cahokia, whither he had retired after the failure of his 
 effort to rescue the country from the English, was laid upon the 
 Illinois, a charge which, whether true or false, hastened the climax of 
 their destruction. 
 
 General Harrison stated that " the Illinois confederacy was com- 
 posed of five tribes : the Kaskaskias, Cahokias, Peorians, Michiganians 
 and the Temarois, speaking the Miami language, and no doubt 
 branches of that nation. When I was first appointed Governor of the 
 Indiana Territory (May, 1800), these once powerful tribes were re- 
 duced to about thirty warriors, of whom twenty-five were Kaskaskias, 
 four Peorians, and a single Michiganian. There was an individual 
 lately alive at St. Louis who saw the enumeration made of them by 
 the Jesuits in 1745, making the number of their warriors feur thou- 
 sand. A furious war between them and the Sacs and Kickapoos 
 reduced them to that miserable remnant which had taken refuge 
 amongst the white people in the towns of Kaskaskia and St. Genieve."f 
 
 * History of New France, vol. 6, p. 71. 
 
 t Official letter of Gen. Harrison to Hon. John Armstrong, Secretary of War, 
 •dated at Cincinnati, March 32, 1814: contained in Captain M'Afee's " History of the 
 iate War in the Western Country." 
 
118 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 By successive treaties their lands in Illinois were ceded to the 
 United States, and they were removed west of the Missouri. In 1872 
 they had dwindled to forty souls — men, women and children all told. 
 
 Thus have wasted away the original occupants of the larger part of 
 Illinois and portions of Iowa and Missouri. In 1684 their single vil- 
 lage at La Salle's colony, could muster twelve hundred warriors. In the 
 days of their strength they nearly exterminated the Winnebagoes, and 
 their war parties penetrated the towns of the Iroquois in the valleys of 
 the Mohawk and Genesee. They took the Metchigamis under their 
 protection, giving them security against enemies with whom the latter 
 could not contend. This people who had dominated over the surround- 
 ing tribes, claiming for themselves the name Illini or Linneway, to rep- 
 resent their superior manhood, have disappeared from the earth ; another 
 race, representing a higher civilization, occupy their ancient domains, 
 and already, even the origin of their name and the location of their 
 cities have become the subjects of speculation. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE MIAMIS— THE MIAMI, PIANKESHAW, AND WEA BANDS. 
 
 The people known to lis as the Miamis formerly dwelt beyond the 
 Mississippi, and, according to their own traditions, came originally 
 from the Pacific. " If what I have heard asserted in several places be 
 true, the Illinois and Miamis came from the banks of a very distant sea 
 to the westward. It would seem that their first stand, after they made 
 their first descent into this country, was at Moingona* At least it is 
 certain that one of their tribes bears that name. The rest are known 
 imder the name of Peorias, Tamaroas, Caoqnias and Kaskaskias." 
 
 The migration of the Miamis from the west of the Mississippi, 
 eastward through "Wisconsin and northern Illinois, around the south- 
 em end of Lake Michigan to Detroit, and thence up the Maumee and 
 down the Wabash, and eastward through Indiana into Ohio as far as 
 the Great Miami, can be followed through the mass of records handed 
 down to us from the missionaries, travelers and oflScers connected with 
 the French. Speaking of the mixed village of Maskoutens, situated on 
 Fox River, "Wisconsin, at the time of his visit there in 1670, Father 
 Claude Dablon says the village of the Fire-nation " is joined in the 
 circle of the same barriers to another people, named Oumiami, which 
 is one of the Illinois nations, which is, as it were, dismembered from 
 the others, in order to dwell in these quarters.f It is beyond this 
 great river \ that are placed the Illinois of whom we speak, and from 
 whom are detached those who dwell here with the Fire-nation to form 
 here a transplanted colony." 
 
 From the quotations made there remains little doubt that the Mi- 
 amis were originally a branch of the great Illinois nation. This theory 
 is confirmed by writers of our own time, among whom we may men- 
 tion General "William H. Harrison, whose long acquaintance and ofiicial 
 connection with the several bands of the Miamis and Illinois gave him 
 
 * Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, vol. 3, p. 227. Moingona, from undoubted 
 authorities, was a name given to the Des Moines River; and we find on the original 
 map, drawn by Marquette, the village of the Moingona placed on the Des Moines 
 above a village of the Peorias on the same stream. 
 
 t Father Dablon is here describing the same village referred to by Father Mar- 
 quette in that part of his Journal which we have copied on page 44. 
 
 X The Mississippi, of which the missionary had been speaking in the paragraph 
 preceding that which we quote. 
 
 119 
 
120 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NOKTHWEST. 
 
 the opportunities, of which he availed himself, to acquire an intimate 
 knowledge concerning them. "Although the language, manners 
 and customs of the Kaskaskias make it sufficiently certain that they 
 derived their origin from the same source with the Miamis, the 
 connection had been dissolved before the French had penetrated 
 from Canada to the Mississippi."* The assertion of General Har- 
 rison that the tribal relation between the Illinois and Miamis had 
 been broken at the time of the discovery of the Upper Mississippi 
 valley by the French is sustained with great unanimity by all other 
 authorities. In the long and disastrous wars waged upon the Illinois 
 by the Iroquois, Sacs and Foxes, Kickapoos and other enemies, we 
 have no instance given where the Miamis ever offered assistance to 
 their ancient kinsmen. After the separation, on the contrary, they 
 often lifted the bloody hatchet against them. 
 
 Father Dablon, in the narrative frOm which we have quoted, f 
 gives a detailed account of the civility of the Miamis at Mascouten, 
 and the formality and court routine with which their great chief was 
 surrounded. "The chief of the Miamis, whose name was Tetin- 
 choua, was surrounded by the most notable people of the village, 
 who, assuming the role of courtiers, with civil posture full of defer- 
 ence, and keeping always a respectful silence, magnified the great- 
 ness of their king. The chief and his routine gave Father Dablon 
 every mark of their most distinguished esteem. The physiognomy 
 of the chief was as mild and as attractive as any one could wish to 
 see ; and while his reputation as a warrior was great, his features 
 bore a softness which charmed all those who beheld him." 
 
 Mcholas Perrot, with Sieur de St. Lussin, dispatched by Talon, 
 the intendant, to visit the westward nations, with whom the French 
 had intercourse, and invite them to a council to be held the follow- 
 ing spring at the Sault Ste. Marie, was at this Miami village shortly 
 after the visit of Dablon. Perrot was treated with great consider- 
 ation by the Miamis. Tatinchoua "sent out a detachment to meet 
 the French agent and receive him in military style. The detach- 
 ment advanced in battle array, all the braves adorned with feathers, 
 armed at all points, were uttering war cries from time to time. The 
 Pottawatomies who escorted Perrot, seeing them come in this guise, 
 prepared to receive them in the same manner, and Perrot put him- 
 self at their head. When the two troops were in face of each other, 
 they stopped as if to take breath, then all at once Perrot took the 
 right, the Miamis the left, all running in Indian file, as thcmgh they 
 wished to gain an advantage to charge. 
 
 * Memoirs of General Harrison, by Moses Dawson, d 62 
 t Relations, 1670, 1671. ^' ' 
 
OF THE NAME MIAMI. 121 
 
 " But the Miamis -wheeling in the forni of an arc, the Pottawat- 
 omies were invested on all sides. Then both uttered loud yells, 
 which were the signals for a kind of combat. The Miamis fired a 
 volley from their guns, which were only loaded with powder, and 
 the Pottawatomies returned it in the same way, after this they 
 closed, tomahawk in hand, all the blows being received on the tom- 
 ahawks. Peace was then made ; the Miamis presented the calumet 
 to Perrot, and led him with all his chief escort into the town, where 
 the great chief assigned him a guard of fifty men, regaled him mag- 
 nificently after the custom of the country, and gave him the diver- 
 sion of a game of ball."* The Miami chief never spoke to his 
 subjects, but imparted his orders through some of his ofiicers. On 
 account of his advanced age he was dissuaded from attending the 
 council to be held at Ste. Marie, between the French and the Indians ; 
 however, he deputized the Pottawatomies to act in his name. 
 
 This confederacy called themselves "Miamis," and by this name 
 were known to the surrounding tribes. The name was not bestowed 
 upon them by the French, as some have assumed from its resem- 
 blance to Mon-ami, because they were the friends of the latter. 
 When Hennepin was captured on the Mississippi by a war party of 
 the Sioux, these savages, with their painted faces rendered more 
 hideous by the devilish contortions of their features, cried out in 
 angry voices, " '■Mia-hatna ! Mia-hama ! ' and we made signs with 
 our oars upon the sand, that the Miamis, their enemies, of whom 
 they were in search, had passed the river upon their flight to join- 
 the Illinois."t 
 
 "The confederacy which obtained the general appellation of 
 Miamis, from the superior numbers of the individual tribe to whom 
 that name more properly belonged," were subdivided into three 
 principal tribes or bands, namely, the Miamis proper, "Weas and 
 Piankeshaws. French writers have given names to two or three 
 other subdivisions or families of the three principal bands, whose 
 identity has never been clearly traced, and who figure so little in 
 the accounts which we have of the Miamis, that it is not necessary 
 here to specify their obsolete names. The diiferent ways of writing 
 
 * History of New France, vol. 3, pp. 166, 167. Father Charlevoix improperly 
 locates this village, where Perrot was received, at " Chicago, at the lower end of Lake 
 Michigan, where the Miamis then were," page 166, above (quoted. The Miamis were 
 not then at Chicago. The reception of Perrot was at the mixed village on Fox River, 
 Wisconsin, as stated in the text. The error of Charlevoix, as to the location of this 
 village, has been pointed out by Dr. Shea, in a note on page 166, in the "History of 
 New France," and also by Francis Parkman, in a note on page 40 of his " Discovery 
 Of the Great West." 
 
 t Hennepin, p. 187. 
 
122 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Miamis are: Oumiamwek,* Oumajtnis,t Maumees,:j: Au-Miaini§ 
 (contracted to Au-Mi and Omee) and Mine-ami. || 
 
 The Frencli called the'Weas Ouiatenons, Syatanons, Ouyatanons 
 and Ouias ; tlie English and Colonial traders spelled the word, 
 Onicatanon,^" "Waj-ough-ta nies,** "Wawiachtens,tt and Wehahs.j^j; 
 
 For the Fiankeshaws, or Pou-an-ke-ki^as, as they were called in 
 the earliest accounts, we have Peanguichias, Pian-gui-shaws, Pyan- 
 ke-shas and Pianquishas. 
 
 The Miami tribes were known to the Iroquois, or Five Nations 
 of New York, as the Twight-wees^ a name generally adopted by the 
 British, as well as by the American colonists. Of this name there 
 are various corruptions in pronunciation and spelling, examples of 
 which we have in ' ' Twich-twichs, " " Twick-twicks, " " Twis-twicks, ' ' 
 " Twigh-twees, " and " Twick-tovies. " The insertion of these many 
 names, applied to one people, would seem a tedious superfluity, were 
 it otherwise possible to retain the identity of the tribes to which 
 these different appellations have been given by the French, British 
 and American officers, traders and writers. It will save the reader 
 much perplexity in pursuing a history of the Miamis if it is borne in 
 mind that all these several names refer to the Miami nation or to 
 one or the other of its respective bands. 
 
 Besides the colony mentioned by Dablon and Charlevoix, on the 
 Fox Biver of Wisconsin, Hennepin informs us of a village of 
 Miamis south and west of Peoria Lake at the time he was at the 
 latter place in 1679, and it was probably this village whose inhabit- 
 ants the Sioux were seeking. St. Cosmie, in 1699, mentions the 
 "village of the ' Peanzichias-Miamis, who formerly dwelt on the 
 
 ■ of the Mississippi, and who had come some years previous 
 
 and settled ' on the Illinois River, a few miles below the confluence 
 of theDesPlaines."§§ 
 
 The Miamis were within the territory of La Salle's colony, of 
 which Starved Rock was the center, and counted thirteen hundred 
 warriors. The "Weas and Piankeshaws were also there, the former 
 having five hundred warriors and the Piankeshaw band one hundred 
 and fifty. This was prior to 1687. || 1 At a later day the Weas "were 
 at Chicago, but being afraid of the canoe people, left it."T|l Sieur 
 de Courtmanche, sent westward in 1701 to negotiate with the tribes 
 in that part of New France, was at ' ' Chicago, where he found some 
 
 * Marquette, f La Hontan. % Gen. Harrison. § Gen. Harmar. \ Lewis Evans. 
 IT George Croghan's Narrative JournEil. ** Croghan's List of Indian Tribes, 
 tt John Heokwelder, a Moravian Missionaiy. %% Catlin's Indian Tribes. 
 
 §§ St. Cosmie's Journal in "Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi," p. 58. 
 Ill Parkman's Discovery of the Great West, note on p. 290. 
 Hit Memoir, on the Indian tribes, prepared in 1718: Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 890. 
 
AT WAE WITH THE SIOUX. 123 
 
 Weas (Ouiatanons), a Miami tribe, who had sung the war-song 
 against the Sioux and the Iroquois. He obliged them to lay down 
 their arms and extorted from them a promise to send deputies to 
 Montreal."* 
 
 In a letter dated in 1721, published in his "Narrative Journal," 
 Father Charlevoix, speaking of the Miamis about the head of Lake 
 Michigan, says : ' ' Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the 
 southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place called Chicagou, 
 from the name of a small river which runs into the lake, the source 
 of which is not far distant from that of the river of the Illinois ; 
 they are at present divided into three villages, one of which stands 
 on the river St. Joseph, the second on another river which bears 
 their name and runs into Lake Erie, and the third upon the river 
 Ouabache, which empties its waters into the Mississippi. These last 
 are better known by the appellation of Ouyatanons." f 
 
 In 1694, Count Frontenac, in a conference with the Western In- 
 dians, requested the Miamis of the Pepikokia band who resided on 
 the Maramek,:]: to remove, and join the tribe which was located on 
 the Saint Joseph, of Lake Michigan. The reason for this request, 
 as stated by Frontenac himself, was, that he wished the different 
 bands of the Miami confederacy to unite, "so as to be able to exe- 
 cute with greater facility the commands which he might issue." At 
 that time the Iroquois were at war with Canada, and the French 
 were endeavoring to persuade the western tribes to take up the tom- 
 ahawk in their behalf. The Miamis promised to observe the Gov- 
 ernor's wishes and began to make preparations for the removal. § 
 
 "Late in August, 1696, they started to join their brethren settled 
 on the St. Joseph. On their way they were attacked by the Sioux, 
 who killed several. The Miamis of the St. Joseph, learning this 
 hostility, resolved to avenge their slaughter. They pursued the 
 Sioux to their own country, and found them entrenched in their fort 
 with some Frenchmen of the class known as coureurs des bois (bush- 
 lopers). They nevertheless attacked them repeatedly with great res- 
 olution, but were repulsed, and at last compelled to retire, after 
 losing several of their braves. On their way home, meeting other 
 Frenchmen carrying arms and ammunition to the Sioux, they seized 
 all they had, but did them no harm." || 
 
 The Miamis were very much enraged at the French for supplying 
 
 * History of New France, vol. 5, p. 143. 
 
 t Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, vol. 1, p. 387. 
 
 i The Kalamazoo, of Michigan. 
 
 § Paris Documents, vol. 9, pp. 634, 635. 
 
 if Charlevoix' History of New France, vol. 5, p. 65. 
 
124 HISTORIC KOTES ON" THE NOKTHWEST. 
 
 their enemies, the Sioux, with guns and ammunition. It toOk all 
 the address of Count Frontenac to prevent them from joining the 
 Iroquois ; indeed, they seized upon the French agent and trader, 
 l^icholas Perrot, who had heen commissioned to lead the Maramek 
 band to the St. Josephs, and would have burnt him alive had it not 
 been for the Foxes, who interposed in his behalf.* This was the 
 commencement of the bitter feeling of hostility with which, from 
 that time, a part of the Miamis always regarded the French. From 
 this period the movements of the tribe were observed by the French 
 with jealous suspicion. 
 
 "We have already shown that in 1699 the Miamis were at Fort 
 "Wayne, engaged in transferring across their portage emigrants from 
 Canada to Louisiana, and that, within a few years after, the Weas 
 are described as having -their fort and several miles of cultivated 
 fields on the "Wea plains below La Fayette, f From the extent and 
 character of these improvements, it may be safely assumed that the 
 "Weas had been established here some years prior to 1718, the date 
 of the Memoir. 
 
 "When the French first discovered the Wabash, the Piankeshaws 
 were found in possession of the land on either side of that stream, 
 from its mouth to the Vermilion Hiver, and no claim had ever 
 been made to it by any other tribe until 1804, the period of a ces- 
 sion of a part of it to the "United States by the Delawares, who had 
 obtained their title from the Piankeshaws themselves.:]: 
 
 "We have already seen that at the time of the first account we 
 have relating to the Maumee and the "Wabash, the Miamis had vil- 
 lages and extensive improvements near Fort "Wayne, on the "Wea 
 prairie below La Fayette, on the Vermilion of the "Wabash, and at 
 Yincennes. At a later day they established villages at other places, 
 viz, near the forks of the "Wabash at Huntington, on the Mississin- 
 ewa,§ on Eel River near Logansport, while near the source of this 
 river, and westward of Fort "Wayne, was the village of the "Little 
 Turtle." Near the mouth of the Tippecanoe was a sixth village. 
 
 * Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 673. 
 
 ^Vide, p. 104. 
 
 i Memoirs of General Harrison, pp. 61, 63. 
 
 IThis stream empties into the Wabash near Peru, and on the opposite side of the 
 nver from that city. The word is a compound of missi, great, and assin, stone, signify- 
 ing the river of the great or much stone. "The Mississinewa, with its pillared rocks, 
 IS full of geological as well as romantic interest. Some three miles from Peru the 
 channel is cut through a solid wall of cherty silico-magnesian limestone. The action 
 of the river and unecjual disintegration of the rocks has carved the precipitous wall, 
 which converts the river's course into a system of pillars, rounded buttresses, alcoves, 
 chambers and overhanging sides." Prof. CoUett's Report on the Geology of Miami 
 county, Indiana. 
 
A WARLIKE PEOPLE. 125 
 
 Passing below the Vermilion, the Miamis had other villages, one 
 on Sugar creek* and another near Terre Haute, f 
 
 The country of the Miamis extended west to the watershed be- 
 tween the Illinois and "Wabash rivers, which separated their posses- 
 sions from those of their brethren, the Illinois. On the north were 
 the Pottawatomies, who were slowly but steadily pushing their lines 
 southward into the territory of the Miamis. The superior niimbers 
 of the Miamis and their great valor enabled them to extend the 
 limit of their hunting grounds eastward into Ohio, and far within 
 the territory claimed by the Iroquois. "They were the undoubted 
 proprietors of all that beautiful country watered by the Wabash and 
 its tributaries, and there remains as little doubt that their claim ex- 
 tended as far east as the Scioto. ":j; 
 
 Unlike the Illinois, the Miamis held their own until they were 
 placed upon an equal footing with the tribes eastward by obtaining 
 possession of fire-arms. "With these implements of civilized warfare 
 they were able to maintain their tribal integrity and the independ- 
 ence they cherished. They were not to be controlled by the French, 
 nor did they sufier enemies from^ any quarter to impose upon them 
 without prompt retaliation. They traded and fought with the 
 French, English and Americans as their interests or passions in- 
 clined. They made peace or declared war against other nations of 
 their own race as policy or caprice dictated. More than once they 
 compelled even the arrogant Iroquois to beg from the governors of 
 the American colonies that protection which they themselves had 
 failed to secure by their own prowess. Bold, independent and 
 flushed with success, the Miamis afforded a poor field for missionary 
 work, and the Jesuit Kelations and pastoral letters of the French 
 priesthood have less to say of the Miami confederacy than any of the 
 other western tribes, the Kickapoos alone excepted. 
 
 The country of the Miamis was accessible, by way of the lakes, 
 to the far trader of Canada, and from the eastward, to the adven- 
 turers engaged in the Indian trade from Pennsylvania, New York 
 and "V^irginia, either by way of the Ohio River or a commerce car- 
 ried on overland by means of pack-horses. The English and the 
 French alike coveted their peltries and sought their powerful alli- 
 
 *This stream was at one time called Eocky Eiver, vide Brown's Western Gazet- 
 teer. By the Wea Miamis it was called Pun-go-se-con-e, "Sugar tree " (creek), vide 
 statement of Mary Ann Baptiste to the author. 
 
 fThe villages below the Vermilion and above Vincennes figure on some of the early 
 English maps and in accounts given by traders as the lower or little Wea towns. Be- 
 sides thp,3e, which were the principal ones, the Miamis had a village at Thomtown, 
 and many others of lesser note on the Wabash and its tributaries. 
 
 tOflScial Letter of General Harrison to the Secretary of War, before quoted. 
 
126 HISTORIC KOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 ance, therefore the Miamis were harassed with the jealousies and 
 diplomacy of both, and if they or a part of their several tribes be- 
 came inveigled into an alliance with the one, it involved the hostility 
 of the other. The French government sought to use them to check 
 the westward advance of the British colonial influence, while the 
 latter desired their assistance to curb the French, whose ambitions 
 schemes involved nothing less than the exclusive subjugation of 
 the entire continent westward of the AUeghanies. In these wars 
 between the English and the French the Miamis were constantly 
 reduced in numbers, and whatever might have been the result to 
 either of the former, it only ended in disaster to themselves. Some- 
 times they divided ; again they were entirely devoted to the interest 
 of the English and Iroquois. Then they joined the French against^ 
 the British and Iroquois, and when the British ultimately obtained 
 the mastery and secured the valley of the Mississippi,— the long 
 sought for prize,— the Miamis entered the confederacy of Pontiac 
 to drive them out of the country. They fought with the British, 
 — except the Piankeshaw band,— against the colonies during the 
 revolutionary war. After its close their young men were largely 
 occupied in the predatory warfare waged by the several Maumee 
 and Wabash tribes upon the frontier settlements of Ohio, Pennsyl- 
 vania, Virginia and Kentucky. They likewise entered the con- 
 federacy of Tecumseh, and, either openly or in secret sympathy, 
 they were the allies of the British in the war of 1812. Their history 
 occupies a conspicuous place in the military annals of the west, 
 extending over a period of a century, during which time they main- 
 tained a manly struggle to retain possession of their homes in the 
 valleys of the "Wabash and Maumee. 
 
 The disadvantage under which the Miamis labored, in encounters 
 with their enemies, before they obtained fire-arms, was often over- 
 come by the exercise of their cunning and bravery. ' ' In the year 
 1680 the Miamis and Illinois were hunting on the St. Joseph Biver. 
 A party of four hundred Iroquois surprised them and killed thirty 
 or forty of their hunters and captured three hundred of their women 
 and children. After the victors had rested awhile they prepared to 
 return to their homes by easy journeys, as they had reason to believe 
 that they could reach their own villages before the defeated enemy 
 would have time to rally and give notice of their disaster to those of 
 their nation who were hunting in remoter places. But they were 
 deceived ; for the Illinois and Miamis rallied to the number of two 
 hundred, and resolved to die fighting rather than suffer their women 
 and children to be carried away. In the meantime, because they 
 
DEFEAT OF THE IKOQUOIS. 127 
 
 were not equal to their enemies in equipment of arms or numbers, 
 they contrived a notable stratagem. 
 
 After the Miamis had duly considered in what way they would at- 
 tack the Iroquois, they decided to follow them, keeping a small dis- 
 tance in the rear, until it should rain. The heavens seemed to favor 
 their plan, for, after awhile it began to rain, and rained continually 
 the whole day from morning until night. When the rain began to 
 fall the Miamis quickened their march and passed by the Iroquois, 
 and took a position two leagues in advance, where they lay in an am- 
 buscade, hidden by the tall grass, in the middle of a prairie, which 
 the Iroquois had to cross in order to reach the woods beyond, where 
 they designed to kindle fires and encamp for the night. The Illi- 
 nois and Miamis, lying at full length in the grass on either side of 
 the trail, waited until the Iroquois were in their midst, when they 
 shot off their arrows, and then attacked vigorously with their clubs. 
 The Iroquois endeavored to use their fire-arms, but finding them of 
 no service because the rain had dampened and spoiled the priming, 
 threw them upon th^ ground, and undertook to defend themselves 
 with their clubs. In the use of the latter weapon the Iroquois were 
 no match for their more dexterous and nimble enemies. They were 
 forced to yield the contest, and retreated, fighting until night came 
 on. They lost one hundred and eighty of their warriors. 
 
 The fight lasted about an hour, and would have continued through 
 the night, were it not that the Miamis and Illinois feared that their 
 women and children (left in the rear and bound) would be exposed 
 to some surprise in the dark. The victors rejoined their women and 
 children, and possessed themselves of the fire-arms of their enemies. 
 The Miamis and Illinois then returned to their own country, without 
 taking one Iroquois for fear of weakening themselves.* 
 
 Failing in their first efforts to withdraw the Miamis from the 
 French, and secure their fur trade to the merchants at Albany and 
 New York, the English sent their allies, the Iroquois, against them. 
 A series of encounters between the two tribes was the result, in 
 
 *This axMJOunt is taken from La Hontan, vol. 2, pp. 63, 64 and 65. The facts con- 
 cerning the engagement, as given by La Hontan, may be relied upon as substantially 
 correct, for they were written only a few ^ears after the event. La Hontan, as appears 
 from the date of his letters which comprise the principal part of his volumes, was in 
 this country from November, 1683, to 1689, and it was during this time that he was 
 collecting the information contained in his works. The place where this engagement 
 between the Miamis and Illinois against the Iroquois occurred, is a matter of doubt. 
 Some late commentators claim that it was upon the Maumee. La Hontan says that 
 the engagement was "near the river Oumamis." When he wrote, the St. Joseph of 
 Lake Michigan was called the river Oumamis, and on the map accompanying La Hon- 
 tan's volume it is so;called, while the Maumee, though laid down on the map, is 
 designated by no name whatever. It would, therefore, appear that when La Hontan 
 mentioned the Miami River he referred to the St. Joseph. 
 
128 HISTORIC NOTES OK THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 which the blood of both was profusely shed, to further the purposes 
 of a purely commercial transaction. 
 
 In these engagements the Senecas — a tribe of the Iroquois, or 
 Five Nations, residing to the west of the other tribes of the confed- 
 eracy, and, in consequence, being nearest to the Miamis, and more 
 directly exposed to their fury — were nearly destroyed at the out- 
 set. The Miamis followed up their success and drove the Senecas 
 behind the palisades that inclosed their villages. For three years 
 the war was carried on with a bitterness only known to exasperated 
 savages. 
 
 When at last the Iroquois saw they could no longer defend them- 
 selves against the Miamis, they appeared in council before the Gov- 
 ernor of New York, and, pittyingly, claimed protection from him, 
 who, to say 'the least, had remained silent and permitted his own 
 people to precipitate this calamity upon them. 
 
 ''You say you will support us against all your kings and our 
 enemies ; we will then forbear keeping any more correspondence 
 with the French of Canada if the great King of England will de- 
 fend our people from the Twichtwicks and other nations over whom 
 the French have an influence and have encouraged to destroy an 
 abundance of our people, even since the peace between the two crowns^'' 
 etc.* 
 
 The governor declined sending troops to protect the Iroquois 
 against their enemies, but informed them: "You must be sensible 
 that the Dowaganhaes, Twichtwicks, etc. , and other remote Indians, 
 are vastly more numerous than you Five Nations, and that, by their 
 continued warring upon you, they will, in a few years, totally de- 
 stroy you. I should, therefore, think it prudence and good policy in 
 you to try all possible means to fix a trade and correspondence with 
 all those nations, by which means you would reconcile them to your- 
 selves, and with my assistance, I am in hopes that, in a short time, 
 they might be united with us in the covenant chain, and then you 
 might, at all times, without hazard, go hunting into their country, 
 which, I understand, is much the best for beaver. I wish you would 
 try to bring some of them to speak to me, and perhaps I might pre- 
 vail upon them to come and live amongst you. I should think my- 
 self obliged to reward you for such a piece of service as I tender 
 your good advantage, and will always use my best endeavor to pre- 
 serve you from all your enemies." 
 
 * Speech of an Iroquois chief at a conference held at Albany, August 36, 1700, be- 
 tween Richard, Earl of Belmont, Captain-General and Govemor-in-Chief of His Maj- 
 esty's provinces of New York, etc., and the sachems of the Five Nations. New York 
 Colonial Documents, vol. 4, p. 729. 
 
TKADE WITH THE ENeLISH. 129 
 
 The conference continued several days, during which the Iroquois 
 stated their grievances in numerous speeches, to which the governor 
 graciously replied, using vague terms and making no promises, 
 after the manner of the extract from his speech above quoted, but 
 placed great stress on the value of the fur trade to the English, and 
 enjoining his brothers, the Iroquois, to bring all their peltries to 
 Albany; to maintain their old alliance with the English, offensive 
 and defensive, and have no intercourse whatever, of a friendly na- 
 ture, with the rascally French of Canada. 
 
 The Iroquois declined to follow the advice of the governor, 
 deeming it of little credit to their courage to sue for peace. In the 
 meantime the governor sent emissaries out among the IVtiamis, with 
 an invitation to open a trade with the English. The messengers were 
 captured by the commandant at Detroit, and sent, as prisoners, to 
 Canada. However, the Miamis, in July, 1702, sent, through the 
 sachems of the Five Nations, a message to the governor at Albany, 
 advising him that many of the Miamis, with another nation, had 
 removed to, and were then living at, Tjughsaghrondie,* near by the 
 fort which the French had built the previous summer ; that they had 
 been informed that one of their chiefs, who had visited Albany two 
 years before, had been kindly treated, and that they had now come 
 forward to inquire into the trade of Albany, and see if goods could 
 not be purchased there cheaper than elsewhere, and that they had 
 intended to go to Canada with their beaver and peltries, but that 
 they ventured to Albany to inquire if goods could not be secured on. 
 better terms. The governor replied that he was extremely pleased 
 to speak with the Miamis about the establishment of a lasting friend- 
 ship and trade, and in token of his sincere intentions presented his 
 guests with guns, powder, hats, strouds, tobacco and pipes, and sent 
 to their brethren at Detroit, waumpum, pipes, shells, nose and ear 
 jewels, looking-glasses, fans, children's toys, and such other light 
 articles as his guests could conveniently carry ; and, finally, assured 
 them that the Miamis might come freely to Albany, where they 
 would be treated kindly, and receive, in exchange for their peltries, 
 everything as cheap as any other Indians in covenant of friendship 
 with the English, t 
 
 During the same year (1702) the Miamis and Senecas settled their 
 quarrels, exchanged prisoners, and established a peace between 
 themselves.:]: 
 
 * The Irociuois name for the Straits of Detroit. 
 
 t Proceedings of a conference between the parties mentioned above. New York 
 Colonial Documents, vol. 4, pp. 979 to 981. 
 
 i New York Colonial Documents, vol. 4, p. 989. 
 9 
 
130 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NOBTHWBST. 
 
 The French were not disposed to allow a portion of the fur trade 
 to be diverted to Albany. Peaceable means were first used to dis- 
 suade the Miamis from trading with the English ; failing in this, 
 forcible means were resorted to. Captain Antoine De La Mothe 
 Cadillac marched against the Miamis and reduced them to terms.* 
 
 The Miamis were not unanimous in the choice of their friends. 
 Some adhered to the French, while others were strongly inclined to 
 trade with the English, of whom they could obtain a better quality 
 of goods at cheaper rates, while at the same time they were allowed 
 a greater price for their furs. Cadillac had hardly effected a coercive 
 peace with the Miamis before the latter were again at Albany. "I 
 have," writes Lord Cournbury to the Board of Trade, in a letter 
 dated August 20, ITOS,-)- "been there five years endeavoring to get 
 these nations [referring to the Miamis and another nation] to trade 
 with our people, but the French have always dissuaded them from 
 coming until this year, when, goods being very scarce, they came to 
 Albany, where our people have supplied them with goods much 
 cheaper than ever the French did, and they promise to return in the 
 spring with a much greater number of their nations, which would be 
 a very great advantage to this province. I did, in a letter of the 
 25th day of June last, inform your Lordships that three French 
 soldiers, having deserted from the French at a place they call Le 
 Destroit, came to Albany. Another deserter came from the same 
 place, whom I examined myself, and I inclose a copy of his exam- 
 ination, by which your Lordships will perceive how easily the French 
 may he leaten out of Canada. The better I am acquainted with this 
 country, and the more I inquire into matters, so much the more I 
 am confirmed in my opinion of the facility of effecting that conquest, 
 and by the method I then proposed." 
 
 Turning to French documents we find that Sieur de Callier de- 
 sired the Miamis to withdraw from their several widely separated 
 villages and settle in a body upon the St. Joseph. At a great council 
 of the westward tribes, held in Montreal in 1694, the French In- 
 tendant, in a speech to the Miamis, declares that "he will not believe 
 that the Miamis wish to obey him until they make altogether one 
 and the same fire, either at the Eiver St. Joseph or at some other 
 place adjoining it. He tells them that he has got near the Iroquois, 
 and has soldiers at Katarakoui,:]: in the fort that had been abandoned ; 
 that the Miamis must get near the enemy, in order to imitate him 
 
 *Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 671: note of the editor. 
 t New York Colonial Documents, vol. 5, p. 65. 
 X At Fort Frontenac. 
 
URGED TO UNITE AT ONE PLACE. 131 
 
 (the Intendant), and be able to strike the Iroquois the more readily. 
 My children," continued the Intendant, "tell me that the Miamis 
 are numerous, and able of themselves to destroy the Iroquois. Like 
 them, all are afraid. "What ! do you wish to abandon your country 
 to your enemy ? . . . Have you forgotten that I waged war against 
 him, principally on your account, alone ? Your dead are no longer 
 visible in his country, their bodies are covered by those of the 
 French who have perished to avenge them. I furnished you the 
 means to avenge them, likewise. It depends only on me to receive 
 the Iroquois as a friend, which I will not do on account of you, who 
 would be destroyed were I to make peace without including you in 
 its terms."* 
 
 "I have heard," writes Governor Vaudreuil, in a letter dated 
 the 28th of October, 1719, to the Council of Marine at Paris, "that 
 the Miamis had resolved to remain where they were, and not go 
 to the St. Joseph River, and that this resolution of theirs was dan- 
 gerous, on account of the facUity they would have of communicating 
 with the English, who were incessantly distributing belts secretly 
 among the nations, to attract them to themselves, and that Sieur 
 Dubinson had been designed to command the post of Ouaytanons, 
 where he should use his influence among the Miamis to induce them 
 to go to the Eiver St. Joseph, and in case they were not willing, 
 that he should remain with them, to counteract the effect of those 
 belts, which had already caused eight or ten Miami canoes to go that 
 year to trade at Albany, and which might finally induce all of the 
 Miami nation to follow the example, "f Finally, some twenty-five 
 years later, as we learn from the letter of M. de Beauharnois, that 
 this French officer, having learned that the English had established 
 trading magazines on the Ohio, issued his orders to the command- 
 -ants among the "Weas and Miamis, to drive the British off by force 
 of arms and plunder their stores. :]: 
 
 Other extracts might be drawn from the voluminous reports of 
 the military and civil officers of the French and British colonial 
 governments respectively, to the same purport as those already 
 quoted ; but enough ,t|is been given to illustrate the unfortunate 
 position of the Miamis. For a period of half a century they were 
 placed between the cutting edges of English and French pur- 
 poses, during which there was no time when they were not threat- 
 ened with danger of, or engaged in, actual war either with the 
 French or the English, or with some of their several Indian allies. 
 
 * Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 635. t Ibid, p. 894. J Ibid, p. 1105. 
 
132 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 By this continual abrasion, the peace and happiness which should 
 have been theirs was wholly lost, and their numbers constantly 
 reduced. They had no relief from the strife, in which only injury 
 could result to themselves, let the issue have been what it might 
 between the English and the French, until the power of the latter 
 was finally destroyed in 1763 ; and even then, after the French had 
 given up the country, the Miamis were compelled to defend their 
 own title to it against the arrogant claims of the English. In the 
 effort of the combined westward tribes to wrest their country from 
 the English, subsequent to the close of the colonial war, the Miamis 
 took a conspicuous part. This will be noticed in a subsequent chap- 
 ter. ■ After the conclusion of the revolutionary war, the several 
 Miami villages from the Yermilion Eiver to Fort "Wayne suffered 
 severely from the attacks of the federal government under General 
 Harmer, and the military expeditions recruited in Kentucky, and 
 commanded by Colonels Scott and Wilkinson. Besides these dis- 
 asters, whole villages were nearly depopulated by the ravages of 
 small-pox. The uncontrollable thirst for whisky, acquired, through 
 a long course of years, by contact with unscrupulous traders, reduced 
 their numbers still more, while it degraded them to the last degree. 
 This was their condition in 1814, when General Harrison said of 
 them: "The Miamis will not be in our way. They are a poor, 
 miserable, drunken set, diminishing every year. Becoming too lazy 
 to hunt, they feel the advantage of their annuities. The fear of the 
 other Indians has alone prevented them from selling their whole 
 claim to the United States ; and as soon as there is peace, or when 
 the British can no longer intrigue, they will sell."* The same 
 authority, in his historical address at Cincinnati in 1838, on the 
 aborigines of the Valley of the Ohio, says: "At any time before 
 the treaty of Greenville in 1795 the Miamis alone could have fur- 
 nished more than three thousand warriors. Constant war with our 
 frontier had deprived them of many of their braves, but the ravages 
 of small-pox was the principal cause of the great decrease , in their 
 numbers. They composed, however, a body of the finest light 
 troops in the world. And had they been under an efficient system of 
 discipline, or possessed enterprise equal to their valor, the settle- 
 ment of the country would have been attended with much greater 
 difficulty than was encountered in accomplishing it, and their final 
 subjugation would have been delayed for some years." f 
 
 Yet their decline, from causes assigned, was so rapid, that when 
 
 * Official letter of General Harrison to the Secretary of War, of date March 24, 1814. 
 t P. 39 of General Harrison's address, original pamphlet edition. 
 
CESSION OF THEIE LANDS. 133 
 
 the Baptist missionary, Isaac McCoy, was among them from 1817 
 until 1822, and drawing conclusions from personal contact, declared 
 that the Miamis were not a warlike people. There is, perhaps, in 
 the history of the North American Indians, no instance parallel to 
 the utter demoralization of the Miamis, nor an example of a tribe 
 which stood so high and had tallen so low through the practice of 
 all the vices which degrade human beings. Mr. McCoy, within the 
 period named, traveled up and down the Wabash, from Terre Haute 
 to Fort "Wayne ; and at the villages near Montezuma, on Eel River, 
 at the Mississinewa and Fort "Wayne, there were continuous rounds 
 of drunken debauchery whenever whisky could be obtained, of which 
 men, women and children all partook, and life was often sacrificed 
 in personal broils or by exposure of the debauchees to the inclemency 
 of the weather. * 
 
 By treaties, entered into at various times, from 1795 to 1845, in- 
 clusive, the Miamis ceded their lands in Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, 
 and removed west of the Mississippi, going in villages or by detach^ 
 ments, from time to time. At a single cession in 1838 they sold 
 the government 177,000 acres of land in Indiana, which was only a 
 fragment of their former possessions, still retaining a large tract. 
 Thus they alienated their heritage, and gradually disappeared from 
 the valleys of the Maumee and "Wabash. A few remained on their 
 reservations and adapted themselves to the ways of the white peo- 
 ple, and their descendants may be occasionally met with about Peru, 
 Wabash and Fort Wayne. The money received from sales of their 
 lands proved to them a calamity, rather than a blessing, as it intro- 
 duced the most demoralizing habits. It is estimated that within a 
 period of eighteen years subsequent to the close of the war of 1812 
 more than five hundred of them perished in drunken broils and fights, f 
 
 The last of the Miamis to go westward were the Mississinewa 
 band. This remnant, comprising in all three hundred and fifty per- 
 sons, under chaf ge of Christmas Dagney, '^ left their old home in the 
 
 * Mr. McCoy has contributed a valuable fund of original information in his History 
 of Baptist Indian Missions, published in 1840. The volume contains six hundred and 
 eleven pages. He mentions many instances of drunken orgies which he witnessed in 
 the several Miami towns. We quote one of them: "An intoxicated Indian at Tort 
 Wayne dismounted from his horse and ran up to a young Indian woman who was his 
 sister-in-law, with a knife in his hand. She first ran around one of the company" pres- 
 ent, and then another, to avoid the murderer, but in vain. He stabbed her with his 
 knife. She then fled from the company. He stood looking after her, and seeing she 
 •did not fall, pursued her, threw her to the earth and drove his knife into her heart, in 
 the presence of the whole company, none of whom ventured to save the girl's life." 
 P. 85. 
 
 t Vide American Cyclopaedia, vol. 11, p. 490. 
 
 i His name was, also, spelled Dazney and Dagnett. He was bom on the 35th of 
 December, 1799, at the Wea village of Old Orchard Town, or We-au-ta-no, "The 
 Ilisen Sun," situated two miles below Fort Harrison. His father, Ambroise Dagney, 
 
134 HISTORIC KOTES OliT THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 fall of 1846, and reached Cincinnati on canal-boats in October of 
 that year. Here they were placed upon a steamboat and taken down 
 the Ohio, up the Mississippi and Missouri, and landed late in the 
 season at "Westport, near Kansas City. Eagged men and nearly 
 naked women and children, forming a motley group, were huddled 
 upon the shore, alone, with no friends to relieve their wants, and 
 exposed to the bitter December winds that blew from the chilly 
 plains of Kansas. In 1670 the Jesuit Father Dablon introduces the 
 Miamis to our notice at the village of Maskoutench, where we see 
 the chief surrounded by his officers of state in all the routine of bar- 
 baric display, and the natives of other tribes paying his subjects the 
 greatest deference. The Miamis, advancing eastward, in the rear of 
 the line of their valorous warriors, pushed their villages into Michi- 
 gan, Indiana, and as far as the river still bearing their name in Ohio. 
 Coming in collision with the French, English and Americans, re- 
 duced by constant wars, and decimated, more than all, with vices 
 contracted by intercourse with the whites, whose virtues they failed 
 to emulate, they make a westward turn, and having, in the progress 
 of time, described the round of a most singular journey, we at last 
 behold the miserable and friendless remnant on the same side of the 
 
 was a Frenchman, a native of Kaskaskia, and served during Hamson's campaign 
 against the Indians, in 1811, in Captain Scott's company, raised at Vincennes. He 
 took part in the battle of Tippecanoe. His mother, Me-chin-quam-e-sha, the Beauti- 
 ful Shade Tree, was the sister of Jocco, or Tack-he-ke-hah, "The Tall Oak," who 
 was chief of the Wea band living at the village named, and whose people claimed 
 the country east of the Wabash, from the mouth of Sugar Creek to a point some dis- 
 tance below Terre Haute. "Me-chin-quam-e-sha" died in 1832, and was buried at 
 Fort Harrison. Christmas Dagney received a good education under the instruction of 
 the Catholics. He spoke French and English with great fluency, and was master of 
 the dialects of the several Wabash tribes. For many years he was government inter- 
 preter at Fort Harrison, and subsequently Indian agent, having the superintendency 
 of the Wabash Miamis, whom he conducted westward. On the 16th of February, 
 1819, he was married to "Mary Ann Isaacs," of the Brothertown Indians, who had 
 been spending a few weeks at the mission house of Isaac McCoy, situated on Raccoon 
 Creek, — or Pishetva, as it was called by the Indians, — a few miles above Armysburg. 
 The marriage was performed by Mr. McCoy "in the presence of our Indian neighbors, 
 who were invited to attend the ceremony. And we had the happibess to have twenty- 
 three of the natives partake of a meal prepared on the occasion." Vide page^64 in his 
 book, before quoted. This was, doubtless, the first marriage that was celebrated after 
 the formality of our laws within the present Kmits of Parke country. By the terms of 
 the treaty at St. Mary's, concluded on the 2d of October, 1818, one section of land was 
 reserved for the exclusive use of Mr. Dagney, and he went to Washington and selected 
 a section that included the village of Armysburg, which at that time was the county 
 seat, and consisted of a row of log houses formed out of sugar-tree logs and built 
 continuously together, from which circumstance it derived the name of " String- 
 town." As a speculation the venture was not successful, for the seat of justice was 
 removed to Rockville, and town lots at Stringtown ceased to have even a prospective 
 value. Mr. Dagney's family occupied the reservation as a farm until about 1846. Mr. 
 Dagney died in 1848, at Coldwater Grove, Kansas. Her second husband was Babtise 
 Peoria. Mrs. Babtise Peoria had superior opportunities to acquire an extensive knowl- 
 edge of the Wabash tribes between Vincennes and Fort Wayne, as she lived on the 
 Wabash from 1817 until 1846. She is now living at Paola, Kansas, where the author 
 met her in November, 1878. 
 
REMOVAL WESTWARD. 135 
 
 Mississippi from whence their warlike progenitors had come nearly 
 two centuries before. 
 
 From Westport the Mississinewas were conducted to a place 
 near the present village of Lowisburg, Kansas, in the county named 
 (Miami) after the tribe. Here they suffered greatly. Nearly one 
 third of their number died the first year. They were homesick and 
 disconsolate to the last degree. " Strong men would actually weep, 
 as their thoughts recurred to their dear old homes in Indiana, 
 whither many of them would make journeys, barefooted, begging 
 their way, and submitting to the imprecations hurled from the door 
 of the white man upon them as they asked for a crust of bread. 
 They wanted to die to forget their miseries." "I have seen," says 
 Mrs. Mary Baptiste to the author, "mothers and fathers give their 
 little children away to others of the tribe for adoption, and after 
 singing their funeral songs, and joining in the solemn dance of 
 death, go calmly away from the assemblage, to be seen no more 
 alive. The Miamis could not be reconciled to the prairie winds of 
 Kansas ; they longed for the woods and groves that gave a partial 
 shade to the flashing waters of the Wah-pe-sha.''''* 
 
 The Wea and Piankeshaw bands preceded the Mississinewas to 
 the westward. They had become reduced to a yvretched community 
 of about two hundred and fifty souls, and they suffered severely 
 during the civil war, in Kansas. The Miamis, "Weas, Piankeshaws, 
 and tlie remaining fragments of the Kaskaskias, containing under 
 that name what yet remained of the several subdivisions of the old 
 Illini confederacy, were gathered together by Baptiste Peoria, and 
 consolidated under the title of The Confederated Tribes, f This 
 
 *The peculiar sound with which Mrs. Baptiste gave the Miami pronunciation of 
 Wabash is difficult to express in mere letters. The principal accent is on the first syl- 
 lable, the minor accent on the last, while the second syllable is but slightly sounded. 
 The word means "white" in both the Miami and Peoria dialects. In treating upon 
 the derivation of the word Wabash (p. 100), the manuscript containing the statements 
 of Mrs. Baptiste was overlooked. 
 
 tThis remarkable man was the son of a daughter of, a sub-chief of the Peoria 
 tribe. He was bom, according to the best information, in 1793, near the confluence of 
 the Kankakee and Maple, as the Des Plaines River was called by the Illinois Indians 
 and the French respectively. His reputed father was a French Canadian trader liv- 
 ing with this tribe, and whose name was Baptiste. Young Peoria was called Batticy 
 by his mother. Later in life he was known as Baptiste the Peoria, and finally as Bap- 
 tiste Peoria. The people of his tribe gave the name a liquid sound, and pronounced 
 it as if it were spelled Paola. The county seat of Miami county, Kansas, is named 
 after him. He was a man of large frame, active, and possessed of great strength and 
 courage. Like Keokuk, the great chief of the Sa<;s and Fox Indians, Paola was fond 
 of athletic sports, and was an expert horseman. He had a ready command both of 
 the French Canadian and the English languages. He was familiar with the dialects of 
 the Pottawatomies, Shawnees, Delawares, Miamis and Kickapoos. These qualifications 
 as a linguist soon brought him into prominence among the Indians, while his known 
 integrity commended his services to the United States government. From the year 
 1821 to the year 1838 he assisted in the removal of the above-named tribes from Indi- 
 
136 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 little confederatioii disposed of their reservation in Miami county, 
 Kansas, and adjacent vicinity, and retired to a tract of reduced 
 dimensions within the Indian Territory. Since their last change of 
 location in 1867 they have made but little progress in their efforts 
 toward a higher civilization. The numbers of what remains of the 
 once numerous Illinois and Miami confederacies are reduced to less 
 than two hundred persons. The Miamis, like the unfortunate man 
 who has carried his dissipations beyond the limit from which there 
 can be no healthy reaction, seem not to have recovered from the 
 vices contracted before leaving the states, and with some notable 
 exceptions, they are a listless, idle people, little worthy of the spirit 
 that inspired the breasts of their ancestors. 
 
 ana and Illinois to their reservations beyond the Mississippi. His duties as Indian 
 agent brought him in contact with many of the early settlers on the Illinois and the 
 Wabash, from Vincennes to Fort Wayne. In 1818, when about twenty-five years of 
 age, Batfcicy represented his tribe at the treaty at Edwardsville. By this treaty, which is 
 signed by representatives from all the five tribes comprising the Illinois or IlUni nation 
 of Indians, viz, the Peorias, Easkaskias, Mitchigamias, Cahokias and Tamaoris, it 
 appears that for a period of years anterior to that time the Peorias had lived, and were 
 then living, separate and apart from the other tribes named. Treaties with the Indian 
 Tribes, etc., p. 247, government edition, 1837. By this treaty the several tribes named 
 ceded to the United States the residue of their lands in IlUnois. For nearly thirty years 
 was Baptiste Peoria in the service of the United States. In 1867 Peoria became th(f 
 chief of the consolidated tribes of the Miamis and Illinois, and went with them to 
 their new reservation in the! northeast corner of the Indian Territory, where he died 
 on the 13th of September, 1873, aged eighty years. Some years before his death he 
 married Mary Baptiste, the widow of Christmas Dagney, who, as before stated, still 
 survives. I am indebted to this lady for copies of the " Western Spirit," a newspaper 
 published at Paola, and the "Fort Scott Monitor," containing obituary notices and 
 biographical sketches of her late husband, from which this notice of Baptiste Peoria 
 has been summarized. Baptiste may be said to be "the last of the Peorias." He 
 made a manly and persistent effort to save the fragment /of the Illinois and Miamis, 
 and by precepts and example tried to encourage them to adopt the ways of civilized 
 Ufe. 
 
CHAPTEE XV. 
 
 THE POTTAW ATOMIES. 
 
 When tlie Jesuits were extending their missions westward of 
 Quebec they found a tribe of Indians, called Ottawas, living upon 
 a river of Canada, to which the name of Ottawa was given. After 
 the dispersion of the Hurons by the Iroquois, in 1649, the Ottawas, 
 to the number of one thousand, joined five hundred of the discom- 
 fited Hurons, and with them retired to the southwestern shore of 
 Lake Superior.* The fugitives were followed by the missionaries, 
 who established among them the Mission of the Holy Ghost, at La 
 Pointe, already mentioned. Shortly after the establishment of the 
 mission the Jesuits made an enumeration of the western Algonquin 
 tribes, in which all are mentioned except the Ojibbeways and Pian- 
 keshaws. The nation which dwelt south of the mission, classified as 
 speaking the piire Algonquin, is uniformly called Ottawas, and the 
 Ojibbeways, by whom they were surrounded, were never once noticed 
 by that name. Hence it is certain that at that early day the Jesuits 
 considered the Ottawas and Ojibbeways as one people, f 
 
 In close consanguinity with the Ottawas and Ojibbeways were 
 the Pottawatomies, between whom there was only a slight dialectical 
 difierence in language, while the manners and customs prevailing in 
 the three tribes were almost identical.:]; This view was again re- 
 asserted by Mr. Gallatin: "Although it must be admitted that the 
 Algonquins, the Ojibbeways, the Ottawas and the Pottawatomies 
 speak different dialects, these are so nearly allied that they may be 
 considered rather as dialects of the same, than as distinct languages."! 
 
 This conclusion of Mr. Gallatin was arrived at after a scientific 
 and analytical comparison of the languages of the tribes mentioned. 
 
 In confirmation of the above statement we have the speeches of 
 three Indian chiefs at Chicago in the month of August, 1821. Dur- 
 ing the progress of the treaty, Keewaygooshkum, a chief of the first 
 authority among the Ottawas, stated that "the Chippewas, the Pot- 
 
 * Jesuit Relations for 1666. 
 
 t Albert Gallatin's Synopsis of the Indian Tribes, p. 27. 
 j Jesuit Relations. 
 
 § Synopsis of the Indian Tribes, p. 39. 
 137 
 
138 HISTOKIC NOTES Olf THE STORTHWEST. 
 
 tawatomies and the Ottawas were originally one nation. We sepa- 
 rated from each other near MichUimackinac. We were related by 
 the ties of blood, language and interest, but in the course of a long 
 time these things have been forgotten," etc. 
 
 At the conclusion of this speech, Mich-el, an aged chief of the 
 Chippewas, said : "My Brethren, — I am about to speak a few words. 
 I know you expect it. Be silent, therefore, that the words of an old 
 man may be heard. 
 
 "My Brethren, — You have heard the man who has just spoken. 
 We are all descended from the same stock, — the Pottawatomies, the 
 Chippeways and the Ottawas. We consider ourselves as one. Why 
 should we not always act in concert? " 
 
 Metea, the most powerful of the Pottawatomie chieftains, in his 
 speech made this statement: 
 
 "Brothers, Chippeways and Ottawas, — we consider ourselves as 
 one people, which you know, as also our father* here, who has trav- 
 eled over our country. " 
 
 Mr. Schoolcraft, in commenting on the above statements, re- 
 marks : "This testimony of a common origin derives additional 
 weight from the general resemblance of these tribes in person, man- 
 ners, customs and dress, but above all by their having one council- 
 fire and speaking one language. Still there are obvious characteris- 
 tics which will induce an observer, after a general acquaintance, to 
 pronounce the Pottawatomies tall, fierce, haughty ; the Ottawas 
 short, thick-set, good-natured, industrious ; the Chippeways warlike, 
 daring, etc. But the general lineaments, or, to borrow a phrase 
 from natural history, the suite features, are identical, f 
 
 The first mention that we have of the Pottawatomies is in the 
 Jesuit Relations for the years 1639-40. They are then mentioned as 
 dwelling beyond the Eiver St. Lawrence, and to the north of the 
 great lake of the Hurons. At this period it is very likely that the 
 Pottawatomies had their homes both north of Lake Huron and 
 south of it, in the northern part of the present State of Michigan. 
 Twenty-six or seven years after this date the country of the Potta- 
 watomies is described as being "about the Lake of the Ilimouek.":]: 
 They were mentioned as being " a warlike people, hunters and fish- 
 ers. Their country is very good for Indian corn, of which they 
 plant fields, and to which they willingly retire to avoid the famine 
 that is too common in these quarters. They are in the highest de- 
 gree idolaters, attached to ridiculous fables and devoted to polygamy. 
 
 * Lewis Cass. f Schoolcraft's Central Mississippi Valley, pp. 357, 360, 368. 
 X Lake Michigan. 
 
THE POTTAW ATOMIES. 139 
 
 We have seen them here* to the number of three hundred men, all 
 capable of bearing arms. Of all the people that I have associated with 
 in these countries, they are the most docile and the most affectionate 
 toward the French. Their wives and daughters are more reserved 
 than those of other nations. They have a species of civility among 
 them, and make it apparent to strangers, which is very rare among 
 our barbarians, "t 
 
 In 1670 the Pottawatomies had collected at the islands at the 
 mouth of Green Bay which have taken their name from this tribe. 
 Father Claude Dablon, in a letter concerning the mission of St. 
 Francis Xavier, which was located on Green Bay, in speaking of 
 this tribe, remarks that ' ' the Pouteouatami, the Ousaki, and those 
 of the Forks, also dwell here, but as strangers, the fear of the Iro- 
 quois having driven them from their lands, which are between the 
 Lake of the Hurons and that of the Illinois. ":t 
 
 In 1721, says Charlevoix, "the Poutewatamies possessed only 
 one of the small islands at the mouth of Green Bay, but had two 
 other villages, one on the St. Joseph and the other at the Nar- 
 rows."§ 
 
 Driven out of the peninsula between lakes Huron and Michigan, 
 the Pottawatomies took up their abode on the Bay de Noquet, and 
 other islands near the entrance of Green-Bay. From these islands 
 they advanced southward along the west shore of Lake Michigan. 
 Extracts taken from Hennepin's Narrative of La Salle's Voyage 
 mention the fact that the year previous to La Salle's coming west- 
 ward (1678), he had sent out a party of traders in advance, who had 
 bartered successfully with the Pottawatomies upon the islands, 
 named, and who were anxiously waiting for La Salle at the time of 
 his arrival in the Griffin. Hennepin further states that La Salle's 
 party bartered with the Pottawatomies at the villages they passed 
 on the voyage southward. 
 
 From this time forward the Pottawatomies steadily moved south- 
 ward. "When La Salle reached the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan 
 there were no Pottawatomies in that vicinity. Shortly after this 
 date, however, they had a village on the south bank of this stream, 
 near the present city of Niles, Michigan. On the northern bank 
 was a village of Miamis. The Mission of St. Joseph was here 
 established and in successful operation prior to 1711, from which 
 fact, with other incidental circumstances, it has been inferred that 
 
 * La Pointe. t Jesuit Relations, 1670-71. 
 
 t Jesuit Relations, 1666-7. § Detroit. 
 
14,0 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 the Pottawatomies, as well as the mission, were on the St. Joseph as 
 early as the year 1700.* 
 
 Father Charlevoix fixes the location of both the mission and the 
 military post as being at the same place beyond a doubt. " It was 
 eight days yesterday since I arrived at this post, where we have a 
 mission, and where there is a commandant with a small garrison. 
 The commandant's house, which is a very sorry one, is called the 
 fort, from its being surrounded by an indifferent palisado, which is 
 pretty near the case in all the rest, except Forts Chambly and Cata- 
 rocony, which are real fortresses. We have here two villages of 
 Indians, one of Miamis and the other of Pottawatomies, both of 
 them mostly Christians ; but as they have been for a long time with- 
 out any pastors, the missionary who has lately been sent them will 
 have no small difficulty in bringing them back to the exercise of 
 
 their religion. " t 
 
 The authorities for locating the old mission and fort of St. Joseph 
 near Niles are Charlevoix, Prof. Keating and the Eev. Isaac Mo- 
 Coy. Commenting on the remains of the old villages upon the St. 
 Joseph Eiver at the time Long's expedition passed that way, in 1823, 
 the compiler states that "the prairies, woodland and river were 
 rendered more picturesque by the ruins of Strawberry, Eum and 
 St. Joseph's villages, formerly the residence of the Indians or of 
 the first French settlers. It was curious to trace the diff"erence in 
 the remains of the habitations of the red and white man in the 
 midst of this distant solitude. While the untenanted cabin of the 
 
 * Some confusion has arisen from a confounding of the Mission of St. Joseph and 
 Fort St. Joseph with the Fort Miamis. The two were distinct, some miles apart, and 
 erected at diiferent dates. It is plain, from the accounts given by Hennepin, Membre 
 and LaHontan, that Fort Miamis was located on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the 
 St. Joseph. It is equally clear that the Mission of St. Joseph and Fort St. Joseph 
 were some miles up the St. Joseph River, and a few miles below the "portage of the 
 Kankakee " at South Bend. Father Charlevoix, in his letter of the 16th of August, 
 1721, — after having in a previous letter referred to his reaching the St. Joseph and 
 going up it toward the fort, — says: "We afterward sailed up twenty leagues before 
 we reached the fort." Vol. 2, p. 94. Again, in a subsequent letter (p. 184): " I de- 
 parted yesterday from the Fort of the River St. Joseph and sailed up that nver about 
 six leagues. I went ashore on the right and walked a league and a quarter, first along 
 the water side and afterward across a field 'in an immense meadow, entirely covered 
 with copses of wood." And in the next paragraph, on the same page, follows his 
 description of the sources of the Kankakee, quoted in this work on page 77. Here, 
 then, we have the position of Fort St. Joseph and the mission of that name and the 
 two villages of the Pottawatomies and the Miamis, on the St. Joseph River, six leagues 
 helow South Bend . In Dr. Shea's Catholic Missions, page 423, it is stated that ' ' La SaUe, 
 on his way to the Mississippi, had built a temporary fort on the St. Joseph, not fsu: 
 from the portage leading to the The-a-ki-ke ; and Mr. Charles R. Brown, in his 
 Missions, Forts and Trading Posts of the Northwest, p. 14, says that "Fort Miamis, 
 built at the mouth of the St. Joseph's River by La SaUe, was afterward called St. 
 Joseph, to distinguish it from (Fort) Miamis, on the Maumee." In this instance 
 neither of these writers follow the text of established authorities. 
 
 t Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, pp. 93, 94. 
 
ST. JOSEPH. 141 
 
 Indian presented in its neighborhood but the remains of an old 
 cornfield overgrown with weeds, the rude hut of the Frenchman was 
 surrounded with vines, and with the remains of his former garden- 
 ing exertions. The asparagus, the pea vine and the woodbine still 
 grow about it, as though in defiance of the revolutions which have 
 dispersed those who planted them here. The very names of the 
 villages mark the difference between their former tenants. Those 
 of the Indians were designated by the name of the fruit which grew 
 abundantly on the spot or of the object which they coveted most, 
 while the French missionary has placed his village under the patron- 
 age of the tutelar saint in whom he reposed his utmost confidence."* 
 
 The asparagus, the pea-vine and the woodbine preserved the 
 identity of the spot against the encroachments of the returning for- 
 ests until 1822, when Isaac McCoy established among the Pottawat- 
 omies the Baptist mission called Carey, out of respect for the Rev, 
 Mr. Carey, a missionary of the same church in Hindostan. "It is 
 said that the Pottawatomies themselves selected this spot for Carey's 
 mission, it being the site of their old village. This must have been 
 very populous, as the remains of corn-hills are very visible at this 
 time, and are said to extend over a thousand acres. The village 
 was finally abandoned about fifty years ago (1773), but there are a 
 few of the oldest of the nation who still recollect the sites of their 
 respective huts. They are said to frequently visit the establishment 
 and to trace with deep feeling a spot which is endeared to them." f 
 
 On a cold winter night in 1833 a traveler was ferried over the' 
 St. Joseph at the then straggling village of Niles. " Ascending the 
 bank, a beautiful plain with a clump of trees here and there upon its 
 surface opened to his view. The establishment of Carey's mission, 
 a long, low, white building, could be distinguished afar off faintly 
 in the moonlight, while several winter lodges of. the Pottawatomies 
 were plainly visible over the plain." \ 
 
 Concerning the Pottawatomie village near Detroit, and also some 
 of the customs peculiar to the tribe, we have the following account. 
 It was written in 1718 : § 
 
 "The fort of Detroit is south of the river. The village of the 
 Pottawatomies adjoins the fort ; they lodge partly under Apaquois, || 
 
 * Long's Second Expedition, vol. 1, pp. 147, 148. 
 
 t Long's Second Expedition, vol. 1, p. 153, McCoy's History of Baptist Indian Mis- 
 sions. 
 
 t Hoffinan's Winter in the West, vol. 1, p. 235. 
 
 § Memoir on the Indians between Lake Erie and the Mississippi. Paris Documents, 
 vol. 9, p. 887. 
 
 I Apaquois, matting made of flags or rushes; from opee, a leaf, and wiggwoiam, a 
 hut. They cover their huts with mats made of rushes platted. Carver's Travels. 
 
142 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 ■whicli are made of mat-grass. The women do all the work. The 
 men belonging to that nation are well clothed, like our domiciliated 
 Indians at Montreal. Their entire occupation is hunting and dress ; 
 they make use of a great deal of vermilion, and in winter wear 
 buffalo robes richly painted, and in summer either blue or red cloth. 
 They play a good deal at La Crosse in summer, twenty or more on 
 each side. Their bat is a sort of a little racket, and the baU with 
 which they play is made of very heavy wood, somewhat larger than 
 the balls used at tennis. "When playing they are entirely naked, 
 except a breech cloth and moccasins on their feet. Their body is 
 completely painted with all sorts of colors. Some, with white clay, 
 trace white lace on their bodies, as if on all the seams of a coat, and 
 at a distance it would be apt to be taken for silver lace. They play 
 very deep and often. The bets sometimes amount to more than 
 eight hundred livres. They set up two poles, and commence the 
 game from the center ; one party propels the ball from one side and 
 the others from the opposite, and whichever reaches the goal wins. 
 This is fine recreation and worth seeing. They often play village 
 against village, the Poux* against the Ottawas or Hurons, and 
 lay heavy stakes. Sometimes Frenchmen join in the game with 
 them. The women cultivate Indian corn, beans, peas, squashes and 
 melons, which come up very fine. The women and girls dance at 
 night ; adorn themselves considerably, grease their hair, put on a 
 white shift, paint their cheeks with vermilion, and wear whatever 
 wampum they possess, and are very tidy in their way. They dance 
 to the sound of the drum and sisiquoi, which is a sort of gourd con- 
 taining some grains of shot. Four or five young men sing and beat 
 time with the drum and sisiquoi, and the women keep time and do 
 ■ not lose a step. It is very entertaining, and lasts almost the entire 
 night. The old men often dance the Medicine, f They resemble a 
 set of demons ; and all this takes place during the night. The 
 young men often dance in a circle and strike posts. It is then they 
 recount their achievements and dance, at the same time, the war 
 dance ; and whenever they act thus they are highly ornamented. It 
 is altogether very curious. They often perform these things for 
 tobacco. "When they go hunting, which is every fall, they carry 
 their apaquois with them, to hut under at night. Everybody follows, 
 
 * The Pottawatomies were sometimes known by the contraction Poux. La Hontan 
 uses this name, and erroneously confounds them with the Puans or Winnebagoes. In 
 givmg the coat-of-arms of the Pottawatomies, representing a dog crouched in the 
 grass, he says: "They were called Puants." Vol. 3, p. 84. 
 ■ t Medicine dance. 
 
ORIGIN OF POTTAWATOMIE. , 143 
 
 men, women and children. They winter in the forest and return in 
 the spring." 
 
 The Pottawatomies swarmed from their prolific hives about the 
 islands of Mackinaw, and spread themselves over portions of "Wis- 
 consin, and eastward to their ancient homes in Michigan. At a 
 later day they extended themselves upon the territory of the ancient 
 Illinois, covering a large portion of the state. From the St. Joseph 
 Eiver and Detroit their bands moved southward over that part of 
 Indiana north and west of the "Wabash, and thence down that 
 stream. They wer.e a populous horde of hardy children of the 
 forests, of great stamina, and their constitutions were hardened by 
 the rigorous climate of the northern lakes. 
 
 Among the old French writers the orthography of the word 
 Pottawatomies varied to suit the taste of the writer. We give some 
 of the forms : Poutouatimi,* Pouteotatamis,f Poutouatamies, :{: Pou- 
 tewatamis,§ Pautawattamies, Puttewatamies, Pottowottamies and 
 Pottawattamies. || The tribe was divided into four clans, the Golden 
 Carp, the Frog, the Crab, and the Tortoise. T" The nation was not 
 like the Illinois and Miamis, divided into separate tribes, but the 
 diiferent bands would separate or unite according to the scarcity or 
 abundance of game. 
 
 The word Pottawatomie signifies, in their own language, we are 
 making a fire, for the origin of which they have the following tradi- 
 tion: " It is said that a Miami, having wandered out from his cabin, 
 met three Indians whose language was unintelligible to him; by signs 
 and motions he invited them to follow him to his cabin, where they 
 were hospitably entertained, and where they remained until after 
 dark. During the night two of the strange Indians stole from the 
 hut, while their comrade and host were asleep ; they took a few 
 embers from the cabin, and, placing these near the door of the h^^t, 
 they made a fire, which, being afterward seen by the Miami and 
 remaining guest, was understood to imply a council fire in token of 
 peace between the two nations. From this circumstance the Miami 
 called them in his language Wa-ho-na-ha, or the fire-makers, which, 
 being translated into the language of the three guests, produced the 
 term by which their nation has ever since been distinguished." 
 
 After this the Miamis termed the Pottawatomies their younger 
 brothers ; but afterward, in a council, this was changed, from the 
 
 * Jesuit Relations. § Charlevoix. 
 
 tFather Membre. fParis Documents. 
 
 iJoutel's Journal. 
 
 i[ Enumeration of the Indian tribes, the Warriors and Armorial Bearings of each 
 Nation, made in 1736. Published in Documentary History of New York. 
 
144 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 circumstance that they resided farther to the west ; " as those nations 
 which reside to the west of others are deemed more ancient."* 
 
 The Pottawatomies were unswerving in their adherence to the 
 French, when the latter had possession of the boundless Northwest. 
 In 1712, when a large force of Mascoutins and Foxes besieged De- 
 troit, they were conspicuous for their fidelity. They rallied the 
 other tribes to the assistance of the French, and notified the besieged 
 garrison to hold out against their enemies until their arrival. Mah- 
 is-ahie, the war chief of the Pottawatomies, sent word through Mr. 
 de Vincennes, "just arrived from the Miami country, that he would 
 soon be at Detroit with six hundred of his warriors to aid the French 
 and eat those miserable nations who had troubled all the country." 
 The commandant, M. du Buisson, was gratified when he ascended 
 a bastion, and looking toward the forest saw the army of the nations 
 issuing from it ; the Pottawatomies, the Illinois, the Missouris, the 
 Ottawas, the Sacs and the Menominees were there, armed and painted 
 in all the glory of war. Detroit never saw such a collection. "My 
 Father," says the chief to the commandant, "I speak to you on 
 the part of all the nations, your children who are before you. What 
 you did last year in drawing their flesh from the fire, which the Ou- 
 tagamies (Foxes) were about to roast and eat, demands we should 
 bring you our bodies to make you the master of them. "We do not 
 fear death, whenever it is necessary to die for you. "We have only 
 to request that you pray the father of all nations to have pity on our 
 women and our children, in case we lose our lives for you. "We beg 
 you throw a blade of grass upon our bones to protect them from the 
 flies. You see, my father, that we have left our villages, our women 
 and children to hasten to join you. Have pity on us ; give us some- 
 thing to eat and a little tobacco to smoke. "We have come a long 
 ways and are destitute of everything. Give us powder and balls to 
 fight with you." i 
 
 Makisabie, the Pottawatomie, said to the Foxes and Mascoutines: 
 ""Wicked nations that you are, you hope to frighten us by all the 
 red color which you exhibit in your village. Learn that if the earth 
 is covered with blood, it will be with yours. You talk to us of the 
 English, they are the cause of your destruction, because you have 
 listened to their bad council. . . . The English, who are cowards, 
 only defend themselves by killing men by that wicked strong drink, 
 which has caused so many men to die after drinking it. Thus we 
 shall see what will happen to you for listening to them." f 
 
 -Long's Expedition to the Sources of the St. Peter's River, vol. 1, pp. 91. 92 93 
 T Ihe extracts we have quoted are taken from the official report of Du Buisson, 
 
WARS AGAINST THE WHITES. ' 145 
 
 The Pottawatdmies sustained their alliance with the French con- 
 tinuously to the time of the overthrow of their power in the north-, 
 west. They then aided their kinsman, Pontiac, in his attempt to 
 recover the same territory from the British. They fought on the 
 side of the British against the Americans throughout the war of the 
 revolution, and their war parties made destructive and frequent raids 
 upon the line of pioneer settlements in Pennsylvania, Kentucky, 
 Ohio and Indiana. In the war of 1812 they were again ranged on 
 the side of the British, with their Woody hands lifted alike against 
 the men, women and children of "the States." 
 
 In the programme of Pontiac' s war the capture of Post St.. 
 Joseph, on the St. Joseph's river of Lake Michigan, was assigned to 
 the Pottawatomies, which was effected as will be hereafter narrated. 
 
 It was also the Pottawatomies who perpetrated the massacre at 
 Chicago on the 15th day of August, 1812. Bands of this tribe, from 
 their villages on the St. Joseph, the Kankakee and the Illinois rivers, 
 whose numbers were augmented by the appearance of Metea with 
 his warriors, from their village westward of Fort Wayne, fell upon 
 the forces of Captain Heald, and the defenseless women and chil- 
 dren retreating with him after the surrender of Fort Dearborn, and 
 murdered or made prisoners of them all. Metea was a conspicuous 
 leader in this horrible aifair. * 
 
 Eobert Dixon, the British trader sent out among the Indians, 
 during the war of 1812 to raise recruits for Proctor and Tecumseh, 
 gathered in the neighborhood of Chicago,' which after the massacre 
 was his place of general rendezvous, nearly one thousand warriors, 
 of as wild and cruel savages as ever disgraced the human race. They 
 were the most worthless and abandoned desperadoes whom Dixon 
 had been enabled to collect from among all the tribes he had visited. 
 These accomplices of the British were to be let loose upon the re- 
 mote settlements under the leadership of the Pottawatomie chief, 
 MaA-pock, or Mai-po, a monster in human form, who distinguished 
 himself with a girdle sewed full of human scalps, which he wore 
 around his waist, and strings of bear's claws and bills of owls and 
 hawks around his ankles, worn as trophies of his power in arms and 
 as a terror to his enemies, f . 
 
 relating to the siege of Detroit. The manuscript copy of it was obtained from the 
 archives at Paris, by Gen. Cass, when minister to France, and is, published at length 
 in volume III of the Histo^ of Wisconsin, compiled by thfe direction of the legislatare 
 of that state by William R. Smith, President of the State Historical Society ; a work 
 of very great value, not only, to the State of Wisconsin but to the entire Northwest, for 
 the amount of reliable historical information it contains. 
 
 * HaU and McKenney's History of the Indian Tribes of North America, vol. 2, 
 pp. 59, 60. 
 
 t McAfee's History of the Late War, pp. 297, 298. ■ 
 10 
 
146 HISTORIC NOTES OK THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Their manners, like their dialect, were rough and barbarous as 
 compared with other Algonquin tribes. The;^ were not the civil, 
 modest people, an exceptional and christianized band of whom the 
 Jesuits before quoted drew a flattering description. 
 
 "It is a fact that for many years the current of emigration as to 
 the tribes east of the Mississippi has been from the north to the south. 
 This was owing to two causes : the diminution of those animals from 
 which the Indians derive their support, and the pressure of the two 
 great tribes, — the Ojibbeways and the Sioux, — to the north and 
 west. So long ago as 1795, at the treaty of Greenville, the Potta- 
 watomies notified the Miamis that they intended to settle upon the 
 Wabash. They made no pretensions to the country, and the only 
 excuse for the intended aggression was that they were tired of eating 
 fish and wanted meaV* And come they did. They bore down 
 upon their less populous neighbors, the Miamis, and occupied a large 
 portion of their territory, impudently and by sheer force of numbers, 
 rather than by force of arms. They established numerous villages 
 upon the north and west bank of the Wabash and its tributaries 
 flowing in from that side of the stream above the Vermilion. They, 
 with the Sacs, Foxes and Kickapoos, drove the Illinois into the vil- 
 lages about Kaskaskia, and portioned the conquested territory among 
 themselves. By other tribes they were called squatters, who justly 
 claimed that the Pottawatomies never had any land of their own, 
 and were mere intruders upon the prior rights of others. They were 
 foremost at all treaties where lands were to be ceded, and were clam- 
 orous for a lion's share of presents and annuities, particularly where 
 these last were the price given for the sale of others' lands rather 
 than their own.f Between the years 1789 and 1837 the Pottawato- 
 mies, by themselves, or in connection with other tribes, made no 
 less than thirty-eight treaties with the United States, all of which, — 
 excepting two or three which were treaties of peace only, — were for 
 cessions of lands claimed wholly by the Pottawatomies, or in com- 
 mon -with other tribes. These cessions embraced territory extending 
 from the Mississippi eastward to Cleveland, Ohio, and reaching over 
 the entire valleys of the Illinois, the Wabash, the Maumee and their 
 tributaries. :j; 
 
 They also had villages upon the Kankakee and Illinois rivers. 
 Among them we name Minemaung., or Yellow Head, situated a 
 
 * Official letter to the Secretary of War, dated March 22, 1814. 
 t Schoolcraft's Central Mississippi Valley, p. 358. 
 
 X Treaties between the United States and fiie several Indian tribes, from 1778 to 
 1837: Washington, D.C., 1837. 
 
THEIR AaLLAGES. 147 
 
 few miles north of Momence, at a point of timber still known as 
 Yellow Head Point ; She-mar-gar, or tlie Soldier's Village, at the 
 mouth of Soldier Creek, that runs through Kankakee City, and the 
 village of " Little Rock " ot Shaw-waw-nas-see, at the mouth of Hock 
 Creek, a few miles below Kankakee City.* Besides these, the Pot- 
 tawatomies had villages farther down the Illinois, particularly the 
 great town of Como, Gumo, or Gumbo as the pioneers called it, at the 
 upper end of Peoria Lake. They had other towns on the Milwaukee 
 Eiver, Wisconsin. On the St. Joseph, near Mies, was the village of 
 T<ypen-ne-l)ee, the great hereditary chief of the Pottawatomie nation ; 
 higher up, near the present village of "White Pigeon, was situated 
 Wap-pe-me-me's, or White Pigeon's town. Westward of Fort Wayne, 
 Indiana, nine miles, was Mus-hwa-wa-s^e-otan, "the town of old 
 Eed Wood creek," where resided the band of the distinguished war- 
 rior and orator of the Pottawatomies, Metea, whose name in their 
 language signifies kiss me. 
 
 Finally, the renowned Kesis, or the sun, the old friend of Gen- 
 •eral Hamtrauck and the Americans, in a speech to General Wayne 
 at the treaty of Greenville in 1795, said that his village "was a day's 
 walk below the Wea towns on the Wabash," referring, doubtless, to 
 the mixed Pottawatomie and Kickapoo town which stood on the site 
 of the old Shelby farm, on the north bank of the Yermilion, a short 
 distance above its mouth, f 
 
 The positions of several of the principal Pottawatomie villages 
 have been given for the purpose of showing the area of country 
 over which this people extended themselves. As late as 1823 their 
 hunting grounds appeared to have been "bounded on the north by 
 the St. Joseph (which on the east side of Lake Michigan separated 
 them from the Ottawas) and the Milwacke, % which, on the west side 
 of the lake, divided them from the Menomonees. They spread to the 
 south along the Illinois River about two hundred miles ; to the west 
 
 * The location of these three villages of Pottawatomies is fixed by the surveys of 
 reservations to Mine-maung, Shemargar and Shaw- waw-nas-see respectively, secured 
 to them by the second article of a treaty concluded at Camp Tippecanoe, near Logaiis- 
 pprt, Indiana, on the 30th of October, 1838, between the United States and the chiefs 
 and head men of the Pottawatomie tribe of Indians of the prairie and of the Kanka- 
 kee. The reservations were surveyed in the presence of the Indians concerned and 
 Creneral Tipton, agent on the part of the United States, in the month of May, 1834, 
 by Major Dan W. Beokwith, surveyor. The reservations were so surveyed as to include 
 the several villages we have named, as appears from the manuscript volumes of the 
 surveys in possession of the author. 
 
 t Journal of the Proceedings at the Treaty of Greenville: American State Papers 
 on Indian Affairs, vol. 1, p. 580. The author has authorities and manuscripts from 
 which tiie location of Kesis' band at the mouth of the Vermilion may be qmte confi- 
 dentiy affirmed. 
 
 IMilwaukee. 
 
148 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 their grounds extended as far as Kock Eiver, and the Mequin or 
 Spoon Eiver of the Illinois ; to the east they probably seldom passed 
 beyond the Wabash."* After the Kickapoos and Pottawatomies- 
 had established themselves in the valley of the "Wabash, it was 
 mutually agreed between them and the Miamis that the river should 
 be the dividing line, — the Pottawatomies ^nd Kickapoos to occupy 
 the west, and the Miamis to remain undisturbed on the east or south 
 side of the stream. It was a hard bargain for the Miamis, who were 
 unable to maintain their rights, f 
 
 The Pottawatomies were among the last to leave their possessions 
 in Illinois and Indiana, and it was the people of this tribe with 
 whom the first settlers came principally in contact. Their hostility 
 ceased at the close of the war of 1812. After this their intercourse 
 with the whites was uniformly friendly, and they bore the many im- 
 positions and petty grievances which were put upon them by not a 
 few of their unprincipled and unfeeling white neighbors with a for- 
 bearance that should have excited public sympathy. 
 
 The Pottawatomies owned extensive tracts of land on the "Wabash, 
 between the mouth of Pine Creek, in "Warren county, and the Fort 
 "Wayne portage, which had been reserved to them by the terms of 
 their several treaties with the United States. They held like claims 
 upon the Tippecanoe and other westward tributaries of the Wabash, 
 and elsewhere in northwestern Indiana, eastern Illinois and southern 
 Michigan. These reservations are now covered by some of the 
 finest farms in the states named. The treaties by which such reser- 
 vations were granted generally contained a clause that debarred the 
 owner from alienating them without having first secured the sanction 
 of the President of the United States. This restriction was de- 
 signed to prevent unprincipled persons from overreaching the Indian, 
 who, at best, had only a vague idea of the fee simple title to, and 
 value of, real estate. It afforded little security, however, against the 
 wiles of the unscrupulous, and whenever the Indian could be in- 
 duced by the arts of his "White Brother" to put his name to an 
 instrument, the purport of which, in many instances, he did not at 
 all understand as forever conveying away his possessions, the ratify- 
 ing signature of the President followed as a matter of department 
 routine. The greater part of the Pottawatomie reservations was 
 retroceded to the United States in exchange either for annuities or 
 for lands west of the Mississippi, and the title disposed of in this 
 way. 
 
 ♦Long's Second Expedition, vol. 1, p. 171. 
 
 t The writer was informed of this agreement by Majy Baptiate, 
 
THE EXODUS. 149 
 
 The final emigration of the Pottawatomies from the "Wabash, 
 omder charge of Col. Pepper and Gen. Tipton, of Indiana, took place 
 in the summer of 1838. Many are yet living who witnessed the 
 sad exodus. The late Sanford Cox has recorded his impressions of 
 this event in the valuable little book which he published. * ' ' Hearing 
 that this large emigration, numbering nearly a thousand of all ages 
 and sexes, would pass within eight or nine miles west of La Fayette, 
 a few of us procured horses and rode over to see the retiring band, 
 as they reluctantly wended their way toward the setting sun. It 
 was, indeed, a mournful spectacle to see these children of the forest 
 slowly retiring from the homes of their childhood, where were not 
 only the graves of their loved ancestors but many endearing scenes 
 to which their memories would ever recur as sunny spots along their 
 pathway through the wilderness. They felt that they were bidding 
 a last farewell to the hills, the valleys and the streams of their 
 infancy : the more exciting hunting grounds of their advanced 
 youth ; the stern and bloody battle-fields on which, in riper man- 
 hood, they had received wounds, and where many of their friends 
 and loved relatives had fallen, covered with gore and with glory. All 
 these they were leaving behind, to be desecrated by the plowshare 
 of the white man. As they cast mournful glances back toward these 
 loving scenes that were rapidly fading in the distance, tears fell from 
 the cheek of the downcast warrior, — old men trembled, matrons wept, 
 the swarthy maiden's cheek turned pale, and sighs and half-suppressed 
 sobs escaped from the motley groups, as they passed along, some on 
 foot, some on horseback, and others in wagons, sad as a funeral pro- 
 cession. I saw several of the aged warriors glancing upward to the sky 
 as if invoking aid from the spirits of their departed sires, who were 
 looking down upon them with pity from the clouds, or as if they were 
 calling upon the great spirit to redress the wrongs of the red man, 
 whose broken bow had fallen from his hand. Ever and anon one 
 of the throng would strike oif from the procession into the woods 
 and retrace his steps back to the old encampments on the Wabash, 
 Ell River, or the Tippecanoe, declaring that he would die there 
 rather than be banished from his country. Thus would scores leave 
 the main party at different points on the journey and return to their 
 former homes ; and it was several years before they could be induced 
 to join their countrymen west of the Mississippi." 
 
 This body, on their westward journey, passed through Danville, 
 Illinois, where they halted several days, being in want of food. The 
 
 * Recollections of the Early Settlement of the Wabash Valley, La Fayette, Ind., 
 1860, pp. 154, 155. 
 
150 HISTORIC KOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 commissary department was wretchedly supplied. The Indians 
 begged for food at the houses of the citizens. Others, in their 
 extremity, killed rats at the old mill on the I^orth Fork and ate 
 them to appease their hunger. Without tents or other shelter, 
 many of them, with young babes in their arms, walked on foot, as 
 there was no adequate means of conveyance for the weak, the aged 
 or infirm. Thus the mournful procession passed across the state of 
 Illinois. 
 
 The St. Joseph band were removed westward the same year. So 
 strong was their attachment to southern Michigan and northern 
 Indiana, that the Federal government invoked the aid of troops to 
 coerce their removal. The soldiers surrounded them, and, as prison- 
 ers of war, compelled them to leave. At South Bend, Indiana, was. 
 the village of Chichipe Outipe. The town was on a rising ground 
 near four small lakes, and contained ten or twelve hundred christian- 
 ized Pottawatomies. Benjamin M. Petit, the Catholic missionajry in 
 charge at Po-ke-ganns village on the St. Joseph, asked Bishop Brute 
 for leave to accompany the Indians, but the prelate withheld his 
 consent, not deeming it proper to give even an implied indorsement 
 of the cruel act of the government. But being himself on their 
 route, he afterward consented. The power of religion then appeared. 
 Amid their sad march he confirmed several, while hymns and prayers, 
 chanted in Ottawa, echoed for the last time around their, lakes. Sick 
 and well were carried off alike. After giving all his Episcopal bless- 
 ing, Bishop Brute proceeded with Petit to the tents of the . sick, 
 where they baptized one and confirmed another, both of whom ex- 
 pired soon after. The march was resumed. The men, women and 
 elder children, urged on by the soldiers in their rear, were fdllowed 
 with the wagons bearing the sick and dying, the mothers, little chil- 
 dren and property. Thus they proceeded through the country, tur- 
 bulent at that time on account of the Mormon war, to the Osage 
 Kiver, Missouri, where Mr. Petit confided the wretched exiles to the 
 care of the Jesuit Father J. Hoecken.* 
 
 In the year 1846 the different bands of Pottawatomies united on 
 the west side of the Mississippi. A general treaty was made, in 
 which the following clause occurs: "Whereas, the various bands of 
 the Pottawatomie Indians, known as the Chippeways, Ottawas and 
 Pottawatomies, the Pottawatomies of the Prairie, the Pottawatomies 
 of the Wabash, and the Pottawatomies of Indiana, have, subsequent 
 to the year 1820, entered into separate and distirict treaties with the 
 
 * Extract from Shea's Catholic MissioAs, p. 397. 
 
THE POTTAWATOMIE NATIOK. 151 
 
 United States, by whieli they have been separated and located 
 in diflferent countries, and difficulties have arisen as to the proper 
 distributions of the stipulations under various treaties, and being 
 the same people by kindred, by feeling and by language, and 
 having in former periods lived on and owned their lands in com- 
 mon, and being desirous to unite in one common country and 
 again become one people and receive their annuities and other 
 benefits in common, and to abolish all minor distinctions of bands 
 by which they have heretofore been divided, and are anxious to 
 be known as the Pottawatomie Nation, thereby reinstating the. 
 national character ; and whereas, the United States are also anxious 
 to restore and concentrate said tribes to a state so desirable and 
 necessary for the happiness of their people, as well as to enable 
 the government to arrange and manage its intercourse with them ; 
 now, therefore, the United States and said Indians do hereby agree 
 that said people shall hereafter be known as a nation, to be called 
 the Pottawatomie Nation." 
 
 Pursuant to the terms of this treaty, the Pottawatomies received 
 $860,000, in consideration of which they released all lands owned 
 by them within the limits of the territory of Iowa and on the Osage 
 River in Missouri, or in any state or place whatsoever. Eighty- 
 seven thousand dollars of the purchase money coming to them was 
 paid, by cession from the United States, of 5T6,000 acres of land 
 lying on both sides of the Kansas Kiver. The tract embraces the 
 finest body of land within the present state of Kansas, and Topeka, 
 the state capital, has since been located nearly in the center of the 
 reservation. "While the territory was going through the process of 
 organization, adventurers trespassed upon the lands of the Potta- 
 watomies, sold them whisky, and spread demoralization among 
 them. The squatters who intruded upon the farmer-Indians killed 
 their stock and burned some of their habitations, all of which was 
 borne without retaliation. Notwithstanding the old habendum clause 
 inserted in Indian treaties (as a mere matter of form, as may be in- 
 ferred from the little regard paid to it) that these lands should inure 
 to Pottawatomies, "their heirs and assigns forever," the squatter 
 sovereigns wanted them, and resorted to all the well-known methods 
 in vogue on the border to make it unpleasant for the Indians, who 
 were progressing with assured success from barbarism to the ways 
 of civilized society. The usual result of dismemberment of the re- 
 serve followed. The farmer-Indians, who so desired, had their por- 
 tions of the reserve set off in severalty; the uncivilized members of 
 the tribe had their proportion set off in common. These last, which 
 
152 HISTOKIC NOTES OK THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 were exchanged for money, or lands farther southward, fell into the 
 possession of a needy railroad corporation. 
 
 We gather from the several reports of the commissioners on In- 
 dian affairs that, in 1863, the tribe numbered 2,274, inclusive of men, 
 women and children, which was an alarming decrease since the cen- 
 sus of 1854. The diminution was caused, probably, aside from the 
 casualties of death, by some having returned to their former homes 
 east of the Missouri, while many of the young and wild men of the 
 tribe went to the buffalo grounds to enjoy the exciting and unre- 
 strained freedom of the chase. The farmers raised 3,T20 bushels of 
 wheat, 45,000 of corn, 1,200 of oats and 1,000 tons of hay, and had 
 1,200 horses, 1,000 cattle and 2,000 hogs, as appears from the offi- 
 cial report for 1863. 
 
 The Catholic school at St. Mary's enumerated an average of 
 ninety-five boys and seventy-five girls in 1863, and in 1866 the total 
 number was two hundred and forty scholars. Of his pupils the 
 superintendent says : ' ' They not only spell, read, write and cipher, 
 but successfully master the various branches of geography, history, 
 book-keeping, grammar, philosophy, logic, geometry and astronomy. 
 Besides this, they are so docile, so willing to improve, that between 
 school-hours they employ their time, with pleasure, in learning 
 whatever handiwork may be assigned to them ; and they particu- 
 larly desire to become good farmers." The girls, in addition to 
 their studies, are "trained to whatever is deemed useful to good 
 housekeepers and accomplished mothers." 
 
 The Pottawatomies attested their fidelity to the government by 
 the volunteering of seventy-five of their young men in the "army 
 of the Union." 
 
 In 1867, out of a population of 2,400, 1,400 elected to become 
 citizens of the United States, under an enabling act passed by con- 
 gress. Of those who became citizens, some did well, others soon 
 squandered their lands and joined the wild band. There are still 
 a few left in Michigan, while about one hundred and eighty remain 
 in Wisconsin. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE KICKAPOOS AND MASCOUTINS. 
 
 The Kickapoos and Mascoutins, if there was more than a nominal 
 difference between the two tribes, are here treated of together, foi- 
 reasons explained farther on in the chapter. The name of the Eack- 
 apoos has been written by the French, "Kicaponx," "Kickapous," 
 "Kikapoux," " Quickapous," "Eickapoos," "Kikabu." This 
 tribe has long been connected with the northwest, and have acquired 
 a notoriety for the wars in which they were engaged with other tribes, 
 as well for their persistent hostility to the white race, which con- 
 tinued uninterrupted for more than one hundred and fifty years. 
 They were first noticed by Samuel Champlain, who, in 1612, dis- 
 covered the "Mascoutins residing near the place called Sakinam," 
 meaning the country of the Sacs, comprising that part of the state 
 of Michigan bordering on Lake Huron, in the vicinity of Saginaw 
 Bay.* 
 
 Father Claude AUouez visited the mixed village of Miamis, Kick- 
 apoos and Mascoutins on Fox River, Wisconsin, in the winter of 
 1669-70. Leaving his canoe at the water's edge he walked a leagu6 
 over beantiful prairies and perceived the fort. The savages, having 
 discovered him, raised the cry of alarm in their villages, and then 
 ran out to receive the missionary with honor, and conducted him to 
 the lodge of the chief, where they regaled him with refreshments, 
 and further honored him by greasing his feet and legs. Every one 
 took their places, a dish was filled with powdered tobacco ; an old 
 man arose to his feet, and, filling his two hands with tobacco from 
 the dish, addressed the missionary thus : 
 
 "This is well. Black-robe, that thou hast come to visit us ; have 
 pity on us. Thou art a Manitou.-j- We give thee wherewith to 
 
 * Memoir of Louis XIV, and Cobert, Minister of France, ori the French Limits in 
 North America: Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 378, and note by E. B. O'Callaghan, the 
 editor, on p. 293. 
 
 t Manitou, with very few changes in form of spelling or manner of pronunciation, 
 is the word used almost universally by the Algonquin tribes to express a spirit or God 
 having control of their destinies. Their Manitous were numerous. It was also an 
 expression sometimes applied to the white people, — particularly the missionaries. At 
 first they regarded the Europeans as spirits, or persons possessing superior intelligence 
 to themselves. 
 
 153 
 
154 HISTOEIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 smoke. The Nadoiiessious and the Iroquois eat us up ; have pity 
 on us. "We often are sick, our children die, we are hungry. Listen, 
 my Manitou, I give thee wherewith to smoke, that the earth may 
 yield us corn, that the rivers may furnish us with fish, that sickness 
 no more shall kill us, that famine no longer shall so harshly treat 
 us." At each wish, the old men who were present answered by a 
 great "0-oh!"* 
 
 The good father was shocked at this ceremony, and replied that 
 they should not address such requests to him. Protesting that he 
 could afford them no relief other than offering prayers to Him who 
 was the only and true God, of whom he was only the servant and 
 messenger, f 
 
 Father AUouez says in the same letter that four leagues from this 
 village "are the Kikahou and Kitchigamick, who speak the sarne 
 language with the Machkouteng. " 
 
 The Kickapoos were not inclined to receive religious impressions 
 from the early missionaries. In fact, they appear to have acquired 
 their first notoriety in history by seizing Father Gabriel Kibourde, 
 whom they "carried away and broke his head," as Tonti quaintly 
 expresses it in referring to this ruthless murder. Again, in 1728, 
 as Father Ignatius Guignas, compelled to abandon his mission among 
 the Sioux, on account of the victory of the Foxes' over the French, 
 was attempting to reach the Illinois, he, too, fell into the hands of 
 the Kickapoos and Mascoutins, and for five months was held a cap- 
 tive and constantly exposed to death. During this time he was con- 
 demned to be burnt, and was only saved through the friendly inter- 
 vention of an old man in the tribe, who adopted him as a son. 
 "While held a prisoner, the missionaries from the Illinois relieved 
 his necessities by sending timely supplies, which Father Guignas 
 used to gain over the Indians. Having induced them to make 
 peace, he was taken to the Illinois missions, and suffered to remain 
 there on parole until ]N"ovember, 1729, when his old captors returned 
 and took him back to their own country •,X after which nothing 
 seems to have been known concerning the fate of this worthy mis-, 
 sionary. 
 
 The Kickapoos early incurred the displeasure of the French by 
 
 *^^^y°^ °^ *® Algonquin and the yo-hah of the Iroquois (Colden's History of 
 the tive Nations) is an expression of assent given by the hearers to the remarks of the 
 speaker who 18 addressing them, and is equivalent to good or bravo! The Indians 
 indulged m this kind of encouragement to their orators with great Hberality, drawing 
 out their o-ohs in unison and with a prolonged cry, especially when the speaker^ 
 utterances harmonized with their own sentiments. 
 
 t Jesuit Relations, 1669-70. 
 
 i Shea's Catholic Missions, p. 379. 
 
MIGRATIONS OF THE KICKAPOOS. 155 
 
 committing depredations south of Detroit. A band living at the 
 mouth of the Maumee River in 1T12, with thirty Mascoutins, were 
 about to make war upon the French. They took prisoner one 
 Langlois, a messenger, on his return from the Miami country, 
 whither he was bringing many letters from the Jesuit Fathers of the 
 Illinois villages, and also dispatches from Louisiana. The letters and 
 dispatches were destroyed, which gave much uneasiness to M. Du 
 Boisson, the commandant at Detroit. A canoe laden with Kicka- 
 poos, on their way to the villages near Detroit, was captured by the 
 Hurons and Ottawas residing at these villages, and who were the 
 allies of the French. Among the slain was the principal Kickapoo 
 chief, whose head, with those of three others of the same tribe, 
 were brought to De Boisson, who alleges that the Hurons and 
 Ottawas committed this act out of resentment, because the previous 
 winter the Kickapoos had taken some of the Hurons and Iroquois 
 prisoners, and also because they considered the Kickapoo chief to 
 be a ^^true Outtagamie''' ; that is, they regarded him as one of the 
 Fox nation.* 
 
 From the village of Machkoutench, where first Father Claude 
 Allouez, and afterward Father Marquette, found the Kickapoos inhab- 
 iting the same village with the Muscotins and Miamis, the Kickapoos 
 and the Muscotins appear to have passed to the south, extending 
 their flanks to the right in the direction of Eockf River, and their 
 left to the southern trend of Lake Michigan. Referring to the 
 country on Fox River about Winnebago Lake, Father Charlevoix 
 says:;]: "All this country is extremely beautiful, and that which 
 stretches to the southward as far as the river of the Illinois is still 
 more so. It is, however, inhabited by two small nations only, who 
 are the Kickapoos and the Mascoutins." Father Charlevoix, § 
 speaking of Fox River, says: "The largest of these," referring to 
 the streams that empty into the Illinois, "is called Pisticoui, and 
 proceeds from the fine country of the Mascoutins."! 
 
 ♦Extract from M. Du Boisson's official report to the Marquis De Vaudreuil, gov- 
 emor-generaJ of New France, of the siege of Detroit, dated June 15, 1713. This val- 
 uable paper is published entire in vol. 3 of Wm. R. Smith's History of Wisconsin, 
 a work that contains many important documents not otherwise accessible to the gen- 
 eral public. Indeed, the publications of the Historical Societj; of Wisconsin, of which 
 Judge Smith's two volumes are the beginning, are the repository of a fund of infor- 
 mation of great utility, not only to the people of that state, but to the entire North- 
 west. 
 
 tRock River — Assin-Sepe — was also called Kickapoo River, and so laid down on a 
 map of La Salle's discoveries. 
 
 tNarrative Journal, vol. 1, p. 287. 
 
 fVol. 2,p..l99. 
 
 5 "The Fox River of the Illinois is called by the Indians Pish-ta-ho. It is the 
 same mentioned by Charlevoix under the name of Pistiooui, and which flows as he. 
 
156 HISTOKIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Prior to 1Y18 the Mascoutins and Kickapoos had villages upon 
 the banks of Kock Eiver, Illinois. "Both these tribes together do 
 not amount to two hundred men. They are a clever people and 
 brave warriors. Their language and manners strongly resemble 
 those of the Foxes. They are the same stock. They catch deer by 
 chasing them, and even at this day make considerable use of bows 
 and arrows."* On a French map, issued in 1712, a village of Mas- 
 coutins is located near the forks of the north and south branches of 
 Chicago Kiver. 
 
 From references given, it is apparent that this people, like the 
 Miamis and Pottawatomies, were progressing south and eastward. 
 This movement was probably on account of the fierce Sioux, whose 
 encroaching wars from the northwest were pressing them in this 
 direction. Even before this date the Foxes, with Mascoutins and 
 Kickapoos, were meditating a migration to the Wabash as a place of 
 security from the Sioux. This threatened exodus alarmed the French, 
 who feared that the migrating tribes would be in a position on the 
 Wabash to effect a junction with the Iroquois and English, which 
 would be exceedingly detrimental to the French interests in the 
 northwest. From an ofiicial document relative to the "occurrences 
 in Canada, sent from Quebec to France in 1695, the Department at 
 Paris is informed that the Sioux, who have mustered some two or 
 three thousand warriors for the purpose, would come in large num- 
 bers to seize their village. This has caused the outagamies to quit 
 their country and disperse themselves for a season, and afterward 
 return and save their harvest. They are then to retire toward the 
 river Wabash to form a settlement, so much the more permanent, as 
 they will be removed from the incursions of the Sioux, and in a 
 position to effect a junction easily with the Iroquois and the English 
 without the French being able to prevent it. Should this project be 
 realized, it is very apparent that the Mascoutins and Kickapoos will 
 be of the party, and that the three tribes, forming a new village of 
 fourteen, or fifteen hundred men, would experience no difficulty in 
 considerably increasing it by attracting other nations thither, which 
 would be of most pernicious consequence, "f That the Mascoutins, 
 at least, did go soon after this date toward the lower Wabash is con- 
 says, through the country of the Mascoutins." Long's Second Expedition, vol. 1, p. 
 176. The Algonquin word Pish-tah-te-koosh, according to Edwin James' vocabulary, 
 means an antelope. The Pottawatomies, from whom Major Long's party obtained the 
 word Pish-ta-ko, may have used it to designate the same animal, judgfing from the 
 similarity of the two words. 
 
 .. * Memoir prepared in 1718 on the Indians between Lake Erie and the Missis- 
 sippi: Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 889. 
 t Paris Documents, vol. 9, p. 619. 
 
OF THE NAME MASCOUTINS. 157 
 
 clusively shown by the fact of their presence about Juchereau's 
 trading post, which was erected near the mouth of the Ohio in the 
 year lYOO. 
 
 It is doubtful if either the Foxes or the Kickapoos followed the 
 Mascoutins to the "Wabafeh country, and it is evident that the Mas- 
 coutins who survived the epidemic that broke out among them at 
 Juchereau's post on the Ohio soon returned to the north. The 
 French effected a conciliation with the Sioux, and for a number of 
 years subsequent to 1705 we find the Mascoutins back again among 
 the Foxes and Kickapoos upon their old hunting grounds in northern 
 Illinois and southern Wisconsin. 
 
 The Kickapoos entered the plot of the Mascoutins to capture the 
 post of Detroit in 1712, and the latter had repaired to the neighbor- 
 hood of Detroit, and were awaiting the arrival of the Kickapoos to 
 execute their purposes, when they were attacked by the confedera- 
 tion of Indians who were friendly toward the French and had hast^ 
 ened to the relief of the garrison.* 
 
 The Mascoutins were called "Machkoutench,"f "Machkouteng," 
 " Maskouteins " and " Masquitens, " by French writers. The Eng^ 
 hsh called them "Masquattimes,":j: " Musquitons," § "Mascou- 
 tins,"] and "Musquitos," a corruption used by the American colo- 
 nial traders, and "Meadows," the English synonym for the French, 
 word " prairie. "T^ 
 
 The derivation of the name has been a subject of discussion. 
 Father Marquette, with some others, following the example of th& 
 Hurons, rendered it '■'■fire-nation,'''' while Fathers Allouez and Char- 
 levoix, with recent American authors, claim that the word signifies 
 a prairie, or "a land bare of trees," such as that which this people 
 inhabit.** The name is doubtless derived from 7)%us-Tcor4ence,\\ or 
 mus-ko-tia, a prairie, a derivative from shoutay or scote, the word for 
 fire.:]::j: " The Mascos or Mascoutins were, by the French traders of a 
 more recent day, called gens des prairies, and lived and hunted on 
 the great prairies between the Wabash and Illinois Rivers. "§§ That 
 
 * History of New Prance, vol. 5, p. 357. 
 
 t Fathers Claude Allouez and Marquette. 
 
 i George Croghan's Narrative Journal. 
 
 8 Minutes of the treaty at Greenville in 1795. 
 
 I Samuel R. Brown's Western Gazetteer. 
 
 "IT It was some years after the conquest of the northwest from the French before 
 the name " prairie" became naturalized, as it were, into the English language. 
 
 ** Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, vol. 1, p. 287. Father Allouez, in the Jesuit Re- 
 lations between the years 1670 and 1671. 
 
 ttNote of Callaghan: Paris Documents, vol. 10. 
 , i:t Tanner, Gallatin, Mackenzie and Johnson's vocabularies of Algonquin words. 
 
 §§ Manuscript account of this aud other tribes, by Major Forsyth, quoted by Drake, 
 in his life of Black Hawk. - 
 
158 HISTORIC KOTBS ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 the word Muskotia is synonymous with, and has the same meaning 
 as, the word prairie, is further confirmed by the fact that the Indians 
 prefixed it to the names of those animals and plants found exclu- 
 sively on the prairies.* 
 
 Were the Kickapoos and Mascoutins sepal-ate tribes, or were they 
 one and the same? These queries have elicited the attention of 
 scholars well versed in the history of the North American Indians, 
 among whom might be named Schoolcraft, Gallatin and Shea. 
 Sufficient references have been given in this chapter to show that, 
 by the French, the Kickapoos and Mascoutins were regarded as dis- 
 tinct tribes. If necessary, additional extracts to the same purport 
 could be produced from numerous French documents down to the 
 close of the French colonial war, in 1Y63, all bearing uniform testi- 
 mony upon this point. 
 
 The theory has been advanced that the Mascoutins and Kickapoos 
 were bands of one tribe, first known to the French by the former 
 name, and subsequently to the English by the latter, under which ' 
 name alone they figure in our later annals. \ This supposition is at 
 variance with English and American authorities. It was a war party 
 of Kickapoos and Mascoutins, from their contiguous villages near 
 Fort Ouitanon, on the Wabash, who captured George Croghan, the 
 English plenipotentiary, below the mouth of that river in 1765.:!: Sir 
 William Johnson, the English colonial agent on Indian affairs, in 
 the classified list of Indians within his department, prepared in 1763, 
 enumerates both the Kickapoos and Mascoutins, locating them "in 
 the neighborhood of the fort at Wawiaghta, and about the Wabash 
 Kiver."§ Captain Imlay, " commissioner for laying out lands in the 
 back settlements," — as the territory west of the AUeghanies was 
 termed at that period, — in his list of westward Indians, classifies the 
 Kickapoos (under the name of Vermilions) and the Muscatines, lo- 
 cating these two tribes between the Wabash and Illinois Eivers. This 
 was in 1792. 1 The distinction between these two tribes was main- 
 tained still later, and down to a period subsequent to the year 1816. 
 At that time the Mascoutins were residing on the west bank of the 
 Wabash, between Yincennes and the Tippecanoe Eiver, while their 
 old neighbors, the Kickapoos, were living a short distance above 
 
 *For e^m^lB, mus-ko-tia-chit-ta-mo, prairie squirrel; mus-ho-U-pe-neeg, prairie 
 Pi? J^?u{. ^^"""^ J^"i«' Catalogue of Plants and Animals found in the country of 
 
 yji^o^ways. See further references on page 35. 
 130 Indian Tribes of Wisconsin: Historical Collections of that State, vol. 3, p. 
 
 I Vide his Narrative Journal. 
 
 S Colonial History of New York, vol. 7: London Documents, p. 583. 
 
 II Imlay s America, third edtion, London, 1797, p. 290. 
 
KIGKAPOOS AND MASCOUTINS ONE PEOPLE. 159 
 
 them in several large villages. At this date the Kicfeapoos could 
 raise four hundred warriors.* From the authors cited, — and other 
 references to the same effect would be produced but for want of space, 
 — it is evident that the English and the Americans, equally with the 
 French, regarded the Kickapoos and Mascoutins as separate bands, 
 or subdivisions of a tribe. 
 
 While this was so, the language, manners and customs of the two 
 tribes were not only similar, but the two tribes were almost invaria- 
 bly found occupying continguous villages, and hunting in company 
 with each other over the same country. "The Kickapoos are neigh- 
 bors of the Mascoutins, and it seems that these two tribes have 
 always been united in interests, "f There is no instance recorded 
 where they were ever arrayed against each other, nor of a time when 
 they took opposite sides in any alliance with other tribes. Another 
 noticeable fact is that, with but one exception, the Mascoutins were 
 never known as such in any treaty with the United States, while the 
 Backapoos were parties to many. We have seen that the former 
 were occupying the Wabash country in common with the latter as 
 far back, at least, as 1766, when they captured Croghan, until 1816 ; 
 and in all of the treaties for the extinguishment of the title of the 
 several Indian tribes bordering on the Wabash and its tributaries, 
 the Mascoutins are nowhere alluded to, while the Kickapoos are 
 prominent parties to many treaties at which extensive tracts of coun- 
 try were ceded. No man living, in his time, was better informed 
 than Gen. Harrison, — who conducted these several treaties on behalf 
 of the United States, — of the relations and distinctions, however 
 trifling, that may have existed among the numerous Indian tribes 
 with whom, in a long course of official capacity, he came in contact, 
 either with the pen, around the friendly council-fire, or with the up- 
 lifted sword upon the field of hostile encounter. In all his volumi- 
 nous correspondence during the years when the northwest was com- 
 mitted to his charge the General makes no mention of the Mascoutins 
 
 *\yestern Gazetteer, by Samuel R. Brown, p. 71. This work of Mr. Brown's is 
 exceedingly valuable for the amount of reliable information it affords not obtainable 
 from any other source. He was with Gen. Harrison in the campaigns of the war of 
 1812. In the preface to his Gazetteer he says: " Business and curiosity have made the 
 writer acquainted with a large portion of the western country never before described. 
 Where personal knowledge was wanting I have availed myseu of the correspondence of 
 many of the most intelligent gentlemeri m the west. ' ' At the time Mr.Brown was compil- 
 ing material for his Gazetteer, ' ' the Harrison Purchase was being run out into townships 
 and sections," and Mr. Brown came in contact with the surveyors doing the work, and 
 derived much information from them. The book is carefully prepared, covering a 
 topographical description of the countrjr embraced, its towns, nvers, counties, popiSa- 
 tion, Indian tribes, etc., and altogether is one of the most authentic and useful books 
 relative to " the west," which was attracting the attention of emigrants at the time of 
 its publication. 
 
 t Charlevoix' History of New France. 
 
160 HISTORIC NOTES OK THE NOKTHWEST. 
 
 by that name, but often refers to "the Kickapoos of the prairies," 
 to distinguish them from other bands of the same tribe who occupied 
 villages in the timbered portions of the Wabash and its tributaries.* 
 
 At a subsequent treaty of peace and friendship, concluded on the 
 27th of September, 1815, between Governor Ninian Edwards, of 
 Illinois Territory, and the chiefs, warriors, etc., of the Kickapoo 
 nation, Was'h-&-own, who at th« treaty of Vincennes signed as a Mas- 
 coutin, was a party to it, and in this instance signed as a Kicka^poo. 
 No Mascoutins by that name appear in the record of the treaty, f 
 
 The preceding facts, negative and direct, admit of the following 
 inferences: that there were two subdivisions of the same nation, 
 known first to the French, then to the English, and more recently 
 to the Americans, the one under the name of Kickapoos and the 
 other as Mascoutines ; that they spoke the same language and ob- 
 served the same customs; that they were living near each other, 
 and always had a community of interest in their wars, alliances and 
 migrations ; and that since the United States have held dominion 
 over the territory of the northwest the Kickapoos and Mascoutines 
 have considered themselves as one and the same people, whose tri- 
 bal relations were so nearly identical that, in all official transactions 
 with the federal government, they were recognized only as Kicka- 
 poos. And is it not apparent, after all, that there was only a nom- 
 inal distinction between these two tribes, or, rather, families of the 
 same tribe ? "Were not the Mascoutins bands of the Kickapoos who 
 dwelt exclusively on the prairies % It seems, from authorities cited, 
 that this question admits of but one answer. 
 
 The destruction that followed the attempt of the Mascoutins to 
 capture Detroit was, perhaps, one of the most remorseless in which 
 white men took a part of which we have an account in the annals of 
 Indian warfare. As before stated, the Muscotins in 1712 laid siege 
 to the Fort, hearing of which the Pottawatomies, with other tribes 
 friendly to the French, collected in a large force for their assistance. 
 
 *The only treaty which the Mascoutins, as such, were parties to was the one 
 concluded at Vincennes on the 27th of September, 1792, between the several Wabash 
 tribes and Gen. Rufus Putnam, on behalf of the United States. Two Mascoutins 
 signed this treaty, viz, Waush-eown and At-schat-schaw. Three Kickapoo chiefs also 
 signed the parchment, viz, Me-an-ach-kah, Ma-en-a-pah and Mash-a-ras-a, the Black 
 Elk, and, what is singular, this last person, although a Kickapoo, signs himself to the 
 treaty as "The Chief of TJie Meadows." This treaty was only one of peace and friend- 
 ship. The text of the treaty is found in the American State Papers, Indian Affairs, 
 vol. 1, p. 388; in Judge Dillon's History of Indiana, edition of 1869, pp. 293, 294, and 
 in the Western Annals, Pittsburg edition, pp. 605, 606. The names of the tribes and 
 of the individual chiefs who participated in it are not given in any of the works cited. 
 They only appear in the copy on file at the War Department and in the original manu- 
 script journal of Gen. Putnam. The author is indebted to Dr. Israel W. Andrews, 
 president of Marietta College, for transcripts from Gen. Putnam's journal. 
 
 t Treaties with the Indian Tribes, Washington edition, p. 172. 
 
IDENTITY OF KICKAPOOS WITH THE MASCOtTTINS. 16l' 
 
 The Muscotines, after protracted efforts, abandoned, the position in 
 which they were attacked, and fled, closely pursued, to an intrenched 
 position on Presque Isle, opposite Hog Island, near Lake St. Clair, 
 some distance above the fort. Here they held out for four days 
 against the combined French and Indian forces. Their women and 
 children were actually starving, numbers dying from hunger every 
 day. They sent messengers to the French officer, begging for quar- 
 ter, offering to surrender at discretion, only craving that their re- 
 maining women and children and themselves might be spared the 
 horror of a general massacre. The Indian allies of the French 
 would submit to no such terms. "At the end of the fourth day, 
 after fighting with much courage," says the French commander, 
 "and not being able to resist further, the Muscotins surrendered at 
 discretion to our people, who gave them no quarter. Our Indians 
 lost sixty men, killed and wounded. The enemy lost a thousand 
 souls — men, women and children. AH our allies returned to our 
 fort with their slaves (meaning the captives), and their amusement 
 was to shoot four or five of them every day. The Hurons did not 
 spare a single one of theirs."* 
 
 We find no instance in which the Eackapoos or Muscotins assisted 
 either the French or the English in any of the intrigues or wars for 
 the control of the fur trade, or the acquisition of disputed territory 
 in the northwest. At the close of Pontiac's conspiracy, the Kicka- 
 poos, whose temporary lodges were pitched on the prairie near Fort 
 "Wayne, notified Captain Morris, the English ambassador, on his 
 way from Detroit to Fort Ohartes, to take possession of "the coun- 
 try of the Illinois" ; that if the Miamis did not put him to death, 
 they themselves would do so, should he attempt to pass their camp.f 
 
 Still later, on the 8th of June, 1765, as George Croghan, likewise 
 an English ambassador, on his route by the Ohio Eiver to Fort 
 Ohartes, was attacked at daybreak, at the mouth of the Wabash, by 
 a party of eighty Kickapoo and Mascoutin warriors, who had set out 
 from Fort Ouiatanon to intercept his passage, and killed two of his 
 men and three Indians, and wounded Croghan himself, and all the 
 rest of his party except two white men and one Indian. They then 
 made all of them prisoners, and plundered them of everything they 
 had.$ 
 
 * OfBcial Report of M. Du Boisson on the Sieg;e of Detroit. 
 
 t Parkman's History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac, 3d single volume edition, p. 474. 
 
 % ITie narrative, Journal of Col. George Croghan, "who was sent, at the peace 
 of 1763, etc., to explore thecountay adjacent to the Ohio River, and to conciliate the 
 Indian nations who had hitherto acted with the French." [Reprinted] from Feather- 
 stonhaugh Am. Monthly Journal of Geology, Dec. 1831. ' Pamphlet, p. 17. 
 11 
 
162 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Having thrown such obstacles as were within their power against 
 the French and English, the Kickapoos were ready to offer the 
 same treatment to the Americans ; and, when Col. Kogers Clark 
 was at Kaskaskia, in 1778, negotiating peace treaties with the west- 
 ward Indians, his eneniies found a party of young Kickapoos the 
 willing instruments to undertake, for a reward promised, to kill him. 
 
 As a military people, the Kickapoos were inferior to the Miamis, 
 Delawares and Shawnees in movements requiring large bodies of 
 men, but they were preeminent in predatory warfare. Parties con- 
 sisting of from five to twenty persons were the usual number com^ 
 prising their war parties. These small forces would push out hun- 
 dreds of miles from their villages, and swoop down upon a feeble 
 settlement, or an isolated pioneer cabin, and burn the property, kill 
 the cattle, steal the horses, capture the women and children, and be 
 off again before an alarm could be given of their approach. From 
 such incursions of the Kickapoos the people of Kentucky suffered 
 severely.* 
 
 A small war party of these Indians hovered upon the skirts of 
 Gen. Harmer's army when he was conducting the campaign against 
 the upper "Wabash tribes, in 1790. They cut out a squad of ten 
 regular soldiers of Gen. Harmer by decoying them into an ambuscade. 
 Jackson Johonnot, the orderly sergeant in command of the regulars, 
 gave an interesting account of their capture and the killing of his 
 companions, after they were subjected to the severest hunger and 
 fatigue on the march, and the running of the gauntlet on reaching 
 the Indian villages, f 
 
 The Kickapoos were noted for their fondness of horses and their 
 skill and daring in stealing them. They were so addicted to this 
 practice that Joseph Brant, having been sent westward to the Maumee 
 Kiver in 1788, in the interest of the United States, to bring about a 
 reconciliation with the several tribes inhabiting the Maumee and 
 Wabash, wrote back that, in his opinion, "the Kickapoos, with the 
 Shawnees and Miamis, were so much addicted to horse stealing that 
 it would be diificult to break them of it, and as that kind of business 
 was their best harvest, they would, of course, declare for war and 
 decline giving up any of their country.";]: 
 
 *One of the reasons urged to induce the building of a town at the falls of the 
 Uhio was that it would aflord a means of strength against, and be an object of terror 
 o'ln^a^/^'^^^ enemies, the Kickapoo Indians." Letter of Col. WUliams, January 
 d, I77t», from Boonsborough, to the proprietors of the grant, found in Sketches of the 
 West, by James Hall. 
 
 t Sketches of Western Adventure, by M'Lung, contains a summarized account, 
 taken trom Johonnot s ongmal narrative, published at Eeene, New Hampshire, 1816. 
 
 t Stone's Life of Joseph Brant, vol. 2, p. 378. 
 
KICKAPOOS DESTROY THE ILLINOIS. 163 
 
 ' Between tlie years 1786 and 1796, the Kiekapoo war parties, from 
 their villages on the Wabash and Vermilion Eivers, kept the settle- 
 ments in the vicinity of Kaskaskia in a state of continual alarm. 
 Within the period named they killed and captured a number of 
 men, women and children in that part of Illinois. Among their 
 notable captures was that of William Biggs, whom they took across 
 the prairies to their village on the west bank of the Wabash, above 
 Attica, Indiana.* 
 
 Subsequent to the close of the Pontiac war, the Kickapoos, as- 
 sisted by the Pottawatomies, almost annihilated the Kaskaskias at a 
 place since called Battle Ground Creek, on the road leading from 
 Kaskaskia to Shawneetown, and about twenty-five miles from the 
 former place, f The Kaskaskias were shut up in the villages of 
 Kaskaskia and Cahokia, and the Kickapoos became the recognized 
 proprietors of a large portion of the territory of the Kaskaskias on 
 the west, and the hunting grounds- of the Piankeshaw-Miamis on 
 the east, of the dividing ridge between the Illinois and Wabash 
 Eivers. The principal Kiekapoo towns were on the left bank of the 
 Illinois, near Peoria, and on the Yermilion, of the Wabash, and at 
 several places on the west bank of the latter stream, j;. 
 
 The Kickapoos of the prairie had villages west of Charleston, 
 Illinois, about the head-waters of the Kaskaskia and in many of the 
 groves scattered over the prairies between the Illinois and the Wa- 
 bash and south of the Kankakee, notable among which were their 
 towns at Elkhart Grove, on the Mackinaw, twelve miles north of 
 Bloomington, and at Oliver's Grove, in Livingston county, Illinois. 
 These people were much attached to the country along the Ver- 
 milion B^er, and Gen. Harrison had great trouble in gaining their 
 consenf to cede it away. The Kickapoos valued it highly as a 
 desiralDle home, and because of the minerals it was supposed to 
 contain. In a letter, dated December 10, 1809, addressed to the 
 
 * Biggs was a tall and handsome man. He had been one of Col. Clark's soldiers, 
 and had settled near Bellefountaine. He was well versed in the Indians' ways and 
 their language. The Kickapoos took a great fancy to him. They adopited him into their 
 tribe, put him through a ridiculous ceremony which transformed him into a genuine 
 Kiekapoo, after which he was offered a handsome daughter of a Kiekapoo brave for a 
 wife. He declined all these flattering temptations, however, purchased his freedom 
 through the agency of a Spanish trader at the Kiekapoo village, and returned home to 
 his family, going down the Wabash and Ohio and up the Mississippi in a canoe. His- 
 torical Sketch of the Early Settlements in Illinois, etc., by John M. Peck, read before 
 the Illinois State Lyceum, Augrust 16, 1832. In 1836, shortly before his death, Mr. 
 Biggs published a narrative of his experience " while he was a prisoner with the Kiek- 
 apoo Indians." It was pubhshed in pamphlet form, with poor type, and on very com- 
 mon paper, and contains twenty-three pages. 
 
 t J. M. Peck's Historical Address. 
 
 I Reynolds' Pioneer History of Illinois, J. M. Peck's Address, and Gen. Harrison's 
 Memoirs. 
 
164 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Secretary of War, by Gen. Harrison, the latter, — referring to the 
 treaty at Fort "Wayne in connection with his eiforts at that treaty to 
 induce the Kickapoos to release their title to the tract of country 
 bounded on the east by the Wabash, on the south by the northern 
 line of the so-called Harrison Purchase, extending from opposite the 
 mouth of Kaccoon Creek, northwest fifteen miles ; thence to a point 
 on the Yermilion River, twenty-five miles in a direct line from its 
 mouth; thence down the latter stream to its confluence, — says "he 
 was extremely anxious that the extinguishment of title should extend 
 as high up as the Vermilion Kiver. This small tract [of about 
 twenty miles square] is one of the most beautiful that can be con- 
 ceived, and is, moreover, believed to contain a very rich copper 
 mine. The Indians were so extremely jealous of any search being 
 made for this mine that the traders were always cautioned not to 
 approach the hills which were supposed to contain it."* 
 
 In the desperate plans of Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, 
 to iinite all of the Indian tribes in a war of extermination against 
 the whites, the Kickapoos took an active part. Gen. Harrison made 
 extraordinary efforts to avert the troubles that culminated in the bat- 
 tle of Tippecanoe. The Kickapoos were particularly uneasy, and 
 in 1806 Gen. Harrison dispatched Capt. Wm. Prince to the Yermil- 
 ion towns with a speech addressed to all the chiefs and warriors of 
 the Kickapoo tribe, giving Capt. Prince further instructions to pro- 
 ceed to the villages in the prairies, if, after having delivered the 
 speech at the Vermilion towns, he discovered that there would be no 
 danger in proceeding beyond. The speech,'which was full of good 
 words, had little effect, and "shortly after the mission of Capt. 
 
 * General Harrison's Official Letter: American State Pajiers of Indian Affairs, vol. 
 1, p. 726. It was not copper, but a mineral having something like the appearance of 
 silver, that the Indians so jealously guarded. Recent explorations among the bluffs on 
 the Little Vermilion have resulted m the discovery of a number of ancient smelting 
 furnaces, with the charred coals and slag remaining in and about them. The furnaces 
 are crude, consisting of shallow excavations of irregular shape in the hillsides. These 
 basins, averaging a few feet across the top, were lined vrith fire-clay. The bottoms of 
 the pits were connected by ducts or troughs, also made of fire-clay, leading into reser- 
 voirs a little distance lower down the hillside, into which the metal could flow, when 
 reduced to a liquid state, in the furnaces above. The pits were carefully filled with 
 earth, and every precaution was taken to prevent their discovery, a slight depression in 
 the surface of the ground being the only indication of their presence. The mines are 
 from every appearance entitled to a claim of considerable antiquihr, and are probably 
 "the silver mmes on the Wabash" that figure in the works (tf Hutchins, May, and 
 other early writers, as the geological formation of the country precludes there being 
 any of the metals as high up or above "Ouiatanon," in the vicinity of which those 
 authors, as well as other writers, have located these mines. The most plausible ex- 
 planation of the use to which the mtetal was put is given by a half-breed Indian, 
 whose ancestors lived in the vicinity and were in the secret that, after being smelted, 
 the metal was sent to Montreal, where it was used as an alloy with silver, and con- 
 verted into brooches, wristbands, and other like jewelry, and brought back by the 
 traders and disposed of to the Indians. 
 
PA-KOI-SHEE-CAK. , 165 
 
 .Prince, the Prophet found means to bring the whole of the Kicka- 
 poos entirely under his influence. He prevailed on the warriors to 
 reduce their old chief, Joseph Renard^s son, to a private man. He 
 "would have been put to death but for the insignificance of his char- 
 acter."* 
 
 The Kickapoos fought in great numbers, and with frenzied cour- 
 age, at the battle of Tippecanoe. They early sided with the British 
 in the war that was declared between the United States and Great 
 Britain the foUovidng June, and sent out numerous war parties that 
 kept the settlements in Illinois and Indiana territories in constant 
 peril, while other warriors represented their tribe in almost every 
 battle fought on the western frontier during this war. 
 
 As the Pottawatomies and other tribes friendly to the English 
 laid siege to Fort "Wayne, the Kickapoos, assisted by the Winneba- 
 goes, undertook the capture of Fort Harrison. They nearly suc- 
 ceeded, and would have taken the fort but for one of the most he- 
 roic and determined defenses under Capt. (afterward G-en.) Zachary 
 Taylor. 
 
 Capt. Taylor's official letter to Gen. Harrison, dated September 
 10, 1812, contains a graphic account of the affair at Fort Harrison. 
 The writer will here give the version of Pa-koi^shee-can, whom the 
 French called La Farine and the Americans The Flour, the Kicka- 
 poo chief who planned the attack and personally executed the most 
 ■difiicult part of the programme, f 
 
 First, the Indians loitered about the fort, having a few of their 
 women and children about them, to induce a belief that their pres- 
 •ence was of a friendly character, while the main body of warriors 
 were secreted at some distance off, waiting for favorable develop- 
 ments. Under the pretense of a want of provisions, the men and 
 
 * Memoirs of Gen. Harrison, p. 85. A foot-note on the same page is as follows: 
 " Old Joseph Renard was a very different character, a great warrior and perfectly sav- 
 age — delighting in blood. He once told some of the inhabitants of Vincennes that 
 he used to be much diverted at the different exclamations of the Americans and the 
 French while the Indians were scalping them, the one exclaiming Oh Lord! oh Lord! 
 oh Lord! — the other Mon Dien! mon Dieu! mon Dieu! " 
 
 tThe account here given was narrated to the author by Mrs. Mary A. Baptists, 
 substantially as it was told to her by "Pa-koi-shee-can." This lady, with her hus- 
 band, Christmas Dagney, was at Fort Harrison in 1821, where the latter was assisting 
 in disbursing annuities to the assembled Indians. The business, and general spree 
 which followed ^t, occupied two or three days. La Farine was present with his people 
 to receive their share of annuities, and the old chief, having leisure, edified Mr. Dag- 
 ney and his wife with a minute description of his attempt to capture the fort, pointing 
 out the position of the attacking party and all the movements on the part of the 
 Indians. La Farine was a large, fleshy man, well advanced in years and a thorough 
 ■savage. As he related the story he warmed up and indulged in a great deal of pan- 
 iomime, which guye force to, while it heightened the effect of, his narration. The 
 particulars are given substantially as they were repeated to the author. The lady of 
 -whom he received it had never read an account of the engagement. 
 
166 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 women were permitted to approach the fort, and had a chance to 
 inspect the fort and its defenses, an opportunity of which the men 
 fully availed themselves. A dark night, giving the appearance of 
 rain, favored a plan which was at once put into execution. The 
 warriors were called to the front, and the women and children 
 retired to a place of safety. La Farine, with a large hutcher knife 
 in each hand, extended himself at full length upon the ground. He 
 drove one knife into the ground and drew his body up against it, 
 then he reached forward, with the knife in the other hand, and driv- 
 ing that into the ground drew himself along. In this way he ap- 
 proached the lower block-house, stealthily through the grass. He 
 could hear the sentinels on their rounds within the fortified enclo- 
 sure. As they advanced toward that part of the works where the 
 lower block-house was situated, La Farine would lie still upon the 
 ground, and when the sentinels made the turn and were moving in 
 the opposite direction, he would again crawl nearer.* In this manner 
 La Farine reached the very walls of the block-house. There was a 
 crack between the logs of the block-house, and through this opening 
 the Kickapoo placed a quantity of dry grass, bits of wood, and 
 other combustible material, brought in a blanket tied about his back, 
 so as to form a sack. As the preparation for this incendiarism was 
 in progress, the sentinels passed within a very few feet of the place, 
 as they paced by on the opposite side of the block -house. Everything 
 being in readiness, and the sentinels at the farther end of the works, 
 La Farine struck a fire with his flint and thrust it between the logs, 
 and threw his blanket quickly over the opening, to prevent the light 
 from flashing outside, and giving the alarm before the building 
 should be well ablaze. "When assured that the fire was well under 
 way, he fell back and gave the signal, when the attack was immedi- 
 ately begun by the Indians at the other extremity of the fort. The 
 lower block-house burned up in spite of all the efforts of the gar- 
 rison to put out the fire, and for awhile the Indians were exultant in 
 the belief of an assured and complete victory. Gen. Taylor con- 
 structed a barricade out of material taken from another building, 
 and by the time the block-house burned the Indians discovered a 
 new line of defenses, closing up the breach by which they expected 
 to effect an entrance, f 
 
 *Capt. Taylor, bemg suspicious of mischief, took the precaution to order sentinels 
 to make the rounds within the inclosure, as appears from his official report. 
 
 tThe Indians, exasperated by the failure of their attempt upon Fort Harrison, 
 made an incursion to the Pigeon Boost Fork of White River, where they massacred 
 twenty-one of the inhabitants, many of them women and children. The details of 
 some of the barbarities committed on this incursion are too shocking to narrate. They 
 
TEREITOKT OF THE KICKAPOOS. 167 
 
 in 1819, at a treaty concluded at Edwardsville, Illinois, they 
 ceded to the United States all of their lands. Their claim included 
 the following territory: "Beginning on the "Wabash Eiver, at the 
 upper point of their cession, made by the second article of their 
 treaty at Vincennes on the 9th of December, 1809 ;* thence running 
 northwestwardlyt to the dividing line between the states of Illinois 
 and Indiana •,^ thence along said line to the Kankakee Eiver ; thence 
 with said river to the Illinois Eiver ; thence down the latter to its 
 mouth ; thence in a direct line to the northwest corner of the Vin- 
 cennes tract, § and thence (north by a little east) with the western 
 and northern boundaries of the cessions heretofore made by the 
 Kickapoo tribe of Indians, to the beginning. Of which tract of land 
 the said Kickapoo tribe claim a large portion by descent from their 
 ancestors, and the balance by conquest from the Illinois Nation and 
 uninterrupted possession for more than half a century P An exam- 
 ination, extended through many volumes, leaves no doubt of the just 
 claims of the Kickapoos to the territory described, or the length of 
 time it had been in their possession. 
 
 With the close of the war of 1812, the Kickapoos ceased their 
 active hostilities upon the whites, and within a few years afterward 
 disposed of their lands in Illinois and Indiana, and, with the excep- 
 tion of a few bands, went westward of the Mississippi. "The 
 Kickapoos," says ex-Gov. Eeynolds, "disliked the United States so 
 much that they decided, when they left Illinois that they would not 
 reside within the limits of our government," but would settle in 
 Texas. || A large body of them did go to Texas, and when the 
 
 are given by Capt. M'Affe in his History of the Late War in the Western Country, 
 p. 155. The garrison at Fort Harrison was cut off from communication with Vincennes 
 for several days, and reduced to great extremity for want of provisions. They were 
 relieved by Col. Russell. After~this officer had left the fort, on his return to Vincennes, 
 he passed several wagons with provisions on their way up to the fort under an escort of 
 thirteen men, commanded by Lieut. Fairbanks, of the regular army. This body of 
 men were surprised and cut to pieces by the Indians, two or three only escaping, while 
 the provisions and wagons fell into the hands of the savages. Vide M'Affe, p. 155. 
 
 * At the mouth of Raccoon Creek, opposite Montezuma. 
 
 t Following the northwestern line of the so-called Harrison Purchase. 
 
 X The state line had not been run at this time, and when it was surveyed in 1821 
 it was discovered to be several miles west of where it was generally supposed it would 
 be. The territory of the Kickapoos extended nearly as far east as La Fayette, as is 
 evident from the location of some of their villages. 
 
 § By the terms of the fourth article of the treaty of Greenville the United States 
 reserved a tract of land on both sides of the Wabash, above and below Vincennes, to 
 cover the rights of the inhabitants of that village who had received grants from the 
 French and British erovemments. In 1803, for the purpose of settling the limits of 
 this tract. General Harrison," on the 7th of June, 1803, at Fort Wayne, concluded a 
 treaty with the Miamis, Kickapoos, Shawnees, Pottawatomies and Delawares. This 
 cession of land became known as the Vmcennen tract, and its northwest corner extends 
 some twelve miles into Illinois, crossing the Wabash at Palestine. 
 
 I Pioneer History of Illinois, p. 8. 
 
168 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Lone Star Eepublic became one of tlie United States the Kickapoos 
 retired to ISTew Mexico, and subsequently some of them went to^ Old 
 Mexico. Here on these isolated borders the wild bands of Kicka- 
 poos have for years maintained the reputation of their sires as a busy 
 and turbulent people. * 
 
 A mixed band of Kickapoos and Pottawatomies, who resided on 
 the Vermilion Eiver and its tributaries, became christianized under 
 the instructions of Ka-en-ne-kuck. This remarkable man, once a 
 drunkard himself, reformed and became an exemplary christian, 
 and commanded such influence over his band that they, too, became 
 christians, abstained entirely from whisky, which had brought them 
 to the verge of destruction, and gave up many of the other vices to 
 which they were previously addicted. Ka-en-ne-kuck had religious 
 services every Sunday, and so conscientious were his people that 
 they abstained from labor and all frivolous pastimes on that day.f 
 
 Ka-en-ne-kuck' s discourses were replete with religious thought, 
 and advice given in accordance with the precepts of the Bible, and 
 are more interesting because they were the utterances of an unedu- 
 cated Indian, who is believed to have done more, in his sphere of 
 action, in the cause of temperance and other moral reforms, than 
 any other person has been able to accomplish among the Indians, 
 although armed with all the power that education and talent could 
 confer. 
 
 Ka-en-ne-kuck' s band, numbering about two hundred persons, 
 migrated to Kansas, and settled upon a reservation within the pres- 
 ent limits of Jackson and Brown counties, where the survivors, and 
 the immediate descendants of those who have since died, are now 
 residing upon their farms. Their well-cultivated fields and their 
 uniform good conduct attest the lasting effect of Ka-en-ne-kuck' s 
 teachings. 
 
 The wild bands have always been troublesome upon the south- 
 western borders, plundering upon all sides, making inroads into the 
 settlements, killing stock and stealing horses. Every now and then 
 
 * In 1854 a band of them were found by Col. Marcy, living near Port Arbuckle. 
 He says of them: "They are intelligent, active and brave; they frequently visit and 
 traffic with the prairie Indians, and have no fear of meeting these people in battle, 
 provided the odds are not more than six to one against them." Marcy 's Thirty Years 
 of Army Life on the Border, p. 95. 
 
 t One of Ka-en-ne-kuck's sermons was delivered at Danville, Illinois, on the 17th 
 of July, 1831, to his own tribe, and a large concourse of citizens who asked permission 
 to be present. The sermon was delivered in the Kickapoo dialect, interpreted into 
 English, sentence at a time as spoken by the orator, by Gurdeon S. Hubbard, who spoke 
 the Kickapoo as well as the Pottawatomie dialect with great fluency. The sermon was 
 taken down in writing by Solomon Banta, a lawyer then living in Danville, and for- 
 warded by him and Col. Hubbard to Judge James Hall, at Vandalia, Illinois, and pub- 
 lished in the October number (1831) of his ' ' Illinois Monthly Magazine." 
 
CHAEACTEKISTICS. 169 
 
 their depredations form the subject of items for the current news- 
 papers of the day. For years the government has failed in efforts 
 to induce the wild band to remove to some point within the Indian 
 Territory, where they might be restrained from annoying the border 
 settlements of Texas and New Mexico. Some years ago a part of 
 the semi-civilized Kickapoos in Kansas, preferring their old wild 
 life to the ways of civilized society, left Kansas and joined the bands 
 to the southwest. These last, after twelve years' roving in quest of 
 plunder, were induced to return, and in 1875 they were settled in 
 the Indian Territory and supplied with the necessary implements 
 and provisions to enable them to go to work and earn an honest liv- 
 ing. In this commendable effort at reform they are now making 
 very satisfactory progress.* In 1875 the number of civilized Kick- 
 apoos within the Kansas agency was three hundred and eight-five, 
 while the wild or Mexican band numbered four hundred and twenty, 
 as appears from the official report on Indian affairs for that year. 
 
 As compared with other Indians, the Kickapoos were industrious, 
 intelligent, and cleanly in their habits, and were better armed and 
 clothed than the other tribes. t The men, as a rule, were tall, sin- 
 ewy and active ; the women were lithe, and many of them by no 
 means lacking in beauty. Their dialect was soft and liquid, as com- 
 pared with the rough and guttural language of the Pottawatomies. :]: 
 They kept aloof from the white people, as a rule, and in this way 
 preserved their characteristics, and contracted fewer of the vices of 
 the white man than other tribes. Their numbers were never great, 
 as compared with the Miamis or Pottawatomies ; however, they 
 made up for the deficiency in this respect by the energy of their 
 movements. 
 
 In language, manners and customs the Kickapoos bore a very 
 close resemblance to the Sac and Fox Indians, whose allies they 
 generally were, and with whom they have by some writers been 
 confounded. 
 
 * Report of Commissioner on Indian Affairs for the year 1875. 
 t Reynolds' Pioneer History of Illinois. 
 I Statement of Col. Hubbard to the writer. 
 
CHAPTEE XVII. 
 
 THE SHAWNEES AND DELAWARES. 
 
 The Shawnees were a brancli of the Algonquin family, and in 
 manners and customs bore a strong resemblance to the Delawares. 
 They were the Bedouins of the wilderness, and their wanderings 
 form a notable instance in the history of the nomadic races of ]!^orth 
 America. Before the arrival of the Europeans the Shawnees lived 
 on the shores of the great lakes eastward of Cleveland. At that 
 time the principal Iroquois villages were on the northern side of the 
 lakes, above Montreal, and this tribe was under a species of subjec- 
 tion to the Adirondacks, the original tribe from whence the several 
 Algonquin tribes are alleged to have sprung,* and made "the plant- 
 ing of corn their business." 
 
 " The Adirondacks, however, valued themselves as delighting in 
 a more manly employment, and despised the Iroquois in following 
 a business which they thought only fit for women. But it once hap- 
 pened that game failed the Adirondacks, which made them desire 
 some of the young men of the Iroquois to assist them in hunting. 
 These young men soon became much more expert in hunting, and 
 able to endure fatigues, than the Adirondacks expected or desired ; 
 in short, they became jealous of them, and one night murdered all 
 the young men they had with them." The chiefs of the Iroquois 
 complained, but the Adirondacks treated their remonstrances with 
 contempt, without being apprehensive of the resentment of the Iro- 
 quois, "for they looked upon them as women." 
 
 The Iroquois determined on revenge, and the Adirondacks, hear- 
 ing of it, declared war. The Iroquois made but feeble resistance, 
 and were forced to leave their country and fly to the south shores of 
 the lakes, where they ever afterward lived. ' ' Their chiefs, in order 
 to raise their people's spirits, turned them against the Satanas, a less 
 warlike nation, who then lived on the shores of the lakes." The 
 Iroquois soon subdued the Satanas, and drove them from their 
 country, f 
 
 * Adirondack is the Iroquois name for Algonquin. 
 
 t Colden's History of the Five Nations, pp. 32, 23, The Shawnees were known to 
 the Iroquois by the name of Satanas. Same authority. 
 
 170 
 
WANDERINGS OF THE SHAWKEES. 171 
 
 In 1632 the Shawnees were on the south side of the Delaware.* 
 From this time the Iroquois pursued them, each year driving them 
 farther southward. Forty years later they were on the Tennessee, 
 and Father Marquette, in speaking of them, calls them Chaouanons, 
 which was the Illinois word for southerners, or people from the 
 south, so termed because they lived to the south of the Illinois cantons. 
 The Iroquois still waged war upon the Shawnees, driving them to the 
 extremities mentioned in the extracts quoted from Father Marquette's 
 journal, t To escape further molestation from the Iroquois, the Sliaw- 
 nees continued a more southern course, and some of their bands 
 penetrated the extreme southern states. The Suwanee Eiver, in 
 Florida, derived its name from the fact that the Shawnees once lived 
 upon its banks. Black Hoof, the renowned chief of this tribe, was 
 born in Florida, and informed Gen. Harrison, with whom for many 
 years he was upon terms of intimacy, that he had often bathed in 
 the sea. 
 
 "It is well known that they were at a place which still bears 
 their name:]: on the Ohio, a few miles below the mouth of the Wabash, 
 some time before the commencement of the revolutionary war, where 
 they remained before their removal to the Sciota, where they were 
 found in the year 17Y4 by Gov. Dunmore. Their removal from 
 Florida was a necessity, and their progress from thence a flight 
 rather than a deliberate march. This is evident from their appear- 
 ance when they presented themselves upon the Ohio and claimed 
 protection of the Miamis. They are represented by the chiefs of the 
 Miamis and Delawares as supplicants for protection, not against the 
 Iroquois, but against the Creeks and Seminoles, or some other south- 
 ern tribe, who had driven them from Florida, and they are said to 
 have been literally sans provant et sans culottes [hungry and naked]. § 
 
 After their dispersion by the Iroquois, remnants of the tribe were 
 found in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania, but after the 
 return of the main body from the south, they became once more 
 united, the Pennsylvania band leaving that colony about the same 
 time that the Delawares did. During the forty years following that 
 period, the whole tribe was in a state of perpetual war with America, 
 either as British colonies or as independent states. By the treaty of 
 
 *DeLaet. 
 
 \Vide p. 49 of this work. 
 
 X Shawneetown, Illinois. 
 
 §Gen. Harrison's Historical Address, pp. 30, 31. This history of the Shawnees, 
 says Gen. Harrison, was brought forward at a council at Vincennes in 1810, to resist 
 the pretensions of Tecumsph to an interference with the Miamis in the disposal of their 
 lands, and however galling the reference to these facts must have been to Tecumseh, 
 he was unable to deny them. 
 
172 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Greenville, they lost nearly all the territory they had been permitted 
 to occupy north of the Ohio.* 
 
 In 1819 they were divided into four tribes, — the Pequa,t the Me- 
 quachake, the Chillicothe, and the Kiskapocoke. The latter tribe 
 was the one to which Tecumseh belonged. They were always hos- 
 tile to the United States, and joined every coalition against the gov- 
 ernment. In 1806 they separated from the rest of the tribe, and 
 took up their residence at Greenville. Soon afterward they removed 
 to their former place of residence on Tippecanoe Creek, Indiana. :{; 
 
 At the close of Gen. Wayne's campaign, a large body of the 
 Shawnees settled near Cape Girardeau, Missouri, upon a tract of 
 land granted to them and the Delawares in 1793, by Baron de Ca- 
 rondelet, governor of the Spanish provinces west of the Mississippi. § 
 
 From their towns in eastern Ohio, the Shawnees spread north and 
 westward to the headwaters of the Big and Little Miamis, the St. 
 Mary's, and the Au Glaize, and for quite a distance down the Man- 
 mee. They had extensive cultivated fields upon these streams, 
 which, with their villages, were destroyed by Gen. Wayne on his 
 return from the victorious engagement with the confederated tribes 
 on the field of "fallen timbers."! Gen. Harmer, in his letter to 
 the Secretary of War, communicating the details of his campaign 
 on the Maumee, in October, 1790, gives a fine description of the 
 country, and the location of the Shawnee, Delaware and Miami vil- 
 lages, in the neighborhood of Fort Wayne, as they appeared at that 
 early day. We quote: "The savages and traders (who were, perhaps, 
 the worst savages of the two) had evacuated their towns, and burnt 
 the principal village called the Omee,^ together with all the traders' 
 houses. This village lay on a pleasant point, formed by the junc- 
 tion of the rivers Omee and St. Joseph. It was situate on the east 
 
 * Gallatin. 
 
 t '• In ancient times they had a large fire, which, being burned down, a great puffing 
 and blowing was heard among the ashes; they looked, and behold a man stood up 
 trom the ashes! hence the name Piqua— a man coming out of the ashes, or made of 
 
 t Account of the Present State of the Indian Tribes Inhabiting Ohio : Archseolosia 
 Amencana, vol. 1 pp. 274, 275. Mr. Johnson is in error in locating this band upon 
 the nppecanoe^^ The prophets town was upon the west bank of the Wabash, near the 
 mouth 01 the Tippecanoe. 
 
 § Treaties with the Several Indian Tribes, etc.: Government edition, 1837. The 
 Shawnees and Delawares relinquished their title to their Spanish grant by a treaty 
 concluded between them and the United States on the 26th of Octobir 1833 
 l,^-" The army returned to this plstee [Fort Defiance] on the 27th, by easy marches, 
 kying waste to the villages aaid corn-fields for about fifty miles on ekih side of the 
 ^J^ [Maumee]. There remams yet a great number of villages and a great quantity 
 wh?rh v^l h.TrrH"^ or destroyed upon the Au Glaize and tiami above thfs place, 
 7,„ «f JI P^ ^*^^''**T ^A- ^ ^T^^^^-\ CJe"- Wayne to the Secretary of War: Ameri- 
 can State Papers on Indian Affairs, vol. 1, p. 491 -»•"«!" 
 
 IT The Miami village. 
 
COUNTKY OF THE SHAWNEES. 173 
 
 bank of the latter, opposite the mouth of St. Mary, and had for a 
 long time past been the rendezvous of a set of Indian desperadoes, 
 who infested the settlements, and stained the Ohio and parts adjacent 
 with the blood of defenseless inhabitants. This day we advanced 
 nearly the same distance, and kept nearly the same course as yester- 
 day ; we encamped within six miles of the object, and on Sunday, 
 the lYth, entered the ruins of the Omee town, or French village, as 
 part of it is called. Appearances confirmed accounts I had received 
 of the consternation into which the savages and their trading allies 
 had been thrown by the approach of the army. Many valuables of 
 the traders were destroyed in the confusion, and vast quantities of 
 corn and other grain and vegetables were secreted in holes dug in 
 the earth, and other hiding places. Colonel Hardin rejoined the 
 army." 
 
 '•'■Besides the town of Omee, there were several other villages situ- 
 ate upon the banks of three rivers. One of them, belonging to 
 the Omee Indians, called Kegaiogue,* was standing and contained 
 thirty houses on the bank opposite the principal village. Two others, 
 consisting together of about forty-five houses, lay a few miles up 
 the St. Mary's, and were inhabited by Delawares. Thirty-six houses 
 occupied by other savages of this tribe formed another but scattered 
 town, on the east bank of the St. Joseph, two or three miles, north 
 from the French village. About the same distance down the Omee 
 Eiver, lay the Shawnee town of Chillicothe, consisting of fifty-eight 
 houses, opposite which, on the other bank of the river, were sixteen 
 more habitations, belonging to savages of the same nation. AH 
 these I ordered to be burnt during my stay there, together with 
 great quantities of corn and vegetables hidden as at the principal 
 village, in the earth and other places by the savages, who had aban- 
 doned them. It is computed that there were no less than twenty 
 thousand bushels of corn, in the ear, which the army either con- 
 sumed or destroyed, "f 
 
 The Shawnees also had a populous village within the present 
 limits of Fountain county, Indiana, a few miles east of Attica. 
 They gave their name to Shawnee Prairie and to a stream that dis- 
 charges into the Wabash from the east, a short distance below Will- 
 iamsport. 
 
 * Ke-ki-ong-a. — "The name in Engrlish is said to signify a blackberry patch [more 
 probably a blackberry bush] which, in its turn, passed among the Miamis as a symbol 
 of antiquity." Brice's History of Fort Wayne, p. 23. 
 
 fGen. Harmer's Official Letter. It will be observed that Gen, Harmer treats the 
 French Omee or Miami village as a separate town from that of Ke-ki-ong-a. His de- 
 scription i? so minute, and his opportunities so favorable to know the facts, that there 
 is scarcely a probability of his having been mistaken. 
 
X74 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 In 1854 the Shawnees in Kansas numbered nine hundred persons, 
 occupying a reservation of one million six hundred thousand acres. 
 Their lands were divided into severalty. They have banished 
 whisky, and many of them have fine farms under cultivation. Be- 
 ing on the border of Missouri, they suffered from the rebel raids, 
 and particularly that of Gen. Price in 1864. In 1865 they numbered 
 eight hundred and forty-five persons. They furnished for the Union 
 army one hundred and twenty-five men. The Shawnees have illus- 
 trated by their own conduct the capability of an Indian tribe to 
 become civilized.* 
 
 The Delawaees called themselves Lenno Lencupe, which signifies 
 "original" or "unmixed" men. They were divided into three 
 clans : the Turtle, the Wolf and the Turkey. When first met with 
 by the Europeans, they occupied a district of country bounded 
 eastwardly by the Hudson Eiver and the Atlantic ; on the west 
 their territories extended to the ridge separating the fiow of the 
 Delaware from the other streams emptying into the Susquehanna 
 Eiver and Chesapeake Bay.f 
 
 They, according to their own traditions, "many hundred years 
 ago resided in the western part of the continent ; thence by slow 
 emigration, they at length reached the Alleghany River, so called 
 from a nation of giants, the AUegewi, against whom the Delawares 
 and Iroquois (the latter also emigrants from the west) carried on 
 successful war ; and still proceeding eastward, settled on the Dela- 
 ware, Hudson, Susquehanna and Potomac rivers, making the Dela- 
 ware the center of their possessions. J 
 
 By the other Algonquin tribes the Delawares were regarded with 
 the utmost respect and veneration. They were called "fathers," 
 "grandfathers," etc. 
 
 "When William Penn landed in Pennsylvania the Delawares had 
 been subjugated and made women by the Iroquois." They were 
 prohibited from making war, placed under the sovereignty of the 
 Iroquois, and even lost the right of dominion to the lands which 
 they had occupied for so many generations. Gov. Penn, in his treaty 
 with the Delawares, purchased from them the right of possession 
 merely, and afterward obtained the relinquishment of the sovereignty 
 from the Iroquois. § The Delawares accounted for their humiliating 
 relation to the Iroquois by claiming that their assumption of the 
 role of women, or mediators, was entirely voluntary on their part. 
 
 *Gale's UOTer Mississippi. ^ ^. ^ ., J Taylor's History of Ohio, p. 33. 
 
 t Gallatin s Synopsis of the Indian Tnbes, p. 44. § Gallatin's Synopsis, etc. 
 
DELAWAKES BECOME WOMEN". 175 
 
 They said they became "peacemakers," not through compulsion, 
 but in compliance with the intercession of different belligerent tribes, 
 and that this position enabled their tribe to command the respect of 
 all the Indians east of the Mississippi. While it is true that the 
 Delawares were very generally recognized as mediators, they never 
 in any war or treaty exerted an influence through the possession of 
 this title. It was an empty honor, and no additional power or ben- 
 efit ever accrued from it. That the degrading position of the Dela- 
 wares was not voluntary is proven in a variety of ways. "We possess 
 none of the details of the war waged against the Lenapes, but we 
 know that it resulted in the entire submission of the latter, and that 
 the Iroquois, to prevent any further interruption from the Delawares, 
 adopted a plan to humble and degrade them, as novel as it was ef- 
 fectual. Singular as it may seem, it is nevertheless true that the 
 Lenapes, upon the dictation of the Iroquois, agreed to lay aside the 
 character of warriors and assume that of women."* The Iroquois, 
 while they were not present at the treaty of Greenville, took care to 
 inform Gen. Wayne that the Delawares were their subjects — " that 
 they had conquered them and put petticoats upon them." At a 
 council held July 12, 1Y42, at the house of -the lieutenant-governor 
 of Pennsylvania, where the subject of previous grants of land was 
 under discussion, an Iroquois orator turned to the Delawares who 
 were present at the council, and holding a belt of waumpum, ad- 
 dressed them thus: "Cousins, let this belt of waumpum serve to 
 chastise you. Ton ought to be taken by the hair of your head and 
 shaked severely, till you recover your senses and become sober. . . . 
 But how came you to take upon yourself to sell land at all ? " refer- 
 ring to lands on the Delaware River, which the Delawares had sold 
 some fifty years before. "We conquered you ; we made women of 
 you. You know you are women, and can no more sell land than 
 women; nor is it fit you should have the power of selling lands, 
 since you would abuse it." The Iroquois orator continues his chas- 
 tisement of the Delawares, indulging in the most opprobrious lan- 
 guage, and closed his speech by telling the Delawares to renrtjve 
 immediately. "We don't give you the liberty to think about it. 
 You may return to the other side of the Delaware, where you came 
 from ; but we don't know, considering how you had demeaned your- 
 selves, whether you will be permitted to hve there, "f 
 
 The Quakers who settled Pennsylvania treated the Delawares in 
 
 * Discourse of Gen. Harrison. 
 
 t Minutes of the Conference at Philadelphia, in Colden's History of the Five 
 Nations. 
 
176 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 accordance witli the rules of justice and equity. The result was that 
 during a period of sixty years peace and the utmost harmony pre- 
 vailed. This is the only instance in the settling of America by the 
 English where uninterrupted friendship and good will existed be- 
 tween the colonists and the aboriginal inhabitants. Gradually and 
 by peaceable means the Quakers obtained possession of the greater 
 portion of their territory, and the Delawares were in the same situa- 
 tion as other tribes, — without lands, without means of subsistence. 
 They were threatened with starvation. Induced by these motives, 
 some of them, between the years 1740 and 1T50, obtained from their 
 uncles, the "Wyandots, and with the assent of the Iroquois, a grant of 
 land on the Muskingum, in Ohio. The greater part of the tribe re- 
 mained in Pennsylvania, and becoming more and more dissatisfied 
 with their lot, shook off the yoke of the Iroquois, joined the French 
 and ravaged the frontiers of Pennsylvania. Peace was concluded at 
 Easton in 1T58, and ten years after the last remaining bands of the 
 Delawares crossed the AUeghanies. Here, being removed from the 
 influence of their dreaded masters, the Iroquois, the Delawares soon 
 assumed their ancient. independence. During the next four or five 
 decades they were the most formidable of the western tribes. "While 
 the revolutionary war was in progre'ss, as allies of the British, after 
 its close, at the head of the northwestern confederacy of Indians, 
 they fully regained their lost reputation. By their geographical 
 position placed in the front of battle, they were, during those two 
 wars, the most active and dangerous enemies of America.* 
 
 . The territory claimed by the Delawares subsequent to their being 
 driven westward from their former possessions, is established in a 
 paper addressed to congress May 10, 1779, from delegates assem- 
 bled at Princeton, !N"ew Jersey. The boundaries of their country, 
 as declared in the address, is as follows: "From the mouth of the 
 Alleghany River, at Fort Pitt, to the Yenango, and from thence up 
 French Creek, and by Le Bceuf,t along the did road to Presque Isle, 
 on the east. The Ohio Eiver, including all the islands in it, from 
 Fort Pitt to the Ouabache, on the south; thence up the Eiver Oua- 
 bache to that branch, Ope-co-mee-cah,X and up the same to the head 
 thereof; from thence to the headwaters and springs of the Great 
 Miami, or Eocky Eiver ; thence across to the headwaters and springs 
 of the most northwestern branches of the Scioto Eiver ; thence to 
 
 * In the battle of Fallen Timbers there were three hundred Delawares out of seven 
 hundred Indians who were in this engagement: Colonial History of Massachusetts, 
 vol. 10. 
 
 t A fort on the present site of Waterford, Pa. 
 
 X This was the name given by the Delawares to White River, Indiana. 
 
MAKE PEACE. 177 
 
 the westernmost springs of Sandusky River ; thence down said river, 
 including the islands in it and in the little lake,* to Lake Erie, on the 
 west and northwest, and Lake Erie on the north. These boundaries 
 contain the cessions of lands made to the Delaware nation by the 
 Wayandots and other nations, f and the country we have seated our 
 grandchildren, the Shawnees, upon, in our laps ; and we promise to 
 give to the United States of America such a part of the above 
 described country as would be convenient to them and us, that they 
 may have room for their children's children to set down upon.":]: 
 
 After Wayne's victory the Delawares saw that further contests 
 with the American colonies would be worse than useless. They 
 submitted to the inevitable, acknowledged the supremacy of the 
 Caucasian race, and desired to make peace with the victors. At the 
 treaty of Greenville, in 1795, there were present three hundred and 
 eighty-one Delawares, — a larger representation than that of any 
 other Indian tribe. By this treaty they ceded to the United States 
 the greater part of the lands allotted to them by the Wyandots and 
 Iroquois. For this cession they received an annuity of $1,000.§ 
 
 At the close of the treaty, Bu-kon-ge-he-las, a Delaware chief, 
 spoke as follows : 
 
 Eather: | Your children all well understand the sense of the 
 treaty which is now concluded. "We experience daily proofs of your 
 increasing kindness. I hope we may all have sense enough to enjoy 
 our dawning happiness. Many of your people are yet among us. 
 I trust they wiU be immediately restored. Last winter our king 
 came forward to you with two; and when he returned with your 
 speech to us, we immediately prepared to come forward with the 
 remainder, which we delivered at Eort Defiance. All who know 
 me know me to be a man and a warrior, and I now declare that I will 
 for the future be as steady and true a friend to the United States as 
 I have heretofore been an active enemy. "T" 
 
 This promise of the orator was faithfully kept by his people. 
 They evaded all the efforts of the Shawnee prophet, Tecumseh, and 
 the British who endeavored to induce them, by threats or bribes, to 
 violate it.** 
 
 * Sandusky Bay. 
 
 tThe Hurons and Iroquois. 
 
 i Pioneer History, by S. P. Hildreth, p. 137, where the paper setting forth the 
 daims of the Delawares is copied. 
 
 § American State Papers: Indian Affairs, vol. 1. 
 
 if Gen. Wayne. 
 
 IT American State Papers: Indian Affairs, vol. 1, p. 582. 
 
 ** Bu-kon-ge-he-las was a warrior of great ability. He took a leading part in 
 manoeuvering the Indians at the dreadful battle known as St. Clair's defeat. He rose 
 from a private warrior to the head of his tribe. Until after Gen. Wayne 'a great victory 
 
 13 
 
178 " HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 The Delawares remained faithful to the United States during the 
 war of 1812, and, with the Shawnees, furnished some very able war- 
 riors and scouts, who rendered valuable service to the United States 
 during this war. 
 
 After the treaty of Greenville, the great body of Delawares re- 
 moved to their lands on White Eiver, Indiana, whither some of 
 their people had already preceded them. 
 
 Their manner of obtaining possession of their lands on "White 
 Eiver is thus related in Dawson's Life of Harrison: "The land in 
 question had been granted to the Delawares about the year 1770, by 
 the Piankeshaws, on condition of their settling iipon it and assist- 
 ing them in a war with the Kickapoos." These terms were complied 
 with, and the Delawares remained in possession of the land. 
 
 The title to the tract of land lying between the Ohio and White 
 Elvers soon became a subject of dispute between the Piankeshaws 
 and Delawares. A chief of the latter tribe, in 1803, at Yincennes, 
 stated to Gen. Harrison that the land belonged to his tribe, "and 
 that he had with him a chief who had been present at the transfer 
 made by the Piankeshaws to the Delawares, of all the country be- 
 tween the Ohio and White Elvers more than thirty years previous." 
 This claim was disputed by the Piankeshaws. They admitted that 
 while they had granted the Delawares the right of occupancy, yet 
 they had never conveyed the right of sovereignty to the tract in 
 question. 
 
 Gov. Harrison, on the 19th and 27th of August, 1804, concluded 
 treaties with the Delawares and Piankeshaws by which the United 
 States acquired all that fine country between the Ohio and Wabash 
 Eivers. Both of "these tribes laying claim to the land, it became 
 
 in 1794, he had been a devoted partisan of the British and a mortal foe to the United 
 States. He was the most distinguished warrior in the Indian Confederacy; and as it 
 was the British interests which had induced the Indians to commence, as well aa to con- 
 tinue, the war, Buck-on-ge-he-las relied upon British support and protection. This 
 support had been given so far as relates to provisions, arms and ammunition; but 
 at the end of the battle referred to, the gates of Fort Miamis, near which the action 
 was fought, were shut, by the British within, against the wounded Indians after 
 the battle. This opened the eyes of the Delaware warrior. He collected his braves 
 in canoes, with the design of proceeding up the river, under a flag of truce, to fort 
 Wayne. On approaching the British fort he was requested to land. He did so, and 
 addressing the British officer, said, "What have you to say to me?" The oificer re- 
 plied that the commandant wished to speak with him. " Then he may come here," 
 was the chief's reply. " He will not do that," said the sub-officer; "and you will not 
 be suffered to pass the fort if you do not comply." " What shall prevent me?" 
 "These," said the officer, pointing to the cannon of the fort. "I fear not your 
 cannon," replied the intrepid chief. "After suffering the Americans to insult and 
 treat you vrith such contempt, without daring to fire upon them, you cannot expect to 
 frighten me." Buck-on-ge-he-laa then ordered his canoes to push off from the shore, 
 and the fleet passed the fort vrithout molestation. A note [No. 2]: Memoirs of Gen. 
 Harrison. 
 
BECOME CITIZENS. 179 
 
 necessary that both should be satisfied, in order to prevent disputes 
 in the future. In this, however, the governor succeeded, on terms, 
 perhaps, more favorable than if the title had been vested in only 
 one of these tribes ; for, as both claimed the land, the value of each 
 <;laim was considerably lowered in the estimation of both; and, 
 therefore, by judicious management, the governor effected the pur- 
 chase upon probably as low, if not lower, terms that if he had been 
 obliged to treat with only one of them. For this tract the Pianke- 
 shaws received $700 in goods and $200 per annum for ten years; 
 the compensation of the Delawares was an annuity of $300 for ten 
 years. 
 
 The Delawares continued to reside upon White Eiver and its 
 branches until 1819, when most of them joined the band who had 
 emigrated to Missouri upon the tract of land granted jointly to them 
 and the Shawnees, in 1793, by the Spanish authorities. Others of 
 their number who remained scattered themselves among the Miamis, 
 Pottawatomies and Kickapoos ; while still others, including the Mo- 
 ravian converts, went to Canada. At that time, 1819, the total num- 
 ber of those residing in Indiana was computed to be eight hundred 
 souls.* 
 
 In 1829 the majority of the nation were settled on the Kansas 
 and Missouri rivers. They numbeired about 1,000, were brave, en- 
 terprising hunters, cultivated lands and were friendly to the whites. 
 In 1853 they sold to the government all the lands granted them, ex- 
 cepting a reservation in Kansas. During the late Rebellion they 
 sent to the United States army one hundred and seventy out of their 
 two hundred able-bodied men. Like their ancestors they proved 
 vaHant and trustworthy soldiers. Of late years they have almost 
 entirely lost their aboriginal customs and manners. They live in 
 houses, have schools and churches, cultivate farms, and, in fact, bid 
 feir to become useful and prominent citizens of the great Pepublic. 
 
 * Their principal towns were on the branches of White River, within the present 
 limits of Madison and Delaware counties, and the capital of the latter is named after 
 the "Muncy" or " Mon-o-sia" band. Pipe Creek and Kill Buck Creek, branches of 
 White River, are also named after two distinguished Delaware chiefs. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 THE INDIANS: THEIR IMPLEMENTS, UTENSILS, FORTIFICATIONS, 
 MOUNDS, AND THEIR MANNERS AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 Before the arrival of the Europeans the use of iron was but little- 
 known to the Iforth American Indians. Marquette, in speaking of 
 the Illinois, states that they were entirely ignorant of the use of iron 
 tools, their weapons being made of stone.* This was true of all the 
 Indians who made their homes north of the Ohio, but south of that- 
 stream metal tools were occasionally met with. "When Hernando 
 De Soto, in 1539-43, was traversing the southern part of that terri- 
 tory, now known as the United States, in his vain search for gold,, 
 some of his followers found the natives on the Savanna Kiver using 
 hatchets made of copper, f It is evident that these hatchets were of 
 native manufacture, for they were "said to have a' mixture of gold." 
 
 The southern Indians " had long bows, and their arrows were 
 made of certain canes like reeds, very heavy, and so strong that a 
 sharp cane passeth through a target. Some they arm in the point 
 with a sharp bone of a fish, like a chisel, and in others they fasten 
 certain stones like points of diamonds.":]; These bones or "scale- 
 of the armed fish' ' were neatly fastened to the head of the arrows 
 with splits of cane and fish glue.§ The northern Indians used 
 arrows with stone points. Father Easles thus describes them : 
 "Arrows are the principal arms which they use in war and in the 
 chase. They are pointed at the end with a stone, cut and sharpened 
 in the shape of a serpent's tongue ; and, if no knife is at hand, they 
 use them also to skin the animals they have killed." || " The bow- 
 strings were prepared from the entrails of a stag, or of a stag's skin, 
 which they know how to dress as well as any man in France, and 
 with as many different colors. They head their arrows with the teeth 
 of fishes and stone, which they work very finely and handsomely. "T[ 
 
 * Sparks' Life of Marquette, p. 281. 
 
 t-A; Narrative of the Expedition of Hernando De Soto, by a Gentleman of Elvas; 
 published at Evora in 1557, and afterward translated and published in the second 
 volume of the Historical Collections of Louisiana, p. 149. j: Idem, p. 134. 
 
 f Du Pratz' History of Louisiana: English translation, vol. 2, pp. 223, 224. 
 
 II Kip s Jesuit Missions, p. 39. 
 
 IT History of the First Attempt of the French to Colonize Florida, in 1562, by Ren6 
 Laudonmere: pubhshed in Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida, vol. 1, p. 170> 
 
 180 
 
THEY USE STONE IMPLEMENTS. 181 
 
 Most of the hatchets and knives of the northern Indians were 
 likewise made of sharpened stones, "which they fastened in a cleft 
 piece of wood with leathern thongs."* Their tomahawks were con- 
 structed from stone, the horn of a stag, or "from wood in the shape 
 of a cutlass, and terminated by a large ball." The tomahawk was 
 held in one hand and a knife in the other. As soon as they dealt a 
 blow on the head of an enemy, they immediately cut it round with 
 the knife, and took off the scalp with extraordinary rapidity, f 
 
 Du Pratz thus describes their method of felling trees with stone 
 implements and with fire: "Cutting instruments are almost con- 
 tinually wanted ; but as they had no iron, which of all metals is the 
 most usefal in human society, they were obliged, with infinite pains, 
 to form hatchets out of large flints, by sharpening their thin edge, 
 and making a hole through them for receiving the handle. To cut 
 down trees with these axes would have been almost an impracticable 
 ■work ; they were, therefore, obliged to light fires round the roots of 
 them, and to cut away the charcoal as the fire eat into the tree.":]: 
 
 Charlevoix makes a similar statement : ' ' These people, before 
 we provided them with hatchets and other instruments, were very 
 much at a loss in felling their trees, and making them fit for such 
 uses as they intended them for. They burned them near the root, 
 and in order to 'split and cut them into proper lengths they made 
 use of hatchets made of flint, which never broke, but which required 
 a prodigious time to sharpen. In order to fix them in a shaft, they 
 cut off the top of a young tree, making a slit in it, as if they were 
 going to draft it, into which slit they inserted the head of the axe. 
 The tree, growing together again in length of time, held the head 
 of the hatchet so firm that it was impossible for it to get loose ; 
 they then cut the tree at the length they deemed sufficient for the 
 handle."! 
 
 When they were about to make wooden dishes, porringers or 
 rspoons, they cut the blocks of wood to the required shape with 
 .stone hatchets, hollowed them out with coals of fire, and polished 
 them with beaver teeth. || 
 
 Early settlers in the neighborhood of Thorntown, Indiana, no- 
 ticed that the Indians made their hominy-blocks in a similar manner. 
 Hound stones were heated and placed upon the blocks which were 
 io be excavated. The charred wood was dug out with knives, and 
 
 * Hennepin, vol. 2, p. 103. 
 
 t Letter of Father Rasles in Kip's Jesuit Missions, p. 40. 
 
 i Volume 2, p. 223. 
 
 § Narrative Journal, vol. 2, p. 126. 
 
 I Hennepin, vol. 2, p. 103. 
 
182 HISTOKIC NOTES ON THE NOUTHWEST. 
 
 then the surface was polished with stone implements. These round 
 stones were the common property of the tribe, and were used by 
 individual families as occasion required. * 
 
 "They dug their ground with an instrument of wood, which was 
 fashioned like a broad mattock, wherewith they dig their vines as in 
 France ; they put two grains of maize together, "f 
 
 For boiling their victuals they made use of earthen kettles. % The 
 kettle was held up by two crotches and a stick of wood laid across. 
 The pot ladle, called by them mikoine, laid at the side.§ "In the 
 north they often made use of wooden kettles, and made the water 
 boil by throwing into it red hot pebbles. Our iron pots are esteemed 
 by them as much more commodious than their own."|| 
 
 That the North American Indians not only used, but actually 
 manufactured, pottery for various culinary and religious purposes 
 admits of no argument. Hennepin remarks : ' ' Before the arrival 
 of the Europeans in North America botfi the northern and southern 
 savages made use of, and do to this day use, earthen pots, especially 
 such as have no commerce with the Europeans, from whom they may 
 procure kettles and other movables. "Tf M. Pouchot, who was ac- 
 quainted with the manners and customs of the Canadian Indians, 
 states "that they formerly had usages and utensils to which they 
 are now scarcely accustomed. They 7)iade pottery and drew fire from 
 wood." ** 
 
 In 1700, Father Gravier, in speaking of the Yazoos, says: "You 
 see there in their cabins neither clothes, nor sacks, nor kettles, nor 
 guns ; they carry all with them, and have no riches hut earthen pots, 
 quite well made, especially little glazed pitchers, as neat as you would 
 see in France. ' ' ff The Illinois also occasionally used glazed pitch- 
 ers. XX The manufacturing of these earthen vessels was done by the- 
 women. §§ By the southern Indians the earthenware goods were 
 used for religious as well as domestic purposes. Gravier noticed 
 several in their temples, containing bones of departed warriors,, 
 ashes, etc. 
 
 * Statements of early settlers. 
 
 t Laudonnifere, p. 174. 
 
 X Hennepin, vol. 3, p. 105. 
 
 § Pouchot's Memoirs, vol. 3, p. 186. 
 
 II Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, vol. 3, pp. 133, 134. 
 
 IT Volume 3, pp. 103, 103. This work was written in 1697. 
 
 ** Pouchot's Memoirs, vol. 3, p. 319. 
 _ tt Gravier's Journal, published in Shea's Early Voyages Up and Down the Missia- 
 Bippi, p 135. 
 
 It Vide p. 109 of this work. 
 
 §§ Gravier's Journal, published in Shea's Early Voyages Up and Down the Missis' 
 sippi, p. 135; also, Du Pratz' History of Louisiana, vol. 3, p. 166. 
 
IKDIAN FORTIFICATIONS. 183 
 
 The American Indians, both northern and southern, had most of 
 their villages fortified either by wooden palisades, or earthen 
 breastworks and palisades combined. De Soto, on the 19th of June, 
 1541, entered the town of Pacaha,* which was very great, walled, 
 and beset with towers, and many loopholes were in the towers and 
 wall.f Charlevoix said : " The Indians are more skillful in erect- 
 ing their fortifications than in building their houses. Here you see 
 villages surrounded with good palisades and with redoubts ; and. 
 they are very careful to lay in a proper provision of water and 
 stones. These palisades are double, and even sometimes treble, 
 and generally have battlements on the outer circumvallation. The 
 piles, of which they are composed, are interwoven with branches of 
 trees, without any void space between them. This sort of fortifica- 
 tion was sufficient to sustain a long siege -whilst the Indians were 
 ignorant of the use of fire-arms.":}: 
 
 La Hontan thus describes these palisaded towns : " Their villages 
 are fortified with double palisadoes of very hardwood, which are 
 as thick as one's thigh, and fifteen feet high, with little squares about 
 the middle of courtines."§ 
 
 These wooden fortifications were used to a comparatively late 
 day. At the siege of Detroit, in 1712, the Foxes and Mascoutins 
 resisted, in a wooden fort, for nineteen days, the attack of a much 
 larger force of Frenchmen and Indians. In order to avoid the 
 fire of the French, they dug holes four or five feet deep in the bot- 
 tom of their fort. || 
 
 The western Indians, in their fortifications, made use of both 
 earth and wood. An early American author remarks: "The re- 
 mains of Indian fortifications seen throughout the western country, 
 have given rise to strange conjectures, and have been supposed to 
 appertain to a period extremely remote ; but it is a fact well known 
 that in some of them the remains of palisadoes were found by the 
 first settlers. "T "When Maj. Long's party, in 1823, passed through 
 Fort Wayne, they inquired of IMetea, a celebrated Pottawatomie chief 
 well versed in the lore of his tribe, whether he had ever heard of any 
 tradition accounting for the erection of those artificial mounds which 
 are found scattered over the whole country. "He immediately 
 replied that they had ieen constructed hy the Indians as fortifica- 
 
 * Probably in the limits of the present state of Arkansas. 
 
 t Account by the Gentleman of Elvas, p. 172. 
 
 j Narrative Journal, vol. 2, p. 128. 
 
 § Vol. 2, p. 6. 
 
 I Dubuisson's Official Report. 
 
 IT Viev7s of Louisiana: Brackenridge, p. 14. 
 
184 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Hons before the white man had come among them. He had always 
 heard this origin ascribed to them, and knew three of those con- 
 structions which were supposed to have been made by his nation. 
 One is at the fork of the Kankakee and the Des Plaines Eivers, a 
 second on the Ohio, which, from his description, was supposed to be 
 at the mouth of the Muskingum. He visited it, but could not de- 
 scribe the spot accurately, and a third, which he had also seen, he 
 stated to be on the head-waters of the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan. 
 This latter place is about forty miles northwest of Fort "Wayne." 
 
 One of the Miami chiefs, whom the traders named Le Gros, told 
 Barron* that " he had heard that his father had fought with his tribe 
 in one of the forts at Piqua, Ohio ; that the fort had been erected 
 by the Indians against the French, and that his father had been 
 killed during one of the assaults made upon it."t 
 
 "While at Chicago, and "with a view to collect as much informa- 
 tion as possible on the subject of Indian antiquities, we inquired of 
 Robinson :j: whether any traditions on this subject were current 
 among the Indians. He observed that these ancient fortifications 
 were a frequent subject of conversation^ and especially those in the 
 nature of excavations made in the ground. He had heard of one 
 made by the Kickapoos and Fox Indians on the Sangamo Eiver, a 
 stream running into the Illinois. This fortification is distinguished 
 by the name of Etnataek. It is known to have served as an in- 
 trenchment to the Kickapoos and Foxes, who were met there and 
 defeated by the Pottawatomies, the Ottawas and Chippeways. No 
 date was assigned to this transaction. "We understood that the Et- 
 nataek was near the Kickapoo village on the Sangamo. "§ 
 
 Near the dividing line between sections 4 and 5, township 31 
 north, of range 11 east, in Kankakee county, Illinois, on the prairie 
 about a mile above the mouth of Rock Creek, are some ancient 
 mounds. " One is very large, being about one hundred feet base in 
 diameter and about twenty feet high, in a conic form, and is said to 
 contain the remains of two hundred Indians who were killed in the 
 celebrated battle between the Illinois and Chippeways, Delawares 
 and Shawnees ; and about two chains to the northeast, and the same 
 
 * An Indian interpreter. 
 
 + Long's Expedition to the Sources of the St. Peters, vol. 1, pp. 121, 122. 
 
 } Robinson was a Pottawatomie half-breed, of superior intelligence, and his state- 
 ments can be relied upon. He died, only a few years ago, on the Au Sable River. 
 ,. , § Long's Expedition, vol. 1, p. 121. This stream is laid down on Joliet's map, pub- 
 lished in 1681, as the Pierres Sanguines. In the early gazetteers it is called Sangamo: 
 mde Beck s Illinois and Missouri Gazetteer, p. 154. Its signification in the Pottawat- 
 omie dialect is " a plenty to eat " : Early History of the West and Northwest, by S. R. 
 Beggs, p. 157. This definition, however, is somewhat doubtful. 
 
INDIAN MOUNDS. 185 
 
 distance to the northwest, are two other small mounds, which are 
 said to contain the remains of the chiefs of the two parties."* 
 
 Uncorroborated Indiaa traditions are not entitled to any high 
 degree of credibility, and these quoted are introduced to refute the 
 often repeated assertion that the Indians had no tradition concerning 
 the origin of the mounds scattered through the western states, or 
 that they supposed them to have been erected by a race who occu- 
 pied the continent anterior to themselves. 
 
 These mounds were seldom or never used for religious purposes 
 by the Algonquins or Iroquois, but Penicault states that when he 
 visited the Natchez Indians, in 1704, "the houses of the Sunsf are 
 built on mounds, and are distinguished from each other by their size. 
 The mound upon which the house of the Great Chief, or Sun, is 
 built is larger than the rest, and its sides are steeper. The temple in 
 the village of the Great Sun is about thirty feet high and forty-eight 
 in circumference, with the walls eight feet thick and covered with a 
 matting of canes, in which they keep up a perpetual fire.":]: 
 
 De Soto found the houses of the chiefs built on mounds of differ- 
 ent heights, according to their rank, and their villages fortified with 
 palisades, or walls of earth, with gateways to go in and out.§ 
 
 "When Gravier, in 1700, visited the Yazoos, he noticed that their 
 temple was raised on a mound of earth. | He also, in speaking of 
 the Ohio, states that "it is called by the Illinois and Oumiamis the 
 river of the ^^awsea, because the Akansea formerly dwelt on it."^ 
 The Akansea or Arkansas Indians possessed many traits and cus- 
 toms in common with the Natchez, having temples, pottery, etc. 
 A still more important fact is noticed by Du Pratz, who was inti- 
 mately acquainted with the Great Sun. He says: "The temple is 
 about thirty feet square, and stands on an artificial mound about 
 eight feet high, by the side of a small river. The mound slopes 
 insensibly from the main front, which is northward, but on the other 
 sides it is somewhat steeper." 
 
 According to their own traditions, the Natchez "were at one 
 
 * Manuscript Kankakee Surveys, conducted by Dan W. Beckwith, deputy govern- 
 ment surveyor, in 1834. Major Beckwith was intimately acquainted with the Potta- 
 watomies of the Kankakee, whose villages were in the neighborhood, and without 
 doubt the account of these mounds incorporated in his Field Notes was communicated 
 to him by them. 
 
 t The chiefs of the Hatches were so called because they were supposed to be the 
 direct descendants of a man and woman, who, descending from the sun, were the first 
 rulers of this people. 
 
 X Annals of liOuisiana: Historical Collections of Louisiana and Florida, new series, 
 pp. 94, 95. 
 
 § Account by the Gentleman of Elvas. 
 
 If Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi, p. 136. 
 
 IT Idem, p. 120. 
 
186 HISTORIC I«)TES OS THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 time tlie most powerful nation in all ISTortli America, and were 
 looked upon by tlie other nations as their superiors, and were, on 
 that account, respected by them. Their territory extended from 
 the River Ilerville, in Louisiana, to the Wahash.''''* They had over 
 five hundred suns, and, consequently, nearly that many Villages. 
 Their decline and retreat to the south was owing not to the superi- 
 ority in arms of the less civilized surrounding tribes, but was due to 
 the pride of their own chiefs, who, to lend an imposing magnificence 
 to their funeral rites, adopted the impolitic custom of having hun- 
 dreds of their followers strangled at their pyre. Many of the 
 mounds, scattered up and down valleys of the "Wabash, Ohio and 
 Mississippi, while being the only, may be the time-defying monu- 
 ments of the departed power and grandeur of these two tribes. 
 
 The Indian manner of making a fire is thus related by Hennepin : 
 "Their way of making a fire, which is new and unknown to us, is 
 thus : they take a triangular piece of cedar wood of a foot and a half 
 in length, wherein they bore some holes half through ; then they 
 take a switch, or another small piece of hard wood, and with both 
 their hands rub the strongest upon the weakest in the hole, which is 
 made in the cedar, and while they are thus rubbing they let fall a 
 sort of dust or powder, which turns into fire. This white dust they 
 roll up in a pellet of herbs, dried in autumn, and rubbing them all 
 together, and then blowing upon the dust that is in the pellets, the 
 fire kindles in a moment."! 
 
 The food of the Indians consisted of all the varieties of game, 
 fishes and wild fruits in the vicinity ; and they cultivated Indian 
 corn, melons and squashes. From corn they made a preparation 
 called sagamite. They pulverized the corn, mixed it with water, 
 and added a small proportion of ground gourds or beans. 
 
 The clothing of the northern Indians consisted only of the skins 
 of wild animals, roughly prepared for that purpose. Their southern 
 brethren were far in advance of them in this respect. " Many of the 
 women wore cloaks of the bark of the mulberry tree, or of the 
 feathers of swans, turkies or Indian ducks. The bark they take from 
 young mulberry shoots that rise from the roots of trees that have 
 been cut down. After it is dried in the sun they beat it to make all 
 the woody parts fall ofi", and they give the threads that remain a 
 second beating, after which they bleach them by exposing them to, 
 the dew. When they are well whitened they spin them about the 
 coarseness of pack-thread, and weave them in the following manner : 
 
 * Du Pratz' History of Louisiana, vol. 2, p. 146. t Ibid, vol. 3, p. 103. 
 
THEIR CAKOES. 187 
 
 They plant two stakes in the ground about a yard and a half asunder, 
 and having stretched a cord from the one to the other, they fasten 
 their threads of bark double to tliis cord, and then interweave them 
 in a curious manner into a cloak of about a yard square, with a 
 wrought border round the edges."* 
 
 The Indians had three varieties of canoes, elm-bark, birch-bark 
 and pirogues. " Canoes of elm-bark were not used for long voyages, 
 as they were very frail. "When the Indians wish to make a caiioe 
 of elm-bark they select the trunk of a tree which is very smooth, at 
 the time when the sap remains. They cut it around, above and 
 below, about ten, twelve or fifteen feet apart, according to the num- 
 ber of people which it is to carry. After having taken off the whole 
 in one piece, they shave off the roughest of the bark, which they 
 make the inside of the canoe. They make end ties of the thickness 
 of a finger, and of sufficient length for the canoe, using young oak 
 or any other flexible and strong wood, and fasten the two larger 
 folds of the bark between these strips^ spreading them apart with 
 wooden bows, which are fastened in about two feet apart. They sew 
 up the two ends of the bark with strips drawn from the inner bark 
 of the elm, giving attention to raise up a little the two extremities, 
 which they caW pinces, making a swell in the middle and a curve on 
 the sides, to resist the wind. If there are any chinks, they sew them 
 together with thongs and cover them with chewing-gum, which they 
 crowd by heating it with a coal of fire. The bark is fastened to the 
 wooden bows by wooden thongs. They add a mast, made of a piece 
 of wood and cross-piece to serve as t yard, and their blankets serve 
 them as sails. These canoes will carry from three to nine persons 
 and all their equipage. They sit upon their heels, without moving, 
 as do also their children, when they are in, from fear of losing their 
 balance, when the whole machine would upset. But this very seldom 
 happened, unless struck by a fiaw of wind. They use these vessels- 
 particularly in their war parties. 
 
 "The canoes made of birch bark were much more solid and more 
 artistically constructed. The frames of these canoes are made of 
 strips of cedar wood, which is very flexible, and which they render 
 as thin as a side of a sword-scabbard, and three or four inches wide. 
 They all touch one another, and come up to a point between the 
 two end strips. This frame is covered with the bark of the birch tree, 
 sewed together like skins, secured between the end strips and tied 
 
 * Du Pratz, vol. 2, p. 231; also, Gravier's Voyage, p. 134. The aboriginal method of 
 procuring thread to sew together their garments made of skins has already been no- 
 ticed in the description of the manners and customs of the Illinois. 
 
188 HISTORIC NOTES OK THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 along the ribs with the inner bark of the roots of the cedar, as we 
 twist willows around the hoops of a cask. All these seams are cov- 
 ered, with gum,* as is done with canoes of elm bark. They then 
 put in cross-bars to hold it and to serve as seats, and a long pole, 
 which they lay on from fore to aft in rough weather to prevent it , 
 from being broken by the shocks occasioned by pitching. They 
 have with them three, six, twelve and even twenty-four places, which 
 are designated as so many seats. The French are almost the only 
 people who use these canoes for their long voyages. They will carry 
 as much as three thousand pounds, "f These were vessels in which 
 the fur trade of the entire northwest has been carried on for so many 
 years. They were very light, four men being able to carry the 
 largest of them over portages. At night they were unloaded, drawn 
 upon the shore, turned over and served the savages or traders as 
 huts. They could endure gales of wind that would play havoc with 
 vessels of European manufacture. In calm water, the canoe men, 
 in a sitting posture, used paddles ; in stemming currents, rising from 
 their seats, they substituted poles for paddles, and in shooting 
 rapids, they rested on their knees. 
 
 Pirogues were the trunks of trees hollowed out and pointed at 
 the extremities. A fire was started on the trunk, out of which the 
 pirogue was to be constructed. The fire was kept within the desired 
 limits by the dripping of water upon the edges of the trunk. As a 
 part became charred, it was dug out with stone hatchets and the fire 
 rekindled. This kind of canoes was especially adapted for the navi- 
 gation of the Mississippi and Missouri ; the current of these streams 
 carrying down trees, which formed snags, rendered their navigation 
 by bark canoes exceedingly hazardous. It was probably owing to 
 this reason, as well as because there were no birch trees in their 
 country, that the Illinois and Miamis were not, as the Jesuits re- 
 marked, "canoe nations;" they used the awkward, heavy pirogue 
 instead. 
 
 Each nation was divided into villages. The Indian village, when 
 unfortified, had its cabins scattered along the banks of a river or the 
 
 *"The small roots of the spruce tree afford the wattap with which the bark is 
 sewed, and the gum of the pine tree supplies the place of tar and oakum. Bark, some 
 spare wattap and gum are always earned in each canoe, for the repairs which fre- 
 quently become necessary." Vide Henry's Travels, p. 14. 
 
 t The above extracts are taken from the Memoir Upon the Late War in North Amer- 
 ica Between the French and English, 1755-1760, by M. Pouchot; translated and edited 
 by Franklin Hough, vol. 2, pp. 316, 217, 218. Pouchot was the commandant at Fort 
 Niagara at the time of its surrender to the English. He was exceedingly well versed 
 in all that pertained to Indian manners and customs, and his work received the indorse- 
 ment of Marquis Vaudreuil, Governor of Canada. Of the translation, there were only 
 two hundred copies printed. 
 
WIGWAMS. 189 
 
 shores of a lake, and often extended for three or four miles. Each 
 cabin held the head of the family, the children, grandchildren, and 
 often the brothers and sisters, so that a single cabin not unfrequently 
 contained as many as sixty persons. Some of their cabins were in 
 the form of elongated squares, of which the sides were not more 
 than five or six feet high. They were made of bark, and the roof 
 was prepared from the same material, having an opening in the top 
 for the passage of smoke. At both ends of the cabin there were 
 entrances. The fire was built under the hole in the roof, and there 
 were as many fires as there were families. 
 
 The beds were upon planks on the fioor of the cabin, or upon 
 simple hides, which they called ajppichimon, placed along the parti- 
 tions. They slept upon these skins, wrapped in their blankets, 
 which, during the day, served them for clothing. Each one had 
 his particular place. The man and wife crouched together, her 
 back being against his body, their blankets passed around their 
 heads and feet, so that they looked like a plate of ducks.* These 
 bark cabins were used by the Iroquois, and, indeed, by many Indian 
 tribes who lived exclusively in the forests. 
 
 The prairie Indians, who were unable to procure bark, generally 
 made mats out of platted reeds or flags, and placed th'ese[mats around 
 three or four poles tied together at the ends. They were, in form, 
 round, and terminated in a cone. These mats were sewed together 
 with so much skill that, when new, the rain could not penetrate 
 them. This variety of cabins possessed the great advantage that, 
 when they moved their place of residence, the mats of reeds were 
 rolled up and carried along by the squaws, f 
 
 "The nastiness of these cabins alone, and that infection which 
 was a necessary consequence of it, would have been to any one but 
 an Indian a severe punishment. Having no windows, they were full 
 of smoke, and in cold weather they were crowded with dogs. The 
 Indians never changed their garments until they fell off by their 
 very rottenness. Being never washed, they were fairly alive with 
 vermin. In summer the savages bathed every day, but immediately 
 afterward rubbed themselves with oil and grease of a very rank 
 smell. " In winter they remained unwashed, and it was impossible 
 to enter their cabins without being poisoned with the stench." 
 
 All their food was very iU-seasoned and insipid, "and there pre- 
 vailed in all their repasts an uncleanliness which passed all concep- 
 
 * Extract from Pouchot's Memoirs, pp. 185, 186. 
 
 t Letter of Father Marest, Kip's Jesuit Missions, p. 199. 
 
190 HISTORIC KOTES ON THE KOKTHWEST. 
 
 tion. There were very few animals which did not feed cleaner."* 
 They never washed their wooden or bark dishes, nor their porringers 
 and spoons. t In this connection William Biggs states: "They:|: 
 plucked off a few of the largest feathers, then threw the duck,— 
 feathers, entrails and all, — into the soup-kettle, and cooked it in that 
 manner. "§ 
 
 The Indians were cannibals, though human flesh was only eaten 
 at war feasts. It was often the case that after a prisoner had been 
 tortured his body was thrown into "the war-kettle," and his remains 
 greedily devoured. This fact is uniformly asserted by the early 
 French writers. Members of Major Long's party made especial 
 inquiries at Fort Wayne concerning this subject, and were entirely 
 convinced. They met persons who had attended the feasts, and saw 
 Indians who acknowledged that they had participated in them. 
 Joseph Barron saw the Pottawatomies with hands and limbs, both 
 of white men and Cherokees, which they were about to devour. 
 Among some tribes cannibalism was universal, but it appears that 
 among the Pottawatomies and Miamis it was restricted to a frater- 
 nity whose privilege and duty it was on all occasions to eat of the 
 enemy's flesh; — at least one individual must be eaten. The flesh 
 was sometimes dried and taken to the villages. || 
 
 The Indians had some peculiar funeral customs. Joutel thus 
 records some of his observations: "They pay a respect to their 
 dead, as appears by their special care of burying them, and even of 
 putting into lofty coffins the bodies of such as are considerable 
 among them, as their chiefs and others, which is also practiced 
 among the Accanceas, but they differ in this respect, that the Accan- 
 ceas weep and make their complaints for some days, whereas the 
 Shawnees and other people of the Illinois nation do just the con- 
 trary,, for when any of them die they wrap them up in skins and 
 then put them into coffins made of the bark of trees, then sing and 
 dance about them for twenty-four hours. Those dancers take care 
 to tie calabashes, or gourds, about their bodies, with some Indian 
 corn in them, to rattle and make a noise, and some of them have a . 
 drum, made of a great earthen pot, on which they extend a wild 
 goat's skin, and beat thereon with one stick, like our tabors. During 
 that rejoicing they threw their presents on the coffin, as bracelets, 
 
 * Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, vol. 3, pp. 133, 133. 
 
 t For a full amount of their lack of neatness in the culinary department, vide Hen- 
 nepin, vol. 3, p. 120. *^ ' 
 t The Kickapoos. 
 
 § Narrative of William Biggs, p. 9. 
 I Long's Expedition to the sources of the St. Peters, vol. 1, pp. 103-106. 
 
BUEIAL CEKEMONIES. 191 
 
 pendants or pieces of earthenware. When the ceremony was over 
 they buried the body, with a part of the presents, making choice of 
 such as may be most proper for it. They also bury with it some 
 store of Indian wheat, with a pot to boil it in, for fear the dead per- 
 son should be hungry on his long journey, and they repeat the cere- 
 mony at the year's end. A good number of presents still remaining, 
 they divide them into several lots and play at a game called the stick 
 to give them to the winner."* 
 
 The Indian graves were made of a large size, and the whole of 
 the inside lined with bark. On the bark was laid the corpse, accom- 
 panied with axes, snow-shoes, kettle, common shoes, and, if a wo- 
 man, carrying-belts and paddles. 
 
 This was covered with bark, and at about two feet nearer the 
 surface, logs were laid across, and these again covered with bark, so 
 that the earth might by no means fall upon the corpse, f If the 
 deceased, before his death, had so expressed his wish, a tree was 
 hollowed out and the corpse deposited within. After the body had 
 become entirely decomposed, the bones were often collected and 
 buried in the earth. Many of these wooden sepulchres were dis- 
 covered by the early settlers in Iroquois county, Illinois. Doubt- 
 less they were the remains of Pottawatomies, who at that time re- 
 sided there. 
 
 After a death they took care to visit every place near their cabins, 
 striking incessantly with rods and raising the most hideous cries, in 
 order to drive the souls to a distance, and to keep them from lurk- 
 ing about their cabins.:]: 
 
 The Indians believed that every animal contained a Manitou or 
 God, and that these spirits could exert over them a beneficial or 
 prejudicial influence. The rattlesnake was especially venerated by 
 them. Henry relates an instance of this veneration. He saw a 
 snake, and procured his gun, with the intention of dispatching it. 
 The Indians begged him to desist, and, "with their pipes and to- 
 bacco-pouches in their hands, approached the snake. They sur- 
 rounded it, all addressing it by turns and calling it their grand- 
 father, but yet kept at some distance. During this part of the' cer- 
 emony, they filled their pipes, and each blew the smoke toward the 
 snake, which, as it appeared to me, really received it with pleasure. 
 In a word, after remaining coiled and receiving incense for the space 
 of half an hour, it stretched itself along the ground in visible good 
 
 * Joutel's Journal: Historical Collections of Louisiana, vol. 1, pp. 187, 188. 
 
 t Extract from Henry's Travels, p. 150. 
 
 j Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, vol. 3, p. 154. 
 
192 HISTORIC KOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 humor. The Indians followed it, and, still addressing it by the 
 title of grandfather, beseeched it to take care of their families dur- 
 ing their absence, and also to open the hearts of the English, that 
 that they might fill their (the Indians') canoes with rum.* This 
 reverence of the Indians for the rattlesnake will account for the vast 
 number of these reptiles met with by early settlers in localities fa- 
 vorable for their increase and security. The clefts in the rocky 
 cliffs below Niagara Falls were so infested with rattlesnakes that 
 the Indians removed their village to a place of greater security. 
 
 The Indians had several games, some of which have been already 
 noticed. McCoy mentions a singular occurrence of this nature : "A 
 Miami Indian had been stabbed with a knife, who lingered, and of 
 whose recovery there was doubt. On the 12th of May a party re- 
 solved to decide by a game of moccasin whether the man should live 
 or die. In this game the party seat themselves upon the earth 
 opposite to each othejr, while one holds a moccasin on the ground 
 with one hand, and holds in the other a small ball ; the ball he 
 affects to conceal in the moccasin, and does either insert it or not, as 
 he shall choose, and then leaves the opposite party to guess where 
 the ball is. In order to deceive his antagonist, he incessantly utters 
 a kind of a sing-song, which is repeated about thrice in a minute, 
 and moving his hands in unison with the notes, brings one of them, 
 at every repetition, to the mouth of the moccasin, as though he had 
 that moment inserted the ball. One party played for the wounded 
 man's recovery and the other for his death Two games were 
 played, in both of which the side for recovery was triumphant^ and 
 so they concluded the man would not die of his wounds."f 
 
 The Indians had a most excellent knowledge of the topography 
 of their country, and they drew the most exact maps of the coun- 
 tries they were acquainted with. They set down the true north ' 
 according to the polar star; the ports, harbors, rivers, creeks, and 
 coasts of the lakes ; roads, mountains, woods, marshes and meadows. 
 They counted the distances by journeys and half-journeys, allowing 
 to every journey five leagues. These maps were drawn upon birch 
 bark.:}: "Previous to General Brock's crossing over to Detroit, he 
 asked Tecumseh what sort of a country he should have to pass 
 through in case of his preceding farther. Tecumseh took a roll of 
 elm bark, and extending it on the ground, by means of four stones, 
 drew forth his scalping knife, and, with the point, etched upon the 
 
 * Alexander Henry's Travels, p. 176. 
 t Baptist Missions, p. 98. 
 X La Hontan, vol. 2, p. 13. 
 
MARRIAGE AND RELIGION. 193 
 
 bark a plan of the country, its hills, woods, rivers, morasses, a plan 
 which, if not as neat, was fully as accurate as if it had been made 
 by a professional map-maker.* 
 
 In marriage, they had no ceremony worth mentioning, the man 
 and the woman agreeing that for so many bucks, beaver hides, or, 
 in short, any valuables, she should be his wife. Of all the passions, 
 the Indians were least influenced by love. Some authors claim that 
 it had no existence, excepting, of course, mere lust, which is pos- 
 sessed by all animals. "By women, beauty was commonly no mo- 
 tive to marriage, the only inducement being the reward which she 
 received. It was said that the women were purchased by the night, 
 week, month or winter, so that they depended on fornication for a 
 living;' nor was it thought either a crime or shame, none being 
 esteemed as prostitutes but such as were licentious without a re- 
 ward, "f Polygamy was common, but was seldom practiced except 
 by the chiefs. On the smallest offense husband and wife parted, 
 she taking the domestic utensils and the children of her sex. Chil- 
 dren formed the only bond of affection between the two sexes ; and 
 of them, to the credit of the Indian be it said, they were very fond. 
 They never chastised them, the only punishment being to dash, by 
 the hand, water into the face of the refractory child. Joutel noticed 
 this method of correction among the Illinois, and nearly a hundred 
 years later Jones mentions the same custom as existing among the 
 Shawnees. X 
 
 The Algonquin tribes, differing in this respect from the southern 
 Indians, had no especial religion. They believed in good and bad 
 spirits, and thought it was only necessary to appease the wicked 
 spirits, for the good ones "were all right anyway." These bad 
 spirits were thought to occupy the bodies of animals, fishes and rep- 
 tiles, to dwell in high mountains, gloomy caverns, dangerous whirl- 
 pools, and all large bodies of water. This will account for the 
 offerings of tobacco and other valuables which they made when 
 passing such places. No ideas of morals or metaphysics ever en- 
 tered the head of the Indians ; they believed what was told them 
 upon those subjects, without having more than a vague impression 
 of their meaning. Some of the Canadian Indians, in all sincerity, 
 compared the Holy Trinity to a piece of pork. There they found 
 the lean meat, the fat and the rind, three distinct parts that form 
 
 * James' Military Occurrences in the Late War Between Great Britain and the 
 United States, vol. 1, pp. 391, 293. 
 
 * Journal of Two Visits made to Some Nations West of the Ohio, by the Rev. 
 David Jones: Sabin's reprint, p. 75. 
 
 t Idem. 
 13 
 
194 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 the same piece."* Their ideas of heaven was a place full of sen- 
 sual enjoyments, and free from physical pains. Indeed, it is doubt- 
 ful if, before their mythology was changed by the partial adoption 
 of some of the doctrines of Christianity, they had any idea of spir- 
 itual reward or punishment. 
 
 "Wampum, prior to and many years subsequent to the advent of 
 the Europeans, was the circulating medium among the North Ameri- 
 can Indians. It is made out of a marine shell, or periwinkle, some 
 of which are white, others violet, verging toward black. They are 
 perforated in the direction of the greater diameter, and are worked 
 into two forms, strings and belts. The strings consist of cylinders 
 strung without any order, one after another, on to a thread. The 
 belts are wide sashes in which the white and purple beads are 
 arranged in rows and tied by little leathern strings, making a very 
 pretty tissue. "Wampum belts are used in state affairs, and their 
 length, width and color are in proportion to the importance of the 
 aifair being negotiated. They are wrought, sometimes, into figures 
 of considerable beauty. 
 
 These belts and strings of wampum are the universal agent with 
 the Indians, not only as money, jewelry or ornaments, but as annals 
 and for registers to perpetuate treaties and compacts between indi- 
 viduals and nations. They are the inviolable and sacred pledges 
 which guarantee messages, promises and treaties. As writing is 
 not in use among them, they make a local memoir by means of 
 these belts, each of which signify a particular affair or a circum- 
 stance relating to it. The village chiefs are the custodians, and com- 
 municate the affairs they perpetuate to the young people, who thus 
 learn the history, treaties and engagements of their nation, f Belts 
 are classified as message, road, peace or war belts. "White signifies 
 peace, as black does war. The color therefore at once indicates the 
 intention of the person or tribe who sends or accepts a belt. So 
 general was the importance of the belt, that the French and English, 
 and the Americans, even down as late as the treaty of Greenville, 
 in 1Y95, used it in treating with the Indians.:]; 
 
 * Pouchot's Memoir, vol. 2, p. 223. 
 
 t The account given above is taken from a note of the editor of the documents 
 relafave to the Colonial History of New York, etc., vol. 9. Paris Documents, p. 556. 
 
 ;The explanation here given will assist the reader to an understanding of the 
 grave significance attached to the giving or receiving of belts so frequently referred to 
 in the course of this work. 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 STONE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 The stone implements illustrated in this chapter are introduced 
 as specimens of workmanship of the comparatively modern Indians, 
 who lived and hunted in the localities where the specimens were 
 found. The author is aware that similar implements have been 
 illustrated and described in works which relate to an exclusively 
 prehistoric race. "Without entering into a discussion concerning the 
 so-called "Mound Builders," that being a subject foreign to the 
 scope of this work, it may be stated that some theorists have placed 
 the epoch of the "prehistoric race" quite too far within the bounda- 
 ries of well-established historical mention, and have assigned to the 
 "Mound Builders" remains and relics which were undoubtedly the 
 handiwork of the modem American Indians.* 
 
 Indeed many of the stone implements, also much of the pottery, 
 and many of the so-called ancient mounds and excavations as well, 
 found throughout the west, may be accounted for without going 
 beyond the era of the North American Indian in quest of an explana- 
 tion. It is not at all intended here to question the fact of the exist- 
 ence of the prehistoric race, or to deny that they have left more or 
 less of their remains, but the line of demarkation between that race 
 
 * Mr. H. N. Bust, of Chicago, in his extensive collection, has many implements 
 similar to those attributed to prehistoric man, which he obtained from the Sioux Indi- 
 ans of northwestern Dakota, with whom they were in daily use. Among his samples 
 are large stone hammers with a groove around the head, and the handles nicely at- 
 tached. The round stone, with flattened sides, generally regarded as a relic of a lost 
 race, he found at the door of the lodges of the Sioux, with the little stone hammer, 
 hooded with rawhide, to which the handle was fastened, with which bones, nuts and 
 other hard substances were broken by the squaws or children as occasion required. 
 The appearance of the larger disc, and the well-worn face of the hammer, indicate 
 their long and constant use by this people. The round, egg-shaped stone, illustrated 
 by Fig. 9, supposed to belong to the prehistoric age, Mr. Bust found in common use 
 among this tribe. The manner of fastening the handle is illustrated in the cuts. Tigs. 
 8 and 36. The writer is indebted to Mr. Rust for favors conferred in the loan of imple- 
 ments credited to his collection, as well, also, for his valuable aid in preparing the 
 illustrated portion of this chapter. The other implements illustrated were selected 
 from W. C. Beckwith's collection. The Indians informed Mr. Rust that these clubs 
 (Figs. 8 and 9) were used to kill buffalo, or other animals that had been wounded; as 
 implements of offense and defense in personal encounters ; as a walking-stick (the 
 :8tone being used as a handle) by the dandies of the tribe; and they were carried as a 
 mace or badge of authority in the lites and ceremonies of the societies established 
 ximong these Indians, which were similar in some respects to our fraternities. 
 
196 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 and the modern Indian cannot be traced with satisfaction until after 
 large collections of the remains of both races shall have been secured 
 and critically compared under all the light which a careful examina- 
 tion of historical records will shed upon this new and interesting 
 field of inquiry. 
 
 Stone implements are by no means peculiar to North America; 
 they have been found all over the inhabitable world. Europe is 
 especially prolific in such remains. While the material of which they 
 are made varies according to the geological resources of the several 
 countries in which they are found, there is a striking similarity in 
 the shape, size and form of them all. At the present time like 
 implements are in use among some of the South Sea Islanders, and 
 by a few tribes of l^orth American Indians living in remote sections, 
 and enjoying but a limited intercourse with the enlightened world. 
 
 The stone age marks an important epoch in the progress of races 
 of men from the early stages of their existence toward a higher civ- 
 ilization. After they had passed the stone age, and learned how to 
 manipulate iron and other metals, their advance, as a general rule, 
 has been more rapid. 
 
 The implements here illustrated are specimens of some of the 
 more prominent types of the vast number which have been found 
 throughout the valleys of the Maumee, Wabash and Illinois Elvers, 
 and the sections of country drained by their tributaries. They are 
 picked up about the sites of old Indian villages, in localities where 
 game was pursued, on the hillsides and in the ravines where they 
 have become exposed by the rains, and in the furrows turned up by 
 the plowshare. They are the remains of the early occupants of the 
 territory we have described, — testimonials alike of their necessities 
 and their ingenuity, and were used by them until an acquaintance 
 with the Europeans supplied them with weapons and utensils formed 
 out of metals.* 
 
 It will be observed from extracts found in the preceding chapter 
 that our Indians made and used implements of copper and stone, 
 manufactured pottery, some of which was glazed, wove cloth of fiber 
 and also of wool, erected fortifications of wooden palisades, or of 
 palisades and earth combined, to protect their villages from their 
 enemies, excavated holes in the ground, which were used for defen- 
 
 * It may be well to state in this connection that the implements illustrated in this 
 ■work, except the handled club, Figs. 9 and 36, were not found in mounds or in their 
 vicmity, but were"gathered upon or in the immediate neighborhood of places known to 
 the early settlers as the sites of Piankeshaw, Miami, Pottawatomie and Kickapoo vil- 
 lages, and m the same localities where have been found red-stone pipes of Indian make, 
 knives, hatchets, gun-barrels, buckles, flints for old-fashioned fusees, brooches, wrist- 
 bands, kettles, and other articles of European manufacture. 
 
STONE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 197 
 
 sive purposes, and erected mounds of earth, some of wliicli were 
 used for religious rites, and others as depositories for their dead. 
 All these facts are well attested by early Spanish, French and Amer- 
 ican authors, who have recorded their observations while passing 
 through the country. We have also seen in previous chapters that 
 our "red men" cultivated corn and other products of the soil, and 
 were as much an agricultural people as is claimed for the "Mound 
 Builders." 
 
 The specimens marked Figs. 1, 2 and .3 are samples of a lot of 
 one hundred and sixteen pieces, found in 1S7S in a "pocket" on 
 Wni. Pog-ue's farm, a few miles southeast of Eossville, Yermilion 
 
 Fig. 3=M. 
 
 Fig. 2=i<, 
 
 Vermilion county, 111. 
 
 Vermilion countv, 111. 
 
 Vermilion county, 111. 
 
 county, Illinois. Mr. Pogue liad cleared off a piece of ground lur- 
 merly prairie, on which a gri:>wth of jack oak trees and un<lerb]'ush 
 had encroached since the early settlement of the county. This land 
 had never been cultivated, and as it was being broken up, the plow- 
 share ran into the "nest," and turned the implements to view. 
 They were closely packed together, and buried about eight inches 
 below the natural surface of the ground, which was level with the 
 other parts of the field, and had ud appearance of a mound, excava- 
 tion, or any other artificial disturbance. Two of the implements, 
 judging from their eroded fractures, were broken at the time they 
 
198 
 
 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 were deposited, and one other was broken in two by the phjw. The 
 material of which they are composed is wliite chert. The samples 
 illustrated are taken as an average, in size and shape, of the whole 
 lot, the largest of which is 3f inches wide by 7 inches long, and the 
 smallest 2 inches wide by nearly i inches in length. Some of them 
 are nearly oval, others long and pointed at both ends, in others the 
 "shoulders" are well defined, while, for the most part, they are 
 broadly rounded at one end and poiiited at the other. Tliey are all 
 in the rough, and no finished implement was found with or near them. 
 Indeed the whole lot are apparently in an unfinished condition. 
 With very little dressing they could be fashioned into perfect im- 
 plements, such as the "fleshers," "scrapers," "knives," "spear" 
 and " arrow " heads described farther on. There are no quarries or 
 deposits of flint of the kind known to exist within many miles of 
 the locality where these implements were found. We can only con- 
 jecture the uses for which they were designed. We can imagine the 
 owner to have been a merchant or trader, who had dressed them 
 down or procured them at the quarries in this condition, so they 
 would be lighter to carry to the tribes on the prairies, where they 
 could be perfected to suit the taste of the purchaser. We might 
 further imagine that the implement merchant, threatened with some 
 approaching danger, hid them where they were afterward found, and 
 never returned. The eroded appearance of many of the "find" 
 bear witness that the lot were buried a great many years ago.* 
 
 Fig. 4 is an axe and hammer combined. 
 The material is a fiiie-grained granite. The 
 handle is attached with thongs of rawhide 
 passed around the groove, or with a split stick 
 or forked branch wythed around, and either 
 kind of fastening could be tightened by driv- 
 ing a wedge between the attachment and the 
 surface of the implement, which on the back 
 is slightly concaved to hold the wedge in 
 pjlace. 
 
 Figs. .5, 6 and 7 are also axes ; material, 
 dark granite. Heretofore it has been the 
 popular opinion that these instruments are 
 
 Vermilion county, 111. 
 
 "fleshers," and were used in skinning animals, cutting up the flesh, 
 
 *The writer has divided the " lot," sending samples to the Historical Societies of 
 Wisconsm and Chicago, and placed others in the collections of H. N. Rust, of Chicago; 
 Prof. .John Collett, of Indianapolis; Prof. A. H. Worthen, Springfield, Illinois; Joae- 
 phus Collett, of Terre Haute, while the others remain in the collection of W. C. Beck- 
 with, at Danville, Illinois. 
 
STONE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 199 
 
 and for scraping hides when preparing them for tanning. The re- 
 cent discoveries of remains of the ancient "Lake Dwellers," of 
 Switzerland, have resulted in finding similar implements attached to 
 handles, making them a very formidable battle-axe. 
 
 Fig. 5 = 14 
 
 Fig. G = y2 
 
 Vermilion county, III. 
 
 Vermilion co., 111. (H. N. Rust's Collection.) 
 
 From the implements obtained by Mr. Rust of the Sioux it can 
 readily be seen how implements like Fig. 0, although tapering 
 from the bit to the top, could be attached to handles by means of a 
 rawhide band. Before fastening on the handle the rawhide would 
 be soaked in water, and on drying would tighten to the roughened 
 
 surface of the stone with a secure grip. A blc 
 
 ren with the cut- 
 
 ting edge of this implement would tend to wedge it the more firmly 
 into the handle."^ 
 
 * In the Fifth Annual Report of the Regents of the University of New York 
 (Albany, 1853. page 10.5), Mr. L. H. Morgan illustrates the ga-ne-a-ga-o-dus-ha, or war 
 club, used by "the Iroquois at the period of their discovery." The helve is a crooked 
 piece of wood, with a chisel-shaped bit formed out of deer's horn — shaped like Fig. 
 No. 7, on the ne.xt page — inserted at the elbow, near the larger end; and m many 
 respects it resembles the clubs illustrated m Plate X, vol. 2, of Dr. Keller's work on 
 the " Lake Dwellings of Switzerland and other parts of Europe." Mr. Morgan remarks 
 that " in later times a piece of steel was substituted for the deer horn, thus making 
 it a more deadly weapon than formerly." There is little doubt that the Indians 
 used such implements as Figs. 5, 6 and 7 for splitting wood and various other pur- 
 poses. The fact of their being used for splitting wood was mentioned by Father 
 Charlevoix over a hundred and fifty years ago, as appears from extracts on page 181 of 
 this book, quoted from his Narrative Journal. 
 
200 
 
 iriSTOKIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Fig. 7 is another style of axe. The mate- Fk 
 
 rial out of which it is composed is greenstone, 
 admitting of a fine polish. Tliere would be no 
 difficulty at all in shrinking a rawhide band to 
 its surface, and the somewhat polished condi- 
 tion of its sides above the "bit" woxdd indi- 
 cate a long application of this kind of a fasten- 
 ing. It could also bo used as a chisel in exca- 
 vating the charred surface of wood that was 
 being tashioned into canoes, mortars for crack- 
 inix corn, or in the construction of other domes- 
 tic utensils. 
 
 Fig. 8 is a club or hammer, or both. Its 
 material is dark quartz. Some varieties of this 
 implement have a groove cut around the cen- 
 ter, like Fig. 9. The manner of handling it in- 
 volves the use of rawhide, and, with some, is 
 performed substantially in the same manner as 
 in Figs. .5, 6 and Y, except that the band of rawhide is broader, 
 and extends some distance on either side of the lesser diameter 
 
 Vermilion county, 111. 
 
 Fig 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 Vermilion county. 111. 
 (H. N. Rust's Collection.) 
 
 Dakota. 
 (H. N. Rust's Collection. 
 
 of tlie stone. In other instances they are secured in a hood of 
 rawliide that envelops nearly the whole implement, leaving the 
 point or one end of the stone slightly exposed, as in Fig. 36."' 
 
 *Mr, Rust has in his collection a number of such implements, some of them 
 weighing several pounds, which, along with the ones illustrated, were obtained by him 
 from the Sioux of northwest Dakota, and which are "hooded" in the manner here 
 described. Mr. Wm. Gurley, of Danville, TUinois, while in southwestern Colorado in 
 1876, saw many such clubs in use by the Ute Indians. They were entirely encased 
 in rawhide, having short handles. The handles were encased in the rawhide that 
 extended continuously, enveloping both the handle and the stone. The Utes used these 
 implements as hammers in crushing corn, etc.. the rawhide covering of some being 
 worn through from long use, and exposing the stone. 
 
IMPLEMENTS FOR DESTRUCTIVE PURPOSES. 
 
 201 
 
 Fig. 9 was obtained from the Sioux by Mr. Eust. The stone is 
 comiDosed of semi-transparent quartz. Its uses have already been 
 described. 
 
 Fig. 9. 
 
 Northwest Dakota (H. N. Rust's Collection). 
 
 Fig. 10=1^. 
 
 Figs. 10 and 11 were probably used as spear-heads, they are 
 certainly too large for arrow-heads, and too thick and roundish 
 to answer the purjjose of knives. The 
 material is white chert. The edges of Fig. U=%. 
 both these implements are spiral, the 
 "wind" of the opposite edges being 
 quite uniform. Whether this was owing 
 to the design of the maker or the twist 
 in the grain of the chert, from which 
 they are made, is a conjecture at best. 
 
 Fig. is 
 
 Vermilion 
 county, 111. 
 
 1 11 
 
 Vermilion county, 111. 
 
 Fig. 13 was probably a spear or knife. 
 The material is dark flint. A piece of 
 quartz is impacted in the upper half of 
 the blade, the chipping through of which 
 displays the skill of the person who made 
 it. The shoulders of the implement are unequal, and the angle of 
 its edges are not uniform. It is flatter upon one side than upon 
 the other. These irregularities would throw it out of balance, and 
 seemingly preclude its use as an arrow, while its strong shank and 
 deep yokes above the shoulder would admit of its being firmly 
 secured to a handle. 
 
 Fig. 1.3 was probably intended for an arrow-head, and thrown 
 aside because of a flaw on the surface opposite that shown in the cut. 
 
 Vermilion county, 
 111. 
 
202 
 
 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 It is introduced to illustrate the manner in which the work Fig. 13=3^. 
 progresses in making such implements. From an exam- 
 ination it would appear that the outline of the implement 
 is first made. After this, one side is reduced to the re- 
 quired form. Then work on the opposite side begins, the 
 point and edges being first reduced. The flakes are 
 chipped off from the edges upioard toward the center of 
 and against the part of the stone to be cut away. In this 
 manner the delicate point and completed edges are pre- 
 served while the implement is being perfected, leaving the shoulders, 
 neck and shank the last to be finished. 
 
 Fig. 14 is formed out of dark-colored, hard, fine-grained flint. Its 
 edges are a uniform spiral, making nearly a half-turn from shoulder 
 
 Y\r..U=U 
 
 FiG.15 = i.<. 
 
 Yu:AC = V,. 
 
 Vermilion county, III. 
 
 Vermilion county, 111. 
 (H. N. Rust's Collection.) 
 
 Vermilion county, III. 
 
 to point. It is neatly balanced, and if used as an arrow-head its wind 
 or twist would, without doubt, give a rotary motion to the shaft in 
 its flight. It is very ingeniously made, and its delicately chipped 
 surface shows that the man who made the implement intentionally 
 gave it the peculiar shape it possesses. 
 
 Fig. 1.5 is made out of fine-grained blue flint. It is unusually long 
 in proportion to its breadth. Its edges are neatly beveled from a 
 line along its center, and are quite sharp. Its well defined shoulders 
 and head, with the yoke deeply cut between to hold the thong, would 
 indicate its use as an arrow-point. 
 
ARROW HEADS. 
 
 203 
 
 Fig. 16 is a perfect implement, and its surfaces are smoother than 
 the observer might infer from the illustration. Its edges are very 
 sharp and smooth and parallel to the axis of the implement. Its 
 head, unlike that of the other implements illustrated, is round and 
 pointed, with cutting edges as carefullj^ formed as any part of the 
 blade. It has no yoked neck in which to bury a thong or thread, 
 and there seems to be no way of fastening it into a shaft or handle. 
 It may be a perfect instrument without the addition of either. It is 
 made out of blue flint. 
 
 AEEOW HEADS. 
 
 Several different forms of implements (commonly recognized as 
 arrow heads) are illustrated, to show some of the more common of 
 the many varieties found everywhere over the country. Fig. 17 
 has uniformly slanting edges, sharp barbs and a strong shank. The 
 material from which it is made is white chert. For shooting fish or 
 in pursuing game or an enemy, where it was intended that the im- 
 plement could not be easily withdrawn from the flesh in which it 
 might be driven, the prominent barbs would secure a firm hold. 
 
 Fig. IS is composed of blue flint ; its outline is more rounded 
 than the preceding specimen, while a spiral form is given to its deli- 
 cate and sharp point. 
 
 Fig 
 
 Fig. 20: 
 
 Fig. 19 
 
 Vermilion county, 
 111. 
 
 Vermilion 
 county, 111. 
 
 Vermilion county, 
 111. 
 
 Vermilion 
 county, 111. 
 
 Fig. 19 is composed of white chert. Its surface is much smoother 
 than the shadings in the cut would imply. Its shape is very much 
 like a shield. Its barbs are prominent, and the instrument would 
 make a wide incision in the body of an animal into which it might 
 be forced. 
 
 Fig. 20, like Fig. IT, has sharp and elongated barbs. It is fash- 
 ioned out of white chert, and is a neat, smooth and well-balanced 
 implement. 
 
204 
 
 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Kg. 21 is made from yellowish-brown quartz, semi-transparent 
 and inclined to be impure. The surfaces are oval from edge to 
 edge, while the edges themselves are beautifully serrated or notched, 
 as is shown in the cut. It is, perhaps, a sample of the finest work- 
 manship illustrated in this chapter. Indeed, among 
 the many collections which the writer has had oppor- 
 tunities to examine, he has never seen a specimen that 
 was more skillfully made. 
 
 Fig. 22 may be an arrow-point or a reamer. The 
 material is white chert. Between the stem and the 
 notches the implement is Cjuite thick, tapering gradu- 
 ally back to the head, giving great support to this part 
 of the implement. 
 
 Fig. 23 is an arrow-point, or would be so regarded. 
 Its stem is roundish, and has a greater diameter than 
 the cut would indicate to the eye. The material from county 111 
 which it is formed is white chert. 
 
 Fig. 22 
 
 Tid. 23 
 
 Fig. 24=3^ 
 
 Fig. 25 = K. 
 
 Vermilion co., 111. Vermilion co., 111. Vermilion CO., 111. Vermilion CO., 111. 
 
 Figs. 24 and 25 are specimens of the smaller variety of "points " 
 with which arrows are tipped that are used in killing small game. 
 Fig. 24 is made out of black " trap-rock," and Fig. 2.5 out of flesh- 
 colored flint. 
 
 Fig. 26 is displayed on account of its peculiar form ; the under 
 
 surface is nearly flat, and the other side has quite a ridge or spine 
 
 running the entire length from head to point. Besides this the head 
 
 Fig. 26=>^. and point turn upward, giving a uniform 
 
 curve to the implement. If used as an 
 
 arrow-point, the shaft, in consequence of 
 
 the shape of the stone, would describe a 
 
 curved line when shot from the bow. It 
 
 is made of white flint. No suggestions 
 
 are off'ered as to its probable uses. 
 
 Vermilion county, 111. 
 
VARIETIES OF IMPLEMENTS FOR DOMESTIC USES. 
 
 205 
 
 IMPLEMENTS FOR DOMESTIC USES. 
 
 Fro 27 
 
 Fig. 27 is a pestle or pounder. It is made out of common gran- 
 ite. There are many different styles of this 
 implement, some varieties are more conical, 
 while otliers are more bell-shaped than the 
 one illustrated. They are used for crushing 
 corn and other like purposes. The one illus- 
 trated has a concave place near the center of 
 the base ; this would the better adapt it to 
 cracking nuts, as the hollow space would 
 protect the kernel from being too severely 
 crushed. In connection with this stone, the 
 Indians sometimes used mortars, made either 
 of wood or stone, into which the articles 
 to be pulverized could be placed ; or the 
 corn or beans could be done up in the folds ^eimihon Luunti Ulinoib 
 of a skin, or inclosed in a leathern bag, and ^^- -^- ^^^^ ^ toUtction.) 
 then crushed by blows struck with either the head or rim of the 
 pestle. The stone mortars were usually flat discs, slightly hollowed 
 out from the edges toward the center. 
 
 Fig. 28 may be designated as a flesher or scraper. The specimen 
 illustrated is made of white flint. It is very 
 thin, considering the breadth and length of the 
 implement, and has sharp cutting edges all the 
 way around. It might be used as a knife, as 
 well as for a variety of other purposes. It is 
 an unusually smooth and highly finished tool. 
 It and its mate, which is considerably broader, 
 and proportioned more like p,,, 29 
 Fig. 29, were found sticking 
 perpendicular in the ground, 
 with their points barely ex- 
 posed above the surface, on 
 the farm of Wm. Foster, a 
 few miles east of Danville. 
 Illinois. Both of them will 
 make as clean a cut through 
 several folds of paper as the 
 blade of a good pocket-knife. 
 
 Fig. 29 is composed of an impure purplish flint. It is very much 
 like Fig. 28, and was probably used for similar purposes. 
 
 Fig. 28=3'^ 
 
 Vermilion county 
 
 Vermilion co 
 
206 
 
 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Vermilion county, 111. 
 
 Fig. 30=1^. Fig. 30, as the illustration shows, is rougher- 
 
 edged than the two preceding ones. The side 
 opposite the one shown has a more uneven sur- 
 face than the other. A smooth, well-defined 
 groove runs across the implement (as shown by 
 the dark shading) as though it were intended to 
 be fastened to a helve, although the groove 
 would afford good support for the thumb, if 
 the implement were used only with the hand. 
 The material is a coarse, impure, grayish flint. 
 Fig. 31 might be said to combine the qualities of a „ 30-1/ 
 knife, gimlet and bodkin. Its cutting edges extend all 
 around, and along the stem the edges are 
 quite abrupt. Tlie implement was origi- 
 nally much longer, but it appears to have 
 lost about an inch in length, its point hav- 
 ing been broken off. The blade will cut 
 cloth or paper very readily. The mate- 
 rial is white flint. 
 
 Fig. 32 may be classed with Fig. 31. 
 The material is dark fine-grained flint, and 
 the implement perfect. There is a per- 
 ceptible wind to the edges of the stem, 
 while the edges of the head are parallel 
 with the jjlane of the implement, and so 
 sharp that they will cut cloth, leather or 
 paper. It was probably used to bore holes 
 and cut out skins that were being manu- 
 factured into clothing and other articles. 
 
 Fig. 33 may have been made for the same uses as 
 Figs. 31 and 32. The blade is shaped like a spade, 
 the stem representing the handle. It tapers from 
 the bit of the blade where the stem joins the 
 shoulder, which is the thickest part of the imple- 
 ment, and from the shoulder it tapers to both ends. 
 The bit is shaped like a gouge, and makes a circular 
 Vermilion ii^cision. It is a smooth piece of workmanship, made 
 county, 111. out of white flint. 
 
 Vermilion 
 county, 111. 
 
 FiG.33=> 
 
 Vermilion 
 county. 111. 
 
STONE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 207 
 
 Fig. 
 
 34 lias been designated as a "rimmer. ' 
 
 The Fig. 34 
 Tlie 
 
 Vermilion 
 county, 111. 
 
 Fig. 35 = 1^. 
 
 material of wliicli it is made is flesh-colored flint, 
 stem is nearly round, and the implement could be used 
 for piercing holes in leather or wood. Another use at- 
 tributed to it is for drilling holes in pipes, gorgets, discs 
 and other implements formed out of stone where the 
 material was soft enough to admit of being perforated in 
 this way. 
 
 Fig. 35. By common consent this implement has 
 received the name of "discoidal stone." The one illus- 
 trated is composed of fine dark-gray 
 granite. Several theories have been 
 oifered as to the uses of this imple- 
 ment, — one that they are quoits used 
 by the Indians in playing a game 
 similar to that of "pitching horse- 
 shoes"; that they were employed in 
 another game resembling "ten-pins," 
 in which the stone would be grasped 
 on its concave side by the thumb and 
 second finger, while the fore-finger 
 rested on the outer edge, or rim, and 
 that by a peculiar motion of the arm in hurling the stone it would 
 describe a convolute figure as it rolled along upon the ground. We 
 may suggest that implements like this might be used as paint cups, as 
 their convex surface would enable the warrior to grind his pigments 
 and reduce them to powder, preparatory to decorating his person. 
 
 The implements illustrated were, no doubt, put to many other 
 uses besides those suggested. As the pioneer would make his house, 
 furniture, plow, ox yokes, and clear his land with his axe, so the 
 Indians, in the poverty of their supply, we may assume, were com- 
 pelled to make a single tool serve as many purposes as their ingenu- 
 ity could devise. 
 
 Vermilion count}'. 111. (H. 
 Collection.) 
 
 Rust's 
 
CHAPTEE XX. 
 
 THE WAR FOR THE FUR TRADE. 
 
 FoEMEELT the great Northwest abounded in game and water-fowl. 
 The small lakes and lesser water-courses were full of beaver, otter 
 and muskrats. In the forests were found the marten, the raccoon, 
 and other fur-bearing animals. The plains, partially submerged, 
 and the rivers, whose current had a sluggish flow, the shallow lakes, 
 producing annual crops of wild rice, of nature's own sowing, teemed 
 with wild geese, duck and other aquatic fowl bursting in their very 
 fatness.* 
 
 The turkey, in his glossy feathers, strutted the forests, some of 
 them being of prodigious size, weighing thirty-six pounds, f 
 
 The shy deer and the lordly elk, crowned with outspreading horns, 
 grazed upon the plain and in the open woods, while the solitary moose 
 browsed upon the buds in the thick copsewood that gave him food 
 and a hiding place as well. The fleet-footed antelope nibbled at the 
 tender grasses on the prairies, or bounded away over the ridges to 
 hide in the valleys beyond, from the approach of the stealthy wolf 
 or wily Indian. The belts of timber along the water-courses 
 
 *" The plains and prairies (referring to the country on either side of the Illinois 
 River) are all covered with buffaloes, roebucks, hinds, stags, and different kind of fallow 
 deer. The feathered game is also here in the greatest abundance. We find, particu- 
 larly, quantities of swan, geese and ducks. The wild oats, which grow naturally on 
 the plains, fatten them to suc'h a degree that they often die from being smothered in 
 their own grease." — Father Marest's letter, written in 1712. We have already seen, 
 from a description given on page 103, that water-fowl were equally abundant upon the 
 Maumee. 
 
 t In a letter of Father Rasles, dated October 12, 1723, there is a fine description of 
 the game found in the Illinois country. It reads: " Of all the nations of Canada, there 
 are none who live in so great abundance of everything as the Illinois. Their rivers 
 are covered with swans, bustards, ducks and teals. One can scarcely travel a league 
 without finding a prodigious multitude of turkeys, who keep together in flocks, often 
 to the number of two hundred. They are much larger than those we see in France. 
 I had the curiosity to weigh one, which I found to be thirty-six pounds. They have 
 hanging from the neck a kind of tuft of hair half a foot in length. 
 
 "Bears and stags are found there in very great numbers, and buffaloes and roebucks 
 are also seen in vast herds. Not a year passes but they (the Indians) kill more than a 
 thousand roebucks and more than two thousand buffaloes. From four to five thousand of 
 the latter can often be seen at one view grazing on the prairies. They have a hump on 
 the back and an exceedingly large head. The hair, except that on the head, is curled 
 and soft as wool. The flesh has naturally a salt taste, and is so light that, although 
 eaten entirely raw, it does not cause the least indigestion. When Biey have Mlled a 
 buffalo, which appears to them too lean, they content themselves with taking the 
 tongue, and going m search of one which is fatter." Vide Kip's Jesuit Missions, pp. 
 
 308 
 
THE hunter's paradise. 209 
 
 afforded lodgment for the bear, and were the trellises that supported 
 the tangled wild grapevines, the fruit of which, to this animal, was 
 an article of food. The bear had for his neighbor the panther, the 
 wild cat and the lynx, whose carnivorous appetites were appeased in 
 the destruction of other animals. 
 
 Immense herds of buffalo roamed over 
 the extensive area bounded on the east by 
 the Alleghanies and on the north by the 
 lakes, embracing the states of Ohio, Indi- 
 ana, Illinois, Wisconsin and the southern 
 half of Michigan. Their trails checkered 
 the prairies of Indiana and Illinois in 
 every direction, the marks of which, deep 
 worn in the turf, remained for many years 
 after the disappearance of the animals that made them."'-' Their 
 numbers when the country was first known to Europeans were 
 immense, and beyond computation. In their migrations southward 
 in the fall, and on their return from the blue-grass regions of Ken- 
 tucky in the spring, the Ohio Eiver was obstructed for miles during 
 the time occupied by the vast herds in crossing it. Indeed, the 
 French called the buffalo the "Illinois ox," on account of their 
 numbers found in "the country of the Illinois," using that expres- 
 sion in its wider sense, as explained on a preceding page. So great 
 importance was attached to the supposed commercial value of the 
 buffalo for its wool that when Mons. Iberville, in 1698, was engaged 
 to undertake the colonization of Louisiana, the king instructed him 
 to look after the buffalo wool as one of the most important of his 
 duties; and Father Charlevoix, while traveling through "The 
 Illinois," observed that he was surprised that the buffalo had been 
 so long neglected, t Among the favorite haunts of the buffalo 
 were the marshes of the Upper Kankakee, the low lands about the 
 lakes of northern Indiana, where the oozy soil furnished early as 
 well as late pasturage, the briny earth upon the An Glaize, and the 
 Salt Licks upon the Wabash and Illinois rivers were tempting places 
 of resort. From the summit of the high hill at Ouiatanon, over- 
 looking the Wea plains to the east and the Grand Prairie to the west, 
 
 * " Nothing," says Father Charlevoix, -writing of the country about the confluence of 
 the Fox with the Illinois River, " is to be seen in this course but immense prairies, inter- 
 spersed with small groves which seem to have been planted by the hands of men. The 
 grass is so very high that a man would be almost lost in it, and through which paths 
 are to be found everywhere, as well trodden as they could have been in the most popu- 
 lated countries, although nothing passes over them but buffaloes, and from time to 
 time a herd of deer or a few roebuck " : Charlevoix' Narrative Journal, vol. 2, p. 200. 
 
 t Brackenridge's Views of Louisiana. 
 
 14 
 
210 HISTOKIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 as far as the eye could reach in either direction, the plains were seen 
 covered with groups, grazing together, or, in long files, stretching 
 away in the distance, their dark forms, contrasting with the green- 
 sward upon which they fed or strolled, and inspiring the enthusiasm 
 of the Frenchman, who gave the description quoted on page 104. 
 Still later, when passing through the prairies of Illinois, on his way 
 from Yincennes to Ouiatanon, — more a prisoner than an ambassa- 
 dor, — George Croghan makes the following entry in his daily jour- 
 nal: "18th and 19th of June, 1765.— "We traveled through a pro- 
 digious large meadow, called the Pyankeshaws' hunting ground. 
 Here is no wood to be seen, and the country appears like an ocean. 
 The ground is exceedingly rich and partially overgrown with wild 
 hemp.* The land is well watered and full ofhuffalo, deer, bears, 
 and all kinds of wild game. 20th and 21st. — "We passed through 
 some very large meadows, part of which belonged to the Pyanke- 
 shaws on the Vermilion Kiver. The country and soil were much the 
 same as that we traveled over for these three days past. "Wild hemp 
 grows here in abundance. The game is very plenty. At any time 
 in a half hour we could kill as much as we wanted, "f 
 
 Gen. Clark, in the postscript of his letter dated November, 1779, 
 narrating his campaign in the Illinois country, says, concerning the 
 prairies between Kaskaskia and Vincennes, that "there are large 
 meadows extending beyond the reach of the eye, variegated with 
 groves of trees appearing like islands in the seas, covered with 
 buffaloes and other game. In many places, with a good glass, you 
 may see all that are upon their feet in a half million acres.":]: It is 
 not known at what time the buffalo was last seen east of the Mis- 
 sissippi. The Indians had a tradition that the cold winter of 17 — , 
 — called by them "the great cold,^'' on account of its severity, — 
 destroyed them. " The snow was so deep, and lay upon the ground 
 for such a length of time, that the buffalo became poor and too 
 weak to resist the inclemency of the weather;" great numbers of 
 them perished, singly and in groups, and their bones, either as iso- 
 lated skeletons or in bleaching piles, remained and were found over 
 the country for many years afterwards. § 
 
 * Further on in his Journal Col. Croghan again refers to " wild hemp, growing in 
 the prairies, ten or twelve feet high, which if properly cultivated would prove as good 
 and answer all the purposes of the hemp we cultivate." Other writers also mention 
 the wild hemp upon the prairies, and it seems to have been supplanted by other grasses 
 that have followed in the changes of vegetable growth. 
 
 t Croghan's Journal. 
 
 i Clark's Campaign in the Illinois, p. 93. 
 
 § On the 4th of October, 1786, one day's march on the road from Vincennes to the 
 Ohio Falls, Captains Zigler's and Strong's companies of regulars came across five buffalo. 
 The animals teied to force a passage through the column, when the commanding officer 
 
THE DESTRUCTIOX OF THE GAME. 211 
 
 Before the coming of the Europeans the Indians hunted the game 
 for the purpose of supplying themselves with the necessary food and 
 clothing. The scattered tribes (whose numbers early writers greatly 
 exaggerated) were few, when compared with the area of the coun- 
 try they occupied, and the wild animals were so abundant that enough 
 to supply their wants could be captured near at hand with such rude 
 weapons as their ingenuity fashioned out of wood and stone. With 
 the Europeans came a change. The fur of many of the animals 
 possessed a commercial value in the marts of Europe, where they 
 were bought and used as ornaments and dress by the aristocracy, 
 whose wealth ' and taste fashioned them into garments of extraordi- 
 nary richness. Canada was originally settled with a view to the fur 
 trade, and this trade was, to her people, of the first importance — the 
 chief motor of her growth and prosperity. The Indians were sup- 
 plied, with guns, knives and hatchets by the Europeans, in place of 
 their former inferior weapons. Thus encouraged and equipped, and 
 accompanied by the coureur des hois, the remotest regions were pen- 
 etrated, and the fur trade extended to the most distant tribes. Stim- 
 ulated with a desire for blankets, cotton goods and trinkets, the In- 
 dians now began a war upon the wild animals in earnest ; and their 
 wanton destruction for their skins and furs alone from that period 
 forward was so enormous that within the next two or three genera- 
 tions the improvident Indians in many localities could scarcely find 
 enough game for their own subsistence. 
 
 The coureur des iois were a class that had much to do with the 
 development of trade and with giving a knowledge of the geogra- 
 phy of the country. They became extremely useful to the mer^ 
 chants engaged in the fur trade, and were often a source of great 
 . annoyance to the colonial authorities. Three or four of these peo- 
 ple, having obtained goods upon credit, would join their stock, put 
 their property into a birch bark canoe, which they worked them- 
 selves, and accompany the Indians in their excursions or go directly 
 
 ordered the men to fire upon them. The discharge killed three and wounded the 
 others : Joseph Buell's Narrative Journal, published m S. P. Hildreth's Pioneer History. 
 Thirteen years later, in December, 1799, Gov ."St. Clair and Judge Jacob Burnett, on their 
 way overland from Cincinnati to Vincennes, camped out over night, at the close of one 
 of their days' journeys, not a great ways east of where the old road from Louisville to 
 Vincennes crosses White Eiver. The next day they encountered a severe snow-storm, 
 during which they surprised eight or ten buffalo, sheltering themselves from the storm 
 behind a beech-tree full of dead leaves which had fallen beside of the trace and hid 
 the travelers from their view. The tree and the noise of the wind among- its leaves 
 prevented the buffalo from discovering the parties until the latter had approached 
 within two rods of the place where they stood. They then took to their heels and 
 were soon out of sight. One of the company drew a pistol and fired, but without 
 effect: Burnett's Notes 6n the Northwest Territory, p. 72. 
 
212 HISTORIC KOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 into the country where they knew they were to hunt.* These 
 voyages were extended twelve or fifteen months (sometimes longer) 
 before the traders would return laden with rich cargoes of fur, and 
 often followed by great numbers of the natives. During the short 
 time required to settle their accounts with the merchants and pro- 
 cure credit for a new stock, the traders would contrive to squander 
 their gains before they returned to their favorite mode of life among 
 the savages, their labor being rewarded by indulging themselves in 
 one month's dissipation for fifteen of exposure and hardship. "We 
 may not be able to explain the cause, but experience proves that it 
 requires much less time for a civilized people to degenerate into the 
 ways of savage life than is required for the savage to rise into a state 
 of civilization; The indifference about amassing property, and the 
 pleasure of living free from all restraint, soon introduced a licen- 
 tiousness among the coureur des lois that did not escape the eye of 
 the missionaries, who complained, with good reason, that they were 
 a disgrace to the Christian religion."! 
 
 " The food of the coureur des lois when on their long expeditions 
 was Indian corn, prepared for use by boiling it in strong lye to re- 
 move the hull, after which it was mashed and dried. In this state 
 it is soft and friable like rice. The allowance for each man on the 
 voyage, was one quart per day ; and a bushel, with two pounds of 
 prepared fat, is reckoned a month's subsistence. No other allow- 
 ance is made of any kind, not even of salt, and bread is never 
 thought of ; nevertheless the men are healthy on this diet, and ca- 
 pable of performing great labor. This mode of victualing was es- 
 sential to the trade, which was extended to great distances, and in 
 canoes so small as not to admit of the use of any other food. If 
 the men were supplied with bread and pork, the canoes would not 
 carry six months' rations, while the ordinary duration of the voyage 
 was not less than fourteen. No other men would be reconciled to 
 such fare except the Canadians, and this fact enabled their employ- 
 ers to secure a monopoly of the fur trade. ":t^ 
 
 "The old voyagev/rs derisively called new hands at the business: 
 mcmgeurs de lard (pork eaters), a», on leaving Montreal, and while 
 en route to Mackinaw, their rations were pork, hard bread and pea 
 
 *The merchandise was neatly tied into bundles weighing sixty or seventy pounds; 
 the furs received in exchange were compressed into packets of about the same weight, 
 so that they c&uld be conveniently carried, strapped upon the back of the voyageur^ 
 around the portages and other places where the loaded canoes could effect no passage. 
 
 tSir Alexander Mackenzie's Voyages, etc., and An Account of the Fur Trade, etc.^ 
 
 t Henry's Travels, p. 53. 
 
THE COUEEUB DES BOIS. 213 
 
 soup, while the old voyageurs in the Indian country ate corn soup 
 and such other food as could be conveniently procured."* 
 
 "The coureur des bois were men of easy virtue. They would 
 •eat, riot, drink and play as long as their furs held out," says La 
 Hontan, "and when these were gone they would sell their embroi- 
 dery, their laces and their clothes. The proceeds of these exhausted, 
 they were forced to go upon new voyages for subsistence, "f 
 
 They did not scruple to intermarry with the Indians, among 
 whom they spent the greater part of their lives. They made excel- 
 lent soldiers, and in bush fighting and border warfare they were 
 more than a match for the British regulars. "Their merits were 
 hardihood and skill in woodcraft ; their chief faults were insubor- 
 dination and lawlessness.":}: 
 
 Such were the characteristics of the French traders or coureur des 
 hois. They penetrated the remotest parts, voyaged upon all. of our 
 western rivers, and traveled many of the insignificant streams that 
 aiforded hardly water enough to float a canoe. Their influence over 
 the Indians (to whose mode of life they readily adapted themselves) 
 was almost supreme. They were eflBcient in the service of their 
 king, and materially assisted in staying the downfall of French rule 
 in America. 
 
 There is no data from which to ascertain the value of the fur 
 trade, as there. were no regular accounts kept. The value of the 
 trade to the French,- in 1T03, was estimated at two millions of livres, 
 and - this could have been from only a partial return, as a large per 
 cent of the trade was carried on clandestinely through Albany and 
 [New York, of which the French authorities in Canada could have 
 no knowledge. With the loss of Canada, and the west to France, 
 and owing to the dislike of the Indians toward the English, and the 
 want of experience by the latter, the fur trade, controlled at Montreal, 
 fell into decay, and . the Hudson Bay Company secured the advan- 
 tages of its downfall. During the winter of 1T83-4 some merchants 
 
 *Vol. 3 Wisconsin Historical Collection, p. 110. Judge Lockwood .gives a very 
 fine sketch of the coureur des hois and the manner of their employment, in the paper 
 from which' we have quoted. 
 
 fLa Hontan, vol. 1, pp. 20 and 31. 
 
 X Parkman's Count Frontenac and New France, p. 309. Judge Lockwood, iri the 
 paper referred to, speaking of the coureur des hois as their relations existed to the fur 
 trade in 1817, thus describes them: " These men engaged in Canada, generally for five 
 years, for Maxikinaw and its dependencies, transferrable like cattle, to any one who 
 wanted them, at generally about 500 livres a year, or, in our currency, about $83.33, 
 furnished with a yearly equipment or outfit of two cotton shirts, one three-point or 
 ' triangular blankdb,_ a portage collar and one pair of shoes. They were obliged to pur- 
 chase their moccasins, tobacco and pipes at any price the trader saw fit to charge for 
 them. At the end of five years the voyageiirs were in debt from $50 to $150, and 
 could not leave the country until they paid their indebtedness." 
 
214 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 of Canada united their trade under the name of the "Northwest 
 Company"; they did not get successfully to work until 1787. Dur- 
 ing that year the venture did not exceed forty thousand pounds, but 
 by exertion and the enterprise of the proprietors it was brought, in 
 eleven years, to more than triple that amount (equal to six hundred 
 thousand dollars), yielding proportionate profits, and surpassing any- 
 thing then known in America.^ 
 
 The fur trade was conducted by the English, and subsequently 
 by the Americans, substantially upon the system originally estab- 
 lished by the French, with this distinction, that the monopoly was 
 controlled by French officers and favorites, to whom the trade for 
 particular districts was assigned, while the English and Americans 
 controlled it through companies operating either under charters or 
 permits from the government. 
 
 Goods for Indian trade were guns, ammunition, steel for striking 
 fire, gun-flints, and other supplies to repair fire-arms; knives, hatchets, 
 kettles, beads, men's shirts, blue and red cloths for blankets and 
 petticoats ; vermilion, red, yellow, green and blue ribbons, gener- 
 ally of English manufacture ; needles, thread and awls ; looking- 
 glasses, children's toys, woolen blankets, razors for shaving the 
 head, paints of all colors, tobacco, and, more than all, spirituous 
 liquors. For these articles the Indians gave in exchange the skins 
 of deer, bear, otter, squirrel, marten, lynx, fox, wolf, buffalo, 
 moose, and particularly the beaver, the highest prized of them all. 
 Such was the value attached to the skins and fur of the last that 
 it became the standard of value. All other values were measured 
 by the beaver, the same as we now use gold, in adjusting com- 
 mercial transactions. All differences in exchanges of property or 
 in payment for labor were first reduced in value to the beaver skin. 
 Money was rarely received or paid at any of the trading-posts, the 
 only circulating medium were furs and peltries. In this exchange a, 
 pound of beaver skin was reckoned at thirty sous, an otter skin at 
 six livres, and marten skins at thirty sous each. This was only about 
 half of the real value of the furs, and it was therefore always agreed 
 to pay either in furs at their equivalent cash value at the fort or 
 double the amount reckoned at current fur value, f 
 
 "When the French controlled the fur trade, the posts in the interior 
 of the country were assigned to officers who were in favor at head- 
 quarters. As they had no money, the merchants of Quebec and 
 Montreal supplied them on credit with the necessary goods, which 
 
 * Mackenzie's "Voyages, Fur Trade, etc. 
 t Henry's Travels and Pouchofc's Memoirs. 
 
THE FUR TRADE. 215 
 
 were to be paid for in peltries at a price agreed upon, thus being 
 required to earn profits for themselves and the merchant. These 
 officers were often employed to negotiate for the king with the tribes 
 near their trading-posts and give them goods as presents, the price 
 for the latter being paid by the intendant upon the approval of the 
 governor. This occasioned many hypothecated accounts, which were 
 turned to the profit of the commandants, particularly in time of 
 war. The commandants as well as private traders were obliged to 
 take out a license from the governor at a cost of four or five hundred 
 Uvres, in order to carry their goods to the posts, and to charge some 
 efi^ects to the king's account. The most distant posts in the north- 
 west were prized the greatest, because of the abundance and low 
 price of peltries and the high price of goods at these remote estab- 
 lishments. 
 
 Another kind of trade was carried on by the coureurs des hois, 
 who, sharing the license with the officer at the post, with their canoes 
 laden with goods, went to the villages of the Indians, and followed 
 them on their hunting expeditions, to return after a season's trading 
 with their canoes well loaded. If the coureurs des bois were in a 
 condition to purchase their goods of first hands a quick fortune was 
 assured them, although to obtain it they had to lead a most danger- 
 ous and fatiguing life. Some of these traders would return to France 
 after a few years' venture with wealth amounting to two million five 
 hundred tliousand livres.* 
 
 The French were not permitted to exclusively enjoy the enormous 
 profits of the fur trade. We have seen, in treating of the Miami 
 Indians, that at an early day the English and the American colonists 
 were determined to share it, and had become sharp competitors. We 
 have seen (page 112) that to extend their trade the English had set 
 their allies, the Iroquois, upon the Illinois. So formidable were the 
 inroads made by the English upon the fur trade of the French, by 
 means of the conquests to which they had incited the Iroquois to 
 gain over other tribes that were friendly to the French, that the 
 latter became "of the opinion that if the Iroquois were allowed to 
 proceed they would not only subdue the Illinois, but become masters 
 of all the Ottawa tribes, f and divert the trade to the English, so that 
 it was absolutely necessary that the French should either make the 
 Iroquois their friends or destroy them.j^ You perceive, my Lord, 
 
 * Pouchot's Memoirs. 
 
 t Whose territories embraced all the country west of Lake Huron and north of 
 Illinois, — one of the most prolific beaver grounds in the country. 
 
 t Memoir of M. Du Chesneau, the Intendant, to the King, September 9, 1681, before 
 quoted. 
 
216 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 that the subject which we have discussed [referring to the efforts of 
 the English of New York and Albany to gain the beaver trade] is to 
 determine who will be master of the heaver trade of the south and 
 southwest."* 
 
 In the struggle to determine who should be masters of the fur 
 trade, the French cared as little, — perhaps less, — for their Indian 
 allies than the British and Americans did for theirs. The blood that 
 was shed in the English and French colonies north of the Ohio 
 Eiver, for a period of over three-quarters of a century prior to 1763, 
 might well be said to have been spilled in a war for the fur trade, f 
 
 In the strife between th& rivals, — the French endeavoring to hold 
 their former possessions, and the English to extend theirs, — the 
 strait of Detroit was an object of concern to both. Its strategical 
 position was such that it would give the party possessing it a decided 
 advantage. M. Du Lute, or L'Hut, under orders from Gov. De 
 Nonville, left Mackinaw with some fifty odd coureurs des hois in 
 1688, sailed down Lake Huron and threw up a small stockade fort 
 on the west bank of the lake, where it discharges into the Eiver St. 
 Clair. The following year Capt. McGregory, — Major Patrick Ma- 
 gregore, as his name is spelled in the commission he had in his 
 pocket over the signature of Gov. Dongan, — with sixty Englishmen 
 and some Indians, with their merchandise loaded in thirty-two 
 canoes, went up Lake Erie on a trading expedition among the In- 
 dians at Detroit and Mackinaw. They were encountered and cap- 
 tured by a body of troops under Tonty, La Forest and other officers, 
 who, with coureur de hois and Indians from the upper country, 
 were on their way to join the French forces of Canada in a campaign 
 against the Iroquois villages in New York. ^ The prisoners were 
 sent to Quebec, and the plunder distributed among the captors. Du 
 Lute's stockade was called Fort St. Joseph. In 1688 the fort was 
 placed in command of Baron LaIIontan.§ 
 
 Fort St. Joseph served the purposes for which it was constructed, 
 and a few years later, in ITOl, Mons. Cadillac established Fort Pont- 
 chartrain on the present site of the city of Detroit, for no other pur- 
 
 *J^- ^®„^^ ^^"^"^^ *° t'^s Minister of the Marine, November 4, 1683: Paris Docu- 
 ments, vol. 9, p. 210, 
 
 1 ^^^^A-^^.J"^^ ^°V^^^}'^ declared between Prance and England, on account of 
 colomal difficulties, until May, 1756, but the discUrsory brqils between their colonies in 
 Amenca had been gomg on from the time of their establishment 
 
 |Tontys Memoir, and Paris Documents, vol. 9, pp. 363 and 866 
 ,•„ irsr" " • ^?*"i°^-Si-. J°!fPli' as it was afterward called, was ordered to be erected 
 in isae, in order to fortify the pass leadmg to Mackinaw against the English." Du 
 Luth, who erected it, was in command of fifty men. Several parties of Eiglish were 
 either captured or sent back from this post within a year or two from its estaSishmeni 
 Vide Pans Documents, vol. 9, pp. 300, 302, 306, 383. uii»iimciiu. 
 
ENGLISH AJTD AMERICAK TRADERS. ' 217 
 
 pose than to check the English in the prosecution of the fur trade in 
 that country.* 
 
 The French interests were soon threatened from another direc- 
 tion. Traders from Pennsylvania found their way westward over the 
 mountains, where they engaged in traffic with the Indians in the 
 valleys of eastern Ohio, aad they soon established commercial rela- 
 tions with the Wabash tribes.f It appears from a previous chapter 
 that the Miamis were trading at Albany in 1708. To avert this 
 danger the French were compelled at last to erect military posts at 
 Fort "Wayne, on the Maumee (called Fort Miamis), at Ouiatanon and 
 Yincennes, upon the Wabash. :j: Prior to 1750 Sieur de Ligneris 
 was commanding at Fort Ouiatanon, and St. Ange was in charge at 
 Vincennes. 
 
 As soon as the English settlements reached the eastern slope of 
 the Alleghanies, their traders passed over the ridge, and they found 
 it exceedingly profitable to trade with the western Indians. They 
 could sell the same quality of goods for a third or a half of what the 
 French usually charged, and still make a handsome profit. This 
 new and rich field was soon overrun by eager adventurers. In the 
 meantime a number of gentlemen, mostly from Virginia, procured 
 an act of parliament constituting "The Ohio Company," and grant- 
 ing them six hundred thousand acres of land on or near the Ohio 
 Eiver. The objects of this company were to till the soil and to open 
 up a trade with the Indians west of the Alleghanies and south of the 
 Ohio. 
 
 The French, being well aware that the English could ofi'er their 
 goods to the Indians at greatly reduced rates, feared that they would 
 lose the entire Indian trade. At first they protested "against this 
 invasion of the rights of His Most Christian Majesty" to the gov- 
 ernor of the English colonies. This did not produce the desired 
 efi'ect. Their demands were met with equivocations and delays. 
 At last the French determined on summary measures. An order 
 
 * Statement of Mods. Cadillac of his reasons for establishing a fort on the Detroit 
 Eiver, copied in Sheldon's Early History of Michigan, pp. 85-90. 
 
 t An Englishman by the name of Crawford had been trading on the Wabash prior 
 to 1749. Vide Irving's Life of Washington, vol. 1, p. 48. 
 
 t The date of the estabhshment of these forts is a matter of conjecture, owing to 
 the absence of reliable data. A "Miamis " is referred to in 1719, and in the same year 
 Sieur Duboisson was selected as a suitable person to take command at Ouiatanon, and 
 in 1735 M. de Vincenne is alluded to, in a letter written from Kaskaskia, as com- 
 mandant of the Posi on the Wabash. However, owing to the successive migrations of 
 the Miami Indians, the "Miamis " mentioned in such documents, in 1719, may have 
 referred to the Miami and Wea villages upon the Kalamazoo aad St. Joseph rivers, in 
 the state of Michigan. The post at Vincennes, it may be safely assumed, was garri- 
 soned as early as 1735, and Ouiatanon, belovr La Fayette, and Miamis, at Fort Wa3-ne, 
 some years before, in the order of time. 
 
218 HISTOBIC H^OTES ON THE NOKTHWEST. 
 
 was issued to the commandants of their various posts on Lake Erie, 
 the Ohio and the "Wabash, to seize all English traders found west of 
 the Alleghanies. In pursuance of this order, in 1Y51, four English 
 traders were captured on the Vermilion of the "Wabash and sent to 
 Canada.* Other traders, dealing with the Indians in other locali- 
 ties, were captured and taken to Presque Isle,t and from thence to 
 Canada. 
 
 The contest between the rival colonies still went on, increasing 
 in the extent of its line of operations and intensifying in the ani- 
 mosity of the feeling with which it was conducted. "We quote from 
 a memoir prepared early in 1752, by M. de Longueuil, commandant 
 at Detroit, showing the state of affairs at a previous date in the 
 "Wabash country. It appears, from the letters of the commandants 
 at the several posts named, from which the memoir is compiled, 
 that the Indian tribes upon the Maumee and "Wabash, through the 
 successful efforts of the English, had become very much disaffected 
 toward their old friends and masters. M. de Ligneris, commandant 
 at the Ouyatanons, says the memoir, believes that great reliance is 
 not to be placed on the Maskoutins, and that their remaining neutral 
 is all that is to be expected from them and the Kickapous. He even 
 adds that "we are not to reckon on the nations which appear incur 
 interests ; no "Wea chief has appeared at this post for a long time. 
 M. de Villiers, commandant at the Miamis, — Ft. "Wayne, — has been 
 disappointed in his expectation of bringing the Miamis back from the 
 "White River, — part of whom had been to see him, — the small-pox 
 having put the whole of them to rout. Coldfoot and his son have 
 died of it, as well as a large portion of our most trusty Indians. 
 Le Gris, chief of the Tepicons,% and his mother are likewise dead ; 
 they are a loss, because they were well disposed toward the French." 
 
 The memoir continues: "The nations of the Eiver St. Joseph, 
 who were to join those of Detroit, have said they would be ready to 
 perform their promise as soon as Ononontio% would have sent the 
 necessary number of Frenchmen. The commandant of this post 
 writes, on the 15th of January, that all the nations appear to take 
 
 * Paris Documents, vol. 10, p. 248. 
 
 t Near Erie, Pennsylvania. 
 
 X This is the first reference we have to Tippecanoe. Antoine Gamelin, the French 
 merchant at Vincennes,— whom Major Hamtramck sent, in 1790, to the Wabash towns 
 with peace messages,— calls the village, then upon this river, Qui-te-pi-con-nae. The 
 name of the Tippecanoe is derived from the Algonquin word Ke-non-gl, or Ke-no-zha 
 — from Kenose, long, the name of the long-billed pike, a fish very abundant in this 
 stream, vide Mackenzie's and James' Vocabularies. Timothy Flint, in his Geography 
 
 „ 1 evidently ] 
 
 § The naiiie by which the Indians called the governor of Canada. 
 
PKENCH TBADBES KILLED. 219 
 
 sides against us ; that lie would not be responsible for the good 
 dispositions these Indians seem to entertain, inasmuch as the 
 Miamis are their near relatives. On the one hand, Mr. de Jon- 
 eaire* repeats that the Indians of the beautiful riverf are all English, 
 for whom alone they work ; that all are resolved to sustain each 
 other ; and that not a party of Indians go to the beautiful river but 
 leave some [of their numbers] there to increase the rebel forces. 
 On the other hand, "Mr. de St. Ange, commandant of the post of 
 Yincennes, writes to M. des Ligneris [at Ouiatanon] to use all 
 means to protect himself from the storm which is ready to burst on 
 the French ; that he is busy securing himself against the fury of our 
 enemies." 
 
 " The Picmguichias, who are at war with the Chaouanons, ac- 
 cording to the report rendered by Mr. St. Clin, have declared entirely 
 against us. They killed on Christmas five frenchmen at the Ver- 
 milion. Mr. des Ligneris, who was aware of this attack, sent off a 
 detachment to secure the effects of the Frenchmen from being plun- 
 dered ; but when this detachment arrived at the Yermilion, the 
 Piankashaws had decamped. The bodies of the Frenchmen were 
 found on the ice.:}: 
 
 "M. des Ligneris was assured that the Piankashaws had commit- 
 ted this act because four men of their nation had been killed by the 
 French at the Illinois, and four others had been taken and put in 
 irons. It is said that these eight men were going to fight the Chick- 
 asaws, and had, without distrusting anything, entered the quarters 
 of the French, who killed them. It is also reported that the French- 
 men had recourse to this extreme measure because a Frenchman and 
 
 * A French half-breed having p:eat influence over the Indians, and whom the 
 French authorities had sent into Ohio to conciliate the Indians. 
 
 t The Ohio. 
 
 t Col. Croghan's Journal, before quoted, gives the key to the aboriginal name of 
 this stream. On the 23d of June, 1765, he makes the following entry: " We passed 
 through a part of the same meadow mentioned yesterday; then came to a high wood- 
 land and arrived at Vermilion River, so called from a fine red earth found there by the 
 Indians, with which they paint themselves. About a half a mile from where we crossed 
 this river there is a village of Piankashaws, distinguished by the a.ddition of the name 
 of the river" (that is, the Piankashaws of the Vermilion, or the Vermilions, as they 
 were sometimes called). The red earth or red chalk, known under the provincial name 
 of red keel, is abundant everywhere along the bluffs of the Vermilion, in the shales 
 that overlay the outcropping coal. The annual fires frequently ignited the coal thus 
 exposed, and would bum the shale above, turn it red and render it friable. Carpen- 
 ters used it to chalk their lines, and the successive generation of boys have gathered it 
 by the pocketful. Those acquainted with the passion of the Indian for paint, particu- 
 larly red, will understand the importance which the Indians would attach to it. Hence, 
 as noted by Croghan, they called the river after the name of this red earth. Vermilion 
 IS the French word conveying the same idea, and it is a coincidence merely that Ver- 
 milion in French has the same meaning as this word in English. On the map in 
 " Volney's View of the Soil and Climate of the United States," Phila. ed. 1804, it is 
 called Bed River. The Miami Indian name of the Vermilion was' Piankashaw, as ap- 
 pears from Gen. Putnam's manuscript Journal of the treaty at Vincennes m 1792'. 
 
220 HISTORIC NOTES OK THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 two slaves had been killed a few days before by another party of 
 Piankashaws, and that the Indians in question had no knowledge of 
 that circumstance. The capture of four English traders by M. de 
 Celeron's order last year has not prevented other Englishmen going 
 to trade at the Yermilion Eiver, where the Rev. Father la Eichardie 
 wintered."* 
 
 The memoir continues: "On the 19th of October the Pianka- 
 shaws had killed two more Frenchmen, who were constructing 
 pirogues lower down than the Post of Vincenne. Two days after- 
 ward the Piankashaws killed two slaves in sight of Fort Vincenne. 
 The murder of these nine Frenchmen and these two slaves is but 
 too certain. A squaw, the widow of one of the Frenchmen who had 
 been killed at the Yermilion, has reported that the Pianguichias, 
 
 Illinois and Osages were to assemble at. the prairies of ■., the 
 
 place where Messrs. de Yilliers and de Noyelle attacked the Foxes 
 about twenty years ago, and when they had built a fort to secure 
 their families, they were to make a general attack on all the French. 
 
 " The Miamis of Eock Eiverf have scalped two soldiers belong- 
 ing to Mr. Yilliers' fort. X This blow was struck last fall. Finally, 
 the English have paid the Miamis for the scalps of the two soldiers 
 belonging to Mr. de Yilliers' garrison. To add to the misfortunes, 
 M. des Ligneris has learned that the commandant of the Illinois at 
 Fort Charters would not permit Sieurs Delisle and Fonblanche, 
 "who had contracted with the king to supply the Miamis, Ouyaton- 
 ons, and even Detroit with provisions from the Illinois, to purchase 
 any provisions for the subsistence of the garrisons of those posts, on 
 the ground that an increased arrival of troops and families would 
 consume the stock at the Illinois. Famine is not the sole scourge 
 we experience ; the smallpox commits ravages ; it begins to reach 
 Detroit. It were desirable that it should break out and spread gen- 
 erally throughout the localities inhabited by our rebels. It would 
 be fully as good as an army." 
 
 The Piankashaws, now completely estranged from the French, 
 withdrew, almost in a body, from the Wabash, and retired to the 
 Big Miami, whither a number of Miamis and other Indians had, 
 
 ?" Father Justinian de la Richardie came to Canada (according to the lAste Crono- 
 logique. No. 429) in 1716. He served many years in the Huron country, and also in 
 the Ilhnois, and died in February, 1758. Biographical note of the editor of Paris 
 Dotuments : Col. Hist, of New York, vol. 9, p. 88. The time when and the place at 
 which this missionary was stationed on the Vermilion River is not given. The date 
 was before 1750, as is evident from the text. The place was probably at the large 
 Piankashaw town where the traders were killed. 
 
 tThe Big Miami River of Ohio, on which stream, near the mouth of Loramies 
 Creek, the Miamjs had an extensive village, hereafter referred to. 
 
 tFt. Wayne, where Mr. Vilhers was then stationed in charge of Fort Miamis. 
 
PICKAWILLANT. 221 
 
 some years previous, established a village, to be nearer the English 
 traders. The village was called Pickawillany, or Picktown. To 
 the English and Iroquois it was known as the Tawixtwi Town, ov 
 Miamitown. It was located at the mouth of what has since been 
 called Loramie's creek. The stream derived this name from the fact 
 that a Frenchman of that name, Subsequent to the events here nar- 
 rated, had a trading-house at this place. The town was visited in 
 1Y51 by Christopher Gist, who gives the following description of it:* 
 "The Twightee town is situated on the northwest side of the Big 
 Min e ami River, about one hundred and fifty miles from its mouth. 
 It consists of four hundred families, and is daily increasing. It is 
 accounted one of the strongest Indian towns in this part of the con- 
 tinent. The Twightees are a very numerous people, consisting of 
 many different tribes under the same form of government. Each 
 tribe has a particular chief, or king, one of which is chosen indiffer- 
 ently out of any tribe to rule the whole nation, and is vested with 
 greater authority than any of the others. They have but lately 
 traded with the English. They formerly lived on the farther side of 
 the "Wabash, and were in the French interests, who supplied them 
 with some few trifles at a most exorbitant price. They have now 
 revolted from them and left their former habitations for the sake of 
 trading with the English, and notwithstanding all the artifices the 
 French have used, they have not been able to recall them." George 
 Croghan and Mr. Montour, agents in the English interests, were in 
 the town at the time of Gist's visit, doing what they could to inten- 
 sify the animosity of the inhabitants against the French. Speeches 
 were made and presents exchanged to cement the friendship with 
 the English. While these conferences were going on, a deputation 
 of Indians in the French interests arrived, with soft words and valu- 
 able presents, marching into the village under French colors. The 
 deputation was admitted to the council-house, that they might make 
 the object of their visit known. The Piankashaw chief, or king, 
 "Old Britton," as he was called, on account of his attachment 
 for the English, had both the British and French flags hoisted from 
 the council-house. The old chief refused the brandy, tobacco and 
 other presents sent to him from the French king. In reply to the 
 speeches of the French ambassadors he said that the road to the 
 French had been made foul and bloody by them ; that he had 
 cleared a road to our brothers, the English, and that the French had 
 made that bad. The French flag was taken down, and the emissaries 
 
 * Christopher Gist's Journal. 
 
222 HISTOKIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 of that people, with their presents, returned to the French post from 
 whence they came. 
 
 When negotiations failed to win the Miamis back to French 
 authority, force was resorted to. On the 21st of June, 1752, a party 
 of two hundred and forty French and Indians appeared before Pick- 
 awillany, surprised the Indians in their corn-fields, approaching so 
 suddenly that the white men who were in their houses had great 
 diflBculty in reaching the fort. They killed one Englishman and 
 fourteen Miamis, captured the stockade fort, killed the old Pianka- 
 shaw king, and put his body in a kettle, boiled it and ate it up in 
 retaliation for his people having killed the French traders on the 
 VermiUon Eiver and at Vincennes.* "Thus," says the eloquent 
 historian, George Bancroft, "on the alluvial lands of western Ohio 
 began the contest that was to scatter death broadcast through the 
 world, "f 
 
 * The account of the affair at Pickawillany is summarized from the Journal of Capt. 
 Wm. Trent and other papers contained in a valuable book edited by A. T. Goodman, 
 secretary of the Western Reserve Historical Society, and published by Robert Clarke 
 & Co., 1871, entitled "Journal of Captain Trent." 
 
 t Old Britton's successor was his son, a young man, whose name was Mu-she- 
 gu-a-nock-que, or " The Turtle." The English, and Indians in their interests, had a 
 very high esteem for the young Piankashaw king. It is said by some writers, and 
 there is much probability of the correctness of their opinion, that the great Miami 
 chief, Little Turtle, was none other than the person here referred to. His age would 
 correspond very well with that of the Piankashaw, and members of 6ne band of the 
 Miami nation frequently took up their abode with other bands or families of their Idn- 
 dred. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 THE WAR FOR THE EMPIRE. ITS LOSS TO THE FRENCH. 
 
 The Englisli not only disputed tlie right of tlie French to the 
 ftir trade, but denied their title to the valley of the Mississippi, 
 which lay west of their American colonies on the Atlantic coast. 
 The grants from the British crown conveyed to the chartered pro- 
 prietors all of the country lying between certain parallels of latitude, 
 according to the location of the several grants, and extending west- 
 ward to the South Sea, as the Pacific was then called. Seeing the 
 weakness of such a claim to vast tracts of country, upon which no 
 Englishman had ever set his foot, they obtained deeds of cession 
 from the Iroquois Indians, — the dominant tribe east of the Mississip- 
 pi, — who claimed all of the country between the AUeghanies and the 
 Mississippi by conquest from the several Algonquin tribes, who occu- 
 pied it. On the 13th of July, 1701, the sachems of the Five Nations 
 conveyed to William III, King of Great Britain, "their beaver- 
 hunting grounds northwest and west from Albany," including a 
 broad strip on the south side of Lake Erie, all of the present states 
 of Michigan, Ohio and Indiana, and Illinois as far west as the Illi- 
 nois Eiver, claiming "that their ancestors did, more than fourscore 
 years before, totally conquer, subdue and drive the former occupants 
 out of that country, and had peaceable and quiet possession of the 
 same, to hunt beavers in, it being the only chief place for hunting 
 in that part of the world," etc.* The Iroquois, for themselves and 
 heirs, granted the English crown "the whole soil, the lakes, the 
 
 * The deed is found in London Documents, voL 4, p. 908. The boundaxies of the 
 grant are indefinite in many respects. Its westward limit, says the deed, " abutts 
 upon the Twichtwichs [Miamis], and is bounded on the right hand by a place called 
 ^uadoge." On Eman Bowen's map, which is certainly the most authentic from the 
 British standpoint, is a "pecked line " extending from the mouth of the Illinois river, 
 up that stream, to the Desplaines, thence across the prairies to Lake Michigan at 
 Qnado^e or Quadaghe, which is located on the map some distance southeast of Chicago, 
 which is also shown in its correct place, and at or near the mouth of the stream that 
 forms the harbor at Michigan City, formerly known by the French as Riviere du Che- 
 min, or " Trail River," because the great trail from CMcago to Detroit and Ft. Wayne 
 left the lake shore at this place. The " pecked line," — as Mr. Bowen calls the dotted 
 line which he traces as the boundary of the Iroquois deed of cession, — extends from 
 Michigan City northward through the entire length of Lake Michigan, the Straits of 
 Mackinaw and between the Manitou-lin islands and the main shore in Lake Huron; 
 thence into Canada around the north shore of Lake Nipissing; and thence down the 
 Ottawa River to its confluence with the St. Lawrence. 
 
224 HISTOKIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 rivei;s, and all things pertaining to said tract of land, with power 
 to erect forts and castles there," only reserving to the grantors and 
 "their descendants forever the right of hunting upon the same," in 
 which privilege the grantee "was expected to protect them." The 
 grant of the Iroquois was confirmed to the British crown by deeds 
 of renewal in 1T26 and 1744. The reader will have observed, from 
 what has been said in the preceding chapters upon the Illinois and 
 Miamis and Pottawatomies relative to the pretended conquests of 
 the Iroquois, how little merit there was in the claim they set up to 
 the territory in question. Their war parties only raided upon the 
 country, — they never occupied it; their war parties, after doing as 
 much mischief as they could, returned to their own country as 
 rapidly as they came. Still their several deeds to the English crown 
 were a "color of title" on which the latter laid great stress, and 
 paraded at every treaty with other powers, where questions involv- 
 ing the right to this territory were a subject of discussion.* 
 
 The war for the fur trade expanded into a struggle for empire 
 that convulsed both continents of America and Europe. The limit 
 assigned this work forbids a notice of the principal occurrences in 
 the progress of the French-Colonial War, as most of the military 
 movements in that contest were outside of the territory we are con- 
 sidering. There were, however, two campaigns conducted by troops 
 recruited in the northwest, and these engagements will be noticed. 
 "We believe they have not heretofore been compiled as fully as their 
 importance would seem to demand. 
 
 In 1758 Gen. Forbes, with about six thousand troops, advanced 
 against Fort Du Quesne.f In mid-September the British troops had 
 only reached Loyal-hannon,:]; where they raised a fort. "Intelli- 
 gence had been received that Fort Du Quesne was defended by but 
 eight hundred men, of whom three hundred were Indians, "§ and 
 Major Grant, commanding eight hundred Highlanders and a com- 
 pany of Virginians, was sent toward the French fort. On the third 
 
 * The Iroquois themselves, — as appears from an English memoir on the Indian 
 trade, and contained among the London Documents, vol. 7, p. 18, — never supposed 
 they had actually conveyed their right of dominion to these lands. Indeed, it appears 
 that the Indians generally could not comprehend th.e purport of a deed or grant in the 
 sense that the Europeans attach to these formidable instruments. The idea of an 
 absolute, fee-simple right of an individual, or of a body of persons, to exclusively own 
 real estate against the right of others even to enter upon it, to hunt or cut a shrub, 
 was beyond the power of an Indian to comprehend. From long habit and the owner- 
 ship (not only of land but many articles of domestic use) by tie tribe or village of 
 property in common, they could not understand how it could be held otherwise. 
 
 t At the present site of Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 tLoyal-hannon, afterward Fort Lisronier, was situated on the east side of Loyal- 
 hannon Creek, Westmoreland county, Pa., and was about forty-five miles from Fort 
 Du Quesne; vide Pennsylvania Archives, XII, 389. 
 
 § Bancroft, vol. iv, p. 311. 
 
DEFEAT OF THE ENGLISH. 225 
 
 day's march Grant had arrived within two miles of Fort Du Quesne. 
 Leaving his baggage there, he took position on a hill, a quarter of a 
 mile from the fort, and encamped.* 
 
 Grant, who was not aware that the garrison had been reinforced 
 by the arrival of Mons. Aubry, commandant at Fort Chartes, with 
 four hundred men from the Illinois country, determined on an am- 
 buscade. At break of day Major Lewis was sent, with four hundred 
 men, to lie in ambush a mile and a half from the main body, on the 
 path on which they left their baggage, imagining the French would 
 send a force to attack the baggage guard and seize it. Four hundred 
 men were posted along the hill facing the fort to cover the retreat of 
 MacDonald's company, which marched with drums beating toward 
 the fort, in order to draw a party out of it, as Major Grant had rea- 
 son to believe there were, including Indians, only two hundred men 
 within it.f 
 
 M. de Ligneris, commandant at Fort Du Quesne, at once assem- 
 bled seven or eight hundred men, and gave the command to M.. 
 Aubry.;]: The French sallied out of the fort, and the Indians, who 
 had crossed the river to keep out of the way of the British, returned 
 and made a flank movement. Aubry, by a rapid movement, attacked 
 the different divisions of the English, and completely routed and 
 dispersed them. The force under Major Lewis was compelled tot 
 give way. Being flanked, a number were driven into the river, 
 most of whom were drowned. The English lost two hundred and 
 seventy killed, forty-two wounded, and several prisoners ; among the 
 latter was Grant. 
 
 On the 22d of September M. Aubry left Fort Du Quesne, with a 
 force of six hundred French and Indians, intending to reconnoitre 
 the position of the English at Loyal-hannon. 
 
 "He found a little camp in front of some intrenchments which, 
 would cover a body of two thousand men. The advance guard of 
 the French detachment having been discovered, the English sent a 
 captain and fifty men to reconnoitre, who fell in with the detach- 
 ment and were entirely defeated. In following the fugitives the 
 French fell upon this camp, and surprised and dispersed it. 
 
 "The fugitives scarcely gained the principal intrenchment, which. 
 M. Aubry held in blockade two days. He killed two hundred horses 
 and cattle." The French returned to Fort Du Quesne mounted. § 
 "The English lost in the engagement one hundred and fifty men,, 
 
 * The hill has ever since borne Grant's name. 
 
 t Craig's History of Pittsburgh, p. 74. 
 
 I Gameau's History of Canada, Bell's translation, vol. 3, p. 314. 
 
 I Pouchot's Memoir, p. 130. 
 
 15 
 
226 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 killed, woTiiMied and missing. The French loss was two killed and 
 seven wounded." 
 
 The Louisiana detachment, which took the principal part in both 
 of these battles, was recruited from the French posts in "The Illi- 
 nois," and consisted of soldiers taken from the garrison in that terri- 
 tory, and the coureurs des hois, traders and settlers in their respective 
 neighborhoods. It was the first battalion ever raised within the 
 limits of the present states of Illinois, Indiana and Michigan. After 
 the action of Loyal-hannon, "the Louisiana detachment, as well as 
 those from Detroit, returned home."* 
 
 Soon after their departure, and on the 24th of November, the 
 French abandoned Fort Du Quesne. Pouch ot says: "It came to 
 pass that by blundering at Fort Du Quesne the French were obliged 
 to abandon it for want of provisions." This may have been the 
 true reason for the abandonment, but doubtless the near approach of 
 a large English army, commanded by Gen. Forbes, had no small 
 influence in accelerating their movements. The fort was a mere 
 stockade, of small dimensions, and not suited to resist the attacks of 
 artillery, t 
 
 Having burnt the stockade and storehouses, the garrison sepa- 
 rated. One hundred retired to Presque Isle, by land. Two hundred, 
 by way of the Alleghany, went to Venango. The remaining hun- 
 dred descended the Ohio. About forty miles above its confluence 
 with the Mississippi, and on a beautiful eminence on the north bank 
 of the river, they erected a fort and named it Fort Massac, in honor 
 of the commander, M. Massac, who superintended its construction. 
 This was the last fort erected by the French on the Ohio, and it was 
 occupied by a garrison of French troops until the evacuation of the 
 country under the stipulations of the treaty of Paris. Such was the 
 origin of Fort Massac, divested of the romance which fable has 
 thrown around its name.":]: 
 
 ♦Letter of Marquis Montcalm: Paris Documents, vol. 10, p. 901. 
 
 t Hildreth's Pioneer History, p. 43. 
 
 X Monette's Valley of the Mississippi, vol. 1, p. 317. Gov; Reynolds, who visited 
 the remains of Fort Massac in 1855, thus describes its remains: " The outside walls 
 were one hundred and thirtjr-five feet square, and at each angle strong bastions were 
 erected. The walls were palisades, with earth between the wood. A large well was 
 sunk in the fortress, and the whole appeared to have been strong and substantial in its 
 day. Three or four acres of gravel walks were made on the north of the fort, on which 
 the soldiers paraded. The walks were made in exact angles, and beautifully graveled 
 with pebbles from the river. The site is one of the most beautiful on La Belle Rivere, 
 and commands a view of the Ohio that is charming and lovely. French genius for the 
 selection of sites for forts is eminently sustained in their choice of Fort Massacre." The 
 Governor states that the fort was first established in 1711, and "was enlarged and 
 niade a respectable fortress in 1756." Vide Reynolds' Life and Times, pp. 28, 29. This 
 is, probably, a mistake. There are no records in the French official documerts of any 
 military post in that vicinity until the so-called French and Indian war. 
 
CHANGE OF WAR-PLAN. 227 
 
 On the day following the evacuation, the English took peaceable 
 possession of the smoking ruins of Fort Du Quesne. They erected 
 a temporary fortification, named it Fort Pitt, in honor of the great 
 English statesman of that name, and leaving two hundred men as a 
 garrison, retired over the mountains. 
 
 On the 5th of December, 1758, Thomas Pownall, governor of 
 Massachusetts Bay Province, addressed a, memorial to the British 
 Ministry, suggesting that there should be an entire change in the 
 method of carrying on the war. Pownall stated that the French 
 were superior in battles fought in the wilderness ; that Canada never 
 could be conquered by land campaigns ; that the proper way to 
 succeed in the reduction of Canada would be to make an attack on 
 Quebec by sea, and thus, by cutting off supplies from the home gov- 
 ernment, Canada would be starved out.* 
 
 Pitt, if he did not act on the recommendations of Gov. Pownall, 
 at least had similar views, and the next year (1Y59), in accordance 
 with this plan, Gen. "Wolfe made a successful assault on Quebec, and 
 from that time, the supplies and reinforcements from the home gov- 
 ernment being cut off, the cause of the French in Canada became 
 almost hopeless. 
 
 During this year the French made every effort to stir up the 
 Indians north of the Ohio to take the tomahawk and scalping-knife 
 in hand, and make one more attempt to preserve the northwest 
 for the joint occupancy of the Gallic and American races. Emissa- 
 ries were sent to Lake Erie, Detroit, Mackinaw, Ouiatanon,yincennes, 
 Kaskaskia and Fort Chartes, loaded with presents and ammunition, 
 for the purpose of collecting all those stragglers who had not enter- 
 prise enough to go voluntarily to the seat of war. Canada was hard 
 pressed for soldiers ; the English navy cut off most of the rein- 
 
 * Pownall's Administration of the Colonies, Appendix, p. 57. Thomas Po^all, 
 Bom in England in 1720, came to America in 1753; was governor of Massachusetts 
 Bay, and subsequently was appointed governor of South Carolina. He was highly edu- 
 cated, and possessed a thorough knowledge of the geography, history and policj; of 
 both the French and English colonies in America. His work on the "Administration 
 of the American Colonies" passed through many editions. In 1756 he addressed a 
 memorial to His Highness the Duke of Cumberland, on the conduct of the colonial war, 
 in which he recommended a plan for its further prosecution. The paper is a very 
 able one. Much of it compiled from the official letters of Marquis Vaudreuil, Governor- 
 General of Canada, written between the years 1743 and 1753, showing the policy of the 
 French, and giving a minute description of their settlements, militaiy establishments 
 in the west, their manner of dealing with the Indians, and a description of the river 
 communications of the French between their possessions in Canada and Louisiana. In 
 1776 he revised Evans' celebrated map of the " Middle British Provinces in America." 
 After his return to England he devoted himself to scientiflc pursuits. He was a warm 
 friend of the American colonists in the contest with the mother country, and de- 
 nounced the measures of parliament concerning the colonies as harsh and wholly 
 unwarranted, and predicted the result that followed. He died in 1805. 
 
228 HISTORIC K0TE8 OK THE KORTHWEST. 
 
 forcements from France, while the English, on the contrary, were 
 constantly receiving troops from the mother country. 
 
 Mons. de Aubry, commandant at Fort Chartes, persuaded four 
 hundred men from the "Illinois country" to follow him eastward. 
 Taking with him two hundred thousand pounds of flour, he em- 
 barked his heterogeneous force in bateaux and canoes. The route 
 by way of the Ohio was closed ; the English were in possession of 
 its headwaters. He went down the Mississippi, thence up the Ohio 
 to the mouth of the Wabash. Having ascended the latter stream 
 to the Miami villages, near the present site of Fort Wayne, his fol- 
 lowers made the portage, passed down the Maumee, and entered 
 Lake Erie. 
 
 During the whole course of their journey they were being con- 
 stantly reinforced by bands of different tribes of Indians, and by 
 Canadian militia as they passed the sevei-al posts, until the army 
 was augmented to sixteen hundred men, of whom there were six 
 hundred French and one thousand Indians. An eye-witness, in 
 speaking of the appearance of the force, said : " When they passed 
 the little rapid at the outlet of Lake Erie (at Buffalo) the flotilla ap- 
 peared like a floating island, as the river was covered with their 
 bateaux and canoes."* 
 
 Aubry was compelled to leave his flour and provisions at the 
 Miami portage. He afterward requested M. de Port-neuf, com- 
 mandant at Presque Isle, to take charge of the portage, and to send 
 it constantly in his bateaux, f 
 
 , Before Aubry reached Presque Isle he was joined by other bodies 
 of Indians and Canadians from the region of the upper lakes. They 
 were under the command of French traders and commandants of 
 interior posts. At Fort Machaultij: he was joined by M. de Lignery ; 
 the latter had assembled the Ohio Indians at Presque Isle.§ It was 
 the original intention of Aubry to recapture Fort Du Quesne from 
 the English. On the 12tli of July a grand council was held at Fort 
 Machault, in which the commandant thanked the Indians for their 
 attendance, threw down the war bplt, and told them he would set 
 out the next day for Fort Du Quesne. Soon after messengers arrived 
 with a packet of letters for the ofiicers. After reading them Aubry 
 told the Indians: "Children, I have received bad news; the Eng- 
 lish are gone against Magara. We must give over thoughts of going 
 down the river to Fort Du Quesne till we have cleared that place of 
 
 *Pouchot's Memoirs, vol. 1, pp. 186, 187 
 
 tidem, p. 153. 
 
 t Located at the mouth of French Creek, Pennsylvania. 
 
 §Idem, 187. 
 
aubrt's campaign. 229 
 
 the enemy. If it should be taken, our road to you is stopped, and 
 jou must become poor." Orders were immediately given to pro- 
 •ceed with the artillery, provisions, etc., up French Creek, and the 
 Indians prepared to follow.* 
 
 These letters were from M. Pouchot, commandant at Magara,f 
 and stated that he was besieged by a much superior force of English 
 and Indians, who were under the command of Gen. Predeaux and 
 Sir William Johnson. Aubry answered these letters on the next day, 
 and said he thought they might fight the enemy successfully, and 
 compel them to raise the siege. The Indians who brought these mes- 
 sages to Pouchot informed him that they, on the part of the Indians 
 -with Aubry and Lignery, had offered the Iroquois and other Indian 
 allies of the English five war belts if they would retire. These prom- 
 ised that they would not mingle in the quarrel. "We will here recall 
 the fact that Pouchot, by his letter of the 10th, had notified Lignery 
 and Aubry that the enemy might be four or five thousand strong 
 without the Indians, and if they could put themselves in condition 
 to attack so large a force, he should pass Chenondac to come to 
 Magara by the other side of the river, where he would be in con- 
 dition to drive the English, who were only two hundred strong on 
 that side, and could not easily be reinforced. This done, they could 
 easily come to him, because after the defeat of this body they could 
 send bateaux to bring them to the fort." 
 
 M. Pouchot now recalled his previous request, and informed 
 Aubry that the enemy were in three positions, in one of which 
 there were three thousand nine hundred Indians. He added, could 
 Aubry succeed in driving the enemy from any of these positions, 
 he had no doubt they would be forced to raise the siege. X 
 
 Aubry's route was up French Creek to its head-waters, thence 
 making the portage to Presque Isle and sailing along the shores of 
 Lake Erie until he reached Niagara. Arriving at the foot of Lake 
 Erie he left one hundred and fifty men in charge of his canoes, and 
 with the remainder advanced toward Niagara. Sir William John- 
 son was informed, on the evening of the 23d, of this advance of the 
 French, and ordered his light infantry and pickets to take post on 
 the left, on the road between Niagara Falls and the fort ; and these, 
 after reinforcing them with grenadiers and parts of the 46th and 44th 
 regiments, were so arranged as to effectually support the guard left 
 
 * Extract from a letter dated July 17, 1759, of Col. Mercer, commandaDt at Fort 
 Pitt, publiahed in Craig's Olden Time, vol. 1, p. 194. 
 
 t Fort Niagara was one of the earliest French military posts, and situated on the 
 right, or American shore of Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Niagara River. It has 
 figured conspicuously in all of the wars on the lake frontier. ■ 
 
 t Pouohot's Memoirs, vol. 1, pp. 186, 187, 188. 
 
230 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 in the trenches. Most of his men were concealed either in the 
 trenches or by trees. 
 
 On the morning of the 24th the French made their appearance. 
 They were marching along a path about eight feet wide, and "were 
 in readiness to fight in close order and without ranks or files." On 
 their right were thirty Indians, who formed a front on the enemy's 
 left. The Indians of the English army advanced to speak to those 
 of the French. Seeing the Iroquois in the latter' s company, the 
 French Indians refused to .advance, under pretext that they were at 
 peace with the first named. Though thus abandoned by their chief 
 force, Aubry and Lignery still proceeded on their way, thinking 
 that the few savages they saw were isolated men, till they reached 
 a narrow pathway, when they discovered great numbers beyond. 
 The English Indians then gave the war-whoop and the action com- 
 menced. The English regulars attacked the French in front, while 
 the Indians poured in on their flank. Thus surprised by an am- 
 buscade, and deserted by their savage allies, the French proved easy 
 victims to the prowess of far superior numbers. They were assailed 
 in front and rear by two thousand men. The rear of the column, 
 unable to resist, gave way, and left the head exposed to the enemy's 
 fire, which crushed it entirely. An Indian massacre followed, and 
 the pursuit of the victors continued until they were compelled to 
 desist by sheer fatigue. Almost all the French ofiicers were killed, 
 wounded or taken prisoners. Among the latter was Aubry. Those 
 who escaped joined M. Eocheblave, and with his detachment re- 
 treated to Detroit and other western lake posts.* 
 
 This defeat on the shores of Lake Erie was very severe on the 
 struggling western settlements. Most all of the able-bodied men 
 had gone with Aubry, many never to return. In 1760 M. de Mac- 
 Carty, commandant at Fort Chartes, in a letter to Marquis Vaudreuil, 
 stated that "the garrison was weaker than ever before, the check at 
 Niagara having cost him the elite of his men."t 
 
 It is apparent, from the desertion of Aubry by his savage allies, 
 that they perceived that the English were certain to conquer in the 
 end. They felt no particular desire to prop a falling cause, and 
 thus deserted Mons. Aubry at the crisis when their assistance was 
 most needed. Thus was defeated the greatest French-Indian force 
 ever collected in the northwest. :j; 
 
 * The ^count of this action has been compiled from Mante, p. 226; Pouchot, vol. 1, 
 p. 192; and Garneau's History of Canada, vol. 2, pp. 250, 251, Bell's translation. 
 
 trans Documents, vol. 10, p. 1093. 
 T Xt^^^ returned to Louisiana and remained there until after the peace of 1763. 
 In 17b5 he was appomted governor of Louisiana, and surrendered the colony, in Match, 
 
THE DOWNFALL OF FRENCH KULE. 231 
 
 The next day after Aubry's defeat, near Fort Niagara, the fortres? 
 surrendered. 
 
 After the surrender of Magara and Fort Du Quesne, the Indian 
 allies of France retired to the deep recesses of the western forests, 
 and the English frontiers suffered no more from their depredations. 
 Settlements were gradually formed on the western side of the AUe- 
 ghanies, and they remained secure from Indian invasions. 
 
 In the meantime many Canadians, becoming satisfied that the 
 conquest of Canada was only a mere question of time, determined, 
 before that event took place, to remove to the French settlements 
 on the lower Mississippi. "Many of them accordingly departed 
 from Canada by way of the lakes, and thence through the Illinois 
 and Wabash Kivers to the Mississippi."* 
 
 After the surrender of Quebec, in 1769, Montreal became the 
 headquarters of the French in Canada, and in the spring of 1760 
 Mons. Levi, the French commander-in-chief, besieged Quebec. The 
 arrival of an English fleet compelled him to relinquish his designs. 
 Amherst and Johnson formed a junction, and advanced against 
 Montreal. The French governor of Canada, Marquis Yaudreil, 
 believing that further resistance was impossible, surrendered all 
 Canada to the English. This included the western posts of Detroit, 
 Mackinaw, Fort Miami, Ouiatanon, Yincennes, Fort St. Joseph, 
 etc. 
 
 After this war ceased to be waged in America, though the treaty 
 of Paris was not concluded until February, 1763, the most essential 
 parts of which are contained in the following extracts : 
 
 "In order to establish peace on solid and durable foundations, 
 and to remove forever all subjects of dispute with regard to the 
 limits of the British and French territories on the continent of 
 America, it is agreed that for the future the confines between the 
 dominions of Ms Britannic Majesty and those of His Most Christian 
 Majesty in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a 
 line drawn along the middle of the Kiver Mississippi from its source 
 to the Eiver Iberville, and from thence by a line drawn along the 
 middle of this river and the lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, to 
 the sea ; and for this purpose the most Christian King cedes, in full 
 right, and guarantees to his Britannic Majesty, the river and port of 
 Mobile, and everything which he possesses, or ought to possess, on 
 the left side of the Mississippi, with the exception of the town of 
 
 1760, to the Spanish governor, Ulloa. After the expulsion of UUoa, he held the 
 government until relieved by O'Reilly, in July, 1769. He soon afterward sailed for 
 France. The vessel was lost, and Aubry perished in the depths of the sea. 
 * Monette's Valley of the Mississippi, vol. 1, p. 305. 
 
232 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 New Orleans and of the island on which it is situated ; it being well 
 understood that the navigation of the Mississippi shall be equally 
 free, as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France, 
 in its whole length and breadth, from its source to the sea."* 
 
 Thus Gallic rule came to an end in North America. Its downfall 
 was the result of natural causes, and was owing largely to the differ- 
 ence between the Frenchmen and the Englishmen. The former, as 
 a rule, gave no attention to agriculture, but found occupation in 
 hunting and trading with the Indians, acquiring nomadic habits that 
 unfitted them for the cultivation of the soil ; their families dwelt in 
 villages separated by wide stretches of wilderness. "While the able 
 men were hunting and trading, the old men, women and children 
 produced scanty crops sown in " common fields," or inclosures of a 
 piece of ground which were portioned off among the families of the 
 village. The Englishman, on the other hand, loved to own land, 
 and pushed his improvements from the coast line up through all the 
 valleys extending westward. Reaching the summit of the Alleghar 
 uies, the tide of emigration fiowed into the valleys beyond. Every 
 ■cabin was a fort, every advancing farm a new line of intrenchment. 
 The distinguishing characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon is consistency 
 and firmness in his designs, and, more than all, his love for a home. 
 In the trials and hardships necessarily connected with the opening 
 Tip of the wilderness these traits come prominently into play. The 
 Jesuit was, that the English colonies prospered in a degree hitherto 
 unknown in the annals of the world's progress. And by way of con- 
 trast, how little did the French have to show in the way of lasting 
 improvements in the northwest after it had been in their possession 
 for nearly a century ! 
 
 However, the very traits that disqualified the Gaul as a successful 
 colonist gave him a preeminent advantage over the Anglo-Saxon in 
 the influence he exerted upon the Indian. He did not want their 
 
 * " On the 3d day of the previous November, Prance, by a secret treaty ceded 
 4o Spain all her possessions west of the Mississippi. His Most Christian Maiesty 
 made known to the inhabitants of Eouisiana the fact of the cession by a letter, dated 
 April 21, 1764. Don UUoa, the New Spanish governor, arrived at New Orleans 
 in 1366. The French inhabitants objected to the transfer of Louisiana to Spain, and, 
 resorting to arms, compelled IJlloa to return to Havana. In 1769, O'Reilly, with a 
 Spanish force, arrived and took possession. He killed six of the ringleaders and sent 
 others to Cuba. Spain remained in possession of Louisiana until March, 1801, when 
 Louisiana was retroceded to the French republic. The French made preparations to 
 •occupy Lousiana, and an army of twenty-five thousand men was designed for that 
 territory, but the fleet and army were suddenly blockaded in one of the ports of Hol- 
 land by an English squadron. This occurrence, together vrith the gloomy aspect of 
 affairs in Europe, induced Napoleon, who was then at the head of the French republic, 
 to cede Louisiana to the United States. The tseaty was dated April 30, 1803. The 
 victual transfer occurred in December of the same year." Vide Stoddard's Sketches of 
 ilrouisiana, pp. 71, 103. 
 
FREKCH WATS WITH THE INDIANS. 233 
 
 lands ; he fraternized with them, adopted their ways, and flattered 
 and pleased them. The Anglo-Saxon wanted their lands. From 
 the start he was clamorous for deeds and cessions of territory, and 
 at once hegan crowding the Indian out of the country. "The Iro- 
 quois told Sir Wm. Johnson that they believed soon they should not 
 be able to hunt a bear into a hole in a tree but som« Englishman 
 would claim a right to the property of it, as being found in his 
 tree."* 
 
 The happiness which the Indians enjoyed from their intercourse 
 with the French was their perpetual theme ; it was their golden age. 
 "Those who are old -enough to remember it speak of it with rap- 
 ture, and teach their children to venerate it, as the ancients did the 
 reign of Saturn. ' You call us your children, ' said an aged chief to 
 Gen. Harrison, ' why do you not make us happy, as our fathers the 
 French did? They never took from us our lands, which, indeed, 
 were in common between us. They planted where they pleased, 
 and cut wood where they pleased, and so did we ; but now, if a poor 
 Indian attempts to take a little bark from a tree to cover him from 
 the rain, up comes a white man and threatens to shoot him, claim- 
 ing the tree as his own.' "f 
 
 * Pownall's Administration of the Colonies, 
 t Memoirs of Gen. Harrison, p. 134. 
 
CHAPTEE XXII. 
 
 PONTIAC'S WAR TO RECOVER THE NORTHWEST FROM THE ENGLISH. 
 
 Aftee the surrender of Canada to the English by the Marquis 
 Yaudreuil, Sir Jeffery Amherst, commander-in-chief of His Majesty's 
 forces in North America, ordered Major Robert Rogers to ascend 
 the lakes and take possession of the western forts. On the 13th of 
 September Rogers, with two hundred of his rangers, left Montreal. 
 After weeks of weary traveling, they reached the mouth of Cuyahoga 
 River, the present site of Cleveland, on the Yth of November. Here 
 they were met by Pontiac, a celebrated Ottawa chieftain, who asked 
 * Rogers what his intentions were, and how he dared enter that coun- 
 try without his permission. Rogers replied that the French had 
 been defeated ; that Canada was surrendered into the hands of the 
 British ; and that he was on his way to take possession of Detroit, 
 Mackinaw, Miamis and Ouitanon. He also proposed to restore a 
 general peace to white men and Indians alike. * "Pontiac listened 
 with attention, but only replied that he should stand in the path of 
 the English until morning." In the morning he returned, and 
 allowed the English to advance. He said there would be no trouble 
 so long as they treated him with deference and respect. 
 
 Embarking on the 12th of November, they arrived in a few days 
 at Maumee Bay, at the western end of Lake Erie. The western 
 Indians, to the number of four hundred, had collected at the mouth 
 of Detroit River. They were determined to massacre the entire party 
 under Rogers. It afterward appeared that they were acting under 
 the influence of the French commandant at Detroit. Rogers pre- 
 vailed upon Pontiac to use his influence to induce the warlike 
 Indians to disband. After some parleying, Pontiac succeeded, and 
 the road was open to Detroit. 
 
 Before his arrival at Detroit Rogers had sent in advance Lieuten- 
 ant Brehm with a letter to Captain Beletre, the commandant, inform- 
 ing the latter that his garrison was included in the surrender of 
 Canada. Beletre wholly disregarded the letter. He declared he 
 thought it was a trick of the English, and that they intended to 
 obtain possession of his fortress by treachery. He made use of 
 every endeavor to excite the Indians against the English. "He 
 
 234 
 
DETROIT SURRENDEEED. 235' 
 
 displayed upon a pole, before the yelling multitude, the effigy of a 
 crow pecking a man's head, the crow representing himself, and the 
 head, observes Kogers, 'being meant for my own.' "* 
 
 Rogers then sent forward Captain Campbell ' ' with a copy of the 
 capitulation and a letter from the Marquis Vaudreuil, directing that 
 the place should be given up in accordance with the articles agreed 
 upon between him and General Amherst." The French command- 
 ant could hold out no long^, and, much against his will, was com- 
 pelled to deliver the fortress to the English. The lilies of France 
 were lowered from the flagstaif, and their place was taken by the 
 cross of St. George. Seven hundred Indian warriors and their 
 families, all of whom had aided the French by murdering innocent 
 women and children on the frontiers of Pennsylvania and New York, 
 greeted the change with demoniacal yells of apparent pleasure ; but 
 concealed in their breasts was a natural dislike for the English. 
 Dissembling for the present, they kept their hatred to themselves, 
 for the late successes of British arms had awed them into silence. 
 
 It was on the 29th of November, 1T60, that Detroit was given 
 over to the English. The garrison, as prisoners of war, were taken 
 to Philadelphia. 
 
 Kogers sent an officer up the Maumee, and from thence down the 
 Wabash, to take possession of the posts at the portage and at Oui- 
 atanon. Both of these objects were attained without any difficulty. 
 
 On account of the lateness of the season the detachment which 
 had started for Mackinaw returned to Detroit, and all eiforts against 
 the posts on the upper lakes were laid aside until the following sea- 
 son. In that year the English took possession of Mackinaw, Green. 
 Bay and St. Joseph. The French still retained possession of Vin- 
 cenne,s and Fort Chartes.f ' 
 
 It always was the characteristic policy of the French to render 
 the savages dependent upon them, and with that design in view they 
 had earnestly endeavored to cultivate among the Indians a desire for 
 European goods. By prevailing upon the Indians to throw aside 
 hides and skins of wild beasts for clothing of European manufacture, 
 to discontinue the use of their pottery for cooking utensils of iron, 
 to exchange the bow and arrow and stone weapons for the gun, the 
 knife and hatchet of French manufacture, it was thought that in the 
 course of one or two generations they would become dependent upon 
 their French neighbors for the common necessaries of life. When 
 
 * Parktnan's Conspiracy of Pontiac, p. 150. 
 
 tThis account of the delivery of the western forts to Rogers has Men collated froni 
 his Journal and from Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac. 
 
236 HISTORIC NOTES OS THE KORTHWEST. 
 
 this change in their customs had taken place, by simply -withholding 
 the supply of ammunition they could coerce the savages to adopt any 
 measures that the French government saw fit to propose. The pol- 
 icy of the French was not to force, but to lead, the savages into sub- 
 jection. They told the barbarians that they were the children of the 
 great king, who had sent his people among them to preserve them 
 from their implacable enemies, the English. Flattering them, asking 
 their advice, bestowing upon them presents, and, above all, showing 
 them respect and deference, the French gained the good will of the 
 savages in a degree that no other European nation ever equaled. 
 After the surrender of the western posts all this was changed. The 
 accustomed presents formerly bestowed upon them were withheld. 
 English traders robbed, bullied and cheated them. English officers 
 treated them with rudeness and contempt. But, most of all, the 
 steady advance of the English colonists over the mountains, occupy- 
 ing their lands, driving away their game, and forcing them to retire 
 farther west, alarmed and exasperated the aborigines to the limit of 
 endurance. "The wrongS and neglect the Indians felt were inflamed 
 by the French coureurs de hois and traders. They had every motive 
 to excite the tribes against the English, such as their national rancor, 
 their religious antipathies, and most especially the fear of losing the 
 profitable Indian trade." Every effort was made to excite and in- 
 flame the slumbering passions of the tribes of the Northwest. Secret 
 councils were held, and difi'erent plans for obtaining possession of 
 the western fortresses were discussed. The year after Kogers ob- 
 tained Detroit there was, in the summer, an outbreak, but it was 
 ■easily quelled, being only local. The next year, also, there was 
 another disturbance, but it, like the former, did not spread. 
 
 During these two years one Indian alone, — Pontiac, — compre- 
 hended the situation. He read correctly the signs and portents of 
 the times. He well knew that English supremacy on the North 
 American continent meant the destruction of his race. He saw the 
 great difference between the English and the French. The former 
 were settlers, the latter traders. The French came to the far west 
 for their beaver skins and peltries, while the English would only be 
 satisfied with their lands. Pontiac soon arrived at the conclusion 
 that unless the ceaseless flow of English immigration was stopped, 
 it would not be many decades before the Indian race would be 
 driven from the face of the earth. Well has time justified this opin- 
 ion of the able Indian chieftain ! 
 
 To accomplish his designs, Pontiac was well aware that he must 
 induce all the tribes of the northwest to join him. Even then he 
 
PONTIAC'S WAK. 237 
 
 had doubts of final success. To encourage him, the French traders 
 informed him "that the English had stolen Canada while their com- 
 mon father was asleep at Versailles ; that he would soon awaken and 
 again wrest his domains from the intruders ; that even now large 
 French armies were on their way up the St. Lawrence and Missis- 
 sippi rivers." Pontiac believed these tales, for let it be borne in 
 mind that this was previous to the treaty of Paris, and late in the 
 autumn of 1762 he sent emissaries with black wampum and the red 
 tomahawk to the villages of the Ottawas, Pottawatomi'es, Sacs, 
 Foxes, Menominees, Illinois, Miamis, Shawnees, Delawares, Wyan- 
 dots, Kickapoos and Senecas. These emissaries were instructed to 
 inform the various tribes that the English had determined to exter- 
 minate the northwestern Indians ; to accomplish this they intended 
 to erect numerous fortifications in the territory named; and also 
 that the English had induced the southern Indians to aid them.* To 
 avert these inimical designs of the English, the messengers of Pon- 
 tiac proposed that on a certain day all the tribes, by concerted action, 
 should seize all the English posts and then attack the whole English, 
 border. 
 
 Pontiac' s plan was contrived and developed with wonderful 
 secrecy, and all of a sudden the conspiracy burst its fury simultane- 
 ously over all the forts held by the British west of the Alleghanies. 
 By stratagem or forcible assault every garrison west of Pittsburgh, 
 excepting Detroit, was captured. 
 
 Fort St. Joseph, on the river of that name, in the present state of 
 Michigan, was captured by the Pottawatomies. These emissaries of 
 Pontiac collected about the fort on the 23d of May, 1763, and under 
 the guise of friendship effected an entrance within the palisades, 
 when they suddenly turned upon and massacred the whole garrison, 
 except the commandant. Ensign Slussee and three soldiers, whom 
 they made prisoners and sent to Detroit. 
 
 The Ojibbeways effected an entry, within the defenses of Fort 
 Mackinaw, the gate being left open while the Indians were amusing", 
 the oflBcer and soldiers with a game of ball. In the play the ball 
 was knocked over within the palisade. The players, hurrying: 
 through the gates, seemingly intent on regaining the ball, seized 
 their knives and guns from beneath the blankets of their squaws, 
 where they had been purposely concealed, and commenced an indis- 
 criminate massacre, t 
 
 * The Chickasaws and Cherokees were at that time, though on their own responsi- 
 bility, waging war aginst some of the tribes of the northwest. 
 
 tA detailed account of this most horrible massacre is given by the fur-trader Alex- 
 
238 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NOKTHWEST. 
 
 Ensign Holmes, who was in command at Fort Miami,* learned 
 that to the Miamis in the vicinity of his post was allotted the de- 
 struction of his garrison. Holmes collected the Indians in an 
 assembly, and charged them with forming a conspiracy against his 
 post. They confessed; said that they were influenced by hostile 
 Indians, and promised to relinquish their designs. The village of 
 Pontiac was within a short distance of the post, and some of his im- 
 mediate followers doubtless attended the assembly. Holmes sup- 
 posed he had partially allayed their irritation, as appears from a 
 letter written ftom him to Major Gladwyn.f 
 
 On the ^Ith of May a young Indian squaw, who was the mistress 
 of Holmes, requested him to visit a sick Indian woman who lived in 
 a wigwam near at hand. "Having confidence in the girl, Holmes 
 followed her out of the fort." Two Indians, who were concealed 
 behind the hut, as he approached it, fired and "stretched him life- 
 less on the ground." The sergeant rushed outside of the palisade 
 to learn the cause of the firing. He was immediately seized by the 
 Indians. The garrison, who by this time had become thoroughly 
 alarmed, and had climbed upon the palisades, was ordered to surren- 
 der by one Godefroy, a Canadian. They were informed, if they 
 submitted their lives would be spared, otherwise they all would be 
 massacred. Having lost their officers and being in great terror, they 
 threw open the gate and gave themselves up as prisoners. Accord- 
 ing to tradition, the garrison was afterward massacred. :{: 
 
 Fort Ouiatanon was under the command of Lieut. Jenkins, who 
 bad no suspicion of any Indian troubles, and on the 1st of June, 
 when he was requested by some of the Indians to visit them in their 
 cabins near by, he unhesitatingly complied with the request. Upon 
 his entering the hut he was immediately seized by the Indian war- 
 riors. Through various other stratagems of a similar nature several 
 of the soldiers were also taken. Jenkins was then told to have the 
 soldiers in the fort surrender. "For," said the Indians, "should 
 your men kill one of our braves, we shall put you all to death." 
 
 ander Henry, an eye-witness and one of the few survivors, in his interesting Book of 
 Travels and Adventures, p. 85. 
 
 * Now Port Wayne. 
 
 Fort Miamis, March 30th, 1768. 
 
 t.oince my Last Letter to You, wherein I Acquainted You of the Bloody Belt being 
 in this Village, I have made all the search I could about it, and have found it not to be 
 True; Whereon I Assembled all the chiefs of this Nation, & after a long and trouble- 
 some Spell with them, I Obtained the Belt, with a Speech, as You will Receive En- 
 closed; This affair is very timely Stopt, and I hope the News of a Peace vrill put a 
 Stop to any further Troubles with these Indians, who are the Principal Ones of Setting 
 Mischief on Foot. I send you the Belt, with this Packet, which I hope You will For- 
 ward to the General. 
 
 t Brice's History of Fort Wayne. 
 
pontiaq's failure. 239 
 
 Jenkins thinking that resistance would be useless, ordered the re- 
 maining soldiers to deliver the fort to the Indians. During the 
 night the Indians resolved to break their plighted word, and raas- 
 sacre all their prisoners. Two of the French residents, M. M. Mai- 
 gonville and Lorain, gave the Indians valuable presents, including 
 wampum, brandy, etc., and thus preserved the lives of the English 
 captives. Jenkins, in his letter to Major Gladwyn, commandant at 
 Detroit, states that the "Weas were not favorably inclined toward 
 Pontiac's designs ; but being coerced by the surrounding tribes, they 
 undertook to carry out their part of the programme. "Well did they 
 succeed. Lieut. Jenkins, with the other prisoners, were, within a 
 few days afterward, sent across the prairies of Illinois to Fort Char- 
 tres. 
 
 Detroit held out, though regularly besieged by Pontiac in person, , 
 for more than fifteen months, when, at last, the suffering garrison 
 was relieved by the approach of troops under Gen. Bradstreet. In 
 the meantime Pontiac confederates, wearied and disheartened by the 
 protracted struggle, longed for peace. Several tribes abandoned the 
 declining fortune of Pontiac ; and finally the latter gave up the con- 
 test, and retired to the neighborhood of Fort Miamis. Here he 
 remained for several months, when he went westward, down the 
 "Wabash and across the prairies to Fort Chartres. The latter fort 
 remained in possession of a French officer, not having been as yet 
 surrendered to the English, the hostility of the Indians preventing 
 its delivery; and by agreements of the two governments, France 
 and England, it was left in charge of the veteran St. Ange. 
 
 The English having acquired the territory herein considered, by 
 conquest and treaty, from France, renewed their efforts to reclaim 
 authority over it from its aboriginal inhabitants. To effect this 
 object, they now resort to conciliation and diplomacy. They sent 
 westward George Croghan.* 
 
 After closing a treaty with the Indians at Fort Pitt, Croghan 
 started on his mission on the 15th of May 1765, going down the 
 Ohio in two bateaux. His movements were known to the hostile 
 
 * Croghan was an old trader who had spent his life among the Indians, and was 
 versed in their language, ways and habits of thought, and who well knew how to flat- 
 ter and cajole them. Besides this, Croghan enjoyed the advantage of a personal ac- 
 quaintance with many of the chiefs and principal men of the Wabash tribes, who had 
 met him while trading at Pickawillany and other places where he had trading estab- 
 lishments. Among the Miami, Wea and Piankashaw bands Croghan had many Indian 
 friends whose attachments toward him were very warm. He was a veteran, up to all 
 the arts of the Indian council house, and had in years gone by conducted many impor- 
 tant treaties between the authorities of New York and Pennsylvania with the Iroquois, 
 Delawares and Shawnees. In the war for the fur trade Croghan suffered severely; the 
 French captured his traders, confiscated his goods^ and bankrupted his foitune. 
 
240 HISTOBIG NOTES ON" THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 tribes. A war party of eighty Kickapoos and Mascoutiiis, " spirited 
 up " to the act by the French traders at Ouiatanon, as Croghan says 
 in his Journal, left the latter place, and captured Croghan and his 
 party at daybreak on the 8th of June, in the manner narrated in a 
 previous chapter.* He was carried to Vincennes, his captors con- 
 ducting him a devious course through marshes, tangled forests and 
 small prairie, to the latter place, f 
 
 After Croghan had procured wearing apparel (his captors had 
 stripped him well-nigh naked) and purchased some horses he 
 crossed the "Wabash, and soon entered the great prairie which he 
 describes in extracts we have already taken from his journal. His 
 route was up through Crawford, Edgar and Yermilion counties, fol- 
 lowing the old traveled trail running along the divide between the 
 Embarrass and the Wabash, and which was a part of the great high- 
 way leading from Detroit to Kaskaskia ; :j: crossed the Yermilion 
 River near Danville, thence along the trail through Warren county, 
 Indiana. Croghan, still a prisoner in charge of his captors, reached 
 Ouiatonon on the afternoon of the 23d of June.§ Here the Weas, 
 
 *P. 161. 
 
 t Croghan, in his Journal, says: " I found Vincennes a village of eighty or ninety 
 Trench families, settled on the east side of the river, being one of the finest situations 
 that can be found. The French inhabitants hereabouts are an idle, lazy people, a 
 parcel of renegadoes from Canada, and are much worse than the Indians. They took 
 secret pleasure at our misfortune, and the moment we arrived they came to the Indians, 
 exchanging trifles for their valuable plunder. Here is likewise an Indian village of 
 Piankashaws, who were much displeased with the party that took me, telling them 
 that ' our and your chiefs are gone to make peace, and you have begijn war, for which 
 our women and children will have reason to cry.' Port Vincent is a place of great 
 consequence for trade, being a fine hunting country all along the Wabash." 
 
 J That part of the route from Kaskaskia east, from the earliest settlement of Illi- 
 nois and Indiana, was called "the old Vincennes trace." "This trace," says Gov. 
 Reynolds, in, his Pioneer History of Illinois, p. 79, "was celebrated in Illinois. The 
 Indians laid it out more than one hundred and fifty years ago. It commenced at 
 Detroit, thence to Ouiatonon, on the Wabash, thence to Vincennes and thence to Kas- 
 kaskia. It was the Appian way of Illinois in ancient times. It is yet (in 1852) visible 
 in many places between Kaskaskia and Vincennes." It was also visible for years after 
 the white settlements began, between the last place, the Vermilion and Ouiatonon, on 
 the route described. — [Authok. 
 
 § Croghan says of Ouiatonon that there were " about fourteen French families liv- 
 ing in the fort, which stands on the north side of the river; that the Kickapoos and 
 Mascoutins, whose warriors had taken us, live nigh the fort, on the same side of the 
 river, where they have two villages, and the Ouicatonons or Wawcottonans [as Croghan 
 variously spells the name of the Weas] have a village on the south side of the river." 
 " On the south side of the Wabash runs 'a high bank, in which are several very fine 
 coal mines, and behind this bank is a very large meadow, clear for several miles." The 
 printer made a mistake in setting up Croghan's manuscript, or else Croghan himself 
 committed an unintentional error in his diary in substituting the word south for north 
 in describing the side of the river on which the appearances of coal banks are found. The 
 only locality on the banks of the Wabash, above the Vermilion, where the carbonifer- 
 ous shales resembling coal are exposed is on the west, or north bank, of the river, about 
 four miles above Independence, at a place known as "Black Rock," which, says Prof. 
 Collett, in his report on the geology of Warren county, Indiana, published in the Geolog- 
 ical Survey of Indiana for 1873, pp. 224r-5, " is a notable and romantic feature in the river 
 scenery." "A precipitous or overhanging cliff exhibits an almost sheer descent of a 
 
SPCCESS OF okoghan's missiok. 241 
 
 from the opposite side of the river, took great interest in Mt. 
 Croghan, and were deeply "concerned at what had happened. 
 They charged the Kickapoos and Mascoutins to take the greatest 
 care of him, and the Indians and white men captured with him, until 
 their chiefs should arrive from Fort Chartres, whither they had gone, 
 some time before, to meet him, and who were necessarily ignorant of 
 his being captured on his way to the same place." From the 4th to 
 the 8th of July" Croghan held conferences with the Weas, Pianke- 
 shaws, Kickapoos and Mascoutms, in which, he says, "I was lucky 
 enough to reconcile those nations to His Majesty's interests, and ob- 
 tained their consent to take possession of the posts in their country 
 which the French formerly possessed, and they offered their services 
 should any nation oppose our taking such possession, all of which they 
 confirmed by four large pipes."* On the 11th a messenger arrived 
 from Fort Chartres requesting the Indians to take Croghan and his 
 party thither ; and as Fort Chartres was the place to which he had 
 originally designed going, he desired the chiefs to get ready to set 
 out with him for that place as soon as possible. On the 13th the 
 chiefs from "the Miamis" came in and renewed their "ancient 
 friendship with His Majesty." On the 18th Croghan, with his party 
 and the chiefs of the Miami and other tribes we have mentioned, 
 forming an imposing procession, started off across the country 
 toward Fort Chartres. On the way (neither Croghan' s official report 
 or his private journal show the place) they met the great "Pontiac 
 himself, together with the deputies of the Iroquois, Delawares and 
 Shawnees,t who had gone on around to Fort Chartres with Capt. 
 
 hundred and forty feet to the Wabash, at its foot. The top is composed of yellow, red, 
 brown or black conglomerate sandrock, highly ferruginous, and in part pebbly. At the 
 base of the sandro(£, where it joins upon the underlying carbonaceous and pjritous 
 shales are '^ot' or 'rock-houses,' which so constantly accompany this formation in 
 southern Indiana. Some of these, of no gi'eat height, have been tunneled back under 
 the cliff to a distance of thirty or forty feet by force of the ancient river once flowing 
 at this level." The position, in many respects, is like Starved Bock, on the Illinois, 
 where La Salle built Fort St. Louis, and commands a fine view of the Wea plains, 
 across the river eastward, and, before the recent growth of timber, of an arm of the 
 Grand Prairie to the westward. The stockade fort and trading-post of Ouiatonon has 
 often been confounded with the Wea villages, which were strung for several miles along 
 the margin of the prairie, near the river, between Attica and La Fayette, on the south 
 or east side of the river; and some writers have mistaken it for the village oiKeth- 
 tip-e-ca-nuh, situated on the north bank of the Wabash River, near the mouth of the 
 Tippecanoe. The fort was abandoned as a military post after its capture from the 
 British by the Indians. It was always a place of considerable trade to the English, as 
 well as the French. Thomas Hutchins, in his Historical and Topographical Atlas, pub- 
 lished in 1778, estimates "the annual amount of skins and furs obtained at Ouiatonon 
 at forty thousand dollars." 
 
 * Croghan's official report to Sir Wm. Johnson: London Documents, vol. 7, p. 780. 
 
 t These last-named Indian deputies, with Mr. Frazer, had gone down the Ohio with 
 Croglian, and thence on to Fort Chartres. Not hearing anything from Croghan, or 
 knowing what had become of him, Pontiac and these Indian deputies, on learning that 
 Croghan was at Ouiatanon, set out for that place to meet him. 
 16 
 
242 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Frazer. The whole party, with deputies from the Illinois Indians, 
 now returned to Ouiatanon, and there held another conference, in 
 whicli were settled all matters with the Illinois Indians. "Pontiac 
 and the Illinois deputies agreed to everything which the other tribes 
 had conceded in the previous conferences at Ouiatanon, all of which 
 was ratified with a solemn formality of pipes and belts."* 
 
 Here, then, upon the banks of the Wabash at Ouiatonon, did the 
 Indian tribes, with the sanction of Pontiac, solemnly surrender pos- 
 session of the northwest territory to the accredited agent of Great 
 Britain, f Croghan and his party, now swollen to a large body by 
 the accession of the principal chiefs of the several nations, set out 
 "for the Miamis, and traveled the whole way through a fine rich 
 bottom, alongside the Ouabache, arriving at Eel Eiver on the 27th. 
 About six miles up this river they found a small village of the 
 Twightwee, situated on a very delightful spot of ground on the bank 
 of the river.":]: Croghan's private journal continues: "July 28tli, 
 29th, 30th and 31st we traveled still alongside the Eel Eiver, passing 
 through fine clear woods and some good meadows, though not so 
 large as those we passed some days before. The country is more 
 overgrown with woods, the soil is sufficiently rich, and well watered 
 with springs." 
 
 On the 1st of August they "arrived at the carrying place be- 
 tween the River Miamis and the Ouabache, which is about nine miles 
 long in dry seasons, but not above half that length in freshets." 
 ""Within a mile of the Twightwee village," says Croghan, "I was 
 met by the chiefs of that nation, who received us very kindly. Most 
 part of these Indians knew me, and conducted me to their village, 
 where they immediately' Aoisfef^ an English flag that I had formerly 
 given them at Fort Pitt. The next day they held a council, after 
 which they gave me up all the English prisoners they had, and ex- 
 pressed the pleasure it gave them to see [that] the unhappy difi'er- 
 ences which had embroiled the several nations in a war with their 
 brethren, the English, were now so near a happy conclusion, and 
 that peace was established in their country. "§ 
 
 * Croghan's official report, already quoted. 
 
 t It is true that Pontiac, with deputies of all the westward tribes, followed Croghan 
 to Detroit, where another conference took place; but this was only a more formal rati- 
 fication of the surrender which the Indians declared they had already made of the 
 country at Ouiatonon. 
 
 X The Miami Indian name of this village was Ke-na-pa-com-a-qiM. Its French 
 name was A I'Anguille, or Eel River town. The Miami name of Eel River was Kin- 
 tM-peei-kuoh Sepe, or Water Snake (the Indians call the eel a water-snake fish) River. 
 The village was situated on the north bank of Eel River, about six miles from Logans- 
 port. It was scattered along the river for some three miles. 
 
 §The following is Mr. Croghan's description of the "Miamis," as it appeared in 
 
PONTIAC'S TRAGIC DEATH. 243 
 
 From the Miamis the party proceeded down the Maumee in 
 canoes. "About ninety miles, continues the journal, from the Miamis 
 or Twightwee we came to where a large river, that heads in a large 
 'Mcyfc,' falls into the Miami Eiver; this they call 'The Forks.' 
 The Ottawas claim this country and hunt here.* This nation for- 
 merly, lived at Detroit, but are now settled here on account of the 
 richness of the country, where game is always to be found in plenty. " 
 
 From Defiance Croghan's party were obliged to drag their canoes 
 several miles, "on account of the rifis which interrupt the naviga- 
 tion," at the end of which they came to a village of "Wyandottes, who 
 received them kindly. From thence they proceeded in their canoes 
 -to the mouth of the Maumee. Passing several large bays and a 
 number of rivers, they reached the Detroit Eiver on the 16th of 
 August, and Detroit on the following morning, f 
 
 As for Pontiac, his fate was tragical. He was fond of the French, 
 and often visited the Spanish post at St. Louis, whither many of his 
 old friends had gone from the Illinois side of the river. One day in 
 1767, as is supposed, he came to Mr. St. Ange (this veteran soldier 
 of France still remained in the country), and said he was going over 
 to Cahokia to visit the Kaskaskia Indians. St. Ange endeavored to 
 dissuade him from it, reminding him of the little friendship existing 
 between him and the British. Pontiac' s answer was: " Captain, I 
 3,m a man. I know how to fight. I have always fought openly. 
 They will not murder me, and if any one attacks me as a brave man, 
 
 1765: "The Twightwee village is situated on both sides of a river called St. Joseph's. 
 This river, where it falls into the Miami River, about a quarter of a mile from this 
 place, is one hundred yards wide, on the east side of which stands a stockade fort some- 
 what ruinous." The Indian village consists of about forty or fifty cabins, besides nine 
 -or ten French houses, a runaway colony from Detroit during the late Indian war; they 
 were concerned in it, and being afraid of pumshment came to this post, where they 
 have ever since spirited up the Indians against the English. All the Trench residing 
 here are a lazy, indolent x>eople, fond of breeding mischief, and they should not be 
 suffered to remain. The country is pleasant, the soil rich and well watered." 
 
 *The place referred to is the mouth of the Auglaize, often designated as "The 
 Torks " in many of the early accounts of the country. It may be noted that Croghan, 
 like nearly aU other early travelers, overestimates distances. 
 
 t Croghan describes Detroit as a large stockade "inclosing about eighty houses. It 
 stands on the north side of the river on a high bank, and commands a very pleasant 
 prospect for nine miles above and below the fort. The country is thick settled with 
 French. Their plantations are generally laid out about three or four acres in breadth 
 on the river, and eighty acres in depth; the soil is good, producing plenty of grain. 
 All the people here are generally poor wretches, and consist of three or four hundred 
 French families, a lazy, idle people, depending chiefly on the savages for their subsist- 
 ■ence. Though the land, with little labor, produces plenty of grain, they scarcely raise as 
 much as will' supply their wants, in imitation of Indians, whose manners and customs 
 they have entirely adopted, and cannot subsist vrithout them. The men, women and 
 children speak the Indian tongue perfectly well." At the conclusion of the lengthy 
 conferences with the Indians, in which all matters were " settled to their satisfaction, 
 Oroghan set out from Detroit for Niagara, coasting along the north shore of Lake Erie 
 in a birch canoe, arriving at the latter place on the 8th of October. 
 
244 HISTORIC NOTES OK THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 lam Ms match." Pontiae went over the river, was feasted, got 
 drunk, and retired to the woods to sing medicine songs. In the 
 meanwhile, an English merchant named Williamson bribed a Kas- 
 kaskia Indian with a barrel of rum and promises of a greater reward 
 if he would take Pontiae' s life. Pontiae was struck with a pa-ka- 
 ma-gon — tomahawk, and his skull fractured, causing death. This 
 murder aroused the vengeance of all the Indian tribes friendly to 
 Pontiae, and brought about the war resulting in the almost total ex- 
 termination of the Illinois nation. He was a remarkably fine-looking 
 man, neat in his person, and tasty in dress and in the arrangement 
 of his ornaments. His complexion is said to have approached that 
 of the whites.* St. Ange, hearing of Pontiae' s death, kindly took 
 charge of the body, and gave it a decent burial near the fort, the 
 site of which is now covered by the city of St. Louis. "Neither 
 mound nor tablet," says Francis Parkman, "marked the burial- 
 place of Pontiae. For a mausoleum a city has arisen above the for- 
 est hue, and the race whom he hated with such burning rancor tram- 
 ple with unceasing footsteps over his forgotten grave." 
 
 *I. N. Nicollet's Report, etc., v. 81. Mr. Nicollet received his information con- 
 cerning. Pontiae from Col. Pierre Chouteau, of St. Louis, and Col. Pierre Menard, of 
 Easkaskia, who were personally acquainted with the facts. 
 
CHAPTER XXni. 
 
 GEN. CLARK'S CONQUEST OF "THE ILLINOIS." 
 
 Aftek the Indians had submitted to English rule the west en- 
 joyed a period of quiet. When the American colonists, long com- 
 plaining against the oppressive acts of the mother country, broke 
 out into open revolt, and the war of the revolution faii-ly began, 
 the English, from the westward posts of Detroit, Yincennes and 
 Kaskaskia, incited the Indians 
 against the frontier settlements, 
 and from these depots supplied 
 their war parties with guns and 
 ammunition. The depredations 
 of the Indians in Kentucky were 
 so severe that in the fall of 1777 
 George Rogers Clark conceived, 
 and next year executed, an expe- 
 dition against the French settle- 
 ments of Kaskaskia and Vin- 
 cennes, which not only relieved 
 Kentucky from the incursions 
 of the savages, but at the same 
 time resulted in consequences 
 which are without parallel in the 
 annals of the Northwest.* 
 
 GEN. CLARK. 
 
 *Gen. Clark was bom in Albemarle county, Virginia, on the 19th of November, 
 1752, and died and was buried at Locust Grove, near Louisville, Kentucky, in February, 
 1818. He came to Kentucky in the spring of 1775, and became early identified as a 
 conspicuous leader in the border wars of that country. The border settlers of Kentucky 
 could not successfully contend against the numerous and active war parties from the 
 Wabash who were continually lurking in their neighborhoods, coming, as Indians do, 
 stealthily, striking a blow where least expected, and escaping before assistance could 
 relieve the localities which they devastated, killing women and children, destroying 
 live stock and burning the pioneers' cabins. Clark conceived the idea of capturing 
 Vincennes and Kaskaskia. Keeping his plans to himself, he proceeded to Williams- 
 burg and laid them before Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia, who promptly 
 aided in their execution. From Gov. Henry Clark received two sets of instructions, 
 •one, to enlist seven companies of men, ostensibly for the protection of the people of 
 Kentucky, which at that time was a county of Virginia, the other, a secret order, to 
 attack the British post of Kaskaskia! The result of his achievements was overshad- 
 owed by the stirring events of the revolution eastward of the AUeghanies, where other 
 heroes were winning a glory that dazzled while it drew public attention exclusively to 
 
 245 
 
246 HISTORIC XOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 The account here given of Clark's campaign in "The Illinois" is 
 taken from a manuscript memoir composed by Clark himself, at the 
 joint request of Presidents Jefferson and Madison.* "We prefer 
 giving the account in Gen. Clark's own words, as far as practicable. 
 
 The memoir of Gren. Clark proceeds: "On the (24th) of June, 
 1778, we left our little island,! and run about a mile up the river in 
 order to gain the main channel, and shot the falls at the very mo- 
 ment of the sun being in a great eclipse, which caused various con- 
 jectures among the superstitious. As I knew that spies were kept 
 on the river below the towns of the Illinois, I had resolved to march 
 part of .the way by land, and of course left the whole of our bag- 
 gage, except as much as would equip us in the Indian mode. The 
 whole of our force, after leaving such as was judged not competent 
 to [endure] the expected fatigue, consisted only of four companies, 
 commanded by Captains John Montgomery, Joseph Bowman, 
 Leonard Helms and "William liarrod. My force being so small to 
 what I expected, owing to the various circumstances already men- 
 tioned, I found it necessary to alter my plans of operation. 
 
 "I had fully acquainted myself that the French inhabitants in 
 those western settlements had great influence among the Indians in 
 general, and were more beloved by them than any other Europeans ; 
 that their commercial intercourse was universal throughout the west- 
 ern and northwestern countries, and that the governing interest on 
 the lakes was mostly in the hands of the English, who were not 
 much beloved by them. These, and many other ideas similar 
 thereto, caused me to resolve, if possible, to strengthen myself by 
 such train of conduct as might probably attach the French inhabit- 
 ants to our interest, and give us influence in the country we were 
 aiming for. These were the principles that influenced my future 
 conduct, and, fortunately, I had just received a letter from Col. 
 
 them. The west was a wilderness, — excepting the isolated French settlements about 
 Kaskaskia, and at Vincennea and Detroit,— and occupied only by savages and wild 
 animals. It was not until after the great Northwest began to be settled, and its capa- 
 bilities to sustain the empire, — since seated in its lap, — was realized, that the magni- 
 tude of the conquest forced itself into notice. The several states of Ohio, Indiana, 
 Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, carved out of the territory which he so gloriously 
 won, — nay, the whole nation, — owe to the memory of George Rogers Clark a debt of 
 gratitude that cannot be repaid in a mere expression of words. Aji account of his life 
 and eminent services, worthy of the man, yet remains to be written. 
 
 * Judge John B. Dillon, when preparing his first history of Indiana, in 1843, had 
 access to Clark's original manuscript memoir, and copied copious extracts in the vol- 
 ume nained, and it is from this source that the extracts appearing in this work were 
 taken. This book of Judge Dillon is not to be confounded with a History of Indiana, 
 prepared and published by him in 1859. His first book, although somewhat crude, is 
 exceedingly valuable for the historical matter it contains relating to the whole North- 
 west, while the latter is a better digested history of the state of which he was an emi- 
 nent citizen. 
 
 t At Louisville. 
 
clabk's campaign. 247 
 
 Campbell, dated Pittsburgh, informing me of the contents of the 
 treaties* between France and America. As I intended to leave the 
 Ohio at Fort Massac, three leagues below the Tennessee, I landed 
 on a small island in the mouth of that river, in order to prepare for 
 the march. In a few hours after, one John Duff and a party of 
 hunters coming down the river were brought to by our boats. They 
 were men formerly from the states, and assured us of their happiness 
 in the adventure. . . . They had been but lately from Kaskaskia, 
 and were able to give us all the intelligence we wished. They said 
 that Gov. Abbot had lately left Port Vincennes, and gone to Detroit 
 on business of importance ; that Mr. Kochblave commanded at Kas- 
 kaskia, etc. ; that the militia was kept in good order, and spies on 
 the Mississippi, and that all hunters, both Indians and others, were 
 ordered to keep a good look-out for the rebels ; that the fort was kept 
 in good order as an asylum, etc., but they believed the whole to 
 proceed more from the fondness fqr parade than the expectation of 
 a visit ; that if they received timely notice of us, they would collect 
 and give us a warm reception, as they were taught to harbor a most 
 horrid idea of the rebels, especially the Virginians ; but that if we 
 could surprise the place, which they were in hopes we might, they 
 made no doubt of our being able to do as we pleased ; that they 
 hoped to be received as partakers in the enterprise, and wished us 
 to put full confidence in them, and they would assist the guides in 
 conducting the party. This was agreed to, and they proved valua- 
 ble men. 
 
 "The acquisition to us was great, as I had no intelligence from 
 those posts since the spies I sent twelve months past. But no part 
 of their information pleased me more than that of the inhabitants 
 viewing us as more savage than their neighbors, the Indians. I was 
 determined to improve upon this if I was fortunate enough to get 
 them into my possession, as I conceived the greater the shock I 
 could give them at first the more sensibly would they feel my lenity, 
 and become more valuable friends. This I conceived to be agree- 
 able to human nature, as I had observed it in many, instances. 
 Having everything prepared, we moved down to a little gully a 
 small distance above Massac, in which we concealed our boats, and 
 set out a northwest course. The weather was favorable. In some 
 parts water was scarce, as well as game. Of course we suifered 
 drought and hunger, but not to excess. On the third day John 
 
 *The timely information received of the alliance between the United States and 
 Prance was made use of by Gen. Clark with his usual tact and with great success, as 
 will be seen farther on. 
 
248 HISTOKIO NOTES ON THE NOltTHWEST. 
 
 Saunders, our principal guide, appeared confused, and we soon dis- 
 covered that lie was totally lost, without there was some other cause 
 of his present conduct. 
 
 " I asked him various questions, and from his answers I could 
 scarcely determine what to think of him, — whether or not that he 
 was lost, or that he wished to deceive us. . . . The cry of the whole 
 detachment was that he was a traitor.' He begged that he might be 
 suffered to go some distance into a plain that was in full view, to try 
 to make some discovery whether or not he was right. I told him he 
 might go, but that I was suspicious of him, from his conduct ; that 
 from the first day of his being employed he always said he knew the 
 way well ; that there was now a different appearance ; that I saw the 
 nature of the country was such that a person once acquainted with 
 it could not in a short time forget it ; that a few men should go with 
 him to prevent his escape, and that if he did not discover and take 
 us into the hunter's road that led from the east into Kaskaskia, 
 which he had frequently described, I would have him immediately 
 put to death, which I was determined to have done. But after a 
 search of an hour or two he came to a place that he knew perfectly, 
 and we discovered that the poor fellow had been, as they call it, 
 bewildered. 
 
 " On the fourth of July, in the evening, we got within a few miles 
 of the town, where we lay until near dark, keeping spies ahead, after 
 which we commenced our march, and took possession of a house 
 wherein a large family lived, on the bank of the Kaskaskia Eiver, 
 about three-quarters of a mile above the town. Here we were in- 
 formed that the people a few days before were under arms, but had 
 concluded that the cause of the alarm was without foundation, and 
 that at that time there was a great number of men in town, but that 
 the Indians had generally left it, and at present all was quiet. We 
 soon procured a sufficiency of vessels, the more in ease to convey us 
 across the river. 
 
 "With one of the divisions I marched to the fort, and ordered the 
 other two into different quarters of the town. If I met with no resist- 
 ance, at a certain signal a general shout was to be given and certain 
 parts were to be immediately possessed, and men of each detach- 
 ment, who could speak the French language, were to run through 
 every street and proclaim what had happened, and inform the inhab- 
 itants that every person that appeared in the streets would be shot 
 down. This disposition had its desired effect. In a very little time 
 we had complete possession, and every avenue was guarded to prevent 
 any escape to give the alarm to the other villages in case of opposi- 
 
CLARK'S CONQUEST. 24H 
 
 tion. Yarious orders had been issued not worth mentioning. I don't 
 suppose greater silence ever reigned among the inhabitants of a 
 place than did at this at present ; not a person to be seen, not a word 
 to be heard by them, for some time, but, designedly, the greatest 
 noise kept up by our troops through every quarter of the town, and 
 patrols continually the whole night around it, as intercepting any 
 information was a capital object, and in about two hours the whole 
 of. the inhabitants were disarmed, and informed that if one was taken 
 attempting to make his escape he should be immediately put to 
 death." 
 
 When Col. Clark, by the use of various bloodless means, had 
 raised the terror of the French inhabitants to a painful height, he 
 surprised them, and won their confidence and friendship, by perform- 
 ing, unexpectedly, several acts of justice and generosity. On the 
 morning of the 5th of July a few of the principal men were arrested 
 and put in irons. Soon afterward M. Gibault, the priest of the vil- 
 lage, accompanied by five or six aged citizens, waited on Col. Clark, 
 and said that the inhabitants expected to be separated, perhaps never 
 to meet again, and they begged to be permitted to assemble in their 
 church, and there to take leave of each other. Col. Clark mildly 
 told the priest that he had nothing to say against his religion ; that 
 it was a matter which Americans left for every man to settle with his 
 God ; that the people might assemble in their church, if they would, 
 but that they must not venture out of town. 
 
 I^early the whole French population assembled at the church. 
 The houses were deserted by all who could leave them, and Col. 
 Clark gave orders to prevent any soldiers from entering the vacant 
 buildings. After the close of the meeting at the church a deputation, 
 consisting of M. Guibault and several other persons, waited on Col. 
 Clark, and said ' ' that their present situation was the fate of war, and 
 that they could submit to the loss of their property, but they solic- 
 ited that they might not be sejsarated from their wives and children, 
 and that some clothes and provisions might be allowed for their 
 support." Clark feigned surprise at this request, and abruptly 
 exclaimed, ' ' Do you mistake us fpr savages ? I am almost cer- 
 tain you do from your language! Do you think that Americans 
 intend to strip women and children, or take the bread out of their 
 mouths? My countrymen," said Clark, "disdain to make- war 
 upon helpless innocence. It was to prevent the horrors of Indian 
 butchery upon our own wives and children that we have taken arms 
 and penetrated into this remote stronghold of British and Indian 
 barbarity, and not the despicable prospect of plunder; that now the 
 
250 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 king of France had united his powerful arms with those of America, 
 the war would not, in all probability, continue long, but the inhabit- 
 ants of Kaskaskia were at liberty to take which side they pleased, 
 without the least danger to either their property or families. Nor 
 would their religion be any source of disagreement, as all religions 
 were regarded with equal respect in the eye of the American law, 
 and that any insult oifered to it would be immediately punished." 
 
 "And now," Clark continues, "to prove my sincerity, you will 
 please inform your fellow-citizens that they are quite at liberty to 
 conduct themselves as usual, without the least apprehension. I am 
 now convinced, from what I have learned since my arrival among 
 you, that you have been misinformed and prejudiced against us by 
 British officers, and your friends who are in confinement shall imme- 
 diately be released."* In a few minutes after the delivery of this 
 speech the gloom that rested on the minds of the inhabitants of 
 Kaskaskia had passed away. The news of the treaty of alliance 
 between France and the United States, and the influence of the mag- 
 nanimous conduct of Clark, induced the French villagers to take the 
 oath of allegiance to the state of Yirginia. Their arms were restored 
 to them, and a volunteer company of French militia joined a detach- 
 ment under Capt. Bowman, whefl that officer was dispatched to take 
 possession of Cahokia. The inhabitants of this small village, on 
 hearing what had taken place at Kaskaskia, readily took the oath of 
 allegiance to Yirginia. * 
 
 The memoir of Clark proceeds: " Post Yincennes never being 
 out of my mind, and from some things that I had learned I suspected 
 that Mr. Gibault, the priest, was inclined to the American interest 
 previous to our arrival in the country. He had great influence over 
 the people at this period, and Post Yincennes was under his juris- 
 diction. I made no doubt of his integrity to us. I sent for him, 
 and had a long conference with him on the subject of Post Yincennes. 
 In answer to all my queries he informed me that he did not think it 
 worth ray while to cause any military preparation to be made at the 
 Falls of the Ohio for the attack of Post Yincennes, although the place 
 was strong and a great number of Indians in its neighborhood, who, 
 to his knowledge, were generally at war ; that the governor had, a 
 few weeks before, left the place on some business to Detroit ; that 
 he expected that when the inhabitants were fully acquainted with 
 what had passed at the Illinois, and the present happiness of their 
 friends, and made fully acquainted with the nature of the war, their 
 sentiments would greatly change ; that he knew that his appearance 
 
 * Clark's Mpmoir. 
 
SECUEES VIN-CENNES. 251 
 
 there would have great weight, even among the savages ; that if 
 it was agreeable to me he would take this business on himself, and 
 had no doubt of his being able to bring that place over to the Amer- 
 ican interest without my being at the trouble of marching against it ; 
 that the business being altogether spiritual, he wished that another 
 person might be charged with the temporal part of the embassy, but 
 that he would privately direct the whole, and he named Dr. Lafont 
 as his associate. 
 
 "This was perfectly agreeable to what I had been secretly aim- 
 ing at for some days. The plan was immediately settled, and the 
 two doctors, with their intended retinue, among whom I had a spy, 
 set about preparing for their journey, and set out on the 14tli of July, 
 with an address to the inhabitants of Post Vincennes, authorizing 
 them to garrison their own town themselves, which would convince 
 them of the great confidence we put in them, etc. All this had its 
 desired effect. Mr. Gibault and his party arrived safe, and after 
 their spending a day or two in explaining matters to the people, 
 they universally acceded to the proposal (except a few emissaries 
 left by Mr. Abbot, who immediately left the country), and went in a 
 body to the church, where the oath of allegiance was administered 
 to them in a most solemn manner. An officer was elected, the fort 
 immediately [garrisoned], and the American flag displayed to the 
 astonishment of the Indians, and everything settled far beyond our 
 most sanguine hopes. The people here immediately began to put 
 on a new face, and to talk in a different style, and to act as perfect 
 freemen. "With a garrison of their own, with the United States at 
 their elbow, their language to the Indians was immediately altered. 
 They began as citizens of the United States, and informed the 
 Indians that their old father, the king of France, was come to life 
 again, and was mad at them for fighting for the English ; that they 
 would advise them to make peace with the Americans as soon as 
 they could, otherwise they might expect the land to be very bloody, 
 etc. The Indians began to think seriously ; throughout the country 
 this was the kind of language they generally got from their ancient 
 friends of the Wabash and Illinois. Through the means of their 
 correspondence spreading among the nations, our batteries began 
 now to play in a proper channel. Mr. Gibault and party, accom- 
 panied by several gentlemen of Post Yincennes, returned to Kas- 
 kaskia about the 1st of August with the joyful news. During his 
 absence on this business, which caused great anxiety to me (for 
 without the possession of this post all our views would have been 
 blasted), I was exceedingly engaged in regulating things in the Illi- 
 
252 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 nois. The reduction of these posts was the period of the enlistment 
 of our troops. I was at a great loss at the time to determine how 
 to act, and how far I might venture to strain my authority. My 
 instructions were silent on many important points, as it was impos- 
 jsible to foresee the events that would take place. To abandon the 
 country, and all the prospects that opened to our view in the Indian 
 department at this time, for the want of instruction' in certain cases, 
 I thought would amount to a reflection on government, as having no 
 confidence in me. I resolved to usurp all the authority necessary to 
 «arry my points. I had the greater part of our [troops] reenlisted 
 on a different establishment, commissioned French officers in the 
 country to command a company of the young inhabitants, estab- 
 lished a garrison at Cahokia, commanded by Capt. Bowman, and 
 another at Kaskaskia, commanded by Capt. Williams. Post Vin- 
 cennes remained in the situation as mentioned. Col. William Linn, 
 who had accompanied us as a volunteer, took charge of a party 
 that was to be discharged upon their arrival at the Falls, and 
 orders were sent for the removal of that post to the mainland. 
 Capt. John Montgomery was dispatched to government with letters. 
 ... I again turned my attention to Post Yincennes. I plainly saw 
 that it would be highly necessary to have an American officer at that 
 post. Capt. Leonard Helm appeared calculated to answer my pur- 
 pose ; he was past the meridian of life, and a good deal acquainted 
 with the Indian [disposition]. I sent him to command at that post, 
 and also appointed him agent for Indian affairs in the department of 
 the Wabash. . . . About the middle of August he set out to take 
 possession of his new command.* Thus," says Clark, referring to 
 
 * "An Indian chief called the Tobacco's Son, a Piankeshaw, at this time resided in 
 a village adjoining Post Vincennes. This man was called by the Indiana ' The Grand 
 Door to the Wabash ' ; and as nothing of consequence was to be undertaken by the 
 league on the Wabash without his assent, I discovered that to win him was an object 
 of signal importance. I sent him a spirited compliment bj' Mr. Gibault; he returned 
 it. I now, by Capt. Helm, touched him on the same spring that I had done the inhab- 
 itants, and sent a speech, with a belt of wampum, directing Capt. Helm how to man- 
 age if the chief was pacifically inclined or otherwise. The captain arrived safe at Post 
 Vincennes, and was received with acclamations by the people. After the usual cere- 
 mony was over he sent for the Grand Door, and delivered my letter to him. After 
 having read it, he informed the captain that he was happy to see him, one of the Big 
 Knife chiefs, in this town; it was here he had joined the English against him; but he 
 confessed that he always thought they looked gloomy; that as the contents of the let- 
 ter were of great moment, he could not give an answer for some time; that he must 
 collect his counsellors on the subject, and was in hopes the captain would be patient. 
 In short, he put on all the courtly dignity that he was master of, and Capt. Helm fol- 
 lowing his example, it was several days before this business was finished, as the whole 
 proceeding was very ceremonious. At length the captain was invited to the Indian 
 *o™cil, and informed by Tobacco that they had maturely considered the case in hand, ' 
 and had got the nature of the war between the English and us explained to their sat- 
 isfaction; that as we spoke the same language and appeared to be the same people, he 
 always thought that he was in the dark as to the truth of it, but now the sky was 
 
CLAKK'S IXFLUENCE OVEK the INDIANS. 253 
 
 Helm's success, "ended this valuable negotiation, and tlie saving of 
 much blood. ... In a short time almost the whole of the various 
 tribes of the different nations on the Wabash, as high as the Ouia- 
 tanon, came to Post Vincennes, and followed the example of the 
 Grand Door Chief; and as expresses were continually passing be- 
 tween Capt. Helm and myself the whole time of these treaties, the 
 business was settled perfectly to my satisfaction, and greatly to the 
 advantage of the public. The British interest daily lost ground in 
 this quarter, and in a short time our influence reached the Indians 
 on the Eiver St. Joseph and the border of Lake Michigan. The 
 French gentlemen at the different posts we now had possession of 
 engaged warmly in our interest. They appeared to vie with each 
 other in promoting the business, and through the means of their 
 correspondence, trading among the Indians, and otherwise, in a 
 short time the Indians of various tribes inhabiting the region of 
 Illinois came in great numbers to Cahokia, in order to make treaties 
 of peace with us. From the information they generally got from 
 the French gentlemen (whom they implicitly believed) respecting us, 
 they were truly alarmed, and, consequently, we were visited by the 
 greater part of them, without any invitation from us. Of course we 
 had greatly the advantage in making use of such language as suited 
 our [interest]. Those treaties, which commenced about the last of 
 August and continued between three and four weeks, were probably 
 conducted in a way different from any other known in America at 
 that time. I had been always convinced that our general conduct 
 with the Indians was wrong ; that inviting them to treaties was con- 
 sidered by them in a different manner from what we expected,' and 
 imputed by them to fear, and that giving them great presents con- 
 firmed it. I resolved to guard against this, and I took good pains- 
 to make myself acquainted fully with the French and Spanish 
 methods of treating Indians, and with the manners, genius and dis- 
 position of the Indians in general. As in this quarter they had not 
 yet been spoiled by us, I was resolved that they should not be. I 
 began the business fully prepared, having copies of the British trea- 
 ties." 
 
 At the first great council, which was opened at Cahokia, an Indian 
 chief, with a belt of peace in his hand, advanced to the table at which 
 
 cleared up; that he found that the ' Big Knife ' was in the right; that perhaps if the 
 English conquered, they would serve them in the same manner that they intended to 
 serve us; that his ideas were quite changed, and that he would tell all the red people 
 on the Wabash' to bloody the land no more for the English. He jumped up, struck 
 his breast, called himself a man and a warrior, said that he was now a Elig Knife, and 
 took Capt. Helm by the hand. His example was followed fey all present, and th? 
 evening was spent in merriment." 
 
254 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Col. Clark was sitting ; anotlier chief, bearing the sacred pipe of the 
 tribe, went forward to the table, and a third chief then advanced 
 with fire to kindle the pipe. When the pipe was lighted it was fig- 
 uratively presented to the heavens, then to the earth, then to all the 
 good spirits, to witness what was about to be done. After the ob- 
 servance of these forms the pipe was presented to Clark, and after- 
 ward to every person present. An Indian speaker then addressed 
 the Indians as follows : "Warriors, — You ought to be thankful that 
 the Great Spirit has taken pity on you, and cleared the sky and 
 opened your ears and hearts, so that you may hear the truth. We 
 have been deceived by bad birds flying through the land. But we 
 will take up the bloody hatchet no more against the Big Knife,* and 
 we hope, as the Great Spirit has brought us together for good, as he 
 is good, that we may be received as friends, and that the belt of 
 peace may take the place of the bloody belt." 
 
 "I informed them," says Clark, "that I had paid attention to 
 what they had said, and that on the next day I would give them an 
 ' answer, when I hoped the ears and hearts of all people would be 
 opened to receive the truth, which should be spoken without decep- 
 tion. I advised them to keep prepared for the result of this day, on 
 which, perhaps, their very existence as a nation depended, etc., and 
 dismissed them, not suifering any of our people to shake hands with 
 them, as peace was not yet concluded, telling them it was time enough 
 to give the hand when the heart could be given also. They replied 
 that ' such sentiments were like men who had but one heart, and did 
 not speak with a double tongue. ' The next day I delivered them the 
 following speech : 
 
 'Men and Warriors, — Pay attention to my words : You informed 
 me yesterday that the Great Spirit had brought us together, and that 
 you hoped, as he was good, that it would be for good. I hajve also 
 the -same hope, and expect that each party will strictly adhere to 
 whatever may be agreed upon, whether it be peace or war, and hence- 
 forward prove ourselves worthy of the attention of the Great Spirit. 
 I am a man and a warrior, — not a counsellor. I carry war in my 
 
 * The early border men of Virginia and her counfy of Kentucky usually carried 
 very large knives. From this circumstance the Virginians were called, in the Illinois 
 (Miami) dialect, She-mol-sea, meaning the "Big Knife." At a later day the same 
 appellation, under the Chippewayan word Che-mo-ko-man, was extended, by the 
 Indians, to the white people generally, — always excepting the Englishman proper, 
 whom they called the Sag-e-nash, and the Yankees to whom they gave the epithet of 
 Bos-to-ne-ly, i.e.; the Bostonians. The term is derived from the Miami word mal-she, 
 or mol-sea, a knife, or the Ojibbeway mo-ko-man, which means the same thing. The 
 
 grefix c^ or she emphasizes the kind or size of the instrument, as a huge, long or big 
 nife. Such is the origin of the expression " long knives," frequently found in books 
 where Indian character? occur. 
 
claek's speech to the ijrDiANS. 255 
 
 right hand, and in my left, peace. I am sent by the great council of 
 the Big Knife, and their friends, to take possession of all the towns 
 possessed by the English in this co'untry, and to watch the motions 
 of the red people ; to bloody the paths of those who attempt to stop 
 the course of the river, but to clear the roads from us to those who 
 desire to be in peace, that the women and children may walk in them 
 without meeting anything to strike their feet against. I am ordered 
 to call upon the Great Fire for warriors enough to darken the land, 
 and that the red people may hear no sound but of birds who live on 
 blood. I know there is a mist before your eyes. I will dispel the 
 clouds, that you may clearly see the cause of the war between the 
 Big Knife and the English, then you may judge for yourselves which 
 party is in the right, and if you a,re warriors, as you profess to be^ 
 prove it by adhering faithfully to the party which you shall believe 
 to be entitled' to your friendship, and do not show yourselves to be 
 squaws. 
 
 ' The Big Knives are very much like the red people. They don't 
 know how to make blankets and powder and cloth. They buy these 
 things from the English, from whom they are sprung. They live by 
 making corn, hunting and trade, as you and your neighbors, the 
 French, do. But the Big Knives, daily getting more numerous, like 
 the trees in the woods, the land became poor and hunting scarce, 
 and having but little to trade with, the women began to cry at seeing 
 their children naked, and tried to learn how to make clothes for 
 themselves. They soon made blankets for their husbands and chiL 
 dren, and the men learned to make guns and powder. In this way 
 we did not want to buy so much from the English. They then got 
 mad with us, and sent strong garrisons through our country, as you 
 see they have done among you on the lakes, and among the French. 
 They would not let our women spin, nor our men make powder, nor 
 let us trade with anybody else. The English said we should buy 
 everything of them, and since we had got saucy we should give two 
 bucks for a blanket, which we used to get for one ; we should do as 
 they pleased ; and they killed some of our people, to make the rest 
 fear them. This is the truth, and the real cause of the war between 
 the English and us, which did not take place until some time after 
 this treatment. 
 
 ' But our women became cold and hungry and continued to cry. 
 Our young men got lost for want of counsel to put them in the right 
 path. The whole land was dark. The old men held down their 
 heads for shame, because they could not see the sun ; and thus there 
 was mourning for many years over the land. At last the Great 
 
256 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 Spirit took pity on us, and kindled a great council fire, that never 
 goes out, at a place called Philadelphia. He then stuck down 
 a post, and put a war tomahawk by it, and went away. The sun 
 immediately broke out, the sky was blue again, and the old men 
 held up their heads and assembled at the fire. They took up the 
 hatchet, sharpened it, and put it into the hands of our young men, 
 ordering them to strike the English as long as they could find one 
 on this side of the great waters. The young men immediately struck 
 the war post and blood was shed. In this way the war began, and 
 the English were driven from one place to another until they got 
 weak, and then they hired you red people to fight for them. The 
 Great Spirit got angry at this, and caused your old father, the 
 French king, and other great nations, to join the Big Knives, and 
 fight with them against all their enemies. So the English have be- 
 come like deer in the woods, and you inay see that it is the Great 
 Spirit that has caused your waters to be troubled, because you have 
 fought for the people he was mad with. If your women and chil- 
 dren should now cry, you must blame yourselves for it, and not the 
 Big Knives. 
 
 ' You can now judge who is in the right. I have already told 
 you who I am. Here is a bloody belt and a white one, take which 
 you please. Behave like men, and don't let your being surrounded 
 by the Big Knives cause you to take up the one belt with your hands 
 while your hearts take up the other. If you take the bloody path, 
 you shall leave the town in safety, and may go and join your friends, 
 the English. We will then try, like warriors, who can put the most 
 stumbling-blocks in each other's way, and keep our clothes longest 
 stained with blood. If, on the other hand, you should take the path 
 of peace, and be received as brothers to the Big Knives, with their 
 friends, the French ; should you then listen to bad birds that may 
 be flying through the land, you will no longer deserve to be counted 
 as men, but as creatures with two tongues, that ougRt to be destroyed 
 without listening to anything you might say. As I am convinced 
 you never heard the truth before, I do not wish you to answer be- 
 fore you have taken time to counsel. We wUl, therefore, part this 
 evening, and when the Great Spirit shall bring us together again, let 
 us speak and think like men, with but one heart and one tongue. ' 
 
 "The next day after this speech a new fire was kindled with 
 more than usual ceremony; an Indian speaker came forward and 
 said : They ought to be thankful that the Great Spirit had taken 
 pity on them, and opened their ears and their hearts to receive the 
 truth. He had paid great attention to what the Great Spirit had 
 
CLA^K TREATS WITH THE INDIANS. 257 
 
 put into my heart to say to them. They believed the whole to be 
 the truth, as the Big Knives did not speak like any other people 
 they' had ever heard. They now saw they had been deceived, and 
 that the English had told them lies, and that I had told them the 
 truth, just as some of their old men had always told them. They 
 now believed that we were in the right; and as th^ English had 
 forts in their country, they might, if they got strong enough, want 
 to serve the red people as they had treated the Big Knives. The 
 red people ought, therefore, to help us, and they had, with a cheer- 
 ful heart, taken up the belt of peace, and spurned that of war. They 
 were determined to hold the former fast, and would have no doubt 
 of our friendship, from the manner of our speaking, so different 
 from that of the English. They would now call in their warriors, 
 and throw the tomahawk into the river, where it could never be 
 found. They would suffer no more bad birds to fly through the 
 land, disquieting the women and children. They would be careful 
 to smooth the roads for their brothers, the Big Knives, whenever 
 they might wish to come and see them. Their friends should hear 
 of the good talk I had given them ; and they hoped I would send 
 chiefs among them, with my eyes, to see myself that they were men, 
 and strictly adhered to all they had said at this great fire, which the 
 Great SpiiSt had kindled at Cahokia for the good of all people who 
 would attend it." 
 
 The sacred pipe was again rkindled, and presented, figuratively, 
 to the heavens and the earth, and to all the good spirits, as witness 
 of what had been done. The Indians and the white men then closed 
 the council by smoking the pipe and shaking hands. With no ma- 
 terial variation, either of the forms that were observed, or with the 
 speeches that were made at this council, Col. Clark and his officers 
 concluded treaties of peace with the Piankeshaws, Ouiatenons, Kick- 
 apoos, Illinois, Kaskaskias, Peorias, and branches of some other 
 tribes that inhabited the country between Lake Michigan and the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Gov. Henry soon received intelligence of the successful progress 
 of the expedition under the command of Clark. The French inhab- 
 itants of the villages of Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Post Vincennes 
 took the oath of allegiance to the State of Virginia. 
 
 In October, 17Y8, the General Assembly of the State of Virginia 
 passed an act which contained the following provisions, viz : All the 
 citizens of the Commonwealth of Virginia " who are already settled 
 or shall hereafter settle on the western side of the Ohio, shall be in- 
 cluded in a distinct county, which shall be called Illinois cowiiy ; 
 17 
 
258 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE KOETHWEST. 
 
 and the governor of this commonwealth, with the advice of the 
 council, may appoint a county lieutenant, or commandant-in-chief, 
 in that county, during pleasure, who shall appoint and commission 
 so many deputy commandants, militia oflGlcers and commissaries as 
 he shall think proper in the diiferent districts, during pleasure ; all 
 of whom, before they enter into office, shall take the oath of fidelity 
 to this commonwealth and the oath of office, according to the form 
 of their own religion. And all civil officers to which the inhabit- 
 ants have been accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the 
 peace and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a major- 
 ity of the citizens in their respective districts, to be convened for 
 that purpose by the county lieutenant, or commandant, or his deputy, 
 and shall be commissioned by the said county lieutenant or com- 
 mandant-in-chief ' ' 
 
 Before the provisions of the law were carried into effect, Henry 
 Hamilton, the British lieutenant-governor of Detroit, collected an 
 army, consisting of about thirty regulars, fifty French volunteers, 
 and four hundred Indians. "With this force he passed down the 
 Eiver Wabash, and took possession of Post Vincennes on the 15th 
 of December, 1YT8. No attempt was made by the population to 
 defend the town. Capt. Helm was taken and detained as a prisoner, 
 and a number of the French inhabitants disarmed. 
 
 Clark was aware that Gov. Hamilton, now that he had regained 
 possession of Vincennes, would undertake the capture of his forces, 
 and realizing his danger, he determined to forestall Hamilton and 
 capture the latter. His plans were at once formed. He sent a por- 
 tion of his available force by boat, called The Willing^ with instruc- 
 tions to Capt. Eogers, the commander, to proceed down the Missis- 
 sippi and up the Ohio and Wabash, and secrete himself a few miles 
 below Vincennes, and prohibit any persons from passing either up or 
 down. With another part of his force he marched across the country, 
 through prairies, swamps and marshes, crossing swollen streams — 
 for it was in the month of February, and the whole country was 
 flooded from continuous rains — and arriving at the banks of the 
 Wabash near St. Francisville, he pushed across the river and brought 
 his forces in the rear of Vincennes before daybreak. So secret and 
 rapid were his movements that Gov. Hamilton had no notice that 
 Clark had left Kaskaskia. Clark issued a notice requiring the 
 people of the town to keep within their houses, and declaring that 
 all persons found elsewhere would be treated as enemies. Tobacco's 
 Son^ tendered one hundred of his Piankashaw braves, himself at 
 their head. Clark declined their services with thanks, saying his 
 
SUKRENDER OF HAMILTON". 259 
 
 own force was sufficient. Gov. Hamilton had just completed the 
 fort, consisting of strong block-houses at each angle, with the cannon 
 placed on the upper floors, at an elevation of eleven feet from the 
 surface. The works were at once closely invested. The ports were 
 so badly cut, the men on the inside could not stand to their cannon 
 for the bullets that would whiz from the riiies of Clark's sharp- 
 shooters through the embrasures whenever they were suffered for 
 an instant to remain open. 
 
 The town immediately surrendered with joy, and assisted at the 
 siege. After the first offer to surrender upon terms was declined, 
 Hamilton and Clark, with attendants, met in a conference at the 
 Catholic church, situated some eighty rods from the fort, and in the 
 afternoon of the same day, the 24th of February, 1779, the fort and 
 garrison, consisting of seventy-five men, surrendered at discretion.* 
 The result was that Hamilton and his whole force were made prison- 
 ers of war.f Clark held military possession of the northwest until 
 the close of the war, and in that way it was secured to our country. 
 At the treaty of peace, held at Paris at the close of the revolutionary 
 war, the British insisted that the Ohio River should be the northern 
 boundary of the United States. The correspondence relative to that 
 treaty shows that the only ground on which " the American commis- 
 sioners relied to sustain their claim that the lakes should be the 
 boundary was the fact that Qen. Clark had conquered the country, 
 and was in the undisputed military possession of it at the time of 
 the negotiation. This fact was affirmed and admitted, and was the 
 chief ground on which British commissioners reluctantly abandoned 
 their claim.":]: 
 
 '■Two days after the Willing arrived, its crew much mortified because they did not 
 share in the victory, although Clark commended them for their diligence. Two days 
 before Capt. Rogers' arrival with the Willing, Clark had dispatched three armed 
 ■ boats, under charge of Capt. Helm and Majors Bosseron and Le Grass, uj) the Wabash, 
 to intercept a fleet which Clark was advised was on its way from Detroit, laden with 
 supplies for Gov. Hamilton at Yincennes. About one hundred and twenty miles up 
 the river the British boats, seven in number, having aboard military supplies of 
 the value of ten thousand pounds sterling money and forty men, among whom was 
 Philip De Jean, a magistrate of Detroit, were captured by Capt. Helm. The writer 
 has before him the statement of John McFall, born near Vincennes in 1798. He lived 
 near and in Vincennes until 1817. His grandfather, Ralph Mattison, was one of 
 Clark's soldiers who accompanied Helm's expedition up the Wabash, and he often told 
 McFall, his grandson, that the British were lying by in the Vermilion River, near its 
 mouth, where they were surprised in the night-time and captured by Helm without 
 firing a shot. 
 
 tThis march, from its daring conception, and the obstacles encountered and over- 
 come, is one of the most thrilling events in our history, and it is to be regretted that 
 the limited space assigned to other topics precludes its insertion, 
 t Burnett's Notes on the Northwest Territory, p. 77. 
 
CHAPTEE XXIV. 
 
 Col. Clark having captured Gov. Hamilton's forces at Vincennes, 
 and reestablished the authority of Virginia over the northwest terri- 
 tory, Col. John Todd, commissioned as lieutenant for the county of 
 Illinois, in the spring of 1Y79 proceeded to Kaskaskia and Vincennes, 
 and organized a government under the act of the General Assembly 
 of Virginia of October, 17T8, for the establishing of "Illinois 
 county." Col. Todd formed courts of justice, and provided other 
 machinery to secure peace and good order among the inhabitants. 
 
 The northwest territory soon became a source of trouble to the 
 continental congress. Besides the claims of Virginia, New York, 
 Massachusetts and Connecticut asserted title to portions of it by 
 virtue of their ancient charters. These conflicting claims were the 
 subjects of much discussion and legislative action in the states named, 
 and by congress as well. Congress, on the 6th of September, 1780, 
 requested the several states "having claims to waste and unappro- 
 priated lands in the western country to cede a portion thereof to the 
 United States." Virginia, on the 2d of January, 1781, released her 
 claim to the northwest territory, reserving one hundred and fifty 
 thousand acres near the falls of the Ohio, which she had promised 
 to Gen. Clark, and the ofiScers and soldiers of his regiment who 
 marched with him, and preserving to the French and Canadian 
 inhabitants of Kaskaskia, Vincennes and neighboring villages their 
 titles to the lands claimed by them. However, owing to conditions 
 imposed by the terms of cession, further legislation intervened, and 
 the Virginia delegates did not execute the deed of release until the 
 Ist of March, 1784. New York followed Virginia, and ceded her 
 claim on the Ist of March, 1781 ; then Massachusetts, on the 18th 
 of April, 1786, executed her release, and on the 14th of September, 
 1786, the Connecticut delegates delivered a deed of cession. 
 
 The provision — the ordinance of 1787 — contains relative to a 
 subdivision of the territory is, "that there shall be formed in said 
 territory no less than three nor more than five states ; the western 
 state to be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio and the "Wabash 
 rivers ; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post St. Vincent 
 due north to the territorial line between the United States and 
 Canada, and [west] by said territorial line to the Lake of the "Woods 
 and Mississippi. The middle state shall be bounded by the said 
 
GOV. HAKEISON. 261 
 
 direct line, the "Wabasli from Post St. Vincent to the Ohio ; by the 
 Ohio, and by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the 
 Great Miami to said territorial line. The eastern state shall be 
 bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, 
 and the said territorial line. " The act provided " that the bound- 
 aries of these three states should be subject to alteration if congress 
 should find it expedient," with "authority to form one or two states 
 in that part of the territory lying north of an east and west line 
 drawn through the southerly iend or extreme of Lake Michigan." 
 The wording of the proviso, and a want of means for a correct 
 geographical knowledge of the lake region, led to a sharp contro- 
 versy in adjusting the boundaries of the two additional states. 
 
 Peace being secured, emigration poured into Ohio so rapidly, 
 extending itself westward to the Great Miami, that at the beginning 
 of the year 1800 the population was nearly sufficient to entitle the 
 territory to be advanced to the second grade of government. Ac- 
 cordingly, on the Tth of May of that year congress passed an act 
 for a division of the territory, to take effect on the 4th day of the 
 following July. 
 
 By this act all that part of the ]!iJ"orthwest Territory lying " to the 
 westward of a line beginning at the Ohio, opposite the mouth of 
 Kentucky river, and running from thence to Fort Recovery, and 
 thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the 
 United States and Canada, shall for the purposes of temporary gov- 
 ernment constitute a separate territory, to be called the Indiana 
 Territory.^' 
 
 Gen. "Wm. H. Harrison was appointed governor. The governor 
 reached Vincennes early in the year 1801, having been preceded 
 thither by the secretary the previous July. 
 
 Early in 1806 Gov. Harrison was advised that a Shawnee Indian 
 had set himself up as a prophet. This man pretended to foretell 
 future events, declared that he was invulnerable to the arms or shot 
 of his enemy, and he promised the same inviolability to those of his 
 followers who would devote themselves entirely to his service, and 
 assist him in the cause which he had espoused. This new light dawned 
 upon the Indians at Greenville, Ohio, in the person of " Lol-a-waw- 
 chic-ka," or the Zoud Voice, brother of Tecumseh. The Prophet, 
 the name by which he was generally designated, soon gathered about 
 him a large number of followers, composed of a few Shawnee war- 
 riors of his own tribe and numerous persons from other tribes, many 
 of whom had fled for their crimes. 
 
 In the spring of 1808 the Prophet and his adherents moved from 
 
262 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NOETHWEST. 
 
 Greenville and took up their abode on the "Wabash, near the mouth 
 of the Tippecanoe, on a tract of land claimed to have been granted 
 them by the Pottawatomies and Kickapoos, without the consent of 
 the Miamis, who were the rightful owners. 
 
 The Prophet was merely a screen, behind which his brother, Teoum- 
 seh, a man of much more ability, was perfecting a confederation of all 
 the tribes in a grand scheme of hostility against the people of the 
 United States, and involving no less than a bold attempt to check the 
 westward advance of white emigration and the recovery of all pre- 
 viously ceded lands north and westward of the Ohio. 
 
 The Prophet becoming bolder every day, at last, in the month of 
 April, 1809, required his followers "to take up the hatchet against 
 the white people, to destroy the inhabitants of Vincennes and those on 
 the Ohio, who lived as low down as its mouth and as high up as Cincin- 
 nati, telling them that the Great Spirit had ordered them to do this, 
 and that their refusal would result in their own destruction." A 
 number of Chippeways, Ottawas and Pottawatomies were so alarmed 
 at this bold avowal that they hurried away from the Prophet. The 
 estimated force of the Prophet at this time was from six to eight 
 hundred men. 
 
 The boldness and insolence of the assemblage at the Prophet's 
 town increased daily. Finally Gov. Harrison received orders to 
 proceed to the Prophet's town with a 'military force, which he 
 was only to use after all efforts to effect a peaceable dispersion 
 of its occupants had failed. The governor left Yincennes on the 
 26th of September, 1811, with a force of nine hundred effective 
 men. On the 3d of October the army, moving up on the east side 
 of the "Wabash, reached a place on the bank of the stream some 
 two miles above the old "Wea village of We-au-ta-no, "The Eisen 
 Sun," called by many the " Old Orchard Town," and time out of 
 mind, by the early French traders, Terre Haute. Here the gov- 
 ernor halted, according to his instructions, within the boundary 
 of the country already ceded by the Indians, and occupied his 
 time in erecting a fort, while waiting the return of messengers 
 whom he had dispatched to the Prophet's town, demanding the 
 surrender of murderers, and the return of stolen horses shel- 
 tered there, and requiring that the Shawnees, Winnebagoes, Pottar 
 watomies and Kickapoos collected there should disperse and re- 
 turn to their own tribes. The messengers were treated with great 
 insolence by the Prophet and his counsel, who, to put an end to all 
 hopes of peace, sent out a small war party to precipitate hostilities. 
 The new fort was finished on the 28th of October, and by the 
 
FOET HARKISOK. 
 
 263 
 
 unanimous request of all the officers it was christened '■'•Fort Har- 
 rison.'''' 
 
 -On the 29th of October Gov. Harrison moved up the Wabash, 
 crossing Eaccoon creek at Armiesburg, and ferrying his army over 
 the Wabash at the mouth of the former stream on boats sent up the 
 river for that purpose. The army encamped on the 2d of ITovember 
 some two miles below the mouth of the Big Yermilion, and about a 
 mile below the encampment a block-house, partly jutting over the 
 river, twenty-five feet square, was erected on the edge of a small 
 prairie sloping down to the water's edge. The block-house was 
 garrisoned with a sergeant and eight men, in whose charge were left 
 
 FoiiT Harrison in 1812. 
 
 the boats which up to this time had been used for the transportation 
 of supplies. On the 3d the army left the block-house, crossed the 
 Vermilion and entered the prairies, the route passing just east of 
 State Line city ; from thence to Crow's Grove, where the army went 
 into camp for the night. 
 
 On the 5th tlje army encamped within nine miles of the Prophet's 
 town. The 6th was consumed in working the army over the diffi- 
 cult ground toward the Indian town. The night of the 6th was spent 
 a short distance from the town, but the governor decided not to 
 jeopardize his men, and therefore delayed, for the purpose of deter- 
 mining the exact position of the enemy. Early in the morning, 
 however, the Prophet and his followers approached stealthily and 
 surprised the army. A hard fought battle followed, in which both 
 
264 HISTORIC NOTES ON THE NORTHWEST. 
 
 parties stubbornly contested the ground. The Indians were repulsed, 
 however, and completely routed, retreating into a marsh where the 
 army could not follow. The predictions of the Prophet, on which 
 his followers had relied, that the white man's bullets should not 
 harm them, so utterly disappointed them that, while their regard for 
 Gov. Harrison and his army was greatly heightened, their confidence 
 in their leader was totally destroyed, and subsequently, writes Gen. 
 Harrison, " the frontiers never enjoyed more perfect repose." 
 
 The troubles between the United States and England were not 
 yiit at an end however, and Tecumseh availed himself of the sym- 
 pathy and support of the latter government to plan sieges of Forts 
 Harrison and "Wayne simultaneously. His plans, though well formed, 
 were unavailing ; as in the former c&.se, the Indians having attacked 
 and attempted to burn the fort were repulsed with loss, while the 
 latter was relieved by Gen. Harrison. 
 
 Upon the restoration of peace, immigration received a new im- 
 pulse. , Indiana, having sufficiently increased her population, was, 
 on the 11th of December, 1816, admitted as a state in the Union. 
 
 The campaigns of Harmar, Scott, Wilkinson, St. Clair, "Wayne 
 and Harrison gave the volunteers a knowledge of the beauty and 
 fertility of the western country, and may well be said to have been 
 so many exploring expeditions. As soon as the Indian titles to the 
 several portions of the territory were successively extinguished, 
 population poured in, often in advance of the government surveys. 
 The Ohio and the Mississippi were the base, and the Illinois, the 
 Wabash, the Miami, and their tributaries, with their principal 
 streams, were the supporting columns upon which the settlements 
 respectively formed and gradually extended themselves to the right 
 and left from these waters until the intervening country was filled. 
 
 Within little more than half a century population has extended 
 itself northward over the states of Indiana and Illinois, and counties 
 have been organized like the blocks of a building, one upon the 
 other, until now those hitherto wild and uninhabited wastes com- 
 prise the most wealthy, enterprising and populous portions of these 
 two states. 
 
 The order in which these counties were organized and filled can 
 be more properly carried forward in their respective county histories 
 in an unbroken continuity from the place where the writer now bids 
 tlie reader a hearty good-bye. 
 
MAP DFMO^rr^OMEMlf COUNTY. 
 
 T T T' r' E c^4.:>ro et 
 
 o 
 
 R VI W 
 
 HIV. W 
 
 P I'TXAM 
 
HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Bt p. S. Kemnbdt. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 
 
 Montgomery county occupies a part of the great and fertile valley 
 of the Wahash river. It is bounded north by Tippecanoe ; east by 
 Clinton, Boone and Hendricks ; south by Putnam and Parke ; and 
 west by Fountain and Parke counties. It is twenty-four miles north 
 and south, twenty-one miles east and west, and contains 504 square 
 miles or 332,560 acres. From a thorough and minute geological 
 survey of the county, made by Prof. John CoUett, assistant State 
 Geologist, in the year 1875^ we learn, among many other important 
 facts, that the drainage of the whole county takes direction from the 
 dip of the underlying rocks, which is a little west of southwest. 
 The main stream of the county is Sugar creek, formerly called Eock 
 river, on account of the vast ledges of rock that tower above its 
 waters at many points. It enters the county a little south of the 
 northeast comer, and meandering through the central areas passes 
 out six miles north of the southwest corner. There is not another 
 stream in the state which presents to the eye grander scenery than 
 Sugar creek ; and much of it has already been rendered famous by 
 the genius of a young Crawfordsville artist, Walter Sies, whose land- 
 scape paintings are fast becoming the admiration of lovers of the 
 fine arts throughout the country. 
 
 The aiHuents of Sugar creek from the north are Lye creek and 
 Black creek ; and from the southeast Walnut fork, Offield and In- 
 dian creeks. The south and the southeastern parts of the county 
 are drained by Big and Little Raccoon creeks, and the northwest by 
 Coal creek, which flows into the Wabash. These streams are fed 
 the year round by almost countless numbers of cold, clear springs, 
 which burst from their banks or fall in beautiful cascades from ma- 
 jestic cliffs that rise here and there, high above their beds. The 
 channels of most of these streams are deep, and afford the best of 
 drainage foi: the whole county. 
 
 The water-power of Sugar creek is of great importance to the 
 
2 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 county, and, besides running the machinery of Ybunt's celebrated 
 woolen factory at 'Yountsville, four miles west of Crawfordsville, 
 it keeps running, all the year round, numerous grist and saw mills, 
 which produce great quantities of flour and lumber. The disciples 
 of Izaak Walton take from its clear waters many fine bass and other 
 kinds of excellent fish during all the fishing season. 
 
 The surface of the county is pleasantly diversified. The western 
 part, near the principal streams, is broken and hilly; in the north and 
 center it is generally rolling, and at the east and southeast flat and 
 level. Along the northern border are many small and fertile prai- 
 ries. Most of the county was originally covered with the heaviest 
 growth of poplar, walnut, oak, beech, and sugar maple, many groves 
 of the last named being yet preserved, and from which large quanti- 
 ties of molasses and sugar are yearly made. 
 
 The soil of Montgomery county is everywhere fertile, and under 
 good cultivation yields most abundant crops of wheat, corn, oats, 
 hay, etc. The best class of farmers seldom raise less than twenty 
 five bushels of wheat and sixty bushels of corn to the acre ; and 
 often as high as forty of the former and eighty of the latter. Many 
 parts of the county are also noted for fine pastures of blue-grass, 
 which usually ' remain green and luxuriant throughout the spring 
 and summer months ; and the fall growth often makes the finest win- 
 ter pasturage. The farmers of the county are just fairly beginning 
 to learn the great value of blue-grass, and the adaptation of the soil 
 to its growth. 
 
 The following table, published by Prof. CoUett in his geological 
 report, shows the approximate altitude of various points in the county, 
 and also the height above Indianapolis, Terre Haute and Lafayette : 
 
 TABLE OF ALTITUDES, ABOVE THE OCEAN. 
 
 Crawfordsville 749 
 
 Linden 763 
 
 Divide seven miles north of Crawfordsville 799 
 
 Darlington 752 
 
 Mace 788 
 
 New Koss 838 
 
 Ladoga 820 
 
 Waveland 694 
 
 Bodine's mills on Sugar creek 598 
 
 Alamo 839 
 
 Glacial moraines near Alamo 870 
 
 Waynotown 735 
 
 Indianapolis 698 
 
 Terre Haute 494 
 
 Lafayette 538 
 
ALTITUDES ABOVE THE OCEAN. 3 
 
 It will be observed from this table that the general surface of the 
 county is much above Indianapolis, Terre Haute or Lafayette. Its 
 high position and superior drainage constitute a perpetual guaranty 
 against the malignant types of malarial diseases, and the inhabitants 
 of the county, as might be expected, are healthy, robust and full of 
 energy. 
 
 The soil of the county is composed mostly of the drift of the 
 glacial epoch, and is, hence, full of all the mineral elements that 
 make the foundation for the most productive fields. Some of the 
 lands of the county have been constantly cultivated for fifty years 
 without perceptible deterioration. 
 
 Prof. OoUett is of the opinion that Sugar creek once flowed west 
 from a point just above Troutman's mill, where it is crossed by the 
 Indianapolis, Bloomington & "Western railroad. He says : "Sugar 
 creek, east of Crawfordsville, has a general trend of south 70°, to 80° 
 west. A few miles west of the city, and near Yountsville, it is sud- 
 denly deflected to the south and southwest. Above this point the 
 valley bottoms are from one to two miles wide, with well-rounded 
 bluffs supported by great beds of gravel and modified drift, which 
 have been subjected 'to the sorting action of currents of water. 
 Below Yountsville the valley is compressed, rarely exceeding 
 a few hundred yards in width. Its precipitous or overhanging 
 bluffs are often bare and naked cliffs of stone, indicating clearly the 
 recent origin of the chasm through which the stream flows, and the 
 short period during which the bluffs have been exposed to the modi- 
 fying influences of the elements. * * * These facts, without 
 a doubt, demand another and older outlet for Sugar creek; and 
 if the primal direction of the stream was due to the action or 
 results of the first ice-flow, it ought to be found continuing in the 
 original course west from Crawfordsville. Beneath that city, and 
 in an area of several hundred acres west and southwest of it, are 
 beds of coarse gravel and sand, having a thickness of forty to ninety 
 feet, of drift origin, but sorted and re-deposited by fluviatile action. 
 The stream to whose currents its origin was due, at one time must 
 have had its low-water level as high as a terrace on which Craw- 
 fordsville is situated. This was accepted as a hint toward a solution. 
 Starting with this level registered as a datum line on the barometer, 
 it was found that allowing a range of less than forty feet between 
 high and low water in the ancient river, at least two outlets existed, 
 one leading more directly to Coal creek, the other trending gently 
 southwest to Mill creek. The latter is a broad, well defined valley, 
 now of a somewhat swampy nature, and, as far as pierced by wells. 
 
4 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 say thirty to forty feet, built up with mucky silt and quicksand, with 
 beds of fine gravel. It seems evident that the ancient river not only 
 could, but actually did, find egress by this way. This presumption is 
 further sustained by the fact that deep wells, and bores in search of 
 coal, have discovered a great system of deeply eroded river channels 
 in the great level plateau in the south part of Fountain county, now 
 entirely filled up with silt and glacial drift, and which are on the pro- 
 duced line in which .a river of the early glacial period would be com- 
 pelled to seek the Wabash and western drainage. To these deduc- 
 tions we may add that a few fragmentary rocks, which seem to be 
 like the Medina sandstone of Ontario, and two nuggets, of nearly a 
 pound each, of coarse, octahedral Champlain iron ore were found near 
 the present mouth of Coal creek, in the bed of " Old " Sugar creek, 
 if our theory is^correct. These facts, separately, are oi little value. 
 Combined, they hint at the solution of an obscure chapter of na- 
 ture's history, and are briefly thrown together to invite full investi- 
 gation rather than a complete solutioil of the enigma." 
 
 Prof. CoUett is also of the opinion that the waters of Lye creek once 
 ran through what is known as Lye creek swamp, and passed through 
 Black creek, which empties into Sugar creek about two miles below 
 Crawfordsville. The following from Prof. Collett's report on this 
 subject will be of interest to many citizens of the county: "Lye 
 creek enters near the extreme northeastern corner of the county, 
 and after flowing in a westerly direction for six miles, suddenly 
 turns to the south. The ancient valley is plainly continued through 
 Lye creek and Black creek swamps and Black creek valley. The 
 obstructing agent, a vast bed of modified clay and water-washed 
 sands, is at once detected at the head of Black creek, between Lin- 
 den and Crawfordsville. The discharge of water thus denied, the 
 flow from the east would first be confined, and, after reaching the 
 maximum capacity of the basin, be compelled to find a new line of 
 exit to the south by Sugar creek. The obstructing dam of modified 
 materials is the termination of a north-south ridge, and its modified 
 nature demands the sifting and sorting process of flowing water. A 
 lake, now known as Lye and Black creek swamps, succeeded, origi- 
 nally six miles long and from one to three miles wide. The deepest 
 wells in the basin do not find the bottom of the lacustral silt, quick- 
 sand and muck. In opening ditches, drains, etc., many canoe pad- 
 dles, spears and fishing implements have been found, proving that 
 in modern times it was a constant body of water, and a favorite resort 
 for the Indian fisherman. The present channel of Lye creek, from 
 the point where the southern bend commences to its mouth, is by a 
 
ALTITUDES ABOVE THE OCEAN. 5 
 
 deep, narrow valley, with steep, precipitous bluffs, which facts indi- 
 cate the recent origin of this outlet." 
 
 A large ditch, some fifteen feet deep, is now (1880) being dug 
 through the obstructing dam referred to by Prof. CoUett, which, 
 when completed, will drain all the waters of the Lye creek swamp 
 into Black creek, and reclaim a vast body of rich land which has 
 hitherto been unproductive on account of insufficient drainage. 
 
 Perhaps the most remarkable features of the topography of Mont- 
 gomery county are the traces of an ancient lake, which, centuries 
 ago, covered a large part of the central region of the county. Prof. 
 Collett has named it "Ancient Lake Harney," in honor of Hon. 
 James F. Harney, of Ladoga, who has given much attention to it, 
 and who first called Prof. CoUett' s attention to the indications that it 
 once existed. This ancient lake was principally within a circle 
 drawn through Crawfordsville, Brown's valley and Ladoga, and 
 was probably drained by Indian creek and Offield creek into Sugar 
 creek, as the channel of that stream was from time to time gradually 
 cut down through the ledges of rock that constitute its high banks 
 below Tountsville. 
 
 The contractors who constructed the Crawfordsville and Whites- 
 ville gravel road, running six miles southeast from Crawfordsville, 
 found beds of fine road-gravel near the shores of this ancient lake. 
 
 Another remarkable geological feature of the county is the im- 
 mense number of large boulders scattered over its surface. A heavy 
 line of these boulders stretches froin near New Ross, in the south- 
 eastern part of the county, to the Tippecanoe line, above Linden. 
 At some places they are so numerous and so large as to render the 
 fields difficult of cultivation. They were evidently transported 
 hither from the north during the glacial epoch. Prof. Collett says 
 " the earliest glacial flow in America was from the northeast (N. 80° 
 E.), which passed up the St. Lawrence valley, hewing out the basins 
 of lakes Ontario and Erie, and finding discharge by sluiceways into 
 the Ohio, Wabash and Mississippi. A period of intense cold pre- 
 vailed. A mighty mass of solid ice, with its source away toward 
 the pole, many hundreds of miles in width, slowly crept to the 
 south. Its surface was covered with a large amount of angular 
 rocks from overhanging cliffs at the north, and with gravel, sand, 
 etc., such material absorbing warmth from the sun's rays, gradually 
 sunk in the ice, and finally falling through various crevasses and 
 water-ways, reached the bed-rock over which the glacier was pass- 
 ing. The softer materials were ground to powdered clay and sand 
 in this giant mill, while the more obdurate rocks were rounded and 
 
6 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 polished, and survive as boulders and gravel." These are the con- 
 clusions of Prof. CoUett after a long and thorough study of the sub- 
 ject, and they are concurred in by geologists generally. 
 
 An account of the geological features of Montgomery county 
 would be incomplete without mention of the celebrated crinoidal 
 beds in the vicinity of Crawfordsville, on Sugar creek. From these 
 beds have been dug and sold many thousands of dollars' worth of 
 the petrified remains of the crinoida, a genus of ancient radiated ani- 
 mals related to the star-fish. Specimens from this locality now 
 enrich the cabinets of most of the colleges and geological associa- 
 tions of the civilized world. 
 
 Those who wish to study the matters here noticed more fully are 
 referred to the Indiana Geological Keport of Prof. Cox, state geolo- 
 gist, for the year 1875. 
 
 The most noted scenery in Montgomery county is what is called 
 "The Shades of Death," or Pine Plus's, where two small streams, 
 Indian creek and Clifty, run together, about one-fourth of a mile 
 from Sugar creek, into which their mingled waters flow, about fifteen 
 miles southwest from Cravsrfordsville. These creeks, for some con- 
 siderable distance, run at the base of cliffs of solid sandstone, from 
 80 to 150 feet high. At several points the cliffs project almost over 
 the little streams that ripple and murmur in dismal solitude at their 
 base. At the very verge of these cliffs tall, straight pines are grow- 
 ing, with hemlock and cedars, along whose trunks one can see from 
 below as though he were taking sight at the zenith with huge pieces 
 of artillery. The water running down the sides of the cliffs from 
 the surface above has washed out holes of various fantastic shapes. 
 There is one large cavity pointed out to visitors as "The Devil's 
 Fireplace " ; another which has a striking resemblance to a huge 
 fish's mouth, wide open. At one point, fifty or sixty feet below the 
 top of the cliff, entirely beyond the reach of man otherwise than by 
 ropes from above, is a large recess, in which eagles used to build 
 their nests and hatch their young ; and parts of a nest are yet visible 
 from below. Of course this has been given the name of "The 
 Eagle's Nest." No human eye has ever seen it from any nearer 
 point than the bed of the stream, a hundred feet below it. To reach 
 it by any means is so difficult and dangerous that no one has ever 
 attempted it. The eaglets reared in it enjoyed absolute immunity 
 from molestation by the hand of man. 
 
 One of the small streams mentioned at one point folds back, as it 
 were, on itself so close as to leave only a narrow wall between the 
 two parts, not more than fifty feet at the base and from four to five 
 
ALTITUDES ABOVE THE OCEAN. 7 
 
 feet at the top. This gigantic wall rises from 80 to 100 feet high, 
 and to traverse its top is extremely dangerous. It has, however, 
 tempted the daring and adventurous spirit of many a lad and lass 
 without any fatal result. For about a quarter of a mile before the 
 two streams unite they run so close together as to leave only a thin 
 wall between them, which is almost perpendicular on both sides, 
 and more than a hundred feet high. This wall has been named 
 "The Devil's Backbone." To stand upon the top of it, as visitors 
 often do, and look down into the deep chasm below, is a grand but 
 fearful experience. To pass along the top of this huge wall is so 
 dangerous that many who attempt it grow nervous and turn back on 
 reaching the narrowest part. Hundreds of both sexes, however, 
 have gone over it within the last fifty years. It seems almost mirac- 
 ulous that none of them have ever lost their balance and been 
 dashed to pieces on the rocky bed below. 
 
 At one point the creek winds in the shape of a horseshoe, with" 
 the heels close together; and within this circle, which encloses a 
 green valley of an acre or so of ground, are many beech and spruce 
 trees. The cliff towers high around, except at a single point, and 
 on entering it you feel as though you had wandered into some for- 
 tress, built at a time far back in the past when the earth was inhab- 
 ited by giants. To stand in this valley and look at the tall cliff 
 around you, almost as smooth as masonry, with the great pines and 
 hemlocks growing on its very edge, is to behold as grand a specimen 
 of nature's freaks as can be found in Indiana. 
 
 Further down the creek are two other valleys, hemmed in by 
 towering bluffs, and in one of these a cold spring gushes up from be- 
 lowj which is always a welcome object to the weary picnickers who, 
 during the summer season, visit this celebrated resort from all parts 
 of the state. The deep and lonely glens in which Sir William Wallace 
 wandered as a fugitive, after his flight from Elerslie, were not more 
 grand and awe-inspiring than are "The Shades of Death" in Mont- 
 gomery county, Indiana. A short distance below the "Shades of 
 Death" is "Silver Cascade," an object of much interest to those 
 who visit this romantic region. A stream of considerable size, 
 named " Little Kanty," flows from the south through a narrow chan- 
 nel fifty feet deep, worn in the solid sandstone, and tumbles in a 
 broad sheet forty-five feet down an almost perpendicular bank into 
 Sugar creek. This beautiful cascade is nestled away in a cove 
 almost 200 feet in diameter, and whose walls are 100 feet high. 
 Upon the rim of this amphitheater tall oaks and pines grow in 
 abundance, and lock their long arms above the gloomy recess where 
 
8 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 the falling water hums its endless song to the ferns and other wild 
 plants that cover the area below. 
 
 The county authorities have recently commenced constructing 
 free gravel roads, under the supervision of an experienced and intel- 
 ligent civil engineer. The first experiment of this kind was the road 
 from Orawfordsville to Whitesville, six miles southeast on the Louis- 
 ville & Chicago railroad. Soon after the completion of this road, 
 in 1878, another was commenced running from the Tippecanoe line 
 in Sugar creek township to the northeastern terminus of the Oraw- 
 fordsville and Concord turnpike. This is now finished, and is one 
 of the finest wagon and carriage roads in the state. The Linden 
 and Potato creek free gravel road connects with this six miles east of 
 Linden. Another, running from Crawfordsville to the Tippecanoe 
 line north of JSTew Eichmond was completed in the fall of 1880. 
 When this road was first projected it was feared that gravel along 
 the line of it would prpve to be scarce ; but near where the road 
 crosses Black creek immense beds of the best quality of road gravel, 
 from eight to ten feet thick, were found just under the surface of the 
 ground. Similar beds of gravel are scattered throughout the county 
 and will be opened as the work of road-building progresses into the 
 various neighborhoods. 
 
 This good work, so auspiciously begun, will doubtless be contin- 
 ued until first-class free gravel roads connect every part of the county 
 with the county seat. These roads are constructed under a general 
 statute, by means of a tax levied upon all the lands within two miles 
 thereof which are benefited by the roads, in proportion to the rela- 
 tive benefits to the several tracts, which is ascertained by viewers 
 sent out by the county commissioners for the purpose. The plan 
 has proved highly satisfactory, and will no doubt result in a system 
 of county roads equal to any in the country. These roads cost from 
 $1,000 to $1,500 per mile, and are kept in repair by a tax levied on 
 the county. Besides these free gravel roads, there were made, years 
 ago, turnpike or toll roads, as follows: The Crawfordsville and Alamo 
 turnpike, running from Crawfordsville southwest six miles; the 
 Crawfordsville and Fredericksburg turnpike, running from Oraw- 
 fordsville to Fredericksburg, six miles southeast ; the Crawfordsville 
 and Shannondale turnpike, running from Crawfordsville to Shannon- 
 dale, ten miles east; the Crawfordsville and Darlington turnpike, 
 running six miles northeast from Crawfordsville ; the Crawfordsville 
 and Concord turnpike, running from Crawfordsville, a little east of 
 north, six miles ; the Crawfordsville and "Waynetown turnpike, run- 
 ning from Crawfordsville through Waynetown, ten miles to the 
 
EARLY HISTORY. 9 
 
 county line ; the Crawfordsville and Pai'kerburg turnpike, extending 
 from Crawfordsville south to the line between Union and Scott town- 
 ships, six miles ; and the Crawfordsville and Tountsville turnpike, 
 running southwest through Yountsville, and on in the direction of 
 Alamo about seven miles. A proposition has long been discussed 
 to have the county buy all these roads and make them a part of the 
 free gravel road system of the county, and this will probably be 
 done before ma;ny years. The people seem willing to bear the 
 necessary taxation, but the obstacle in the way is the lack of a law 
 directly authorizing the purchase. This will likely soon be supplied. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY. 
 
 Sixty years ago the territory which now constitutes Montgomery 
 county was a wilderness, with no sound but the rippling waters of 
 its streams and the ceaseless patter of its cascades. "Wild animals, 
 such as deer, bears, foxes, wolves and wild cats crept through the 
 dense and tangled undergrowth, in its great forests of walnut, oak, 
 beech and sugar-maple. Owls peered by day from their retreats in 
 its deep shades, and sallied out at night in search of food ; venom- 
 ous reptiles coiled in the green grass of its fertile prairies ; luxuri- 
 ous grape-vines in autumn, black with fruit, hung in festoons from 
 the tall trees ; the delicious paw-paw grew in abundance on almost 
 every square mile ; wild plums turned purple in the summer sun- 
 shine, and nuts of various kinds rattled down year after year on its 
 carpet of fallen leaves. Sometimes the wild animals shared these 
 luxuries of nature with the savages who roamed in search of game, 
 but until the year 1821 no civilized being had gained a residence in 
 what is now Montgomery couhty. 
 
 In February of that year, according to well-authenticated tradi- 
 tion, William Offield with his wife and one child came from a settle- 
 ment on White river, not far from the present town of Martins- 
 ville, in Morgan county, and settled a few rods from the mouth of 
 the little stream which flows into Sugar creek, some five or six miles 
 southwest of Crawfordsville, and which now bears the name of Of- 
 field' s creek. His cabin, which was only 12x15 feet, was on the 
 south side of Sec. 16, T. 18 K, K. 5 W. Mr. Offield moved 
 from the settlement on White river in a single wagon, in company 
 with Thomas Johnson, father of Hon. Archibald Johnson, of Mont- 
 gomery county, Jubal Dewees and John Sigler. All except Mr. 
 Offield stopped in Putnam county, near where Greencastle now 
 stands. A son of John Sigler, named Andrew, accompanied Mr. 
 Offield to Montgomery county for the purpose of taking back the 
 
10 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 wagon which the latter had borrowed from some one in the White 
 river settlement to transport his household goods to his new home. 
 The whole country through which they traveled was covered with 
 undergrowth, in some places so thick that Mr. Offield had to cut it 
 out with his axe to enable the wagon to pass. In going down a 
 steep hill Mr. Offield would construct a brake by cutting down a 
 bushy-topped sapling, making the butt-end , fast to the hind axle of 
 the wagon and leaving the top to drag on the gronnd. Mr. OfBeld 
 came to the White river settlement from Tennessee in 1819, and 
 raised a crop of corn there in 1820. 
 
 His wife's maiden name was Jennie or Jane Laughlin. A second 
 child was born to Jthem while they lived in the cabin on Offield' s 
 creek. An old Indian squaw officiated as doctor on the occasion, 
 there being no doctor or white woman nearer than thirty miles at 
 the time,. This was undoubtedly the first white child born in the terri- 
 tory which now constitutes Montgomery county. Mr. Offield is repre- 
 sented by persons now living, who were well acquainted with him sixty 
 years ago, as a man low in stature, broad and strong, with sandy hair 
 and blue eyes, possessed of great coolness and courage, and strong 
 common sense. Some have reported that he was extremely fond of 
 hunting, and often found in the woods with his rifle and dog. But 
 other accounts, from persons who lived in the family, say he was also 
 an industrious husbandman, with horses, cattle, hogs and sheep, and 
 that his attention was largely given to the care of his stock and the 
 growing of grain, which latter must have been, of course, on a very 
 small scale, as the country about him was mostly covered with 
 thick woods. He was undoubtedly fond of a lonely backwoods life, 
 and had little taste for the ways of a cultivated community. There 
 is reason to believe that he was well educated, for he was elected a 
 member of the first board of county commissioners, and his signar 
 ture yet appears on the records of the board in a plain, smooth, busi- 
 ness-like hand. While yet a m.ember of the board of county com- 
 missioners, in the beginning of 1824, he, together with his family, 
 disappeared from the county. He is known to have remained in the 
 county up to January 1, 1824. In May of that year Henry Kistine 
 was appointed to fill a vacancy on the board of commissioners, the 
 record reciting that the vacancy had been occasioned by the removal 
 of William Offield from the county. So it is rendered certain that he 
 left the county between January 1 and May 1, 1824. It is conjectured 
 by some that he became dissatisfied with the growing civilization of 
 the county, and went toward the setting sun in search of new hunting- 
 grounds, where he could continue to gratify his supposed passion 
 
EARLY HISTORY. 11 
 
 for the chase and the solitude of the wild woods. There are 
 stronger reasons, however, for believing that he quietly packed his 
 scanty supply of household goods in a wagon and wandered back to 
 Tennessee in the same manner in which he came from the White 
 river settlement to Montgomery county. It is remarkable that not 
 even tradition has preserved the least account of his departure from 
 the county. What his immediate destination was, how he went, or 
 why he went, will probably remain forever hidden from the popu- 
 lous community which has grown up around the site of his cabin, 
 on the banks of the little stream which perpetuates his name in the 
 county. It appears from the public records that on July 4, 1822, 
 more than a year after his arrival, he entered the E. ^ of N. E. J Sec. 
 4, T. 18 N., K. 5 W., which lies about half a mile north of Younts- 
 ville, and that on December 31, 1823, he and his wife, Jane Offield, 
 conveyed this land to Jonas Mann. The name of his wife, as at- 
 tached to the deed, is without the cross-mark so often met with in 
 the early deed records of the county. This fact shows that she 
 knew at least how to read and write, accomplishments by no means 
 common with the women of her day in the backwoods regions of 
 Indiana. The consideration stated in the deed is $307.50, which in- 
 dicates that Mr. Offield must have considerably improved the land, 
 having entered it for $100 the year before. It is known that 'he 
 built a cabin on it, to which he removed from his first location near 
 the mouth of Offield' s creek. 
 
 But whether Mr. Offield removed back to Tennessee, or went 
 farther west when he left the county, it is certain that at some time 
 between 1824 and 1841 he went to the wild country beyond the 
 Ozark mountains, in the southwestern part of Missouri, not far from 
 the Arkansas line, perhaps in what is now McDonald county ; for 
 in the latter year Christopher C. Walkup, now a citizen of Montgom- 
 ery county, was tra,veling in that country, and found Mr. Offield liv- 
 ing in a rude cabin in the woods, such as he built at the mouth of 
 Offield's creek in 1821. Mr. Walkup staid over night with Mr. 
 Offield, who related to him the circumstances of his settlement on the 
 banks of the little stream below Crawfordsville, and the birth of his 
 second child there ; and also told him of an unfortunate mistake of his 
 which occurred shortly before Mr.Walkup's visit, and which resulted 
 in the death of one of his best neighbors. He was out hunting, and 
 mistook for a deer the neighbor, who was dressed in deer- skin pants, 
 with the harry side out. Seeing only a small part of him through 
 the thick undergrowth, he shot and killed him dead on the spot. 
 Mr. Offield greatly regretted the occurrence, and said it would be a 
 
12 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 source of sorrowful reflection to him as long as he should live. Mr. 
 Walkup represents Mr. OflBield as a man of more than ordinary intel- 
 ligence, and seemingly about sixty-five years of age. But as he was 
 only about thirty years old when he came to Montgomery county, 
 he could not have been over fifty at the time of Mr. "Walkup's visit. 
 His constant outdoor life in the backwoods had probably given him 
 the appearance of being older than he really was. 
 
 The year following the advent of Mr. Offield quite a number of 
 families came to the county, and in a little while there were several 
 small settlements or neighborhoods on Sugar creek, not far from 
 where the city of Crawfordsville now stands, and a few in other 
 parts of the county. 
 
 On July 3, 1822, John Lopp entered the first tract of land ever 
 sold by the government in Montgomery county. This was the E. | 
 of S.E. i Sec. 14, T. 17 N., K. 4 W., in what is now Scott town- 
 ship. The land now belongs to M. M. Henry. Subsequently, 
 on the same day, however, Austin M. Puett entered the E. i of 
 JSr.E. i Sec. 34, T. 17 IST., K. 4 W., and David Henry entered the 
 W. i of S.E. i Sec. 34, T. 17 K, E. 4 W. On the next day 
 several other tracts were entered in different parts of the county, 
 and during the following autumn quite a number of entries were 
 made, most of them in what is now "Union township. 
 
 On December 21, 1822, the legislature passed an act defining the 
 boundaries of Montgomery county, and providing for the organiza- 
 tion of civil government therein. The county was named Montgom- 
 ery in honor of Gren. Richard Montgomery, of revolutionary fame, 
 who was killed in the assault on Quebec, December 31, 1775. On 
 March 1, 1823, "William Offield, James Blevins and John McCul- 
 lough were elected the first board of county commissioners for the 
 new county, and the local government thus went quietly and peace- 
 fully into operation. The whole number of votes cast at the first 
 election was sixty-one. The county jurisdiction originally extended 
 northward over what are now Tippecanoe, Clinton, Carroll and Cass 
 counties ; eastward to Marion county, southward to Parke, and west- 
 ward to the "Wabash river. 
 
 The first settlers on the lands embraced in what is now the county 
 of Montgomery came principally from Kentucky and Ohio. There 
 were some, however, from Tennessee, the Carolinas and Yirginia, 
 and a few from the eastern states. They brought with them but few 
 of the necessaries of civilized life, and none of its luxuries and re- 
 finements. They lived in rude cabins, built of round logs, with the 
 ends beveled on top and notched underneath so as to fit closely 
 
EAKLT HISTORY. 13 
 
 together and prevent slipping apart. The cracks left between the 
 logs were filled with mud, and the cabin was thus made tight and 
 comfortable. The floors were laid with what are called puncheons, 
 which were made by splitting small logs through the middle, dress- 
 ing ofi" the flat surface with an axe or adz, and notching the under 
 side so as to fit down on the sleepers. The fireplace and chimney 
 were made of split sticks, and lined with a stiff clay, which, when 
 dried, was very durable. A smoke-house, in which to dry the meat, 
 was made in the same manner as the dwelling, except without floor 
 or chimney. The cabin and smoke-house were covered with clap- 
 hoards, which were made by cutting off oak logs about three and a 
 half feet long, and splitting them into thin slabs with what was 
 called a frow, a strong, thick knife, with a handle at one end at 
 right angles to the back, like the handle of a cross-cut saw. The 
 pieces of wood were set on end in a horizontal fork, slightly ele- 
 vated, and the knife driven in with a small mallet. Nails being out 
 of the question, the boards were weighted down with small poles, 
 extending from one gable to the other, and laid on each course of 
 boards. The cabin usually consisted of but one room, and in this 
 the pioneer housewife and daughters cooked their scanty meals, con- 
 sisting, for the most part, of corn-bread and meat. Here the whole 
 family slept at night, and here, on Sunday, they received and enter- 
 tained their company from neighboring settlements. This descrip- 
 tion of the first settler's cabin would be very deficient in the eyes of 
 many without some mention of the proverbial latch-string. The 
 door was always fastened by means of a wooden latch on the inside, 
 to which a long buckskin string was attached and put through a 
 small hole a few inches above, so that one wishing to enter had but 
 to pull the string and thus raise the latch. At night the string was 
 pulled inside, so that the door could be opened only by one within. 
 The contrivance thus answered the place of a latch by day, and a 
 lock by night. When it was said of a settler that his latch-string 
 was always out, it was simply meant that his door was ever in a con- 
 dition to be opened by those in quest of his hospitality. The family 
 dressed in plain goods, usually of their own manufacture. The set- 
 tler who succeeded in getting his cabin built, and a few acres of 
 ground cleared on which to raise his bread-corn, was thought to be 
 in good condition for living. 
 
 In those days mills were scarce, and going to mill was one of the 
 great events of the year. The settler, after returning from one ot 
 these trips, which sometimes occupied a week and more, would 
 spend many evenings around the big fire-place relating to his wife 
 
14 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 and children what he had heard at the mill, for the mill was the 
 great news depot. In those times the settler had no daily papers, with 
 telegraphic news from all parts of the world, as we now have, and 
 it was only those who were more than ordinarily prosperous and 
 well-to-do who conld afford even a weekly paper. But notwith- 
 standing these early settlers had only rude cabins in which to live, 
 plain fare to eat, homespun clothing to wear, and were shut out, in 
 a great measure, from all communication with the world, they were 
 not absolutely unhappy. They gathered often at each other's 
 houses, and spent many pleasant hours at night by the blazing fire, 
 relating their adventures whil-e hunting in the woods, discussing 
 plans for the future, and telling the news received through private 
 letters from the kindred and friends they had left behind them in 
 the old states. They were a simple, honest and sociable people, and 
 long years after their settlement in the county, when they had grown 
 rich and had carriages to ride in, and pianos, and silks, and broad- 
 cloth, and were worried with trade and business and fashions, some 
 of them have been heard to breathe a sigh, and wish for a return of 
 the good old days of the log cabin in the woods, with its humble 
 fare, its generous hospitality, and its sweet peace and freedom from 
 anxiety ; and, in later days, when the question at the school-house 
 debate happened to be "Does a high state of civilization and refine- 
 ment tend to increase man's happiness," the old settlers were always 
 inclined to take the negative, fancying they could find stronger 
 arguments on that side. But, after all, were it seriously proposed 
 to do away with the improvements of the age, throw away our fash- 
 ions and luxuries, and go back to the condition of 1822, it is more 
 than probable that the old settlers would begin to hesitate, if not to 
 oppose such a course. 
 
 A benevolent creator has so made man that he soon forgets the 
 troubles and long remembers the pleasures of the past, and this, in 
 a large measure, accounts for the universal disposition to regard the 
 past as preferable to the present. But few would sigh for a return 
 to their childhood if it were not for the fact that childhood's bitters 
 are all soon forgotten, and its sweets long remembered. 
 
 The traveler passing northward along the road about one half 
 mile from the mouth of Black creek, some three or four miles north- 
 west of Crawfordsville, will see to his right a considerable knoll, 
 known in the neighborhood as "toggle's Hill." It is on the 
 S.E. J of N.E. J Sec. 34. Here, at a very early period, perhaps 
 before the county was organized, a man by the name of Mayfleld 
 murdered one Koggle. The former had suspicions, and perhaps 
 
EAKLT HISTORY. 15 
 
 proof, that the latter had been interfering with his domestic affairs, 
 and meeting him in the woods one day, while hunting, fired upon 
 him at a distance. The ball passed through his knee, and so dis- 
 abled him that he could not walk. Mayfield reloaded his gun, and 
 walking up to where Ifoggle lay piteously begging that his life 
 might be spared, deliberately shot him through the heart. Noggle 
 was buried near the spot where he was murdered, and his grave is 
 yet pointed out by those living in the vicinity. Mayfield fled from 
 the country, and no attempt was ever made to arrest him. This was 
 the first murder ever committed in the county. ~" 
 
 The first court ever held in Montgomery county was organized at 
 the house of William, Miller, in Orawfordsville, on May 29, 1823, 
 with Jacob Call, of Yincennes, presiding, John Wilson acting as 
 clerk, Samuel D. Maxwell as sheriff, and Jacob J. Ford as prosecut- 
 ing attorney. At this session nothing was done beyond organizing 
 the court, ordering a summons for a grand jury for the ensuing term 
 to be held in August, and adopting a seal for the court. After 
 transacting this business, which probably occupied only a few hours, 
 court adjourned "tiU court in coui'se," and Judge Call mounted his 
 horse and rode through the woods back to Vincennes, or to some other 
 county in his circuit, which then extended from Montgomery county 
 to the Ohio river. 
 
 On August 28 following the court convened, for the second time, 
 in Orawfordsville, but the record does not state at whose house. 
 Tradition, however, locates it at the tavern kept by Henry Ristine, 
 father of Ben T. Kistine. The grand jury, for which a summons 
 had been ordered at the previous term, was in attendance, and 
 was composed of the following persons : , James Dungan, Richard 
 M. McOafferty, James Scott, James Stitt, William Miller, Robert 
 Craig, Samuel Brown, Elias Moore, George Miller, Joseph Hahn, 
 Samuel McClung, William P. Mitchell, Wilson Claypool, and John 
 Farlow. Samuel McClung was appointed foreman. The jury was 
 duly instructed by the judge of the court, and retired to diligently 
 inquire of the felonies and misdemeanors which had been com- 
 mitted in the county. After a few hours' session an indictment was 
 returned against John Toliver for assault and battery, and the fore- 
 man answering in response to the inquiry of the judge, that they 
 had no further business before them, the jury was discharged, and 
 allowed 75 cents each as fees. Burwell Daniels was allowed $1 for 
 serving as bailiff to the grand jury, Jacob J. Ford $25 for his 
 services as prosecuting attorney, Samuel D. Maxwell $15 for serv- 
 ing as sheriff, and John Wilson $15 for serving as clerk. 
 
16 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 There was yet no case on the docket for trial, except the indict- 
 ment returned against Toliver, and he seems to have fled, for the 
 record shows that writs were repeatedly issued for his arrest without 
 success. The court remained in session but one day at this term. 
 At the May term, 1824, James Stitt and William Burbridge appeared 
 with their commissions as associate judges, and were duly sworn 
 into office by Judge Call, the presiding judge.. At the May term 
 no indictment whatever was found, and after a session of one day 
 the grand jury was discharged, and the court adjourned till the next 
 term. At the May term, 1825, one Jesse Keyton, was sentenced to 
 the penitentiary for two years for receiving stolen goods. This case 
 doubtless created a profound sensation throughout the county, for it 
 was the first case of any importance ever put on the docket of the 
 court. At the time of the trial of this case the new court-house had 
 been finished and received from the hands of the contractor, and 
 Mr. Keytbn had the honor of going to the penitentiary from a bran 
 new temple of justice. 
 
 The history of the county would be very incomplete without a 
 description of the first court-house. It was ordered at a special 
 session of the board of county commissioners,, held on June 28, 
 1823, and the specifications, according to which it was to be built, 
 were as follows : 
 
 "To be of good hewed logs; to face at least twelve inches; to 
 be twenty-six feet long and twenty feet wide ; two stories high ; the 
 lower story to be nine feet from the floor to the joists ; the upper to 
 be seven ; the roof to be joint shingles, made of poplar timber ; 
 each floor to be laid with good seasoned poplar plank, to be one 
 inch and a quarter thick and seven inches wide ; the lower floor to 
 be square jointed, the second to be tongued and grooved, the third 
 floor to be laid loose, but to lap one inch on each side ; the first and 
 second floors to be well nailed down with suitable flooring nails ; 
 the house to have thirteen good joists in each story, the joists to be 
 three inches by nine, to be neatly sawed ; the under side of the 
 second floor to be dressed together with the joists ; the lower room 
 to have two doors and four windows ; the doors to be good batten 
 doors, and are to be hung with butts, and are to have locks such as 
 are on the doors of the land office ; the four lower windows to have 
 twenty lights in each eight by ten ; to have shutters to open each 
 way, or in the middle, and to be fastened with bolts ; the upper 
 story to have a plank partition across, six feet from the end of the 
 house ; the lower room then to be subdivided by a partition starting 
 at the middle of the house, and extending to the end of the 
 
EABLT HISTOET. 17 
 
 house, -whicli partition is to divide the large room of the second 
 story into two rooms of equal size, each to have a good door 
 with latches, and to be hung iwith butts. There is to be three 
 windows in the upper story of the house, which windows are to 
 have twelve lights in each, to be eight by ten, and are to have 
 shutters and to be finished in like manner to the lower windows. 
 There is likewise to be a good and convenient stairway to ascend 
 from the first to the second story. Each corner of the house is to 
 be raised twelve inches from the ground and to be set on stone. 
 The house is to be chinked and pointed with good lime and sand. 
 All the work to be done in a neat and workmanlike manner. The 
 undertaker to furnish all the materials ; one-third will be advanced 
 by the undertaker giving bond and security for the faithful perform- 
 ance of his contract. The building to be completed by the 20th of 
 May next.'' 
 
 On August 11, 1823, the contract for building the Louse was let 
 to Eliakam Ashton, at $295, and on August 9, 1824, the house 
 was duly finished according to the plans and ' specifications, and 
 turned over to the board of commissioners. It stood on the lot now 
 occupied by Gregg & Son's hardware store, on Main street. A 
 chimney was afterward added Jiy another contractor. It seems to 
 have been overlooked in the first contract, or perhaps for some rea- 
 son, now unknown, was purposely left out of the original specifica- 
 tions. 
 
 It was in this house that the case of the State of Indiana -y.^esse 
 Keyton (spelled in the indictment Keaton) was tried, on May 3, 
 1825. Keyton was charged with receiving and concealing a stolen 
 cow's-hide, knowing the same to have been stolen. The case was 
 prosecuted by Hon. John Law, afterward a member of congress from 
 the southern part of the state, and Joseph Cox and Nathan Hunting- 
 ton appeared for the defendant. The jury was composed of the fol- 
 lowing persons : Joshua Baxter, Keginal Butt, Samuel D. Maxwell, 
 "William Miller, George Miller, Samuel Wilhite, John Stitt, "William 
 Mount, John Eamsap, Edward Nutt, Abraham Miller and Isaac 
 Miller. The presiding judge was not present at this term of the 
 court, and the law was expounded by William Burbridge and James 
 Stitt, the associate judges, both plain farmers (the former a good 
 blacksmith, also), wholly without legal knowledge, except such as is 
 usually acquired by observing persons without the aid of law books. 
 Yet the record does not show that any of their rulings were excepted 
 to, or that a new trial was asked on account of any blunder of the 
 court. The case undoubtedly attracted much attention, as well on 
 3 
 
18 HISTORY OF MOKTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 account of the fact that it was the first case involving a charge of 
 felony ever tried in the county, as because of the eminent attorneys 
 engaged in the prosecution and defense. The settlers came from far 
 and near to witness the trial, and "hear the lawyers plead the case," 
 as listening to the argument of the case was universally designated 
 at that day. It is probable that almost every voter in the county 
 attended the trial, and that the little court-room was unduly crowded 
 with men dressed in either tow-linen or buck-skin pants, homespun 
 linen shirts and coon-skin caps, and without vests or coats. The 
 evidence showed that Henry "Wisehart, who lived northeast of town, 
 had lost a cow, and that certain indications showed she had been 
 killed, skinned and carried away in pieces. About the time the cow 
 was missed a couple of women (Lydia Cox and Rachel Middleton) 
 had seen the defendant going northward on horseback, carrying a 
 cow's hide before him. His trail was followed, and the hide found 
 in a big pond or swamp in the northern part of the county, where, 
 according to tradition, he had cut a hole in the ice and sunk it. 
 But, as the indictment charges the act to have been done on April 
 18, a doubt is raised as to the correctness of the tradition, or. of the 
 date, laid in the indictment. The hide was easily identified as the 
 hide of Wisehart's cow. The jury^ound Keyton guilty as charged 
 in the indictment ; that he be fined in the sum of $6, and be impris- 
 oned at hard labor in the penitentiary at Jeffersonville for the term 
 of two years. The next morning young Keyton (for he was quite a 
 young man) was taken to Henry Kistine's tavern for his breakfast, 
 and it is said by an eye witness that he wept over the misfortune 
 that had overtaken him all the time he was eating his breakfast. In 
 a few days he was conveyed on horseback to Jeffersonville, and put 
 in the prison, where he died before the end of his term of imprison- 
 ment. Before leaving for the penitentiary he disclosed all the fact 
 about the killing of the cow, implicating several other persons in the 
 crime, but as there was no witness but himself they were never 
 arrested. The indictment against Keyton was indorsed by John 
 Beard, as foreman of the grand jury. Mr. Beard afterward gained 
 much celebrity as a state senator from the county. It will be of 
 some interest to the present generation to know that Jesse Keyton 
 was put on his trial the same day the indictment was returned into 
 court, and that, although sixteen witnesses were examined, the case 
 was argued and submitted to the jury, and a verdict returned before 
 night. 
 
 In those early times the court was a great resort for persons fond 
 of exciting scenes, and served the double purpose of securing justice 
 
EARLY HISTOKT. 19 
 
 and affording pastime for the backwoodsmen, who always enjoyed 
 with a keen relish the searching cross-examination, and the sharp 
 and sometimes angry contests between opposing attorneys. A closely 
 contested case of assault and battery offered quite as interesting an 
 entertainment for the early settlers as the play of Hamlet or Richard 
 III does to the theater-goer of the present day. 
 
 At the time of Keyton's trial the population of the county was 
 yet sparse. There were altogether a dozen or fifteen families in 
 Crawfordsville, and most of these were located in the neighborhood 
 of the Whitlock spring, near where Brown & Watkins' mill now 
 stands. West of town, between where "Wabash College now stands 
 and Sugar creek, there was a small settlement, composed of the fol- 
 lowing persons : John Beard, Isaac Beeler, John Miller, Isaac Miller, 
 George Miller, Joseph Cox, John Killen and John Stitt. The last 
 named built a small corn-mill in the deep bottom immediately west 
 of the old Remley homestead, which was run by a branch issuing 
 from the bluff near by. Remains of the old mill are yet to be seen 
 on the spot where it stood. Southwest of town some two miles lived 
 Crane, Cowan (the father of Judge John M. Cowan), Scott and Bur- 
 bridge. East of town lived Whillock, Baxter, McCuUough, Catter- 
 lin and John Dewey. Farther east lived Jacob Beeler, Judge Stitt, 
 W. P. Kamey Sr. , McClafferty, widow Smith and the Elmores. On 
 the north side of Sugar creek lived Abe Miller, Henry and Robert 
 Mcholson, Samuel Brown, Farlow and Harshbarger. 
 
 A few other families were scattered over the county, but the 
 whole population within twenty miles of Crawfordsville at this time 
 was probably less than 600. 
 
 Some time in 1823 the land office,- which had previously been, at 
 Terre Haute, was removed to the infant town of Crawfordsville, 
 and on December 24, 1824, a public land sale was commenced 
 there, which lasted for|Several days. This sale had been extensively 
 advertised, and land-buyers, speculators and persons in search of 
 new homes came from far and near to buy land. The eastern part 
 of the state was well represented, and there were many persons from 
 Ohio and Kentucky, and a few from Tennessee and Pennsylvania. 
 At this sale a large portion of the lands in the county which had not 
 been previously entered were sold at public auction to the highest 
 bidder for cash. The money received at the land oflBce was mostly 
 gold and silver, which was headed up in kegs and hauled in wagons 
 to Louisville, and thence it was shipped up the Ohio, and finally 
 reached "Washington city. "William Miller, the first settler of Craw- 
 fordsville, hauled several loads of money to Louisville from the land 
 
20 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEBT COUNTY. 
 
 office at Crawfordsville, sometimes camping out at night, with no 
 guard to protect the treasure he had in charge. On one occasion 
 Ben T. Eistine and an uncle were employed to take $40,000, mostly 
 in silver. They went in a two-horse wagon, passing through the 
 rough country in Morgan county. At a steep hill near where Mar- 
 tinsville now stands their horses balked, and they were compelled to 
 unload the wagon and roll a part of its burden up the hill with hand- 
 spikes. Sometimes they slept in the wayside cabins at night, leav- 
 ing their wagon with its contents standing in the road. They arrived 
 at Louisville in about a week, and delivered the $40,000 to a govern- 
 ment agent at that place. 
 
 The year following the public land sale settlers came rapidly, and 
 the dense forest began to disappear, cabins were multiplied, numer- 
 ous corn-mills were erected on the smaller streams, school-houses 
 and churches began to appear at intervals, roads were being opened 
 in every direction, and altogether the scene presented was well cal- 
 culated to cheer the hearts of those who had come with hope and 
 courage to build up new homes in the unbroken forest in what was 
 then known as ' ' The New Purchase. ' ' 
 
 The new settlers spent most of their time in the clearings, stop- 
 ping work at intervals only long enough to hunt wild meat for their 
 families. In those days the sugar-maple was thick in almost every 
 neighborhood, and the settlers had no trouble in providing them- 
 selves an abundance of good sugar and molasses, which cost nothing 
 but a few days' labor, with which the young folks mingled much 
 fun. The young men and women of a whole neighborhood would 
 often gather at the sugar-camp at night and have their candy-pullings, 
 and enjoy themselves in harmless sports till a late hour. The cattle 
 and horses ran at large in what was called "the range," and fed on 
 the leaves and wild grasses in summer, and the tender twigs of the 
 undergrowth in winter. 
 
 The county was for a time measurably free from malefactors, and 
 there was but little use for prisons, but this blissful condition did 
 not last very long. "With the influx of people the usual number of 
 thieves and law-breakers of every grade began to make their appear- 
 ance, and the practice of hiring guards to keep such of them as had 
 been arrested from running away was growing expensive, and the 
 commissioners, at their February term in 1824, set about providing 
 " a jail-house " for the county. The written specifications provided 
 for the minutest details of the building, and the whole document, as 
 entered of record in the minutes of the board, is worthy of a place in 
 the history of the county. It shows not only the kind of jail the 
 
EAELT HISTOKT. 21 
 
 fathers thought sufficient to hold the criminals, but likewise how 
 carefully the public business was transacted by the plain and honest 
 servants of the people in those early times. The document is as 
 follows : 
 
 " Ordered by the board that written proposals will be received by 
 this board at their next meeting to be held in May next, for building 
 a jail-house on the northeast corner of the public square in the town 
 of Crawfordsville, of the following dimensions, to-wit: To be 
 24x20 from out to out, the foundation to be laid with stone sunk 
 eighteen inches under ground and to be twelve inches above the 
 ground, making it two feet and six inches deep, and to be three feet 
 wide ; to be of good stone and well laid, upon which there is to be 
 built with logs, to be hewed square twefve inches each way, double 
 walls, with a vacancy of one foot between the walls. Two rounds 
 of the outside wall, together with the sill of the inside wall, are to 
 be of white oak timber ; the timber of each wall is to be twelve 
 inches square and laid close ; the vacancy between the walls is to be 
 filled with peeled poles, not more than six inches thick, and to be 
 straight ; the lower floor to be laid with white oak timber, to be four- 
 teen inches thick ; to be jointed close and to butt up close against 
 each of the outside walls, and likewise to be laid with oak plank two 
 inches thick, nine inches wide, square jointed ; to be spiked down 
 with wrought iron spikes four inches long and one to be driven in 
 each plank one foot apart ; the plank floor to butt up close against 
 each of the inside walls of the house ; the rooms to be nine feet 
 from floor to floor ; the upper floor to be laid with timber fourteen 
 inches thick, close jointed, to extend over each of the outside walls 
 eight inches, on which there is to be plates twelve inches wide and 
 eight inches thick ; the side plates and the ends of the timber of the 
 upper floor on which they rest, are to be boxed over with good 
 plank as usual ; the house to be covered with joint shingles in a 
 workmanlike manner ; there is to be a partition wall to run through 
 the narrow way of the house, to be of hewed timber twelve inches 
 square ; to extend from the foundation sill to the upper floor, and to 
 be close against each of the outside walls and to be jointed close ; 
 the upper side of the floor is to be laid with oak plank one inch 
 thick and nine inches wide, to be nailed down with good flooring 
 nails and the under side of one room is to be ceiled with inch oak 
 plank as above, well nailed on with good flooring nails ; there is to 
 be three doors to the house, the outside door to the outside wall is 
 to be made of inch oak plank, four of which inch planks are to be 
 nailed together, making the door four inches thick, the plank to be 
 
22 HISTORY OB MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 twelve inches wide ; the first plank to the length and width of 
 the door are to be nailed on one on each side in like manner ; the 
 door to the inside wall of the house is to be made of oak plank one 
 inch and a half thick, to be nailed together with suitable nails in 
 every inch square of the door, making the door three inches thick ; 
 the door to the partition wall to be made in like manner to the last 
 mentioned and the plank of each to be not more than twelve inches 
 wide ; each door is to be six feet high and to be two and a half 
 wide ; each door to be well checked and hung with good strong 
 hinges to be in proportion to the other work of the house, and to 
 have strong locks and bolts suitable for a jail of the above descrip- 
 tion. There is to be a window in each end of the house, and at one 
 end the window is to be a foot square, and to have grates in both the 
 inside and outside walls, made of iron of the following description : 
 twelve bars of iron eighteen inches long and one inch square, four 
 bars three feet long and two inches wide, and four bars twelve inches 
 long and two inches wide ; the window on the other end of the 
 house to be one foot deep and eighteen inches wide, to be grated with 
 iron in like manner ; the grates are to be fastened in the windows 
 in a strong and workmanlike manner ; all the work must be done in 
 a workmanlike manner. The undertaker is to furnish all the ma^ 
 terials. The house must be completed by December 31. The 
 undertaker is to give bond. If necessary $200 will be paid by the 
 first of July, the balance when the work is completed." 
 
 The contract to build the jail was let to Abraham Grifiith, who 
 in due time completed it, and received as his pay therefor the sum 
 of $250. It stood only a few yards from the northeast corner of the 
 present court-house. In 182T an inmate under charge of larceny, set 
 fire to the building in order to burn ofi" the lock. He succeeded in 
 making his escape, and left only a pile of ashes to mark the spot 
 where the jail had stood. 
 
 "When the county was first settled, the woods, as already inti- 
 mated, were full of wild animals of almost every kind common in 
 North America. "Whole droves of deer would sometimes come up 
 to the settlers' cabin, take a quiet look at what they doubtless re- 
 garded as an invasion of their rights, and then bound away into the 
 thick undergrowth. Bears frequently carried away the young pigs, 
 and wolves were so abundant and so ravenous as to keep the settle- 
 ments in constant dread of their depredations. But the early settlers 
 were all expert with the rifle, and deer and bears and wolves disap- 
 peared with amazing rapidity. The streams were also fall of fish. 
 Not far from Stitt's mill and just below the high bluff on Sugar 
 
BABLY HISTOET. 23 
 
 creek, on the Uemley place, there was in early times a fish dam or 
 trap at which immense quantities of fish were caught. It is related 
 by an old settler that during one night in 1824: nine hundred fish, 
 consisting of pike, salmon, bass and perch, were caught in this trap. 
 The settlers often carried them by skiff-loads from the trap and put 
 them in Stitt's mill-pond, where they were fed, and from which they 
 were easily taken as they were needed for food. 
 
 When the first settlers came to the county they found the path- 
 way of a most destructive tornado or cyclone, which, in some places, 
 had prostrated the entire forest. It passed about two miles south of 
 the present site of Crawfordsville, sometimes rising above the tops 
 of the ti'ees, and then again descending and sweeping down every* 
 thing in its course. On a part of the land entered by Edmund Nutt; 
 southwest of Crawfordsville, and immediately south of where Johna- 
 than I^^utt's new brick house now stands, not a tree was left stand- 
 ing. At the time Mr. Nutt entered this land a dense new growth of 
 young walnut trees had sprung up, and grown to the height of thirty 
 and forty feet. They were, perhaps, between twenty and thirty 
 years old, which would fix the date of the tornado not far from the 
 commencement of the present century. The precise time will prob- 
 ably never be ascertained. The prostrate forest had not all decayed 
 when the first settlers came to the county, and the locality of the 
 tornado was spoken of for years by them as the fallen-timber coun- 
 try. On the east side of the road, between the residences of John 
 A. Harding and Henry B. Wray, about two miles from Crawfords- 
 ville, may yet be seen a beautiful grove of young timber, which has 
 grown up in the pathway of this whirlwind. The grove is remem- 
 bered as a thicket of young saplings fifty years ago by some of the 
 citizens of the county, who were boys at that time. Traces of the 
 same tornado, or a similar one, were visible fifty years ago in Marion 
 county, between Eagle creek and "White river. The young walnut 
 trees on the Nutt land were all cut down by Mr. Wutt and made into 
 rails with which to fence his fields. Had they been left standing to 
 the present day they would readily have sold for $20 apiece, and had 
 there been but fifty to the acre (and the number has been repre- 
 sented as much greater), they would have yielded more than $1,000 
 to the acre. If human foresight could have reached to the present 
 day, with its numberless railroads and saw-mills, and its ship-loads 
 of walnut logs and lumber going across the Atlantic, what a magni- 
 ficent heritage might Mr. Nutt have preserved for his posterity! 
 But as it was almost impossible for the early settler to get a saw-log 
 to the mill, only a mile or so distant, not even the wildest enthusiast 
 
24 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 could have dreamed of the possibility of ever transporting the huge 
 trees of Indiana to the seaboard, and thence across the ocean to be 
 manufactured into furniture for the titled aristocracy of the old 
 world. 
 
 In December, 1824, Jacob Bell and James Smith, acting under 
 appointment by the legislature, superintended the laying out of the 
 state road from Terre Haute to Crawfordsville, Joseph Shelby, of 
 the former place, acting as surveyor. At the same time Samuel 
 McGeorge, of Marion county, Uriah Hultz, of Hendricks county, 
 and Jahn McCuUough, of Montgomery county, laid out the state 
 road from Crawfordsville to Indianapolis. The opening of these 
 two thoroughfares was considered, at that day, of great importance, 
 though nothing was done toward making highways of them beyond 
 cutting out the trees and putting down a little " corduroy " in the 
 marshy places. This corduroy road, now almost forgotten, was 
 made by cutting down small saplings and placing them close- to- 
 gether, thus forming a floor on which horses could pass over the 
 swamps. It was called corduroy because of its resemblance to a 
 kind of coarse cotten . goods of that name, corded or ribbed on the 
 surface. 
 
 But few of the young people of the county have any idea of the 
 amount of boating done on Sugar creek in early times, and they will 
 be surprised to learn that in the spring of 1824 William Nicholson 
 came from Maysville, Kentucky, to Crawfordsville in a keel-boat of 
 ten tons' burden, which landed at the mouth of Whitlock's Spring 
 branch. It floated down the Ohio to the mouth of the "Wabash, and 
 thence it was rowed up to the mouth of Sugar creek, and finally, 
 after a long and tedious voyage of many weeks, to its destination. 
 Afterward Ben T. Eistine, Esq., and "William Nicholson took this 
 same boat down to Terre Haute for a load of corn. They took on 
 board about 260 bushels, and rowed back as far as the Narrows, 
 some eighteen miles below Crawfordsville, where, in consequence of 
 the low stage of the water, they were compelled to stop. The two 
 then went courageously to work, shelled the whole 260 bushels of 
 corn with their hands, put it in sacks, and by the aid of several 
 assistants transported it to Crawfordsville in canoes, bringing about 
 ten bushels at a load. The boat was afterward brought up empty, 
 and in the course of time rotted at Baxter's Ferry, near the site of 
 the present Louisville & Chicago railroad depot. In those days 
 there was much more water in Sugar creek than now, and no dams 
 to interfere with navigation. 
 
 The first settlers of the county were nearly all addicted to the 
 
EARLY HISTOBY. 25 
 
 use of intoxicating liquors, but about the year 1830, through the ef- 
 forts of Kev. James Thomson, the subject of temperance began to 
 be agitated. At a log school-house a few miles south of Crawfords- 
 ville, a debating society took up the subject and discussed it from 
 night to night, until the interest grew so great the little school-house 
 would not hold the audience ; so it was concluded to continue the 
 debate at the Methodist church in Orawfordsville. The disputants 
 on the side of temperance were George W. Benefiel and Bartis 
 Ewing, and on the other side Ambrose Armstrong, yet living in 
 Scott township, and Gapt. Ben. Hall. 
 
 This discussion gave an impetus to the cause of temperance in 
 the county, which has lasted to the present day. In 184:0 another 
 great temperance excitement prevailed in the county, and many 
 drinking men who joined the Washingtonians at that time are to- 
 day living monuments of the good that is done by such agitations.* 
 They signed the pledge of total abstinence, and have maintained it 
 for forty years, and but for which many of them would long since 
 have been carried to drunkards' graves. There are few counties in 
 the state where the temperance cause is stronger than it is in Mont- 
 gomery. , 
 
 It is difficult to realize that as late as 1832 Montgomery county 
 was so near the western frontier as to be subject to alarms from Indian 
 wars. Yet it is true that in that year the whole county was thrown 
 into the greatest consternation by the breaking out of the Black Hawk 
 war. In the latter part of May of that year rumors reached the 
 Wabash valley that the celebrated Sac chief, with a large band of 
 painted warriors, was on his way eastward, and was likely to pene- 
 trate the settlements as far as Montgomery county. Runners were 
 sent out from Orawfordsville to the commanders of all the military 
 companies in the county, ordering them to assemble their commands 
 at once at the county seat, armed and equipped for a campaign 
 against the Indians. All who were fit for military duty assembled 
 at once. The colonel, major and captains were all on hand with 
 their red and white plumes, red sashes, and shining brass buttons, 
 and the hardy settlers in homespun suits brought their trusty 
 rifles, powder-horns and deer skin bullet pouches. The ' ' big drum, ' ' 
 the "little drum" and fife filled the air with the music of war. 
 The band marched up and down Main street, and all who were will- 
 ing to aid in driving back the merciless savages were requested to 
 fall in behind it. In a short time a company of infantry, one hundred 
 strong was recruited, and a cavalry company of fifty. The infantry 
 was put under command of Capt. Elikam Ashton, and the cavalry 
 
26 HI8T0BT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 under Judge Burbridge. These companies were soon equipped, 
 provided with stores and provisions and started on the campaign. 
 They went through Attica, and marched as far toward Chicago as 
 Hickory Grove, in Illinois, where they met about 3,000 Illinois vol- 
 unteers, who escorted them into camp with honors such as only 
 heroes returning from a victorious campaign are worthy of. But it 
 was soon ascertained that the alarm was groundless, that Black 
 Hawk had been already driven back by a detachment of the regular 
 army and some Illinois militia ; and the Montgomery county volun- 
 teers took up the line of march for Crawfordsville, where they ar- 
 rived after an absence of about fifteen days, and dispersed to their 
 several homes, never again to be disturbed by rumors of war in the 
 Wabash valley. Although the campaign was brief, bloodless and 
 uneventful, it showed the mettle of the early settler of the county. • 
 
 In 1836 there occurred on Sugar creek, at a point just below 
 where Deer & Canine's mill now stands, a most singular murder. 
 Moses Kush and his wife lived in a cabin on a high bluff overshadow- 
 ing the creek. He was an outlaw, and owing to some difficulty be- 
 tween him and his wife, he threatened to kill her, and secretly brought 
 the axe into the cabin for the purpose of executing his threat. Not 
 meeting with an opportunity to do the bloody deed just then, he lay 
 down on the bed and fell asleep, when his wife took the axe he had 
 brought in for the purpose of killing her and split his head open at 
 a single blow. She then went to some of the neighbors, and told 
 them what she had done. A number of persons met at the cabin 
 next day and buried the corpse, but no steps were ever taken toward 
 having the murderess arrested, the neighborhood, perhaps, feeling 
 inclined to thank her for putting the desperado out of the way. The 
 grave of the murdered man is yet to be seen near a large beech-tree, 
 with the words and figures "Moses Kush, 1836," cut in its bark. 
 This grave is an object of interest to the many picnickers who every 
 summer visit the wild and romantic region near the mouth of Indian 
 creek. 
 
 In 1831 the population of the county had grown to more than 
 3,000 and the old log court-house would no longer serve the purposes 
 for which it was built. In fact it was intended only as a temporary 
 court-house, and is so designated in the order under which it was 
 built. If was contemplated from the first that the county would at 
 no distant day build a more imposing structure than the one erected 
 by Eliakam Askton in 182i-6. And so it did. At a session of the 
 board of commissioners held in January 1831, by Daniel Farly, 
 James Sellar and Dennis Ball, proposals for building a new court- 
 
EAELT HISTORY. 27 
 
 house were ordered to be advertised for. At tlie next succeeding 
 session the contract was let to John Hughes at $3,420. This house 
 was a two-story brick, forty feet square with a cupola, and stood on 
 the public square. At the time it was built it was considered a fine 
 edifice. But forty years afterward the public voice demanded a 
 finer, more convenient and commodious house, and it was torn down 
 to make way for the present stately structure. Its bricks are now 
 doing duty in the walls of the Crawfordsville coffin factory. 
 
 It is claimed that the first horse-thief detective company ever 
 organized in the west was a Montgomery county institution. In the 
 fall of 1844 a great many horse-thieves were in the habit of passing 
 through Coal Creek township, and stealing the farmers' horses, and 
 to put a stop to their depredations about fifteen of the leading citi- 
 zens living in the northwest part of the township met at a locust 
 grove on the Meharry land, near the Tippecanoe county line, and 
 formed themselves into an association which they called " The Coun- 
 cil Grove Minute Men." A constitution and by-laws were drawn up 
 by Jesse Meharry and Cyrus J. Borum. At the session of the legis- 
 lature of 1848, through the infiuence of John W. Dimmitt, then a 
 member of the lower house of the legislature from Montgomery 
 county, an act was passed to incorporate this company, and give its 
 members, while in pursuit of criminals, all the power and authority 
 of constables. The charter members whose names are set out in the 
 act are James Gregory, "William Casseboom, Absalom Kirkpatrick, 
 James Meharry, Jesse Meharry, Christian Coon, Elias Moudy, Johil 
 M. Thomas, and Edward McBroom. Though every charter member, 
 excepting Jesse Meharry, is now dead, the organization still exists; 
 and is doing effective service in bringing violators of the law to jus- 
 tice. Its vigilance and activity have well nigh put an end to all 
 horse stealing in the neighborhood. Its present officers are Hiram 
 Palin, president, and G. N. Meharry, secretary. From this organi- 
 zation have started a great number of similar, companies, which are 
 now organized pursuant to a general act of the legislature for that 
 purpose. 
 
 They hold what they call "grand annual meetings ;" that is, rep- 
 resentatives from all the companies meet at some convenient point 
 to make their work more effective by a thorough cooperation. John 
 S. Gray, of "Wayne township, Montgomery county, who is noted 
 wherever known for his sterling honesty and firmness, is president 
 of the grand council. So well are these companies organized, and 
 so thoroughly do they understand their work, that they seldom allow 
 a horse-thief to escape. They not only arrest the thieves, but super- 
 
28 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 intend prosecutions, hunt up witnesses, and, when necessary, employ 
 
 counsel to aid the prosecuting attorney in bringing malefactors to 
 
 justice. These companies are composed of the very best citizens of 
 
 the country. 
 
 A NOTED CRIMINAL TRIAL. 
 
 The most noted criminal trial that ever took place in Montgomery 
 county was that of the state against Jonathan S. Owen, who was 
 charged with the murder of his wife. Owen was a respectable 
 farmer living in the southeastern part of the county. He was a man 
 in good standing, a consistent member of the church, and possessed 
 of considerable property. His first wife had died leaving several 
 children. His second wife was childless and the family relations 
 were not all harmonious. The step-mother and step-children had 
 numerous quarrels, but the testimony in the case did not show there 
 had ever been any unusual difficulty between Mr. Owen and his new 
 wife. She had several times threatened to kill herself on account 
 of the annoyances of her step-children. One night late in 1858 she 
 died very suddenly, and was buried the next day. The suddenness 
 of her death, together with symptoms indicating poison, and other 
 circumstances, soon began to arouse the suspicions of some of Mrs. 
 Owen's relations, and they determined to have a resurrection of the 
 body and a post-mortem examination. This greatly agitated Mr. 
 Owen, and when he found it was fully determined on, he secretly 
 sold his farm, disguised himself and fled to Canada. The post-mor- 
 tem examination showed very conclusively *that Mrs. Owen had died 
 from the effects of strychnine. A large reward was offered for 
 Owen's arrest, and he was finally captured by William H. Schoolen 
 and others and lodged in the Crawfordsville jail to await his trial. 
 Hon. D. W. Vorhees, Col. Samuel C, Wilson, Hon. James Willson 
 and Hon. Joseph E. McDonald, an unusual array of distinguished 
 counsel, were employed to defend him. The trial came on at Craw- 
 fordsville, at a special term of the circuit court, on July 21, 1859. 
 Hon. John M. Cowan, then in the beginning of his career as a success- 
 ful and popular circuit judge, presided. The prosecution was con- 
 ducted by Lew Wallace, K. C. Gregory, and Kobert C. Harrison, the 
 prosecuting attorney. This array assured a judicious, able and un- 
 relenting prosecution. The jury selected and sworn to try the case 
 was composed of the following citizens : Joseph Allen, Jonathan 
 Todd, Samuel Davidson, William Eoyalty, John Blankenship, Jess 
 Vancleave, Joseph Clifton, Emanuel Burk, James Ames, Jacob 
 Bennett, Daniel Vaughn and Silas A. Fardy. The trial occupied 
 several days. The court-room was crowded from day to day, to its 
 
MONTGOMEKT COUKTT IN MEXICAN WAS. 29 
 
 utmost capacity. Aside from Owen's conduct subsequent to the 
 death of his wife, the evidence was barely sufficient to raise a sus- 
 picion of his guilt. It was shown he had bought strychnine at a 
 drug-store in Ladoga some time before the death of his wife, but this 
 circumstance was fully rebutted by proof of the facts that he had 
 requested the druggist to charge it on his account, and that he took 
 it home and gave it to his wife to put away, telling her to be careful 
 with it, that it was poison to kill rats with. But the secret sale of 
 the farm, the flight to Canada, and the agitation under disclosure of 
 the suspicions, all conspired to fix in the public mind an unalterable 
 belief of his guilt, and to this day it would be folly to suggest to 
 any one, who lived in the county at the time of the trial, the theory 
 that Mrs. Owen committed suicide. Yet, a careful consideration of 
 all the testimony, which was fully reported in the county papers, 
 will leave the impression on the judicial mind that the theory is not 
 an unreasonable one. The law books are full of instances show- 
 ing that innocent men have acted under accusations based upon cir- 
 cumstances which they feared could not explain, precisely as Mr. 
 Owen did when accused of the murder of his wife. Few men are so 
 constituted as to be able to remain perfectly calm in the face of great 
 danger. These things were dwelt upon by the attorneys for the de- 
 fense with great ability, and made a profound impression on the 
 minds of the jury. A verdict of acquittal resulted. Great indigna- 
 tion was felt and expressed throughout the county at this unlooked- 
 for outcome of the trial. But it would be impossible for any ra- 
 tional being, who had never heard of the trial, to sit down at this 
 day and read the evidence without feeling a strong doubt of Owen's 
 guilt. After his acquittal he left the state, without money and with- 
 out friends, and has not been heard of since. 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 The spirit that aroused so many of the hardy pioneers at the time 
 of the Black Hawk war had not died out in 1846, when the govern- 
 ment declared war against the Republic of Mexico. Soon after the 
 formal declaration of war Indiana was called on for three regiments 
 of infantry. At that time James Whitcomb was governor, and he 
 at once issued his proclamation calling for volunteers. In a few 
 days the governor's proclamation reached Crawfordsville. News of 
 the battles of Palo Alto and Eesaca de la Palma soon followed, and 
 "these startling events at once threw the whole county into a great 
 excitement. The whig and democratic parties were nearly equal in 
 the county. The whigs had predicted that a war with Mexico would 
 
30 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 follow the policy of tlie democratic party touching the annexation of 
 Texas. There was some party animosity, and the democrats were 
 denounced for involving the country in a war whose sole object was 
 helieved to be the extension of slavery. But the news of Taylor's 
 victories at Palo Alto and Eesaca de la Palma, and a few stirring 
 speeches from Henry S. Lane, the gifted orator and pure patriot, 
 and Judge Isaac Naylor, one of the heroes of Tippecanoe, both lead- 
 ing whigs, soon obliterated all party lines, and the people of the 
 county, with one voice, declared they would stand by the govern- 
 ment, right or wrong. The Saturday after the governor's proclamar 
 tion reached the county a large meeting was held at the old Christian 
 church in Crawfordsvillei Speeches were made by Lane and others, 
 and about twenty volunteers enrolled their names in response to the 
 proclamation. The whole county was then canvassed, and in a short 
 time ninety-eight names were secured. June 10 was designated as 
 the day on which the volunteers would meet at Orawfordsville. 
 They all came prepared for the long and tedious journey to the seat 
 of war, on the Kio Grande. On the 11th an immense concourse 
 assembled in front of the residence of Henry S. Lane, who had been 
 the inspiring genius of the movement for responding to the gover- 
 nor's call. Here Mrs. Lane, in behalf of the ladies of Orawfordsville, 
 presented a beautiful flag to the company. Wagons had been ten- 
 dered by the patriotic farmers to transport the new recruits to the 
 capital. Many sorrowful good-byes were spoken, and the wagons 
 started forward. At Brownsburg the volunteers were greeted with 
 applause, and tendered the hospitalities of the village. The next 
 day they reached Indianapolis. Here the company was organized 
 by the election of Henry S. Lane as captain ; Allan May, first lieu- 
 tenant, and Gustavius A. Wood as second lieutenant. 
 
 Gov. Whitcomb advanced $5 to each one of the recruits, from the 
 state treasury, and on June 15 they marched to Franklin, the county 
 seat of Johnson county, twenty miles south of Indianapolis. Here 
 they were treated with great hospitality by the citizens, and cared 
 for till the morning of the 16th, when they marched to Edinburgh, 
 where they took the cars for Madison. From Madison they went by 
 boat to New' Albany, and there went into camp at a place called 
 Camp Whitcomb, in honor of the governor. By July 5 thirty com- 
 panies had reported, and they were at once organized into three regi- 
 ments. The Montgomery county company was assigned to the Ist 
 reg. James P. Drake was appointed colonel ; 0. C. Nave, of Hend- 
 ricks county, lieutenant-colonel ; and Henry S. Lane, major. There 
 was much dissatisfaction because Lane was not appointed colonel of 
 
MONTGOMERY COUITTY IN THE WAK OF THE REBELLIOK. 31 
 
 the regiment, as he was a favoritte with all the volunteers. They 
 have always believed that under him the regiment would have been 
 assigned a more honorable place, and had a more eventful career. 
 When Capt. Lane was appointed major, John B. Powers took his 
 place as captain of the company. On July 5 the regiment started 
 for New Orleans on steamboats, and landed at the old battle-ground 
 on the 12th- Here it remained till the iTth, when the Montgomery 
 county company was crowded on board a small sloop with another 
 company (some 200 in all), and set sail for the Rio G-rande. Before 
 day on the 22d the vessel struck on the beach of Padre island, four- 
 teen miles north of Brazos, the place to which the 1st reg. had been 
 ordered.- A stiff breeze was blowing, and the night was very dark. 
 Vhen daylight came the troops were all safely sent ashore in boats, 
 with their stores, and went into camp. They remained here eight 
 days, when they were marched to the mouth of the Kio Grande, and 
 finally up the river to Camp Belknap, where they remained for some 
 time. The whole term of service was spent in marching up and 
 down the Kip Grande. The company suffered much from sickness, 
 and at the close of the year for which they had enlisted it was re- 
 duced to one half its original strength. Upon the expiration of their 
 term of service the volunteers (or, rather, so many as had survived 
 the ravages of disease) returned home. Upon their arrival at Craw- 
 fordsville, in July 184Y, a grand ovation was tendered them by the 
 citizens of the county, on which occasion Col. Henry S. Lane, who 
 had been promoted during the campaign, made one of the most elo- 
 quent and thrilling speeches of his eventful life as an orator. 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 Montgomery county, even prior to 1861, was noted as one of the 
 localities of the state where a military spirit had always been more 
 or less fostered. , Lewis "Wallace, who rose to high rank and dis- 
 tinguished himself during the war, had been a lover of the rattling 
 drum, the flashing sword, and the gleaming bayonet, from his boy- 
 hood, and had long kept up a military company in the county. 
 When in April, 1861, Mr. Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to aid 
 in enforcing the law, young Wallace, for he was then quite a young 
 man, was practi-cing his profession in Crawfordsville ; but he at once 
 threw down his pen and law books and took up his sword to defend 
 the Union. He had served in the Mexican war when very young, 
 and was not altogether a stranger to the bivouac and the march. 
 His example, together with that of Mahlon D. Manson, another 
 Montgomery county veteran of the Mexican war, who also distin-^ 
 
32 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 guished himself in the war of the rebellion, soon filled the whole 
 county with an enthusiastic spirit of devotion to the old flag of the 
 fathers. 
 
 The night after the President's call for 76,000 volunteers was is- 
 sued, a large and enthusiastic meeting was held at McClelland's Hall, 
 in Crawfordsville, at which the venerable Judge Isaac Naylor pre- 
 sided. Resolutions were adopted denouncing the rebellion as wicked 
 and inexcusable, proclaiming that the public authorities were as much 
 bound to put it down as they were to repel a foreign invader, and 
 offering all the aid the county could render to make the war for the 
 Union successful. The third day after this meeting a company was 
 fully organized and ready to go into camp. The morning of April 
 18, 1861, the time set for its departure, will be long remembered in 
 Crawfordsville. "War was a new thing to most of the people, and 
 thousands had gathered in the streets of the town to honor the brave 
 and patriotic young men who were to be the first to meet the haz- 
 ards of battle. A little while before the arrival of the train which 
 was to bear them away the company was drawn up in line on Green 
 street, between Main and Market, and James H. Benefiel passed 
 along presenting to each member thereof a copy of the New Testa- 
 ment. After this the company marched to the depot of the then New 
 Albany & Salem railroad, followed by nearly the entire population 
 ol the town and hundreds from the country. It was a sad and 
 solemn occasion. The patriotic father, with a heavy heart, bade his 
 manly boy good-bye. The mother, with a mother's tender love, 
 pressed him to her bosom, as she feared, for the last time ; and the 
 coy maiden, who had pledged him her affections, with bowed head 
 and palpitating heart, whispered in his ear her wish for his safe re- 
 turn. It was not long till the train came, the boys were soon on 
 board, the train moved off, handkerchiefs were waved, and the vast 
 concourse in solemn silence went back to their several homes, little 
 dreaming that such scenes were to be repeated till 2,000 of the 
 county's patriotic sons should volunteer to join the ranks of the na- 
 tional army. The next day a company left Ladoga, and soon 
 another from Crawfordsville followed. And from this time till the 
 old fiag of the Union waved in triumph from the ramparts of Sum- 
 ter again the county promptly met every draft upon her patriotism. 
 During the long struggle many a field drank freely of the best blood 
 of the county, and many a household yet mourns the loss of a dear 
 boy or a father who gave his life to preserve what we to-day enjoy, 
 a government strong enough to be mercifal to its enemies, upright 
 
P S. Kennedy 
 
MOKTGOMBKT COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE KEBELLION. 33 
 
 enough to gain the respect of all the nations of the earth, and 
 mild enough to retain the undying love of its own citizens. 
 
 The long list of Montgomery county soldiers is given in the fol- 
 lowing pages. Great pains have been taken to make the list full 
 and accurate, yet it is possible that some names which ought to have 
 been inserted may have been accidentally omitted. 
 
 Roll of Officers fijom Montgombet County in the Civil "Wab, 
 
 ■ 1861-5. 
 
 TENTH REGIMENT— THREE MONTHS. 
 
 Colonel M. D. Manson, commissioned captain April lY, '61; 
 mustered in April 26, '61; promoted major April 27, '61 ; promoted 
 colonel May 10, '61 ; promoted brigadier-general. 
 
 Captain James H. Watson, commissioned April 26, '61; mustered 
 out, term expired. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 
 Captain William H. Morgan, commissioned June 24, '61; mus- 
 tered out, term expired. Reentered service as lieutenant-colonel 
 25th regiment. 
 
 ELEVENTH REGIMENT— THREE MONTHS. 
 
 Colonel Lewis Wallace, commissioned April 26, '61 ; mustered 
 out, term expired. Reentered service as colonel 11th regiment in 
 three-years service. 
 
 Surgeon Thomas W. Fry, commissioned April 26, ' 61 ; mustered 
 out, term expired. Reentered service as surgeon 11th regiment in 
 three-years service. 
 
 ■ COMPANY G. 
 
 Henry M. Carr, commissioned April 22, '61; mustered in April 
 25, '61; mustered out, term expired. Reentered service as captain 
 in 11th regiment, three-years service. 
 
 First Lieutenant H. B. Wilson, commissioned April 22, '61 ; 
 mustered in April 26, '61 ; mustered out, term expired. 
 
 Second Lieutenant John F. Caven, commissioned April 23, '61 ; 
 mustered in April 25, '61; mustered out, term expired. Reentered 
 service as first lieutenant 11th regiment, three-years service. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 Captain Lewis Wallace, commissioned April 18, '61 ; mustered in 
 April 25, '61 ; promoted colonel. 
 
 Captain Isaac 0. Elston, commissioned April 27, '61 ; mustered 
 in April 25, '61 ; mustered out, term expired. Reentered service as 
 captain in 11th regiment, three-years service. 
 3 
 
34 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEET OOUNTT. 
 
 First Lieutenant A. C. Wilson, commissioned April 18, '61 
 mustered in April 26, '61 ; mustered out, term expired. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Isaac C. Elston, commissioned April 18, '61 
 mustered in April 25, '61 ; promoted captain. 
 
 Second Lieutenant John "W. Ross, commissioned April 27, '61 
 mustered in April 25, '61 ; mustered out, term expired. 
 
 TENTH REGIMENT— THREE YEARS. 
 
 Colonel Mahlon D. Manson, commissioned May 10, 61 ; mustered 
 in September 18, '61 ; promoted brigadier-general TJ. S. Vols. March 
 24, '62. 
 
 Chaplain George T. Dougherty, mustered in September 18, '61 ; 
 resigned. 
 
 Surgeon Joseph S. Allen, commissioned September 21, '61 ; mus- 
 tered in September 18, '61 ; resigned October 3, '62. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 
 Captain James H. Vanarsdall, commissioned September 2, '61 ; 
 mustered in September 18, '61 ; resigned June 1, 62. 
 
 Captain Frank Goben, commissioned June 8, '62; mustered in 
 July 5, '62 ; resigned August 9, '64. 
 
 Captain William Colwell, commissioned August 10, '64 ; mus- 
 tered out as first lieutenant September 19, '64, term expired. 
 
 First Lieutenant Frank Goben, commissioned September 2, '61 ; 
 mustered in September 18, '61 ; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant William Colwell, commissioned June 8, '62 ; 
 mustered in July 6, '62 ; promoted captain ; mustered out Septem- 
 ber 19, '64. 
 
 First Lieutenant Robert P. Snyder, commissioned August 10, 
 '64; mustered out as second lieutenant September 19, '64, term 
 expired. 
 
 Second Lieutenant William Colwell, commissioned September 2, 
 '61 ; mustered in September 18, '61 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Isaac F. Miller, commissioned June 8, '62 ; 
 died July 1, '62, at Corinth, Mississippi. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Robert P. Snyder, commissioned July 1, '62; 
 mustered in October 23, '62; promoted first lieutenant; mustered 
 out September 19, '64. 
 
 ELEVENTH REGIMENT— THREE YEARS. 
 Colonel Lewis Wallace, commissioned August 31, '61; mustered 
 in August 31, '61 ; promoted brigadier-general U. S. Vols. Septem- 
 ber 3, '61. 
 
MONTGOMERY COTJlfTT IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 35 
 
 Major Isaac C. Elston, commissioned September 3, '61; mus- 
 tered in September 3, '61 ; resigned April 8, '62. 
 
 Surgeon Thomas W. Fry, commissioned August 31, '61; mus- 
 tered in August 31, '61 ; appointed brigade surgeon U. S. Yols. 
 September 28, '61. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 
 Thomas 0. Pursell, commissioned October 4, '62; mustered in 
 October 10, '62; mustered out ISTovember 28, '64, term expired. 
 
 COMPANY c. 
 
 Captain James K. Eoss, commissioned October 28, '63 ; mus- 
 tered in December 19, '63; resigned May 17, '64; promoted major 
 and aid-de-camp. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 
 First Lieutenant Thomas W. Fry, commissioned January 13, '62 ; 
 resigned February 23, '63. 
 
 Second lieutenant Thomas W. Fry Jr.; commissioned December 
 4, '61 ; mustered in December 4, '61 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 COMPANY ¥.' 
 
 First Lieutenant Thomas B. Woods, commissioned October 19, 
 '62 ; mustered in October 21, '61 ; transferred to Co. G. 
 
 First Lieutenant "William W. Hyatt, commissioned January 28, 
 '65 ; mustered in May 1, '65 ; mustered out July 26, '65, term ex- 
 pired. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Joshua Budd, commissioned October 3, '62 
 mustered in October 1, '62 ; resigned February 23, '63 ; 
 
 Second Lieutenant W. W. Hyatt, commissioned August 1, '64 
 mustered in April 11, '65 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Charles Kroff", commissioned January 28, '65 
 mustered in May 2, '65 ; mustered out July 26, '66, term expired. 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 
 Captain Henry M. Carr, commissioned August 24, '61 ; mustered 
 in August 31, '64; promoted colonel 68th reg. November 14, '61. 
 
 Captain John F. Caven, commissioned November 20, '61 ; mus- 
 tered in November 20, '61; mustered out November 23, '64, term 
 expired. 
 
 .First Lieutenant John F. Caven, commissioned. August 24, '61; 
 mustered in August 31, '61 ; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant Milton Clark, commissioned November 20, '61 ; 
 mustered in November 20, '61 ; resigned 1, '62. 
 
 First Lieutenant Thomas B. Woods, commissioned October 19, 
 '62; mustered in October 21, '62; honorably discharged January 
 27, '65. 
 
36 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 First Lieutenant Eabert W. Matthews, commissioned January 28, 
 '65, mustered in May 1, '65 ; promoted captain Co. C. 
 
 First Lieutenant Alexander Richardson, commissioned February 
 1, '65; mustered in May 12, '65; mustered out July 26, '65, term 
 expired. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Milton Clark, commissioned August 31, '61J; 
 mustered in August 31, '61 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Thomas B. "Woods, commissioned August 2, 
 '62 ; mustered in August 1, '62 ; promoted first lieutenant Co. F. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Thomas W. Durham, commissioned jJune 14, 
 '63 ; mustered in September 1, '63 ; resigned January 10, '64. 
 
 Second Lieutenant George A. Fielding, commissioned January 1, 
 '65; mustered in May 1, '66; mustered out July 26, '65, term ex- 
 pired. 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 
 Randolph Kellogg, commissioned May 5, '63; musteredfin May 
 6, '63 ; honorably discharged January 20, '65. 
 
 Randolph Kellogg, commissioned March 22, '65 ; revoked. 
 
 First Lieutenant James R. Ross, commissioned August 24, '61 ; 
 mustered in August 24, '61 ; promoted captain Co. C. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 Captain Isaac C. Elston, commissioned August 31, '61; mustered 
 in August 31, '61; promoted major. 
 
 Captain John W. Ross, commissioned November 20, '61 ; mus- 
 tered in November 25, '61 ; mustered out November 25, '64, term 
 expired. 
 
 Captain Joseph B. Simpson, commissioned May 5, '63 ; mustered 
 in May 5, '63; promoted captain. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Randolph Kellogg, commissioned August 24, 
 '61 ; mustered in August 31, '61 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 FIFTEENTH REGIMENT— THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 
 Captain George W. Lamb, commissioned April 24, '61; mustered 
 in June 14, '61 ; resigned February 9, '63; reentered service as first 
 lieutenant 160th. 
 
 Captain William Marks, commissioned February 10, '63; mus- 
 tered in March 19, '63 ; mustered out June 25, '64, term expired. 
 
 First Lieutenant George W. Riley, commissioned April 24, '61; 
 mustered in June 14, '61 ; dishonorably dismissed January 25, '63, 
 
 First Lieutenant William M. Graham, commissioned February 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IK THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 37 
 
 10, '63 ; mustered in March 19, '63 ; mustered out June 25, '64, term 
 expired. 
 
 Second Lieutenant William B. Kennedy, commissioned April 24, 
 '61 ; mustered in June 14, '61 ; resigned February 6, '62. 
 
 Second Lieutenant "William Marks, commissioned February 15, 
 '62; mustered in April 3, '62; promoted captain. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Jobn I. Harvey, commissioned February 10, 
 '63 ; mustered in March 19, '63 ; mustered out June 25, 1864, term 
 expii'ed. 
 
 FORTIETH REGIMENT. 
 
 Chaplain George W. Stafford, commissioned September 9, '63; 
 mustered in September 11, '63 ; resigned June 9, '64. 
 
 COMPAXT c. 
 
 Captain John K. Connell, commissioned April 22, '63 ; mustered 
 in June 2, '63; resigned January 11, '64. 
 
 Captain James E.. Hanna, commissioned January 18, '64; died as 
 first lieutenant. 
 
 Captain Joseph W. O'Brien, commissioned July 1, '65. 
 
 First Lieutenant, John E. Connell, commissioned December 8, 
 '62; mustered in December 3, '62; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant James M. Hanna, commissioned April 22, '63 ; 
 mustered in June 2, '63 ; died February 28, '64. 
 
 Fii'st Lieutenant Joseph A. Stillwell, commissioned February 
 29, '64; mustered in April 27, '64; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant Joseph W. O'Brien, commissioned July 1, '64; 
 mustered in September 1, '64 ; promoted captain. 
 
 Second Lieutenant John K. Connell, commissioned September 
 15, '62 ; mustered in September 15, '62 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant James M. Hanna, commissioned December 
 3, '62 ; mustered in December 3, '62 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 FIFTY-SECOND REGIMENT. 
 
 Major Henry M. Carr, commissioned October 18, '62; mustered 
 in October 23, '62 ; resigned June 28, '64, disability. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 
 Captain Henry M. Carr, commissioned July "22, '62; mustered 
 in August 16, '62 ; promoted major. 
 
 Captain Oliver P. Mahan, commissioned October 19, '62; mus- 
 tered in October 24, '62; resigned February 16, '63. 
 
 Captain "William P. Herron, commissioned February lY, '63; 
 mustered in February 24, '63; mustered out with regiment. 
 
38 HISTOBY OF MOKTGOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 First Lieutenant Oliver P. Mahan, commissioned July 22, '62; 
 mustered in August 16, 62 ; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant Wesley C. Gerard, commissioned October 19, 
 '62; mustered in October 24, '62; resigned February 2, '63. 
 
 First Lieutenant William P. Herron, commissioned February 2, 
 '63; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant Eobert Maxwell, commissioned February 17, 
 '63; mustered in February 24, '63; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Wesley 0. Gerard, commissioned July 22, 
 '62; mustered in August 16, '62; promoted first Lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant William P. Herron, commissioned October 19, 
 '62; mustered in October 24, '62; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Robert Maxwell, commissioned February 2, 
 '63 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Charles M. Kobinson, commissioned February 
 17, '63; mustered in February 24, '63; resigned April 18, '64. 
 
 Second Lieutenant I^elson Gaskell, commissioned May, 1, '64; 
 mustered in January 12, '65 ; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 
 Captain Harvey B. Wilson, commissioned August 14, '62; mus- 
 tered in August 14, '62 ; resigned December 14, '62. 
 
 Captain Lawson S. Kilborn, commissioned December 16, '62; 
 mustered in February IT, '63; promoted major. 
 
 First Lieutenant Lawson S. Kilborn, commissioned August 14, 
 '62; mustered in August 14, '62; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant John I^. Insley, commissioned December 15, 
 '62; mustered in December IT, '62; resigned February 9, '63. 
 
 First Lieutenant Lewis C. Priest, commissioned February 10, 
 '63 ; mustered in April 9, '63 ; died June 24, '64. 
 
 Second Lieutenant John N. Insley, commissioned August 14, 
 '62; mustered in August 14, '62; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Lewis C. Priest, commissioned December 15, 
 '62 ; mustered in December 17, '62 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant John W. Plunkett, commissioned January 1, 
 '65 ; mustered in June 21, '65 ; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 . FIFTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT. 
 Colonel Henry M. Carr, commissioned November 14, '61; mus- 
 tered in December 17, '61; resigned June 17, '62. 
 
 OOMPAIirY K. 
 
 Captain Walter B. Carr, commissioned November 15, '61 ; mus- 
 tered in December 22, '61; dismissed May 1, '62. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 39 
 
 FOURTH CAVALRY, SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT^THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 Captain John Jackson, commissioned March 1, '64; died in rebel 
 prison, Columbia, November 20, '64, as first lieutenant. 
 
 First Lieutenant John Jackson, commissioned February 15, '63 ; 
 mustered in April 24, '63 ; promoted captain. 
 
 Second Lieutenant John Jackson, commissioned August 12, '62 j 
 mustered in August 22, '62 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 EIGHTY-SIXTH REGIMENT— THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY F. 
 
 Captain Wilson H. Layman, commissioned August 24, '64; mus- 
 tered in November 7, '64; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 First Lieutenant "Wilson H. Layman, commissioned October 24, 
 '63; mustered in January 1, '64; promoted captain. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Wilson H. Layman, commissioned January 10, 
 '63 ; mustered in April 3, '63; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 First Lieutenant John Gilliland, commissioned August 22, '62 ; 
 mustered in September 4, '62 ; returned as a deserter to 61st Illinois 
 volunteers by sentence of court-martial. 
 
 First Lieutenant Thomas H. B. McCain, commissioned August 1, 
 '64; mustered in September 5, '64; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 
 Captain William M. Southard, commissioned August 23, '62; 
 mustered in September 4, '62; killed at battle of Mission Ridge 
 November 25, 1863. 
 
 Captain Robert B. Spillman, commissioned March 31, '64 ; 
 mustered in June 26, '64; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 First Lieutenant William H. Lynn, commissioned August 23, 
 '62; mustered in September 4, '62; resigned November 30, '62. 
 
 First Lieutenant John M. Yount, commissioned November 30, 
 '62; mustered in November 30, '62; discharged March 4, '64. 
 
 First Lieutenant Hugh Eeilley, commissioned August 1, '64; 
 mustered in September 5, '64 ; mustered out with regiment 
 
 Second Lieutenant John M. Yount, commissioned August 23, 
 '62; mustered in September 4, 62; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Tighlman A. Howard, commissioned June 1, 
 '65 ; mustered out as first sergeant with regiment. 
 
40 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 FIFTH CAVALRY (NINETIETH) REGIMENT— THREE TEARS. 
 
 COMPANY L. 
 
 First Lieutenant Irvin A. McCnllongh, commissioned March 5, 
 '64; mustered in March 18, '64; mustered out June 16, '65. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH REGIMENT— MINUTE MEN. 
 
 Quartermaster George W. Lamb, commissioned July 12, '63; 
 mustered in July 12, '63 ; mustered out July 17, '63. 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 
 Captain John W. Eamsey, commissioned July 11, '63; mustered 
 in July 11, '63 ; mustered out July IT, '63. 
 
 First Lieutenant William S. Fry, commissioned July 11, '63; 
 mustered in July 11, '63 ; mustered out July 17, '63. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH REGIMENT— MINUTE MEN. 
 COMPANY K. 
 
 Captain Joseph Bel ton, commissioned July 10, '63 ; mustered in 
 July 10, '63 ; mustered out July 15, '63. 
 
 First Lieutenant John Hickman, commissioned July 10, '63 ; 
 mustered in July 10, '63 ; mustered out July 15, '63. 
 
 Second Lieutenant William Kerr, commissioned July 10, '63; 
 mustered in July 10, '63 ; mustered out July 15, '63. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTIETH REGIMENT— THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 
 Captain Charles W. Elmore, commissioned December 30, '63; 
 mustered in January 30, '64; resigned September 30, '64. 
 
 Captain Ebenezer P. McClaskey, commissioned September 30, 
 '64; mustered in November 13, '63. 
 
 First Lieutenant E. P. McClaskey, commissioned December 80, 
 '63; mustered in January 30, '64; promoted captain. 
 
 ■ First Lieutenant Esaias H. Cox, commissioned September 30, 
 '64; mustered in November 22, '64. 
 
 Second Lieutenant John S. French, commissioned December 30, 
 '63; mustered in January 30, '64; promoted assistant surgeon. 
 
 Second Lieutenant E. H. Cox, commissioned May 1, '64; mus- 
 tered in July 10, '64 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 Second Lieutenant William H. Eyker, commissioned September 
 30, '64; canceled. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUXTT IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 41 
 COMPANY C. 
 
 Captain John M. Barcns, commissioned January 30, '64; mus- 
 tered in Marcli 19, '64; promoted major. 
 
 Captain Jacob M. Barcus, commissioned December 1, '64; mus- 
 tered in December 26, '64. 
 
 First Lieutenant Jacob H. Barcus, commissioned January 30, '64; 
 mustered in January 30, '64; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant John E. Shockley, commissioned December 2, 
 '64; mustered in March 1, '65; dismissed for desertion August 16, 
 '65. 
 
 First Lieutenant Thomas R. Irons, commissioned August 16, '66. 
 
 Second Lieutenant James "W. Plunkett, commissioned January 
 30, '64; mustered in March 19, '64; honorably discharged August 
 11, '64. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Thomas R. Irons, comtiiissioned July 1, '65; 
 mustered in July 20, '65 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 ELEVENTH CAVALRY {126th) REGIMENT — THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 
 Captain Robert H. Heckathorn, commissioned August 28, '64; 
 mustered in ISTovember 10, '64; died December 26, '64, of wounds 
 received in action at Nashville, Tennessee. 
 
 First Lieutenant R. H. Heckathorn, commissioned January 1, 
 '64; mustered in January 1, '64; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant Benjamin C. Miller, commissioned March 1, '66 ; 
 mustered in April 1, '65 ; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIFTH REGIMENT— ONE HUNDRED 
 
 DAYS. • 
 
 Surgeon James A. McClelland, commissioned May 25, '64; mus- 
 tered in May 26, '64 ; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 Assistant Surgeon James A. Bei-ryman, commissioned May 25, 
 '64; mustered in May 25, '64; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 COMPANY c. 
 
 Captain John K. Harrison, commissioned May 15, '64; mustered 
 in May 23, '64'; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Lewis Barnet, commissioned May 16, '64; 
 mustered in May 23, '64; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 COMPANY F. 
 
 Captain Alfred J. McClelland, commissioned May 18, '64; mus- 
 tered in May 23, '64; mustered out with regiment. 
 
42 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 First Lieutenant Albert Calm, commissioned May 18, '64; mus- 
 tered in May 23, '64; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Kobert B. F. Peirce, commissioned May 18, 
 '64; mustered in May 23, '64; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 Captain "Walter B. Carr, commissioned May 21, '64; mustered 
 in May 23, '64; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 Second Lieutenant John A. Shanklin, commissioned May 21, '64; 
 mustered in May 23, '64 ; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT— ONE YEAR. 
 Surgeon William C. Hendricks, commissioned March 16, '65; 
 mustered in April 15, '66 ; resigned July 18, '65. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH REGIMENT — ONE YEAR. 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 
 First Lieutenant Thomas Hartness, commissioned July 1, '65; 
 mustered in July 2Y, '66 ; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Thomas Hartness, commissioned March 1, 
 '65 ; mustered in March 2, '66 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 
 Captain Frank L. Hamilton, commissioned March 1, '65 ; mus- 
 tered in March 2, '65 ; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 First Lieutenant George W. Lamb, commissioned March 1, '65; 
 mustered in March 2, '65 ; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FOURTH REGIMENT— ONE YEAR. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 
 First Lieutenant "William H. McNeeley, commissioned April 20, 
 '65; mustered in April 21, ^66; discharged June 21, '65. 
 
 First Lieutenant George T. Dorsey, commissioned July 1, '66; 
 mustered in July 21, '66 ; mustered out with regiment. 
 
 Second Lieutenant George T. Dorsey, commissioned April 20, 
 '66 ; mustered in April 21, '65 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 NINTH BATTERY, LIGHT ARTILLERY. 
 
 Captain Noah S. Thompson, commissioned January 1, '62; mus- 
 tered in February 25, '62; mustered out August 18, '62, by S. 0. 
 No. 196; restored April T, '63, by S. O. No. 169; honorably dis- 
 charged June 8, '63. 
 
 Captain George K. Brown, commissioned June 9, '63 ; mustered 
 in July 1, '63 ; mustered out March 6, '65 ; term expired. 
 
MOITTGOMBET COUNTY IN THE TVAK OF THE REBELLION. 43 
 
 First Lieutenant George K. Brown, commissioned January 1, 
 '62 ; mustered in February 25, '62 ; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant Jotn "W". "Wellshear, commissioned January 1, 
 '62; mustered in February 25, '62; resigned July 8, '62; recom- 
 missioned. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Samuel Gr. Oalfee, commissioned June 16, '63 ; 
 mustered in July 1, '63 ; mustered out March 6, '65, term expired. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH BATTERY, LIGHT ARTILLERY. 
 
 Captain Eli Lilly, commissioned August 6, '62 ; mustered in Au- 
 gust 4, '62; resigned June 3, '64, to accept promotion of major in 
 Ninth Cavalry. 
 
 Captain Joseph A. Scott, commissioned April 5, '64; resigned 
 as first lieutenant April 24, '64, on account of wounds received in 
 action. 
 
 First Lieutenant Joseph A. Scott, commissioned August 6, '62; 
 mustered in August 4, '62 ; promoted captain. 
 
 First Lieutenant Martin J. Miller, commissioned April 25, '64; 
 mustered in May 15, '64; killed in action near Selma, Alabama, 
 April 2, '65. 
 
 Second Lieutenant Martin J. Miller, commissioned August 10, 
 '63; mustered in November 16, '63; promoted 'first lieutenant. 
 
 TWENTY-SECOND BATTERY, LIGHT ARTILLERY. 
 
 Captain Edward W. Nicholson, commissioned July 6, '64; mus- 
 tered in August 26, '64 ; mustered out with battery. 
 
 First Lieutenant Edward W. Mcholson, commissioned October 
 25, '62; mustered in December 15, '62; promoted captain. 
 
 EoLL OF Enlisted Men From Montgomery County in the Civil 
 
 War 1861-5. 
 TENTH REGIMENT— THREE MONTHS. 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Wasson, Jas. H., mustered in April 34, '61 ; mustered out Aug. 6, '61. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Greene, Leroy W., mustered in April 24, '61 ; mustered out Aug. 6, '61. 
 Martin, Thos. S. « 
 
 Davis, Isaac « " " 
 
 corporals. 
 'Hartman, David W., mustered in April 34, '61; mustered out Aug. 3, '61. 
 Powell, Thos. M. « " " " 
 
 Tammany, Jas. H. 
 Simpson, Joseph " " « " 
 
44 HIBTOBT OF MOlirTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 MtrsiciA2srs. 
 
 Gray, Andrew, mustered in April 34, '61 ; mustered out Aug. 6, '61. 
 
 Ott,John " " " « 
 
 PEIVATBS. 
 
 Austin, Abner V., must, in April 24, '61 ; must, out as corp. Aug. 6, '61, 
 
 Bailey, Charles " " " " 
 
 Birchfield, Wm. P. " " " 
 
 Boots, James " " " " 
 
 Bordon, Jno. D. " " " 
 
 Blass, Charles " " " 
 
 Britton, Aaron " " " « 
 
 Barditt, Albert " " " » 
 
 Cheeney, Hamilton " " " " 
 
 Clew, John " " " " 
 
 Caldwell, William « « « « 
 
 Conway, John' M. " " " « 
 
 Cope, George L. " " " " 
 
 Cooms, Eli " " « « 
 
 Cooms, John, mustered in April 34, '61 ; must, out Aug. 6, '61. 
 
 Cory, Coramando " " " u 
 
 Davidson, James " " " " 
 
 Devoe, Allen " " « « 
 
 Dewling, William " " " " 
 
 Duncan, William S. " " « " 
 
 Edmunds, William " " " " 
 
 Eicher, David C. " " « " 
 
 Elliott, John T. " " « « 
 
 Elliott, John " " « « 
 
 Evans, Morris B. " " " « 
 
 Fryer, John E. " " « « 
 
 Fulwider, Andrew " " « « 
 
 Ginger, George " « " « 
 
 Ginger, John " " « « 
 
 Grinsted, Noah J, " ' " « .. 
 
 Grnbb, Joseph " « « « 
 
 Hartness, Thomas " " « « 
 
 Hays, Eobert A. " " « « 
 
 Hemphill, James " " « « 
 
 Hickman, William H. " « « « 
 
 Hickman, John " " <» « 
 
 Hillis, Levi H. " " « « 
 
 Hogsett, John W. " " « « 
 
 Hoover, Barnet « « « << 
 
MONTGOMEBY COUNTT IN THE WAR OF THE REBBLLIOST. 45 
 
 Jarret, Henry, mustered in April 24, '61 ; must, out Aug 6, '61. 
 
 Lane, Henry S. • " " " « 
 
 Liter, Martin " " " « 
 
 McMaken, Benj. F. " " « " 
 
 McNeely, William H. « " « " 
 
 Miller, Isaac F. " " " " 
 
 Mongaren, Frank " " " " 
 
 Murphy, Charles " " " " 
 
 Nicholson, Elisha " " " " 
 
 Norman, Thomas " " " " 
 
 O'Hara, Henry " " " 
 
 Ornbaun, Andrew M. " " " " 
 
 Opperman, John " " " " 
 
 Powell, George W. " " " " 
 
 Eooney, John " " " " 
 
 Euffner, William « " " « 
 
 Sahm, Seigfried " " " " 
 
 Simpson, James M. " " " " 
 
 Smith, James « " « " 
 
 Smith, Francis M. " " « 
 
 Sparks, Laban " " " " 
 
 Sprague, Daniel G. « " « " 
 
 Steele, Thomas " " " " 
 
 Wellshear, John W. " " " " 
 
 WiUiamson, William H. « " « 
 
 ELEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— THREE MONTHS. 
 
 COMPANY G. , 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 McCuUough, James H., must, in April 22, '61 ; must out Aug. 4, '61. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Stears, Charles, must, in April 22, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 Steele, Spear S. " « " 
 
 Smith, James M. « " " 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Harrison, John K., must, in April 22, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 Ellis, EoUa 
 
 Chambers, William B. " " « " 
 
 Ford, Franklin " 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Knox, James C, must, in April 22, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 Buchanan, Thos. B. " 
 
46 HISTORY OF MOKTGOITBKT OOUNTT. 
 
 PEITATES. 
 
 Armstrong, Thomas J., must, in April 22, '61 ; must, but Aug. 4, '61. 
 
 Austin, Theoren " " « " 
 
 Baley, JohnW. " " " " 
 
 Ball, Zopher ' " " " " 
 
 Ball, Zephaniah M. " " " " 
 
 Ballard, George B. 
 
 Barnett, James " " " 
 
 Barrett, Enoch 
 
 Brown, Paton J. 
 
 Brush, Jno.H. " " 
 
 Bruce, Chas. H. " 
 
 Campbell, John P. " " " " 
 
 Cord, William . " " " 
 
 Cord, Harris K. " « " 
 
 Cassity, Oliver A. " " 
 
 Cosho, Jacob « « " " 
 
 Daugherty, Andrew W. 
 
 Donahue, Tilman A. " " " 
 
 Durham, Thomas W. " " " " 
 
 Dyer, William F. " " " " 
 
 Dyer, Albert M. " " " " 
 
 Ellis, Isaac W. « " " " 
 
 Feather, Philip H. « " " " 
 
 Gill, Franklin « « " " 
 
 Graham, George W. " " " « 
 
 Griffin, William T. « « « « 
 
 Harris, William " " " " 
 
 Hetfield, George W. " " " " 
 
 Hawkins, Thomas B. " " « « 
 
 Hendrix, Allen " « « « 
 
 Holms, William " « « « 
 
 Howard, Samuel A. " " " « ■ 
 
 Howard, Thomas A. " " " « 
 
 Howard, Henry 0. " " « « 
 
 James, Isaac T. " « " « 
 
 Kelly, William M. " " « « 
 
 Kelly, James H. " « " " 
 
 Kinder, Milton " « « « 
 
 Low, William H. " " « « 
 
 Maughn, William H. « « " « 
 
 Maxwell, Eobert « " « « 
 
 •McCall, Philander V. " " « « 
 
 McCall, Jasper H. " " « « 
 
MONTGOMERY COtTiraT IN THE WAR OV THE REBELLION. 47 
 
 Newberger, Charles H. must, in April 23, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 
 Newhall, Samuel R. " " " " 
 
 Nicholson, Benjamin H. " " " " 
 
 Nugent, Jasper " " " " 
 
 O'Eear, Robert F. « " " " 
 
 Powell, Henry L. " " " " 
 
 Priest, Lewis C. « " " 
 
 Eagan, Ransom H. 
 
 Eankins, Joseph H. " " " " 
 
 Richards, Reason " " " " 
 
 Richardson, Thomas « " " " 
 
 Roberts, James D. 
 
 Sharp, Sylvester " " " 
 
 Stark, James W. 
 
 Sterret, Samuel W. 
 
 Stiles, George "W. " " " " 
 
 Winkler, Christian " " " 
 
 Woods, Thomas B. 
 
 Woods, John H. 
 
 Wright, Harrison L. " " " " 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 I 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Pursel, Thomas C, must, in April 22, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Patterson, Thomas, must, in April 22, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 Ross, James R. " " " " 
 
 Kellogg, Randolph 
 Ramsey, John W. " 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Robinson, Charles M., must, in April 22, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 
 Megrew, John P. 
 
 Black, William P. 
 
 Groenendyke, Henry " " " " 
 
 Stone, Valentine H. 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Wade, Harrison H., must, in April 22, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 Gookins, James P. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Bryan, John A., must, in April 22, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 Brown, John H. 
 Byrd, George B. 
 Oalfee, Samuel G. 
 
48 
 
 HISTOKY OF MOIS-TGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Carnahan, James E. must, in April 23, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 
 Carpenter, Eufus 0. 
 
 Oarrington, Samuel S. 
 
 Carter, John M. 
 
 Clark, Frederick A. 
 
 Collins, Frank 
 
 Cox, Elijah 
 
 Crist, Henry H. 
 
 Darnell, Lafayette 
 
 Darnell, Marmaduke H. 
 
 Deming, Arthur 
 
 Doherty, Marshall D. 
 
 Dooley, Alva H. 
 
 Dunlap, Henry H. 
 
 Pitzpatrick, Michael F. 
 
 Foote, Horace 
 
 FuUwider, Benjamin F. 
 
 Groenendyke, John B. 
 
 Hopping, Lewis 
 
 Hornaday, Enos 
 
 Kennedy, Peter 
 
 King, Jesse D. 
 
 Kingsbury, Edward B. 
 
 Lane, Thomas 
 
 Learning, George 
 
 Lingeman, Samuel 
 
 Mack, Thomas 
 
 Martin, William E. 
 
 McClure, James M. 
 
 McCoy, Eobert 
 
 McMechan, Theodore 
 
 Milford, Monroe M. 
 
 Miller, Alfred S. 
 
 Miller, Martin J. 
 
 Miller, Eobert G. 
 
 Miller, Thomas J. 
 
 Nicholson, Edward W. 
 
 Peanock, John P. 
 
 Pollock, Milton T. 
 
 Eoss, Abram T. 
 
 Eyker, William H. 
 
 Schooler, Hugh W. 
 
 Schooler, William, Jr. 
 
 Scott, Henry M. 
 
MOKTGOMEBT COUlirTT IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 49 
 
 1 22, '61 ; must, out Aug. 4, '61. 
 
 Sexton, Charles H. must, in Apr: 
 
 Smith, Horace B. " 
 Smith, Robert H. 
 
 Spencer, Oliver H. " 
 
 Stephens, Thomas J. " 
 
 Stover, George W. " 
 
 Stumph, John J. " 
 
 Taylor, Isaac " 
 
 Townsley, Peter " 
 
 Tyson, James H. " 
 
 Webster, Joseph R. " 
 
 Whitehead, Edward J. " 
 Wilkeson, Eufus H. 
 
 Willson, Lane " 
 
 NINTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY— THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 SUBSTITUTE. 
 
 Underhill, Obed, must, in Sept. 37, '64; died Huntsville, Ala., June 16, 
 '65; disease. 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 PRIVATE. 
 
 White, James L., must, in Sept. 5, '61 ; must, out Sept. 6, '64. 
 
 TENTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY— THREE YEARS. 
 COMPANY B. 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Miller, Isaac F., must, in Sept. 20, '61 ; died Corinth, Miss., July 1, '62. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Eicher, David C, must, in Sept. 18, '61 ; must, out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Hogsett, John W., must, in Sept. 18, '61 ; wounded Mill Springs, must. 
 
 out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Cason, William J., must, in Sept. 20, '61 ; discharged Louisville, Feb. 19, 
 
 '63; disability. 
 Hartness, Thomas N., must, in Sept. 18, '61 ; must, out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Nickolson, Elihu, must, in Sept. 18, '61 ; must, out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Snyder, Robert P., 
 Burdett, Albert, 
 
 Duncan, William S., 
 
 Swank, Jacob, 
 Hanee, Louis W., 
 
 promoted 2d Lieut. Oct. 23, '62. 
 vet'n, reduced, transferred to 
 
 58th Regiment, 
 vet'n, died June 25, '64; w'nds 
 
 rec'd Kenesaw. 
 dis. June 18, '62; disability. 
 ap'd Serg't. ; w'd Perryville, m. 
 
 out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
60 ' HISTOET OF MONTQOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 Storer, Geo. W., m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; killed Perryville, Oct. 8, 62. 
 Manka, Joel, m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; killed Perryville, Oct. 8, '62. 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Eobbins, James M., m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Scott, John H., m.in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 Duncan, John, m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. ]^arch 38, '62 ; disability. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Applegate, John B. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Applegate, George W. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Beach, William H. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; trans. Miss. mar. brig. Feb. 9, '63. 
 
 Babb, Benjamin M. m. in Sept. 19, '61 ; killed Chickamauga Sept. 20, '63. 
 
 Bradford, Geo. W. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. March 28, '62; disability. 
 
 Bratton, Charles A. m. in Sept. 18, '61; dis. July 5, '63; disability. 
 
 Brown, Zebulon m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; ap'd Corp., m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Calfee, Albert W. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; vet'n, trans. 58th Ind. vols. 
 
 Childer, William M. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Clark, Levi m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. May 8, '63 ; disability. 
 
 Conner, Dennis m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Conk, Robert F. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Copner, James E. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; killed Mill Springs Jan. 19, '62. 
 
 Craig, Samuel M. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. July 5, '63 ; wounds rec'd Mill 
 
 Springs. 
 Custer, William H. m. in Sept. 18, 61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Grain, Zephaniah H. m. in Sept. 20, '61 ; trans, to V. R. C. June '63. 
 Davis, Andrew P. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. June IS, '62; disability. 
 Day, William H. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. June 23, '62 ; veteran. 
 Edmonds, William m.in Sept. 19, '61; ap'd sergt., m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Elmore, Wesley C. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; died Corinth, Miss., July 2, '62. 
 Evans, John P. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Ferguson, Isaiah m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Ferguson, Jessie Jr. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Fields, Jasper M. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. June 20, '62; disability. 
 Firgy, Jas. S. (Porgey) m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Fulwider Jacob S. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. March 7, '63; disability. 
 Goehring, William m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; trans. 3d U. S. Cav. Jan. 26, '63. 
 Hanee, John P. W. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; ap'd Corp., m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Haywood, John M. m. in Sept. 21, '61 ; " " " 
 
 Harris, James m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. July 17, '62 ; disability. 
 Harris, William K. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Higgins, William 0. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; vet'n, trans. 58th regt. 
 Hunt, Thomas m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Hunt, Wesley m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 51 
 
 Inlow, Isaac m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; died Orawfordsville, Ind., June 23, '62. 
 
 Jay, Moses m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; vet'n, trans. 58th regt. 
 
 Jesse, Thomas J. m. in. Sept. 18, '61 ; died Corinth, Miss., June 19, '62. 
 
 Johnson, John M. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Jones, William C. m. in Sept. 18, '61; ap'd corp., m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Kelsey, Thomas m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; wn'd Perryville, m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Landis, Thomas m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; ap'd corp., m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Lewis, William H. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 Lynn, Daniel B. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; died Evansville, Aug. 19, '62. 
 
 McDaniel, Joseph m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; ap'd corp., m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
 McKeusie, Jonathan m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; wn'd Chickamauga, m. out 
 
 Sept. 19, '64. 
 McCready, Emerick m.in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Marlow, George E. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, 64. 
 Martin, George P. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Mote, James H. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Moore, John A. m. in Sept. 19, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Miller, John in. in Sept. 18, '61 ; deserted Corinth, Miss., May 12, '62. 
 Miller, Leonard H. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; ap'd hospital steward Sept. 20, '61. 
 Misner, Amos K. m. in. Sept. 18, '61 ; killed Mill Springs, Jan. 19, '62. 
 Nicholson, Samuel m. in Sept. 18, '61; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Newkirk, William m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; died at Corinth, Miss., May 29, '62. 
 Ochiltree, Andrew m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; died Somerset, Ky., Feb. 15, '62; 
 
 wounds received at Mill Springs. 
 Parsons, James H. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. March 19, '63 ; disability. 
 Patterson, Samuel m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. Nov. 11, '62 ; disability. 
 Poague, William C. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; trans, to TJ. S. signal corps Oct. 
 
 22, '63. 
 Porter, William Y. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; wn'd Mill Springs ; dis. Feb. 21, 
 
 '62; disability. 
 Pickerel, John W. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; killed at Perryville Oct. 8, '62. 
 Pruitt, George W. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; died at Shiloh May 9, '62. 
 Kouth, John F. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Shoemaker, James A. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; killed at Perryville Oct. 8, '62. 
 Simpson, John H. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Simpson, John E. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. June 9, '62 ; disability. 
 Simpson, William A. m.in Sept. 18, '61 ; died at Sanford, Ky., Feb. 20, '62. 
 Snyder, James H. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; died at Mill Springs Feb. 13, '62. 
 Sparks, Walter P. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Steams, Daniel W. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Stonebreaker, David A. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Simpson, Thomas J. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; trans, to V. E. 0. May 1, '64. 
 Stonebreaker, William m.in Sept. 18, '61 ; ap'd corp., dis. Jan. 13, 64; 
 
 disability. 
 Stubbins, Joseph L. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 
52 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 Sweetzer, Abraham C. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; ap'd corp., wn'd Chickamauga, 
 
 m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Talbot, Nathaniel A. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. March 2, '62 ; disability. 
 Tate, John L. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. March 21, '64; disability. 
 Tate, Samuel M. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; ap'd wagoner, m. out Sept. 19, '64. 
 Tipton, Geo. W. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; died at Somerset, Ky., March 1, '62. 
 Vancleve, Benjamin M. m.in Sept. 18, '61 ; wn'd at Mill Springs, m. out. 
 Vancleve, James M. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; dis. March 9, '63 ; disability. 
 Wilson, Thomas W. m. in Sept. 18, '61 ; wn'd at Chickamauga, m. out. 
 
 KECRUITS. 
 
 Bratton, Samuel B. m. in Jan. 8, '64; trans, to 58th regiment. 
 
 Grain, David B. m. in Dec. 2, '63 ; dis. July 10, '63. 
 
 Dorsey, George T. m. in Dec. 2, '62 ; dis. July 10, '63. 
 
 Davis, Franklin W. m. in Jan. 8, '64 ; died at Jeffersonville July 35, '64. 
 
 Evans, Joseph M. m. in Dec. 2, '62 ; dis. July 10, '63. 
 
 Fulwider, Samuel J. m. in April 22, '63 ; trans, to 58th regiment. 
 
 Kelley, Lorenzo D. m. in Dec. 1, '63; died at Jeffersonville Aug. 10, '64. 
 
 Lawrie, John m. in Sept. 19, '61 ; m. out Sept. 19, '64 ; trans, from Co. 6. 
 
 Lewis, Benjamin E. m. in Oct. 23, '63 ; died at Chattanooga Aug. 9, '64. 
 
 McKensey, Mordecai m. in Dec. 1, '63 ; trans, to 58th regiment. 
 
 McKensey, Joseph m. in Dec. 1, '63 ; trans, to 58th regiment. 
 
 McLaughlin, John W. m. in Oct. 24, '62; trans, to 58th regiment. 
 
 Poague, John H. m. in Dec. 3, '62; discharged July 10, '63. 
 
 Porter, John C. m. in Dec. 2, '62; discharged July JO, '63. 
 
 Peterson, John m. in Dec. 2, '62 ; discharged July 10, '63. 
 
 Quire, Charles E. m. in Dec. 3, '62 ; discharged July 10, '63. 
 
 Roberts, James M. m. in Dec. 1, '63 ; transferred to 58th regiment. 
 
 Stump, James W. m. in Dec. 1, '63 ; transferred to 58th regiment. 
 
 Williams, Thomas W. m. in Dec. 3, '62 ; dis. May 18, '63 ; disability. 
 
 Wert, Martin V. m. in Oct. 1, '62 ; transferred to 58th regiment. 
 
 UNASSIGNED RECKTJITS. 
 
 Hiatt, Joel m. in March 30, '64. 
 
 ELEVENTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY— THREE YEARS, 
 
 COMPANY A. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Piscus, Jacob J. mustered in March 14, '65 
 
 Fry, John E. 
 
 a 
 
 8, '65 
 
 
 a 
 
 Hargrove, John 
 
 a 
 
 ' 39, '65 
 
 
 June 26, '65. 
 
 Keman, John C. 
 
 i( 
 
 9, '65 
 
 
 July 36, '65. 
 
 Painter, George 
 
 £( 
 
 ' 14, '65 
 
 
 i( 
 
 Pee, Emmet 
 
 a 
 
 ' 15, '65 
 
 
 (i 
 
 Eamsey, Newton L. 
 
 a 
 
 ' 12, '64 
 
 
 a 
 
 Wolf, Jonathan 
 
 te 
 
 ' 10, '65 
 
 
 ti 
 
 mustered out July 36, '65. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WA.K OF THE REBELLION. 53 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Billsland, James I. must, in March 38, '65 ; must, out July 26, '65. 
 
 Burgam, John " " 17, '65; 
 
 Henderson, Joseph I. " " 17, '65 ; " 
 
 Holmes, Thomas " , " 12, '65 ; 
 
 Lindsay, Adrian A. " " 1, '65 ; 
 
 Snyder, George W. m. in Oct. 33, '63 ; vet. ap'd Corp., m. out July 26, '65. 
 
 COMPANY c. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Paxton, Samuel D. must, in March 4, '65 ; must, out July 36, '65. 
 
 - COMPANY D. 
 
 Hickman, Simon P. mustered in March 3, '65 ; mustered out July 36, '65. 
 
 Newton, Matthew S. " " 9, '65 ; 
 
 Taylor, William V. 
 
 Whitesill, James M. " " " " 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Kilpatrick, Kobt. B. must, in March 31, '65 ; must, out July 36, '65. 
 Meissee, Cornelius " « 14, '65 ; 
 
 Sh river, Evan " « 18, '65 ; 
 
 COMPANY J. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Clark, John M. m. in March 11, 65 ; discharged July 18, '65 ; disability. 
 
 Fulkerson, Thomas W. must, in March 8, '65 ; must, out July 36, '65. 
 
 McKey, George 0. " " 13, '65 ; " 
 
 Mallory, Bernard m. in Oct. 31, '63 ; vet. des'n Indianapolis, April 34, '64. 
 
 Pellet, Henry mustered in March 8, '65 ; mustered out July 36, '65. 
 
 Regan, John W. " " 15, '65 ; 
 
 Sims, Anderson " " " " June 23, '65. 
 
 Tungate, Josiah " " " " July 26, '65. 
 
 Watkins, "Wilson " « 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 FIRST SERGEANT. '' 
 
 Custer, Jesse must, in August 31, '61 ; promoted second lieutenant. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Woods, Thomas B. must, in August 31, '61 ; promoted second lieutenant. 
 Carpenter, John G. " " " « 
 
 Durham, Thomas W. " " " 
 
 Bloomfield, John W. " " dis'd Dec. 19, '63 ; disability. 
 
54 HISTORY OP MONTGOMEKT OOXJKTY. 
 
 00HP0RAL8. 
 
 Seawrighfc, James A. must, in August 31, '61 ; must, out August 30, '64. 
 
 Martin, James A. " " 
 
 Hitch, Thomas G. 
 
 Hebb, Joseph B. " " must, out August 30, '64. 
 
 Youngs, Henry V. " " dis. July 16, '63 ; disability. 
 
 Millikon, Vestal L. " " died at Carrion Crow, La., 
 
 November 4, '63. 
 Osburn, Squire N. 
 
 Messick, John " " 
 
 MUSICIAKS. 
 
 Wallace, Henry K. m. in August 31, '61 ; transferred to Co. H Dec. 31, '63. 
 Kellogg, George mustered in August 31, '61. 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 Osburn, Jasper N. mustered in August 31, '61. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Adkins, John C. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Arvin, William F. m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; died at Keokuk, la. Oct. 13, '63. 
 Bair, Cyrus H. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; died May 19, '63, wounds received 
 
 Champion Hills. 
 Baxter, Lewis must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Boots, Samuel must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Brown, Felix G. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 Buchanan, Jacob must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Castor, Abraham B. must. Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Castor, Miles must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; died at Helena, Ark. Jan. 8, '63. 
 Condra, Edward B. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Conyers, John " " " " 
 
 Cook, John I. " " « « 
 
 Cosand, Robert H. " " « " 
 
 Cowan, Amos S. " " « " 
 
 Creamer, Isaac " " " " 
 
 Creamer, John W. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; died at St. Louis, March 8, '63. 
 Dain, Marion must, in Aug. 31,' 61. 
 
 Davidson, George W. must, in Aug. 31, '61; vet. must, out July 36, '65. 
 Denny, Robert B. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Downing, Isreal I. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. Sept. 1, '63, disability. 
 Gapen, John B. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Giltner, John P. m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. Sept. 30, '63, w'ds rec'd Shiloh. 
 Goldsborough, Andy, must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; transferred to 3d Ohio Bat. 
 
 Aug. 14, '64. 
 Gregg, Addison H. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Hall, Benjamin W. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 55 
 
 Haller, Nathan must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 Hanna Joseph T. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Harrison, Josiah S. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Heckathorn, William M. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 Hottle, Benjamin F. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 Hundartmark, Henry m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; trans. Co. H June 30, '64. 
 
 Kernodle, Isaac N. m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. April 3, '63, disability. 
 
 Kercheval, William J. must, in Aug. 31, 61 ; must, out Aug. 30, 64. 
 
 Largent, James W. m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; died at Helena, Ark., Apr. 14, '63. 
 
 Lasley, David M. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Lewellen, James m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; vet. ap'd corp., wounded Winchester, 
 
 must, out July 36, '65. 
 Mason, George K. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Maxwell, Thomas B. m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; vet., m. out July 36, '65. 
 McCorkle, Jasper E. m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; vet., ap'd Corp.; m. out July 36, '65. 
 McCorkle, Quincy B. m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; died at St. Louis July 11, '63. 
 Mellis, John B. m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; died at Algiers, La., Jan. 4, '64. 
 Meredith, Charles m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; died at New Orleans, May 28, '64. 
 Moore, Leroy must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 Nutt, Frank must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Pary, Francis M. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must. Aug. 30, '64. 
 Phillips, John m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; vet. capt.. Cedar Creek, died Danville 
 
 prison. 
 Kenwick, Alexander K. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 Eich, Jordan E. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; died May 38, '63, wounds received 
 
 Champion Hills. 
 Eobbins, William E. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Eogers, Joseph T. B. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Euchel, John O. F. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Sayer, William M. m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; died Carrollton, La., Aug. 38, '63. 
 Shockey, Edward F. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Thompson, Charles A. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Thompson, William C. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Varnasdal, William H. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; died at New Orleans May 
 
 22, '64. 
 Varnasdal, William 0. must, in Au - 31, '61. 
 Walton, William must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Warbritton, John must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; vet. ap'd first sergeant, mu«t. 
 
 out July 36, '65. 
 Westbrook, William must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; killed Champion Hills May 
 
 16, '63. 
 Willey, John E. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. Jan. 31, '64, disability. 
 Wright, Oliver J. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
56 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBKT COUNTY. 
 
 Young, Olairbom A. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. Jan. 2. '64 ; prom'n U. 
 
 S. col. troops. 
 Young, Solomon m. in Aug. 31, '61 ; died at Madison ville, La., Jan. 29, '64. 
 
 EECBUITS. 
 
 Bratton, William H. must, in March 4, '65 ; must, out July 36, '65, as 
 
 absent on furlough. 
 Bowman, Ross must, in March 16, '65 ; must, out July 36, '65. 
 Boher, Blihu " " 7, '65 ; 
 
 Canada, George " " 3, '65 ; 
 
 Caldwell, John " " " " " as absent sick. 
 
 Corbin, John A. " 
 Corbin, Smith H. " 
 Crump, William C. " 
 Davis, William C. " 
 
 Ellis, Eolley must, in Sept. 30, '63; vet., mustered out June 30, '65. 
 Hughes, George B. must, in March 30, '63 ; must, out July 36, '65. 
 Hickey, Edward ' 
 
 Hurt, James D. 
 Irwin, Andrew L. 
 McConnaughy, Har. L. 
 Eeed, James M. 
 Roark, James 
 Tyson, Oscar 
 Younger, Jesse 
 
 Sept. 31, '64; 
 March 3, '65 ; 
 
 " 14, '65 ; 
 
 " 14, '65; 
 
 " 36, '65 ; 
 
 " 16, '65 ; 
 
 " 10, '65 ; ap'd mus., m. out July 36, '65. 
 must, out July 36, '65. 
 
 " 4, '65 ; 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 COEPORAL. 
 
 Harris, William must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. Oct. 23, '63, disability. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Bly, Isaac must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. Dec. 33, '61, disability. 
 Carman, Wm. N. " " died at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 16, '61. 
 Dyer, Wm. E. • " " vet., must, out July 36, '65. 
 
 Harris, Thomas " " " ap'd corp., must, out July 36, '65. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Bailey, Wm. F. m. in Oct. 31, '62 ; vet., ap'd corp., m. out July 36, '65. 
 Brown, George W. must, in March 1, '65 ; must, out July 36, '65. 
 Boyland, William H. must, in April 14, '62 ; vet., must, out Mar. 22, '65. 
 Bailey, John W. m. in Oct. 21, '62; vet., killed, Halltown, Va., Aug, 34, '64. 
 Bnsminger, Sanuiel must, in Apr. 14, '63 ; vet., promoted 3d lieut. 
 Eastlack, Allen E. must, in Apr. 14, '62; vet., must, out Mar. 22, '65. 
 King, Peter B. must, in Mar. 4, '65 ; must, out July 26, '65. 
 Lemmon, Leonidas " " 1, '65 ; " " " 
 
 McVay, William H. " " " " " " 
 
ilONTGOMERT COUNTY IN THE WAK OF THE REBELLION. 57 
 
 Eay, Henry M. must, in Mar. 13, '65 ; must, out July 26, '65. 
 Thompson, John S. " " " 
 Thompson, Joseph " " " 
 Wisehart, John D. " " 1, '65 ; 
 Wise, William E. " " " 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Megrew, John P., must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; promoted 1st lieut. Co. B. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Groendyke, Henry, must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; promoted 2d lieut. 
 Hornaday, Enos C. " « " " " " 
 
 Hill, Daniel F. " « « 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Groendyke, Edward must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Megrew, Willis H. must, in Aug. 31, '61; discharged Nov. 18, '63, for 
 
 promotion. 
 Fulwider Benjamin F., must, in Aug. 31, '61; vet., ap'd serg't, must. 
 
 out July 36, '65. 
 Sprague, Daniel G-. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; died MadisOn, Oct. 2, '63. 
 Hills, David A. must, in Aug. 31, '61; vet., promoted 2d lieut. Oo. B. 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Mellville, Robert J. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Mains, John F. W. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '65. 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 Flanigan, Harrison must, in Aug. 31, '61; vet., must, out July 26, '65. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Avery, John P. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 Banzhaf, Nicholas must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; trans, to Oo. B June 3, '64. 
 Bloxson, William must, in Aug. 31, '61; trans, to V. E. 0. June 13, 
 
 '64, wounds received Champion Hills. 
 Bremer, Noah must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 Brown, Isreal must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; wounded Champion Hills, trans. 
 
 V. E. 0. July 13, '64. 
 Brown, Samuel W. must in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. Oct. 7, '62, disability. 
 Briggs, George must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 Burgess, Marshall W. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Burns, William D. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; trans, to Co. B June 3, '64. 
 Coons, Augustus F. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 Coons, Jno.W. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; promoted 2d lieut. Co.G. 
 Cooper, John J. must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Cordray, William must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. July 11, '62, disability. 
 . Cox, Elijah must, in Aug. 31, '61; died Helena, Ark., Feb. 4, '63. 
 
58 HISTORY OF MONTQOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 Curtis, William H. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 Dixon, George F. 
 
 Dufify, William must, in Aug. 31, '61; vet., trans. V.K.C. Nov. 19, '64, 
 wounds received Winchester. 
 
 Elliott, William P. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 Bnos, Eobert C. 
 
 Evans, Morris B. must, in Aug. 31, '61; vet., ap'd serg't, must, out 
 July 36, '65. 
 
 Pitzwilliam, Joseph must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Poust, Zachariah N. must, in Aug. '31, '61 ; dis. Aug. 33, '63, disability. 
 
 Ginger, George W. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; vet., ap'd Corp., must, out 
 July 36, '65. 
 
 Ham, Jonathan must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 Ham, John W. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; vet., died Sandy Hook, Md., Aug. 
 36, '64, wounds. 
 
 Halstead, Asbury W. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. Oct. 19, '63, disability. 
 
 Henry, Harvey C. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 Hills, Francis E. " " ■ 
 
 Highland, Eichardson " " '" " 
 
 Hudson, George 
 
 Jackson, Joseph " " 
 
 Lendormy, Lemuel an 
 
 Love, Byron must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; died Paducah, Ky., Dec. 15, '61. 
 
 Martin, George " " 
 
 Mcllvain, William H. must, in Aug. 31, '61; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 McKee, Benjamin F. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. May 9, '64, disability. 
 
 Messier, Henry P. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; vet., dis. Sept. 14, '64, disa- 
 bility. 
 
 Michael, Cornelius must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; dis. Oct. 19, '61, disability. 
 
 Pavy, John W. " " Aug. 31, '62. 
 
 Pearcy, Howard must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 Pearson, Silas M. must, in Aug. 31, '61 ; must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 Pickrell, William must, in Aug. 31, '61; vet., ap'd Corp., must, out 
 July 36, '65. 
 
 Quick, John B., must, in Aug. 31, '61; dis. Oct. 19, '61, disability. 
 
 Eamsey, Nelson " 
 
 Eichards, George 
 Eistine, Albert L. 
 Boss, Daniel W. 
 Shellady, Eugene N. 
 Slusher, Henry 
 Stacey, Harrison 
 Stormer, John P. 
 Sunderland, Peter J. 
 
 must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 promoted first lieutenant. 
 
 must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
MOlfTGOMERT COTTNTT IK THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 ■59 
 
 Sunderland, Marion, must, in Aug. 31, '61. 
 
 died at New Orleans Oct. 4, '64. 
 
 must, out Aug. 30, '64. 
 
 died at Memphis Aug. 30, '62. 
 
 must, out Aug. 30, '65. 
 
 Thomas, Marion 
 Wanenmacher, John 
 Waterman, Moses 
 White, William H. 
 Williams, Saudford S. 
 Wilson, John 
 Wise, Andrew J. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Balser, Charles must, in April 7, '64; died at Sandy Hook, Md., Aug. 
 
 20, '64. 
 Booher, Jasper 0. must, in March 3, '65. 
 
 Current, Henry G. 
 Flannigan, George 
 G-royn, James 
 Hendrick, Allen 
 
 " 1, '65. 
 
 " 28, '65 ; must, out July 26, '65. 
 
 April 7, '64 ; dis. May 15, '65, disability. 
 
 Oct. 31, '63; vet., m. out July 26, '65. 
 Jennison, Henry S. m. in April 7, '64; ap'd Corp., m. out July 36, '65. 
 Knapp, Charles H. m. in March 17, '64; ap'd Corp., m. out July 36,'65. 
 McConnell, James B. must, in April 7, '64 ; must, out July 36, '65. 
 McDaniel, Thomas " March 2, '65 ; 
 
 Meloy, Michael '■ " 9, '65; 
 
 Mote, Andrew " " 38, '65 ; 
 
 Nickerson, Benjamin " " 4, '65 ; 
 
 Patterson, James m. in April 15, '64 ; killed at Winchester Sept. 19, '64. 
 Palmer, Daniel C. must, in April 38, '64; must, out July 26, '65. 
 Philipps, Cornelius A. must, in April 7, '64 ; must, out July 36, '65, as 
 
 absent on furlough. 
 Robinson, George W. must, in March 16, '64; ap'd corp., must, out 
 
 July 36, '65. 
 Snyder, John J. must, in March 16, '64; must, out July 36, '65. 
 Soward, Rezin D. " " 14, '65 ; " " 
 
 Webster, William H. m. in March 13, '64; ap'd corp., m. out July 36, '65. 
 AVoodrow, Edward E. must, in April 7, '64 ; dis. Feb. 37, '65, disability. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 must, in May 9, '65 ; must, out July 36, '65. 
 March 17, '65 ; 
 " 15, '65 ; 
 8, '65 ; 
 •' 15, '65 ; " June 34, '65. 
 
 " 15, '65 ; " July 36, '65. 
 
 « 9, '65 ; 
 
 Prather, Richard m. in March 9, '65 ; must, out July 36, '65, as sick on 
 furlough. 
 
 Ader, Adam, 
 Brown, James C. " 
 Bowers, Joseph M. " 
 Biddle, Tighlman H. " 
 Gough, Sylvester " 
 Hamilton, Joseph E. " 
 Nolan, John " 
 
60 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERT COUNTY. 
 
 Parrish, Jessie M. must, in March 10, '65 
 Stultz, James F. " " 15, '65 
 
 Waugh, Miletus A. " " 15, '65 
 
 Young, Thomas D. " Feb. 35, '65 
 
 UNASSIGNED RECRUITS. 
 
 Barnhart, James H., must, in March 17, '65 
 Cornelius, Jacob " 
 
 must, out July 36, '65. 
 
 Cronin, Daniel 
 Call, William 
 Doty, Henry 
 Dill, John W. 
 Gill, Thomas 
 James, John 
 Kenney, James 
 Kivin, John 
 Miller, Edward 
 Miller, David 
 Marquis, Joseph 
 Pinkney, Joseph 
 Robinson, James R. 
 Talmon, John 
 Thayer, Willard 
 Thornton, Absolom 
 Webster, Henry 
 Wells, Charles 
 
 15, '65 ; must, out May 19, '65. 
 
 « 16, '65. 
 
 " 17, '65. 
 
 Sept. 27, '64. 
 
 March 31, '65. 
 
 « 18, '65. 
 
 " 39, '65. 
 
 " 17, '65. 
 
 " 9, '65. 
 
 Oct. 19, '64. 
 
 March 16, '65. 
 
 " 14, '65. 
 
 Oct. 10, '64. 
 
 March 30, '65. 
 
 Sept. 37, '64. 
 
 « 37, '64. 
 
 March 17, '65 ; must, out May 15, '65. 
 
 Sept. 37, '64. 
 
 " 37, '64. 
 
 THIRTEENTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 SERGEANT. 
 
 Gary, John must, in March 3, '65 ; must, out Sept. 5, '65. 
 FIFTEENTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY. 
 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Marks, William must, in June 14, '61 ; promoted second lieutenant. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Graham, William M. must in June 14, '61 ; promoted first lieutenant. 
 McConnell, Joseph W. must, in June 14, '61; dis. Aug. 3, '63, disability. 
 Moliere, Thomas must, in June 14, '61 ; des. at Murfreesboro Jan. 15, '63. 
 Harvey, John T. must, in June 14, '61 ; promoted second lieutenant. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Oilman, James H. N. must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. Oct. 9, '61, disability. 
 Burcham, Harrison D. m. in June 14, '61 ; des. at Chattanooga April 30, '64. 
 Grey, William F. must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 35, '64. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUIirTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 61 
 
 Nelson, 'William must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. Nov. 18, '61, disability. 
 Walker, Frederick must, in June 14, '61 ; trans, to non-com. staff. 
 Dent, Samuel P. must, in June 14, '61 : must, out June 25, '64. 
 Gilbert, Robert B. m. in June 14, '61 ; killed at Mission Ridge Nov. 25, '65. 
 Cowan, William must, in June 14, '61 ; des. Aug. 18, '62. 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Gibe, John J. must, in June 14, '61 ; trans, to 17th reg. May 30, '64. 
 Kennedy, Joseph W. must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. Nov. 18, '61, disability. ~ 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 Everson, Jacob must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. July 3, '62, disability. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Ammerman, George must, in June 14, '61 ; died Oct. 17, '61. 
 Anderson, Richard H. must, in June 14, '61 ; des. Oct. 2, '62, Louisville. 
 Barrett, James B. must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Beal, Henry must, in June 14, '61 ; wounded Stone River, must, out 
 
 June 25, '62. 
 Bennett, Thomas J. must, in June 14, '61 ; des. Aug. 18, '62, must, out 
 
 Sept, 30, '65. 
 Belto, Joseph F. must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25,, '64. 
 Bolles, James must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Bowers, Solomon must, in June 14, '61 ; died Nov. 26, '63, by wounds 
 
 received at Mission Ridge. 
 Bolser, George W. must, in June 14, '61; des. Oct. 2, '62, Louisville. 
 Brady, Thomas must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '62. 
 Burnett, Abraham must, in June 14, '61 ; died Dec. 17, '61. 
 Burrows, James must, in June 14, '61 ; vet. trans. 17th reg. May 30, '64. 
 Burrows, Hugh must, in June 14, '61; dis. Nov. 18, '61, disability. 
 Campbell, William H. must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Cassel, Jefferson must, in June 14, '61 ; dig, March 3, '63. 
 Charles, Marion must, in June 14, '61 ; ap'd Corp., must, out June 25, '64. 
 Cooley, Silas must, in June 14, '61 ; died Dec 17, '63, by wounds received 
 
 at Mission Ridge. 
 Crewce, Pleasant must, in June 14, '61 ; trans. 4th U. S. cav. Dec. 5, '62. 
 Creek, William R. must, in June 14, '61 ; died Nov. 26, '63, by wounds 
 
 received at Mission Ridge. 
 Crew, Charles P. must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Dryden, William H. m. in June 14, '61; ap'd sergt, m. out June 25, '64. 
 Ellis, Ashel R. must, in June 14, '61 ; des. at Chattanooga April 30, '64. 
 Edwards, William m. in June 14, '61 ; vet., trans, to 17th regt May 30, '64. 
 Emmerson, Reuben m. in June 14, '61 ; killed at Mission Ridge Nov. 25, '63. 
 Evans, Thomas B. must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. July 14, '62, disability. 
 Fliniaux, Alfred must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Gardner, Daniel must, in June 14, '61 ; des. at MuTfreesboro Jan. 13, '63. 
 
62 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Gundrum, Godfrey must, in June 14, '61 ; appointed commissary sergeant. 
 Hamilton, Joseph A. must, in June 14, '61; dis. July 5, '63. 
 Hammer, Fred. must, in June 14, '61 ; ap't Corp., must, out June 35, '64. 
 Hartman, William m. in June 14, '61; vet., trans. I'J'th regt May 30, '64. 
 Hessler, Oliver must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Hess, William L. must, in June 14, '61 ; vet., trans. 17th regt May 30, '64. 
 Hill, Philip must, in June 14, '61 ; vet., trans. 17th regt May 30, '64. 
 Hill, James A. must, in June 14, '61 ; died Jan. 17, '62. 
 Horton, Henry must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Husband, Henry must, in June 14, '61; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Jackson, William must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Lakin, John T. must, in June 14, '61 ; ap't corp., must, out June 25, '64. 
 Leach, Francis M. must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. Nov. 18, '61, disability. 
 Long, John must, in June 14, '61 ; vet., trans. 17th regt May 30, '64. 
 Linn, John W. must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 McCullough, William must, in June 14, '61 ; des. at Louisville Oct. 2, '62. 
 McCoy, George W. must, in June 14, '61 ; des. Aug. 18, '62. 
 McDonald, Thomas must, in June 14, '61 ; died Oct. 14, '61. 
 McDonough, Thomas must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. July 6, '62, disability. 
 Mercer, Henry H. must, in June 14, '61; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Miller, Etto J. must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Mowery, Christian E. must, in June 14, 61 ; dis. July 16, '62, disability. 
 Moore, William P, must, in June 14, '61 ; died Feb. 5, '63, by wounds 
 
 received at Stone Eiver. ■ 
 Nettleton, Daniel W. must, in June 14, '61 ; transferred to company C ; 
 
 promoted 2d lieutenant. • 
 
 O'Daniel, George W. must, in June 14, '61 ; died Dec. 8, '62. 
 Oliver, Joseph B. must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. Dec. 9, '62, disability. 
 Osborn, Commodore P. must, in June 14, '61 ; des. July 1, '62. 
 Perry, Albert must, in June 14, '61 ; des. at Nashville March 16, '62. 
 Phillips, Sidney must, in June 14, '61 ; des. Oct. 19, '62. 
 Pruet, Merida must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Eipetto, James must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Eoberts, George W. must, in June 14, '61 ; must, out June 25, '64. 
 Sailors, Eobert F. must, in June 14, '61; died Feb. 18, '63, by wounds 
 
 received at Stone Eiver. 
 Schmall, John A. must, in June 14, '61 ; killed at Stone river Dec. 31, '62. 
 Smith, Oliver P. must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. Nov. 18, '61. 
 Smith, William E. must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. April 18, wounds received 
 
 at Stone river. 
 Stockton, John D. must, in June 14, 61 ; died in Libby prison, wounds 
 
 received at Stone river. 
 Stephens, Edward P. m. in June 14, '61 ; ap't corp., m. out June 25, '64. 
 Sittinger, Adam must, in June 14, '61 ; killed at Stone river Dec. 31, '62. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 63 
 
 I 
 
 Stont, David must, in June 14, '61 ; died Feb. 25, '62. 
 Stoffen, Henry must, in June 14, '61 ; killed at Stone river Dec. 31, '62. 
 Summers, Nathan must, in June 14, '61 ; des. at Nashville March 16, '62. 
 Sweem, Tilghman A. H. must, in June 14, '61 ; died March 8, '6-3. 
 Tyson, John C. must, in June 14, '61 ; died Dec. 10, '63, wounds received 
 
 at Mission Kidge. 
 Upshaw, James m. in June 14, '61 ; ap't wagoner; m. out June 25, '64. 
 Vancleve, William M. must, in June 14, '61; dis. Aug. 8, '62, disability. 
 Wall, Charles B. must, in June 14, '61 ; des. Nov. 7, '62. 
 Waltz, Frederick m. in June 14, '61 ; killed at Mission Eidge Nov. 25, '63. 
 White, Albert M. must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. Feb. 7, '63. 
 White, Andrew J. m. in June 14, '61 ; vet., trans. 17th regt May 30, '64. 
 Wilson, Lorenzo must, in June 14, '61 ; des. at Louisville Dec. 9, '61. 
 Wilsey, George W. m. in June 14, '61 ; ap't sergt ; m. out June 25, '64. 
 Winings, Benjamin L. must, in June 14, '61 ; dis. Nov. 18, 61, disability. 
 Williams, Emery m. in June 14, '61 ; killed at Stone river Dec. 31, '62. 
 Woodbridge, Thomas (William) must, in June 14, '61 ; transferred to 
 
 company F June 25, '61. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Gappin, Samuel must, in Dec. 20, '63 ; must, out June 8, '65. 
 McGrew, Milton must, in March 14, '62 ; trans. 17th regt May 30, '64. 
 Eobinson, Albert M. must, in Jan. 1, '62; trans. 17th regt May 30, '64. 
 Showen, Daniel P. must, in Feb. 29, '64; trans. 17th regt May 30, '64. 
 Siebring, Jesse must, in June 14, '61 ; des. at Greensburgh, Indiana, July 
 1, '61. 
 
 SIXTEENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY — THREE YEARS. 
 
 UNASSIGNED RECRUITS. 
 
 Anderson, Joseph, must, in Oct. 20, '64. 
 
 Archer, George " " 
 
 Conway, James " " 
 
 Hanson, James " " 
 
 Morris, Charles " " 
 
 Ward, Henry 
 
 Walzel, William " '' 
 
 Way, Samuel .... 
 
 SEVENTEENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Aldridge, William, must, in June 12, '61; dis. Sept. 17, '61, disability. 
 Endicott, Geo. W., m. in June 12, '61 ; vet., Corp., m. out Aug. 8, '65. 
 
 UNASSIGNED RECRUITS. 
 
 Williams, David, must, in Oct. 25, '64. 
 
64 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH REGIMENT INFANTRY — THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Loyd, Edmund, must, in Aug. 16, '61 ; des. May 16, '63. 
 
 TWENTIETH REGIMENT INFANTRY — THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Simons, Price, must, in Jan. 7, '64; trans, to 30tli reg., reorganized. 
 
 TWENTY-FIRST REGIMENT INFANTRY — AFTERWARD FIRST REGIMENT 
 
 HEAVY ARTILLERY. 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 MUSICIAN. 
 
 Lough, Geo. W., must, in July 24, '61; must, out July 31, '64. 
 
 PKIYATES. 
 
 Lough, Thomas W., must, in July M, '61 ; vet., must, out Jan. 13, '66. 
 Lough, Thomas J., m. in July 24, '61 ; vet., m. out Jan. 13, '66, corp. 
 Lough, John H. " " dis. Nov. 11, '61, disability. 
 
 Moody, Foster M. " " must, out- July 31, '64. 
 
 Musgro^e, John A. " '• killed. Baton Kouge, Aug. 5, '62. 
 
 Yelton, John 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Edwards, Willis, must, in Jan. 14, '62; vet., dis. Oct. 13, '65, disability. 
 Lough, Jacob L., m. in Mar. 29, '64; died. Baton Rouge, Sept. 27, '64. 
 Phillips, James, must, in Jan. 14, '62; must, out Jan. 14, '65. 
 
 UN ASSIGNED RECRUITS. 
 
 Ashton, Charles, must, in Sept. 9, '64. 
 Green, John " " 
 
 Hunt, George " 20, '64. 
 
 Newcomber, Wm. " 9, '64. 
 
 Swift, Oliver P. ." 7, '64. 
 
 TWENTY-SIXTH REGIMENT INFANTRY. 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 SERGEANT. 
 
 Manburn, William H., must, in Aug. 30, '61 ; vet, must, out Sept. 21, '64, 
 as private. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Baldwin, Thomas, must, in Nov. 15, '64 ; must, out Nov. 14, '65. 
 Jones, Francis M., must, in Nov. 11, '64; must, out Aug. 28, '65. 
 Smith, Daniel, must, in Nov. 25, '64; died at Macon, Miss., Oct. 2, '65. 
 
(^ 
 
 ^riJ^'r.-t. S/rfi^afft ji cuj'-s 
 
MONTGOMERT COUNTY IN THE WAR OE THE REBELLION. 65 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Armstrong, Thomas J., m. in Mar. 3, '62; vet., m. out Jan. 10, '66. 
 Cave, Hiram L., must, in Sept. 10, '62; must, out Sept. 6, '65. 
 Jackson, HaTvey, must, in Mar. 3, '62; vet., died Donaldsonville, La., 
 
 July 30, '64. 
 Peterson, Samuel, must, in Mar. 3, '63; died Cassville, Mo., Nov. 5, '62. 
 Boyce, James G., must, in Sept. 24, '64; must, out Sept. 6, '65. 
 Bark, Samuel L. " 
 
 Davis, John . " 
 
 Shellhouse, Conrad H. " 
 
 THIRTY-FIRST REGIMENT INFANTRY — THR^E YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY A. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Strawn, William, must, in Sept. 20, '61; dis. June 20, '63, disability. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Bilboe, Archibald, must, in Sept. 20, '61 ; dis. June 9, '62, vt^ounds re- 
 ceived at Ft. Donelson and Shiloh. 
 Bushong, Frederick M., m. in Sept. 20, '61 ; dis. Jan. 27, '62, disability. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Hutton, William, must, in Feb. 13, '65; must, out Dec. 8, '65. 
 
 THIRTY-FIFTH REGIMENT INFANTRY. 
 
 COIIPANY A. 
 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Fitzpatrick, Michael, must, in Nov. 24, '61; promoted 2d lieut. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 McMahon, Timothy, must, in Nov. 24, '61 ; must, out Jan. 13, '65. 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 McMahon, John, must, in Nov. 24, '61; must, out Oct. 17, '64. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Figg, William, must, in Dec. 14, '61 ; des., joined regular army. 
 
 O'Connor, Patrick, " " killed. Marietta, Ga., July 4, '64. 
 
 Woodruflf, Charles, " " died June 13, '62. 
 
 Carroll, Andrew, " " trans, to V.R.C. Mar. 10, '65. 
 
 THIRTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT INFANTRY — THREE YEARS. 
 COMPANY H. 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Patton, David H., must, in Sept. 18, '61; promoted 1st lieut. 
 
66 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Brush, John C, must, in Sept. 18, '61. 
 
 Logan, Joseph L. " " must, out Sept. 18, '64, as corp. 
 
 Martin, John L. " " vet., promoted captain Co. A. 
 
 Milligan, John W., must, in Oct. 4, '61. 
 
 Kichards, William J., must, in Sept. 18, '61. 
 
 Steele, James N., must, in Sept. 18, '61. 
 
 Patton, Luther H. , must, in Oct. 20, '64 ; died, Chattanooga, Feb. 30, '65. 
 
 Patton, Joseph A. must, in Jan. 14, '64 ; prom. U.S. col. troops, declined. 
 
 Sterrett, Joseph E., must, in Dec. 28, '63 ; vet., must, out July 15, '65, 
 
 as commissary sergeant. 
 Richardson, Ohaunoy, must, in Oct. 20, '64; died, Beaufort, S. 0., May 
 
 5, '65. 
 
 EIGHTH CAVALRY, THIRTY-NINTH REGIMENT. 
 
 COMPANY L. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Straley, Calvin, must, in Jan. 19,'64. 
 
 FORTIETH REGIMENT INFANTRY — THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 G-roves, John W., must, in Nov. 27, '61 ; vet., must, out Dec. 21, '65. 
 Stump, Ephraim, must, in Apr. 7, '64 ; died, Jeffersonville, May 27, '64, 
 
 COMPANY c. 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Kennedy, William must, in Dec. 6, '61; died Bowling Green, Ky. 
 
 Mar. 19, '62. 
 Fullenwider, Robert A. must, in Dec. 6, '61 ; dis. Feb. 9, '63, disability. 
 Benham, Henry " " must, out Dec. 6, '64. 
 
 Riley, John « " dis. Dec. 20, '62. 
 
 Rice, Jonathan " " must, out Deo. 6, '64. 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 Hatcher, Jesse must, in Dec. 6, '61 ; dis. Aug. 27, '63, disability. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Bennett, James W. m. in Dec. 6, '61 ; dis. May — , '64, wounds. 
 
 Britton, William F. " " des. June 18, '63. 
 
 Browning, Henry C. " " dig. July 23, '62. 
 
 Brush, James R. " « dis. June 18, '65. 
 
 Burton, James H. " " must, out Dec. 6, '63. 
 
 Bunker, George W. " " dis., loss of arm. 
 
 Connell, Moses " " killed at Kenesaw, June 27, '64. 
 
 Davis, Josiah " " died Nov. 25, '63, wounds. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY INT THE WAE OF THE EEBELHON. 
 
 67 
 
 Dirr, John M. must, in Dec. 6, '61 ; 
 Doyle, Farmer I. " " 
 
 Elrod, James 
 Fordyce, Henry 
 Hamilton, Clinton 
 Hamilton, Thomas 
 Hanna, Kobert 0. H. 
 Hanna, James M. 
 Harrall, Perry 
 Harrall, John T. 
 Harwood, Jackson 
 James, Peter 
 Laforce, William R. 
 Mayes, Joseph 
 McKinsey, John 
 Michael, Harvey 
 Monfort, John C. 
 Moore, Allen 
 Moore, Harvey 
 Patton, George W. 
 Phillips, Michael 
 Rush, Jesse T. 
 Seaman, James H. 
 Seaman, John J. 
 Sheppard, William T. 
 Sinnett, James E. 
 Shelton, James R. 
 Smith, William 
 Stilwell, Stephen A. 
 Sullivan, Patrick 
 Thompson, James R. 
 Vancleve, Aaron 
 Vancleve, William N. 
 Webb, Edwin G. 
 White, John W. 
 Wible, Robert B. 
 Willis, James P. 
 Willis, Lindsay A. 
 Woodgate, James 
 
 must, out June 14, '65. 
 trans, to V.R.C. Aug. 5, '63, must, 
 out Nov. 17, '65. 
 
 died July 35, '62. 
 
 killed in action June 14, '64. 
 
 killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 
 died Feb. 4, '64, wounds. 
 
 vet., m. out Dec. 21, '65, as sergeant. 
 
 18, '61 ; discharged 
 6, '61 ; vet., m. out Dec. 21, '65, hos. steward. 
 " dis. Nov. 15, '63. 
 
 dis. May 6, '62. 
 
 (C (( U 
 
 12, '61 ; died at Nashville, May 8, '62. 
 6, '61 ; died Nov. 26, '62, wounds. 
 " died at Chattanooga, May 25, '64. 
 
 12, '61 ; des. April 8, '62. 
 6, '61 ; trans, to V.R.C. 
 died Jan. 7, '62. 
 " vet., must, out Dec. 21, '65, as corp. 
 
 " must, out Dec. 6, '63. 
 
 " difi. May 5, '64, wounds. 
 
 " dis. June 18, '65. 
 
 " dis. June 27, '64, wounds. 
 
 " killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 
 " died at Murfreesboro, April 7, '63. 
 
 " promoted captain. 
 
 des. Feb. 18, '63. 
 " dis., wounds. 
 
 « must, out Dec. 6, '63. 
 
 10, '61 ; died at Nashville, ApHl 12, '62. 
 6, '61 ; des. Dec. 14, '64. 
 " must, out Dec. 6, '63. 
 
 dis. Dec. 11, '62. 
 dis. June 18, '65. 
 " vet., must, out Dec. 21, '65, as sergt. 
 
 " dis. May — , '62, disability. 
 
 KBCKUITS. 
 
 Conner, Caleb W. must, in Sept. 13, '62 ; died at Nashville, Oct. 22, '64. 
 Cault, David must, in Sept. 12, '62; must, out Sept. 11, '65. 
 Gault, Lemuel " " " June 14, '65. 
 
68 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Groves, John m. in Sept. 13, '62; dis. June 9, '63, wounds receiyed at 
 
 Stone River. 
 Groves, Aquilla W. must, in Sept. 13, '62 ; must, out June 14, '65, ascorp. 
 Huff, Richard must, in Mar. 16, '64; must, out Dec. 21, '65, ascorp. 
 Harroll, Francis must, in Feb. 3, '65 ; " " 
 
 McMane, Anderson m. in Sept. 13, '62 ; m. out June 3, '65, 1st sergt. 
 Moody, Thomas M. " " " June 14, 65. 
 
 McMane, David H. must, in March 23, '62; must, out Nov. 38, '65. 
 Oliver, William must, in Oct. 6, '62 ; died June 27, '64, wounds. 
 O'Brien, Joseph W. must, in Oct. 10, '62 ; promoted 1st lieut. 
 Ruslc, Richard L. must, in April 7, '64 ; must, out Dec. 21, '65, as sergt. 
 Stump, Samuel must, in Feb. 34, '65 ; must, out Sept. 19, '65. 
 Winmore, George W. must, in Oct. 21, '62; mast, out Oct. 24, '65. 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Webster, John 0. must, in Dec. 10, '61 ; promoted 2d lieut., dis., wounds. 
 Gurnett, Wm. W. " . " must, out Dec. 10, '64, 1st sergt. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Kirkpatrick, 0. H. m.in Dec. 10, '61 ; vet, promoted captain. 
 Hamilton, Joseph " " vet., must.out Dec. 21, '65, as sergt. 
 
 Livingstone, Daniel " ' " must, out Dec. 10, '64, as sergt. 
 
 Hiett, Samuel R. " " « • 
 
 MUSICIAN. 
 
 Reynolds, Stephen must, in Dec. 10, '61; des. Nov. 4, '62. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Elrod, Samuel N. m.in Dec. 10, '61; died June 28, '64, wounds. 
 Grove, Vincent " " died Louisville, Ky., Jan. 30, '63. 
 
 Haines, Cornelius " " vet., dis. June 30, '65. 
 
 Henderson, Owen " " vet., missing in action at Franklin, 
 
 Tenn. 
 Hobbs, Leroy " " des. Nov. 4, '63. 
 
 Kranss, George " " killed Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 
 Kruge, George J. " 11, '61 ; vet., must, out Dec. 10, '64. 
 
 Livingston, Jasper " 10, '61 ; " " " 
 
 Matthews, Washington " " vet., dis. by order War Dept. Sept. 
 
 1, '65. 
 Matthews, Marion " '•' vet., must, out Dec. 21, '65, corp. 
 
 Patterson, Josepli " " dis. April 18, '63, wounds. 
 
 Feede, William F. " " died at Mutfreesboro, Tenn., Feb. 
 
 28, '63. 
 Reese, Francis M. " " died at Munfordsville, Ky., Mar. 
 
 18, '62. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 69 
 
 Slavens, Henry, must, in Dec. 23, '61 ; must. out. Dec. 10, '64. 
 
 Smith, George 
 Strader, William 
 Switzer, William 
 Thayer, Caleb 
 Vancurren, James H. 
 Wilson, James M. 
 
 21, '61 ; (lis. May 7, '62. 
 
 10, '61 ; must, out Dec. 21, '65, as corp. 
 
 des. Nov. 22, '61. 
 " dis. Jan. 3, '63, disability. 
 " must, oub Dec. 10, '64. 
 died , '62. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Boyle, John F. must, in Dec. 30, '62 ; dis. June 19, '65. 
 
 Hamilton, Alfred H. m. in Oct. 10, '62 ; m. out Oct. 25, '65, as sergt. 
 
 Hutchinson, William must, in Dec. 20, '63; kid. Keneway, June 37, '64. 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Alwuod, Henry M. must, in Sept. 17, '62; died April 18, '63. 
 
 Barr, John W. must, in Jan. 8. 
 
 Belton, Joseph " 
 
 Battley, William 
 Coombs, John " 
 
 Cooper, John E. " 
 
 Dooley, Jerome B. " 
 Eastlock, Samuel J. " 
 Farmer, Isom B. " 
 
 Fullenwider, Newton I. " 
 Farise, William E. 
 Ham, James A. " 
 
 Hibler, Scott W. 
 Hickman, John " 
 
 Jarrett, Abner " 
 
 Long, Thomas A. " 
 
 Mcintosh, Taylor 
 Moore, George W. 
 Moore, Harrison T. 
 
 Mcintosh, George W. 
 Mayse, Joseph 
 O'Brien, Joseph W. 
 Osborn, Charles 
 Palmer, John 
 Porter, Milton H. 
 
 Palmer, Jacob T. 
 Eogers, George W. 
 
 '64; must, out Dec. 21, '65, as corp. 
 
 died March 28, '65. 
 must, out Nov. 31, '65. 
 " Dec. 21, '65. 
 trans, to V.E.C. April 12, '65. 
 must, out May 32, '65. 
 dis. July 30, '64. 
 Oct. 33, '64 ; must, out Oct. 27, '65. 
 Jan. 8, '64; 
 " " 6, '64 ; " " 
 
 " Feb. 10, '64; died Aug. 20, '64. 
 " Sept. 25, '62 ; dis. Feb. 18, '63. 
 " Jan. 8, '64; must, out Dec. 21, '65, as corp. 
 " " July 2, '65. 
 
 Jan. 27, '66. 
 " Sept. 25, '64; died Dec. 16, '63, wounds. 
 " Jan. 8, '64; must, out Dec. 21, '65, as corp. 
 " " died, May 39, '64, wounds received 
 
 at Eesaca. 
 must, out Dec. 31, '65. 
 « " Sept. 16, '65. 
 
 " Oct. 10, '62 ; promoted 1st lieut. 
 " Jan. 8, '64; died at Texana, Tex., Nov. 16, '65. 
 " Oct. 10, '62 ; must, out Oct. 33, '65. 
 " Sept. 4, '63 ; died June 30, '64, wounds received 
 
 at Kenesaw. 
 " Feb. 10, '64; dis. June 34, '65. 
 " Jan. 8, '64; missing in action at Franklin, sup- 
 posed killed. 
 
70 HISTORY OF MONTOOMEBT COUNTY. 
 
 Reed, John A. must, in Jan. 8, '64; must, out Sept. 21, '65. 
 
 Smith, Chauncy " " " June 30, '65.- 
 
 Shepherd, Henry A. " Feb. 10, '64 ; , " Dec. 21, '65. 
 
 Sharp, Joseph R. " Jan. 8, '64; 
 
 Thompson,Wil]iam A. " 
 
 Warbritton, Henry W. " Sept. 2, '63; dis. March 8, '63. 
 
 Walever, Aaron W. " Jan. 8, '64; must, out Dec. 21, '65. 
 
 Walever, Sylvester S. " 
 
 Wilson, Robert " " dis. June 22, '65. 
 
 Watts, William H. " " must, out Sept. 21, '65. 
 
 FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Smith, Hamilton L. must, in March 23, '65; must; out Aug. 9, '65. 
 FIFTY-FIRST REGIMENT INFANTRY— THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY A. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Cook, Samuel Q. m. in Dec. 13, '61 ; vet., m. out Dec. 13, '65, as serg't. 
 Cook, John R. " " " " as corp. 
 
 COMPANY 0. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Thompson, David must, in Dec. 14, '61 ; dis. May 16, '63, disability. 
 
 COMPANY F. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Overman, William A- must, in Dec. 14, '61; died at Louisville, Ky., Dec. 
 
 21, '61. 
 Overman, John M. must, in Dec. 14, '61 ; deserted Dec. 15, '61. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Butcher, Francis M. m. in Oct. 10, '64; m. out Dec. 13, '65, substitute. 
 FIFTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT INFANTRY- THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Bratton, Samuel B. must, in Jan. 8, '64; must, out July 26, '64. 
 Burdit, Albert " 14, '64 ; vet., must, out July 25, '65. 
 
 Calfee, Alfred W. " " " " 
 
 Higgins, William I. " " « " 
 
 Hollins, Bialby m. in Oct. 18, '64; vet., m. out July 25, '65, drafted. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAB OF THE BBBELLION. 71 
 
 McLaughlin, John W. must, in Oct. 24, '62 ; must, out July 25, '65. 
 McKenzie, Joseph " Dec. 1, '63 ; " " 
 
 McKenzie, Mordecai " " " June — , '65. 
 
 Eoberts, James W. " 8, '63 ; " July 17, '65. 
 
 Stump, James W. " 1, '63 ; " 
 
 COMPAJiY E. 
 BECRUITS. 
 
 Packer, Andrew J., must, in March 1, '62; must, out July 15, '65. 
 SIXTY-THIRD REGIMENT INFANTRY— THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY A. 
 COBPORAL. 
 
 Elliott, John T. must, in May 3, '62 , must, out May 3, '65. 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Brush, David B. must, in Sept. 4, '63 ; dis. Oct. 1, '63, disability. 
 SEVENTY-SECOND REGIMENT INFANTRY— THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Herron, William must, in July 14, '62 ; promoted 1st lieut. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Maxwell, Robert must, in July 15, '62 ; promoted 1st lieut. 
 Robinson, Charles M. " 27, '62 ; " 2d lieut. 
 
 Grubb, Joseph " 14, '63 ; dis. March 25, '63. 
 
 Hauver, Barnett \ " 14, '63 ; must, out July 24, '65, as private. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Greene, Thomas C. must, in July 21, '62 ; must, out July 34, '65, as 
 
 serg't. 
 
 Herr, Benjamin L. " 14, '63 ;, must, out July 24, '65, as 
 
 serg't. 
 
 Montgomery, William B. " 19, '63; killed by guerillas near Le- 
 
 banon, Tenn., April 4, '63. 
 
 Keese, Thomas " " must, out June 24, '65. 
 
 Bridges, John " " dis. March 9, '63. 
 
 Clain, John . " " ' must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 McClean, William C. " 17, '62 ; died at Gallatin, Tenn., Jan. 
 
 17, '63. 
 
 Richestine, Jacob G. " 19, '62 ; must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Waldron, James must, in July 19, '62 ; must, out July 24, '65. 
 Townsley, Charles " 15, '62; dis. Feb. 20, '63. 
 
72 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 Christman, Matthias must, in July 19, '63 ; must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Andrews, Joel H. must, ia July 9, '62; dis. May 1, '63. 
 
 Anderson, Austin B. 
 Bechner, Marion 
 Brown, Solon 
 Bannister, William 
 Bannister, Enoch 
 Callahan, William H. 
 Castor, Franklin 
 Cowan, Samuel 
 Childers, Robert 
 
 Castor, Isaac N. 
 Carnes, Joseph 
 Dodd, George W. 
 
 Doyle, Sanford 
 Doherty, James 
 Drenman, John W. 
 Davisson, "Nathan 
 Doss, John E. 
 
 Goble, Jasper 
 Goble, Thomas 
 
 Grubbs, Samuel 
 
 Grubbs, John 
 Goodman, Jacob 
 Grist, Alva 0. 
 Hamilton, Sanford 
 Hoover, Henry 
 Hatfield, Thomas 
 Hashberger, Noah 
 
 Harris, John 
 Hixson, Theodore 
 Hollingsworth, Pinson 
 Henshaw, John M. 
 
 Harris, John L. 
 
 must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 Aug. 9, '62 
 
 July 19, '62 
 
 "' 18, '62 
 
 Aug. 9, '62 
 
 July 19, '62 ; 
 Aug. 9, '62 ; 
 " 19, '62 ; died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., 
 Jan. 36, '63. 
 July 19, '63 ; dis. May 28, '63. 
 32, '63 ; dis. May 19, '63. 
 35, '63 ; died at Gallatin, Tenn., Nov. 
 
 27, '62. 
 19, '62 ; died Louisville, Ky., Dec. 14, '62. 
 14, '62 ; must, out July 14, '65, as corp. 
 19, '63 ; dis. June 10, '63. 
 Aug. 9, '63 ; must, out July 35, '65. 
 
 " left wounded Okolona, Miss., 
 Feb. 32, '94 ; supposed dead, 
 dis. June 36, '63. 
 " trans, to marine squadron July 
 
 I, '63. 
 
 " died at Camp Dennison, Feb. 
 
 II, '63. 
 
 dis. Jan. 13, '63. 
 July 19, '62 ; must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 K U li 
 
 dis. Feb. 8, '63. 
 " must, out July 34, '65, as serg't. 
 
 dis. Jan. 15, '63. 
 " died at Bowling Green, Ky., 
 June 18, '63. 
 37, '62 ; dis. June 10, '63. 
 Aug. 9, '63; must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 " died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., 
 
 May 23, '63. 
 " died at Bowling Green, Ky., 
 
 Nov. 15, '62. 
 
MONTGOMBKY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION". 
 
 73 
 
 Harris, Jonah, must, in Aug. 9, '63 ; 
 
 Henderson, William " " 
 
 IngersoU, Martin " 19, '63 ; 
 
 Jolinson, Benjamin " " 
 
 Joyce, Eobert T. " " 
 
 Jackson, Elbridge " " 
 
 Jackson, Athol " 9, '63 ; 
 
 Lowman, David A. " " 
 
 Miller, Enoch " 
 
 Laughlin, Nathan M. " 19, '63 ; 
 
 Martin, David " 9, '63 ; 
 
 Mills, William H. " " 
 
 Mershon, Shubal " 19, '63; 
 
 Monohan, David " 
 
 Martz, Jacob " 
 
 Miller, Jasper " July 
 
 McCoy, James F. " Aug. 
 
 McCoy, Boyd L. " 
 
 Moorman, Miles " July 
 
 O'Harion, Henry " 
 
 Patton, Aaron " Aug. 
 
 Powers, David P. " July 
 
 Patton, Albert " Aug. 
 
 Picket, Nathan " July 
 
 Ehoades, John " 
 
 Shurr, John A. " 
 
 Peters, John H. " 
 
 Euckelle, John C. P. " Aug. 
 
 Sellers, James . " 
 
 Sands, David A. " 
 
 . Strain, Andrew " 
 
 Smith, Abijah " 
 
 Trickey, David S. " July 
 
 Vannice, Isaac B. " 
 
 Vannice, John W. " Aug. 
 
 Wright, Henry F. " July 
 
 White, Francis A. " 
 
 Wilson, Joseph " Aug. 
 
 Wilson, George M. " 
 
 17, '63; 
 9, '63 ; 
 
 19, '63; 
 
 (( 
 
 9, '63 ; 
 
 19, '63 ; 
 
 9, '63 ; 
 
 19, '63; 
 
 33, '63 ; 
 
 19, '63; 
 
 9, '63 ; 
 
 31, '63; 
 
 9, '63; 
 19, '63; 
 15, '63; 
 
 9, '63 ; 
 15, '63 ; 
 
 16, '63; 
 9, '63 ; 
 
 dis. July 4, '63. 
 
 must, out July 34, '65, as corp. 
 
 dis. June 35, '63. 
 must, out July 4, '65. 
 died Gallatin, Tex., Jan. 10, '63. 
 13, '63. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 " " as 1st serg't. 
 
 dis. March 15, '64. 
 wd. and c'pt.Chickamauga Sept. 
 
 19, '63 ; supposed to be dead, 
 died at New Albany, May 15,'63. 
 trans, to marine squadron July 
 
 1, '63. 
 died Gallatin,Tenn., Jan. 18, '63. 
 dis. March 15, '64. 
 dis. May 36, '63. 
 dis. June 9, '63. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 dis. Sept. 18, '63. 
 dis. March 8, '63. 
 killed, accident, Columbia, 
 
 Tenn., Sept. 5, '64. 
 must, in July 34, '65. 
 
 died at Bardstown, Ky., Nov. 
 
 16, '63. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 dis. Feb. 10, '63. 
 des. Oct. 38, '63. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 died at Selma, Ala., Oct. 17, '63. 
 must, out July 34, '65, as corp. 
 dis. June 9, '63. 
 died at Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 
 
 10, '63. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 dis. June 36, '63. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 
74 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEllY COUNTY. 
 
 Wilson, Henry M. must, in Aug. 9, '63 ; must, out July 34, '65. 
 Walters, Harvey " July 19, '63 ; " 
 
 Wright, Blam P. " July 17, '62; died at Columbia, Teun., April 
 
 35, '64. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Myers, Richard, must, in Nov. 13, '64; drowned at Macon, Ga., May 8, '65. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Park, Elijah, must, in July 19, '63 ; deserted Nov. 31, '63. 
 Ash by, William " " died at Gallatin, Tenn., Dec. 37, '62. 
 
 Medearis, James W. " 35, '63 ; must, out July 34, '65, as private. 
 
 Plunkitt, John W. " " promoted 3d lieu t. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Conningham, Edmund H., m. in July 35, '63 ; m. out June — , '65. 
 
 Montgomery, Simpson 
 Maxwell, Samuel 0. 
 Mahan, William H. 
 Harris, James 
 
 trans, to V.R.G., July 1, '6 
 dis. Oct. 37, '63. 
 promoted 3d lieut. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Greenburg, John, must, in July 25, '63 ; must, out July 34, '65, 
 Webster, John H. " " died at New Albany. 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 Ellis, Alfred P., must, in July 35, '63 ; must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Avery, Whiting A., must, in July 35, '63 ; must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 Albuston, Silas W. 
 Barton, Madison 
 Bible, John 0. 
 Chambers, Andrew J. 
 Cobb, Uriah 
 Campbell, John F. 
 Coombs, John N. 
 Coombs, Demman J. 
 Doyl, Harrison 
 Doyl, Allen 
 Cumess, Henry 
 Dungan, John W. 
 Deans, George 
 Edwards, Michael H. 
 Edwards, John W. 
 Flitcher, Jonathan 
 Gannon, George W. 
 
 trans, to V. R. C. 
 dis. Sept. 30, '63. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 dis. March 8, '63. 
 dis. Nov. 38, '63. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 dis. ■ 
 
 -, '63, disability. 
 (> 
 
 must, out July 34, '65, as corp. 
 must, out July 34, '65. 
 dis. Feb. 24, '63. 
 dis. Nov. 11, '62. 
 died at Murfreesboro, April 
 18, '63. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE EEBELLION. 
 
 75 
 
 Grill, Jonathan, must. 
 Eaywood, Thomas 
 Hobbs, Horatio 
 Bamilton, Nathaniel 
 [nsley, William A. 
 Jones, John E. B. 
 Keeney, John 
 Keeney, James 
 Insley, David W. 
 
 Johnson, Pnssley J. 
 Keyes, William G. 
 
 Kii'kpatrick, Milton 
 Kendall, James K. 
 Leffland, Alfred 
 Miller, Henry 
 Montgomery, George W. 
 McOlemrock, Lemuel B. 
 Mason, Omer W. 
 Menagh, Eobert J. 
 
 Meadows, 
 
 Mason, Francis M. 
 Kesterson, George S. 
 Nutt, James H. ' 
 Nicholson, William W. 
 O'Neil, John 
 Newkirk, Abner M. 
 Neeley, John A. 
 
 Peters, Henry S. 
 Piggott, Joseph 
 Plunkitt, George W. 
 Plnnkitt, Levi H. 
 Pointer, William 
 Quick, Stebbins 
 Quick, Harrison 
 Eandel, Abram B. 
 Romley, Ambrose 
 Reed, Henry 
 Ross, James 
 Rice, Henry B. 
 Swindler, Calvin E. 
 Shepherd, Israel H. 
 
 in July 25, '62 ; trans, to V. R. C, July 1, '63. 
 " must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 " died at New Albany, Dec. 7, '63. 
 
 " must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 died at Murfreesboro, April 
 
 27, '63. 
 discharged, 
 died in Andersonville Prison, 
 
 July 26, '64. 
 must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 as sergt. 
 
 dis. Sept. 8, '63. 
 
 trans, to marine brig. , '63. 
 
 dis. Feb. 2, '63. 
 
 dis. Feb. 24, '63. 
 
 must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 died at Murfreesboro, May 
 
 28, '63. 
 died at New Albany,Oct. 27, '62. 
 must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 trans, to V. E. C. July 1, '63. 
 
 dis. Jan. 17, '63. 
 
 dis. Feb. 2, '63. 
 
 dis. Nov. 11, '62. 
 
 must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 m. out July 24, '65, as sergt. 
 
 dis. Nov. 5, '62. 
 
 must, out July 24, '65. 
 
76 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERT COUNTY. 
 
 Shepherd, John T. must, in July 35, '63 ; must, out July 24, '65, ag corp. 
 
 Stockton, Theodore " 
 
 Totten, Jasper " 
 
 Slavins, John W. " died at New Albany, Nov. 
 
 30, '63. 
 Steward, John J. " died at Louisville, July 31, '63. 
 
 Thorp, George B. " died at Gallatin, Tenn., Jan. 
 
 11, '63. 
 Tannery, Tristom B. " dis. July 10, '64, wounds. 
 
 Winter, Daniel W. " must, out July 24, '65. 
 
 Wright, James W. " died at Murfreesboro, June 
 
 5, '63. 
 Warbritton, Andy " dis. March 33, '63. 
 
 Wood, John C. " killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 
 
 19, '63. 
 Walton, James W. " dis. Feb. 17, '63. 
 
 Williams, James H. " must, out July 34, '65. 
 
 Zoller, George F. 
 
 FOURTH CAVALRY, SEVENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT. 
 
 COMPAKT I. 
 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Knox, James C, must, in Aug. 11, 63 ; promoted 3d lieut. 
 
 COMMISSARY SERGEANT. 
 
 Man, Thomas C, must, in Aug. 8, 1863; must, out June 29, '65. 
 
 SERGEANT. 
 
 Brown, William S., must, in Aug. 15, '63; must, out June 39, '65. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Ooffman, John H., m. in Aug. 14, '63 ; must, out June 39, '65. 
 Jennison, Albert 0. " 11, '62; dis. March 7, '63. 
 
 FARRIER. 
 
 Bayless, George, must, in Aug. 11, '62; killed at Mumfordsville, Ky., Deo. 
 25, '63. 
 
 PKIYATES. 
 
 Cora, Wilbur P., m. in Aug. 11, '63 ; died at Andersonville, Ga., July 
 
 39, '64. 
 Holbrook, Abel S. " " trans, to V.R.C. June 20, '64. 
 
 Jarrett, Henry " " must, out June 25, '65. 
 
 Moflatt, William H. " 4, '62; prom. asst. surg. 5th Tenn. Cav. 
 
 Peters, John W. " 11, '63; dis. Nov. 5, '63. 
 
 Wade, Isaac " " " " 
 
 Hobson, John C. " 15, '62; trans, to V.R.C. May 1, '64. 
 
 HoUiday, Daniel M. " " must, out June 39, '65. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 77 
 
 Blackburn, William, m. in Aug. 15, '63; died Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 12, '63. 
 Mahorney, Chas. H. " 12, '62 ; dis. April 30, '62. 
 
 Marrs, John S. " 11, '62 ; dis. Sept. 1, '63. 
 
 EIGHTY-SIXTH REGIMENT — THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY F. 
 PRITATES. 
 
 Laymen, Wilson H., must, in Aug. 11, '62 ; promoted 2d lieuh 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Ristine, Harley S., m. in Aug. U, '62 ; dis. Feb. 13, '63. 
 
 Holloway, George W., must, in Aug. 17, '62 ; des. Jan. 20, '63. 
 
 Snyder, Benjamin F., m. in Aug. 12, '62 ; m. out June 6, '65, as sergt. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Blair, John W. Jr., must, in Aug. 12, '62 ; dis. Feb. 3, '63. 
 Spilman, Robert B., must, in Aug. 11, '62 ; promoted cap. 
 Barton, William, must, in Aug. 15, '62 ; des. Nov. 20, '62. 
 McClelland, Alfred J., must, in Aug. 15, '62 ; dis. Jan. 14, '63. 
 Engle, John B., must, in Aug. 15, '62 ; must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Naylor, Charles, must, in Aug. 22, '62; died at Bowling Green, Ky., 
 
 Nov. 1, '62. 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 V^anhook, Andrew J., m. in Aug. 18, '62; trans, to V. R. C. Sept. 1, '63. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 A.llhands, George, must, in Aug. 16; '62 ; dis. May 13, '63. 
 Baldwin, William J., must, in Aug. 18, '62 ; must, out June 6, '65. 
 Ball, Oliver, must, in Aug. 18, '62; must, out June 6, '65. 
 Beard, Thomas J., must, in Aug. 33, '63 ; dis. Jan. 14, '63. 
 Burk, George W., must, in Aug. 33, '63. 
 Darroll, Joseph S., must, in Aug. 35, '63 ; dis. Dec. 29, '63. 
 Oartis, John, must, in Aug. 36, '63. 
 
 Dice, William A., m. in Aug. 38, '62 ; des. from 51st regt., returned to regt. 
 Edwards, James G., " dis. Jan. 10, '63. 
 
 Engle, Talton, must, in Aug. 20, '63 ; dis. Dec. 31, '64. 
 Farley, William, must, in Aug. 16, '63 ; sent to penitentiary by civil au- 
 thority for bigamy. 
 Ferguson, John, " must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 Ferguson, Isaac W., ' " " 
 
 ?orbes, William J., must, in Aug. 30, '62 ; dis. Feb. 26, '63. 
 Jaley, William L., must in Aug. 23, '62; must, out June 6, '65. 
 
78 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Galloway, George, must, in Aug. 20, '63; died at Indianapolis, Sept. 5, '62. 
 Green, James, must, in Aug. 13, '62; trans, to 19tli TJ. S. Inf. Dec. 4, '62. 
 Green, Bartholomew, must, in Aug. 13, '62 ; died Jan. 9, '63, wounds re- 
 ceived at Stone River. 
 GrifiSth, Thomas B., must, in Aug. 11, '63 ; must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 28, '62 ; dis. Jan. 14, '63. 
 
 39, '63 ; " Jan. 13, '63. 
 
 34, '63 ; must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 34, '63 ; 
 
 30, '63 ; dis. Oct. 14; '63. 
 
 35, '62 ; m. out June 6, '65, as 1st sergt. 
 30, '62 ; " 
 
 39, '62 ; " as corporal. 
 
 20, '62 ; trans, to eng'r corps Aug. 7, '64. 
 25, '62 ; must, out June 6, '65. 
 28, '62 ; " as sergt. 
 
 23, '62 ; dis. Jan. 15, '63. 
 13, '63 ; trans, to 19th U. S. Inf. De- 
 cember 4, '63. 
 30, '62 ; trans, to V. R. C. Jan. 10, '65. 
 34, '62 ; must, out June 6, '65, as corp. 
 25, '62 ; 
 26, '62; died at Danville, Ky., Dec. 
 
 35, '63. 
 23, '62 ; dis. Mar. 7, '63, wounds. 
 " must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 Gwinn, John W. " 
 Hall, Henry C. 
 
 Harrington, James " 
 
 Harris, Alexander " 
 
 Harris, Peter " 
 
 Howard, Tilghman A. " 
 Kelley, John (1) 
 Kelley, John (2) 
 
 Laren, Garrett " 
 
 Lawson, Branson H. " 
 
 Linn, Joseph R. " 
 
 Long, Samuel K. " 
 
 Lynch, Patrick " 
 
 Moore, John D. " 
 
 Moore, Harvey H. M. " 
 
 Murry, Hiram M. " 
 
 Osborn, Warren " 
 
 Oxly, Joseph H. " 
 
 Peed, Henry " 
 
 Peed, Oliver H. " " " « 
 
 Pickerill, James L. " 33, '62 ; dis. Feb. 37, '63. 
 
 Potts, Elisha, must, in Aug. 35, '62 ; dis. Dec. 13, '64. 
 
 Prine, James M., must, in Aug. 24, '62 ; must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 Slattery, John " " « " 
 
 Reilly, Hugh, must, in Aug. 38, '62 ; pro. first lieut. 
 
 Sanders, William W., must, in Aug. 29, '62 ; killed at Nashville, Dec. 15,'64. 
 
 Smith, Charles, must, in Aug. 30, '62 ; dis. Mar. 9, '63. 
 
 Smith, Elisha, must, in Aug. 19, '62 ; died at Chattanooga, Feb. 4, '65. 
 
 Swank, Wilson, must, in Aug. 15, '62 ; must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 Swank, James R., must, in Aug. 16, '65 ; " « 
 
 Swank, John « « dis. April 37, '63. 
 
 Swindler, Henry H., « « trans, to V. R. C, Sept. 3, '63. 
 
 Thomas, James R., must, in Aug. 18, '62 ; must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 Vanhorn, John S. " " " •' 
 
 Wainscott, Francis M.,m. in Aug. 16, '63; "• " 
 
 Walker, Albert B., must, in Aug. 17, '63 ; " " 
 
 Ward, Dennis, m. in Aug. 32, '62 ; trans, to V. R. C, m. out July 7, '65. 
 
MONTGOMERY .COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 79 
 
 Thompson, John M., m. in Aug. 16, '62 ; dis. Feb. 5, '63. 
 TJrniston, Jonathan T. " died Oct. 21, '63, wounds. 
 
 Whited, William, must, in Aug. 22, '62 ; dis. July 10, '63. 
 Willey, Poster C, must, in Aug. 20, '62 ; died at Nashville, Jan. 29, '63. 
 Williams, James, must, in Aug. 25, '62 ; must, out May 17, '65. 
 Williams, Martin L., m. in Aug.26, '62 ; killed at Stone Eiver, Dec. 31, '63. 
 Wisong, William M., m. in Aug. 11, '62 ; died at Nashville, Dec. 27, '62. 
 Wisong, Francis M., must, in Aug. 16, '62 ; must, out June 28, '65. 
 Walker, Adam H., must, in Aug. 20, '62 ; must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 FIFTH CAVALRY, NINETIETH REGIMENT. 
 
 COMPANY A. 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Chenault, John must, in Oct. 6, '64 ; must, out June 15, '65. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 CORPORAL. 
 
 Peterman, John P., must, in Aug. 8, '62 ; must, out June 15, '65. 
 
 COMPANY L. 
 CO. Q. M. SERGEANT. 
 
 Chambers, John W., m. in Aug. 16, 62 ; m. out Sept. 15, '65, as 1st sergt. 
 
 CO. COM. SERGEANT. 
 
 McCnllough, Irvin A., must, in Aug. 16, '63, promoted 1st lieut. 
 
 CORPORAL. 
 
 Ball, Lafayette, must, in Aug. 19, '62; dis. April 27, '64 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Adams, William S., must, in Aug. 20, '62 ; died at Lexington, Ky., April 
 
 28, '64. 
 Ball, Isaiah, must, in Aug. 19, '62 ; must, out Sept. 15, '65. 
 Chambers, William, must, in Aug. 16, '62 ; must, out Sept. 15, '65, as 
 
 corporal. 
 Chambers, Charles M., must, in Aug. 22, '62 ; must, out June 16, '65. 
 Elliott, William Mc. " 19, '62 ; must, out Sept. 15, '65, as 
 
 sergeant. 
 Furguson, John, must, hi Aug. 21, '62 ; must, out Sept. 15, '65, prisoner 
 
 of war. 
 Gillis, George W., must, in Aug. 22, '62 ; dis. Dec. 16, '62. 
 Herron, Samuel B. " 31, '62 ; must, out Sept. 15, '65, as sergt. 
 
 Hendricks, Thomas 
 
 Hodges, Edmond J. " 22, '62 ; 
 
 Hughes, Eldridge " " « May 37, '65, 
 
 Moore, Alfred " 18, '63 ; " Sept. 15, '65. 
 
 Michael, Cornelius " " des. July 16, '63. 
 
80 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 Mullen, Jesse, must, in Aug. 23, '62; must, out June 16, '65. 
 Rider, Silas " " died at Glasgow, Ky., April 29, '63. 
 
 Rider, William " " must, out Sept. 15, '65, as sergt. 
 
 Singer, William E. 
 
 Vancleve, William M., must, in Feb. 16, '64; died on hospital boat Nov. 
 
 31, '64. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH REGIMENT— MINUTE MEN. 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Faust, William H., must, in July 11, '63; must, out July 17, '63. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Wasson, William H., must, in July 11, '63 ; must, out July 17, '63. 
 
 McMechan, Theodore " " 
 
 Scott, Uriah M. 
 
 Wilson, Lune " ' " 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Lane, Henry S., must, in July 11, '63 ; must, out July 17, '63. 
 Suman, Milo H. " " 
 
 Herndon, Henry " " 
 
 Mack, James T. " « 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Allen, John B., must, in July 11, '63 ; must, out July 17, '63. 
 
 Ball, Zopher " " 
 
 Barr, Newton " " 
 
 Beard, Thomas J. " " 
 
 Brown, James " " 
 
 Britton, James M., " " 
 
 Bishop, John " " 
 
 Braden, Albert H. " " 
 
 Burk, John M. " " 
 
 Burns, Lemuel " " 
 
 Canine, James F. " " 
 
 Canine, John H. " '• 
 
 Chill, Johnson J. " " 
 
 Carey, Orlando W. " " 
 
 Coons, Albert " " 
 
 Courtney, William " '• 
 
 Crawford, James B. " '■ 
 
 Davis, Thompson " " 
 
 Davis, Isaac " " 
 
 Doherty, Marshall " " 
 
 Doherty, Madison " " 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 81 
 
 Deighton, George H., must, in July 11, '63 ; must, out July 17, '63. 
 Drum, James E. 
 Elrod, John 
 
 Ensminger, Horace P. " " 
 
 Griffith, Thomas J. 
 Galey, Samuel 
 
 Horner, Abram " " 
 
 Hays, Charles 
 
 Hareus, Levi B. " 
 
 Hague, John 
 Hills, Murray R. 
 Hays, William W. • 
 Hawley, Ransom E. " 
 
 Hareus, Robert " " 
 
 Harner, Samuel " " 
 
 Harrison, Temple 0. 
 
 Harrison, John R. " " 
 
 Herr, John 
 
 Heaton, James " " 
 
 James, Charles K. '' " 
 
 Jennison, Henry " " 
 
 Lyon, William 
 Long, William H. 
 
 Leramon, Leonidas " " 
 
 Lowry, Alfred, 
 
 Lamb, George W. " promoted quartermaster. 
 
 Marks, Isaac A. " must, out July 17, '63. 
 
 Masterson, Wm. " " 
 
 Murharney, A. C. " " 
 
 Maxwell, James " " 
 
 Myers, Eli N. 
 McCray, Oliver P. 
 
 Martin, James M. A. " " 
 
 May, Richard J. 
 Mitchell, Milton 
 Mills, B. M. 
 
 Newton, Thomas H. " 
 
 Newton, Horace E. 
 Napper, Paul " 
 
 Ornbaun, Wm. ! " 
 
 Ornbaun, Andrew M. " " 
 
 Powell, Thomas M. ' ^ 
 
 Patterson, James " " 
 
 Riley, Ambrose W. „ 
 
 6 
 
82 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Eobiason, George W., must, in July 11, '63; must, out July 17, '63. 
 
 Roderick, D. G. 
 
 Eyker, William H. 
 
 Eobertson, William " " 
 
 Redenbaugh, Milton " " 
 
 Ristine, Theodore H. " " 
 
 Suman, William H. 
 
 Shepherd, Perry J. 
 
 Scott, William W. 
 
 Speed, Bruce " " 
 
 Snyder, George W. " " 
 
 Stonecypher, James H. " " 
 
 Shanklin, John A. " 
 
 Spillman, James F. " " 
 
 Taylor, Tighlman " 
 
 Vancleve, William N. " " 
 
 White, John W. " " 
 
 Wray, David R. 
 
 Wilson, Robert S. 
 
 Wilson, Levi B. " 
 
 Wolf, Ei^ward T. " " 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH REGIMENT-MINUTE MEN. 
 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Sharp, Isaac, must, in July 10, '63 ; must, out, July 15, '63. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Rhoades, M. G., must, in July 10, '63 ; must, out July 15, '63. 
 
 Shular, A. J. " 
 
 Peterman, W. H. H. " " 
 
 Ayers, Alonzo « ■ << 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Cooper, John R., must, in July 10, '63 ; must, out July 15, '63. 
 Philabaum, David " " 
 
 Jones, David " " 
 
 Fullenwider, Newton " " 
 
 MUSICIANS. 
 
 Buchanan, Thomas B., must, in July 10, '63 ; must, out July 15, '63. 
 Wible, A. M. " " 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Atherton, 0. B., must, in July 10, '63 ; must, out July 15, '63. 
 
 Austin, Henry " _ " 
 
 Brush, W. T. " « - 
 
 Bloomfield, J. D. G. " « 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 83 
 
 Barr, J. W. must, in July 10, '63 ; mast, out July 15, '63. 
 
 Buchanan, John " " 
 
 €lark, W. T. 
 
 Conner, C. W. 
 
 Crooks, Joseph " " 
 
 Couchman, George " " 
 
 Conner, P. M. 
 
 Cooper, Samuel P. 
 
 Durham, J. W. 
 
 Eastlach, Samuel, " " 
 
 English, B. D. 
 
 Frazier, E. K. 
 
 Fullenwider, Eoberfc " " 
 
 PuUenwider, C. E. " " 
 
 Glenn, William " " 
 
 Glover, N.J. 
 
 Gamble, James " " 
 
 Gardner, James A. " " 
 
 Gardner, George " " 
 
 Hawkins, William " " 
 
 Button, William M. " « ' 
 
 Hicks, David « « 
 
 Hanna, George E. 
 
 Huff, Richard 
 
 Hanley, E. E. " " , 
 
 Garrett, Abner " " 
 
 Johnson, P. M. 
 
 Jones, James " " 
 
 Laugh, John 
 
 Long, Thomas S. 
 
 Long, Thomas A. " « - 
 
 Lookabill, Alfred 
 
 Lookabill, Noah 
 
 Mcintosh, George " " 
 
 Miles, John A. " 
 
 McCormick, John N. 
 
 Mcintosh, B. P. " , " 
 
 Moore, Taylor " 
 
 Moore, George W. " " 
 
 Milligan, Thomas E. 
 
 Milligan, James R. " « 
 
 McMain, D. H. « « 
 
 McMain, Lloyd 
 
 McMain, John " 
 
84 
 
 HISTORY OB MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Mercer, James M., must, in July 10, '63 ; mnst. out July 15, '63. 
 
 Osborn, Charles 
 
 Owens, James 
 
 Patten, W. A. 
 
 Fatten, L. H. 
 
 Parker, Henry C. 
 
 Pratt, David 
 
 Richardson, William, 
 
 Read, John A. 
 
 Rogers, G. W. 
 
 Rice, William 
 
 Shepherd, P. M. 
 
 Steele, A. T. 
 
 Smith, P. M. 
 
 Sharp, Russel 
 
 Thompson, W. A. 
 
 Vinson, J. J. 
 
 Welever, S. S. 
 
 Whittingten, S. T. 
 
 Williams, Daniel 
 
 Wilson, George W. 
 
 Yount, James 
 
 Young, G. B. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEENTH REGIMENT, INFANTRY— SIX MONTHS. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 PRIVATE. 
 
 Phelps, Oliver A., must, in Aug. 17, '63 ; trans, to Co. A. 
 
 SEVENTH CAVALRY, ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEENTH REGIMENT- 
 THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 CORPORAL. 
 
 Day, William H., must, in Sept. 3, '63 ; dis. Aug. 21, '64. 
 
 PRIVATE. 
 
 Swindler, George W., must, in Sept. 3, '63 ; died March 20, '64. 
 
 CO. COMMISSARY SERGEANT. 
 
 Kelley, William W., must, in Sept. 5, '63 ; promoted 2d lieut. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTIETH REGIMENT, INFANTRY — THREE, 
 
 YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Cox, Esaias H., must, in Jan. 30, '64; promoted 2d lieut. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 85 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Wert, William, must, in Jan. 30, '64; dis. Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Sherlen, James " killed at Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 
 
 30, '64. 
 Eyker, William H. " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Duncan, Alexander " " . 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 McClaskey, Isaiah E.,must. in Jan. 30, '64; m. out Jan. 8, '66, as 1st serg't. 
 
 Martin, James M. A. 
 Hart, Kichard 
 Wert, Elnathan 
 Ensminger, Benjamin B. 
 
 Brown, Joseph H. 
 Barr, Isaac N. 
 Steele, William 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 m. out Jan. 8, '66, as serg't. 
 
 must, out June 10, '65. 
 
 died at Petersburg, Va., June 
 
 25, '65. * 
 mush out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 dis. Oct. 15, '65, 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Brockway, Asahel, must, in Jan. 30, '64; must, out Sept. 31, '65. 
 
 Burk, John P. 
 Buck, George W. 
 Britton, William 
 Beatty, Nathaniel 
 Boyland, George M. 
 Burkmeyer, Henry 
 Black, Samuel H. 
 Bunch, Willis 
 Bannon, Samuel P. 
 Booher, Albert 
 Claypool, John J. 
 Clark, Ulysses E. 
 
 Cully, Michael P. 
 Crouch, Jonathan 
 Champion, Chester C. 
 Cox, William 
 Davidson, Thomas 
 Davidson, Samuel 
 Doherty, Madison 
 Dorsey, John W. 
 Everson, Jacob 
 Pagg, Clairborn 
 Plannigan, Noah 
 Fisher, Samuel 
 Guy, Zachariah T. 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 must, out June 7, '65. 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 dis. May 18, '65. 
 
 died at Louisville, Ky., June 
 
 26, '64. 
 killed at Atlanta, Aug. 9, '64. 
 must, out June 8, '65. 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 must, out May 18, '65. 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 it 
 
 must, out June 15, '65. 
 must, out June 6, '65. 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
86 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBKT COUKTT. 
 
 Gatt, William P., must, in Jan 
 
 Gillis, William B. 
 
 Gardner, Henry C. " 
 
 Hardee, John " 
 
 House, William 0. 
 
 Hatt, Eeuben 0. 
 
 Hatt, George W. 
 
 Harrison, Eobert G. " 
 
 Hardee, William " 
 Hall, William 
 
 Jay, Jonathan " 
 
 Jackson, John B.' " 
 Johnson, William T. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel " 
 
 Jones, Francis M. " 
 
 Keeney, Thomas " 
 
 Kerr, Samuel " 
 
 Lee, Francis G. " 
 
 Long, Lorenzo " 
 
 Long, Lorenzo D. " 
 
 Miller, William " 
 
 Miller, David 
 
 Nelson, Clark B. . " 
 
 Orr, Daniel " 
 
 Patton, David W. " 
 
 Patter, William H. " 
 
 Pear, Eufus T. " 
 
 Paxton, William 
 
 Pearson, Eichard S. . " 
 
 Perry, John W. 
 
 Perry, Henry M. " 
 
 Peebles, Thaddeus " 
 
 Eomenger, Madison " 
 
 Eunnyan, Isaac N. " 
 
 Seeley, Marshall " 
 
 Shular, Lewis " 
 
 Williams, Daniel " 
 
 Wray, Curson H. " 
 
 Wilkinson, Thomas " 
 
 Waggoner, Samuel " 
 
 Waggoner, William A. " 
 
 30, '64 ; died at Marietta, Ga., Aug. 3, '64. 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 trans, to V. E. C. Nov. 30, '64. 
 
 des. July 30, '64. 
 
 died at Annapolis, Md., Dec. 
 
 29, '64. 
 
 must, out May 23, '65. 
 
 promoted ass't surgeon. 
 
 must, out June 8, '65. 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. « 
 
 must, out June 16, '65. 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '65. 
 it 
 
 " as Corp. 
 
 des. March 1, '64. 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 des. March 19, '64. 
 
 died at Newbern, N. C, March 
 
 10, '65. 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 killed at Atlanta, July 30, '64. 
 
 died at Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 ft 
 
 died at home Feb. 8, '64. 
 must, out June 9, '65. 
 trans, to V. E. C. April 1, '65. 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 must, out June 13, '65. 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66, as corp. 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 a 
 
 died at Newbern, N. C, April 
 
 25, '65. 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 " as corp. 
 
 must, out June 16, '65. 
 
 must out June 10, '65. 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 must, out June 10, '65. 
 
 must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 died at Chattanooga, June 17, '64. 
 
MONTGOMEET COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 87 
 
 Wilson, George A., must, in Jan. 30, '64 ; died at Chattanooga, June 21,'64. 
 
 Wineland, Daniel Jr. " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Wolf, Edward P. " 
 
 Wright, Erie F. " diedatLouisvil]e,Ky.,Peb.3,'65, 
 
 Wilkinson, John " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Britton, Thomas H., must, in March 4, '64; must, out Sept. 13, '65. 
 Harris, Eobert T., must, in Feb. 19, '64; must, out May 35, '65. 
 Imel, Franklin G. " must, out June 6, '65. 
 
 Largent, George W. " " 
 
 Pinkerton, Hiram " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Eitter, John 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Barcus, Samuel, must, in Jan. 30, '64; must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Ruff, James W. " " as 1st sergt. 
 
 Foster, Wiley S. « 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Thomas, William 0., must, in Jan. 30, '64; promoted 3d lieut. 
 
 Gillilan, Benjamin P. " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Thomas, John M. " died at Knoxville, Tenn., 
 
 July 37, '64. . 
 
 Morrison, Thomas W. " died at Nashville, April 9, '64. 
 
 Aydelott, Thomas " must, out Jan. 8, '66, as sergt. 
 
 Roberts, William " trans, to V. E.G., May 8, '65. 
 
 Ellis, John " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Bastian, Jefferson, must, in Jan. 30, '64; must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Bland, George W. " dis. June 13, '65. 
 
 Bennett, Caleb " must, out Jan. 8, '66, as corp. 
 
 Bennett, Samuel " mast, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Bannon, Samuel, never mustered. 
 
 Clouse, John, must, in Jan. 30, '64; must, out Jan 8, '66. 
 
 Cowan, William T. " des. March 14, '64. 
 
 Doran, Isaac " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Doran, James " must, out Jan. 31, '66, as sergt. 
 
 Dnnple, Henry " dis. May 3, '65. 
 
 Dungan, William " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Evans, James B. " dis. Aug. 15, '65. 
 
 Epperson, Edward H. " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Ebrite, Alfred " must, out May 13, '65. 
 
 Ellis, James P. " must, out Jan. 8, '66, as corp. 
 
 Ellis, Zachariah " dis. Feb. 4, '65. 
 
88 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBKT COUNTY. 
 
 Galey, James R., must, in Jan. 30, '64; dis. Sept. 13, '65. 
 
 Gillian, William, must, in March 13, '64 ; died in Andersonville prison, 
 
 June 14, '64. 
 Hill, Mack P., must, in March 13, '64 ; must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 Hashberger, Christopher, must, in Jan. 30, '64 ; must out Jan. 8, '66. 
 Howard, William E. " " 
 
 Harris, Charles A. " " 
 
 Hutchinson, Isaiah " " 
 
 Irons, Anthony " " 
 
 Irons, John R., must, in March 18, '64 ; " 
 
 Irons, Thomas E., must, in March 13, '64; promoted 2d lieut. 
 Keeney, William H., must, in Jan. 30, '64; must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 Layton, John " " 
 
 Lane, George W. " des. Jan. 20, '65. 
 
 Lane, Abraham " trans, to V.E.C., May 11, '65. 
 
 Mason, Thomas D. " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Mclntire, Daniel W. " died at Knoxville, Tenn., July 
 
 12, '64. 
 McCorkle, James " dis. July 27, '65. 
 
 Nelson, William P. " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Peed, Oscar V. " des. June 27, '66. 
 
 Pen rod, Solomon " dis. Jan. 28, '65. 
 
 Pickerill, James L. " must, out Jan. 8, '66, as corp. 
 
 Powers, William J. " " 
 
 Rusk, John " " 
 
 Russel, Martin V. " " 
 
 Ross, Isaac " « 
 
 Robinson, John " must, out May 30, '65. 
 
 Sparger, John B. " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Sparger, Charles R. " " " 
 
 Stout, John, must, in March 13, '64 ; dis. May 3, '65. 
 Willey, Hezekiah, must, in Ji^n. 30, '64 ; must, out Jan. 8, '66, as corp. 
 Whitecotton, Jacob " died at Indianapolis, March 
 
 14, '64. 
 Worth, John C. " must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 Wheeler, William " des. Jan. 20, '65. 
 
 Wilson, William C. " died at Indianapolis, March 
 
 11, '64. 
 Wheeler, John, must, in March 1, '64; must, out Jan. 8, '66. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-THIRD REGIMENT INFANTRY— THREE 
 
 YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 PRIVATE. 
 
 English, Benjamin, must, in Dec. 10, '63 ; m. out Aug. 25, '65, as corp. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAB OF THE REBELLION. 89 
 
 t 
 
 ONE HUNDEED AND TWENTY-FOURTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— THREE 
 
 YEARS. ; 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 PRIVATE. 
 
 Snider, William mast, in Jaa. 21, '64; must, out Aug. 31, '65. 
 
 ELEVENTH CAVALRY, ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SIXTH REGIMENT, 
 
 THREE YEARS. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 SERGEANT. 
 
 Seymour, Charles W. must, in Jan. 13, '64; must, out May 23, '65. 
 
 PRIVATE. 
 
 Holmes, Jonathan must, in Jan. 19, '64; must, out Sept. 19, '65. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Miller, Ben. C. must, in Dec. 19, '63 ; promoted 1st lieut. 
 Harris, William must, in Jan. 9, '64 ; must, out May 33, '66. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Skillman, Benson must, in Jan. 9, '64; died at home May 8, '64. 
 Peffly, Thomas " dis. Sept. 7, '64. " 
 
 Mills, George L. " must, out Sept. 19, '65, as serg't. 
 
 Magill, John A. " must, out May 18, '65. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Airhart, Joseph must, in Dec. 19, '63 ; must, out Sept. 19, '65. 
 
 Bird, James F. must, in Jan. 9, '64 ; " 
 
 Calhoun, Robert G. must, in Dec-. 19, '63 ; " 
 
 Catick, John C. must, in Jan. 9, '64 ; promoted quartermaster. 
 
 Prick, Abraham must, in Dee. 19, '63 ; dis. June 6, '65. 
 
 Fuel, William H. " died at home Feb. 17, '64. 
 
 Graves, William H. must, in Jan. 9, '64; must, out May 23, '65. 
 
 Gott, William B. " must, out Sept. 19, '65, bugler. 
 
 Inlow, John must, in Dec. 19, '63.; died at Jefferson ville, April 4, '65. 
 
 James, Robert M. " must, out Sept. 19, '65. 
 
 James, Charles K. must, in Jan. 9. '64; must, out Sept. 19, '65, as sergt. 
 
 McDaniel, Alexander C. must, in Dec. 19, '63 ; must, out June 27, '65. 
 
 Mills, William B. must, in Nov. 2, '63 ; must, out June 3, '65. 
 
 Miller, Oliver must, in Nov. 5, '63 ; des. 'Aug. 3, '65. 
 
 Otterman, Francis M. must, in Dec. 24, '63 ; must, out July 25, '65. 
 
 Pointer, William must, in Nov. 16, '63; des. June 17, '65. 
 
 Rouk, George H. must, in Oct. 26,'63 ; died at Hunt8ville,,Ala., Oct. 5,'64. 
 
 Ring, William H. m. in Jan. 2, '64; died at Larkinsville, Ala., Aug.11,'64. 
 
90 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 Stevenson, James A. must, in Oct. 25, '63 ; m. out Sept. 19, '65, as corp. 
 
 Swank, Isaac must, in Nov. 19, '63 ; " 
 
 Swank, Fletcher must, in Dec. 19, '63 ; des. July 2, '65. 
 
 Swank, John H. must, in Feb. 11, '64; dis. June 2, '66. , 
 
 Stalin, Joseph K. must, in Jan. 2, '64 ; must, out May 29, '65. 
 
 Statin, Alvin B. must, in Dec. 19, '63 ; died at Indianapolis, Feb. 3, '64. 
 
 Shaw, John A. must, in March 23, '64 ; died at Bowling Green, Kentucky, 
 
 Jan. 5, '65. 
 Watkins, Daniel K. must, in Jan. 9, '64 ; dis. June 2, '65. 
 Williams, Bryan must, in Dec. 19, '63 ; died at Jeflfersonville, Feb. 4, '65. 
 
 EECRUITS. 
 
 Crawford, Philander must, in Oct. 25, '64; must, out Sept. 19, '65. 
 Linn, Franklin " dis. May 6, '65, wounds. 
 
 COMPANY M. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Allen, William must, in Jan. 30, '64 ; must, out Sept. 19, '65. 
 
 Cooper, George A. " . " 
 
 Drollinger, Albert C. " " 
 
 Evans, David W. " " as bugler. 
 
 Jackson, Blcanah " " 
 
 Stewart, Joseph " " 
 
 Wilson, John W. " promoted Ist lieut. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-THIRD REGIMENT INFANTRY— ONE ' 
 HUNDRED DAYS. 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Austin, Henry M. must, in May 17, '64; supposed m. out, term expired. 
 
 Austin, Jerome " 
 
 Brush, William T. 
 
 Contchman, George R. " 
 
 Hanna, Pendleton '* 
 
 Lamson, Thomas W. " 
 
 Richardson, Chancy " 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIFTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— ONE 
 HUNDRED DAYS. 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Beck, Edward F. must, in May 23, '64 ; must, out Sept. 29, '64, as corp. 
 Boone, Richard F. " « 
 
 Bridges, John W- " " 
 
 Brown, Hiram A. " " 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 91 
 
 Cadwallader, Edwin, must, in May 33, 
 
 Castor, Isaac N. " 
 
 Cox, Lindley, " 
 
 Crawford, Philander, " 
 
 Custard, Aaron R. " 
 
 Declier, William " 
 
 Davis, Eandolph " 
 
 Dorsey, George T. " 
 
 Duke, George H. " 
 
 Frame, Samuel P. " 
 
 Hall, Benjamin P. « 
 
 Hampton, John C. " 
 
 Hayworth, George " 
 
 Hodgin, William R. " 
 
 Hunt, James W. " 
 
 Inlow, Ezekiel " 
 
 Jesse, James N. " 
 
 Kelsey, Isaac M. " , 
 
 Knox, Matthew M. " 
 Ladford, William 
 
 Lockridge, John " 
 
 Lynn, James H. " 
 
 Markey, Josiah " 
 
 McKay, Richard " 
 
 McMurtry, John " 
 
 Marts, Jerome " 
 
 Mote, Marcus " 
 
 Mate, Andrew " 
 
 Myers, Harry W. " 
 
 Nealey, John T. " 
 
 Nicholls, Joseph L. " 
 
 Nicholls, Cyrus L. " 
 
 Perkins, William " 
 
 Peterson, Taylor " 
 
 Potenger, David D. " 
 
 Rosencrans, Edwin " 
 
 Sharp, John T. " 
 
 Spry, George A. " 
 
 Stickrod, Preston " 
 
 Stoner, David L. " 
 
 Summers, Henry " 
 
 Thompson, James " 
 
 Wence, Henry " 
 
 '64 ; must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 « 
 
 " as serg't. 
 
 u 
 
 " as Corp. 
 
 " as serg't. 
 
 died at Nashville, Sept. 4, '64. 
 must, out Sept. 29, '64 as corp. 
 
 " as wagoner. 
 
 . <{ 
 
 died at TuUahoina, Tennessee^ 
 
 Sept. 4, '64. 
 
 must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 « 
 
 " as Corp. 
 
 " as musician. 
 
 u 
 
 " as Corp. 
 
 as Corp. 
 
 as musician. 
 
«2 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 died Bridgeport, Ala., June 30,'64. 
 must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 
 as serg't. 
 
 White, George W. must, in May 23, '64; must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 
 "Wright, Thomas W. : « . " 
 
 COMPANY F. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Allen, John B. must, in May 23, '64; must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 
 3alser, Prank C. " " 
 Bayless, John G. 
 
 Bayless, John M. " " 
 LBayless, William T. 
 
 Beach, John H. " 
 
 Beach, George " 
 
 Bein, George " 
 
 CofiBn, George " 
 
 Cope, Absalom B. " 
 
 Clevinger, Schobal V. " 
 
 Copner, John W. " 
 
 Cowan, Edward H. " 
 
 Cruse, Columbus D. " 
 
 El rod, George W. " 
 
 Elliott, Henry C. « 
 
 Fisher, John " 
 
 Gilkey, James H. . " 
 
 Gilkey, Joseph A. " 
 
 Goble, Hiram " 
 
 Gregg, George W. " 
 
 Gronendyke, Charles " 
 
 Ham, Joseph " 
 
 Holman, Robert " 
 
 Harrison, John " 
 
 Harrison, Thomas " 
 
 Hombaker, Albert T. " 
 
 Johnson, Samuel " 
 
 Kingsbury, Samuel D. " 
 
 Lafollet, Jacob G. " 
 
 Larsh, Robert G. " 
 
 Liter, Matthias A. " 
 
 McClarnoch, John " 
 
 Mclntire, Ferguson, " 
 
 Mills, Blias H. « 
 
 Mitchell, George " 
 O'Keal, Edgar H. 
 
 Patterson, Samuel " 
 
 Ristine, Theodore H. " 
 
 Roderick, Daniel G. " 
 
 as corp'l. 
 as serg't. 
 
 " as musician, 
 
 died Bridgeport, Ala.,June 33,'64. 
 must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 
 died Bridgeport, Ala., July 16,'64. 
 must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 
 as coi'p. 
 
 as wagoner. 
 
MONTGOMERY COTrNTT IN THE WATt OF THE EEBELLION. 
 
 9S 
 
 as musician. 
 
 Eoundtree, Henry 0. must, in May 33, '64; must, out Sept. 39, '64. 
 
 Remley, William F. 
 
 Euffner, John 
 
 Smith, James M. 
 
 Smith, Francis 
 
 Stout, John 
 
 Stout, Wilson 
 
 Stonebraker, J. K. 
 
 Stubbins, Archibald A. 
 
 Taylor, James 
 
 Talbot, Jesse 
 
 Taylor, Thomas 
 
 White, Isaac G. 
 
 Willis, John W. 
 
 Youkey, John 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 
 PKIVATES. 
 
 Aydelott, John P., must, in May 23, '64; must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 
 Cook, Thomas M. 
 
 Galbreath, James 
 
 Halstead, William 
 
 Myers, George B. 
 
 Martin, Owen 
 
 Parker, David L. 
 
 Eussell, Dallis 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Allen, James, must, in May 23, '64 ; must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 
 as Corp. 
 
 as serg't. 
 as Corp. 
 
 Berryman, James A. 
 Burke, John M. 
 Brown, Elias 
 Buffington, Julian 
 Bennett. Durett A. 
 Bennage, Martin 
 Bailey, John 
 Burns, John H. 
 Bishop, John 
 Brown, Preserve 
 Crawford, Charles M. 
 Coons, Albert L. 
 Cord, Harris R. 
 Cadwallader, Ira 
 Driscoll, Allen 
 Ponst, Zack N. 
 
 promoted asst. surgeon. 
 
 must, out Sept. 29, '64, as corp. 
 
 ap'd hospital steward, 
 must, out Sept. 29, '64. 
 
 as serg't. 
 
94 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 Griffith, Thomas J. m. in May 23, '64 ; ap'd com. sergfc. 
 
 "■Gillmore, Thomas " must, out Sept. 39, '64. 
 
 Heatou, James Jr. " 
 
 Hays, Frank E. " 
 
 Hamilton, Sanford " 
 
 Herndon, Henry " " as corp. 
 
 Harris, John K. " 
 
 Hovermale, John A. " 
 
 Holloway, Enoch " 
 
 Irwin, William A. " 
 
 Irvine, Zeph. " 
 
 Johnson, Hale " 
 
 Justice,- Francis A. " 
 
 Kelly, Edward " 
 
 Martin, William H. " " as serg't. 
 
 Mondy, William " 
 
 Moore, Thaddeus " 
 
 Masterpon, William S. " 
 
 Morris, Benjamin " " as corp, 
 
 McGregg, Joseph " 
 
 Nasler, Calloway " 
 
 Nicholls, Francis " 
 
 Newton, Horace E. " 
 
 Ornbaun, William " 
 
 Proctor, Eolin T. " 
 
 Pierson, Benjamin P. " 
 
 Eobinson, George A. " 
 
 Riley, Ambrose W. " 
 
 Rogers, Henry 0. " 
 
 Reynolds, John " 
 
 Suman, Milo H. " " as serg't. 
 
 Suman, William J. " 
 
 Stonecypher, Samuel " 
 
 Speed, Robert B. " 
 
 Stewart, Robert " 
 
 Stoddard, Owen " " as corp. 
 
 Thorp, Harvey " 
 
 Vancleave, Samuel M. " 
 
 Wilhite, Jacob M. « 
 
 Ward, Lafayette " 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-NINTH REGIMENT, INPANTRY-ONE YEAR. 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 PKIVATB. 
 
 Kelly, James, must, in Feb. 17, '65 ; must, out Sept. 27, '65. 
 
MONTGOMERy COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 95 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH REGIMENT, INFANTRY — ONE TEAR. 
 
 COMPANY C. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Gallady, "William H., must, in Feb. 15, '65 ; must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 Lipp, William S., must, in Feb. 17, '65; " as corp, 
 
 Marty, John M. 
 Stamper, William, must, in Feb. 16, '65 ; des. Feb. 30, '65. 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Cromer, John K., must, in Feb. 15, '65 ; must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Chesnilt, Thomas, must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; " as corp. 
 
 Durham, John S., must, in Feb. 33, '65; des. Mar. 15, '65. 
 
 Dye, James, must, in Feb. 37, '65 ; must, out May 39, '65. 
 
 Edwards, Nathaniel, must, in Feb. 15, '65; m. out Aug. 5, '65, as serg't. 
 
 Flinn, William W., must, in Feb. 17, '65 ; 
 
 Fate, Joseph H., must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; 
 
 Glass, Silas M., must, in Feb. 16, '65 ; must, out June 5, '65. 
 
 Monday, Peter, must, in Feb. 15, '65 ; must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Monday, Willis 
 
 McKinley, Joseph G. " " 
 
 Ocletreo, George " " 
 
 Powell, John'F. M. 
 
 Eoss, Joseph, must, in Feb. 17, '65 ; " 
 
 Smith, Samuel, " des. March '65. 
 
 Smith, Simon " must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Sloveringa, Zachariah, must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; " 
 
 Thompson, James W., must, in Feb. 31, '65; " 
 
 Thomas, Seth, must, in -Feb. 16, '65 ; 
 
 Thomas, Price J., must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; 
 
 Thomas, Arthur M. " must, out June 14, '65. 
 
 Wilson, Henry 0. " must, out Aug. 5, '65, as sergt. 
 
 Woods, James M., must, in Feb. 17, '65; must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Williams, Ellison, must, in Feb. 16, '65 ; must, out Aug. 35, '65. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Adams, James, must, in Feb. 8, '65 ; must, out Aug. 6, '65. 
 
 Austin, Abner V. " " as sergt. 
 
 Bennett, Dmalt A. " 
 
 Birney, Samuel " " 
 
 Brown, Preserve " " 
 
 Brown, Elias, must, in Feb. 17, '65 ; " 
 
96 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Cooley, Ambrose G., must, in Feb. 6, '65 ; must, out Aug. 6, '65. 
 
 Coleman, Jacob, " " 
 
 Caster, Jacob C, must, in Feb. 10, '65; " 
 
 Coleman, George " must, out June 17, '65. 
 
 Caster, Montgomery " must, out Aug. 5, '65, as corp. 
 
 Chenault, David T., must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Dinsmore, William W., must, in Feb. 10, '65 ; must, out July 26, '65. 
 
 Faust, Milton J., must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; must, out Aug. 5, '65, as corp. 
 
 Gillis, David, must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Hopkins, Henry, must, in Feb. 16, '65; must, out May 25, '65. 
 
 Heaney, William F., must, in Feb. 8, '65 ; must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Jackson, James W., must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; " 
 
 Kelly, Michael, must, in Feb. 8, '65 ; " 
 
 Leak, William M., must, in Feb. 10, '65 ; " 
 
 Myers, Harvey W., must, in Feb. 15, '65 ; " 
 
 Mires, William 0. " " 
 
 McCabe, Peter " " 
 
 McCannish, George, must, in Feb. 10, '65 ; " 
 
 McDowell, Lewis " " 
 
 McLaughlin, Alvin " " 
 
 McManny, Thomas D. " ' " 
 
 Martz, Jerome, must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; " 
 
 McKinley, Ezra " " 
 
 Mullen, Silas K. 
 
 Michael, John " " 
 
 McCabe, James, must, in Feb. 6, '65 ; " as corp. 
 
 Nicholson, James " " 
 
 Nicholson, Joseph " " 
 
 Perkins, William, must, in Feb. 10, '65 ; must, out June 17, '65. 
 
 Sheppard, George W., must, in Feb. 15, '65; must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Stout, Wilson, must, in Feb. 6, '65 ; "as corp. 
 
 Switzer, Michael S., must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; " 
 
 Slippey, George, must, in Feb. 13, '65 ; must, out Aug. 5, '64, as corp. 
 
 Tyler, William S., must, in Feb. 10, '65 ; must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Williams, Robert, must, in Feb. 6, '65 ; " 
 
 Whitecotton, Esau, must, in Feb. 10, '65 ;■ des. March 1, '65. 
 
 COMPANY R. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Dukes, Davis, must, in Feb. 28, '65 ; must, out June 29, '65. 
 Hampton, William F. " must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Matthias, Ephraim, must, in Mar. 3, '65 ; " 
 
 Neighbors, Rufus " " 
 
 Rankins, Thompson, must, in Mar. 2, '65 ; " 
 
H/(Uo^ 
 
 U. S. AHMY 
 
MONTGOMERY COtJNTT IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 97 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FOURTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— ONE YEAR. 
 
 COMPANY B. 
 
 Benefiel, James H., must, in Mar. 38, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65, as corp.- 
 
 Benefiel, William H. " 
 
 Bratton, Charles A. " 
 
 Burgner, Charles, must, in Mar. 30, '65 ; " 
 
 Burris, John H., must, in Mar. 28, '65 ; " 
 
 Essex, David, must, in Mar. 15, '65. " 
 
 Eouth, Isaac, must, in Mar. 38, '65 ; " 
 
 Kiley, James, " des. June 5, '65, 
 
 Eichardson, Joseph T., " must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Stoops, John W., must, in Mar 30, '65 ; " 
 
 Young, Thomas, must, in Mar. 38, '65 ; " 
 
 COMPANY D. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 McFeters, William, must, in Mar. 31, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 Rush, Harvey, must, in Mar. 30, '65 ; " 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Bowen, William, must, in Apr. 13, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 Bowen, George " " 
 
 Elliott, Benjamin P., m. in Mar. 33, '65 ; " as corp. 
 
 Pallace, Jacob E. " " as sergt. 
 
 Goodwin, Cyrus A. " " as corp. 
 
 Johnson, Joseph, must, in Apr. 6, '65 ; des. Apr. 14, '65. 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Andrews, David P., must, in April 13, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 Arnhostler, William " " 
 
 Gallaher, Alonzo, must, in Mar. 14, '65 ; des. June 30, '65. 
 Leachman, James, must, in Mar. 18, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 Lawler, John, must, in Mar. 31, '65 ; "as corp. 
 
 Smith, William, must, in Apr. 12, '65; des. Apr. 32, '65. 
 Sailor, Mordecai " must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Sailor, Lewis " " 
 
 Wood, John 
 
 COMPANY H. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Edmonson, George W., must, in Mar. 14, '65; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Eay, John D. 
 
 Ray, Morris W. " " as corp. 
 
 7 
 
98 HISTORY OF MONTQOMEllY COUNTY. 
 
 Spellman, James, must, in Mar. 23, '65 ; des. Apr. 19, '65. 
 Smith, Richard H., must, in Mar. 14, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 Thompson, George B. " " 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Ely, David, must, in Mar. 30, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Brown, Franklin, must, in Apr. 13, '65; des. Apr. 18, '65. 
 
 Hossfelt, Frederick, m.in Mar. 33, '65 ; mast, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Hunter, David, must, in Apr. 11, '65 ; " 
 
 Imes, Martin, must, in Apr. 13, '65 ; • " 
 
 Jones, William B., m'. in Mar. 33, '65 ; " 
 
 Long, Ewing, must, in Apr. 11, '65 ; des. July 6, '65. 
 
 Laflin, William W., must, in Mar. 14, '65 ; m. oub Aug. 4, '65, as corp. 
 
 Vanscoy, Thomas, must, in Mar. 38, '65 ; " 
 
 Wicker, William, must, in Mar. 15, '65 ; " as sergt. 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Allen, Perry, must, in Mar. 33, '65 ; des. Apr. 19, '65. 
 
 Boon, Morgan, must, in Mar. 14, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Bracket, Robert, must, in Mar. 38, '65 ; must, out May 30, '65. 
 
 BuflBngton, Julian, must, in Mar. 33, '65 ; m. out Aug. 4, '65, as corp. 
 
 Banks, Jefferson " " 
 
 Brown, Thomas H., must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; " as must. 
 
 Baehle, Ignatius " « 
 
 Butcher, James A., must, in Mar. 34, '65 ; " 
 
 Brown, Henry « des. Apr. 19, '65. 
 
 Bishop, James H. " " 
 
 Brown, Joshua " " 
 
 Blackburn, Richard B. " d. at Indianapolis, Apr. 19, '65. 
 
 Burk, John M., must, in Mar. 11, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65, as corp. 
 
 Coons, George W., m. in Mar. 33, '65 ; " 
 
 Collins, Elijah, must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; died, at Indianapolis, Apr. 25, '65. 
 
 Cadel, William J. " des. Apr. 19, '65 ; 
 
 •Catterson, James " " 
 
 'Clements, Thomas V. " must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Cline, William J. " « 
 
 ■Custer, Andrew R., m. in Mar. 24, '65 ; " 
 
 Coombs, Eli, must, in Mar. 14, '65 ; " 
 
 Dickerson, James, must, in Mar. 33, '65 ; . " 
 
 Dean, James (Jefferson), m. in Mar. 17, '65 ; " 
 
 Dew, John " " 
 
 Dorsey, George T. " p?o. 2d lieut. 
 
 Foster, George A. « m. out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
MONTGOMEET COUNTY IN THE WAR OP THE KEBELLION. 99 
 
 Finch, John, must, in Mar. 17, '66 ; m. out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Ford, Michael « des. Apr. 28, '65. 
 
 Faddis, Martin, must, in Mar. 24, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Oarrigus, John, must, in Mar. 14, '65 ; " 
 
 Glenn, Martin, must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; " 
 
 Herndon, Samuel P. " " 
 
 Harris, William, must, in Mar. 18, '65 ; " 
 
 Justice, Francis M., m. in Mar. 12, '65 ; " • 
 
 Johnson, Samuel, must, in Mar. 28, '65 ; must, out May 11, '65. 
 
 Job, John S., « must, out Aug. 11, '65. 
 
 Jesse, James M., must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; must, out May 13, '65. 
 
 King, John W., must, in Mar. 28, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Kidd, Andrew J., must, in Mar. 2.3, '65 ; " as sergt. 
 
 Lesley, Josiah, must, in Mar. 28, '65 ; " 
 
 Murry, John W. " must, out May 28, '65. 
 
 Moore, Lewis, must, in Mar. 29, '65 ; des. Apr. 19, '65. 
 
 Mickey, John F., must in Mar. 17, '65 ; " 
 
 Mikesell, Christopher " des. June 22, '65. 
 
 Mead, Alva C, must, in Mar. 24, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 McOIure, James, must, in Mar. 28, '65 ; " 
 
 McGraw, Eichard " " 
 
 McCormick, Patrick, must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; " 
 
 Norris, Joshua, must, in Mar. 14, '65 ; des. June 22, '65. 
 
 Nugent, Francis, must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 
 Norwood, Daniel S., must, in Mar. 24, '65 ; " 
 
 Peterson, James, must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; " 
 
 Parker, William, must, in Mar. 24, '65 ; " 
 
 Swank, John 0., must, in Mar. 28, '65 ; must, out May 28, '65. 
 
 Smith, William " died at Cumberland, Md., June 
 
 30, '65. 
 Smith, John E., must, in Mar. 24, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 Shertz, Jacob, must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; " 
 
 Shepherd, Lewis " must, out June 16, '65. 
 
 Spillman, Marcus L " must, out Aug. 5, '65. 
 
 Simmons, Henry, must, in Mar. 24, '65 ; des. Apr., 19, '65. 
 Taylor, Thomas, must, in Mar. 28, '65 ; must, out May 11, '65. 
 Tate, Samuel M. " must, out Aug. 4, '65, as sergt. 
 
 Tate, John R., must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; " 
 
 Taylor, Isaac R. « " 
 
 Vannice, James N., must, in Apr. 11, '65 ; " 
 
 Welsh, John, must, in Mar. 14, '65 ; " 
 
 Whited, William, must, in Mar. 28, '65 ; " 
 
 Wilhite, Warner, must, in Mar. 23, '65 ; " 
 
 Williams, Anderson S. " " 
 
100 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 Woods, Lorenzo D., must, in Mar. 17, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65, as sergt. 
 
 Wright, Joseph G. 
 
 Weaver, Albert " 
 
 Wallace, John H., must, in Mar. 30, '65 ; 
 
 Wence, Henry, must, in Mar. 18, '65 ; 
 
 Zachary, Alvin, must, in Mar. 28, '65 ; 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SIXTH REGIMENT INFANTRY— ONE YEAR. 
 
 COMPANY A. 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Faust, Zachariah, must, in March 11, '65; must, out Aug. 4,'65, as serg't. 
 Heden, Alexander F., m. in Mar. 17, '65 ; " as corp. 
 
 Hopson, Joseph " des. March — , '65. 
 
 Jacob, William, must, in March 15, '65 ; must, out Aug. 4, '65. 
 Morgan, William H., must, in March 17, '66 ; " 
 
 Morgan, John H. " " 
 
 Petit, Thomas, must, in March 15, '65 ; " 
 
 Hains, David, must, in March 13, '65 ; " 
 
 Sullivan, Patrick " « 
 
 NINTH BATTERY— THREE YBAKS. 
 
 FIRST SERGEANT. 
 
 Calfee, Samuel G., must, in Feb. 25, '63 ; promoted 2d lieut. 
 
 QUARTERMASTER SERGEANT. 
 
 Myers, Gerge F., must, in Feb. 25, '62 ; must, out May 16, '65. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Deets, Emly, must, in Feb. 25, '62 ; dis. Sept. — , '62. 
 
 Sullivan, Marcus 0. " died Union City,Tenn.,Oct.26,'63. 
 
 Nicholson, Edward W. " promoted 1st lieut. 
 
 Smith, Kobert H. « must, out Feb. 25, '65, ae private- 
 
 Swearinger, Joseph P. " « absent sick. 
 
 CORPORALS. 
 
 Sparks, Thomas, must, in Feb. 25, '62; killed explosion U. S. transport, 
 
 Jan. 27, '65. 
 Grimes. George W. " vet., died Feb. 9,'65, wounds rec'd 
 
 Eclipse explosion. 
 Stubbins, John W. " m. out Jan. 26,'65, as Q.M. sergt. 
 
 McKinsey, Nehemiah O. " must, out June 3, 65, as private. 
 
 Shafer, Jesse N. « drowned in Tenn. river Apr. '62. 
 
 Leaming, Marshall " vet., must, out June 26, '65. 
 
 Budd, John T. " died March 20, '62. 
 
 McKinsey, George W. " vet., must, out Jan. 26, '65. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 101 
 
 ARTIFICERS. 
 
 Wolverton, William, must, in Feb. 25, '62 ; died Jan. 27,'65, wounds rec'd 
 
 explosion steamer Eclipse. 
 Warfleld, William H. H. " died at Bolivar,Tenn., Aug. '62. 
 
 WAGONER. 
 
 Frier, John R., must, in Feb. 25, '62 ; killed Jan. 27, '65, explosion of U. 
 
 S. steamer Eclipse. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Bolser, David, must, in Feb. 25, '62 ; dis. May — , '62. 
 
 Budd, Daniel C. " must, out Feb. 25, '65, as corp. 
 
 Dwiggins, Samuel " killed accidentally, Jan. 27, '65. 
 
 Holeman, William " must, out Feb. 23, '65. 
 
 Julien, Joseph " vet., killed Jan. 27, '65, exp. Eclipse. 
 
 Lindsey, Oliver P. " vet., must, out June 26, '65. 
 
 Martin, Brenton 0. " 
 
 Stanford, David G. « must, out Feb. 26, '65. 
 
 Watson Joseph A. « dis. '62. 
 
 York, William B. " - died at Vicksburg, Miss., June 1, '64. 
 
 RECRUITS. 
 
 Garland, William, must, in Jan. 18, '64 ; must, out June 26, '65, as absent. 
 
 Garland, Berryman,must. in Jan. 2, '64 ; must, out May 16, '65. 
 
 Harwood, James P., m. in July 37, '64 ; m. out June 26, '65, as absent. 
 
 Julien, George, m. in Nov. 2, '64 ; " 
 
 Little, John M., m. in Jan. 2, '64 ; " 
 
 Myers, Charles J., m. in Jan. 26, '65 ; " 
 
 Sparks, Albert T., m. in Jan. 21, '64; " 
 
 Smith, Joseph W., must, in July 26, '64 ; killed Jan. 27, '65, exp. str. 
 
 Eclipse. 
 Taylor, John, must, in Aug. 20, '62; killed Jan. 26, '65, exp. str. Eclipse. 
 Wendall, Jacob, m. in Apr. 25, '64 ; m. out June 26, '65. 
 Winters, Henry, m. in Dec. 15, '64 ; " 
 
 RECRUITS FOR 1865. 
 
 McFeeley, William, m. in Apr. 11, '62 ; m. out May 13, '65. 
 EIGHTEENTH BATTERY— THREE YEARS. 
 
 SERGEANTS. 
 
 Miller, Martin J., ra. in July 12, '62 ; pro. 2d lieut. 
 
 Binford, James W. m. in July 23, '62 ; m. out June 30, '65, as private. 
 
 Miller, John W., m. in July 16, '62 ; " 
 
 CORPORALS. , 
 
 Enney, John, m. in July 19, '62; died from wounds. 
 
 Sperry, Frederick L. " m. out June 30, '65, as private. 
 
102 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 McMaken, Benjamin M., m. in July 19, '62; diedatCrawfordsville, Ind., 
 
 Jan. 18, '63. 
 Newell, Augustus E., m. in July 12, '62 ; m. out June 30, '65. 
 McBroom, Martin V., m. in July 28, '62 ; " as private. 
 
 Lyon, Theodore S., m. in Aug. 7, '62 ; " « 
 
 BUGLER. 
 
 Campbell, Henry., m. in July 12, '62 ; dis. to accept commission. 
 
 ARTIFICERS. 
 
 Ellis, James H., m. in July 19, '62 ; m. out June 30, '65. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Austin, Archelaus C, m. in Aug. 4, '62; m. out June 30, '65. 
 
 Barr, Marion J., m. in July 12, '62 ; " as sergt. 
 
 Beaver, Christian 0., m. in July 28, '62 ; " 
 
 Birchfield, William V., m. in July 21, '62 ; trans, to Miss. Marine Brig., 
 
 Jan. 12, '63. 
 Birchfield, Thomas E., m. in July 18, '62 ; m out June 30, '65. 
 Black, William, m. in Aug. 6, '62 ; died of wounds, Oct. 17, '64. 
 Butcher, Charles M., m. in July 18, '62; m. out June 30, '65. 
 Corey, Nelson H., m. in July 20, 62 ; died Dec. 12, '64. 
 Crouse, William 0., m. in Aug. 3, '62 ; m. out June 30, '65, as sergt. 
 Crawford, John A., m. in July 14, '62 ; " 
 
 Fitzpatrick, Patrick, m. in July 20, '62 ; " 
 
 Gilkey, Daniel, m. in July 15, '62 ; " 
 
 Knox, Benjamin P., m. in Aug. 1, '62 ; dis Apl. 10, '63. 
 McClure, Nathaniel, m. in July 19, '62 ; m. out Jan. 30, '65, as corp. 
 Pair, Albert L., m. in July 20, '62 ; " 
 
 Smith, George A., m. in Aug. 6, '62 ; dis. Jan. 1, '63. 
 Smith, John A., m. in July 21, '62 ; dis. Nov. 16, '63. 
 Somerville, James A., m. in July 29, '62 ; m. out June 30, '65. 
 Speed, Sidney A., m. in July 15, '62 ; " 
 
 Wolf, William J., m. in July 12, '62 ; 
 
 Roll of Soldiers from Montgomery County who were Killed 
 IN Battle, or Died from Disease or Wounds, in the Civil 
 War, 1861-5. 
 
 Below are the names of Montgomery county soldiers who, during the 
 years of the war, died from disease or wounds, or were killed in battle. 
 The roll comprises 273 of the flower of Indiana, and their names are 
 worthy to be engraved on marble : 
 
 Marcus 0. Sullivan, 9th battery ; died at Union City, Tenn., Oct. 26, '63.. 
 Thomas Sparks, 9th battery ; killed in an explosion at U. S. Transport, 
 Jan. 27, '65. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 103 
 
 George W. Grimes, 9t:h battery ; died Feb, 9, '65, of wounds received in 
 
 an explosion of steamer Eclipse. 
 Jesse N. Shafer, 9th battery ; drowned in Tennessee river, April, '62. 
 John T. Btidd, 9th battery ; died March 20, '62. 
 Cyrus Welborn, 9th battery ; died of wounds received explosion steamer 
 
 Eclipse, Feb. 2, '65. 
 Samuel Mounts, 9th battery ; died on hospital steamer, April, '62. 
 Isaac McCoy, 9th battery; died near Corinth, Miss., May, '62. 
 William Wolverton, 9th battery; died from wounds received in explosion 
 
 steamer Eclipse, Jan. 27, '65. 
 Wm. H. H. Warfleld, 9th battery ; died at Boliver, Tenn., August, '62. 
 Andrew J. Whitted, 9th battery; died Jan. 21, '65, of wounds received in 
 
 explosion steamer Eclipse. 
 Wm. W. Lowder, 9th battery ; killed Jan. 27, '65, explosion st'r Eclipse. 
 John M. Frier, 9th battery ; killed Jan. 27, '65, explosion steamer Eclipse. 
 Eichard F. Becket, 9th battery; died Jan. 20, '65, of wounds received ex- 
 plosion steamer Eclipse. 
 John Bond, 9th battery ; died at home, July 20, '64. 
 Franklin Brown, 9th battery ; killed Jan. 27, '65, explosion Eclipse. 
 George Brough, 9th battery ; killed by guerrillas near Yellow Bayou, La., 
 
 May 16, '64. 
 Jesse 0. Davis, 9th battery; killed Jan. 27, '65, explosion steamer Eclipse. 
 Samuel Dwiggins, 9th battery ; killed Jan. 27, '65. 
 Joseph P. Flinn, 9th battery; died at Pea Kidge, Tenn., May 6, '62. 
 Uriah Hadley, 9th battery; died at Pittsburg Landing, May, '62. 
 James M. Heidrieh, 9th battery; died Feb. 10, '63. 
 Andrew J. Hood, 9th battery ; died at Keokuk, Iowa, '62. 
 John M. Henry, 9th battery ; supposed to be Captured by enemy. 
 Wm. M. Henry, 9th battery; killed Jan. 27, '65, on steamer Eclipse. 
 Joseph Julien, 9th battery; killed Jan. 27, '65, on steamer Eclipse. 
 John W. Livingston, 9th battery ; killed by guerrillas at Canton, Miss., 
 
 Feb. 26, '64. 
 Wilson M. Calmant, 9th battery ; killed Jan. 27, '65, on steamer Eclipse. 
 James S. Owen, 9th battery; died on steamer A. D. Wood, March, '64. 
 Daniel Ping, 9th battery ; died near Shiloh, Tenn., May, '62. 
 Lewis Eoyl, 9tb battery ; killed at Yellow Bayou, La., May 18, '64. 
 Wm. L. Scott, 9th battery ; died on steamer, April, '64. 
 James A. Scott, 9th battery; died on steamer, April, '62. 
 John S. Smock, 9th battery ; died Feb. 5, '65, of wounds received on 
 
 steamer Eclipse. 
 James Thompson, 9th battery ; killed at Shiloh, April 7, '62. 
 Albert S. Underwood, 9th battery; killed Jan. 27, '65, on steamer Eclipse. 
 Joseph F. Wolfe, 9th battery ; died near Shiloh, Tenn., May, '62. 
 Wm. B. York, 9th battery ; died at Vicksburg, Miss., June 1, '64. 
 
104 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Wm. W. Brooshear, 9th battery ; killed at Yellow Bayou, La., May 18, '64. 
 
 Thomas A. Brow, 9th battery; died at Memphis, Tenn., June 36, '64. 
 
 Wm. B. Conner, 9th battery; died at Memphis, Feb., '64. 
 
 Wm. H. CofiBn, 9th battery; died Jan. 29, '65, of wounds received by exr 
 plosion steamer Eclipse. 
 
 Prances English, 9th battery; killed Jan. 27, '65, on steamer explosion. 
 
 Charles GriflBn, 9th battery ; died at Columbus, Ky., '63. 
 
 John Healey, 9th battery ; killed Jan. 27, '65, on steamer Eclipse. 
 
 Snider I. Hibler, 9th battery ; died at Memphis, Tenn., '74. 
 
 James T. Monroe, 9th battery; died at Memphis, August, '64. 
 
 James M. McOord, 9th battery ; died at Memphis, June 28, '64. 
 
 Thomas Noblet, 9th battery; died at Memphis, July, '64. 
 
 Joseph W. Smith, 9th battery; killed Jan. 27, '64, on steamer Eclipse. 
 
 Matthew Stover, 9th battery ; died at Memphis, March, '64. 
 
 John Taylor, 9th battery; killed Jan. 27, '65, on steamer Eclipse. 
 
 Benj. F. Thomas, 9th battery ; killed Jan. 27, '65, by explosion steamer 
 Eclipse. 
 
 Thomas C. White, 9th battery ; died at Memphis, Oct. '64. 
 
 Isaac F. Miller, B, 10th; died at Corinth, Miss., July 1, '62. 
 
 Wm. S. Duncan, B, 10th; died of wounds received at Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain June 28, '64. 
 
 George W. Stoyer, B, 10th ; killed at Perry ville, Ky., Oct. 8, '63. 
 
 Joel Manker, B, 10th; killed at Perry ville, Ky., Oct. 8, '62. 
 
 Benj. M. Babb, B, 10th ; killed at Chickamauga, Ga., Sept. 20, '62. 
 
 James E. Copner, B, 10th ; killed at Mill Springs, Ky., Jan. 19, '62. 
 
 Wesley C. Elmore, B, 10th ; died at Corinth, Miss., July 2, '62. 
 
 Isaac Inlow, B, 10th ; died at Crawfordsville, June 23, '62. 
 
 Thomas J. Jessee, B, 10th; died at Corinth, Miss., June 19, '63.. 
 
 Daniel B. Lynn, B, 10th ; died at Evansville, Aug. 19, '62. 
 
 Anios K. Misner, B, 10th ; killed at Mill Springs, Ky., Jan. 19, '62. 
 
 Wm. Newkirk, B, 10th ; died at Corinth, Miss., May 29, '62. 
 
 Andrew Ochiltree, B, 10th; died at Somerset, Ky., Feb. 15, '63, of 
 wounds received at Mill Springs. 
 
 John W. Pickerill, B. 10th ; killed at Perryville, Ky., Oct, 8, '63. 
 
 George W. Pruitt, B, 10th ; died at Shiloh, May 9, '63. 
 
 James A. Shoemaker, B, 10th ; killed at Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8, '63. 
 
 Wm. A. Simpson, B, 10th; died at'Standford, Ky., Feb. 30, '63. 
 
 James H. Snyder, B, 10th ; died at Mill Springs, Ky., Feb. 13, '63. 
 
 Geo. W. Tipton, B, 10th ; died at Somerset, Ky., March 9, '63. , 
 
 Franklin W. Davis, B, 10th ; died at Jeffersonville, Ind., Aug. 10, '64. 
 
 Benj. K. Lewis, B, 10th; died at Chattanooga, Tenn., Aug. 9, '64. 
 
 Wm. F. Arvin, G, 11th ; died at Keokuk, Iowa, Oct 13, '63. 
 
 Cycus H. Bair, G, 11th ; died May 19, '63, of wounds received at Cham- 
 pion Hills. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 105 
 
 Miles Castor, G, 11th ; died at Helena, Ark., Jan. 8, '63. 
 
 John W. Creamer, G, 11th; died at St. Louis, March 3, '63. 
 
 James W. Largent, G, 11th ; died at Helena, Ark., April 14, '63. 
 
 David M. Lasley, G, 11th ; killed at Champion Hills, May 16, '63. 
 
 Charles Meredith, G, 11th; died at New Orleans, May 28, '64. 
 
 John Phillips, G, 11th; died in Danville Prison. Captured at Cedar 
 
 ■ Creek. 
 Jordon E. Rich, G, 11th; died May 28, '63, of wounds received at Cham- 
 pion Hills. 
 Wm. M. Sayer, G, 11th ; died at Carrollton, La., Aug. 28, '63. 
 Wm. Westbrook, G, 11th ; killed at Champion Hills, May 16, '63. 
 Solomon Young, G, 11th ; died at Madisonville, La., Jan. 2, '63. 
 Wm. N. Carman, H, 11th; died at St. Lonis, Mo., Sept. 16, '61. 
 John W. Bailey, H, 11th; killed at Halltown, Va., Aug. 24, '64. 
 Daniel G. Sprague, I, 11th ; died at Madison, Oct. 2, '63. 
 Elijah Cox, I, 11th ; died at Helena, Ark., Feb. i, '63. 
 Byron Love, I, 11th ; died at Paducah, Ky., Dec. 15, '61. 
 Marion Thomas, I, 11th ; died at New Orleans, Oct. 4, '64. 
 Wm. H. White, I, 11th; died at Memphis, Tenn., Aug. 20, '62. 
 Charles Balser, I, 11th ; died at Sandy Hook, Md., Aug. 20, '64. 
 James Patterson, I, 11th; killed at Winchester, Sept. 19, '64. 
 Aaron Wert, 1, 11th ; died at Winchester, Oct. 24, '64, of wounds received 
 
 at Cedar Creek. 
 Robert B. Gitbert, E, 15th ; killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 George Ammerman, E, 15th; died Oct. 17, '61. 
 Solomon Bowers, E, 15th ; died Nov. 35, '63, from wounds received at 
 
 Mission Ridge. 
 Abraham Bennett, E, 15 ; died Dec. 17, '61. 
 Silas Cooley, E, 15th ; died Dec. 17, '63, from wounds received at Mission 
 
 Ridge. 
 Reuben Emmerson, E, 15th ; killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 James A. Hill, E, 15th ; died Jan. 17, '62. 
 Thomas McDonald, E, 15th; died Oct, 14, '61. 
 Wm. P. Moore, E, 15th; died Feb. 5, '63, of wounds received at Stone 
 
 River. 
 George W. O'Daniel, E, 15th ; died Dec. 8, '62-. 
 Robert P. Sailors, E, 16th ; died Feb. 18, '63, of wounds received at Stone 
 
 River. 
 John A. Small, E, 15th ; killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, '62. • 
 John D. Stockton, E, 15th; died in Libby Prison, from wounds received 
 
 at Stone River. 
 Adam Sittinger, E, 15th ; killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, '62. 
 David Stout, E, 15th ; died Feb. 25, '62. 
 Henry Staffen, E, 15th ; killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, '62. 
 
106 HISTOKT 05 M0NT60MERT COUNTY. 
 
 T. A. H. Sweem, B, 15th ; died March 8, '63. 
 
 John C. Tyson, E. 15th; died Dec. 10, '63, of wounds received at Mission 
 Eidge. 
 
 Fred Waltz, B, 15th ; killed at Mission Eidge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 
 Emery Williams, E, 15th ; killed at Stone Eiver, Dec. 31, '62. 
 
 John B. Rakestraw, G, 26th ; died at New Orleans, Dec. 2, '63. 
 
 Harvey Jackson, G, 26th; died at Donaldsonville, La., July 30, '64. 
 
 Wm. G. Canine, H, 38th ; died of disease, in '63, four hours after he 
 reached his home in Crawfordsville. 
 
 Alexander H. Buchanan, H, 38th; died of wounds in '63. 
 
 John M. Cassady, H, 38th ; died of wonnds Sept. 2, '64. 
 
 Charles E. Fowler, H, 38th ; killed at Marietta, Ga., Aug. 26, '64. 
 
 John F. Hanna, H, 38th; died of disease, Feb. 13, '62. 
 
 Joha W. McDaniel, H, 38th; killed at Perryville, Oct. 8, '62. 
 
 Thomas Noon, H, 38th ; died at Nashville, Sept. 3, '63. 
 
 Luther H. Patton, H, 38th ; died of disease at Chattanooga, Feb. 20, '65. 
 
 William A. Eiley, H, 38th; killed at Ohickamauga, Sept. 19, '65. 
 
 Chauncey Eichardson, H, 38th ; died of disease at Beaufort, S. C, May 
 5, '65. 
 
 Samuel W. Sterrett, H, 38th ; killed at Perryville, Ky., Oct. 8, '62. 
 
 Columbus W. Veatch, H, 38th ; lost on steamer Sultan, April 27, '65. 
 
 James 11. Wells, H, 38th ; killed. No date reported. 
 ■-William Kennedy, C, 40th; died at Bowling Green, Ky., March 19, '63. 
 
 Moses Connell, C, 40th; killed at Kenesaw, June 27, '64. 
 
 Josiah Davis, C, 40th ; died Nov. 25, '63, of wounds received at Mission 
 Ridge. 
 
 Clinton Hamilton, C, 40th ; died July 25, '62. 
 
 Thomas Hamilton, C, 40th ; killed in action, June 14, '64. 
 
 Robert C. H. Hanna, C, 40th ; killed at Mission Eidge, Nov. 25, '65. 
 
 James M. Hanna, C, 40th; died Feb. 4, '64, of wounds received at Mis- 
 sion Eidge. 
 
 Harvey Michael, C, 40th ; died at Nashville, Tenn., May 8, '62. 
 
 John C. Monfort, C, 40th ; died Nov. 25, '62, of wounds. 
 
 Allen Moore, C, 40th; died at Chattanooga, Tenn., May 25, '64. 
 
 Michael Philips, C, 40th ; died Jan. 7, '62. 
 
 James R. Shelton, C, 40th ; killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 
 William Smith, C, 40tli; died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., April 7, '63. 
 
 Wm. N. Vancleave,C, 40th; died at Nashville, April 12, '62. 
 
 James Blrod, C, 40th ; killed at Mission Eidge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 
 Caleb W- Connor, C, 40th ; died at Nashville, Oct. 22, '64. 
 
 Wm. Oliver, C, 40th ; died June 27, '64, of wounds. 
 
 Samuel N. Elrod, G, 40th ; died June 28, '64, of wounds. 
 Vincent Grove, G, 40th ; died at Louisville, Ky., Jan. 30, '62. 
 Wm. F. Peede, G, 40th ; died at Murfreesboro, Feb. 28, '73. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUITTY IS THE WAK OF THE KEBELLION. 107 
 
 'rancis.M. Reed, G, 40th ; died at Munfordsville, Ky., March 18, '63. 
 
 ames M. Wilson, G, 40th ; died — , '62. 
 
 Vm. Hutchison, G, 40th ; killed at Kenesaw, Jan. 27, '64. 
 
 oseph Belton, H, 40th ; died March 28, '65. 
 
 ames H. Ham, H, 40th ; died Aug. 20, '64. 
 
 Baylor Mcintosh, H, 40th ; died Dec. 16, '63, of wounds. 
 
 larrison T. Moore, H, 40th ; died of wounds received at Resaca,.May 29, 
 '64. 
 
 jharles Osborn, H, 40th ; died at Texarkana, Texas, Nov. 19, '65. 
 
 tlilton H. Porter, H, 40th ; died June 30, '64, of wounds received at Kene- 
 saw. 
 
 Jeorge W. Rogers, H, 40th ; missing in action at Franklin, Tenn. Sup- 
 posed to be killed. 
 
 Uvin Egnew, K, 40th ; killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 
 jieut. Thomas W. Zook, D, 63d ; died June 7, '63. 
 
 rohn M. Bly, D, 63d ; killed at Marietta, Ga., June 27, '64. 
 
 \.. J. Gray, H, 63d ; killed at Resaca, May 14, '64. 
 
 WilWs L. Gray, H, 63d ; killed at Atlanta, July 28, '64. 
 
 Richard McLean, B, 63d ; killed at Resaca, May 14, '64. 
 
 Silas C. Drake, A, 63d ; died at Nashville, May 10, '64. 
 
 SVm. B. Montgomery, B, 72d ; killed by guerrillas near Lebanon, Tenn., 
 April 4, '63. 
 
 IVm. 0. McClean, B, 72d ; died at Gallatin, Jan. 17, '63. 
 
 Fohn H. Brown, B, 72d ; died in rebel prison at Cahawba, Ala., May 
 12, '64. 
 
 Robert Childers, B, 72d ; died at Murfreesboro, Jan. 26, '63. 
 
 3}eorge W. Dodd, B, 72d ; died at Gallatin, Tenn., Nov. 27, '62. 
 
 Sanford Doyle, B, 72d ; died at Louisville, Ky., Dec. 14, '62. 
 
 John E. Dost, B, 72d ; left wounded at Okolona, Miss., Feb. 22, '64. Sup- 
 posed to be dead. 
 
 Samuel Grubbs, B, 72d ; died at Camp Dennison, 0., Feb. 11, '63. 
 
 tToah Harshbarger, B, 72d.; died at Bowling Green, Ky., June 18, '63. 
 
 Fohn M. Henswah, B, 72d; died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., May 22, '63. . 
 
 John L. Harris, B, 72d ; died at Bowling Green, Ky., Nov. 15, '62. 
 
 Eldridge Jackson, B, 72d ; died at Gallatin, Tenn., Jan. 10, '63. 
 
 ithel Jackson, B, 72d ; died at Gallatin, Tenn., Jan. 12, '63. 
 
 David Martin, B, 72d;. wounded and captured at Chattanooga, Sept. 19, 
 '63. Supposed to be dead. 
 
 Wm. H. Mills, B, 72d ; died at New Albany, May 15, '63. 
 
 David Monahan, B, 72d ; died at Gallatin, Tenn., Jan. 18, '63.. 
 
 iaron Patton, B, 72d ; killed by accident at Columbia, Tenn., Sept. 5, '64. 
 
 t^athan Pickett, B, 72d ; died at Bardstown, Ky., Nov. 16, '62. 
 
 David S. Trickey, B, 72d ; died at Selma, Ala., Oct. 17, '63. 
 
 Senry F. Wright, B, 72d ; died at Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 10, '62. 
 
108 HISTORY OF MOKTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 Elam P. Wright, B, 73d; died at Columbia, Tenn., April 35, '64. 
 
 Eichard Myers, B, 73d; drowned at Macon, Ga., May 8, '65. 
 
 Wm. Ashby, B, 73d ; died at Gallatin, Tenn., Dec. 37, '63. 
 
 J. H. Webster, E, 73d ; died at New Albany. 
 
 Geo. W. Garman, E, 73d ; died at Murfreesboro, April 18, '63. 
 
 Horatio HofFs, E, 73d ; died at New Albany, Dec. 7, '63. 
 
 David W. Insley, E, 73d ; died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., April 37, '63. 
 
 Wm. G. Keys, E, 73d ; died in Andersonville prison, July 36, '64. 
 
 John A. Neely, B, 73d; died at Murfreesboro, Tenn., May 38, '63. 
 
 Henry S. Peters, E, 73d ; died at New Albany, Oct. 37, 63. 
 
 John W. Slavens, E, 73d; died at New Albany, Nov. 30, '63. 
 
 John J. Stewart, E. 73d; died at Louisville, July 31, '63. 
 
 George B. Thorpe, E, 73d; died at Gallatin, Jan. 11, '63. 
 
 James W. Wright, B, 73d ; died at Murfreesboro, June 5, '63. 
 
 John C. Wood, E, 73d; killed at Chickamauga, Sept. 19, '63. 
 
 Thomas 0. Mann, I, 4th Gav. ; died at Nashville, Nov. 9, '63. 
 
 George Bayless, I, 4th Cav. ; killed at Munfordville, Ky., Dec. 35, '63. 
 
 Wm. Blackburn, I, 4th Cav. ; died at Nashville Nov. 13, '63. 
 
 Cora T. Wilbur, I, 4th Cav. ; died at Andersonville, Ga., July 39, '64. 
 
 Jeptha Custer, I, 86th ; killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 35, '63. 
 
 Charles Naylor, K, 86th ; died at Bowling Green, Ky., Nov. 1, '63. 
 
 George Galloway, K, 86th ; died at Indianapolis, Sept. 5, '63. 
 
 Bartholomew Green, K, 86th ; died Jan. 9, '63, of wounds received at 
 
 Stone River. 
 Warren Osborn, K, 86th ; died at Danville, Ky., Dec. 35, '63. 
 Wm. W. Sanders, K, 86 th; killed at Nashville, Dec. 15, '64. 
 Elsha Smith, K, 86th ; died at Chattanooga, Feb. 4, '65. 
 Jonathan T. Urmston, K, 86th ; died Oct. 31, '63, of wounds. 
 Foster C. Willey, K, 86th ; died at Nashville, Tenn., Jan. 39, '63. 
 Martin L. Williams, K, 86th ; killed at Stone River, Dec. 31, '63. 
 Wm. M. Wysong, K, 86th ; died at Nashville, Jan. 37, '63. 
 Silas Eider, L, 5th Cav.; died at Glasgow, Ky., April 39, '63. 
 James Shevelin, B, 130th ; killed at Franklin, Tenn., Nov. 30, '64. 
 Benj. B. Ensminger, B, 130th; died at Petersburg, Va., June 35, '65. 
 John C. Bannon, B, 130th ; died at JeflFersonville, Jan. 4, '65. 
 Ulysses R. Clark, B, 130th ; died at Louisville, June 36, '64. 
 Marshal F. Cully, B. 130 th ; killed at Atlanta, Ga., Aug. 9, '64. 
 Wm. P. Gott, B, 130th ; died at Marietta, Ga., May 3, '64. 
 Reuben C. Hatt, B, 130th ; died at Annapolis, Md., Dec. 39, '64. 
 James McGregg, 135th ; died while home on a furlough in '64. 
 Henry N. Ornbaun, 79th; died at Chattanooga, Dec. 1, '64. 
 Capt. Absalom Kirkpatrick, 40th ; killed at Kenesaw Mountain, June 
 
 35, '64. 
 John Thompson, 40th ; perished on the Sultana boat, April 37, '65. 
 
MONTGOMERY COUNTY IN THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. 109 
 
 ancis G. Lee, B, 120th ; died at Newbern, N. C, March 19, 'C5. 
 
 irenzo D. Long, B, 120th ; killed at Atlanta, July 20, '64. 
 
 m. Miller, B, 120th ; died at Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 miel Orr, B, 120th ; died Feb. 8, '64. 
 
 laddeus Peebles, B, 120th ; died at Newbern, N. C, April 25, '65. 
 
 m. A. Waggoner, B, 120th ; died at Chattanooga, Tenn., Jane 17, '64. 
 
 sorge A. Wilson, B, 120th ; died at Chattanooga, June 20, '64. 
 
 irl F. Wright, B, 120th ; died at Louisville, Feb. 3, '65. 
 
 hn M. Thomas, C, 120th ; died at Knoxville, July 27, '64. 
 
 lomas W. Morrison, C ; died at Nashville, April 29, '64. 
 
 cConnell Bailey, C ; died at Indianapolis, March 14, '64. 
 
 m. Gillian, 0, 120th ; died at Andersonville prison, June 15, '64. 
 
 miel W. Mclntire, C, 120th ; died at Knoxville, July 12, '64. 
 
 m. C. Wilson, C, 120th ; died at Indianapolis, March 11, '64. 
 
 ?nson Skillman, K, 11th Cav. ; died May 8, '64. 
 
 m. A. Fuel, K, 11th Cav. ; died Feb. 17, '64. 
 
 •hn Inlow, K, 11th Cav. ; died at JefFersonville, April 4, '64. 
 
 30. H. Eonk, K, 11th Cav. ; died at Huntsville, Ala., Oct. 5, '64. 
 
 imes L. Routh, K, 11th Cav. ; died at Eastport, Miss., May 3, '64. 
 
 m. H. Ring, K. 11th Cav. ; died at Larkinsville, Ala., Aug. 11, '64. 
 
 ihn A. Shaw, K, llth Cav. ; died at 
 
 30. H. Duke, C, 135th ; died at Nashville, Sept. 4, '64. 
 
 enry C. Eountree, E, 135th ; died at New Albany, Sept. 21, '64. 
 
 )hn H. Beach, F, 13oth ; died at Bridgeport, Ala., June 30, '64. 
 
 )seph Ham, F, 135th ; died at Bridgeport, Ala., June 23, '64. 
 
 bomas Harrison, F, 135th ; died at Bridgeport, Ala., July 16, '64. 
 
 ichard B. Blackburn K, I54th; died at Indianapolis, April 19, '65. 
 
 lijah Collins, K, 154th ; died at Indianapolis, April 26, '65. 
 
 m. Smith, K, 154th ; died at Cumberland, Md., June 30, '65. 
 
 )hn A. Sidener, 10th battery ; died at Murfreesboro, June, '63. 
 
 rael E. Moore, 10th battery; died at Murfreesboro, July 6, '63. 
 
 aac Martz, 10th battery; died at Nashville, Sept. 11, '63. 
 
 an'l. W. Test, 10th battery ; killed at Fletcher's Ferry, Tenn., May 18, '64. 
 
 ipt. W. W. Southard, K, 86th ; killed at Mission Ridge, Nov. 25, '63. 
 
 ieut. James M. Hanna, C, 40th ; died Feb. 28, '64. 
 
 iseph Bolser, 9 th battery. 
 
 jbert Smith, 9th battery ; died while home on a furlough. 
 
 m. W. Black, 18th battery ; killed while on a foraging expedition near 
 Dalton, Georgia. 
 
 iward R. A. Black, 20th Ind. Vols. ; killed, while on picket duty, on the 
 night of the 4th of July after the battle of Gettysburg. He had been 
 in nineteen battles without receiving a scratch, and was killed by a 
 hidden foe after the close of the great battle which decided the war. 
 
110 HISTORY OP MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Horace B. Smith, I, 11th; regnlisted in 83d Ohio; wounded at Gettyg- 
 burg, captured and imprisoned at Belle Isle, and afterward at Ander- 
 sonville, Ga., when he died March 13, '64. 
 
 John Combs, D, 63d ; died at Nelson, Ky., May 14, '64. 
 
 George Combs, D, 33d ; died in Ky., '64. 
 
 Patrick Lynch, 19th IT. S. Inf.; died at Nashville, Tenn., of wounds re- 
 ceived at Stone River. 
 
 Jesse York, D, 3d Md.; killed at Chancellors ville. 
 
 James Greene, 19th U. S. Inf.; killed at Stone River. 
 
 Britton Hamilton, D, 63d ; place of death not given. 
 
 Jeptha Singer, L, 5th Cav. ; killed in action near Knoxville, Tenn., Dec. 
 18, '63. 
 
 William S. Adams, same Co. ; died of small-pox at Lexington, Ky., April 
 28, '64. 
 
 John H. Coshow, L, 5th Cav.'; killed at SunshineOhurch, Ga., July3,'64. 
 
 Silas Rider, L, 5th Cav.; died at Glasgow, Ky., April 39, '63. 
 
 Wm. M. Vancleve, L, 5th Cav.; died Nov. 30, '64. 
 
 Zephaniah "W. Sanders, 16th Bat. ; died of sickness at Washington, D. 0., 
 Nov. 19, '63. 
 
 Alfred W. Calfee, 38th Ind. ; died near Savannah, Jan. '65. 
 
 Daniel Smith, 63d Ind. ; died at Nashville, Oct. '63. 
 
 Benjamin McMaken, 18th Ind.; died at home, while on a furlough, of 
 chronic diarrhoea, contracted while a member of Co. B, 10th Ind. reg., 
 during the three-months service. 
 
 Charles Ochiltree, U. S. Inf. ; died at home in Feb. '65. 
 
 James Fullen wider, 33d reg. ; killed at Thompson Station, Tenn., March 
 24, '63. 
 
 Eugene N. Shellady, 11th Ind.; died at Evansville, April 1, '62. 
 
 John N. Raper, F, 17th Mounted Inf.; died at Columbia, Tenn., 
 June 10, '64. 
 
 Benjamin F. White, 27th ; died at Snaketown, Md., in '62. 
 
 Wm. Arnold and Thomas Shields, of the Harris Light Cavalry, were 
 killed in a skirmish in Virginia in '63. 
 
 Robert Heck was killed at Nashville. 
 
 D. B. Ritchey, 54th, died at home. 
 
 Hiram Thomas, C, 16th ; died at Covington, Ky., Dec. 4, '63. 
 
 Joseph Singer, L," 5th Cav., killed in East Tenn., Dec. 8, '63, while for- 
 aging. 
 
 Robert Tricky, K, 63d ; killed by accident at New Haven Ky. 
 
TH'B RAILROAD INTEREST OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Ill 
 
 THE RAILROAD INTEREST OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 An important factor in the development and material progress of 
 Montgomery county has been the railroads, which the energy and 
 enterprise of her people have secured. No history would be com- 
 plete which omitted mention of this interest, and the marvelous 
 changes it has wrought. In 1 848, in the early days of railroading 
 in Indiana, the legislature of this state granted to a corporation, 
 the main projectors of which resided at l^ew Albany, a charter allow- 
 ing it to construct a line of railroad "from New Albany to Salem, 
 and thence to any other point or points in the State of Indiana." 
 The organization effected under this charter, constructed the 
 road from New Albany to Salem, a distance of thirty miles. It 
 was completed in 1850, only two years after the undertaking was be- 
 gun. The illiberality of the legislature toward railroad enterprises 
 at this period, and the reluctance with which it granted charters for 
 them, paradoxical as the statement may seem, were the means of 
 securing to Montgomery county a railroad much sooner than would 
 have been the case had the legislation respecting them been of a 
 more friendly character. The Michigan Central railroad was, at this 
 time, earnestly but successfully petitioning the legislature for a 
 charter granting it the right to extend its line around the shore of 
 Lake Michigan through this state to Chicago. Baffled in its attempt 
 to secure this privilege, the Michigan Central found in the liberal 
 provision of the New Albany & Salem charter, as quoted above, a 
 solution of what had been a hard problem. This company at once 
 began to agitate the extension of the New Albany & Salem railroad 
 from Salem to a point on Lake Michigan. In the final accomplish- 
 ment of this design the Michigan Central obtained relief from its 
 embarrassment. Under the impetus given to the enterprise by its 
 aid and liberal subscription to the stock, work was immediately be- 
 gun on the northern end of the road, and soon afterward on the en- 
 tire line. In 1850 the citizens of Crawfordsville and Montgomery 
 county organized a company for the construction of .the Crawfords- 
 ville & Wa,bash railroad, a line projecteid from Crawfordsville to La 
 Fayette, a distance of twenty-eight miles. The construction of this 
 road was exclusively a Montgomery county enterprise. The county 
 commissioners subscribed for $100,000 of the capital stock, and 
 issued bonds for its payment. The enterprise met with many ob- 
 stacles, ,not the least of which was the determined opposition made 
 by La Fayette. This thriving young city looked with extreme dis- 
 favor on the establishment of a rival trade center with shipping 
 
112 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 facilities equal to her own, and in the midst of a territory hitherto 
 monopolized by her merchants. The enterprising tradesmen of La 
 Fayette with their own funds built a plank road, which has long 
 since retted away, from that city to within one mile of Orawfords- 
 ville, hoping thereby to retain the very profitable trade which they 
 had built up with the people of Montgomery county. But, notwith- 
 standing this organized opposition, the railroad was pushed rapidly 
 forward to completion. An organization had been efi'ected by the 
 election of Major I. C. Elston as president, and Alexander Thom- 
 son as secretary. To the large executive ability and untiring indus- 
 try of these two men, in a great measure, was due the success which 
 eventually crowned the enterprise. The Crawfordsville & "Wabash 
 railroad was completed to La Fayette in 1852. About three years 
 later it was consolidated with and became a part of the New Albany 
 & Salem railroad, the name of which was afterward changed to that 
 which it now bears, the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago railroad. 
 In 1859 the entire road was completed, and a train of cars run 
 through from New Albany to Michigan City. The county never re- 
 alized anything from the $100,000 of stock subscribed to the Craw- 
 fordsville & Wabash road, and the amount may be put down as a 
 donation to the company. 
 
 The next enterprise which engaged the attention and taxed the 
 energies of the people of Montgomery county was the construction 
 of a line communicating directly with the east. The growing wants 
 of trade and commerce demanded with unmistakable emphasis an 
 eastern outlet. As early as 1855 a line was surveyed from New 
 Castle, Henry county, through Crawfordsville to Danville, Illinois. 
 Prof. Twining, of Wabash College, was the main projector of this 
 road, and under his supervision a company was organized for its 
 construction. A considerable portion of the grading between Craw- 
 fordsville and Covington had been completed, when the whole un- 
 dertaking suddenly collapsed, in consequence of the financial panic of 
 1857. In 1864 C. K. Lord began the construction of a line from 
 Indianapolis to Danville by way of Crawfordsville, but soon after- 
 ward abandoned the project. The enterprise assumed definite shape 
 in 1866, when a railroad convention was held in Crawfordsville. 
 Delegates were present from all the counties through which the line 
 of the road passed. An organization was effected with a capital 
 stock of $50,000, all of which was at once subscribed. A board 
 of directors was chosen, of whom the following were from Mont- 
 gomery county: S. C. Wilson, David Harter, V. Q. Irwin, and 
 James Graham. The board organized by the election of Col. S. 0. 
 
TSE RAILROAD INTEREST OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 113 
 
 Willson, of Crawfordsville, as president, and Prof. John L. Camp- 
 bell as chief engineer. The new road was designated as the Indian- 
 apolis, Crawfordsville & Danville railroad. Books for private sub- 
 scriptions to aid in building the road were opened, and most liber- 
 ally filled ; but in 1867 the subscribers were released from their ob- 
 ligations in considerartion of a donation of $125,000, which the 
 county commissioners at that time made to the road. The right of 
 way through the county was secured to the company, as was also the 
 old road-bed of the Newcastle & Danville railroad, valued at $80,- 
 000. Col. Samuel C. "Willson deserves well of Montgomery county 
 for the indefatigable energy and good judgment which he displayed 
 in the performance of his duties as president of the road. His un- 
 selfish labors in its behalf were so successful that the road-bed was 
 completed and the work of laying rails begun on November 19, 
 1868. The first spike was driven on that day, near the junction, 
 amid imposing ceremonies. The road was completed to Indian- 
 apolis, and the first train run to that city on May 4, 1869. One 
 year later the Indianapolis, Crawfordsville & Danville, and the 
 Danville, Urbana & Pekin roads were consolidated under one name, 
 the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western railway, which was sub- 
 sequently changed to the name which it now bears, Indiana, Bloom- 
 ington & Western railway. It would be wellnigh impossible to 
 overestimate the benefits which the people of Montgomery county 
 have reaped from the opening of this new channel of commerce to 
 the markets of the east. The thick forests of oak and walnut in the 
 eastern part of the county became at once accessible, and the lum- 
 ber produced from them has been the source of a large annual 
 revenue ever since. Renewed activity was infused into every 
 branch of business, and the county entered upon a new era of pros- 
 perity. The Logansport, Crawfordsville & Southwestern railway, 
 the last one built in Montgomery county, was formed by the consoli- 
 dation of three partially completed roads. These were the Frank- 
 fort & Logansport, the Crawfordsville & Frankfort, and the Craw- 
 fordsville & KockviHe railroads. A proposition donating $125, OOO 
 to aid in the construction of this road was submitted to the voters of 
 the county on August 9, 1869, and was carried by about 400 ma- 
 jority. John Lee, of Crawfordsville, was elected president of the 
 road, and as liberal subsidies were secured by Mr. Lee all along the 
 line, he was enabled to complete the work in about two years. The 
 road has changed hands several times since it was built, and is now 
 known as the Logansport division of the Terre Haute & Indian- 
 apolis (Yandalia) railroad. 
 9 
 
114 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 These three roads have added to the taxable property of the 
 county nearly half a million of dollars. The valuation at the last 
 appraisement was as follows : 
 
 The Indiana, Bloomington & Western Railroad Company has in 
 the county twenty-three and a half miles of track, valued for 
 taxation at $8,500 per mile, making a total valuation ,of. |199,750 
 
 Its rolling stock in the county is valued at 43,300 
 
 Total valuation 342,050 
 
 The Terre Haute & Logansport Railroad Company has in the 
 county twenty-one and a half miles of track, valued for taxa- 
 tion at 13,000 per mile, making a total valuation of 64,600 
 
 It has rolling stock in the county valued at 10,750 
 
 Total valuation 75,250 
 
 The Louisville, New Albany & Chicago Railroad Company has in 
 the county twenty-four miles of track, valued for taxation at 
 
 $3,000 per mile, making a total valuation of 72,000 
 
 Its rolling stock in the county is valued at 13,800 
 
 Total valuation 85,800 
 
 Grand total valuation of track and rolling stock in the county $403,100 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS. 
 
 The following is a full list of the county officers from the organ- 
 ization of the county to the present time, showing the dates at which 
 they served and the term of service of each : 
 
 CLERKS. 
 
 John Wilson, 1823 to 1837. 
 James W. Lynn, 1837 to 1851. 
 Andr-ew P. Lynn, 1851 to 1855. 
 William C. Vance, 1855 to 1863. 
 
 William K. Wallace, 1863 to 1871. 
 Isaac M. Yance, 1871 to 1875. 
 T. D. Brown, 1875 to 1879. 
 T. D. Brown, 1879 to 1883. 
 
 SHERIFFS. 
 
 S. D.Maxwell, May to Nov. 1823. William K. Wallace, 1857 to 1859. 
 
 David Vance, 1823 to 1827. 
 Foster Field, 1827 to 1829. 
 David Vance, 1829 to 1838. 
 Ambrose Harland, 1833 to 1837. 
 David Vance, 1837 to 1841. 
 William ]Sr. Gott, 1841 to 1845. 
 Joseph Allen, 1845 to 1847. 
 William P. Eamey, 1847 to 1851. 
 Benjamin Misner, 1851 to 1853. 
 William H. Schooler, 1853 to 1857. 
 
 George W. Hall, 1859 to 1863. 
 Isaac Davis, 1863 to 1865. 
 John ]Sr.\McConnell, 1865 to 1869. 
 Hugh E. Sidener, 1869 to 1873. 
 Isaac M. Kelsey, 1873 to 1875. 
 Samuel D. Smith, 1875 to 1877. 
 William J. Krugg, 1877 to 1879. 
 William J. Krugg, 1879 to 1881. 
 James Q. W. Wilhite,1881 to 1883. 
 
COUNTY OFFICERS. 
 
 115 
 
 TEEASUEEES. 
 
 David Vance, 1841 to 1865.| 
 John E. Coons, 1856 to 1857. 
 John Lee, 185Y to 1859. 
 William H. Schooler, 1859 to 1863. 
 Robert F. Beck, 1863 to 1867. 
 
 Warren Davis, 1869 to 1873. 
 William P. Herron, 1873 to 1875. 
 John A. Hardee, 1875 to 1879. 
 Fountain N. Johnson, 1879 to 
 1881. 
 
 Robert H. Myrick, 1867 to 1869. John Dwiggins, 1881 to 1883. 
 
 AUDITOKS. 
 
 John B. Austin, ^1841 to 1855. 
 James Gilkey, 1855 to 1859. 
 David T. Ridge, 1859 to 1863. 
 
 Isaac M. Yance, 1863 to 1871. 
 James H. Watson, 1871 to 1879. 
 James H. Wasson, 1879 to 1883. 
 
 EBCOEDEES. 
 
 Matthew Cowley, 1825 to 1827. 
 John Wilson, 1827 to 1830. ' 
 George Miller, 1830 to 1846. 
 James Heaton, 1846 to 1853. 
 Geo. W.Alexander, 1853 to 1861. 
 
 Hugh J. Webster, 1861 to 1869 
 T. ]Sr. ;M:yers, 1869 to 1877. 
 Marion P. Wolf, 1877 to 1881. 
 John Johnson, 1881 to 1885. 
 
 COTINTT COMMISSIONEES. 
 
 William Offield, 1823 to 1824. 
 Henry Ristine, 1824 to 1827. 
 James Blevins, 1823 to 1827. 
 John McCullough, 1823 to 1827. 
 Charles Swearinger,1827 to 1829. 
 James Milroy, 1827 to 1831. 
 Daniel EaSley, 1827 to 1831. 
 Dennis Ball, 1829 to 1S40. 
 James Seller, 1829 to 1838. 
 Frederick Moore, 1831 to 1841. 
 Richard McAfferty, 1838 to 1841. 
 Joseph Gray, 1840 to 1840. 
 James Gregory, Sept. 1840 to 
 
 1842. 
 Daniel Easley, 1841 to 1843. 
 Jacob Chrisman, 1841 to 1847. 
 Joseph Gray, 1842 to 1852. 
 Washington Holloway, 1843 to * 
 
 1852.- 
 C. H. R. Anderson, 1847 to 1850. 
 J. W. Shaw, 1850 to 1852. 
 Daniel Long, 1852 to 1852. 
 
 J. M. Shaver, 1852 to 1858. 
 Wm. P. Watson, 1852 to 1860. 
 Henry Lee, 1852 to 1854. 
 Wm MuUiken, 1854 to 1855. 
 Samuel Gilliland, 1855 to 1864. 
 Thomas E. Harris, 1858 to 1859. 
 John E. Corbin, 1859 to 1866. 
 John Gaines, 1860 to 1863. 
 David Long,' 1863 to 1870:''-' ■ 
 Taylor Buffington, 1864 to 1867. 
 Samuel Marts, 1866 to 1868. 
 Samuel Gilliland, 1867 to 1870. 
 Thomas Wilson, 1868 to 1871. 
 James Mclntire, 1870 to 1876. 
 James Lee, 1870 to 1876. 
 James F. Hall, 1871 to 1874. 
 Samuel L. Hutton, 1874 to 1877. 
 Tyra L. Hanna, 1876. 
 Levi Thomas, 1876. 
 Thomas J. Wilson, 1877 to 1880. 
 J. M. Hashberger, 1880. 
 
116 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKY COUNTY. 
 
 COtTNTY SUPEBINTENDElirTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. 
 
 Wm. P. Britton, 1865 to 1868. JohnF. Thompson, 18Yltol873. 
 Thomas Patterson, 1868 for 3 mo. M. E. Clodfelter, 18Y3 to 1875. 
 John W. Fullen, 1868 to 1871. John G. Overton, 1875 to 1881. 
 
 UNIOIS" TOWNSHIP. 
 
 CRAWFORDSVILLE. 
 
 The town of Crawfordsville owed its existence to Maj. Ambrose 
 Whitlock, who laid out the original plat in March, 1823, upon the 
 S.W. i of Sec. 82, T. 19 IST., E. 4 W., Terre Haute land district. The 
 recorded survey furnishes the following particular description of the 
 town territory : " Each street running north and south is laid parallel 
 with the north and south line of sections thirty-one and thirty-two, 
 and each street and alley running east and west is laid parallel with 
 a line dividing townships eighteen and nineteen. Each street within 
 the lots is sixty-six feet wide, except Market and Washington streets, 
 which are ninety-nine feet wide. Each alley is ten feet wide, and a 
 reservation of sixty feet, as a street, is made all around the town, 
 except from the south side of Spring street to the northeast comer 
 of the town. Each lot within the town is one hundred and sixty- 
 five feet by eighty-two feet six inches. The town was christened 
 in honor of Col. William Crawford, of Virginia, a distinguished 
 soldier, who in the year 1782, while leading a volunteer force against 
 the hostile Indians on the river Sandusky, was captured, tortured, 
 and burned to death at the stake. During the year 1823 Craw- 
 fordsville was made the seat of government of Montgomery county, 
 and for judicial purposes likewise over all that district of land lying 
 north of Montgomery county to the southern shore of Lake Michigan 
 and known as Wabash county. This fact, together with the location 
 of a government land office at Crawfordsville in the succeeding year, 
 gave a healthy impulse of growth to the infant community, which, 
 at the date of Maj. Whitlock' s platting of lots, consisted of not 
 more than a dozen families. The town was situated near one of the 
 great Indian trails, that crossing Ohio, Indiana and Illinois gave 
 passage through the wilderness to the tide of immigration from the 
 east. Lying just outside of the original plat were se'^r.al large 
 springs, even then famous for the purity and medicinal qualities of 
 the water, and this fact doubtless l;iad much to do with the choice of 
 the location. Maj. Whitlock expressly reserved to the public the 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 117 
 
 free use and access to these springs, and built his residence in the 
 midst of a beautiful grove immediately above them. 
 
 " Of the original appearance of the town but little can be learned, 
 as all of the hardy race of pioneers who cleared the forest from the 
 town site and built their cabins have paid the debt of nature, and 
 have left no permanent record behind. William Miller appears to 
 have erected the first cabin in Crawfordsville about fifty yards north 
 of where Brown and Watkins' flouring-mill now stands, and other 
 cabins were sprinkled along at intervals over the territory bounded 
 by Green and Market streets and the Louisville, I^ew Albany & 
 Chicago railroad tracks, extending on the north as far as the La 
 Fayette depot. 
 
 "The land office building stood [in the center of the little settle- 
 ment and was located a few feet west of the mill just referred to. 
 It was composed of the universal building material then in use 
 logs, mortised and tenoned, and contained a primi;ive desk and a 
 few slab benches, with an iron chest to hold the silver and gold paid 
 in for land ; and we may here remark that the good old strong box 
 now does duty as a powder magazine for the grocery firm of James 
 Lee & Brother. 
 
 "Probably the only contemporaneous history of Crawfordsville 
 ever written in those first years of the town's existence is contained 
 in a work entitled "Old Settlers," by Sanford C. Cox, late of La 
 Payette, and now deceased. Mr. Cox was one of the first school- 
 masters that wielded the birch in the Wabash valley, and has left a 
 record of early times in his book bearing the above title that is of 
 inestimable value. He kept a diary of his experiences and travels 
 and has the following to say about Crawfordsville in the years 1824 
 and 1825. 
 
 "Crawfordsville is the only town beween Terre Haute and Fort 
 Wayne. The land office is held here. Maj. Whitlock is receiver 
 and Judge Williayason Dunn, register. Maj. Kistine keeps tavern 
 in a two-story log house, and Jonathan Powers has a little grocery. 
 There are two stores. Smith's, near the land office, and Isaac C. El- 
 ston's, near the tavern. Thomas M. Curry and Magnus Holmes 
 are the only physicians,, and Providence M. Curry the only lawyer, 
 in town. John Wilson is clerk of the court, and David Yance 
 sheriff. William Nichalson carries on a tannery and shoemaker 
 shop. Scott and Mack have cabinet shops, and George Key blows 
 and strikes at the blacksmithing business. Old man Hill has a 
 small mill on the south bank of Sugar river, north of town. West 
 of town, in the country, there is a small neighborhood composed of 
 
118 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 the following persons and their families, namely : John Beard, 
 Isaac Beeler, three of the Millers (John, Isaac and George), Joseph 
 Cox, Joseph Hahn, John Killen, and John Stitt, who owns a little 
 mill about two miles west of town. Southwest of town, near the 
 Fallen Timber (result of some old-time hurricane), live Elihu Crane, 
 John Cowan, James Scott, William Burbridge, Samuel McOlung, 
 Edmund Nutt, John Caldwell, Prentice Mitchell, and James B. 
 McCuUough. East of town resides Maj. Whitlock, Baxter, David 
 McCuUough, Ephraim Catterlin and John Dewej. Farther east are 
 Jacob Beeler, Judge James Stitt, who owns a saw-mill, W. P. 
 Eamey, Richard McCafferty, widow Smith, and the Elmores. Zach- 
 ariah Gapen has a little tan-yard near Stitt's mill, and in the vicinity 
 of Kenworthy and Lee. On the north side of Sugar river I know 
 of but Abe Miller, Henry and Robert Niohalson, Samuel Brown, 
 John Farlow, and Harshbarger. 
 
 "Besides those named there are but few others living in the 
 town and country. I think I am safe in saying that half a dozen 
 more families would embrace all, including hunters and trappers, 
 within fifty miles around." 
 
 In May, 1823, the circuit court of Montgomery county was organ- 
 ized by Hon. Jacob Call, president judge of the first judicial circuit 
 of Indiana, at the house of "William Miller, in Cravrfordsville. Judge 
 Call presented his commission as judge, signed by William Hen- 
 dricks, governor, at Corydon, on December 18, 1823, in the eighth 
 year of the state, together with a certificate from Hon. Isaac Black- 
 ford, one of the judges of the supreme court, that the usual oath of 
 office and the oath against duelling had been duly administered by 
 him to the new judge. Previous to this formal inauguration of a 
 court of law, the sole legal transactions in the county were con- 
 fined to the tribunals of justices of the peace, who were oftentimes 
 men of no legal learning and impatient of the law's delays and chi- 
 canery, and capable only of administering a rude form of justice, 
 without regard for precedents or paper pleas. 
 
 The court continued to hold its sessions at Miller's house until 
 the growth of litigation and population made it necessary to erect 
 the first regular court-house. 
 
 The building was located on lot 113 of the original plat, on the 
 ground now covered by Dickey & Brewer's and S. H. Gregg & 
 Son's store-rooms, on Main street. It was twenty-six feet long by 
 twenty feet wide, of hewed twelve-inch logs, and two stories high, 
 having thirteen substantial joists in each story ; the roof made of 
 poplar jointed shingles and the floors of poplar planks, seven inches 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 119 
 
 wide and one and one-quarter inches thick ; the lower floor having 
 two doors and four windows ; the doors of good batten, hung with 
 butts and locks such as were on the doors of the land oflice. In the 
 upper story were three windows of twelve lights each. The edifice 
 stood twelve inches above the ground, and was built by Eliakim 
 Ashton for the contract price of $295. This is probably the only 
 public work ever done in Montgomery county for which no " extras " 
 above the contract were either asked or allowed, and the house 
 stood on its orignal location for many years, a monument of the 
 simple taste and solid honesty of our early builders. 
 
 In the year 1824, soon after the completion of the court-house, 
 the commissioners of the county ordered a jail to be constructed on 
 the northeast corner of the public square, about where J. S. Miller 
 & Co's blacksmith shop now stands. The specifications of the 
 work show it to have been a quaint structure, and as likely to prove 
 interesting to the general reader. "We give sufficient details to 
 show what kind of prison walls were deemed sufficient to hold 
 prisoners in those days : "The jail-house to be 24 feet by 20 feet 
 from out to out ; the foundation to be laid with stone sunk 18 inches 
 under ground, and to be 12 inches above the ground, and to be 3 
 feet wide, on which there is to be built, with logs hewed 12 inches 
 square, double walls with a vacancy of one foot between the walls ; 
 the vacancy between the walls to be filled with peeled poles, not 
 more than six inches thick." 
 
 The jail contained two ropms : the "debtors' room," for the incar- 
 ceration of persons unwilling or unable to pay their honest debts, 
 had the only door opening to the outside of the building, and com- 
 municated within by a single door opening into the felons' cell ; a 
 single grated window, cut high up in each room, furnished light and 
 air to the inmates. Abraham Griffith was the builder, and received 
 $243 for his work. 
 
 The first inmate of this jail was Peter Smith, who was arrested 
 for stealing a silver watch. He was awaiting trial and had been con- 
 fined but a few days, when one stormy night gave him the oppor- 
 tunity to burn the lock off the oaken door of his cell and gain ac- 
 cess to the debtors' room, where he easily filed the fastenings from 
 the outer door and made his escape, leaving the building in flames. 
 The citizens were aroused, but not in time to save the jail. Sus- 
 picion was rife that Smith had assistance from some confederate 
 scamp outside, and flnally it settled with sufficient certainty upon a 
 worthless chicken-thief named Jack, who had long been a lazy pen- 
 sioner upon the industrious little community, and a crowd of citizens, 
 
120 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKY COUNTY. 
 
 duly disguised and armed, collected to administer lynch law upon the 
 offender. He was arrested and taken down in the ravine northwest 
 of town, now the road running to the Sperry bridge and Blair's ford, 
 then filled with dense thickets and clumps of briers, where he was 
 stripped and soundly thrashed with hickory "gads" and released 
 on a promise to leave the country for that country's good. From 
 this circumstance the ravine was long called "Jack's Hollow." 
 Smith, the jail burner, was soon afterward recaptured by Sheriff 
 Maxwell and a posse, brought back, and chained to an iron staple in 
 the court-house, where he was carefully guarded until his trial and 
 conviction, when he was taken to the penitentiary at Jeffersonville 
 to serve a term of three years at hard labor. 
 
 In consideration of having the county seat permanently located 
 at Crawfordsville, Maj. Whitlock conveyed every " odd" lot in his 
 plat to the county for school purposes. The sale of these lots was 
 entrusted to "William P. Ramey, as agent, who gave bond in the 
 sum of $10,000. Lot 49 was reserved for a pound or stray-pen; 
 and from the early records it appears that lot 11 was sold to William 
 Warren for |25, lot 25 to James Warren for the same amount, lot 
 37 to Samuel Kinkade for the same amount, and lot 139 to Jacob 
 Beeler for $20. These were the first sales made, and the proceeds 
 formed the nucleus of the "County Seminary Fund." The com- 
 missioners ordered that all sales should be for cash, and no lot 
 should be sold for less than $10. A building was erected for a 
 seminary on the premises where Chilioq Johnson now resides ; and 
 if the frame shell of his present house could be lifted off it would 
 disclose many of the old hewed logs of the original seminary building. 
 
 The land sales brought a large influx of people to Crawfordsville 
 in 1824, many to become citizens of the town and surrounding coun- 
 try, and many who were "land-sharks" from the east, whose pur- 
 pose was to buy up the choicest pieces of land on speculation. 
 
 Mr. Cox, from whose book we have previously quoted, gives a 
 graphic account in his diary of these, land sales, and we may profit- 
 ably again use his record. He writes, under date of December 24, 
 1824: "The land sales commenced here to-day, and the town is full 
 of strangers. The eastern and southern portions of the state are 
 strongly represented, as well as Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and 
 Pennsylvania. There is but little bidding against each other. The 
 settlers, or 'squatters,' as they are called by speculators, have 
 arranged matters among themselves to their general satisfaction. 
 If, upon comparing numbers, it appears that two are after the same 
 tract of land, one asks the other what he will take not to bid against 
 
TJKION TOWNSHIP. 121 
 
 him. If neither will consent to be bought off, they then retire and 
 cast lots, and the lucky one enters the tract at congress price, 
 $1.25 per acre, and the other enters the second choice on his list. 
 
 "If a speculator makes a bid, or shows a disposition to take a 
 settler's claim from him, he soon sees the whites of a score of eyes 
 snapping at him, and at the first opportunity he crawfishes out of 
 the crowd. 
 
 "The settlers tell foreign capitalists to hold off till they enter 
 the tracts of land they have settled on, and that they may then pitch 
 in, — that there will be land enough, more flian enough, for them all. 
 
 "The land is sold in tiers of townships, beginning at the southr 
 em part of the district and continuing north, until all has been of- 
 fered at public sale. Then private entries can be made, at $1.25 
 per acre, of any that has been thus publicly offered. This rule, 
 adopted by the officers, insures great regularity in the sale ; but it 
 will keep many here for several days who desire to purchase land 
 in the northern portion of the district. 
 
 "It is a stirring, crowding time here, truly, and men are busy 
 hunting up cousins and old acquaintances, whom they have not seen 
 for many long years. If men have ever been to the same mill, or 
 voted at the same election precinct, though at different times, it ia 
 sufficient for them to scrape an acquaintance upon. 
 
 "Society here, at this time, seems almost entirely free from the 
 taint of aristocracy. The only premonitory symptoms of that dis- 
 ease, most prevalent generally in old-settled communities, were 
 manifested last week, when John I. Foster bought, a new pair of 
 silver-plated spurs, and N. T. Catterlin was seen walking up street 
 with a pair of curiously embroidered gloves on his hands." 
 
 Concerning the employment of the people in those days, and 
 their usual amusements, Mr. Cox says: "We cleared land, rolled 
 logs, burned brush, blazed out paths from one neighbor's cabin to 
 mother, and from one settlement to another, made and used hand- 
 mills, and burned out hominy mortars from the ' butt-cut ' of trees, 
 bunted deer and turkeys, otter and raccoons, caught fish, dug gin- 
 seng, hunted bees and the like, and lived on the fat of the land, 
 [n the social line, we had our meetings and our singing-schools, 
 iugar-boilings and weddings, and many a good ' hoe-down ' on 
 luncheon floors." 
 
 Maj. Henry Eistine (father of Benjamin T. Eistine Esq. ) kept 
 ;he first regular tavern, on the ground where Evans & Sidener's 
 ihoe store now is. It, like all the buildings of the town, was built 
 )f hewed logs. Around its capacious-throated chimneys many a 
 
122 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 weary traveler has found cheer and comfort, and many a merry song 
 has wakened the echoes of the surrounding woods, and countless 
 tales of hair-breadth escapes and "moving" accidents by flood and 
 field have been rehearsed. The tavern then was a chief center of 
 attraction, and during court times; when the attorneys who "rode 
 the circuit" came riding up from Indianapolis, Vincennes, Terre 
 Haute, La Porte, Richmond, and Connersville, their persons and 
 horses liberally bespattered with the mud of the sloughs, and their 
 huge portmanteaux surmounted with overcoat and umbrella, they 
 received a general welcome from mine host and the entire male 
 population. Yenison, turkey, and berries from the woods, and big 
 pike, salmon, and bass from John Stitt's fish-pond on Sugar creek, 
 with "sweet-pone," corn "dodgers," hominy, and a tin cup of 
 pure whiskey if desired, recompensed the traveler for leagues of 
 weariness and hunger. The rates of tavern keepers were fixed by 
 the county commissioners, and were not allowed to be departed 
 from in the direction of extortion. For the year 1824 the rates 
 were as follows : 
 
 "Wine, per bottle $1 26 Oats, per gallon $ 12| 
 
 Brandy, per half-pint 50 Corn, per gallon ....... 12| 
 
 Gin, per half-pint 26 Horse, at hay, per night. 26 
 
 Whiskey, per half-pint. . . 12^ Lodging per night 12^ 
 
 Victualing, per meal .... 25 
 
 Taverns in town were required to pay a license fee of $10, and it 
 may readily be inferred that the business in those days was not im- 
 mensely lucrative. 
 
 The first mills in use were fitted out with overshot wheels, fed 
 by streams conveyed in hollowed poplar logs, jointed together as an 
 aqueduct, the water being furnished by the numerous never-failing 
 springs of the country. Mill-stones were roughly dressed out of 
 huge boulders, called "nigger heads." A small log-mill of this 
 description was built at the mouth of the stream flowing into Sugar 
 creek from the Whitlock springs. A dam was thrown across the 
 stream some distance above, and the water was conducted to the 
 mill-wheel by a log aqueduct supported by poles. The mill was 
 quite difficult of access; the road leading to it being cut through a 
 spur of the blufi's, and thence along the side down tq the mill. The 
 machinery was of th6 rudest description, and just sufiicient to turn 
 the stones. This mill ground eornmeal and cracked hominy for all 
 the early inhabitants of Crawfordsville. It was a general custom to 
 send small boys to mill, seated astraddle of a horse, with the sack 
 of grain serving as a saddle ; and the father of the writer has often 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 
 
 123 
 
 ;old how he adventured on such expeditions in his boyhood, and the 
 jonstant mental distress endured on the homeward route, perched 
 »iddily upon a lofty stack of meal and bran, fearful of toppling both 
 bimself and his grist into the road, and knowing his lack of strength 
 to replace the load upon his horse in such an event. Boys were 
 thus utilized because the men were too busily engaged in clearing 
 md grubbing and log-rolling to go to mill. 
 
 Household fiirnishings were meager and comprised few luxuries. 
 The ordinary necessities were held at a price too high to permit in- 
 dulgence in ornament, even if the pride of the frugal pioneer had 
 aot stood in the way. A bill of the property sold at a public ven- 
 due in 1 824, taken from the court records, furnishes an inventory of 
 the articles and value of "plunder" considered a fair pioneer out- 
 fit. It reads as follows : 
 
 ■'1 rifle gunn $6 76 
 
 IbuU 3 00 
 
 1 brindle cow 2 00 
 
 1 bull 1 374 
 
 1 cow skin. 2 37i 
 
 2 sheep 8 31^ 
 
 4 sows and pigs 15 37^ 
 
 1 wagon 30 00 
 
 7 muskrat skins ....... 1 00 
 
 54 raccoon skins 10 00 
 
 11 fox and wild-cat skins. 1 00 
 4 deer skins and 1 wolf 
 
 skin 1 43f 
 
 1 pair hip straps (har- 
 ness). 1 00 
 
 Hot pewter 1 00 
 
 3 steel traps 1 00 
 
 1 shovel plow 25 
 
 3 horseshoes 39 
 
 1 axe 3 00 
 
 1 pair saddle-bags 1 87^ 
 
 1 tar bucket 25 
 
 1 auger 37i 
 
 1 hoe 374 
 
 2 linnen sheets 2 00 
 
 1 pieced quilt 150 
 
 1 white counterpin 6 00 
 
 1 double coverlit 1 00 
 
 1 wire sive $ 
 
 45 hanks yarn 9 
 
 1 pair of and irons .... 2 
 
 1 grid iron 1 
 
 1 flat iron 
 
 4 earthen pans 
 
 8 small Liverpool plates 
 
 4 green-edged breckfast 
 plates (Delph) 
 
 5 Liverpool tea-cups and 
 three saucers 
 
 1 large Delph bole .... 
 
 1 Liverpool bole 
 
 1 small tin bucket 
 
 1 coifee mill 
 
 1 goard of lard 
 
 2 crocks of tallow 
 
 1 red callico dress 1 
 
 1 blue callico dress .... 
 1 black. silk dress (doubt- 
 less a remnant) 2 
 
 6 pair woolen stockings 
 
 7 pair thread stockings . 
 1 pair cotton stockings . 
 
 1 cotton dress . , 
 
 1 flannel dress 
 
 1 flannel dress, striped. 
 1 petticoat (red) 
 
 75 
 
 37i 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 26 
 
 37i 
 
 25 
 374 
 124 
 374 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 00 
 50 
 
 00 
 
 60 
 
 00 
 
 624 
 
 50 
 
 25 
 
 374 
 00" 
 
124 HISTORY OF MOKTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 The ubiquitous "Smith" had arrived in 1823, and was "keep- 
 ing store " near William Miller's house, where he dickered for gin- 
 seng and peltries with whites and Indians, and had things, commer- 
 cially, pretty much his own way. He seems to have been puffed up 
 with a sense of his own wealth and importance, judging from a cer- 
 tain record left behind by the commissioners' court. 
 
 It appears that Smith had returned, among other property listed 
 by the county assessor in 1824, "five hundred silver watches," and 
 when the tax collector came around Mr. Smith swore he only owned 
 three watches, and was forced to appeal to the commissioners for a 
 remission of the tax upon 497 silver watches, which in a boastful 
 moment he had claimed to possess, but never owned in fact.* This 
 appeal was granted, but Smith's feathers were effectually plucked, 
 and he was ever after very careful in giving in his property for taxa- 
 tion, and in bragging about his wealth. 
 
 Maj. Isaac C. Elston and Jonathan Powers were engaged in mer- 
 chandising at an early day, and transacted a large business. Their 
 stores were in the immediate vicinity of Kistine's tavern. 
 
 William W. Nicholson carried on a tan-yard where James Lee & 
 Bros' block now stands, and had a number of tanning vats in the 
 rear. He was a very valuable artisan in that day, and made a great 
 deal of leather for harness and foot-wear. He voyaged to Craw- 
 fordsville from Kentucky by water, floating down the Ohio to the 
 Wabash, and poling up that stream and Sugar creek in a flat-bet^ 
 tomed boat styled a "pirogue." The voyage ended at the foot of 
 Washington street, and his boat is credited with bringing the pio- 
 neers of a colony of rats that has been growing and prospering 
 ever since that time. 
 
 The "Baptist church of Sugar creek" built the first church edi- 
 fice in Crawfordsville, on lot number 100, donated to them for that 
 purpose by good Maj. Whitlock from his original plat of the town. 
 The dimensions of the structure were 24x30 feet. The material 
 used was brick. It was for several years the only building used ex- 
 clusively for religious services, and such was the kindly spirit of ac- 
 commodation governing the brethren in those early days, that all 
 sects and creeds represented in the infant settlement were privileged 
 to use it. All traces of this primitive church building have long 
 since disappeared. 
 
 The first school was held in a house that stood about where the 
 gas works are now located, and was taught by a young man named 
 Josiah Holbrook. This was at first a somewhat pretentious and 
 contentious rival of the Crawfordsville Seminary, the latter being 
 
UNIOlir TOWlfSHIP. 125 
 
 conducted by James C. Scott, beginning its sessions in October' 
 1831. 
 
 In 1833 Eev. Caleb Mills began the work of instruction in the 
 "Wabash Manual Labor and Teachers' Seminary," an institution 
 which received a charter from the legislature in 1834, and has grown 
 into the amplest proportions and wide notoriety as "Wabash College. 
 The first building occupied was located on the brow of the hill east 
 of the Blair Pork House, and was used for recitations and as a 
 boarding place for the students. 
 
 During the first year of its operation forty-one young men were 
 enrolled. The first public exhibition of the students presented the 
 following programme : 
 
 "The Science of Music," — R. N. Allen, Parke county, Iowa. 
 "Biographical Sketch of La Fayette, " — T. W. Webster, Cincinnati, 
 Ohio. "The Obligations of American Citizens," — F. G. Bur- 
 bridge, Crawfordsville. "The Importance of Character," — Z. Bai- 
 ley, Montgomery county, Iowa. "The Connexion of Popular Edu- 
 cation with the preservation of Civil Liberty," — S. S. Thomson, 
 Crawfordsville. "Latin Oration||' an extract, — A. McAuley, Hen- 
 dricks county, Iowa. "The Blessings of Liberty," — E. P. Barlow, 
 Hendricks county, Iowa. "The Prospects of the Mississippi Val- 
 ley, " — B. F. Grfegory, Warren county, Iowa. "The Moral Destiny 
 of America," — R. W. Allen, Montgomery county, Iowa. "The 
 Necessity of High Professional Attainments," — S. N. Steele, Owen 
 county, Iowa. "Greek Oration," an extract, — T. Newbury, In' 
 dianapolis. "Female Education," — E. E. S. Canby, Crawfords- 
 -ville. "The Spoils of Time,"— J. W. Yandes, Indianapolis. 
 
 Of those participating in this exhibition, S. S. Thomson has been 
 for years the honored professor of Latin language and literature in 
 his alma mater. Mr. Gregory is a prominent lawyer at Williams- 
 port, in Warren county. R. W. Allen is a venerable minister in the 
 Presbyterian church now located at Jacksonville, Illinois, while to 
 E. R. S. Canby was reserved the horrible fate of massacre by the 
 savage Modoc Indians in the lava beds of Oregon. 
 
 The success of a collegiate institution at such an early day in 
 the settlement of a new country must, to the general observer, have 
 seemed problematical, but the sublime faith of its founders, and the 
 universal thirst for knowledge which not even the hardships of the 
 wilderness could subdue, gave its growth such a start as no vicissi- 
 tude has ever succeeded in checking. What Wabash College now 
 is, and what she has accomplished, will be better told by her present 
 venerable president in another place in this volume. 
 
126 HISTORY OF MONT&OMBHV COUNTY. 
 
 On October 18, 1831, the initial number of the first newspaper 
 was published in Crawfordsville. It was called the Crawfordsville 
 "Kecord," and was edited by Bryant & "Wade. Only two bound 
 books of its files have been preserved by the veteran editor, Isaac 
 F. Wade, covering the period from October, 1831, to June 1836. It 
 was a folio of twenty columns, published weekly. A perusal of its 
 pages furnishes a striking comparison of old-time conservative news- 
 editing with the telegraphic, inquisitive and irreverent style of the 
 present day; and while the "Eecord" is an admirable epitome of 
 political history during the years of its publication, it fails to present 
 much of the domestic and local news of the town and county, and 
 is consequently not a mine of treasure to be worked by the historian 
 of our city. From its advertising columns we learn the names and 
 business of the enterprising citizens of the day, and occasionally, 
 by seeming accident, a transaction is mentioned or some statistics 
 given that compensates somewhat for other omissions. 
 
 At the time this paper was begun the county contained nearly 
 10,000 inhabitants, and a census of Crawfordsville, taken only a 
 short time previous, showed a pc^lation of 422, while the subscrip- 
 tion list of the paper contained less than 200 names. 
 
 The first advertising patrons of the "Record" were Isaac 0. 
 Elston, postmaster, with a long list of uncalled-for letters ; Benjamin 
 Spader, dry-goods and general . merchandise ; divers estray notices 
 from J. P's in the county ; a few legal notices from John Wilson, 
 clerk of the circuit court ; dry-goods advertised by Henry Crawford, 
 William Binford, and Jonathan Powers ; sundry tax-collectors' no- 
 tices, and a prospectus of the Indiana "Journal" and the Cincin- 
 nati "Mirror." 
 
 The foreign news speaks of the war in Belgium and a rebellion 
 in China. Home affairs comprise a report of the anti-Masonic con- 
 vention held at Baltimore on September 28, where William Wirt 
 was nominated for president, and Amos Ellmaker for vice-president. 
 The editors express their gratification at the election of Henry Clay 
 to the United States senate over his competitor, Eichard M. John- 
 son. 
 
 In their issue of November 26, 1831, the editors write as follows 
 of the town : ' 
 
 "The number of houses in Crawfordsville must considerably ex- 
 ceed 100, — some of them splendid buildings, and would do honor to 
 any city. 
 
 "House rent is even higher in Crawfordsville than in many old- 
 settled towns, and much higher than in Hamilton and Lebanon in 
 
TTKION TOWNSHIP. 127 
 
 the State of Ohio, and much greater demand for houses here than in 
 either of those towns. Some have supposed 100 houses might have 
 been rented to applicants more than have been rented during the 
 last summer and fall. Every house is full, and some have two and 
 even three families in them. Our court-house is not yet up.* It is 
 under contract, however, and is to be completed next fall. This 
 building, being on the most elevated lot in town, will add greatly 
 to the appearance of the place. 
 
 "Our churches, three in number. Baptist, Methodist and Presby- 
 terian, are large and commodious buildings, and the highest compli- 
 ment we can pay our people is, that meetings are better attended 
 here than in most places of our acquaintance. 
 
 "The Crawfordsville school, which at present is conducted in a 
 manner highly creditable to the town, is kept in a spacious brick 
 building erected solely for that purpose. 
 
 "Our houses for the accommodation of travelers and boarders are 
 four in number, and yet, from experience, we know some of them 
 are very much crowded, and we believe all supper and lodge a 
 goodly number of travelers every night. Besides these houses of 
 accommodation there are other private boarding houses, one of 
 which we know has six boarders. The ordinary price of boarding is 
 $1.50 per week. The tables of these houses are crowded with all 
 the dainties of old countries to an overflowing abundance. Our 
 chief complaint is, that we are fed on too many dainties. When we 
 have the exquisite pleasure of sitting down to a meal served up with 
 corn bread, which happens but seldom, we are at the summit of 
 epicurean joy. We are doomed, however, to live on wheat bread, 
 which is here the staff of life. All kinds of vegetables appear upon 
 our tables. Horticulture, for which our soil is admirably adapted, 
 is well understood by our citizens, many of our gardens displaying 
 a neatness and taste that would not suffer in comparison with those 
 of the east. 
 
 "Our town, has about the usual number of professional men in 
 places of this size. Our citizens are not very quarrelsome, and the 
 lawyers generally follow some other business in connection with 
 their profession. The people are seldom sick, and the doctors, 
 though learned and skillful, have but little to do. Our mechanics- 
 are generally the best of workmen. Our hats manufactured here 
 are good, made quite to a point at the top like they are in the east, 
 and our boots are square-toed. The ladies dress cap-a-pie in the cos- 
 tume of the east, with the exception of tight lacing. About $75,000 
 
 • The reference is to the old brick court-houBe, removed to make place for the present structure. 
 
Beef per lb 
 
 , . . 2 to 3 
 
 Pork per cwt 
 
 ..2 00 to 2 50 
 
 Butter per lb ... . 
 
 . . 10 to 12 
 
 Apples per bu . . , 
 
 87 
 
 Wood per cord . . , 
 
 75 
 
 128 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 worth of goods are sold here annually. Money, though tolerably 
 plenty here, is worth more than at any place we have ever been. It 
 is seldom loaned for less than fifty per cent, which shows that busi- 
 ness is lively and the purposes of money numerous. 
 
 " Land is bought up here with astonishing avidity. The sales at 
 this ofiice for 1830 amounted to $367,146.39, and during this year 
 the sales have been $283,164.44." 
 
 Willis Hughes kept the first livery stable, and furnished horse, 
 saddle and bridle for fifty cents per day. 
 
 Ira Crane manufactured fashionable wedding garments for ex- 
 pectant grooms and cut out the clothing for all who had no female 
 tailor at home ; John M. Fisher manufactured saddlery of all de- 
 scriptions; Thomas Messick made cabinet ware, and C. S. Bryant 
 was the only attorney who advertised his desire for clients. 
 
 The market is reported as follows : 
 
 Hay per ton 8 00 
 
 Oats per bu 25 
 
 Flour per cwt 2 00 to 2 50 
 
 Corn meal per bu . . 37 to 50 
 
 Corn 25 to 37 
 
 Wheat per bu. (cash) 62 
 
 A great temperance wave swept over the country in 1831 and 
 1832, and having reached Crawfordsville, caused the organization of 
 a regular society, the first officers of which were John Gilliland, 
 president ; Caleb Brown, vice-president ; Francis Miller, secretary ; 
 and Benjamin Spader, James C. Scott, B. F. Irvine, C. S. Bryant 
 and W. R. Winton, managers, with sixty-six members. This so- 
 ciety existed for nearly ten years, and undoubtedly accomplished 
 much good, despite a hot and bitter opposition. 
 
 The " Seventh District Medical Society," of which Samuel Fullen- 
 wider was secretary, had a flourishing existence of several years, 
 but finally disbanded on account of scholastic differences. 
 
 The first Sabbath-school <ever held in Crawfordsville met in the 
 brick school-house on Sunday, May 6, 1832, and was organized 
 mainly by the efforts of Rev. James Thomson, now deceased. 
 
 Books were opened at the clerk's office in Crawfordsville on July 
 16, 1832, for subscription to the capital stock of the Ohio & La 
 Fayette railroad. The road was to extend from New Albany to 
 La Fayette, on the line of what is now the Louisville, New Albany 
 & Chicago railroad. The shares were placed at $60 each ; one dol- 
 lar of which was required to be paid at the time of subscribing. 
 This was the starting point of our present railway system, of which 
 
^••■Jl^A^^^^^"'' 
 
 ^2..^.^^^ ly^ c/^^^^l^^ 
 
" TJNION" TOWlfSHIP. 129 
 
 more will be said in another place. Beebee Booth, of Salem, was 
 chosen president ; Samuel Peck, of Salem, treasurer, and Israel T. 
 Canby and John Wilson, of Crawford sville, were appointed agents 
 to solicit subscriptions in Montgomery county for the enterprise. 
 
 From 1832 to 1834 the citizens of this county were kept in a con- 
 tinual state of dread and alarm by reason of the ravages of cholera, 
 from which numerous deaths occurred in adjoining towns, but fortu- 
 nately the disease never visited this county, a fact doubtless 
 attributable to the pure water and perfect drainage to be found in all 
 the settlements. Crawfordsville has been remarkably exempt from 
 epidemics of every kind from the date of settlement up to the pres- 
 ent time. 
 
 It was the custom of the merchants in those days to keep whisky 
 for their customers, and all who traded were free to imbibe without 
 charge. An empty whisky barrel would be set up on end in front 
 of the counter, having small holes bored in the head to drain the 
 glasses. On the barrel was placed, invitingly, ja large case-bottle 
 holding a half-gallon of whisky, a bowl of maple sugar, and a pitcher 
 of water, and, in cold weather, a tumbler of ground ginger. A 
 stock of merchandise comprised everything from a log-chain to a 
 cambric-needle ; from a matlock to a silk dress pattern ; from a sack 
 of coffee to a barrel of whisky ; calico, jews-harps, [molasses, mink- 
 traps, gun-flints, wool-cards, dye-stuffs, and all the conceivable arti- 
 cles called for by the exigencies of frontier life. 
 
 The credit system prevailed to an extent that would, if allowed 
 in these times, bankrupt a merchant within a year ; but the .buyer 
 paid a price for his goods that provided large profits, and the peo- 
 ple were generally honest, so that when settling-up time came, 
 generally on New Year's day, the accounts were cleared up and 
 the merchant started east to make new purchases with a pocket full 
 of money. 
 
 Cincinnati, Buffalo and Louisville were the leading wholesale 
 markets, and our merchants traveled thither and hither on horseback 
 and by stage-coach, while their goods were conveyed in wagons. 
 There were several grain buyers in the town whose accumulations 
 were wagoned to Chicago and sold, when their teams brought back 
 salt from the Saginaw country, and general merchandise. 
 
 The town was incorporated on Tuesday, October 14, 1834. The 
 first meeting of the trustees was held at Maj. Ristine's tavern, and 
 Henry Ristine was chosen president and Isaac Naylor secretary of 
 the board. The trustees for the first year were Chilion Johnson, 
 Jacob Angle, Caleb Brown, Henry Kistine, and Isaac Naylor. Fran- 
 9 
 
130 HISTORY OF MOKTGOMERT COUNTY. 
 
 CIS Miller was subsequently chosen treasurer, and required to give 
 bond in the sum of $500. 
 
 The first ordinance passed by the board related to licenses to 
 sell intoxicating liquors "by the small" in the town limits, and the 
 license fee was fixed at $8. 
 
 In 1835 a census taken by order of the board of trustees shows 
 the population of Crawfordsville to have been : Males over eigh- 
 teen years of age, 269 ; females over eighteen years of age, 221 ; 
 males under eighteen years of age, 226 ; females under eighteen 
 years of age, 261 ; persons of color, lY ; total population, 994. 
 
 The primitive court-house proving too small to accommodate the 
 largely increased business of the county, the commissioners con- 
 tracted with John Hughs for $3,420 to erect a two-story brick build- 
 ing on the lot where the present edifice stands. The building was 
 of the prevailing style of architecture, specifflens of which may yet 
 be seen in a number of the older counties of this state. It was 
 square, forty-five feet each side, with a square cupola in the center 
 of the roof, with four large interior columns of stuccoed brick, hav- 
 ing seven windows on the lower fioor, eleven in the second story, 
 with outside shutters. The building was completed in 1833. At 
 first the county officers were domiciled in the rooms of the upper 
 story, but eventually separate one-story brick buildings were erectedj 
 as east and north wings to the main building, and occupied by the 
 auditor, treasurer, clerk, sheriff, and recorder. 
 
 In 1873, after several years' accumulation of a building fund by 
 taxation, the county commissioners, James Lee, James Mclntyre, 
 and James F. Hall, having accepted architectural plans, made a con- 
 tract with McCormack & Sweeney, of Columbus, Indiana, to erect 
 a new court-house of Berea sandstone, brick and iron, to be heated 
 with steam, and provide a spacious court-room, with offices for all 
 departments of the county's business and jury rooms, the whole to 
 cost $124,000. The old buildings were at once removed, and work 
 went forward rapidly and continuously until May 1877, when the 
 present noble structure was completed. The extra work, together 
 with the large clock in the tower, finally ran the cost up to $150,000. 
 With but a single exception (the court-house at Indianapolis) the 
 building is probably the most elegant and convenient of any in the 
 state used for similar purposes. 
 
 The public school building contains thirteen large rooms, fur- 
 nished with modern school furniture and apparatus. The number of 
 school children has so largely increased as will demand the erection 
 of an additional building in the near future. 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 131 
 
 The City Hall is a strikingly beautiful structure, located on 
 Green street between Main and Market, and furnishes ample ac- 
 commodations for all departments of the municipal government. 
 
 There are eight church edifices in the city, owned by congrega- 
 tions as follows : , 
 
 Regular Baptist, a one-story brick building, very plainly con- 
 structed after the old fashion, with the pulpit between the entrance 
 doors, located on "Walnut street, between College and Jeiferson. 
 
 New School Baptist, a handsome frame, with spire and belfry, 
 located on the northeast corner of Pike and "Walnut streets. 
 
 Christian, small frame church, with belfry, on the northwest 
 corner of "Wabash avenue and "Walnut streets. 
 
 Methodist, a large brick edifice standing on lot number 160 
 of the original plat of the town, donated by Major "Whitlock to the 
 congregation. Connected with the church is a comfortable two-story 
 frame parsonage. This church is erected on the northwest corner 
 of Water street and Wabash avenue. 
 
 Saint Bernard's Catholic, an imposing pile, after the Gothic style 
 of architecture, built upon the southeast corner of Pike and Wash- 
 ington streets. The building is lighted by mullioned windows of 
 stained glass, and, when the bell tower and spire are completed, will 
 constitute one of the most conspicuous structures in the city. 
 
 Saint John's Episcopal, a neat frame building, situated on Green 
 street, between Pike and Wabash avenue. 
 
 First Presbyterian, a plain brick edifice, with lecture-rooms in 
 basement, located on Water, between Main and Pike streets. This 
 is one of the earliest church buildings erected in Crawfordsville. 
 
 Center Presbyterian. The congregation of this church have 
 recently completed an elegant and commodious building on the 
 southwest corner of Wabash avenue and Washington street. The 
 new building contains all the latest improvements in seating, heating 
 and 'lighting, and with its numerous beautiful memorial windows, 
 and graceful contour, is decidedly the finest church edifice in the city. 
 
 The leading congregations of the city, in point of numbers, may 
 be mentioned in the following order : 1. Eoman Catholic ; 2. Meth- 
 odist; 3. Center Presbyterian. Besides these churches above de- 
 scribed, the colored citizens have congregations of the Baptist and 
 Methodist faith. Nearly all the churches carry on flourishing Sab- 
 bath-schools. Keligious services have been conducted every Sab- 
 bath afternoon at the college, by the college presidents, for a number 
 jf years. 
 
 In referring to these churches it has been exceedingly difiicult to 
 
132 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 obtain data upon which to write an extended historical account such 
 as they deserve. The recent removal of the Center Presbyterian 
 congregation from their old home on the northwest corner of Pike 
 and Washington streets, furnished occasion to Alexander Thomson, 
 Esq., to prepare an exceedingly interesting account of Presbyte- 
 rianism in Montgomery county, from which we excerpt the fol- 
 lowing facts : 
 
 The first sermon ever preached in Crawfordsville was by Rev. 
 Charles Beatty, now of Steuben ville, Ohio, in the year 1821, and 
 this was likewise the first ever preached in the county; on the 
 afternoon of the same day, the reverend gentleman solemnized the 
 first marriage in the county, the high contracting parties being Col. 
 Samuel D. Maxwell, the first sherilF of Montgomery county, and 
 Miss Sarah Cowan, an aunt of the writer of this sketch. 
 
 In June, 1824, Rev. Isaac Eeed organized the Presbyterian 
 church. In 1829 the church began to build, and in 1832 finished 
 a church edifice. In 1838 the disruption of the Presbyterian 
 church took place, and the "old school " branch retained possession 
 of the present property of the First church, on Water street, while 
 the "new school" began the erection of a large frame structure on 
 a lot purchased of Judge James Riley, situated, as before stated, 
 on the corner of Washington and Pike streets, where they con- 
 tinued to dwell until the recent completion of their ' ' New Center 
 Church." 
 
 Lest it may seem that too much prominence is given here to the 
 history of the Presbyterian church, it will be well to remark that 
 Crawfordsville has, from a very early day, been distinctively a Pres- 
 byterian community. The college being founded and fostered by 
 that denomination has made the town a center of church influence 
 and directed the faith of a large percentage of its citizens. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OP THE CITY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 May 11, 1865, 134 voters of the town petitioned the board ol 
 trustees to have Crawfordsville incorporated as a city. The town 
 marshal, C. E. Vanarsdal, was ordered by the board to ascertain 
 by a census the exact population of the town. That census, taken 
 on June 29, 1865, showed the aggregate resident population to be 
 2, 316. An election was ordered to be held on August 10, to de- 
 termine the wishes of the majority in the premises, which resulted 
 as follows : Whole number of votes cast, 216 ; in favor of incor- 
 porating, 188 ; opposed to incorporating, 27. 
 
 The board of trustees, then consisting of John Hoover, David 
 
UKIOK TOWNSHIP. 133 
 
 Divine, William Enoch, Charles M. Steele, and William S. Fry, 
 with T. D. Brown as clerk and William Burbridge treasurer, pre- 
 pared for an election of officers for the new government. The ter- 
 ritory embraced by the town limits was divided into three wards, as 
 follows : 
 
 "Ward one : All that part of the city west of a north and south 
 line, running along the center of the alley, running north and south 
 between Walnut and Washington streets. 
 
 "Ward two : All that part of the city lying between said north 
 and south line, running along the center of the alley, running north 
 and south, between Walnut and Washington streets, and a north 
 and south line running along the center of the alley running north 
 and south between Green and Water streets. 
 
 " Ward three : All of that part of the city lying east of the east- 
 ern boundary of ward two." 
 
 These boundaries, as then defined, have not since been changed, 
 except as they may have been extended to include additions to the 
 territory of the city. 
 
 On September 4, 1865, the first election for city ofiicers was held, 
 with the following result : 
 
 For Mayor : 
 
 Wilson H. Laymon received 221 votes. 
 
 George W; Snyder " 130 " 
 
 For Clerk : 
 
 T.D.Brown " 337 " 
 
 For Assessor : 
 
 John A. Shanklin " 190 " 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 William Burbridge " 341 " 
 
 For Engineer : 
 
 Daniel G. Eoderick " 343 " 
 
 For Marshal and Street Commissioner : 
 
 John W. Boss " 287 " 
 
 James Nolan " 58 " 
 
 For Councilmen, first ward : 
 
 Benjamin Wasson " 114 " 
 
 J. W. Cumberland " 106 " 
 
 John Speed. " 1 " 
 
 James Lee " 3 " 
 
 Charles M. Steele " 1 " 
 
 David Divine " 1 " 
 
134 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 For Councilmeii, second ward : 
 
 "William C. Vance received 89 votes. 
 
 William S. Fry " 94 " 
 
 John W. Blair. " 64 " 
 
 Z. B. Eichardson " 63 " 
 
 For Councilmen, third ward : 
 
 William M. Epperson " 71 " 
 
 Washington HoUoway " 52 " 
 
 Chilion Johnson " 22 " 
 
 John W. Burk " 1 " . 
 
 James Epperson ^ . . . " 3 " 
 
 The precise vote as distributed between the several candidates is 
 given here for the purpose of showing hereafter what the gain of 
 the respective wards in population has been since this original elec- 
 tion. 
 
 The next election was held May 1, 1866, and the following were 
 the municipal officers for that year: Wilson H. Laymon, mayor; 
 T. D. Brown, clerk ; William Burbridge, treasurer ; John W. Eoss, 
 marshal and street commissioner. Councilmen, first ward, B. "Was- 
 son, L. A. Foote ; second ward, William S. Fry, William C. Vance ; 
 third ward, William M. Epperson, J. P. Campbell. Eoderick H. 
 Galloway, city attorney ; Albert C. Jennison, city engineer. 
 
 At the election held in May, 186T, for one councilman from each 
 ward, Henry Lorenz was chosen from the first ward, William S. 
 Galey from the third ward, and Horace P. Ensminger and William 
 S. Fry received a tie vote, requiring another election, that resulted 
 in the choice of Fry from the second ward. 
 
 In May, 1868, the following officers were elected : John Speed, 
 mayor ; T. D. Brown, clerk ; William Burbridge, treasurer ; William 
 H. Martin, marshal. Councilmen, first ward, L. A. Foote; second 
 ward, James Eiley ; third ward, William M. Epperson. Jeff. W. 
 Scott, assessor. The council elected Charles M. Steele as street 
 commissioner, who resigned during the year, and William H. Scott 
 was chosen in his stead. John W. Eamsay was chosen city attorney, 
 and Daniel G. Eoderick engineer. The marshal resigned his office 
 soon after the election, and was succeeded by William Watts. 
 
 In May, 1869, the following councilmen were elected : First ward, 
 Samuel T>. Smith; second ward, James P. Watson; third ward, 
 William S. Galey. The council chose Levi B. Willson as city attor- 
 ney, and Prof. J. L. Campbell as engineer. The first death among 
 the city officers was that of councilman William S. Galey, which 
 occurred January 4, 1870. David Harter was elected to the vacancy. 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 135 
 
 During the year Levi B. Willson resigned his position as city attor- 
 ney, and William T. Brush was appointed in his stead. 
 
 In May, 1870, the general election resulted as follows : W. Frank 
 Elston, mayor ; T. D. Brown, clerk ; William Burbridge, treasurer ; 
 William Watts, marshal. Councilmen, first ward, J. W. Cumber- 
 land ; second ward, William A. Vanarsdal ; third ward, William M. 
 Epperson. The council chose William T. Brush as city attorney, 
 Thomas J. Boss as street commissioner, Jeff. W. Scott as assessor. 
 Prof. J. L. Campbell as engineer. James P. Watson resigned his 
 position as councilman from the second ward, and Horace P. Ens- 
 minger was elected to fill the vacancy. 
 
 In May, 1871, the following councilmen were elected : First ward, 
 L. A. Foote ; second ward, Eobert E. Bryant ; third ward, David 
 Barter. William Watts resigned the ofiice of marshal July 24 of 
 this year, and David W. Paul was selected to fill the vacancy by the 
 council. On June 12 the council ordered the issue and sale of 
 school bonds to the amount of $30,000. 
 
 The following officers were elected in May 1872 : Wilson H. Lay- 
 mon, mayor ; T. D. Brown, clerk ; William Burbridge, treasurer ; 
 M. S. Smith, marshal. Councilmen : first ward, Paul Hughes ; 
 second ward, Wm. A. Yanarsdal ; third ward, H. H. Crist. The 
 council chose John M. Cowan as city attorney, M. S. Smith as street 
 commissioner, and Daniel G. Roderick as engineer. M. S. Smith 
 resigned the office of marshal during the year, and W. B. Riley was 
 chosen by the council to that position, and A. L. Duckworth was 
 appointed street commissioner. 
 
 On January 13, 1873, the new City Hall building on Green street, 
 designed for city court room, fire department hall, engine hoiise 
 and city prison, that had been commenced the previous year, under 
 the superintendence of Col. H. B. Carrington, architect and engineer, 
 was formally accepted by the city authorities. The total cost of the 
 building was not less than $9,000. The new city school building 
 was also completed during this year at a cost of nearly $32,000. 
 
 In May, 1873, the following councilmen were elected : first ward, 
 A. F. Ramsey ; second ward, Michael Price ; third ward, Robert F. 
 Beck. S. C. Campbell was chosen city engineer by the council. 
 
 On July 30, 1873, mayor Laymon resigned his office, and marshal 
 W. B. Riley was removed by the council. John Pursel, justice of the 
 peace, was chosen acting mayor until a new election could be held to 
 fill the vacancy. On August 15 J ohn R. Coons was elected mayor, 
 and William Britton marshal, for the unexpired terms. 
 
 At the election of councilmen in May, 1874, the following were 
 
136 HISTORY OP MONTGOMERY COUNTT. 
 
 chosen : first ward, Theodore H. Ristine ; second ward, Wm. A. 
 Vanarsdal ; third ward, James J. Insley. Horace P. Ensminger 
 was elected marshal, and Ira McConnell chosen as engineer, with M. 
 W. Bruner as city attorney. K. A. Hightower was appointed street 
 commissioner. 
 
 At the council election in May, 1875, the following were chosen : 
 first ward, A. F. Eamsey ; second ward, Michael Price ; third ward, 
 H. S. Braden. 
 
 On November 13, 1875, T. D. Brown resigned the office of city 
 clerk, and Henry Sloan, at a special election held on November 26, 
 was chosen to fill the vacancy. 
 
 At the general election held in May, 1876, the following was the 
 result : John E,. Coons, mayor ; Theo. McMechan, clerk ; Alfred 
 Dickey, treasurer ; Horace P. Ensminger, marshal. Councilmen : 
 first ward, John J. Darter ; second ward, Wm. A. Vanarsdal ; third 
 ward, James J. Insley. The council chose Theo. T. Ristine as city 
 attorney, Ira McConnell as city engineer, and William H. Scott as 
 street commissioner. 
 
 The council election in May, 1877, resulted as follows : first ward, 
 J. ISr. McConnell ; second ward, S. C. Campbell ; third ward. Hector 
 Si Braden. The council chose Daniel Sullivan as street commissioner; 
 
 At the general election in May, 1878, the election resulted : John 
 W. Eamsay, mayor ; Theo. McMechan, clerk ; Alfred Dickey, treas- 
 urer ; Horace P. Ensminger, marshal ; JefiF. W. Scott, assessor. 
 Councilmen: first ward, John J. Darter ; second ward, Jacob Joel; 
 third ward, Chauucy M. Coutant. The council chose Edward C. 
 Snyder as city attorney and Ira McConnell as city engineer. 
 
 Daniel Sullivan, street commissioner, died in July of this year, 
 and the council elected Edward G. Eowe to fill the vacancy. 
 
 In May, 1879, the council election resulted as follows : first 
 ward, John Bishop ; second ward, Ephraim Griffith ; third ward, 
 William Martin. 
 
 At the general election in May, 1880, the result was as follows : 
 John W. Eamsay, mayor ; William T. Miller, clerk ; Alfred Dickey, 
 treasurer ; Horace P. Ensminger, marshal ; Charles M. Scott, asses- 
 sor. Councilmen : first ward, Joshua C. McKinsey ; second ward, 
 Wm. A. Yanarsdal ; third ward, Chauncy M. Coutant. The coun- 
 cil reelected the city attorney and engineer. 
 
 The total vote cast at this election, was 1,009 ; the vote in the 
 first ward was 449 ; the vote in the second ward was 249 ; the vote 
 in the third ward was 311. Comparing the above vote with the 
 present school enumeration of 1808, and using the census rule of 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 137 
 
 calculating population, would give Crawfordsville a present popula- 
 tion of not less than 6,000, and, adding the adjacent suburbs, the 
 claim should not be less than 7,000. 
 
 ADDITIONS. 
 
 The following additions to the original territory have been made 
 to the town and city of Crawfordsville : 
 
 In 1829, October 12, twenty acres lying west and northwest of the 
 original plat, by Williamson Dunn. 
 
 In 1830, October 1, eight lots, now composing the square between 
 Main, "Water, Meadow and Pike streets, by Williamson Dunn. 
 
 In 1881, May 6, twenty-eight lots, southeast of the original plat, 
 by John Wilson, and on l^ovember 29 of the same year Maj. 
 Whitlock added two lots, numbered 161 and 162, north of North 
 street and west of Washington street. 
 
 In 1832, 1833 and 1834 no additions were made. 
 
 In 1835, November 6, fifty-eight lots lying south of South street 
 (now Wabash avenue) were added by Israel T. Canby. 
 
 In 1836 a real estate "boom " manifested itself, and no less than 
 eleven additions were made to the town in the following order : 
 January 1, eight lots lying between Main street and Wabash avenue 
 and west of West street, by Nathaniel A. Dunn ; January 20, eight 
 lots on the east side of Walnut street, south from Wabash avenue, 
 by J. Hughes ; January 20, twenty-three lots lying south of 
 Wabash avenue and west of Walnut street, extending south to Col- 
 lege street, by Joseph H. Graham; April 27, twelve lots adjoining 
 College street on the south, between G-reen and Watej- streets, by 
 Magnus Holmes ; April 27, ten lots, composing two-thirds of the 
 square bounded by College, Franklin and Water streets, by Isaac 
 Naylor; June 8, eight lots composing the square bounded by 
 Wabash avenue, Washington, Water and Jefferson [streets, by John 
 Wilson; June 21, twenty-one out-lots, comprising about twenty-five 
 acres on the N. i of Sec. 6, T. 18 N., K. 4 W., by A. Ramey & 
 Co. ; August 6, thirteen lots lying south of Wabash avenue and west 
 of Walnut street, extending south, by J. H. Graham ; September 
 10, thirty-four lots lying north of Jefferson street, fronting on Wal- 
 nut street between Jefferson and College streets, and also the square 
 bounded by Washington, College, Walnut and Franklin streets, by 
 Israel T. Canby ; October 21, eighteen lots, composing the square 
 bounded by Elm, Water and Jefferson streets and Wabash avenue, 
 by Providence M. Curry, commissioner for Eichard Canine's heirs. 
 
 In 1837 Wabash College made an addition of nearly one hundred 
 
138 HISTORY OF M0NT60MEKT COUNTY. 
 
 aeres, in out-lots, dividing the territory into twenty-eight parcels, 
 situated west and south of the College Reservation, or Campus, 
 nearly all of which are improved with substantial dwellings and em- 
 braced within the present corporate limits of the city, and comprise 
 the base of several later additions. 
 
 The next addition was made in 1839, January 26, seventeen out- 
 lots, amounting to thirty acres, lying between the Indianapolis and 
 Noblesville state roads, east of the present location of the Logansport 
 & Terre Haute railroad depot, between Main and Market streets ex- 
 tended, by John Pottinger. 
 
 Following this, there were no additions made until 1845, when, on 
 September 8, Nathaniel A. Dunn added seventeen out-lots, amount- 
 ing to seventy-nine acres, lying in the N.E. J Sec. 4, T. 18 N., R. 4 
 W., and south of the Indianapolis state road. 
 
 The next addition was made February 14, 1849, as follows: Four- 
 teen lots, composing the square between Walnut, Perry, West' and 
 Elm streets, and two lots north of the Perrysville road, by James 
 Thomson. 
 
 In 1851, February 26, Allen May laid out an addition of ten lots, 
 composing the northern half of the square bounded by Meadow, 
 Market, "Water and Main streets. 
 
 In 1852, March 9, thirteen lots, composing the square bounded 
 by Market, West and Spring streets, and a street on the west of the 
 square (now closed), by William Suydam. 
 
 In 1853, April 28, twenty-one large out-lots, lying on the E. i of 
 S.W. i Sec. 5, T. 18 N., E. 4 W., by James Thomson; also, on 
 June 21, five lots, fronting on Market street, immediately west of 
 West street, by Nancy Hanna et al. 
 
 In 1854, February 25, twelve lots, composing three-fourths of the 
 square bounded by Walnut, Franklin and Washington streets and 
 the north line of Prof. S. S. Thomson's property on Walnut street, 
 by Jesse Coons, John R. Coons and William McMuUen ; on June 30 
 of the same year Ambrose Whitlock's third addition was made, of 
 twenty-four lots, composing the square bounded.by Harrison, West, 
 Walnut and North streets, and the square bounded by Harrison, 
 Washington, North and Walnut streets, and eight lots north of Har- 
 rison, between West and Washington streets. 
 
 In 1855, November 20, thirty-two lots were added by David T. 
 Powers, fourteen of them lying north of College and west of Plum 
 streets, and six east of Plum, between College and Franklin streets, 
 the remainder composing the square bounded by College, Plum, 
 Franklin and Elm' streets. 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 139 
 
 Osgood "W. Williams likewise platted an addition of six out-lots 
 on April 15 of this year, on the tract bounded by Sugar Creek and 
 Harrison, West and Washington streets. 
 
 In 1856, May 5, Isaac Naylor made his second addition, twelve 
 lots, west of Elm street and south of Franklin, between' Scott and 
 Kailroad streets ; and on May 15 of that year John Wilson laid out 
 his second addition, twelve lots on the bluff side east of the Logans- 
 port, New Albany & Crawfordsville railroad track, and north and 
 east of the depot of that road. 
 
 The next recorded additions were made in 1858. On March 20 
 O. P. Jennison laid out six lots south of Perry street to Porter street, 
 west of Wabash College addition, and on October 23 Hannibal Pur- 
 cell's addition of nineteen out-lots was laid out, on territory lying 
 west of the Danville road. 
 
 In 1859, November 11, nine lots were added by the trustees of the 
 town of Crawfordsville, eight lots lying between Wabash avenue 
 and College street and one between College and Franklin, west of 
 Powers' addition. This addition no longer appears upon maps of 
 the city, having been absorbed by other more recent sab-additions. 
 
 Id April 21, 1860, William S. Galey added one large lot amount- 
 ing to half a square, west of Water between Jefferson and College, 
 on which he built a handsome residence, and where he resided at 
 the time of his death ; and on the same date Taylor Buffington 
 added three lots south of Wabash avenue and west of Washington 
 street, on which the new Center church building and his present 
 residence are situated. On July 23 of the same year Samuel S. 
 Thomson added four lots fronting on Plum and east of Court street. 
 
 During the dark years of the rebellion property in real estate 
 was a drug in the market, and consequently no additions were called 
 for by the growth of population or for speculative purposes. 
 
 In 1864 an addition was platted on November 26, by Houston & 
 Graham, consisting of sixteen lots, making the square bounded by 
 •Green, College, Washington and Franklin streets. 
 
 In 1865 Peter S. Kennedy platted an addition of ten out-lots on 
 the S.W. J Sec. 6, T. 18 N., K. 4 W. 
 
 In February 9, 1866, David Harter added eight lots lying north 
 of Wabash avenue and directly west of the Logansport & Terre 
 Haute railroad line. On August 8 of the same year, Blair & Hous- 
 ton laid out an addition of fourteen lots west of West street and 
 fronting on North street. 
 
 In January 12, 1867, Messrs. Blair & Houston platted their second 
 addition, consisting of fifteen lots, situated south on North street and 
 
140 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 extending to the west of their first addition, following the trend of 
 the bluffs on the north of the Sperry's mill road. On July 1 of that 
 year Jacob Hughes added twelve lots, extending west of "Wabash 
 street to Union street and lying immediately north of the Perrysville 
 road. On April 15, 1868, Graham, Houston & Connard laid out an 
 addition of fifty-one lots, composing the square bounded by John, 
 College, Hoacum and Franklin streets ; the square bounded by 
 College, Mill, Franklin and Hoacum streets, and twenty-six lots 
 south of Franklin, between Plum and Mill streets. On November 
 28, of that year, Mrs. M. E. Elston added twenty-two lots, lying 
 south of and fronting on "Wabash avenue, between the Logansport 
 & Terre Haute, and the Logansport, New Albany & Chicago rail- 
 roads, and on December 14, Jabob Hughes recorded his second ad- 
 dition, composing the square between Perry, Liberty and Union 
 streets, and eighteen lots lying west of Union and north of Liberty 
 streets. In 1869 there were six additions made, as follows : 
 
 April 21, twenty lots south of their first addition, from the alley 
 to Fremont street, five lots extending east from Paxton's addition 
 to Mill street, and five lots south of Fremont and west of Mill 
 streets, in all thirty lots, by Graham, Houston & Connard, as their 
 second addition ; on May 13, thirty-two lots composing the square 
 described by the Danville state road, and College, East and Frank- 
 lin streets and the square bounded by College, East and Franklin 
 streets and the Logansport, New Albany & Chicago railroad, 
 also nine lots north of College street, east of the Danville state 
 road, by Mrs. M. E. Elston, as her second addition ; on May 18, 
 nineteen lots by McClelland & Connard as their second addition, 
 ten lots lying north of Market street and west of High street ex- 
 tending to Blair street, and nine lots immediately east of the fore- 
 going ; on June 16, twelve lots by William McClelland, being a 
 subdivision of lots number one and eight of the College addition of 
 out-lots ; on July 3, four lots north of Fremont street, divided 
 equally by Hoacum street, added by Eliza Paxton ; on December 
 4, eighteen lots by Prof. Caleb Mills, six lots lying west of Mar- 
 shall street, south of Main street, and twelve lots between Main and 
 Market streets, east of Blair street. 
 
 In 1870 six additions were made, as follows : April 11, eight lots 
 south of Garden and east of Blair streets, by J. S. McClelland ; 
 May 6, seven lots immediately east of John street, between Jeffer- 
 son and College streets, by H. W. Connard ; June 2, ten lots south 
 of "Wabash avenue, On out-lot 3 of Wabash College addition, by 
 Graham and Houston ; July 15, four lots on northeast corner of 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 141 
 
 rohn and Jefferson streets, by H. W. Connard ; July 30, twelve lots ; 
 3ight lying between Main street and Wabash avenue, and four be- 
 tween Pike street extended, and Wabash avenue, adjoining John 
 Lee's addition on the east, by E. H. Galloway ; August 16, eight 
 lots west of West street, between Perry and Porter streets, by 
 Wabash College. 
 
 In 1871, April 11, eight lots were added by Thomas Patterson, 
 lying between Main and Market streets, west of F. L. Bo wen's ad- 
 dition ; May 10, fourteen lots lying west of Mill street and south of 
 E. W. Connard' s second addition, by Marion P. Wolf. 
 
 In 1872, September 27, R. M. and W. C. Lockhart laid out an 
 addition of ten lots, between Jefferson and College, east of H. W. 
 Connard' s addition of May 6, 1870. 
 
 In 1873, February 20, five lots west of Walnut and east of West 
 streets, immediately north of the Indianapolis, Bloomington & 
 Western railroad track ; March 14, five lots lying south of Samuel 
 S. Thomson's addition, and west of Court street extended ; June 
 10, thirty-four lots lying between Pike street and Wabash avenue, 
 west of Simpson street extended, to the city limits, by T. H. Eistine, 
 making four additions for the year. 
 
 In 1874 there were three additions made, as follows : February 
 23, eight lots situated east of Thomas Patterson's addition, between 
 Main and Market streets, by Frank L. Bowen ; August 27, twenty- 
 seven lots lying north of market street, between Whitlock avenue 
 and M. J. Jones' addition, extending north to the fair grounds, by 
 W. L. May and C. L. Thomas ; October 1, eight lots south of Market 
 street, extending west from Blair street to the city limits, by 
 William Eudean. 
 
 In 1876, January 29, eleven lots were added by the heirs of Na- 
 thaniel A Dunn, lying north of and fronting on Pike street, and ex- 
 tending west from N. A. Dunn's addition ; on April 1, of the same 
 yesLT, James Heaton laid out an addition of five lots on the north- 
 east corner of Jefferson and Plum streets. 
 
 In 1877 there were three additions made, as follows : May 17, 
 :wenty-seven lots, situated north of Market street and east of May 
 md Thomas' addition, by Mary J. Jones ; May 31, twenty-eight lots, 
 ;en lots lying between Wabash avenue and Pike street extended, 
 vest of K. H. Galloway's addition, and eighteen lying north of Pike 
 street extended to Main street, by John Lee and wife ; July 25, 
 "orty-six lots lying between Market street and IST. A. Dunn's heirs' 
 irst addition, and west of Nancy Hanna's addition and N. A. Dunn's 
 iddition, by N. A. Dunn's heirs, as their second addition. 
 
142 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 In 1879, May 26, twenty lots were added by William F. Elston, 
 lying soutli of Franklin street extended east, and adjoining the 
 grounds of tlie Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western railroad on the 
 south. 
 
 These additions cover much of the available ground adjacent to 
 the original plat, and when fully improved with buildings will be 
 suflBcient to accommodate a population of 20,000. The physical 
 character of the corporate territory makes drainage and street im- 
 provements an easy problem, and probably no better adapted spot 
 could have been found in the county for the location of the principal 
 town. 
 
 The mineral springs flowing just inside the city limits on the 
 north, and which were the inducement with Major Whitlock in deter- 
 mining his location of the town, are now known as the Vancleave 
 Mineral Springs. These springs are four in number, and are per- 
 ennial, the water never freezing either in the basins or waste-ways. 
 
 An analysis of the waters shows the following ingredients in a 
 pint: 
 
 Grains. Grains. 
 
 Carbonate of potHSsa, - 0,018 Chloride of sodium, - 0,088 
 
 Carbonate of soda, - 0,021 Sulphate of soda, - 0,025 
 
 Carbonate of magnesia, - 0,478 Sulphate of magnesia, - 0,915 
 
 Carbonate of iron protoxide, 0,077 Silicic acid, - - - 0,009 
 
 Carbonate of lime, - - 1,225 Total, - - - - 2,846 
 
 Carbonic acid and oxygen are contained in solution, giving agree- 
 ableness to the taste, and a sparkling, crystalline appearance to the 
 water. 
 
 As a laxative, the water is useful in dyspepsia, in functional dis- 
 orders of the liver, in habitual constipation, and all those complaints 
 which require a gentle and alterative treatment. 
 
 As a chalybeate tonic, all cases are benefited where the blood 
 lacks richness and redness from whatever cause, as the subjects of 
 ague of long standing, hemorrhages or other wasting discharges, 
 and convalescents from fevers, etc. 
 
 No special efforts have ever been made to improve these springs, 
 or make them pecuniarily profitable ; they flow unchecked and free 
 for all who desire to partake. In the near future, when water-works 
 are seen to be necessary, these springs will prove an unfailing source 
 of supply to the city. 
 
 BENEVOLENT ORDERS. 
 
 Crawfordsville has her quota of these useful institutions, as may 
 be seen from the catalogue given below : 
 
UNIOBT TOWNSHIP. 143 
 
 First to occupy the ground, came tlie "mother order" of Free- 
 masonry. 
 
 Montgomery Lodge, !No. 64, F. and A. M.,was organized in Craw- 
 fordsville, under dispensation dated in April, 1843, iipon the petition 
 of Jacob Winn, Isaac Naylor, John Burk, James B. Sidener, Mahlon 
 D. Manson, T.W. "Webster, Hosea Dean, Isaac C. Elston, and John 
 Crawford. 
 
 The officers under dispensation were James B. Sidener, W.M.; 
 Isaac ISTaylor, S.W.; I.C. Elston, J. W.; Jacob Winn, Treas.; T. 
 W. Webster, Sec. ; John Crawford, S.D.; Hosea Dean, J. D.; John 
 Biirk, Tiler. 
 
 A charter was granted May 27, 1844, and the lodge organized 
 with the same officers, except that Harvey G. Hazelrigg was 
 appointed W.M. 
 
 All the petitioners for dispensation are now dead except Gen. M. 
 D. Manson. 
 
 There have been admitted from other lodges, - - - ITS 
 
 Eeceived the degrees, ------- 323 
 
 Total number, - - - 496 
 
 Present membership, ------- 150 
 
 Every lodge in the county has had some of the members of this 
 lodge as petitioners for their dispensations. 
 
 The present officers of the lodge are Samuel D. Smith, W.M. 
 T. D. Brown, S.W.; Benj. Wasson, J.W.; Thos. Moffett, Treas. 
 L. A. Foote, Sec; S. C. Campbell, S.D.; E. M. Henkel, J.D. 
 Paul Hughes and Jere Yoris, S.; W. G. Hanna, Tiler; J. B. Eobb, 
 W. A. Vanarsdal, and James Wright, Trustees. 
 
 Crawfordsville Chapter, No. 40, E.A.M., was organized under 
 dispensation in May 1857, on the petition of Jacob Winn, Wm. C. 
 Yance, Calvin Walker, Isaac Naylor, Allen McKinsey, Wm. Kob- 
 ertson, M. D. Manson, A. A. Gee, T. W. Webster, J. M. Thomas, 
 and Wm. Sidener. 
 
 The officers under dispensation were M. D. Manson, H.P.; 
 Jacob Winn, K.; Wm. Robertson, S.; Calvin Walker, C.H.; A. A. 
 Gee, P.S.; Wm. C. Yance, E.A.C.; Isaac Naylor, Treas.; T. W. 
 Webster, Sec. 
 
 A charter was granted in May 1858. 
 
 Members admitted from other chapters, - - - - 31 
 
 Received the degrees in chapter, 156 
 
 Total number admitted, 187 
 
 Number dimitted, 60 
 
 Number suspended, 23 98 
 
 Present membership, 89 
 
144 HISTOBT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Only two of the petitioners for dispensation are now members, — 
 Walker and Manson — and only two others are still living. 
 
 The present officers are J. L. Fordyce, H.P.; D. D. Jones, K; 
 Benj. Wasson, S.; W. T. Fry, C.H.; T. D. Brown, P.8.; J. R. 
 Eobinson Jr., K.A.C.; James "Wright, G.M. 3d V.; J. Q. W. 
 Wilhite, G.M. 2d V.; T. S. McKinley, G.M. 1st Y.; Thos. Mof- 
 fett, Treas.; L. A. Foote, Sec; Wm. G. Hanna, G. ' 
 
 Montgomery Conncil, No. 34, R. and S. M., was organized 
 under a dispensation granted April 22, 1869. The petitioners were 
 A. J. Royalty, T. S.Webb, John Maas, L. A. Foote, M. D. Manson, 
 and O. H. Fullen, resident E. and S. M. 
 
 The officers under dispensation were as follows : A. J. Royalty, 
 Ill.M.; T. S. Webb, D.Ill.M.; John Maas, P.C.W.; S.D.Smith, 
 O.G.; H. H. Crist, Treas.; L. A. Foote, Recorder; Calvin Walker, 
 S. and S. 
 
 Charter was granted October 20, 1869. 
 
 Total number of members since organization, - - - 75 
 Dimitted to form new councils, - - ' - - - 11 
 Dimitted (removed), -------- 9 
 
 Deceased, --------- 6 
 
 Suspended, --------- 2 
 
 Present membership, ------- 48 
 
 Present officers: Jno. G. Overton, Ill.M.; A. J. Royalty, D. 111. 
 M.; T. D. Brown, P.C.W.; D. D. Jones, C.G.; Thomas Moifett, 
 Treas.; L. A. Foote, Recorder; W. G. Hanna, S. and S. 
 
 Crawfordsville Commandery, No. 25, Knights Templar, was or- 
 ganized under dispensation from the Grand Commander of Indiana, 
 by Sir Knight William Hacker, grand inspector, on November 
 17, 1874, the following petitioners being present : A. J. 
 Royalty, Thomas Moffett, late of LaFayette, No. 3, John L. Davis, 
 T. T. Davis, J. M. Troutman, late of Greencastle, No. 11, L. A. 
 Foote, late of Raper, No. 1, assisted by several visiting sir knights. 
 Officers under dispensation : Thomas Moffett, E.C.; Andrew J. 
 Royalty, G.; Tilghman T. Davis, C.G.; Francis M. Symmes, P.; 
 Samuel D. Smith, S.W.; David D. Jones, J.W.; John L. Davis, 
 Treas.; Lucien A. Foote, Recorder; Preston M. Layne, St.B.; 
 Jacob M. Troutman, Sw.B.; William N. Babcock, W.; Samuel G. 
 Weldon, S. 
 
 A charter was granted to the commandery in April 1875, and it 
 was constituted May 5, 1875, by Sir Knight Martin H. Rice, special 
 deputy of the grand commander of the state. 
 
 At the time of and since the organization there have been received 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 145 
 
 welve members on dimits, while fifty have received the orders, of 
 rhich number nine have dimitted and three have been suspended, 
 eaving the present membership fifty. 
 
 The present officers are Thomas Moffett, E.G.; James Wright, 
 jr.; Theodore D. Brown, C.G.; Josephus L. Fordyce, P.; William 
 r. Fry, S.W.; Thomas S. McKinley, J.W.; John L. Davis, Treas.; 
 jucien A. Foote, Recorder; David D. Jones, St.B.; Archelaus 
 Bailey, Sw.B.; John G. Overton, W.; William G. Hanna, C.G.; 
 Varies Goltra,lst G.; John H. Shue, 2d G.; Marion P. Wolfe, 3d G. 
 
 The craft possess a large and elegantly furnished hall on Main 
 itreet, and have all the usual facilities for their work. 
 
 There are two flourishing lodges of the Independent Order of 
 3dd-Fellows. C.rawfordsville Lodge, Noj 223, occupying a coramo- 
 iious hall on Green street, in Commercial Row, and Montgomery 
 [iodge, No. 38, located in Ornbaum's block, having the largest hall 
 )f any secret order in the city. Connected with these are Martha 
 Washington Lodge of Daughters of Rebekah, No. 13, and Bethesda 
 Encampment, No. 15. All the branches are in a flourishing condi- 
 ;ion and steadily increasing in membership. The order owns a 
 jeautiful cemetery, lying just outside the city limits, on the -south, 
 md reached by the Greencastle road. 
 
 The following are the present officers of Montgomery Lodge, No. 
 58: W. B. 'Hardee, N.G.; J. B. Sidener, V.G.; J. L. Williams, 
 P.S.; C. W. Wright, R.S.; P. C. Somerville, Treas.; G. M. Piercy, 
 W.; W. 0. Carr, Con.; R. M. Canine, O.G.; W. P. Gregg, LG.; 
 Benj. Myers, R.S.S.; Wm. Milligan, L.S.S.; Wm. Constancer, 
 R.S.N.G.; Ed. Voris, R.S.V.G.; 01. Burk, L.S.V.G. 
 
 The officers of the Encampment are Jas. Wasson, C. P.; Milton 
 Henderson, J.W.; Richard Canine, S.W. ; James Owen, Scribe; 
 Stephen Hilwell, H.P.; Ohas. W. Elmore, Treas.; Wm. Yanslyke, 
 F.W.; Abram Miller, S.W.; John Hoover, L.W.; Wm. Enoch, 
 F.W.; Adam Miller, F.G.toT.; John Hardee, S.G.toT.; W. S. 
 Smith, O.S. 
 
 De Bayard Lodge, No. 39, Knights of Pythias, was organized in 
 L873, as Eli Kahn with its first chancellor commander. Its present 
 nembership is eighty, and the following corps of officers control its 
 iffairs: J. E. Humphries, P.O.; J. Q. W. Wilhite, C.C; Chas. 
 ^.. Miller, V.C; Rev. J. Harris, prelate.; Geo. Robinson, K. of 
 R.and S.; D. A. Roach, M.F.; Wm. Lee, M.E.; W. T. Fry, M.A.; 
 W. J. Insley, I.G.; B. R. Russell, O.G.; J. A. Hughes,' Rep. to 
 3-.L.; W. T. Brush, D.D.C.C. Alfred Dickey, one of the char- 
 10 
 
146 HISTORY OF MONXaOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ter members of the lodge, has served as grand chancellor commander 
 of the state. 
 
 Washington Lodge, No. 114, A.O.U.W.; W. B. L.vle, P.M.W.; 
 U. M. Scott, M.W.; Jno. Bishop, F.; Frank Henry, 0.; Jno. N. 
 Taylor, recorder ; J. K.. Duncan, receiver ; Jas. S. Sellers, financier; 
 Frank Nichols, guide; J. 0. Fry, I.W.; W. H. Fonst, O.W.; 
 W. E. Lyle, Frank Mchols, "W. H. Foust, trustees. 
 
 De Argentine Lodge, No. 996, K. of H., was organized March 30, 
 1877. The present officers are John N". Taylor, J). ; W. H. King, 
 Y.J). ; J. E. Cowan, E. ; W-H. Foust, F.E. ; J.G. Overton, treasurer; 
 C. M. Fisher, G. James E. Cowan, one of the charter members of 
 the lodge, has served two terms as grand dictator of the state, and 
 was one of the original members of the Supreme Lodge. John 
 N. Taylor has served one term as grand reporter of the state. 
 
 ' Wabash Council, No. 476, Eoyal Arcatmm, was organized in 
 1880, and has the following officers : W. T. Brush, past regent ; J. 
 J. Insley, regent ; L. F. Hornaday, vice-regent ; M. W. Bruner, 
 orator ; Theo. McMechan, secretary ; S. L. Ensminger, collector ; 
 P. C. Somerville, treasurer ; W. T. Fry, chaplain ; B. Y. Galey, 
 guard; T. H. Eistine, warden; J. C. Barnhill Jr., sentinel; J. J. 
 Insley, J. M. Cowan, T. H. B. McCain, trustees. 
 
 There are two lodges of Good Templars in Crawfordsville : 
 Montgomery Lodge, No. 6, and Talbott Lodge, No. 16 ; both lodges 
 are in vigorous working condition. 
 
 The Emerald Benevolent Association has a successful branch or- 
 ganization, and is supported by a large number of our Irish citizens. 
 
 McPherson Post, No. 7, G.A.E., was organized July 1879, and 
 was attached to the department of Illinois for some six months, until 
 Indiana was organized as a separate department, when the Post be- 
 came subordinate to the latter jurisdiction. The qualifications for 
 membership are a good moral character, and honorable service in 
 the Union army during the war of the rebellion. The objects of 
 the organization are to keep alive the memory of the military ser- 
 vices of its members, to assist each other when in distress, to aid 
 the needy families of deceased comrades, and see that decoration 
 day is properly observed each year. 
 
 Since its organization two members of the Post have died, 
 namely, Samuel Black and W. H Ryker, both of Co. B, 120th reg. 
 Ind. Vols. 
 
 The membership of the Post is seventy-five, and the officers as 
 follows: Byron E. Eussell, P.C; George W. Lamb, S.Y.C.; James 
 F. Boots, T.V.C.; Joseph McDaniel, officer of day; Charles 
 
unriox TowifSHip. 147 
 
 fltcher, officer of guard; George R. Brown, Q.M.; Henry Perry, 
 Ijutant ; John S. French, surgeon ; Lewis Ambrose, chaplain. 
 
 In addition to the foregoing organizations, the colored citizens 
 ive lodges of Masons and Odd-Fellows, recently established and 
 )lding frequent sessions. 
 
 FIRE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 The fire department is controlled by a voluntary association of 
 tizens, formed January 13, 1869. 
 
 The first officers chosen were: T. D. Brown, president; J. V. 
 eeran, vice-president ; W. H. Ryker, secretary ; Paul Hughes, 
 easurer; W. H. Faust, foreman; M. V. B. Smith, first assistant 
 reman; G. H. Bailey, second assistant foreman; John Hoover, 
 . F. Ramsey, M. V. B. Smith, M. Doherty, H. H. Crist, direct- 
 •s. W. H. Ashley was appointed . chief fire engineer by the city- 
 )uncil, and served acceptably in that position for seven years. 
 
 On January 6, 1869, the department lost by death its first mem- 
 3r and the real originator of the department, W. S. Galey, then 
 18 of the council of the city, representing the third ward. Since 
 lat time the following members have deceased : Thomas B. 
 rifath, P. G. White, August E. Newell, George Smith, and W. 
 '.. Ryker. The department own two excellent hand engines, pur- 
 lased from the city of Terre Haute in April 1 869 ; three service- 
 )le hose-carts, and 2,000 feet of hose. 
 
 The city now has thirty-five large fire cisterns distributed between 
 le several wards. 
 
 The department has made a record of horizontal throwing, 226 
 et ; vertical throwing, 190. The present officers are A. H. Gerard, 
 resident ; W. H. Morgan, vice-president ; U. M. Scott, foreman ; 
 a,s. Sharpe, first assistant foreman ; Bruce Speed, second assistant 
 ireman ; W. C. ,Carr, recording secretary ; John Stotts, financial 
 scretary ; Paul Hughes, treasurer ; J. S. Wilhite, Charles Galey, 
 '. W. Hartman, directors. 
 
 CRAWFORDSVILLE GAS LIGHT COMPANY. 
 
 Messrs. P. F. Good & Co. , of Ashtabula, Ohio, began the erec- 
 on of gas works in Crawfordsville in October 18Y4, for the manu- 
 cture of illuminating gas from crude petroleum under Green's pat- 
 it. After laying nearly two miles of main pipe, and commencing 
 
 supply consumers, the company sold their works and franchises to 
 company of citizens who formed in January 1875, the Crawfords- 
 lle Gas Light Company, with W. P. Ilerron, president, and P. C. 
 
148 HISTORY OF MONTUOMERT COUNTY. 
 
 Somerville, secretary and treasurer. Since that date the new com- 
 pany have added to the original works and extended the service, un- 
 til now there are laid over seven miles of main piping, and two gas- 
 ometers are required having a capacity of 25,000 cubic feet. The 
 city owns seventy-five street lamps, and the use of gas has become 
 general among the citizens. 
 
 The "Wabash Merry Bowmen were organized by Maurice Thomp- 
 son, the distinguished poet and author, in May 1874. It was mainly 
 from an article from Mr. Thompson's pen^ published in "Scribner's 
 Magazine,'' that the pastime of archery became fashionable in the 
 United States. Out of the above-named organization has grown the 
 powerful "National Archery Association." The Merry Bowmen 
 have held the championship over all competing teams ever since 
 their organization. Messrs. J. A. Booe, H. H. Talbott, "William 
 Brewer, Theo. McMechan, and William H. and Maurice Thompson 
 are members of the club who have especially distinguished them- 
 selves in past contests, and gained numerous elegant and costly 
 prizes. 
 
 The King Fisher Club. This company of disciples of Izaak 
 "Walton is composed entirely of citizens of Crawfordsville, and was 
 organized July 24, 1878. The membership is limited to fourteen, 
 and the present officers are E. C. Snyder, president ; B. R. Russell, 
 secretary and treasurer ; T. D. Brown, commissary. The club owns 
 four complete camping outfits, including boats, etc., and have a 
 neatly furnished club-room in Crawford's block, where their business 
 meetings and banquets are held. They enjoy vernal and autumnal 
 visits to their favorite grounds on Indian creek and the " Shades of 
 Death," romantic and picturesque localities in the southwestern 
 part of the county. 
 
 The Crawfordsville Hunting and Fishing Club. This club was 
 organized shortly after the close of the late war, and is composed of 
 fifty of the best citizens of Crawfordsville. The point to which all 
 their excursions are directed is on the Kankakee river, where feath- 
 ered and finny game abounds. The club owns a finely appointed 
 club house on the river, at its crossing by the Logansport, New Al- 
 bany & Chicago railroad. 
 
 There are, in addition to the foregoing, several social and dancing 
 clubs, which contribute to make Crawfordsville society noted for 
 gaiety and pleasantness. 
 
UNION" TOWNSHIP. 149 
 
 NEWSPAPERS AND MAGAZINES. 
 
 There are four newspapers published in the city. The Craw- 
 )rdsville "Review," the oldest of the number, now in its fiftieth 
 olume, is a weekly quarto of forty-eight columns, published by 
 'hos. B. Collins, and advocates the principles of the democratic party. 
 Lttached to the office is the largest job establishment in the city. 
 
 The Crawfordsville "Journal," a forty-eight column paper, 
 uarto, in its thirty-fourth volume, is the organ of the republican 
 arty. T. H. B. McCain is the publisher. 
 
 The Crawfordsville "Star," independent in politics, is also a 
 uarto of forty-eight columns, and is regarded as one of the newsiest 
 heets published in the state. Jere. Keeney, a veteran Crawfords- 
 ille editor, is at its head. 
 
 The "Daily News," published by Chas. H. Bowen, is a folio 
 heet of twenty columns, having an extensive circulation among the 
 itizens. 
 
 The students of Wabash College publish two monthly period- 
 jals, named "The Wabash" and "The Lariat." 
 
 Prof. J. M. Coulter, in charge of the chair of natural science in 
 he college, is publishing from the " Review " office, a monthly 
 lagazine entitled "The Botanical Gazette," which, as its name in- 
 icates, is designed specially for botanists and herbalists, and has a 
 ride circulation, both in this country and Europe. 
 
 TRADES AND PROFESSIONS. 
 
 There are at present in the city sixteen grocery and provision 
 tores, nine dry-goods stores, four clothing stores, six boot and shoe 
 tores, six drug stores, three fancy-goods and millinery stores, seven 
 onfectioneries, two book-stores, three jewelers, two hats, caps and 
 ents' famishing goods stores, five merchant tailors, one music store, 
 Lx hardware stores, three carriage manufactories, one coffin fac- 
 5ry, seven meat stores, three furniture stores, two saddlery and 
 arness stores, three ice dealers, two banks, eight barber shops, two 
 igar stores, three cigar factories, two undertakers, five livery stables, 
 \o foundries and machine shops, two planing and saw mills, two 
 rist-mills, four elevators for grain, five lumber yards, three coal 
 ards, two wholesale groceries, twenty-five lawyers, twenty physi- 
 ans, four dentists, and a host of artisans and mechanics. 
 
 The city extends over a rectangular area from north to south, 
 early one mile, and from east to west nearly one and one half miles, 
 id comprises a population of nearly 7,000 souls. 
 
 The diiferent lines of traffic are as well-defined and separated here 
 
150 HISTORY OP MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 as in cities of much larger growth. The volume of trade is steadily 
 growing, and may safely be estimated at not less than $2,000,000 
 per annum. 
 
 A uniform system of grading streets and pavements is being en- 
 forced, and a commencement has been made for sewer-drainage into 
 Sugar creek, north of the* city. The broad, smooth streets, ad- 
 mirable pavements of stone and brick, long lines of maple shade- 
 trees, and well-kept yards inclosing tasty and commodious dwellings, 
 lend and appearance of thrift and comfort to the city that is always 
 attractive to the eyes of strangers. 
 
 The following statistics, showing the yearly valuation of real and 
 personal property within the city, taken from the tax duplicates, 
 will show, approximately, the growth of the city in values. Due al- 
 lowance must be given to the changing estimate of different assess- 
 ors, and somewhat, Jof course, to the general condition of the county 
 during each year. 
 
 Back of 1864 the listing officers have made no separation be- 
 tween the assessed values of city and township property, and the 
 statistics must necessarily commence with that year. 
 
 186i. 
 Personal property ....... $535,430 
 
 Eeal property ....... 535,485 
 
 Total valuation $1,070,915 
 
 1865. 
 Personal property ....... $595,840 
 
 Eeal property ....... 552,770 
 
 Total valuation $1,148,610 
 
 1866. 
 
 Personal property $526,256 
 
 Real property ....... 559,010 
 
 Total valuation $1,085,265 
 
 1867. 
 Personal property $686,260 
 
 Eeal property ....... 551,655 
 
 Total valuation $1,237,915 
 
 1868. 
 Personal property $688,285 
 
 Eeal property 581,740 
 
 Total valuation . $1,270,026 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 15^1 
 
 1869. 
 
 Personal property $666,955 
 
 Real property 859,350 
 
 Total valuation . $1,526,305 
 
 1870. 
 
 Personal property $800,235 
 
 Eeal property 1,104,770 
 
 Total valuation $1,905,005 
 
 1871. 
 
 Personal property $794,895 
 
 Real property 1,209,955 
 
 Total valuation $1,904,850 
 
 1872. 
 
 Personal property $634,180 
 
 Real property 1,126,010 
 
 Total valuation $1,759,190 
 
 1873. 
 
 Personal property $1,000,755 
 
 Real property . . . . . . 1,692,190 
 
 Total valuation $2,692,945 
 
 1874. 
 
 Personal property $853,240 
 
 Real property 1,609,290 
 
 Total valuation $2,462,530 
 
 1875. 
 
 Personal property • . $929,445 
 
 Real property 1,464,305 
 
 Total valuation $2,393,750 
 
 1876. 
 
 Personal property $869,085 
 
 Real property . . 1,427,400 
 
 Total valuation $2,296,485 
 
152 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 1877. 
 
 Personal property $770,380 
 
 Keal property 1,431,995 
 
 Total valuation $2,202,375 
 
 1878. 
 
 Personal property $715,975 
 
 Keal property 1,450,030 
 
 Total valuation $2,166,005 
 
 1879. 
 
 Personal property $747,825 
 
 Keal property . 1,456,950 
 
 Total valuation $2,204,775 
 
 1880. 
 
 Personal property ....... $816,305 
 
 Real property 1,269,765 
 
 Total valuation $2,086,070 
 
 It will be observed from these figures that the panic of 1874 
 caused a decided diminution of values, and that the influence of that 
 financial disaster has continued to be felt even to the present time. 
 
 The estimates of tax assessors are always made below actual 
 market values, by at least one-third ; we may therefore increase the 
 figures for 1880 by that amount, and safely consider the present 
 value of 
 
 Personal property in Crawford sville . . . $1,188,406 
 
 Keal property in Crawfordsville .... 1,693,020 
 
 Total valuation $2,881,426 
 
 The mortgage indebtedness charged against the property of citi- 
 zens within the corporate limits appears from the records to be 
 about $608,000; but the probability is that fully one half of the 
 amount has been liquidated and no satisfaction entered of record. 
 
 The municipal corporation is now entirely free from debt, and 
 amply able to undertake further substantial improvements for the 
 popular, welfare. 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 153 
 
 HISTORY OF WABASH COLLEGE. 
 
 BY THE REV. JOSEPH F. TUTTLE, D.D. 
 
 In the summer of 1827 a young clergyman penetrated the wilder- 
 ness in the midst of which Crawfordsville now stands. He had a 
 comfortable settlement in an older community in the eastern part of 
 the state, but he had an unconquerable desire "to found a college 
 somewhere in the Wabash country." 
 
 In 1829 a second young minister, a younger brother of the first, 
 came to Fountain county, and on Christmas day of the same year a 
 third reached the valley of Logansport. In the spring of 1830 a 
 fourth young minister settled in Tippecanoe county. Late in the 
 fall of 1831 a fifth entered the valley and settled in Fountain county. 
 Their names, in the order mentioned, are James Thomson, John S. 
 Thomson, Martin M. Post, James A. Carnahan, and Edmund O. 
 Hovey. The united property of all these was hardly enough to 
 have purchased and stocked a farm. The animating purpose of the 
 first one named, "to found a college somewhere in the Wabash 
 countiy," gradually took possession of the whole five. They made 
 long journeys through the wilderness that they might discuss, around 
 the cabin fires, this dominant purpose. These five home missionaries, 
 as their subsequent career proved, devoted themselves With persist- 
 ent singleness of purpose to the establishment of the institutions of 
 religion in this new country. They soon ascertained that either they 
 must do without ministers, or put up with an illiterate ministry, if 
 means were not taken to found an institution in which to educate 
 young men. They felt the same necessity that drove the ' ' godly 
 gentlemen" of the past to found Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Wil- 
 liams, Amherst, Hamilton, and many of the older institutions. 
 And yet what could they do ? They preached to feeble churches, 
 and their constituency of both churches and individuals was at best 
 small and poor, and yet they said " we must found a college to edu- 
 cate young men who have the ministry in view in this region." On 
 November 21, 1832, four of these men, Mr. Post not being present, 
 with the Rev. John M. Ellis, of Illinois, and three elders of the 
 Crawfordsville church, John Gilliland, John MeConnell, and Heze- 
 kiah Robertson, met in a small brick house that until recently was 
 to be seen half a mile west of town. It also happened that one 
 more, a stranger in town, met with them, Mr. Bradford King, a 
 member of the Presbyterian church in Rochester, New York. 
 There were nine in that convention in the little brick house. De- 
 
154 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 voutly did they open their meeting with "singing, and reading of 
 the scriptures, and prayer by the Rev. John S. Thompson." 
 
 During the sessions that day, with the utmost seriousness, as if 
 engaged in the most important business, they considered all the ar- 
 guments for and against the proposed measure. It was then unani- 
 mously resolved, "that in view of the wants of this section of the 
 country, it is expedient to attempt the establishment of a literary in- 
 stitution connected with a system of manual labor." Sixteen years 
 afterward the Rev. Mr. Ellis, who presided on the occasion, described 
 the purpose "and the spirit of the convention. He was honored 
 as one of the founders of Illinois College, and in 1832 was an 
 agent of the American Education Society, and as such he says: "I 
 became acquainted with the painful destitution of educated ministers 
 in Indiana, and I learned from the brethren that for the last four 
 years they had been urging the moral destitution of that state in the 
 eastern churches and theological seminaries, imploring their aid in 
 sending more laborers into that great field whitening and perishing 
 for the harvest, and that for these four years of agonizing entreaty 
 only two additional ministers could be obtained for a population of 
 400,000. This was a most depressing demonstration that the east 
 could not be relied upon to furnish pastors for the teeming multi- 
 tudes of that great state. At the same time it was found there were 
 some twelve or fifteen pious young men, of the best promise, in the 
 churches in the Wabash country who would study for the ministry 
 could they have the facilities of education. "This seemed in those 
 circumstances the clearest providential indication to found a college 
 for the education of such young men. After conversation and cor- 
 respondence with all the brethren for six or eight weeks, a general 
 meeting for maturer deliberation and prayer was held at Crawfords- 
 ville in which the most solemn and delightful sense of the divine 
 presence seemed to pervade every bosom. In the end the judgment 
 of the meeting was expressed in a unanimous vote, trusting in God 
 to attempt the founding of a college for the education of young men 
 for the christian ministry. ' ' 
 
 Judge Williamson Dunn, formerly land register at this point, 
 authorized James Thomson in his behalf, to offer fifteen, acres of 
 land, west of town, as a gift to the enterprise, and to sell additional 
 land at the rate of $20 an acre, both of which offers were carried 
 out in good faith. Judge Dunn, in 1824, had been one of the origi- 
 nal members who were formed into the Presbyterian church of 
 Crawfordsville by the Rev. Isaac Reed. He had been associated 
 with the founding of Hanover College, and in 1830 had gone back 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 155 
 
 to Hanover. He was held in great esteem here. His gift was 
 valued as equal to $300. 
 
 It was resolved that the board of trustees was never to exceed 
 fifteen in number, and immediately to elect eight by ballot. They 
 were Williamson Dunn, Edmund O. Hovey, James Thomson, 
 James A. Carnahan, John S. Thomson, Martin M. Post, Samuel G. 
 Lowry and John Gilliland. It was also "resolved that the institu- 
 tion be at first a classical and English high school, rising into a col- 
 lego as soon as the wants of the country demand." Tlie name sub- 
 sequently selected was the somewhat long one of ' ' The Wabash 
 Manual Labor College and Teachers' Seminary," whicii at once, in 
 common speech, shrunk itself into "Wabash College," an honored 
 and widely known name. 
 
 The board of trustees held its first meeting the same evening, and 
 the next evening, 22d, the first public meeting in its behalf was held 
 in the "brick meeting-house," at which addresses were made and a 
 subscription started, but so little noise did the movement make that 
 the town paper, for nearly a year made not a single reference to it, 
 except the notice that "the Rev. J. M. Ellis will preach in the Pres- 
 byterian church on Sunday next at 12 o'clock." 
 
 This public meeting was on Thursday night, and is said to have 
 been a spirited aifair. That night the four ministers from abroad, 
 John S. Thomson, Edmund 0. Hovey, James A: Carnahan, John 
 M. Ellis, were the guests of James Thomson at the little brick house 
 where the convention was held. After breakfast, all but James 
 Thomson and Mr. Ellis, having donned overcoats and leggings, for a 
 ride on horseback homeward through the forests and mud, the five 
 ministers went to the land presented by Judge Dunn, to select a 
 spot for the building to be erected the next season. Snow had fallen 
 through the night. As to the memorable scene which was there 
 enacted, I may quote the description as given by two of the partici- 
 pants. One of them, Prof. Hovey, sixteen years after the scene oc- 
 curred, said: "Those present will never forget the earnest prayer 
 oflfered for the divine guidance and blessing, especially the closing 
 scene, when upon the spot selected for Wabash College, in the 
 midst of nature's unbroken loveliness, they consecrated this enter- 
 prise to the furtherance of virtue and knowledge among mankind to 
 G-od, and solemnly invoked upon it the divine blessing." 
 
 Mr. Ellis adds these beautiful words: "We then proceeded in 
 a body to the intended location in the primeval forest, and there 
 kneeling in the snow we dedicated the grounds to the Father, the 
 Son, and the Holy Ghost for a christian cdlege." It should be 
 added that Mr. Ellis made the prayer. 
 
156 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Mr. Ellis speaks of the chief men in this college enterprise as 
 "almost penniless home missionaries," and the laymen associated 
 with them directly in the enterprise were also poor men. Through 
 Judge Dunn's liberality they have land for their building, but the 
 very plain structure they were to put up, "thirty by forty feet, 
 two stories above the basement," would cost $2,000. It is true they 
 modestly purposed only to have "an English and classical high 
 school that was to rise into a college" when the condition of the 
 country should require it, but that did not remove the necessities 
 for money to build with. The first subscriptions were made at a 
 public meeting November 22. Within a year the amount reached 
 was only $1,243, and in two years the amount was $2,614. During 
 the year 1833 the founders were straining every nerve to build and 
 pay for the very unpretending house, which may yet be seen, now 
 known as Forest Hall, in which to hold the high school that was 
 "gradually to rise into a college." A yoke of oxen and a wagon were 
 bought, and a man hired to drive them ; the timbers were hewed at 
 three cents a foot and the stone delivered at $1.50 a perch. One ot 
 the trustees, on his own note, borrowed on good terms $100, because 
 the lender refused to take the note of the trustees. The result was 
 that by the beginning of winter the building was so far finished that 
 on December 3, 1833, Prof Caleb Mills opened the school with 
 twelve students. No sooner was the board of trustees organized 
 than a committee was appointed to secure a charter, but reported it 
 unwise to press the matter at that time. The next fall, 1834, the 
 legislature was asked for a charter, which was granted, although ex- 
 tremely illiberal in its provisions ; and under this illiberal charter, 
 a sort of legislative straight-jacket, the college was forced to act for 
 twenty years. 
 
 In 1828 two men were graduated at Dartmouth College, Edmund 
 O. Hovey and Caleb Mills. Both were also graduates of Andover. 
 In the fall of 1831 Mr. Hovey came to the Wabash country, and as 
 a home missionary began preaching in Fountain county. In 1832 
 he bore a part in the scenes already described in connection with 
 the founding of the college. At his suggestion his classmate, Mr. 
 Caleb Mills, was elected the principal of the new school, and en- 
 tered on his duties. The names of these two men Were closely 
 identified more than forty-four years with the history of Wabash 
 College. * 
 
 The fate of institutions like this often depends on the men who 
 
 *E. 0. Hovey, elected trustee November 21, 1832, died March 10, 18T?. Caleb MillB began 
 to teach December 3, 1833; died October 17, 1879. 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 157 
 
 have them in charge. The persistent loyalty of these two men so 
 many years, their faith and courage, their wisdom to plan, and their 
 force to execute, have proved of inestimable value. Had they, and 
 half a dozen others like them that could be named, faltered when 
 others grew weak, or had they made their life work fragmentary 
 instead of the grand unit which it is, the fate of "Wabash College 
 might have been quite different. In the spring of 1834 the college 
 was greatly straightened by debt. The appeals for help at home re- 
 ceived only a feeble response. Prof. Hovey was sent east to solicit 
 help, and plead the cause so well that by the close of the year 1835 
 he had secured the consent of the Eev. Elihu Baldwin, D.D., to be- 
 come the president of the college. The two secured in money and 
 pledges about $28,000. So that all things considered, Prof. Hovey's 
 agency became a very important part of the early history of the col- 
 lege. Meanwhile the Wabash Manual Labor College and Teachers' 
 Seminary was growing in numbers. The result of the agency at the 
 east seems to have inspired the people at home with the hope not 
 only that the institution would survive, but would bring lai-ge sums 
 of money from abroad to be expended here, an expectation that was 
 fully realized. In truth the college was regarded with greater favor 
 at home than it had been before eastern men agreed to send |28,000 
 to be expended here. The land given by Judge Dunn was west of 
 town. Market street now passes through it. It was conceded that 
 the finest spot for the college was that on which the buildings now 
 stand. The contract for a new building on the Dunn tract had been 
 let in June 1835, but before anything was done an effort was made 
 to secure, either by gift or purchase, ten acres of the tract just 
 named. This having failed, the trustees, in July 1835, bought the 
 entire quarter-section at $i0 an acre, a price deemed large by most 
 persons at that time, and in November following sold all but about 
 forty acres at auction, in parcels, at such prices as to leave them the 
 present campus as the clear profit of the transaction. Never was 
 there a wiser move in the history of the college than that which re- 
 sulted in its removal to its present incomparable acres, not less an 
 honor and glory to the town than pecuniarily an unproductive utility 
 to the institution itself. At once the contract for the building was 
 modified as to location, and in some other respects, and chiefly with 
 funds from the east the new college edifice went up where it now is. 
 President Baldwin was duly inaugurated, and the new building, 
 after three years of terrible struggle, was so far finished as in 1838 
 to have it in a temporary chapel, the library of 2,500 volumes, some 
 philosophical apparatus, and the rooms in the south and middle di- 
 
158 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 visions occupied by students. Nothing had been done to the north 
 division as yet. Then came the fire. No one knows positiyely the' 
 origin of the great catastrophe which laid this new building in ruins 
 on the morning of September 23, 1838. The records of the coHegfe » 
 simply say under that date: "About two o'clock this morning the 
 cry of fire, ' the college is on fire ! ' was heard, and by half past two 
 the whole roof and fourth story were in one complete blaze. The 
 first impression was that nothing could be done to save any part of 
 it, but after a little consideration a few resolved to make an effort to. 
 save the lower stories of the south division, although the most were 
 faithless. A few took hold in good earnest, and eight rooms were 
 saved from the devouring element, being but slightly damaged ; but 
 the college library, society libraries, and the philosophical apparatus, 
 were entirely destroyed." The next day, which was the Sabbath, 
 Prof. John S. Thomson preached a discourse that touched the symr 
 pathies of a large congregation. His text was a sermon or rather an 
 elegy, whose plaint wrung tears from many eyes. "Our holy and 
 our beautiful house * * * is burned up with fire, and all our 
 pleasant things are laid waste " (Isaiah Ixiv ; 11). 
 
 At once the citizens of this town and county showed their sense 
 of the calamity to the town as well as to the college, and made sub- 
 scriptions which were, for the time and circumstances of the com- 
 munity, liberal, as they were also of the highest importance, al- 
 though all told they amounted to less than $5,000. 
 
 Although our beautiful house was burned up with fire, the men 
 that built it resolved to rebuild it, and by aid given by the people 
 botli at the east and west, and a. loan from the state, in one year the 
 work was done. Meanwhile the second and third stories, of the 
 Hanna building, Graham corner, were rented for the use of classes. 
 
 The payment of the loan of the state and the purchase money for the 
 quarter-section, of which the campus is a part, would itself make an 
 entertaining chapter, but there is not time here to relate it. It is 
 enough to say that the college paid both debts in full. Yet an in- 
 cident may be related. When the quarter-section was bought, on 
 terms with which no fault should be found, the seller would not se- 
 cure his debt by mortgage on the land itself, as is usual in such 
 cases, but required personal security. Two citizens of this county 
 indorsed the notes of the college for over $6,000 without any se- 
 curity for themselves. Their names were William Burbridge and 
 Andrew Shanklin. 
 
 On July 11, 1832, the first class was graduated. On September 
 23 the fire occurred. In September, 1839, the college building was 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 159 
 
 again occupied, but at its door stood the voracious debt. On Octo- 
 ber 15, 1840, President Baldwin died, a calamity greater than the 
 fire^ and yet though "the workman died the work went on." In 
 October, 1841, the Rev. Charles White, D.D., having been elected 
 Dr. Baldwin's successor, was inaugurated the second president of 
 the- college, in July 1842. Dr. "White's gifts shed luster to this day 
 on the college. . He found it in perilous straits, and from the time 
 when in the little school-room, still back of Center church, he 
 preached his "Nehemiah sermon," to that night when he ascended 
 heaven "in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye," he fought the 
 college debt. His appeals for years through the "Western College 
 Society," brought money from the east that saved the life of the 
 college. The college records show many names of western men 
 who in their limited means did what they could, but noble as they 
 were they could not alone carry the debt. Before his sudden death, 
 October 29, 1861, Dr. White began to be cheered by some large 
 western subscriptions, one of $10,000, and yet when he passed 
 away amid almost supernal glory, the college was still deep in debt. 
 Its income was exceeded by its out-goes by more than $2,300 a 
 year. 
 
 In 1861 Rev. Joseph F. Tuttle, D.D., of iTTew Jersey, was elected 
 president of the college, and he entered on his duties in May 1862. 
 Dr. Tuttle .still fills the office jat the date of writing this article. 
 During the succeeding years the history of the college has been 
 most inspiring. At a great expense new buildings have been 
 erected, libraries 'and cabinets collected, and apparatus gathered for 
 the aid of those studying the natural sciences. In most respects it 
 compares favorably with the best institutions at the west. It has 
 educated several thousand young men more or less thoroughly, and 
 has a good name among educators both at the west and east. 
 
 BlOGEAPHiCAL. 
 
 Under this head we propose to give extended biographies or per. 
 Bonal sketches of a large number of leading citizens of Crawfordsville 
 and vicinity — not only of early settlers, but also of the more modern. 
 Many of them have already been mentioned in the preceding pages, 
 but we think it will add vastly to the value of the work, as a book of 
 reference and as a basis for the future historian, to give this depart- 
 ment the most minute detail. As far as practicable they have been ar- 
 ranged in chronological order, or rather in the order of coming to the 
 township or county. 
 
160 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 John Maxwell Cowan, of Crawfordsville, was born in Indianapolis 
 December 6, 1821. His parents were John and Anna (Maxwell 
 Cowan, both of Scotch-Irish lineage. His father was a Virginian b] 
 birtli, and at an early age migrated with the family to the State o 
 Tennessee, locating in the Sewannee valley, where he resided fo 
 twenty years, and where a large number of descendants of the familj 
 still reside. He subsequently came to Kentucky, and thence t( 
 Ciiarlestown, in the then Territory of Indiana. When the " Prophet'i 
 war " broke out, he joined the forces commanded by Gen. Willian 
 Henry Harrison, as a volunteer, and remained in service through th( 
 entire campaign, being engaged in the memorable battle of Tippecanoe 
 After this battle he served for two years as a dragoon scout, until thi 
 hostilities between the Wabash tribes and the whites were finally 
 settled. Returning home to Charlestown he made preparations and re 
 moved to Indianapolis, of which city he was one of the earliest settlers 
 In the autumn of 1822 he finally removed to Montgomery county 
 settling on a tract two and a half miles southwest of Orawfordsville, oi 
 Offiel's creek, where he engaged in farming. The son was left father 
 less when he was about eleven years old, and the family estate havinj 
 been dissipated by the speculation of its administrator, the mother anc 
 boy were compelled to struggle with the severest adversity. He thiii 
 assumed the burdens of life while yet in childhood, and bore them un 
 flinchingly and without complaint until the wheel of fortune returnee 
 a reward. He entered the preparatory school of Wabash College ii 
 1836 with a determination to obtain a thorough education if nothing 
 else should ever be secured, and after six years was graduated fron 
 the classical course with tlie degree of Bachelor of Arts. Soon follow 
 ing his graduation he received an appointment as deputy clerk of Clin 
 ton county, and removed to Frankfort. There, snatching fragments o 
 time from the toils of his ofiBce, he began the study of law, and in i 
 few years was enabled to attend the law school connected with th 
 University of Indiana at Bloomington, where he was placed under th 
 instruction of Hon. David McDonald, afterward judge of the Unites 
 States District Court for Indiana. Graduating at the end of One yeai 
 he returned to Frankfort and engaged in the active duties of his chose: 
 profession. In 1845 he was married to Harriet D. Janney, a descenc 
 ant of a prominent Quaker family of Virginia, whose paternal ancestor 
 were the Porters of Pennsylvania, and whose maternal ancestors wei 
 the Rnples and Judahs of Basle, Switzerland. After their marriag 
 Mr. Cowan formed a law partnership witii Hon. James F. Suit, i 
 Frankfort. Mr. Suit was one of the most distinguished advocates ( 
 western Indiana, and his talents being supplemented by the energy an 
 
(/UT€U\X^ 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 161 
 
 studious habits of his partner, their business rapidly became lucrative. 
 [n 1858 Mr. Cowan was nominated for the judgeship in the eighth 
 judicial circuit, composed of the counties of Boone, Clinton, Mont- 
 gomery, Parke, Vermilion, Fountain, and Warren. His competitor 
 was an experienced and able jurist, at the time, on the bench of the cir- 
 cuit, and the political complexion of the counties composing the 
 judicial field was decidedly hostile to his being retired ; notwith- 
 standing which, Mr. Cowan's personal popularity, and reputation as a 
 lawyer, gave him the election by a large majority. The term for which 
 he was elected was six years, which were rounded up with the severest 
 and most exacting mental labor. At the expiration of the term he 
 stood 80 high in popular esteem that he was unanimously renominated 
 by his party and again elected for a similar term without any real op- 
 position from the opposite political party. Completing his labors upon 
 the bench in 1870 he returned to the practice of law at Crawfordsville, 
 where he had removed his family in 1864, forming a partnership with 
 Hon. Thomas M. Patterson, late member of congress from Colorado. 
 At the end of a prosperous connection of two years he became asso- 
 ciated with Hon. M. D. White, and his second son, James E. Cowan, 
 in a new legal firm, which continued for nearly three years, when he 
 finally retired from practice and connected himself with the First Na- 
 tional Bank of Crawford sville, as assistant cashier, which position he 
 still holds. As is usual with descendants of Scotch ancestry, he, with 
 his family, are adherents of the Presbyterian church. Three sons and 
 one daughter were bom to him, all of whom are living and grown to 
 maturity. In person Judge Cowan is tall, slenderly built, of nervous- 
 sanguine temperament, erect carriage and figure, with an air of modest 
 dignity. His disposition is genial, and he delights to meet his friends, 
 for whom and his family he has strong aflfection. His long and toil- 
 some life has produced a competence with which comfort and serenity 
 are assured to his old age. His wife lives to .enjoy with him and their 
 children the fruits of mutual sacrifices and well earned honors. 
 
 Mrs. Francis C. Cope was born in Cumberland county,Pennsylvania, 
 January 19, 1811. Her mother and father were members of the 
 United Brethren church, and he was in the war of 1812. In 1817 they 
 moved to Montgomery county, Ohio. She was married and came to 
 this county in 1829. Her husband was S. W. Cope; he died Septem- 
 ber 9, 1869. Mr. Cope was a farmer, a Lutheran, a republican, and 
 one of the early settlers in this county. He was a good citizen and an 
 honest, hard working man. Both of his grandfathers were captains in 
 the reyolutionary war. Mrs. Cope is a Christian lady and very liberal 
 and benevolent. In 1875 she contributed $1,200 for building the United 
 11 
 
162 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Brethren ehurcli near where she lives. She has about 300 acres, and 
 lives near the city. 
 
 Stephen A. Stilwell, deputy city treasurer, Cravyfbrdsville, was born 
 in Montgomery county March 22, 1838, on a farm near Orawfordsville. 
 His father, Jeremiah Stilwell, came from Kentucky and settled in this 
 county in 1820, and assisted in laying out the city of Crawfordsville., 
 He is still living, at an advanced age, an honored and highly respected 
 citizen. His mother's name was Didama. He lived upon a farm until 
 he was twenty-three years of age, and obtained such an education as 
 might be obtained at the district school. When the call was issued 
 asking for brave men to defend our country Mr. Stilwell enlisted in com- 
 pany C, 40th Ind. Vol. Inf , November 15, 1861, as a private. For three 
 years he served his country and was then mustered out. He again en- 
 listed and gallantly fought until the struggle closed, coming home as 
 captain, given him as a reward for his courage, participating in Bowling 
 Green, Perrysville, and Crab Orchard. 
 
 Ambrose Whitlock, Esq., of Crawfordsville, Montgomery county, 
 Indiana, whose portrait appears in this work, departed this life June 26, 
 1873, at the advanced age of ninety-six years, having been identified 
 with Indiana before its organization as a territory and ever since it be- 
 came a state. He had been gradually wearing away for months; yet 
 such was the tenacity of his iron constitution, hardened by habitual 
 temperance, and exercise in the open air, that on the eve of his de- 
 parture he appeared as though he might survive many days longer, even 
 weeks and months. On the morning of his death he requested 
 to be carried out in his chair that he might once more enjoy his 
 favorite seat in summer underthe shade of a tree on the lawn which 
 had been planted by his own hand, and had become in size one of the 
 monarchs of the forest. He had been seated only a few minutes when 
 he was observed by the attendants to have closed his eyes, as if in a 
 doze, and on approaching him they found the vital spark extinct. Maj. 
 Whitlock was born in the then colony of Virginia, in May 1767. He en- 
 tered the army of the United States in 1788 as a private soldier, and by 
 his merits soon rose from the ranks and was commissioned an officer 
 in one of the regiments of infantry. He assisted in the erection of Fort 
 Washington, now the city of Cincinnati, at which time the only dwell- 
 ings in that western commercial emporium were a few log cabins. In 
 1790 he served as a soldier in the army commanded by Gen. Harmar, 
 in an expedition against the Indians on the Maumee, in which, as he 
 emphatically asserted to the present writer, " Harmar was not defeated,"; 
 as the books relate, for he with the bulk of the army, including the 
 .regulars, was not within thirty miles of the place of his reputed defeat; 
 
UNION- TOWNSHIP. 163 
 
 et the purpose of his campaign was frustrated by the rashness of two 
 lilitia regiments of mounted riflemen, who could not be restrained, and 
 rere massacred almost to a man near what is now the city of Fort 
 Vayne. He served under Gen. Wayne in his expedition against the 
 ndians in 1794, which resulted in their overwhelming defeat, on the 
 lanmee, near what is now Toledo, and led to the treaty of Greenville 
 3 1795. It was during this campaign that he assisted in the building 
 f Fort Wayne, where he was stationed for some time. Having risen 
 a the rank of captain he was stationed at Fort Massac, Illinois, on the, 
 jwer Ohio, and at other places in the southwest, and served with that 
 lart of the army which constructed the great military road from Tennes- 
 ee through the Choctaw and Cherokee countries to Louisiana. Under 
 he administration of President Jefferson he was appointed paymaster, 
 Hth the rank of major of the United States army, in the western and 
 outhwestem departments. While oflSciating in this capacity he car- 
 ied his funds in keel-boats to the military stations on the Mississippi, 
 )hio and Wabash rivers, amid the dark domains of savage life, the 
 loats being propelled by soldiers, who also acted as a guard ; and on 
 Lorseback over the vast prairies of Illinois, and through the forests of 
 ndiana. In this hazardous employment hundreds of thousands of dol- 
 ars passed through his hands to the soldiers without the loss or the 
 nisapplication of a cent. At the momorable interview between Gen. 
 larrison and Tecumseh, at Yincennes, in 1811, Maj. Whitlock was 
 iresent, and his account of that affair puts a very different face upon the 
 ransaction than what has been usually delineated. After the termina- 
 ion of the war of 1812, somewhere about 1817, Maj. Whitlock retired 
 rem the army to civil life, and in 1832 was appointed receiver of 
 lublic money in the land office, which, by the direction of the Hon. Wil- 
 iam H. Crawford, the secretary of the treasury, he located at the place 
 irhich he called Crawfordsville, after the name of the distinguished seere- 
 ary, whc was his personal and political friend. In this office he continued 
 ischarging its duties with his wonted strict integrity until 1829, when, 
 nder pretense of some defalcation, which, however, proved to be false, 
 nd the government shown to be largely indebted to him (a debt which 
 as never been paid), he was removed. While he officiated as receiver 
 portion only of the paper currency of the country, for several years, 
 ?as receivable at the land office, and sometimes those who went to en- 
 srlan3 would be deficient a few dollars in land office money to pay for 
 be land selected; in such instances Maj. Whitlock would give them re- 
 eipts in full, and trust them for the amount of the then current money, 
 f they offered to give their notes he refused to receive them, saying: 
 If you are honest you will pay me without giving your notes, and if 
 
164 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ycJii are dishonest you will not pay if yon do give yonr notes." Tliisig 
 one of the many instances of his kindness of heart, and of his well 
 known reputation and character as the poor man's friend. Maj. Whit- 
 lock was, in all his relations and doings, a man of unbending integrity. 
 He was so from an innate sense of right and justice, as he was in subse- 
 quent life from Christian principle. He never knowingly wronged 
 any man, and he was scrupulously just and upright in his dealings with 
 the government as in his private business transactions. "An iioiiest 
 - man, the noblest work of God," would indeed be his appropriate and 
 truthful epitaph. An instance of this, and at the same time of his out- 
 spoken western manner, occurred in Washington City under the admin- 
 istration of President Monroe. He went to the proper office in the 
 treasury department to have his accounts audited. In the settlement 
 he discovered an error in the accounts as kept by the- clerks of some 
 $50,000 against the United States and in his favor. He knew it to be 
 an error, and so told the clerks, adding : " You don't know how to keep 
 books here." The clerks felt themselves insulted and ordered him out 
 of the office. " Yes," said he, " I will go and bring your master to look 
 into the matter." He went to the secretary of the treasury, his friend 
 Mr. Crawford, who accompanied him to the auditing office, and upon 
 examination found the major was right and the clerks utterly wrong, 
 and that there was in truth $50,000 due the government, which the up- 
 right soldier, honest even to sternness in his demeanor, instantly paid, 
 and his accounts were closed. This act carries with it its own com- 
 ment. Maj. Whitlock was a sincere, unostentatious Christian, and ex- 
 emplified his faith by a consistent life and conversation. He was a lib- 
 eral contributor to the parish of St. John's church, Crawfordsville, of 
 which for many years he was the senior church warden, donating the 
 commodious lot on which the church stands, and gave, it is believed, 
 the larger part of the money expended in its erection and subsequent 
 renovation. He was a devout attendant on the services of the church 
 as long as his failing strength and increasing infirmities would allow. 
 He died in full communion, departing in " a reasonable, religious and 
 holy hope of resui'rection unto eternal life," through the atoning oierits 
 of the Saviour, in whom he put all his trust and confidence, and whom 
 for many long years he had endeavored to serve " with a pure heart, 
 fervently," striving in all things to maintain "a conscience void of of- 
 fense toward God and toward man." 
 
 "William W. Galey (deceased) was born August 31, 1803, in Shelby 
 county, Kentucky, and received but a limited education. He learned 
 the tailoring trade, and in 1823 came to Montgomery county and set- 
 tled near Waveland, keeping a tailor shop until 1824, then moved to 
 
UNIOK TOWNSHIP. 165 
 
 Crawfordsville and carried on his trade. In 1853 he enffased in farm- 
 ing the land, a part of which is now Oak Hill cemetery. In 1865 
 Mr. Galey retired from active labor and lived in Crawfordsville until 
 death, which occurred in 1872. He was an early whig and later a stal- 
 wart republican, but never sought office. He was an intimate friend 
 of Gov. Lane, and at the time when the latter ran for congress Mr. 
 Galey aided materially in canvassing tlie district in his favor and re- 
 publicanism. He sent two sons to the civil war, was a member of the 
 Presbyterian church, a man of strict integrity and who stood high in 
 his community. He was married to Lucy Wilhite, sister to the Wilhite 
 brothers, of Crawfordsville. His family was always large, made so by 
 the number of poor people he continually aided and children he raised. 
 His sons, Beal Y. and Milton H., are now successful dentists in Craw- 
 fordsville. Beal V. Galey, son of W. W. and Lucy (Wilhite) Galey, 
 was born December 14, 1833, in a log house that stood on the spot now 
 known as the Hartman corner, in Crawfordsville. Milton H., William 
 L., and sister (Mrs. George D. Hurley), were born on the same spot. 
 Mr. Galey attended the county seminary, and also a short time at 
 Wabash College. In 1852 he began the study of dentistry in the office 
 of Dr. J. F. Canine, with whom he studied three years, becoming as- 
 sociated for a short time with the doctor. In 1867, in conjunction with 
 bis brother, Milton H., he opened an office, and by close attention to 
 business and good work he has become established. Mr. Galey was 
 married in 1861, to Elizabeth Lee, daughter of Judge Henry Lee, and 
 cousin to Col. Lee, of Crawfordsville. They have three children, 
 Mabel, Virgil, and Maud. Mr. and Mrs. Galey are members of the 
 Methodist church. He is solidly republican. Milton H. Galey was 
 born September 14, 1837, His education was gained partly at Wabash 
 College, but mostly in the county seminary. On the evening of the 
 Sunday on which Fort Sumter was fired the name of Milton H. 
 Galey was enrolled as a volunteer to aid in suppressing the rebellion. 
 On Monday, the next day, he started for Indianapolis, where he was 
 mustered in. He was first sent to Cumberland, Maryland, where he 
 staid some time, then went to Harper's Ferry, and from there he came 
 home. He was afterward stationed at Louisville, where he studied 
 dentistry with Drs. McClelland and Canine. Then returning he went 
 to Watseka, Illinois, where he practiced dentistry for two years. In 
 1867 he became associated with his brother, B. V., and the Galey 
 Brothers have become a well known firm in the dental work. He was 
 married December 29, 1870, to Frances S. McClintock, daugliter of 
 James and Elizabeth McClintock. She was born May 17, 1840, in 
 Ross county, Ohio. Her father was born in .1798, and mother in 1805, 
 
166 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 both in Yirginia. They were members of the Methodist church, and 
 he was a merchant, also was sheriff for a time. Mr. and Mrs. Galey 
 have one child, Scott. Both are Methodists, and he is a member of the 
 fraternity of Knights of Pythias and was at one time an Odd-Fellow. 
 
 William Mount, retired, Crawfordsville, was born in Kentucky, 
 March 12, 1798, and settled in Montgomery county in 1823. Tiien 
 the country was almost an unbroken, wild, woody wilderness. Accord- 
 ing to his recollection there were but two houses in Crawfordsville 
 when he came here. He has always been a farmer. He moved to his 
 present residence, in the eastern suburbs of the city, in 1849, since 
 which time he has farmed but little. He was married, the first time 
 in 1826, and the second time, in 1878, to Mrs. S. C. Cooper. She is 
 a member of the First Presbyterian church. Mr. Mount cast his first 
 vote for Andrew Jackson. He votes with the democrats for president 
 and is independent in county politics. 
 
 Thomas J. Beard, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born in^ Wayne county, 
 Indiana, February 19, 1822. He attended Wabash College three years, 
 and in his youth worked in a store. When young he worked some iu 
 the state engineering service, and helped run the first railroad to La 
 Fayette. Since his majority he has farmed most of the time. He en- 
 listed, in 1862, in Co. K, 86th Ind. Yols., for three years, and served 
 about one year, being discharged on account of disability. After the war 
 he served three years in Washington on the Capitol police force. He 
 was also a printer for some six years, working for awhile on the old 
 " State Journal " at Indianapolis. He is a Mason, a member of the 
 Methodist church, and a republican. His last and third marriage was 
 in July 1855, to Miss Susan Tiffany. She is a member of the Methodist 
 church. They have two children : George F. and Mary, the latter 
 graduating at the public high school of this city. Mr. Beard's father, 
 John Beard, was born January 4, 1795, and settled in Wayne county 
 in an early day, and in 1823 moved to Montgomery county, near Craw- 
 fordsville, where he lived till his death, September 29, 1874. John 
 Beard lived a very active and useful life. He was justice of the peace 
 for a number of years, and was appointed receiver of public moneys 
 I at the land office at Crawfordsville, by Gen. Harrison, and held the 
 ■ office until Y anBuren became president. He was a member of both 
 •houses of the state legislature for about twenty-five years, distinguish- 
 ing himself as a legislator. In fact he is the father of our glorious 
 public school system in Indiana. Many other bills for the public good 
 received his earnest and efficient support. He was a member of the 
 State Blind Asylum for about six years, holding that position when 
 he died. He was married to Maria Borrouehs in 1816. His widow 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 167 
 
 still survives him, at the advanced age of eighty-three. John Beard 
 was a member of the convention that organized the republican party. 
 Maxwell McCullough, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born in Jefferson 
 coimty, Indiana, April 6, 1818, and is the son of James B. and Mar- 
 garet McCullough. His father was born in ITorth Carolina, his mother 
 in Kentucky. His father was in the war of 1812, a member of the 
 Christian church, and first a republican and then a whig. He was a 
 lover of education, determined, very charitable and benevolent. When 
 the subject of not using whisky in the fields by the hands when at 
 work was first agitated, James B. McCullough was the first to set the 
 example, and the other neighbors followed his wise course. When he 
 settled in this county, in the fall of 1823, it was wild, and inhabited by 
 Indians, wolves, panthers, wild-cats and deer. The subject of this 
 sketch spent his boyhood in the midst of this primitive wilderness. 
 He had a good common school education, and lived at home until he 
 was twenty-eight years old, and then began farming for himself, in 
 limited circumstances. He now has 240 acres of good land, on which 
 he has a nice home, three miles east of Crawfordsville, on the Nobles- 
 ville gravel-road. He has also 240 acres in Benton county. Mr. 
 McCullough was married in September 1846, to Miss Jenetta E. Side- 
 ner. She died in 1856, and was a member of the Christian church. By 
 this marriage they had four children, three of whom are living: Mar- 
 tha E., married to C. E. Gay, and lives in Benton county ; William J., 
 is a teacher and farmer, and lives in Benton count}' ; Alvan E., is a 
 teacher; James M., deceased. Mr. McCullough was married the sec- 
 ond time, in 1857, to Margaret Campbell. Their children are : Eliza- 
 beth A., married to Thomas A. Sheriden ; Samuel M., John C. and 
 Henry A. Mrs. McCullough and three of the children are members 
 of the United Brethren church. Mr. McCullough was a whig till the 
 birth of the republican party, then became one of its followers ; belongs 
 to the detective association, and with several of his sons belongs to 
 the Good Templars, and hates whiskey and tobacco. Mr. McCullough 
 has traveled considerable in the United States, has been a hard work- 
 ing man, has extensive information, is a great reader, a member of the 
 Christian church, and an honored and respected citizen. 
 
 John J. Elmore, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born in Dearborn 
 county, Kentucky, September 18, 1818. About 1823 he came with 
 his parents to Montgomery county, with an ox-team hitched to a two- 
 wheeled cart, and also with a wagon and a team of horses. They 
 settled in the forest, cleared off the land, erected a log cabin, and en- 
 dured all the trials and hardships incident to pioneer life. They first 
 traded and went to mill in Terre Haute. His father and mother were 
 
168 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 botli Baptists. His father was an old-line whig, and afterward repub- 
 lican, and died in 1865. Mr. Elmore began farming for liimself at the 
 age of twenty-two. He now has a nice home jnst east of Orawfordsville- 
 He was married the first time, in 1840, to Ann Huffman. She died 
 in 1878, and was a member of the Methodist church. He was married 
 the second time, March 24, 1880, to Mattie McClaskey, daughter of 
 James and Nancy McClaskey. Her parents were members of the 
 Methodist church, came from Kentucky, and settled in this county in 
 1830. Mr. Elmore is a republican, and was formerly a whig, voting 
 first for Gen. Harrison, in 1840. Mr. and Mrs. Elmore are both mem- 
 bers of the Methodist church. 
 
 E. A. "Wilhite, tailor, Orawfordsville, who has spent nearly all his 
 years in Montgomery county, was born January 1, 1820, in Jefferson 
 county, Kentucky. He is a son of Simeon and Mary (Funk) Wilhite, 
 who came to Orawfordsville in 1824, and shortly after settled south 
 of the then " log city " of a few houses, where, in 1829, Simeon de- 
 parted this life, and was followed by his wife in 1833. E. A. Wilhite 
 received the training and schooling of a pioneer's boy, and can well re- 
 member the log school-house with its slab seats and window of greased 
 paper for light, the absence of desks, and especially the primitive 
 " master." At the age of ten years he began to use the needle, and has 
 followed tailoring ever since, being now one of the most tlioroughly 
 experienced workmen in the city. For over thirty years he has worked 
 in his present shop. By economy and industry and fair dealing he 
 has accumulated a little fortune of $15,000 or $20,000. Mr. Wilhite 
 has a peculiar passion for music, having been connected with the Oraw- 
 fordsville band ever since 1840, and still loves the recreation. In 1840 
 he played at the Tippecanoe battle-ground celebration, and again in 
 1876. Mr. Wilhite was a whig during the time of that party, and with 
 the advent of republicanism he adopted its principles. He has been 
 twice married ; first to Ada J. Blankenship, of Orawfordsville, who died 
 leaving one son, James Q. W., to survive her ; and second, to Dr. 
 Mary H. Holloway, of the same city. The fruits of the last marriage 
 have been seven children : three deceased, Edgar, Ella N. and Fred ; 
 and four living, Edwin L., Mary E., Stanton L. and Bertha J. Mrs. 
 Wilhite is a daughter of Washington and Elizabeth (King) Holloway, 
 the former of whom is now living in Orawfordsville at the age of eighty 
 years. Mrs. Wilhite attended school sufficient to fit herself for teach- 
 ing, which she followed four years. In 1854 she entered Penn 
 Medical University, from which she graduated in 1856. She was edu- 
 cated here at the expense of J. Edgar Thomson, one of the members, 
 of the original board of incorporation of that college, and a wealthy 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 169 
 
 gentleman of Philadelphia. Mrs. Wilhite was the first lady from 
 Indiana to graduate in a medical school. Leaving her Alma Mater 
 Tune 2, she nailed her sign where it is still to be seen, on the 22nd 
 )f that same month, 1856. She emphatically asserts she has solved 
 :he problem that a woman can be a " wife, mother, and physician." 
 During her practice she has given instruction to two students: Mrs. 
 Wood, who afterward graduated at Penn Medical University, and was 
 ;hen engaged as lady physician in foreign lands by the Home and For- 
 jign Mission, and Mrs. Wilson, who now holds three diplomas and is 
 loing an extensive practice in Terre Haute, Indiana. Mrs. Wilhite is 
 ilso an ardent supporter in woman's rights, and fully expects to see 
 :he day when woman may vote for those who make laws to govern her, 
 md when doctors will counsel one another without distinction in regard 
 to sex. 
 
 David H. Remley, farmer, Crawfordsville, Indiana, was born De- 
 ;ember 21, 1844, on the farm upon which he now lives. His father, 
 Fohn Remley, was born May 21, 1800. At the age of twelve his father 
 iied, and at the age of fifteen he was apprenticed to Eichard Skinner, 
 )f Lebanon, Ohio, to learn the tanner's trade. Here he remained five 
 ^ears, at the expiration of which time he worked by the month until the 
 spring of 1824, when he walked from Ohio to Indiana, and purchased 
 jighty acres of land of Mr. Stitt, west of Crawfordsville, and after 
 planting three acres of corn returned to Ohio on foot. The family 
 lave in their possession a cane Mr. Remley used in walking to this 
 !ounty, with the date of his walk upon it. After his return to Ohio 
 le worked about a month, and was married March 3, 1825, to Sarah 
 ilcCain, near Lebanon, Ohio. Her father, James McCain, was a native 
 )f New Jersey, but finally moved to Ohio, and died there in 1824. ' Her 
 nother, Ann (Dill) McCain, was a native of Kentucky, and died in 
 L845. They became the parents of eleven children, seven of whom are 
 iving. Elizabeth A. is living with her mother on the home farm, and 
 vas born November 23, 1826, and has been a consistent member of 
 he Presbyterian church for thirty years. Mr. Remley joined the 
 Presbyterian church in February, 1841, and was one of its elders for 
 nore tlian twenty years. Mrs. Remley has also been a member since 
 .841. He was a whig, and at the founding of the republican party 
 oined that organization. Mrs. Remley, accompanied by her uncle, 
 William McCain, and two cousins, came to Indiana. There were but 
 wo horses in the company, and these were rode by Mrs. Remley and 
 ler uncle, the journey taking eight days. Mr. Remley loaded his 
 ;oods upon a flat-boat at Hamilton, Ohio, on the Miami river, and 
 hipped thorn to Terre Haute. He then walked to tiiis city, engaged 
 
170 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBBY COUNTY. 
 
 a team of oxen, liauled them to the present homestead, and arranged 
 them in a 10x12 log cabin with the door swinging out, previously 
 erected by Mr. Stitt near the south line of the farm. Mr. Remley 
 being a tanner by trade, located upon this tract of land on account of 
 the springs. He soon built a cabin and established a tan-yard, where 
 he continued to do a splended business until 1858. Three or four 
 years after settling on his place Mr. Remley erected' a hewed-log cabin, 
 but jnst as it was completed ,it caught fire and burned to the ground. 
 Ho soon commenced the building of two rooms of the present brick 
 house, which the family occupied as soon as finished. In 1840 he made 
 some additions, as he did also in 1855, and here resided until his death, 
 January 2, 1879, at which time he owned over 2,000 acres of land. 
 Having commenced life as a poor boy, he gained his fortune through 
 economy and industry. His was an honest, active, and christian life, 
 and when death separated him from this world he left to mourn his de- 
 parture a family who loved him dearly, and numerous friends and neigh- 
 bors who ever held him in the highest esteem. David H. attended the 
 district school until his twentieth year, and lived with his parents until 
 his marriage, March 10, 1870, to Elizabeth A. Busenbark. They have 
 one child, James Edgar, born September 29, 1871. Mr. Remley is 
 now farming the old homestead. He and his wife have been members 
 of the Presbyterian church since February 24, 1878. He is now one 
 of the deacons of that society, and a staunch republican, casting his first 
 presidential vote for Gen. Grant. 
 
 James E. Dunn, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, was born 
 May 7, 1817, in Madison county, Kentucky, on a farm ten miles south 
 of Richmond. His father, JSTathaniel A., was born near Danville, Ken- 
 tucky, February 27, 1790. At the age of seventeen he learned the 
 tanner's trade with Alexander Logan, in Lexington, Kentucky, where 
 he remained four years. He then volunteered as a ranger in the war 
 of 1812, under his brother, Capt. Williamson Dunn. After his re- 
 turn he married, September 6, 1814, Sophia W. Irvine, who was born 
 January 25, 1794, in Madison county. Her father, Benjamin Irvine, 
 was a native of Virginia, afld emigrated to Kentucky in 1800. They 
 were the parents of nine children, seven of whom are living. He was 
 a member of the First Presbyterian church of Crawfordsville, and at 
 the time of his death was one of its elders. His wife was also a mem- 
 ber of the same denomination. He was formerly a whig, but joined 
 the republican party at its birth. After his marriage he settled upon 
 a farm, and in connection with it run a tan-yard for eight years, and 
 October 17, 1825, reached Montgomery county, intending to effect a 
 permanent settlement, having visited this section of country three 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 171 
 
 times before. He located on what is now known as the west end of 
 Main street, where he purchased twenty-seven acres and soon erected 
 a tan-yard, being among the first in the county. Here he lived until 
 his death, July 22, 1875. His wife died June 25, 1870. James E. 
 lived with his parents until his twenty-first year, when he began life 
 for himself as clerk for Beasley & Odell, at which place he remained 
 four years. He was then engaged in various enterprises for some 
 years. In the fall of 1844 he was employed by Newton Darlington 
 to assist in his dry-goods store for over two years. His next step was 
 that of a civil engineer, in which capacity he assisted in surveying the 
 La Fayette and Indianapolis railroad. At the completion of this work 
 he was engaged as a clerk in La Fayette about six months, when he re- 
 turned to Crawfordsville, and was again employed on the engineer 
 corps of the Crawfordsville & La Fayette railroad. November 22, 1849, 
 he was married to Matilda Bur Bridge, daughter of Judge William 
 Bur Bridge, who emigrated from Kentucky to Montgomery county in 
 1823. They are the parents of six children ; Emma E., who is mar- 
 ried to Charles Gerrard ; William A., at present in California; Samuel 
 L., Fannie M., Walter G. aud George G. After his marriage he was 
 engaged as clerk two years in Sperry's mill, and after another year in 
 the city commenced fanning one and a half miles south of Crawfords- 
 ville. He moved upon his farm in 1855, and in the fall of 1858 sold 
 it and returned to the city, where he busied himself clerking in a 
 hardware store for about two years,. and for Campbell & Harter one 
 year. In 1863 he moved to Thorntown, where he clerked in the 
 hardware store of R. M. Lafollette one and a half years, at the 
 expiration of which time he moved to Crawfordsville, and there kept 
 house until the death of his father. November 15, 1877, he moved 
 to his present home of eighty-three acres, a fine farm and well im- 
 proved, with a two-story frame dwelling 30x34 and an 24x42. He 
 was a participant in the chase after Morgan in 1863, and is a firm be- 
 liever in the doctrine as advocated and sustained by the republican 
 party, casting his first presidential vote for Gen. Harrison in 1840. 
 
 William McLaughlin, farmer, Whitesville, was born April 6, 1829, 
 on Sec. 22, and in the following June moved with his parents upon 
 the farm he now resides on and owns. His father, James McLaughlin, 
 was born March 11, 1798, aud is a native of Pennsylvania. He had, 
 however, when a boy, emigrated with his parents to Hamilton county, 
 Ohio, and settled upon a farm. Here he was constantly and busily en- 
 gaged until Ire commenced learning the trade of a blacksmith, which, 
 owing to poor health, he followed only a short time, when he began 
 work as a farm hand, to which his entire attention was turned until 
 
172 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 his emigration to the Hoosier State iti 1826. Mr. McLauglilin had 
 previously visited Montgomery county and " spied out the land," on 
 foot. He returned to Ohio and soon made a permanent location, first 
 entering the eighty acres now owned by David H. Davidson and oc- 
 cupied by Tillman Howard. After coming to this county he was em- 
 ployed by "William Bur Bridge for some months, and also by Thomas 
 Lamson. He, however, entered land in tiie S.^ Sec. 23, upon 
 which his son William now lives. Tiiis tract of land he cleared, and 
 in 1829 built the 19x21 house still standing and occupied, and in 1843 
 erected the second, where he died June 13, 1878, and was buried at 
 Finley chapel, a universally respected and esteemed citizen. June 
 19, 1828, he was marred in Union township to Jane Bren ton, daughter 
 of Samuel and Margaret Brenton. She died September 9, 1848, and 
 was buried at the same place as her husband. They were the parents 
 of but one child, William, who has during the whole of his life lived 
 upon the homestead, working in partnership with his father until his 
 death, at which time he obtained complete control of the property. 
 He now is in possession of a farm of 280 acres of well improved and 
 good tillable land. Mr. McLaughlin received such an education at the 
 district school as a diligent student might acquire in those pioneer days. 
 This has been supplemented by extensive reading, both in history, 
 biography and general reading matter. He is a democrat, casting his 
 first presidential vote for Franklin Pierce in 1852. 
 
 Henry Liter, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, was born in 
 Bourbon county, Kentucky, on a farm near Paris, March 19, 1805. 
 His father, Henry Liter, was born on a farm in Pennsylvania, and em- 
 igrated to Kentucky in the early days and located in Bourbon county, 
 where he purchased a farm of sixty acres, which, to his great surprise, 
 was claimed by a person holding an earlier title, and such were the con- 
 ditions that he was compelled to buy the property a second time in 
 order to retain it. Here he lived until his death in January 1864. In 
 Bourbon county he was married to Katie Boyers, and became the 
 father of five children, only one of whom is living: Nancy, Mary, Cath- 
 erine, Joseph, and Henry. After the death of his first wife Mr. Liter 
 married Mary Ament, of Bourbon county, and became the father of 
 seven other children, six of whom are living : Mathias, Ament, Adam, 
 Elizabeth, Eliza, Lucinda, and Matilda. He was a Presbyterian and a 
 strong whig, being an ardent supporter of Kentucky's great orator, 
 Henry Clay. His son, Henry, remained at home until past twenty-oue, 
 and April 19, 1826, he was married to Celina Sidener, in Fayette 
 county, Kentucky, daughter of Jacob and Mary Sidener. She died 
 August 15, 1829, leaving two children, Kittle Ann, who died in Iowa, 
 
UlflON TOWNSHIP. 173 
 
 and Celina, who was married to Joseph S. Swindler. After his mar- 
 riage he cropped one season with his father, after which time he re- 
 moved to Fayette county, where he was engaged in farming four years. 
 After the death of his first wife, in 1832, he came to this county with 
 his uncle and married Mary Ruffher, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth 
 (Sidener) Ruffner, wlio was born May 1, 1809, in Bourbon count}', Ken- 
 tucky. They are the parents of nine children: Martha J., Norris, 
 Martin Henry, Elizabeth Noggle, Mathias A., Harriet Weykle, Ro- 
 sanna Watson, William, Mary Brown, and Joseph. The latter two are 
 dead. Martin H. was in the late war and was a good soldier. Octo- 
 ber 5, 1834:, Mr. Liter arrived at his father-in-law's house in this county, 
 and October 6, upon eighty acres of his present farm of 404 acres, well 
 improved, in a 14x16 cabin, that was situated just east of the corner of 
 his present dwelling. Here he lived, after making some additions, 
 four years, when it caught fire and burned to the ground, destroying 
 all the furniture and burning Mr. Liter's feet in an awful manner. In 
 nine days, however, by the assistance of kind neighbors, they were liv- 
 ing in an 18x23 story-and-a-half frame house, only partly completed, 
 and here lived until the summer of 1855, when he moved into his 20 48 
 with an L 28x32, including porch, brick house which at the time of 
 its completion was said to be the best finished two-story residence in 
 the country. He is a member of the Christian church, as is also his 
 wife. He assisted in laying the sills under the Crawfordsville church, 
 and contributed largely to its support. He is a firm believer in the 
 doctrines of the republican party and cast his first presidential vote for 
 the silver-tongued Clay, 
 
 Thomas J, Hole, superintendent of Poor farm, Crawfordsville. This 
 large-hearted social gentleman is the eldest of eleven children, and was 
 born on a farm in Montgomery county, Ohio, April 14, 1839. His 
 father, John Hole, was a native of Montgomery county, Ohio, where 
 he died August 1871. At the age of eighteen he learned the cooper's 
 trade, near Woodburn, of Elisha Hopkins, following the same for six 
 or seven years, then began farming and engaged in running a saw-mill 
 situated upon his place, until his decease. His education was of a 
 limited character. He married Eliza J. Benson, in Dela,ware county, 
 Indiana. She is still living on the home farm surrounded by three of 
 her children. She is a member of the Baptist church, as was also her 
 husband, who was formerly a whig, finally associating himself with the 
 republicans when they championed the negro's cause. Thomas J. lived 
 with his parents until he reached his twenty-third year, when he tried 
 the fortunes of the world for himself. March 27, 1862, he Was married 
 to Elizabeth Lightcap, in Dayton, Ohio, by the Rfev. David Winters, 
 
174 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 and they are now the parents of seven cliildren, six of whom are living: 
 Cynthia J., John Henry, Eliza Ann, Charles D., William F., Walter, 
 and Ida. Soloman Lightcap died near Miamisburg, Ohio, in the fall 
 of 1862. His wife, Catharine (Smith) Lightcap, is still living near 
 Germantown, a member of the "German Reform church. After his 
 marriage Thomas J. engaged in farming in Montgomery county, Ohio, 
 and after three years of fair success moved to Montgomery county, 
 Indiana, and settled upon John Townsley's place as a renter. At the 
 expiration of one year's time he purchased twenty acres and moved upon 
 it and here remained, farming this and other rented property until in 
 March, 1874, when he was appointed by the commissioners as superin- 
 tendent of the Poor farm, and as such officer has filled the positiofl with 
 honor to himself and credit to the county. They now have on hand, 
 through his careful and economical management, 1,000 bushels of 
 wheat, 135 head of hogs, 300 bushels of potatoes, 10 tons of hay, and 
 1,800 bushels of corn. He is a member of the Missionary Baptist 
 church, as is also his wife. April, 1864, he enlisted at Columbus, Ohio, 
 for 100 days, as a member of Co. I, 131st Ohio Vol. I,nf., and was 
 miistered out at the same place August 27, 1864. He is a republican, 
 casting his first presidential vote for the heroic and martyred Lincoln. 
 James Lee & Brother, grocers, Crawfordsville, began business in 
 1863 in the building now occupied by Peter Somerville. In 1864 
 they built the storeroom No. 3, 20x80, in which they carried on the 
 grocery trade till 1878, when they erected their present building, 
 22x65. Beginning, they carried but a light stock, but now transact 
 a business of about $25,000 per year. For some time they engaged 
 in the wholesale trade, but the years of the, panic compelled them to 
 diminish their stock on account of the failures among their debtors. 
 Their father, in an early day, went from Kentucky to Ohio and mar- 
 ried, then in 1822 moved to Montgomery county, bringing his wife and 
 two children. The family settled about two and a half miles northeast 
 of Crawfordsville, on 360 acres of land. Mr. Lee became very popu- 
 lar in the democratic party. He was associate judge for seven years, 
 being on the bench at the same time as Judges Stitt and Naylor, and 
 also represented the county in the legislature. He was a man with 
 but little " book-learning," yet practical and successful in his business. 
 He was a member of the Eegular Baptist church, and was the chief 
 among the organizers of the first church in Montgomery county. He 
 died in 1855, at the age of sixty-five. His wife, Priscilla (Long) Lee, 
 was a native of Butler county, Ohio. They had eight children, six 
 of whom are living. James, the senior partner, was born August 8, 
 1825, on the old -Lee farm in Montgomery county, experiencing a 
 
UNIOK TOWNSHIP. 175 
 
 farmer's life till 1853, when he went to California and engaged in 
 mining and lumbering, also was awhile in the hotel business. Return- 
 ing in 1860, he began business in Crawfordsville, and during 1861 and 
 1862 traded in horses, since which time he has been with his brother in 
 their present trade. He is strictly democratic, and served six years aS' 
 county commissioner, during which time the court-house, costing $35,- 
 000, was built, and all the streams bridged with iron bridges. He has 
 been twice married : first to Martlia Hutton, in 1847, of Virginia, who 
 died in 1848 ; and second to" Mary A. Bunch, of Kentucky. They 
 have two children. Mrs. Lee is a member of the Missionary Baptist 
 church. Mr. Lee is said to be the oldest living white inhabitant born in 
 Montgomery county. David Lee, the other member of the firm, was 
 born April 13, 1833, on the home farm, and raised a farmer. He was 
 married in 1860, to Mahala Courtney, daughter of Mrs. Rebecca 
 Jones, of Crawfordsville. They have six children. Mr. Lee is also a 
 democrat, but quiet in the political arena. 
 
 Marshall H. Seller, farmer, Crawfordsville, a respectable and good:- 
 natured gentleman, was born October 26, 1826. He has been raised 
 in the Presbyterian faith, and in politics is an ardent republican. His 
 father, James Seller, was born in Harrison county, Kentucky, January 
 31, 1795. He lived near Dayton, Ohio, awhile, and settled in Mont- 
 gomery county, Indiana, in October 1823. The country was then 
 new and undeveloped. He first bought 240 acres of land, and when 
 he died (1875) owned 480 acres. Mr. Seller was one of the active 
 men who built up this country and made the civilization which we 
 now enjoy. He came from Kentucky in a wagon and was seventeen 
 days on the road. They traveled about ten miles a day, and endured 
 the hardships of emigrating to a new country through forests and 
 swamps without roads. Mr. Seller was county commissioner at an 
 early day. The first time he ran for the state legislature he was de- 
 feated, but the next time was elected and served one term as repre- 
 sentative of this county. He took an active interest in all measures 
 for the good of the people, and was an intelligent and efficient repre- 
 sentative. Mr. Seller was a captain in the Black Hawk war, a whig 
 in politics, and an elder in the Presbyterian church. He was married 
 in 1820, to Mary D. Johnston, who was a member of the Presbyterian 
 church, and was born in the year 1800. She has had six children, and 
 they are all living: John M., "William A., Thomas P., Marshall H., 
 Eliphalet D. and Elizabeth J. Mrs. Seller and her son live together 
 on the old homestead. 
 
 Meredith Ronntree, retired, Crawfordsville, was born May 13, 1S14, 
 in Orange county, North Carolina. His parents, Charles and Sarah 
 
176 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 (Hayes) Ronntree, were born, raised and married in Armaugh county, 
 Ireland. They came to America in 1806, landing at New Castle, Del- 
 aware, and tlience went direct to North Carolina. Tiiere they farmed 
 seventeen years, then six years in Butler county, Ohio, and in 1827 
 came to Montgomery county and settled in Ripley township, where the 
 elder Ronntree entered 160 acres of land in the N.W. J Sec. 21 
 Here the pioneers built the log lint, cleared the farm, and tilled the land, 
 with but few to molest them. He was a stalwart republican and taught 
 his boys the same grand principles for which he voted. Prior to re- 
 publicanism he had been a whig. Both he and wife were members of 
 the Methodist church. He died at the age of eighty-four years, and 
 his wife followed him in two years afterward at the age of eighty-eix 
 years. Both were interred in the Alamo cemetery. The son, Meredith 
 Ronntree, learned well the significance of the word toil, and but little of 
 the word school. He aided his father until his majority, when his 
 father gave him 200 acres of land. With this start Mr. Ronntree be- 
 gan for himself. By perseverance, industry and care he added to his 
 possessions until in 1865 he was able to retire from hard labor own- 
 ing 640 acres, 500 of which were under cultivation. Since retiring lie 
 has disposed of his farm until he now has but 240 acres. Mr. Ronntree 
 was married September 6, 1840, to Melinda Mann, of Mercer county, 
 Illinois. They had four children : Rhoda A., Henry Clay, Sarah E. and 
 Daniel Webster. All are deceased except the last named. Mrs. Ronn- 
 tree died March 27, 1871. Mr. Ronntree was next married to Mrs. 
 Mary A. McClellan, of Crawfordsville, January 1, 1872. His eldest 
 sou, Henry C, served his time in the civil war, and died at Jefferson- 
 ville, Indiana, on his way home. His youngest son is now a member 
 of the firm of Myers & Rountree, in the dry-goods business in Craw- 
 fordsville. Mr. Rountree owns considerable property in the city. 
 
 George W. Conrad, farmer, Darlington, was born in Preble county, 
 Ohio, August 14, 1827, and is the son of James and Mahala Conrad. 
 James Conrad, with his family, settled on Sugar creek, in Union town- 
 ship, in 1827. He came with six other families from Ohio. They 
 were fourteen days on the road, and had to cut their own way through 
 the woods part of the time, the country being then nearly all wild. 
 The subject of this sketch began farming for himself when twenty-four 
 years old, in limited circumstances. He now has 214 acres eight miles 
 northeast of Crawfordsville, raising stock and grain. He was married 
 in 1852, and has six children living : Sarah E., Emma J., Joanna, James 
 Wallace, Emory E. and John Clinton. Mr. Conrad is a republican, 
 strong and true, a successful farmer and a good citizen. 
 
 S. H. Gregg & Son, dealers in hardware and implements, Craw- 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 177 
 
 fordsville. The senior member of the lirm, Samuel H. Gregg, was 
 born in Montgomery county, June 11, 1827, and lived on the farm un- 
 til he was twenty-four years old. He then entered as a partner in the 
 first hardware store in Crawfordsville, and has ever since continued in 
 that business. He is a member of the Methodist church, and was mar- 
 ried, the first time, in 1847, to Sarah L. Christman, who died in 1861. 
 He was married the second time in 1871, to Sarah J. Munns. She is 
 also a member of the Methodist clmrch. The junior member of tlie 
 firm, Orpheus M. Gregg, was born October 7, 1848. He has always 
 lived in this county, with the exception of about one year spent in Cal- 
 ifornia. He graduated with the class of 1870 in the classical course of 
 Wabash College. He was married in 1872 to Julia Mills, daughter of 
 Prof. C. Mills. They have two children, both boys. Mr. and Mrs. 
 O. M. Gregg are both members of the Center Presbyterian church. 
 Mr. Gregg is treasurer of the city school board, and in politics is a re- 
 publican. "Gregg and Son" are honorable gentlemen, have a large 
 store, a large corps of clerks, and are doing an extensive business. 
 
 John Breaks, farmer and stock feeder, Crawfordsville. His father 
 emigrated from England in 1817. He came to Wayne county, Indi- 
 ana. Here he married Jane Beard, and in 1823 brought his family to 
 this county. He attended the first land sales at Crawfordsville, where 
 he purchased three "eighties." These are now owned by Alvin, Har- 
 rison and Richard Breaks. His wife died February 16, 1835, aged 
 thirty-two. He lived to be eighty years old, and died in 1870. Our 
 subject was born in this township December 14, 1832. He was raised 
 a cultivator of the soil, and has devoted all his life to that vocation. 
 November 21, 1854, he married Caroline Groenendyke, who was born 
 June 20, 1836. Her parents, Peter and Hannah (Beard) came from 
 Wayne county, this state, to Union township, in 1827. Her mother 
 was from North Carolina. Her father was a native of New York, and 
 died in 1854, aged fifty-four years. Mr. and Mrs. Breaks have had ten 
 children born to them: John B., October 29, 1855; Sarah Ann, De- 
 cember 8, 1857, died June 16, 1867 ; James Richard, March 13, 1860 ; 
 Amos Gilbert, April 20,1862; Ida May, March 27, 1864; William 
 Thomas, August 28, 1866, died March 25, 1867; Mary Beard, Janu- 
 ary 16, 1868, died August 24, 1869 ; Albert Lewis, September 14, 
 1869, died February 24, 1871 ; Edith Caroline, December 19, 1871, 
 and Luther Zwingle, March 5, 1879. James is a senior in the clas- 
 sical course at Wabash College. John is a jeweler, in business in Craw- 
 fordsville. The parents have been professors of religion thirty years. 
 Mr. Breaks owns a valuable farm of 804 acres, lying in Union town- 
 ship, mostly improved, and valued at $40,000. He is a staunch repub- 
 12 
 
178 . HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 lican, and gave his first vote for president for John 0. Fremont, in 
 1856. 
 
 Edwin Quick, farmer, Orawfordsville, is of German descent on the 
 paternal side. His great-grandfather first settled in Westchester 
 county, New York. Leaving a son and a daughter there, he moved 
 to the Mohawk and raised another family of children, among whom 
 was Thomas Quick, a famous hunter. The Indians murdered a near 
 relation of his, and he dedicated himself to the work of vengeance. 
 In the contest between the red and the white men he pursued the 
 work of killing Indians with remorseless energy. His exploits sound 
 like legendary tales, or the creations of weird romance. It is related 
 that on one occasion, while splitting a log, a party of seven Indiana, 
 looking for him with the purpose of taking his life, came suddenly 
 upon him and demanded to have him pointed out to them. He 
 agreed to accede to their request when he should have the log rived, 
 and asked them to assist him. Eanging'themselves on either side and 
 taking hold with their hands, at the right juncture of the stratagem 
 he instantly knocked out the wedge and brained every one of them 
 with a club. The subject of this sketch was born in Westchester 
 county, New York, August 28, 1805. In 1816 his parents, Elijah and 
 Sally (Eeynolds) Quick, came down from the headwaters of the AUe- 
 ghany on a flat-boat, and settled near Oleavetown, just above Lawrencsr 
 burg, on the Big Miami. This was in the neighborhood of Gen. 
 Harrison's home, and during the residence of the family there he worked 
 more or less for Judge Short, the general's son-in-law ; and an older 
 sister, living at the present time in Terre Haute, was employed in the 
 general's own family. In 1824 Mr. Quick came to Montgomery county 
 with James Bryant, who had been here and entered land and was now 
 moving his family. They arrived on the 19th of October. After 
 Bryant's house was up Mr. Quick, in company with James Turner, a 
 man thoroughly acquainted with woodcraft, went through the dense 
 woods and trackless country on foot to Terre Haute ; and after visiting 
 there awhile with his brother Richard, returned and hired to Bryant 
 for one year for $65 — $15 to be taken in " store pay" and the rest in 
 "land office money" — gold, silver, and United States scrip. After the 
 corn was "made" that season he went back to Ohio and brought out 
 Bryant's father and his family. Next year he took a job of cutting, 
 rolling, and burning the logs and brush on five acres of Bryant's land 
 for all the corn he could raise on the cleared ground. He was consid- 
 erably stimulated by the thought that he was " working for himself," 
 but the outcome was not satisfactory in adding to his gains. But he 
 managed about this time to enter eighty acres of land, and then went 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. . 179 
 
 n 
 
 to work for Major William Crooks, who owned a saw and grist mill 
 where Snyder's mill stands, at Yountsville, receiving, the first year, 
 one-fourth of the net profits of the business and his board. The second 
 year he got one-half, and operated the mills alone. This was not ex- 
 actly a signal financial success. About 1828 his father moved with his 
 family to this place. He now gave his attention to clearing his land 
 and making a home. Taking a supply of Johnny-cake and a frying- 
 pan with him he would go from his father's house on Monday morning 
 and spend the whole week in the woods chopping down timber, with- 
 out seeing a man, and subsisting on corn-bread and wild meat. In 
 1830 he went to New York with a power of attorney from liis father 
 to collect several hundred dollars due him. He traveled a large part 
 of the distance on horseback and the remainder by boat. Immediately 
 on his return, the same year, he was married to Abigal Ball, by whom 
 he had seven children : Nathaniel, Stebbens, Martha Ann, now Mrsl 
 William Teeter of White county ; Sarah Ellen, wife of Henry Wild- 
 man, living near Benient, Illinois ; Huldah, who was married to John 
 Utterback, and died leaving three children ; Margaret Jane, who mar- 
 ried Omar Mason, became the mother of six children and died ; and 
 Albert J. Mrs. Quick died September 30, 1846, and Mr. Quick took 
 for his second wife, in the March following, Mary W. Groenendyke. 
 She bore him three children : Alice C, now Mrs. George Widener ; 
 Hannah A., wife of Samuel Bratton, of Iowa, and Amos B. This 
 wife died September 15, 1853. Mr. Quick celebrated his third mar- 
 riage with Elizabeth B. Bennett, January 15, 1856. He came to 
 this county a poor, ragged boy; to-day he owns 400 acres of land 
 lying in a body where he lives, less five acres he has donated to 
 the new Christian church called Liberty chapel. He has also 200 
 acres in Coal Creek township, and 320 in Iowa. Fifty years ago Mr. 
 Quick joined the Missionary Baptists; the society becoming divided, 
 he united with the Free Will Baptists, who in time drifted into the 
 Christian denomination. By this church, at the head of Coal creek, 
 in this county, Mr. Quick was ordained a minister June 13, 1847. For 
 nearly thirty years he has been in the active work of the ministry, and 
 in the whole time has not received a dollar as pay. He has made sev- 
 eral liberal donations of money, the principal of which have been $500 
 to Liberty chapel and $500 to the Christian Publishing Company of 
 Dayton, Ohio. He holds two shares of stock of $100 each in Union 
 Merom College, and four shares of $50 each in the New Albany and 
 Salem railroad. 
 
 Among the pioneer settlers in this county was Mr. Randolph Davis 
 and family, Mr. Davis having emigrated in his youth from the State of 
 
180 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 New Jersey to Oliio, where he was united in marriage with MissAbi- 
 gal Hoel, of Butler county, who was also born in New Jersey. Re- 
 moved from Butler county, Ohio, to Montgomery county, Indiana, in 
 the year 1826, and settled in the almost unbroken forest of Brown 
 township. The first family residence was in a rude logcabin, roofed 
 with boards and floored with puncheons, then occupied for some time 
 without any chimney. The fire for cooking being placed against the 
 logs at the side or end of the cabin, where the chimney was to be built, 
 an opening was thus gradually burned out, and then a chimney of 
 sticks and mud was erected and completed, with mud back, jambs and 
 hearth. The cracks between the logs were filled with the same mate- 
 rial, of which there was an abundant supply. The cabin now com- 
 pleted was found to be quite comfortable and convenient, answering 
 admirably the purposes of kitchen, dining-room, bed-room, sitting- 
 room and parlor. Having none of the modern inventions, such as 
 stoves, for cooking, Mrs. Davis, as all the pioneer women did, baked 
 <!orn-dodgers on the skillet and pone in the big oven. The same 
 table, though not of the extension pattern, suited well for both kitchen 
 and dining-room. Other furniture, such as chairs and stools, was plain, 
 unvarnished and substantial. The bedsteads had each one post, and 
 neither the mark of chisel, plane, screw or nail about them. Instead 
 ■of an organ or piano the parlor was furnished with a well-made and 
 rich-toned instrument of the spinning-wheel variety. A fiax-brake, 
 scutching-board and knife, a hatchel, wheel and loom, constituted a 
 complete outfit for a first-class domestic manufactory of coarse and fine 
 linens, convertible into trousers, shirts, sheets, table-cloths, towels, etc. 
 Mr. Davis being a man of energy and will, as well as muscular force, 
 soon made an opening in the woods, which was enlarged from year to 
 year until a farm yielding abundant crops of grain and grass wasopeued 
 up. He possessed some military genius and taste, and took an active 
 part in some of the first military organizations in the county, holding 
 for years the rank and title of major. Mr. and Mrs. Davis raised a 
 family of four sons and three daughters. The boys, Isaac, Jacob, 
 Thompson and John, received such home training on the farm as qual- 
 ified them for future success in life. After many years of varied suc- 
 cess in business and trade, Jacob died at Crawfordsville in 1876. 
 Isaac, Thompson and John are still living in this county, successfully 
 -engaged in farming and trading in stock. 
 
 John L. Davis, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, is descended 
 :from Welsh ancestry. His parents were natives of New Jersey. His 
 'father, Randolph Davis, married Abigal Hoel in Butler county, Ohio, 
 and in the autumn of 1826 removed to this county and improved a 
 
FNIOK TOWNSHIP. 181 
 
 homestead on Indian creek, in Brown township, on Sec. 13, T. 18, R. 
 5.* The mother is yet living at this place, and has passed several 
 years in her fifth score. The first day after the arrival of the family 
 the men in the company built a cabin, which they all occupied at night. 
 A fire was kindled against the green logs, where the fire-place was 
 soon after made, and the forked fiames smiled with a glow of Comfort 
 on the new home and its happy inmates. A deer, killed by one of the 
 men, was hung up in a corner. Here it was that the subject of this 
 biography was born April 4, 1831. He was the sixth child of his 
 parents. His early life was Occupied with the usual employments of 
 that period, such as farming and clearing land ; and he wrung mean- 
 while a common school education from the scanty privileges of the 
 time. He married Miss Eliza E. Van Cleve, daughter of George W. 
 and Margery (Benefiel) Yan Cleve, who were natives of Kentucky, 
 and were married in Shelby county, of that state, in 1826. Mrs. Davis 
 was born on the farm where she resides December 24, 1834. Her 
 parents were Presbyterians, and she has been a communicant in the 
 Old School Presbyterian church since her childhood. Three children 
 have blessed the home of Mr. and Mrs. Davis : George E., born 
 December 8, 1862; Little Harry, April 13, 1864, died August 30, 
 1864, and Margery S., November 8, 1866. Mr. Davis is a prominent 
 representative of the Mystic Tie in Montgomery county. He was made 
 a Master Mason in Montgomery Lodge, No. 50, June 11, 1852 ; a Koyal 
 Arch Mason in Crawfordsville Chapter, No. 40, July 30, 1857 ; re- 
 ceived the council degrees in Montgomery Council, No. 34, May 5, 
 1869, and attained the honorable position of a Knight Templar in 
 Greencastle Commandery, No. 11, November 11, 1870. He is a char- 
 ter member of Crawfordsville Commandery, No. 25 ; Was the first 
 treasurer, and except one year has held that office continuously since. 
 He has attended three triennial conclaves of the Knights Templar : 
 the first at Baltimore in 1871, the second in Cleveland in 1877, and the 
 third in Chicago in 1880. Mr. Davis owns a valuable farm pleasantly 
 situated about four miles south of Crawfordsville, on the Terre Haute 
 turnpike. His real estate comprises 460 acres, 220 being under plow 
 and the rest in meadow and pasture. This fine property, valued at 
 $34,000, has been accumulated mainly by his own hard labor and busi- 
 ness industry. His superb private residence, one of the best in the 
 county, was erected in 1875 at a cost of $6,000. Exclusive of cellar 
 and attic, it contains fifteen handsome rooms. On New Year's eve, 
 1879, Mr. and Mrs. Davis entertained at their home upward of forty, 
 including Knights Templar, their wives, and others. An elegant sup- 
 per ^as spread before a brilliant assemblage of guests, and the afi'air 
 
182 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 throughout was too enjoyable not to be conspicuous for a long time in 
 the pleasing recollections of all wlio were present on that occasion. • 
 
 Henry Crawford (deceased). Montgomery county desires to keep 
 in remembrance her honored dead. Among her early pioneers the 
 name of Henry Crawford is prominent. To him, with others in that 
 early day, the " present " is indebted for many of the elements of 
 strength that place Crawfordsville on the high business, intellectual, 
 and moral plain she now occupies. Henry Crawford was born in 
 Charleston, Virginia, December 15, 1802, and was the son of Alexan- 
 der and Catharine Crawford. His father was a native of Ireland, and 
 his mother of Union City, Pennsylvania. She died when he was a 
 boy, in Lebanon, Ohio, where the family were living at the time. In 
 1827 he came to Crawfordsville, where he was constantly engaged in 
 mercantile pursuits till within a few years of his death. He early 
 opened a store and kept a general stock on the ground now occupied 
 by the Nutt hotel, and about 1830 moved his store and stock to the 
 spot on which the present Crawford store stands, first door east of the 
 court-house. On that spot he made his reputation as a business man. 
 To sell and buy goods was a pleasure to him, and by close attention 
 and care, by strict integrity and faithfulness to promises, he became a 
 successful merchant. Those early days tried the courage of a young 
 man. Then six weeks were required in which to make the trip to 
 New York for goods; now only a few days. In 1843 he united with 
 the Center Presbyterian church, and became one of the most liberal 
 and earnest supporters of the Gospel. Mr. Crawford also took an 
 earnest interest in the "Wabash College and all progressive measures. 
 A little more than a year before his death sickness prostrated him, and 
 it seemed impossible for him to rally. At last, surrounded by his 
 friends and loved ones, he passed from the toils and pleasures of earth 
 April 2, 1878, after fifty-one years' residence in Crawfordsville. Mr. 
 Crawford was a whig in the times of that party, and with the rise of 
 republicanism he espoused its principles, and although he never sought 
 political distinction yet was earnest in his political opinions. He was 
 twice married : first to Mary Cochran, by whom there is one surviving 
 son, Henry E. ; his second marriage took place in 1841, this time to 
 Lydia M. Marshall, daughter of Benjamin and Elizabeth Marshall, of 
 Dnnbarton, New Hampshire. Mr. Crawford left a second family, con- 
 sisting of a wife and two children, Clara E. and Charles M., now pro- 
 prietor of tlie stone front dry-goods store just east of the court-house. 
 
 Joab Elliot, retired, Crawfordsville, now a man of seventy-three 
 years, has spent his life in Indiana. He has seen the state grow as he 
 grew to manhood, and as he has grown gray has beheld his state con- 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 183 
 
 tinue to develop. His father was a native of Randolph county, North 
 Carolina, and in 1806 made a trip to Indiana territory and purchased 
 160 acres of land in the twelve-mile purchase. In the following year 
 he moved his family in a four-ho^se wagon a distance of 700 miles, 
 from Tennessee to his lately purchased farm. Stopping over night in 
 a log-cabin just within the Indiana border, and within six miles of their 
 destination, where all was wild and only wild animal or wilder savage 
 broke the silence, a child was born November 18, 1807, and they called 
 his name Joab. This was on Green's Fork, one and a half miles north- 
 west of the present city of Richmond. They soon settled on their 
 frontier home and there in the then Far West they lived several 
 years. Here Joab was raised with few other companions than nature 
 furnishes where civilized foot has never yet trod. The Elliots lived 
 within the bounds of the friendly Indians ; but just beyond, the whoop 
 of hostile foes rent the air, and made the forest more weird. Forts or 
 block-houses were built on the Elliot farm, in which the few whites of 
 the region took refuge. In 1811 they experienced the earthquake of 
 that time, and which Tecumseh threatened the Indians of the south 
 when they refused to join him in the attempt to exterminate the whites- 
 This was a peculiar occurrence and the Indians imagined it was the 
 fuliillment of the chiefs threat. The war of 1812 brought the blood- 
 thirsty savage closer to the threshold of the pioneer. The Elliots, be- 
 coming tired of risking danger, moved to Warren county in 1813, where 
 they remained three years. Then Mr. Elliot went to Cincinnati, and 
 with five families took a flat-boat for Jeiferson county. After wander- 
 ing considerably he settled eight miles south of Terre Haute. The 
 head of the family ceased the toils of earth May 30, 1821, at the age of 
 fifty-six years. His wife had died November 26, 1819. The boy Joab 
 was left parentless, yet hardships were not new to him. While among 
 the red men he became quite efficient in the use of the Indian language. 
 Many a time he has been carried on the back of John Green, the chief 
 of the friendly tribe, and he relates with freshness and vigor thrilling 
 incidents of his early days. His brother served in the war of 1812. 
 His people in early times were Quakers. His grandfather being called 
 upon to fight by the tories during Revolutionary times refused, on ac- 
 count of his religious scruples, whereupon the tories tied him to a tree 
 and gave him his choice to fight or die. He preferred death to a viola- 
 tion of his oath. "Whe tories arranged themselves in line sixty steps 
 distance, preparatory to shooting the steadfast man. All was ready 
 when a son of the doomed man, and brother to Joab's father, interfered 
 with these words: " Men, if you must shoot anyone, shoot me, as father 
 has a family to support." Saying this, the brave son placed himself in 
 
184 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 front of his father to shelter him. Even the tory heart was moved, 
 and both father and son were allowed to live. After the death of hia 
 parents, Joab lived with his brother in Ohio, but in 1828 he made 
 Montgomery county his permanent home and bought eighty acres, the 
 W. % of N.E. JSec. 23, Ripley township. There he married, Decem- 
 ber 31, 1829, Susan Mann, the daughter of an early settler. He built 
 the old-time log hut and around the crackling tire did he and Susan 
 muse and think of the roof left and that which they yet would build. 
 The years hastened on and no family was born to them to fill the space 
 around the board, but their hearts went out to the needy, and eight 
 children have found homes within their doors, but one of whom (Net- 
 tie Elliot, or Jennet Sprag) is now at home. Mr. Elliot was partly 
 raised by her great-grandfather. About 1857 Mr. and Mrs. Elliot 
 moved from their farm to Crawfordsville, and in 1874 made their resi- 
 dence where Mr. Elliot, with their adopted daughter, Nettie, now live; 
 Mrs. Elliot having died April 17, 1876, at the age of sixty-three years, 
 after a life well spent. At her table the present Hon. M. D. White 
 had boarded many years, and he was pleased to call her mother ; also, 
 John White, now of Danville, Illinois, became as one of the family 
 under her roof. With her husband she was a member of the Christian 
 church. Mr. Elliot was an early whig in politics, but for many years: 
 he has ever been found true to republicanism and in his old age loves 
 his party. Joab Elliot is one of Indiana's oldest living children. 
 
 William Hartman, retired, Crawfordsville, was born in Virginia, 
 January 12, 1804, on a farm, and had only a limited education. He is 
 the son of John and Mary Hartman. They come to Clark county, 
 Indiana, in 1814. Mr. Hartman served nearly seven years in Clark 
 county in the tanning and currying business, and in 1828 he settled in 
 the city of Crawfordsville. For many years he was engaged in the 
 grocery and dry-goods trade. When he came to this city he was afoot 
 and alone. He has been very successful and is now living in private 
 life enjoying the fruits of his labors. He has been a Mason since 1836, 
 and is a republican. He was Kiarried the first time in 1829, to Eliza- 
 beth Lee. His second marriage was in 1847, to Martha A. Shanklin. 
 They have four children living. Two of their sons, Samuel L. and 
 David W., were in the army, Samuel having raised an artillery com- 
 pany from this place. Mrs. Hartman had a son, John A., who was a 
 lieutenent in the army and at Pittsburg Landing. *The other children 
 are William A. and Martha A. Mrs. Hartman is a member of the 
 New School Baptist church. 
 
 Jesse W. Cumberland, justice' of the peace, Crawfordsville, is a son 
 of Martin and Ann (French) Cumberland, and was born August 9, 
 
UlTION TOWNSHIP. 185 
 
 1826, in Hamilton county, Ohio. His father was a native of Baltimore, 
 Maryland, and in the fall of 1825 he made a trip west for the purpose 
 of buying land. He entered 160 acres, and being in need of meat for 
 his journey home, started in search of deer. He succeeded in shooting 
 a deer, but ere he could find shelter from the bitter cold was frozen to 
 death. He left a wife and four children. In 1828 Mrs. Cumberland 
 moved to Crawfordsville, bringing three children, among whom was 
 Jesse, and leaving one child in the east. Here she took in wasliing 
 and supported her family as best she could until tbey were able to care 
 for themselves. She died in 1860, at the age of sixty-five years. Un- 
 der these trying circumstances, and the meager advantages of those days, 
 Jesse received but little education. When seven years old he went to 
 live with Hamilton Barnes, of Lockport, Indiana, with whom he stayed 
 two years. He was then adopted by Dr. Grimes, with whom he lived 
 until fourteen years of age, at Delphi, when on account of very poor 
 health he returned and lived with his mother, who in the meantime 
 had been married to Samuel Fisher. He immediately began improv- 
 ing and became quite stout and well. "When twenty-one years of age 
 he began manufacturing wagons, which he followed for four or five 
 years in Crawfordsville, then opened the first hardware and agricultu- 
 ral implement store in the city, which he kept for twenty years. Quit- 
 ting this he engaged in the pork business, with John W. Blair, three 
 years, and during the war he speculated and lost all. Since the war 
 he has spent some time in the hotel business, and has also manufac- 
 tured tile for several years. In 1878 Mr. Cumberland was elected jus' 
 tice of the peace. He is a very strong republican and temperance man. 
 He votes for no man that drinks liquor or believes in state rights. He 
 is a good citizen and well known throughout the county as a man of 
 good judgment and fair decisions. He was married January 31, 1849, 
 to Margaret A. Speed, of Crawfordsville. She was born in Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, and her parents came to America when she waS three years 
 old. Mr. and Mrs. Cumberland have a pleasant family of four children : 
 Mary E., a graduate of the Crawfordsville Seminary, has taught six 
 years in the city schools of La Fayette, and in 1880 went to Massachu- 
 setts, where she studied French, receiving a diploma attesting her pro- 
 ficiency in that language, and entered an eastern college to complete 
 her education; Frank S., a carriage trimmer and master mechanic > 
 Eva, a graduate of the Crawfordsville high school, and quite noted for 
 her musical talent, both vocal and instrumental; and Lew, a student at 
 Wabash College, and a workman in the coffin tactory during vacations. 
 They are a happy family. 
 
 William A. Stilwell, deceased, was born January 19, 1828, in 
 
186 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. . 
 
 Montgomery county, near Brown's Yalley, where his father had come 
 from Kentucky in a very early day, entered land, and settled, with wife 
 and one child. His father still lives with his children, at the age of 
 eighty-four, and owns the land he entered. William was one of 
 nine children, all but one born in Montgomery county, William was 
 raised on a farm and educated in the schools of the day. He was mar- 
 ried June 12, 1851, to Mary J. Gott, and the same year began merchan- 
 dising in Waveland. The following year he changed his location to 
 Alamo, and then to Annapolis, and in 1856 moved to Crawfordsville. 
 Here he remained one year, and in April, 1857, went to Linn county, 
 Kansas, and the following July his wife and two children, Wallace A. 
 and Josie, joined him. Mr. Stilwell was a man loyal to the Union and 
 opposed to southern slavery. About one o'clock in the morning, May 
 22, a party of pro-slavery murderers from Missouri entered the 
 " Trading Post," situated on the military road leading from Fort Scott 
 to Fort Leavenworth, where it crosses the Osage river, about three 
 miles from the state line. They emerged unseen, rode up to the store, 
 and took G. W. Andrews and John Campbell prisoners. They then 
 started on the road toward Kansas City, overtaking William A. Stil- 
 well, from Sugar Mound, who was going up the river for a load of pro- 
 visions ; they took him prisoner and ordered the other two men to get 
 in his wagon and ride. They continued their maraudings until they 
 had twelve men in custody. On arriving at a deep ravine in a skirt of 
 timber, the commander, the notorious Captain Hamilton, called a halt. 
 The prisoners were formed in line, about five yards in advance of the 
 horsemen. The command was given to " Present arms ! Fire ! " every 
 man dropped, and all were killed or severely wounded but one man, 
 who fell for purposes of effect. Four were instantly killed, among 
 whom was brave Stilwell, who, when he found he must die, cried to the 
 villains : " If you are going to murder us, for God's sake take good 
 aim." He fell, having received a charge of buckshot in his left breast. 
 The ruffians then ransacked the pockets of their victims, and one poor 
 fellow, who seemed little hurt, received a shot from a revolver, through 
 the head, while one escaped observation and as soon as opportunity of- 
 fered conveyed the news to the post. For further information of this 
 human slaughter the reader must search the records of those times. 
 John G. Whittier has immortalized the massacre in one of his vigorous 
 and true pen-pictures, printed in the Atlantic Monthly soon after the 
 tragedy occurred, entitled : 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 187 
 
 LE MAUAIS DCr OYGNE. 
 
 A blush as of roses 
 
 Where roses never grew, 
 Great drops on the bunch grass, 
 
 But not on the dew; 
 A taint in the sweet air 
 
 For wild bees to shun. 
 A stain that shall never 
 
 Bleach out in the sun. 
 
 Back, steed of the prairies! 
 
 Sweet song-bird, fly back! 
 Wheel hither, bald vulture ! 
 
 Gray wolf, call thy pack! 
 The foul human vultures 
 
 Have feasted and fled; 
 The wolves of the Border 
 
 Have crept from the dead. 
 
 From the hearths of their cabins. 
 
 The fields of their corn. 
 Unwarned aitd unweaponed. 
 
 The victims were torn — 
 By the whirlwind of murder. 
 
 Swooped up and swept on 
 To the low, reedy fen lands ; 
 
 The marsh of the Swan. 
 
 Wifh a vain plea for mercy 
 
 No stout knee was crooked ; 
 In the mouths of the rifles 
 
 Right manly they looked. 
 How pale the May sunshine. 
 
 Green Marias du Cygne, 
 When the death smoke blew over 
 
 Thy lonely ravine ! 
 
 In the homes of their rearings, 
 
 Tet warm with their lives. 
 Yet wait the dead only 
 
 Poor children and wives ! 
 Put out the red forge fire, 
 
 The smith shall not come ; 
 Unyoke the brown oxen. 
 
 The plowman lies dumb. 
 
 Wind slow from the Swan's Marsh, 
 
 dreary death-train, 
 With pressed lips as bloodless 
 
 As lips of the slain! 
 Kiss down the young eyelids. 
 
 Smooth down the gray hairs. 
 Let tears quench the curses 
 
 That bum through your prayers. 
 
188 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Strong man of the prairies 
 
 Mourn bitter and wild, 
 Wail, desolate woman ! 
 
 Weep, fatherless child ! 
 But the grain of God springing up 
 
 From ashes beneath, 
 And the crown of his harvest 
 
 Is life out of death. 
 
 Not in vain on the dial 
 
 The shade moves along, 
 To point the great contrasts 
 
 Of right and of wrong: 
 Free homes and free altars, 
 
 And fields of ripe food ; 
 The reeds of the Swan's Marsh, 
 
 Whose bloom is of blood. 
 
 On the lintels of Kansas 
 
 That blood shall not die; 
 Henceforth the Bad Angel 
 
 Shall go harmless by — 
 Henceforth to the sunset, 
 
 Unchecked on her way. 
 Shall Liberty follow 
 
 The march of the day. 
 
 William A. Stilweil was a Mason, and he thought this would save 
 him, but so inhuman were the villains that it was said a Freemason 
 (Dr. Hamilton) killed him. He left a wife and two children, who soon 
 returned to Indiana. They lived with his father till 1861, when Mrs. 
 Stilweil removed to Crawfordsville and supported her children with 
 the profits of her needle. She did not neglect their education. Wal- 
 lace A. Stilweil was born September 19, 1854, in Alamo, Montgomery 
 county, Indiana. He attended the public school, and from 1869 to 
 1873 was a student at Wabash College. Leaving school, he learned 
 rosewood graining in oil, and worked at the coflBn factory for some 
 time; but invention depriving him of his trade, he applied himself to 
 sign painting, in which he has excelled. He now has a shop in the 
 basement at the corner of Main and Green streets. 
 
 Andrew S. Shanklin, farmer, Crawfordsville, was the eldest in a 
 family of four sons and four daughters reared by John and Elizabeth 
 (Kiggins) Shanklin. His grandfather, John Kiggins, was serving as a 
 teamster in the war of 1812 when he was killed by the enemy. His 
 grandfather Shanklin emigrated from Virginia to Kentucky in the early 
 settlement of the west. The parents of our subject left Bath county, 
 in that state, in 1823 or 1824, and coming to Lawrence county, In- 
 diana, lived there till 1828. It was there that Mr. Shanklin was born, 
 
UKlOlf TOWNSHIP. 189 
 
 on January 6, 1825. The family removed to this county and made 
 their home on Sec. 25 in Wayne township the first three years, but in 
 1831 changed to Sec. 9, where the father passed the remainder of his 
 useful life, dying April 1, 1880, at the advanced age of seventy-eiglit 
 years. Mr. Shanklin spent his youth farming and clearing land, and 
 in winter attending the district school; and at the age of twenty-three 
 celebrated his marriage, which took place April 27, 1848, with Miss 
 Catherine Lowe. She was born in Bath county, Kentucky, June 24, 
 1829. The succeeding year her father came to Montgomery county, 
 and after raising a crop returned late in the season and brought his 
 family and settled permanently in Union township. Her grandfather 
 Lowe was born in 1789, and died at her house in 1880. Mr. Shanklin 
 and his wife are zealous and efficient members of the Methodist Episco- 
 pal church, of long standing, he having united some thirty years ago 
 and she seven or eight years earlier. He is earnestly devoted to the 
 principles of the republican party. His farm of ninety-five acres lies 
 seven miles northwest of Crawfordsville, and is worth $5,000. In Oc- 
 tober, 1869, he nioved with his family to Kansas, and returned in 
 exactly two years from that date. This excellent couple have had five 
 children to bless their marriage union : Elizabeth Ann, now Mrs. 
 Joseph R. Yance, was born April 10, 1849 ; Lavina Ellen, born March 
 11, 1853, died January 22, 1854; Emily Alice, born May 19, 1855, 
 wife of John Melntyre ; John William, born March 6, 1857, married 
 December 7, 1876, to Emma L. Arheart ; and Charles Elmer, born 
 July 6, 1862. 
 
 Jonathan Nutt, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville. His father, 
 Edmund Nutt, was one of the earliest pioneers that came to Mont- 
 gomery county. The exact year of his emigration is not known, but it 
 is safe to say that he came as early as 1822 ; not more than two cabins 
 being in Crawfordsville when he arrived. He came on foot, and found 
 the country densely wooded, and bearing peavine and touch-me-not in 
 exuberant and almost impenetrable abundance. Through the matted 
 and tangled growth, and by trails already made, he traced out a piece 
 of land and made a claim southwest of Crawfordsville. After deaden- 
 ing the trees on forty acres he went back to Ohio and remained there 
 at least two years. Returning, this time on horseback, he hired his 
 land cleared off, and then went to raising grain. The country was 
 rapidly settling up, and he had a ready market at home for all his 
 produce, though prices ranged low. Corn brought twelve and a half 
 cents per bushel, and pork twenty-five cents per hundred weight. In a 
 very short time he bought a fkrm of 160 acres from James Gilkey for 
 D, and paid for it from the products of his fields at these small 
 
190 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBKY COUNTY. 
 
 figures. Finally, in 1828, he married Elizabeth Mann, by whom he be- 
 came the father of five sons and two daughters. Mr. Nutt spent his 
 early boyhood in the " Old Dominion " where he was born, but guided 
 by the common instinct of his countrymen to go west he fell in with 
 the tide of emigration to Ohio. He spent fourteen years there, team- 
 ing in summer, and in winter working in a woolen-mill. Both he and 
 his wife died in December, 1863, the forrder being about sixty-seven 
 years of age. At the time of his death he owned over 2,200 acres of 
 land. On his second journey out here he arrived just at night at the 
 Indian village north of Thorntown, and being sick and p^le, was in- 
 vited to refresh himself in a wigwam. Skins were spread on the 
 ground for his couch, and he was treated with great kindness by his red 
 entertainers ; but he could not be altogether at ease, and in a state of 
 mind which had no tendency to induce sleep he lay awake the whole 
 night looking out of the lodge watching his horse in front. Jonathan, 
 his eldest son and second child, was born in Union township Septem- 
 ber 1, 1829. He was married March 17, 1863, to Mary Ann Cooper, 
 who was born in Union township August 13, 1841. She was the 
 daughter of Sylvester and Lydia Cooper, who settled here the year 
 before her birth. Mr. and Mrs. Nutt have been the parents of three 
 children : Lenora, born March 8, 1864, died September 30, 1865 ; Orra, 
 April 13, 1867; and Flora, February 7, 1873. Mrs. Nutt belongs to 
 the Methodist church, and he is a republican. His farm of 382 acres, 
 60 of which are woodland, is all fenced ; it is in a high condition of 
 improvement, with the adjuncts of excellent buildings and a school- 
 house within a stone's throw of his dwelling. His residence is a fine, 
 tasteful brick structure. He values his real property at $28,000. 
 
 ' Joshua C. McKinsey, retired, Crawfordsville, was born in Warren 
 county, Ohio, September 6, 1827, and is the son of Samuel and 
 Rebecca McKinsey. When two years old he came with his parents to 
 Ripley township, Montgomery county. His father died there in 1866, 
 his mother in 1855. Mr. McKinsey lived in that township forty-three 
 years. He then settled in the city of Crawfordsville. His residence 
 is 23 Pike street. He is a Mason and a republican, and one of the city 
 councilmen. He was married in 1849 to Rachel Sparks. She is a 
 member of the Christian church. Their home is made pleasant by the 
 presence of an only daughter, Emma E. She is a member of the First 
 Presbyterian church. 
 
 John P. Wray, deceased, Crawfordsville, was born in Montgomery 
 county, Ohio, November 27, 1822. His father died when he was eight 
 years old, and he was indentured to Samuel Gilliland^ with whom he 
 lived until he became of age. He was given a small sum of money by 
 
UNIOiq' TOWNSHIP. 191 
 
 his guardian, and tlien began his way in the world with no other help. 
 One of his iirst important acts was to get married ; but his wife, Miss 
 Julia Ann Busenbark, survived their union only six months. He next 
 married Miss Mary L. Britton, March 6, 1849. She was born in this 
 township February 6, -1831.- Her great-grandfather Farnsworth 
 was a native of Scotland, and emigrated to New Jersey. Her great- 
 grandfather Britton was a soldier in the revolution. Her mother's 
 parents removed from New Jersey to Ohio in 1820, and there her 
 mother was married to Thomas P. Britton. This couple came to Union 
 township in 1829, and settled near where North Union is. They died 
 there. Mr. and Mrs. Wray were the parents of six children : Laura P., 
 born May 6, 1851, married in November, 1870, to George Steele, of 
 Clinton county ; Anna J., born February 8, 1854, married in Decem- 
 ber, 1874, to James Finley, of Clinton county; Martha Francis, born 
 October 27, 1855, died July 8, 1863 ; William J., born December 13, 
 1857 ; Clara E., born December 6, 1860 ; and John M., born Septem- 
 ber 28, 1868. Mrs. Wray belongs to the New Light church, and her 
 husband was a democrat. He died January 1, 1866. When he was 
 married the second time he had $500, but being industrious and a care- 
 ful manager, he prospered, and at his death left his heii-s a good home- 
 stead of 180 acres. He was respected by all who knew him. 
 
 Charles W. Elmore, grain dealer, Crawfordsville, was born in Mont- 
 gomery county, December 23, 1829. He had a common school educa- 
 tion, and lived on the farm until 1863, when he enlisted in Co. B, and 
 was captain of the 120th Ind. reg. He served one year and was then 
 discharged on account of ill health. He was in all of the battles of the 
 Atlanta campaign. After the war he went into the dry-goods business 
 in this city, and continued five years. He afterward went into the 
 grain trade, which he has since successfully followed. He is an Odd- 
 Fellow, and a republican, votes as he shot. He has a large warehouse, 
 with elevator, and does a large business. He was married in 1867, to 
 Eliza E. Palmer. She is a member of the Episcopal church. 
 
 James T. Mack, merchant, Crawfordsville, is a son of John and 
 Catharine (Wilhite) Mack. John Mack was a native of Virginia, and 
 accompanied his parents to Kentucky. The Wilhites were also Vir- 
 ginians, and early settlers of Kentucky. In the latter state Catha- 
 rine was born, and came with, her people in an early day to Mont- 
 gomery county, Indiana. Mr. Mack also made a trip to Indiana to 
 inspect the land, and while here occurred his marriage. At the time 
 of his arrival Crawfordsville consisted of two log cabins. Some time 
 after coming he bought the " hotel," a double log house which stood 
 on the spot now occupied by the large store-rooms east of the court- 
 
192 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 house. There he kept tavern. He sold this and bought a private 
 dwelling-house which stood on the present site of the St. James hotel. 
 He there kept hotel until he moved on a farm one mile south of Craw- 
 fordsville. Mr. Mack was also a skillful cabinet-maker. He hauled 
 his grain to Terre Haute, fifty-six miles, to mill, and helped chop the 
 forest from the spot on which Crawfordsville flourishes to-day. In 
 politics he was whig, and in religion he was a constant christian and 
 member of the Center Presbyterian church, as was also his wife. He 
 died in 1841. Mrs., Mack, after his death, supported herself and 
 daughter Jennie by means of her needle. Jennie was fairly educated, 
 and after maturity was married to Kobert H. Snyder, now a wealthy 
 gentleman of Louisville. Mrs. Mack died December 26, 1874. She 
 was dearly beloved by her children and highly respected by all who 
 knew her. James T., the only son, was born September 15, 1830, in 
 the log hotel mentioned. Being but eleven years of age when his 
 father died, he was obliged to forego many of the advantages of educa- 
 tion and other pleasures, and therefore worked at anything that offered 
 itself. At the age of nineteen years he opened a restaurant, which 
 has been his principal occupation since. For a time during the war 
 he was in the sutler department of the 20th Ky. reg., with John Mor- 
 gan, son of Dr. Morgan, of Crawfordsville. In 1869 and 1870 he kept 
 a restaurant in Kankakee, Illinois, but since that time has been in 
 Crawfordsville. He spent severi months in Leadville in 1879. In 
 1880 he moved into his present pleasant room, No. 44 East Main 
 street, Elston's block, opposite the post-office, and is doing a good busi- 
 ness. He is one of the few successful men in his line of business. Mr, 
 Mack was married in 1849 to Elizabeth E. "Wasson, daughter of John 
 and Sarah H. (AUbright) Wasson. They have four children : Fannie, 
 Sarah, Jaja, and James T. Jr. He is a Mason, an Odd-Fellow, and a 
 member of the A.O.U.W. He and wife are members of the Methodist 
 church. . 
 
 H. Ilice Canine, salesman, Crawfordsville, was born in Shelby 
 county, Kentucky, August 11, 1824, and came to Montgomery county 
 when eight years old, attending Wabash College some three months. 
 He followed farming till he was thirty years old, when he sold out and 
 came to Crawfordsville, and sold hardware for Cumberland, Gregg & 
 Co. 'He has been engaged in the same store, either as salesman or 
 proprietor, for twenty-five years, except two years he was in the dry- 
 goods business. He was married September 22, 1845, to Sarah A. 
 Benefiel. They have two children : Mary E. and Edna J. Mr. Canine 
 is a republican, an elder in the First Presbyterian church, and a re- 
 spected and honorable gentleman. 
 
E.O. HOVEY 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 193 
 
 P. M. Layne, physician and surgeon, Orawfordsville, whose residence 
 in Crawfordsville dates back to 1830, is the son of Elisha Layne, who 
 came with his family to Montgomery county, November 30, 1830. He 
 began at farming and followed it as a business during the balance of his 
 life. The doctor now has in his possession some manuscript, a great 
 part of it written by his father, and some by his father's friends; some 
 portions of it bear dates as early as 1751, and is still in a good state of 
 preservation. The doctor was born in 1827, and is a native of Ken- 
 tucky. His early education was obtained, as he says, " in the woods." 
 At the age of eighteen years he began the study of medicine and some 
 time after put himself under the instructions of a physician. In 1855 
 he first began a regular practice by buying the office oi his old tutor 
 Dr. S. W. Bennage, who had opened the office in 1847. Since 1855 
 the doctor has devoted his time to the practice of his profession. His 
 faith is of the eclectic school and he is a member of the Eclectic State 
 Medical Society. In 1847 he was made a member of the Masonic order 
 and has since filled the different offices in the blue lodge, royal arch., 
 royal and select master, and in the commandery. He is a member of 
 Crawfordsville Commandery, No. 25. In 1856 he was married to Miss 
 Minerva J. Hughes, a native of Crawfordsville. Her people were 
 among the earlier settlers of the place, and her father built the first 
 brick court-house of the county. She died in 1875, leaving two sons 
 and one daughter. He was married again in 1877, to Miss Louisa 
 Downing, a native of Michigan, though she had been a resident of 
 Crawfordsville for some time prior to her marriage. The doctor has, 
 by his close application and success in the practice of medicine, placed 
 his name among the list of old and prominent physicians of the 
 county. 
 
 Thomas M. Kobbins, proprietor Nutt Hotel, Crawfordsville, was 
 born in Butler county, Ohio, December 6, 1829, and is the son of Sam- 
 uel and Jane Bobbins. His parents settled in Eipley township, Mont- 
 gomery county, in 1831. His mother died there in 1832 ; his father in 
 1 855. His father was a farmer, and was in the war of 1812. The subject 
 of this sketch spent his boyhood on the farm, and had a good educa- 
 tion, attending what is now Bloomingdale, but then Annapolis, College, 
 four or five years. He first went in partnership with his brother, and 
 continued with him on the farm until his brother died, in 1863. He 
 was then in the livery business awhile, and next kept a hotel in Terre 
 Haute, and afterward kept a livery stable in Danville, Illinois, until 
 1877, when he became proprietor of Nutt Hotel, making it one of 
 the best hotels in the state. In August, 1855, he was married to Miss 
 Mary E. Holton. Their children are John H., born September 23, 
 13 
 
194 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 1856, and "Willie, born in 1860, and died iu 1863. In politics Mr. 
 Eobbins is a republican. 
 
 Benjamin T. Kistine. Among the oldest and most prominent citi- 
 zens of Montgomery county is the gentleman whose name appears at 
 the head of this sketch. Benjamin T. Kistine is widely known, both 
 at home and abroad ; also in the law circles of Indiana. He was born 
 January 19, 1807, in the neighboriiood of Madison, just across the 
 river, in Kentucky. His father, Henry Ristine, was a native of New 
 York, and his mother, Nancy (Gray) Ristine, was born in Virginia. 
 They married in Kentucky, and moved to JeflFerson county, Indiana 
 territorj^, about 1808. Henry Ristine became a lieutenant in the 
 ranging service during the war of 1812, and explored pretty well the 
 Wabash valley. In 1815 he began keeping tavern in Madison, which 
 he continued till 1820, when he bought land adjoining the town and 
 established a tannery which he conducted for two years. Having been 
 well impressed with the rich soil of the "Wabash when ranging here, 
 he determined to make this his future home. Accordingly, in 1823, 
 in the month of May, he reached Crawfordsville with his wife and six 
 children. The city was then in the germ, enclosed by a thick and 
 dense hull of green woods, and little did the Ristines dream of the 
 future city with its numerous industries, its schools, and its churches. 
 Here they built a "log hotel" on the ground just south of, and oppo- 
 site to, the present Nutt Hotel. Here they kept tavern till 1829, when 
 they bought land in the edge of Tippecanoe county, and lived there 
 till 1832, then returned to Crawfordsville and bought the frame and 
 log tavern that stood on lot 111, east of the court-house. Several years 
 afterward he sold, and bought a lot opposite the St. James Hotel, where 
 he built a hotel which he kept till he retired from business. He died 
 in 1856, at the age of seventy-three years. He had been a thorough 
 and active whig. He was president of the board of trustees for some 
 time, and from 1828 to 1833 represented his county in the legislature. 
 He was also prominent in the Baptist church. His wife died in 1861, at 
 the age of seventy-three years. Benjamin T. Ristine passed his youth- 
 ful days in hotel life. At the age of twenty-two he kept a subscrip- 
 tion school, and borrowing such books as he needed he studied law by 
 himself in coimection with teaching. Abandoning the law he engaged 
 in the dry-goods business for seven years, then resumed his legal 
 studies, selling his store interest and buying a hundred dollars' worth 
 of elementary law books for immediate study. He also had access to 
 such law libraries as the place and times afforded. In May, 1840, Mr. 
 Ristine was admitted to the bar, and settled for the practice of his pro- 
 fession in Crawfordsville, where he has ever since remained. He has 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 195 
 
 never allowed himself to seek office. He was nominated by the whigs 
 to represent the county in the convention called to revise the constitu- 
 tion, but although he received the full whig vote he was defeated. In 
 1845 he became associated with Alexander Thomson in the legal pro- 
 fession, which firm, known as Thomson & Eistine, continued for 
 thirty-three years. Since the dissolution Mr. Ristine has taken his 
 two sons, T. H. and O. H. Ristine, into partnership with him. He was 
 married in August, 1837, to Miss Flora Humphrey. They have seven 
 children: Theodore H., Ozea H., attorneys; Warren H., doctor in 
 Crawfordsville ; Harley G., M.D., of Fort Dodge, Iowa; Charles W., 
 who manages the home farm ; Albert (deceased); and a daughter, married 
 to "W. D. Frazer, of Warsaw, Indiana. Mr. and Mrs. Eistine are mem- 
 bers of the Presbyterian church. He has been a stalwart republican 
 since the birth of that party. 
 
 Charles L. Bratton, farmer, Crawfordsville, an old settler, was born 
 in Augusta county, Yirginia, June 19, 1819. He came with his par- 
 ents to this county in a four-horse wagon. They started from Virginia 
 Septeniber 12, and got here October 12, 1832. They traveled through 
 the week and rested on Sunday, and enjoyed their journey through the 
 woods and wilderness. His parents were William and Mary Gr. Brat- 
 ton. His father was in the war of 1812, and botli his grandfathers 
 were in the war of the revolution. His father was a Jackson dem- 
 ocrat, a whig, then a republican. His mother was a member of the 
 Presbyterian church. The subject of this sketch went to school in a 
 log cabin and sat on puncheon benches, and had greased paper for win- 
 dows. He lived with his father until he was twenty-five years old, 
 having always been a farmer. He has a good farm of 160 acres^ upon 
 which he has a nice two-story brick house, about five miles from Craw- 
 fordsville. He was married January 11, 1844, to Catherine Dice. She 
 is a member of the Presbyterian ehurcii, and was born November 9, 
 1824. They have had ten children : Mary M., married to Andrew 
 Smiley ; David A., married to EJiza^Jjcrimes ; William A. was in the 
 army six months, and is married to Jane Carrington ; John A. (deceased) 
 Martha E. : Charles M., married to Ellen Loop : James B., Harvey B., 
 Orpha W. and Eacliel J. Mr. Bratton has been a Presbyterian since 
 he was twenty-three years old, and is now a deacon in that church. 
 He is a Good Templar, a member of the Horse Detective Association, 
 and a strong adherent to the principles of the republican party. He 
 cast his first vote for General Harrison, in 1840. He reads a great 
 deal, and is an intelligent, enterprising farmer. He has the patent for 
 the land where he now lives, issued to Charles Jolmston, signed by 
 Andrew Jackson. 
 
196 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 John Bishop, tailor, Orawfordsville, the son of Benjamin and Maria 
 (Britton) Bishop, was born April 22, 1832, in Montgomery county. 
 At the age of fourteen he began to learn the saddle and harness trade 
 with William "W. Nicholson Sr., of Orawfordsville. At the age of 
 sixteen he enlisted for five years in the Mexican war, in Co. D, 16th 
 U. S. Inf., under Col. J. W. Tibbatts, of Newport, Kentucky. Au- 
 gust 7, 1848, at the close of the war, Mr. Bishop was' honorably dis- 
 charged, having served about sixteen months. Returning home he 
 served three years'' apprenticeship at tailoring with George W. Pier- 
 son, for $135. At the expiration of this time he formed a partnership 
 with Mr. Pierson, which continued for several years. On June 23, 
 1852, he was married to Elizabeth M., daughter of James and America 
 Galey, of Orawfordsville. His family of four children, James M., 
 George W., Henry 0. and Edwin S., are all in business in Orawfords- 
 ville. In 1863 Mr. Bishop enlisted in a volunteer regiment of home- 
 guards, under Ool. S. M. Houston, and during the same year enlisted in 
 Oo. 0, 108th Ind., under Ool. W. W. Wilson, for the Morgan raid, and 
 was mustered out July 17, 1863. In May, 1864, he again enlisted, this 
 time in the 135th Ind., commanded by Ool. W. W. Wilson, and was 
 mustered into service May 23. He was appointed hospital steward. 
 After serving his full time of enlistment, mostly in the States of Ten- 
 nessee and Alabama, he was honorably discharged September 29, 1864. 
 Returning to Orawfordsville he resumed his trade in the tailoring 
 establishment of Wilhite Bros., where he continued until 1876, then 
 bought out the senior partner, the firm still continuing Wilhite & 
 Bishop. Mr. Bishop has for years been one of the most reliable busi- 
 ness men and valuable citizens of Orawfordsville. Ever solicitous for 
 the pure morals and good name of the city, he always stood with 
 the leaders in every work of reformation and education. May 8, 1879, 
 he was elected to the city council for two years, and has by strict in- 
 tegrity and impartiality secured the confidence and esteem of the com- 
 munity. In 1848 Mr. Bishop united with the Methodist church, and 
 dtiring his connection has been entrusted by the church with positions 
 of honor and responsibility, which he has always filled creditably. 
 His conversion has a remarkable feature, and illustrates the power and 
 ■efficiency of prayer. While in the Mexican service, stationed at the 
 city of Monterey, without chaplain or religions services of any kind, 
 he was suddenly and powerfully convicted of sin and the necessity of 
 living a different life, which he at once resolved to do. Two months 
 afterward he received a letter from his mother stating that during 
 a revival in Orawfordsville she had presented him to her class as a 
 .special object of prayer. On comparing dates he found that the time 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 197 
 
 of his conversion coincided exactly with the time of his mother's spe- 
 cial earnestness in regard to him. Mr. Bishop lives to-day believing 
 he was saved by the grace of God in answer to the prayer of his 
 devoted mother and her friends in the church. 
 
 Robert J. Vance, Crawfordsville, was born near Winchester, Vir- 
 ginia, September 22, 1814, and is the son of Eobert Vance. He lived 
 in Virginia till he was fourteen years old. He then went to Ken- 
 tucky, and came to Montgomery county when he was nineteen years 
 old. His grandfather, Maj. Beall, was all through the hardships, 
 sufferings and battles of the revolution. Mr. Vance began clerking 
 for his brother Samuel in a dry-goods store when fourteen years old, 
 and thereafter went into partnership with him, which continued for 
 several years, and then went into business for himself. Mr. Vance was 
 in business in the city of Crawfordsville for nearly forty years, part of 
 the time as a grain dealer, a note-broker and general trader. He has 
 been a Mason for twenty-five years, and is a deacon in the First Presby- 
 terian church of this city. His ancestors came from Scotland, and 
 were Presbyterians for fully 300 years back, and were active in the 
 religious troubles between Scotland and England. Mr. Vance was 
 marred in 1843 to Martha Tilden, of Virginia. Her father was a phy- 
 sician of some note, and her grandfather was a physician and a Presby- 
 terian preacher. Mr. Vance has five children living : Elizabeth, 
 Mary, Euth, William and Lucy. In politics Mr. Vance is an original 
 whig. He has relatives in Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio 
 and Indiana. He has been a successful business man, and although he 
 has met with reverses within the last few years, yet is pushing on with 
 the energy and ambition of a younger man. Mr. Vance is active, ener- 
 getic and honest. In personal appearance he very much resembles the 
 grea;t statesman from New York, William H. Seward. 
 
 Ephraim C. GriflBth, contractor and house builder, Crawfordsville, 
 was born January 5, 1833, in Crawfordsville. He is a son of Townsend 
 and Mahala (Cattlin) Griffith. His mother was born in Hamilton, 
 Ohio. Her parents were from Virginia, and in 1822 came to Mont- 
 gomery county and bought the present Stafford farm, just east of the 
 city of Crawfordsville, where they lived for many years, then went to 
 Clinton county, Indiana, where they died, he at the age of seventy-six 
 and she at ninety years. Her father was a Pennsylvanian, and with his 
 parents went to Maryland, then came to Indianapolis, when there was 
 not a shingle roof to be seen in the place. There about 1822 he saw 
 his father, an old revolutionary soldier, buried with the honors of war. 
 The old gentleman was a Quaker, and the Friends gathered to make 
 his shroud, but when they understood he was to be buried as a soldier. 
 
198 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 they departed. About 1823 Townsend Griffith came to Crawfords- 
 ville. In 1827 he was married, and settled in a little old store-room, 
 bought of John Willson, and which stood where the engine-house now 
 stands. Here his father died in 1829. His mother died in Maryland, 
 When Townsend first came be bought the ground on which the Center 
 Presbyterian church now stands. Mr. Griffith built the first log jail 
 of Crawfordsville. This burning, he put up the first brick jail. He 
 was always active in public improvements. He held public meetings 
 throughout the county, and solicited nearly all the subscriptions for 
 the old New Albany railroad stock. He was major in the state militia 
 also. He was a warm democrat, yet a particular friend and companion 
 of the Hon. John Willson (deceased). In 1852 he went to Minnesota, 
 and on his way home was taken ill. When just across the northern 
 Illinois state line he was obliged to leave the train and seek a stranger's 
 cot, and in a little village in northern Illinois he died. He was buried 
 there but was removed in the following winter to Crawfordsville. He 
 was widely known and highly esteemed in the county. Mrs. Griffith 
 is still living in Crawfordsville. Ephraim C, son of the above, was 
 raised in the town of Crawfordsville and educated in the common 
 school. At the age of twelve years he applied himself to learn the 
 cabinet and carpenter's trades with his father, when he was so small 
 that he was obliged to make a platform on which to stand at his bench. 
 This has been his life work. He is probably the most extensive con- 
 tractor in the county, having built a great number of business and 
 dwelling-houses. He was a school trustee for some years, and was ap- 
 pointed to superintend the erection of the county court-house, which 
 cost $135,000. He keeps from eight to twenty hands employed. In 
 1879 he was elected city councilman. He is a warm democrat, a 
 Mason, and an Odd-Fellow. He was married February 14, 1855, to 
 Mary J. Brassfield, of Montgomery county. She was born jn Shelby 
 county, Kentucky. She is a member of the Methodist church. They 
 have three boys and one girl. The Griffiths have done much toward 
 the improvement and development of Montgomery county and Craw- 
 fordsville. 
 
 Henderson J. Coleman, farmer and veterinary surgeon, Crawfords- 
 ville, was born in Scott county, Indiana, January 14, 1829. His 
 parents, John and Mary (Jacobs) Coleman, removed thence to Frank- 
 lin county in his early infancy, and lived there until 1833 ; at that date 
 they came to Union township and made their residence on the home- 
 stead where Mr. Coleman now lives. His mother died of cancer 
 August 29, 1864, at the age of sixty-eight ; and his father died April 
 19, 1874, aged eighty-four years. Mr. Coleman received a common 
 
UKION TOWKSHIP. 199 
 
 school education, and twenty-five or thirty years ago was much of the 
 time engaged as a pedagogue, but as he was a natural penman his 
 teaching was chiefly limited to writing-classes. At that day he was 
 accounted the champion penman of Montgomery county. With this 
 exception, he has always led the life of a farmer until within very re^ 
 cent' years he has grown into the practice of veterinary science, which 
 for twenty-five years he has been studying and applying in his own 
 business. For some time, at first, he bought diseased and disabled 
 horses, and after curing, sold them. His successful treatment of these 
 animals gave him a gradually extending reputation, and the demands 
 which the public at length made upon his time rendered it necessary 
 that he should give up either his farming or his practice. -Recently 
 he has operated his farm by hired help, and about a year ago adverr 
 tised as a practitioner. He attends three days in the week at the liv- 
 ery stable of Smith & Bro., in Crawfordsville, where he responds to 
 all professional calls. In 1876, and again in 1880, Mr. Coleman listed 
 for taxation all the real estate in the south half of Union township. 
 The farm he owns comprises 138 acres, situated three and one-half 
 miles south of Crawfordsville, and valued at $6,000. This property 
 he has accumulated by his own unaided industry. He has been a 
 Mason eighteen years, and a life-long republican. His marriage with 
 Deborah Edwards, who was born March 6, 1833, was celebrated on 
 September 16, 1856. The fruits of this union have been nine chil- 
 dren: Elizabeth (deceased), Mary Ellen (deceased), Emma E., wife 
 of Edward Kelsey ; Susie Edna, Josiah (deceased), Julia, William R., 
 Samuel, and John. Mrs. Coleman belongs to the Christian church. 
 
 John Stump, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, eldest son 
 Bud second child of George and Martha (Talbot) Stump, was born in 
 Boone county, Kentucky, May 8, 1820. Eight years afterward the 
 family settled in Rush county, Indiana, and in 1830 removed to Mont- 
 gomery county, and improved a farm in Union township, three-fourths 
 of a mile southwest of the present residence of Mr. Stump. The 
 country was then covered by deep forests, and settling in the green 
 woods Mr. Stump helped his father clear his farm and make a com- 
 fortable home. When he began to do for himself he worked first by 
 the day, and at length hired for a year. At the end of this term of 
 service he was able to buy eighty acres of timber land. He took jobs 
 of felling trees and making land ready for cultivation, and while so 
 employed did a great amount of hard labor. He has accumulated a 
 sufficient competence for his old age. His farm of 230 acres lies six 
 and one-half miles southwest of Crawfordsville ; 150 acres are under 
 cultivation and in pasture. It is worth $9,000. He was married to 
 
200 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Sibella A. Farley December 22, 1846. She was born April 30, 1821, 
 and died November 17, 1871, having borne seven children : Robert, 
 born December 18, 1847, married Lanrinda A. Payton August 6, 1871 ; 
 Martha Catherine, born June 28, 1849, married to David Payton Jan- 
 uary 18, 1866; "William H., born January 19, 1851, married Luella 
 Northcott August 15, 1875, she died April 14, 1876, and he Septernber 
 22, 1878; Mary Elizabeth, born July 8, 1855; George W. and Re- 
 becca Ann, March 11, 1859, the latter was married to William Grubbs 
 September 23, 1875 ; and Jennie, born February 22, 1864. Mr. Stump 
 was married again June 24, 1873, to Elizabeth Hopkins, widow of 
 Jacob Routh and David Hoel. She was born in Clinton county, Ohio, 
 June 30, 1832. Fifteen years ago she united with the Christian church, 
 but since her marriage to Mr. Stump has become a member of the United 
 Brethren society, to which he has belonged the last five years. Mr. 
 Stump draws his political inspiration from the old-time tenets and prac- 
 tices of the democratic party, and cast his first vote for president for 
 James K. Polk, in 1844. 
 
 Redden B. Snyder, farmer an d^tock raiser, Crawfordsville, was born 
 on the place where he lives, April 3, 1835. His parents arrived here 
 from Butler county, Ohio, in the autumn of 1831. His father entered 
 160 acres, and soon afterward 'bought as much more adjoining ; this 
 comprised his real estate at the time of his death. The contrast 
 between the log cabin which he built on these premises and the elegant 
 residence just completed by Mr. Snyder a little north of the old site is 
 striking and picturesque, and is not an unfair measure of the rate of 
 progress made in this region of country in fifty years — a wonderful 
 social and material growth. Mr. Snyder was married October 23,.1862, 
 to Elizabeth, daughter of Sanford and Mary (Kemp) Gray. She was 
 born November 1, 1839. The Grays were. from' Kentucky, and the 
 Kemps from Pennsylvania. Her parents removed from Ohio to this 
 county about 1836, and settled in Ripley township. Mr. Gray has 
 been a man who has excelled in all the qualities of good citizenship ; 
 his high-minded life, warm-hearted intercourse, and unquestionable 
 usefulness, should keep his memory long in the hearts of the people. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Snyder have one child, Mary Luella, born January 27, 
 1864. Both parents have been members of the Christian Union church 
 six years, and the former is a Master Mason. He is also a democrat in 
 politics. Mr. Snyder owns 281 acres of choice land lying in a body 
 and situated on the northwestern gravel road, three miles from Craw- 
 fordsville. It is valued at $25,000. The large and substantial brick 
 house erected on the premises the last year, and just completed and 
 furnished, is a model of finish on the interior, which has not been 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 201 
 
 allowed to supplant the main object of convenience. It contains eleven 
 principal, besides a large number of smaller rooms, and wardrobes. 
 Mr. Snyder himself was the architect who planned the building and 
 furnished all the designs. It is the best residence in Montgomery 
 county, and was built at a cost of $8,000. 
 
 Nathaniel Quick, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, was born 
 in Union township, June 30, 1832. Edwin and Abigal (Ball) Quick 
 were his parents. He obtained a common school education, and after 
 he was married attended one term at Merom Union Christian College. 
 Jialy 17, 1853, he was united in marriage with Catherine M. Groenen- 
 dyke, who was born December 2, 1828, and died November 18, 1869. 
 She was the mother of eight children : Flora Hannah, born February 
 10, 1856, now Mrs. George Fuller, married August 7, 1875 ; Jessie F., 
 born January 5, 1857, died February 5, 1869 ; Mary, September 15, 
 1858, died October 5, 1859 ; Clara, July 16, 1860 ; Thomas B., May 6, 
 1862, died November 8, 1865 ; Abby, December 2, 1863, died June 20, 
 1864; Nathaniel, July 16, 1866; and Daisy C, November 16, 1869, 
 died April 9, 1870. Mr. Quick married Miss Sweak Cook, March 8, 
 1877. She was born December 11, 1845. He has been a member of 
 the Christian church (New Light) thirty-one years, and has held the 
 office of clerk most of the time during that period, and is still occupy- 
 ing the position. He is now a deacon, and a licentiate member of the 
 Indiana Western Christian conference, having tilled the former place 
 four years, and been licensed in the other about twelve years. Mrs. 
 Quick belongs to the Campbellite branch of the Christian church. Mr. 
 Quick owns 262 acres of land worth $13,000. In politics he is a greenr 
 backer. His brother Stebbins was a soldier in the 72d Ind. Vols, about 
 six months and was discharged on account of disabilitj'. 
 
 Elijah C. Brown, retired, Cravff'fordsville. Just before the war of 
 1812 his paternal ancestors, who were of English extraction, emigrated 
 from Virginia to the northwest territory and established themselves 
 near the present site of Chillicothe, Ohio. The war coming on, his 
 father volunteered, but partial deafness prevented his acceptance by the 
 inspecting officer. Some of the relations still remain in the vicinity of 
 Chillicothe and are to be found in the Thurman family, one of whom 
 has risen to distinction in the senate of the United States. His grand- 
 father's family on his mother's Side came from North Carolina. They 
 were Quakers, and descended from Dutch and Welsh ancestors. Mr. 
 Brown was born in Highland county, Ohio, January 12, 1814, on the 
 Capps farm, in the neighborhood of an earthwork which is a vestige of 
 the Mound Builders. He was made a namesake of Elijah Capps, a 
 nobleman by nature, who gave him a term of schooling. He had eight 
 
202 HISTOKT OP MOKTGOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 brothers and sisters, all younger than himself, the greater number of 
 whom, with the parents, are dead. In 1825 the family secured a home 
 near Greencastle, in Putnam county, and having become settled down 
 on it, he assisted his father to clear the little farm of ninety-five acres. 
 This small homestead was not suflScient for so large a family, so our 
 subject, at the age of sixteen, began to learn the cabinet trade. His 
 apprenticeship being ended, he was not able at all times to obtain em- 
 ployment in his line, and so on numerous occasions did so much at 
 joiner work as to acquire such a knowledge of that art as to make it of 
 material assistance to him. He was endowed with a deeply religious 
 nature, and some circumstances and observations were not wanting to 
 make a solid impression on his mind. Near his birthplace he had seen 
 massive blocks of stone which had been borne from their native beds 
 and scattered in curious isolation over the ground. These, he had been 
 told when very young, by his father, were thrown into their present 
 positions by the convulsion of nature at the crucifixion of Christ. The 
 cavurnous formation of ground near his home, in Putnam county, set 
 his mind, already excited with the story of the supernatural, at work 
 with thoughtful inquiries concerning these natural wonders. It was 
 then that the value of an education appeared to him. Without this 
 essential to extended usefulness he felt that he would be barred out 
 into outer darkness, and destined to endless mental misery. So, upon 
 the recommendation of friends, he was led, in the fall of 1834, to un- 
 dertake a course ■of study in Wabash College, then but recently 
 founded, and by means of his trade, hoped to work his way through ; 
 the purpose of the founders of the institution being at that time to 
 organize a manual labor, and also an agricultural department. This 
 object falling through, he, with others, was disappointed and deprived 
 of the benefit of his plans, and after a term or two spent in the school 
 was obliged to turn away with a heavy heart from his ambitious 
 aspirations: but not till after Prof. John Thompson had proffered con- 
 ditional aid to all the hopeful but indigent aspirants for learning. Some 
 accepted, others declined ; among the latter was Mr. Brown. He re- 
 turned to former pursuits. Shortly afterward he contracted marriage 
 and celebrated his nuptials with Mary B. Bowles, whose maiden name 
 was Daniels, on July 27, 1835. With this wife he lived in comparative 
 harmony thirty-eight years. She was a lineal descendant of Col. Linn, 
 one of the first settlers of Kentucky, whose name is conspicuous in the 
 pioneer history of that state. They reared three children, two sons and 
 a daughter, born respectively at four, eight, and sixteen years after their 
 union. In the spring of 1835 Mr. Brown set up in the furniture and 
 undertaking business in Crawfordsville, and followed it fifteen years. 
 
UKIOIT TOWNSHIP. 203 
 
 He accumulated considerable town property, and from the sale of this 
 made some permanent investments in land. His savings have amounted 
 to $20,000. Mrs. Brown owned eighty acres of forest land when she 
 was married to Mr. Brown. He has divided over $10,000 of his prop- 
 erty equally among his children. From his domestic affections and 
 associations he derived his highest enjoyment, and his earnest and cal- 
 culating care for his family induced him to toil hard to accumulate 
 property, so that he might have enough to endow his children com- 
 fortably during iiis lifetime, and a competence left for liimself and his 
 wife. In 1832 he joined the Methodist church, and has since been an 
 active christian thinker and worker. After a delay, partly due to his 
 withholding himself, he was, in 1865, licensed by his church to preach, 
 and in 1875 ordained by Bishop Wiley, at La Fayette, a deacon. Mr. 
 Brown has always held advanced and progressive views upon all the 
 great topics which have engrossed public thought. His orthodoxy was 
 at times even suspected by the unenlightened. He lirst attracted atten- 
 tion to himself by his radical sentiments in regard to temperance and 
 slavery, when those subjects began to be vigorously agitated by a few 
 bold spirits. His moral courage shone brightly in that conflict. This 
 class of reformers, strong in the beginning only in conscious rectitude, 
 were sneered at, and taunted, despised and hunted, and their lives put 
 in jeopardy, as men have seldom been persecuted in a free country and 
 an enlightened age. With patience Mr. Brown encountered proscrip- 
 tion for opinion's sake ; and, as if to lend zest and variety to the war of 
 hate and fury, he was more than once in imminent dangor of personal 
 violence from the mob. During the last forty years he has discovered 
 great interest in the study of biblical and natural theology, and has 
 been led to devote much time to the investigation of the sciences of 
 chemistry, geology, and astronomy, and to connect his conclusions with 
 the Mosaic account of creation. His examinations upon this subject, 
 directed in the spirit of true inquiry, have opened to his delighted view 
 the pleasing harmonies of science and the bible. The results of his in- 
 quiries have crystallized into thoughts which he has reduced to writing, 
 and hopes to bring out in printed form in the near future, with tlie 
 title of " God and the Ages." 
 
 Solon H. Brown, farmer, Crawfordsville, son of Elijah C. Brown, 
 was born in Crawfordsville, March 12, 1844. He was enrolled July 
 18, 1862, in Co. B, 72d Ind. Yols. He was present with his regiment 
 during all its arduous and brilliant service, except on the (jisastrous 
 expedition under Gen. Sooy Smith, which was planned to cooperate 
 with Gen. Sherman on liis Meridian campaign. For an outline of the 
 principle movements of the 72nd we refer to the biography of A. D, 
 
204 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKY COUNTY. 
 
 Lofland, of this township. Mr. Brown was mustered out of the service 
 at Indianapolis, July 6, 1865. We venture to mention in this place an 
 incident connected with Mr. Brown's command which ought not to be 
 lost. On April 4, 1863, the 72nd was near Lebanon, Tennessee, with 
 pickets thrown out, when a strong body of guerillas made a bold dash . 
 and captured two videttes, William B. Montgomery, and John W.Vance. 
 Mr. Brown only narrowly escaped ; he lost his horse, which fell under 
 him, and was supposed to have been shot. Yance and Montgomery 
 were tied up by the guerrillas and shot ; the latter was killed, and the 
 former, after having been three times shot through the head, was left 
 for dead. Incredible as it may seem, he was not killed, but succeeded 
 in making his way back to Murfreesboro on foot, a distance of twenty- 
 five miles. He arrived there in an exhausted condition. He finally 
 recovered, came home, served a few years as recorder of Tippecanoe 
 county, and at last died from the effects of the atrocious treatment he 
 had received. These two men, it is said, bore the seal of that nobility 
 which distinguishes the best men and the truest soldiers. Mr. Brown 
 was married September 10, 1871, to Miss May J. Hamilton, who was 
 born August 27, 1844. They have had the following children : Olelie 
 May, born March 24, 1873 ; Charlie, May 19, 1874, died January 1, 
 1881 ; Alice, June 19, 1876 ; and James E., September 2, 1879. Mr. 
 Brown owns 220 acres of land, valued at $12,000. He is an Odd- 
 Fellow and republican. 
 
 Curtis Hardee, farmer, New Market, was the youngest child of John 
 and Lucy (Sears) Hardee. His father volunteered when only fourteen 
 years old, and served seven years under Washington in the revolu- 
 tionary war, and fought in all the battles in which that illustrious chief- 
 tain commanded. After the war he settled in Kentucky, where he 
 married his first wife. Subsequently he removed to Preble county, 
 Ohio, and then to Rush county, Indiana, where the subject of this no- 
 tice was born about 1824. Having lost his property from paying 
 security debts, he brought his family to Montgomery county, where he 
 died about 1835. He was buried in the Michaels graveyard. For 
 many years before his death he received a pension from the govern- 
 ment. On the death of his father our subject became the ward of 
 Nathan S. Smith, from whom he learned the blacksmith trade. He 
 subsequently worked at this ten years. On April 30, 1846, he was 
 married to Mary Jane Busenbark, who was born October 8, 1828, in 
 Butler county, Ohio. Her grandfather, John Busenbark, served through 
 the last three years of the war for independence, as a teamster. Her 
 parents came to this county about 1830, and the family became located 
 on the place Mr. Hardee now occupies. This farm contains 160 acres. 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 206 
 
 valued at $8,000. On March 31, 1875, fire destroyed the house and 
 nearly all its contents, entailing a loss of $1,000. Mr. Hardee belongs 
 to the democratic party. Both he and his wife have been members of 
 the Old School Baptist church sixteen years, and the former fills the 
 office of deacon. This couple are the parents of the following chil- 
 dren, nine in number: Lucy (deceased), Mary Eleanor (deceased), 
 William B., Ann Eliza Priscilla (deceased), Sarah Jane (deceased), 
 Elizabeth Elvira, now Mrs. George Hardesty, of Boone county ; James 
 Andrew, Samuel Morgan (deceased), and Laura Josephine. 
 
 Samuel Gilliland, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born in Huntingdon 
 county, Pennsylvania, about 1809, and was the tenth child in a family 
 of eleven by John and Hannah (Michaels) Gilliland. When he was 
 sixteen he left home and went to Butler county, Ohio. There he 
 lived six years, got most of his education, which was obtained in the 
 common schools, and December 20, 1832, was married to Polly Trous- 
 dale. Next year he emigrated to Montgomery county, and settled on 
 the Terre Haute road, five miles southwest of Crawfordsville. He had 
 been here before and purchased eighty acres of land for $300. This, 
 with a two-horse team and a little household furniture, was all the prop- 
 erty he had at that time. He lived on this farm forty -five years, and 
 then in 1878 moved to his present residence, on the same turnpike, two 
 miles south of Crawfordsville. His wife died in 1844, and on March 
 9, 1848, he was married to Sarah Miller. She died in May 1870. By 
 the first wife he became the father of five children : John T. (deceased), 
 Lydia Jane, Anna Laura, wife of Emmons Busenbark; Margaret, wife 
 of John Kemley, and William, who died in infancy. The second bore 
 Mary Ellen, wife of William Smith ; Martha E., married to Edward 
 Ray ; Nancy Isabelle, Samuel M. (deceased), James B., William C. and 
 Henry E. Mr. Gilliland was county commissioner of Montgomery 
 countv sixteen or seventeen years. He was first appointed to fill the 
 vacancy caused by the death of John Mulligan, and after that was sev. 
 eral years successively elected. He was in office when the war came 
 on, and exerted his infiuence to pay by concurrent taxation the heavy 
 expenses of the county incurred by hiring men to fill the quotas, and 
 was chiefly instrumental in bringing about that policy. By procuring 
 men in this way the county avoided the draft at every call, and by the 
 pay-as-you-go plan the war was but a little while ended until it was out 
 of debt. This made taxes burdensome for a few years. Mr. Gilliland 
 himself paid $1,000 a year, but his foresight was afterward freely ac. 
 knowledged in the most satisfactory manner. At the time, however, 
 his term expiring, he was not reelected, so strong was the popular will- 
 ingness to sacrifice future good to present convenience. But at the 
 
206 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 end of three j'ears he was recalled by the people to his old position on 
 the board. Mr. Gilliland was one of the corporators of the Orawfords- 
 ville and Southwestern Gravel Koad Company ; he is a heavy stock- 
 holder in it, and has been superintendent a good many years. He 
 owns 1,200 acres of land, all lying in Union township, worth $60,000, 
 and has $15,000 in ready cash, and is entirely free from debt. This 
 has all been accumulated by hard labor and successful management. 
 He first settled in the woods, and has done his full share of sturdy toil 
 in clearing off the forests and improving land. He has been a democrat 
 from his youth up, and cast his first presidential vote for Gen. Jackson, 
 in 1832. 
 
 ■ Hon. Richard Epperson, farmer and contractor, Orawfordsville. 
 Among the most prominent of the many names mentioned in the his- 
 tory of Montgomery county may be mentioned Hon. Richard Epper- 
 son, an affable, hospitable gentleman, and for many years one of the 
 foremost contractors of Indiana. His father, Daniel Epperson, was 
 born in Lunenburg county, Virginia, on a farm. Here his youth was 
 spent at hard work, save a few weeks in the district school each win- 
 ter. At the age of twenty-one he became an apprentice to his brother, 
 Daniel, to learn the blacksmith trade. At this trade he was a constant 
 worker in connection with the farm until his fiftieth year. December 
 25, 1830, he reached Hamilton county, Ohio, and located near Mt. 
 Pleasant, where he followed farming until October, 1836, at which 
 time he started for Montgomery county, Indiana, reaching Orawfords- 
 ville October 18, where he resided until his death, January 13. 1853. 
 In 1802 he married Susanna Mathews, of Lunenburg county, Vir- 
 ginia, and became the father of twelve children, eight of whom are 
 now living. Mr. Epperson was a wide and constant reader, keeping 
 well posted upon current matters, as well as studying carefully the his- 
 tory of his country, and was universally acknowledged as a superior 
 man. His son, Richard Epperson, was born May 15, 1818, on a farm 
 in Lunenburg county, Virginia. His youth was spent upon the farm 
 in hard work, save a few weeks spent each winter in school, when it 
 was impossible to perform farm labor. At the age of twenty-one he 
 began for himself, working upon a farm by the month, for about a year 
 and a half. In April, 1841, he began a new life, that of apprentice to 
 his brother, "William, to learn the trade of a carpenter and joiner, in 
 the city of Orawfordsville. After learning his trade, which occupied about 
 two years, he followed life as journeyman carpenter until 1848, when 
 he formed a partnership with his brother and former instructor, which 
 lasted until 1857. Upon the 9th of April of this year he moved to 
 his present delightful country home, where he was engaged in farming 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 207 
 
 and building till the fall of 1860, when he was elected upon the repub- 
 lican ticket to represent his district in the legislature. The following 
 winter was spent in Indianapolis, attending to the duties devolving upon 
 a legislator, as was also the following spring at the extra session. June 
 2, 1861, he received an appointment from the board of directors as the 
 superintendent of the northern prison, which occupied his attention 
 until March 11, 1863, when he again undertook general contracting. 
 April 3, 1865, he was appointed architect and general superintendent 
 of the same prison, at Michigan City. At the expiration of his term 
 of two years he was reappointed, and served with credit to himself, 
 with honor to his state, and to the satisfaction of all parties, until the 
 date of his resignation, December 31, 1867. Upon his return to Craw- 
 fordsville he immediately engaged himself in contracting, which called 
 him to be employed upon many of the substantial buildings of the 
 state. Since 1873 his time has been mostly consumed in superintend- 
 ing his 200-acre farm, situated six miles southeast of Crawfordsville 
 and west of "Whitesville. Mr. Epperson was first married to Eleanor 
 C. Selders, in Tippecanoe county, second daughter of Abraham and 
 Mary (Campbell) Selders. She was born July 26, 1819, and died De- 
 cember 14, 1869, and was buried in the Masonic graveyard of Graw. 
 fordsville. They became the parents of eight children, seven of whom 
 are living : Susan C, Mary E., William D., Kebecca A., Flora M., 
 Sarah A., Richard H. and Emma P. January 1, 1871, Mr. Epperson 
 was married in Warsaw, Indiana, to Mrs. Catharine Aspinwall, 
 daughter of Adam and Margaret Woods, and the widow of Joseph 
 Aspinwall. She was born September 6, 1869, and is the mother of 
 two children : Joseph Aspinwall, a member of the class of 1880 and a 
 graduate of Wabash College, who is now in Indianapolis preparing 
 himself for the practice of medicine, and Margaret Aspinwall, who is 
 still living at home. Mr. Epperson isaUniversalist in faith, while his 
 wife is a member of the Presbyterian church, his first wife being a 
 Calvanistic Baptist. He is a member of the Crawfordsville Masonic 
 lodge, having joined that order in 1857, and has taken every degree 
 save the last. He is also an Odd-Fellow, joining the order in Craw- 
 fordsville in June 1848. Mr. Epperson was a democrat until 1856, 
 casting his first presidential vote in 1840 for Martin Van Buren. He is 
 now an earnest supporter and an unflinching defender of the principles 
 of the republican party. 
 
 James H. Hall, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born in Warren county, 
 Ohio, October 8, 1814. His parents, Thomas and Elizabeth (William- 
 son) Hall, were both born and reared in Shenandoah county, Virginia, 
 and settled in an early day in Warren county, Ohio. In the fall of 
 
208 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 1835 Mr. Hall emigrated to Union township, and improved the farm 
 where he at present resides. It embraces 500 acres of neatly cultivated 
 land, is well watered, improved by good buildings, situated four miles 
 southwest of Crawfordsville, and valued at $28,000. Mr. Hall was 
 first a whig, but when the party of his choice went to pieces he natu- 
 rally fell into the ranks of its successor, the republican party. His 
 father died in the autumn of 1840, and his mother survived a few years 
 later. In 184:1 (February 9) Mr. Hall was married to Miss Emma 
 Price, who was born April 17, 1817. Their seven children were as 
 follows : Sarah Elizabeth, Henry Clay, Mary Ellen, now Mrs. George 
 McKinsey ; Taylor (deceased); Anna, wife of Sariford ISTutt; Kellie, and 
 George. Henry was born March 1, 1845. He enlisted in Co. K, 86th 
 Ind. Yols., in 1862, for three years, but was soon stricken with lung 
 fever, and at the end of three months was discharged. He was mar- 
 ried March 21, 1872, to Miss Catherine Clodfelter, who was born Jan- 
 uary 8, 1849. Her parents were Peter and Mary Clodfelter. The 
 former came with his father from North Carolina when a small boy. 
 Her parents became residents of Jackson township some forty years ago. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hall have two children : Edie, born April 13, 1873, and 
 Carrie, born July 28, 1879. 
 
 Martin V"an Hook (deceased) was born in Bourbon county, Ken- 
 tucky, on a farm, January 1, 1802. After arriving at the age of ma- 
 turity, he, with his father moved to Harrison county. At Cynthia Ann, 
 this county, he learned the plasterer's trade, and, in connection with 
 fanning, he followed the trade until October, 1834, at which time he 
 emigrated to Montgomery county and settled on a farm one mile west 
 of Crawfordsville, where he purchased 200 acres. The journey to Indi- 
 ana was made in wagons, occupying three weeks' time. Mr. Yan Hook 
 lived upon his farm until his death, February 14, 1859. He was a 
 democrat, casting his first presidential vote for Gen. Jackson. He re- 
 ceived such education as the common schools afibrded, but was a man 
 constantly studying and reading for himself, and was wide awake to all 
 matters of public concern. He still followed his trade after settling in 
 this county, with splendid success. He plastered Wabash College the 
 first time. February 27, 1826, in Harrison county, Kentucky, near 
 Cynthia Ann, he married Jane Craig, third daughter of John and 
 Margaret (McLvain) Craig. Mrs. Yan Hook was born June 1, 1808, 
 in Harrison county, Kentucky, and had the advantages of a district 
 school education. Her father, John Craig, was born in South Carolina, 
 and finally settled in Harrison county, where he died May 22, 1825, a 
 member of the Presbyterian church and a democrat. Her mother was 
 a Presbyterian, and died February 22, 1825, the mother of eight chil- 
 
UNioir TOWNSHIP. 209 
 
 dren, three of whom are living: Moses Craig, of Missouri; Margaret 
 Ooucheman, of Morgan county, Illinois, and Jane Tan Hook, of Craw- 
 fordsville. After the death of Mr. Yan Hook his wife lived upon the 
 farm until the fall of 1868, when she purchased city property and 
 moved into it. She is the mother of sixteen children, four of whom 
 are living : Barbara Ball, of White county ; Franklin P., in "White 
 county ; William Henry, of Brown county, Kansas, and Andrew J., of 
 this city. Mrs. Van Hook has living with her Laura A. Van Hook, 
 her granddaughter. 
 
 Hon. William P. Britton. John and Sarah, the parents of the 
 above named distinguished citizen of Montgomery county, came to 
 Indiana from the State of Ohio in the spring of 1834, and settled on a 
 small farm in Kipley township, about two miles west of the village of 
 Tountsville. William P. is the second child of a family of eight chil- 
 dren, and was born on June 11, 1835. When he became old enough 
 he engaged with his father in pioneer farm work, assisting to roll logs, 
 clear up the land, plough, sow, and harvest. At such times as he 
 could be spared from the farm he attended school, usually for two or 
 three months during the winter of each year, and occasionally for a 
 month or so in the summer. Such was his experience until he reached 
 the age of eighteen years. By that time he had acquired the rudiments 
 of an English education. His parents being unable to provide him 
 with any pecuniary aid, at this time he was permitted to leave home 
 for the purpose of earning means to gain suflBcient education to fit him 
 for the legal profession. For several years he engaged in house-paint- 
 ing, clerking in stores, and finally concluding that those occupations 
 would never afford the necessary means to the end he sought, he es- 
 sayed the work of teaching a district school. Keceiving a license to 
 teach from Prof. J. L. Campbell, of Wabash College, then superintends 
 ent of schools for the county, he began, and taught with flattering suc- 
 cess, his first public school in what was then known as the Herron 
 school-house, in Eipley township. This was in the fall and winter of 
 1855-6. By boarding at home, and walking to and fro each day over 
 two miles, he was able to lay by his entire earnings of $75'. He con-, 
 tinned teaching until the spring of 1863, and when not so engaged 
 attended Wabash College. In his career as teacher he made many 
 warm and lasting friendships with his pupils and their parients, and the 
 pleasant intercourse of those years is cherished by him among the 
 dearest memories of his life, and the esteem of his former pupils is 
 valued next only to the love of kindred. In 1861 and 1862 he attended 
 the law department of Michigan University, and returning home in the 
 spring of 1863 he opened an office for legal practice in Crawfordsville, 
 14 
 
210 HISTORY or MONTGOMERY OOtTNTY. 
 
 having as a partner James M. Spillman. The new firm waited for 
 clients all spring, summer, and fall, and when the " winter of their 
 discontent " set in, the clientless firm dissolved in disgust ; the entire 
 proceeds of the business during the whole time amounting to $10. As 
 the law looked so unpromising, Mr. Britton opened an office for the 
 collection of soldiers' claims, and by liberal advertising and close at- 
 tention to business, in a short time plenty of clients were gained whose 
 cases were successfully prosecuted. While still engaged in this busi- 
 ness, in 1864, he was appointed school examiner for Montgomery 
 county, in which responsible capacity he served three years. At the 
 close of this service he was elected trustee of Union township, and 
 remained in office one year. In 1873 he formed a partnership for the 
 practice of law with M. W. Bruner, under the firm name of Britton & 
 Bruner. The firm acquired a large and lucrative practice, and con- 
 tinued until dissolved in September 1879, at which date Mr. Britton 
 entered upon the duties of judge of the circuit court, having been 
 elected to that office in the fall of 1878 over the Hon. T. N. Eice, of 
 Kockville, in the twenty-second judicial circuit, composed of the coun- 
 ties of Parke and Montgomery. Judge Britton is tall, slender, and 
 straight as an Indian, and his quick, elastic walk is characteristic of 
 energy and enthusiasm ; he has dark eyes, jet black hair with a strong 
 tendency to curl, and a remarkably fair complexion. In 1868 he was 
 married to Elizabeth, youngest daughter of Chilion Johnson, one of the 
 pioneers of Crawfordsville. In politics Judge Britton has always affil- 
 iated with the democratic party, although he was never a violent par- 
 tisan, and has friends in all parties. As a jurist his keen perceptive 
 faculties, conjoined to a habit of analysis, and his studious disposition, 
 have already established for him a reputation second to none in this 
 state. 
 
 Jasper N. Davidson, farmer and stock raiser, Whitesville, is one 
 of the prominent and successful men of Union township. He was 
 born in Montgomery county, Indiana, February 5, 1834. His 
 mother, Amanda (Snorf) Davidson, died July 17, 1838. Her grand- 
 father and grandmother were born on the river Ehine, Germany. 
 His father, "William F. Davidson, was born in Pennsylvania June 27, 
 1798. He emigrated to Butler county, Ohio, and in 1828 settled on 
 Sec. 34, Union township, Montgomery county, Indiana. He came to 
 this county first on foot, in company with John McOane. He was a 
 millwright by trade, and had seven uncles in the revolutionary war. 
 William F. Davidson began in this county with 50 cents in money and 
 became one of the prosperous and successful farmers of the county. 
 He earned the money that he paid for his first land with by working 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 211 
 
 on the Cincinnati and Dayton canal at $9 per month. He died Feb- 
 ruary 1, 1864. J. N. Davidson, the subject of this sketch, went to 
 school in the days of log school-houses and slab benches, and when 
 they received the rays of the sunlight through greased paper. He 
 lived at home for many years after he was of age. He was married 
 May 27^ 1862, to Miss L. J. Huff. She was born May 27, 1844. 
 They have two children : Julia A., born April 2, 1863 ; William A., 
 August 27, 1867. Julia is a graduate of the Ladoga Central Iformal 
 school. Mr. Davidson is one]of the prosperous and successful farmers 
 of Montgomery county. He has a good farm of 284 acres, well fenced, 
 and having about five miles of tile. He has a nice two-story dwelling 
 house, beautifully situated [on an elevated spoti Mr. Davidson is 
 president of the Montgomery County Agricultural Society, and has 
 always adhered to the principles of the democratic party. He is lib- 
 beral, and takes an interest in everything that is for the good and 
 progress of the coiuntry. Mr. Davidson is a man of intelligence, 
 honesty, and influence. 
 
 David Henry Davidson, farmer and stock raiser, Whitesville, was 
 born July 26, 1852, and is the brother of Jasper E". Davidson. He 
 had a good common education. His mother died when he was two 
 years and six months, and his father when he was eleven years old. 
 At the age of sixteen he went in partnership at farming with his 
 brother, "William S. Mr. Davidson now has 201^ acres of good land, 
 and resides on the old homestead, the place where he was born. He 
 was married November 12, 1874, to Miss Saloraa E. Harshbarger. 
 She was born January 11, 1854. They have three boys : Warner 
 M., born September 23, 1875 ; Homer J., July 21, 1876 ; Oline F., 
 August 16, 1879. Mr. Davidson is a member of the Detective Asso- 
 ciation, a democrat, and has been a successful farmer. He is a great 
 reader and a valuable member of the community in which he lives. 
 
 John Speed, deceased, was born in Perthshire, Scotland, in 1801. 
 His father was a miller, but John served a seven years' apprentice- 
 ship to a stone-cutter, then two years as a journeyman. He was 
 then considered a master of his trade and entitled to full pay. He 
 was married to Margaret Baxter, who was born in Edinburgh in 1803. 
 Mr. Speed, in 1828, sailed for Newfoundland, leaving his wife and 
 one child, Margaret, in Edinburgh. He worked for a time, but soon 
 set sail in a codfish schooner for Philadelphia. In one year from 
 the time of his departure from Scotland Mrs. Speed and child joined 
 him in Philadelphia. They then departed to Norfolk and remained 
 a few years, and next removed to Washington and lived several 
 years, employed on public buildings. He expended labor (on the 
 
212 HISTOKY OF MONTGOMERY OOUNTT. 
 
 stone steps of the Capitol, and also on the east steps of the "White 
 House. This was during Jackson's administration. Hearing there 
 was to be a new state house erected in Indiana, he started for that 
 place in a spring wagon over the mountains and rough roads. On 
 arriving at Indianapolis, in 1834, he learned to his sore disappoint- 
 ment that the building was to be of. material different from what he 
 had supposed would be used. Disappointed, he wandered over the 
 northern part of the state, and decided to locate at Crawfordsville, 
 which he immediately did by bringing his family hither. News 
 came to him that North Carolina was to have a new state house. He 
 immediately set out on foot and walked to Raleigh, North Carolina, 
 via the Cumberland Gap. While there he superintended the con- 
 struction of that edifice. He planned the stairs and patented the in- 
 vention. After completing his work he returned to Crawfordsville 
 on foot. During his absence Mrs. Speed had purchased the town 
 property now occupied by their son, Bruce Speed, and also a large 
 piece of land in Parke county which ,he had expressed his desire to 
 own when he was looking for a location, on account of the stone he 
 might obtain, but he never quarried it. After returning he superin- 
 tended the construction of the national macadamized road east of 
 Terre Haute, but the failure to secure appropriations caused the proj- 
 ect to be abandoned, and the road thus far constructed was left in an 
 uncompleted state. He closed his career January 1, 1873. He had 
 toiled all through life, yet through his extreme liberality he had 
 amassed but very little of worldly goods. In politics he was a radi- 
 cal Jackson democrat, then became an intense abolitionist, then a 
 whig, and finally a republican. He favored the freedom of the slave, 
 took a large interest in the underground railroad scheme, and in the 
 garret of his house many of those downtrodden people have found 
 shelter from the hand of tyranny. At one time the garret was so fall 
 that to prevent suspicion that he was harboring anyone he bought 
 twenty-five cents' worth of bread, then required his children to pur- 
 chase a like amount each, until he obtained sufficient food for his 
 attic visitors. At the first election for an abolition president, John 
 Speed and Fisher Dougherty cast the only votes in support of that 
 candidate in the county. 
 
 Mr. Speed was a man of a wonderful memory ; was a great lover 
 of history, a fair architect ; was moral, liberal, strict in integrity 
 and true to his country, and was a member of the early lodge of 
 Odd-Fellows of Crawfordsville. Mr. Speed left wife and children. 
 Mrs. Speed died March 1, 18Y8. She was raised a Scotch Presby- 
 terian, but later in life leaned toward the Church of England, into 
 
USriOM- TOWNSHIP. 213 
 
 which church she had her children baptized. Their children were 
 Margaret (now Mrs. Jesse Cumberland), Cecelia and Frank (deceased), 
 Sidney and Robert Bruce, living in'Crawfordsville. Sidney was born 
 June 25, 1846, in Crawfordsville. He was educated in the common 
 schools, also attended "Wabash College in 1860 and 1861. In June, 
 1862, he enlisted in the 18th Ind. Bat. and served three years. He 
 was in the army of the Cumberland, "Wilder' s brigade, whom the 
 rebels called " Wilder' s Hellians." This brigade was transferred to 
 Cook's division, "Wilson's cavalry corps. Mr. Speed was in all 
 the battles of the Cumberland army except Nashville and Stone 
 Kiver, as well as a few others. Returning home in 1865, he entered 
 college again, but in 1867 he went west. Returning shortly, he em- 
 barked in the manufacture of drain tile, then became a sewing ma- 
 chine agent, then manager of the Howe Sewing Machine company 
 in the cities of Terre Haute, Frankfort, and Logansport, successively. 
 In 1875 he began his present business in stone-cutting and dealing 
 in marble and granite tomb-stones. Later he was also engaged in 
 stone masonry. He was married June 25, 1872, to Margaret Seim- 
 antel of Lawrenceburg, Indiana. They have one child, Mabel. 
 
 George "W. Hutton, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born January 18, 
 1825, in Rockbridge county, Virginia, and here resided until he was 
 six years old, at which time he was taken to Green county, Ohio, 
 where he remained three years, at the expiration of which time he 
 came to this county. His education is such as might be obtained by 
 an observant scholar at the common schools. He began farming for 
 himself at the age of twenty-one. March 5, 1846, he was married to 
 Minerva J. McDaniel, whose parents, John and Elizabeth McDaniel, 
 came from Kentucky. Mrs. Hutton was born September 4, 1824, 
 and died March 17, 1873. She was first a member of the Methodist 
 church, and then the Christian. Theyihad three children, "William P., 
 Tilman H. and Martha E. , first two of whom are dead. Mr. Hutton 
 married again, March 25, 1874, Miss Mary E. Deitrick, who was born 
 March 29, 1840. She is a member of the Christian church. Mr. 
 Hutton began) farming with comparatively nothing, but by energy, 
 economy and industry he has been quite successful, being the pos- 
 sessor of 173 acres of splendid land. In 1871, when the Crawfords- 
 ville and Concord turnpike was built, he invested $500 in the stock, 
 and has continued to purchase shares until he is the owner of over 
 four-fifths of the capital, the whole being worth over f5,000. The 
 road was built for the purpose of giving to the citizens a highway 
 that was in a good condition to be traveled upon any season of the 
 year, and has proved a success, having paid for itself and its repairs. 
 
214 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUnIt. 
 
 Mr. Hutton is quite a stock raiser and grower of small fruits. His 
 two-story dwelling erected last year is one of the most complete in 
 the neighborhood. He is a member of the Christian church, and a 
 stalwart republican. In January, 1878, he and his wife visited their 
 old home in Yirginia and heartily enjoyed the hospitality of many 
 an old "chum." In 1875 he made an extensive tour through the 
 west, and upon his return brought many new, practical ideas of hus- 
 bandry, which amply repaid every expense. 
 
 Isaac Rich, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born in Randolph county, 
 North Carolina, in 1812. In 1816 he went with his parents to War- 
 ren county, Ohio, and lived there until 1834, when he settled in 
 Montgomery county. He was once justice of the peace two years. 
 He was married in 1833 to Emelia Hall. She died August 8, 1880, 
 and was a member of the Methodist church. They have two chil- 
 dren, James and Nancy. The latter was married to Samuel Irwin. 
 He was a republican and a Methodist, and died in 1872, leaving four 
 children : John, Isaac, Mary, and Maggie. Mr. Isaac Rich has 225 
 acres of land and has given each of his children eighty acres. He is 
 a Methodist, a strong republican, and a much respected old gentle- 
 man. 
 
 Alexander Thomson, retired, Crawfordsville, was bom January 
 15,J1812, in Hamilton county, Ohio, in a small town called Spring- 
 field, since Springdale. His parents, John and Nancy (Steele) 
 Thomson, were among the early settlers of Crawfordsville, having 
 arrived here some time in 1834. J ohn Thomson was born in Penn- 
 sylvania, whither his grandparents (Thomsons) had come from Ire- 
 land. He then spent some years in Kentucky, and in 1800 emi- 
 grated to Ohio, where he spent many years in the Presbyterian min- 
 istry in Miami county. Here he labored in the early work of the 
 church for thirty years, until he came to Crawfordsville. His life 
 was unusually long, his death not occurring until he reached his 
 eighty-sixth year. His wife, Mrs. Nancy Thomson, died in her sev- 
 enty-fifth year. Both were highly respected citizens and earnest 
 Christian people. Alexander Thomson, son of the above, passed 
 many of his youthful days on a farm, but improved a part of each 
 year in storing knowledge and fitting himself for a career of future 
 usefulness. He attended Miami Hniveisity. In 1835, on account 
 of the sickness of his brother, he was called home to Crawfordsville, 
 and although he had reached the senior year, he never returned to 
 his alma mater. For several years Mr. Thomson clerked, then en- 
 gaged in the county clerk's office, and afterward studied law, which 
 he made his profession for thirty years, becoming one of the eminent 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 215 
 
 members of the Crawfordsville bar. For nearly thirty years he has 
 been connected with the board of trustees of "Wabash College, and is 
 at present financial agent and treasurer of the same, which position 
 he has filled for fifteen years. Politically, Mr. Thomson was a 
 whig, but with the advent of republicanism he became a staunch 
 supporter of that party. On December 31, 1840, he was married to 
 Miss Crawford, daughter of Alex. Crawford, an early settler of 
 this city. She was born in 1812. They have three children : Ever- 
 ett B. , Henry R. and Edwin P. All the family are members of the 
 Presbyterian church. Everett B., now a Presbyterian minister, is 
 located at Piqua, Ohio. Henry R., professor of chemistry, is in 
 Wabash College, and Edwin P. is studying for the Presbyterian 
 ministry. 
 
 Samuel W. Austin, bookkeeper, Crawfordsville, a native of Gar- 
 ret county, Kentucky, was born November 18, 1818. His father, 
 John B. Austin, born in Virginia in 1787, was one of the early school 
 teachers and a Baptist minister. He early went to Kentucky, and in 
 October, 1828, came to Montgomery county, Indiana, and settled 
 one and a half miles west of Crawfordsville. Ill health obliged him 
 to follow light labor. In 1841 he was elected Montgomery county's 
 first auditor, which office he honorably filled for fourteen continuous 
 years. He was a democrat, but whisky or no whisky becoming the 
 the issue, and the democracy advocating the former, Mr. Austin left 
 his party and allied himself with the temperance party, which soon 
 after merged into the republican party. He died in September 1868. 
 His wife, Nancy (Vanhook), was bom in Virginia in 1788, was also 
 a member of the Baptist church. She died in February 1852. 
 Samuel W. Austin passed the first fourteen years of his life on the 
 farm, and then became a merchant's boy, and in 1841 was employed 
 in the auditor's office with his father, remaining there until 1864. 
 He then became bookkeeper for Campbell, Galey & Harter, and 
 held the situation twelve years. On January 1, 1868, after having 
 been idle for a time, he accepted the position of bookkeeper in the 
 First National Bank of Crawfordsville, which is still his occupation. 
 Although Mr.- Austin has used the pen almost continually for over 
 forty years, his nerves are still steady and strong. His knowledge 
 of bookkeeping and commercial forms he has acquired in actual bus- 
 iness, never having attended other than the common school, and 
 since his, fourteenth year two terms at the county seminary in 1836. 
 Mr. Austin was first a whig in politics and cast his first vote for 
 Harrison, but with the germination of republicanism he adopted its 
 principles, and will never mix his northern oil with southern water. 
 
216 HISTORY OP MOKTGOMEBT OOUNTT. 
 
 He sent one son, Archelaus, to the civil war. He has been married 
 three times, lastly, March 5, 1870, to Matilda, daughter of John 
 Swearingen, of Crawfordsville. His first family numbered five 
 children, and his second one child. He is a member of the order of 
 Odd-Fellows. * 
 
 Joseph Smith, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, was born 
 near Lebanon, "Warren county, Ohio, June 14, 1821. His father, 
 Eobert Smith, was born in 1Y99 and died in 1866. He was a native 
 of North Carolina, but when about twelve years of age, he with his 
 parents, moved to "Warren county, Ohio, about ten miles east of Leb- 
 anon. His father's name was John and his mother's Phoebe. John 
 died in Ohio, while his wife died in Montgomery county, at the home 
 of her son. Mr. Smith came to this county in 1835, previous to 
 which time he had been engaged in farming and teaming. The 
 journey was made in wagons, occupying^ fourteen days. Upon his 
 arrival he settled three quarters of a mile southwest of Yountsville, 
 where he had purchased 240 acres of land at $16 per acre, and here 
 lived until his death. At the age of eighteen he married Hannah 
 Williamson, who was born in Shenandoah county, Yirginia, in 1790 
 and died in 1870 a member of the Methodist church. They became 
 the parents of ten children, five of whom came from Ohio in the 
 wagon. Joseph Smith lived with his parents until his twenty-fourth 
 year, and after his marriage moved on Sec. 16, where he re- 
 sided eighteen months. He then returned to the home place and 
 was engaged in farming fourteen years, having previously purchased 
 the north half of it. He then traded this land and some other prop- 
 erty for 433 acres on Mill creek, known as the Herron farm, valued 
 at $16,000. After residing upon it eight, years he moved to his 
 present beautiful and finely located home, in February 1870. The 
 fall of 1873 he erected one of the finest dwellings west of the city, 
 two stories high, 32 X 46 feet, and other improvements amounting to 
 $6,000. The home place consists of 212 acres. He also owns 148 
 acres of the Herron farm, having given the remainder to his chil- 
 dren. May 6, 1846, in Ripley township, he was married to Martha 
 J. Gass, who was born in October, 1821, in east Tennessee. They 
 became the parents of six children: Margaret, Howard, Hannah, 
 John B. , George "W. and Frank, all of whom are married save John 
 and George. Mrs. Smith died May 19, 1870, a member of the 
 United Brethren church. Mr. Smith married a second time, October 
 20, 1873, Lydia Steel, in Henry county, Indiana, near Knightstown. 
 They became the parents of one child, Claud, who died January 14, 
 1876. He is a democrat and his wife a member of the Presbyterian 
 church. 
 
• UKIOK TOWNSHIP. 217 
 
 William E. Stitt, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, was 
 born April 3, 1835, in tte place wliere he now lives. He had a 
 common school education and has always been a farmer. He has 
 120 acres of land one and a half miles from the city. He is a Ma- 
 son, Odd-Fellow, Good Templar, republican, a member of the De- 
 tective Association, and of the Methodist church. Mr. Stitt and his 
 sisters, Sarah R. and Rebecca J., live together on the "old home- 
 stead." His father. Judge James Stitt, was the oldest son of 
 Robert and Jane Stitt. He was born in Grayson county, Yirginia. 
 He came west at a very early day, and had gone on through the 
 south. He bought land in Washington county, then went to Vir- 
 ginia, and afterward came back to Indiana. He entered 160 acres in 
 this county, where his son now lives. It had upon it a good mill- 
 seat, and he soon built a mill which he ran till the Black Hawk war. 
 He was associate judge of Montgomery county for twenty-one years, 
 and was elected for seven years more, when he died in 1844. He 
 was an able judge, a member of the Methodist church, a strong 
 temperance man, and an honored citizen. He had a good education 
 for his day, and was a man of extensive information. He was. mar- 
 ried in 1818 to Miss Mary F. Richardson. She was a Member of 
 the Methodist church and died in 1871. They had seven children. 
 The Stitts came from Ireland to this country at an early day, and the 
 grandfather of Judge Stitt was in the revolutionary war, and was 
 put in prison, where he suffered much and was liberated by his uncle, 
 an oflScer in the British army. 
 
 James H. Watson, carriage-maker, Crawfordsville, is one of the 
 enterprising firm of Watson, Coutant & Co. This firm manufac- 
 ture all kinds of carriages and buggies, employing twelve workmen. 
 Their trade has assumed such proportions that they can but little 
 more than supply ordered work. Their establishment is on Green 
 street opposite the city buildings. Mr. Watson is a native of Craw- 
 fordsville and was born November 9, 1886. His father, William P. 
 Watson, a tanner by trade, was a native of Ohio, and his mother, 
 Eliza A. (Westlake), was born in JSTew York. In 1836 he came to 
 Crawfordsville and engaged in the dry-goods business. In 1842 he 
 was appointed postmaster, which office he held for ten or twelve 
 years. Leaving the postoffice he opened a tannery, which he con- 
 tinued for ten years, then engaged in the saddlery and harness trade. 
 He died iu November 18Y5. He was a democrat all his life and 
 served two terms as county commissioner. James H. spent fifteen 
 years with his uncle, James Watson, of Crawfordsville, in the pork 
 packing business. In 1861 he enlisted in Co. G, 10th Ind., under 
 
218 HISTORY OF MOSTTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Capt. Manson. Mr. "Watson entered the service as first lieutenant, 
 but Capt. Manson being promoted to the position of colonel the first 
 lieutenant was promoted to the captaincy. He enlisted for three 
 months, but was not discharged for four months, or after the battle 
 of Eich Mountain. Leaving the army, Mr. Watson worked one 
 year in a tobacco house in Louisville, returned to his home, and soon 
 after was engaged as clerk for Eobins & Keynolds in the hotel at 
 Terre Haute. He then became deputy in the auditor's office, and 
 in November, 1871, was elected county auditor, which office he held 
 till 18Y9 with honor and credit. After three weeks' vacation he 
 associated himself with his present partners in the carriage business. 
 He has been a life-long democrat. Mr. Watson was married Janu- 
 ary 15, 1867, to Elizabeth Reynolds, of Fountain county. He is 
 now an officer in the Montgomery County Agricultural Society, and 
 an influential citizen. 
 
 Willis Jackman, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, was 
 born in Union township February 12, 1836. His father, James A. 
 Jackman, settled in this county about 1830. He was a millwright, 
 and built about a}l the wooden mills on Sugar creek. He learned 
 his trade in Pennsylvania and then emigrated to Indianapolis, Indi- 
 ana, where he traded for four acres of land which is now the central 
 portion of the city. It was afterward sold for taxes, together with 
 two or three dwellings that had been erected upon it. He was born 
 September 1, 1794, and departed this life February 21, 1878. He 
 was a gallant soldier in the war of 1812, and a man of firmness and 
 positive convictions. He was a staunch member of the Christian 
 church and a member of the whig party until its death, in 1852, at 
 which time he united with that conscientious set of men who after- 
 ward joined together and formed the republican party, and was one 
 of the strongest supporters of this organization until his decease. 
 His mother, Hannah (Keed) Jackman, was born in Gerard county, 
 Kentucky, and is still living at the advanced age of seventy-four 
 years. She is also a member of the Christain church. Mr. Jack- 
 man's entire life has been spent upon a farm. His educational ad- 
 vantages were meager enough. Only the roughest days of winter 
 was he permitted to sit upon the old slab benches in the pioneer log 
 cabin school-room. He commenced farming for himself at twenty- 
 two, and was married in 1858 to Miss Susan Flanigan, who was born 
 February 26, 1838, and is now a member of the Christian church. 
 By this union they have become the parents of eight children, three 
 of whom are dead : James A., Lillie I., Harrison M., Charles, John 
 M., Frank, Carrie and Archibald. Mr. Jackman began life with 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 219 
 
 nothing, but now owns 156 acres of land six miles from Crawfords- 
 ville and three from Darlington. He is a Good Templar and a 
 member of the Detective Association. Mr. Jackman claims never 
 to have entered a saloon in his life. He is a member of the Chris- 
 tian church and a member of the national party, formerly a republi- 
 can. He is a well posted, thinking man, quite a reader, and one alive 
 to all questions of public concern. 
 
 Samuel M. Hutton, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born near 
 Lexington, Hockbridge county, Virgjnia, October 23, 1821. At 
 an early age he moved with his parents to Green county, Ohio, 
 and lived there three years, and in 1836 settled on Sec. 28 in Union 
 township. They came in a four-horse wagon, over muddy roads, 
 rough hUls, and through the woody wilderness, being twenty-one days 
 on the road. His father's name was William, and he was born in 
 ITYY, and died in 1837. He was a member of the Presbyterian 
 church, a Jackson democrat, and was in the war of 1812. His 
 mother's name was Mary. She was born in 1T90, and died in 1846. 
 Mr. Hutton' s grandfather, "William Hutton, was in the revolutionary 
 war. Mr. Hutton having always lived on the farm, had such limited 
 advantages of education as could be obtained from^the old log school- 
 house, with its antiquated schoolmaster. He began farming for him- 
 self when twenty-one years old, with very little means, but now has 
 a good farm of 202^ acres of good land, and is a successful and enter-; 
 prising farmer. He was county commissioner three years, is an elder 
 in the Christian church, and in politics is an enthusiastic republican, 
 although he was raised a democrat. When he came to this county 
 the people did all their marketing at La Fayette. Mr. Hutton took 
 two shares in the New Albany railroad, and paid for them in ties 
 hewn from his own timber. He was married February 9, 1848, to 
 Miss Mary Ann Harland, who was born in 1825. They have seven 
 children, James G., Alexander P., John M., Mary M., Emily J., 
 Martha F. and George W. Mr. Hutton has a nice residence, and 
 has lived on his present place twenty years, and is a respected and 
 valued citizen. 
 
 John H. Shue, grocer, Crawfordsville, was horn March 29, 1821, 
 in Onondaga county, New York, and is the son of Peter and Jane 
 (Hendricks) Shue. His parents were natives of Germany, and came 
 when children, with their parents, to America. Both families set^ 
 tied at Catskill, the Hendricks remaining there, while the Shues re- 
 moved to Christian Hollow, twelve miles south of Saratoga. In 
 1836 Mr. Shue's parents came to Montgomery county and settled 
 three nules north of Crawfordsville, where his father, Peter Shue, 
 
220 HISTORY OF MONTaOMBEY COUNTY. 
 
 died of lung fever. His mother then returned to New York, where 
 she jdied in January 183Y. They were both members of the Bap- 
 tist church. John H. was fifteen years old when his father died. 
 He earned his livelihood by working on a farm, or anything he could 
 get to do. At seventeen years he became clerk in the store of John 
 Garvey, in the first building erected on the corner of Market and 
 "Washington streets. He then taught for a time, but being desirous 
 of a better education, and learning that there was a good high school 
 at Edwardsburg, Michigan, l^e determined to work his way into and 
 through that institution. Accordingly he went to Edwardsburg, 
 and entering a hotel inquired of the clerk whether or not he knew of 
 any one who wanted some one to do chores for board while he (the 
 boy) might go to school. Tke clerk replied he did not. A gentle- 
 man, whose name John afterward learned was Thomas Edwards, 
 jumping from his seat, asked the youth where he was from. Young 
 Shue answered, from Indiana. "Why," said the gentleman, "do 
 they want to learn anything down in Indiana ? You were not born 
 there, were you ?" Upon the answer that he was born in New York, 
 the gentleman, pointing to a very nice residence, told the youth to 
 call there at 4 o'clock, and perhaps he could stay there. At the ap- 
 pointed time, young Shue called, and who should meet him at the 
 door but the same gentleman whom he had met in the hotel. Here 
 a pleasant home was found, and for three years John H. Shue lived 
 and attended the high school. Keturning to, Crawfordsville, Mr. 
 Shue worked for $10 per month, and taught school till he numbered 
 his thirteenth term. In 1866 he bought the interest of John Eo bin- 
 son in the dry-goods business. In 1866 the stock was burned, but 
 insurance saved him. For the benefit of his health he engaged in 
 farming, but in 1876 he purchased one-fourth interest in the Union 
 Block and opened a grocery store. The firm is now Shue & Dennis. 
 They transact a business of about $50,000 to $60,000 per year. Mr. 
 Shue has been three times married ; lastly, to Cintha A. Vaughan, 
 of Montgomery county, in 1866. They have one child, Anna. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Shue are members of the Baptist church. He has been a 
 democrat, but is now conservative, voting for men rather than party. 
 He is a member of the Knight's Templar society. 
 
 W. J. Krug, sheriff of Montgomery county, Crawfordsville, was 
 born June 3, 1814:, in York, Pennsylvania, and is the son of William 
 A. and Elizabeth (Jones) Krug. His father was born in Lancaster, 
 September IT, 1Y90, and his mother in York, Pennsylvania. The 
 latter died in 1856, but the former still lives in Montgomery county 
 at a very advanced age. Mr. Krug Sr. is a saddler and harness 
 
UKION TOWKSHIP. 221 
 
 maker by trade. He was early a whig but later a republican. He 
 emigrated to Ohio in 1821, and to Montgomery county in February, 
 1838, and settled in Coal Creek township, where he bought a section 
 of land. They had a family of nineteen children. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Krug were Episcopalians. His father came from Germany, and his 
 mother's people from England. William J., son of the above, spent 
 part of his youth on the farm and part ia the saddlery and harness 
 shop, beginning the latter trade when fourteen or fifteeen years old. 
 He worked at this for thirty years. For some time he solicited sub- 
 scriptions for tombstones, as agent for Lewis & White, of Indianap- 
 olis, and was very successful in the undertaking. In 18T6 he was 
 elected, by the republicans, sheriff, by 17T majority over William Lee, 
 a very strong candidate, and in 18 Y8 reelected by a majority of over 
 TOO votes, while the county was about 300 democratic. Mr. Ejug 
 is now tired of political life and will retire soon to his farm. During 
 the late war Mr. Krug served about eleven months under Capt. Lily, 
 as senior saddleman in the 18th Ind. Bat. Mr. Krug was married 
 April 13, 1834, to Kezia, daughter of Eobert McCain, of Butler 
 county, Ohio. They have had ten children, two dead and eight liv- 
 ing. He is a Mason, a Good Templar, and a Son of Temperance. 
 His father was a strong churchman, and a man of strict integrity, 
 whose word was as good as his bond. 
 
 J. W. Kamsay, mayor of Crawfordsville, was born June 2, 1839, 
 in Montgomery county, Indiana. His father, Robert M. Ramsay, 
 was born in Kentucky, 1804, became a brick-mason, and afterward a 
 merchant at Parkersburg, then Russell ville, and is now a pork packer. 
 He came to Indiana in an early day and settled near Portland mills, 
 Putnam county, and afterward settled in Montgomery county, his 
 residence now being Crawfordsville. The mother of the subject of 
 this sketch, Mavina S. (Harris) Ramsay, was born in Tennessee. 
 Her grandfather was a captain in the revolutionary war. The Ram- 
 says are of Scotch descent. J. W. Ramsay was schooled at Wave- 
 land Academy, then Wabash College, and afterward studied law with 
 Hon. Henry S. Lane and Col. Wilson for two years, from 1859 to 
 1861. April 14, 1861, on the Sunday evening after the American 
 flag was insulted at Fort Sumter, he enlisted in the 11th Ind., Wal- 
 lace's Zouaves, served three months, was then made adjutant in the 
 51st Ind., in which position he served two years, and was then detailed 
 as assistant adjutant general to Gen. Harker's staff, in which capa- 
 city he served to the end of the war. His Union principles were 
 tried and proven in the battles of Romney, Kelley's Island, Fort 
 Donelson, Shiloh, siege of Corinth, Franklin, Hall's Gap, and 
 
222 HISTORY OF MONTQOMEKT OOUNTT. 
 
 others. At Shiloh he was severely wounded, and still suffers from 
 its effects. At Appomattox Court House he was discharged, at the 
 close of the war, and returned to his home at Crawfordsville. Soon 
 after returning he was elected justice of the peace, for which oflBce 
 his knowledge of law well fitted him. He was continued as such till 
 1876, when he was elected mayor of Crawfordsville, and reelected in 
 1878. "When he assumed the responsibilities of his office he found 
 the city with a debt of over $20,000. Under his official supervision 
 this debt has been entirely liquidated, new streets opened, and other 
 improvements made, and the city is more prosperous than ever be- 
 fore. He is now negotiating with different parties for a system of 
 water-works. He has always been active in the republican ranks, a 
 prominent citizen, and has made his own mark in life. He is a mem- 
 ber of the Knights of Pythias society, and a Good Templar. In the 
 latter lodge he was grand worthy secretary for two terms, and repre- 
 sented the State of Indiana in the Eight Worthy Grand Lodge at 
 Michigan in 1879. October 7, 1872, Mr. Ramsay was married to 
 Miss Alice Rice, daughter of Mrs. Mary Rice, of Crawfordsville. 
 
 Robert S. Jones (colored), farmer, Crawfordsville, was born Sep- 
 tember 2, 1818, in Butler county, Ohio. His father, John Jones, 
 was a native of Kentucky and a slave there until twenty-two years of 
 age, when his master, removing to Ohio, gave him his freedom. His 
 mother was born in Maryland and a slave also until she was eight or 
 ten years old. Her master coming to Ohio, freed her. Her name 
 was Dorthy K. Sampson. John and Dorthy were married in Ohio, 
 and in 1840 emigrated to Montgomery county, Indiana, and bought 
 six acres of land three-quarters of a mile east of Crawfordsville, where 
 they lived until death. He died in 1853, and she in 1855. Both 
 were Old School Presbyterians, and he was a republican. Robert S. 
 attended school sufficiently to enable him to read, write, and cipher, 
 which little learning he prizes highly. He was married in Ohio, 
 March 10, 1836, to Dilly Henderson, who had been a slave until 
 eight years old, in North Carolina, and had come to the west with her 
 master, with whom she lived until her marriage, at the age of twenty 
 years. In 1839 Mr. and Mrs. Jones moved to Montgomery county, 
 Indiana, bringing two children : John F. and Silva A. They rented 
 eighty acres west of Crawfordsville twelve years. He then bought 
 forty acres in Walnut township, and sold that and bought ninety 
 acres northeast of Crawfordsville. He has since sold seven and one- 
 half acres, rents out part, and farms the balance. His first wife died 
 September 9, 1842, leaving two children, William P. and Abby M., 
 besides the two mentioned. She was a member of the African Meth- 
 odist Episcopal church. Mr. Jones was next married to Susan Mc-. 
 
UXION T0WK8HIP. 223 
 
 Kee, of Crawfordsville, who died April 6, 1871. She was also a 
 Methodist. There were eight living children in the second family. 
 Mr. Jones was a member of the first African Methodist Episcopal 
 class in Montgomery county, contributed the first timber toward the 
 church, has been trustee over twenty-seven years, and class leader 
 three years. He is a Mason and a warm republican and lover of 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Jacob Davis, deceased. Among those men who have left marks 
 of their effort in Crawfordsville, and have figured prominently in the 
 busy streets of this industrious city, the name of Jacob Davis is by 
 no means forgotten. He had worked, not only with muscle, for 
 this had been guided by an active brain, and visible signs of his suc- 
 cess in life is shown by a pleasant home and a competency for his 
 family. Jac ob Davi s was born October 29, 1817, in a rural district of 
 Butler county, Ohio. His parents, Randolph and Abigail (Hoel) 
 Davis, were natives of New Jersey, and came to Ohio prior to their 
 marriage, becoming Ohio farmers. Jacob learned early the real 
 meaning of the word "toil." He grew to manhood, and by improv- 
 ing the limited educational advantages secured education sufficient 
 to enable him to teach public school, which he followed for some 
 time. He became quite an active trader in stock and was for some 
 time a partner of Jacob D. Early, of Terre Haute, in the pork busi- 
 ness. In the prime of life Mr. Davis east his lot in Crawfordsville, 
 first purchasing the warehouse at the north end of Washington 
 street. Here he dealt in grain extensively, first in partnership with 
 John Shwitzer. For eighteen years he owned the warehouse. To- 
 ward the close of this period he was associated in the grain trade 
 with his brother, Isaac Davis, and with Gen. M. D. Manson, present 
 auditor of state. He also traded largely in grain in Chicago. Dur- 
 ing the war Mr. Davis speculated in gold stocks. His life was em- 
 phatically one of trade, and by good judgment his trade-life was a 
 grand success. In the winter of 1875 he took a severe cold, producing 
 lung and typhoid fever, which resulted in his death April 21, 1876. 
 A short time before demise he requested the presence of Eev. Eeece 
 Davis, a Baptist minister of Indianapolis, whom he greatly admired. 
 At his request also his remains were laid to rest by the Masonic fra- 
 ternity, in which society he had been a prominent member, and had 
 been worshipful master for years. Although not connected with any 
 church he was a man of strict integrity and morals. In politics he 
 was republican, but never sought political preferment. Prior to his 
 marriage he was colonel of the state militia. March 10, 1863, he 
 was married, at the age of thirty-five, to Elizabeth Allen, daughter 
 of the Hon. Joseph and Margara (James) Allen, and who had, when 
 
224 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEEY COtTNTY. 
 
 ten years of age, been his pupil in the public school. She was born 
 November 21, 1829, in ^Kentucky, the native state of her parents. 
 The Aliens came to Montgomery county in 1833, and settled in 
 Brown township on the farm on which they died. Joseph Allen 
 was a prominent democrat. He served as justice of the peace for 
 many years, was sheriff four years, and represented his friends in the 
 state senate when the constitution of Indiana was revised. He also 
 was a member of the state legislature for some time. He was a 
 prominent Mason. He died January 29, 1871, and his wife followed 
 May 1, 1876. She was a member of the Baptist church. Both were 
 widely known and highly respected citizens. Mrs. Davis now resides 
 in Orawfordsville with her four children: Isaac M., Joseph A., 
 Mary I. and Charles E. An infant, and Jacob F. (three years old), 
 deceased. The children were born in Orawfordsville. Isaac M. was 
 born December 31, 1853. He was educated at "Wabash College, and 
 from 1874 to 1875 he read lajv with "White and Cowan. In 1876 he 
 graduated from the law department of the Iowa State University, and 
 the same year settled in Crawfordsville for the practice of his profes- 
 sion. He was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1876, and was the 
 first to be admitted to practice in the new court-house of this city. 
 He has remained alone in his practice and occupies the office in No. 
 16 Binford's block. 
 
 Bartholomew Demoret, farmer, North Union, born in Butler 
 county, Ohio, October 15, 1832, was the son of Samuel B. and Re- 
 becca (Bolsar) Demoret. His grandfather Demoret was a French- 
 man. In 1845 the family came to Union township, where his 
 father survives at the advanced age of eighty-three. Except two 
 years .that this subject lived in Brown, his home has been in this 
 township since he arrived in the county. He is a republican, "red 
 hot," as he terms his politics. His first marriage was with Mary 
 Ann "Whitenack, and occurred February 12, 1856. She was born 
 February 18, 1836, and died November 5, 1864. Her four children 
 were: James Franklin, born August 11, 1857; Samantha Ellen, born 
 October 11, 1859; Samuel B., born March 30, 1861; Francona A., 
 born September 20, 1862. On December 5, 1867, he was married to 
 Phebe T. Eliza Clouse, who was born June 17, 1846. The children 
 by this marriage have been: Sidney, born October 30, 1868; Andrew, 
 born August 25, 1870; Casady, born October 26, 1872; Flora, born 
 September 2, 1874, died November 5, 1874; Icey, born October 22, 
 1875, and Claud, born September 10, 1879. Mrs. Demoret belongs 
 to the United Brethren church. Her grandfather, Greorge W. Clouse, 
 and Henry Euffner, came here from Kentucky with Henry Liter, 
 whose biography and portrait will be found in this work. 
 

 Maj. a. Whitlocr 
 
VNION TOWNSHIP. 225 
 
 Mrs. Martha Mullen, was born May 24, 1839, in Montgomery 
 county. Her father, Zopher Ball, was one of the early settlers in 
 this county. Her grandfather was probate judge of the county for 
 several years. She was married January 17, 1869, to John Buck. 
 He Was born August 24, 1824, and died July 27, 1877. He was sur- 
 veyor of Montgomery county twenty-one years, and was a valuable 
 and efficient officer. In politics he was a democrat. She has three 
 children : Anna, Emma, and John. She was married the second 
 time, January 14, 1880, to Daniel K. MuUin. He was born June 
 22, 1831, and for years was a trader in stock. Mrs. Mullen is an act- 
 ive, energetic woman. 
 
 Samuel FuUen, deceased, was of English and Irish stock, and 
 was born in Virginia, January 22, 1799.- In his infancy his parents 
 emigrated to Knoxville, Tennessee, where they remained until he 
 was eight years old ; then removing, settled at Connersville, Fayette 
 county, Indiana, and subsequently fixed their honife in Marion county, 
 thus making their residence in the northwest territory some eight 
 years prior to the admission of Indiana as a state into the Union. 
 Capt. FuUen was married October 2, 1817, to Miss Annie Pogue, 
 daughter of George Pogue, a famous western adventurer, and one of 
 the earliest settlers of Indianapolis. She was born in South Carolina 
 July 15, 1797. It is believed that her father was killed by the Indians. 
 His horses were stolen by them, and he went in pursuit, but nothing 
 was ever afterward heard of him.' The neighbors followed hard 
 upon the depredators and retook the animals. The wife of Pogue 
 was Miss Cassa A. Paine, who was born, according to the most re- 
 liable account, September 7, 1769. Her death occurred in this 
 county October 9, 1861, at the extreme age of ninety-two years, one 
 month and two days. Her remains were deposited in Oak Hill 
 cemetery. Capt. Fullea was a militia officer in the days when mus- 
 ters and trainings were all in fashion. In Marion county he held the 
 office of justice of the peace many years. He was a strong believer 
 in universal salvation, and after his settlement in this county, in 
 1840, took the pulpit, and labored with more or less regularity until 
 1845 to disseminate this favorite doctrine. In politics he could justly 
 boast with pride that he was a Jackson democrat ; and,' like most of 
 the venerable men of that school of belief, he was active and influen- 
 tial in his party. He often took the stump, and in 1856 labored 
 in this way in that memorable canvass with more than his ordinary 
 zeal. He made his living by farming. He began poor, but acquired 
 a fair competence, and at his death, which occurred April 7, 1876, 
 left a good farmj of 160 acres, three miles north of Crawfordsville. 
 15 
 
226 HISTOKT OF MOlfTGOMBBT COUNTY. 
 
 He .enjoyed the respect of a numerous acquaintance, and was widely 
 known for his integrity, intelligence, and general worth as a citizen. 
 His wife, a kindly and estimable woman, in whom were the graces 
 of cheerfulness, frugality and tender benevolence, survived him but 
 a short time. She went peacefully to rest on the 19th of August, 1877, 
 and was laid with the other members of the family, who are buried 
 in Oak HUl cemetery. The children by these parents were fifteen 
 in number, as follows : Amanda, wife of the Rev. Daniel Yines, of 
 Fayette county, Iowa ; Emaline, now Mrs. Seth Curtis, of Douglas 
 county, Minnesota; Melinda, relict of Harvey Montgomery; Lucinda, 
 wife of John Alexander, of Tama county, Iowa ; Matilda, born Feb- 
 ruary 20, 1820, and died July 17, 1845, married Thomas Hanks, who 
 also died many years ago; Cassa A., born Ifovember 2, 1826, and 
 died December 16, 1871, married Peter Sandoe, who died in the 
 army; Samuel J., born March 26, 1827, and died April 26, 1843; 
 Charles M. ; Louisafta, now Mrs. Joseph Alexander, of Worth county, 
 Missouri ; Andrew Jackson ; Martin Yan Buren, born January 16, 
 1833, and died January 30, 1868; Stincy, wife of John J. Darter; 
 Elizabeth, died in infancy ; Thomas H.B., and John W., June 5, 1868. 
 JohnW. FuUen was appointed by the commissioners school examiner 
 of Montgomery county, and filled the office with much ability for 
 three years. In the autumn of the same year he was also appointed 
 superintendent of the public schools of the city of Crawfordsville, the 
 first who ever held that office, and performed its duties with unquali- 
 fied satisfaction four years. He retired during the school years 1872 
 and 1873, but in the summer of the last named year was recalled by the 
 trustees, and occupied this responsible position two years longer. 
 He organized and graded the schools for the city, and instituted the 
 admirable system by which they are now governed, and the youth 
 receiving efficient instruction. We properly close this family sketch 
 with the following obituary, written by the brother of the deceased, 
 Prof. J. W. Fullen, and which appeared in the Crawfordsville 
 "Review" the week succeeding the announcement of his death: 
 ' ' We are pained to announce the death of Martin Y. Fullen, son of 
 Samuel and Annie Fullen, . of this county, who died suddenly of, 
 cholera on the 30th day of January, 1868, at Bnenos Ayres, South 
 America. He left home in the spring of 1854, at the age of twenty- 
 one, and died in his thirty-sixth year, after an absence of fourteen 
 years without a returning visit to friends and home. For some five 
 or six years previous to his death, Mr. FuUen had been in the em- 
 ploy of the United States ministpr to Paraguay. The United States 
 consul at Buenos Ayres, Hon. M. E. Hollister, states that he, accom- 
 
UKIGK TowisrsHip. "^ '■ 227 
 
 panied by his son and the American clergyman, Rev. Dr. Gbodfellow, 
 toot charge of the burial of the deceased tii the Pfotestantcemetery, 
 and also that he took possession of his effects. All who ever knew 
 Martin will lament his sudden death. An unpretending, yet ingen- 
 ious youth, reared in the quiet country, his only ambition froni early 
 boyhood was to travel. He seemed to catch the inspiiration from the 
 very breezes, and to envy the wild swan her annual flights to the 
 sunny regions of the south. It is consoling to his friends to know 
 that, though exposed to the wiles of every clime, he died a sober, 
 prosperous, and upright man." 
 
 Alfred D. Lofland, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, was 
 born in this township August 12, 1841. His father, William Lofl'ahd, 
 emigrated from Delaware to Montgomery county as early as 1834, 
 and after his arrival married Sally Simpson. Her father, Allen 
 Simpson, had located on the farm now owned and occupied by the 
 subject of this sketch, having bought it several years before from a 
 Mr. Croy. Mr. Lofland' s father was a tanner and worked at his 
 trade. His tanyard was on this place. He died when our subject 
 was only three years of age, and left three other children, John, 
 Hevellow, and Nancy. The two last are dead. The mother's second 
 marriage was with Henry Thurston. She died December 31, 1879, 
 and was sixth-eight years old at her death. Mr. Lofland was 
 enrolled August 16, 1862, in Co. E, T2d Ind. Vols. At Louisville 
 his regiment was brigaded with' the 17th Indiana, and the 98th 
 and the 123d Illinois regiments. For its distiiiguished service this 
 command -became celebrated as Wilder' s brigade of mounted in- 
 fantry. He served under Rosecrans in his advance from Murfreesboro, 
 fighting at Hoover's Grap, and participated in a brilliant affair, by his 
 brigade alone, in gaining the rear of Bragg' s army, and assaulting 
 Deckerd Station by night, causing the enemy to fall back the next day. 
 He was engaged at Chickamauga, and was in pursuit of Wheeler's 
 cavalry twenty-one days after that battle. In the following winter 
 three hundred of his regiment were detailed, under the command of 
 Maj. Carr, and went with the expedition under Gen. Sooy Smith to 
 cooperate with Gen. Sherman in the Meridian campaign. He was 
 present throughout the prolonged disaster which befel Gen. Smith's 
 command, and fought in the sharp engagement at Okolona. He was 
 in constant service during the Atlanta campaign^ and after that ter- 
 minated returned to Rome, Georgia, where the horses of the brigade 
 were turned over to Gen. Kilpatrick, when the men went back to 
 Louisville to be remounted. When this had been accomplished 
 they joined Gen. Wilson's column, whi(fti took Selma, Alabama, by 
 
228 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 assault, destroyed an immense amount of property, and supple- 
 mented the bold achievement with the taking of Oolumbu-s and Macon, 
 Georgia, when the close of the war put an end to further operations. 
 He was mustered out at Indianapolis July 6, 1865. Mr. Lofland was 
 married October 5, 1870, to Miss Catherine Hamilton. Their only 
 child, "William, born October 7, 1871, died of diphtheria January 12, 
 1881. Mr. Lofland belongs to the Methodist chiirch. He is an Odd- 
 Fellow, and owns 115 acres of choice land. In politics a republican. 
 In 1876 he traveled in Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas. 
 
 The following extracts taken from a number of the "Wabash 
 Magazine," published December 1861, will be read with pleasure 
 by every one. We regret that our space will not permit the use of 
 the whole article. Editor: " E.ev. Charles White, D.D., died of 
 apoplexy, on Tuesday evening, October 29, 1861. In usual health, 
 he had attended all his college duties during the day, and had 
 spent the evening in writing a sermon on faith, closing his evening 
 labor with this sentence: ''Faith sees the blessed Savior at the 
 death bedside, with attendant angels to soothe and sustain, and bear 
 up the spirit to heaven. " After completing his preparations for retir- 
 ing to rest for the night, he fell across the bed and expired. At half- 
 past nine in the evening he was found by his son, the body still warm 
 and flexible, but life extinct. The countenance, mild and placid in 
 death, as it had ever been in life, indicated that the well poised shaft 
 of death had sped instantly to the seat of life, and that without a strug- 
 gle or a groan " the spirit was loosened clean and clear from earth," 
 and bouyant and exultant mounted to heaven. The dark valley of 
 the shadow of death was mercifully narrowed to a line, and the 
 loved and honored one on earth passed instantly to the bright re- 
 gions of heavenly glory, to be carried to the Savior's bosom by those 
 other loved ones of earth who had gone before. Dr. White was 
 born at Randolph, Massachusetts, December 28, 1795, of pious 
 parents. The family traced their lineage directly to the family of 
 Whites that came over in the Mayflower. Dr. White often referred 
 with pleasure to his pilgrim ancestors. His father dying when he 
 was two years old, he was left to the sole care of a mother of great 
 vigor of intellect and unusual excellence of character. He fitted for 
 college in Randolph, Yermont, under the eminent classical scholar, 
 Rev. Rufus ISTutting. He became a member of Dartmouth College 
 in 1817, and graduated with the first honors of his class in 1821. 
 He immediately received the appointment of tutor in his Alma Ma- 
 ter, but declined, and entered the Theological Seminary at Andover, 
 Massachusetts. Interrupted for a time in his theological studies by 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 229 
 
 sickness, he spent a year at St. Johns, South Carolina, but after- 
 ward returned to Andover and continued his studies until 1824. 
 January 1, 1825, he was settled over a Congregational church in 
 Thetford, Vermont, as colleague pastor, with his stepfather, Rev. 
 Dr. Burton. After four years at that place, he was called to suc- 
 ceed Kev. Dr. Brown, as minister of the Presbyterian church in 
 Cazenovia, New York. At that place, and subsequently at Oswego, 
 New York, he fulfilled the duties of pastor with marked success for 
 thirteen years. During the period of his ministry a number of ex- 
 tensive revivals occurred. He received the honorary degree of 
 D.D. from Union College, New York, in 1840. In 1841 he received 
 and accepted an invitation to the presidency of Wabash College, 
 which position he occupied until removed by death. Dr. White 
 was married to Miss Martha Carter, March 8, 1825. Their family 
 consisted of ten children, five of whom still survive, four sons and 
 one daughter. Mrs. White died December 18, 1860. Dr. White 
 was most widely known in the west as the president of Wabash Col- 
 lege. After fourteen years of rich experience as a minister of the gos- 
 pel, he entered, in the full vigor of his riper years, upon the duties 
 of the presidency of this institution. Possessed of a fine literary 
 taste, he sought to establish a high literary standard. As a teacher 
 he was accurate and industrious. As a presiding officer he was 
 strict, but kind, seeking rather to win than command obedience. 
 Students always highly prized his teaching, and never had occasion 
 to complain of severity in his discipline. His daily morning prayers 
 in the college chapel, his weekly sermons in the pulpit, so full of 
 holy unction and power, his everyday walk and influence, oh, how 
 sadly will we miss them! Dr. ]i¥hite's character can be summed up 
 in these few words : he was of the highest style a christian scholar. 
 Dr. White's intellect was massive, his conception clear, his idiom 
 largely pure saxon, his style carefully ornate and polished, his ratio- 
 cination 'perfectly logical, his argumentation always cumulative, and 
 his conclusions irresistible. As a thinker he was profound, and as 
 a writer, eminently successful. , Never trusting to extemporaneous 
 power, he spoke ever with effect. The acted maxim of his life was, 
 if you wish others to think, you must think yourself. Welling up 
 from the innermost depths of a large heart, and flowing forth in 
 streams at all times pure and sometimes sparkling, his writings pos- 
 sess an interest and excellence which will give them a place above 
 the ordinary productions of the day, with the standard christian litera- 
 ture of our age. His sentences were always so carefully formed that 
 from their very smoothness they sometimes failed to atti-act; as they 
 
230 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 would have done had they been less finished. The human mind is 
 so constructed, or, perhaps, rather warped and weakened by sin, 
 that it grasps more readily and retains more completely the im23er- 
 fectj the defective. It rejoices not over the ninety-nine as over the 
 one returned from wandering. Thus, also, the least faulty composi- 
 tion is not the most attractive. Dr. White's periods are full and 
 round, wanting the rough edge that we may grasp and retain, or use 
 with power, yet growing more and more in beauty, symmetry and 
 excellence, as we carefully dwell upon and study them. Examples 
 like this might be multiplied indefinitely, but we forbear. Dr. 
 "White has published addresses made before the Bible, the Home 
 Missionary, and the temperance societies ; also, sermons at the 
 death of President Harrison, and at the interment of Hon. T. A. 
 Howard. He furnished four discourses for the ' ' National Preacher. ' ' 
 Other publications of his are a lecture, delivered before the Ameri- 
 can Institute, in Massachusetts, a number of articles for the "Bib- 
 liotheca," at Andover, and many papers for the La Fayette 
 "Journal," and ISTew York "Evangelist." His most important 
 work is a volume of essays on literature and ethics, of 471 pages, on 
 the following subjects : Eeligion an Essential Part of all Education ; 
 Independence of Mind ; Goodness Indispensable to True Great- 
 ness ; A Pure and Sound Literature ; Political Rectitude ; Western 
 Colleges ; Contributions of Intellect to Religion ; The Practical Ele- 
 ment in Christianity ; The Conservative Element in Christianity ; 
 Protestant Christianity adapted to be the Religion of the World ; Char- 
 acteristics of the Present Age ; Literary Responsibilities of Teachers. 
 The high literary character of this volume alone would give the 
 author a prominent place among the contributors to a pure and 
 sound literature. The elegant steel engraving found. elsewhere in 
 this work represents Dr. White a few years younger than he was at 
 his decease. A very excellent portrait in oil, life size, of President 
 White, adorns the hall of the Lyceum of Wabash College. This 
 valuable painting is a present to the society, by her alumni and 
 friends. Many peculiarly interesting circumstances cluster about 
 the death of Dr. White. While we deeply mourn his loss to his 
 family, to the church, and especially to the college, we have it 
 not in heart to wish him back again, since death to him is such infi- 
 nite gain. Less than one year before, while attending the death-bed 
 of his sainted wife; in reply to her expressed regrets at leaving him, 
 he replied: "Not long, I will soon come." How soon is the prom- 
 ise fulfilled, and how kind that Providence which, after so brief a 
 separation, has reunited in Paradise two who loved so long and so 
 well on earth. ',; 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 231 
 
 William H. Lynn, one of the -prominent grocers of Crawfords- 
 ville, was born in the same city June 16, 1840. He is the son of 
 James W. and Lucinda (McConnel) Lynn. James W. Lynn was a 
 native of Kentucky. He was born in 1809, and raised a farmer. He 
 emigrated to Vigo county, Indiana, in 1828, and served as deputy 
 clerk for two years. In 1830 he moved to Montgomery county, and 
 became deputy to the second clerk of said county, and soon- after 
 was elected county clerk. He was in this office for nearly thirty 
 years. In old whig times he was a supporter of whig principles, but 
 afterward allied himself with the democracy. He, however, was de- 
 cidedly a man of the people, his election taking place without op- 
 position. He was a liberal supporter of the church and all progressive 
 movements. He invested largely in railroad and telegraph stock; 
 also built the store building now occupied by his son, William H. 
 He had fought his own battles in life, and died April 10, 1872, leav- 
 ing a legacy to his children of a good name and a competency of 
 $15,000 or $20,000. His wife, Mrs. Lucinda Lynn, was born in 
 Ohio, 1817. The life of William H. has been spent mostly in 
 his native city. He early attended Wabash College, and at the 
 age of seventeen years began merchandising for himself on Green 
 street, in the grocery business. He also spent two years in the 
 dry-goods trade. In the fall of 1862 he enlisted in Co. K, 86th 
 Ind., served his country at the battles of Perryville and through 
 Tennessee, about one year. He was first lieutenant, but on account 
 of ill health resigned his position, and returned to his business in 
 Crawfordsville. He now carries a trade of from $40,000 to $50,000 
 per year, and is one of the most reliable grocery dealers in the city. 
 He is located in the Phoenix block, south of the court-house, and 
 employs three clerks. Mr. Lynn is a strong democrat. He was mar- 
 ried January 2, 1878, to Miss Linnie Heath, daughter of Col. D. M. 
 Heath, of Crawfordsville, whose sketch appears elsewhere. Mrs. 
 Lynn is a member of the Presbyterian church. 
 
 Capt. Bruce Carr, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, was 
 born in Union county, Indiana, July 8, 1841, and is the son of Thomas 
 and Elizabeth Carr. His mother, a member of the Christian church, 
 iwas born May 13, 1797, and is still living. His father settled in 
 this county in 1855, and resided here till his death, April 1, 1876, in 
 his seventy-ninth year. He was a minister in the Christian church 
 for about sixty years. He was a blacksmith and edge-tool man, 
 working at his trade through the week and preaching on Sunday. 
 He was first a whig, then an ardent, earnest republican. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch attended Wabash CoUege about two years, and at 
 
232 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 the age of fourteen went to California, remaining about four years. 
 He returned, and in ]S"ovember, 1861, enlisted as a private in Oo. K, 
 58th Ind. Vols. He was made orderly sergeant, and soon afterward 
 promoted to captain. He first went to Lebanon, Kentucky, and was 
 in the army under Gen. Buell. In 1863 his regiment veteranized, 
 and Capt. Carr came home and raised Co. D, in the 135th Ind.Yols., 
 for 100 days. He was mustered out in September 1864. Since the 
 war he has been successfully engaged in farming and stock raising. 
 He has 205|^ acres where he lives, and 320 in Iowa. His fa^m is 
 about three miles from Crawford sville, on Sec. 16. Mr. Carr is a 
 strong republican and first-class citizen. 
 
 Courtney Talbot, who died in Montgomery county, Indiana, Sep- 
 tember 11, 1867, was a native of Bourbon county, Kentucky, and 
 was born September 4, 1804. His^grandfather, Samuel Talbot, was 
 born in Yirginia, March 17, 1756. He married Constantine Eeagan, 
 also a native of Yirginia, in 1775. Nicholas Talbot, the father of 
 the subject of this sketch, was their only son. He removed to Ken- 
 tucky while young and married Miss Aria Kennedy, a daughter of 
 John Kennedy, who was captured by the British at the battle of 
 Guilford Court House, in North Carolina, March 15, 1781, and died 
 soon after on board of a British prison-ship, from the effects of the 
 bad treatment he received from his captors. The day before he 
 started on the campaign, which resulted in his capture and death, he 
 wrote a letter from Yirginia to his brother Thomas, then in Kentucky, 
 the original of which, in a beautiful plain hand, is yet preserved, and 
 is now in the possession of Eli M. Kennedy, of Dover, La Fayette 
 county, Missouri. In this letter he breathes a spirit of the most fer- 
 vent patriotism and devotion to the cause of the colonies, but ex- 
 presses some misgivings as to the final result of the contest for inde- 
 pendence. If the spirits,pf the dead are ever permitted to look down 
 upon the conduct of those who were near and dear to them in life, 
 the spirit of John Kennedy must have experienced intense satisfac- 
 tion at witnessing the heroic and unflinching patriotism of his grand- 
 son, the subject of this sketch, to maintain the government which he 
 had sacrificed his life to aid in establishing. For although Courtney 
 Talbot lived in Kentucky at the commencement of the war, in the 
 midst of a bitter rebel sentiment, his devotion to the Union grew the 
 more firm as the spirit of disloyalty increased in fury. "When An- 
 drew Johnson delivered a strong Union speech in the summer of 1861, 
 at Paris, Kentucky, to a vast concourse, made up largely of mad- 
 dened secessionists, he appealed to the Kentuckians to know if they 
 would permit the national army to march through Kentucky to the 
 
UKION TOWNSHIP. 233 
 
 relief of his oppressed people in East Tennessee. Mr. Talbot, in the 
 midst of great excitement, sprang to his feet, and in a voice of deep 
 earnestness answered, "Yes, sir, we shall not only allow the Union 
 army to go to East Tennessee, through Kentucky, but will go with 
 it and aid it in suppressing this infernal rebellion." And he did 
 volunteer at once, but on account of his age was not mustered into 
 the service. He, however, joined a company of home guards, and 
 during Kirby Smith's invasion of Kentucky, in 1862, he was cap- 
 tured and paroled. He afterward had his written parole framed and 
 hung in his parlor, that his descendants, as he said, to the latest gen- 
 eration, might know that he was always true to his country. Mr. 
 Talbot was a man of great industry and muscular power when in his 
 prime, and always took the lead in all hard work done upon his farm. 
 He was often known to cut up and shock forty shocks of heavy corn 
 in one day. Marvelous stories are preserved in the traditions of 
 the family about one of his great-uncles in Fairfax county, Virginia, 
 who was noted far and wide as a giant in size and strength. Mr. 
 Talbot had many strong and noted traits , of character. He was 
 scrupulously punctual in all his engagements, and throughout an act- 
 ive business life of more than forty years never contracted a debt 
 which he did not pay when due. He was never involved in but two 
 lawsuits, both of which he gained, but afterward yielded up what he 
 had contended for, saying his only object was to have the court de- 
 cide he was in the right. He occupied a high rank in the Masonic 
 fraternity, to which order he was strongly attached. He had an 
 unconqiierable will and unyielding moral and physical courage. He 
 had acquired a more thorough knowledge of history, poetry, etc., 
 than men of his calling usually do. He was a great_ admirer of 
 Burns, and could repeat from memory many of his poems. He was 
 fond of reading the great speeches of Daniel Webster, and nothing 
 delighted him so much as to learn by heart, and repeat from time to 
 time to his family and friends, some of the striking sentiments of 
 patriotism from Mr. Webster's finished orations. Mr. Talbot was 
 not connected with any church, but was always fond of listening to 
 good sermons. He was a believer in the general doctrines taught by 
 the Universalist denomination, and would always attend the preach- 
 ing of that denomination when he had an opportunity to do so. He 
 was liberal in his religious views and looked upon the golden rule as 
 the sum and substance of Christianity. Mr. Talbot was married in 
 Fayette county, Kentucky, December 16, 1830, to Miss Elizabeth 
 Harp, daughter of John Harp, a leading farmer of that county. Her 
 mother's maiden name was Leah Hitter. The result of this union 
 
234 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY OOUKTY. 
 
 was thirteen children, ten of whom are yet living. Their names, in 
 the order in which they were born, are as follows : Nicholas, Eliza- 
 beth, Emily, John, Margaret, Rebecca, Henry, Aria, Mary N., Ben- 
 jamin F., Joseph W., Alice, and Daniel W. Mrs. Talbot, his 
 widow, who was always a devoted wife and faithful mother, still re- 
 sides on the homestead, near Crawfordsville, and four of the chil- 
 dren, Magaret, Joseph W., Alice, and Daniel W., reside with her. 
 Elizabeth married James M. Fisher, in Kentucky, and is now a 
 widow with a large family of children, and lives near Lexington, in 
 that state. Nicholas married Miss Mary M. Penn, in Bourbon 
 
 / county, Kentucky, and now lives on a farm in Boone county, 
 near Covington. Emily married P. S. Kennedy, now of Craw- 
 
 ' fordsville, Indiana. Rebecca married James A. "Wilson, and 
 lives in Columbus, Ohio. Henry married Miss Hettie A. Evans, of 
 Waveland, and lives on a farm near Crawfordsville. Mary N. mar- 
 ried Milton K. "Wheat, and now lives near Pleasant Hill, Missouri. 
 John, Aria, and Benjamine F. died in their infancy. Besides these 
 ten children Mrs. Talbot has living twenty-seven grandchildren and 
 one great-grandchild. 
 
 Theodore McMechan, dentist, Crawfordsville, was born in Tippe- 
 canoe county, December 19, 1841, and is the son of Dr. J. G. Mc- 
 Mechan, whose biography appears in Franklin township of this 
 work. Dr. McMechan, the subject of this sketch, had the advan- 
 tage of the common school, and also attended Wabash College sev- 
 eral terms. After he began life he worked in the drug business, at 
 painting, and in a dry-goods store. In 1861 he enlisted in Co. I, 
 11th Ind. Vols., for three months. After coming home from the 
 war he studied dentistry in Crawfordsville awhile, then clerked two 
 years in a wholesale dry-goods store in Leavenworth, Kansas. He 
 then returned to Crawfordsville, where he finished the study of den- 
 tistry, and in 1865 began practicing in Muncie, Delaware county, 
 remaining there two years. Since then he has resided in Crawfords- 
 ville, where he has successfully practiced his profession and estab- 
 lished a high reputation among his fellow citizens. He was married 
 June 2, 1870, to Miss Helen C. Eaton. They have one child, 
 Maud, born in 1872. Dr. McMechan is a member of the Grand 
 Army of the Republic, the Knights of Pythias, and in politics is a 
 staunch republican. He was appointed deputy city clerk and served 
 one year and a half, and in May, 1876, was elected to that office, 
 which he held two years. "We close this brief memoir with the fol- 
 lowing resolution and comment published in the Crawfordsville 
 ' ' Journal ' ' September 4, 1880 : " Next Monday Theo. McMechan, 
 
TJKION TOWNSHIP. 235 
 
 who has filled the oflSce of city clerk during the past six years, will 
 retire and give place to his successor, W. T. Miller. In his retire- 
 ment the city will lose a faithful, efficient and painstaking officer. We 
 believe it is the universal verdict that he has performed the duties 
 of his position, which were multifarious and complex in their char- 
 acter, faithfully and well and to the satisfaction of all with whom he 
 came in business contact. He leaves the office in good shape and 
 will turn over the books to his successor as neat as he received them 
 from the hands of T, J). Brown. As a testimonial of the esteem in 
 which he is held by the city council, that body, on last Monday 
 evening, adopted the following resolution and ordered it spread on 
 the records : ' Whereas, the term of office for which Theodore 
 McMechan was elected is about to expire, and the mayor and com- 
 mon council recognizing and feeling the loss the city will sustain in 
 losing from her clerk's desk and counsel so efficient an officer ; 
 therefore be it resolved, that we tender to him our sincere thanks 
 for the manner in which he has conducted the business of the office, 
 and gladly award him the meed of praise justly due to an efficient 
 officer, and sincerely trust that prosperity may attend him in all 
 after duties of life.' On his retirement to the shades of private life 
 Dr. McMechan will resume the practice of dentistry, in which pro- 
 fession he has proven himself to be as proficient as he has proved 
 himself in the temporary avocation of city clerk." 
 
 S. B. Moi-gan, M.D., Crawfordsville, was born in Hunungton 
 county, 'New Jersey, and at the age of four years he removed with 
 his parents to Butler county, Ohio, where they a few years after 
 died, leaving the doctor, then a stripling of a youth, to depend upon 
 his own judgment and resources. At the age of seventeen years he 
 went to Piqua, Miami county, Ohio, and began teaching school and 
 the study of medicine. He remained about four years and then re- 
 moved to Bellefontaine, Ohio, where he began in the drug trade with 
 a small stock of goods, and still prosecuted his study of medicine. 
 He then went to Cincinnati and entered the Medical College of Ohio, 
 graduating after proper study. Shortly after he went to Port Jef- 
 ferson, Ohio, and spent one year in the practice of his profession. 
 His next remove was to Crawfordsville, in 1841, where he at once be- 
 gan practice. In 18T1 he met with an accident that crippled him 
 badly for a number of years. It occurred by his being thrown from 
 his buggy and hurting one of his thighs. He has, however, so far 
 recovered ap to continue his practice. He is among the oldest and 
 best known physicians of the county, and has been reasonably suc- 
 cessful in financial matters as well as in the practice of medicine? 
 
236 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 In 1833 the doctor married Miss Margaret Monson. Tlie fruits of 
 their uniou have been six children, three sons and three daughters, 
 though but one of the former and two of the latter are now liv- 
 ing. The eldest son, William H., in 1853 entered the United States 
 Naval Academy of Annapolis, from which he graduated, and returned 
 to his home. In 1861, at the breaking out of the war, he entered 
 the army, and was commissioned by Gov. 0. P. Morton Lieut. - 
 Col. of the 25th Ind. Yols. In a short time he was commissioned 
 colonel of the regiment, and remained with it until 1865. During 
 the war he was appointed to go to Washington city and assist in or- 
 ganizing the Hancock Corps. lie was one of the committee to ex- 
 amine and select officers for the corps, of which he was one of the 
 drill-masters. He was appointed colonel of one of the regiments of 
 the corps, and sent to Springfield, 111. , where the regiment was dis- 
 banded some time after the close of the war. This was the end of 
 his military career. He then went to Kansas City, Missouri, and 
 engaged in the wholesale drug trade, which he in turn gave up and 
 engaged extensively in the growing of sheep in Kansas, where he died 
 in the spring of 1878. D. N. Morgan, the second son and only one 
 now living, graduated from the Wabash College in 1868. William 
 H. had also attended the same college, and in 1861 he entered the 
 army as a sutler. He returned safely, and is now engaged in the 
 drug trade at Lodi, Illinois. John, the youngest of the sons, was a 
 student in Wabash College at the time of the breaking out of 
 the war, in 1861. He left college, and also entered the army as 
 a sutler. At the close of the war he weiit to Arkansas, but not be- 
 ing accustomed to the climate he was shortly stricken with fever, 
 which soon caused his death. Sarah E., the eldest of the daughters, 
 was married in 1864 to Joseph Gilbert, of Terre Haute, Indiana. 
 Miss Marth J., the youngest sister, is still at home with her parents. 
 Daniel W. Starns was born in Fountain county, Indiana, near 
 Jacksonville, October 21, 1842, and lived on a farm until eighteen 
 years of age. His advantages for learning were limited, but he 
 studied at home until he obtained a fair education, often writing for 
 local newspapers. September 18, 1861, he enlisted in Co. B, 10th 
 111. Vol. Inf , serving three years, in the meantime correspondent 
 for several northern newspapers. He wrote several poems that were 
 extensively copied, over the nom-de-plume of "Frank Mayfield." 
 After being mustered out he attended Wabash College for a time, 
 and then engaged in business in Jacksonville, Fountain county, in 
 the autumn of 1865, and was appointed post-master. He was mar- 
 fied in March, 1866, to Mary E. Miller, and in July was nominated 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 237 
 
 for representative to the legislature on the republican ticket, but was 
 defeated by a small majority. He then sold out and moved to Hills- 
 boro, and taught .school till ISYO, and the same j-ear was a deputy 
 United States marshal for taking the census of Fountain county. In 
 1871 he moved to Crawfordsville, and accepted a position in the 
 grocery of A. F. Ramsey, Esq., for eight years, being general super- 
 intendent. In 18Y8 he was secretary of the republican central com- 
 mittee. During his residence in the "Athens of Indiana" he paid 
 considerable attentionto writing poetic compositions for the " Cincin- 
 nati Gazette," "Toledo Blade," " liidianapolis Journal, " etc., with 
 an occasional magazine article, until his reputation became state wide. 
 He is at present employed as chief salesman in the wholesale grocery 
 house of T. N. Lucas, Esq. Mr. Starns has a cottage of his own in 
 one of the suburbs, where he lives, surrounded by a happy and lov- 
 ing family. The following poem is from the pen of Mr. Starns — 
 "Frank Mayfield": 
 
 THE PA.W-PAW. 
 
 When in the woods I hear the sound 
 Of pheasant tapping on his drum, 
 And ripe nuts falling to the gfound, 
 I know that paw-paw time has come ! 
 
 And that the fruit that rivals all 
 The rarest fruits of tropic skies, 
 ■ But waits my slightest touch to fall 
 In mellowness before my eyes! 
 
 Let those ^ho will, hoast of the vines, 
 And trees with fruitage of the South, 
 And long for figs and muscatines 
 That melt within the eager mouth; 
 
 But give to me the creamy mass 
 Of golden pulp, with odor sweet. 
 As that of dewy orchard grass 
 When pressed beneath a maiden's feet. 
 
 And flavor rich as that of wine 
 That has for years in cellars lain, 
 In villages along the Rhine 
 And in the sunny vales of Spain. 
 
 And I will never pine for more. 
 
 Or statelier flavor than I find 
 
 Within the luscious, creamy core, 
 
 Beneath the paw-paw's golden nnd. * 
 
 But while the poets of the South 
 Sing of the fruits of vine and tree. 
 Fit only for some dainty mouth, 
 I will both eat and sing of thee! 
 
238 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Christopher Dice, a successful and mfluential farmer, resides 
 about three and a half miles from Crawfordsville, on the Indianapo- 
 lis gravel road. He was born in Rockbridge county, Virginia, 
 January 22, 1828. His father, David Dice, settled in this- county in 
 1835 and died in 1843. He was in the war of 1812, was a Jackson 
 democrat, a member of the Presbyterian church, as also was his 
 mother, Martha. Mr. Dice had the advantages of the common 
 school of his day, and has always lived on the farm. He began 
 farming for himself when he was twenty-one years old, with very 
 little capital. But by hard work, close attention to business, and 
 good management, he has accumulated considerable property. He 
 has now 250 acres of land in good condition. Mr. Dice was married, 
 the first time, in 1848, to Jane C. Brockmon. She was a member 
 of the Presbyterian church, and died in 1866. The children by this 
 union were : Martha E., Louisa E., Sarah F. (deceased), Euphemia J., 
 Mary A., James F., William B. and Anna B. (deceased). He was 
 married the second time, in 1869, to Mary A. Brosius. She is a 
 member of the Presbyterian church, and was born in 1840. They 
 have three children: Edna Y., John H. and Chrissie (deceased). 
 Martha is married to David A. Kennedy, and lives in Virginia ; 
 Louisa is married to David A. McCray ; Mary A. to William H. Bor- 
 roughs ; Euphemia to William C. Loop. Mr. Dice has been an 
 Elder in the Presbyterian church for a number of years. He has 
 traveled in the west, Alabama, Tennessee, and revisited the scenes 
 of his boyhood days in the "Old Dominion " three times. His 
 married daughters are members of the "Presbyterian church. Mr. 
 Dice is nn Odd-Fellow, a Knight of Pythias, and in politics a demo- 
 crat. His grandfather was in the revolutionary war. Mr. Dice is a 
 valuable citizen and a christian gentleman. 
 
 William B. Hardee, grocer, Crawfordsville, was born May 19, 
 1849, in Union township, Montgomery county, Indiana. He is a 
 son of Joseph H. and Mary (Ware) Hardee. Joseph Hardee came 
 to Montgomery county about 1829 or 1830, and settled near Sec. 16, 
 Union township. Later his father came, and in 1837 died. Joseph 
 continued on the farm till 18T1, when he and wife retired to the city. 
 Mrs. Hardee's people, Alexander and Elizabeth Ware, came from 
 Kentucky in 1828 and settled part of School Sec. 1(5, in Union town- 
 ship. This was the principally settled place. Here lived the Wares, 
 where they raised more snakes and nettles than anything else for 
 awhile. Mr. Ware died in 1832 and his wife in 1 843, on a farm they 
 had bought adjoining Sec. 16. Joseph Hardee's father, John Har- 
 dee, and Mrs. Hardee's grandfather Wayman, served in the revolu- 
 
UNI03Sr TOWNSHIP. 239 
 
 tion^ The Hardees and Wares did their part toward converting the 
 wilderness of Montgomery county into its present cultivated condi- 
 tion. William B. Hardee, subject of this sketch, lived on the farm 
 during earlier years. He spent a time at Wabash College. Leav- 
 ing the farm he became clerk in the store of J. T. Mack for three 
 years; then for J. C. Fry two years. In the spring of 18T9 Mr. 
 Hardee opened a grocery on South Walnut street, and in the spring 
 of 1880 he built a store-room, 16x40, on Walnut street, between 
 Perry and Chestnut, and moved his stock. Here he carries on busi- 
 ness and is generally known as the South Side Grocery. Mr. -Hardee 
 was married September 12, 1879, to Miss Isabel, daughter of J. B. and 
 Elizabeth Whitsitt, of Indianapolis. She was born August 6, 1858. 
 They have had one child, Harry W. (deceased). Both are members 
 of the Christian church. Mr. Hardee is an Odd-Fellow and a 
 democrat. 
 
 . David A. Roach, attorney, Crawfordsville, was born in Sugar 
 Creek township, Parke county, Indiana, July 15, 1843, and is the 
 son of Hon. Henry L. and Frances (Allen) Roach. His father, Henry 
 L. Roach, has been quite a prominent man in the democratic ranks. 
 He was born in Bath county, Kentucky, in 181T, and came to eastern 
 Indiana in an early day, and in 1833 settled in Parke county, where 
 he farmed, and filled the office of school trustee. In 1856 he moved 
 to Fountain county, and in 1862 was elected by the democrats to the 
 state legislature. In 1874 he was a defeated candidate for county 
 treasurer. In 1876 he allied himself with the greenback party, and 
 still supports the same principles. His father was taken prisoner at 
 the old Winchester defeat. Mrs. Frances Roach, mother of David 
 A., was born in Morgan county, Kentucky, in 1816. Her people 
 were formerly from Virginia. David A. followed the plow during 
 his youth, and gained but a common school education. Being desi- 
 rous of more learning, he attended the Bloominiiton, Indiana, State 
 University. Choosing law as his profession, he pursued a course in 
 that study at the same institution from which he graduated in 1871. 
 Leaving the college, he settled for practice at Covington. In 1873 
 he changed his location to Rockville, where he remained till 1877, at 
 which time he located at Crawfordsville. In 1876 he was elected 
 states attorney from the twenty-second district, comprising Parke 
 and Montgomery counties, and at the expiration of his term of office 
 became deputy to attorney Collings, of Rockville. In 1880 he was 
 again a candidate for the same office. Mr. Roach was married Octo- 
 ber 23, 1878, to Sarah V. Gillispie, daughter of Garret and Mary J. 
 (Hedges) Gillispie. ■ She was born March 10, 1853. ■ She is a mem- 
 
240 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ber of the Christian church. They have one child, Maud, born July 
 19, 18T9. Mr. Koach is a thorough democrat, and a man who has 
 made his own way thus far in life. 
 
 Capt. W. P. Herron, president of the gas company, Crawfords- 
 ville, was born June 17, 1844, in a rural district of Montgomery county, 
 Indiana, and is the son of James D. and Rebecca (Young) Herron. 
 His father, James D. Herron, was born January 26, 1798, in South 
 Carolina, and in an eWy day moved to Ohio, and in 1825 entered 
 land in Montgomery county, Indiana, and made his home here till 
 he died, October 21, 1874. Mrs. Eebecca Herron was born Novem 
 ber 20, 1802, her parents being natives of Pennsylvania. Capt. Her- 
 ron' s grandfather was a Scotchman, he having brought his wife and 
 children from the land of Burns prior to the revolutionary war, in 
 which conflict he fought for the independence of his adopted country 
 in the American navy, and at IS'ew York was taken prisoner by the 
 British fleet, and held by them for two years. After the war closed 
 he settled at Newbury, South Carolina. Mr. Herron attended "Wa- 
 bash College three years, leaving his books to enter the civil war 
 in July 1862. He enlisted in Co. B, 77th Ind. Vols., under 
 Capt. A. 0. Miller, and served till the close of the war. He was 
 transferred at Stone Kiver from the infantry to the cavalry service, 
 becoming one of the famous Wilder' s brigade, whom the rebels called 
 " Wilder' s Hellians," so constantly were they engaged. Mr. Her- 
 ron was wounded at Hoover's Gap, Rock Springs, and Chickamauga, 
 at the last place quite severely, by a piece of shell. During these 
 stirring events Mr. Herron had not remained throughout a private, 
 but was first made second lieutenant at Bowling Green, and promoted 
 to the captaincy of a cavalry company at Stone River. For six months 
 during the Wilson raid he acted as major, and at the close of the war 
 was made provost marshal. His division own the honor of captur- 
 ing Jefferson Davis. August, 1865, Mr Herron closed his soldier's 
 life by an honorable discharge. Hardship and exposure had com- 
 pletely broken his constitution, and for five years he suffered from a 
 lung affection, to alleviate which he traveled quite extensively through 
 the northwest. In 1870 he was engaged as book-keeper for McClure, 
 Fry & Co., of Crawfordsville, also in the county clerk's office, and 
 ■ in 1873 was elected treasurer of Montgomery count}', which office he 
 held two years, and was then elected president of the Crawfordsville 
 gas company, which position he still occupies. He is also a director 
 of the Crawfordsville cofiin factory. Mr. Herron was married Jan- 
 uary 20, 1875, to Miss Ada Patton, daughter of Jacob Patton, Esq., 
 of La Fayette, Indiana. They have two children, Charles and Jessie. 
 
UNioiir TOWNSHIP. 241 
 
 Mr. Herron is a in ember of the Knights of Pythias society. He has 
 always been found in the ranks of the democracy. 
 
 Stephen A. Stillwell, deputy city treasurer, Crawfordsville, was 
 born March 22, 1838, in Montgomery county. His father, Jeremiah 
 Stillwell, was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, July 14, 1796, and 
 is still living with his son Stephen. In 1826 he entered 120 acres of 
 land seven miles south of Crawfordsville, upon which he lived until 
 a couple of years after his wife's death, which occurred May 8, 18T0. 
 He is still the owner of his old home. His wife, Didama (HoUaway) 
 Stillwell, is a sister of Judge HoUaway, and was born April 11, 1800. 
 They were both members of the Old School Baptist church. Mr. Still- 
 well was one of the first settlers of Montgomery county, and assisted 
 in earying the chain in laying out the state roads. When he first vis- 
 ited this city there was but one dwelling and the land-office in its 
 limits. Hewasformerly a whig, now a staunch republican. Stephen's 
 early educational advantages were not the best, but in 1857 and 1868 
 he attended a private school, and by hard work paid his own way. 
 He then began teaching in the winter, and farming in the summer, 
 until his twenty-third year, when he enlisted as a soldier under Capt. 
 Harry Leming, and was mustered in in Co. C, 40th Ind. , in La Fayette, 
 Indiana, November 15, 1861, and was mustered out in February, 
 1864, at Dalton, Tennessee. He then reenlisted, and was mustered 
 in at Chattanooga, Tennessee, in the same month, and was mustered 
 out June 30, 1865, at New Orleans, on the Jackson battle-ground. 
 He participated in the following engagements in the order mentioned : 
 Stanford, Perrysville, Stone River, Chattanooga, Missionary Eidge, 
 Chickamauga, Eesaca, Peachtree Creek, Shiloh, Corinth, Buzzard 
 Koost, Atlanta. He then came back with Thomas, and was in the 
 battle of Nashville, and was on the skirmish-line that began the 
 battle of Franklin. He was wounded at Kenesaw Mountain, June 
 27, being shot through the right leg, breaking the front bone, from 
 the efi'ects of which he passed through an untold amount of suffering. 
 He did his duty fighting for the nation, amply described by his mili- 
 tary record. At the expiration of the war he became engaged in farm- 
 ing. After two years he was imployed in the plaining-mill of Boats 
 & Canine, at which for five years he was noted as a steady worker, 
 having lost but twenty-four days in the entire time. He then was 
 engaged in the grocery business fourteen months. His appointment 
 as deputy treasurer of Montgomery county dates from the expiration 
 of this time, and for four years he was known as an efficient officer. He 
 is now holding the office of deputy city treasurer. He is a member 
 of the Odd-Fellows' fraternity, and the Knights of Pythias. He is 
 
242 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 in religious belief a Universalist. May 15, 1866, he was married to 
 Martha A. Hardee, of this city, a most exemplary woman. His zeal 
 for the principles of the republican party is unbounded. 
 
 David Enoch, farmer and stock raiser, Crawfordsville, was born 
 in Butler county, Ohio, July 23, 1810, and is the son of Abner and 
 Elizabeth Enoch. His father was a farmer and mechanic, and was 
 born in "Washington county, Pennsylvania, from which place he 
 moved to Ohio, where he lived until 1844, when he emigrated to 
 Montgomery county, and settled near Crawfordsville. In Mr. 
 Enoch's youth educational advantages were much inferior to the 
 present system, and young David was forced to be content with such 
 schooling as the subscription plan afforded. Until the age of twenty- 
 six years he remained upon the farm at home, and then began farm- 
 ing for himself. His outfit was poor, and composed of nothing that 
 could be used to advantage to-day. Mr. Enoch rented a farm in 
 Ohio some years, and by frugal habits saved enough of his earnings to 
 make a start, and came to this county overland through swamps, 
 lanes and timber that would cause the younger generation to shud- 
 der in its contemplation, but after ten long, weary days "Athens" 
 was reached, to the entire satisfaction of team and teamster. He soon 
 purchased a farm and has ever since continued to work it witli excel- 
 lent success. His plan of farming has been commerittd upon by able 
 men as being one carried out by a thorough scientific husbandman. 
 One half of his entire farm is constantly under clover or timothy. 
 By his economy, observation and close application to business lie 
 now is the possessor of 300 acres of splendid land, well improved, be- 
 sides $38,000 presented to his children. Mr. Enoch was married to 
 Sarah Jane Henry in 1836, and \)j this union they have become the 
 parents of seven children : Abner P., Mary E., Darwin S., Tillman 
 K. , George A. , Emily, and Khoda A. Abner P. and George A. 
 were prominent students at "Wabash College and have taught several 
 terms of school. He is a Universalist, a Mason, an Odd-Fellow, and 
 a stalwart member of the republican pirty. 
 
 Bennett W. Engle, Crawfordsville, was born near Harper's Ferry, 
 Yirginia, January 19, 1820, and is a son of Michael and Elizabeth 
 (Pollock) Engle. Mr. Engle is of English and Irish descent. His 
 father died when he, Bennett, was eight j'ears old, and his mother 
 two years afterward. Bennett then lived with his brothers and sis- 
 ters -until he was fifteen years of age. His years following wece 
 passed in the store or on the firm. In 1833 lie came to Rising Sun, 
 and clerked until 1845, when he came to Crawfordsville. Here he 
 owned and edited the Crawfordsville "Review" for three years, then 
 
UXION TOWNSHIP. 243 
 
 clerked in the land office for three years, at tlie end of which time he 
 was appointed by James K. Polk, receiver of the public moneys. 
 He held this position until Taylor removed him on account of oppo- 
 site politics, under no other plea than to "the victor belong the 
 spoils." He next acted as local editor of the " Eeview" for one year. 
 In 1863 the El^ton Bank was established, and Mr. Engle was called 
 to the position of cashier, which he has held ever since. He has 
 been a lifelong democrat, and is an Odd-Fellow. He began life 
 for liimself with a cipher, and by perseverance, close attention to 
 business, and strict regard for all promises, he has been enabled to 
 prefix the significant figures until he is now in comfortable circum- 
 stances. Mr. Engle was married September 13, 1854, to Miss "Whil- 
 lie Beard, daughter of the Hon. John Beard, one of the most influ- 
 ential members of the state legislature for many years, father of the 
 public school fund, and a man who was never beaten for office. He 
 is further noticed in the sketch of Mrs. Engle's brother. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Engle have four children : John E. , Mary, Emma, and Bennett 
 Beard. Mrs. Engle is a member of the Christian church. 
 
 James B. Mack, farmer and stock-raiser, Crawfordsville, was born 
 in Butler county, Ohio, December 8, 1819, and is the son of Erastus 
 and Martha Mack. Mr. Mack's, grandfather was a drum-major in 
 the revolutionary" war. His father, who was a farmer, was in 
 the war of 1812, and was a whig, and died in 1846. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch had such advantages of education as the com- 
 mon school of his day afforded. He came to this county in 
 1845, and began farming for himself. • Mr. Mack has been very suc- 
 cessful as a farmer. He has not confined his farming to any one 
 branch, but has raised grain, cattle, hogs and sheep. He settled on 
 his present place in 1852. He has a well improved farm of 220 acres, 
 on which he has a good orchard, a nice two-story dwelling house 
 and a large new barn. His old barn was burned June 9, 1880. His 
 residence is about four miles from Crawfordsville, on the Whitesville 
 gravel road, and is one of the prettiest places on the road. Mr.' 
 Mack was married in December, 1843, to Miss Sarah J. Eogers. 
 She was born in 1822. The children by this union have been five : 
 Martha C, married to Charles Edwards ; Isabel L. , married to David 
 H. Martin ; Mary A., married to Arch. Martin ; Ciiarles and Lena. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Mack are liberal in their religious views. Mr. Mack 
 was formerly a whig, but is now a strong adherent to the principles 
 of the republican party. He voted first for Henry Clay, in 1844. 
 Mr. Mack is an intelligent and respected citizen. 
 
 Thomas H. Winton, painter, Crawfordsville, was born in Butler 
 
244 HISTORY OF MOKTGOMBKY COUNTY. 
 
 county, Ohio, February 4, 1822. His father, Eobert "Winton, was a 
 captain under Gen. Harrison in the war of 1812. He entered land 
 in this county in 1822, and settled here with his family in 1828. The 
 subject of this sketch attended Wabash College three years. He 
 went to the first school and Sunday-school in the county, a log school 
 house with paper windows. He began engraving in 1839, and pub- 
 lished the " Spy," the first paper in Logansport, and helped establish 
 the Wabash county " Gazette." He assisted John B. Dillon, the his- 
 torian and poet, on his History of Indiana. He settled in this county 
 in 1847. He was married July 2, 1849, to Harriet McClure, and has 
 three children living. Mrs. Winton' s father helped build the first 
 mill on Sugar creek, in this county. Mr. Winton has done all the 
 banner painting for this whole section of country, and has been 
 the leading paint«r here in all its branches. He has been coroner 
 of the county four years; he has been an Odd-Fellow since 1846, is 
 a Good Templar, a Methodist, and a strong prohibitionist. Mr. Win- 
 ton has a little scrap-book containing press notices of his work. They 
 all speak highly of him as an engraver and painter. 
 
 James B. Sidener, merchant, Crawfordsville, is a member of the 
 enterprising firm of Evans & Sidener, in the boot and shoe trade. 
 Beginning business April 1, 1879, the firm is yet young. Located at 
 ISTo. 25 East Main street, they occupy a pleasant and commodious 
 store-room, 23x110. They carry a first-class stock of about $12,- 
 000, and do a business of from $20,000 to $30,000. They are decid- 
 edly men of the people, and will eventually take the lead in their 
 department of trade. Mr. Sidener is the son of James B. and Eliza- 
 beth (Smith) Sidener, both old settlers of Montgomery county. 
 They were born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, and came to this 
 county and settled south of Crawfordsville, in Union township, 
 in 1837. Here they spent the rest of their days, Mrs. Sidener dying 
 in September 1874, and Mr. Sidener following her July 31, 1875. 
 He was a life-long democrat, a good citizen, and a conscientious man. 
 At the time of his death he was one of the oldest and most respected 
 members of the Masonic fraternity. James B. was born January 
 14, 1848, on the home farm in Montgomery county. Besides the 
 common schools, he attended Wabash College three years. For 
 some time he taught. In 1869 he became deputy sheriff under his 
 brother, H. E. Sidener, serving for a year and a half. He then 
 clerked in the store of Eobb & Mahorney almost six years. He 
 next spent a year with Charles Goltra, ' ' The Hatter, ' ' after which 
 he purchased a small farm, on which he lived for two years. Selling 
 this, he engaged in his present business. Mr. Sidener was married 
 
UNioiq- TOWNSHIP. 245 
 
 October 26, 1871, to Mary A. Graham, daughter of Noble and Car- 
 rie (Welch) Graham. Her father was a prominent citizen of Craw- 
 fordsville. They have one child, Lee M. Both are members of the 
 Christian church. Mr. Sidener is an Odd-Fellow. 
 
 James Q. W. Wilhite, Crawfordsville, was born in Montgomery 
 county, in the city of Crawfordsville, April 12, 1848. His mother 
 died when he was seven years old. He had a good common educa- 
 tion and attended Wabash College some time. He began life for 
 himself when fourteen years old. He enlisted in Co. K, 164th Ind. 
 Vols., and served till the close of the war. In 1870 he was appointed 
 deputy sherijff, and discharged the duties of his office so efficiently 
 for ten years that in 1880 he was nominated and elected sheriff of 
 the 'county. Mr. Wilhite is a Mason, an Odd-Fellow, a Knight of 
 Pythias and a republican. He was married February 16, 18Y1, to 
 Miss Mary F. Sidener. They have one child, Ada E., born August 
 4, 18Y3. Mr. Wilhite is one of the best sheriffs in the state. 
 
 Howard W. Smith, liveryman, ^Crawfordsville, was born in Mont- 
 gomeiy county, March 30, 1849. He had a common school educa- 
 tion and attended college one year. He always lived on a farm near 
 Crawfordsville until 18T6, when he came to the city and engaged in 
 his present business. He has a large stable and a good stock of 
 horses and buggies. He was married November 18YT, to Miss 
 Laura M. Hall, daughter of Thomas and Nancy J. Hall. 
 
 Jonathan Winter, farmer, Darlington, was born March 28, 1849, 
 in this county. His father, Jesse Winter, was born in Harrison 
 county, Indiana, January T, 1809, and died March 21, 1878. He 
 was a farmer all his life, but for several years ran a saw-mill in con- 
 nection with his farm. He settled in Montgomery county about 
 1849, and until his death lived upon the place he first improved, a 
 fai'm of 221 acres. June 16, 1848, he was married to Miss Mary 
 Airhart, who was born January 14, 1820, in Virginia, and is a firm 
 member of the Methodist church. Her father, Peter Airhart, a 
 veteran of the war of 1812, was one of the pioneers of this county, 
 and an exemplary man. They became^ the parents of three chil- 
 dren : Jonathan, Sarah and Mary E. Sarah married Henry Man- 
 ker ; Mary E. married Cyrus Woody, and is now living in Wills 
 county, Iowa. Mr. Winter was a member of the Methodist church 
 and a republican, formerly using his infiuence in favor of the doc- 
 trines of the whig party. In 1 840 he was a delegate to the conven- 
 tion that nominated Gen. Harrison for the presidency. Jonathan 
 Winter was born March 28, 1849, in Montgomery county. He had 
 the advantages of a common school education and one term of scien- 
 
246 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEUY CODNTT. 
 
 tific instruction at the Darlington Academy. He now manages the 
 farm and is acknowledged to be a thoroughly scientific agriculturist. 
 He is a member of the Methodist church and a member of the De- 
 tective Association. He enjoys the conversation of posted men, 
 has quite a taste for reading and has gratified it to a considerable 
 extent. His political faith is republican. 
 
 Gen. Henry Beebee Carrington, LL.D., of the United States 
 army, was born at Wallingford, Connecticut, March 2, 1824. He is 
 the son of Miles and Mary-(Beebee) Carrington. The name figures as 
 early as 1192 in English history, and the Beebees took their name, 
 with the Beehive cpat-of-arms, during the protectorate of Cromwell, in 
 recognition of industry and usefulness in the Puritan cause. Gen. 
 Carrington's grandfather, James Carrington, was a partner of Eli 
 Whitney, inventor of the cotton-ginj and from about the year 1800 
 until 1825 was superintendent of the manufacture of arms for the 
 United States at Whitneyville, Connecticut, and for a long time in- 
 spector of public work at the Springfield and Harper's Ferry United 
 States armories. As a memento of past times, Eli Witney Jr. sent a 
 fowling-piece" of his own manufacture to the general's second son, 
 James, as " an expression of profound respect for his own father's 
 friend." The site of Simpson, Hall & Co's Britannia works, at Wal- 
 lingford, Connecticut, is known as " Carrington's Pond," in memory 
 of James Carrington, who indulged his inventive taste in the manu- 
 facture of the first parallel rulers, cofi'ee-mills, and other original me- 
 chanical products, as he gained time from public work. He also built 
 the first factory there. Gen. Carrington's maternal grandfather and 
 great-grandfather, as well as himself, were graduates of Yale College, 
 and the second named bore part in the French and Canadian war of 
 1757, the original address wliich he delivered to the soldiers on the 
 eve of departure for Canada being still in possession of the. family. 
 The subject of this sketch began preparation for college in 1835, at 
 Torringford, Connecticut, in the old house of Samuel J. Mills, the 
 early missionary, and under the instruction of Rev. William Good- 
 man and Dr. E. D. Hudson, who were among the earliest abolitionists, 
 and were repeatedly mobbed in New England for their sentiments. 
 While at this school an incident occurred wliich made a permanent im- 
 pression upon the young student. A stranger visited the school 
 addressed the boys upon African history and the horrors of the slave- 
 trade, and then asked all to stand up who would pledge tliemselves in 
 after years to pray and work for universal liberty. Young Carrington 
 was one of two who gave this pledge. The stranger, placing a hand 
 upon the head of each, repeated the following singular benediction : 
 
USION TOWNSHIP. 247 
 
 "Now, may God the Father, my Father, your Father, and the 
 African's Father ; Christ the Savior, my Savior, yonr Savior, and the 
 African's Savior ; and the Holy Ghost, the Comforter, ray Comforter, 
 your Comforter, and the African's Comforter, bring you early to Jesus, 
 and give you grace to redeem your pledge." It was not until years 
 after that it was known that this stranger was John Ossawatomie 
 Brown, whose soul, " still marching on," is immortal in song and his- 
 tory. How well the subject of this sketch proved faithful to the 
 pledge so solemnly imposed is shown in his whole subsequent career. 
 From 1837 to 1840 he was under the instruction of Simeon Hart, of 
 Farmington, Connecticut, joining the Congregational church there, 
 Tjinder the care of Rev. Noah Porter Sr., and being taught in Latin 
 and Greek by his son, who had previously graduated from Yale Col- 
 lege. At that time the Armistead slaves were on a farm at Farming- 
 ton, pending the decision of their future destiny. The impression 
 previously made by John Brown's appeals was deepened when a mob 
 broke the glass windows of Rev. Dr. Porter's lecture-room because he 
 offered prayer that the negroes might never be returned to slavery. 
 With a strong predilection for military studies he had to contend with 
 decided tendencies to lung troubles, but, surrendering his first choice, 
 graduated at Yale College in 1845, with a class which afterward fur- 
 nished seven generals to the war, including Gens. Richard Taylor, 
 Tappan, St. John, and others, he being the only general ofiQcer from 
 the class who was in the national army. Upon leaving college he 
 became professor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the Irving 
 Institute, Tarrylown, . New York, where he enjoyed the friendship, 
 advice, and encouragement of Washington Irving, and began that in- 
 quiry into our national history which culminated, after thirty years of 
 study, in his great work " The Battles of the American Revolution." 
 The students were organized as a military organization, a gymnasium 
 was built, and he had a foretaste of the work which, many years after, 
 he performed for Wabash College, Indiana. In 1847 he entered the 
 law school of Yale College, supplementing his legal study by filling 
 the position of professor of natural science at the New Haven Young 
 Ladies' Collegiate Institute. In 1848 he located at Columbus, Ohio, 
 first as law partner of Hon. Aaron F. Perry, now of Cincinnati, and 
 then, for nine years, with Hon. William Dennison, afterward governor 
 of the state. In 1849 he participated, with two other young men, in 
 protecting Frederick Douglass from an attempt made by a mob to 
 drown out with a fire-engine his advertised address at the old state- 
 house ; and in 1854 took an active part in the protest against the pro- 
 slavery operations in Kansas and Nebraska. It is an interesting in- 
 
248 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBEY COUNTY. 
 
 cident that in 1861, from the steps of the new state-house, in the same 
 grounds, he presented to a company of the 58th Massachusetts the first 
 colors placed in the hands of colored troops. As a representative of 
 the twelfth (Columbus) Ohio district, in the state convention of June 
 17 of that year, he was placed upon the committee upon resolutions, 
 along with Joshua K. Giddings, J. J. Root, Ephraim R. Eckley, Rufus 
 P. Spaulding, and others, and was selected by the convention for 
 chairman of the committee of seven which was instructed to correspond 
 with friends of liberty throughout the country, and secure concert of 
 action in the organization of the new party, which soon adopted the 
 name republican. An intimate friendship was at once formed with 
 Salmon P. Chase, and one which never wavered. Upon entering on 
 his duties as governor, Mr. Chase commissioned Gen. Carrington as 
 judge advocate, then as inspector-general, and finally as adjutant-gen- 
 eral, which office he retained until 1861, when he entered the regular 
 army. In 1857 Gov. Chase initiated a thorough state militia system, 
 accompanying the adjutant-general during his visits to encampments. 
 An issue arose between the Ohio state and the United States authori- 
 ties as to certain arrests made near Xenia, under the fugitive slave law, 
 and Gen. Carrington was deputized to visit President Buchanan and 
 Secretary Cass, and arrange for an interview as a basis of settlement of 
 the vexed conflict. It was agreed that whichever party first gained 
 jurisdiction should proceed to try cases ; and Mr. Chase declared that, 
 while he would respect federal authority when legitimately used, he 
 would exhaust the power of the state in vindication of its own rightful 
 process. On another occasion, when the Ohio supreme court tested, 
 by writ of habeas corpus, the legality of certain fines and imprison- 
 ments made in Cuyahoga county, under the same fugitive slave law, the 
 militia of Columbus were put under arms to enforce the finding of the 
 court, in case it should discharge the parties and rearrest be attempted. 
 During twelve years' practice of the law Gen. Carrington followed up 
 his scientific studies, besides being the attorney of the railroads of cen- 
 tral Ohio, including those to Cincinnati ' and Cleveland, but with 
 equal fidelity devoted his leisure hours to the perusal of classic authors, 
 thus laying the foundation of his work upon " Pre-Christian Assur- 
 ances of Immortality and Accountability," which embraces a selection 
 from Latin and Greek authors upon those themes. He was elder in 
 the Second Presbyterian church, at Columbus, for a time superintend- 
 ent of its Sunday-school, and liad charge of the erection of its fine 
 church edifice ; was president of the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
 tion of the city, and, with H. Thane Miller, Esq., of Cincinnati, at- 
 tended as a delegate from Ohio the first international association, held 
 
UNION TOWBTSHIP. 249 
 
 at Montreal in 1849. For months before the war began he was 
 earnestly interested in the preparation of the state militia for the con- 
 tingency already foreseen. A letter from Senator Chase in February 
 advised the selection of good officers, as the best advised persons were 
 anticipating war. Secretary Cass thus wrote in the spring : " We have 
 indeed fallen upon evil times, when those who should preserve seem 
 bent upon destroying the country." Impressed by tlie urgency Gen. 
 Carrington wrote to Gen. Wool, then commanding at Troy, New York, 
 for 10,000 stand of arms, and announced, in an address entitled " The 
 Hour, the Peril, and the Duty," that the nation was " on the verge 
 of a war which would outlast a presidential term, would cost hundreds 
 of thousands of lives and thousands of millions of treasure ; but that in 
 the end the continent would be free, and the nations would pay us 
 homage." This was repeated at the request of the members of the 
 Ohio senate, especially of Mr. Garfield and Mr. Cox (both of whom 
 became generals in the service), but before it was delivered a second 
 time the annoucement of the fall of Sumter was received. Upon the 
 first call for troops two regiments were started for Washington from 
 Ohio within sixty hours ; a foundry was opened on Sunday for casting 
 round shot for a battery, and under the orders of Gen. McOlellan, to 
 whom Gov. Dennison had intrusted the command of the state troops, 
 nine full regiments were moved to West Virginia before the United 
 States three-months men were organized. The thanks of the secre« 
 tary of war and of Gens. Scott and Wool for this prompt action were 
 followed by the detail of Gen. Carrington as visitor to West Point, 
 and by his appointment as colonel of the 18th United States Inf., they 
 concurring with Secretary Chase in a recommendation to the president 
 for his selection to a full colonelcy. A regular army camp was es- 
 tablished near Columbus, Ohio, under his command, for the organiza- 
 tion of the 15th, 16th, 18th, and 19th U. S. Inf. The demands of 
 the service left little time for drilling men in camp; so that in the 
 fall of 1861 he reported to Gen. Buell with twelve companies of the 
 18th and six of the 16th Inf. He was assigned to the command of his 
 regiment, the 9th and 35th Ohio and the 2d Minnesota, and joined 
 Gen. Thomas at Lebanon, Kentucky. Being required to complete his 
 regiment, he returned to Ohio and filled it to its maximum of 2,453 
 men, but in the pressure of the Kirby Smith campaign he was trans- 
 ferred to Indiana, to hasten the organization and movement of its 
 troops to the front. Promotion as brigadier-general of volunteers 
 followed in 1862, and as district commander, superintendent of recruit- 
 ing service, and commander of the draft rendezvous, he had charge of 
 the organization of nearly 139,000 men in Indiana, in addition to the 
 
250 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 regular troops and the early regiments raised from Ohio. For services 
 in raising the siege of Frankfort he received the thanks of Gov. Bram- 
 lette, and fnlly disclosed the secret operations of the Sons of Liberty 
 and other treasonable orders along, and north, of, the Ohio river. His 
 personal relations were extremely intimate with Gov. Morton, and he 
 entertained the strongest confidence in the purity, patriotism, and 
 statesmanship of that extraordinary man. Upon muster out as gen- 
 eral of volunteers he joined his regiment in the army of the Cumber- 
 land, presided over the military' commission at Louisville for the trial 
 of guerrillas, and v^as then sent to tiie plains to replace volunteer 
 troops v(^ith his ovm regiment. Late in 1865 he was in command, at 
 Fort Kearney, of the east subdistrict of Nebraska, supervising Indian 
 operations on the Republican river. In May, 1866, he commanded the 
 expedition to open a wagon-route to Montana by the Powder River 
 and Big Horn Mountain countries, built Fort Kearney and other 
 posts, commanded the Rocky Mountain district, and was through the 
 harassing Indian operations connected with the Red Cloud campaign. 
 In 1867 he was in charge at Fort McPherson, establishing friendly re- 
 lations with Spotted Tail and other chiefs, commanded at Fort Sedg- 
 wick in 1868 and 1869, and was detailed, under an act of congress, as 
 professor of military science at "Wabash College, Indiana, in December 
 of that year. In 1870, suffering on account of wounds and exposure 
 incurred while on duty, he was retired from field service, but continued 
 on the college detail at his pleasure. Thus is given, in rapid sum- 
 mary. Gen. Carrington's career as a student, lawyer, and soldier. His 
 record as a litterateur remains to be considered. He has paid little 
 attention to his minor works. " The Scourge of the Alps," a serial 
 Swiss story of the days of Tell, was written in 1847, while at Tarry- 
 town. " American Classics," or " Incidents of Revolutionary Suffer- 
 ing," followed in 1849, as well as " Russia as a Nation." This was 
 coincident with the visit of Kossuth, from whom he obtained a detailed 
 map of the Russo-Hungarian war, and with whom he formed an en- 
 during friendship. His address upon the Hungarian struggle was the 
 last ever given in the old Ohio State-house, which was burned on the 
 night of its delivery. "Hints to Soldiers Taking the Field " became 
 popular, and the Christian Commission distributed more than 100,000 
 copies during the war. Lectures and essays have been numerous, in- 
 cluding a pamphlet upon the " Mineral Resources of Indiana," and 
 papers upon " Chrome Steel," the " American Railway System," etc., 
 some of which have been read before the British Association of 
 Science in Great Britain. At the Bristol meeting of that scientific 
 body, in 1875, he was placed on the executive committee of the fol- 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 251 
 
 lowing sections : " Mechanical Science," " Geography," and " Anthro- 
 pology." His paper upon the "Indians of the Northwest" was 
 published in full in the British papers ; and upon the test of the 
 eighty-one ton gun at Woolwich he was called from Paris by telegram 
 from Gen. Campbell, British director-general of artillery, being the 
 only foreigner present at the experiment. " Crisis Thoughts," pub- 
 lished in 1878, includes " The Hour, the Peril, and the Duty," with 
 two other orations upon the war. " Ab-sa-ra-ka, Land of Massacre," 
 now in its fifth edition, is a -book of nearly four hundred pages, with 
 maps and engravings, giving a full description of Indian battles, mas- 
 sacres, and treaties, from 1865 to 1879, and is carefully accurate, while 
 full of thrilling narrative and adventure ; the first thirty chapters, em- 
 bodying his wife's experience, were first published in 1868, upon her 
 return from Montana and Dakota. A more important work, the 
 result of research and study extending over a period of thirty years, 
 and the outgrowth of early conferences with Irving, is the " Battles of 
 the American Revolution." The labor upon this work has been im- 
 mense. British and French authorities, and the faculties of universities, 
 alike extended courtesies during the research ; and while personal sur- 
 veys of many battle-fields greatly cleared the doubtful questions, the 
 field-notes of British, Hessian, French, and other soldiers, were care- 
 rully tested, and incorporated in the maps, which in every case were 
 drawn by the laborious author. The indorsements of the work include 
 not only public officials abroad, such as ex-president Thiers and Sen- 
 ator La Fayette, of France, but English statesmen, with Bancroft and 
 Lossing, Woolsey and Evarts, Gens. Sherman and Sheridan, and the 
 press without exception. The work is original in design. It not only 
 tells why and how a battle was fought, but, with the aid of the forty 
 splendid maps that adorn the work, each battle-field assumes the char- 
 acter of a slowly moving panorama, in which every movement is pre- 
 sented to the eye. Historic precision blends with descriptive power 
 of a high order to make this work at once valuable to the student of 
 history, and intensely interesting to the general reader. Gen. Carring- 
 ton has, however, made much progress upon another work, for which 
 he is eminently adapted by previous study. This is none other than 
 " The Battles of the Bible," based on the same general plan that char- 
 acterizes his great American history. This will involve not only a visit 
 to the Holy Land, but research among Hebrew antiquities, with critical 
 examination of many authors and places. He has the assurance of offi- 
 cial aid abroad, and possesses the courage to undertake the work. He 
 knows neither fatigue nor doubt in such labors. He has received many 
 compliments from historical societies, and has had several literary titles 
 
252 HISTOKT OF MOSTTGOMERT COUKTT. 
 
 conferred upon him. He is a member of the United States supreme 
 court bar. 
 
 General Carrington has been twice married. His first wife, Margaret 
 Irvin Sullivant, was the eldest daughter of Joseph SuHivant, Esq., a 
 noted scientist and scholar of Columbus, Ohio, and granddaughter of 
 Colonel Joseph McDowell, of Danville, Kentucky. She is described 
 in a memorial volume, published at Columbus, Ohio, in 1874, as "of 
 cemmanding presence, gentle and dignified in deportment, refined and 
 cultivated in taste, and, while quite deUcate in constitution, of great 
 courage and endurance; of a high type of womanhood, loved and 
 respected by both relatives and friends." She accompanied her hus- 
 band during the war, and with equal fidelity through the years of try- 
 ing exposure on the plains, from 1865 to 1869. She died at Craw- 
 fordsville, Indiana, May 11, 1870, just after her husband began duty at 
 "Wabash College. Of their children, Mary McDowell, born October 
 5, 1852, died April 7, 1854; Margaret Irvin, born November 22, 1855, 
 died July 25, 1856 ; Joseph SuHivant, born June 9, 1859, died Septem- 
 ber 29, 1859; Morton, born June 23, 1864, died August 23, 1864; 
 Henry SuHivant, born August 5, 1857, was with his parents on the 
 plains, and declined an appointment as engineer cadet at Annapolis, 
 but spent two years with an expedition to the South Seas. He then 
 entered Wabash College, and graduated June 25, 1879. James Beebee 
 was born October 23, 1860 ; he was also on the plains, and after three 
 years at Wabash College took a commercial course at Russell's Colle- 
 giate and Military School, at New Haven, Connecticut. General Car- 
 rington's second wife was the third daughter of Robert Courtney and 
 Eliza Jane Haynes, of Tennessee, Mr. Courtney having removed from 
 Richmond, Virginia, in 1825. Although a slave-holder, he was sure 
 that the system was wrong, and that the nation would never realize its 
 highest prosperity until freedom became general. Of peculiar gentle- 
 ness, combined with firmness in his moral and religious views, he taught 
 and transmitted the precepts which marked his children, when, shortly 
 after his death, the war began. His widow and daughters were 
 thoroughly enlisted in the Union cause. When the first federal troops, 
 consisting of the first battalion of the 15th U. S. Inf., Major John H. 
 King commanding, entered Franklin, Tennessee, March 16, 1862, it 
 was greeted with an outspoken " Hurrah for the banner whose loveli- 
 ness hallows the air," by one daughter, Florence Octie, afterward Mrs. 
 Cochnower. With her sister Fannie slie kept up communication with 
 the federal authorities, and after the battle of Franklin, which raged 
 near their house, the mother, two daughters, and a. young brother, 
 John — now a lawyer at Crawfordsville, Indiana — relieved the federal 
 wounded, about two hundred in number, who had been removed to the 
 
UKlOlfT TOWKSHIP. 253 
 
 Presbyterian church, dressed their wounds and took the sole care of 
 them during seventeen days, until the return of the federal army from 
 Nashville. General Thomas made official notice of the unselfish devo- 
 tion of this family, and says of the important intelligence communi- 
 cated by the sister Fannie of the movements of the enemy, " Her in- 
 formation was on all occasions given from patriotic motives, as she has 
 invariably refused any pecuniary reward." The Sanitary Commission 
 published her detailed report of the battle of Franklin, and the trying 
 hospital experience ; but an emphatic request limits the writer's desire 
 to give full details of an experience which was that of conscientious 
 duty, avoiding public display. She married Colonel G. W. Grummond 
 after the war. Being subsequently appointed a lieutenant in the 18th 
 TJ. S. Inf., he was a victim of the Phil. Kearney massacre, of December 
 21, 1866. A single extract from Mrs. Carrington's "Experience on the 
 Plains " is not to be omitted : " To a woman whose house and heart 
 received the widow as a sister, and whose office it was to advise her of 
 the facts, the recital of the scenes of that day, even at this late period, 
 is full of pain ; but at that time the christian fortitude and holy calm- 
 ness with which Mrs. Grummond looked up to her Heavenly Father 
 for wisdom and strength inspired all with something of her own 
 patience to know the worst and meet its issues." The tender associa- 
 tion of these two women during such an ordeal, and during a winter's 
 march, when the mercury was sometimes forty degrees below zero, was 
 never interrupted. While one accompanied her husband's reniains to 
 Tennessee, Mrs. Carrington underwent nearly three more years of 
 frontier exposure, and survived that exposure but a few months after 
 her husband reached "Wabash College. In April, 1871, General Car- 
 rington married the former companion of his wife's experience on the 
 plains. Their children are: Robert Chase, born January 28, 1872; 
 Henrietta, born April 28, 1874; Eliza Jennie, born April 27, 1875 ; 
 and Willie Wands, by Mrs. Carrington's first husband, born April 14, 
 1867, and adopted by General Carrington upon his second marriage. 
 General Carrington retained his voluntary detail at Wabash College 
 until June, 1878 ; was called to deliver the historical oration at Mon- 
 mouth, New Jersey, when the corner-stone was laid to the battle mon- 
 ument, June 28, and since that time has devoted himself to the com- 
 pletion of his other works, already referred to. Thus far he has de- 
 clined positions tendered as railroad engineer and professor of history, 
 but has accepted an invitation to complete his paper on American 
 and European railway systems, for future delivery in Great Britain. 
 
 James S. McClelland, M.D. (deceased), Crawfordsville, was born 
 in Oxford, Butler county, Ohio, September -3, 1821. 'He received 
 
254 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUXTT. 
 
 his literary education in Miami University, Oxford, and his medical 
 education with his uncle, Dr. James McClelland, at the Ohio Medi- 
 cal College, from which he graduated in 1850. His first place of 
 residence after graduation was at Yountsville, Montgomery county, 
 where he began the practice of medicine with his uncle. He 
 soon began to develop that skill in surgery for which he was 
 always distinguished. He subsequently lived at Pleasant Hill, 
 in this county. From thence he moved to Jefferson, Clinton 
 county, and afterward to Frankfort. While in Frankfort he was 
 elected to represent Clinton county in the state legislature, and 
 was an elector for Buchanan in the presidential election of 1856: 
 He removed from Frankfort to Dallas, Yermilion county, Illinois, 
 to improve some land he had in that county. In the spring of 1861 
 he went to Frankfort to transact some business, and while there the 
 news came of the rebel attack upon the flag at Fort Sumter. The 
 same week he enlisted a company of soldiers, but did not go with 
 them to war. He returned to Dallas and enlisted in the 25th 111. 
 Vols., of which he was made lieutenant-colonel. He was soon ap- 
 pointed medical director pn the staff of Gen. Sigel, in Missouri. 
 He served there a period and was then transferred to the department 
 of the Tennessee, where he served as inspector-general of field 
 hospitals. He remained in this capacity ■ till the early part of 
 August, 1863, when he received an injury, on account of which he 
 was mustered out of service. From the injury then received dates 
 the disease from which he suffered so much and which terminated 
 his life August 29, 18T5. "When he left the service in the army he 
 settled in Crawfordsville. In a short time, his health having im- 
 proved, he again entered the army as surgeon of the 154:th Ind.reg., 
 but was soon called to other and varied duties. Finally he was ap- 
 pointed to a position on the staff of Gen. Sherman, who was at At- 
 lanta preparing for his march to the sea. The doctor hurried on his 
 way. But arriving at Chattanooga he found that the last train for 
 Atlanta had just left, and he could go no farther. He never ceased 
 to regret that he thus lost the opportunity to share in the honors of 
 that great military achievement. He was energetic, vigilant, and ef- 
 ficient in the discharge of his military duties. His whole heart was 
 in the service. His sympathy for his wounded soldiers was un- 
 bounded. Many times did his heart sink at the rough and inefficient 
 treatment of these poor individuals, whose life was ebbing away in 
 defense of liberty and the union of the states. After the war his 
 home was in this city, and he stood before his fellows as an eminent 
 physician and surgeon. He was married in 1859, and became the 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 255 
 
 father of two sons and four daughters, who survive him : Albert J., 
 a physician of Veedersburg, Indiana ; William D., Angelon E.., 
 Mary Kate, Mable W. and^ Jessie E. Prior to the war he was a 
 democrat, but afterward joined the republican party. He was a 
 prominent Mason and was buried by that order. He was quite a lit- 
 erary man, contributing at various times many interesting articles 
 and poems to different weeklies and magazines. We publish the 
 following for the benefit of our readers as an example of his poetic 
 writings : 
 
 LINES ON MY THIETY-FIFTH BIRTHDAY. 
 
 My years to-day are thirty-five, 
 
 Life's journey half-way o'er, 
 And as I muse the school-boys' laugh 
 
 Brings back the days of yore. 
 
 Telling of careless, merry hours 
 
 In the early morn of life. 
 Before the heart had callous grown 
 
 In its unequal strife. 
 
 And memory turns her leaves to see 
 
 What there may be between 
 The brown and somber hues of now, 
 ' And youth's bright fields of green. 
 
 Still, as she turns her leaflets back, 
 
 She comes to fading flowers, 
 Laid tli^re, within the folds away, 
 
 Telling of sunny hours. 
 
 But the sunbeams leave a fainter trace. 
 
 The clouds a darker hue, 
 And many a once-familiar face 
 
 Wears glances strange and new. 
 
 Dimly she sees a crumbling pile. 
 
 Once reared in friendship's name, 
 Its cherished stones, now many, gone 
 
 To pave a path to fame. 
 
 Embalmed in flowers an altar stands. 
 
 Where love's first vow was given; 
 The cypress at its foot grows green. 
 
 Its once fair cap-stone riven. 
 
 There pure white roses make their bed. 
 
 Where bitter tears have flown, 
 .^olian music round its base 
 
 Gives low and plaintive moan. 
 
 The rain drops fall more gently there. 
 
 The moon sheds softer light. 
 And angel voices oft are heard 
 
 To mingle there at night. 
 
256 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERT COUNTY. 
 
 But through the gloom a vision comes, 
 
 As bright and green as ever; 
 'Tis where I prayed at mother's knee — 
 
 Long years will dim that never. 
 
 When thirty-flve, through toil and strife, 
 
 Has grown to full fourscore. 
 Oh! may I have the faith to kneel, 
 
 And say that prayer once more. 
 
 David F. McClure, dry-goods merchant, Crawfordsville, was born 
 in Bath county, Kentucky, December 15, 1829. He lived on the 
 farm until he was twenty-six years old, and only went to school four 
 months in his life, yet by study and observation he has acquired 
 a good practical business education. He came to Crawfordsville in 
 1850, and began as clerk with F. H. Tery, and continued thus for 
 two years, when he took an interest in the store. He remained in 
 partnership with him until Mr. Tery died, in 1860, when his son, W. 
 S. Tery, took his father's interest in the store, the firm of McOlure 
 and Tery continuing until the death of the latter, about 1875, when 
 Mr. McOlure became the sole proprietor of what is now known as 
 " Trade Palace." During the twenty-seven years that Mr. McClure 
 has been in business he has not had a vacation of six weeks. His 
 remarkable success is owing to his close application to business, 
 energy, and strict honesty. His paper has never been protested, and 
 he has never asked for an extension of time, and has never failed. 
 His stone building is 40x150 feet, and he'carries a stock worth about 
 $35,000, his yearly sales amounting to from $80,000 to $100,000, and 
 employs sixteen clerks. He began in this city with sixty-five dol- 
 lars. He served ten months in the Mexican war, under Gen. "Wil- 
 liam O. Butler, and was in Co. D, 3d Ky. Yols. He was married 
 in Shelby county, Kentucky, ISTovember 20, 1856, to Miss Elizabeth 
 Carter. She is a member of the Missionary Baptist church. They 
 have two children, Nannie F. and Walter B. In politics Mr. Mc- 
 Clure was first a whig and since then has been a republican, and has 
 been an elder in the Presbyterian church for twenty-nine years. 
 
 Eli Compton, justice of the peace, Crawfordsville, is a native of 
 Dayton, Oliio, May 19, 1816, being the date of his birth. His father, 
 Amos Compton, was born in South Carolina, and his mother in East 
 Tennessee. Their parents brought them to Ohio, where they were 
 married. In 1858 or 1859 they moved to Iowa, and there both died 
 in 1864, and are resting in Marshall county. He was a prominent 
 democrat, and served as justice of the peace several years. She was 
 a member of the Methodist church. The Comptons were formerly 
 Quakers, or Friends. Eli Compton's life has been somewhat varied 
 
^^>r c^^^C/ 
 
 (deceased) 
 
UNION- TQWU-SHIP. 257 
 
 in the diiferent channels of labor in which he has sought a livelihood. 
 He spent the first twenty-three years of his life on a farm. At that 
 age he came to Tippecanoe county, Indiana, and was engaged in 
 superintending the construction of a plank road from La Fayette to 
 Crawfordsville. In 1850 he came to Montgomery county, and 
 entered the saw- mill or lumber business, and for two years superin- 
 tended the cutting of the railroad bed through Crawfordsville and 
 vicinity, and grading of one mile of that road, viz. the New Albany, 
 Louisville and Chicago. During the civil war he spent two 
 years in the quartermaster's department as an employe. He has 
 spent one year in the hardware store of Cumberland & Harter, also 
 with Cumberland & Graves for a time. During the past eight years he 
 has acted as constable in Montgomery county, and in 1880 was elected 
 justice of the peace. His ofiice is over Allen Brothers' store. Mr. 
 Compton supports the republican party. He was married December 
 19, 1839, to Matilda, daughter of Levi and Betsy Mills, of Fort 
 Wayne, Indiana. They have had nine children, but five of whom 
 are living: Matilda J., Angelia A., Evilyn H., Ella W. and Charles 
 H. They have also shown a kindness in taking an orphan girl, Lot- 
 tie Martin, to care for. Mr. Compton's education utilized six months 
 of his life in the school-room, but he looks well to his children's ac- 
 complishments. Three of his children, Matilda, Ella and Eva, are 
 now teachers, while Charles is employed in the printing office of the 
 Crawfordsville "Journal.'' Mr. and Mrs. Compton are members of 
 the Presbyterian church. 
 
 John L. Wilson, lawyer, Crawfordsville, was born August Y, 1850, 
 in Montgomery county. In 18Y4 he graduated in the classical course 
 of Wabash College. He spent the next two years in the pension 
 office at Washington. Mr. Wilson was elected in October, 1880, by 
 the republicans to represent Montgomery county in the state legis- 
 lature. He is a Mason, and an active, energetic young man. 
 
 Horace M. Clark, farmer, Garfield, was born September 6, 1850. 
 His father, Samuel Clark, was born in South Carolina, and in 1838 
 settled in Rush county, Indiana, where he resided until 1847, which 
 time marks the date of his arrival in Montgomery county. He was 
 a miller by trade, and ran the Clark mill, in connection with his farm, 
 several years with good success. He was born in 1799, and died in 
 1878. He was a Friend and a strong abolitionist. He was always 
 found in the front ranks, fighting for the principles he firmly believed 
 to be right, and made his house a station on the "underground rail- 
 road," where the weary and persecuted refugee was fed, clothed, and 
 cheered onward in his fiight for liberty. He came from a slave state 
 17 ' 
 
258 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 knew the horrors of the curse, and hated it. He adopted for his 
 motto, "In matters of conscience first thoughts are the best, while 
 in matters of judgment, the last," and acted strictly upon it. Kis 
 life is the perfect embodiment of a grand lesson, teaching every 
 young man that principle should be sacrificed for no cost, for no con- 
 sideration. He was a man possessed of a lively sense of the right, 
 and he loved to exercise his judgment in the cause of religion, edu- 
 cation, and political liberty. His mother, Mary D. Clark, was born 
 in 1809, and is a native of North Carolina, from whence they came 
 in 1818 to Orange county, Indiana, and in 1831 arrived in Mont- 
 gomery. She was also a Friend, and through her long, eventful life 
 has ever exercised the same christian forbearance that characterizes 
 that model sect. Horace M. has spent the majority of his years in 
 teaching and farming. He entered Wabash College in 1869, and 
 after six years of patient research graduated with honor in the clas- 
 sical course in 1875. After his graduation he began teaching in this 
 county, and by his thoroughness and systematic classification of prac- 
 tical information imparted to his students, rapidly rose in the esti- 
 mation of men capable of passing upon superior methods and men. 
 He also studied law, but oh account of poor health was compelled to 
 abandon his desires in that direction. He then went west, and taught 
 several months in California, Oregon, and Washington territory. He 
 is a member of the Friends church, and of the Phi-Beta-Kappa Society 
 of Wabash College. He is a zealous advocate of the principles of the 
 republican party. His home consists of eighty acres, well improved, 
 six miles from Crawfordsville. 
 
 Dr. J. S. French, Crawfordsville, is the son of Simon and Mary 
 (Smock) French, the former of whom was born in New Jersey in 
 1800, moved to Kentucky in 1821, to Marion county, Indiana, in' 
 1830, and came to Montgomery county in 1844. He was a chair- 
 maker by trade, and an abolitionist and republican in politics. His 
 father was compelled by the British, during the revolutionary, war to 
 pilot them through New Jersey. His wife, Mary, was born in 1805, 
 and died in 1861. Her brother was in the war of 1812. Both Mr. 
 and Mrs. French were members of the Presbyterian church. J. S. 
 French, one of five children, was born in Mercer county, Kentucky, 
 July 14, 1829. He spent four years in Wabash College, and at the 
 age of twenty-one engaged in teaching, which he followed contin- 
 uously till twenty-seven ytars of age. He then began the study of 
 medicine under Dr. J. W. Straughan, of Parkersburg, with whom 
 he stayed for two years. He then attended Rush Medical College, 
 Chicago, and leaving this institution he settled for practice in Wave- 
 
UNI02>r TOWNSHIP. 259 
 
 land. Two years after he moved to Alamo, where he remained two 
 years, and then became assistant surgeon in the 120th Ind. Vols. 
 Returning from the army, he resumed his practice at Alamo. In 
 February, 1880, he came to Crawfordsville, where he is fast establish- 
 ing himself in his profession. Dr. French is a strong republican, 
 a member of the Alamo Lodge of Odd-Fellows, and also of the Grand 
 Army of the Republic. He has been twice married. First, to 
 Jemima Mann, of Parke county, who died leaving three children : Re- 
 becca E., David W. and Thomas A.; and second, to Mary Stubbins, 
 who died leaving two children : Sarah J. and Frederick C. Both 
 were members of the Presbyterian church, and their fathers were 
 elders in that church. Mr. French is experienced in his profession, 
 and well known in Montgomery county. 
 
 Edward C. Snyder, attorney, Crawfordsville, was born in Wash- 
 ington county, Maryland, October 7, 1843, and is the son of George 
 and Annie (Fogwell) Snyder. The Snyders are of German descent, 
 while the Fogwells are English. Mr. Snyder's parents came from 
 Ohio to Indiana when he was a small child, and settled near Craw- 
 fordsville, but in the following year returned to Ohio, hence Mr. Sny- 
 der spent his youth mostly in the "Buckeye State." When nearly 
 eighteen years of age he enlisted for the war, but on account of the 
 failure to organize the regiment to which he allied himself he enlisted 
 again, on his eighteenth birthday, in Co. E, 74th Ohio, under Col. 
 Granville Moody. Mr. Snyder fought for his country in the battle 
 of Stone River, where he was wounded and taken prisoner, and in 
 three days paroled. After one week's stay in Murfreesboro he re- 
 sumed his place in the ranks and participated in the battles of Hoo- 
 ver's Gap, Tullahoma, Dug Gap, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, Tun- 
 nel Hill, Atlanta, and on to the sea. At Jonesboro he was again 
 wounded, but continued in the ranks. Mr. Snyder enlisted a private, 
 and was mustered out July 10, 1865, a commissioned sergeant. In 
 1866 he came to Indiana, and was engaged in the saw and flour mill 
 near Darlington, and in one year returned to Ohio, clerking at Xenia. 
 He soon returned to Indiana, and worked in the mill of his half bro- 
 ther. J. M. Troutman, nearYountsville. In 1872 Mr. Snyder began the 
 study of law with Hon. M. D. White, of Crawfordsville. In 1878 he 
 was elected city attorney, and reelected in 1880. By application to 
 study and fair dealing with men he has become established in his pro- 
 fession. He is a thorough republican, his father having been a rad- 
 ical abolitionist. 
 
 Daniel Gilkey was born May 9, 1805, in Butler county, Ohio. 
 His parents, Robert and Sally (Kercheval) Gilkey, came to Mont- 
 
260 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 gomerj eouuty in 1826, and settled in Kipley township. Kobert Gil- 
 key was a native of North Carolina, fought in the war of 1812, was 
 a whig in polities, and a farmer by occupation. Besides farming he 
 built a saw-mill and a distillery, and afterward a grist-mill, in Mont- 
 gomery county. His wife, Sally Gilkey, was a.Yirginian. She died 
 in 1849, having survived ber husband but one year. They were both 
 members of the old Baptist church. Daniel Gilkey received his edu- 
 cation mostly behind the plow, or in the mill. When twenty-four 
 years of age he began farming for himself. During the years from 
 1837 to 1840 he built a carding and grist-mill on Gilkey' s branch, in 
 Eipley township. The mill had two sets of burrs, and was run until 
 1850, when Mr. Gilkey sold and moved to Crawfordsville, and 
 engaged in the grain trade and flour commission business, which he 
 continued for ten years, in the firm of Lee, Gilkey & Co. He next 
 became director in the First National Bank of Crawfordsville, with 
 one-tenth interest in a capital stock of $100,000. Mr. Gilkey im- 
 proved the city also by adding to the extent of one-half in the Craw- 
 fordsville Opera House and one-fourth in Union Block. When Daniel 
 started for himself his father gave him a quarter section of land, and 
 by industry and economy he has added to his purse until he is now 
 able to live a retired life. Mr. Gilkey was for many years a whig, 
 but when republicanism took its rise he embraced its principles. Octo- 
 ber 30, 1871, he was mai'ried to Julia Mitchell, daughter of Mrs. Laura 
 Mitchell, of Crawfordsville. She was born and raised in the same 
 place. They have one child, Mary D., born November 18,1873. 
 Mr. Gilkey well remembers when he, his father, and his brother 
 Squire, came to the woods of Indiana, built a log cabin 20 X 20, then 
 brought out the family, traveling fi-om Connersville, 115 miles, in 
 seventeen days. Xow the trip can be made in about five hours. 
 
 C. W. Eltzroth, merchant, Crawfordsville, was born May 6, 1825, 
 in Randolph county, Indiana, and is a son of John Eltzroth. His father 
 came to Indiana in 1818 and settled in Eandolph county, on the land 
 afterward laid out for the county seat. He became a large property 
 owner. He filled the oflSces of county commissioner and sheriff. He 
 died January 2, 1880, at the age of ninety-four years. C. W. Eltzroth 
 came from Wabash county to Crawfordsville in 1850, and engaged in 
 pork packing and merchandising. He has improved the city by numer- 
 ous buildings. In 1864 he began the real-estate business. He has built 
 six houses, and bought and sold property quite extensively. He built 
 a public hall, which he controlled seventeen years. He now owns 
 three store-buildings and three residences. He has made his fortune 
 by industry and rigid economy. At the beginning of the war he 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 261 
 
 left his business with his clerks and assisted in getting volunteers to 
 fill the quota of the county, and later furnished horses for government 
 use. Mr. Eltzroth was married October 12, 1853, to Elizabeth Bene- 
 fiel, daughter of George W. Benefiel, of Montgomery county. She 
 died in July 1854. He was next married to Eliza M. Snook, daughter 
 of Dr. Henry T. Snook, an early settler of Montgomery county. They 
 have four children. Both are members of the Presbyterian church, 
 and he is a Mason. He is at present dealing in all kinds of second- 
 hand goods at No. 19 ISTorih Green street, at the store known as the 
 " Old Curiosity Shop." 
 
 Cornelius Blair, gardener and seedsman, Crawfordsville, was born 
 November 9, 1819, in Butler county, Ohio, and is the son of Rob- 
 ert and Rachel (Wortman) Blair, both born and married in New 
 Jersey, and of Scotch descent. The parents of Mr. Blair settled in 
 Warren county, Ohio, in 1812, and two years afterward in Butler county. 
 His mother died in 1826, and his father in 1839 moved to Illinois, 
 where in 1851 he died. They were good, plain farmers. He was a 
 federalist and a whig. She was a member of the Presbyterian church. 
 Cornelius Blair was the youngest of ten children, of whom there are 
 but four now living. He spent his young days on a farm till 1847, 
 when he began learning the wagon trade in Greencastle, Indiana, hav- 
 ing prior to this time gone to Illinois with his father. In 1851 he 
 came to Crawfordsville and engaged in. market gardening, which he 
 still follows. In connection with his garden he keeps a fruit and veg- 
 etable supply store. He is well known in the county as the Crawfords- 
 ville seedsman. Mr. Blair was married March 3, 1850, to Susan D. 
 Johnson, daughter of Chillion and Ann Johnson. She was born No- 
 vember 24, 1825, is a member of the Regular Baptist church, and he 
 is a Methodist. They have one child, Millie, born December 25, 1853. 
 Mr. Blair is a republican. 
 
 Charles J. Bowles, minister, Crawfordsville, second cousin to the 
 late Samuel Bowles, of Massachusetts, was born in Huron (now Erie) 
 county, Ohio, June 2, 1818. His grandfather was a sea captain, and 
 when his son, Thomas J. Bowles, was fifteen years old was on a mer- 
 chant ship to the West Indies, where he died. Thomas was then 
 adopted by his uncle, who took him to New York city. In 1811 he 
 moved to Ohio, where he lived till his death, in 1847. He was a Meth- 
 odist, and an anti-slavery democrat. He was the father of the subject 
 of this sketch. In 1649 there were three brothers came from England 
 and settled in Roxbury, Massachusetts. After a few years one moved 
 to New Haven, Connecticut, another to Yirginia, and the third re- 
 mained in Massachusetts. Mr. Bowles only went to school six weeks 
 
262 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 before he was married. When eleven years old he went on the lakes, 
 where he experienced the checkered scenes of a sailor's life. In 1840 
 he went to Yertnilion county, Illinois, where he was converted, and 
 united with the Baptist church. In 1841 he returned to Ohio, where 
 he entered the ministry. He preached three years, and' then went to 
 school for four years and a half. In 1851 he came to Covington, Foun- 
 tain county. He has preached at Newtown, Grand Prairie, Tippe- 
 canoe county, Crawfordsville, and once a month in Waynetown, Mont- 
 gomery county, preaching for twenty-six years. He has organized three 
 churches, and resuscitated two, and has been the means of building five 
 church buildings. He has received over 800 persons into the church. 
 When he took charge of the church in Crawfordsville it had only four- 
 teen members, and when he left it there were over 100. He was mar- 
 ried December 2, 1841, to Nancy Knapper. They have had five 
 children, three of whom are living: Oalista (deceased), Delia, Charles 
 J. Jr., Frank, and Edwin. The last one graduated in Crawfordsville 
 high school. Charles is a minister of the gospel. Edwin is a student 
 of law. Delia is married to Capt. James York, and resides in Wayne- 
 town. In politics Mr. Bowles is a greenbacker. In 1874 he was a 
 candidate for congress in this district, receiving over 6,000 votes, nearly 
 1,200 of which were in this county. He has been a Mason for twenty- 
 five years, and belongs to the Crawfordsville Chapter. Mr. Bowles 
 can look back upon a life well spent in the service of the Master, and 
 for the good of his fellows. 
 
 Taylor Buffington, carpenter, contractor, and builder, Crawfords- 
 ville, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, March 24, 1813, on 
 the battle-ground of Brandywine. He lived there until he was 
 twenty-three years old, five years of this being used in learning his 
 trade. He then went to Louisville, Kentucky, and studied architect- 
 ure for about two years. He next went to Shelby county, where he 
 did an extensive business, building houses for many of the prominent 
 men. He afterward lived in Fayette county, Kentucky, and was mar- 
 ried March 6, 1845. He has had three children, two boys and one 
 girl. Mr. Buflington settled in Crawfordsville in 1852. He has 
 assisted in building the Wabash College, and built many of the finest 
 and largest buildings in the city. He is an Odd-Fellow, a republican, 
 a member of the First Presbyterian church, and the oldest architect in 
 the city. His wife is a member of the Christian church. Julian, the 
 son of Taylor Buffington, enlisted in the 135th Ind. Vols, when he 
 was sixteen years old. He was enrolled April 26, 1864, discharged 
 September 21, 1864. He reenlisted in the 154th Ind. Vols., and was 
 enrolled March 17, 1865, and discharged August 4, 1865. 
 
TTNION TOWNSHIP. 263 
 
 Wilson H. Laymon, merchant, Crawfordsville, was born November 
 4, 1823, in Batler county, Ohio. His parents, Joseph and Hannah 
 (Harper) Laymon, were natives of the same county. The Laymons 
 are of German and the Harpers of English descent. Joseph Laymon 
 was a merchant, and was located at different times in "West Chester, 
 Ohio, then in Cincinnati, and later in Crawfordsville, where, April 26, 
 1856, he died, at the age of fifty-six years. He had been a prominent 
 democrat, having been county treasurer in Butler county, Ohio, for 
 many years. He and wife were members of the Baptist phurch. W. 
 H. Laymon spent his first fourteen years in the place of his nativity. 
 At that age he was sent to Middletown high school, where he remained 
 three years, then attended Miami University, at Oxford, two years, 
 after which he read law with Thomas Millikin, an eminent lawyer of 
 Hamilton, Ohio. After three years reading he was admitted to the 
 bar at Columbus, Ohio, January 8, 1845. He immediately formed a 
 copartnership with a Mr. Layne, of Lawrenceburg, Indiana, a demo- 
 cratic politician and member of congress. During this time Mr. Lay- 
 mon was associated with John B. Hall as editor of the Lawrenceburg 
 " Register " for one year. He removed from Lawrenceburg to Hamil- 
 ton, Ohio, for the practice of law, where, in 1847, he was elected clerk 
 of St. Clair township, which office he filled three years. In 1848 he 
 was elected justice of the peace; in 1849, county auditor, on the inde- 
 pendent democratic ticket, and served one term, and in connection with 
 official duties edited and published the Miami " Democrat." In 1852 
 he went to Cincinnati and became local editor of the daily "Citizen." 
 To gratify his father, who was getting old, he severed his connec- 
 tion with that paper and came to Crawfordsville, where he and his 
 father engaged in the wholesale and retail grocery business, which they 
 conti'nued until the senior partner's death, when Milton P. Laymon 
 took his father's place in the firm and continued till 1859. August 
 25, 1862, Mr. Laymon enlisted in Co. F, 86th Ind. Vols., and October 
 1, 1862, was appointed fifth sergeant. He was naade first sergeant 
 Deceipber 31, 1862, by Col. Hamilton, for gallant services at Stone 
 River, then commissioned second lieutenant for similar reason, and 
 December 1863, was commissioned first lieutenant for meritorious con- 
 duct at Mission Ridge. In June, 1864, he was promoted to the cap- 
 taincy of his company. He served at the battles of Perry ville. Stone 
 River, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, all the battles from 
 Tunnel Hill to Atlanta, which city he entered at the head of his com- 
 pany. He then engaged against Hood on the skirmish line from Pu- 
 laski to Nashville. He fought in fifty-eight battles. ._ At Stone River 
 he was stunned by th^ explosion of a shell, and while lying on the 
 
264 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ground the rebel army passed over him. At the close of the war he 
 returned to Crawfordsville. Shortly after the incorporation of Craw- 
 fordsvilie as a. city, at a citizens' meeting, without regard to politics, 
 Mr. Laymon was nominated for the mayorality and afterward elected. 
 He filled the mayor's chair two terms and was then appointed assistant 
 assessor of the eighth internal revenue district, and held the position 
 four years, till the office was abolished. He was then again elected 
 mayor, but at the end of the first year he resigned and engaged in the 
 restaurant business, which he still continues. He was married No- 
 vember 13, 1845, to Sarah A. Cooch, daughter of Lowen E. and Elea- 
 nor (Taylor) Cooch, of Hamilton, Ohio. She was born in Butler 
 county, Ohio. They have had three children : Emma D. deceased, and 
 William H. and James '^T, living. Mrs. Laymon is a member of the 
 Methodist church. Mr. Laymon was a democrat till 1860, but is now 
 a republican. 
 
 Anson H. Blair, stave-dealer, Crawfordsville, was born in Jefferson, 
 Clinton county, Indiana, November 16, 1831. His boyhood was spent 
 in working and going to school. His parents came to Crawfordsville 
 in 1852. His father, John "W"., died about 1874, and his mother, 
 Eliza, in 1877. Mr. Blair began for himself by selling dry goods in 
 this city, when twenty years old, and followed that about two years, and 
 then went into general merchandising for four years. He was also 
 engaged for twelve years in pork packing and groceries. Since then 
 he has been engaged in the manufacture of staves and headings. Mr. 
 Blair has been quite successful in life. In politics he is a strong ad- 
 herent to the principles of the republican party. He was married in 
 1861, to Miss Helen L. Elston. She is a graduate of Star Seminary. 
 They have one child, Anna E., born September 28, 1863, and has 
 attended the high school of this city, and the female seminary at Indi- 
 anapolis one year. She and her mother are members of the Methodist 
 church. Mr. Blair has a fine residence on Main street. 
 
 Darwin F. Hills, wool manufacturer, Crawfordsville, was born in 
 Hartford, Connecticut, December 6, 1806. His father, James H. Hills, 
 was a successful physician. He wanted to go to the war of 1812, but 
 his fellow-citizens petitioned him to remain at home, because his medi- 
 cal services were needed ; but when General Hull, the patriot and cow- 
 ard, surrendered, the doctor could stay at home no longer ; so he vsrent 
 to the army. The subject of this sketch had the meager advantages 
 afforded by the common schools of his day. At sixteen years of age he 
 began an apprenticeship of four years in a woolen manufactory. After 
 this he went in partnership with a man in Greene county, Ohio. In 
 1834 he went to Union county, Indiana ; in 1842 to Richmond In- 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 265 
 
 diana; in 1844 back to Greene county, Ohio, and in the spring of 1862 
 settled in Crawfordsville, where he has ever since been engaged in the 
 woolen business. He began life without anything, and has been quite 
 successful. He was first a whig, is now a republican, and has been 
 an elder in the Presbyterian church for thirty-five years. Mr. Hills 
 was married November, 1828, to Sarah Anderson, who was born Jan- 
 uary 1, 1804, and is a member of the Presbyterian church. They have 
 eight children living : Edwin H., Darwin F., Henry H., Richard M., 
 Oscar A., David A., Francis E. and Beulah I. The latter is a gradu- 
 ate of Glendale Seminary, and has taught school two years. Oscar 
 graduated in the classical course of Wabash College, and from Alle- 
 gheny Seminary, Pennsylvania, where he is now preaching in the Old 
 South church. David and Francis enlisted, in 1861, in Co. I, 11th 
 Ind. Yols., of which David was made captain. They served to the 
 close of the war, and were in many battles and did good service for the 
 Union. 
 
 William J. Fisher, farmer and stock raiser, Whitesville, was born on 
 a farm near La Grange, in Oldham county, October 29, 1827. His 
 father, Brandes Fisher, was born March 15, 1797, in Shelby county, 
 Kentucky, and here resided beneath the parental roof until his mar- 
 riage, when he took up his residence in Oldham county, where he was 
 engaged in farming until his death, which occurred December 31, 1870. 
 He received but a meager education, but added thereto by a wide range 
 of reading. March 15, 1821, he was married to Nancy Mount, 
 daughter of John and Lydia (Jennings) Mount, who was born in Old- 
 ham county, Kentucky, February 12, 1800. They were the parents of 
 six children, five of whom are still living: John M., James M. (died 
 October 20, 1826), William J., David O., Thomas C. and Brandes. 
 They were both Baptists, and he. a life-long democrat. William J. 
 commenced for himself at the age of twenty, working upon the home 
 farm until his twenty-fourth year, at which time (August 1852) he 
 arrived in Montgomery county, after a five days' journey overland, 
 accompanied with his wife, whom he had married in this county the 
 year previous. Upon his arrival he rented a farm of William Mount, 
 where he labored with fair success three years. He then purchased 
 the eighty acres of his present farm upon which the dwelling stands, 
 and in August, 1855, moved to a portion of his present house, situated 
 in the green woods, and has here remained, making improvements 
 from time to time, until he now has a well improved home and' a farm 
 of 210 acres. October 29, 1851, he was married, in Union township, 
 to Louisa C, daughter of James and Phebe B. (Fisher) Montgomery, 
 who was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, September 20, 1830. They 
 
266 HISTORY OF MONTQOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 are the parents of nine children, seven of whom are living : Ada A. is 
 married to J. M. Cohoon ; Joe Edwin to Lizzie "Walker, who died 
 November 13, 1877; George M., born May 31, 1856, died November 
 16, 1863; Nannie B.; Kizza J., married to George W. Anderson; 
 Mount B. ; James A. ; Mary A. B., and Willie, born March 7, 1870, 
 and died July 12, 1870. Mr. Fisher is a member of the Missionary 
 Baptist church, and a democrat, casting his first presidential vote for 
 Franklin Pierce, in 1852. 
 
 Cornelius Smock was born January 16, 1801, in Mercer county, 
 Kentucky, and is the son of John and Ann (Yanarsdall) Smock. His 
 parents moved from Pennsylvania to Kentucky, and settled soon after 
 the revolutionary war. His mother's father was Maj. Simon Yanars- 
 dall, in the revolution. The Smocks have been federalists, whigs, and 
 republicans. Both parents of Mr. Smock were early members of the 
 Dutch Eeformed church, and later Presbyterians, His father died 
 August 4, 1824, in Kentucky, his mother in 1854 or 1856. Cornelius 
 was married November 13, 1823, to Elizabeth Adams, and in 1829 
 came to Johnson county, Indiana, with wife, three children, and his 
 mother. He resided there until 1839, when he moved to Putnamville, 
 Putnam county. There he sold goods for some years. August 1, 1852, 
 his wife died, leaving a husband, son, and seven daughters, to mourn 
 her loss. She had united with the Presbyterian church at the same 
 time as her husband, at Harrodsburg, Kentucky. In 1853 Mr. Smock 
 moved to Crawfordsville, and settled in a pleasant location near the 
 "Wabash College. His children are : "William A., married, and living in 
 Indianapolis ; Ellen Y., Jane, Hannah, Mary, Martha "W. (died Decem- 
 ber 22, 1879), Louisa, and Elizabeth. Mr. Smock served as justice of 
 the peace for four years, and county commissioner three years, in Put- 
 nam county. His two brothers, John B. and Simon, were in the war 
 of 1812. He united with the Presbyterian church in September 1824. 
 At the death- of his uncle. Elder James Smock, February, 1830, he 
 was elected to the vacancy in the church near Greenwood, Johnson 
 county. Soon after settling in Putnam county he was elected elder in 
 the church at Putnamville, March, 1839, and in September, 1853, com- 
 ing to Crawfordsville, united with Center church, and in the following 
 month was elected elder in that church. Thus he has enjoyed the 
 honors and benefits, and shared the re8ponsibilities,of the eldership for 
 about fifty years. In looking over the past he sees many things that 
 he wishes had been otherwise, but recalls not a word or deed that was 
 intended to unsettle men's belief in God or the bible. He has seen all 
 his children unite with the same church, and in his old age, in the days 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 267 
 
 that cluster around the last of his fourscore years, he finds comfort in 
 the faith he has endeavored to teach so many years. 
 
 Hector S. Braden, coal dealer, insurance and railroad agent, Craw- 
 fordsville. Among the active business men of Crawfordsville, and 
 those who have aided in improving the city both in individual and pub- 
 lic service, Mr. Braden occupies an important place. He is a native of 
 Clinton county, Indiana, having been born there November 22, 1830, 
 and is the son of Burr and Mary (Jenners) Braden. His father was a 
 merchant in Jefferson, Indiana, so that young Braden served some 
 years behind his father's counter. He attended Wabash College two 
 years, then entered a mercantile college in Cincinnati, and in 1853 
 graduated. Mr. Braden now came to Crawfordsville and became a 
 partner in the firm of Lee, Gilkey & Co. This firm built a large ele- 
 vator, 60 X 100, four stories, with railroad track passing through it. For 
 about ten years this firm carried on a business of 50,000 to 75,000 
 tushels of grain, and a commission trade in flour of about 15,000 bar- 
 rels. Throughout Lincoln's administration Mr. Braden filled the office 
 of internal revenue collector. In 1863 he was appointed agent for the 
 American Express Company, which position he held until 1878. From 
 1874 to 1878 he was a prominent member of the city council, occupy- 
 ing the chair in the public and finance committee. During the build- 
 ing of the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western railroad Mr. Braden 
 was general manager ; then for several years was local agent at Craw- 
 fordsville. In 1878 he purchased the Sand creek coal banks, and is 
 now proprietor of the same, with a commodious office in Crawfords- 
 ville. In connection with his general coal trade he also carries a com- 
 mission business in flour, is agent for the Union and National Through 
 Fast Freight lines, and agent for New York Underwriters' Insurance 
 Company. He is president of the Crawfordsville and Yountsville 
 Cravel Road Company. It is needless to comment upon the activity of a 
 life so fraught with business. Mr. Braden was married September 16, 
 1862, to Mary Elston, daughter of Maj. I. C. and Marie E. (Aiken) 
 Elston. Mrs. Braden is a native of Crawfordsville.* 
 
 John C. Maxwell, farmer, fruit grower, and stock raiser, Crawfords- 
 ville, was b6rn in Union county, Indiana, July 21, 1822, and is the 
 son of Thomas and Jemima Maxwell. In 1853 Mr. Maxwell settled 
 in the city of Crawfordsville. He lived in the city eleven years and 
 then traded for the property where he now lives. He had the advan- 
 tages of a common school education. At the age of twenty-fonr his 
 father died, and he stayed and took care of his mother until he was 
 thirty-one years old. He began life without any capital, but industry 
 and integrity. He was first married in 1853, to Anna Oneall, of this 
 
268 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 county. She died September 23, 1870. By this union there were 
 five children : Ella, Frank O., Mary G., Fred. F. and Harry L. Frank 
 attended the common school, and also Wabash College three years. 
 He taught school in the winters for three years. Ella attended the 
 common school, the city schools of Crawfordsville, and one term at 
 Logansport. She has taught school for five years. Mary also has a 
 good education, and is a school teacher. Mr. Maxwell was married the 
 second time, February 14, 1872, to Mrs. Catherine Paddock, of UnioD 
 county. Bj this marriage there are three children, George, John and 
 Ira. Mr. Maxwell has been township assessor, city appraiser twice, 
 and is now vice-president of the Montgomery County Agricultural So- 
 ciety. He is a Mason, and a republican. Mr. Maxwell is now giving 
 special attention to small fruits ; and for about five years he has been 
 engaged in raising Jersey cows. 
 
 George Hough, insurance and loan agent, Crawfordsville, was born 
 in Muskingum county, Ohio, June 6, 1814, and is a son of John and 
 Frances (Luckey) Hough, whose parents were natives of Virginia. 
 John Hough, the great-great-grandfather of George Hough, was one of 
 the immortal Mayflower's crew. The Houghs were Quakers or 
 Friends, therefore were not actively engaged in the revolution. How- 
 ever, the house of George's grandfather was a hospital for the Ameri- 
 can soldiers, and was always full. All his crops, and any other prop- 
 erty in his possession, he gave toward abetting the freedom of the 
 united colonies. Benjamin Hough, brother of John Hough, the father 
 of George, surveyed the State of Ohio for the government. So the 
 Houghs have bieen prominent in the country's annals. Mrs. Frances 
 Hough died in 1844, in Hamilton county, Ohio. She was a member 
 of the Presbyterian church. Her husband, John Hough, went to Illi- 
 nois, and there died while visiting. He was buried at Hamilton, Ohio. 
 During his life he had been a whig, and at the time of his death, 1858, 
 was a republican. George Hough, subject of this sketch, left home at 
 the age of sixteen, and became a clerk in a Cincinnati wholesale dry- 
 goods house, where he remained seven and a half years. He was then 
 employed three years in another house of the same kind. Leaving 
 Cincinnati, he engaged in the dry-goods trade in Liberty, Missouri, for 
 four years. Mr. Hough then returned to Hamilton, Ohio, and was 
 variously employed. He built a reservoir covering 4,000 acres of land 
 in Ohio, for the Miami canal. For two years he engaged in hotel bus- 
 iness. About 1854 he came with his wife's step-father, Stephen Inger- 
 soll, to Crawfordsville, who built an addition to the Ristine hotel and 
 kept this until 1856, when it burned, Mr. Hough losing everything. 
 He then wrote or clerked for different parties for two or three years to 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 269 
 
 gain a livelihood. ^ In 1861 he went to the south with a stock of goods, 
 and at the close of the war engaged in the grocery and commission 
 trade, in Memphis, until 1866. He then returned to Crawfordsville, 
 where he bought grain for a time. He was then appointed revenue 
 assessor and also was made clerk and paymaster for the contractors of 
 the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western railroad. Since that time 
 he has been mostly engaged in clerking for different firms. He is fol- 
 lowing insurance, real estate and loan business, and is notary public. 
 He represents, with his son-in-law, W. E. Fry, good companies in in- 
 surance, and is doing a thriving business in the other branches of their 
 work. Mr. Hough was married in 1842, to Caroline M. Williams, of 
 Hamilton, Ohio, a native of Cincinnati. They have three daughters ; 
 Fannie, now Mrs. W. K. Fry ; Emma, now Mrs. H. 0. FaircMd, of 
 Wisconsin, and Hannah, at home. Mr. Hough voted first for Harri- 
 .fion, in 1840, and has walked in the whig and republican ranks ever 
 since. He has often spent pleasant visits at Gen. Harrison's, and the 
 general has frequently occupied Mr. Hough's bed. Mr. Hough has 
 traveled in eleven states. Mr. Fry, his son-in-law and partner in 
 husiness, spent three years in the civil war, and is well known in 
 Montgomery county. 
 
 Duckworth Brothers, grocers, Crawfordsville, are a popular fi:rm, 
 -doing business in the roomy building opposite the Catholic church, on 
 •the corner of Pike and Washington streets. They carry a stock of 
 about $2,500, and do a trade of $16,000 to $18,000. They deal exten- 
 sively in all kinds of feed. Their parents, Alvin L. and Narcissa 
 .{Walker) Duckworth, were both born in Kentucky in 1812, and whither 
 the parents of both had come from North Carolina. In 1854 Mr. and 
 Mrs. Duckworth emigrated from Kentucky to Montgomery county, 
 Indiana, where they bought the square of land on a part of which their 
 residence now stands. They brought with them five children, Thomas, 
 John C, Newton M., Euth A. and Mary C, all now married. Mrs. 
 Duckworth died April 25, 1867. She with her husband and children 
 are numbered in the membership of the Presbyterian church. For a 
 livelihood Mr. Duckworth has farmed and teamed. He is a democrat 
 in politics, but not ultra. John C, son of the above, was born Octo- 
 ber 1, 1837, and was educated in the common schools, and at the age 
 eighteen years began the trade of house carpentering. He also spent 
 *ix years in a cabinet-shop, and six years as a machinist. He is naturally 
 an adept with tools. In February, 1879, he engaged in his present busi- 
 ness. Mr. Duckworth was married March 13, 1862, to Elizabeth F. 
 Lasley, daughter of Hannah C. Lasley, of Crawfordsville. They have 
 three boys and three girls. Newton M. Duckworth was born September 
 
270 HISTOBT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 23, 1842, in Bath county, Kentucky ; like his brother, farmed till seven- 
 teen years of age, when he, too, learned the trade of house carpentering, 
 which he followed till 1879, when he entered his present business. He 
 was married October 27, 1869, to Mina Wright, of Greencastle, Indi- 
 ana. Her parents died when she was very small. They have one 
 child, Harry. All the Duckworths are Presbyterians. They support 
 the democratic ticket. 
 
 F. N. Johnson, county treasurer, Crawfordsville, was born in Gal- 
 latin county, Kentucky, in 1842. He resided there with his parents 
 until he was twelve years old, when they removed to Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, and settled in Brown township, which has since been 
 his residence. In 1867 he began clerking for the firm of Davis & Hanna, 
 general merchants, of Waveland, and in 1873 he became a member 
 of the firm, the firm now being Hanna & Johnson. He continued 
 busily engaged in merchandising until 1878, when he was elected to 
 the office of county treasurer by the democratic party, which gave him 
 a majority of 104 votes. He was elected for two years, and has since 
 been renominated for a second term. He is a member of "Waveland 
 Lodge, No. 217, I.O^O.F., and has been a member of the Christian 
 church for twenty years, and is at present superintendent of that 
 chrirch's Sunday-school at Crawfordsville. January 10, 1869, he was 
 married to Miss Julia F. Durham, a native of Kentucky. She died 
 January 6, 1880, leaving two children, Henry F., aged eleven, and 
 John A., aged four years. 
 
 James E. Evans, merchant, Crawfordsville, was born December 5, 
 1849, in the northwestern corner of Putnam county, Indiana, at his 
 grandfather's (James Evans') house. His father, Elza Evans, died in 
 1849, at the age of twenty-seven, from the effects of a wound received 
 from the adz of a workman while at work on a barn. This occurred 
 before James was born. Elza Evans was a native of Kentucky, and 
 came with his parents, James and Euth Evans, to Putnam county, In- 
 diana, in a very early day. Here James Evans entered land and lived 
 a farmer's life. He was a warm whig, and pillar of the church. He 
 helped build the first church in Kussellville, and was always foremost 
 in all measures of progress and improvement. Mrs. Elizabeth Evans, 
 now Mrs. Hanna, lives near Waveland, at the age of fifty-three. James 
 B. Evans was raised and educated by his grandfather, James Evans, 
 whose name he bears. He attended the Eussellville or Harmonia 
 College and fitted himself for college. When eighteen years of age he 
 entered the freshman class at Asbury University, and in 1872 grad- 
 uated in a class of twenty-eight. Leaving college, he began the study 
 of law with Hon. M. D. White and Hon. Lew. Wallace, of Crawfords- 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 271 
 
 ville, with whom he stayed one year. He then formed a partnership 
 with Geo. C. Coon for the practice of his profession. After one year 
 he associated himself with Geo. C. Paul, but on account of ill health 
 retired from practice and lived with his grandfather on the farm two 
 years, at the end of which time he engaged in the boot and shoe trade 
 with James B. Sidener, in Crawfordsville, which is his present occupa- 
 tion. This firm is more specially noticed in connection with Mr. Sid- 
 ener's sketch. Mr. Evans was married December 8, 1875, to Joanna 
 Graham, daughter of Noble and Carrie Graham, prominent citizens of 
 Crawfordsville. They have two children, Harry G., and a babe. 
 
 Biographical sketch of Peter S. Kennedy, by General Lew. Wallace : / 
 Mr. Kennedy was born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, July 10,1 
 1829. His grandfather, Joseph Kennedy, was one of the earliest set-, 
 tiers of that county, to which, some years before the commencement of 
 the present century, he removed from near Hagerstown, Maryland. 
 He was a natural farmer, a man of peace, whose general character, as 
 summed up in an old manuscript, was that of one who endeavored all 
 through life to " deal justly, love mercy, and walk humbly before 
 God." The father of the subject of this sketch was also named Joseph. 
 When quite young he learned the blacksmith trade, which, in connec- 
 tion with farming, he followed as the occupation of his life. In March, 
 1860, at the age of seventy-seven, he died peacefully, literally worn out 
 by time and hard work. He was not a sociable man, but one of stub- 
 born adherence to his convictions, and fond of reading. He lived and 
 died in poverty, leaving his children the simple inheritance of a name, 
 noted among his neighbors for honesty and charity, although he was a 
 confirmed skeptic in religion. When somewhat advanced in age he 
 married Elizabeth Sharrer, by whom he had nine children, the subject 
 of this sketch being the seventh in order. Mr. Kennedy's friends will 
 be interested in knowing that, as a boy, he was of a melancholy, 
 thoughtful disposition, and that, while seldom seeking the company of 
 other boys, he preferred the companionship of men, for the sake of in- 
 formation, and was a great and constant reader of books of useful 
 knowledge, too heavy for the average lad. His education was princi- 
 pally acquired at the common schools, with a short term at an academy 
 in INorth Middletown, Kentucky, making him another illustration of 
 the fact that the best part of man's schooling is what he gains by the 
 process of self-teaching. Mr. Kennedy's mental and moral character- 
 istics showed themselves early. From the time he was fifteen years 
 old he engaged in heated discussions about slavery, the liquor traffic 
 and the annexation of Texas, all common topics of the time. Though 
 these debates were as yet in private circles, they manifested the polit- 
 
272 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ical turn of his mind, and the independence of his spirit. Thus begin- 
 ning, he grew a confirmed hater of slavery and oppression in every 
 form, a bold, outspoken enemy of the free sale of intoxicating drinks, 
 and of the schemes and ideas of the democratic party generally. It is 
 not at all singular, therefore, that the first public speech he ever made 
 was in favor of emancipation in Kentucky, a position so unpopular that 
 there was but one individual in his audience who sympathized with 
 him. Resolving very early in life to follow the law, Mr. Kennedy 
 made everything subservient to this idea. In the twentieth year of 
 his age, while teaching school, he began the study of Blackstone ; and 
 from that time to the present he has devoted himself to the profession, 
 trying not more to make himself rich by practice than master of the 
 principles of the great science. Yet he did not bury himself in his 
 oflBce or limit his action to the courts. He wrote much for the lead- 
 ing papers on politics, and with his pen was constantly helping for- 
 ward reforms of every kind. At one time he contributed a series of 
 eighteen articles for the "Indianapolis Daily Journal," in favor of the 
 protection of home manufacturing. The views advanced, and the man- 
 ner in which the subject was handled, won the admiration of all who 
 were of-his way of thinking, and the ire of opponents. A chief tenet 
 in his political faith has always been that the human race is capable of 
 almost indefinite improvement. Another one is that the condition of 
 the common people depends, in a great measure, upon proper laws and 
 teachings; hence he has been, and now is, actively identified with 
 measures looking to a wise development of the resources of coun- 
 try, and the general improvement of its citizens mentally and physic- 
 ally. It were very strange if his generous labors in these directions 
 had been wholly without fruit ; and his biographer is happy to say 
 they were not. Thus learning, from actual practice at the bar, that 
 courts were often hampered by the old rules excluding all persons as 
 witnesses who happened to have an interest in the result of the suit, 
 he went to work to bring about a change of the law in that respect. 
 He wrote much upon the subject, and addressed himself energetically 
 and personally to the members of the legislature. His efforts, after 
 much persistence, were crowned with success. So to-day, thanks to 
 Mr. Kennedy, as much if not more than any other individual in the 
 state, parties to suits may testify in their own behalf. Still, it would 
 seem, he is not content with the triumph. He holds that the statute 
 does not go far enough ; that all barriers whatever should be thrown 
 down, and everybody compelled to testify who knows anything about 
 the case in hand ; particularly, that there is no more reason for exclud- 
 ing a party whose antagonist is dead, than there would be for excludincr 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 273 
 
 liiiu on account of the death of any other witness on the other side. He 
 is of opinion, also, that to allow parties to divorce suits to testify against 
 each other would be a po-werful check to bad conduct by both. Other 
 reforms of like public import are attributable not a little to Mr. Ken- 
 nedy — such as the law prohibiting gravel road companies from charg- 
 ing toll where their roads are not in good repair, and the act revising 
 the judicial system of the state. A man of the ardent nature of Mr. 
 Kennedy could hardly avoid taking part against the rebellion of 1861. 
 He answered President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to serve three 
 months by helping raise a company, and in less than ten days marched 
 with them into camp, where he was elected first lieutenant, though, on 
 account of the sickness of the captain, he really commanded the greater 
 part of the term. His regiment, the 7th (Colonel E. Dumont), served in 
 West Virginia, participating in the battles of Philippi, Laurel Hill, and 
 Carrick's Ford. At the end of his term of service he returned home, 
 disabled by rheumatism contracted from exposure during the campaign. 
 Unable to reenter the service, he hired a man to take his place in the 
 next company that was made up from his county. Mr. Kennedy 
 was married on October 6, 1853, to Miss Emily Talbot, in Fayette 
 county, Kentucky. The union has proved a most happy one, and has 
 been blessed with six children, all of whom are living. Though Mr. 
 Kennedy has never joined any church, he has a profound respect for 
 the religious opinions of other people, and was never known to speak 
 disrespectfully of them where he believed they were honestly enter- 
 tained. Believing charitable works are best advanced by organization, 
 Mr. Kennedy very early united himself with both the Odd-Fellows^ 
 and Masons, and has on several occasions delivered addresses to each. 
 The personal character of Mr. Kennedy is more than above reproach ; 
 it is admirable, and in every respect worthy of imitation. He is 
 candid and earnest, slow to suspect others, incapable of treachery, gen- 
 erous to a fault, a true friend, and full of charity for the unfortunate. 
 He loves his home and family dearly, and has the implicit confidence 
 of all his neighbors. In questions of public improvements he has ever 
 been pronounced in favor of progress, holding nothing tending in that 
 direction unimportant. On this account, quite as much as because of 
 his acknowledged ability and integrity, he was elected, in 1874, to the 
 legislature, from Montgomery county, notwithstanding the majority 
 was ordinarily considerably. democratic. On the floor of the house he 
 forced recognition as a laborer in committee and a debater of the first 
 rank. In fact he stepped quickly into the leadership of his partv, and 
 held his place to the end of the session, extending his reputation 
 throughout the state, and laying the foundation of an influence which 
 18 . 
 
274 HISTORY QV MONTGOMEKY COUNTY. 
 
 \ 
 
 has grown and is now by no means at its limit. But tiis heart seems 
 to be given chiefly to his profession. He is by nature a lover of the 
 study and practice of law. At the bar he is magnanimous and large- 
 minded, despising tricks and seeking the merits of the case. On the 
 wrong side, he is lethargic and uninterested, but let him believe him- 
 self right and he never gets done fighting, and in the heat of the con- 
 test strikes like another Coeur de Lion. He makes no pretensions to 
 brilliancy of speech, whether to the court or to the jury, but in the 
 supreme court is formidable, on account of a singular power of state- 
 ment on paper, and a tenacity of purpose which never weakens. His 
 compeers all agree that Mr. Kennedy is never so much to be dreaded 
 as when he is in danger of defeat. In criminal practice he is seldom 
 heard, because, it is said, his sympathy is most generally with society 
 and against the criminal. He served as prosecuting attorney of the 
 Indianapolis circuit from 1856 to 1858, and in that time probably saw 
 too much of the tricks and perjuries by which crime is defended to 
 care for distinction in its defense. Mr. Kennedy is in the prime of 
 life, hale, hearty, laborious. The crowns of his career are before him. 
 Diligence, sound judgment, talents of high order, added to practice of 
 good morals, a pleasant manner, and striking, manly appearance, will 
 bring him to them as certainly as he lives. 
 
 William E. Poynts, farmer, New Market, was born in Scott county, 
 Kentucky, December 27, 1828, and is the fourth child of James and 
 Rebecca (Eoss) Poynts. His ancestors on the paternal side were Irish. 
 His mother's people were from Maryland. When very young his 
 father died ; and when he had attained suitable age he was apprenticed 
 to learn the bricklayer's trade. He served three years, and worked one 
 year as journeyman. He married Ann Eliza Rice, February 6, 1851, 
 in Fayette county, Kentucky, and in the following autumn moved to 
 this county and settled in Union township, where he has since made 
 his home. He owns 203 acres' of land, worth $9,000. He obtained 
 $900 by marriage ; the rest of his property is the result of industry 
 and careful management. Mrs. Poynts has been a communicant in 
 the Christian church thirty-four years. They have had five children : 
 William, born October 12, 1854; James, August 25, 1860; John, Oc- 
 rober 29, 1871 ; and two daughters which died in infancy. 
 
 John J. Childers, farmer. North Union, is the descendant of 
 revolutionary stock. Gooseberry Childers, his grandfather, was a pen- 
 sioned son of 1776, and emigrated at an early period to the white set- 
 tlements of Kentucky, and died in Garrard county about 1840. This 
 subject was the youngest son of Lindsey and Catharine (Lydic) Chil- 
 ders, and was born in Fayette county, April 1, 1824. After learning 
 
UNiosr TowiTSHip. 275 
 
 the bricklaying trade he followed that occupation ten years anterior to 
 his removal to Indiana. On December 16, 1847, he was united in 
 marriage with Miss Margaret Ross, who was born November 26, 1828. 
 Her parents were William and Eleanor Ross. In the autumn of 1855 
 Mr. Ohilders moved with his family to this township and settled at 
 his present home, just north of North Union. His farm comprises 
 168 acres, all inclosed, and 90 acres under the plow, the estimated 
 value of which is $8,500. He has been a democrat all his life. Mrs. 
 Ohilders is a member of the Lutheran church. Of these parents six 
 children have been born : Ella, wife of Jasper Britton ; Kittie, now 
 Mrs. James H. Armantrout : William, who married Miss Emma Wat- 
 kins ; Belle, wife of James M. Galey ; Mary and John. Besides their 
 own children, they are rearing their nephew, George, son :of William 
 Ross, and whose mother died when he was eight months old. 
 
 Henry Williams, deputy postmaster, Crawfordsville, was born 
 January 4, 1823, in Baltimore, Maryland. His father was a merchant, 
 and died in 1824, and the subject of this sketch was left in charge 
 of a guardian, R. L. Colt, who sent him to the public school in New 
 Jersey. He finished his education afterward in Pennsylvania, where 
 he graduated. Mr. Williams came to Tippecanoe county, work- 
 ing there several years, then went into the mercantile business in La 
 Fayette. In 1857 he came to Crawfordsville to send his children to 
 college, and engaged in the grocery business a few years. He enlisted 
 in Co. G, 11th Ind. Vols., for three years. His son, John F. Will- 
 iams, was captain of the same company, and was in the battles of 
 Shiloh, Fort Henry, Fort Doneleon and Winchester. He was a vet- 
 eran soldier, a brave officer, and much lamented by his friends when he 
 died, April 6, 1866. After the war Mr. Williams went to Illinois to 
 improve some land he had there, his family remaining here. In 1871 
 he was appointed deputy postmaster, which position he now holds, his 
 management having been an honesty and efficiency one. He is a 
 member of the Center Presbyterian church, a Mason, and a radical re- 
 publican. He was married February 19 to Martha B. Haight, daugh- 
 ter of Rev. S. Haight. They have five children : Laura, Charles, Har- 
 riet, Eva and John. The latter attended Wabash College before going 
 to the war, and Charles attended the same for some three years. Eva 
 attended Elmira, New York, Female College. Mrs. Williams and 
 her daughters are members of the Center Presbyterian church. 
 
 Amazon Ward, farmer and stock raiser, Whitesville, was born 
 April 25, 1835, on a farm near Liberty, Union county, Indiana. His 
 father, David G. Ward, was born July 18, 1803, in Madisonville, 
 Ohio. When a young man he moved to Union county, Indiana, 
 
276 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERT COUNTY. 
 
 where he was engaged in farming and wagon-making, having pre- 
 viously learned his trade in Madison ville, Ohio. In this county he 
 was united in marriage with Eleanor Lafuze, daughter of Samuel and 
 Eleanor (Harper) Lafuze. By this union they became the parents of 
 twelve children, nine of whom are living. From this county they em- 
 igrated to Madison county, Indiana, and after a two years' sojourn, in 
 1856 moved to Montgomery county, Indiana, and settled near Mace, 
 on what is known as the old Chrisman place. In about four years he 
 traded this farm for a home near Darlington, where he resided six 
 years, when he disposed of his property in Montgomery county and 
 moved to Boone county, where he purchased a home upon which he 
 still lives and is engaged in gardening. He is a member of the Chris- 
 tian church, as is also his wife. Formerly he was a whig, but since 
 the organization of the republican party he became one of its most ■ 
 active workers. Amazon lived with his parents until the age of 
 twenty-two. January 27, 1859, he was married to Phoebe Jane Mont- 
 gomery, who was born July 18, 1838, and is the youngest daughter of 
 James and Phoebe Montgomery, prominent pioneer citizens, who lo- 
 cated in this township in 1832. Mr. Ward is the father of four chil- 
 dren, all of whom are living : Clara Bell, Camella May, Ulyses Grant, 
 and Henry Alva. He farmed two years on the Chrisman place, 
 when he moved on the Montgomery farm, in Union township, and in 
 three years purchased his father's farm, near Darlington, in connection 
 with his brother Stephen. Two years later he traded his portion of 
 the property for 160 acres, where he now resides, being in possession, 
 at this date, of 195 acres. He moved to his present beautiful location 
 January 1, 1866, and in 1874 erected a comfortable frame dwelling 
 about the size of his present one. February 21, 1877, it burned to the 
 ground, but with the same energy that has characterized all his doings 
 he immediately set tp work on the two-story, 46x52, handsome brick 
 building now standing upon the ashes of its predecessor, the brick 
 being made upon his own property. He is an earnest supporter of the 
 principles of the republican party, casting his first presidential vote for 
 John C. Fremont, in 1856. 
 
 Michael Price, grain dealer, Orawfordsville, was born in Carlow 
 county, Ireland, in 1821, and is the son of William Price, who was a 
 farmer and miller, and died in Ireland. The subject of this sketch 
 obtained his education by going to night schools, reading, and from 
 active business. When twenty-four years old he went to Liverpool, 
 England, and managed the grain business for a man who dealt with 
 American grain dealers. He remained in Liverpool thirteen years and 
 then came to America and settled in Crawfordsville, where he has ever 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 277 
 
 since resided. His brother and sister, "William aiid Mary, came to 
 America before he did, and settled in New York. Mr. Price first 
 engaged in handling farmers' produce, which he continued four or five 
 years. He then began buying grain for a milling company in l^ew 
 Albany and Indianapolis. In 1869 he bought his present warehouse 
 for $3,600. He has been very successful, and has bought as high as 
 125,000 bushels of grain in one year. In 1873 he was elected city 
 councilman, and served two terms. He was married in 1864, to Jane 
 A. Kegan, of New York. They have six children : Mary, M'argaret, 
 Anunciatta, Jennie, Bernard, and Angeline. Mr. and Mrs. Price are 
 both members of the Catholic church. 
 
 Dickey & Brewer, dealers in books, wall paper, pictures, and pict- 
 ure-frames, Crawfordsville, have the largest and best assortment of 
 everything in their line of business of any house in the city. They 
 have been in partnership since 1872, and are doing a large business. 
 They have all kinds of books, and all who desire anything in their 
 line will do well to call on them. You will find them pleasant and ac- 
 commodating gentlemen. 
 
 John J. Darter, grain dealer, Crawfordsville, was born in Fayette 
 county, Indiana, in 1828. He had a good common school education, 
 and taught school in tjie winters. for about four years. He settled in 
 Montgomery county in 1855, and in Crawfordsville in 1859. He was 
 engaged in the produce and grocery business, and buying of grain, for 
 some eight years. Since then he has been engaged in the grain busi- 
 ness. He has been a member of the school board ten years, city council- 
 man four years, and owns the city elevator on the Indianapolis, Bloom- 
 ington & "Western railroad. He was married in 1866, to Miss Stincy 
 Fuller, and has four girls and four boys. His wife is a member of the 
 Center Presbyterian church. Mr. Darter is a republican, and a pro- 
 nounced temperance man. His father and mother, Joseph and Mary 
 Darter, are still living, the former eighty-two years old and the latter 
 eighty-four. 
 
 George T. Graham, Crawfordsville, was born August 16, 1812, in 
 Rockbridge county, Virginia, near the natural bridge. His father, 
 Thomas G. Graham, was born about 1778, and died about 1830. He 
 lived in Rockbridge county until he removed to Lexington, to learn 
 the trade of a cabinet-maker with Mr. Plunkit. He then worked at 
 his trade, and built a number of boats on North river, and at these he 
 was engaged until he moved to Ohio, near Eaton, where he followed 
 farming until his death. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and a 
 democrat. He married Kaziah Gill in Rockbridge county, Virginia, and 
 became the father of seven children, three of whom are living : George 
 
278 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 T., Elizabeth "White, living near Greensburg, and Sarah Bailey, now 
 residing in Huntington county, Indiana. After the death of Mr. Graham 
 Mrs. Graham married Abraham Myres, and at the time of her death, 
 June 26, 1871, was living with Williana H. Bailey, in Huntington 
 county. She was a member of theDunkard church. When George T. was 
 but eighteen years of age his father died, and the providing for the family 
 fell upon him, which was cheerfully done until his mother's second 
 marriage. Mr. Graham continued to work at various trades at Morn- 
 ing Sun until his emigration to Union county, Indiana, where he was 
 engaged several years in various enterprises. His next removal brought 
 him to Davis county. He then moved his family to Butler county, 
 Ohio, and was engaged twelve or thirteen years as. a clerk and stock 
 buyer in Summerville. He was then employed one year in Illinois, 
 and in 1859 settled near Crawfordsville, Indiana, where he was engaged 
 in farming until 1865, which time marks the date of his removal to the 
 city, where he has been engaged in various undertakings. In October, 
 1836, he married Mary 0. L. Bennett, of Union county, Indiana, who was 
 born January 24, 1817. Her mother, Susanah Bennett, was born April 
 16, 1784, and died July 25, 1871. Her father, George W. Bennett, was 
 born December 19, 1784, and died December 22, 1852. They were 
 both members of the Presbyteriaft church. Charlotte M. Kingen, a 
 niece of Mr. Graham, is now making her home at his house. He is a 
 member of the Presbyterian church, as is also his wife. He is a repub- 
 lican, casting his first presidential vote for Jackson. He now has in his 
 possession a badge worn in the campaign of 1840, with a picture of 
 Geo. Harrison upon it. August 12, 1848, he united with the Odd-Fel- 
 lows, in Butler county, Ohio, and has occupied many offices in the 
 order. He is now the left supporter of the vice grand, and a past grand. 
 Eobert B. F. Peirce was born February 17, 1843, at Laurel, Frank- 
 lin county, Indiana. His father, Henry Peirce, came of Puritan stock, 
 and was born in Massachusetts. He came to Indiana at an early day, 
 settling first at Fairfield and afterward moving to Laurel. The family 
 was large, consisting of seven boys and two girls, and the father failing 
 in health, when Kobert arrived at the age of seventeen, was too poor to 
 assist him into business or in getting an education. But he made up 
 his mind to have a full collegiate education, and in September, 1860, 
 entered the preparatory department of Wabash College. Being with- 
 out funds, he supported himself by working during his spare time, saw- 
 ing wood and doing such other work as he could obtain ; and for the 
 first two years of his college course he sawed all the wood used by one 
 of the hotels in Crawfordsville. The war broke out soon after he en- 
 tered college, and as the different calls were made for soldiers, one 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 279 
 
 after another of his brothers entered the service until he, the fourth and 
 the only remaining one old enough to enlist, volunteered and was 
 chosen second lieutenant of his company. He remained in the army 
 until the clpse of the Atlanta campaign, when his regiment was mus- 
 tered out of the service. He tTien returned to college and renewed his 
 studies. In 1866 he graduated with the full honors of the regular 
 classical course. In July, 1866, he went to Shelbyville, in this state, 
 to read law in the office of the Hon. B. F. Love, and although a com- 
 parative stranger, was at once elected to fill a vacancy in the office of 
 city attorney by the unanimous vote of the city council. He was mar- 
 ried November 20, 1866, to Miss Hattie Blair, of Orawfordsville, 
 daughter of John W. Blair. She died October 28, 18T8. They be- 
 came the parents of three children : Lais J., Frank H. and Edwin B. 
 He remained therefor one year, and in 1867 returned to Orawfordsville 
 and opened an office, and soon ranked high at a bar which has always 
 been noted for its strength. In the following year he was elected by 
 the republicans as prosecuting attorney for the counties of Clinton, 
 Boone, Fountain, "Warren, and Montgomery; and being twice reelected, 
 held the place for six years. He devoted his time assiduously to the 
 discharge of his official duties, and while so engaged was brought in 
 contact with some of the ablest lawyers in the state. He sustained 
 himself well, and soon became known for his energy, zeal and success 
 in the prosecution of criminals ; and his official career is yet pointed to 
 as a model one for prosecutors. He never turned any of his cases over 
 to other management, but without exception gave them his personal 
 attention. In May, 1874, he was appointed general solicitor of the 
 Logansport, Orawfordsville & Southwestern Railroad Company, and 
 elected one of its directors. He continued to hold these positions until 
 the sale of the road a few months ago. He also gave hiS|attention to 
 the practice of the law in his and in neighboring counties, and in the 
 federal courts of Indianapolis and Chicago. He has deservedly taken 
 a high place in his profession, and it is no disparagement to the other 
 , members of the Orawfordsville bar to say that he has no superior there. 
 Mr. Peirce has always been a republican, and being a pursuasive and 
 logical speaker, his services on the stump have always been in , de- 
 mand, not only in his county and district, but by the state central com- 
 mittiee on behalf of the state ticket. He has never been a candidate 
 for any office except that of prosecuting attorney, and though often 
 pressed has always declined to enter the lists for any political office. 
 For the position Mr. Peirce now occupies in his profession and in poli- 
 ties he really is indebted to no one ; he is a self-made man in the true 
 sense of the word. His earnestness in whatever he undertakes, his un- 
 
280 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEllY COUNTY. 
 
 tiriHg industry and energy, and his rare talents for (!ommand and con- 
 troversy, render him almost invincible before the people. Mr. Peiree 
 is not less distinguished for the inflexible uprightness of his political 
 conduct than for his kindly disposition and winning manners. He is 
 genial, aflfable, and has the faculty of making warm and enthusiastic 
 friends. 
 
 Abner P. Enoch, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born in Butler county, 
 Ohio, August 2, 1837. Mr. Enoch was born on the farm, attended 
 the common school, and Wabash College two terms. He was a punc- 
 tual and diligent student. He began farming for himself when 
 twenty-one years old, and began teaching school the winter he was 
 twenty, and taught for nine successive winters. He was married 
 November 18, 1860, to Phebe Jane Foust. They have had six chil- 
 dren : Howard D., Yirgil "W., Alma L., Sallie A., Fannie C, Ora H., 
 Bruce H., Mary Maud, the first two of whom died in one day, with 
 spotted fever. In twenty years he has made his farm of 232 acres 
 clear of all indebtedness, it being well improved, watered by springs, 
 and about four and a half miles from Crawfordsville. Mr. Enoch is a 
 republican, a Universalist, an Odd-Fellow, a member of the Detective 
 Association, and a pronounced advocate and exemplar of the principles 
 of temperance. He is a lover of books, and is a siiccesstul, enterpris- 
 ing citizen. 
 
 Emory Totton, the oldest dentist in Crawfordsville, was born in 
 Trumble county, Ohio, April 2, 1833. He had the advantages of a 
 district school education, attended Gustavus Academy one year and 
 college one year. He began the study of dentistry before he was 
 twenty-one years old. He came to the county in 1856, and studied 
 dentistry with Dr. Detchon. He made a trip down through Ohio into 
 Virginia ; made his home in New Richmond, this state, two years, 
 and in 1860 located in the city of Crawfordsville, where he has had a 
 large and successful practice. * In 1876 he removed to Bowling Green, 
 Kentucky ; stayed there three years, and then returned to Crawfords- 
 ville. The doctor began life without anything, and has made his own 
 way in the world. He was married to Martha A. Barr. She is a 
 member of the Methodist church. The doctor is a republican, a 
 Methodist, and takes considerable interest in Sunday-school work. 
 
 James H. Tammany (deceased) was born September 10, 1825, in 
 Bellefonte, Centre county, Pennsylvania, and was a son of Henry and 
 Eva (Fox) Tammany. His father, Henry Tammany, was a native of 
 Ireland, who settled in Pennsylvania and there became extensively en- 
 gaged in railroad and iron business. He came to Indiana about the 
 time of the cholera epidemic in La Fayette, and contracted to bnild 
 
UNIOK TOWKSHIP. 281 
 
 the New Albany, Loiiisville & Chicago railroad from Greencastle to 
 Orawfordsville. James H. Tammany contracted to build the same 
 road from Orawfordsville to La Fayette. He then became, book- 
 keeper for Graham & Brothers in Orawfordsville. In winter seasons 
 he was bookkeeper for Watson & Sample, who at that time were ex- 
 tensive pork packers. Whenever not otherwise engaged he was a 
 welcome addition in the dry-goods store of Graham Bros. He con- 
 tracted to" build the gravel road from Orawfordsville to Oovington, 
 hut the scheme failed, through no fault of his. He was also contractor 
 for the construction of the Orawfordsville and Alamo gravel road, 
 which also failed. April 28, 1861, he enlisted in Oo. G, 10th Ind., as 
 orderly-sergeant, under Ool. Manson. He served three months, was 
 at the battle of Rich Mountain, and returned home August 10, 1861, 
 and talking ill he died October 26, 1861, and rests in the Odd-Fellows' 
 cemetery. He was raised a Oatholic, and a democrat in politics. Mr. 
 Tammany was married July 11, 1855, to Dorcas A. Oooch, daugh- 
 ter of Lowen E. and Eleanor (Taylor) Oooch. She was born January 
 4, 1827, in Hamilton, Ohio. Her father was a native of Randolph 
 county, Virginia, and her mother of Washington county, Pennsylvania. 
 The Oooches trace their ancestry to the celebrated Randolph, of Roa- 
 noke. Mr. Oooch died December 9, 1856, aged fifty-six, and Mrs. 
 Oooch followed her husband May 3, 1858, on her fifty-eighth birthday. 
 She was a Presbyterian and he a Baptist. Mrs. Oooch's brother, 
 John Taylor, of La Fayette, was a very wealthy merchant, whose two 
 sons were colonels in the civil war. After the death of her husband 
 Mrs. Tammany supported herself partly by writing for John M. Pier- 
 son, claim agent, and in other ways. She had learned to use her pen 
 readily in the county auditor's ofiice in Hamilton, Ohio, when her 
 brother, W. H. Laymon, filled that position. Her only son, Harry 
 Randolph Tammany, born September 13, 1856, has spent three years 
 in Wabash Oollege. Mrs. Tammany now draws a pension as a reward 
 for the service her husband rendered his country and the loss she sus- 
 tained in the death of him, hastened by war's hardships and exposure. 
 Ira McOonnell. The McOonnells came, some generations back, 
 from Ireland, and settled in Pennsylvania, while the Beemers hail 
 from Germany. Robert and Eliza (Beemer) McOonnell were natives 
 of Ohio. Mr. McOonnell became a wagon and carriage manufacturer 
 and carried on quite an extensive business in Oedarville for twenty-one 
 years. In 1849 he moved to Jay county, Indiana, and engaged in farm- 
 ing. In 1879, while attempting to shift a log on a log-wagon, the heavy 
 timber rolled on him, causing his death. He was class-leader in the 
 Methodist Episcopal church, and also a licensed preacher, and was very 
 
282 HISTOKY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 conscientious and a careful teacher of his children. When in the car- 
 riage business he discharged a workman because he swore in the pres- 
 ence of the children, and another because he discovered a bottle of 
 liquor in his tool-chest. He was very indulgent to his family. Ira, 
 one Sunday, asked him to make a top. Mr. McConnell whittled the 
 top, and handing it to the boy, said, " Ira, you have caused me to do 
 wrong by asking me to do this on Sunday." The boy will never for- 
 get the occurrence. Mr. McConnell was an abolitionist prior to the 
 war, and afterward a republican. His wife is still living, and a mem- 
 ber of the Methodist church. Ira, son of the above, was born October 
 29, 1842, in Cedarville, Greene county, Ohio.' At the age of sixteen 
 he left home and hired out to support himself, having but $1 in his 
 pocket, first working for his board. He stayed one year at Xenia, 
 then came to Boone county, Indiana, with his uncle, and labored on a 
 farm. In 1861 he enlisted at the first call for three-months men. He 
 was three times rejected on account of ill health. At last, when Ho- 
 vey's division was called, he gained admittance to the ranks of Co. G, 
 24th Ind. Vols., under Oapt. A. C. Teal. He fought at the battles of 
 Resaca, Buzzard's Roost, with Sherman from Chattanooga to Atlanta, 
 then with Thomas at Frankfort and Nashville, taking part in thirteen 
 engagements. After his discharge he worked among stock for a time at 
 Muncie, and next read law with William Brotherton and Judge March, 
 of Muncie, one year, but concluding to master a literary course he 
 studied one year at the academy of that place. He then attended 
 Wabash College one year, keeping " bachelor's hall," and finished a 
 classical course in 1872. He earned his way by doing all kinds of 
 work, much of it by wood sawing. During much of the time his health 
 was poor, but his tenacity to purpose impelled him onward and seemed 
 to sustain him. Thus he finished his seven years' course, having had 
 $90 to start with, and having borrowed $100. Leaving college he 
 read law with Major Walter one year, then went in the oflSce of Ken- 
 nedy & Brush, at Crawfordsville, soon acted as civil engineer and 
 sheriflf's bailiff, and in 1876 was elected county surveyor, in which ca- 
 pacity, together with his duties of civil engineer, he has served ever 
 since. He was married October 29, 1878, to Hettie D., daughter of 
 William and Priseilla Powers, an old family of Crawfordsville. She 
 is a member of the Methodist church. Mr. McConnell is a solid re- 
 publican and a member of the Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 Rev. George W. Stafi'ord, Crawfordsville, was born September 24, 
 1815, in Giles county, Yirginia. His father, Thomas StaflTord, was 
 born in Dublin, Ireland, whither his parents had gone from England 
 for the transaction of business in the fine linen trade. When Thomas 
 
UNIOK TOWNSHIP. 283 
 
 was three years old (1790) his parents eame to America and settled in 
 Giles county, Virginia. Here Thomas was raised on a farm, and in 
 manhood became quite a stock dealer. In 1812 he fought in the battle 
 of Norfolk. Later he emigrated to Fountain county, Indiana (1832), 
 near Attica, where he died September 16, 1847. He had been an 
 active member in the Methodist church, and was chorister for many 
 years. His wife, Euth Neel, daughter of John B. Neel, Esq.,' of Mon- 
 roe county, Virginia, a member of the same church from girlhood, died 
 April 24, 1854, at the age of sixty-four years. Both had lived good 
 lives, and died peaceful deaths. Mrs. Stafford's father, John Neel, was 
 quartermaster-sergeant, and a hero in the battle of Bunker Hill. 
 George W., the subject of this sketch, became inured to the toils of the 
 farm, and in early manhood attended Wabash College. Mr. Stafford 
 being desirous of entering the ministry, and there being no theological 
 seminaries in those days within his convenience, he studied at home, 
 assisted by ministers of the church, chief of whom was Kev. James 
 Dixon. In the fall of 1836 he was licensed by the Methodist Episco- 
 pal conference to preach in Stafford's meeting-house, Virginia. In 
 1840 he was ordained deacon by Bishop Soule, at Indianapolis, and 
 elder by Bishop Morris, at Centreville, in 1842. He continued in the 
 itineracy till 1878, when he withdrew from the active ministry. Dur- 
 ing his life-work he has been stationed at the city of Richmond, 
 Frankfort, Valparaiso, Greencastle, Eockville, and in 1861 he perma- 
 nently located at Crawfordsville, where be purchased a farm near the 
 suburbs of the city. Since that time, while engaging in the ministry 
 at different points, he has also supervised his farm of 300 acres. During 
 the war he served somewhat more than a year as chaplain in the 40th 
 Ind. Vols. ; was at the engagements at Chickamauga, Mission Eidge, 
 and with Sherman to Atlanta, where, on account of sickness, he re- 
 signed. During his ministry he has been one of the most successful 
 workers in the Methodist church, having received 3,500 persons into 
 membership, 400 of whom he received at his first charge on the New- 
 town circuit. Fountain county, and ten of whom are now in the minis- 
 try, some in foreign lands and some at home. He has also been an 
 earnest worker in the temperance cause, and signed the first temper- 
 ance pledge in America, and every one presented him since. He is 
 also a member of the fraternities of Masons and Odd-Fellows. Finan- 
 cially, also, Mr. Stafford has made a success of life. Having received 
 from his father's estate, after having fairly started in life, but $1,000, 
 by perseverance and economy has accumulated a competency for his 
 old age, and legacy to his children, of $25,000 or $30,000. He was 
 married March 24, 1842, to Miss Eachel E. Stitt, daughter of Judge 
 
284 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEUT COUNTY. 
 
 Stitt, who sat upon the Crawfordsville bench for twenty-oue years. 
 Her parents were from Virginia. She was born December 25, 1822. 
 Tlieir family have numbered eleven children : Charles W. (deceased) ; 
 James F. and John M., ministers in fhe Methodist church ; Sarah A. 
 (deceased) ; William A., farmer ; George W., attorney at the Craw- 
 fordsville bar ; Lewis and Oscar (both deceased) ; Eddie A., student at 
 Wabash College ; and Mary and Lizzie at home. 
 
 Maurice J. Lee, tile and brick-maker and farmer, Crawfordsville, was 
 born in Frankfort, Kentucky, February 17, 1837. He is the son of Mor- 
 ris and Cecilia Jane (Runey) Lee, who were born in Ireland, his father, 
 emigrating about the year 1818, and locating in Philadelphia. His mother 
 came later. They were married in Philadelphia in 1835. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch was their only child. About the- year 1836 the parents 
 moved to Frankfort, Kentucky. They were poor, and their only son 
 was early inured to a life of toil, but attended school in Frankfort 
 sufficiently to acquire the rudiments of an ordinary English education. 
 At the age of nineteen his parents died. From that time for several 
 years he worked with R. A. Brawner, of Frankfort, in his brick-yard. 
 In 1862 he crossed to Indiana, and for awhile engaged in bridge- 
 building with Harry Taylor, contractor and civil engineer, Salem. In 
 1863 he came to Crawfordsville, worked at brick-making two years, 
 and in 1865 began the business for. himself. This he has followed since, 
 biit in 1877 he added tile-making to his other pursuits, and is very 
 largely the leading tile-manufacturer of Montgomery county. The first 
 year he manufactured 50,000; the next season he increased his facili- 
 ties, and his business has since constantly enlarged, the product amount- 
 ing the last year to 325,000. This is convincing evidence of the value 
 of this industry, and that as the importance of tile-draining becomes 
 better understood, and the good results of the system are witnessed, 
 those who depend for success immediately on the products of the soil 
 are hastening to secure its benefits. It is reasonable to expect that it 
 will not be many years hence until the wealth of Montgomery county 
 will have doubled from this single source of improvement. Mr. Lee 
 was married April 4, 1864, to Miss Margaret M. Keenan, of Frankfort, 
 a lady of Scotch parentage. She died Npvember 16, 1866, leaving an 
 only son, Henry Keenan. January 25, 1870, Mr. Lee married Miss 
 Catharine A. Crowe, daughter of Michael and Dorothea Crowe, of 
 Crawfordsville. Her father was among the pioneers of the state and 
 of Montgomery county, and superintended the construction of that 
 part of the Wabash & Erie canal lying between La Fayette and Attica. 
 He afterward was a farmer in this county. Three sons and one daughter 
 are the fruits of Mr. Lee's second marriage : Walter J., Francis C. 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 285 
 
 Helen C. and Morris. Mr. Lee is a democrat in politics. He resides 
 at his country home, one and a half miles north of Orawfordsville, at 
 the junction of the Orawfordsville and Concord and the Orawfordsville 
 and New Richmond gravel roads, in an elegant brick dwelling conveni- 
 ent to his extensive tile factory and brick-yard. The farm comprises 
 112 acres of choice land. 
 
 Joseph F. Tuttle, D.D., president of Wabash College, second son 
 of Rev. Jacob and Elizabeth Ward Tuttle, was born in Bloomfield, 
 New Jersey, March 12, 1818. When ten years of age he entered the 
 Newark Academy, and pursued his studies for four years, afterward ac- 
 companying his father and family to Ohio, where he engaged in farm 
 work with his uncle until his eighteenth year. This invigorating em- 
 ployment improved him physically, and developed a vitality that has 
 endured through a long and active life, making his advanced age an 
 easy burden. Developing in early life a desire for intellectual culture, 
 he entered the freshman class of Marietta College during the presi- 
 dency of Dr. Joel Lindsley, and graduated with the first honors as 
 valedictorian at the commencement of 1841. The same year he began 
 a course of theological studies at Lane Seminary, under Dr. Lyman 
 Beecher. In September, 1843, he became a tutor in Marietta College, 
 which position he held one yeai*. In 1844 he was licensed a minister 
 of the Presbyterian denomination. About the first public literary 
 efi"ort of Mr. Tuttle was on the occasion of his receiving the degree of 
 A.M., in 1844, when he delivered a poem entitled " The Aztec Sacri- 
 fice." In April, 1845, Dr. Tuttle was ordained and installed pastor of 
 the Second Presbyterian church of Delaware, Ohio. In 1847 he ac- 
 cepted a call to the Presbyterian church of Kockaway, New Jersey, 
 where he remained fifteen years. These years of ministerial work 
 yielded an abundant fruit in the growth and prosperity of the church, 
 and in the earnest and close ties of fellowship developed between pas- 
 tor and people. During his busy labors as a clergyman Dr. Tuttle 
 made many contributions to the current religious and secular literature 
 of the day, including a number of elaborate articles written for the " New 
 Englander," the " Biblical Repository'," and other reviews. He also 
 prepared and published several volumes on various subjects. In 1860 
 Marietta College conferred upon him the honorary degree of D.D., 
 the first given by her to any of her alumni. A new and important 
 field of labor was opened to Dr. Tuttle by his election to the presidency 
 of Wabash College in 1861, and he entered upon the responsible duties 
 of the position in May 1862. At the commencement of the war of the 
 rebellion, in 1861, the larger portion of the students attending this col- 
 lege volunteered in the military service of the general government, 
 
286 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBKY COUNTY. 
 
 which left the classes very much depleted in numbers. It is worthy of 
 record here that this band of youthful patriots so well performed the 
 duties of the soldier at the front as to reflect lasting honor upon the in- 
 stitution whose classic halls they willingly left to encounter the perils of 
 the " tented field." Under the wise and energetic presidency of Dr. 
 Tattle, "Wabash College did not languish. The number of students in- 
 creased beyond those of antibellum days. Friends of the institution 
 came forward to relieve its financial embarrassments. Additional en- 
 dowments were generously subscribed. Unfinished buildings were 
 completed, and the college in all its facilities and appointments before 
 long took rank second to none in the great central states of the country. 
 The venerable and venerated president remains, in health and vigor, 
 teaching his classes and directing the destinies of this important and 
 growing institution of learning, which is the pride of the people of the 
 state and a credit to the nation. During the first year of his ministry, 
 in 1845, Dr. Tuttle was happily married to Miss Susan 0. King, of 
 Rockaway, New Jersey, and they have four children. In physical de- 
 velopment, Dr. Tuttle is a fine specimen of manhood. He is above the 
 medium height, muscular, erect, and elastic in motion, with a massive 
 head of perfect shape, and a benevolent and highly intellectual cast of 
 countenance, united with a gentle dignity of demeanor. Dr. Tuttle's 
 life and character may properly serve as an example from which the 
 youth under his ministration may derive an infiuence that cannot fail 
 to be of benefit in their future career. Besides special educational 
 duties, Dr. Tuttle has been much before the public as a prominent citi- 
 zen, and as a public speaker has frequently been invited to deliver ad- 
 dresses on important occasions. His Sabbath afternoon lectures to the 
 students during the college terms are esteemed as among the most profit- 
 able and interesting exercises of the college. 
 
 Alfred Dickey, senior partner of the firm of Dickey & Brewer, city 
 bookstore, Crawfordsville, was born in Jackson township, Shelby 
 county, Indiana, June 10, 1846, and is the son of Kobert and Doratha 
 (Allen) Dickey. The former was born in Pennsylvania, and the latter 
 in New Jersey. The subject of this sketch spent his boyhood on the 
 farm, with but meagre advantages of education and personal advance- 
 ment. After he was twelve years old he lived with his uncle, C. M. 
 Allen, or his uncle's son-in-law, and paid his own way almost entirely, 
 attending school part of the time in winters. May 31, 1862, he en- 
 listed in Co. H, 54th Ind. Vols., and served until September 27, 1862, 
 when he was discharged, his term of service having expired. Septem- 
 ber 28, 1863, he reenlisted in Bat. M, 1st Ind. heavy artillery, for three 
 years, and was in the service until January 21, 1866. After the war 
 
UKION TOWNSHIP. 287 
 
 Mr. Dickey taught school, and attended college at Brook ville until 
 his health failed him, when, July 1, 1871, he came to the city of Craw- 
 fordsville and engaged in the book business, in which business he has 
 ever since been very successfully engaged. Since May 10, 1876, he has 
 been city treasurer. During the year 1878 he was grand chancellor of 
 the Knights of Pythias for the State of Indiana, and now holds the 
 position of supreme representative. He is a member of the Masonic 
 and Odd-Fellows fraternities. July 17, 1870, Mr. Dickey was married 
 to Miss Margeretta Brewer, and they have one child, Alfred E., who 
 was born June 15, 1873. Mr. and Mrs. Dickey are both members of 
 the Methodist church. In politics Mr. Dickey is an ardent defender 
 and supporter of the principles and motives of the republican, party. 
 Although a successful business man Mr. Dickey does not narrow his 
 mind solely to business, but takes an active part in politics, reads 
 widely in literature, and holds 'progressive ideas upon the questions of 
 the age. 
 
 "W. H. Taylor, M.D., physician and surgeon, Crawfordsville, was 
 born in Virginia, and settled in the city of Crawfordsville in 1872. He 
 has been one of the leading physicians of this city, and is a very prom- 
 inent citizen, both as a literary and political man. He is a prominent 
 literary light in. the State of Indiana, having made many prose and 
 poetical contributions to the press. His prose articles have mostly 
 been upon medical subjects. He is an eminent democrat and Mason. 
 
 M. P. Wolfe, county recorder, Crawfordsville, who is one of Mont- 
 gomery's efficient and honorable county officers, was born in Fountain 
 county, Indiana, November 28, 1841. He is the son of Henry and 
 Jane Wolfe, who were among the earlier settlers of Fountain county, 
 and who, in 1857, moved to Montgomery county and settled on Sec. 
 31, of Brown township. There Marvin P. grew to man's estate, and 
 received such education as the schools of that vicinity afforded. He 
 succeeded in acquiring a good business education by taking a thorough 
 course and graduating from the Indianapolis Business College. In 
 1869 he came to Crawfordsville and engaged in the dry-goods business 
 in the capacity of a salesman. This business brought him in contact 
 with the people, who, in the fall of 1876, elected him to the office of 
 recorder of Montgomery county. In August, of 1877, he entered 
 upon the active discharge of his duties, in the discharge of which he 
 has pleased the democratic party so well they have nominated him 
 for reelection. Mr. Wolfe is a member of Crawfordsville Commandery 
 No. 25, of the Order of A. F. and A. M. February 18, 1869, he mar- 
 ried Mrs. Mary C. Cowan, by whom he has two children,^ Manie and 
 Arthur. He also has two step-daughters. Misses Effie and Maud Cowan. 
 
288 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Zachariah "Williams (colored), whitewasher and calciminer, Craw- 
 fordsville, was born August 11, 1841, in Lebanon, Kentucky, and is a 
 son of Moses and Ellen Williams. His father was a native of Ken- 
 tucky and a slave. His mother's father was an Indian chief, and she 
 was also a slave. Moses and Ellen "Williams were liberated during the 
 war, but died in Kentucky before they had tasted the fair fruits of 
 freedom. Zachariah became a waiter on a boat when a boy. "When at 
 New Orleans he decided to be his own boss, so he escaped and came 
 north to Springfield, Illinois, in 1855, and engaged in a hotel. In 
 1861 he went south, and was hired as a waiter in Gen. Hood's 
 southern army. Leaving the south he went to Chicago, and there lie 
 enlisted, in 1862, in Co. F, 81st 111. reg., under Samuel Campbell and 
 Colonel Eogers. He fought at Vicksburg, Little Rock, Mobile, Nash- 
 ville, Frankfort, Guntown. At the last named place he was chased by 
 five rebels all day, and was shot at by them as many as fifty times, but 
 he escaped. He was at Memphis and Chattanooga ; was taken sick at 
 Chattanooga and sent to Chicago. He soon returned to Yicksburg and 
 went to Texas. He was in the Bed Kiver expedition, and was finally 
 discharged after serving three years and one month. He then lived 
 some time in Chicago, and next in New Albany, Indiana, where he was 
 engaged in the baggage-room of a railroad company. He next made 
 his home in Crawfordsvillfe. He was porter in the Crain Hotel for five 
 years. For seven years he kept a restaurant. His present business ia 
 whitewashing and- calciminitig. Mr. Williams has traveled all over 
 the United BtEltes, and has been to Mexico and three times to Canada. 
 He has amassed a fortune, owning property in Rockville, Jamestown^ 
 Crawfordsville and Indianapolis. He is a republican and contributes 
 largely to further his party principles. He is steward and trustee in 
 the African M. E. church. He is also a Mason and an Odd Fellow. 
 He was married May 16, 1871, to Maria Bulger, of Biplej"^, Ohio. Her 
 father bought himself free and then worked and bought his wife and 
 five children free before the war. She is also a Methodist. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Williams' home is the stopping place for all notable visitors of 
 their race who come to Crawfordsville, and Mr. Williams is widely 
 known and has great infiuence with his people at home and abrodd. 
 
 David N". Heath was born May 11, 1 820, in South Carolina, and 
 is the son of Joseph and Bebecca (Jackson) Heath, both natives of 
 the same state. His parents were large planters and owned from 
 150 to 1Y5 negroes. They were members of the Old Baptist church. 
 His father died when he, David, was an infant. He had been a 
 life-long democrat of the Calhoun stripe. David N". Heath left his 
 native state in 1837, and went to Boyle county, Kentucky, and at- 
 
VVeilr n -il Pub 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 289 
 
 tended common school, then Center College, at Danville. Septem- 
 ber 29, 1841, he was married to Mary J. Walker, daughter of Har- 
 rison Walker, from Culpepper county, Virginia. She was born in 
 1823. Her father was a plain, stern Virginian, and a member of 
 the Methodist Episcopal church over sixty years, and died in Craw- 
 fordsville in 1868, at the age of eighty-three, never having been 
 sick a day in his life. He had been a whig and a republican. He 
 came to Putnam county, Indiana, in 1859, and to Orawfordsville in 
 1867. He was a great reader, a lover of history and devoted to 
 his bible. Her mother, Katy (Thomas) Walker, a native of Ken- 
 tucky, still lives at the age of eighty-seven. Mr. and Mrs. Heath 
 have four children : Mahala C. , Henrietta C. , James I. and Maria 
 L. Both are members of the Methodist church. Mr. Heath was a 
 whig prior to the war, but since has been an active democrat. His 
 business career has been a varied one, sometimes fortunate and 
 sometimes disastrous. From 1850 to 1855, with his brother, he dealt 
 in mules and horses as extensively as any other two men over the 
 mountains. In connection with G. F. Lee, of Boyle county, Ken- 
 tucky, he undertook to monopolize the sugar mule trade in New 
 Orleans, but failed. In 1859 he moved to Greencastle, Indiana, and 
 engaged in the livery business. He bought lOY extra fine horses 
 and ninety-three fine mules in Kentucky, walked them over the 
 mountains to South Carolina, and the war coming on he sold twenty- 
 four for cash and the rest on time. The latter he lost altogether by 
 the war. During the rebellion he bought and sold government pro- 
 visions, aid at its close he went to Bourbon county, Kentucky, and 
 settled. From thence he, with W. F. Jinkins, of Indianapolis, 
 went to Montgomery county, Alabama, and planted 1,050 acres of 
 cotton and 450 acres of corn. In this speculation they lost about 
 $38,000 in one year. He then traded in mules and horses in Ken- 
 tucky and sold in Columbus, Mississippi, till 1873, when he came to 
 Orawfordsville. Here he opened a private stable and bought and 
 shipped horses to New York for two years, then engaged in the 
 livery business in Chicago, where he again lost all he had. He re- 
 turned to Orawfordsville and continued to buy and ship horses. In 
 July 16, 1880, he leased the boarding, feed and sale stable on Pyke 
 street, at which place he is now doing business. Mr. Heath is a 
 member of the order of Masons. 
 
 Capt. John B. Pence, superintendent gas company, Orawfords- 
 ville, was born in Frankfort, Clinton county, Indiana, August 29, 
 1833. His father was a farmer, and he worked on the farm in the 
 summer to make money to .pay his way in school during the winter. 
 19 
 
290 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUlirTY. 
 
 He attended Hanover College two ternas, and Asbury University 
 about one year. At the age of twenty-one lie began clerking in tbe 
 dry-goods store of P. S. Kelley, in Frankfort. He continued with 
 him about one year and a half and then went into the dry-goods 
 business for himself, and thus continued till the outbreak of the war. 
 In the fall of 1861 he recruited Co. E, for the 40th Ind. reg., of 
 which company he was made captain. He remained in the army 
 about one year^ and then resigned on account of ill-health. The 
 principal engagement that he was in was the siege of Corinth. 
 After the war he began in the drug business in Frankfort and con- 
 tinued until 1874, when he settled in Crawfordsville, and has ever 
 since been superintendent of the gas company. Mr. Pence has 
 traveled considerably in the diiferent parts of the United States. . In 
 politics he is an ardent republican. He was married September 16, 
 1866, to Miss Sallie E. Kelley, daughter of P. S. Kelley, his old 
 employer. Mr. and Mrs. Pence are both members of the Center 
 Presbyterian church of this city. 
 
 William J. Mitchell, merchant tailor, Crawfordsville, was born 
 June 13, 1834, in Kamsey, Huntingtonshire, England, and is the 
 son of Henry and Mary (Jackson) Mitchell. Both parents were born 
 and raised in the same shire. His father is a carpenter by trade and 
 is now in Arkansas. His mother died in 1865 in her native land. 
 William J. spent his youth as an apprentice with Thomas Winter- 
 ton, at Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, with whom he stayed for four 
 years. He then worked eighteen months at his trade in London. 
 Leaving England he served nine months in the Crimean war, and 
 was wounded at the battle of Balaklava, fought October 26, 1854. 
 Returning home Mr. Mitchell resumed his trade. He cut for Fred 
 Breacher, of London, for three years ; for Myers & Mortimer, two 
 and a half years ; for Carey, of Nottingham, three years ; then went 
 back to London and cut for the British Clothing Company for some 
 time. In 1863 he came to America and cut for Bell Bros., of New 
 York city, eighteen months ; then for G. W. Jones, in Rome, New 
 York, one year; for Ball & Co., at Grand Rapids, nine months; 
 spent six months in Cincinnati, and was in business with S. S. 
 Caughey, at Shelbyville, one year. Mr. Mitchell was then in busi- 
 ness in Rockville, Indiana, two years, and in 1874 opened a mer- 
 chant tailoring establishment in Crawfordsville, where he is now en- 
 gaged in a large business. 
 
 Rev. John E. Steele, minister, Crawfordsville, was born June 21, 
 1850, and is the son of Benjaman F. and Jane (Coovert) Steele. His 
 father was born in 1817, in Baltimore, and is still living. He is a 
 
UKION TOWNSHIP. 291 
 
 mechanic, and was in the employ of the United States government 
 three years during the late war, and was in the battle of Nashville. 
 He is a member of the Methodist church, the Temple of Honor, and 
 in politics is a republican. His mother (Jane) was born in Preble 
 county, Ohio, in 1820, is a mepjber of the Methodist church, and is 
 still living. The subject of this sketch began for himself when eleven 
 years old, and had a common school education. He took a three- 
 years classical course in the Asbury University of Greencastle, and 
 graduated in the Battle-Ground Collegiate Institute. He began the 
 ministry in 1874, in La Fayette, preaching first in Pittsburg, Carroll 
 county, Indiana. Since then he has preached on the " Burnettsville 
 Circuit," White county; at Harmony and Knightsville, Clay county; 
 at Chauncy, La Fayette county, and in September, 1879, that he 
 might pursue his classical studies to better advantage, came to the 
 " Crawfordsville Circuit." Mr. Steele went into tbe ministry from 
 a firm conviction of duty and love for the Master. He has had fiat- 
 tering offers in other departments of labor, but none have induced 
 bim to leave his chosen field. He is a diligent student, prepares well 
 his sermons, and delivers them without manuscript. His ministry 
 has been blessed by the salvation of souls, and the upbuilding of each 
 charge where he has labored. From 1869 to 1872 he taught school, 
 being principal of the schools in Camden, Carroll county; Kossville^ 
 Clinton county, and Transitville, Tippecanoe county. His career as 
 a teacher was very satisfactory, and successful to himself and those 
 for wbom he taught. 
 
 George L. Markley, blacksmith and wagon-maker, Crawfordsville, 
 was born March 30, 1855, in Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, and 
 is the son of Abraham and Susan Markley. Both died in 1862, leav- 
 ing George on the cold charities of the world. He lived with his 
 uncle until sixteen years of age, then served three years' apprentice- 
 ship in the blacksmith shop of his brother-in-law, George W. Nyce, 
 of Towamencin township, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. He 
 next engaged in a carriage shop at Lynlexintgon, Bucks county, 
 Pennsylvania, and in 1874 came to Crawfordsville, and was employed 
 for some time as bridge-carpenter on the Indianapolis, Bloomington 
 & "Western railroad. He then began work for Charles Murphey, and 
 in six months bought a half interest of Mr. Murphey and carried on 
 the blacksmithing with iiim until 1876, when lie became sole proprie- 
 tor. His trade has increased, until now he employs five hands. Be- 
 sides owning the blacksmith shop he has a half interest in the wagon 
 shop adjoining, which he bought in 1880, the firm being known as 
 Smith & Markley. They .manufacture wagons, and do other heavy 
 
292 HISTOBY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 wood-work, while Mr. Markley conducts the blacksmithing in a shop 
 about 42x160. His trade during the last year has been as much as 
 in the three previous years, which proves success. Mr. Markley is 
 a strong republican and an Odd-Fellow. He was married March 18, 
 ISYT, to Eva I. Swift, daughter of A. Swift, of Pesu, Indiana. She 
 was born June 15, 1856. Mr. Markley's grandfather Markley fought 
 in the war of 1812. By energy and perseverance Mr. Markley has 
 made his way. 
 
 Josephus L. Fordice, tailor, Crawfordsville, was born May 3, 1823, 
 in Miami county, Ohio. He lived on the farm until he was seven- 
 teen years old, and then learned his trade. In 1845 he began busi- 
 ness for himself in New Carlisle, and remained there until 1852, when 
 he came to Greencastle and entering as partner in a dry-goods store. 
 In 1861 he met with severe reverses, owing to the dishonesty of his 
 partner. While in Greencastle he served one term as city council- 
 man. In the spring of 18Y5 he settled in Crawfordsville, and has 
 done a good business. He has been a Mason nineteen years, an 
 elder in the Presbyterian church for twenty-five years, is a member of 
 the Knights of Pythias, and a republican. He was married Octo- 
 ber 1, 1846, to Elizabeth Sloan. They have one son, and one 
 daughter, Sarah L. She and her mother are both members of the 
 First Presbyterian church. 
 
 Rev. Wesley E. Bates, pastor Missionary Baptist church, Craw- 
 fordsville, was born in Champion, Jefferson county, New York, 
 April 20,. 1843. His mother, Hannah E. Bates, was born in 1819, 
 is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and is still living. 
 His father, Alden S. Bates, was born near Montpelier, Yermont, 
 in 1803, is a harness-maker and farmer, and is still living. He 
 lived in Champion, New York, about thirty years. The subject of 
 this sketch lived in the town of his birth until he was eleven years 
 old, when he went with his parents upon a farm. He had a good 
 common school education and also attended a select school. He 
 clerked in a store about one year, and traveled for a business house 
 about the same length of time. August 5, 1862, he enlisted as a 
 bugler in Co. D, 10th N. Y. Art. His regiment was placed at Fort 
 Eichmond, Staten Island, in defense of New York. They remained 
 there about one year, and were then placed in the defense of Wash- 
 ington for about a year. They then went into the field as infantry 
 at Cold Harbor, Yirginia. His regiment captured battery No. 5 at 
 the siege of Petersburg, in advance of the army. During this time, 
 for about three months, he did duty as one of the " stretcher corps." 
 After the siege of Petersburg they went back to the defense of Wash- 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 293 
 
 ington for about a month, and then went with Sheridan into the val- 
 ley of the Shenandoah, where they were principally engaged in 
 guarding supply trains. During this time he was in the battle of 
 Cedar Creek, October 19, 1864, where the union army was rescued 
 from defeat by Gen. Sheridan, who made his famous ride from "Win- 
 chester, which has been immortalized by Thomas Buchanan Read, 
 in his poem titled " Sheridan's Ride." Mr. Bates was a member of 
 the brass band ; and his regiment was sent back to Martinsburg for 
 supplies ; the band was left in the front and was surprised by the 
 rebels. Mr. Bates got separated from his regiment and remained 
 thus from Wednesday to Saturday. They went into winter quarters 
 at "Winchester. That winter his regiment was in the provisional 
 division, and also manned the James and Appomattox rivers. He 
 was in the line that stormed Petersburg, April 2, 1865, and after 
 they went into the city he was a member of the best band out of 
 three that were with that portion of the army. He was mustered 
 out at Sackett's Harbor, New York, July 7, 1865. After the war 
 Mr. Bates engaged in farming for two years. In 1868 he was con- 
 verted and united with the Baptist church. This entirely changed 
 the nature of his life work. He went to Belleville, where he spent 
 one year in preparation for college. In 1869 he entered Madison 
 University, l!^ew York, and graduated in 18T3 in the full classical 
 course. He had only one year preparatory and graduated fifth in 
 scholarship, out of a class of thirty-eight. He then entered Hamil- 
 ton Theological Seminary, from which he graduated in June 1875. 
 During all the time he was in college and the Theological Seminary, 
 and in vacations, he supplied the pulpits for neighboring churches. 
 He was ordained September 28, 1875, and located as pastor of the 
 Baptist church at Lanark, Carroll county, Illinois. His pastorate 
 in this place was quite a successful one, and on leaving it there was 
 a decided increase in the number of its members. The first winter 
 he was there he had a revival by which thirty-three united with the 
 church. In 1878 he took charge of the church at Fort Dodge, Iowa, 
 where he had a prosperous pastorate. "While there he did mission- 
 ary work throughout a large part of the state. He was appointed 
 president of the Webster County Sunday School Convention, and 
 took great interest in the state work of his denomination. July 1, 
 1880, Mr. Bates came to the city of Crawfordsville. He has begun 
 his work here under favorable auspices. He has awakened a relig- 
 ious interest among his people, his congregations have increased and 
 he has made friends with all whom he has met. Mr. Bates is a hard 
 working, diligent student. He reads widely from all departments of 
 
294 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 literature and thought. He sometimes reads his sermons, but gen- 
 erally speaks extemporaneously, after careful preparation. Mr. 
 Bates was married March 27, 1866, to Miss Josepa J. Locklin, of 
 Champion, New York. She was born September 20, 1844, and is a 
 member of the Baptist church. Her love and sympathy for her 
 husband and his work strengthen him in his labor of love and fill 
 their home with happiness. 
 
 Eev. Wellington E. Loucks, pastor of the First Presbyterian 
 church of Crawfordsville, was born in Peoria, Illinois, October 12, 
 1854. His father. Judge Wellington Loucks, was born in New York, 
 near Albany. He attended Hanover College, Indiana, and Oxford 
 College, Ohio. He emigrated from New York to Detroit, Michigan, 
 and in 1835 settled in Peoria, where he was a very successful mer- 
 chant for a time, during which he read law. He began the practice 
 of law and was elected judge of Peoria county, which position he 
 held eight years. He has ever since been one of the leading lawyers 
 of Peoria. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and an 
 active Sabbath-school worker. Mr. Louck's mother, Kebecca A. 
 Loucks, is a member of the Presbyterian church, and early taught 
 her children the rudiments of education, and those moral and re- 
 ligious principles that have guided, them in life. At seven years of 
 age the subject of this sketch entered the intermediate department 
 of the city schools of Peoria, and graduated in the complete course 
 in the class of 1873. After graduating he began teaching school, 
 and continued reading medicine with Dr. J. C. Fry. In June, 1873, 
 he was converted and joined the First Presbyterian church of Peoria, 
 which changed his whole course of action. He immediately resolved 
 upon the ministry, which he had hitherto tried to avoid, and began 
 the study of theology under Jonathan Edwards, D.D., now pro- 
 fessor of theology in Danville Seminary, Kentucky, but then pastor 
 of the First Presbyterian church of Peoria. The interest shown him 
 by Dr. Edwards was of great value to him in. unfolding the princi- 
 ples of a correct theology. Mr. Loucks was married January 21, 
 1875, to Miss Emma E. Johnson, of Peoria, and in March moved to 
 Madison, Indiana, for the purpose of graduating in Hanover College. 
 He became connected with the Y. C. A. S., and worked in the great 
 revival of 1876 in southern Indiana, going from city to city. That 
 fall he was taken very sick and came near losing his life. Upon re- 
 covery, fearing that the demands of christian work in that place would 
 interfere with his college work, he removed to Crawfordsville in 
 November 1876, and entered Wabash College, beginning with the 
 lowest preparatory class in Greek, and graduated in the regular 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 295 
 
 classical course with the class of 1811. In 1876 he took charge of 
 the Darlington and Bethel churches. In April, 1877, he was 
 licensed to preach, and ordained for the Presbyterian ministry by 
 the presbytery of Crawfordsville at an adjourned meeting at Dar- 
 lington October 11, 1877. He remained pastor of the Darlington 
 and Bethel churches until September 1, 1879, when he received a 
 call from the Presbyterian church at Bloomfield, Iowa, and from the 
 First Presbyterian church of Crawfordsville. He took charge of the 
 latter church, of which he is still pastor. In 1879 he was elected ■ 
 stated clerk of the presbytery of Crawfordsville. Mr. Louck's min- 
 istry has been successful in the building up and increasing the 
 membership of each church where he has labored. He is a man of 
 strong convictions, an ardent believer in the good old doctrines of 
 Calvinism, and preaches the truth as he understands it. He is held 
 in high esteem by his brethren, and his standing with the church 
 and the world is in the highest degree favorable to his reputation. 
 He writes his sermons but delivers them without, manuscript or 
 notes. So accurate and wonderful is his memory that nothing he 
 reads escapes him. He has a passion for music, also the study of 
 elocution. He has a well selected library to which he is constantly 
 adding. His sermons are characterized by beautiful language, apt 
 illustration, accurate expression, breadth of thought, and a correct 
 delineation of the motives of human nature, the springs of human 
 action, and an application to the wants of human life. There have 
 been born to him three children : Myra A. , Edward W. , and Kuth. 
 The last one died in infancy. Mr. Loucks has an amiable and lovely 
 wife, who assists and sympathizes with him in his labors, makes 
 many warm friends, and fills his home with the sunshine of love. 
 
 Dr. Fred. F. Montague, physician and surgeon, Crawfordsville, was 
 born in Erie county, Ohio, June 18, 1840. He lived there till eleven 
 years old, then, with his parents, made an overland trip to California, 
 staying there three years, then returned by water to and settled in 
 Detroit, Michigan, where he lived until he came to Crawfordsville. 
 He had a common school education, and attended Oberlin College 
 two years, 1856 and 1857. He then clerked in a drug store, and has 
 ever since been connected with the drug business. In 1862 the doc- 
 tor enlisted in the 4th Mich. Cav. as hospital steward, and served in 
 this capacity three years. The experience gained in this service has 
 been of much value to him in his profession. He was in the battles 
 of Perryville and Stone River ; at this battle he was captured and 
 immediately paroled. The doctor is a graduate of the American 
 Eclectic College, and has attended the surgical school at Indianapolis. 
 
296 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUXTY. 
 
 He began the practice of medicine in 1868, in Detroit, Michigan, and 
 settled in Crawfordsville in 18T6, in limited circumstances. His 
 practice here has increased until he now has more than he can do. 
 The doctor was first married to Marian Humphries, in 1861. She 
 died in 1873. They had three children by this marriage. He was 
 married the second time, to Mrs. Ella Doharty, of this city. 
 
 John C. Barnhill, grocer, Crawfordsville, was born July 19, 1853, 
 in Marion county, Indiana. His father, John C, was born February 
 
 • Y, 1830, in the same county, and his mother, Martha A. (Carter) 
 Barnhill, was born in Hendricks county, Indiana, July 19, 1829. 
 John C. Sr. is a farmer, and oversees 710 acres of land, 235 of which 
 he owns. He is a strong republican, but quiet in political circles. 
 He and his wife are members of the Christian church. The parents 
 
 -of John C. Sr. came to Indiana in a very early day, and settled in 
 Indianapolis when there were but three log cabins there. His father 
 was born in Ohio, and mother in New Jersey. His father blazed the 
 first road nine miles westward from Indianapolis, and one of the 
 streets of that city is named for him. The parents of Mrs. Barnhill 
 came from North Carolina to Hendricks county in 1822, and her 
 father still lives, at the age of eighty-seven. John C. Barnhill, Jr. 
 passed his youth on the farm. He was educated at Plainfield, and 
 at the university at Indianapolis. At the age of twenty-one years he 
 began business for himself in the grocery trade at Indianapolis, hand- 
 ling about $50,000 worth of stock per year. In 1876 he sold out 
 and came to Crawfordsville, and became the silent partner in the 
 firm of Hadley & Hornaday, in the large grocery establishment op- 
 posite the post-oflSce. Mr. Hadley retiring, Mr. Barnhill became 
 the equal partner with Mr. Hornaday, and the firm is now Hornaday 
 & Barnhill. They have a handsome store 40x80, with ware-room 
 25x60, and have done a business of about $76,000 per year. Mr. 
 Barnhill was marrie^ September 2, 1874, to Mary C. Hadley, 
 daughter of Harlan Hadley. She was born September 19, 1854. 
 They have three children : Farrie E., Mabel C. and Frank. He is a 
 republican, and a member of the Eoyal Arcanum. The family of 
 Barnhills is remarkable for longevity. John C. Sr., his wife and 
 children, grandchildren, and four sisters, are all living. 
 
 James E. Bryant, merchant, Crawfordsville, is prominent among 
 the business men of the city. Mr. Bryant was born in Hertford 
 county, North Carolina, July 15, 1830, and is the son of Benjamin 
 and Ann (Millar) Bryant. His father was a native of Southampton 
 county, and died in 1860, at the age of sixty years. His mother, of 
 the same nativity, died in 1862, at the age of sixty years. Both were 
 
UNION TOWKSHIP. 297 
 
 members of the Methodist church, he being class leader and steward. 
 The father of Benjamin Bryant fought in the war of 1812. He was 
 a noted man in Yirginia, and an extensive planter. At the age of 
 twenty years he married a young lady fourteen years old ■, raised 
 fourteen children, to each of whom he gave a good farm and eight or 
 ten negroes as a start in life. He died at the age of eighty-four, and 
 his wife at seventy-seven. James R. Bryant enjoyed but few educa- 
 tional advantages. At the age of fifteen years he began merchan- 
 dising, and before he was married became a merchant handling his 
 own stock, in Murfreesboro, North Carolina. On January 14, 1851, 
 he was married to Miss Aura E. Eayner, daughter of Hon. James E. 
 Rayner, of Bertie county, North Carolina. She was born Septem- 
 ber 28, 1832, in the same county as her husband. Her father was 
 state senator for many years, and died in 1851, aged forty-five years.. 
 Her mother, Frances (Lawrence) Eayner, died at the age thirty-two 
 years. Mr. and Mrs. Bryant, leaving the land of their birth, located 
 in Indianapolis, where Mr. Bryant entered the dry-goods house of 
 W. H. Glenn as salesman, and also had charge of the wholesale de- 
 partment. He remained with this firm till he was elected state libra- 
 rian, January 14, 1857. After the close of his oflacial career he en- 
 gaged in the wholesale and retail grocery trade in Indianapolis, 
 in 1860, and in 1861 bought 400 acres of land near Komney, in 
 Tippecanoe county. This farm is known as the "Pilot Grove" 
 farm, a name given by the Indians, as the grove served as a land- 
 mark for the redmen. On this beautiful farm the Bryants lived till 
 187T, when Mr. Bryant engaged in the hardware and agricultural 
 implement business, in Crawfordsville. Here he occupies the largest 
 store-room in the county, with a full stock in trade. The building is 
 a two-story brick, 42x160, situated on "Washington street, west of 
 the court-house. Tin and iron roofing is manufactured and made a 
 speciality. A full line of builder's materials is always on hand. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Bryant have a family of three children: William H., Ean- 
 nie, and Jennie. Both are members of the Methodist church, in 
 which he is steward and collector. He is also superintendent of the 
 Sabbath-school ; is a Mason and a member of the Knights of Pythias, 
 and is also a thorough republican. 
 
 Braxton Cash, farmer, Crawfordsville, second son and child of 
 Leroy and Mary (Patterson) Cash, was born in Eockbridge county, 
 Yirginia, September 15, 1839. In June, 1861, he enlisted in the 
 second Rockbridge company, which was attached to the 52d Yirginia 
 regiment. He served with this command from July 10 to October 1, • 
 when his company was designated the 2d Eockbridge Artillery. He 
 
298 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBKT OOITNTT. 
 
 fought at Cheat river, and at Winchester against Banks, and was 
 engaged next on the morning of April 2, 1865, before daylight, south 
 of Petersburg, his company losing their battery in this last battle. His 
 company sharing the demoralization of Lee's army after the retreat 
 from Eichmond began, straggled, and only a part of the men were 
 in the surrender at Appomattox. Our subject, with one of his lieu- 
 tenants, was in the mountains. He returned to his home, and 
 went to farming. In 1867, emigrating to this county, he engaged 
 in the same occupation here. On November 23, 1869, he was mar- 
 ried to Miss Mary A. Simpson, who died January 24, 1873, leav- 
 ing one child, Samuel, who was born January 24, 1871. His second 
 marriage was with Miss Laura Woiverton, and occurred March 
 17, 1880. She was the daughter of John H. "Woiverton, who was 
 born in New Jersey, and at the age of nineteen came to Butler 
 county, Ohio. In 1836 he removed to Montgomery county, and 
 for twenty years lived in Crawfordsville. He then settled on the 
 farm where Mr. Cash is living, and died there November 1, 1880, 
 aged seventy. His wife died in Mnrch 1876 at the age of sixty-five. 
 Mrs. Cash is a member of the Baptist church, and was converted in 
 1871, under the labors of the Ee'v. J. M. Kendall. Mr. Cash is a 
 Masim, and a member of the Beach Grove Detective Company. In 
 politics a democrat. 
 
 Dr. E. "W. Kecgan, physician and surgeon, Crawfordsville, was 
 born in Evansville, this state, and is the son of Patrick and Eliza 
 Keegan. They were both born near Belfast, Ireland, and came to this 
 country when about thirteen years old ; were members of the Meth- 
 odist churcli, and died a lew years ago. The doctor went to school in 
 Evansville two years, was in the Marine hospital two years, attended 
 Eush Medical College two years, then practiced in Gibson county 
 two years, and then located in Crawfordsville in 1862. He held the 
 position of United States examining pension surgeon six years, and 
 has been a successful physician. He was married in 1861, to Amanda 
 Stone. She is a member of the Methodist church. They have one 
 boy and two girls. 
 
 Abel S. Holbrook, shoemaker, Crawfordsville, was born June 14, 
 1821, inBraintree, Massachusetts, and is a son of "William and Ehoda 
 (Stetson) Holbrook, both natives of the same state. William Holbrook 
 was a mamifactui-er, but failing in business he then worked in leather. 
 He was a soldier in the war of 1812, and his father was a lieutenant 
 in the revolution. Mrs. Ehoda Holbrook was a member of Dr. E. 
 S. Storr's church, at Braintree. She died in 1866, and he in 1871, in 
 their native state. He had been a strong northern democrat. Abel 
 
UNi02sr TOWNSHIP. 299 
 
 S. Holbrook attended a common school, and early began tlie trade of 
 shoemaldng. In 1845 he worked in Dayton, Ohio, six months, then 
 went south for the purpose of travel, visiting many ports. He also 
 worked in Springfield, Illinois, was in business in Missouri, and fol- 
 lowed his trade in Jacksonville some three years. He spent much 
 time in traveling, going to the Rocky Mountains, and in a return 
 trip from Denver, Colorado, to St. Joe, Missouri, he walked a dis- 
 tance of 750 miles, carrying whatever baggage he had on his back. 
 During his travels he suffered many privations, never hesitating 
 to give away the little he at any time possessed to those that 
 were hungry. He returned to Indiana, and in 1862 enlisted in Co. 
 I, 4th Ind. Cav., 77th reg. He was afterward transferred to the 7th 
 Teg. Veteran Reserve Corps, Co. I, under Capt. Knox. For a time 
 he acted as sergeant, and was discharged on account of disability. 
 He married, February 22, 1866, E. J. (Lewis) Davidson, of Craw- 
 fordsville, Indiana, and has since followed his ti-ade in the same place. 
 Mr. Holbrook was a democrat, and voted for Stephen A. Douglas, 
 but cast his vote for Abraham Lincoln in 1864, and lias continued a 
 stalwart republican since. He belongs to the Grand Army of the Re- 
 public. Mrs. Holbrook is a member of the Methodist church. They 
 have one child, N'ellie. 
 
 Joseph Grubb, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born October 24, 1832, 
 in Ross county, Ohio, and is the son of Ebenezer and, Anna (Young) 
 Grubb. His father was born January 16, 1809, in Loudon county, 
 Virginia, and was of German descent. His mother was born May 
 :28, 1859, in Little York, Pennsylvania, and traces- her forefathers to 
 Ireland. Both are members of the Methodist church. Joseph Grubb 
 spent the years of his youth on the farm, receiving his education in 
 the common school during winter months. By close attention to his 
 studies he soon fitted himself for teaching, wliich he made his occu- 
 pation from his nineteenth year until the murmurings of civil strife 
 •called him to the battle-field. April 22, 1861, he enlisted in Co. G, 
 10th Ind. Vols., under Col. Manson, for three months service. In 
 July, 1862, he reenlisted in Co. B, 72d Ind. Inf , under Col. A. 0. 
 Miller. On account of sickness and partial paralysis he was dis- 
 charged, March 26, 1863, and returned home. Shortly after he 
 engaged in teaching, and in the spring of 1864 became bookkeeper 
 for Davis, Manson & Co., grain dealers, Crawfordsville^ Indiana, 
 which position he held for six years. In 1870 he became the leading 
 member of the firm of Grubb, Martin & Co., in the grain business. In 
 1874 the partnership was dissolved, on account of the death of one 
 of the firm, and in the spring of 1875 Mr. Grubb engaged in farm- 
 
300 . HISTORY OF MONTGOMBKT OOUNTT. 
 
 ing, which is still his partial occupation. In 1878 he was elected town- 
 ship trustee, which office he still holds. He is a thorough republican 
 and a prominent Mason. Mr. Grubb was married December 13, 1866, 
 to Emma Funk, daughter of T. J. and Kachel (Kinder) Funk. She 
 was born August 6, 1847, in Miamisbur^, Montgomery county, Ohio. 
 They have four children: Mary B., Walter D., Anna L., and Lizzie 
 D. Both Mr. and Mrs. Grubb are members of the Methodist church. 
 Dr. Joseph R. Duncan, Orawfordsville, was born March 21, 
 1827, in Highland county, Ohio, and is the son of Alexander and 
 Susan (Eobb) Duncan. His father came with parents to America, 
 and settled on a farm in Pennsylvania, when he was eleven years of 
 age. Alexander afterward moved to Ohio, where he died July 12, 
 1861, in Highland county, at the age of eighty-one years. He 
 fought in the war of 1812, voted the democratic ticket till his later 
 years, when he supported the republican party. His wife, Susan, 
 was born in Kentucky, and with him was a member of the Method- 
 ist church for many years. Joseph E. , son of the above, spent his 
 youth on the farm. At the age of twenty-two he began the study 
 of medicine. His health failing he was obliged to abandon his 
 studies, and by the help of friends obtained a subscription school, 
 and with his earnings attended the higher schools, after which he 
 taught, at the same time resuming and following his medical 
 studies with Dr. Earle, of Waynetown. After three years' study he 
 settled at Hillsborough, then at Jacksonville, Indiana, for the prac- 
 tice of his profession, afterward Knoxville, Iowa. In 1858 he at- 
 tended the CineinBati Eclectic Medical College, where he graduated in 
 1859, and returned to Knoxville, where he practiced for seventeen 
 years. In 1863 he was commissioned assistant surgeon in the 11th 
 Iowa reg. On account of failing health he resigned, but again served 
 as surgeon in the 46th Iowa, for about three months. In Iowa he or- 
 ganized the State Eclectic Medical Society, and was president of 
 that body for five years. In 1871 he was elected president of the 
 National Eclectic Medical Society, which met at New York city. 
 Soon after he was tendered the first chair of Physiology, then the chair 
 of the Diseases of the Heart, Throat and Lungs, in Bennett Medical 
 College, Chicago. After that he was elected to the chair of Dis- 
 eases of Women and Children. He lost his property in Chicago by 
 fire in 1874, resigned his position in the college and removed to 
 Crawfordsville. He has occasionally lectured in this institution 
 since. During the second year at Crawfordsville he was made presi- 
 dent of the Indiana State Eclectic Medical Society. In 1877, on ac- 
 count of ill-health, he retired from all practice, except ofiice and 
 
UN-ION TOWNSHIP. 301 
 
 city. He attributes the loss of his health to the excessive use of 
 tobacco in 1879, becoming almost blind, at which time, after hav- 
 ing been addicted to the habit for forty years, he ceased its use alto- 
 gether, and his health has rapidly improved. He was one of a 
 family of nineteen children. He is a Mason and Odd-Fellow, and a 
 member of the A.O.U.W., and a republican. He was married 
 June 29, 1848, to Mary Krug, daughter of William A. Krug, an 
 old settler, and now nearly ninety years of age. Mrs. Duncan was 
 born June 11, 1828. They have four children: William A., and 
 Mary C, both deceased; Alice E. and Ernest A. living. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Duncan are members of the Methodist church. 
 
 I. N. Van Sickle, jeweler, Orawfordsville, was born in Preble 
 county, Ohio, October 14, 1842. His father, William Yan Sickle, 
 was bom iij 1Y98 in New Jersey, and died in 1860. His mother, 
 Eachel M. (Southard) Yan Sickle, was born in 1801 in the same 
 state, and died in 1880. In 1849 I. IS". Yan Sickle removed with 
 bis parents to Clinton county, Indiana. He was raised a farmer, 
 which occupation he continued till the spring of 1862. In that year 
 he attended Bacon's Commercial College at Cincinnati, and gradu- 
 ated, thus fitting himself for a business more commercial than farm- 
 ing. In the fall of 1862 he accepted a situation as bookkeeper with 
 the wholesale grocery house of Bausemer Bro. & Co., at La Fayette, 
 which he held two years, when he resigned for the purpose of a 
 trip south, but he was offered and accepted the position of first 
 clerk in the provost marsha;l's ofiSce, under Capt. James Park, and 
 ^filled throughout the entire draft for soldiers for the war of the re- 
 bellion. Oh retiring from that office he was engaged as bookkeeper 
 for J. W. Blair & Co., pork packers at Orawfordsville, and began 
 his work !N^ovember 21, 1864. Before the close of the packing sea- 
 son he was offered the position as bookkeeper in the First N^ational 
 Bank, and had also an offer from the Toledo, Wabash & Western 
 railroad. He accepted Ijhe situation with the bank, January 1, 1865. 
 On November 16, 1865, Mr. Yan Sickle was united in marriage to 
 Miss Mary C. Bromley. , Two children have been born to them: 
 Mabel C, born August 28, 1866, and Jessie F., born February 
 1868. Mr. Yan Sickle remained in the bank for three yearsj and 
 in March, 1868, formed a partnership with H. T. Shepherd, in the 
 jewelry business, under the firm name of Shepherd & Yan Sickle. 
 At the end of seventeen months the partnership, at the instance of 
 Yan Sickle, was dissolved, each partner taking one half the stock. 
 Shepherd retaining the room and Yan Sickle, for the time being, 
 taking a small part of the counter room in the dry-goods store of J. 
 
302 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUKTY. 
 
 C. FuUenwider & Co. About December 1, 1870, he moved into the 
 room one door east of Green street, on Main, where he remained 
 till July 1, 1880. His business had so increased as to justify him^ in 
 expending considerable money in erecting and fitting out a neat brick 
 store-room. This he occupied at the date last specified, four doors 
 east of Elston's bank, almost opposite the postoflBce. Two large, 
 costly upright display cases, filled with all kinds of silver ware of 
 the highest order, besides his counter show-cases full of diamonds, 
 watches and jewelry, and clocks on the shelves, give his room rich- 
 ness and elegance. His trade is more extensive than that of any 
 other house in the city, and he receives orders from the extreme 
 northern portion of the state, Michigan, Illinois and Iowa. He is 
 popularly known (especially by the railroad men, with whom he does 
 an extensive trade) as Van Sickle the Crawfordsville jeweler. Mr. 
 Van Sickle possesses the elements of a business man and upon such 
 a man customers can depend. 
 
 Fountain B. Guthrie, merchant, Crawfordsville, is one of the firm 
 of Guthrie Brothers, dealers in'groceries and meats, third door south 
 of Elston's Bank. Butchering is a large part of their business. 
 They carry a stock of about $3,000, and do a lucrative trade. Will- 
 iam and Elizabeth (James) Guthrie were born in Kentucky. In 
 1831 they came to Crawfordsville, where they made farming their 
 occupation, and later in life marketed much produce. "William 
 Guthrie died January 30, 1873, his wife having passed away in 1868. 
 They were both members of the regular Baptist church. He was a 
 whig, but in the later life of that party he united with the democracy. 
 His grandfather Guthrie was a Scotchman, who came 'to America 
 and settled in Yirginia. The Jameses are Irish. Mrs. Guthrie's father 
 came to America in 1798. He was an Irish rebel. The Jameses 
 came to Montgomery county in an early day. Fountain B., son of 
 William and Elizabeth Guthrie, was born in Crawfordsville, Sep- 
 tember 21, 1834. His young days were spent mostly on the farm, 
 after which he traveled some. He spent six years in the gold mines 
 of California. There he was at times fortunate, yet disaster came 
 as often. He at one time accumulated $16,000, invested in mine 
 stock, and lost all. In 1865 he returned to Crawfordsville and en- 
 gaged in butchering, which he still follows, having later added gro- 
 ceries to his trade. He is associated with his brother Silas W. 
 Guthrie. They now own their store, slaughter-house and dwellings. 
 Mr. Guthrie was married July 2, 1867, to Mary E. Davis, of Wood- 
 ford county, Kentucky. They have seven children, three boys and 
 four girls. Mr. and Mrs. Guthrie are members of the Presbyterian 
 
UXIOIf TOWNSHIP. 305 
 
 church. He is an Odd-Fellow, and a republican. He cast his first 
 presidential vote for John 0. Fremont. 
 
 Noah S. Joslin, merchant, Crawfordsville, was born in Owen 
 county, Indiana, September Y, 1837. His father, Dr. A. Joslin, was 
 a native of Albany, New York, a graduate of the old Philadelphia 
 Medical College, and a prominent physician. He was a whig and 
 active in local politics. Mrs. Mary A. (Allison) Joslin, mother of 
 Noah, was a native of Kentucky, but her people were old settlers of 
 Maryland. She died about 1862, at the age of fifty-three years. 
 Mr. Joslin died at the age of fifty-two years. The Joslins were for- 
 merly from England. Noah S. Joslin was raised in Owen county 
 and received his education in the common schools of his day. In 
 1864 he became a commercial traveler, and in 1865, purchased the 
 stove establishment of Chilling Johnson, in Crawfordsville, and 
 aftL'rward added furniture to his trade. He is now one of the perma- 
 nent and successful business men of the city. He was married June 
 19, 1864, to Frances E. Squire, daughter of the Rev. 0. Squire, of 
 the Hock River Conference, New York. His wedding ceremonies 
 took place in Clyde, Ohio. Mrs. Joslin is a graduate of Casnovia 
 College, New York, a member of Chatauqua Reading Society, prom- 
 inent in the literary circle of Crawfordsville, and a member of the 
 "Woman's Equal Rights Club." Mr. Joslin belongs to the fraterni- 
 ties of Masons, Knights of Pythias, and the Ancient Order of United 
 Workmen. They have three children, Howard, Jessie, and Ella. 
 Both Mr. and Mrs. Joslin are prominent in the Methodist church, he 
 having been class-leader for many years. 
 
 Thomas N. Lucas, wholesale grocer, Crawfordsville, was born in 
 Fountain county, Indiana, November 11, 1844, in Old Chambers- 
 burg. He began business for himself in the fall of 1865, with very 
 little capital. In 1865 he enlisted in Co. C, 154th Ind. Vols., and 
 served to the close of the war. He commenced business in Steam 
 Corner, Fountain county. He was there five years, then went to. 
 Hillsboro and remained eight years, and then came to Crawfords- 
 ville in 18Y8. His store building is 70x22, and three stories high. 
 He is having a large trade, supplying stores in several counties in 
 the state. Mr. Lucas was married January 7, 1866, and has two 
 children living and two dead. He is a member of the Christian 
 church, a strong republican, and an upright, respectable gentleman. 
 
 P. ■ Lewis Fisher, druggist, Crawfordsville, was- born November 
 28, 1852, in Aurora, Indiana^ His father, Peter Fisher, was a 
 native of Alsace, France, and came to America in 1840, and his 
 mother, Catharine (Miller) Fisher, was born in Bavaria, and came to 
 
304 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 America in 1847. Lewis attended school until twelve years old. In 
 1866 he came with his parents to Crawfordsville. Here he barbered 
 for a time, then became clerk in the drug store of E. J. Binford & 
 Brother, with whom he stayed three years, then worked one year 
 with James Patterson, in the jewelry business. Leaving the jewelry 
 he returned to his former position in the drug store, remaing some 
 ten years. Here he received a thorough and practical education in 
 his branch of trade, and being quite competent to manage business 
 for himself, he became associated with J. B. Breaks Jr., in the drug 
 business. The partnership continued one and a half years, when 
 Mr. Fisher became sole proprietor. He is now doing a trade of 
 about $12,000 per year. Mr. Fisher is yet a young man, but has 
 • made a good start in the world by his own efforts, and should be 
 encouraged; He is careful and proficient in his business, and keeps, 
 emphatically, the " peoples' store." He was married November 23, 
 18Y6, to Mary Sullivan, daughter of Daniel and Catharine (O' Con- 
 ner) Sullivan. She was born November 9, 1854, in La Fayette, In- 
 diana. They have one child, Walter Gr., born December 23, 1878, 
 in Crawfordsville. Both are Catholics. Mr. Fisher owns his store, 
 stock, and dwelling. 
 
 Charles L. Thomas, a successful member of the Crawfordsville 
 bar, was born December 24, 1822, in Philadelphia, and is a brother 
 of Judge Thomas, whose biography is in this work. His boyhood 
 was spent on the farm. In 1855 he graduated in the scientific coursfe 
 of Wabash College. About 1856 he began a three-years course in 
 the Ohio Medical College, at Cincinnati, in which he graduated. 
 After graduation he was chosen resident physician of the hospital at 
 Cincinnati. He then came to Warren county, and practiced medi- 
 cine until July, 1862, when he was chosen assistant . surgeon of the 
 25th Ind. reg., and in the following October, surgeon. He was in 
 part of the Atlanta campaign with Sherman on his march to the sea, 
 in the campaign of the Carolinas, in the grand review of Sherman's 
 army, and was mustered out in July 1865. He practiced medicine 
 after the war in Crawfordsville, until 1867, when he began the study 
 of law, being a very successful lawyer. In 1873, 1874 and 1875 he 
 was deputy collector of revenue. He belongs to the Grand Army of 
 the Kepublic, and is a republican. Mr. Thomas was married in 1866 
 to Miss Mattie Binford, daughter of Samuel Binford. She died in 
 January, 1871, and was a member of the Presbyterian church. By 
 this marriage there were two children : Samuel B. and Mattie B. 
 Samuel Binford was born in Yirginia, December 22, 1809, and set- 
 tled in Montgomery county in 1830. He has been one of the sue- 
 
UKION TOWNSHIP. 305 
 
 cessful business men of Crawford sville, and is now vice-president of 
 the First National Bank of this city. He is one of the substantial 
 citizens of this community. 
 
 William B. Lyle, a native of Wayne county, Indiana, was born 
 March 5, 1835. His father, David Lyle, was born in Virginia, but 
 early moved westward, first to Ohio, then, in 1828, to Richmond, 
 Indiana. He was a brick-mason by trade, but in later years he fol- 
 lowed farming. He was very active in the whig party, and occupied 
 the office of magistrate for many years. He was a man of much in- 
 fluence among his friends, being impartial to all, never becoming 
 ultra on questions in which men are liable to err. He had been in 
 the war of 1812, and had experienced Indian hostilities. He died 
 in 1850, at the age of sixty years. Wm. B.'s mother, Margaret 
 (Scott) Lyle, was born in north Ireland, and died in 1835, "when 
 William was a babe. Both she and her husband were members of 
 the Presbyterian church. William B. was raised on the farm, at- 
 tended the common school of Kichmond, and in 1852 began learn- 
 ing the carpenter's trade, which he followed several years, and then 
 entered an iron foundry, following the same since 1855. He worked 
 at Richmond till 1860, then at Greencastle till 1866, when he came 
 to Crawfordsville, and in the firm of Blair, Lyle & Smith built a 
 small foundry, furnishing it on a small scale, but since the business in- 
 creasing, much needed machinery has been added. ISTearly all the 
 patterns and plasters have been made by hand, employing eight 
 workmen. They manufacture the celebrated extension shaft drag 
 saw, iron fences, etc. The firm is now Lyle & Smith. Mr. Lyle was 
 married June 9, 1858, to Elizabeth J. McOorkle, daughter of Hugh 
 McCorkle, of Troy, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Lyle are members of the 
 Presbyterian church. He is a stalwart republican, a member of the 
 fraternities of Knights of Pythias, and Ancient Order of United 
 *Workmen. In the latter lodge he is master workman. Mr. Lyle is 
 genial and pleasant toward all, and favors all movements that tend 
 to improve the city or county. His business is an important item 
 among the industries of the .city, and should be patronized by home 
 and surrounding territory. 
 
 Jacob M. Troutman, Miller, Yountsville, was born in Clear 
 Spring, Maryland, May 6, 1831. His father, Samuel Troutman, was 
 born in Pennsylvania about 1803. When about twenty-live years of 
 age he moved to Washington county, Maryland, where he resided 
 until his death, in 1837, engaged as a contractor. In 1829 he mar- 
 ried Anna Fogwell, daughter of William and Catharine Fogwell, at 
 Clear Spring, Maryland. They were the parents of two children ; 
 20 
 
306 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Jacob M. and John D., who died April 14, 1864, as a member of 
 Co. G, 40th Ind. Vols., and was buried at Darlington. About five 
 years after Mr. Troutman's death his widow married George W. 
 Snyder, of Washington county, Maryland. In November, 1846, Mr. 
 Snyder and family came to Montgomery county and located at Younts- 
 ville, where he was engaged as clerk in the dry-goods house of Sny- 
 der & Sickle for about four months, when he became dissatisfied and 
 moved to Greene county, Ohio, near Xenia, where he resided until 
 his death, in the fall of 1876. They became the parents of six chil- 
 dren, three boys and three girls. Jacob M. was engaged upon the 
 farm until he arrived at the age of seventeen years, when he began 
 serving an apprenticship of four years with Baughman & Snyder, 
 millers, Greene county, on the Little Miami river. At the expira- 
 tion of his time he came to Yountsville and was engaged four years 
 as foreman in A. J. Snyder's mill. August 10, 1854, he was mar- 
 ried, in Yountsville, to Mary Yount, second daughter of Dan Yount, 
 an eminent pioneer of Montgomery county. She was born June 
 16, 1836, at Attica, Indiana. They are the parents of eight chil- 
 dren, six of whom are living : Ida, Anna, Dan, died September 6, 
 1863; Sarah, died May 11, 1864; Gertrude, Harry, Beecher, and 
 Edward C. Ida is married to E. H. O'J^eal, of Yountsville, and 
 Anna to Otto Shoen, of Detroit, Michigan. After his marriage Mr. 
 Troutman was engaged as foreman of the mill at Norway, White 
 county,but after six months he leased the mills at the Tippecanoe bat- 
 tle-ground, which he operated two years. From here he moved to 
 Darlington and purchased a farm, a saw and grist mill, the latter 
 having a capacity of seventy-five barrels per day, where he carried 
 on a very successful business until August, 1866, when he located at 
 Troutman's and purchased the grist-mill built in 1858 by R. H. 
 Craig. It has a capacity of 100 barrels per day, situated on the bank 
 of Sugar creek, and is supplied with one of the best water-powers in 
 the country. Troutman's, a station situated on the Indianapolis, 
 Bloomington & Western railroad, and three miles southwest of 
 Crawfordsville, was named in honor of him. Mr. Troutman is the 
 agent and the postmaster, receiving his commission in November 
 1870. He is a Methodist, as is also his wife. In 1858 lie joined the 
 Odd-Fellows at Darlington, and has taken every degree. He is- 
 also a Mason, joining at Darlington in 1856, and is now a member 
 of Montgomery Lodge, No. 50, and a member of the chapter, the 
 council, and the commandery. He is a stalwart republican and one 
 of the most active of his party in the county. 
 
 Judge Albert D. Thomas, a prominent member of the Crawfords- 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 307 
 
 ville bar, was born in Warren county, Indiana, January 17, 1841, 
 and is the son of Horatio J. Thomas. His father was a merchant 
 in the city of Philadelphia before coming to Indiana. Erasmus 
 Thomas, the father of Horatio Thomas, was a distinguished physi- 
 cian of the city, and for several years clerk of the county, of Phila- 
 delphia. The subject of this sketch lived on the farm until he was 
 twenty-three years of age. He attended the common school, and 
 in 1864 graduated in the scientific course of "Wabash College, ,In 
 the fall of 1864 he began reading law while clerking in a store, read- 
 ing law at night and other odd times. In the fall of 1866 he entered 
 the law department of Ann Arbor University, attending there one 
 year. In January, 1867, he entered the law office of John M. But- 
 ler, now the law partner of Senator McDonald, of Indianapolis. 
 He studied with him four months and then opened an office with 
 his brother, Charles L., and has been a member of the bar of this 
 city ever since. In October, 1872, he was elected judge of the court 
 of common pleas of Montgomery, Fountain, and Yermilioji counties, 
 and held this office until it was abolished by the state legislature in 
 the spring of 1873. In the' fall of the same year he was elected 
 judge of the twenty-second judicial circuit of the State of Indiana, 
 composed of Montgomery and Parke counties, carrying the circuit 
 by over 1,200 majority, and Montgomery county by nearly 700, 
 holding the office six years. During his judicial life Judge Thomas 
 discharged the duties of his office with credit to himself, with honor 
 to the bench, and with satisfaction to his constituents. Judge 
 Thomas was married July 25, 1878, to Miss Euth Vance, of this 
 city: They have one child, Helen L. , born October 7, 1879. Mr. 
 Thom'as is a member, and since 1874 has been an elder, in the Cen- 
 ter Presbyterian church. In politics he is republican, and in the 
 state convention, in 1880, received a large vote for the nomination 
 for judge of the supreme court of the state, being beaten only by 
 the wider acquaintance of an older competitoi*. Judge Thomas is a 
 dignified, honorable gentleman, and an influencial member of society. 
 "W. C. Lockhart, lumberer, Crawfordsville, was born in Lexing- 
 ton, Eichland county, Ohio, May 27, 1834. His father, James Lock- 
 hart, was a native of Ireland, his people having been driven from 
 Scotland into north Ireland during the persecutions. James, at the 
 age of twenty-five years, emigrated to Pennsylvania, and there met 
 his future wife, Jane McBride. She was born in Pennsylvania, 
 Cumberland county, and moved with her parents to Ohio. * Mr. 
 Lockhart followed in the following year and was married. He was 
 a distiller by trade, and learned his business under a Presbyterian 
 
308 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 preacher. Customs then were different to those of the present day, 
 dealing in ' ' ardent spirits " being supported by public opinion, and 
 engaged in even by the clergy. Mr. Lockhart raised his family for 
 years under its influence. In 1856 he removed to De Kalb county, 
 Indiana, and there died August 16, 18Y7. His wife died August 20, 
 1857. They were members of the Presbyterian church. He was a 
 member of the society of Orangemen. "W". 0. Lockhart was raised, 
 until twelve years of age, in the distillery. At that age he and his 
 brother, Eobert M., assisted largely by their mother, prevailed upon 
 their father to quit the traffic and engage in farming. In 1855 he and 
 his brother built a saw-mill in De Kalb county, Indiana, and en- 
 gaged in the lumber business. In 1868 W. C. began the same busi- 
 ness in Crawfordsville, and in 1869 moved his family to the same 
 city. He built a saw-mill on East Jefferson street, which he still 
 owns. He has since added a planing-mill. He, in connection with 
 his brother, owned and ran a saw-mill in Parke county five years. 
 In April, 1879, he began the same business in Iowa, and his brother 
 continues in the lumber trade in De Kalb county. They have han- 
 dled as high as 3,000,000 feet of lumber per year. In August, 1861, 
 Mr. Lockhart, assisted by "Wesley Park, recruited a company of sol- 
 diers in De Kalb county, of which he was to have been first lieuten- 
 ant, but owing to sickness with typhoid fever, the position, after be- 
 ing held vacant for him for two months, was filled by the afterward 
 Col. Auldrich. When well, in August 1862, he entered as a private 
 in Co. A, 100th Ind. Vol. Inf., and was elected fifth sergeant, and 
 promoted second sergeant. In 1863 he was discharged on account 
 of disability. He returned to his home, and December 22, 1864, 
 was married to Elizabeth E. Spenser, of Shalersville, Ohio. She 
 died October 16, 1867, leaving one child, Jennie M. She was a 
 member of the Christian church. Mr. Lockhart was next married 
 May 6, 1879, to Mary E. Hickox, daughter of Joseph W. and Sally 
 (James) Hickox, of Mansfield, Ohio. She was born May 26, 1834, 
 in Kent, Ohio. They have one child, Robert W. She is a member 
 of the Missionary Baptist church. He is a member of the societies 
 of A.F. and A.M., LO.O.F., LO.G.E., and G.A. of R., and a 
 staunch republican. 
 
 James J. Insley, livery and feed stables, Crawfordsville, was born 
 October 15, 1838, in Tippecanoe county, Indiana, and is a son of 
 Andrew and Isabell (Johnson) Insley. His father, Andrew Insley, 
 was a native of North Carolina, and died in 1861. He was an old- 
 time whig, and in his later years a warm republican. He was postmas- 
 ter of Sugar Grove, Tippecanoe county, for twenty-seven years, and 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 309 
 
 used to say there was not a democrat in the county that could read and 
 write, so they were obliged to keep him in the office, whatever the 
 administration. His wife was a native of Ohio. Her grandparents 
 came from Ireland. The Insleys are of English descent. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Insley were members of the Methodist church, and their house 
 \^as formerly used as the headquarters for the ministers. James 
 spent his youth on the farm, also received a good common school 
 education. When twenty-two years of age he was married to Aadine, 
 daughter of Isaac H. and Elizabeth (Parks) Montgomery. They 
 have three children : Grace, Morton H. and Elsie. Mr. Insley 
 farmed until 1869, when he came to Crawfordsville and entered the 
 livery business. Here he has made an extensive business. His 
 stable is large, being 82x165, with sheds, and he keeps from 
 twenty-five to forty horses. For some time he also controlled the om- 
 nibus line, but sold this in 1880. Mr. Insley is a strong. republican; 
 and served one year in the quartermaster's department during the 
 war. He is a member of the order of Knights of Pythias, and the 
 Royal Arcanum. He and wife are members of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal church. 
 
 J. C. Fry, grocer and baker, Crawfordsville, is a native of Foun- 
 tain county, Indiana, and was born March 19, 18i8. His father, Solo- 
 mon Fry, was a Pennsylvanian, born in 1820, and died May 1, 1879, 
 and his mother, Catharine (Bever) Fry, was born in Fountain county, 
 and died in October 1853. His father was a blacksmith by trade, but in 
 his later years followed farming. He was a whig and republican. Both 
 he and his wife were members of the Methodist church. He was 
 deacon at the time of his death. His grandfather, Jacob Fry, was 
 one of the Hessians hired by England to tight in the revolution, and 
 after the war closed he settled in Pennsylvania, from whence come 
 the Frys. J. C. Fry was raised a farmer, educated in common schools, 
 also for awhile at Wabash College, and afterward at the Commercial 
 College at Greencastle. In 1869 he became clerk in the grocery store 
 of A. F. Eamsay, in Crawfordsville, with whom he stayed four years. 
 In 1873 he associated himself with J. F. Shean in the same trade, and 
 at the end of three years bought the interest of Mr. Shean, and con- 
 tinued the business alone, west of the court-house, with a stock of 
 about $1,800, and doing a trade of about $15,000 per year. In 1878 
 he moved his stock into the large brick building he now occupies. 
 Here he carries a stock of $3,500, and does a business of about $25,000 
 per year, employing four men. Mr. Fry enlisted, in 1865, in the 154th 
 Ind. Vols., under Jacob Dice. Eeturning from the war he worked his 
 owa way in both his educational and business careers, and richly de- 
 
310 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY OOUKTY. 
 
 serves the prosperity he enjoys. He is a solid republican and a mem- 
 ber of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. He w.as married July 
 8, 18Y2, to Anna E., daughter of Pleasant and Elizabeth Kamsay, of 
 Crawfordsyille. She is a member of the Baptist church. They have 
 four children: Pearl A., Elizabeth C, Maud E. and Myrtle M. 
 
 William S. Steele, retired, Crawfordsville, an old settler of Mont- 
 gomery county, was born January 24, 1809, in Kentucky, and is a son 
 of Thomas and Catharine (McCIure) Steele. His father was a Vir- 
 ginian, and his mother was born in South Carolina. They came to 
 Montgomery county in 1827, and settled near Yountsville, where 
 they engaged in milling. They ran about the first mill built in the 
 county, controlling it about fifteen years, then rented the Spring mill, 
 near Yountsville. Thomas Steele taking ill, was conveyed to the home 
 of his son, William Steele, where he died at the age of seventy-two 
 years, and his wife followed him a few years afterward. They sleep 
 the sleep of pioneers, and it is well their names should live as such. 
 William S. Steele knew how to use the axe and follow the plow, and has 
 seen the time when he could not own a team, yet by hard labor and 
 care he has accumulated until he now owns 400 acres of land, well 
 stocked, in Eipley township. In 18T0 he retired from active labor, 
 and moved to Crawfordsville to spend his old days in comfort. He 
 was married August 3, 1837, to Eebecca Smith, daughter of Jacob 
 and Ellen Smith, of Kipley township. Her people came from Ohio. 
 She died in 1851, at the age of thirty-two. They had six children. 
 James S. and Anna are living. James S. was born April 27, 1838, 
 in Wayne township, Montgomery county, Indiana. He was raised 
 on the farm, and educated in the common school on rainy days. Jan- 
 uary 3, 1866, he was married to Louisa McClure, daughter of Matthew 
 and Teressa (Gudgell) McClure, of Kentucky. Her father was a broth- 
 er to D. F. McClure, of Crawfordsville. Mrs. Steele was born July 
 16, 1847, in Kentucky. They have had four children: two dead, James 
 W. and William M., and two living, Guy and Roy. Both Mr. and 
 Mrs. Steele are members of the Christian church. He is a democrat, 
 as is also his father. Mr. Steele came to Crawfordsville in 1870 and 
 teamed for some time, then in 1874 opened a grocery store on Wash- 
 ington street, where he kept until the spring of 1880, when he built 
 the present neat building on Chestnut street and moved his stock in 
 July. He is now engaged in a lucrative trade on the corner of Col- 
 lege and Walnut streets. 
 
 Marquis L. Bass, physician and surgeon, Crawfordsville, was born 
 July 5, 1831, in Vermont. When twenty-one years' old he came west, 
 and traveled for about two years. In 1853 he began the study of 
 
UKION TOWNSHIP. 311 
 
 medicine with Dr. R. S. Newton, continuing three years, and in Feb- 
 ruary, 1867, graduated from the Ohio Eclectic Medical Institute. Af- 
 ter this he practiced medicine, and also spent three years in the 
 south. The doctor settled in this county in 1861, and lived in Tounts- 
 ville four years, Waynetown six years, and settled in the city of 
 Crawfordsville in 1871. He has had a large practice, and is the pro- 
 prietor of the medicines known as "Dr. Bass' Great Remedies. " While 
 practicing at Yountsville he performed a surgical operation which 
 makes an interesting item in his history. A veteran soldier by the 
 name of George Bunker was home on furlough, and while out hunt- 
 ing shot his arm, shattering the bone and grazing an artery. The 
 artery burst and the arm had to be amputated, and as the roads were 
 muddy the doctor could not get his instruments in time ; so with 
 jack-knife and carpenter's saw he performed the operation, in about 
 fifteen minutes, between sundown and dark. Jesse Titus adminis- 
 tered the chloroform, Elijah Clark examined the pulse, and Caleb 
 Stonebreaker helped bind the arteries. The man was able to walk 
 around in ten days, and his arm healed and got well all right. 
 
 John Rice, retired, Crawfordsville, is a member of the family 
 which includes the Rices of Rockville, La Fayette, Attica, etc. About 
 1760 ten families emigrated from Maryland and settled on Short 
 creek, near the old town of Washington, Virginia. Here they built 
 a fort to protect them against the Indians, and called it Rice Fort, 
 in honor of the grandfather of the subject of this sketch. This fort 
 stood till recent years. Within it played two children, Henry Rice 
 and Elizabeth Lessler. They were raised amid the wilds of frontier 
 life, and danger on every hand from savage Indians. Elizabeth 
 Lessler, while playing with a lad without the fort, was chased by the 
 redmen to the fort, and leaning a ladder against the fort wall she 
 gained safety, but the boy was wounded, and rescued by means of a 
 rope. Many were the exciting times experienced by the inmates of 
 Rice Fort, and at times narrowly escaped extermination. Henry 
 Rice and Elizabeth Lessler were married, and in 1807 settled in Har- 
 rison county, Indiana, bringing six children. Here Henry Rice died, 
 about 1825, and about 1835 his wife followed him. He was a builder 
 by trade. The Rices have been Presbyterians far back, and Henry 
 was an elder in the first church at Corydon, Indiana. John Rice, 
 son of the above, was born April 16, 1804, near Wheeling, Yirginia. 
 He attended school perhaps three months in his life.- He early began 
 the cabinet trade and carpentering. He first worked with his father, 
 and continued this trade till 1845, when he built a grist and saw mill 
 at Corydon. In 1859 the mill burned, and Mr. Rice removed to ]N"ew 
 
312 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Albany, and there built a mill and successfully ran it till 1861, when he 
 had $7,000 or $8,000 worth of flour at Memphis and JSTew Orleans, 
 which was all confiscated by the rebels. In 1865 he moved to Bloom- 
 ington, Indiana, and engaged in the stock business, remaining there 
 six years and doing an extensive trade. In 1871 he came to Crawfords- 
 ville, and engaged in stock and wheat trade. He is at present retired 
 from active life and rents his business property. Mr. Eice is a mem- 
 ber of the Presbyterian church, and has been an elder in former 
 places. He is a staunch republican, and used to be. a whig. He was 
 married June 29, 1829, to Sophia Hinsdill, a school teacher of Ver- 
 mont. She died September 14, 1846. They had ten children, five 
 of whom preceded their mother in death. She was a good, amiable, 
 and religious woman, and her last words to her husband were : "I 
 take five children with me and leave five with you." She was a 
 Presbyterian. Mr. Rice was next married February 20, 1849, to 
 ISTancy Baldwin, of Louisville, by whom he had five children. She 
 is also a Presbyterian. Mr. Eice is not a politician, and has refused 
 the nomination for sheriff and representative. 
 
 J. H. Coffman, lumber merchant, Crawfordsville, was born in 
 Botetourt county, Yirginia, July 18, 1824. His father, Christopher 
 Coffman, died July 18, 1830, in his sixty-fifth year. Frequently in 
 his life the latter boasted of being able to trace his lineage as far 
 back as the sixteenth century, to Catharine Von Bora, the wife of 
 Martin Luther, whose mother was a Coffman. His mother, Margaret 
 Lottz, was a daughter of George Lottz, a native of Grermany. Hav- 
 ing married, and wishing to escape conscription, he came to America, 
 and settled in Philadelphia. Soon the war for independence broke 
 out and he enlisted under Washington, remaining with him till the 
 close of the war, when he removed to Augusta county, Yirginia. 
 There he bought a large tract of land, and raised his family, and 
 died in 1850, at the age of one hundred and four years. After the death 
 of the father of J. H. Coffman the mother, with her family, returned 
 to Augusta county, Virginia, where she had been raised. Here the 
 subject of this sketch spent his winters in school and summers in 
 fishing, hunting, and other sports. At the age of sixteen years, be- 
 ginning to entertain concern for the future battles of life, he entered 
 Shemaria Academy, where he remained two years, then pursued a 
 course through the junior year at Virginia Collegiate Institute, near 
 Staunton, Virginia. He next entered and completed a three years' 
 course in the Lutheran Theological Seminary at Lexington, South 
 Carolina. After graduating he settled in Salisbury, North Carolina, 
 and soon engaged in the book and stationery business. About this 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 313 
 
 time he was married to Elizabeth Ann Locke, daughter Richard 
 Locke, of Eowan county. She had one son, Harry Locke, but in less 
 than eighteen months after marriage mother and son were laid side 
 by side in the Salisbury cemetery. His second wife was a Miss 
 Margaret C. Anderson, whose mother was the daughter of Capt. 
 John Dickey, who greatly distinguished himself in the American 
 revolution, and was alluded to by Wheeler, a southern historian, as 
 the "hero of King's Mountain." By this marriage two children 
 were born: Bettie Yirginia (Minnie), and Margaret Catharine (Mag- 
 gie). Minnie died a short time since in Kansas, Illinois, at the inter- 
 esting age of twenty. Maggie is living at home. In 1854 Mr. Coff- 
 man returned with his two children to his native state and settled in 
 Kockbridge county, where he agained married. This third choice 
 was Miss Martha P. Eads, daughter of John "W. and Catharine Eads. 
 Mr. Eads was of French extraction, and Mrs. Eads was a daughter of 
 a Scotch Douglas family, and cousin of Stephen A. Douglas. Mr. 
 Coffman's family by his third marriage is four children, three of 
 whom are dead, and one, Samuel M., living, and now at Wabash 
 College, in the class of 1882. When the civil war came Mr. Coff- 
 man was bitterly opposed to secession, but when his state withdrew 
 from the Union he clasped hands with her, and enlisted in Co. I, 
 4th Vir. reg., in the Stonewall brigade. He followed Jackson in 
 most of his marches, and participated in his battles till at Cedar 
 Creek, October 19, 1864, he was badly wounded and sent home. He 
 rejoined his regiment in the spring of 1865 at Petersburg. In a 
 heavy engagement before Petersburg, a few days before the evacua- 
 tion of Richmond, he was captured and taken to Lookout, where he 
 was kept till June 15, when he was sent home. In the spring of 
 1866 he removed his family to Kansas, Illinois, and lived there . 
 eleven years, and then came to Crawfordsville in the spring of 18Y7. 
 Mr. Coffman at once entered a copartnership with Isaac M. Kelsey 
 in the lumber business. At the close of the first year, Mr. Kelsey 
 retiring, the business was carried on by Mr. Coffman alone. He 
 then took as a partner J. L. Williams, an experienced lumberman, 
 and who had been with Mr. Kelsey, his father-in-law, several years, 
 the firm becoming Coffman & Williams. The new firm began busi- 
 ness together February 10, 1879, and on the night of July 29 follow- 
 ing lost their stock by tire. Although partly secured by insurance 
 they lost heavily. However, they immediately made a new start, 
 and now carry a business second to none in the city. Their head- 
 quarters are near the New Albany depot. North Green street, and 
 Mr. Coffman's residence is 21 West Main street. Mr. Coffman's 
 
314 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 parents were members of the Methodist church, while he and his 
 family belong to the First Presbyterian church of Crawfordsville. 
 
 Prof. William T. Fry, teacher, Crawfordsville, was born in Ohio, 
 May 14, 1840. He lived on the farm and had the advantages of the 
 public school until he was seventeen years old; he then en^;ered 
 Oberlin College and went about three years. He enlisted in May, 
 1861, in Co. D, 11th Ind. Vols., and served about four months. His 
 father having di^d he returned to his home in Ohio and taught 
 school that winter. May 30 he enlisted in Co. H, 18th Inf., 1st 
 bat., for three years, and served full time. He was in the battles of 
 Stone River, Hoover's Gap, and Chickamauga. In this last battle 
 he was captured and was a prisoner seventeen months in Richmond, 
 Danville, Andersonville, and Charleston. In 1865 he again at- 
 tended school at Oberlin, and in 1866 began teaching. He has been 
 principal of the schools at Trenton one year: at Uhricksville, two 
 years ; Upper Sandusky, three years. He then traveled three years 
 in the interest of G. H. Grant, dealer in school furniture. In Sep- 
 tember, 1874, he became superintendent of the schools at Washing- 
 ton, in Daviess county, Indiana. He resigned his position there in 
 1877 to accept the superintendency of the city schools of Crawfords- 
 ville, which position he now successfully fills. Prof. Fry is consid- 
 erable of a reader, and keeps up with the times. He was married 
 September 27, 1867, to Miss Mary Fenner, a member of the Cen- 
 ter Presbyterian church. Prof. Fry belongs to the Masons, Odd- 
 Fellows, Knights of Pythias, the Presbyterian church, and is a re- 
 publican. Their children are: Ernest E., Oliver R., William F., 
 John C. E. and Mary. As proof of Prof. Fry's efficiency and 
 popularity we will state that he has never asked for a school. 
 
 Elder James W. Conner, pastor of the Christian church, Craw- 
 fordsville, was born in Rush county, Indiana, December 18, 1837, 
 eight miles north of Rushville. His father, Elder James Conner, 
 was born in Tennessee, and was a preacher in the Christian church 
 for about fifty years. He is now living with his son, the subject of 
 this sketch. Mr. Conner attended high school in Greensburg and 
 Morristown and then went to the Northwestern University, at In- 
 dianapolis, now known as Butler University. Mr. Conner has 
 preached in Milton, Humboldt, West Lebanon, Veedersburg, Koko- 
 mo, Rushville, and also traveled in Illinois about five years evangel- 
 izing. He settled in Crawfordsville January 1, 1878. Mr. Conner 
 has been very successful as a minister, has made many friends, and 
 has left his different appointments against the wishes of his congre- 
 gations ; is an able expounder of the truths of the bible, and is one 
 
tJNIOK T0W2«rSHIP. 315 
 
 of the purest and best of men, exerting a happy and blessed influ- 
 ence upon society. He studies well his themes, in the preparation 
 of his sermons, and speaks extemporaneously. He does not confine 
 his study and reading to theology, but ^reads all branches of litera- 
 ture and science. He was married August 29, 1860, to Miss Olive 
 Stone, of Shelby county. She is a granddaughter of Judge Cole, 
 of that county. They have four children : Leona, Erastus S., Mary 
 Libbie, and Ira L. Three of these are members of the Christian 
 church. The first two graduated in the city schools of Crawfords- 
 ville in the class of 1881. Mr. Conner is an adherent to the princi- 
 ples of the republican party, casting his first vote in 1860 for the im- 
 mortal Lincoln. 
 
 John Nicholson, photographer, Crawfordsville, was born in Jef- 
 ferson county, Indiana, on a farm, July 12, 1825, and remained a 
 tiller of the soil until he learned the trade of a carpenter. His 
 father, Jesse C. , was a carpenter, and is now living in Indianapolis, 
 at the advanced age of seventy-eight years. He is a native of Ken- 
 tucky, and came to Indiana before it was admitted as a state, and to 
 obtain a market for his produce was compelled to ship it down the 
 river on flat-boats. In 1832 the family moved to Shelbyville, Illi- 
 nois, where Mr. Nicholson was engaged at his trade. From here the 
 family moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and then to Bellville, St. Clair 
 county, Illinois, and remained until 1841. Here John received a 
 common school education, and from this place moved to Louisville, 
 Kentucky, and in a short time the family moved to Clark county, 
 Indiana, upon a farm, where John was employed in outdoor work. 
 His next residence was in New Albany, Indiana, where he was en- 
 gaged in hauling wood. In 1843 they resided in Jeifersonville, 
 where Mr. Nicholson was engaged in guarding the prisoners who 
 were at work upon the penitentiary. From here he went to Livonia, 
 where he engaged in the manufacture of Windsor chairs, and in 1845 
 he took up bis residence in Salem, Indiana, where his father, 
 brother-in-law and himself were engaged in chair manufacturing. 
 He then moved to Columbus, Indiana, where he occupied himself in 
 house, sign and portrait painting. March 10, 1847, he reached 
 Franklin, Johnson county, where he resided many years, engaged 
 in painting and in the cultivation of fruits, at which he made a sig- 
 nal success producing fruits of rare quality and beauty. In Janu- 
 ary, 1849, he moved to Durhamville, Tennessee, and engaged in 
 chair manufacturing and painting. In May, 1850, he returned to 
 Franklin, and in February, 1851, learned daguerreotyping and thor- 
 oughly fitted himself for an artist's life. After the introduction of 
 
316 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMBRT COUNTY. 
 
 photography he spent some time in Cincinnati studying that branch 
 of his life work, which has since occupied the greater portion of 
 his time. In March, 18Y2, he moved to Kokomo, Indiana, and here 
 lived until May 23, 1879, at which time he began his residence in 
 Crawfordsville. He has a well furnished photograph gallery on 
 Main street, from which much work of excellent character has come, 
 to the satisfaction of numerous customers, and credit to himself. 
 In 1853 he was married to Minerva Hicks, and they became the 
 parents of three children : Eva, Mary, and Mabel. Eva attended 
 Franklin • College and became a proficient elocutionist, and to-day 
 has a good reputation as a teacher, and is held in high esteem by 
 members of the profession. After the death of his first wife he 
 married Mary L. Davidson in 1861, and became the father of John 
 Jr., Thomas, Nellie, and Bessie. Mr. Mcholson is an Odd-Fellow, 
 joining at Franklin in 1861, and a member of the Knights of 
 Pythias. He first united with the Baptist church while in Tennes- 
 see, but in 1856 joined the Christian denomination at Franklin, In- 
 diana, and has since been a faithful, energetic and consistent worker. 
 His wife is a member of the same church. He is a republican and 
 was one of its earliest supporters as an abolitionist. As an ar- 
 tist Mr. Nicholson is eminently successful, and his love for the ideal 
 and beautiful prompts him to study his subject from a phrenological 
 standpoint, enabling him to more fully develop those leading fea- 
 tures in a person's character, thereby giving to his pictures more of 
 a natural and life-like expression. He is a close observer of men 
 and things, and finds great pleasure in his well filled library with 
 his special favorites, mental philosophy, theology, poetry and art. 
 
 Charles F. Lucas, a prominent merchant of Crawfordsville, was 
 born May 25, 1842, in Chambersburg, Fountain county, Indiana. His 
 mother's people, Fielding Smith and wife, came from Pennsylvania 
 to Fountain county, Indiana, in a very early day,' ^nd settled north- 
 west of Chambersburg. Here his mother, Catharine (Smith) Lucas, 
 was born, she being the first white female child born in Foun- 
 tain county. His father, Joseph G. Lucas, was born February 14, 
 1803, in London, England. He came to America when eighteen 
 years of age, and settled in Flat Bock, Indiana, and in an early day 
 moved to Bob Boy, Fountain county, Indiana, but soon settled in 
 Chambersburg, where he has lived for over forty years, and is now 
 retired from active life. He has been twice married, having 
 had four children by his first and ten by his second wife: Lewis 
 A., Susan C, William H, Charles F., Thomas N"., Louisa C, Har- 
 riet A., Emma J., an infant dead and America (both deceased). 
 
UNION TOWNSHIP. 317 
 
 Both parents are members of the United Brethren church. Charles 
 F. Lucas experienced farm life during his first eighteen years, jet 
 was part of this time in the store. In 1860 he began for himself in 
 the dry-goods business in Chambersburg, in partnership with his 
 father, continuing for seven years. He then changed his location to 
 Russellville, Indiana, where he carried on business with Joseph O. 
 Rear, but shortly after he moved to Hillsboro, where he remained for 
 twelve years, and in 1879 settled in Crawfordsville, where, in part- 
 nership with his brothers, T. N. and "W. H. Lucas, he carried on an 
 extensive trade. W. H. Lucas retired from the firm in the fall of 
 1879, leaving C. F. owner of two-third interest in the business, and 
 F. N". a one-third interest. They are also proprietors of a large gro- 
 cery establishment in Crawfordsville. C. F. Lucas owns a store at 
 Hillsboro. W. H. Lucas is owner of the Waynetown store, so that 
 the Lucas brothers, owning four stores, buy an immense quantity of 
 goods annually, and, as a consequence, can undersell establishments 
 of less capacity. The Boston store, opposite the postofiice, is a two- 
 story brick 40x70, in which is carried about a $15,000 stock, with 
 yearly sales of about $40,000, in millinery and dry goods. Mr. Lu- 
 cas was married November 16, 1861, to Elizabeth Eynearson, daugh- 
 ter of Eynear and Catharine (Whitenack) Eynearson, of Fountain 
 county. They have one child, Ephra A. , living, and one, Frank E. 
 (deceased). Both Mr. and Mrs. Lucas are members of the Christian 
 church. He is solidly republican. 
 
 Dr. "W. T. Gott, Crawfordsville, is a son of William and Ehoda A, 
 (Swindler) Gott. His father was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, 
 in 1806, and came to Montgomery county in 1829 and entered 160 
 acres of land in Scott township. In 1831 he was married, and on 
 that farm Mr. and Mrs. Gott lived until 1861, and raised a family of 
 ten children, five of whom, two sons and three daughters, are now 
 living. In 1861 they retired from active labor and moved to Lado- 
 ga, where he died, December 20, 1877, and rests in the Ladoga ceme- 
 tery. They had been successful farmers, adding to their first 160 
 acres until they owned a farm of 340 acres. Mr. Gott was a whig in 
 early times, but later became a democrat, in which party he was quite 
 prominent, having been twice elected land appraiser. He was a man 
 who took an active part in all progressive movements, such as gravel 
 roads, etc. He was a man of strong conviction, acting from a sense 
 of duty in important questions. He was firm and decisive, generally 
 taking a leajding part in public meetings. He was worshipful master 
 in a Masonic lodge for some time. His father was a revolutionary sol- 
 dier, and served as quartermaster under Gen. Greene. Mrs. Gott is 
 
318 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Still living, at the age of sixty-seven years. Her children living are: 
 E. C. Gott, prominent in the democracy, and later a national and a suc- 
 cessful farmer ; Letitia, wife of Cassius M. Stone; Mary S., wife of 
 Joseph ]Sr. Sidener ; America, married to James U. Lofollett, and W. 
 T., whose name appears at the head of this sketch. The last named 
 son, like the rest, was raised on the farm. He attended the Ladoga 
 Academy for some time, then began the study of medicine under Dr. 
 William Hill, of Greencastle, with whom he remained two years, 
 then entered the Mother Institution of Reformed Medicine at Cin- 
 cinnati in 1877. Leaving the medical college, he settled for the prac- 
 tice of medicine in Atherton, Vigo county, Indiana, where he re- 
 mained until April, 1880, when he removed to Crawfordsville. Here 
 he formed the copartnership with Dr. J.- 1^. Taylor, which firm still 
 exists. Their oflBce is in the Blue front. Mr. Gott is a member of 
 the Christian church. 
 
 John Borradaile, proprietor of St. James Hotel, Crawfordsville, 
 was born in "Wayne county, New York, August 26, 1850. His father 
 has kept eight different hotels, and is now keeping a fine hotel in St. 
 Catharines, Ontario. His grandfather was the first sheriff in Wayne 
 county, New York, and was a hotel-keeper. His mother's father 
 was Maj. Hurd, of the revolutionary war. Mr. Borradaile graduated 
 in the classical course of Sand Lake Collegiate Institute, New York. 
 He then went into the hardware business, followed that seven years, 
 and then went into the hotel-keeping with his father for five years, 
 keeping hotel in Rochester, Charlotteville and St. Catharines. In 
 March, 1880, he became proprietor of the St. James hotel, of which 
 he has since been the successful landlord. He was married Septem- 
 ber 11, 1879, to Miss Dora S. Case, daughter of Charles E. Case, 
 who was one of the contractors that built the Erie canal. Her grand- 
 father was a relative of the Van Burens. Mr. Borradaile belongs to 
 the Royal Arch Masons of Canada. He and his wife are both mem- 
 bers of the Episcopal church. 
 
 Rev. James W. Harris, pastor Methodist Episcopal church, 
 Crawfordsville, was born May 7, 1844, two and a half miles west of 
 Terre Haute, in Vigo county, Indiana. His grandfather was in the 
 revolutionary war. His father, Richard, was a native of Delaware. 
 The subject of this sketch lived on the farm till he was sixteen years 
 old, then attended the Classical Academy at Terre Haute until he 
 enlisted, November 1, 1861, in Co. H, 2d Cav., ilst Ind. Vols. 
 He went in as a private and in less than a year he was promoted 
 first lieutenant of his company. He fought in the battles of Shiloh, 
 around Corinth, Gallatin, and in various other engagements, cul- 
 
BKOWN TOWNSHIP. 319 
 
 minated in the battle of Chickamauga and Fair Garden. He was 
 taken prisoner May 9, 1864, at Varnill Station, Georgia. He was a 
 prisoner in Dalton, Macon, Savannah, Charleston, Camp Soi'gum 
 and Columbia. As he was being taken with others to Charlotte, he 
 and Capt. W. C. Adams conceived the plan of escape by cutting 
 through the bottom of the car with a saw made of a case knife. 
 When the train stopped they made their exit. They were seven 
 days in reaching the Union forces. When they started it was night 
 and no moon or stars shining. They got lost and traveled the third 
 night over the same road they did the first. They lived on corn 
 part of the time and traveled through swamps and woods, enduring 
 hardships and running many narrow escapes, until they at last found 
 refuge under the flag of freedom. Mr. Harris was in the army three 
 years four mo-nths and twenty-one days, nine months and four days of 
 which he was a prisoner. In 1870 he entered the ministry, and began 
 preaching in the northei'n part of the state in Porter county, and has 
 preached at Chesterton, Argus, Terre Haute, Covington, and in 
 September, 1880, became pastor of the Methodist church in Craw- 
 fordsville. In 1874: he entered Asbury University and graduated 
 in the classical course in 1878. He was married in 1868, to Miss J. 
 A.Goodman, daughter of Eev. W.W.Goodman, of Vigo county. She 
 was a member of the Congregational church and died in 1870. Mr. 
 Harris is a member of the Masonic order, the Knights of Pythias, 
 the A.O.U.W., and chaplain of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
 department of Indiana. He is a diligent student, studies in the 
 forenoons and devotes the afternoons to pastoral work. The subject 
 matter of his sermons is metaphysical, logical and scriptural. He 
 presents the truth in an earnest, forcible manner that carries convic- 
 tion to the hearts of his hearers. 
 
 BEOWN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Brown is the corner township in the southwest of Montgomery 
 county. It is bounded on the south by Putnam and Parke counties ; 
 on the west by Parke county also ; on the north by Ripley and Union 
 townships, and on the east by Scott township. The original survey 
 of the township describes it as embracing T. 17 N., R. 5 W., and east 
 part of T. 17 N., R. 6 W., being south of Sugar creek. In 1858 
 that part of Sees. 30, 31 and 32 being south of Sugar creek was ta- 
 ken from Union and attached to Brown township. 
 
 Brown township is an oblong square, nine miles east and west 
 by six miles north and south ; a deviation being on the north line, 
 
320 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 at a point a little west of the middle of said line, where it turns 
 due north one mile to Sugar creek ; thence down said creek south- 
 west to the terminus of the western line of the township. This, 
 change from the original boundary was made for the accommodation 
 of the early citizens of the township, many of whom were detached 
 from the main portion of the township, and petitioned for the above 
 change, when the commissioners of Montgomery county, at a meeting- 
 held in 1858, ordered that the line between Brown and Eipley town- 
 ships be changed so as to make Sugar creek the township line. 
 
 Brown township has an area of about fifty-four square miles, or 
 about 34,560 square acres of fertile soil, extensively drained and 
 abundantly supplied with running water. It is traversed in all direc- 
 tions by public thoroughfares. The old state road, extending from 
 Terre Haute to La Fayette, passes through this township from the 
 southwest to the northwest, which, in the early history of the state, 
 was the United States mail and stage route. 
 
 The township is nearly equally divided from the northeast to the 
 northwest by the Logansport, Crawfordsville and Southwest railroad,, 
 which enters the township at the village of New Market, situated at 
 the northeast corner of Brown, and running southwest, emerges from 
 the township in the valley of the Little Kaccoon, at the southwest- 
 corner. This road has done much in developing the township, and 
 enhancing the valuation of the land and timber, and has brought ready 
 market for grain and produce, which the fertile soil yields in abund- 
 ance to reward the honest toil of the husbandman. 
 
 There is a .proposed rail route, known as the Anderson & St. 
 Louis railroad, which has been chartered and surveyed out ; the route 
 passing through this township forming a crossing at Waveland with 
 the Laporte, Crawfordsville & Southwestern railroad, and passing 
 eastward crosses the middle of the east line of the township into Scott. 
 When this road is completed and the rolling stock is moving, "Wave- 
 land will become an important center of trade and travel to a large area 
 of country, unsurpassed, in many features, by any other portion of 
 Indiana. 
 
 The geological features of this township are diversified and interest- 
 ing. The land in the west and southwest is slightly rolling, with a 
 remarkable uniformity over that part of the township ; indeed, the 
 name, "Waveland, which is given to the principal town in the town- 
 ship, is quite suggestive of the general features of the land, whose evo- 
 lutions remind one, who has been on the large waters, of the steady 
 swelling of the waves of the great sea under a constant breeze. 
 
 In the south part of the township, and extending north along the 
 
^^/ J^^^-i^^ ^e^^ 
 
BROWN TOWNSHIP. 321 
 
 western boundrtry, tlie soil is of a drift material, and rich in fertility, 
 until we approach the high lands of Sugar creek in the northwest. 
 Tiie southeast and east are more level until we reach the northeast, 
 wliere the land is in many places flat. The soil in this part of the 
 township differs materially from the south and west, there being a 
 prevalence of clayey material, and generally flat and somewhat cold 
 and heavy. This land, however, is being drained,'which is developing 
 a very fertile and prodiu'tivo soil for certain grains and grass; and un- 
 der tho enterprising energies of the Brown township farmers, its pro- 
 ductive qualities will not long remain dormant. The north "runs 
 down into the sanHy rooks or clayey shales of the coal formations," and 
 is good soil for only certain kinds of products, of grass, and certain 
 grains. The township is divided from the east to the west by a ridge 
 entering about the middle of the eastern border, and passes west to 
 the center of the township, then turning to the northwest until it 
 reaches Sugar creek, the boundary of the township. Although this 
 ridge is so regular in elevation that the traveler will scarcely note it, 
 yet it is the dividing ridge between the head-waters of the Little Rac- 
 coon creek on the south, and Sugar creek on the north ; the waters of 
 the former flowing to the Big Raccoon on the south, and the latter to 
 the Sugar creek on the northwest. In this part of the township, 
 where it borders on the above stream, it is high, broken, and rocky, 
 which shades down from tho high blufiB to the rolling latids on the 
 south, and to the low lands on the east. 
 
 The soil and timber of Brown township are of superior quality, cov- 
 ered with a rich surface soil, we tind muck, sands, gravel, clay, and cal- 
 eiiroous elements, combined in various forms and compositions; but of 
 such quality as to make the gonei-al land of the strongest and most 
 productive natnre. The heavy growth of timber which covered the 
 land in its native state embraced the most valuable varieties. And 
 whon the pioneer began his struggle with the wilds of Brown township 
 he regarded the choicest timber as an incumbrance to the soil ; sugar, 
 bench, gnm, oak, black walnut, and poplar, were alike felled by the axe 
 and burned. And though half a century and more has passed, there 
 are still seen st;»nding some grand specimens of primeval forests, which 
 uiako unimproved land now valuable for its timber. And had the 
 timber which has been 'burned in the heap on many farms in this state 
 been properly stacked in the log to protect it from the destructive ele- 
 ments, would be worth more to-day than the land on which it grew. 
 Along the banks of Indian and Sugar creeks are also found ever- 
 green groves, especially on the high lands of the northwest portion of 
 the township. 
 91 
 
322 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEllY COUKTT. 
 
 LAKE HARNEY. 
 This is an ancient lake is distinctly outlined in the northeast part 
 of the township, and embracing not less than one-third of its area ; 
 a coast washed by the waves of a body of water extending nine 
 miles east and west by four or four and a half north and south. This 
 ancient shore extends across the township from southeast to north- 
 west, entering two and a half miles north of the southeast corner, run- 
 ning west two miles, then north one and a half miles ; thence northwest, 
 passing one mile north of Brown's Valley ;, thence northwest to Sugar 
 creek, near the mouth of Indian creek, where it passes into Kipley 
 township, sweeping eastward through Union to the western line of 
 "Walnut ; then southwest through Scott to the east line of Brown as 
 before. The land within this ancient lake-bed is being drained by the 
 farmers in the northeast part of the township, developing a fertile and 
 productive soil. The date of this body of water we have no means of 
 determining, more than to fix it at a very remote period of time, in the 
 past ages, as the present outlines include an area of land which the 
 pioneers of the country found covered with a dense forest and heavy 
 timber. The great mastodon that once roamed over the plains and 
 through the forests of North America doubtless have drunk of its waters- 
 and grazed on its-banks. 
 
 The rocks of Brown township are found in the region of Sugar 
 creek elevated into rugged and romantic heaps. The most massive are 
 sandstones of best building quality, composed of sand and silicia, produc- 
 ing a composition that is usually soft when taken from the quarr}', but 
 hardens when exposed to the changes of the atmosphere, a quality much 
 desired for building purposes. There are also limestone compounded 
 of carbonate of lime, sand, clay, and carbonate of magnesia. These 
 stones are well adapted to building purposes, as well as burning in the 
 kiln for the manufacture of quicklime. There is found also some mill- 
 stone grit in this locality, and along the banks of the Indian creek 
 boulders of this quality are found. The buhrs in the mill built on this 
 creek by Samuel Van Cleave were made of one of these stones, and 
 proved of excellent quality. Dark shales with clays, pyrites of iron, are 
 also found. These shales and rocks are classified with the Hamiltonian 
 group of the Devonian period. Some animal remains are found in 
 these shales, while petrifacts are discovered in the limestone neighbor- 
 hoods. In the south part of the township a kind of boulder clay is 
 found at a depth of twelve or fifteen feet under the surface, forming 
 strata fonr feet thick, under which is a stratum of blue clay which covers 
 the sandy water-bed at a depth of fifteen feet. This stratum, or sand- 
 
BROWX TOWNSHIP. 323 
 
 bed, underlies most of the township, and holds an inexhaustible supply 
 of most excellent water. The boulder clay is noted for its tendency to 
 generate deleterious gases, and especially what is commonly called 
 " the damps." It is said by old citizens that, in digging wells, after 
 striking this clay there is such an accumulation of gases that men have 
 been driven from their work, making it necessary to improvise means 
 by which pure air could be forced to the bottom of the well to protect 
 the workmen from suffocation. The boulder clay indicates a period of 
 shifting of the elements, and agrees with the glacial period, ti-aced 
 through the northern part of this county, showing that there were 
 wonderful changes in the contending elements in building up this part 
 of the continent. 
 
 There are also found submerged remains of timber at various depths, 
 and frequently underlying the boulder clay drift, which were depos- 
 ited at a time when this region was covered by an inland sea, and 
 were doubtless drifted down from the high lands of the northeast 
 and northwest part of the continent when there was communication 
 between those regions and this locality by a great water; as evident 
 from the kind of timber found, which was not of tiiis soil or climate, as 
 well as the boulders found in the subsoil, which seem to belong to the 
 rocky formations of the north, and which have doubtless been carried 
 down by the action of water and drifting ice. 
 
 The drainage of the land is good : on the south by the tributaries to 
 the Little Raccoon, and on the north by the Indian creek, and some 
 tributaries to the Sugar creek on the northwest. Indian creek is the 
 principal stream of the township, which traverses it from east to west. 
 • It enters the township on the east a little north of the center of the 
 eastern boundary, and meandering to tiic northwest empties its waters 
 into Sugar creek, on the northwest boundary of the township. This 
 stream is fed by numerous tributaries in its course through the north, 
 ern division of the township. 
 
 In pioneer days, before the primeval forest had fallen by the wood- 
 man's axe, and before the lowlands aud morasses in the lower sections 
 had been drained, it was a stream of much importance to the early set- 
 tlers of the country, to whom it furnished water-power to grind their 
 grain, saw their timber, card their wool, and full their cloth. And at 
 a very early day in the history of the township was heard the whirr 
 of the mill on the banks of the Indian and Sugar creeks. The water 
 snpplj' of Brown township is abundant and good. The numerous 
 tributaries to the streams above mentioned traverse the township, in 
 which springs of running water, with artesian fountains and inexhaust- 
 ible wells, abound. 
 
324 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Brown township presents interesting attractions for romantic sight- 
 seeing and scientific exploration. That part of the townsliip lying on 
 the northwest border, adjoining Sugar creek, with its rocky grottoes 
 and caves, has long been the attraction of the romantic who make it a 
 place of resort and pleasure. 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 The mills of Brown township were among the first enterprises of 
 the primitive days. The first built in this township was situated on 
 the south bank of Sugar creek, known as " Dear's mills," being built 
 by Joal Dear, an early pioneer. Some years following it was des- 
 troyed by high water, to which Sugar creek in those days was subject. 
 It was afterward built by Joal Dear and William Canine, with a saw- 
 mill attached, both of which are being successfully operated. In an 
 early day Vancleve's mills were built on Indian creek, a few miles 
 above Sugar creek, into which the former empties. These mills were 
 built by Samuel Yaucleve, who emigrated to this township at an early 
 day from Kentucky. And in a few years this mill was in competition 
 with another having been built by Thomas Glenn and Caleb Conner, 
 who also were from Kentucky. Tiiis mill was built on Indian creek, 
 two miles above its junction with Sugar creek, and was successfully 
 operated until after the reduction of wa'ter supply. Although this 
 stream furnished abundant water-power in the early settlement of the 
 township, after clearing up the land in this and adjoining townships, 
 and reducing the lowlands by subdrainage, the supply of water has 
 been so reduced that these mills have been removed. 
 
 The first carding-mill in Brown township was built by Thomas 
 Armstrong, on Little Raccoon, one mile above Waveland, as early as 
 1840, and was worked successfully until the water failed in the stream 
 some years since. 
 
 The fair grounds of the Russellville Union Agricultural Society are 
 located in Brown township, on the southern line to the east. They 
 embrace an area of thirty-five acres. This society was organized in 
 the fall of 1855 by the leading farmers of Brown and adjoining town- 
 ships. In the same fall the first public fair was held. The grounds were 
 not inclosed, and admittance was/ree to the public. Entrance fees were 
 charged for stock and articles for exhibition, which were appropriated 
 to the payment of premiums. Among the members of the society at 
 this time may be mentioned William Nelson, president of the 
 society, Asbery Van Schoyaek, oh whose farm the grounds were lo- 
 cated, James Evens, Stephen Allen, John Durham, Drake Brookshier 
 and otliers of Brown townsliip ; James Crawford, William Nelson and 
 
BROWK TOWNSHIP. 325 
 
 Others of Putnam county. In the fall of 1856 the grounds were in- 
 closed, after which an admission fee was charged, which fund, with 
 the return of premiums by members of the society, the grounds were 
 improved. At this time the exposition was open to the four adjoining 
 townships. In the fall of 1857 there were further improvements 
 made to the grounds, and it was opened to the four adjacent counties: 
 Montgomery, in which it was situated, Parke, Putnam, and Fountain. 
 It was at the exposition of this fall, 1857, that the renowned pacer, 
 "Red Buck," first appeared on these grounds, and at which time, by 
 throwing his shoe, when on the track, which fell fifty-seven yards dis- 
 tant, he was beaten in the race and lost the honor of tiie champion- 
 ship of the turf. These annual expositions became so popular that 
 their ground became too small for their accommodation, and in 1875 
 and 1876 the area was again enlarged so as to embrace a portion of 
 Putnam county on the south. 
 
 EARLY HISTORY. 
 
 Prior to the treaty of peace, which was efi'ected with the Indians in 
 1818, Brown township was occupied by the Shawnee tribes, who were 
 associated with the Miami confederation in their hostility to the white 
 man. 
 
 Soon after this, emigration to Brown towuship commenced ; and 
 not many years elapsed before all the public lands were entered by men 
 who desired to open up farms for their future home. The tide of 
 emigration to this township set in at a very early day of Montgomery's 
 history. Brown was also settled by a people from a different section of 
 the country than those settling in the townships north. While from the 
 east emigration was pouring into the central part of Montgomery 
 county, Kentucky was sending her brave sons and daughters into Brown 
 township. In wagons, on horseback, and on foot with knapsack on 
 their backs, traversing the unbroken wilderness, fording swollen streams, 
 encamping at night, and contending with storms and wild beasts, they 
 came to find a new home on a fertile soil, in a healthful clime. The 
 sound of the woodman's axe was heard in the forest before the smoke of 
 the Indian's wigwam had disappeared from the banks of the Indian 
 creek or the head waters of the Little Raccoon ; and while the snap- 
 ping of the bow-string and whistling of the tomahawk were yet heard, 
 the crashing of the falling trees before the pioneer's axe thundered in 
 the forest wilds. 
 
 It is claimed for James Long that he cut the first stick of timber in 
 Brown township, an oak tree, which he cut for boards to cover his 
 cabin for the accommodation of his family, which he moved to this town- 
 
326 HISTORY^ OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ship in the fall of 1822. He located his home on the western branch of 
 the Little Eaecoon, in the western part of the township. Following 
 Mr. Long, was Mr. Wm. Moore, who entered land in Terre Hante June 
 27, 1,822, before the land-office was removed to Crawfordsville. He en- 
 . tered one half of Sec. 30, and eighty acres in Sec. 29. Mr. Moore 
 came into the township in December of the same year, and commenced 
 clearing a place in the dense forest for his cabin, 16x16. It was in 
 this month that Mr. James Long, when hunting his cows in the wilder- 
 ness by sunrise, heard the. sound of an axe in the distance, and not know- 
 ing a white man north of the Big Eaecoon he started out to find the 
 stranger, who was dealing rapid blows to the heavy forest tree on that 
 cold, wintry morning, and found Mr. Wm. Moore chopping logs for his 
 home. This was their first meeting, as they had no knowledge of each 
 other or any other white man in the bounds of what is now embraced 
 in Brown township. When Mr. Long raised his log dwelling in the 
 fall he had to secure help from the settlement on Big Raccoon creek, 
 some miles south. Of all the claims made for the first settlement of 
 Brown township, that of Mr. Long seems the most, probable. 
 
 Mr. Wm. Moore built his cabin during this winter, and removed his 
 family into it the following spring, 1823. He had left his family in 
 the vicinity of Terre Haute while he cut the logs and built their hum- 
 ble dwelling. During the month of January a heavy snow fell, which 
 caused the deer to gather about his winter hut at nightfall to browse 
 from the trees he had fe-lled during the day. The Indians also visited 
 him, and shot the unsuspecting deer that feared not the white man's 
 dwelling. He shot and salted away eleven deer for his summer's meat. 
 Mr. E. Loop and others entered land in the fall of 1822, and moved 
 in the spring of 1823. Mr. Wm. Moore built his hewed log " tavern," 
 18x24, in the fall of 1823, to which reference is made in another place. 
 As early as 1823 a number of emigrants from Shelby county, Ken- 
 tucky, settled in the bounds of the territory now embraced in Brown 
 township, among whom we may mention Benjamin Yan Cleave, who 
 settled on the Terre Haute road, east of where Brown's Valley now 
 stands, near- the center of the township, and about the same time Ben- 
 jamin Gailey settled on the state road a mile and a half north of where 
 Waveland now stands, while Thomas Lockman, in the same vicinity, 
 broke the forest for a new home. To these may be added P. Mullen- 
 burg, and others, who will live in the memory of the oldest citizens of 
 the township, and some who have left family descendants to enjoy the 
 homes and society they aided in building up out of the vvilds of the 
 western forests and uncultivated society of primitive days. About this 
 time appeared in the new^ settlement in the central part of the town- 
 
BEOWN TOWNSHIP. 327 
 
 / 
 
 ship the eccentric Canadian, Humphry Finch, and old time Methodist 
 preacher, and entered a farm on the head-waters of Little Raccoon creek 
 adjoining the home of Thomas Lockman, but sold his land in 1826 to 
 Ralph Canine, who came from Kentucky to join the new settlement in 
 the wilds of Indiana. 
 
 The spirit of change had already possessed the minds of some of the 
 early pioneers, and in 1825 Thomas Lockman sold his new home to 
 John Brush, who had removed from Kentucky to join the new colony. 
 Accompanying Mr. Brush was his son, Blakely Brushy who has survived 
 his father, and is now a resident of Waveland, having remained in 
 Brown township since his emigration in 1825, when a youth, and has 
 served with honor in public and church of&ces, of which were two or 
 three terms as township justice. The father, John Brush, was a veter- 
 an of 1812, in which he was inured to the privations of military life 
 and the perils of war, which had well qualified him for the hardships 
 and dangers of pioneer life. 
 
 About this time (1825) Jeremiah Stillwell, Benjamin Tood, and 
 others settled on entered lands and began to build homes in the forest. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. 
 
 At the September term of the Montgomery board of justice it was 
 ordered that the township of Scott be divided, and that the following 
 bound be taken out of said township and be constituted a new town- 
 ship, to be known by the name of Brown township, to-wit : All town- 
 ship 17, in range 5, and so much of township 17 in range 6 lying south 
 of Sugar creek, and within the county of Montgomery ; and that the 
 place of holding elections in Brown township be at William Moore's. 
 Benjamin Galey was appointed inspector of elections; John Kinder 
 was appointed constable for 1827 ; Benjamin Van Cleave and Josiah 
 Galey were appointed overseers of the poor ; and Samuel Galey, 
 Emsley tepp, and William Moore, were appointed fence viewers. Mr. 
 William Moore was elected first justice of the peace, and was super- 
 seded by Thomas Glenn, who came to Brown township in the spring 
 of 1827, preparatory to moving his family, which he did in the fall of 
 the same year. He, however, was elected to the office of magistrate 
 durino- his visit in the spring. He served one term of four years, 
 which was the first term served in the township. While the oldest 
 citizens testify to the election of Mr. Moore, he did not take his seat 
 in the county board of magistrates. 
 
 Among the early justices of Brown township were William Carson, 
 Joseph Allen, James Rice, James N. Rice, Caleb Conner, Daniel Gott, 
 Robert Gamble, and William Conner. Others more recent in office: 
 
328 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMEUT COUNTY. 
 
 James O'Brian, James Davis, Simon C. Davis, John Wrightsell, 
 William F. Khoads, Samuel Warbritton, and Isaac Andrus. Simon 
 0. Davis served for sixteen years, from 1854 to 1870, and is the pres- 
 ent justice of Waveland. Dr. Isaac Andrus was serving his second 
 term of office at the time of his death, January 1881. 
 
 At the organization of the township there was but one trustee, 
 whose name we are not able to give; but in 1852 the law was so 
 amended as to require three trustees, who organized by choosing a 
 president, secretary, and treasurer. The first board was Simon C. 
 Davis, Esq., Joseph Allen, and Benjamin Van Cleave, who continued in 
 oflice during the existence of that law. The law was repealed, after a 
 number of years, when the business of the township was again invested 
 in one. Mr. William Peterman was elected as the township trustee, 
 and served a number of years. The present trusteeship is filled by Mr. 
 W. T. Glenn. 
 
 At the organization of the township the soil was generally covered 
 with the 'primeval forest ; there being, however, a growing population, 
 as the early pioneers from Kentucky swept northward to open farms 
 on the promising land of Brown township. There were inducements 
 to settle on the Wabash river and Big Raccoon creek, where settle- 
 ments were rapidly forming, but the prevalence of malarial diseases in 
 those localities, where, it is said, *' the true Wa^ashian was so accus- 
 tomed to the ague and the mosquitoes that he did not feel at home 
 without them," many turned to the more genial clime of Brown. So- 
 ciety at this time was crude, when " the man on the streets of Craw- 
 fordsville who donned a pair of silver spurs and embroidered gloves 
 was stigmatized,by the Black creek schoolmaster as an aristocrat." 
 
 In this year (1826) there were numerous additions made to the set- 
 tlements within the township, among whom were Levi Van Cleave, 
 Ralph Van Cleave, Rev. Samuel Van Cleave, and others worthy of 
 note from Kentucky. Before the year 1830 we may note Anderson 
 Service, Alexander Buchanan, Elisha Van Cleave, Enoch Van Cleave? 
 William Reynolds, William Fisher, John Pottenger, Samuel Fisher, 
 Benjamin Galey, Andrew McCormick, Clayton Swindler, Robert Gott, 
 and Hezakiah Vanscoyock. 
 
 It is becoming that an acknowledgment be made of the influence 
 of Rev. Samuel Van Cleave upon the early society of Brown township. 
 He was among the settlers of 1827, in which year he built the Van 
 Cleave, mills, on Indian creek, by his own genius and efforts, manufact- 
 uring the mill-stones from a large gray boulder, which he split in halves 
 and dressed them to a true face, which did effective work while the mill 
 stood. 
 
BEOWN TOWNSHIP. 329 
 
 The first store in Brown township was opened by a Mr. Moore, who 
 built a small log store-house on the east bank of Little Raccoon creek, 
 one mile above where Waveland now stands, and opened his store in 
 1828, through the agency of Jonothan Powers, who, however, re- 
 mained but a short time, after which Mr. John Milligan took the store, 
 where he sold goods until he removed his stock to his own building, 
 which was the first in Waveland, in 1834. 
 
 The first tavern in Brown township was kept by Mr. Wm. Moore, 
 above mentioned. The building was of hewed logs, 18x24, and built 
 in the fall of 1823, and is yet standing. In its palmy days it was a 
 gala home for the forest traveler. But it was not always quiet at 
 Moore's tavern, for the "Kentucky Rye" had already reached Brown 
 township, and the western landlord had no concientious scruples about 
 accommodating such of his guests as thirsted for the sparkling glass. 
 And many times interest was added to the occasion by the presence of 
 the red man, who would indulge freely in the fire-water when he 
 could obtain it, and when under its influence he became an active par- 
 ticipant in a backwoods riot, and a dangerous competitor in their bloody . 
 conflicts. In those days an Indian trail passed south of where Wave- 
 land now stands, running from the southwest to the northeast, leading 
 to Fort Wayne. It was by this path through the wilderness that the 
 Indians went to Fort Wayne to draw government supplies. Some- 
 times half a thousand or more would pass in a day, stopping at Mr. 
 Moore's tavern for meals and whisky, trading blankets they had re- 
 ceived of the government, for whisky for one night's debauch. Mrs. 
 Moore, now eighty-eight years of age, has one of those red blankets 
 unto this day. It was at this house where Gen. Harrison and twenty- 
 five or thirty citizens and ex-soldiers of the Indian wars dined wlien 
 on their way to the old battle-grounds to reinter the remains of the 
 brave men who fell in the battle of Tippecanoe, on ITovember 7, 1811. 
 Mr. Moore made his usual charge for the dinner, which was 12^ cents 
 individually. This the general refused, saying he would assess tiie 
 charges, which would be double that of the landlord's, and made eacii 
 man pay accordingly. Mr. Samuel Moore, now residing on the home- 
 stead, boasts that he being but a lad at the time, and clad in smoked 
 buckskin, held the general's steed while he was preparing to mount.. 
 
 TOWNS AND VILLAGES. 
 
 Waveland is the oldest town in Brown township, and is situated in 
 the southwest part of Montgomery county, being two miles from the 
 west line of t-lie township and county in which it is located, and about 
 half a mile from the southern border of the same. It is very cen- 
 
330 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 tral in location, being equally distant from Crawfordsville and RoL-k- 
 ville; the former being fifteen miles northeast,, and the latter the same 
 distance southwest. It is also equally distant from Terre Haute and 
 La Fayette, and fifty miles a little north of west from Indianapolis, 
 the capital of the state. The town stands on a ridge of land elevated 
 between the Spring branch of Little Eaccoon and Walker's Enn, which 
 skirts the town on the south. It is an important station of the 
 Loganspo1-t, Crawfordsville & Southwestern railroad, at the crossing 
 of the contemplated rail-route known as the Anderson, Lebanon & St. 
 Louis railroad. 
 
 The land upon which the original town was laid out was entered 
 before 1830 by Hiram Heddleson, who afterward sold to one Morgan, 
 who transferred the same to John Milligan, in 1834, who was then 
 selling goods in a small building three quarters of a mile above where 
 Waveland now stands. Mr. John Milligan came to the above store, 
 situated on the banks of the Little Eaccoon by the old state road, in 
 1830, where he sold goods until 1834:, when, on purchasing the land 
 as above stated, he, in the same year, cut the first opening in the 
 forest on the ground now occupied by Waveland, and built his small 
 store-house, which was the first building on the ground of the town 
 plat, on thex corner of Cross and Green streets. In 1835 Mr. John 
 Milligan laid out the original town of Waveland, andj'on Christmas 
 day of the same year the 'first town lot was sold at public auction. 
 Mr. Milligan gave the name of the neighborhood post-office to the new 
 village, being the romantic name of Waveland, in honor of a Kentucky 
 gentleman's home. Dr. James Cunningham erected the next building 
 in the town, on the north side of Green street, west of Cross street. 
 Here the doctor resided during his practice in the vicinity. The 
 second store was opened, about this time, by Henry Crawford, of 
 Crawfordsville, who sold goods in a little house east of where the post- 
 office now stands, on Green street, which was probably the third house 
 in the town, and is said to be standing at this writing. This store, 
 however, being conducted through an agency, survived but a few 
 months. This was soon followed by another, opened on the northeast 
 corner of Cross and Green streets by Dr. Cregg, in a small frame 
 building, where he remained in trade for a number of years. About 
 this time an opposition movement developed in the country above, on 
 the south banks of Little Eaccoon, and a meeting of the citizens of the 
 township was called to take a vote to locate a township town. That 
 meeting was held at Benjamin Smith's, where Briles Milligan now 
 lives. There were three locations voted for, Fairview, Brown's Valley, 
 and Waveland. Fairview received the greatest number of votes, and 
 
BROWlir TOWKSHIP. 331 
 
 a good manj' lots were sold. So Fairview started with a store, a black- 
 smith shop, and a doggery, all of which have long since passed away, 
 and there is no " view " of any town there. Waveland has since re- 
 ceived three additions to the original town. In 1840 the first addition, 
 by Gen. T. Howard, M. Newal, and J. Milligan. The second and 
 third since, by J. Milligan. About the time of this opposition Joseph 
 Milligan threw his influence for Waveland, and opened a variety store 
 on the northwest corner of Cross and Green streets, where he con- 
 tinued for eight or ten years. Mr. Thomas Talbert, however, took 
 advantage of his withdrawal and opened a variety store in the house 
 built and previously occupied by Dr. Gregg, on Green street. He 
 occupied this building for a number of years, and removed to the 
 eoiithwest corner of High and Green streets, where he remained in the 
 trade until near 1850. 
 
 Waveland post-office was removed to the town soon after it was laid 
 out, and placed under- the care of Mr. John Milligan, who acted in the 
 official capacity of postmaster for a number of years, when he was 
 relieved of the responsibility by Dr. Gregg. Edwin M. Milligan was 
 postmaster for some years after. The office is now filled by James 
 Scott, who has served for the past six or eight years. 
 
 The medical profession was first represented in Waveland by Dr. 
 James Commings, who settled in the town soon after the plat was sur- 
 veyed, and was succeeded by Dr. Gregg, who in turn was succeeded 
 by Dr. Ballid, who is now dead. 
 
 The weary traveler has ever found a place of rest and refreshment in 
 Waveland. Before a hotel building was erected in the town, the hos- 
 pitality of private citizens was extended to the stranger' within their 
 borders. The first hotel was erected by Andrew Harris in the early his- 
 tory of the town, on the ground occupied now by the Central House. 
 In a few years later Epperson Drew erected a frame building on High 
 street, which he occupied some years as a house of public entertain- 
 ment. This was followed by Jack Collier's hotel, on the southeast cor- 
 ner of Main and Cross streets, which burned down a few years since. 
 
 The insuppressible editor has made his debut in Waveland. " The 
 Waveland News," edited by Mr. Boswell, of Ladoga; Monroe McCor- 
 mick, corresponding agent in Waveland. This paper, however, was 
 not printed in Waveland. After a life of two or three years it gave up 
 the field, which was occupied by " The Waveland Item," a, small paper 
 published and edited by H. M. Talbert and F. M. Foley, who, at the 
 time of the establishment of their enterprise, were but small school 
 lads, but exhibited remarkable genius and enterprise, and to the honor 
 of this young firm " The Waveland Item" was the first paper published 
 
332 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 in the town. They have recently transferred their interests to Messrs. 
 Crowder and Tracy,, from Crawfordsville, who are, at this writing, pre- 
 paring the first issne of " The Waveland Call," which will be issued 
 from their printing-ofl5ce, now opening in E. M. Milligan & Brother's 
 Block. 
 
 At the present writing the town of Waveland has a population of 
 about 800; an intelligent, sober, and prosperous people. All the com- 
 ition departments of trade are well established. 
 
 In 1850 Thomas Talbert and Thomas Owens built a steam saw-mill 
 in the southwest part of the town. The boiler was drawn from India- 
 napolis on two lumber wagons, by a six-horse team, requiring one week 
 to make the trip. After eight or ten years the building was removed, 
 during which the falling timber caused the death of Morgan McOlain. 
 
 In 1878 Mr. William Geiger built a grist-mill in the south part of 
 the town, and is first in importance in this part of the country. A saw- 
 mill stands on the northwest of the railroad depot, and was built in 1878 
 by Jacob Willcox. 
 
 "Waveland has had its scourges as well as its prosperity, and the for- 
 mer have to some extent resulted in enhancing the latter. In 1873 the 
 town was swept by a sea of flame, in which the east side of Cross street, 
 from Howard to Green, and half a block east on Green street, was con- 
 sumed in two hours. Seven business houses, one dwelling, and one 
 cabinet-shop fell before the flames, driven by a strong wind. The 
 buildings being wooden, the midnight darkness fled as before the rising 
 sun. Though the scourge was great, as nearly the entire business part 
 of the town was destroyed, she arose, phoenix-like, out of the ashes, bet- 
 ter than before ; for, on the smoldering ruins a fine brick block was 
 erected, by combined unity of means and effort, upon the part of a 
 number of the leading citizens, and mostly by those who suffered in 
 the great fire. It was the popular opinion that a party of burglars and 
 petty thieves were infesting the town and vicinity, and the peaceable 
 citizens felt insecure in their homes, because of burglary and arson. 
 Following the above fire was the burning of G. W. Boswell's steam 
 saw-mill and the railroad depot, the work of an incendiary. The depot 
 had been burglarized, and a commercial trunk removed at a heavy loss 
 to the owner, who was a sojourner in the town. This led to the break- 
 ing up of the party of incendiaries, resulting in their conviction and 
 punishment. 
 
 In 1876 the Thornton hotel burned, but being well covered by in- 
 surance there was but little loss incurred by the proprietors. Though 
 Waveland is nearly fifty years old, the burning of the older buildings 
 and the rebuilding of new ones in their place, with the general and 
 
BROWN TOWNSHIP. 333 
 
 constant improvements of late years, give it the appearance of a young 
 
 and sprightly city. 
 
 SECRET ORDERS. 
 
 Waveland iodge, No. 300, of Free and Accepted Masons, was or- 
 ganized under dispensation granted by the Grand Lodge of Indiana, 
 May 27, 1863 ; given under the hand of John B. Fiavel, Master of the 
 Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Indiana, and the seal of said lodge, 
 the 27th day of May, a.l. 5863 and a.d. 1863.— Signed, John B. 
 Fkvel, Master ; Francis King, Grand Secretary. 
 
 Tlie above dispensation was granted on the petition of the follow- 
 ing citizens of Brown township : Thomas Kel^so, S. T. Whittington, 
 Samuel Belton, Adam Hanna, Caleb Conner, Wm. J. Davis, and Wm. 
 Kelso. 
 
 The first meeting of the lodge was on June 26, 1863, at which time 
 the lodge was organized in accordance with the dispensation. At the 
 same lodge meeting .the following applications were made on dimits 
 for membership : T. G. Whittington, A. J. Heed, A. B. Davis, Washing- 
 ton Eiee, J. L. Whittington, H. C. Ellis, P. C. Millikin, J. Y. Dur- 
 ham, Simeon Clark, and R. Carson ; all of whom were duly elected 
 to membership. 
 
 The lodge ordered that the regular meetings of the lodge be held 
 on Friday evening, on or before the full moon of each month. Seven- 
 teen initiations were granted in the first six months ending January 1, 
 1864. The last meeting of the lodge under dispensation was held 
 May 20, 1864. The present charter was granted by the Grand Master 
 of the State of Indiana, of Free and Accepted Masons, on May 25, 
 1864, and Aaron Hanna was appointed by the grand master to or- 
 ganize the lodge according to the provisions of the charter ; and at a 
 meeting of the lodge for the above purpose, held June 15, 1864, said 
 lodge was duly organized. 
 
 At the first regular meeting of the lodge after the above organiza- 
 tion the following officers were elected : J. T. Whittington, W.M. : 
 S. T. Whittington, S.W. ; S. Belton, J.W. ; C. Conner, Treas. ; W. J. 
 Davis, Sec. ; T. C. Mullikin, S.D. ; W. Rice, J.D. ; P. M. Conner, 
 Tyler. 
 
 P. G. Whittington was elected worshipful master at the organiza- 
 tion of the lodge, and served until 1868, when he was succeeded by 
 the election of P. M. Conner, who was annually reelected until De- 
 cember 1873, when he was relieved by the election of P. C. Mullikin, 
 W.M., but was reelected again in 1874, from which time he served 
 four successive years, when T. G. Whittington was again called to the 
 chair for one year, at the expiration of which time Bro. P. M. Conner 
 
334 HISTORY OF MONTOOMEKY COUNTY. 
 
 was asked to put on his Iiat again, and has not been requested to re- 
 move it since. 
 
 The secretaryship has been filled by J. A. Reed, G-. W. Miller, 
 Fred. Smith, Harvey Shanks, and William M. Byerly. J. A. Reed 
 served from January, 1866, to January, 1873, and Frederick Smith 
 has been elected to his third term, and is the present incumbent. 
 
 The lodge purchased property on Howard street. A suitable frame 
 building occupied the ground, in which they fitted up a pleasant lodge- 
 room. The present board of ofiBcers were elected at the regular meet- 
 ing in December, 1880: Paris M. Conner, W.M. ; William Jackson, 
 S.W. ; William J. Glenn, J.W. ; James T. Scott, Treas. ; Fred. Smith, 
 Sec; Robert 0. Foster, S.D. ; Joseph Shoop, J.D. ; George W. 
 Wymore, Tyler. The membership of the lodge in good and regular 
 standing is forty-six, and there is universal harmony among the 
 brethren, with an increasing interest and prosperity in the workings 
 of the lodge. 
 
 The Waveland Lodge, No. 217, of I.O.O.F., was chartered by the 
 Supreme Lodge of the State of Indiana, May 15, i860. — Signed, E 
 H. Barrey, R.W.G.S. ; W. K. Edwards, P.G.M. 
 
 The following were the charter members : J. N. Parker, J. D. 
 Stillwell, J. W. Obrien, F. T. Graham, Eli Compton, A. L. Hughs, 
 and O. V. Atherton. The first board of officers elected consisted of 
 the following members: O. Y. Atherton, P.G. ; J. W. Obrien, N.G. ; 
 J. N. Parker, Y.G.; J. B. Stillwell, Sec; Eli Conkling, Treas.; 
 A. S. Hughs, Warden ; and F. T. Graham, Cond. The first regular 
 meeting was held February 1, 1860, at which time the following 
 members were initiated: S. A. Stillwell, R. W. Gamble, George 
 Bayless, T. C. Barton, C. W. Talburt, Samuel Eastock, and L. D. 
 Stone. At the second regular meeting, in 1860, James W. Obi'ien 
 was elected representative to the Grand Lodge of Indiana, who repre- 
 sented the lodge until 1864, since which R. W. Gamble, N. Lewis, J. 
 R. Farmer, C. Smith, M. F. Foley, William H. Bridges, F. N. John- 
 son, A. T. Steel, J. H. Banta, H. B. Cord, George T. Durhauj, and C. 
 T. Moore, have filled this important ofiice. 
 
 Fifty-six persons have served in the elective offices, and twenty- 
 nine have filled the highest office in the lodge. Thirteen have repre- 
 sented the lodge in the grand lodge of the state. On January 2, 
 1865, the lodge incorporated, appointing the trustees: J.Simpson, N. 
 Lewis, and Samuel Eastlach. The trustees represented the lodge in 
 the Building Union, in the erection of Union Block, after the fire of 
 1873, in which they built a lodge hall, and occupied it in 1874. The 
 present number of members are twenty-two. The officers installed in 
 
BBOWJS" TOWSrSHIP. ., 335 
 
 January, 1881, were Ed. C. Sythe, KG.; Chancy Smith, Y.G. ; 
 W. H. Bridges, Sec. ; John R. Hntton, Treas. ; and C. T. Moore, Rep. 
 The lodge has done much in the vicinity to ameliorate the afflictions 
 of the destitute, sick and bereaved. 
 
 Goodwill Lodge, No. 82, of tlie Ancient Order of United Work- 
 men, was organized under charter granted by the Grand Lodge of In- 
 diana, bearing date of November 26, 1879, and was granted to the 
 following persons as charter members: William H. Bridges, Joseph 
 Hendrickson, H. A. Pratt, John A. Spruhan, James F. Clark, S. H. 
 Willcox, W. B. Smith, A. J. Miller, P. M. Conner, William L. Mcin- 
 tosh, James Murry, Henry Siets, Joseph H. Banta, and A. T. Steel. 
 The lodge was organized under the provisions of the charter, Novem- 
 ber 26, 1879. The first board of officers : P. M. Conner, P.M.W. ; 
 W. M. Smith, M.W. ; H. H. Pratt, foreman ; James Murry, O.S. ; W. 
 H. Bridges, recorder; A. J. Miller, financier; W. W. Jackson, re- 
 ceiver ; P. M. Conner, Rep. to Grand Lodge. Trustees : P. M. Conner, 
 R. H. Hodgkins, and J. F. Clark. The lodge meets in the Odd-Fel- 
 lows hall, and promises success, having for its object the mutual bene- 
 fit of its members and their families. The present officers for 1881 
 are H. A. Pratt, James Murry, A. J. Miller, James Clark, W. H. 
 Bridges, John A. Spruhan, William W. Jackson, and P. M. Conner. 
 
 The Allen Chapter, No. 7, of the Eastern Star, in Waveland, was 
 organized under a dispensation granted by the Grand Chapter of the 
 Eastern Star, of the State of Illinois. The lodge organized April 30, 
 1878, by J. W. Crooks, grand patron. At the time of this organiza- 
 tion Indiana had no grand state chapter. The following persons or- 
 ganized under the dispensation, and served as the first board of officers : 
 Mary A. Reed, W.M. ; C. B. Allen, W.P. ; Lizzie A.Miller, assistant 
 M. ; Susan Smith, Treas. ; Flora Oldshoe, See. ; Miss M. Peterson, 
 Cond. ; Miss Maggie McNutt, assistant Cond. ; Mrs. Matt Wymore, 
 Warden; Ella Slielledy, Ada; Frances Pierce, Ruth; Mary Conner, 
 Esther; Lou Peterman, Martha; Susan Allen, elector ; G. W. Wymore, 
 sentinel. 
 
 This lodge was one of seven lodges in the State of Indiana that 
 petitioned for the organization of tiie Grand Chapter of the State of 
 Indiana, and after the grand chapter was organized, a charter was 
 granted to the Allen Chapter, of Waveland, bearing date May 6, 1874. 
 This charter was issued to and on the petition of Susan Smith, Mary 
 Conner, Martha Wymore, Miss Mary A. Peterman, Miss Sue Peter- 
 man, Flora Oldshoe, Mary N. Reed, and Elizabeth Miller, from the 
 Grand Chapter of the Eastern Star for the State of Indiana. " These 
 persons having in a legal manner received all the degrees of the order, 
 
336 ^ HISTORY OF MOKTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 and being the wives, widows, inotliers, sisters and daugliters of Master 
 Masons in good standing in their respective lodges," their petition was 
 granted as above, and the following officers appointed : Mr. C. B. Al- 
 len, JSr.P. ; Mary N. Keed, W.M. ; Elizabeth Miller, assistant M., 
 May 6, 1874. 
 
 The following have been elected representatives to the grand chap- 
 ter of the state ; P. M. Conner, Ellen Butch, Lou Giltner, Mrs. .M. 
 Smith, and Emma Peterman. The following members have deceased 
 since the organization of the chapter: Miss Lizzie Shelleday, Miss 
 ■Mattie Thorntorn, Mrs. Lizzie Miller, Mr. John Keed, Mrs. Susan B. 
 Smith, and Mrs. Lucy Burdow. 
 
 The Manual Labor Institute was organized in Waveland about 
 1855 or 1856, for the purpose of mutual intellectual improvement. It 
 was suggested by the McClewer appropriation to the support of public 
 libraries. After organizing they provided the institute with a library 
 of over 600 volumes, which entitled them to $500 of the McClewer 
 fund, which was drawn and invested in an additional library. "Weekly 
 literary exercises were kept up for many years. The library is now 
 under the care of Mr. Edward Ehoads, of Waveland. The active 
 working days of the institute are referred to as the bright days of 
 Waveland's social and literary improvements. 
 
 The township library is under the supervision of the present libra- 
 rian and postmaster, Mr. James Scott. It contains 150 volumes. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 The Waveland Presbyterian chui-ch was organized on Friday, ITo- 
 vember 28, 1828, in the house of John J. Stubbins, near the present 
 site of the village of Brown's Valley in Brown township, this county. 
 Rev. James Thompson presided at the organization, and served three 
 years as pastor. The members who organized the church were Aaron 
 Van Cleave and wife, John Brush and wife, John Stubbins and wife, 
 Narcissa Rice, wife of Isaac Rice. The persons who were first elected 
 as ruling elders wei'c Aaron Van Cleve and John Brush. Mr. Brush did 
 not accept the office, but Mr. Van Cleave did, and being ordained ruling 
 elder in the church to which he previously belonged, he was not or- 
 dained in this church. He was the only elder in the church until 
 April 2, 1831. The church was named Providence Presbyterian 
 Church, which name it bore until April 3, 1841, when changed by the 
 presbytery. The day following the organization Isaac Rice was re- 
 ceived on profession of faith, the first one so received in the church. 
 On this occasion the church was named as above stated. Messrs. John 
 Van Cleave and Andrew Shankland, of Crawfordsville, were present, 
 
BROWN TOWNSHIP. , 337 
 
 and sat as corresponding members. On April 2, 1829, the following 
 persons were received by church letters : Alexander Scott and wife, 
 and Jane Wackup. From this time to April 1, 1831, the follbwing per- 
 sons were received into the church : Jose])h Stubbins on confession 
 of faith ; Aaron Van -Cleave and wife, and tiieir sons, Benjamin and 
 David ; John Yan Cleave ; Mrs. Elizabeth Kobinson, and her sons, 
 James H. and Thomas B. Robinson; Robert Humphry and wife; An- 
 drew Robinson and wife ; John Young and wife ; John Milligan ; James 
 Allen and wife, and Hannah, their daughter; and Mary Logan, all by 
 letter ; and John Wackup, and Mary Stubbins, on profession. The mem- 
 bership was now thirty-three, when they elected, on April 2, 1831, 
 James Allen, Isaac Rice, and John Milligan ruling elders. Jacob Rice 
 and John Milligan were set apart to the office by ordination (James 
 Allen having been ordained in the church from which hcjcame) on the 
 Sabbath day, April 3, 1831, in one apartment of Mr. Samuel Milligan's 
 house in Waveland. The following trustees were elected : James Al- 
 len, Isaac Rice, Andrew Robinson, John Brush, and John Milligan. 
 Upon the same day, April 2, 1831, the trustees were ordered to pur- 
 chase a lot and erect a church building, which was done. The house 
 was of hewed logs, and located on the " bluff" of Little Raccoon creek, 
 between Wm. Moore's and Wm. Kinder's. In the year 1833 the house 
 was removed to the present site of the Presbyterian cemetery, where 
 it was used for a time for a school building. The society built a new 
 house, a frame building, near the cemetery, where they worshiped until 
 the present house was erected and occupied. In 1834 the church was 
 divided, in order to form the Indian Creek church, by a unanimous 
 vote. 
 
 The first baptisms administered in Providence Church were three 
 infants on May 2, 1830 : Thomas Rice, John Milton Young, and a 
 daughter of Alexander and Marth Scott. A Sabbath-school has been 
 kept up by this church from 1832. For two years before the organiza- 
 tion of this school one was conducted in the house of John Brush by 
 his son, Blakely Brush, and his son-in-law, Preston McCormick, and 
 was probably the first Sabbath-school in Brown township. Among the 
 superintendents of this school, John Millikin has served the longest 
 term. 
 
 The ministers who have served this church are as follows : James 
 Thompson, John Thompson, John Crawford, John Young, Dougald 
 Mclntyre, William Holiday, James Hummer, Jacob Cazad, R. W. 
 Allen, R. H. Silley, Samuel Taylor, S. N. Evens, D. R. Colmery, 
 Jacob Lanius, J. W. Stone, J. L. Martin, J. W. Hanna, W. T. Allen, 
 Robert Irvine, Henry C. Thompson, Dr. C. W. Fish, J. W. Tarence, 
 22 
 
338 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 and Eev. Mr. MeDowel, the present incumbent. The longest term 
 served by any one of these was by Rev. Samuel Taylor, which was 
 from April 1845 to April 1852. The church has been in existence 
 over half a century. 
 
 In- November, 1879, at the semi-centennial of the church, held in 
 Waveland, a monument was dedicated to the deceased elders of the 
 church, and one also to the deceased pastors who had served the church. 
 The sermon was preached by the Eev. J. W. Torence, then pastor of 
 the church. The following members of this church have become min- 
 isters of the gospel : Canine Allen, Eobert W. Allen, Tliomas S. Mil- 
 likin, Eobert Taylor, Michael M. Fisher, Wm. Rice, James T. Patterson, 
 Samuel R. Searight, J. W. Mame, Silas "W". Black. Two members are 
 foreign missionaries, Miss Mary Allen, now wife of Rev. Wm. Whipple, 
 and Miss Anna Ladd, now wife of Rev. H. C. Thompson. The for- 
 mer in Persia, and the latter in Mexico. 
 
 The church has received, by letter and on profession of faith, since 
 its organization, over 800. In 1852 the church dismissed a number of 
 members to organize the church of "New Hope." In 1848 the con- 
 gregation built the Waveland Collegiate Institute, located in Wave- 
 land, which in after years became famous for its educational advan- 
 tages. The building is a commodious brick structure, located on the 
 banks of the Little Raccoon creek, within the limits of the town. The 
 grounds are beautifully located, with a beautiful grove on the east of 
 the college building, of forest trees, pine and cedar. A spring of good 
 water flows from beneath the shade of the grove, and divides the 
 grounds by cutting a ravine down through the forest to the creek on 
 the north. In 1861 the present church edifice was erected and dedi- 
 cated to the use of the church. It is a commodious brick building, 
 with modern improvements in the interior, with Sabbath-school room 
 below. The present board of ruling elders are John Milligan, Blakely 
 Brush, William F. Rhoads, James M. Rice, Samuel Stubbins, David 
 Fulenwider, J. Demaree, and Prof. H. S. Kritz. Deacons : Thomas E. 
 Milligan, Robert FuUen wider. It is under the pastorate of the Rev. 
 John McDowel. Trustees: J. Milligan, D. Fullenwider, Samuel 
 Demaree, and Prof. H. S. Kritz. William Rhoads, clerk of session, 
 and H. E. Rhoads, clerk of the society. 
 
 The first regular Methodist Episcopal minister that preached in 
 Brown township was, probably, the Rev. Alexander, who, as early as 
 1825, preached at the residence of Thomas Lockman. There was no 
 circuit yet organized within the county at this time other than as it 
 was embraced within the territory of the itinerant, who, with saddle- 
 bags on horseback pushed out into the wide wilderness, preaching in log 
 
BROWN TOWNSHIP. 339 
 
 cabins or under the forest shade. With this pioneer of Methodism ap- 
 peared the Kev. William Smith, who traveled east and south to the 
 White river. The first Methodist society was organized at the resi- 
 dence of Mrs. McCormick, two miles north of Waveland, in 1827. Father 
 Gregg chosen class-leader. Mrs. McCormick and some members of her 
 family, in whose house the class met, were members. Thomas Hanna 
 joined the class some time after its organization. There were a few 
 others who became members of the class dnring its stay at the house 
 of Mrs. McCormick. This lady was of the first, if not the first Meth- 
 odist in Brown township. She was true to her convictions, and being 
 a Methodist she has left an inheritance to the church in this vicinity 
 of more value than lands and gold, principles inculcated in the hearts 
 of the generation now living who have risen up to call her blessed. 
 The second organization of the Methodist Episcopal church was in the 
 log cabin of Thomas J. Hanna, in 1830, "by the Kev. James White. 
 The society previously organized at the house of Mrs. McCormick, as 
 above stated, was removed to this society. The following persons were 
 members of this society who assisted In its organization, viz: Joseph 
 Grigg and wife, John James and wife, Thomas Hanna and wife, Alex- 
 ander Mclntire and wife, and Preston McCormick. Joseph Gregg was 
 appointed class-leader, and Preston McCormick as circuit steward. 
 Rev. James White was the circuit preacher, and Enoch Wood as col- 
 league, and traveled, preaching every day in the forests and log cabins, 
 being absent from his home for weeks without seeing his family. It 
 has been related of one faithful minister of the early history of the 
 township, who, when on his circuit for a number of weeks, had no 
 tidings from the loved ones at home, who lived in the deep forest with 
 a small settlement, until two of his three children were buried on the 
 banks of the Little Raccoon, and the third on its death-bed. attended 
 by a brave but heart-stricken wife and mother. After a three days' ride 
 through the wilderness a neighbor found him, and conducted him home 
 in time to lay his last darling in the grave beside the two who had just 
 been stricken down. 
 
 The first church building was erected about 1842 in the town of 
 Waveland. This was displaced by the present brick structure, which 
 was dedicated in 1869 by Col. Moody ; S^ M. Hays pastor, and Rich- 
 ard Hargrave presiding elder, of Terre Haute district. Waveland 
 charge was incorporated into the Russell ville circuit at its organization. 
 It remained in that work with Pisgah for many years. At the con- 
 ference of 1 873, in South Bend, it was detached and made the head of 
 ■^aveland circuit, with three appointments, including New Market and 
 Jndson, all situated on the Logansport, Crawfordsville & South- 
 
340 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 western railroad. At the same time J. C. Stephens was appointed 
 preacher in charge, with Rev. John L. Smith, D.D., presiding elder, 
 of Crawfordsville district. The church has been favored with special 
 revivals at different times, some of which are worthy of note. In Feb- 
 ruary, 1874, a union meeting was held with the Presbyterians. Eev. 
 J. C. Stevens was pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church, and Rev. 
 J. W. Tarence of the Presbyterian church. A signal revival 'was be- 
 stowed under the efficient and powerful preaching of these ministers of 
 the gospel. This meeting resulted in the ingathering of seventy-nine 
 souls; forty-seven were received into the Methodist Episcopal church, 
 arid thirty-two into the Presbyterian church. Another union meeting 
 was held by the above churches in 1877-78, under the pastorate of 
 Rev. S. C. Wright, of the Methodist Episcopal church, and Rev. J. 
 W. Tarence of the Presbyterian church. This meeting resulted in 
 the addition of fifteen to the Methodist Episcopal church, and twelve 
 to the Presbyterian. At the present writing there is in progress a 
 union meeting of these two churches, under the labors of Rev. T. C. 
 "Webster, pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church, and Rev. Jjohn 
 McDowel, of the Presbyterian. The fellowship of the members of 
 these churches, regardless of denominational differences, has been sanc- 
 tioned by Divine Providence to the religious prosperity of the vicinity. 
 
 The Waveland Methodist Episcopal church has provided for the ac- 
 commodation of the pastor's family a comfortable parsonage. In the 
 erection of the present church edifice, Thomas J. Hanna and An- 
 drew McCormick, two of the oldest members, having been connected 
 with the society from its organization, made such appropriations to the 
 cause as to secure success in the enterprise of the church, and secure 
 the appreciation of their brethren, that will live to their memory when 
 they are gone to their reward. In 1878 Andrew McCormick pre- 
 sented the present parsonage to the church, at an expense of $700 or 
 $800. 
 
 The Waveland society has a membership of about two hundred, un- 
 der the pastorate of Rev. T. C. Webster ; board of stewards consists of 
 the following persons : C. F. Moore, recording steward ; Wm. Jack- 
 son, John Robertson, H. A. Pratt, S. W. JMcCorniick, and Thomas J. 
 Hanna. Trustees : Andrew McCormick, Thomas J. Hanna, Andrew 
 Boyd, John Crutchfield, and James O. McCormick ; C. F. McCor- 
 mick is the superintendent of the Sabbath-school, which has an average 
 attendance of seventy or seventy-five. 
 
 The Union Baptist church, or "Regular Predestinarian " Baptist 
 church, was constituted at the early residence of Ralph Canine, on 
 Little Raccoon creek, September 16, 1826, with nine members: N. 
 
BROWN TOWNSHIP. 341 
 
 Procter, Ralph Canine and wife, Benjamin Van Cleave and wife, Eliz- 
 abeth Clark, Isaac Nation, Seth ISTation, and James Long. The pres- 
 byter that constituted these persons into a church were: From Sugar 
 Creek church, Elder John Lee, Henry Lee, Elihu Crane, and Jonathan 
 Clark ; from Raccoon church, Elders William Martin, and Aaron Har- 
 lan ; Jacob Shockey and Abraham Durland, from Parke county. Ralph 
 Canine was appointed deacon, -and James Long and Benjamin Van 
 Cleave were chosen trustees. They soon built a log meeting house, 
 and, after some years replaced it with a commodious brick building, 
 which is still standing. Ralph Canine remained deacon up to his 
 death, September 2Y, 1879, lacking only a few weeks of being ninety 
 years of age at his death. Elder John Lee was the first pastor of the 
 church, and probably the first one to blow the Baptist trumpet in the 
 wilderness of Brown township. Elder A. Harland and others visited 
 the church, preaching occasionally. There was union and prosperity 
 in the church until 1835, when some division arose on doctrinal points, 
 advocated by some of the members, but was distasteful to the majority of 
 the church. This division resulted in the organization of the " Free- 
 dom church " by a few who had been members of the " Union Church." 
 Among these were Elder Jacob Kirkendall. Elder John Lee preached 
 a number of years and was succeeded by the following elders, who have 
 each served the church for a term of years: John W. Thomas, Jonathan 
 Van Cleave, Matthias M. Van Cleave, and Joseph Sketers. Elders Jerry 
 and J. Gobon have preached for the church for some sixteen or seventeen 
 years up to this time. The church is at peace and in good working con- 
 dition, with a membership of about fifty. James Burford, moderator ; 
 J. C. Goben, clerk ; Alford Mitchell, deacon ; Elder James Burford, 
 William Canine, and Adam Wible, trustees ; James Burford, treasurer. 
 
 The Indian Creek church, of the same order of Baptists, was con- 
 stituted in an early day of the township, and built a log house on Indian- 
 creek, as its name indicates. S. M. Lane, clerk ; Curtis Hardy and John 
 Gilbert, deacons. Elder John Lee was first pastor, but Jonathan Van 
 Cleave has been pastor most of the time since it was constituted. They 
 have built a frame house which has stood for a number of years. 
 
 In November, 1835, a council was called, which met at the residence 
 of John McEntire, at which time "four persons agreed to constitute a 
 church on principles and doctrines of the Old and ISTew Testaments, 
 without any article of faith exclusive of the word of God, and also 
 agreed to invite all the disciples of Christ to commune" with them. 
 Tlie records show three of these persons to be Elder Jacob Kerken- 
 dall, John McEntire, and James Galey. The fourth the records do not 
 show. These persons met November 21, 1835, and formulated " terms of 
 
342 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 union." They also agreed to constitute on the fourth Saturday in De- 
 cember, at the house of James Galey, Montgomery county, Indiana. 
 Pursuant to the above, they met December 26, 1835, for the above pur- 
 pose, there being present ten persons from other local churches, to form 
 a council for the purpose of constituting the " Freedom Church." Eev. 
 Samuel Madley, from New Discovery, was chosen moderator for the 
 council, and Rev. William Nelson, from Bethel, clerk for the saitie. 
 The record shows the following: "The council finding the brethren in 
 love and unison, we proceed to pronounce them an orderly gospel 
 church of Jesus Christ, upon the principles of the gospel. Done by 
 order of the council, this day and date, December 26, 1835. Signed by 
 members of the council : From New Discovery, Samuel Madley, James 
 Ball, James M. Crooks, Zopher Ball, George Marton, Henry JSTeraens, 
 John Wood, Joseph Barner, Jacob Crooks, and William Abbot; from 
 Bethel, Rev. William Nicholson. Transcribing committee: Jacob 
 Kerkendall, John McEntire, and James Galey. 
 
 On September 10, 1836, William Danna was elected deacon, Caleb 
 Conner clerk, and James Galey and William Hanna treasurers. Caleb 
 Conner served as clerk until April, 1842, when Reese Davis was 
 elected to that office. The society had been meeting at the cabin 
 homes of the friends of the church, but they found the small pioneer 
 cabin too strait for their accommodation, and began to provide for a church 
 building. In July, 183Y, a board of commissioners were appointed 
 to secure a suitable site for a church house, namely, Caleb Conner, 
 James Galey, and John McEntire, and on the third Saturday of Janu- 
 ary, 1837, another committee was appointed to secure a church lot of 
 Benjamin Smith, near Samuel Strong's factory on the state road, a mile 
 above Waveland. This committee consisted of J. McEntire, J. Galey, 
 and J. Hanna. It was resolved at the same meeting to build a frame 
 meeting house, 24x36 feet, with a ten-foot story; and on the first 
 day of the next month, January, 1838, the committee reported to the 
 church that they had obtained a lot in Fairview, in harmony with the 
 instructions given at the last meeting of the church; whereupon the 
 church elected a board of trustees, consisting of Caleb Conner, William 
 Hanna, John McEntire. The trustees were also invested with power 
 to superintend the building of the house. At the May meeting 
 (first Saturday) the following was passed : " Upon motion all acts and 
 parts of acts concerning a meeting house are hereby rescinded." Then 
 by action of the church a lot was chosen on Caleb Conner's land, at 
 the junction of the two roads near Jonathan Rice's, and resolved " that 
 the meeting house be 24X32, and eleven-foot story." It was at this 
 meeting that Elder Samuel Van Cleave united with the church in fel- 
 
^/W*r^«^, ^^ 
 
BROWN TOWNSHIP. 343 
 
 lowship, and was vested with power to open the door of the church 
 for membership at any meeting he thought it expedient. The church 
 at the May meeting of 1845 declared in favor of the organization of a 
 Sabbath-school. About the year 1849 they found it expedient to en- 
 large their church building, and action was taken accordingly. The 
 society at this time had secured an influence and power in the Indian 
 creek country, and the forests along that stream were sacred with their 
 baptismal songs as they consecrated the people by the sacred rights of 
 the gospel. Up to 1848 they were under the pastoral charge of Elder 
 Jacob Kerkendall. He resigned in October, 1844, to travel as an itin- 
 erant for a year. The church accepted the resignation for the time, 
 but recalled him in December, 1845, which call he accepted and 
 served the church until 1848, and on the first Saturday in July of this 
 year granted to him, at his own request, a letter of dismission from 
 the church. The church, however, was raising up a man of piety and 
 talent for her own service, and was already Iboking toward a young 
 member, Reese Davis, as the coming man for the church, and in De- 
 cember of the same year the church, by a unanimous voice, elected 
 him to ordination, and called a council of the churches to help on the 
 occasion of his ordination, appointed for the first Saturday in January 
 1849. The council convened at the time appointed, delegates being 
 present from the following churches : Mt. Gilliad, Goshen, New Dis- 
 covery, Crowfordsville, and Freedom. After due examination the 
 council confirmed the action of the church in electing Rev. R. Davis 
 to elder's orders, and appointed the next day (Sabbath) for that pur- 
 pose, at which time he was ordained by the following elders : Elder 
 William Baldwin, Elder P. M. Swain, Elder John Ball, and Elder Jo. 
 B. Austin. 
 
 On the first Saturday of March following (1849) the church called 
 Elder Davis to the pastorate. This was accepted, in which relation he 
 served the church for twenty-three years, and had his presence and 
 council for thirty-two successive years, as member and pastor. After 
 his demise, March 5, 1880, his many friends laid his remains tenderly 
 away in the Freedom church-grounds. 
 
 On the second Sabbath of April, 1849, this church witnessed the or- 
 dination of Thomas Conner. This church has not only sent out min- 
 isters of the gospel into other sections of the country, but assisted in 
 the organization of other churches of its denominational order. Among 
 the ministers who have served the church in the last few years are 
 Elders Palmer, Duly, and Cuppy ; the latter being the present pas- 
 tor. A church of this order was organized at Brown's Valley, and 
 
344 HISTORY OV MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 built a frame house, in the modern style, commodious and attractive. 
 John Hanna was elected first moderator, and M. L. Giltner first 
 clerk, who was succeeded by Dr. Isaac Andrue, who served up to 
 his death, which occurred January 16, 1881. Leonard Galey and D. 
 I. Andrus served as deacons for several years. Elder Eeese Davis 
 was the first pastor of the church. Elder Kendall is serving as present 
 pastor. The society has sufl'ered by the burning of a new frame church 
 building, on the ground on which the present church stands, and which 
 was erected soon after it burned. Elder John M. Harris was among 
 the first apostles of the Christian church in the bounds of Brown town- 
 ship. About the summer of 1845 this pioneer minister preached in 
 the school-houses and cabin homes of the early settlers of the country. 
 The next appearing in this vicinity " preaching in the wilderness " was 
 Elder John Okane, of Crawfordsville, who occasionally visited the fam- 
 ilies of the church, and preached for them in their homes, the log school- 
 houses, before an organization was effected. About this time a series 
 of meetings was held in the old log school-house at Brown's Yalley. 
 The first organization in Brown township was constituted in the Pot- 
 tenger school-house, situated in the east part of the township, about 
 1845. Church elders : Denis Pottenger, John F. Jones, and Henery 
 Johnson. Their officiating minister at this time was Oliver Willson. 
 On the Sabbath, after consecrating the elements for sacramental ser- 
 vice, the consecrating elder, Henry Johnson, fell in the midst of the 
 service and expired. Although his friends, with the entire church, 
 were heavily crushed by the affliction, it was a source of gratification 
 that he fell in a work so pure and sacred. 
 
 In the year 1847 the Antioch church was organized, in a frame 
 building erected for that purpose on the old state road, and on the east 
 bank of Little Raccoon creek, one and a half mile northeast of Wave- 
 land. Church elders : John Huff, G. L. Harper. Deacons: Benjamin 
 Smith and David Galey. John Okane was first pastor. The society 
 was composed of many of the leading families of the vicinity, among 
 whom may be mentioned David Graves and family, John McEntire 
 and family, Charles Smith and family, Samuel Fisher and family, Rob- 
 ert Moore and wife, Thomas Armstrong and family, Benjamin Smith 
 and family, and David Galey and family. There were nine additions 
 to the church at the first meeting, by profession and baptism. This or- 
 ganization was under the labors of Elders John Okane, Oliver B. Will- 
 son, and Elisha Scott, who were employed by the Montgomery County 
 Association of all the churches in the county. 
 
 In 1856 the Pottenger School-House Society built a frame church- 
 
BKOWlfr TOWKSHIP. 345 
 
 house on the Indian creek, into which they removed, and which was there- 
 after known as the "Indian Oeek Church," since which time they 
 have been served by the pastoral labors of Elder O. B. Willson, Joel 
 Ridge, Elder Davis, and Elder Walker. In 1867 the Antioch Society 
 united with the Bank Spring church, of Parke county, to organize the 
 Waveland Society. The Antioch building was removed to Waveland 
 to accommodate the new organization. Before the removal of this 
 church it had been served, as pastors, by Oliver B. Willson, Nathan 
 Write, Elder Hodgkins, and others who visited them only occasionally. 
 The Waveland church was organized under the ministerial labors of 
 Elders O. B. Willson and C. G. Bartholomew. The latter preached the 
 dedicatory sermon in November 1867. These ministers were succeeded 
 by William Holt, A. H. Morris, Thomas Morris, J. T. Piercy, and 
 Elder James Conner, the latter serving the church at the present time. 
 
 Elders : Dr. J. P. Kusell, Martin Duly, and Frederick Smith. Dea- 
 cons: John Warrick, Washington W. Spencer, and James L. Smith. 
 James Woodgate, acting deacon. Trustees : Dr. J. P. Rusell, Martin 
 Duly, and Frederick Smith. A Sabbath-school is associated with the 
 church, under the present superintendence of Miss Alice Russell, with 
 an attendance of fifty to sixty members. 
 
 There have been other denominations within the township which 
 have contributed to some extent to the formation of the present re- 
 ligious and moral principles so characteristic of Brown township and 
 vicinity. The " Radical " Methodists have been represented by their 
 pioneers, as may also be said of the United Brethren in Christ. In an 
 early day the Old Lutheran church had her ambassadors on the fron- 
 tiers, preaching in the cabin homes and baptizing the children of fami- 
 lies who belonged to that church before emigrating to the wilderness of 
 Indiana. But as the children of those, households grew np to man- 
 hood they found homes in other churches. 
 
 BROWN'S VALLEY. 
 
 This is a small village fonr and a half miles northeast of Waveland, 
 and is situated on the northwest half of Sec. 21. It was laid out by 
 Matthias M. Van Cleave, in 1836, under the name of Brownsville, 
 which was since changed to its present name. It is on the state road, 
 ten miles southwest of Crawfordsville, and is a station on the Logans- 
 port, Crawfordsville & Southwestern railroad. It has an important 
 local trade, and daily mail and express. Considerable shipping is done 
 from this point in stock, barrel staves, and products of the country. In 
 view of its central location in the township it was laid out in view of 
 establishing a township town, and competed for this honor with Wave- 
 
346 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBRT COUNTY. 
 
 land and a location called Fairview, one mile above Waveland, on the 
 east bank of Little Kaccoon, which, however, never attained the title 
 of a village. It has a population of about 100, has three stores, one 
 steam saw-mill, a beautiful village church, and a school-house in the 
 vicinity. It is surrounded by a gently rolling land and fertile soil, 
 cultivated by an industrious and well-to-do people. The farms adjacent 
 are well improved, with pleasant and elegant homes. The first store 
 was opened by Eobert Carson, in a small frame building which he 
 built in an early day, and is now occupied as a dwelling-house. The 
 next store was opened by Messrs. Myre and Ulman, who continued in 
 trade two or three years and removed elsewhere. Then William J. 
 Davis built the largest store-house in the village, and stocked it with 
 a full supply of notion goods, where he continued for a number of 
 years, and left the mercantile field to Charles W. "Ware, who occupied 
 the same building for four years. In 1836, Mr. Matthias M. Yan 
 Cleave predicted that in forty years the cars would be running through 
 the streets of Brown's Valley. It was regarded then the expression of 
 a jest, but the locomotive whistled in Brown's Valley before the ex- 
 piration of the forty years. C. W. Ware was the first ticket ageiit. 
 The first physician in the village practice was Dr. Orear, who prac- 
 ticed a number of years. 
 
 There is, in the south part of the village, a neat and attractive 
 church edifice, built by, and for the use of, the Missionary Baptist 
 church. This frame structure was erected in 1873 and 1874. The 
 building preceding it was destroyed by fire ; but while the ruins 
 were yet smoking a subscription paper was circulating for means to 
 erect another house, which was done, although the former had stood 
 but a few months before it was consumed by the fiames. 
 
 A lodge of the order of Good Templars has been organized in 
 Brown's Valley a few years, and has done a grand work in restraining 
 young men of promise who were subjected to intemperate infiuences 
 and were tending to inebriation but for the social influences of the 
 lodge-room. 
 
 NEW MARKET. 
 
 A portion of this village is embraced in Brown township. This 
 portion of the village is described in the plat thus : The part in the 
 E. i of JSr.E. i Sec. 1, T. 17, E. 5. The depot of the Logansport, 
 Crawfordsville & Southwestern railroad, in the village, stands in 
 Brown township. 
 
BROWN TOWNSHIP. 347 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 D. W. Galey, farmer, Brown's Valley, is one of the old and most 
 respected citizens of Montgomery county. He was born in Mercer 
 county, Kentucky, October 19, 1801. His father, Benjamin, was a 
 native of South Carolina, and removed to Montgomery county with 
 his family in 1822. His wife was Elizabeth Woods. They lived a i 
 pioneer life, having settled in the woods, and improved a large farm. 
 They both died in the county, after living to a good old age. The 
 subject of this sketch has taken an active part in improving and culti- 
 vating quite a large tract of land in the county, and now owns 540 acres. 
 Pebruary 16, 1832, he married Sophia Fisher, daughter of Samuel 
 [Fisher. She was born in Fayette county, Kentucky, August 9, 1809. 
 They have had six children : Thomas M. served in the rebellion, 
 and had two horses killed from under him, and had the crown of his 
 hat shot oiF; Benjamin M. ; Sarah E,, wife of J. Armstrong; and 
 the deceased are Eliza, wife of B,. Smith during her life ; Samuel 
 F., taken prisoner at Macon, Georgia, and died from the eflfects 
 of starvation; William B., killed at Chattanooga. Mr. G-aley has 
 been a constant member of the church since 1844, and Mrs. Galey has 
 been since 182T, which speaks well for them in their old days. 
 
 William Canine, woolen mills, Waveland, was born in Shelby 
 county, Kentucky, December 25, 1816, and came to Montgomery 
 county in 1825. In 1846 he bought the old Deer grist-mill, and has 
 been connected in that and the woolen-mill and dry-goods business 
 almost constantly, and is now superintending the woolen-mill in con- 
 nection with Joel Deer, the firm being Canine & Deer. He served 
 as township trustee of his township for six years, and a devoted 
 member of the Old School Baptist church for many years. In 1845 
 he married, Martha J. Ellis, of Shelby county, Kentucky, by whom 
 he has three children : Mary A., John C. and Thomas. 
 
 C. L. Canine, farmer, Waveland, was born in Montgomery county, 
 Indiana, February 22, 1827, and is the son of Ealph and Margaret 
 (Warman) Canine. The father was born in Pennsylvania December 
 3 1789, and married in Shelby county, Kentucky, in 1809, and the 
 mother was born November 18, 1780. They removed to Montgom- 
 ery county, Indiana, in 1825, and settled in Brown township, where 
 they lived till their death, the father dying September 27, 1879, 
 and the mother November 6, 1863. The subject of this sketch has 
 been a resident of the county all his life, and has been an humble 
 tiller of the soil. November 5, 1843, he married Miss K. Montgom- 
 ery, daughter of James Montgomery. She was born in Shelby county, 
 
348 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Kentucky, December IT, 182Y. The issue of tliis happy marriage 
 is four sons and four daughters: Marion M., Edney L., Annie E., 
 William Eice, Eva J., Walter B , Lula A., Cornelius L. ; and two 
 deceased, Mary C. and Sylva. 
 
 Blakely Brush, retired, Waveland, was born in Shelby county, 
 Kentucky, March 1, 180T. His parents were of Scotch-Irish descent, 
 and were natives of Virginia, from whence they came to Kentucky 
 in 1806, thence to Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1826, locating in 
 Brown township, on Sec. 24. Here the subject of this sketch helped 
 his father improve a farm, after improving one for himself He has 
 been a member of the first Presbyterian church organized in Wave- 
 land for fifty years, and has been one of its elders for thirty years. 
 He has always been a strong advocate of the cause of temperance, 
 and taking part in all enterprises which he believes to be right. He 
 has always voted the republican ticket since the organization of that 
 party. In 1831 he married Eebecca G. Glenn, of Woodford county, 
 Kentucky. She died in this county in 1864, leaving five children to 
 mourn her loss: Mary A., wife of Prof Kritz; John C, attorney- 
 at-law, of Indianapolis, Indiana ; Sarah M. , wife of Dr. Steele, of 
 Waveland ; David B., fanner; William T., attorney-at-law at Craw- 
 fordsville. 
 
 H. E. Rhoads, wagon-maker, Waveland, was born in Northum- 
 berland county, Pennsylvania, August 31, 1827. He is the son of 
 George and Sarah Ehoads, who were of Union county, Pennsyl- 
 vania. The father was born in 1T99, and mother in 1797. They 
 removed to Wayne county, Indiana, in 1835, and to Hancock county 
 in ] 836 ; thence to Parke county in 1837, thence to Montgomery 
 county in 1840. Here the father died, in 1875 ; the mother is still a 
 resident of Waveland, where they settled when they came to the 
 county. Mr. Rhoads has been a resident of Waveland since 1840. 
 At the age of seventeen he served an apprenticeship at the wagon- 
 maker's trade, which has been his occupation ever since. In 1860 he 
 married Miss Elizabeth Benet, a native of London, England, who 
 was born September 28, 1834. The issue of this marriage is Harry 
 B. , Charles F. and Sarah E. 
 
 T. L. Hanna, merchant, Waveland, is one of Montgomery coun- 
 ty's prominent and successful business men. He is a native of the 
 county, born in 1835, and is the son of William Hanna, who is one 
 of the pioneers, having come to the county in 1827. The subject of 
 this sketch served a short time in the rebellion, in the 78th Ind. Vol. 
 Inf He was elected county commissioner in 1877, and reelected in 
 1879. He owns 620 acres of fine land in the county, and a first-class 
 
BROWN TOWKSHIP. 349 
 
 dry-goods establishment in Waveland, where he does an extensive 
 business. He bnys all kinds of grain and produce, and is a useful 
 man to have in any community. 
 
 William Hanna, retired, "Waveland. In writing sketches of old 
 settlers of Montgomery county we find William Hanna, who was 
 born in Shelby county, Kentucky, July 5, 1805. He remained at 
 home working on his father's farm until a man grown. In 1826 he 
 came to Montgomery county, and entered eighty acres of land in 
 Brown township, and in 1827 moved to it and bought two eighties 
 adjoining and added thereto until he owned 900 acres. He im- 
 proved 300 acres, being the first stock farm' in that part of the 
 county. When he began life his capital consisted of $200, but by 
 hard work and economy he accumulated quite a property. He has 
 always been a strong advocate of temperance and practiced what he 
 preached, having never used tobacco, or intoxicating drinks as a bev- 
 erage. His first wife was Elizabeth Glenn, of Kentucky. She died 
 in 1837. He married again, in 1889, Mary Watson, also of Ken- 
 tucky. She died in 1874. He has six children by first wife : Wil- 
 liam G., Adam, Tyre-L., James T., Lindsey, and Margaret F., and 
 by second wife eight: Joseph T., Henry C, Philip P., Josephine, 
 Nancy A., Jennie, Daniel W., Albert A. Mr. Hanna is one of 
 Montgomery county's most respected citizens and has been a con- 
 stant member of the Baptist church since his sixteenth year. He 
 voted with the whig party until the organization of the republican, 
 since which time he has cast his vote with the latter. 
 
 G. S. Durham, farmer, Kussellville, was born in Putnam county, 
 Indiana, in 1835. His father, Jacob Durham, was a native of 
 Boyle county, Kentucky, and married Hannah Spears and came to 
 Putnam county about 1827 and settled at Kussellville, where he was 
 one among the first. He kept the first dry-goods store of that 
 place. The subject of this sketch owns as fine a farm, consisting of 
 320 acres, as Montgomery county affords. In 1861 he married Miss 
 Maggie M. Black, daughter of Miller and Maggie Black, of this 
 county. She was born in Montgomery county, Kentucky, in 1S41. 
 Their family arp two sons and two daughters: James E., Mary C, 
 Florence M. and Lee S. Mr. Durham has for many years been a 
 member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and votes the demo- 
 crat ticket. 
 
 J. M. Rice, farmer, Waveland, one of the old and respected citi- 
 zens of Montgomery county, was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, 
 February 17, 1826, and is the son of Isaac and ISTarcissa M. (Allen) 
 Rice, who were natives of Pennsylvania and Kentucky, and came to 
 
350 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Montgomery county in 1827, and settled on the farm where the sub- 
 ject of this sketch now lives. Here they lived until their death, the 
 father dying January 11, 1852, and the mother in 1845. Mr. Rice 
 has remained at the old homestead ever since his parents came to the 
 county. He served five years as justice of the peace, and has long 
 since been a devoted member of the Presbyterian church. He always 
 votes in unison with the republican party. In 1848 he married Miss 
 Mary E. Demaree, who was born in Mercer county, Kentucky, in 
 1829, and came to Parke county, Indiana, with her parents, in 1832. 
 The issue of this marriage now living are: Charles C, Susan N., 
 William A., Mary E.j Thomas A. and Harrison C. 
 
 Joel Deer, miller and merchant, Waveland, is one of the old and 
 respected pioneers of Montgomery county, and was born in Boone 
 county. Kentucky, in 1828. His father removed to Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, in 1828, and in 1829 built the first grist-mill that 
 was built in the county, on Sugar creek. It was of log construction, 
 with one run of stone, which were made of common stones, using 
 the same for wheat and corn. After running this mill for about ten 
 years he built a frame mill close to where the old mill stood, which 
 has been in constant use ever since. He died in 1861, after spend- 
 ing a life of usefulness. He is still fresh in the memories of all of 
 the old settlers, and is missed by the people of the county. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch has been in active business all his life, and at the 
 same place where his father first located, with the exception of short 
 intervals. The firm name is Canine & Deer. They added, in 1873, 
 a woolen-mill, which is a great advantage to the community. They 
 buy wool and wheat, and also have a saw-mill attached. In 1849 Mr. 
 Deer married Miss MaryMcGrigg, whose parents were early settlers 
 in the county. 
 
 John Milligan, retired, Waveland, father of the above named 
 village, was born in what is now Perry county, Pennsylvania, 
 March 29, 1803. In 1814 his parents removed to Allegheny county, 
 Pennsylvania, and located near Pittsburgh. Here Mr. Milligan re- 
 mained until about nineteen years of age, after which he went to live 
 with his uncle at Georgetown, D. C, and attended school, and at 
 the age of twenty-two he taught his first school, and in May, 1827, 
 he came to Ohio, where he taught school for eighteen months, and 
 in 1828 came to Montgomery county, Indiana, where he taught 
 school for a short time. In 1 829 he engaged as clerk for J. Powers, 
 at Crawfordsville, and in 1830 sold goods on commission for I. C. 
 Elston in the country, in Brown township, afterward embarking in 
 the business for himself at the same place, where he continued until 
 
BROWN TOWJSrSHIP. 351 
 
 1834, when he came to where Waveland now is, then a wilderness, 
 and purchased land and built the first house that was built in the 
 town. In 1836 he laid out the village of Waveland, and January 25, 
 
 1835, sold the first lots. In 1829 he married Miss Lucinda Elmore, 
 daughter of John Elmore, who was one of the pioneers of the 
 county. Their marriage has been blessed ' with eight children 
 living and one deceased; the living are Edwin M., Matilda J., 
 Sarah E., Thomas E., John W., Samuel J., James E., William; 
 and Mary, deceased. Mr. Milligan has been a constant member of 
 the Presbyterian church since 1829, and has always voted the repub- 
 lican ticket. 
 
 Alexander Buchanan, farmer and stock raiser, Waveland, son of 
 George and Diana Buchanan, was born in Rutherford county, Ten- 
 nessee, August 2, 1809, and settled with his parents in this county in 
 October 1828. He was married December 12, 1833, to Matilda Rice. 
 They have twelve children : George, Jacob, James, William Thomas, 
 John, Esther, Margaret, Robert Alexander, Matilda Jane, Mary 
 Elizabeth, E^ancy Ann, and one that died in infancy. 
 
 Andrew McCormick, farmer, Waveland, was born in Shelby 
 county, Kentucky, November 12, 1809. His parents were John and 
 Martha Jane (Todd) McCormi^. The father was a native of Yir- 
 ginia, and came to Kentucky in an early day, where he married and 
 lived until his death, 1817. In 1828 Mrs. McCormick and family of 
 five children removed to Montgomery county, Indiana, and settled 
 in Brown township, within one mile and a half of the village of 
 Waveland. Here she died, in June 1844. The subject of this 
 sketch is one of Montgomery county's pioneers. He has improved 
 a large farm, having taken it in the woods, and is now the owner of 
 360 acres. In 1842 he married Miss Martha E. Green, daughter of 
 Joseph and Nancy Green. She is a native of Connecticut, born in 
 1808, and came to this county with her mother from Kentucky, in 
 1833, her father having died while in Kentucky. Mr. McCormick 
 has been a constant member of the Methodist Episcopal church since 
 1828, and was one of the organizers of the Methodist church of 
 Waveland. He was formerly a whig until the organization of the 
 republican party, when he joined its ranks and has worked in unison 
 with that party ever since. 
 
 Andrew Lydick was born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, January 
 22, 1796, and came to Montgomery county in 1829, and settled on 
 the farm where he now lives. He has been twice married ; on May 
 22, 1823, to Sally A. Fisher, who was born in Fayette county,. Ken- 
 tucky, June 29, 1807, and died July 18, 1847. He married again, 
 
352 HISTORY OF MONTQOMEUY COUNTY. 
 
 July 30, 18.49, Harriet Wilson, daughter of John Wilson. She was 
 born in Fayette county, Kentucky, April 20, 1824. Mr. Lydick is 
 the father of eleven children: Jolin L., Adam, Mary A., Sarah I., 
 Andrew W. ; and deceased : James S., Barbara E., Paulina J., Jacob 
 D., Robert M ; one living by present wife, Martha M. 
 
 J. Reynolds, miller, Waveland, was born in Kentucky, September 
 4, 1826, and came to Montgomery county with his parents, William 
 and Mary Reynolds, in 1832, and settled in Brown township. Mr. 
 Reynolds was raised on a farm, but since 1853 he has been engaged 
 as miller at Deer's mills, one of the first mills built in the county. 
 He has been a faithful man, having been their miller for twenty-seven 
 years. In 1853 he married Annie E. Cook, and lias two children, 
 George T. and Hugh E., and two deceased, William A. and John H. 
 Mr. Reynolds is a member of the Baptist church and is a republican. 
 
 Simon C. Davis, retired, Waveland, was born in Tazewell county, 
 Virginia, April 14, 1807, and removed to Montgomery county, In- 
 diana, in 1830, locating in Brown township, where he has resided 
 ever since. He remained on his farm until 1867, after which he re- 
 n;ioved to Waveland, where he is able to live a retired life. In 1840 
 he served as revenue collector for Montgomery county, and has 
 filled the office of justice of the pe^ce for sixteen years, and is its 
 present incumbent. He has also served as township trustee, is a 
 deacon of the Missionary Baptist church, of which he has been a 
 member since 1841. He was married in 1825, to Rebecca Bryan, of 
 Yirginia. She died in this county in 1867. Was married again in 
 1872, to Ann E. Galey, formerly Ann E. Srader, whose parents 
 came from Kentucky to Montgomery' county in 1837. She is a 
 native of Fayette county, Kentucky, born in 1825. Mr. Davis has 
 six children by former wife: Matilda J., wife of M. Williams; 
 George W., Andrew B., Sarah A., wife of P. C. MuUikin; Mary 
 K., wife of William Galey, and America E., wife, of J. Stillwell. 
 
 'J. R. Canine, farmer, Waveland, is the son of John and Huldah 
 (C. Long) Canine, and was born in Brown township, Montgomery 
 county, in 1832. His father at the age of fourteen moved from 
 Shelby county, Kentucky, with his parents, and settled in Brown 
 township in 1826, and assisted his father in clearing up a farm in the 
 woods. When seventeen years of age he joined the Old School 
 Baptist church, and remained a faithful member until his death, May 
 1, 1875. December 2, 1830, John Canine married Huldah C. Long, 
 daughter of James and Nancy Long, and settled on Sec. 29. Three 
 children were born : James R. (the subject of this sketch), and two 
 died in infancy. December 13, 1853, James R. married Elizabeth 
 

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BEOWN TOWNSHIP. 353 
 
 Proctor, daughter of Mulenburgh and Sarah S. Proctor, and have 
 had five children : Rilah F. J. born April 25, 1856, and died Jan- 
 uary 17, 1863 ; John H. was born April 15, 1864 ; Huldah A. was 
 born October 7, 1866, 'and died February 8, 1870 ; Lucinda E. B. 
 was born July 4, 1869, and died December ,^(20, 1871 ; and Jesse 
 "W., was born November 25, 1871. Mr. Canine's mother and 
 father died in 1875. Huldah C, daughter of James and Nancy 
 Laws-Long, became Mrs. John Canine in 1830. Her father, in 
 the spring of 1822, began clearing a farm on Sec. 21, now added 
 to Parke county. From a large oak tree in Brown township he se- 
 cured clapboards to cover his cabin home, that being the first tree 
 cut in the township for building purposes. He became a member a 
 of the Old School Baptist church at the age of eighteen, and was a 
 faithful member till his death. His wife died February 1866. 
 
 Alfred Mitchell, farmer, "Waveland, was born in Boone county, 
 Kentucky, in 1815, and is the son of Benjamin Mitchell, of Virginia, 
 who was born April 25, 1762, and was married December 3, 1791, to 
 Miss C. Garnett, who was born in 1773. The father died in 1833, 
 and the mother about 1862. They came to this county in 1831, and 
 settled on the farm where Alfred Mitchell now lives. He married, in 
 1839, Samantha Deer, daughter of Joel Deer, who was one of the 
 pioneers of the county. She was born in Boone county, Kentucky, 
 July 3, 1818. They have six children : Sarah F., wife of J. C. Todd ; 
 Sarepta M., wife of W. H. Thorn ; Mary A., wife of F. M. Conner; 
 Mattie, wife of G. W. Canine ; Theresa J. and Valora E. deceased ; 
 -Benjamin F., Sophia D. and Harriet. Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell have 
 long sincu been members of the Old School Baptist church, and are 
 respected and honored by all who know them. 
 
 M. "W. Green, farmer, Waveland, was born in New Haven county, 
 Connecticut, August 14, 1805, and at theage of sixteen came to Hamil- 
 ton county, Ohio, and began serving an apprenticeship at the tanner 
 trade, working as journeyman for seventeen years. In January, 1832, 
 he came to Montgomery county and bought his present farm, where 
 he moved in 1833, and in 1843 he built a tannery, which he now has. 
 In 1846 he married Elizabeth Clark, who was a native of Virginia, 
 and was born September 13, 1808, and died April 6, 1873. He has 
 one son living, Joseph W. Mr. Green is a radical republican, and 
 has done a great deal to help the cause in the late rebellion. 
 
 J. J. Canine, farmer, Waveland, was born in Brown township, 
 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, September 11, 1833. He is the son 
 
 of Ealph and Margaret (Warman) Canine, who came to the county 
 
 in 1826. The subject of this sketch now lives on the farm where his 
 
 23 
 
354 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 father settled. In 1854 J. J. Canine married Miss Sarah J. Foster, 
 daughter of Eobert and Susan Jones Foster. She was born in this 
 county February 18, 1834. They have .one child living, Mary M. 
 "W.; and two deceased, Eobert S. and one in infancy. Mr. Canine 
 is the owner of a fine farm of 279 acres with good improvements. 
 He has been a member of the Old School Baptist church since 1854. 
 
 J. C. Todd, farmer, Waveland, was born in Brown township, 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1836, and has been a resident of 
 the county all his life. His father, Johnson Todd, was born in 
 Shelby county, Kentucky, in 1809, married Mary Hanna in 1834, 
 and came to Montgomery county in 1835. Mr. J. C. Todd married, 
 in 185T, Sarah Mitchell, daughter of Alfred Mitchell, of this county. 
 The issue of this marriage is: Mary A., Alfred, Susan, Jennie, 
 Hattie, Frank, and Joel. 
 
 Simeon Clore, farmer, Waveland, was born in Boone county, 
 Kentucky, in 1821, and is the son of Israel and Frances (Deer) Clore, 
 -of Virginia, and came to Kentucky in 1811, thence to Montgomery 
 county in 183T, and settled on land which they had entered in 1822. 
 Here the father died in 1854, and mother about 1870. Simeon was 
 married in 1846 to Mary Lusk, daughter of Solomon Lusk, who 
 came to Yigo county, Indiana, about 1814. She died in 1860. He 
 „again married, in 1870, Mrs. Eliza Chamlin. He has seven children 
 hy former wife: Solomon, Joel, Julia A., Doren, Susan, Marvin, 
 Mary. Mr. Clore is the owner of a fine farm of 360 acres, and is a 
 staunch green backer. 
 
 J. W. Milligan, merchant, "Waveland, was born in Brown town- 
 ship, Montgomery county, Indiana, February 8, 1837, and is the son 
 of John Milligan, who came to the county in 1828. Mr. Milligan 
 has been a resident of the county all his life, except what time he 
 spent in the cause of his country, having enlisted in 1861 in Co. H, 
 38th reg. Ind. Vols., and served three years and two months. He 
 participated in the battles of Stone Kiver, Dug Gap, Chickamauga, 
 Mission Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Hoover's Gap, and a great many 
 other battles of less note. "Was also in the Atlantic campaign, and 
 after serving out his time of enlistment he was honorably dis- 
 charged at Kenesaw Mountain, and returned home. Soon after he 
 embarked in the mercantile business at Waveland, where he has 
 since resided. In 1865 he married Miss Josie Hanna, daughter of 
 William Hanna, one of the old and respected poineers of Mont- 
 gomery county. 
 
 H. A. Foster, farmer, Parkersburg, was born in Scott township, 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, January 19, 1838, and is the son of 
 
BROWif TOWNSHIP. 355 
 
 James and Mary Britts, who came from Kentucky to this county in 
 1826. The father died in 1861, and the mother resides at the old 
 homestead. The subject of this sketch has been twice married : 
 first in 1S60 to Miss D. Bridges, who was born in this county in 1842. 
 Her death occurred in 1866, caused by their house being torn down 
 lay a storm, at the same time killing two children, Thomas J. and 
 Mary A. He married again, in 1869, Matilda E. Allen, also a na- 
 tive of the county. She was born in 1843. He has three children 
 by first wife : Edgar W. and the two already mentioned ; and by 
 present wife four : Ira D., Sarah F., Bertie L. and Nellie M. 
 
 A. B. Davis, drugs. Brown's Valley, was born in Tazewell county, 
 Virginia, in 1828, and came with his parents to Montgomery county 
 in an early day. Mr. Davis was raised on a farm in Brown town- 
 ship, and attended the common schools, such as they had in an early 
 <iay. He served about one year in the late rebellion in the 10th Ind. 
 reg., and was detailed in the medical department to take care of the 
 sick and wounded, and was discharged on account of ill-health. He 
 has been married twice. His present wife is Elcy Stillwell. 
 
 W. F. Rhoads, harness and saddler, was born in Philadelphia, 
 Pennsylvania, November 20, 1829. His father was George Rhoads, 
 and his mothers maiden name was Sarah Geiger, and removed to 
 Wayne county, Indiana, in 1835, thence to Hancock county in 1836, 
 and to Parke county in 1837, and settled in Montgomery county in 
 1840. The subject of this sketch served an apprenticeship at his 
 trade under his father,- who was the pioneer harness-maker and sad- 
 dler of the village of "Waveland, where Mr. Rhoads has carried on 
 the business almost constantly since 1846. He is and has been for 
 many years an elder in the Presbyterian church. In 1861 he mar- 
 ried Margaret H. Osborn, who has been a devoted wife and chris- 
 tian. 
 
 S. J. Milligan, farmer, Waveland, was born in Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, 1841, and is the son of John Milligan, who is one 
 ■of the prominent and respected pioneers of the county. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch was raised on a farm, which has been his con- 
 tinued occupation. He has long since been a member of the Pres- 
 byterian church, and moves in the best society and is respected by 
 all who know him. He is a half owner of 280 acres of fine land 
 adjoining the village of Waveland. In 1876 he married Miss Sarah 
 Little, daughter of Alexander Little. ' 
 
 B. M. Galey, farmer, Brown's Yalley, was born in Brown town- 
 ship, Montgomery county, Indiana, May 1, 1842, and has been a 
 resident of the county all his life. His father came to the county in 
 
356 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 1822, a sketch of whom will be found elsewhere. Mr. Galey mar- 
 ried in 1863 Miss Pauline Armstrong, who was born in Montgomery 
 county in 1843. The children are: Fisher B., Rose A. and Mary E. 
 
 Oliver McLoed, farmer and stock raiser, Brown's Yalley, was 
 born in Bourbon county, Kentucky, April 21, 1818, and is the son of 
 George and Katie (Miller) McLoed, who were natives of Virginia 
 and Kentucky. Mr. McLoed was raised on a farm, which occupa- 
 tion he has followed all his life. In 1843. he removed to Mont- 
 gomery county, where he became one of the successful farmers. 
 He owns 560 acres of well improved land, well stocked, and good 
 buildings, close to the village of Brown's Valley. He has served 
 as justice of the peace for twelve years, and is a prominent member 
 of the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1839 he married Miss Mary 
 L. Penn. Their children are : Martha A. , wife of A. Boyd ; Ellen, 
 E., wife of W. H. Graham; Sophronia F., William J., Emma J., 
 wife of J. Davis; Oliver C, Lillie M. and D-avid P. 
 
 W. T. Glenn, farmer, Waveland, is the son of Thomas and Martha 
 W. (Hanna) Glenn. The father was a native of Woodford county, Ken- 
 tucky, and was born about 1808, and lived in Shelby county when he 
 married his wife, who was born in Mercer county, Kentucky, and in 
 1827 removed to Montgomery county, Indiana, and settled on 160 
 acres of land, which he entered in 1825. Here they lived in-a log cabin 
 for a number of years, and continued to reside on the same farm until 
 their death. He died in 1870, and she in 1880. Thomas Glenn was a 
 highly respected citizen, and had filled some very prominent positions. 
 He served as justice of the peace, county surveyor, and associate judge. 
 He was a constant member of the Baptist church for over forty years, 
 and died in that faith. W. T. Glenn was born in 1843 on the farm en- 
 tered by his father, and still retains the old homestead. He was elected 
 in 1880 to serve the people of Brown township as trustee. He is a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity, which meets at Waveland, and is a 
 staunch republican. 
 
 J. P. Russell, physician, Waveland, was born in Bourbon county, 
 Kentucky, July 23, 1815, and remained at home working on his father's 
 farm until the age of twenty-four, after which he began the study of 
 medicine with Dr. Russell, of Montgomery county, Kentucky, and in 
 1840 and 1841 he attended the Transylvania University, at Lexington, 
 Kentucky, and soon after entered into an extensive practice in Mont- 
 gomery, Morgan, and Trimbold counties, Kentucky. In 1845 he came 
 to Montgomery county, Indiana, and located at Waveland, where he 
 soon entered into a lucrative practice. By his long experience as a 
 physician and surgeon, he is classed among the first physicians of that 
 
BROWN TOWKSHIP. . 357 
 
 county. He married in his native county, in 1845, Miss Mai-y E. 
 Penn, by whom he has nine children living: Lenora, Alice, John Q., 
 David C, Joseph W., Elizabeth, Mollie, Emma, and P.inie I. 
 
 J. O. McCormick, druggist, Waveland, is the son of Preston and 
 Mary A. (Brush) McCormick, who are natives of Shelby county, Ken- 
 tucky'. The father, born in 1807, came to Montgomery county, In- 
 diana, in 1828, and in 1837 married his wife, who was born in 1816, 
 and came to this county with her parents, John and Nancy Brush, in 
 1825. Mr. McCormick resided on the farm where he first settled until 
 his death, which occurred in 1864-. His wife still remains at the old 
 homestead with her sons, who are managing the farm. The subject 
 was born at tlie homestead May 23, 1845, and remained at home work- 
 ing on the farm and attending common school during winters. In this 
 way he received his education. In 1874 he removed to Waveland and 
 embarked in tlie drug business, and by honest dealings and courteous 
 treatment to his many customers he has established an extensive trade. 
 In 1872 he married Miss Mary Moore, a native of Kentucky. 
 
 "W. H. Petterman, merchant, Waveland, was born in Frederick 
 county, Virginia, 1815, and came to Sullivan county, Indiana, in 1837, 
 and to Montgomery county in 1848, and located at Waveland, and for 
 the last sixteen years has been one of the active business men of the 
 place. Having been in the mercantile business for that many years, 
 and by his honest dealings with his many customers, he has been able 
 to retain his old patrons and add tiiereto many new ones. He is a 
 prominent Mason and a member of the Presbyterian church. He mar- 
 ried, in 1839, Rebecca SuUinger, of Knox county, Indiana. 
 
 M. L. Giltner, druggist, Waveland, was born in Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, March 28, 1842. He is the son of Abraham B. and 
 Nancy (Liter) Giltner, who were natives of Fayette county, Kentucky, 
 and removed to Montgomery county, Indiana, in an early day, and 
 settled near Brown's Valley, where they lived till their deaths; he 
 died July 19, 1873, in his seventieth year; she, April 23, 1846, in her 
 forty-third year. The subject of this sketch has been a resident of this 
 county all his life except the three years he was in the army. He en- 
 listed in 1861 in the 40th reg., Co. C, Ind. Vol. Inf., and after serving 
 about one year in that regiment he was transferred to the signal corps, 
 in which he served the rest of his time. He has served the people of 
 his township as trustee for six years, is a member of the Masonic fra- 
 ternity, and a staunch republican. In 1879 he married Miss Annie 
 E. Benliam, daughter of Benjamin E. and Mary Johnson Benham. 
 
 J. T. Scott, postmaster, Waveland, was born in Putnam county, In- 
 diana, in 1831, and is a triplet son of Alexander and Martiia Scott, who 
 
358 HISTOKY OF MOKTGOMERT COUNTY. 
 
 were natives of Pennsylvania and Kentucky, and came to Putnan* 
 county, Indiana, about 1825. Here the father died when he was 
 eighty-two years and one day old. The motlier died at forty-four 
 years of age. The subject of this sketch remained at home until four- 
 teen years of age, after which he went to learn the tailor's trade, which 
 occupation he has followed all his life. He kept the post-office at 
 Portland Mills for ten years, and has held the office at Waveland since 
 1874. In 1849 he married Miss Annie Boswell, of Putnam county, 
 Indiana, who was born at Eussellville in 1833. Her parents were na- 
 tives of Kentucky, and came to Putnam county in an early day. Mr. 
 Scott has long since been a devoted member of the Presbyterian 
 church, and is one of Montgomery county's staunch republicans. 
 
 S. T. Whittington, dentist, Waveland, was born in Shelby county^ 
 Kentucky, in 1827, and is the son of Littleton and Frances Whitting- 
 ton, who were married in Woodford county, Kentucky, and moved to 
 Shelby county in an early day, where they lived till their death. The 
 subject of this sketch was raised on a farm, and received a common 
 school education. In 1849 he came to Waveland, Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, where he worked at the carpenter's trade, which he 
 learned in Kentucky. After following this occupation for some time, he 
 studied dentistry under Dr. Vanderbilt, of Crawfordsville, this county, 
 since which time, he has followed dentistry at Waveland. He is a 
 charter member of the Masonic fraternity which meets at Waveland. 
 During the many years spent in the county he has gained the re- 
 spect and confidence of the people. In 1857 he married Miss Nancy 
 E. Hutchison, a native of Bourbon county, Kentucky. 
 
 J. C. Canine, livery and sale stable, Waveland, was born in Brown 
 township, Montgomery county, Indiana, October 4, 1850, and is the 
 son of William and Martha Canine, who were early settlers of the 
 county. Mr. Canine was raised on a farm, but has been engaged 
 mostly in dealing in stock. He is the owner of a fine livery and sal© 
 stable, and keeps a fine assortment of horses and carriages at very 
 cheap rates. In 1872 he married Miss Mary E. Bnrford, of Mont- 
 gomery county. Mr. Canine is a wide-awake business man, and ia 
 always ready to attend to business. 
 
 J. Y. Durham, farmer, Waveland, was born in Boyle, county, Ken- 
 tucky, November 20, 1820. He remained at home and worked on 
 his father's farm, and in the meantime received a common school edu- 
 cation. He married, August 1, 1843, Martha Tartington, a native of 
 Tennessee, and in 1850 removed to Montgomery county and settled 
 on land entered by his father as early as 1822. He is a staunch demo- 
 crat and was elected by their vote, in 1872, to the legislature, which 
 
BROwiir TowifrsHip. • 359 
 
 office he filled with credit to himself and constituency. He is a 
 prominent Mason. He owns 470 acres of fine improved land in this 
 and Parke counties. His home farm is located within two miles of 
 the beautiful village of Waveland. His family are : John L., George 
 T., Crittenden, Laura, Joseph P., Joshua, William Y., and Julia F., 
 deceased. 
 
 A. T. Steele, physician and surgeon, Waveland, was born in Owen 
 county, Indiana, in 1834. At the age of eighteen he attended 
 school at Greencastle, Indiana, where he received a thorough edu- 
 cation, after which he came to "Waveland, Montgomery county, In- 
 diana, and began the study of medicine under Dr. McNutt, and 
 graduated in 1857 at the University at Louisville, Kentucky, and 
 soon after entered into a lucrative practice at "Waveland, where he 
 has practiced ever since. By his skillful treatment he has gained a 
 widespread reputation as a physician and surgeon. His father was 
 among the early pioneers "of Vincennes, Indiana, where he came 
 to from Kentucky in 1800. He was a soldier in the war of 1812, 
 having formerly served as lieutenant in the Indian war. The doc- 
 tor is a member of the State Medical Society and the Tri-State 
 Medical Society, and is president of the Montgomery Medical Associa- 
 ation. In 1858 he married Miss Sarah M. Brush, daughter of Blakely 
 Brush, who was one of the early settlers of the county. 
 
 L. D. Stone, furniture, Waveland, was born in Clark county, Ken- 
 tucky, Semptember 15, 1825, and is the son of William and Nancy 
 (Oliver) Stone, who were of Clark county, Kentucky, and moved to 
 Jennings county, Indiana, about 1830, thence to Orange county in 
 1833, where the father died in 1840 and mother in 1869. The subject 
 of this sketch was raised on a farm till fifteen years of age, after which 
 he learned the cabinet-maker's trade, and in 1856 he came to Waveland 
 and engaged in his present business. In 1861 he enlisted in the 38th 
 reg. Ind. Vols., and served three years. He was in the battles of 
 Stone Kiver, Champion Hill, Mission Ridge, Chickamauga, and Jones- 
 boro, and a great many skirmishes. After serving his country faith- 
 fully for tliree years he was honorably discharged and returned to 
 Waveland and resumed his former business. 
 
 Joseph Hendrickson, shoemaker, Waveland, was born in Warren 
 county, New Jersey, 1830. At the age of seventeen he went to learn 
 the shoemaker's trade, and in 1858 came to Waveland, where he en- 
 gaged in his business until 1862, when he returned east, and in 1863 
 enlisted in the late rebellion in the 52d Penn. reg., Co. B, and served 
 till the close of the war. In 1868 he returned to Waveland and re- 
 sumed his former occupation. He has been twice married and both 
 
360 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 wives are deceased. His first wife was Mary C. Welch, of New Jer- 
 sey, and second wife was Mary A. Houck, of Pennsylvania. He has 
 five daughters by second wife : Margaret, Louisa, Annie K., Ora E. 
 and Gertrude J. 
 
 Henry Alward, retired, Waveland, was born in Morris county, 
 New Jersey, in 1804, came west in 1834, first locating in Elkhart 
 county, Indiana, in 1852 moved to Fountain county, and in 1860 came 
 to Waveland. Mr. Alward has been a hard-working man, having 
 learned the plasterer's trade when a young man, which he has followed 
 a,ll his life. He has been twice married. His former wife was Maria 
 Decamp, of York state, marrying in 1826 ; she died in 1857. He 
 married again, in 1859, Lydia Burch, whose parents came to Fountain 
 county in 1828. Mr. Alward has had fifteen children, of whom six are 
 living. 
 
 A. Moore, farmer, Waveland, was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, 
 September 27, 1803. He remained at his native place until he came 
 to Indiana, coming first in 182^, and working at flat-boat building on 
 Sugar creek, in Parke county, for three months, then returned to Ken- 
 tucky, where he remained until 1836, when he came to Kockville, 
 Parke county, Indiana, thence to Russellville, Putnam county, where 
 he remained for about twenty-six years, and then removed to Mont- 
 gomery county, where he has since resided. He has been twice mar- 
 ried ; first wife was Lucinda Brown, married in 1828. She was born 
 in Woodford county, Kentucky, in 1810, and died in 1886. Marrying 
 again, in 1837, Mirem Baty, formerly Mirera Rice, daughter of Jacob 
 and Mary (Cooper) Kice, who came to this county in 1831. Mr. 
 Moore has bj' former wife three children : Sydey A., John F. M. and 
 Thomas (deceased) ; and by present wife is Jacob E,., Catharine L., 
 Susan M., Matilda, Sarah E. and Harrison S., who died at Chattanooga 
 from a wound received at Resaca. Mr. Moore has been a member of 
 the Presbyterian church for about forty years, and has always voted 
 the republican ticket. 
 
 J. L. Dietrich, proprietor of hotel, Waveland, was born in Dauphin 
 county, Pennsylvania, March 13, 1837. At tlie age of eighteen he 
 served an apprenticeship as carriagesmith. In 1859 he married Miss 
 Rebecca Miller, a native of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania. In 1864 
 he removed to Waveland. He served in the late rebellion in the 6th 
 and 46th Penn. regs., and was in the battle of Gettysburg. He is a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity and is a staunch republican. 
 
 James Woodbury, farmer, Parkersburg, was born in Bourbon county, 
 Kentucky, October 15, 1840, and came to Montgomery county in 1865 
 where he since has been engaged in farming. He married, in 1863, 
 
BEOWIT TOWNSHIP. 361 
 
 Miss Mary Porter, of Brown county, Indiana. They have three chil- 
 dren : John B., Samuel S. and James P. He and his wife are mem- 
 bers of tlie Methodist Episcopal church, and are highly respected in the 
 community in which they live. 
 
 W. M. Jackson, grocer, Waveland, was born in Montgomery county, 
 Indiana, July 13, 1847, and is the son of Hugh Jackson, who was a 
 native of South Carolina, and came to Indiana in 1835, and in 1850 re- 
 moved to Iowa, where the subject of this sketch was raised until De- 
 cember, 1863, when he enlisted in Co. K, 33d Iowa, and faithfully 
 served his country until September 5, 1865, when he was honorably 
 discharged. He participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Helena, 
 Jinkins' Ferry, Spanish Fort, and others, to the amount of fourteen 
 •engagements, passing through them without being wounded or taken 
 prisoner. In 1866 he married Miss Mary E. Smith, a native of Mont- 
 gomery county, Indiana, and the same year emigrated to Kansas, where 
 he remained four years, during the time when that state was infested 
 with grasshoppers, from wliieh cause he lost what property he had and 
 returned to Montgomery county a poor but wiser man. In 1878 he 
 embarked in the grocery business at Waveland with a limited amount 
 ■of means, but by a strict attention to business, and honest dealing with 
 his many customers, he has not only given general satisfaction but has 
 increased his trade to the amount of $10,000 per year. He is a member 
 of the Masonic and A.O.U.W.'fraternities, and is a staunch republican. 
 
 A. J. Miller, jeweler, "Waveland, was born in Tippecanoe county, 
 Indiana, in 1840, and from 1864 till 1866 he served an apprenticeship 
 .at the jeweler's trade, and soon after came to Waveland, where he em- 
 barked in the jewelry business. He keeps on hand an assortment of 
 Tvatches, clocks, and a full line of jewelry. He is a prominent Mason, 
 also a member of the A.O.U.W., and Eastern Star. He is social and 
 courteous to his many customers, and is well adapted to his business, 
 making and retaining friends without an apparent eifort. 
 
 U. F. Wilson, merchant, Waveland, was born in Newaygo county, 
 Michigan, August 15, 1835, came to Waveland, Montgomery county, 
 in 1867, and engaged in his present business, and by being court- 
 eous to his many customers, and selling such goods as give general 
 •satisfaction, he has not only been able to retain his siiare of trade but 
 to increase it. He is a prominent Mason and Odd-Fellow, and a 
 rstaunch republican, and is respected by all who know him. 
 
 J. B. Waterman, farmer, Brown's Valley, was born in Shelby county, 
 Xentucky, August 10, 1835, and came to Montgomery county in 1872. 
 In 1855 he married Miss Amanda Brown, of Shelby county, Kentucky, 
 and of this union the issue is four children: Elizabeth, Mary, John 
 
362 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 and Andrew. Mr, Waterman has always been an humble tiller of the 
 soil, and has been honest in all his dealings with his fellow-man, and 
 has gained the respect of all who know him. In politics he is a staunch 
 republican. 
 
 WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Walnut creek is a small branch rising in the eastern part and me- 
 andering in a southeastern and northeastern direction, passing out of 
 the township in Sec. 7. It received its name from the great quantities 
 of valuable Walnut timber growing along its course. At the first 
 election in the township, which occurred about 1831, Jesse Goben, an 
 old and respected citizen, suggested the same name for the township. 
 Jn the same year the territory comprising a congressional township 
 was organized. Walnut township is a generally level tract, bounded on 
 the north by Franklin township, on the east by Boone county, on the 
 south by Clark and on the west by Union townships. 
 
 Sixty years ago no sound was heard save the weird howl of a wolf,, 
 occasional scream of a panther, perhaps away from his native region, 
 the discordant noises of other animals, or the harmonies of the feath- 
 ered myriads, and these were one another's audience. Dense was the 
 forest and deep the mnd and surface growth of vegetation. Besides^ 
 Walnut, Sandy and Spring branches carry the surplus water till they 
 empty into Walnut. Cornstalk branch, so named from the chief of 
 an Indian tribe that spent his time largely in these regions, begins 
 about Sec. 22 and passes out at southwest part of Sec. 32. Across the- 
 northeast part passes the Boulder Dyke, Moraine of Ancient Glaciers,. 
 where the " Niggerhead " tells of a foreign home. In this wilderness of 
 "green" James Berry is said to have trapped, prior to the war of 
 1812, in which war he took part, leaving here in time to fight the bat- 
 tle of Tippecanoe September 10, 1811. But men seem to have been, 
 born suited to all kinds of circumstances — men who were made witb 
 muscles of steel and hearts that knew no failing:. The first character 
 of the kind that settled in what is now Walnut township was most 
 likely Jesse Welch, yet Henry Long could not have been long behind. 
 There were numerous entries made prior to their settlement, which 
 must have been about 1824. As early as September 23, 1822, Mary 
 Winter entered, or caused to be entered for her, tiie S.W. ^ Sec. 24,, 
 being the first entry made. In 1823 John Ellmore is accredited with 
 the W. i of KW. I Sec. 7. In 1824 Joseph Streatch entered the W. ^ 
 of S.W. i Sec. 8, and John Kimble the W. i of S.W. J Sec. 7. Oealey 
 Oxley entered the E. i of N.W. ^ Sec. 7 in 1825. In that same year 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 363 
 
 Stephen "Williams with his wife and seven children came from Wayne 
 connty, Indiana, whither Mr. and Mrs. "Williams had emigrated from 
 North Carolina to Montgomery county and settled five miles east of 
 Crawfordsville, within the present limits of "Walnut township. The 
 children were Bryant, Jonathan, Jane, "William, John, Mary, Martha, 
 and George, the last born after their arrival. They lived about six 
 years northwest of Fredericksburg, then moved to Union township, 
 and there Stephen "Williams died in the spring of 1875, having been 
 preceded in death by his wife several years. Mr. "Welch had built the 
 first cabin erected in the township. This " mansion " of the woods 
 was. about 18x24, with a chimney in the corner. There was an attic 
 also, in which lie kept his choice grain, and perhaps worked in some- 
 what. It is said that when neighbors bought shelled corn of him he 
 required them to pour it out of the measure, after shelling, then scoop 
 it in again so it might be loose in the bushel. We must suppose he 
 measured corn's value according to the labor required to produce it. 
 Mr. Welch's house stood a mile or so north of Mace, on the Johnson 
 property, and was torn down but a short time ago. Stephen Williams, 
 above mentioned, built the second cabin in the township. In 1826 
 Matthew Huston entered the W. i of N. W. J Sec. 19, T. 18, R. 3 E. In 
 July, 1827,Cyrus Grain entered the, E. i of N.W. i and the W. i of N.E. 
 ^ Sec. 17, T. 18, R. 3. E., and erected the third cabin in that township. 
 This abode was eighteen feet square, round logs, a hole cut for an en- 
 try, no door, no floor but that " not made with hands," and which 
 woman need not scrub, and no window, when in October following his 
 family arrived. In the Grain family were Cyrus and wife Hannah, 
 and five children : Mariah, Jehial, Eliza, Charlotte, Permelia. Cyrus 
 Grain died in 1846. He was Baptist local preacher and the first to 
 settle in the township. His wife lived till 1870. The children are all 
 deceased but Eliza, who is in Kansas, and Jehial still living in Walnut 
 township. He owns 109 acres of the original entry. About 1827 
 Harvey Grain also entered land. Jerre West emigrated in October, 
 1827, to Walnut, but leaving his goods in Crain*s house he went to 
 Shawnee prairie. He returned shortly, entered land in S.E. J Sec. 
 7, and built the fourth cabin of Walnut township. Henry Long, who 
 had no doubt been here before, entered the W. -J of N.E. J Sec. 7, in 
 February, and Ebcnezer Kake entered the E. ^ of S.E. J Sec. 21. 
 
 Evi Martin, who was born in 1796 and who is still living in 18S0, 
 came from Miami county, Ohio, to Montgomery county, Indiana, land- 
 ing at his father's house in Union township November 26, 1827. He 
 soon entered a farm, being the S. i of S. W. J Sec. 7, and the N. i of N.W. 
 J Sec. 18, T. 18, R. 3. E. of Walnut township. About the middle of 
 
364 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 December of that year Mr. Martin erected the fifth log house, or build- 
 ing, in the township. One post, two poles, two auger holes, and a few 
 clapboards, constituted their first bedstead in their new home, into 
 which they moved February 4, 1828. Here they toiled for ten years 
 without buying a nail, and then paid 12^ cents a pound, $8 a barrel 
 for salt,'and got 60 cents a bushel for wheat, and couldn't get anything 
 for butter and eggs. 
 
 In 1828 Samuel Cornell entered the "W". i of S.E. i Sec. 6. He 
 brought his wife^Hannah (McLaughlin), and was accompanied by his 
 brother "William. Samuel Cornell was a thorough temperance man, 
 and opposed to the use of intoxicating liquors at log-rollings, house- 
 raisings, harvestings, etc. Accordingly he announced his principles, 
 and when the time came to raise his house no one appeared, while on 
 such occasions the neighbors for miles around were wont to gather to- 
 gether the men and lads to work in daylight, and the women to talk, 
 and at night the lassies and laddies to dance and make merrj'. A good 
 old quaker hearing of the staunch temperance man, soon rallied help 
 and tlie house was raised. The influence of this man finally tri- 
 umphed over intemperance, and whisky at such gatherings became a 
 custom of the past. Mr. Cornell died December 2, 1846, leaving a 
 wife and two children. In 1828 John Young, William Wilson, 
 Samuel Schooley and his son John, Moses and Joseph Stewart, Ebene- 
 zer Kake, William B. Handley, Moses Williams, Solomon Beck, took 
 out patents for land. On the land of the last named, Beckville after- 
 ward became a short lived hamlet. The year 1829 brought others, 
 seeking homes cheap and new, among whom were William Codding- 
 ton, John Watts, James B. Kenyon, John Furgeson, H. F. Beck, 
 Jesse Goben. 
 
 Up to 1829 all the settlement seems to have been in the northwest 
 especially, and the northeast parts of tiie township. In 1829 the stage 
 of action enlarges southward, and history chronicles the arrival of 
 Wilson Browning and wife, and James B. Jessee, wife and babe. 
 Mrs. Browning being disabled for duty, Mr. Browning requested Mr. 
 Jessee to abide with them the first winter, that Mrs. Jessee might per- 
 form the domestic duties. Mr. Jessee having arrived in the new 
 country with but $8 in pocket, and almost destitute of life's where- 
 with, gladly consented. By the united efforts of the two men a cabin 
 of hewn logs was built, and the two families took possession. In the 
 following year, 1830, Mr. Browning having suffered from illness, de- 
 sired to visit an Indian doctor, Dudley, in Kentucky. Accordingly Mr. 
 Jessee, his nephew, set out with him for that purpose. Arriving at 
 Indianapolis the sick man was unable to go farther, and there died in 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 365 
 
 September, 1830, and was tliere buried. This was most likely the first 
 death from Walnut township. His widow married and moved away. 
 James B. Jessee built a cabin where now the flouring-mill stands, 
 and there kept an occasional traveler, charging him the usual fare. 
 He also made a pair of shoes, or did anything that offered itself. In 
 a short time he received $60 from his brother in Virginia, a debt due 
 him. To this he borrowed $20 at Crawtiardsville, paying interest at 
 the rate of 20 per cent. The $60 and the $20, added to the little he 
 had saved, purchased his first eighty acres of land, on which, in three 
 or four years, he built and occupied. He began to have company in 
 the " wilderness," and succeeded in adding a little land till he owned 
 24:0.acres. In those early days Mr. Jessee hauled wheat to Chicago, sold 
 pork at $1.25 per hundred, and went to Attica for salt, paying $8.50 
 per barrel. In 1829 John Kelley entered land here. 
 
 In 1830 John Rouck, David Stewart, Andrew B. Jones, Joseph 
 Caraway, George Watkins, William N. Yowell, Nathan Crawford, 
 Anthony Beck, William Beck, Jephtha Beck, and H. F. Beck, en- 
 tered land in this township. This formed the Beck settlement, which 
 gave rise in later years to a post-oifice, known as Beckville. 
 
 William and Kachel Lockridge were natives of Augusta county, 
 Yirginia, and were there married. They emigrated to Indiana in 
 1830, and settled in Walnut township. They brought seven children ; 
 Eliza, Harvey, John, James, Isabella, Margaret, and Rebecca. After 
 building, and clearing about sixty acres, William Lockridge died, July 
 26, 1846. He had served in the war of 1812, and his father was 
 wounded at the battle of Cowpens, in the revolution. His wife died 
 about 1843. John Lockridge, son of the above, is one of the best 
 farmers of the present day. Joseph Spohr, Frederick Long, William 
 Brooks, James Bridge, Robert Hamilton, Jere Caldwell, John Smith, 
 Caswell Mabery, Joshua Evans, James Lee, John Graves, Peter 
 Binford, and Hannah Halley made entries. John Linn entered land, 
 but perhaps did not settle till a few years after. He was born in 1800, 
 in Pennsylvania. He spent some time in Ohio. He was a mason by 
 trade, and a man noted for energy and push. At his death he owned 
 580 acres of land. He was justice of the peace several years, and 
 class-leader in the Methodist church. He died in 1858. As these 
 hardy men and women enrolled themselves as pioneers, the country 
 became a vast workshop, yet laborers were in demand. Each sue, 
 eeeding year brought others to spy the lasd and seek a home. The 
 year of 1831 witnessed the arrival of Henry Miller, Gerardus R. Rob- 
 bins, Aaron S. Stewart, John Kiser, William Adair, Andrew Stewart, 
 David Cliambers, John Pottenger, John Poage, and others who made 
 
866 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 entries : 1832 brought John H. Pogue, "William Bratton, James C. Scott, 
 Littleton Fender, Jonathan Fender, Eichard Kumler, Moses Kuraler, 
 James Strain, John Walkup, Jonas "Winter, Godfrey Van Scoyoc, Jesse 
 "Winter. 
 
 David Spohr and wife Selena (Foster) made their advent in 1832, 
 bringing two children, Nancy Jane and John. He entered the E. ^ of S. 
 E. i Sec. 10, the patent being signed by Andrew Jackson. They came 
 in a four-horse Virginia scoop-bed wagon ; another family, "William and 
 Mary Foster, with three boys, accompanying them in the one vehicle. 
 Mrs. Spohr rode, for hours together, on the off horse, carrying her 
 baby, John. A trip of 700 miles landed them at Joseph Spohr's, who 
 had preceded them two years. They then sold their wagon and all 
 their horses but one, in order to pay for some land. For many years 
 they worked with one horse and without a wagon. Mrs. Spohr wove 
 and spun to pay for a heifer calf. The calf became a cow and gave 
 birth to a calf; this grew to cowhood and Mrs. Spohr traded the one 
 for the wood-work of a wagon and the other for ironing the "old time 
 buggy." This wagon stands in the barn a relic of hard work, pov- 
 erty, durability, and frontier life generally.* 
 
 Bainbridge Hall, who had settled in Brown township in 1830 or 
 
 1831, entered about 400 acres of land in the southwestern part of 
 "Walnut township in 1832, which came into the possession of his sons, 
 Henry H., Samuel Q., and "William Hall, and on which the two former 
 live, while William is a bridge-builder and carpenter in Clinton, Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 In 1833 came David Buchanan, Samuel Imel, George Imel, and 
 others. Samuel Imel and wife Susan did not settle their land till 
 two or three years after the date of entry. The year 1834 made Ben- 
 nett Terguson, Samuel N. Bell and others land owners. Samuel N. 
 Bell and wife Sallie A. (Bowman) moved to Montgomery county in 
 
 1832, but leased for two years near the head-waters of Walnut Branch. 
 In 1835 a few entries were made but mostly by those who had settled 
 years before. Wm. Bowman, Samuel Hipes and Dickerson Groober 
 were perhaps new settlers. Even in 1836 the forests were not much 
 broken. Small patches had been cleared and tilled, yet there were no 
 surplus crops. In 1836 George G. Armistead entered eight hundred 
 acres in twelve lots for speculation. 
 
 In the fall of 1836 Thomas E. Harris bought ninety-five acres in 
 the N.W. J Sec. 25. Even at |;his late day, though nearly all the land 
 had been entered, he says he found here and there a little log cabin. 
 Some had cut the wood partly from their dooryards, and cleared an 
 acre or so for corn. After purchasing his land Mr. Harris erected a 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 
 
 367 
 
 lionse 16 x 18, 7 feet to the eaves from floor, roof of clipboards fastened 
 down by poles (nails cost too much), small ronnd poles for joist and 
 on these riven or split boards for floor, two half logs sawed out of the 
 side of the house for a window two feet wide and fifteen inches deep. 
 In winter this hole in the wall was covered with greased paper, wood 
 and clay chimney, and fire-place five feet wide. Mr. Harris lived. in 
 this house six years, and this was his court-room. He was elected 
 justice of the peace soon after his arrival, and he held court at home. 
 Within those walls Ben. F. Eistine, of Crawfordsville bar, made one of 
 his first speeches if not his maiden speech. An important case was to 
 
 be tried at the Harris court of justice. One Kellison had assaulted 
 one George Tipton with a knife, and Kellison was arrested for assault 
 and battery, and Ristine was employed as defense, while Harris acted 
 for plaintiff. Witnesses were examined and the rising attorney, with 
 the pomp the profession alway gives its practitioners, in language 
 most emphatic, no matter how argumentative, made his oratorical ef- 
 fort How diflferent the surroundings from the lawyer ! The plea 
 was made, the evidence weighed by the magistrate, and defendant 
 bound over to the circuit court. But just then a whisper ran through 
 the court-room that the assault occurred over the line in Boone county. 
 This whisper reached the ear of the dispenser of justice and put a 
 damper on all proceedings. Tipton, the plaintiff, acknowledged the 
 report to be true, and as the jurisdiction of that court did not extend 
 
368 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 beyond the Montgomery line, the prisoner was dismissed. The law- 
 yer returned to the city and the jndge resumed his farm dnties. 
 No six years of his life has squire Harris enjoyed as those lived in 
 that log cot. But success wanted a change, so a new hewn log 
 dwelling was erected, 18 x 24, brick chimney, the brick of which he 
 moulded and burned himself. He got some lumber and partitioned 
 this, making two rooms. It also had an upstairs. This was his 
 abode for sixteen years. 
 
 James H. Harrison came to Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1830, 
 and lived with his father in Clarke township. In 1836 Mr. Harrison 
 held the first election in Clark township, the name of which he pro- 
 posed to the commissioners in honor of Capt. Clarke, of an early day 
 militia. He was also a member of the legislature with Congressman 
 Orth and ox-Governor Williams (deceased). 
 
 The last lot of land entered in Walnut township was by John J. 
 Eddinfield in 1837, the lot being the E. i of S.E. i Sec. 28. Many 
 diiferent families have moved in since then, taking the places of the 
 departed, and a new generation enjoys the land prepared for them by 
 the heroes of the past, — 
 
 " Whose years were well spent, 
 Whose work was well done, 
 Whose death's but the vict'ry 
 That gave them a crown." 
 
 . TOWNS. 
 
 As has been said, Wilson Browning entered the E. i of N.E. J Sec. 
 35, and the W. ^ of N.W. i Sec. 36, in the fall of 1829. His death 
 gave the land to his heirs. When the eldest son, John A. Browning, 
 reached his majority the land was divided, John A. getting his share 
 and buying more. He built a log house not far from his father's cabin, 
 and afterward erected the residence now owned by William Inlow, on 
 the highest piece of land in that region. About 1853 a railroad, called 
 the Cleveland, St. Louis & Air Line, was surveyed and graded through 
 this land, and John A. Browning immediately laid out a town which 
 received the name " Valley City." Browning was a blacksmith and 
 had built a shop about 1841, when he became of age. The shop he 
 kept till he moved to Kansas, in 1868. He was the first postmaster 
 of Valley City, keeping the mail in his shop. In 1866 Wm. J. Inlow 
 located in Valley City, then a place of about seven poor, squalid cabins. 
 There stood a shed, owned then by Dr. Dunbar, on what is now the 
 lot belonging to Mrs. Ira McLaughlin, just east of the " Brick Block." 
 This shed Mr. Inlow rented and engaged in " merchandising," and the 
 
WALNUT TOWKSHIP. 369 
 
 people for miles around, having long been in need of a near place of 
 trade, liberally patronized the town grocer. In October, 18C6, Mr. In- 
 low began the erection of a suitable store-room, 26x40, and in Febru- 
 ary following moved his goods into this building, and did an extensive 
 trade till August 1873. The building is owned by James B. Jessee, 
 and occupied by Mr. C. Bowers, the druggist. In 1836 or 1837 a post- 
 office was secured in Walnut township and George Dorsey, an early 
 and respected citizen, was postmaster, keeping the mail at his house for 
 many years. The office was known as New Eoss post-office. Matthew 
 F. Bovsren was postmaster a short time, then John Hodgins. George 
 Dorsey lived about one mile west of where Valley City was, and about 
 
 1868 or 1869 the office was moved to Valley City, and for convenience 
 the village adopted the name of the office. The postmasters have 
 been Dr. Dunbar, Wm. J. Inlow, and Dr. Homer Bowers. About 
 
 1869 the Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western railroad was finished 
 from Crawfordsville to Indianapolis, and made it probable that there 
 would be a. crossing here at some future day, as the road already men- 
 tioned, but now known as the proposed Anderson, Lebanon & St. Louis 
 railroad, might be built. The hamlet grew till it is now a pleasant 
 little village. The anvil has been represented from 1841 down by 
 
 John A. Browning, Philip Johnson, Samuel Chambers, Walters, 
 
 Norman, George Gathwright, and George Templin. In 1858 or 
 
 1859 a saw-mill was built by Arthur Thrall. In 1870 John Jones 
 built a saw-mill. About 1870 the stave and head factory was built by 
 A. C. May and father, and is under the supervision of T. C. Munhall. 
 A flouring-mill was built by Bell and Click. The first grocery store 
 was kept by John Hodgins, dry-goods store by Oliver Wilson & Co.^ 
 about 1866, and W. J. Inlow in 1866, afterward Inlow & Hewlitt.. ■ 
 About 1870 Eli Frazier built and stocked a store. Most of the town, 
 has grown since 1870. 
 
 In May, 1875, it was voted to incorporate, under the State In cor-^ 
 poration Act. June 1, 1875, a town board was elected, which met 
 June 4. There were present Wm. H. Van Cleave, Wra. T. McGuffin,. 
 George W. Day, and H. B. Hulett. George W. Day was chosen chair- 
 main pro tem., and H. B. Hulett secretary, or clerk, pro tem., both of 
 whom election confirmed. James N. Jessee was appointed treasurer,, 
 Abraham Frazier, assessor, Joseph Hesler, marshal. The town offi- 
 cers at present writing are T. T. Munhall, president ; D. N. Turner, 
 C. L. Myers, trustees ; George Shepherd, marshal ; John Inlow, treas- 
 urer ; R. B. Green, clerk since his first election. 
 
 The original Valley City contained fifty lotfe. Since 1875 W. J.. 
 Inlow has made five additions. Where the first cabin stood is now the: 
 24 
 
370 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUKTY. 
 
 neatest house, owned by James Everson, and small store-rooms are 
 giving way to brick blocks, etc. " 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 The first school kept in the south half of Walnut township was 
 taught by Christopher Walkup, about 1835 or 1836, in a log cabin 
 built by James B. Jessee, about fifty yards west of the present site of 
 the Bell & Adkins flouring-mill. Mr. Jessee's eldest child, Martha, 
 and a few others composed the school. A log school-house was built 
 soon after on the northeast corner of Sec. 35, and was first occupied by 
 James Stephenson. Squire Eouth also became " brisk wielder of the 
 birch and rule " in that early day. As children became more numerous 
 it was necessary for a new school-house, so a frame building was 
 erected where the grist-mill stands. This soon proved too small. In 
 1871 or 1872 the present two-story edifice, with two departments, was 
 completed, which likewise must, in the near future, give way to a 
 larger house. The school, under the able management of Prof. Tilgh- 
 man A. Brown and wife, manifests its influence on the town. The 
 village, free from all saloons, fosters well its schools and churches. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 Rev. Thomas J. Brown was the earliest Methodist minister to 
 preach the gospel in this region. As early as 1832 he made his ap- 
 pearance. He was a native of Lee county, Virginia, and a highly 
 respected gentleman. His first meetings were held at John Brown's 
 cabin, in Clarke township, then at the log school-houses. Very soon a 
 log meeting-house was built in Boone county, ^nd called " Brown's 
 Chapel " in honor to the preacher. This gave way to a better building. 
 Kev. Brown preached till 1860, when he died. Other early ministers 
 were Daniel De Motte, Rev. Hargreave, John S. Smith, and Joseph 
 "White. Early members were the Browns, Kelleys, Jessees, and others. 
 As the country became settled those of the faith living in New Ross 
 and vicinity decided it inconvenient in this day of progress to go so far 
 to church. As early as 1874 a movement was set on foot to build in 
 I^ew Ross. In 1878 a brick house of worship was built, but was not 
 dedicated till 1880, when Dr. Godfrey preached the dedication sermon. 
 This church is 36x60, and cost about $3,000. It received the name 
 " Brown's Chapel." The trustees were J. B. Jessee, J. J. Wren, B. 
 F. Walkup, Dr. B. F. Adkins, and George T. Dorsey. 
 
 Prior to 1870 those of this belief of the Christian church had wor- 
 shiped in what is known as the Hashberger school-house. This being 
 inconvenient, it was decided, in 1869, to build a church in New Ross. 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 371 
 
 A committee consisting of Jacob Stoner, J. H. Kouth, J. H. Helley 
 and W. J. Inlow let the contract to Agee and "Wren to build a house 
 56x60, frame, at a cost of $2,500. It was completed in the fall of 
 1870, and dedicated by Elder Warren, assisted by Oliver Wilson, in 
 February 1871. The membership at organization at New Ross was 
 «ighty-five. The officers were W. W. Mills, elder, also Matthew 
 Bowen and J. H. Routh Sr. The deacons were Allen Morrison, 
 Abraham Inlow, and T. M. Stoner. The ministers have been Oliver 
 Wilson, Peter Martin, William Anderson, and Abraham Plunkitt. 
 The present numerical strength is ninety-five, the house well furnished, 
 and church in good condition. Sunday-school was organized in 1871 ; 
 A. J. Routh, superintendent. 
 
 LODGES. 
 
 A charter, I.O.O.F., No. 397, was granted May 24, 1872, on peti- 
 tion, to a company of twelve men. At the organization J. J. Wren was 
 elected JST.G. ; B. F. Adkins, Y.G. ; G. G. Myers, Treas. ; M. A. Con- 
 ner, R.S. ; D. A. Myers, L.S. ; J. J. Agee, Warden ; J. W. F. Brant, 
 Cond.; Wm. Emmert, R.S.S. ; W. W. Lockman, L.S.S. ; Z. Will- 
 iams, O.G. ; J. Werts, I.G. G. W. Lewis was also a charter mem- 
 ber. The officers were installed and several candidates initiated on the 
 same evening. The lodge met in B. F. Adkin's hall till 1878, then for 
 a time in Grange hall, one year. They then purchased their present 
 hall, 19x30, in the brick block, which they have neatly furnished. The 
 lodge has received into its membership seventy-five. _ Some have moved 
 away, and three deaths have occurred. Those dying are Wm. Webb, 
 Garret Vanhorn, and James L. White. The membership is at present 
 thirty-two. They are linked to one another in " Faith, Love and 
 Truth." 
 
 A meeting of those interested in the organization of a lodge of Free- 
 masons was held February 25, 1878. A meeting under the dispensa- 
 tion was convened June 25, 1878, and the dispensation was dated May 
 27 of same year. The charter Vas granted May 25, 1880, and the lodge 
 instituted under the charter July 21, 1880. The officers were Joseph 
 Cooper, W.M. ; John Bell, S.W. ; John Spohr, J.W. ; M. E. Clodfel- 
 ter, J.D. ; J. J. Wren, S.D. ; Wm. McVey, Treas. ; J. S. l^cLaughlin, 
 Sec, and Calvin Walker, Tyler. The lodge now numbers seventeen 
 members. It is young, but prosperous. Its officers in 1880 are Joseph 
 Cooper, W.M. ; John Bell, S.W. ; J. R. Etter, J.W. ; 1. W. Jessee,.S. 
 D. ; M. E. Clodfelter, J.D. ; Wm. Minick, Sec. ; Wm. McVey, Treas. ; 
 C. L. Newkirk, Tyler. 
 
 New Ross is noted for sobriety. The temperance element is very 
 
372 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 strong. In 1875 a Good Templars lodge was organized, with a mem- 
 bership of about fifty, by J. W. Patch. F. M. Packer was elected 
 worthy chief, and Kate Inlow, worthy vice-templar. In 187T on ac- 
 count of lack of interest the charter was surrendered. On October 11, 
 1878, Kev. I. P. Patch delivered an eloquent temperance address, and 
 an effort was made to reorganize. Forty-four persons signified their 
 desire to so do, and organization was immediately effected by the aid 
 of Morning Star lodge. Hope Lodge, No. 151, then held an election, 
 which resulted in the choice of W. F. Edwards, W.C.T. ; Virginia 
 Davis, W.V.T. ; A. R. Peterson, W.S. ; Wilson Jessee, W.F.S. ,' 
 Buella Adkins, W.T. ; C. L. Shaver, W.M. ; Mary Heaths, W.I.G. ^ 
 
 C. M. Benson, W.O.G. ; A. R. Peterson, representative to the grand 
 lodge. Ofiicers were installed by W. P. Griest. The lodge is pros- 
 perous. 
 
 In August, 1877, the farmers of New Ross vicinity held an exhibi- 
 tion of the products of the soil, both field and garden, in the woods 
 south of New Ross. Among the members were R. F. Bruce, Geo, 
 Sanford, B. F., Wm., and Christopher Walkup, W. H. Steward. No 
 premiums were offered or awarded. This was the germ destined to 
 grow to large proportions. An effort was set on foot to organize an 
 agricultural association. Shares were made $25 each, and thirty buyers 
 found, and organization effected in 1878. Twenty-eight acres of land 
 were leased for ten years of J. B. Jessee, dating from March 15, 1879. 
 Officers elected were J. N. Dooly, Pres. ; Perry Yelton, Vice-Pres. ; 
 W. H. Steward, Treas., and "W. W. May, Sec, also a board of fifteen 
 directors. They have their grounds fenced and in repair. . They have 
 held four exhibitions, counting the first or germinal display in the 
 woods. Sixty-one shares have been sold to fifty-seven stockholders, 
 and have over $4,000 improvements on the ground. In 1880 a most 
 successful fair was held. The gate receipts were over $4,000. No 
 entry fees were charged. They have one of the finest half-mile tracks 
 in the state, and good accommodations. In their last exhibition there 
 were 2,000 entries, forty of which were for sweepstakes on horses and 
 thirty-two for mares. One clause in the constitution which commends 
 itself is that no intoxicating liquor shall be allowed in the grounds. 
 The officers for 1880 were John Lockridge, Pres. ; T. A. Adkins, Sec. ^ 
 
 D. M. Turner, Treas. ; J. H. Hashbarger, J. S. Byrd, and I. N. Miller, 
 executive committee. 
 
 Fredericksburg, or Mace Postoffice, was named from Frederick Long, 
 an early and respected citizen of Walnut township, who laid off the 
 town about 1838 or 1840. The town grew but little till 1870. The first 
 blacksmith was Butt, and John Hanley next. David Grain was 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 373 
 
 the first wagon-maker, about 1845. Elias Grain long ago kept a cob- 
 bler's shop. J. F. Watkins was an early merchant. Thomas Holloway 
 and Jesse Williams have been merchants. Later merchants have been 
 Watkins & Edwards, Edwards & Martin, Martin & Perry, Martin, 
 Martin & Hutchings, and James G. Johnson. 
 
 The earliest physician was Dr. Parsons, then Dr. Irwin. Drs. 
 Hogsett, Jones, and Eddinfield are the physicians of the day. 
 
 ' The first school-house in this region, and first in the township, was 
 built about 1828, and taught by Maria Grain. As the people have de- 
 veloped the country, better schools have supplanted the old. Fred- 
 ericksburg has a good building, employing two teachers. The build- 
 ing is two stories, the upper room being owned by individuals. 
 
 The order of Knights of Pythias is in a flourishing condition. It 
 was organized in 1874. D. W. Kennedy was elected P.G. ; Wm. F. 
 Edwards, G.G. ; J. M. Grain, Y.O. ; J. L. Smith, Prelate; E. T. Linn, 
 M.E. ; G. W. Eddinfield, K.E. and S. ; M. J. Faust, M. A. ; D. A. Mc- 
 Cray, M.F. ; G. G. Grain, I.G., and D. F. Beck, G.G. Other charter 
 members were J. T. Ghadwick, W. A. Dice, John E. Knox, D. D. 
 Berry, J. Peterson, E. Meiser, G. A. Myers, T. Hunt, A. Linn. The 
 lodge has given a welcome to forty-nine candidates. It is out of debt, 
 and over $200 in the treasury, regalia and furniture paid for. The 
 lodge has aided many in sickness, but has lost none by death. Present 
 officers are Frank Gornell, P.O. ; W. A. Dice, G.G. ; W. Y. Linn, Y. 
 C. ; John Angelheim, Prelate ; O. H. Jones, M. of Ex. ; J. T. Chad- 
 wick, M. of F. ; John Peterson, K. of E. and S. ; M. J. Faust, M. of 
 A. ; John Ward, I.G. ; Wm. Everson, G.G. The lodge numbers 
 twenty-eight. 
 
 Fredericksburg has a flourishing lodge of Good Templars, known 
 as Morning Star Lodge. It was organized September 28, 1874, with 
 thirty-six members. F. Gornell was first worthy chief templar, and 
 Meranda Martin worthy vice-templar ; G. L. Brotton, W.G. ; Jacob 
 Martin, W. Sec. ; Louisa Edwards, W.A.S. ; W.G. Poage, W.F.S. ; 
 James F. Quillen, W.T. ; John W. Linn, W.M. ; Lydia Finch, W.D. 
 M.; Ella Loop, W.I.G. ; G. W. Linn, W.O.G.; Jennie Bratton, W. 
 E.H.S. ; Jennie Abbott, W.L.H.S. ; W. F. Edwards, P.W.G.T. 
 
 A Methodist class was organized in an early day in this section. 
 A general frolic was made when all the citizens turned out with their 
 axes and built a log church 20x24 on the spot now occupied by Geo. 
 Ghadwick's barn. J. E. Hunt was the first to shoulder his axe and 
 strike a blow and is the only one living of the first class. 
 
 Eev. Wilote, Thomas Brown, and Eev. Hargreaves were pioneer 
 preachers ; John Linn, Jonathan and Littleton Fender were class-lead- 
 
374 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ers; Ephriam Hunt was steward. About 1854 a new church SOxiO, 
 with seating capacity for three hundred, was erected. There are about 
 two hundred members. Curtis Edwards, W. C. Loop, W. W. Ward^ 
 Johu E. Hunt, are trustees; W. C. Loop and W. W. Ward are stew- 
 ards ; Rev. John Harrison is minister in charge. 
 
 August 30, 1834, at an humble school-house, gathered a company of 
 men and women for the purpose of organizing a Presbyterian church. 
 There were present Joseph Henderson and wife Hannah, and 
 daughters Elizabeth and Matilda, Kebeeca Porter, John H. Poage and 
 wife Jane, and daughters Hannah and Catharine, Delila Shanklin^ 
 Joshua McDonald, Wm. Youel and wife Jane, John Porter, Eachel 
 Porter, Silas Poage and wife Elizabeth, D. D. Berry and wife Eliza- 
 beth, Ma'ry Ann Foster, Margaret Crawford, Margaret Evans, "Wm. 
 T. McCutcheon, Wm. Zimmerman, Nathan Crawford, and Eliza Lock- 
 ridge, twenty-four names. On the following day the number was 
 made twenty-six, a most promising prospect for a strong church, 
 Joseph Henderson, John Poage and Wm. Youel were elected elders, 
 Joseph Wright, .John Porter, Wm. Youel and JSTathan Crawford were 
 ordained elders March 20, 1836. At different elections since, James 
 Touel, Wm. and David Watson, Joseph Watkins, and David Crain, 
 were chosen. The church gre\\^ the first year to forty-nine, next year 
 seventy-five, then eighty-four, ninety-one, ninety-seven, one hundred,, 
 one hundred and eighteen. In 1858-61 additions had been made. 
 Immigration increased the membership, but its growth became slower 
 in later years. Early ministers were James and John Thompson,. 
 Eastman Taylor, Cozad, Piatt, and White. The church now numbers 
 about forty members. During its life three hundred and sixty-seven 
 persons have been brothers and sisters ; one hundred and twenty-eight 
 children have been baptized. The first trustees were Wm. Bratton^ 
 John Walkup and John Foster. As the writer reverts to 1831 when, 
 at the first election held in Walnut township, but twelve votes were 
 cast although many times twelve men had entered the land, and then 
 shifts the curtain and views the present township, he can but exclaim 
 how great the changes of time ! While his pen could not save all the 
 history of this one spot in space alotted, yet the little dug almost from 
 oblivion will grow in richness as the years prodtice other changes as 
 marvelous as those of the past. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 James M. Seller, attorney, Crawfordsville. James and Mary D, 
 Seller were natives of Virginia and went to Kentucky, then came to 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1827. Mr. Seller had been a captain 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 375 
 
 in the Black Hawk war. He first came in the spring and started the 
 clearing and planted a small crop, then returned to Harrison county, 
 Kentucky, hiring a man to erect a hewn-log cabin of fair size, and two 
 stories high. This cabin is now owned by Marshall H. Seller, east of 
 Orawfordsville. It has been boarded and ceiled. Into this Mr. and 
 Mrs. Seller and four children moved in the fall of 1827. They bought 
 280 acres. Mr. Seller became quite an active man in politics, first as a 
 whig and later a republican. He was county commissioner for several 
 years, and in the winter of 1843-4 he represented the county in the 
 state legislature. He died December 24, 1874, and his wife is still 
 living. He was an elder in the Presbyterian church, of which Mrs. 
 Seller is also a member. 
 
 William A. Seller, son of the above, was born September 20, 1823, 
 in Harrison county, Kentucky. He was married October 10, 1844, to 
 Elizabeth Wilson, who was born IS'ovember 24, 1824, in Miami county, 
 Ohio. They farmed one year in Walnut township, then two years in 
 Franklin township, and in 1849 they bought twenty acres of land, and 
 added to this till they now own 230 acres. Mr. Seller was first a whig, 
 then democrat, and now a national. They have two children : Louisa 
 J., now Mrs. Peterson, and James M. 
 
 James M. Seller was born December 20, 1845,^ in Montgomery 
 connty, Indiana. He derived his education from the common Schools 
 and academy. In 1869 he began the study of law with James McCabe, 
 of Williamsport. He further studied with John M. Butler, of Oraw- 
 fordsville. After studying one year he went to Illinois, where he was 
 engaged in teaching for three years, and at the same time pursued his 
 studies. Returning to Indiana he associated himself with John W. 
 Smith for the practice of his profession, in 1872, in Williamsport. In 
 1874 he located in Orawfordsville, where he has become established. 
 In 1876 he formed a partnership with James Wright, and this firm 
 still continue to do business under the firm name of Wright & Seller. 
 Mr. Seller is a staunch democrat, and in 1880 was a candidate for the 
 state legislature. Mr. Seller was married May. 1, 1877, to Laura 
 Heaton, daughter of James Heaton Sr., one of the oldest settlers in 
 the county. She was born May 1, 1846. They have had two chil- 
 dren : William, born June 9; 1878, and an infant (deceased). The 
 Heatons are related to Gen. W. S. Hancock, and figured in the rev- 
 olution. Mr. Seller is a Mason, and an active temperance worker. 
 Mrs. Seller is a member of the Methodist church. 
 
 Jere Eedenbaugh, farmer, New Ross, was born in Jefferson county, 
 Indiana, May 25, 1824. His father, Henry Redenbaugh, was born in 
 Ohio, and his mother, Mary (Douglas) Redenbaugh, was born in Eng- 
 
376 HISTORY OF MONTOOMBBT COUNTY. 
 
 land, near London, and came to America in 1800 with her parents. 
 Tliey moved from Ohio to Jefferson county, Indiana, and in 1827 came 
 to Montgomery county, bringing three children : Alonzo J., Jere, and 
 Mary. They lived the first year in Scott township, in a house of 
 the rudest description, boards being laid across the sleepers for their 
 bedstead. Leaving Scott township they leased thirty acres for three 
 years of William H. Lynn, in Union township. This they cleared, for 
 which they received $100 in money. With this little purse Mr. 
 Kedenbaugh purchased eighty acres of land in Scott township, upon 
 which they lived till his death, which occurred in 18.55. Mrs. Keden- 
 baugh is still living in Boone county, Indiana, at the advanced age of 
 eighty-one years. She is a member of the United Brethren church. 
 Mr. Eedenbaugh's father and brother were under Harrison in the war 
 of 1812, and his brother George is now a resident of Fountain county, 
 Indiana, and is eighty-seven years old. Mr. Redenbaugh was a dem- 
 ocrat all his life. 
 
 Jere Redenbaugh, son of the above, has spent all his life on the 
 farm. In 1847 he was married to Elizabeth Corn, daughter of Will- 
 iam and Sarah Corn, who came to Montgomery county in 1830, and 
 settled in Scott, then in Clarke township. There Mr. Corn died in 
 1859, and Mrs. Corn in 1874. Mrs. Redenbaugh was born in Ken- 
 tucky. They have six children : Williams, Sarah J., Eliza E., Nancy 
 E., George W., and Andrew. After marrying, Mr. Redenbaugh leased 
 a farm of Isaac Elston, in Union township, on which he lived five 
 years. He then lived one year in Scott township. Remembering 
 that a rolling stone gathers no moss, he purchased forty acres, on which 
 his present commodious house stands. He has been a thoroughly 
 successful farmer, having added to this forty acres till he now has the 
 W. i of S.E. i, and E. i of S.E. J Sec. 28, and twenty acres, the E. ^ 
 of S.W. i of S.W. i Sec. 28. In 1868 he built his present resi- 
 dence, 18X36, with hall 10x36, and kitchen 18x18, all brick; also 
 large barn. He is now in easy circumstances. He is democratic in 
 politics, and a supporter of progressive movements. 
 
 T. A. Brown, school teacher, INTew Ross, was born in Clarke town- 
 ship, Montgomery county, July 19, 1850. His father, William A. 
 Brown, was born in Kentucky, and his mother, Elizabeth (Gose) Brown, 
 in Virginia. William A. came with his parents, when he was a boy, 
 to Montgomery county in 1828, and settled in Clarke township, where 
 his father died the month following their arrival here, and was the first 
 buried in the Davis graveyard. The Goses came to Boone county 
 about 1829, when Elizabeth was small, and in the year following their 
 arrival Mr. Gose died. William A. and Elizabeth some years after 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 377 
 
 were married, and settled on the old homestead, which he bought from 
 bis brothers. There they have tolled in clearing and improving their 
 land, not a stick having been cut before they came. The Indians 
 camped on the creek close by. They are members of the Methodist 
 church. He votes the republican ticket. T. A., the son of William 
 A., for the first twenty-two years of his life lived on the farm, attend- 
 ing the district school as much as possible, spending six months at the 
 'New Ross graded school, which enabled him to secure a certificate 
 authorizing him to teach, which he did for one term. He sought fur- 
 ther instruction at Valparaiso, Indiana, state normal school, teaching in 
 the winter and schooling himself in the summer. His experience of 
 ten terms' teaching well fits him for his present position as principal of 
 the New Ross school. He has always met with success in his work, 
 never leaving a school which he could not reengage. He carries a cer- 
 tificate of the first grade. He taught two years at Colburn, Tippe- 
 canoe county, one session at Transville, and three years in Walnut 
 township. Mr. Brown was married May 14, 1878, to Thalia 'falters, 
 daughter of William and Julia A. (Fritter) Walters. She was Born in 
 Iowa January 19, 1857. Her parents are from Ohio, and now of Car- 
 roll county, Indiana. Her father is a blacksmith. He served three 
 and a half years in the civil war, and is a republican. . Mrs. Brown is 
 assistant teacher in the New E,oss public school, and holds an eighteen- 
 months certificate. She is a member of the Christian church. He is 
 a republican. Mr. and Mrs. Brown are yet young, and the future lies 
 promising before them. 
 
 Andrew J. Eouth, farmer (retired), New Eoss, was born March 4, 
 1816, in Butler county, Ohio, and is a son of Jesse and Nancy (Doug- 
 las) Roilth. Jesse and Nancy Routh were natives of North Carolina, 
 and moved with their parents- to Tennessee, then to Ohio, where they 
 were married. They n«xt moved to Clarke township, Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, arriving September 15, 1828. They settled, on Sec. 
 21, and there, in 1837, Nancy Routh died. Jesse Routh married again, 
 and moved to Boone county, and in 1843 came to Walnut township, 
 this county, where he owned an interest in a small mill just south of 
 what is now New Ross, the first mill in the township. There he died 
 in 1844. He was a democrat, and both he and first wife were members 
 of the Baptist church. His father was wounded in the arm in the 
 revolution. Andrew J. Routh spent his youth with his axe and plow 
 in clearing and stirring the soil. He attended school in the log house^ 
 with oiled paper windows, slab seats, etc., when he could. He learned 
 the carpenter's trade, and worked at that business in connection with 
 farming, but he has farmed more or less all his life till of late years. 
 
378 HISTORY OF MOSTTGOMBRT COUNTY. 
 
 He retired from constant toil on account of inability to labor, caused 
 by a stroke of paralysis. For the past eleven years he has lived in New 
 Koss. Mr. Ronth was married in 1835 to Sarah A. Agee, daughter of 
 Elizabeth Agee, who came to the county about 1834. In 1838 Mr, 
 and Mrs. Eouth moved to Walnut township, and bought a farm of forty 
 acres in Sec. 35 ; sold this afterward and bought a much larger farm in 
 the same section. He has since purchased a house and lot in New 
 Ross. His wife died May 14, 1874. She, with her husband, was a 
 member of the Christian church. Two children, Martha J. and Ace- 
 nith, are deceased. James L. died in the war, after contracting a severe 
 cold in the battle of Nashville. The four living are in "Walnut town- 
 ship. Mr. Eouth has been quite a prominent republican. In his young 
 days he was for many years a constable, and later he has been justice 
 of the peace fourteen years, township trustee three years, and school 
 director for twelve years. When he looks about and beholds the many 
 changes, he is proud that he has been able to contribute in muscle and 
 brain toward the conversion of the wilderness into wheat and corn 
 fields, with here and there a village, school or church. 
 
 John Stipe, farmer, Orth, is a son of Joseph and Mary Ann (Stone) 
 Stipe. Joseph Stipe was a native of Germany, and his wife of Yirginia. 
 He went to Virginia when a child, and went to Kentucky, and was 
 there married. In 1816 he settled in Ripley county, Indiana, and in 
 1829 located in Franklin township, Montgomery county, where he en- 
 tered eighty acres in Sec. 35, and added to the eighty till he owned 
 169 acres, and forty acres in Walnut township. He died in 1858, at 
 the age of seventy years, and his wife followed in 1863, aged seventy- 
 six years. He had served in the war of 1812. John Stipe, son of the 
 above, was born in Ripley county, Indiana, in 1820. He remained at 
 home till thirty years old. In connection with Jonas A. Jones he 
 built a saw-mill in Shannondale, which occiijpied his attention three 
 years. T^e then sold, and bought 160 acres of land. He added to this 
 till he owned 320 acres. He now owns 240 acres, well stocked, a large 
 barn, and a handsome two-story brick dwelling, containing sixteen 
 rooms, e];ected in 1870, at a cost of about $6,500. He is eminent 
 among the successful farmers. In politics he has been a life-long dem- 
 ocrat. He was married in 1853 to Ann Eliza (Higgason) Robins, 
 widow of Jacob Robins, who was married to Ann Eliza Higgason, by 
 whom he had four children : Wm. R. (dead), Mary J., James H. and 
 Sarah A. In 1850, while in Crawfordsville in the doctor's care, he 
 died. He was a member of the Presbyterian church, so, also, was his 
 wife. She was afterward, as stated, married to John Stipe, and is still 
 living. She was born in Kentucky, and came with her parents to 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 379 
 
 Franklin township in 1830, at tlie age of four years. Wm. E. Robins, 
 son of Jacob and Ann Eliza Robins, served in the battles of Fort Don- 
 elson and Pittsburg Landing, was taken sick and died at Evansville, 
 Indiana. The daughters are married and living in Boone county, and 
 James H. was married to Miss L. P. Crawford, of Missouri, and now 
 owns 160 acres of land in Sees. 2 and 3, Walnut township. He has 
 controlled a drain tile factory on his farm for several years. The chil- 
 dren of Mr. and Mrs. Stipe are Joseph W., married in 1874 to Eliza- 
 beth Evans, daughter of Wm. B. and A. A. Evans, of Walnut township. 
 They farm in Boone county. The second son is John W., at home. 
 Mr. ^nd Mrs. Stipe and their parents have contributed their share of 
 toil toward the development of Montgomery county. 
 
 James B. Jessee, farmer (retired), New Ross, was born in Russell 
 county, Virginia, October 13, 1803, *and was the son of Archie and 
 Nancy (Browning) Jessee, both natives of Old Virginia. James 
 studied his books but forty or fifty days, his education being derived 
 by looking over the shoulders of others, and gathering from observa- 
 tion. He adapted himself to any trade, now farming, then carpenter- 
 ing or blacksmithing, or sat on the bench of a shoemaker. Mr. Jes- 
 see was married' in September 1827, to Nancy Candler, daughter of 
 Squire John Candler, of Virginia. She was born in April 1808. In 
 1829 Mr. Jessee, wife and babe, emigrated to Indiana and settled in 
 Montgomery county. His uncle, Wilson Browning, came the same 
 year and entered the land on which New Ross now stands, and Mr. 
 Jessee having nothing but a few household goods and $8 in cash, lived 
 the first year with his uncle, whose wife being lame Mr. Browning pro- 
 posed that Mrs. Jessee keep house, and all life together, which was 
 agreed to by the second party. Some three or four years after, Mr. 
 Jessee received from his brother $60, which was due him, and by put- 
 ting what he had to this and borrowing $20, and paying 120 per cent 
 interest, he purchased eighty acres of land on which he still lives. He 
 has added to his farm till he owned 240 acres. He now lives with 
 his son, I.W. Jessee, on the homestead, about one fourth of a mile south 
 of New Ross. Mr. and Mrs. Jessee had seven children: Martha, 
 Dorothy, Jane, Dosha A., now Mrs. G. T. Dorsey ; Thomas J., who 
 died at Pittsburg Landing, during the late civil war ; James M., now 
 of Aurora, Illinois, who enlisted three times in the civil war ; and I. W., 
 at home. Mr. Jessee has always been a warm whig or republican. 
 He and wife are Methodists. His memory is still fresh, and he re- 
 members well the war of 1812, in which his father was captain of a 
 light horse company. His father was also a member of the Virginia 
 legislature for twelve or fifteen years, and his grandfathers Jessee and 
 
380 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Browning were in the revolution, the latter having been a captain and 
 having lived to be 102 years of age. Mr. Jessee has been a prominent 
 man in his vicinity for fifteen years, and was justice of the peace. 
 In his old age he is a great reader and good converser. His settle- 
 ment of Montgomery county is further noticed in the general history 
 of Walnut township. 
 
 Honorable James H. Harrison, farmer and stock-raiser, Ladoga, 
 was born December 7, 1807, in Shelby county, Kentucky, and is a 
 son of Joshua and Sarah (Paris) Harrison. Sarah Paris was a native 
 of Green count_v, Tennessee. Her father, Eobert Paris, emigrated to 
 Kentucky with the first white family in those regions. Before he 
 died he declared history to be wrong concerning the settlement of 
 Kentucky, asserting that the Boone family were taken sick in East 
 Tennessee when on their way to Kentucky, and that the Kenton fam- 
 ilj"^ moved on and were the first family to winter in that state, the 
 Boones following in the succeeding spring. Eobert Paris was very 
 exact and truthful, and became aroused whenever he read or heard 
 contrary history. He was a soldier in the revolution, and also fought 
 the Indians. He killed at least four Indians, whose scalps he wore to 
 his shot pouch. Joshua Harrison was a native of Maryland, and early 
 accompanied his parents to Kentucky, where he lived in the fort 
 known as Burnt Station, at Beardstown. There he grew to manhood, 
 married, and had a family. In 1829 he and son Robert made a trip 
 to Montgomery county, Indiana, and entered 240 acres of land two 
 miles west of Ladoga. He returned to Kentucky, and in January 
 1830 James H. joined his brother Bobert in the wilds of Montgom- 
 ery, and put in a crop. In the following fall he made two trips 
 to his native state, and aided in moving the family to their new 
 home. There were eleven children. They lived on that farm until 
 1854, when the mother of the family was thrown from a buggy and 
 killed. This sad event made a change. Joshua Harrison made his 
 home with his daughter, Mrs. Senator Harney, of Ladoga, where he 
 died August 8, 1870, aged ninety years, two months and two days. 
 He had fought in the war of 1812-15, and represented the county in 
 1840 in the legislature. He was whig and republican, never having 
 voted for but one democrat, Thomas Jefferson. He professed Chris- 
 tianity but never united with the church. His wife was a Methodist. 
 Nine of their children are living. James H. Harrison, the principal 
 subject of this sketch, was married July 26, 1833, to Elizabeth, 
 daughter of George and Bebecca (Kelley) Watkins, early settlers of 
 Scott township. She was a native of Montgomery county, Ohio. 
 After marriage Mr. and Mrs. Harrison settled four miles east of La- 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 381 
 
 doga, where he worked at $8 per montli, and bought the first eighty 
 acres. In three years he sold out, and in 1836 bought the S.E. ^ of 
 Sec. 31, Walnut township, of John Pottenger, where he still lives. 
 He has 860 acres in the home farm, seventy-five acres in Vermilion 
 county, Illinois, 240 acres of well-improved land in Kansas, and has 
 given to five children one and one-fourth sections, and to another $1,000 
 in cash. Mr. Harrison has dealt very extensively in stock, especially 
 in mules, during the last thirty years. He has paid out as high as 
 $50,000 a year for stock. He at one time owned a flat-boat, which he 
 run down to New Orleans, and met Abraham Lincoln in the same 
 business, his first acquaintance with the then future president. He was 
 a whig, and east his first vote for J^ Q. Adams. He has traveled ex- 
 tensively through the south. In 1843— 44 he represented Montgomery 
 county in the state legislature. He was a member of the session in 
 which Hon. G. S. Orth and Gov. Williams received their first experi- 
 ence. He has attended all the political conventions held in the dis- 
 trict, except two, and takes an active part in the campaigns, never tir- 
 ing till the victory is won or lost. Like his father, he has aided- all 
 measures of a progressive nature. His wife, for so many years his 
 helpmate, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, died March 
 2, 1879, at the age of seventy years, five months and twenty-seven 
 days. They had eleven children: Kobert W., Charles B. (dead), 
 John K. (dead), Wm. C. (dead), Joshua P., James H. Jr. (dead), 
 Thomas H., Sarah E.., Louisa J. (dead), Mary E. (dead), and Carrie S. 
 Four sons, Kobert W., John K., Joshua P. and Thomas H. served in 
 the civil war, Joshua P. having been eight months in Andersouville 
 prison, and at Savannah, Charleston, and Florence. . Mr. Harrison was 
 a home-guard. Eight of his children he has graduated at school. His 
 second marriage took place August 26, 1880, to Mrs. Sarah (Zirkle) 
 Rpbinson. 
 
 Bainbridge Hall was a distant relative of Commodore Bainbridge, 
 after whom he was named. He served under Jackson at New Orleans 
 and in the war of 1812. He married Polly Nichols. Both were na- 
 tives of Yirginia and in early times went to Kentucky. There the 
 slavery spirit became bitterly odious to Mr. Hall, and he sought a 
 home in Indiana. He made several trips through this section, but was 
 not pleased with the outl&ok. Finally he moved his family in 1831, 
 and settled on a part of Sec. 16, T. 17, R. 3 W., or what is Brown town- 
 ship, on which he took a lease. In 1834 he entered 80 acres in Sec. 15, 
 and soon added a few acres more. He also entered 400 acres in Wal- 
 nut township for his children. There, on the Browu township home- 
 stead, Mr. and Mrs. Hall lived and experienced all the hardships and 
 
382 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 privations together with the peculiar pleasures of frontier life. Mr. 
 Hall was very strong in whig principles, and outspoken in favor ot 
 tariflF. He and wife were members of the Kegular Baptist church. 
 Mr. Hall died September 6, 1855, and was followed fifteen days later 
 by his helpmate of so many years. Their family numbered ten chil- 
 dren: Anderson, who died December 14, 1876; Elizabeth and H. H., 
 now of "Walnut township; Sarah, now Mrs. Harris, of N"ebraska ; John 
 E., of Union township ; William B., of Clinton, Illinois ; Francis, who 
 died at the age of twenty-five years ; Benjamin, who died at the age 
 of twenty-three years ; Y. P., of Brown township ; Samuel Q., of "Wal- 
 nut township, and Mary E., dead. 
 
 H. H. Hall was born in Kentucky, September 13, 1812. His life 
 has been spent on the farm. He remained at home until after his ma- 
 jority, then worked out by the month. On March 24, 1840, he was 
 married to Catharine "Wasson, daughter of Alex, and Jane Was- 
 son, who came to Montgomery county about 1826. Mrs. Hall was 
 born April 10, 1814, in Shelby county, Kentucky, also the nativity of 
 her husband. Mr. and Mrs. Hall settled on their farm which his 
 father had entered. This farm embraced the "W. ^ of S.W. i Sec. 32. 
 They began the task of hewing a farm from the dense timber, and the 
 exceedingly wet ground made this no easy task. He afterward 
 bought 40 acres more, being the N.W.'J of N"."W. ^ Sec. 32. He has 
 also built a good house and barn. In politics Mr. Hall is an out- 
 spoken republican. Mr. and Mrs. Hall are earnest members of the 
 old Regular Baptist church. They have had eight children : Mary 
 J., James A., deaf and insane; Benjamin F., Sarah E., Louisa E., 
 Alex. B., Robert S. One child, Emily, is deceased. 
 
 Samuel Q. Hall, farmer, Ladoga, son of Bainbridge and Polly 
 (Nichols) Hall, was born September 8, 1828, in Shelby county, Ken- 
 tucky. He came while very young, accompanied by his parents, to 
 Montgomery county, and since his arrival has lived here, with the 
 exception of about nine months in 1856, which he spent in Iowa. 
 He owns 190 acres, for 110 of which he paid his father $400, and 
 for 80 which he subsequently purchased he paid $1,600. His land 
 comprises the E. ^ of S.E. J Sec. 32 and 30 acres of the south end 
 of E. i of KE. i Sec. 32; also the E. ^ of S.E. i Sec. 32. Mr. 
 Hall was married September 8, 1857, to Martha Hall, of Monroe 
 county, Indiana. Slie was born February 1, 1830. They have four 
 children : Mary E., Anderson N^. Amanda F. and Benjamin H. Mr. 
 Hall is a thorough republican and a successful farmer. He looks back 
 to the time when his mother chopped the frozen meal from the sack 
 just brought from the distant mill by his brothers, and mixed it with 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 383 
 
 water, then baked and gave it him and the others to eat. Those were 
 early times and he notes the change. 
 
 David Spohr (deceased) was born in Augusta county, Virginia, 
 iFebruary 7, 1802. His parents were Pennsylvanians. Mr. Spohr 
 was married to Selena J. Foster, daughter of "Wm. and Mary A. Fos- 
 ter, the former a native of Virginia, and the latter of Maryland, and 
 their, fathers came from Ireland. In 1832 Mr. and Mrs. Spohr came 
 to Montgomery county, Indiana, bringing two children, Nancy J. and 
 John. Here they entered the E. i of S.E. i Sec. 10, T. 18, E. 3W, pat- 
 ent signed by Andrew Jackson. They soon built a fashionable cabin, 
 and settled amid all the privations and hardships, beginning with but 
 $80. Mr. Spohr died July 1, 1878. He and his wife were Presbyter- 
 ians. In the early Jackson days he was a democrat, but when Jack- 
 son vetoed the Bank bill Mr. Spohr became a bitter whig and later a 
 more bitter republican. Mrs. Spohr still lives on the place at an ad- 
 vanced age. John Spohr, second child of the above, was born in 
 Eockbridge cotinty, Virginia, December 4, 1831, and was eight 
 months old when his parents brought him to the wilds of Montgom- 
 ery county. In his boyhood the axe, maul, wedge and hoe were his 
 daily companions. Three months in a year were supposed to be set 
 apart for his education, but were a load of wood wanted, or milling to 
 be done, it was, "John, I suppose you better stay out of school to- 
 day." When eighteen years of age he was allowed to begin for him- 
 self. He first worked for Jonathan Martin at $9 per month. With 
 his little earnings he was enabled to attend school at the Quaker insti- 
 tution at Darlington, through the spring, summer and fall. He then 
 taught three months in the Detrick log school-house in Franklin town- 
 ship, for which he received $50. In the winter of 1852-3 he taught 
 three months for $60, in the school-house on S.E. corner of Sec. 14, 
 Walnut township, then went again to the Quaker school. He was 
 prevented from farther teaching by ill health, and his eyes would not 
 allow him to study. Mr. Spohr made a trip west, and invested his 
 earnings in lands till he owned 480 acres. In 1871 he bought his pres- 
 ent home farm of 100 acres for $5,000. He paid $2,000 down, and 
 good crops and fortunate sales of western lands paid the other $3,000, 
 so that now he has a good farm, also pleasant $800 house clear from 
 all encumbrances. His farm comprises the W. -J of S.W. ^ Sec. 11 and 
 S. i of S.W. i of ]Sr.W. i Sec. 11. He also owns 160 acres in Shaw- 
 nee county, Kansas, which overlooks the capital of that state. Mr. 
 Spohr was married July 27, 1876, to Mrs. Catharine (Kouth) Inlow, 
 daughter of A. J. and Sarah A. Routh, early settlers in Walnut town- 
 ship. She was born January 9, 1843, in a little log cabin on the 
 
384 
 
 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY OOUNTY. 
 
 banks of Kaccoon creek. "When married to Mr. Spohr she had two 
 children by her first husband : Ida B. Inlow and James I. Inlow. 
 They also have one boy, left in the care of Mr. Spohr at the death of 
 the mother ; this is Henry F. James. Mrs. Spohr with her daughter 
 is a member of the Christian church. Mr. Spohr is a Mason, also a 
 member of the anti-horse thief association. He is one of the warmest, 
 republicans in the county, and a successful farmer. 
 
 William J. Inlow, farmer, New Koss, was born December 6,1833, 
 in Montgomery county, Indiana, near Ladoga. His parents, Abra- 
 ham and Susan (Sparks) Inlow, were natives of Kentucky, and came 
 to Montgomery county in the fall of 1828, and settled on 160 acres 
 of land two miles northeast of the present site of Ladoga. The land 
 is now owned by G. G. Myers. On that farm they toiled to change- 
 it to productive soil, and there they listened to the howl of the wolf. 
 November 28, 1857, Mrs. Inlow closed her toils on earth, and was 
 buried on the farm. April 16, 1860, Mr. Inlow passed away, and 
 was buried near his wife. They were both members of the Ohristian 
 church. He had been a whig, but in his last days he was a strong 
 republican. When war threatened, he was called away, and among 
 his last words when talking to his sons, were "Boys, be true to your 
 country." His father was in the war of 1813. William J. Inlow 
 spent his life on the farm till the spring of 1866. March If, 1866, 
 he was married to Miss Emarine Sparks, daughter of William and 
 Catharine Sparks, of Kentucky. She was born November 2, 1833. 
 Her parents were leading farmers of Nicholas county, Kenvucky. 
 April 1, 1866, Mr. Inlow settled in Yalley City, now New Eoss. 
 Then there were seven cabins and no store. Mr. Inlow baught a 
 small stock of goods, and first used a wood shed as a store, then in 
 the following spring moved into his new store-building. Mr. In'ow's 
 improvements to the town are fully mentioned in the general his^tory 
 of tlie town. He has continued to live here, and for some years has 
 resided in the suburbs on his pleasant farm. When the Anderson, 
 Lebanon & St. Louis railroad was projected Mr. Inlow was appoint- 
 ed solicitor for stock and right-of-way for Montgomery and Bo- 
 counties. He was also school trustee. Mr. and Mrs. Inlow have 
 but one child, Eddie, born December 1$, 1866, in New Eoss. Mrs. 
 Inlow is a member of the Christian church. Mr. Inlow is a repub- 
 lican. He now oversees his farm, not being strong enough to do 
 much work. He has seen rapid changes in New Ross and surround- 
 ing country since 1866. 
 
 Wm. W. Ward, farmei-. Mace, was born February 16, 1835, in 
 Union township, Montgomery county, Indiana, and is a son of Uzal 
 
^d^a-u-iLel^ qyvt^cnAi 
 
384 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 banks of Eaccoon creek. "When married to Mr. Spohr she had two- 
 children by her first husband : Ida B. Inlow and James I. Inlow. 
 They also have one boy, left in the care of Mr. Spohr at the death of 
 tlie mother; this is Henry F. James. Mrs. Spohr with her daughter 
 is a member of the Christian church. Mr. Spohr is a Mason, also a 
 member of the anti-horse thief association. He is one of the warmest 
 republicans in the county, and a successful farmer. 
 
 William J. Inlow, farmer, New Koss, was born December 6,1833, 
 in Montgomery county, Indiana, near Ladoga. His parents, Abra- 
 ham and Susan (Sparks) Inlow, were natives of Kentucky, and came 
 to Montgomery county in the fall of 1828, and settled on 160 acres 
 of land two miles northeast of the present site of Ladoga. The land 
 is now owned by G. G. Myers. On that farm they toiled to change 
 it to productive soil, and there they listened to the howl of the wolf. 
 November 23, 1857, Mrs. Inlow closed her toils on earth, and was 
 buried on the farm. April 16, 1860, Mr. Inlow passed away, and 
 was buried near his wife. They were both members of the Christian 
 church. He had been a whig, but in his last days he was a strong 
 republican. When war threatened, he was called away, and among 
 his last words when talking to his sons, were " Boys, be true to your 
 country." His father was in the war of 1812. William J. Inlow 
 spent his life on the farm till the spring of 1866. March If, 1866, 
 he was married to Miss Emarine Sparks, daughter of William and 
 Catharine Sparks, of Kentucky. She was born November 2, 1833. 
 Her parents were leading farmers of Nicholas county, Kenvucky. 
 April 1, 1866, Mr. Inlow settled in Yalley City, now New Uoss. 
 Then there were seven cabins and no store. Mr. Inlow bonght a 
 small stock of goods, and first used a wood shed as a store, then in 
 the following spring moved into his new store-building. Mr. In^ow's 
 improvements to the town are fully mentioned in the general history 
 of the town. He has continued to live here, and for some years has 
 resided in the suburbs on his pleasant farm. When the Anderson, 
 Lebanon & St. Louis railroad was projected Mr. Inlow was appoint- 
 ed solicitor for stock and right>of-way for Montgomery and Boi 
 counties. He was also school trustee. Mr. and Mrs. Inlow have 
 but one child, Eddie, born December 15, 1866, in New Eoss. Mrs. 
 Inlow is a member of the Christian church. Mr. Inlow is a repub- 
 lican. He now oversees his farm, not being strong enough to do 
 much work. He has seen rapid changes in New Eoss and surround- 
 ing country since 1866. 
 
 Wm. W. Ward, farmer. Mace, was born February 16, 1836, in 
 Union township, Montgomery county, Indiana, and is a son of Uzal 
 

 ^d^a^u<al^ gyiyunAi 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 385 
 
 and Lydia (Lafuse) Ward. His parents came from Union county, 
 Indiana, to Montgomery county about 1834 and settled southeast ot 
 Crawfordsville, where they bought 160 acres of land. There they 
 spent their remaining years. Mr. "Ward was born in 1801, in Ohio, 
 and died May 8, ISYY, and Mrs. Ward was born 1802, in Union 
 county, Indiana, and died July Y, 1870. They were widely known, 
 and did much toward developing the soil and increasing the pros- 
 perity of the county. They were earnest christian people, and mem- 
 bers of the Presbyterian church. Mr. Ward was a democrat, then 
 a republican. His elder brothers were in the war of 1812. In their 
 family were eight children: James, Julia A., Samuel J., Wm. W. 
 and Mary E. Alfred, John L. and Elizabeth deceased. William W. 
 when nineteen years old began life for himself. For some years lie 
 farmed the home place. In 1857 he bought twenty-six and two-thirds 
 acres of land adjoining his father's. He sold this and bought seventy 
 acres near Shannondale. He then traded for the farm of eighty-two 
 acres on which he now lives, and has added to his possessions until 
 he now owns the W. i of S.W. i Sec. 6, and E. i of IST.W. i Sec. 7, 
 and W. i of IST.W. i Sec. 33. He enlisted in August 1862, in Co. 
 K, 86 Ind. Inf., under Col. George F. Dick. He was engaged at 
 Chickamauga, Mission Ridge, all the battles in the Atlantic cam- 
 paign ; was at Franklin and Ifashville, and was discharged in June 
 1865, when he returned to the quiet pursuit of farming. He was 
 married December 31, 1857, to Mary A. Lina, daughter of William 
 H. and Eliza Linn, early settlers of Montgomery county. They have 
 two children : Lillia F. and Eliza J. Mr. and Mrs. Ward are mem- 
 bers of the Methodist Episcopal church, fle has been a life-long 
 and staunch republican, and is to-day one of the successful farmers 
 of the county. 
 
 Samuel Imel was born in Virginia, and Susan Imel, his wife, was 
 a native of l^orth Carolina. They emigrated to Ohio in an early day, 
 then to Wayne county, Indiana, and in 1836 settled on the JST.-J of IST. 
 W. i Sec. 31, and E. | of S.W. J Sec. 30, Walnut township, Montgom- 
 ery county, Indiana. This farm they improved. Mr. Imel died in 
 1861, at the age of sixty-one years, and his wife departed to her rest 
 in 1871, aged seventy years. Mr. Imel was an early whig, and later a 
 democrat. Mrs. Imel was a member of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church, and a consistent christian lady. Their children numbered 
 seven, three of whom are living : one in Iowa, one in Boone county, 
 Indiana, and Frederick Imel, a resident of Walnut township, and 
 subject of this sketch. He was born January 8, 1828, in Wayne 
 county, Indiana, and came while young to Montgomery county. Here 
 35 
 
386 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 he attended the pioneer log school and learned to cypher a little,, 
 but his education was mostly derived from sources outside the 
 school-room. He has made farming his life-work. Mr. Imel was 
 married in 1854, to Martha J. Harris. They have had two children : 
 Samuel S., now a young man, and a babe (deceased). They are 
 members of the Methodist church. Mr. Imel is independent in poli- 
 tics. They have seen great changes in their years, and have con- 
 tributed their toil toward the present development. 
 
 Thomas E. Harris, farmer, New Eoss, is one of the old settlers 
 of Walnut township, and has been among her most prominent 
 citizens. Mr. Harris was born September 16, 1804, in Buckingham 
 county, Virginia. His father, James Harris, was a native of the 
 same place, and became a leading planter, and was a life-long demo- 
 crat. He died in 1853 at an advanced age. His father, Jolin Har- 
 ris, and grandfather to Thomas E'., fought in the revolution, and 
 was at Yorktown when Cornwallis surrendered. The Pendletons 
 and Freemans, famous in Yirginia, are relatives of the Harrises. 
 The mother of Thomas E., Ellen (Staples) Plarris, was an amiable 
 woman, and died in 1835 from sorrow at losing her son while he was 
 at medical college at Philadelphia. ^ Thomas E. Harris was raised 
 on the Yirginia farm. At the age of twenty-two, in 1820, he was 
 married to Rebecca Powers, and raised nine children, four of whom 
 are living, and following successful occupations and upright lives, 
 which is very gratifying to their father. These four children ai-c : 
 John F., James S., Mary A. and Martha E. In 1836, in the fall, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Harris, with their family, emigrated to Montgomery 
 county and settled in Walnut township, where he now lives. He 
 bought ninety-five acres of the N.W. -^ of Sec. 25. Here he built a 
 cabin and proceeded to prepare for future years. Many were his 
 privations and hardships, yet happiness and love reigned within the 
 cabin of round logs for six years. About 1842 Mr. Harris built a 
 hewn log house, and was very particular to make it "neat." The 
 bricks he moulded and. burned for the chimney. This house was 
 18x24, "with upstairs," and two rooms below. This was his habi- 
 tation for sixteen years. He then erected a fine f^ame house, 18 x 30, 
 with ell 16 X 18, two stories. In 1868 he lost this by fire, yet, noth- 
 ing daunted, he built his present commodious dwelling, 28x33, two 
 stories, at a cost of about $2,000. He has added to his original 
 ninety-five acres till he now owns 381 acres, besides having given 
 some away. Soon after coming to the township he was elected jus- 
 tice of the peace and afterward served as township trustee and in- 
 spector of elections. In 1850 and 1851 Mr. Harris represented 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 387 
 
 Montgomery county in the legislature and was offered the nomina- 
 tion again, but refused. He has been a life-long democrat and has 
 been respected by both parties. His contributions to church pur- 
 poses and benevolent causes have been liberal, and his life has been 
 one of uprightness and integrity. He has been a member of the 
 Baptist church for many years, also church clerk. Mr. Harris has 
 been three times married. His first wife, who shared his early toils, 
 died in 1853, aged forty-four years, and rests in the Pisgah grave- 
 yard. He next married Mrs. George, an estimable lady, who died 
 in 1862. His last wedding took place in latter part of 1862, to 
 Mary Johnson, daughter of Clement and Nancy Johnson, old set- 
 tlers of Montgomery county. There are two children by the last 
 union: Virginia J., born July 30, 1863, and Eobert E., born June 
 30, 1876. Mr. Harris appears quite prominent in the general his- 
 tory of the township. Perhaps no man has done more toward de- 
 veloping Walnut township than has Mr. Harris. 
 
 Robert B. Green, attorney, New E.oss, was born April 30, 1836, in 
 Miami county, Ohio, and is the son of George W. and Mary (Hen- 
 dricks) Green. His father was born in Pennsylvania and his mother 
 in Noj'th Carolina. They were farmers and Baptists. E. B. Green 
 was raised on the farm till nineteen years of age. He then attended 
 the Tippecanoe, Ohio, Academy, from which he graduated in 1856 
 in the scientific course. He paid his own school expenses by work- 
 ing mornings, evenings and Saturdays, thus mixing muscular toil 
 with mental exercise. Leaving school he engaged in the manufac- 
 ture of lumber, which he followed more or less till 1873. In the mean- 
 time he also taught school eight winters. In 1873 Mr. Green be- 
 gan the study of law with R. B. F. Peii'ce, of Crawfordsville, with 
 whom he was associated till 1880, when he became connected with 
 M. W. Bruner. He settled in ISTew Ross in 1872, where he prac- 
 ticed in connection with study. He is rapidly establishing an ex- 
 tensive practice in the different avenues of his profession. He now 
 owns two houses and three lots in New Ross. During the dark 
 days of the rebellion Mr. Green was not asleep. In 1862 he en- 
 listed in the hundred-days service, and in 1864 he reenlisted for one 
 year, when he staid till the close of the war. He was at the battle 
 of Rich Mountain, Kentucky, and some minor skirmishes. During 
 the last year he became cook in the hospital at Indianapolis, then 
 steward, and finally sergeant. For years he has been a member of 
 the order of Odd-Fellows. Mr. Green was married in 1863 to 
 Martha Caldwell, of Boone county. She died June 20, 1878, and 
 is buried at Shannondale, Montgomery county. She left three chil- 
 
388 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 dren: Viola M., Fanny E. and Carrie J. Mrs. Green, with her 
 husband, was a member of the Christian church. Mr. Green is a 
 solid republican. He is town clerk, and town attorney, and notary 
 public. 
 
 Harrison Linn, deceased, was born Norember 4, 1813, in Butler 
 county, Ohio. He was there married to Eliza Corrington, of Butler 
 county, also. About 1S37 Mr. and Mrs. Linn emigrated to Mont- 
 gomery county, and bought land east of Fredericksburg, two miles. 
 Selling this they purchased 160 acres in Sec. 6, "Walnut township. 
 By patient toil and economy 266 acres were their possessions when 
 Mr. Linn died, June 6, 1877. He was buried at Oak Hill Ceme- 
 tery. All his life he had been an energetic, progressive man, sup- 
 porting liberally all measures he thought profitable to the county 
 or township. He was a prominent member of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal church, and a warm republican, but never sought office. His 
 father was a revolutionary soldier, whose last words upon leaving 
 home for the war of Independence were, slapping his hand on his 
 thigh, "Here goes for liberty." He and wife, James and Ella 
 Linn, were Pennsylvanians. From such parents Harrison received 
 his birthright, which has been transmitted to his children. Mrs. 
 Linn, now lives with her son, George W. Linn. George W. was 
 born January 4, 1855, in "Walnut township, on the homestead. He 
 has made farming his life work. He was married February 27, 
 1877, to Jennie Freeman, daughter of Samuel and Lucy Freeman, of 
 Mace, Indiana. She was born March 17, 1858. They have one 
 child, Ethel. Both are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 He is a republican, also a member of the Knights of Pythias and 
 Good Templars. Mrs. Linn's parents came to Montgomery county 
 when young and settled with their parents in Union township, 
 Montgomery county. Her father is a native of Iowa, and her 
 mother of Kentucky. They moved to Mace in 1874 and are Method- 
 ists. 
 
 J. C. Martin, merchant, Mace, was born February 22, 1842, on 
 the old homestead. Evi Martin, his father, was born February 20, 
 1796, on Mill creek, ten miles north of Cincinnati. About 1806 his 
 parents moved to Lebanon, Ohio, and lived there five years, then in 
 Troy, Ohio, till 1827. He was married August 19, 1819, to Ann 
 Mills. She was born October 4, 1799, near Lebanon, Ohio. In 
 1827 Mr. and Mrs. Martin turned their faces west toward Indiana 
 and arrived at his father's house in Union township, Montgomery 
 county, November 26, 1827. Mr. Martin soon entered the S. i of 
 S."W. i Sec. 7, and N. i N.W. i Sec. 18, T. 18, E. 3 W., what was 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 389 
 
 afterward called Walnut township. About the middle of December 
 he built a cabin, made a bedstead of two poles, one post, two augur- 
 holes, and bed-cord brought with them. February 4, 1828, the 
 family moved into their new abode, the fifth cabin built in the town- 
 ship. Mr. Martin was soon attacked with a light fo'rm of asthma, 
 and for three continuous years he was unable to lie down to sleep. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Martin, by energy and economy, gathered a com- 
 petency for old age. In 1854 tliey moved to Linn county, Iowa, 
 where they remained till 1865. They then sold and returned to In- 
 diana and lived with their son, J. M. Martin, till June 1867, then 
 went agal*i to Iowa, to their son Samuel, in Mahaska county. After 
 one year they lived with their son Isaac, at Center Point, Iowa, till 
 June 6, 1871, when they again returned to Indiana to make their 
 permanent home with J. M. Martin. In their old days Mr. Martin 
 sold his place and put his money, over $3,200, in a bank ; the bank 
 failing, the savings of a lifetime were lost, a severe stroke to the old 
 people. In 1830 they united with the Regular Baptist church, and 
 were baptized by Rev. John Lee, the first Baptist preacher of their 
 region, and Mr. Martin's house became a favorite place for pioneer 
 worship. In his prime days Mr. Martin supported whig principles, 
 but later became a radical republican. Mr. and Mrs. Martin are the 
 oldest people in Walnut township, and have lived together in happi- 
 ness for sixty-one years. They sent six sons to the civil war, all of 
 whom returned. J. C. Martin was educated mostly in the field, and 
 in 1854 went with his parents to Iowa. June 25, 1861, he enlisted 
 in Co. C,'5th Iowa, under Capt. John L. Grubb. He fought in about 
 twenty battles') and was neither hurt nor captured. He was always 
 present when his regiment was engaged. A few of the battles in 
 which he took part are luka, Corinth, Champion Hill, all the battles 
 in the rear of Vicksburg. At Yicksburg Mr. Martin made himself 
 famous among his company by an act of bravery. A volunteer was 
 called for to reconnoiter the enemy's position, and Mr. Martin im- 
 mediately stepped forward. Twice he examined their positions and 
 reported, and explained the mode in which the charge should be 
 made, declaring the charge possible. So near to the enemy was he 
 that there were a thousand chances of his being shot to one of his safe 
 return. The charge was ordered, but the captain being killed the 
 sergeant refused to make the charge, whereupon he was threatened 
 with death from Martin's gun, and the arms of another. Just then 
 orders came not to go. The cowardly sergeant was reduced to the 
 rakns, and J. C. Martin promoted to the place. In a letter written 
 by an officer of that day, in years since, appear these words regarding 
 
390 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 the daring deed: "Had that act been done under the eye of a Na- 
 poleon, the actor would have worn a marshal's cross." Mr. Martin 
 was also at Mission Kidge. He made two trips north on recruiting 
 service, a veteran furlough. "Was in the rear at Atlanta, also was at 
 Franklin, Nashville, Spring Hill, and Pulaski. In the meantime the 
 5th Inf. had been transferred to the 5th Iowa Cav., and under Gen. 
 Wilson he was in Wilson's raid. August 17, 1865, Mr. Martin was 
 discharged. He returned to Iowa, and in 1865 came to Montgomery 
 county, Indiana. He farmed in Franklin township till 1873, when he 
 engaged in general merchandising in Mace, which he still follows. In . 
 1880 he erected a very fine residence in Ma-ce, costing about $1,800. 
 Mr. Martin was married Januarp 21, 1869, to Miranda Hutchings^ 
 of Franklin township, this county. She was born in Union county^ 
 Indiana, September 16, 1849. They have three children : Elmer G., 
 Everet J. E., and Arthur J. Mr. and Mrs. Martin are Methodists. 
 He is thoroughly republican. 
 
 James K. Everson, proprietor of New Ross saw-mill, New EosSj 
 was born August 26, 1847, in Union township, Montgomery county, 
 Indiana. His father, George W. Everson, was born in Pennsyl- 
 vania, August 28, 1807, and his mother. Each el (Hankins) Everson, 
 was born in Ohio in 1808, and died in Montgomery county, Indiana, 
 April 2, 1877. They were farmers and came to Montgomery county 
 abont 1832, and settled near Crawfordsville. Mr. Everson still lives 
 in Union township at the age of seventy-three. He has been a close 
 adherent to the democracy all his life. -He is a member of the 
 Christian church, so also was his wife. James K. Everson, son of 
 the above, and subject of this sketch, was raised on a farm and 
 worked for his father till eighteen years of age, when his father gave 
 him his time, and he took charge of the home farm, which he tilled 
 on the shares for eight years. Leaving home he became a partner 
 in the saw-mill at Mace with Eli Meiser, where he remained two 
 years, then bought the saw-mill at Beckville. In October, 1877, he 
 traded for the saw-mill at New Eoss, which he owns. Here he 
 employs six men in the mill, also from six to twelve hands with 
 teams, hauling logs, besides choppers. He manufactures all kinds 
 of hardwood lumber native to the forest of the region. He ships 
 very largely to Bloomington, Illinois. Mr. Everson began the 
 world's battle poor and with but little education, but with care and 
 by industry he has thus far well succeeded. In 1880 he finished a 
 pleasant dwelling in New Eoss, at that time the best in the town. 
 He is strictly democratic in politics. He was married November 2, 
 1868, to Hannah Everson, daughter of Stephen M. and Sarah (Hor- 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 391 
 
 ton) Everson, of Ohio. Slie was born in Ohio, September 2, 1852. 
 They have one child, Sadie, born December 6, 1870. Mrs. Everson 
 is a member of the Christian church. 
 
 Kobert Finch, farmer and tile manufacturer, Mace, is a son of 
 Henry and Sarah (Swindle) Finch. Henry Fineli was a native of 
 Tennessee, and bis v?ife was born in Yirgiaia. In an early day they 
 emigrated to Union county, Indiana. There he died in 1847, aged 
 fifty-five years, and she came to Montgomery county, where she died 
 in 1858, aged fifty-five years. Mr. Finch paid but little attention to 
 politics. Mrs. Finch was a member of the Christian church. Robert 
 Finch was born in Union county, Indiana, March 16, 1829. He 
 lived there till 1848, when he came to Montgomery county. He 
 first squatted for about two months near the spot on which school 
 No. 3 now stands. Then two years on the land on which the cen- 
 tral school is now located. He made several more moves in the 
 vicinity of Crawfordsville, but^ concluding that a renter's fortune 
 would ever be extremely small he purchased, in 1866, 160 acres, the 
 S.E. i of Sec. 20, paying $1,100. In 1858 he sold, and bought 160 
 acres in Sees. 5 and 8, for which he paid f2,500. Since then he has 
 sold and bought till at present he owns a good farm of 180 acres. 
 He has increased the value of his farm by erecting a large dwelling, 
 40x40, two stories high. He also controls the tile factory on his 
 place, and receives liberal patronage. He has handled a great deal 
 of stock, and now feeds the greater part of his produce. He received 
 but little schooling, yet has a practical knowledge of business, trans- 
 acting not only his own but much for other people. He is solidly 
 democratic, and in 1880 was nominated for county commissioner on 
 the ticket of his party. In 1851 Mr. Finch was married to Christiana 
 Hipes,. of Montgomery county. Mrs. Finch died April 13, 1876, 
 leaving a family of five children. Mr. Finch was next married to 
 Isarelda Cason, daughter of Wm. and Martha Caspn, of Walnut 
 township. She was born in Union county, Indiana. 
 
 Isaac N". Miller, farmer and stock raiser, New -Ross, was born in 
 Greene county, Ohio, December 13, 1826. He is a son of Robert 
 and Hannah (White) Miller, both natives of Pennsylvania. Robert 
 Miller's father, Isaac N., and mother were born in England, and emi- 
 grated to America prior to the revolution, in which war he was a 
 captain. Mrs. Hannah (White) Miller's parents were born in Ire- 
 land. The Whites are descendants of the old Scotch Covenanters, 
 and drifted into United Presbyterianism. Robert and Hannah came 
 to Greene county, Ohio, about 1806. There they farmed till death. 
 He died in 1833, and she in 1834. At the age of nineteen years 
 
392 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Isaac N. worked on the farm, then began carpentering, which he fol- 
 lowed for about twelve years. In 1848 Mr. Miller traveled westward, 
 and stopped at Ladoga, where he followed his trade. March 8, 1°**^' 
 Mr. Miller was married to ISTancy A. Corn, daughter of William and 
 Sarah E. (Allen) Corn, and cousin of the Hon. Joseph Allen (de- 
 ceased), of Montgomery county. She was born October 26, 1829, in 
 Montgomery county, whither her parents had come about the year 
 1828. About 1857 Mr. Miller purchased about eighty acres of land 
 in Sec. 33, Walnut township, and became a farmer, in which occu- 
 pation he has been eminently successful. He has added to his first 
 eighty acres till now he owns 266J acres. A stately residence cost- 
 ing $3,000 and a large barn add great value to the well cultivated 
 farm. He keeps a great deal of stock, and, as asserted by the ap- 
 praiser, his farm is the second best in Walnut township. In politics 
 Mr. Miller is true and outspoken. He was rocked in a whig cradle, 
 and has ever sought to perpetuate the principles of republicanism. 
 He has been an Odd-Fellow since 1849, and is also a Knight of 
 Pythias. He and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist church. 
 They have four children: John W., George A., Henry A. and Ben- 
 jamin F. 
 
 James G. Johnson, merchant, Mace, was born Septembr 1, 183V, 
 in Butler county, Ohio, and is the son of Jesse R. and Mary 
 (Wheat) Johnson. Jesse Johnson was a native of Butler county, 
 Ohio, and a farmer and butcher, and kept hotel, etc. He also filled 
 the offices of township trustee and assessor. He was a strong demo- 
 crat all his life, and died in 1873. He was a resident of Walnut 
 township from 1856 till 1863, when he moved to Hendricks county, 
 where he died. His wife, Mary (Wheat) Johnson, was a native of 
 the island of Mackinaw, and now lives in Hendricks county. Her 
 grandfather Wheat, also Mr. Johnson** grandfather, were in the 
 war of 1812 and were wounded. James G. Johnson spent his youth 
 in the town school at Westchester, Ohio, till seventeen years old. 
 He came with his -parents to Walnut township in 1855 and followed 
 the plow till about 1877, when he engaged in merchandising in 
 Fredericksburg, and also in loaning money to some extent. He 
 Btill sells a general line of goods in Mace and does a fair trade. Mr. 
 Johnson is quite a prominent democrat. He has been township 
 trustee and assessor, and represented Montgomery county in the 
 legislature in the regular and special sessions of 1869. He again 
 made the i-ace in 1874, but was beaten by P. S. Kennedy, of Craw- 
 fordsville. He has been clerk in the Presbyterian church, also 
 elder. His parents were members of the same church. He was 
 
WALlfUT TOWNSHIP. 893 
 
 married, June 1, 1858, to Mary J. Loop, daughter of Andrew and 
 Elizabeth (Airheart) Loop, whose sketch appears elsewhere. She 
 was born September 14, 1840, in Walnut township. They have had 
 five children, two of whom are living : Ida, married to Dr. J. T. 
 Sellers, of Eoachdale ; she was born June 26, 1859; William O., 
 born April 12, 1867. Mrs. Johnson is also a Presbyterian. 
 
 Andrew Loop, farmer. Mace, is among the old settlers of Mont- 
 gomery county. He was born March 24, 1816, in Augusta county, 
 Virginia. His parents, Christain and Eve (Airheart) Loop, were 
 natives of Pennsylvania. They became residents of Virginia, and 
 in 1834 moved to the western edge of Boone county, and settled so 
 near Montgomery county that they felt at home when on this side 
 of the line. In 1855 they sold the Boone county farm and bought 
 near Beckville, in Walnut township. Mr. Loop, at death, left 220 
 acres. He did all his business in Gerinan, although he could write 
 his name in English. He was a life-long democrat. He died 
 September 20, 1879, aged ninety-one years. His wife died No- 
 vember 1866, aged sixty-seven years. Both belonged to the 
 German Lutheran church. Andrew Loop, son of the above, and 
 .subject of this sketch, when twenty-one years of age, began 
 life for himself. He worked one year for his father, then bought 
 160 acres of land, namely the N.W. J of Seq. 21, T. 18, 3 
 W. When he had the 160 clear of encumbrance he purchased the 
 eighty acres south of it. He soon went to Iowa and entered 1,000 
 acres. This he afterward traded for eighty acres near his home 
 farm. He has traded, bought and sold, till he now owns 384 acres, 
 with good house, etc. He also owns a large dwelling in Mace, 
 where he now lives in easy circumstances. His success in farming 
 is judged by the accumulation of property. Mr. Loop has been a 
 life-long democrat, and somewhat prominent in the township. He has 
 twice been lieutenant of the home militia. He was constable in his 
 young days, and since has been justice of the peace for over eight 
 years, and township trustee two terms and is now notary public. Mr. 
 Loop was married December 27, 1837, to Elizabeth Airheart, daughter 
 of Peter and Elizabeth Airheart, who came to Indiana in 1834 with 
 the Loops. She and her three sisters walked from Virginia to In- 
 diana, a distance of over 600 miles. Mr. and Mrs. Loop have seven 
 children: Sarah E., Mary J., Christian F., Harriet E., Amanda C, 
 William C. and Virginia, twins, and Lydia E. Elizabeth is in Kan- 
 sas and the rest are in Montgomery county. Mrs. Loop is a Meth- 
 odist and Mr. Loop is a Presbyterian. They have contributed their 
 
394 HISTOKT OF MONTQOMBKT COUNTY. 
 
 share of toil toward the development of the county, physically as 
 well as morally and spiritually. , 
 
 Web. Bowers, merchant, New Eoss, is a son of William and 
 Sarah (Chenoweth) Bowers. The latter was born in Indiana and 
 former in Ohio. William Bowers was a merchant in Lebanon and 
 Crawfordsville. He was a good speaker, and twice stumped the 
 northern part of Indiana in behalf of the immortal Lincoln. At 
 La Fayette convention he was a candidate for the nomination for 
 congressman, but was beaten by Godlove S. Orth by a few ballots. 
 He was, while in Crawfordsville, a candidate for the nomination for 
 state's attorney. . In later years he became a democrat. Although 
 he had but little education he wrote quite extensively for the Cincin- 
 nati "Enquirer" and Louisville " Courier. " Some years before 
 his death he became a minister of the Christian church, and one of 
 the most successful workers. In 1872 he went to Arkansas and or- 
 ganized thirty-two churches, and baptized over 400 persons. He 
 also wrote for the church papers. He died in Arkansas, November 
 13, 1876, after preaching five years. Web. Bowers, son of the 
 above, was born October 25, 1853, in Lebanon, Boone county, Indi- 
 ana. At the age of fourteen years he was apprenticed to learn the. 
 harness trade, wbich he followed for six years. He then engaged in 
 the mercantile business in Arkansas for four years, during which 
 time he was deputy postmaster one year and postmaster one year. 
 In 1874 he came to New Ross, where he engaged in the drug trade. 
 He carries a stock of from $900 to $1,000, with sales of about 
 $5,000 per year'. He handles school books, stationery, etc., with 
 his drugs. He was married January 29, 1877, to Victoria Rowe, 
 daughter of Squire Charles and Caroline (Jackson) Eowe, whose 
 sketch appears elsewhere. She was born June 16, 1863. They have 
 one child, Zoe. Mr. Bowers is a republican and an Odd-Fellow. 
 He and wife are members of the Christian church. 
 
 John W. Hogsett, physician. Mace, was born November 8, 1836, 
 in Augusta county, Virginia, and is a son of John and Polly Hog- 
 sett, both natives of the same county. His father was captain in the 
 home militia, and fought in the war of 1812. He died in 1867, 
 quite aged. The mother of the doctor was an estimable lady, and, 
 with her husband, was a member of the Presbyterian church. She 
 is now living in Monroe county, Virginia. Mr. Hogsett lived with 
 his parents, in Monroe county, Virginia, " from two years old till 
 eighteen, when he left home to do for himself. He learned the 
 carpenter's trade, which he followed near home three years then 
 moved to Iowa in December 1856, where he followed the same 
 
WALNUT TOWKSHIP. 395 
 
 occupation. In the times of the panic in 185Y work was scarce, so 
 he improved the time attending school in "Williamsburg, Iowa, where 
 he pursued the higher branches of common school studies. In the 
 winter of 1859 he taught, then went to Council Bluifs, and next to 
 E.ock Island, and in the spring of 1860 worked for his brother, in Ford 
 county, Illinois. Early in the fall of 1860 he came to Crawfords- 
 ville and started to walk to Indianapolis. Arriving at Fredericks- 
 burg, or Mace, and being pleased with the stir and business of the 
 place, he determined to remain here. He ■ taught two terms of 
 school in "Walnut township. In the spring of 1861, at the first call 
 for volunteers to put down secession, Mr. Hogsett enlisted in Co. G, 
 10th Ind. Inf., under Col. M- D- Manson, for three months. During 
 this time he fought at. Rich Mountain. Returning he reenlisted in 
 Co. B, 10th Ind. A few of the engagements in which he took part 
 are Mill Springs, where he received three slight wounds from a vol- 
 ley fired into the company. On his way to Nashville he wa8 taken 
 ill and was sent into the barracks, then put in charge of detail to be 
 returned to Louisville. Here he procured a two months' furlough. 
 He returned at the proper time to his regiment at Corinth, and was 
 employed in guarding the road from Courtland to Decatur, and ex- 
 perienced several skirmishes. He was wounded at Chickamaiiga, on 
 the shoulder and breast, by spent balls. He was on the Charleston 
 campaign, at Mission Kidge, and several minor battles around 
 Marietta, Tennessee. He was finally discharged at Indianapolis, 
 and returned to Mace, where he began the study of medicine with 
 Dr. Samuel Irwin. He read till the following October, then entered 
 Hush Medical College, Chicago. In the following year he settled 
 for the practice at Jacksonville, Fountain county, Indiana, and at 
 the close of two years ca'me to Mace, and was sometime ■ associated 
 with Dr. Irwin. He completed his medical course at the Indiana 
 State Medical College at Indianapolis, February 26, 18T5. He was 
 married February 17, 1869, to Eebecca A. Pogue, daughter of Silas 
 and Betsy Pogue, old settlers of "Walnut township. They have four 
 children : Ada M., Casper W., and Daisy E. and Sherman. Mrs. 
 Hogsett is a member of the Presbyterian church, while the doctor is 
 a Methodist. He is a Mason and a republican. 
 
 Homer Bowers, physician, l^ew Eoss, was born August 20, 1845, 
 in Vienna, Hush county, Indiana. His father, "William Bowers, was 
 born April 26, 1822, on a farm in Hamilton county, Ohio. When 
 very small his parents moved to Union county, and here remained 
 until "Wm. was about fifteen, when he went to "Wayne county to ob- 
 tain an education. He however learned the saddler and harness 
 
396 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKY COUNTY. 
 
 maker's trade. From here he moved to Johnson county, where 
 was married, January 1, 1842, to Sarah Chenoweth, who was born 
 November 12, 1824, in Jefferson county, Indiana. Here his desire 
 for a more thorough education prompted him to purchase a 
 library, to which he continually added until at the time of his death- 
 it numbered many volumes of every description, consisting chiefly o 
 history, general literature, and religious works. From Franklin he 
 removed to Vienna, and then to Lebanon, Boone county, where he 
 resided ten years engaged in saddlery and harness making. He also 
 occasionally practiced law until his health failed him, when to re- 
 gain it he moved upon his farm in Tippecanoe county, four miles 
 west of the battle-ground and seven miles north of La Fayette. 
 After a residence of four years at this place the farm was traded to 
 the Graham brothers for' a stock of dry goods in Crawfordsville, 
 March 15, 1861. After four years' experience as a merchant he sold 
 his entire stock to Martin and moved to Lebanon, where he opened 
 a saddlery and harness shop in- which to employ his boys while he 
 prepared himself for the ministry, being a member of the Christian 
 church. September 1, 1870, he moved to De Witt county, Arkansas, 
 where he was engaged as pastor at the time of his death, Novem- 
 ber 14, 1875. In Lebanon he actively engaged in politics, and 
 was a candidate for the legislature on the whig ticket against Judge 
 Daugherty. In Tippecanoe county he was the farmers' candi- 
 date for the nomination to congress against G. S. Orth and A. S. 
 White, which resulted in the latter' s nomination. He was afterward 
 a strong republican until he began his career as a minister. He was 
 also a prominent Odd-Fellow in the Crawfordsville lodge. Homer 
 lived with his parents until 1864, when he was engaged in running 
 a branch dry-goods house in Hockville, Indiana. After his return to 
 Crawfordsville, after nine months' mercantile experience, he began 
 reading medicine, March 1865, in Dr. John Sloan's office. In the 
 fall he Commenced a year's course of lectures at Ann Arbor. Upon 
 his return he began the practice of his profession in Fredericksburg, 
 but in a few months he moved to New Koss, where he has since re- 
 mained, and is now the oldest and most successful practitioner of the 
 village. On account of poor health he open a drug store in New 
 Koss in the fall of 1876, but in February, 1878, he again began the 
 practice of medicine with renewed energy. Mr. Bowers had the ad- 
 vantage of an excellent common school education, after which he 
 spent near two years in Wabash College, and one at Ann Arbor. 
 He was commissioned postmaster of New Ross March 1, 1875 and 
 was married August 20, 1870, to Emma C. Walker, who was born 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 397 
 
 February 28, 1848, at Lexington, Kentucky, and is the daughter of 
 Calvin and Emma (Pigg) Walker. Her father was born December 
 30, 1818, in Lexington, and married in April 1845. Her mother was 
 born in 1823, and died of cholera July 30, 1849, in Lexington. Mr. 
 Walker came to Crawfordsville in July 1855, and is now working at 
 his trade in NewEoss, and making his home with his daughter. Mr. 
 Bowers is the father of four children: Herbert, Aubrey, Edgar, Virgil, 
 and Ethel, and is a staunch republican. „ 
 
 John Harrison, pastor of the Methodist Episcopal church, Mace, 
 was born December 10, 1842, in Vanderburgh county, Indiana. His 
 father, Joseph Harrison, is a native of England, and when fourteen 
 years of age emigrated with his parents to Pennsylvania, and three 
 years alter to Indiana. The mother of John wa,s born in Kentucky, 
 and migrated with her parents to Indiana, where she was married to 
 Joseph Harrison. She died in 1854, and he now lives near Evans- 
 ville. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, as also 
 is he. John Harrison was raised on a farm, and received a common 
 school education. August 4, 1862, he enlisted in Co. F, 4th Ind. 
 Cav., 77th reg., under Col. Gray. He prided himself in being a 
 private in the front ranks. Being in the cavalry he was mostly en- 
 gaged in skirmishing and protecting the outskirts of the Union army. 
 He was at Stone River, Chiekamanga, Nashville, Franklin, and many 
 other engagements, also experienced Wilson's raid, and aided in tak- 
 ing Selma and Macon. He was discharged in July 1865. When at 
 Dandridge, East Tennessee, he was wounded in the right hand. Re- 
 turning to the peaceful pursuits of civil life he determined to pursue 
 farther his education. He spent six months at Princeton Seminary, 
 and then eighteen months at Asbury University. He was then en- 
 gaged as teacher at Rnssellville. He soon quit the school-room and 
 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church and traveled 
 as a supply. His license was. granted in the spring of 1868, and in 
 September, 1869, he was admitted to the Northwestern Indiana con- 
 ference. He was ordained deacon by Bishop James in 1871, and 
 ordained elder by the same bishop in 1874. His ordination was de- 
 layed each time one year on account of sickness. Mr. Harrison's 
 labor has been on the Harmony circuit as a supply, and since admis- 
 sion to conference has spent one year on the Hanna circuit, in La 
 Porte county ; one year at Maxinkuckee Lake, Marshall county; two 
 years at Lowell, Lake county ; two years at Wheeler, Porter county, 
 two years at Winamac, Pulaski county ; three years at Pleasant 
 Hill, Montgomery county ; and is at present located at Mace. His 
 labors have been productive of much good. Mr. Harrison was mar- 
 
398 HISTORY OF MONTaOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 ried September 1, 1869, to Carrie C. Cozad, daughter of the. late 
 Eev. Jacob Cozad, of Northwestern Indiana conference. She was 
 born in Delphi, Carroll county, Indiana, July 11, 1847. They have 
 four children : Ulela G., Bernice G., Cora E. and Genevieve. Mr. 
 Harrison has a fine library, and is an extensive reader. He is also 
 a republican. 
 
 C. S. Newkirk, merchant, New Eoss, was born January 12, 1850, 
 m Bartholomew county, Indiana, and is the son of I). W. and L. A. 
 (Thurston) ISTewkirk. His father was a native of New York, and 
 mother of Pennsylvania. They farmed in Indiana till 1869, when 
 they moved to Missouri, where D.W. Newkirk died. May 7, 1872, and 
 his wife still lives. Mr. Newkirk was a life-long democrat, and a mem- 
 ber of the Presbyterian church, his wife is a Methodist. His father 
 fought in the revolution. C. S. Newkirk lived on a farm till thirteen 
 years old, when he clerked in a store two years, and returned to the 
 farm. He learned the carpenter's trade, which he followed till 1879, 
 wlien he engaged in merchandising in New Ross. Here he keeps a 
 stock of dry goods, groceries, hardware, boots and shoes, etc., first 
 store north of the hotel. He made his advent into Montgomery 
 county in 1870. He was married August 10, 1875, to Sallie M.Fisher, 
 daughter of J. S. and B. E. (Rice) Fisher. Both are members of the 
 Christian church. He is a Mason, and a thorough democrat. He 
 has made his own way in life, and now owns a house and lot, and a 
 stock of goods. 
 
 Squire Charles Rowe, New Ross, was born in Devonshire, Eng- 
 land, January 31, 1830, and is the son of William and Elizabeth 
 (Bond) Rowe, both natives of Devonshire. His father was a car- 
 penter and joiner, and in 1856 went to Australia for two years, then 
 back to Devonshire, and died there in 1858. He had seen Bona- 
 parte deliver himself to English authorities, and had seen the re- 
 mains of the great nation builder and world destroyer when they 
 were brought to Paris. Charles' mother died in 1878, in Somerset- 
 shire, England. Both were members of the Episcopal church of 
 England. Charles Rowe served seven years' apprenticeship with 
 his father, at carpentering and joining, in London. Being desirous 
 of going to sea, in 1849 he shipped as ship carpenter in the vessel 
 Lord Hungerford, and sailed to Madras, Bay of Bengal, Cape of 
 Good Hope, St. Helena, and to Demarara, where their cargo of 360 
 coolies were disposed of. He then sailed to Trinidad with sugar 
 and rum, and thence to London after a thirteen months' voyage. 
 About two weeks later he shipped again, in the Yernon, to Madras, 
 Calcutta, etc., out this time nine and one-half months. Remaining 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 399 
 
 but a short time in London, he shipped the third time in the Fairy, 
 bound for Newfoundland. Within three days' voyage of that place 
 they fell in with an ice field, and on account of the drunkenness of 
 the captain barely escaped destruction. At St. Johns took a cargo 
 of codfish, and shipped to Cuba on the Camilla, then went to Santi- 
 ago, and from there to Kingston, Jamaica. At Kingston Mr.ORowe 
 joined an English man of war, 1851, and was two years on the "West 
 India station, then went to New Orleans, January 1853. He next 
 sailed as a sailor on the vessel Franklin Pierce, and went to Liver- 
 pool. After one week he shipped as second mate in the vessel John 
 Cummins, and returned to New Orleans at the time of the yellow 
 fever. He then made a trip to Cairo, Illinois, when there was but 
 one house there. He traveled to Paduca and back to Cairo ; to St. 
 Louis, and then to Quincy, Illinois. He then worked for a time at 
 Payson, on threshing machine frames, then at his trade ; next went 
 into central Illinois with cattle, that he might ' see the country. 
 During the following winter he taught writing lessons, then clerked 
 in a dry-goods store. In April, 1856, he was married to Jane 
 "Ward, daughter of an emigrant from England, and whom he had 
 met on board the vessel John Cummins. He then settled in Ad- 
 ams county, Illinois, where he followed his trade. He served three 
 years in the late war. He was six weeks a private, then made first 
 lieutenant, and finally captain. He resigned his commission at 
 Montgomery, Alabama, and engaged in raising cotton for one year. 
 Leaving the south, he settled in Boone county, Indiana, in 1867, 
 where he worked at his trade. In 1872 he moved to "Walnut town- 
 ship, Montgomery county, where he farmed two years, and after- 
 ward worked at his trade. . In 1878 he was elected justice of the' 
 peace, and has also been deputy tax collector for two years. In 
 1880 he moved to New Eoss. M. Kowe has seen much of the 
 world. His family have been ten children, two dead. Those liv- 
 ing are Yictoria, now Mrs. "Web. Bowers ; ' Florence, now Mrs. 
 McLaughlin ; George, Charles, Emily, Malinda, Sophia, and Dean. 
 Mr. Rowe is a thorough democrat, and an Odd-Fellow. Mrs. Kowe 
 is a member of the United Brethren church, and her father was a 
 "United Brethren preacher for forty years. 
 
 Thomas T. Munhall, merchant. New Eoss, is a native of Zanes- 
 ville, Ohio, and was born June 6, 1841. His father, Samuel Mun- 
 hall, is a Pennsylvanian, and his mother, Sarah H. ("Wiggins) Mun- 
 hall, was born in Newark, New Jersey. They are now living in 
 Forest, Illinois. He is a member of the town board, and a promi- 
 nent republican. He and wife are members of the Forest Meth- 
 
400 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 odist church. They have seven children, among whom is Thomas 
 T., the subject of this sketch. Till the war he was a farmer, and 
 when the growl of the southern wolf was heard, and the blood of 
 loyal men began to flow in the cause of the Union, then it was, Sep- 
 tember 7, 1861, that Thomas T. Munhall enlisted in Co. B, 11th 
 111. Cav., under Capt. James F. Johnson and Col. R. G. IngersolL 
 He entered as a private, and by election or appointment he rose 
 to the positions of second duty sergeant, orderly sergeant, second 
 lieutenant, then captain of Co. D, of the same regiment. He con- 
 tinued in the service for four years and forty days, during which 
 time he was in many battles, a few of which are Shiloh, Corinth, 
 Memphis, Vicksburg, Black River, Jackson, Miss., Jackson, Tenn., 
 Champion Hill, Meridian, ■ Cold Water, Bolten, Benton, Brandon, 
 Franklin, Egypt Station, Guntown, Grand Junction, Parker's Cross 
 Eoads, Holly Springs, Clarendon, Ark., Yazoo Citj'-, and others. 
 His discharge papers show forty-two engagements in which he 
 participated. During his service he was neither sick, wounded, 
 nor taken prisoner, and was never oif duty. When the war was. 
 over in 1865, he returned to his home, and farmed till 1872, 
 when he went to Indianapolis, and remained three years as foreman 
 of the stave and heading factory of Mr. A. May, of that place. He 
 was then sent to New Ross, to take charge of the factory of Mr. 
 May in that town. In 1880 he took charge also of the store of A. 
 C. May, at New Ross, and oversees both. 
 
 Mr. Munhall is an Odd-Fellow and a warm republican. He is 
 president of the town board. He was married June 7, 1871, to 
 Mary E. Makinson, daughter of George and Sarah (Crowthers) Mak- 
 inson. She was born March 2, 1845, in Sullivan county, Missouri. 
 Her father was an English barrister, and came to America with his 
 wife in 1840. He was also a farmer and merchant. Mrs. Mun- 
 hall' s grandfather Crowthers was the celebrated Rev. Jonathan 
 Crowthers, president of the British Wesleyan conference of 1819, 
 and one of the most popular ministers of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church of England, and whose wife, the grandmother of Mrs. Mun- 
 hall, received baptism from the hand of John Wesley in 1790. She 
 died at the age of ninety-five years. Mr. and Mrs. Munhall have 
 one child, Sarah G., born June 23, 1873. 
 
 John H. Bell, miller, New Ross, is a son of Samuel N. and Sallie 
 A. (Bowman) Bell, early settlers of Montgomery county. Samuel 
 N. Bell was born in Virginia, and his wife was a native of Pennsvl- 
 vania. He was a wheelwright and shoemaker. His father was a 
 revolutionary soldier, and both his uncles and his wife's uncles were 
 
WALirUT TOWNSHIP. 401 
 
 in the early wars of this country. About November, 1832, Samuel 
 and Sallie Bell moved to Indiana, and settled in Walnut township, 
 near the headwaters of W alnut t-reek, in See. 13, where thuy took a 
 lease for ten years. They soon sold their lease and entered eighty 
 acres in Sec. 1. They lived there six years, and then moved to 
 Ladoga, working in the boot and shoe shop of John Myers for two 
 years. For the last ten years of his life he was engaged in the 
 grocery trade in Ladoga. He was an old-line whig and then a warm 
 republican. His wife died December 6, 1863, and he followed her 
 November 8, 1864 ; both are buried at Ladoga. They wore members 
 of the Christian church, and experienced all the toils and privations 
 of pioneer life. In early times they had nothing plenty but venison. 
 He killed fifty-eight deer in one winter. John H. Bfell was born 
 October 18, 1828, in Augusta county, Virginia, and- was mostly 
 raised among the wilds of Montgomery county. He remained ar 
 home till seventeen years of age, then served two years' apprentice- 
 ship at tailoring, with Thomas Kennedy, at Ladoga. He then 
 learned the carpenter's trade with his brother-in-law, Clinton Mills, 
 with whom he worked till 1851, and then followed his trade himself 
 till 1868, at which time he bought the Beckville grist mill. In 1873 
 he moved this to New Ross, where he still carries on the business. 
 He has been associated, and is at present writing, with Dr. B. F. 
 Adkins. The mill is 36x48, two stories, with three sets of burrs, 
 and located in the western part of the town. Mr. Bell is positively 
 a republican. He cast his first ballot for Zachary Taylor. During 
 the war so warm was the spirit of southern sympathy that there 
 were but three republicans near Beckville. These thi-ee, one of 
 whom was Mr. Bell, cared for the families of those who were on the 
 battle-field. Mr. Bell is a Mason. He was married November 18, 
 1852, to Charity E. Beck, daughter of Anthony and Elizabeth (Davis) 
 Beck, of Beckville, early settlers of Montgomery county. Mrs. Bell 
 was born March 6, 1830. They have had one child, Calvin, who 
 died in 1863. Both are members of the Methodist church. 
 
 T. A. Adkins, merchant. New Ross, was born in Decatur count}^ 
 Indiana, March 7, 1835. He is the son of Martin and Nancy (Drake) 
 Adkins ; the latter born in Kentucky, and the former in Tennessee. 
 Martin Adkins was one of the most successful farmers and stock 
 dealers in Indiana. He owned at his death some 1,200 or 1,400 
 acres of land and one of the finest farms and mansions between Indi- 
 anapolis and the Ohio river. He was a prominent democrat, and 
 was circuit judge of Decatur county for one term. His wife is still 
 living at Colfax, Indiana. T. A. Adkins is a child of his father's 
 25 
 
402 HISTOKT OF ITOXTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 second family, his parents having been twice married. He spen 
 his youth on the farm till sixteen years old, when he was sent to 
 school at Wilmington Academy, Dearborn county, Indiana, for two 
 years, then to Archville graded school, and then spent two years in 
 the scientific course at Franklin College. Leaving college, he en- 
 gaged in the dry-goods and grocery business at Eminence, Morgan 
 county, Indiana, where' he remained three years. He was then in 
 the livery business one year in Aurora. Since then he has done 
 business at Franklin, Dover, Shannondale, etc., and in March, 1875, 
 came to New Ross, Montgomery county, where he associated him- 
 self with his brother, B. F: Adkins, in general merchandising. 
 Their store was built by B. F. Adkins, and is two stories high, 
 20x80. Here the firm of Adkins & Brother carry a stock of about 
 $6,000, with sales of about !t>9,000 to $12,000. Their store-room is 
 the largest in New Ross. In the Adkins family T. A. is the first 
 republican, and all the children younger than he follow in his foot- 
 steps. He is secretary of the New Ross Union Agricultural Asso- 
 ciation, and a prominent man. He is a member of the Order of 
 Freemasons and Odd-Fellows. Both he and wife are members of 
 the Missionary Baptist church. He was married September 25, 
 1856, _to Mary L. Taylor, daughter of George W. and Nancy J. (Mil- 
 born) Taylor, of Aurora, Indiana. She was born in 1831, near 
 Aurora. They have five children : Walker B., Benella R., Harriet 
 L., Pearlie, and Guy. 
 
 Columbus L. Myers, physician, New Ross, is a son of William 
 and Susanah (Livengood) Myers. The former was born in Decatur 
 county, Indiana, and the latter in North Carolina. William Myers' 
 parents were from North Carolina, and lived for a time in Kentucky, 
 then came to Decatur county, Indiana, and in 1838 settled in Foun- 
 tain county, where his father died in 1855. William still lives in 
 Fountain county. He is a farmer and a democrat. His wife died 
 September 27, 1876. Both belonged to the Lutheran church. The 
 Livengoods came to Fountain county, Indiana, in 1836, where Mr. 
 Livengood still lives, at the age of eighty-two years. Columbus L. 
 Myers was born August 5, 1849, in Fountain county, three miles 
 west of Alamo. He was raised on a farm till sixteen years of age, 
 when he entered school at Russellville. He then spent two years at 
 Bloomington Indiana State University. From 1866 to 1871 he 
 taught school. Choosing medicine for his profession, he attended 
 Ohio Medical College in the term of 1871 and 1872, and Rush Medi- 
 cal College, at Chicago, in the term of 1872 and 1873, where he 
 graduated. He first located for the practice of his profession at 
 
WALNUT TOWlfSHIP. ' 403 
 
 Jacksonville, Fountain county, where he remained three years. For 
 a short time he was in Alamo, and in 1876 he settled in New Ross, 
 where he is establishing a lucrative and successful business. In pol- 
 itics he is democratic, and is a member of the order of Odd-Fellows. 
 December 30, 1877, Mr. Myers was united in marriage to Lizzie 
 Copner, daughter of J. W. and Sarah E. (Wineland) Copner, of 
 Covington, Indiana. She was born August 11, 1856, and is a mem- 
 ber of the Presbyterian church. Her father is a lawyer in Coving- 
 ton, and in 1880 was a candidate for congress on the national ticket. 
 The Copners are from Ohio, and the Winelands from Kentucky. 
 
 Jesse B. Streight, mechanic, Crawfordsville, was born July 13, 
 1806, in Marion county. West Virginia. He is the son of Peter and 
 Elizab th (Bayles) Streight. His brother served in the war of 1812^ 
 Mr. Streight early learned the carpenter's trade, and has given the 
 most of his time to that vocation since 1824. February 28, 1829, he 
 wa- married to Ada Henry, of Monongahela county, Virginia. 
 Their family have numbered ten : Mrs. Harriet Barnhouse, of Pax- 
 ton ; Mrs. Alcinda Kelley, of New York; Van B., in Denver, Col- 
 orado; E. W., at Crawfordsville; Mrs. Lou Gill, of Paxton; T. L., 
 at Crawfordsville ; Nathan and Mrs. Ellen Gill, dead. Mr. Streight 
 in 1828 cast his first vote for Andrew Jackson, and has continued 
 throughout his life a firm adherent of the democratic party, of the 
 Jackson stripe. Prior to the war he was captain of a rifle company, 
 and August 8, 1862, he enlisted in Co. G, 15th Va., Union army, 
 under Capt; Sidney F. Shaw and Col. McCaslin. Thus, at the age 
 of fifty-six, he risked his life for the welfare of his family and coun- 
 try. He served three years, till the war closed. He was, to a great 
 extent, engaged in caring for his sick comrades, and toward the close 
 of thf war he had charge of a hospital ward. He had three sons 
 who fought in the same cause: Van B. was in Co. A, 18th Ind. 
 Vols.; E. W. WHS in Co. B, 76th Ind., and was promoted till he'be- 
 came orderly sergeant; T. L. enlisted in the 6th Va. Light Art., and 
 was wounded, and now receives a pension for pain and hardships en- 
 dured in the cause. All served three years. At the close of the 
 war Mr. Streight returned to Virginia, and in 1865 moved to Paxton 
 Illinois, where he followed his trade till 1876, when he came to 
 Crawfordsville. Here he engaged in the planing-mills, in which he 
 still continues. E. W. Streight was born in Monongahela county, Vir- 
 ginia, and early learned the trade of carpentering. In 1859 he went 
 to Louisville, Kentucky, and in 1861 to Greensburg, Indiana. He 
 next became foreman of Shrader's chair factory, at Bates ville where 
 he remained two years, then became foreman of Kimble & Sherfy's 
 
404 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 furniture factory, at Greencastle. Leaving Greencastle he came to 
 Crawfordsville, where he was employed as foreman of the coffin fac- 
 tory, owned then by Eobinson & Co., for three years. In 1871 he 
 built the planing-mills, 30x82^, at a cost of about $8,000, on the 
 corner of Green and Spring streets, and here, in connection with his 
 father and brother, T. L., does all kinds of work in this line — man- 
 ufacturing sash, doors, and blinds, door and window frames, and all 
 kinds of wood work, rough and dressed lumber, flooring, siding, 
 moulding, turning, and scroll work. They keep several hands em- 
 ployed constantly. This mill was an important addition to the in- 
 dustries of the city. Mr. Streight was married to Mary White and 
 iis brother was married to Eebecca Loyd, both ladies of Greensburg, 
 Indiana. They own eight shares of |25 each in the new Crawfords- 
 ville fair property. All are democrats except E. W. , who is a repub- 
 lican. 
 
 James H. Kelley, merchant, New Ross, is a son of William and 
 ITancy (Brown) Kelley," both natives of Perry county, Kentucky. 
 .They both came with their parents to Clarke township, this county, 
 in 1829, and hero lived for years. After William's mother died his 
 father went to Illinois, where he died. Nancy's father died in Clarke 
 township, and her mother in Iowa. William and Nancy were married 
 soon after coming, and settled on a forty-acre farm adjoining his 
 father's. They lived there three years and moved two miles west and 
 settled on 120 acres on the north bank of Raccoon creek, about three 
 and one half miles northeast of Ladoga. There' Wm. Kelley died 
 March 3, 1853. During life he was a democrat, yet bitterly opposed 
 to slavery. For four years he was justice of the peace. He belonged 
 to the Lutheran church. His wife, in 1859, married James Evans, 
 who died, and she now lives in New Ross. She is a member of the 
 Presbyterian church. In the family were five boys and four girl's. 
 James H. Kelley was born June 21, 1838, in this township. He was 
 raised on the farm till twenty years of age, and received a limited edu- 
 cation. He clerked in Dongola, Illinois, one year. At the first call 
 Mr. Kelley enlisted in Co. E, 11th Ind., for three months. Septem- 
 ber 26, 1861, he reenlisted, this time in Co. E, 41st Ind., 2d Cav., 
 aa corporal. He was soon made first sergeant. He was in the en- 
 gagements of Shiloh, Chickamauga, Knoxville, and at Fair Garden, 
 Tennessee, he was wonnded, receiving a fractured jaw. He was car- 
 ried to Knoxville hospital, then Chattanooga and Memphis, and from 
 there he came home. In July, 1864, the returned to the ranks, and 
 served to the close of the war. Returning home, he eno-awed in the 
 fruit tree business as traveling agent. On October 16, 1866, he was 
 
WALNUT TOWNSHIP. 405 
 
 married to Susan E. Inlow, daughter of Abraham and Susan Inlow. 
 She was born February 20, 1838, in Clarke township. They had four 
 children : Oscar E., William J., Mollie S. and Adie M. She was 
 a member of the Christian church, and died February 25, 1869. Mr. 
 Kelley, leaving the tree trade, farmed until 1871, when he removed 
 to New Ross, and sold goods for Inlow and Hulett till March 23, 
 1873. Then, in connection with Wm. B. Emmert, he engaged in the 
 hardware trade, in which he continued till the spring of 1879, when he 
 became a member of the firm of Turner, Kelley & Co. Their store is 
 widely known as the grange store, and they carry a stock of about 
 $8,000, with yearly sales of from $12,000 to $15,000. Mr. Kelley has 
 always been a strong republican. August 10, 1879, he was married 
 to Mary J. Bruce, daughter of Peter and Esther Morris. She was 
 born August 11, 1843. Mr. Kelley is a member of the Christian 
 church. Mrs. Kelley is a Baptist. Her father, Peter Morris, was for 
 years a resident of Ladoga, where he merchandised and controlled the 
 woolen-mills. He is now a merchant, and proprietor of the woolen- 
 mills at Lebanon. In 1880 he was a member of the Lebanon council. 
 He was married in 1839, in Monroe county, Ohio. His wife, Esther, 
 was born May 17, 1819, in Harper county, Maryland. She died Octo- 
 ber 6, 1878, at Lebanon, where they had resided for twelve years. In 
 1839 she united with the Baptist church, in Monroe county, Ohio. 
 The following beautiful lines were written by her pastor, C. B. Allen^ 
 and dedicated to the family : 
 
 Alone, alone in the silent tomb, 
 
 Dear mother, thy body is sleeping ; 
 Sleep on, sleep on, sweet be thy rest. 
 
 While my soul for thee is' weeping. 
 
 The hand is mouldering back to dust, 
 
 That led me when I was a child ; 
 The tongue that bade me in God trust, 
 
 In Death's own silent grasp is stilled. 
 
 The toils of life with thee are o'er ; , 
 
 Safe in your bright eternal home 
 Tears shall dim thine eyes no more : ' 
 
 Mother, when shall I to thee come ? 
 
 And thou art gone ! no more, no more 
 You'll come to gladden hearts that mourn ; 
 
 Now far away on Heaven'* blest shore, 
 Tou never will to earth return. 
 
 The wandering wind is sighing o'er 
 
 Thy lonely bed, oh, cherished one ! 
 And I shall see thy face no more, 
 
 Till my short race on earth is run. 
 
406, HISTOET OF MONTQOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 When springtime comes with joyful hours, 
 And calls forth bud and fragrant bloom, 
 
 O'er thee will wave the bright new flowers, 
 And their strange beauty deck thy tomb. 
 
 And though 'twill oft be mine 
 To linger near the silent spot, 
 
 Around it will memory twine — 
 Mother, thou wilt ne'ser be forgot I 
 
 But 'tis a blessed thought to me. 
 That lingers near at morn and even ; 
 
 It is the hope of meeting thee 
 On the bright peaceful shore of Heaven. 
 
 SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Scott township occupies a central position in the south tier of 
 townships of Montgomery county. It has an area of thirty-six square 
 miles, and is known as T. 17 N., E. 4 "W. It is bounded on the north 
 by Union township, on the east by Clarke township, on the south by 
 Putnam county, and on the west by Brown township. The eastern 
 and southeastern portions of the township are watered by Big Raccoon 
 and Cornstalk creeks, while the western and northwestern are drained 
 by Indian and Rattlesnake creeks. The soil is a yellowish or brown 
 loam of great fertility in the east or southeast, but changing in com- 
 position and variable, though still rich, in the west and northwest. A 
 system of underground draining has been going on for some time, and is 
 tending to greatly enhance the value and productiveness of this beautiful 
 township, so admirably adapted to grazing and general farming. The 
 veil of the grave has shut us out from many points, interesting, in- 
 structive, of the earliest history, but still the honored faces and cheer- 
 ing countenances of many sturdy pioneer characters are left as mile- 
 stones, in the town's journey of progress, to point the stranger to its 
 usefulness and its history. 
 
 Jacob Shuck was in all probability the first pioneer who braved the 
 dangers and inconveniences of frontier life in this portion of Mont- 
 gomery county, whom it is reported reached here as early as 1820, 
 which, however, we think improbable, as the county's earliest settle- 
 ments are not reported to have been made prior to 1821. Mr. Shuck 
 was nevertheless an early toiler among the tall timbers of Mont- 
 gomery. He settled on Sec. 31, no doubt on account of the delightful 
 and almost famous springs of clear, cold water located on this section. 
 Soon after locating he was followed by his brothers, who made the 
 
SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 407 
 
 land where Parkersbnrg now stands their home, but immediately af- 
 ter the close of the Black Hawk war they moved to Iowa. These 
 *were followed by John Banner, the Lemmonses, George Goyer, Jacob 
 Winters; following close in their wake came Thomas Faithful, who 
 was one of the first justices of the peace, John B. Wren, and Joshua 
 Swank. In 1828 William Frame came from Kentucky and purchased 
 the claim of Joshua Swank. Near the same period John Drennon 
 came and located where' A. W. Armstrong now lives, the latter having 
 reached here in 1829. About this period many others came and 
 helped to convert the then wilderness into one of the most delightful 
 regions of the state. In 1833 Noble Welsh and family reached here 
 from Kentucky, and settled upon the farm previously occupied by 
 Christopher Shuck, on Sec. 32. Near this time Jacob Winters, one 
 of the township's most ancient landmarks, walked to Iowa and vis- 
 ited the Shuck family. The fertile, rolling prairies of the Hawkeye 
 State were an inspiration even to so aged a pioneer. He returned 
 with five yoke of cattle and two wagons, which served to transport 
 his household and goods to that state, which was his future home and 
 whose bosom to-day holds his ashes. James Faster, Daniel Arnold, 
 Samuel Greyhill, William Frame, George and Daniel Watkins, W.N. 
 Gott, David Hastetter, J. Myers, Samuel Gill, R. Lafollet, T. V. Ash- 
 ley, A. S. Byrd, M. M. Henry, Rev. R. H. Miller, and the Souther- 
 lins, njay also be mentioned in connection with the pioneer days of 
 Scott township. Peter Warbritton claims to have settled in the town- 
 ship in 1825. This, however, is disputed by many of his friends and 
 neighbors, who are inclined to think it was at least a year later. He be- 
 came the father of thirteen children, every one of whom'is living. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Warbritton are still living and enjoying excellent health, and 
 from all appearances will enjoy many years more of this world's 
 goods and pleasures, mingled with its sorrows and disappointments. 
 The presidential election of 1828 was held at the house of Robert 
 Harrison, who came to the town in 1828 and located on the N.W. J 
 Sec. 23. The township at that time comprised all within its present 
 boundaries, as well as all of Clarke. In the spring of 1834 the first 
 post-ofiice was located in the township. Nathaniel Parker was the last 
 citizen of Swanksville, Putnam county, Indiana, and desiring to 
 change his place of residence, moved to what was then known as 
 Shucktown. It, however, was laid out in 1829 by Jacob and Chris- 
 topher Shuck, under the name of Somerset. Mr. Parker beincr the 
 last citizen of Swanksville, and postmaster, did not desire to see this 
 branch of governmental afiairs left in the wilderness, so he put the 
 affair in his pocket and here it remained until he was thoroughly es- 
 
408 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBRT COUNTY. 
 
 tablished in his new home. Here he opened the identical post-ofSce 
 of Putnam county's deserted village, and declared himself again ready^ 
 to carry on this branch of " Uncle Sam's " work. No sooner was it* 
 known that "Uncle Nate," as he was familiarly called, had stolen a 
 post-office of Putnam county, than some of the influential citizens in 
 the vicinity of the dead Swanksville strongly objected to such pro- 
 ceedings, and forwarded a remonstrance to the post-office department 
 at "Washington, D. C, and demanded that the wrong should be 
 righted. Strange as it may seem, it did not stir the department to its 
 center, nor give the remonstrators a new office, but were compelled to 
 acknowledge " Uncle Nate " as a political power in a new country. In 
 1835 the town was platted by Noble Welch, Thomas Arnott, and 
 Thomas Faith, and given the name of Parkersbnrg in honor of its 
 distinguished postmaster. This new name nevertheless created some 
 dissatisfaction, and it seems as if Mr. Faith petitioned for a new name. 
 This request was granted, and our troublesome child was known as 
 Faithville for a couple of years, when it received its old name, Par- 
 kerSburg, which it still retains. Mr. Parker held the office until about 
 1840, when he resigned his commission in favor of Kobert Ramsey, 
 who officiated many years. George W. James is the present post- 
 master. 
 
 The first sermon preached in what is now Parkersbnrg was by Kev. 
 John Secrest, an Indian missionary, who was traveling in this section 
 of country in 1825. In the fall of 1834 the first store was opened in 
 the place by James Secrest. Robert Ramsey followed with anotlier 
 in partnership with Jacob Durham. Benjamin Wasson also kept 
 store in the village in its younger days. In later years the trade was 
 carried on by the Jameses, who ares till merchants of the place. Na- 
 thaniel Parker was the first gentleman to trade for and buy feathers, 
 wool (which he carded himself), furs, chickens, turkeys, and the like. 
 These he hauled with a team to Chicago, and there exchanged them 
 for such goods as were demanded by the settlers. The trip generally 
 occupied about three weeks' time. In 1847 a store and stock of goods, 
 together with a harness and saddle shop and two dwellings, were con- 
 sumed by fire. Between the years 1840 and 1850 the village was at 
 the height of its prosperity. Three dry-goods stores graced its streets. 
 Four blacksmith shops were doing a thriving trade. Two wagou 
 shops were constantly busy. Two cabinet shops were kept busy in 
 their manufacturing, having many customers from Illinois and distant 
 parts of Indiana. One harness shop supplied every want in that line, 
 and the weary traveler could have his choice of two hotels. John Gray- 
 bill started the first of these blacksmith shops, while the second was 
 
SCOTT TOWKSHIP. 409 
 
 built by James E. Welch, in 1841. He is still pounding at his forge, 
 and is a most excellent gentleman, from whom many interesting points 
 of early history have been received. Noble Welch was proprietor of 
 the first hotel, while Wm. Dale is the mine host of to-day. The pio- 
 Deer saw-mill was operated by Mrs. John Hawkins and John Adams. 
 The power was a strong man at each end of a whip-saw. This was 
 superseded by a steam mill built by Wm. Eogers and J. J. Wren. 
 The first grist-mill was run by John Herington, as proprietor. The 
 motion was a horse-power. At this place his eldest son was killed. 
 The first school house said to have been erected in this township was 
 built about 1830, and although opinions are confiicting, a majority be- 
 lieve the first session was taught by John Goodbar, although a Miss 
 Anderson taught here in an old settler's vacated cabin before the 
 school-house, or school-cabin, was completed. The first school in the 
 southeastern portion of the town was taught in a vacated cabin of 
 Eobert Harrison by Wm. Bruce, in 1829 and 1830. A few years after 
 the citizens built a log-cabin school-house on what is now the center 
 line of Scott township, one mile and a quarter east of the center stone. 
 Here for many years were held all the public meetings of the town of 
 every nature, as it was the best house in the community at that time. 
 The town has recently finished a fine building, 30x40, two stories 
 high, for such purposes, which is an honor to the town and a credit to 
 all connected.. Miss Anderson, who is given up to have been a noble, 
 conscientious teacher, died while teaching, and it is believed to be about 
 the first death that occurred in this little cluster of early settlers. She 
 was buried near the cabin school-house, and was followed in her rest- 
 ing place by a few others who succumbed to the fiat of death before the 
 unfolding of the exquisite beauty and wealth of this section of Mont- 
 gomery county. Willis Bridges finally gave the public a picturesque 
 knoll upon which they might bury their dead, situated about a quarter 
 of a mile east of the village. To this place all those previously buried 
 in another place were removed save Miss Anderson. There are other 
 burying-places in the township where private families inter their dead. 
 One is situated on the Joseph Wasson farm, about one mile north of 
 town. This was laid out by William Frame. The James graveyard 
 is located just south of the present town-house. 
 
 Nothing gives us a clearer insight into a people than a study of 
 their religious energies and tendencies. Depend upon it, a town or 
 community devoid of churches and religious meetings cannot be taken 
 as the highest type of civilization and prosperity, and should those 
 glorious institutions and religious influences be taken from us, it would 
 need only time to land us in a period equal to the dark ages. The 
 
410 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 missionary and pioneer christian are indeed heroes. They plant tne 
 seed and lay the foundation, and with a community, as with a child 
 trained up in the way it should go, in old age it will not depart wholly 
 from it. Scott township takes a front rank in religious enthusiasm. 
 Many denominations have a following, but all are zealously working 
 for humanity's good. 
 
 David Swank is believed to have been the father of Methodism in 
 tills portion of Montgomery county. He was an honest, earnest, and 
 active worker, whose power as an organizer is seldom equaled even at 
 this advanced day. He soon connected himself with William Frame, 
 a native of Kentucky, whose name is synonymous with the struggles 
 of pioneer religious history. He was a class-leader and exhorter of un- 
 usual ability, in his native state, and his energies were only quickened 
 in his emigration to a section ripe for sound religious instruction. 
 These two names are the nuclei around which the present society has 
 ever thrived in its growing. The organization of the Methodist 
 church was formed between the years of 1825 and 1830. With Eev. 
 Joseph White as an early instructor the company soon became a lever 
 of much good. The first exercises were attended with many hardships 
 and inconveniences. During cold weather, the cabin where the first 
 meetings were held was warmed by a log being fired in the center of 
 the building in a bed of sand. While the attendants seated them- 
 selves around the burning logs they listened to that simple, earnest, 
 religions teaching which leads to a reformation many whole-souled 
 pioneers; 
 
 The organization was effected by members from the Swank family, 
 ,'■ the Frame family, the Westfall family, Frank Evans and wife, Ed ward 
 j Grimes and^ family, a portion of the Alloway family, Parker and family, 
 / and Abraham Adams and family. Services were conducted for many 
 years in the old log school-house at Parkersburg. David Swank acted as 
 leader for some time, and was followed by William Frame. In 1841 the 
 society built a plain frame church, about 30x40 feet. This was erected 
 by the surrounding neighborhood, every man contributing work and ma- 
 terial until its completion. In 1862, during the summer, tlie trustees sold 
 this building and fixtures, and a new and more commodious structure 
 was immediately completed. It is 36x46 feet, and surmounted by a 
 large, clear-toned bell, which can be easily heard each Sabbath morn- 
 ing in the vicinity, near the time for service. This building was fin- 
 ished at a cost of $1,550, and is quite an ornament to the township. 
 The organization now has a membership of sixty persons, with Joseph 
 Wasson as class-leader. The year 1827 marks the advent of the Provi- 
 dence Baptist church. It was organized under the leadership of 
 
SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 411 
 
 Jonathan Keeney, a stalwart, religious character, whose unswerving 
 christian life imbued his associates and admirers with many commend- 
 able traits and desirable qualities. Their first meetings were held in the 
 cabin of Isaac Jones, but in 1828 their first church was built near the 
 center of the south side of the township. Mr. Keeney continued his 
 labors about two years, and was followed by Rev. John Clemmons, 
 who continued as pastor for several years. In 1835 John Case be- 
 came pastor, and held it, working with unabated energy, until about 
 1860. In 1849 they completed their present church, a frame building 
 conveniently arranged, and a substantial house. Isaac Jones and fam- 
 ily, Charles Bruce and family, William Bruce and family, Jonathan 
 Keeney and family, L. Baldwin and family, Mrs. David Henry, Rob- 
 ert Harrison and family, and Abraham Byrd and family, were those 
 who assisted in organizing the society. 
 
 Rev. John Thompson, of Crawfordsville, was the leading power in 
 the organization of the Presbyterian church of Scott township, No- 
 vember 1, 1836. His co-workers were John Hester, Margaret Hester, 
 Jane Shannon, David Hostetter, Sarah Gilbert, Elizabeth Lockridge, 
 Ann M. Hester, Eleanor Adams, Mahala J. Adams, John Westfall, 
 and Rachel Westfall. In November, 1837, arrangements were made 
 with Samuel G. Xowery to become their pastor. Here he labored 
 with unparalleled success until 1841, when the pulpit was filled by 
 Rev. Moody Chase, as supply from Brainbridge. He soon became 
 grafted into the hearts of his congregation, and. formed such an attach- 
 ment for the people of the town that he soon purchased a farm here, 
 and settled in Parkersburg. He continued his ministrations until 1854, 
 when his health failed and compelled him to refrain from his noble 
 work. Rev. Samuel G. Lowery now became pastor a second time, for 
 two years, at the expiration of which time he was followed by Rev. 
 E. C. Johnson, who occupied the pulpit until 1860. From this time 
 until 1868 services were held by Rev. Caleb Mills, and Rev. E. O. 
 Hovey, both of Wabash College. James H. Johnson and others were 
 also occasional ministers. In 1868 Rev. William N. Steel was pre- 
 sented a call, which he accepted and held until 1871, when Rev. Amos 
 Jones began a pastorate of two years, and was followed by Rev. Steel 
 one year. Rev. Jones and Rev. Caldwell then officiated one year, 
 and were succeeded by Rev. John Hawk, who continued his work two 
 years. Rev. Y. IST. Tergin then preached a year, as did Rev. Walter H. 
 Bangh. In 1879 Rev. N. D. Johnson received a call, and is the pres- 
 ent pastor. This society first worshiped in the old log school-house 
 in Parkersburg, but in 1839 they commenced a church which was not 
 completed until 1844. June 24, 1866, the board of trustees, consist- 
 
412 HISTORY or MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 ing of Kobert Cleveland, Adam Hester, Dr. J. W. Straughan, James 
 Cleveland, and Kev. M. Chase, decided to build a new house of wor- 
 ship, and commenced immediately to raise funds to carry out their re- 
 solves. In June, 1869, the building was commenced, and the follow- 
 ing December witnessed its completion and dedication. It is a noble 
 structure, 36x56 feet, above which swings an excellent bell, and was 
 finished at a cost of $3,600. The society is now in a thriving condi- 
 tion, with a membership of seventy-seven persons. Its Sunday-school 
 is one that can worthily be praised and visited with pleasure and 
 profit. Eev. Joseph Davis, of Thorntown, was the founder of the 
 Christian church in the township. It was organized in the fall of 
 1869, and in the same year a church, 36x4.6, at a cost of $2,200, was 
 finished. 
 
 Rev. Oliver "Wilson was one of their first ministers, and continued 
 preaching about three years, when he died. At the organization the 
 society had a membership of thirty-six persons, among whom were P. 
 J. Johnson and family, J. E. "Welch and family, Ambrose W. Arm- 
 strong and family, Richard Boone and family, and William Armstrong. 
 A Sabbath-school was also organized at the same time, which was con- 
 ducted the year round with great enthusiasm until about two years 
 ago. 
 
 The society of German Baptists, or, as they are sometimes called, 
 the Dunkards, was organized in the neighborhood of Ramp creek, just 
 across the line between Montgomery and Putnam counties, in 1826, 
 with the following members, with William R. Smith acting as pastor 
 (he and his wife had formerly been residents of Preble county, Ohio) : 
 Mr. and Mrs. W. R. Smith, Jacob and Hannah Rouk, Henry and 
 Frances Moss, and Mrs. Elizabeth Roberts. For many years this 
 organization held their meetings in the log cabins of the members 
 throughout the early settlement. In 1833 Mr. Daniel Miller took 
 charge of the society as pastor. He was also from Ohio. In 1828 
 Jacob Rouk and Alexander Smith were elected deacons. With a will 
 and determination, by God's grace the little band of Christ's followers 
 held together, and kept the faith through the pioneer period, and were 
 as the star which wise men in the east saw, for many good people 
 came from Virginia and the eastern states and settled around this little 
 society, whose numbers are now counted by scores. Between 1830 
 and 1840 the Harshbargers, the Peflileys and others were added to the 
 church. In 1837 Rev. Francis Myers was called to the ministry. In 
 1847 Bishop William Gish came from Virginia and administered to 
 the spiritual wants of the people, who chose to assemble with this con- 
 gregation until 1854. In 1850 the society built a comfortable frame 
 
SCOTT TOWKSHIP. 413 
 
 church on the banks of Cornstalk creek, in Scott township. Here 
 they worshiped until 1870, when the membership became so large, 
 and residing more in a northerly direction, that they built their pres- 
 ent fine brick church "Bethel," 40x70, and capable of seating 800 
 people, in the northeast part of Scott. Their membership now num- 
 bers about 150. After the pastoral services of Bishop Gish, in 1854, 
 Rev. Mathias Frantz was called to take charge of the church as their 
 pastor. In 1858 E,ev. Robert Miller became pastor, and continued serv- 
 ing his congregation with signal ability till the fall of 1880, when he 
 was elected president of the college of this denomination at Ashland, 
 Ohio. Since the removal of Rev. R. Miller, Rev. William R. Harsh- 
 barger has become pastor, being called to the ministry in 1867. He 
 became the assistant pastor of the church, and now, under the manage- 
 ment of such men as him and Mathias Frantz, the denomination is 
 likely to prosper. In 1854 their old pastor. Rev. Daniel Miller, re- 
 moved to Iowa, and in 1858 died of old age. In 1852 another of the 
 pioneer preachers of this church moved to Iowa, and died of smallpox 
 in 1863. 
 
 The first marriage said to have occurred in the township was at 
 what was then known as " Shucktown " (now Parkersburg), the parties 
 being Martin Shuck and Miss Rebecca Jones. 
 
 The history of this township would not be complete without a short 
 sketch of the terrible tornado that visited a portion of it a few years 
 ago, spreading devastation and death in its course. At 7 o'clock in 
 the evening, March 20, 1866, the awful hurricane rushed into the town- 
 ship three quarters of a mile north of the southwest corner, and swept 
 through in a diagonal direction like a mighty sickle of death. The 
 current was about a mile in width. The wind was terrific; the sound 
 was hideous. The noise of the wind and thunder could be heard for 
 miles. The breaking and twisting of timber, the crashing of buildings, 
 and the unearthly cry of animals of every species, filled mankind with 
 horror. In its mad, angry course huge logs and strong structures were 
 as feathers before it. It completely demolished new a dwelling just 
 finished for Dr. Straughan, crushed a house belonging to M. F. James, 
 and tore to pieces a building' belonging to H. A. Foster. All the build- 
 ings of John Frame wore unroofed, and hundreds of dollars' worth of 
 his best timber destroyed. A child of M. F. James was killed out- 
 right. H. A. Foster's wife was found dead, and two children killed. 
 Dr. Straughan had a child blown 100 yards and most seriously wounded. 
 Many were more or less injured. After its passage birds, rabbits, and 
 many other small animals wore found dead in its track. One corn field 
 of twelve acres in shock on the farm of A. W. Armstrong was so com- 
 
414 HISTOBT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 pletely cleaned of the fodder that not a thing was left to remind one of 
 its having been a corn field save an occasional stubble.. At the ap- 
 proach of the fearful storm Mr. H. A. Foster was at his sugar camp, 
 and although the air was filled with dust, dirt, rubbish, and timbers, 
 flying in all directions, his life was spared, but upon returning to the 
 spot where his home once was he found the sad condition of aflPairs 
 above related. Pieces of buildings, machinery, garments, and various 
 articles were carried miles away. A sheet was left hanging in the top 
 of a tall tree for a year afterward. A feather bed was found under the 
 trunk of a large oak tree. Clothing belonging to men and women was 
 found miles away from the owner's house. Mr. M. F. James claims 
 that a part of the roof of his house was found fifteen miles distant in 
 the track of the storm, and that it was known to be the roof of his house 
 from the fact that his was the only pitched roof in a line of the hurri- 
 cane between where it was found and Terre Haute. A bureau drawer 
 was found eight miles from where it belonged. A tin wash-boiler was 
 found in" the forks of an oak tree thirty-five feet from the ground. The 
 buildings of Jacob Lidikeny were all unroofed, and much of his stock 
 killed. A huge barn made of heavy logs was demolished, and its parts 
 scattered quite a distance from where it stood, injuring the horses and 
 cattle of George Heckathone a good deal. This is by far the greatest 
 tragedy of Scott township, and one that man is permitted to look upon 
 but once in a life-time ; but once seen, its impression can never be erased 
 or its horrors forgotten. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Clayton Caplinger, lumber manufacturer, 'New Market. Almost 
 among the first settlers of Brown township was Mr. Henry and Mary 
 (Swindler) Caplinger. _ They came from Kentucky in 1824, and were 
 preceded only by Benjamin Van Cleave, "Wm. Carson, Samuel Stub- 
 bin, and some of the Galeys. He at once went to Crawfordsville and 
 entered eighty acres of land, having saved and brought with him $100 
 for that purpose. His first work was, with the help of a few friends, 
 to cut and haul together the logs with which to build a cabin. It was 
 soon completed, and they moved into it, using the earth for a floor, 
 and the smoke from their cabin ascended through a chimney made of 
 short, round sticks, and quietly curled upw'ard among the tops of the 
 tall trees that closely surrounded their new home, and disappeared in 
 the clouds. In this cabin the subject of this sketch was born. May 
 1, 1825, and was truly one of the pioneer children of this county, and 
 it is believed he is the first one born in this part of the county that is 
 now living. His advantages for education were very limited, yet by 
 
SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 415 
 
 extensive reading and close observation he' is one of tiie best posted 
 men on all subjects in this township. August 13, 1846, he married 
 Miss Mary, daughter of Mr. John and Harried (Eubanks) Strange. She 
 was born in Clark county, Kentucky, October 23, 1820, and came to 
 Indiana when quite young. After his marriage Mr. Oaplinger en- 
 gaged in farming in Hendricks county, Indiana, for six years, and then 
 removed to Scott township and engaged in farming and carpentering. 
 In June, 1862, he went to Warren county, Indiana, and there engaged 
 in farming till 1865, when he returned to ScOtt township, and engaged 
 in the business of carpentering till 1874,, and then bought the steam 
 saw-mill on the Greencastle and Crawfordsville road, about three miles 
 north of Parkersburg. He has four children: "William H., James 
 F., John M. and Charlie A. They are all married and settled in the 
 neighborhood. Mr. Caplinger relates of early pioneer life that for 
 lights they dug out a turnip, filled it with oil or grease, stuck a stick 
 in the center of it and lit it ; this wonld burn all night. For bread 
 they grated corn on a grater, or ponnded it in a mortar. For their 
 meat they secured deer and wild turkeys. Mills and markets were 
 advantages only reached by many days of tedious travel. Six years 
 he filled the position of township trustee, and eight years assessor 
 of Scott township. 
 
 Allen Harrison, retired farmer, Ladoga. As far back in the history 
 of this county as September 25, 1828, Mr. Eobert Harrison and his 
 wife, Mary (Hammer) Harrison, came here from Ohio, their family 
 then consisting of five children, two boys arid three girls, though Mr. 
 Harrison had been here twice previous, having entered his land in 
 November, 1826, his patent being signed by John Q. Adams. At 
 his iiouse in Scott township was held the election of 1828, which 
 elected old " Hickory " Jackson. Mr. Harrison was one of the live 
 and leading pioneers of this township in its early history, but died in 
 1839, in the midst of his usefulness, both to the qhurch, the pioneer 
 settlers, and his own family, which then consisted of five children 
 three of whom are now living : John H., the youngest, Sarah, and 
 Allen. The subject of this sketch was born in Butler county, Ohio 
 February 24, 1812, and came to this county as above stated. December 
 4, 1834, he married Miss Sarah, daughter of John Britts, also an early 
 settler of Scott township. She died June 16, 1858. Mr. Harrison has 
 since remained a widower, and has a family of four children living : 
 Mary C, David D., John E. and Nancy E., wife of Mr. James W. 
 Moone, with whom he is now living in his old home. He is a man of 
 great memory, and from whom was obtained much of the early history 
 of the settlement of part of Scott township. 
 
416 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKY COUNTY. 
 
 D. G. Goodbar, retired farmer, Whitesville, a grandson of Joseph 
 Goodbar, one of two boys born in England and left orplians, early in 
 the last century. Joseph was taken by a sea captain and followed a 
 seafaring life. Returning to England and failing to find his brother, 
 he came to America and settled in Virginia, and there he reared a 
 family. His son John H., the father of our subject, after his marriage 
 to Miss Eaehel Hostetter, went to Kentucky, where he settled, farming 
 for many years. In 1829 he, with his family, excepting one son, came 
 to Montgomery county, Indiana, and settled in Scott township. He 
 was among the first to teach in the pioneer schools of the township. 
 He held the office of trustee of Scott township successively for eight- 
 een years, and represented this county one term in the state legisla- 
 ture for a salary of two dollars per day. For many years his nearest 
 market was La Fayette, Cincinnati, and points on the Ohio river, 
 through a vast wilderness without roads or bridges. He came to this 
 county by the usual mode, that of horses and wagon, oxen and cart. 
 Mr. Goodbar died in 1870 at the honorable old age of eighty-seven 
 years, after a long life of usefulness, loved and respected by all who 
 knew him. Dickison G. Goodbar was born in Virginia, May 6, 
 1813. He came from Kentucky with his parents, to this county, in 
 1829, and thus became one of the early settlers. October 4, 1848, he 
 married Miss Mary F. Prieste, a native of Putnam eonnty, Indiana, 
 and January 6, 1850, his son, John C, was born, and January 22 his 
 wife died. He has never since married, and is now living on his ex- 
 cellent farm of 400 acres in the northeast corner of Scott township, 
 with his son, who married Miss Kezia Epperson. She was born in 
 Putnam county, December 31, 1848. They have one sou, Walter J., 
 born February 2, 1872. 
 
 As early as 1829 in the history of this county Mr. Abraham Ash- 
 ley came from Kentucky to Scott township and entered land which he 
 soon began to improve with a dwelling in which he raised a prosper- 
 ous family. His son, Thomson V., who. May 30, 1844, was married to 
 Miss Dulceuia, daughter of Mr. Robert and Elizabeth (Malone) Lock- 
 ridge, now owns the old farm of 400 acres. He formerly owned 1,200 
 acres, but has lately divided with his children. He has three children : 
 Robert, a citizen of Scott township, a daughter the wife of a Mr. Foster, 
 and William H., who was born in Scott township March 30, 1845, 
 and is living on a part of the old farm, engaged in farmingand stock 
 raising, making fine breeds a specialty. Ho is also engaged in buyino' 
 and shipping. Mr. Ashley secured a good practical education which 
 he has turned to good advantage, and later in life was married to Miss 
 Elizabeth, a daughter of Joseph Fordice, and has since become the 
 
cA^-^-^^^ ^2.i^u>A, 
 
 (DECEASED I 
 
SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 417 
 
 father of three children. Mr. Ashley is one of the live young men 
 of the township, a substantial man, and one wide awake to matters of 
 public concern. He is a firm advocate of the principles as pronounced 
 by the republican party, and is respected as a good citizen by all with 
 whom he is acquainted. 
 
 Ambrose W. Armstrong, farmer and stock raiser, Parkersburg, is 
 one of the few noble pioneers now living. He is a son of Henry and 
 Elizabeth (Fisher) Armstrong, and was born in Fleming county, Ken- 
 tucky, January 19, 1812, and like his father was reared a farmer witln 
 but a limited means of education. AboiW; the age of eighteen he, with 
 his older brother, each owning a horse, bought a cheap wagon, costing 
 about $12, and with their widowed mother and two younger sisters^ 
 emigrated to this county with all their worldly effects, valued at 
 about $30, and September 10, 1829, landed in what is now Brown 
 township, and for several days camped by the side of an old log (hav- 
 ing not even a tent), awaiting the arrival of an uncle from Fayette 
 county, Kentucky. The same autumn Mr. Armstrong bought eighty 
 acres of wild land covered, with heavy timber, and at once began to im- 
 prove a farm. At the age of twenty-three years he began going to the 
 pioneer log cabin school, and soon aftej engaged in school teaching 
 in the winter and farming in summer, and by dint of close application 
 to study and extensive reading, Mr. Armstrong so engrafted himself 
 in the public confidence that he has been called to serve them in many 
 positions of trust, namely : one term in the state legislature, sixteen 
 years justice of the peace, and forty-two years elder in the Christian 
 church. He has been executor and administrator, settling up thirteen 
 estates, and been guardian for thirty-six minors. Mr. Armstrong has 
 by good management accumulated and independently owned over 800 
 acres of valuable land, part of which he has divided among his chil- 
 dren. His taste is altogether for farming rather than a public life, as 
 he never would permit his name to go before the people for a second 
 term in the state legislature. In the year 1838 he married Miss Eliza 
 J. Drennon, who was born January 13, 1812, in Scott county, Kentucky. 
 They had six children, three of whom are living : Mary E., Thomas J. 
 and David B. 
 
 William Swindler, retired farmer, Ladoga. In 1830 he with his 
 widowed mother and her family came to Brown township, this county, 
 from Kentucky, where she had buried her husband, Mr. Jonathan 
 Swindler, a short time previous. Soon after coming to this county 
 William went to Crawfordsville, and there engaged as an apprentice 
 to the cabinet and carpenter trade with Townsend & GriflSth, and re- 
 mained with them three years, after which he followed the business for- 
 27 
 
418 HISTOEY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 himself till April 27, 1837. He then married Miss America, daughter 
 of Mr. James Baty, a native of Kentucky. Soon after his marriage 
 Mr. Swindler bought a piece of land in Scott township, and there in 
 the wild forest cleared a spot on which to build a cabin, and with the 
 pluck and energy that has characterized him through life succeeded in 
 clearing a heavily timbered tract of land of the wildest character into 
 an excellent farm of 215 acres. This he still owns, besides his com- 
 fortable residence in Ladoga. His wife died August 13, 1847, and for 
 his second wife he married Mrs. Margaret Hughs, daughter of Philip 
 Eedinbaugh, a native of Jefferson county, Indiana. She died March 
 8, 1872. He now has his third wife, Mrs. Susan Benson, a native of 
 Virginia, and daughter of Mr. Daniel Himes. Mr. Swindler had by 
 his fifst wife three children, all deceased. One died at Memphis, Ten- 
 nessee (he enlisted at Indianapolis in 1863). By his second wife he had 
 three children, one of whom is living. He now has charge of the old 
 farm, and is married to Miss Savilla Kelsey, and has two children: 
 Hattie Bell, and one infant. 
 
 William T. Servies, farmer and stock raiser, New Market, came 
 from Shelby county, Kentucky, with his parents, William A. and Eliza 
 (Pilcher) Servies, as far back as 1830, and is therefore entitled to be 
 called, one of its pioneer children. He was born March 4, 1830, and se- 
 cured a limited education in the pioneer log-cabin schools, though most 
 of his early youth was spent in hard labor, clearing up a new farm and 
 other duties of pioneer life. When he was about eight years old his 
 mother died, and in his sixteenth year he was left an orphan by the 
 death of his father. After this sad event he engaged in working out 
 by the month till his twentieth year, when he engaged in farming for 
 himself. January 4, 1853, he married Miss Nancy C, daughter of 
 John and Phoebe (Foster) Jones. She was born in Scott township, on 
 the farm where she now lives, August 15, 1837. They have six chil- 
 dren : John A., Henry D., Mary A., America, Charlie M. and Maggie 
 G. Mrs. Servies now owns 460 acres of excellent land earned by his 
 own industry and economy, with the aid of an industrious and perse- 
 vering wife. He has dealt largely in stock of all kinds, together with 
 pork packing, following the business fifteen years successfully. His 
 father was an officer in the state militia, and was once called out to 
 meet Black Hawk, the great Indian warrior, at Crawfordsville ; it proved, 
 however, a false alarm. 
 
 Wm. S. White, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, whose name stands 
 among the leading agriculturists and stock raisers of Scott township, is 
 one of that class of men possessed of a high sense of honor, and a friend 
 to all enterprises pertaining to the good of the public. . He traces his 
 
SCOTT T0W2>rSHIP. 419 
 
 genealogy back to his grandfather, Thomas White, who was nativ-e of 
 Ireland, his birthplace being near the line of Scotland. He emigrated 
 to the United States and reared a family, among whom was Benjamin 
 White, native of Pennsylvania, and father of our subject, who also 
 reared a family of twelve children, and for many years was a resident 
 of Greene county, Ohio, and the native place of Wm. S., who was born 
 March 6, 181Y, and migrated to Indiana in 1831 with his parents, and 
 settled in Clarke township, Montgomery county. His father there en- 
 tered land from the government, and became one of the successful and 
 respected farmers of the county. The early advantages of Wm. S., so 
 far as education was concerned, were limited to sixteen days of school- 
 ing. Early in life he began learning the trade of a carpenter from his 
 father, and has since, in connection with farming, done about $25,000 
 of business in this line. In 1838 Mr. White bought his present farm, 
 which was then a piece of wild timber land, and which he has since 
 converted into one of the best 360-acre farms in Scott township. De- 
 cember 24, 1836, Mr. White was married to Miss Amy, daughter of 
 George Watkins, one of the old and prominent pioneers of the county. 
 They have reared a family of twelve children, seven of whom are liv- 
 ing: Israel H., Elizabeth J., Geo. W., Susanna M., Alice, John B. 
 and Emma C. Benj. F. died in the service of his country at Smoky 
 Town, Maryland, his body being brought home for burial. 
 
 James A. Skelton, farmer, New Market, was born in Kentucky, 
 July 30, 1825. At the age of seven years he, with his widowed 
 mother and her family of six children, emigrated to Brown township, 
 Montgomery county, Indiana. Soon after she came, not being able to 
 buy a home for her family, she put them out to be raised by others, 
 and James, the subject of this sketch, found his home with Mr. Wil- 
 liam Gott, Esq., with whom he lived till the age of twenty-one j'ears, 
 after which he began for himself by working out by the month. This 
 he followed but one year, and December 12, 1847, he married Miss 
 Rebecca Wilkinson, a native of Ohio, and born March 4, 1820. She 
 came to this county in 1844. They have a family of four children, ail 
 of whom are married : Kezia E:, wife of William F. Britton ; Mar 
 gery E., wife of Marcus W. Smith ; Margaret A., wife of Henry 
 C. Elliott, and Sarah E. E., wife of John W. Faust. Mr. Skelton is 
 now living on his neat little home of eighty acres, and engaged in 
 farming. His parents, Powell and Elizabeth (Gott) Skelton, are dead, 
 his father dying in Kentucky, and his mother in this county in 1841. 
 
 DalTiel Arnold, farmer and stock raiser, one of the early pioneers, 
 was born near Finn Castle, Virginia, December 12, 1808. His early 
 youth, till the age of twenty-three years, was spent with his parents, 
 
420 HISTORY OF ifONTGOMEBT COUNTY. 
 
 employed at farm labor, a business he has successfully followed 
 through life. In October, 1830, he married Miss Nancy Myers, wha 
 was born in Virginia. After his marriage Mr. Arnold engaged in 
 farming with his father-in-law, in his native state, one year, after which 
 he rented a farm one year, and in 1832 came to Clarke township^ 
 Montgomery county, Indiana. There his father-in-law bought him a 
 farm of 194 acres of land. This he partly improved, living on it eight 
 years; he then sold out and removed to Scott township and bought 
 the farm on which he now lives, about two miles northwest of Ladoga. 
 This farm of 320 acres he has well improved, and is worth about $18,- 
 000. After the death of his first wife Mr. Arnold married Miss Fran- 
 ces Pefley, daughter of Mr. Samuel Pefley, Esq. She died, and for 
 his third wife he married Margaret Maltby, with whom he is now liv- 
 ing. By his first wife he has three children living : David, Mary 
 (wife of Samuel Graybill), and Henry, and a son William, who was 
 killed in "Virginia, while nobly defending the flag of his country. To 
 Mr. James F. Harney the family acknowledge their life-long gratitude 
 for his kindness in going direct to the front, and at the risk of his life,, 
 securing the body and bringing it home for burial. By hie second 
 wife Mr. Arnold has three children living: Samuel, George R. and 
 John B. 
 
 James E. Welch, blacksmith, Parkersburg, the old-time and pres- 
 ent blacksmith of Parkersburg, is one to whom many thanks are given 
 in consideration of his opening his great store-house of knowledge con- 
 cerning the early history of this part of Scott township ; for without 
 the information given by him this part of the work would have been 
 quite incomplete. He was born in Fleming county, Kentucky, De- 
 cember 13, 1823, and with his parents, Mr. Noble and Lydia A. (Se- 
 crest) Welch, removed, in the autumn of 1825, to Monroe county, 
 Indiana, but soon after went to Owen county, where he remained one 
 year, and then went to Putnam county, and there lived till the fall 
 of 1833, when he came to Parkersburg, Montgomery county, Indiana,, 
 and bought a farm from one of the first pioneers, part of which he 
 soon after laid out in lots, and which made a part of the village of 
 Parkersburg. His educational advantages were limited, but with ai 
 determined will and a love for reading he has become a man of soma 
 considerable knowledge of general history, and is the equal of, if he 
 is not superior to, many who have enjoyed greater educational advan- 
 tages. In 1840 he went to Gosport, Indiana, and engaged there in 
 learning the trade he now follows, after which he made a trip to Iowa 
 on horse-back, via Bloomington and Burlington, in company with an 
 uncle, Mr. R. M. Secrest, taking with them a drove of cattle. After 
 
SCOTT T0W2JSHIP. 421 
 
 his return to Parkersburg he permanently located, and engaged in the 
 business of blaeksmithing. May 1, 1853, he married Miss Elizabeth T. 
 daughter of Mr. Henry and Letitia Branock. She was born in Ken- 
 tucky, October 10, 1832. They have six children : Sarah E., JS'oble 
 H., James R., Lydia A., Charles S. and William M. Politically Mr. 
 Welch is a republican, though he was formerly a democrat, and only 
 ■when he considered they abandoned their first principles Ije left the 
 party. 
 
 Marcus D. L. Long, farmer, Ladoga, son of William D. and Ehoda 
 H. (Clark) Long, was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, November 1, 
 1832. In about 1836 he with his mother and ini'ant brother came to 
 this county, his father having died in January 1834. His early youth 
 was spent in farming, and to a limited extent attending school. Being 
 an orphan boy his education was of a necessity much neglected, but by 
 a rigid observation and wide reading he has become quite familiar and 
 "well posted as regards business and current literature. At about the 
 age of twenty be began life for himself by working out by the month. 
 When twenty-six years old he purchased his present home farm, and on 
 January 3, 1861, at the age of twenty-eight, he married Miss Melvina 
 Lafollett, who was born January 19, 1839, and died May 11, 1876. 
 One child, the product of this union, is dead. May 25, 1876, he mar- 
 ried Miss Lydia E. Frank, a native of Putnam county, Indiana, who 
 was born February 28, 1839. Her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Frank, are 
 both dead. Mr. Long is now the happy possessor of 160 acres of land 
 situated two and one-fourth miles east of Parkersburg, on Raccoon creek, 
 well improved and under a ^high state of cultivation, and was made 
 and saved by his own hard labor, economy, and close application to 
 business. In June, 1844, his mother married Nicholas West, one of 
 Putnam county's well-to-do and influential farmers and stock raisers, 
 respected by all, and revered as one of the leading citizens of the county. 
 But a sad fate was waiting this magnanimous soul. November 24, 
 1864, he was murdered without cause at the hands of Henry L. Dick- 
 son, a brother of Mr. West's first wife. They had been life-long friends, 
 and knew each other only as brothers. But Dickson had become insane 
 upon the political questions of the day. The presidential election of 
 that year had just been decided. The spirit of every Union man was 
 fired to a flaming heat. The war was still raging in all its fury. The 
 success of the armies was uppermost in every person's mind. The result 
 of battles was discussed in a most ardent manner until every one's 
 mind was filled with excitement. The night referred to above, Dick- 
 son had wrought himself up to such a pitch- he was ungovernable, while 
 laboring under the hallucination that his democratic friends, on account 
 
422 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 of his having voted contrary to his former principles, which were dem- 
 ocratic, had become his avow^ed enemies, and that these and the armies 
 of the south were constantly watching him, seeking the destruction of 
 his life and property. His wife was a good, honest, earnest christian, and 
 as such had many times tried to convert him, until his sanity upon re- 
 ligious topics was sometimes questioned. The evening in question 
 Mr. "West was called in to try and quiet him, which he succeeded in 
 doing as far as outward appearances indicated. But about 11 o'clock 
 Dickson, unobserved by Mr. "West, drew a revolver and shot him in 
 the abdomen, from the effects of which he died about 6 o'clock the 
 following morning, surrounded by his weeping wife and two step-sons. 
 Dickson was immediately taken before the proper authorities, tried, and 
 sent to the hospital for the insane at Indianapolis, where he still re- 
 mains a hopeless case. 
 
 Joseph Wasson, farmer and stock raiser, Parkersburg, is a son of 
 Samuel and Susanah (McLeod) Wasson, and was born in Bourbon 
 county, Kentucky, October 12, 1828. In the fall of 1835 he, with his 
 parents, emigrated in a four-horse wagon to what is now Brown town- 
 ship, Montgomery county, Indiana, occupying twelve days in making 
 the trip. His advantages as regards education -were very limited during 
 his early youth, though after he arrived at his majority he attended a 
 graded school, after which he entered his brother's store at Parkersburg 
 as clerk. ISTovember 25; 1852, he married Miss Susan'A., daughter of 
 John and Sarah (Sewel) Frame. She was born June 24, 1834, and ia 
 a native of Kentucky, and came with her parents to this county in its 
 early history. They -have four children: Cordelia J., John C. and 
 Minnie. Mr. Wasson now owns a neat little farm of 115 acres one 
 mile north of Parkersburg, on which is laid out the private family cem- 
 etery of the Wassons and Frames. He has been a member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal church the last twenty-one years ; is its present 
 class-leader, and has aided largely in building up arid supporting the 
 church through its early history. Mr. Wasson is, politically, a republican. 
 
 William Myers, retired fanner, Ladoga, came with his parents, John 
 and Catharine (Hontz) Myers, to this township from Virginia in 1833. 
 He was born on September 4, 1816, in the old hilly state of Yirginia. 
 At the time they settled in Montgomery county their market for many 
 years was La Fayette, or to points on the Ohio river through a wild tim- 
 bered country, without roads or bridges, winding through the forests,, 
 crossing, or rather fording, streams at the safest places. On October 20^ 
 1886, he married Miss Lydia Harshbarger, a native of Yirginia, who 
 came to this county far back in its early history. Mr. Myers, like his. 
 father, was reared a farmer, which business he always followed. In 
 
SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 423 
 
 1852 he built the fine brick residence where he now lives, on the county 
 road one mile west of Ladoga. He is now spending his declining years 
 in his eonafortable home, made by a life of honest toil. He has six 
 children living : Saloma C, Elizabeth A., Daniel A., Amanda E., Mary 
 L. and Susan A. His father died in 1842, at the honored old age of 
 seventy-seven years, after an industrious life of honest labor. His 
 mother died in 1850. He has nineteen grandchildren, and is one of 
 the representative men of Scott township. 
 
 Francis M. Watkins, farmer and stock raiser, New Market, is a son 
 of Daniel and !Nancy (Kelsey) Watkins, who came and settled in the 
 north part of Scott township in 1827, and was among the first of the 
 early pioneers there. He bought a half-section of land, cleared a large 
 part of it, and reared a family of ten children. He was one of the early 
 Methodist preachers in this part of Montgomery county, and did much 
 in the way of establishing and permanently building up the society in 
 this part of the county, and having a good home it was always the 
 home of the preachers. He died in March 1873, after a life of useful- 
 ness and honest toil, loved and respected by all. Mrs. Watkins died 
 in March 1878. Our subject, Francis M., the seventh of the family, 
 was born January 29, 1837, in Scott township, and like his father was 
 reared a farmer, and was educated in the common schools. Being in 
 Illinois at the outbreak of the rebellion, he enlisted at Chicago in Co. 
 G, 37th 111. Vol. Inf. He participated in the battle of Pea Ridge, where 
 he was wounded in the shoulder, but not so severely but that he kept 
 his place in the ranks till the battle was won, and had the ball extracted 
 at night. In this memorable battle over half their regiment was lost 
 in killed and wounded, after which they were for some time engaged 
 in a destructive warfare with guerrillas and bushwhackers. He was in 
 the great battle of Prairie Grove, Arkansas, at the siege of Yicksburg, 
 and at the capture of Yazoo City. From there he went with his regi- 
 ment to the Eio Grande, where he remained till discharged and sent 
 to Chicago, where he was mustered out of service after three years and 
 three months' active soldiering for his country's flag. He at once re- 
 turned to Montgomery county, Indiana, and engaged in farming on the 
 old home farm. September 24, 1867, he married Miss Mary A. Lash- 
 ley, who died August 20, 1878. August 7, 1879, he married for 
 his second wife Mrs. N^ancy Davis, who was born in Brown township 
 August 8, 1835, and is a daughter of Mr. Thomas Glenn. By his first 
 wife Mr. Watkins has two children : Hattie E. and Nettie C. Mrs. 
 Watkins has by her former husband one child, James T. Mr. Watkins 
 is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, while Mrs. Watkins 
 is a member of the Missionary Baptist church. 
 
424 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 David Arnold, farmer, Ladoga, is a son of David and Nancy (Myers) 
 Arnold, and was born in Scott township in 1837, and like his^ father 
 was reared a farmer. His advantages for education were rather limited, 
 yet such as was to be obtained in the pioneer log-cabin schools, car- 
 ried on on the subscription principle, he received. In 1862 he' married 
 Miss Eebecca Ann Grider, who died in 1872. For his second wife he 
 married Martha Gish, a native of Virginia, who is one of those excel- 
 lent ladies who always contribute to home's happiness. He has six 
 children: Thomas and William by his first wife, and Daniel, Charlie, 
 Henry, and Homer, by his second. He owns a very neat and beautiful 
 little farm of eighty acres two miles north of Ladoga. His father came 
 here from Yirginia far back in this county's history. He owns 320 acres 
 of land. Mr. Arnold is educating his family as becomes a faithful parent. 
 
 Daniel Busenbark, farmer, New Market, is a son of "William and 
 Eliza (Leigh) Busenbark. He was born in Butler county, Ohio, Oc- 
 tober 13, 1831, and came to Union township with his parents Septem- 
 ber 1833. He, like his father, was reared a farmer, and enjoyed but a 
 limited means of education, coming to a new country in infancy, 
 where was only the pioneer subscription school. His father died in 
 1836, and thus he was left in early life in care of his mother. At the 
 age of eighteen he began for himself by working out by the month 
 till he earned money enough to buy a team. He then rented the old 
 farm from his mother, one year, then removed to Scott township, 
 bought a farm of eighty acres, and has, by economy, industry and close 
 attention to business, paid for and improved it in a way that reflects 
 credit on its owner. About four years after his marriage his wife 
 died, and he married for his second wife Hannah L., daughter of Car- 
 son and Cinthy (Craig) Wray, who was born in Montgomery county, 
 Indiana. Their children are Mary E., William W., Francis C. and 
 Eliza J. Mr. Busenbark is one of those men who by honesty and 
 fair dealing has gained the confidence of his friends and neighbors. 
 
 David M. Harsh barger, farmer and graded stock raiser, Ladoga, is 
 a sou of Mr. Samuel and Elizabeth (Myers) Harshbarger, who came to 
 this township from "Virginia with their family in 1837, though he came 
 here in 1831, and entered land in Sees. 34 and 35, T. 17, R. 4 W., on 
 his farm. Here he lived, and reared a thrifty and industrious family, 
 and died at the honorable old age of seventy-two years. Mrs. Harsh- 
 barger died in 1850. David was born in Scott township, on the old 
 farm, and in the same house where he now lives, February 4, 1842, 
 and was reared to a farmer's life. January 27, 1870, he married Miss 
 Sarah A., daughter of William F. and Mary A. (Hostetter) Davidson. 
 She was born in Union township, Montgomery county, Indiana, July 
 
SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 425 
 
 ■30, 1845. They have three children : Clara A., Saloma B. and Cora 
 E. He is now actively engaged in farming and stock raising, and has 
 for the last few years turned his attention to the breeding and rais- 
 ing of graded Bhort-horns, and is feeding yearly about a car load of 
 fine export steers. In fact, his stock farm and house (which is a fine 
 brick) reflect great credit on their proprietor. He is a democrat, as was 
 also his father, though he was always opposed to slavery, and for that 
 reason left Virginia and came to the free state of Indiana. 
 
 Samuel P. Forgey, retired farmer, Whitesville, was born in Mont- 
 gomery county, Kentucky, March 22, 1819, and came with his parents, 
 James and Jane (Vainscoyac) Forgey, to Putnam county, Indiana, 
 when eight years old. Coming to a new country, his education was 
 very limited, yet, having a determined will, he applied himself to 
 reading and observation, and has become one of the well posted men of 
 the county. December 17, 1840, he married Miss Mahala 0., daugh- 
 ter of Samuel and Elizabeth (Olliver) Magill. She was born February 
 1, 1831, in Franklin county, Kentucky. In 1843 he removed to his 
 present home farm in the northeast part of Scott township, enjoying 
 the fruits of his labor and industry.. He has five children living: 
 James S. (now in Kansas, engaged in farming) enlisted in Co. B, 10th 
 Ind. Vol. Inf , and faithfully served his country in the dark days of 
 rebellion ; Elizabeth J., wife of George L. Mills, who was also a sol- 
 dier -through the war, serving in Co. K, 11th Cav., 126th Ind. Vols.; 
 John P. is in Kansas, and George W. and Henry C. are at home, all 
 engaged in farming. Judging from the neat and thrifty appearance of 
 the farm and its improvements, they are industrious and enterprising 
 young men. Politically they are republicans, and the parents are 
 members of the Methodist church. 
 
 Thomas J. Armstrong, farmer and graded stock raiser, Parkers- 
 burg, was born in Scott township, April 2, 1843, and, like his father, 
 was reared a farmer. His education was received mostly at the com- 
 mon country schools, and he attended the Ladoga Seminary six 
 months. At a little less than nineteen years of age he volunteered 
 his services to his country, and March 3, 1863, became a member of 
 Co. G, 26th Ind. Vol. Inf. The first battle he engaged in was New 
 Tonia, Missouri. Soon after followed the terrible battle of Prairie 
 ■Grove, Arkansas ; there his regiment lost over half their men in about 
 two hours. It is due to the credit of Mr. Armstrong to say that he 
 was out about four years, and constantly with his regiment, being 
 home but once, then on a veteran furlough, and was honorably dis- 
 •charged February 1866. He at once returned home and engaged in 
 farming, and ISTovember 20, 1866, he married Miss Susan E., daughter 
 
426 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 of Jamesand Malinda S. (Parker) Secrest. She was born in Scott town-^ 
 ship, September 12, 1847. They have two children living : Mary A. 
 and Leo. Besides farming Mr. Armstrong is now actively engaged in 
 stock raising ; for the last three years, however, he has turned his at- 
 tention to graded stock breeding and raising short-horned cattle, Clids- 
 dale horses, Cotswold sheep, and Jersey red swine. His farm and 
 home is half a mile north of Parkersburg. His parents, Mr. Am- 
 brose W. and Eliza J. (Drennon) Armstrong, came to this county far 
 back in its early history. 
 
 John H. Goodbar, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, is a son of Har- 
 vey and Louisa (Lockridge) Goodbar, who came to this county from 
 Kentucky in 1829, traveling then, as did others, with horses and 
 wagon, driving their milch cows with them, occupying sixteen days in; 
 making the trip. Mr Goodbar was a most estimable citizen, and died 
 in early life. Mrs. Goodbar is living. Of their four children three are 
 living : Elizabeth, Albert, and John H. The subject of this sketch 
 was born June 1, 1843, in Scott township and, like his father, was 
 reared a farmer, and educated in the pioneer log cabin. About the 
 age of fifteen years he began farming for himself, taking charge of the^ 
 old homestead. He now owns' 240 acres of good and well improved 
 land, and is actively engaged in farming and stock raising, making 
 raising and dealing in cattle a specialty, as he considers grazing and 
 feeding cattle a more intelligent branch of farming than raising grain 
 for sale. He was for several years engaged in buying and shipping 
 stock to Chicago. March 24, 1864, he married Miss Livia, daughter 
 of Mr. Isaac Dollis, Esq., of Louisville, Kentucky. She was born in 
 1843. 
 
 William Johnson, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga. As far back in the- 
 history of Scott township as 1831 came Mr. Alfred and his wife Marga- 
 ret (Dollis) Johnson from Mason county, Kentucky. He was born and 
 they were married in Kentucky ; she was born in New Jersey. Coming 
 as they did in the fall of the year, ground was wet (there being no roads), 
 and they were three weeks making the trip. After arriving they began 
 making arrangements for wintering, and improving their new home. Mr.. 
 Johnson died in 1850, and Mrs. Johnson is still living in the old home 
 with her son George and one daughter. She is a smart and intelligent 
 lady for one of her age. Her youngest son, William, the subject of 
 this sketch, is living on a farm adjoining. He was born on the old 
 farm near the center of the township, May 7, 1845. Five years after 
 his birth his father died, and he was reared by his mother, and en- 
 gaged in farming and attending school till the age of twenty, when he 
 entered the Ladoga Seminary and pursued a commercial course six 
 
SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 427 
 
 months of each year for five years, working on the farm between 
 times, after which he devoted his time to farming and dealing in stock. 
 April 8, 1873, he married Miss Mary A., daughter of Robert and 
 Susan E. (Oliver) Webb ; she was born in Hamilton county, Indiana. 
 They have three children : Robert A., George H. and Gracie E. 
 (twins). Mr. Johnson is now devoting most of his time to buying and 
 shipping stock of all kinds, having last year shipped 56 car loads, hav- 
 paid out for stock in Montgomery and adjoining counties some $75,- 
 000. The county commissioners, a few years ago, appointed him 
 assessor, after which he was elected to fill the same position by the 
 people two terms. Himself and wife are members of the Baptist 
 church at Ladoga. He is at present, superintendent of the Sabbath- 
 school at the center school-house, and pWitically is a sound republican. 
 
 Nathaniel G. Kesler, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, the present 
 gentlemanly trustee of Scott township, is a son of Mr. Benjamin and 
 Elizabeth (Graybill) Kesler. He was born in Botetourt county, Vir- 
 ginia, January 8, 1838, and in 1847, with his parents, came to Scott 
 township, Montgomery county, Indiana. His father, by hard work and 
 close attention to business, has made a large property, and is now living 
 on his fine farm of 350 acres, just north of Ladoga, and each of his five 
 sons are owners of good farms. Nathaniel's farm contains 207 acres,, 
 and he has just built on it a very fine and comfortable little residence. 
 September 13, 1866, he married Miss Mary E., daughter of Mr. Sam- 
 uel and Elizabeth (Myers) Harslibarger, early pioneers of Scott town- 
 ship, the place of her birth and rearing. They have five children : 
 Louie L., Samuel B., William H., Sarah A. and John M. Mr. Kesler 
 is one of the leading men of his township, and is engaged in farming 
 and stock raising, as well as filling the positions of trust elected to by 
 his friends and constituents. 
 
 William R. Frame, farmer and stock raiser, Parkersburg. Old 
 uncle William Frame came to this township as early as 1828. He was 
 one of those men of sterling worth who, when they enter a new 
 country, at once begin to look after its moral and religious interests. 
 William Robert Frame, the subject of this sketch, is his grandson and 
 was born on September 6, 1851, in Scott township, and was, like his 
 father and grandfather, reared a farmer. During his youth he received 
 a fair common school education. He was married June 24, 1875, to 
 Miss Mary A., daughter of Mr. Thomas S. and Mary A. (Points) 
 Doyle, and was born in this county August 22, 1858. They have two 
 children : Charley W., and Minnie A., a very intelligent child, in Feb- 
 ruary 1880, became afflicted with spinal disease, and now, in August 
 1880, is unable to walk, though her parents are using every means 
 
428 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 that money can procure for her restorHtion, having her treated by emi- 
 nent physicians, both here and in Indianapolis. Mr. Frame's parents 
 were Mr. George "W". and Betsey (LafoUett) Frame, the former dying 
 January 26, 1863, and the lattel- is still living. Mr. Frame has a fine 
 farm of 160 acres and a very nice residence. 
 
 Michael W. Lane, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, vt^as born in 
 Kerry county, Ireland, August 20, 1840, and is a son of Timothy and 
 Julia (Hanifan) Lane. He received a common English school educa- 
 tion and vcas reared a farmer. At the age of twelve years he emi- 
 grated to America, and late in the fall of 1852, after a perilous voyage 
 of nine weeks, arrived in New York city. The following February 
 lie went by the way of Indianapolis to Bainbridge, Putnam county, 
 Indiana, in search of his mother and two brothers who had preceded 
 him. On finding his brothers he then, to his sorrow, learned that liis 
 mother had been dead six months ; this was truly sad news to a young 
 boy hunting for his mother in a strange land. After coming to Indiana 
 he engaged in working out at $12 per month, then in ditching with a 
 spade, which he followed till the age of seventeen, through the 
 fall and winter months, farming on shares in the summer. In his 
 eighteenth year he gathered up his earnings which, besides a horse and 
 saddle, amounted to $842, and on July 4 started on a trip through the 
 southern states as far as Texas, and from there turned his face home- 
 ward, and arrived in Carpentersville, Indiana, on Christmas night of 
 the same year. In February, 1857, he bought a renter's crop, stock 
 and outfit and engaged in farming in Scott township, but one year 
 later left and went to Putnam county, and there rented a large stock 
 farm for a term of years, of Stephen Burk, where he invested $1,800 
 in stock, etc., and here engaged in farming and stock raising, and in a 
 fair way for making money, but through the dishonesty and trickery 
 of his landlord and others he lost all he owned. He then returned to 
 Scott township and rented a piece of land ; this he farmed with one 
 horse, which he bought on credit from a friend, and for a cow his wife 
 traded her glassware and best dishes, which she had bought and re- 
 ceived as presents at the time of her marriage. Soon after, through 
 the recommendation of Mr. Kobert Lockridge, he became stock pur- 
 chaser for a firm near La Fayette, which he followed about three years, 
 and then began buying and selling stock on his own account. He 
 next sold his personal property and engaged in the liquor traffic, at the 
 same time running a tannery, but for the sake of humanity and his 
 family's future benefit he abandoned the former and returned to farm- 
 ing. In the next seven or eight years he bought and sold some three 
 farms, trading the last for his present home, a farm of 175 acres, lo- 
 
SCOTT TOWNSHIP. 429' 
 
 cated on Sec. 34, T. 17, E. 4 W., where he permanently located. 
 June 1, 1859, he married Miss Ellen, daughter of Thomas and Han- 
 orah (Fitzgerald) "Welsh. She was born in the county of Kerry, Ire- 
 land, but was principally reared in London. They have seven chil- 
 dren : Julia J., Thomas W., Henry M., Charles T., Margaret H.^ 
 Michael A. and Mary E. His fine farm and stock, with the aid of a 
 most faithful and industrious wife, is all earned by hard labor and close 
 attention to business. 
 
 "William H. Grider, farmer and stock raiser, New Market, is a son 
 of Thomas and Elizabeth (Button) Grider, and was born in Putnam 
 county, Indiana, February 1, 1829. He was reared a farmer, and his 
 advantages of school being limited he received only an education such 
 as the pioneer log schools of his boyhood days afforded ; but being a 
 man of reading and observation he has become quite well posted in 
 the business pertaining to intelligent farming. After staying with his 
 father till the age of twenty-two years he began farming for himself on 
 forty acres of land given him by his father. April 3, 1851, he married 
 Miss Frances, daughter of Dennis and Susan Pottinger. She was born 
 in Montgomery county, Indiana, on September 10, 1831, and died 
 Novem'ber 10, 1863. For his second wife he married Mrs. Emily A. 
 Maddox, daughter of Mr. Michael Wilson, Esq. She was born in 
 Putnam county, Indiana, March 29, 1835. They have eight children : 
 Oliver B., Emily J., Elizabeth C, Amanda M., by his first wife; and 
 Barton S., Jesse H., John, and Charlie M., by his last wife. In 1856 
 he sold his farm in Putnam county and removed to Brown township, 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, and there bought a farm of 139 acres, 
 but in I860 sold that and moved into Scott township, and bought his 
 present farm of 288 acres near the center of the north side of the town- 
 ship. This farm he has highly improved, and it is one of the best in 
 the township. His father is dead, and his mother is still living on the 
 old farm in Putnam county, where she has lived the last fifty years. 
 
 Martin A. Servies, brick and tile manufacturer, New Market, is a 
 son of "William A. and Mary A. (Points) Servies, and was born in Brown 
 township August 7, 1845. He, like his father, was reared a farmer, 
 and received a common school education in the country schools of his 
 boyhood days, at the same time working on the farm. April 6, 1865, 
 he married Miss Eebecca, daughter of Mr. John and Phoebe (Foster) 
 Jones, who came from Kentucky to this county far back in its early 
 history. After his marriage Mr. Servies engaged in farming in Brown 
 township, but in the fall of the same year removed to Scott township, 
 where he farmed some time, and then, went to Boone county, Indiana, 
 and followed the same occupation till he returned to Scott township in 
 
430 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 1876, where he engaged in the manufacture of brick and tile, a product 
 very much needed in this part of the county, and finds a ready market 
 for all he can produce. He has now in use in his tile department one 
 of Mr. J. W. Penfield's best four-horse tile mills. His yards, sheds, 
 and kilns are all complete, and is the first business of the kind ever 
 started in Scott township. He has two children : Clarra M. and Eva 
 A. His mother is still living in Brown township, and is the wife of 
 Mr. Thomas Doyle. She came to this county when quite young, and 
 is therefore/like his father (who died in 1846), one of the early pioneers 
 of this county. 
 
 Kent K. Straughan, physician and surgeon, Parkersburg, is a son 
 of Dr. J. W. and Sarah J. (Harrison) Straughan. He was born in 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, March 6, 1857, and his early youth 
 was spent farming and attending school till about the age of fifteen 
 years. He then entered a graded school at Russellville, where he re- 
 mained about four years, and then went to Indianapolis and became a 
 student in the medical college of that city, from which he graduated in 
 the spring of 1878. March 6, 1878, he married Miss Lucy Bell, daughter 
 of Allen and Mary (Drennon) Bridges, early settlers of this county. 
 He at once settled in Parkersburg and began the practice of his pro- 
 fession in the same locality where his father successfully practiced medi- 
 cine for twenty-eight years. In the way of success, his most sanguine 
 hopes are more than realized. He has one child, Walter Lee, born 
 February 4, 1879. 
 
 Eobert C. Gott, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, is a son of "Will- 
 iam and Rhoda A. (Swindler) Gott, and one of a family of nine chil- 
 dren, five of whom are living, as follows: Letitia, Mary, America, 
 William T. and Robert C, the subject of this sketch. He was born 
 in Scott township, April 24, 1841, and, like his father, was reared a 
 farmer, attending the common country schools till the age of twenty- 
 one. His father then gave him a horse and saddle ; this he sold, 
 worked out a year, and then entered the Ladoga Academy, where he 
 remained one year. He then taught school one winter and again 
 went to Ladoga school a year, after which he went to college at In- 
 dianapolis, and there completed a commercial course. After that he 
 engaged in teaching in Parke and Montgomery counties. On October 
 30, 1865, he married Miss Emily J., daughter of Thomas H. Messick. 
 She was born in Ohio in 1837. He then rented the old farm of which 
 he now, through good management and economy, owns eighty acres, 
 an illustration of what pluck and perseverance will do. He has three 
 children : Charles C, Queen A. and Catharine E. He is now en- 
 gaged in farming and stock raising. His father died in 1877, and his 
 
MADISON TOWlfSHIP. » 431 
 
 mother is still living, and is now in Crawfordsville with her youngest 
 «on, Dr. Wm. Gott. 
 
 George Gott, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga. As early in the 
 history of this county as 1828 Mr. Robert Gott, with his wife Re- 
 becca (Hughs), came from Kentucky to Brown township, and in the 
 new and wild country entered 160 acres of land. He reared a family 
 of nine children, three of whom are living: Eliza, Preston S. and 
 George, the subject of this sketch, who was born in Kentucky, October 
 20, 1827. His educational advantages were only such as were afforded 
 in the subscription pioneer log cabin schools of those days. His em- 
 ployment during his early youth and subsequent life was farm labor. 
 On September 7, 1848, he married Miss Mary A. Pottinger, who 
 was born in Montgomery county, Indiana, September 24, 1829, and 
 died October 25, 1854. On November 6, 1855, he married his second 
 wife, Miss Mary Johnson, who was born in Montgomery county, In- 
 diana, and died August 25, 1860. For his third wife he married Mrs. 
 Mary E. Eurguson, daughter of Samuel Chism. She was born in 
 Kentucky, June 23, 1829. He has three children living: William 
 H. and Dennis R. by his first wife, and Isaac N. by his second wife. 
 He now owns, as a reward for his hard work and good management, 
 120 acres of good and well improved land, on which he has recently 
 built a very neat and comfortable residence. 
 
 MADISON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This is a north-central township, bounded on the north by Tippe- 
 canoe county, on "the east by Sugar Creek, south by Union, and 
 west by Coal Creek townships. The surface is level, the greater part 
 of which is prairie interspersed here and there with groves and clumps 
 of trees, that have grown up since the first settlers located here, since 
 the annual burnings ceased. Originally the township contained much 
 swamp land ; this has been partially drained. The largest swamp was 
 the one known as Lye Creek prairie, situated in the south-central part 
 of the township, embracing several thousand acres which, during the 
 winter and spring, presented the appearance of a lake ; besides this. 
 Nine-mile prairie in the north part of the township contained numer- 
 ous smaller swamps and ponds, which made successful cultivation im- 
 possible without systematic drainage, which has been partially accom- 
 plished. On the east and- northwest, each, is a small area of greater 
 elevation than the remainder of the township, with less sloughs, and 
 here it was that the first settlers located in 1829. Among those who 
 
432 ■ HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 settled in Madison at tliat date are William Smith, one of the first 
 settlers of the county, located on Sec. 29, and erected the first house 
 in the township; Eobert Williams and George Jones located on 
 Sec. 8 ; Leonard Eobertson on Sec. 17 ; William and David Yance 
 each entered 160 acres on Sec. 18 (the latter was treasurer of the 
 county for several years), and John Potts located on Sec. 17. 0. W. 
 White, formerly of Cold Creek, located where he now lives, at Lin- 
 den, in 1830. The Indians came back each autumn, to hunt, till 
 1832. 
 
 The first justice elected was John McDowel ; first constable, John 
 Martin ; both elected in 1830. The first school in the township was 
 taught by John Percy in a private house in the McDowel settlement, 
 about 1829. The first house erected for school purposes was located 
 on the present site of Linden, in 1838. It was a log building with a 
 big fire-place. The furniture consisted of a few seats made of slabs, 
 
 • and rails set upon pins ; they had ho backs ; the windows were of 
 greased paper. This building, rude as it was, served the purpose of a 
 church till 1854. W. L. Petro erected the first blacksmith shop in the 
 township, in 1839, a short distance southwest of Linden. He now 
 plies his craft in the village of Linden. The early settlers of this 
 township iinderwent many severe hardships and great privations. Be- 
 fore roads were laid out and worked the country was next to impassa- 
 ble, — in the winter because of the ice, in the summer on account of 
 the miry sloughs. There were no mills near, and it frequently occurred 
 that families were for weeks without meal or flour, only as they pre- 
 pared it by means of a mortar. Till 1834 it was a difficult thing to 
 
 • prevent the game from consuming all the grain raised in the country 
 before it was fit to harvest. Often they were obliged to go to the 
 Wea for corn, and then pay 75 cents per bushel for an inferior quality.. 
 So frequently did this occur, that the section about the Wea received 
 from them the appellation, "Egypt," which it has since retained. 
 They for several years necessarily depended largely upon the deer, 
 wild turkey and wild hogs for their supply of meat ; the latter, when 
 there was a heavy mast, would get tolerably fat. In 1834 the settlers 
 experienced a long, hard winter, accompanied by a deep snow ; from 
 this time the game began to disappear; in 1840 it was thought to be. 
 scarce. 
 
 Clothing could be had at La Fayette and Terre Haute, but they 
 had no money with which to buy, and if they had had plenty of wheat 
 and corn to spare they would have been but little better oS, because 
 there was no market nearer than New Orleans beyond home consump- 
 tion, and merchants' wares were beyond reason ; salt $5 per barrel,. 
 
MADISON TOWNSHIP. 483 
 
 calico from 30 to 40 cents per yard. Then it was that the hum of the 
 wheel, the noise of the loom and flax-break, made the family music of 
 the evening, instead of the mellow, molten notes of the organ, in Mad- 
 ison township. Then there were no carding mills to prepare the wool 
 for the wheel ; that work was done by means of hand-cards. All the 
 progress made above a bare living till about 1840 was scarcely discern- 
 able, other than that more of the land was being brought into cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 From 1840 to 1852 little can be said of Madison township, more 
 than that it became more thickly settled, more land was brought into 
 cultivation, and that road-making had progressed to some extent. In 
 1852 the Michigan City & New Albany railroad was built through the 
 west side of the township one mile from the line. It occupies the line 
 of the old Crawfordsville road, the first laid out in the township. 
 This gave a new turn to aflfairs. Immediately upon the completion of 
 the railroad, in 1852, Linden was laid out by Hiram Hughs, Joel Lee, 
 and Nathan Harwood. The first named of these erected the first 
 warehouse and opened the first store in the village. Dr. Henry Kee- 
 ney built the first dwelling-house, his brother William the first black- 
 smith shop. Hiram Hughs was first postmaster. Since the laying out 
 of this village it has been the trading point for Madison and east Coal 
 Creek townships. For the shipment of grain it is second to no place 
 in the county except Crawfordsville. Its progress has been steady. 
 In 1858 Galbreath erected here the first wagon shop, it being the only 
 one in the township at that time. The first wagon made at this shop 
 was bought by the widow Halstead. The other business houses of 
 Linden are two grocery stores, one store of general merchandise, one 
 drug store^ a grist-mill, and a warehouse. It has a population of 300. 
 
 Linden has two secret societies, the I.O.O.F. and the Masons, and 
 two churches, the New Light Christian and the Methodist Episcopal 
 orders. 
 
 The Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, Lodge No. 393, was or- 
 ganized in Linden in 1872 with J. W. Smock, J. W Patrick, Dr. 
 Henry Keeney, J. M. Miller, and B. T. Tatman, as charter members. 
 First officers installed were J. "W. Smock, N.G. ; B. T. Tatman, V.G. ; 
 G. "W. Patrick, Sec. ; John M. Miller, Treas. The society now num- 
 bers twenty-four members, is in good condition, owns its hall, 20x40, 
 in the Stoddard block, and meets regularly on Saturday evening of 
 each week. In the eight years since this society was organized not a 
 single death has occurred within it. The preseuit officers are F. M. 
 Mason, N.G. ; L. W. Petro, V.G. ; T. 0. Shanklin, Sec. ; W. Blue, Treas. 
 
 Masonic lodge, through the influence of Dr. J. S. McMurry, moi e 
 
434 HISTORY OF MONTQOMEUT CO0NTY. 
 
 than anyone else, the Ancient Order of Masons Lodge, No. 41, was 
 established in Linden, in 1867, with Dr. J. S. McMurry, W. H. Mont- 
 gomery, D. A. Kelsey, Dr. E. P. Washburn, J. M. Barkus, A. L. 
 White, D. L. Rash, A. M. Stoddard, and J. W. Sutton, as charter 
 members. First officers : J. S. McMurry, Master ; W. H. Montgomery, 
 S.W.; E. A. Kelsey, J.W. ; J. M. Stoddard, Treas. ; J. M. Barcus, 
 Sec. Present officers : W. L. Fraley, Master ; W. H. Montgomery, 
 Warden ; James Clark, J.W. ; W. G. McBee, Treas. ; E. P. Washburn, 
 Sec. ; W. H. Burns, S.D. ; Thomas Wilson, J.D. The first death 
 which occurred in this lodge was that of J. Spink, in the fall of 1874; 
 W. S. Foster died in 1875, S. Simpson in 1876, J. C. Garrett in 1879. 
 The lodge owns its hall and is out of debt. It numbers twenty-five 
 members, active, and is in a flourishing condition. 
 
 There are three church societies in this township, two of which are 
 located in the village of Linden, the third some two miles south of 
 Linden at the line separating Madison and Coal Creek townships. The 
 last named is of the New Light order of christians. It erected its 
 first and present church house in 1875 at a cost of $1,300. The so- 
 ciety numbers fifty active members, and is in a fair condition. It is 
 known as the Mount Pleasant church society. 
 
 The history of the Methodist Episcopal church, now located in 
 Linden, dates far back, almost with the first settlement. The people 
 of this faith first held their meetings at the residences, rude log cabins, 
 of the members, then for a time occupied the district school-houses. 
 The first church house they built was erected between 1830 and 1840, 
 near the old plank road, in Coal Creek township, where the society 
 continued to meet for worship till 1867, when it was decided to move 
 the church house to the town of Linden, which was consummated in 
 1868. The building is a frame with a seating capacity for 300 per- 
 sons.- Since its removal to Linden it has been repaired and looks quite 
 well. Its progress since 1878 has been steadily forward ; the society 
 now numbers seventy-two members. A Sabbath-school has kept in 
 active operation in this church most of the time since the society was 
 first organized in Coal Creek township. Many prominent families of 
 both Madison and Coal Creek townships are members of this church 
 society. 
 
 The Christian Church society, located in the village of Linden, is of 
 the New Light order. This sect made its appearance in this part of 
 the country with the early pioneers. For several years following the 
 early settlement, the adherents of this faith were united with those of 
 the old Mount Pleasant church in Coal Creek township. In 1852 the 
 membership had so increased in the vicinity of Linden that it was 
 
MADISOir TOWNSHIP. 435 
 
 deemed necessary to divide the Coal Creek society and locate a society 
 at Linden. This society occupied the school-house in Linden till 1854, 
 when it built its present church house, 32x40, at a cost of $1,200. At 
 this date its active membership was eighty-one. The following are some 
 of its prominent members : James and Sarah Piggot, Orren and Cath- 
 erine Stoddard, Mosley and Eva Stoddard, Albert and Emma Kelsey, 
 and James M. and Jane M. Stoddard. The first ministers who offici- 
 ated in this society were Thomas Quillen, William Warbington, 
 Thomas Allen, and A. L. McKinney. The first elders were Samuel 
 Piggot and Orren Stoddard. Fifteen years previous to the present 
 date, this society from many causes decreased in membership, and had 
 it not been for the energy and generosity of James M. Stoddard the 
 church at this place would only be known in the history of the past. 
 The last named gentleman at his death, which occurred in 1875, left a 
 subsidy of $2,000, the proceeds of which is to be expended for the sup- 
 port of the church. The society now nuinbers twenty-one active 
 members, and its former prosperity is returning. Present minister is 
 Rev. John S. Maxwell. The first death that occurred in the society at 
 this place was that of Mosley Stoddard in 1854. The Sunday-school 
 connected with this society has been prosperous only as the church has 
 been prosperous. 
 
 The first schools and school-houses of Madison township were strict 
 after the pioneer fashion. At the present there are nine commodious 
 frame school-houses in the township, well supplied with the new and 
 necessary apparatus to aid both teacher and pupil in their work. The 
 school building in Linden is divided into two departments. 
 
 Madison township in the past few years has taxed herself severely 
 for the purpose of drainage and the building of roads, the result of 
 which is that a great part of her territory, hitherto worthless because 
 of its swamps, is being brought into cultivation. * "Within the past 
 three years they have built two pike roads^ across the township, one 
 running east and west and the other north and south. Madison town- 
 ship for many years has been strongly democratic. Among the curiosities 
 of the township is the situation of four knolls, or mounds, in such a way 
 as to form a diamond ; these are each about forty feet in height ; the 
 figure is longest from southeast to northwest. Those mounds contain 
 a superior quality of gravel for road building. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 L. W. Petro, blacksmith. Linden, emigrated from his native state 
 (Ohio) at the age of eleven years, with his parents, and settled in Foun- 
 tain county, this state, in 1826, where they (his parents) both departed 
 
436 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUKTY. 
 
 this life. His early education is such as the pioneer schools of that 
 time could furnish. He was married in 1840 to Minerva Grogan, wha 
 died in 1848, leaving five children : Margaret E., Mary E., Emiline J., 
 Elizabeth, and Bird W. Mr. Petro was married a second time, in 1849,. 
 to Miss Margaret Paxton, by whom he has twelve children: Samuel 
 H., Minerva H., Nancy H., Charles W., Harriet F., Leonard W., Mary 
 E., Oliver P. M., John E. and Tamzon I. (twins), Effie A. and Thomas 
 W. He and his wife are zealous members of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church at Linden, and he is present treasurer of the I.O.O.F., of which 
 society he has been a member for thirty years. In politics he is a re- 
 publican of the first rank. During the war he was a. member of the 
 Montgomery county home guards, and was called out in the Morgan 
 raid. He was the first blacksmith to locate in Madison township, and 
 has successfully followed his trade here since 1829. He is known as a 
 generous man and an honest workman. 
 
 Charles W. White, farmer, Linden, came to Montgomery county with 
 his parents in 1828, and settled in the west part of Coal Creek town- 
 ship, where they remained till 1833, when they moved to Madison town- 
 ship. His father, Charles White, was a native of Maryland, and emi- 
 grated to Ohio. prior to the war of 1812, where he remained until his 
 removal to Indiana, where he resided till his death, which occurred in 
 1855, in the fifty-sixth year of his age. His mother, Mary White, died in 
 1869, aged eighty-one years. Mr. White received no education outside 
 the pioneer schools. He was married in 1841, at the age of twenty- 
 three years, to Kachel Crame, daughter of Moses and Mary A. Crame. 
 She died in 1846, aged twenty-four, leaving two children, Margaret and 
 Louisa, to mourn her loss. In 1847 he was married a second time, to 
 Letticia E. Manners, daughter of James and Letticia (Hight) Manners. 
 By this union there are eight children ; James H., Mary, Martha, Brin- 
 son, Lillie, George, and Cara. Mr. White and wife are prominent mem- 
 bers of the Methodist Episcopal church at Linden, and he served one 
 term as township trustee. In politics he is a radical republican. He 
 began life poor. His first tax-receipt shows his tax to amount to $1.25; 
 now he owns a fine farm of 340 acres, situated at Linden, which is well 
 stocked. Previous to this he dealt in cattle principally; now he is 
 turning his attention to sheep, believing them to be the more paying 
 stock. He is a member of the Masonic order, is sixty-two years of age, 
 and appears much younger than many at the age of forty, a demonstra- 
 tion that active life and temperate habits in all things will insure a long 
 and happy life. 
 
 T. C. Shanklin, farmer, merchant and preacher, Linden, is one of 
 Montgomery county's early native pioneers. His parents, Johnson 
 
MADISOK TOWNSHIP. 437 
 
 and Elizabeth Shanklin, settled in Wayne township previous to 1830, 
 where the subject of this memoir was born in 1831. His parents 
 were natives of Kentucky, and prior to their settlement in this 
 county they lived in Laurence county, this state. His maternal 
 grandfather was killed in the Indian war of the Northwest. His 
 paternal grandfather was a prominent member of the Presbyterian 
 church at Crawfordsville, and took a very active part in behalf of 
 the Wabash College while it was in its infancy. Mr. Shanklin was 
 married, in 1854, to Ma ry Hayes , daughter of Edgar and Unas Hayes, 
 both of whom were natives of New York ; the former was the first to 
 enter the land in Laurence county, this state. By this union he has 
 one child, John A., now married, and lives on his fathers farm of 117 
 acres and a fraction, located one mile west of Linden. Mr. Shanklin, 
 like most boys reared in this country in the first half of the present 
 century, enjoyed but few educational advantages, but being of- a liter- 
 ary turn of mind he prosecuted these advantages so far as circum- 
 stances would permit, and as a result acquired a fair book education. 
 He and his wife are leading members of the Methodist Episcopal church 
 at Linden, and since 1858 he has been local preacher in the church. 
 His political views are purely republican. During the war he was a 
 member of the Home Guards, and did service in repelling Morgan 
 from Indiana. He is at present secretary of the I.O.O.F. at Linden. 
 Mr. Shanklin is a man who has risen by his own exertion — a citizen in 
 whom all have explicit confidence. No one is more ready to give aid 
 to that which will benefit present or future society by inculcating a 
 more strict regard for the principles of morality and moral teaching. 
 
 George M. Kendall, farmer, Bowers, came to Sugar Creek township 
 in 1831 with his parents, Roll ey and Elizabeth Kendall; the former 
 was a native of Virginia, the latter of Kentucky. Thej' settled in 
 Ohio as early as 1814 (the year in which George was born), in Cham- 
 paign county, where they remained till their removal to Montgomery 
 county. George's father died in 1838, aged forty-nine, his mother in 
 1871, aged seventy-nine years. His grandfather, Jesse Kendall, emi- 
 grated from England to Virginia, and his grandfather, George Hen- 
 drix, was a native of Virginia, his father emigrating to America from 
 Germany, and his paternal great-grandmother was a native of Scot- 
 land. The hardships and privations endured by the early pioneers 
 of Sugar Creek township,- Mr. Kendall has not forgotten. His 
 early education was such as he could get at the pioneer schools dur- 
 ing the few months taught each year ; to this he, by self-application 
 and industry, acquired a good degree of book-knowledge when quite a 
 young man. He entered the profession of teaching in the common 
 
438 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 school shortly after he came to Montgomery county, which he followed 
 twenty years, and is the oldest surviving teacher of Sugar Creek town- 
 ship. He was married in 1851 to Sarah Parish, daughter of Mitchell 
 J. and Liddy Parish, settlers of Montgomery county in 1830. Her 
 father was a native of Virginia, and served in the war of 1812. Her 
 mother is a native of Kentucky. Mr. Kendall has by this marriage five 
 children : Mary E., Francis M., Eliza J., Sarah M. and Liddy B. He 
 and his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church at Bethel. 
 He has filled every office in the church belonging to the laity, and 
 several times been superintendent of the Sabbath-school at the same 
 church. In politics he is a republican of the first rank. He began 
 life poor, and now has a farm of ninety-five acres, well improved and 
 well stocked. During the war he was a member of the Home Guards, 
 and served on the Morgan raid. For his generosity and integrity he 
 is respected by all. 
 
 Mrs. Eva (Kellison) Stout, Linden, came to Madison township with 
 her parents in 1833, when she was but ten years old. Her parents, 
 John and Barbara Kellison, were natives of Virginia, and emigrated to 
 Ohio, where Eva was born, when they were young. Her mother died 
 in 1853, aged fifty years, and her father now lives in Iowa, and is 
 eighty-five years old. Miss Eva Kellison was married in 1843 to 
 Mosley Stoddard, who was born in 1821 and died leaving her with five 
 children: Orren, Mary C, Elizabeth (deceased), John D. and Barbara 
 A. Mrs. Stoddard was married a second time, to Benjamin Stout, in 
 1857, who died in 1878, aged sixty-seven years, leaving two children, 
 Mosley S. and Matie. Mrs. Stout and her first husband were mem- 
 bers of the New Light order of christians, of which she is still a member. 
 Her second husband was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 She lives upon her farm of 60 acres, near Linden, left by her first 
 husband, and holds her interest in 112 acres left by her second husband. 
 Her grandfather Kellison came from Ireland. Her mother's people 
 were originally from Germany. Her son Orren served in the army in 
 the late war. Mrs. Stout is a devoted christian, and is alive to the 
 topics of the present day, and thoroughly republican in principle. 
 When she came here with her parents the country was a wilderness 
 which scarcely seemed susceptible of cultivation. 
 
 S. H. D. Thompson, farmer and shipper, Crawfordsville, located in 
 Madison township in 1861, on his farm of 420 acres, at the station 
 Cherry Grove, and for some time conducted a saw-mill with success, 
 and at the same time he was engaged in buying and shipping stock, 
 which he made profitable. He was born in Montgomery county in 
 1837. His parents were Nehemia and Nancy Thompson, both of whom 
 
MADIS02Sr TOWIfSHIP. 439 
 
 were natives of Ohio, and pioneer settlers. When they settled in 
 Montgomery county the Indians still lurked in the forest, and Craw- 
 fordsville contained but three cabins. They still reside at Whitesville. 
 Mr. Thompson received no education outside the common schools. 
 Through his energy and natural ability he is a success in business. He 
 was married in 1865 to Nancy E. Kerr, daughter of Joseph and Eliza 
 Kerr, by whom he has three children : Bellmont A., Ottis O. and 
 Pearl. In politics he is a democrat, and dislikes the great excitement 
 that is carried on in political campaigns. His farm is the best in the 
 southwest part of Madison township. He raises cattle, sheep and 
 hogs of a good grade. He is a member of the I.O.O.F. at Linden, 
 Indiana. 
 
 W. H. Keeney, physician, Linden, is a native of Montgomery county, 
 and son of Dr. Henry and Polly (Hughes) Keeney, who were married 
 in 1832, and have six living children : John, James, Louisa J)., Bur- 
 hamma, TJrial Y. and William H. In 1829 Mr. Keeney's father came 
 from his native state, Kentucky, at the age of eighteen, and settled in 
 Crawfordsville, where he read medicine, and began to practice in 1846. 
 Two years after he located in Linden, where he has since pursued his 
 profession with success, and is the oldest practicing physician in this 
 section. His paternal grandparents were James and Caron (Harbott) 
 Keeney, the former being a native of Kentucky, and the latter of 
 Tennessee. His great-grandfather. Mosses Keeney, came from Ger- 
 many at a very early day. Mr. Keeney, in his boyhood manifested a 
 liking for the study of medicine, which his father encouraged. For 
 several years he spent most of his time in his favorite pursuit. In 1872 
 he graduated at the Old School Medical College, Indianapolis, with the 
 honors of his class, and is now located in Linden, practicing in partner- 
 ship with his father. He is a young man in his profession, of energy, 
 earnestness and ability. He is a member of the I.O.O.F. and Masonic 
 orders. 
 
 Wilson Hunt, farmer and stock raiser, Darlington, was born in 
 Ohio in 1837. His parents were Charles and Mary Hunt; the 
 former was born in New Jersey, and the latter was a native of Penn- 
 sylvania. Mr. Hunt's father first emigrated to Pennsylvania, where 
 he was married ; then to Ohio, Marion county, in 1801, and then to 
 Montgomery county. The subject of this memoir was married in 
 1853 to Mary E. Hnsted, daughter of John Husted, by whom he has 
 six children : Jane C, William W., Charles K, Henry N., Eleanor, 
 and Bruce. He is a republican of the first rank. He has a fine stock 
 farm of 240 acres, well improved, located three miles northwest of 
 Darlington, in the southeast corner of Madison township. His stock 
 
440 HISTORY OF MOKTQOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 are of the best quality in the county, and have repeatedly, for the past 
 fifteen years, been awarded the first premiums at various fairs. He and 
 his father were the first to introduce in the county the stock of hogs 
 known as Poland China, and the same he has spared no pains to im- 
 prove, with success. His cattle are of the shorthorn breeds, which he 
 has greatly improved since their introduction upon his farm. Equally 
 as much pains has been taken by Mr. Hunt to have upon his farm a 
 good stock of horses. He has a very fine nag that has lost but one 
 premium in the past twelve years, and premiums have been awarded 
 to various other horses exhibited by him. Within the past two years 
 he has introduced upon his farm a superior quality of Cotswold sheep. 
 No man in the county has labored more earnestly to improve the stock 
 of the county than Mr.- Hunt. He has fully satisfied himself that in- 
 vestment in the best breeds is far more lucrative than raising a third 
 or fourth class of farm stock. On bis farm is a pear tree now twenty 
 years old, which has borne fruit for the past seventeen years. While 
 Mr. Hunt turns his attention more particularly to the raising of fine 
 stock, he loses no opportunity to aid in whatever will increase the 
 prosperity of the country through other channels, and elevate the 
 moral standing of its people. 
 
 J. Q. Peterson, farmer and stock raiser. Potato Creek, is a son of 
 Silas Peterson, whose biography will appear in this work. Mr. Peter- 
 son was born in 1850, and was brought up to the trade of his sire, 
 farming. He received his education in the district school, and in the 
 graded school at Stoekwell. He was married in 1878, to Mary Camp- 
 bell, who, like himself, is a native of Montgomery county, and is the 
 daughter of Eli and Sophia Campbell, the former a native of Ohio, 
 and settled in Montgomery county at an early time. By this union 
 they have one child, Clifford. Mr. Peterson is the possessor of an ex- 
 cellent farm of 175 acres, located near the west line of Sugar Creek 
 township, which is in a high state of cultivation, and well stocked 
 with a good grade of cattle, sheep, and hogs. In politics he is a demo- 
 crat, as well as a young farmer with a promising future. He is ener- 
 getic and generous, possessing the integrity of his father. He is at all 
 times ready and willing to aid in whatever will stimulate the best in- 
 terests of the country, and advance its prosperity and intellectual cul- 
 ture. 
 
 John M. Miller, farmer and stock raiser. Linden, emigrated from 
 Dearborn county, Indiana, in 1858, where he was born in 1829. He 
 is the son of Job and Sarah C. Miller, both natives of Chester county, 
 Pennsylvania. The former emigrated west with his father, Thomas 
 Miller Sr., and his grandfather, Joseph Hays, who had been a captain 
 
MADISON TOWNSHIP. 441 
 
 in the revolutionary war. They settled near North Bend, Indiana, in 
 1791. In 1793 they, with several other families, moved to a tract of 
 land on the Miami river. After the Greenville treaty, in 1796, Oapt. 
 Hays and Thomas Miller and their families moved into what was 
 afterward the Territory of Indiana, and in 1801 purchased a tract of 
 land containing 1,000 acres, this heing the first land in Indiana pur- 
 chased from the government. Job Miller was married to Mrs. Eliza- 
 beth Hays in 1807, by whom he had five children, four daughters 
 and one son. He was married a second time in 1829, to Mrs. Sarah 
 E. Morriston, by whom he had three children. He died in 1865, aged 
 eighty-two years. Elizabeth Hayes was born in 1834, and was the 
 daughter of Van and Margaret Hayes. The former died in 1847, aged 
 thirty-five, the latter in 1875, aged eighty-nine. Elizabeth's grand- 
 father Hays was a native of Pennsylvania. J. M. by this union had 
 ten children ; the living are Van H., Job, Grant, and Thomas. J. M. 
 Miller and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church at 
 Linden. In politics he is a democrat, and a member of the I.O.O.E. 
 at Linden. He was trustee of Madison township two terms. Mr. 
 Miller began life in very limited circumstances ; now he owns a good 
 farm of 160 acres, which is fairly improved and stocked. Mr. Miller 
 is one of those successful farmers who do not wait for some one else 
 to advocate and try a thing, but act upon their own judgment ; hence it 
 is that he has been the first of his township to lay a tile ditch, first to 
 buy a reaping machine, and first to introduce many other new things 
 so valuable to farmers. He carried on business in Linden for some 
 time, buying grain and stock. At present he is trustee of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal church, and has filled all the offices in the lodge of 
 which he is a member. 
 
 Joseph Galbreath, wagon-maker. Linden, one of Indiana's native- 
 born mechanics, came to Linden in 1858, where he has since remained. 
 He was bred a farmer, but disliking the business learned the trade of 
 wagon-making in Fountain county, this state. His parents, John and 
 Martha Galbreath, emigrated to Wayne county, where Joseph was born, 
 before Indiana was a state. His father was a native of Pennsylvania, 
 and his mother of Kentuckj', who, after remaining in "Wayne county 
 for some time, moved to Cass county. Mr. Galbreath settled in Foun- 
 tain county in 1840, where he remained till he located in Linden. He was 
 married in 1853, to Louhala Daley, of Preble county, Ohio, daughter 
 of Edmund and Anna (Emery) Daley, the former a native of South 
 Carolina, and the latter of New Jersey, and emigrated to Ohio in 
 1828. By this union there are nine children : John, Thomas J., James, 
 Anna, Martha, Mary, Joseph, Samuel, and Edmund. During the 
 
442 HISTORY OP MONTGOMBEY COUNTY. 
 
 twenty-two years Mr. Galbreath has lived in Linden lie has carried on 
 his business with success. In his shop, and by him, was made the first 
 wagon in Madison township. He has given employment to from three 
 to five men for the past fifteen years. His early school education was 
 limited, but being a close observer he soon became well acquainted 
 with practical life and business. Mr. Galbreath and wife are devont 
 members of the Christian church, known as the Eeform or Disciples' 
 church, in which he has held the office of elder for ten years, and of- 
 ficiated as minister for the past twenty years, and he is also a member 
 of the ancient order of Masons. His father's family originally came 
 from northern Ireland. His grandmother was the only survivor of her 
 family, all of the rest having been massacred in Kentucky by the In- 
 dians, she having escaped by concealing herself under a log. Several 
 times the blood-thirsty villains passed up and down on that friendly 
 trunk while she lay crouched beneath it. Mr. Galbreath is respected 
 by all for his generosity and integrity of character. 
 
 Milton H. Harter, farmer. Linden. The subject of this sketch was 
 born in -Tippecanoe county in 1849, and is the son of Philip and Mary 
 Harter, the former a native of Pennsylvania, the latter of Ohio. Philip 
 Harter first settled near Kichmond, Indiana, in 1818, and in 1828 he 
 moved near La Fayette and bought and entered YOO acres of land, 
 thirty acres of which lay in what is now the heart of the city, this he 
 sold for the sum of $500. He died in 1876, aged eighty-five years, he 
 and his wife being zealous members of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 Mr. Harter was educated in the common school at Linden. He was 
 married in 1870 to Sarah A. Murford, by whom he has four children : 
 William, Frank, Kate, and Mattie. Mr. Harter came to this county 
 in 1860, and was formerly' a member of the I.O.O.F. In politics he is 
 a republican. He lives on the farm belonging to his mother, located 
 some two miles north of Linden, on the gravel road. 
 
 E. P. Washburn, practicing physician. Linden, is a native of In- 
 diana, born in 1842, and is the son of William and Jane Washburn, 
 both of whom were natives of Ohio, and pioneer settlers of Indiana. 
 His grandparents on his father's side were natives of Kentucky. Dr. 
 Washburn was married in 1860 to Rebecca Eichards. Her parents, 
 John and Susan Richards, are natives of Pennsylvania, now residents 
 of Fulton, Indiana. By this union he has five children : Emma J., 
 Newton P., John W., Blanch A. and Bertie H. He served three years 
 and eleven months in the 46th Ind. Vols., and was engaged in several 
 of the most important and hotly contested battles of the war, among 
 which are the following : siege of Vicksburg, New Madrid, Riddle's 
 Station, St. Charles, Pemberton, Port Gibson, cliampion Hills, siege 
 
CLAEK TOWNSHIP. 443 
 
 Jackson, and others. He first was in the infantry, then was transferred 
 to the mounted infantry, then to the gunboat service, and then placed 
 on the general's staff. It is remarkable to say he never so much as re- 
 ceived a scratch during his time in the service. He came to Linden in 
 1873 and opened a drug store ; at the same time he began a course of med- 
 ical reading, which he pursued for two years, at which time he began 
 to practice medicine, having taken one course of lectures in the In- 
 dianapolis Medical College, and graduated with the class of 1881. Dr. 
 "Washburn is a self-made man of more than ordinary ability, which if 
 not prevented by some unseen cause will make him be heard in the 
 ranks of physicians. He now has a good practice, which was not only 
 gained through the energy he has put forth to place himself in the 
 ranks of physicians, but for the noble service he rendered his country 
 in her time of need. 
 
 R. S. Miller, practicing physician and surgeon, Linden, is a native 
 of Wisconsin, born in 1852. His parents were Jacob and Ann Miller, 
 the former being a native of Ohio, the latter of Indiana, and were 
 formerly citizens of Montgomery county. They both died in 1868, 
 the former aged sixty-eight, the latter aged fifty. Dr. Miller received 
 his literary education at "Wabash College, and Emporia, Kansas. He 
 graduated in the medical profession at the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, Indianapolis, Indiana, with the class of 18Y7. He was mar- 
 ried in 1872 to Yiola D. "Watt, of Dwight, Illinois. Her parents were 
 Simeon and Maria "Watt. She received her education in the schools of 
 Dwight. By this bond he has two children, Jessie M. and Minie P. 
 He is a member of the Masonic order, of Crawfordsville. Previous to 
 his location in Linden, in 1879, Dr. Miller practiced his profession in 
 Crawfordsville with good success. Since his locating here, consider- 
 ing that he is a young man in the profession, his success surpassed his 
 own expectations. Dr. Miller is a man who looks to what he con- 
 siders his duty to his patrons, and acts accordingly with energy that 
 bespeaks interest in their behalf. He is a physician who, in time, will 
 make his own reputation, and wear laurels of Iiis own gathering. 
 
 CLAEK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Clark township was laid out in October, 1830, comprising T. 17 
 ]l^. , K. 3 W. , since which date it has never been changed in form or 
 area. The territory embraced in this township is rolling and was 
 once the most heavily timbered of any portion of ^the county. The 
 soil is exceedingly fertile and produces large crops of cereals. The 
 drainage is excellent. Big and Little Eaccoon and Haw creeks run- 
 
444 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ning through the township from northeast to southwest, and each 
 having considerable fall, renders tile drainage almost unnecessary. 
 
 Clark and Scott townships were the last to be settled in the 
 county, a fact probably due to the close and heavy forest growth and 
 the presence of a tribe of Indians, who claimed the territory for 
 their hunting grounds. Access of emigration, the entry of all other 
 available lands by earlier settlers, and the removal of the Cornstalk 
 tribe to the Mississinnewa Eeservation in Grant county, impelled 
 the tide to flow over these rich lands. 
 
 As near as can now be ascertained among conflicting claims to 
 the honor, Lucas Baldwin, from Berkley county, Yirginia, was the 
 first pioneer to essay a home in the " big woods " of Clark township. 
 He came in 1826 and entered the land on which the town of Ladoga 
 now stands, and lived there for eight years thereafter. His grand- 
 son, Jonathan Tipton, now living on a farm in the township, may 
 be classed among the older settlers likewise. The country was full 
 of "wild varmints,'' bears, deer, hogs, wolves and smaller game. 
 The Indian trails between Kokomo and the Cornstalk villages, in 
 Scott township, were still trodden by moccasined feet. Stories of 
 adventure in those days are yet recounted by the firesides of the de- 
 scendants of men who bore hardships and danger for the comfort of 
 our present circumstances ; some of these are as thrilling as the 
 most improbable of Mayne Keid's, and all are pathetic of the long 
 suffering of pioneer life. Settlers being much like sheep in respect 
 to following a leader, came rapidly in, until by the spring of 183Y, 
 no land remained in Clark township that had not been entered by 
 actual settlers. These came from Yirginia, North Carolina, Ten- 
 nessee and a few from Kentucky, bringing in nearly every instance 
 young families and, for the time and rule, generous outfits for their 
 combat with nature. Neither were they tillers of the soil alone, for 
 with them came cabinet-makers, whose labors were indispensable to 
 the colonists, and whose handicraft still has handsome evidence of 
 its rude strength and simple elegance in many a household of Mont- 
 gomery county ; blacksmiths who could make axes at the forge and 
 all the numerous irons of tlie farmer, who could set up the " Cary " 
 plow, with its wooden moldboard and right angled bar share, and 
 its five feet of length ; wagon-makers, who were competent to build 
 the "Virginia schooners," with beds wide and deep enough to move 
 a whole family with all their "plunder," and tight enough to serve 
 as a ferry-boat over unfordable streams ; young physicians, eager to 
 flesh their maiden lancets and heal the ills of the new settlement ; 
 teachers, and preachers and lawyers came later, when the "clear- 
 
CLARK TOWNSHIP. 445 
 
 ings" began to' appear and people had leisure to remember the 
 luxuries of their former life and willingness to encourage the 
 shadows of coming substance. 
 
 The earlier settlers of the township were Charles Lewis Sr., 
 Humphrey Rice, David D. Nicholson, Limledge Stringer, William 
 A. Brown and John Brown, Robert Davis, Andrew J. Davis, Isaac 
 Baker, father of John Baker, Gabriel S- Davidson, William H. Ut- 
 terback, Jefferson Hicks, Benjamin Sharp, all of whom were from 
 Kentucky ; John B. Peffley, Lewis Otterman, Caleb H. R. Ander- 
 son, George Stover, Jacob and Jacob M. Harshbarger, John Peffley, 
 and Alfred Rose from Virginia ; John Ellis, • Schenck, Har- 
 vey, Richard Graves, Drake and Joel Brookshire, and Green Davis 
 from North Carolina; George Otterman Sr., and George Otterman 
 Jr., from Pennsylvania; James Manners Sr., from Maryland, with 
 numerous others whose names and native places cannot now be as- 
 certained. These were the pioneer fathers of the township ; with 
 but few exceptions they brought with them the pioneer mothers, 
 some of whom still live in peace and plenty, surrounded by their 
 great-grandchildren. The following are well known names of early 
 housewives, wool-spinners and flax-weavers : Charlotte (Hunter) 
 Davis, Sarah (Slack) Brookshire, Agnes Graves, Lora (Null) Otter- 
 man, Mary (Morrison) Rose, Mary (Robinson) Peffley, Salome A. 
 Harshbarger, Hannah (Arnold) Myers, Anna (Rader) Stover, Hettie 
 (Peffley) Otterman, Anna (Buntrager) Peffley, Sallie (Manges) Pef- 
 fley, Priscilla (Manners) Clark, Elizabeth (Harrison) Sharp,- Mary 
 (Pearson) Hart, Lucinda (Ragsdale) Hicks, Elizabeth (Bonner) 
 Brown, Keziah Davis, Elizabeth (Watkins) Stringer, Elizabeth 
 (Fleener) Nicholson, Nancy (Ellis) Rice, Nancy (Adams) 'Lewis, 
 Martha (Sparks) Baker, Hannah (Adams) Baldwin, Betsey (Kelsey) 
 Hays, Elizabeth (Crane) Pearson. 
 
 Ladoga, the first nucleus of the settlement in Clark township, was 
 laid out by John Myers in 1836. It is situated on the north side of 
 Big Raccoon creek, and now has nearly 2,000 inhabitants, and is the 
 second town in enterprise and population in the county. It is a sta- 
 tion of the Logansport, New Albany & Chicago railroad, and has in 
 prospect, shoiild the A. L. & St. L. railroad be completed, still larger 
 gi-owth. This latter railroad is laid out to pass through the center 
 of the town, and although work upon the line has been suspended 
 for several years, the day will certainly come when the township will 
 possess all the advantages of an east and west railway route. 
 
 In 1837, when David D. Nicholson came to Ladoga, the town 
 consisted of four or five houses, two of which, used as stores, were 
 
446 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COPNTT. 
 
 of frame, and the others of hewed logs. Silas Grantham kept a log 
 boarding-house. John Steele and Wm. K. ISTofsinger were the mer- 
 chants, and Dr. Carey dispensed pills and medical aid. Mr. Nich- 
 olson was the first blacksmith to open a forge in the place, and 
 Humphrey Eice made plows and wagons. Aside from these arti- 
 sans and business men, the remaining citizens were Taylor Webster, 
 Caleb H. E. Anderson, Zack and James Mahorney,; Joseph Ellis and 
 John Masterson. 
 
 Ladoga has been from the outset unusually favored by the enter- 
 prise and business capacity of her merchants and tradesmen. For a 
 number of years a large woolen manufactory was carried on by Har- 
 ney, Thomas & Co., doing an enormous business throughout the 
 county and adjoining country. An extensive flouring mill has been 
 in operation for more than a quarter of a century, obtaining power 
 from the creek which runs along the southern outskirts of the town. 
 The grain and lumber trade has been very profitable to the commu- 
 nity, and has laid the foundation of good fortune for many of the 
 citizens. One of the largest dry-goods establishments in western 
 Indiana, conducted by A. M. Scott, in a handsome brick block built 
 for the purpose, supplies goods to all the surrounding country. 
 
 Church privileges and school facilities were early provided by the 
 founders of the town, the more successfully than is usual, because of 
 the morality and intelligence of the people. The leading religious 
 denomination is the Christian church, following which come the 
 Methodists, Presbyterians, Catholics and New School Baptists. All 
 of these have commodious church buildings and regular services. 
 
 For a long time a classical and scientific school was conducted by 
 the late Hon. Milton B. Hopkins, ex-superintendent of public in- 
 struction for the state. Mr. Hopkins was equally distinguished as 
 an educator and as a controversial leader in the Christian church. 
 He surrounded himself with an able corps of assistants, and received 
 the warmest support of the entire community. The school became 
 noted, and drew pupils from other parts of the state. At the same 
 time Prof.Yawter was at the head of a similar institution, carried on 
 under the auspices of the New School Baptist church. The latter 
 was likewise largely attended hj pupils from nearly every section of 
 the state. It occupied two commodious buildings, situated in a 
 beautiful grove west of the town. The influence of these schools 
 upon the people of Ladoga and Clark township was elevating and 
 refining. At this day no community of similar size in the state pos- 
 sesses a higher standard of intelligence and culture. 
 
 As a proper supplement to all this preparatory scholastic work. 
 
CLASK TOWNSHIP. 447 
 
 the Central Indiana Normal College was organized at Ladoga in 
 September 1876, with three regular teachers and forty-eight students, 
 having Profs. Warren Darst and W. F. Harper as principals. The de- 
 sign of this institution, never departed from since its organization, is 
 to provide thorough training to teachers in all the latest Normal 
 methods, as well as to aflPord opportunities to acquire a regular clas- 
 sical education. During the first year of its history the college en- 
 rolled nearly 300 students. Prof. Darst retired from the faculty in 
 1877, and in the spring of 1878 Prof. Harper resigned, at which time 
 Profs. Darst and J. C. Murray were elected to the charge of affairs. 
 During the third year the enrollment was about 325. In the summer 
 of 1879 Prof. J. V. Coombs, the present principal, assumed charge, 
 since which time the attendance has largely increased ; last year 594 
 students were present. In 1877 there were ten graduates, in 1878 
 three, in 1879 five, and in 1880 there were nineteen collegiate, thirteen 
 business and eighteen normal course graduates. Fourteen teach- 
 ers are now employed in the college, having charge of the fol- 
 lowing departments, namely, classical, scientific, teachers, commercial, 
 preparatory, musical, elocutionary, engineering, and law. The school 
 possesses a large library of miscellaneous literature, and has a fair 
 supply of apparatus for scientific demonstration. Clark township has 
 nine public school-houses valued at $4,100, with an attendance in 
 1880 of 379, out of an enumeration of 429. 
 
 Ladoga has, in addition to this, a school enumeration of 325, mak- 
 ing the total number of children of school age in the township 754. 
 From these data, in the absence of any census report for 1880, we 
 may safely place the entire population of the township at nearly 4,000. 
 S. F. Kyle, of Ladoga, is the present school trustee, and the school 
 trustees of the incorporation of Ladoga are: David Nicholson, presi- 
 dent ; A. M. Scott, treasurer, and Edwin Snodgrass, secretary. Mr. 
 Nicholson has been connected with the school boards of the town 
 and township for more than forty consecutive years, and the present 
 prosperous condition of the schools is, for him, a matter of great pride 
 and gratification. The school fund of the township amounts to the 
 handsome sum of $2,761.77. Eighteen teachers were employed in 
 the public schools during the school year of 1880. "With such facili- 
 ties provided for pupils in the township it will certainly" be their own 
 fault if they fail to secure a thorough English education. 
 
 The writer of this sketch has had the pleasant privilege of convers- 
 ing with many of the old settlers of the township, some of whom have 
 , since departed "to that bourne from whence no traveler returns " and 
 he recalls with feelings of pleasure, as fresh as when first they were 
 
448 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 listened to, narratives of their peculiar sports and adventures. Of 
 these genial veterans none shines more in general reminiscence than 
 Uncle Drake Brookshire, whose jolly disposition once led him into 
 all manner of comical scrapes, that, narrated in his incomparable man- 
 ner, with all the adjuncts of idiomatic language and quaint North 
 Carolina brogue, would make him the hero of any coterie of story- 
 tellers. His stories are modestly impersonal, but with all his crafty con- 
 cealment it is easy to perceive that he was always "on the ground " 
 when the occurrence of which he speaks took place. He vouches for 
 the following: 
 
 "There was a man named Herndon, who had a horse mill this 
 side of Fredericksburg; he was a blustering, busy sort of man, 
 rather free of speech. A customer brought some corn to be ground 
 one day, and while they were getting ready to start the mill, a lit- 
 tle ground-squirrel that had been sitting on the track in which the 
 horse moved round, jumped up on the side of the hopper and then 
 down into the mill-stones. The old miller went on with his work, 
 and poured the corn into the hopper and started to grind. Pretty 
 soon the meal came out mixed with strings of hide and rolls of fur 
 and flesh, and Herndon said: "Well sir; you are the blamedest 
 luckiest man I ever knew ; you bring corn to my mill, and here you 
 are getting ioth meal and -meat! " 
 
 Circle Peffley, when a boy, went hunting after wild hogs, deer 
 and turkeys. He killed a deer where Joel Kidge's house now stands 
 in Ladoga, and hung it on an oak tree to keep it from being de- 
 voured by the wolves, while he went home for a horse to carry the 
 carcass. The tree is still standing, near where LoUis and Biddle 
 now live in Ladoga. The first home for many of the settlers was a 
 ' ' lean-to camp ' ' ;'■ made by cutting forked poles, and extending 
 cross poles to some large tree, and covering top and sides with 
 brush, thereby making a triangular, wedge-shaped • shelter, in front 
 of which a fire of logs was kindled for warming and cooking pur- 
 poses. Limledge Stringer has a vivid recollection of such a camp, 
 and still speaks, with a shiver, of the fiery wolf-eyes that used to 
 circle the outer darkness during the winter nights of 1830. 
 
 Gabriel S. Davidson is authority for a squirrel hunt that deserves 
 historic embalmment in these pages. A weary tramp of twenty miles 
 during all the hours of a long day is now thought well rewarded by 
 the sportsman if he bags half-a-dozen squirrels; but at the time of 
 which Mr. Davidson speaks that game was so abundant as to be a 
 decided and destructive nuisance. The young corn of the settlers, 
 planted with great pains and severest toil among the numerous 
 
/^fe^^je^.^^^^^-...^ 
 
CLAKK TOWNSHIP. 449 
 
 stumps of their little clearings, had, scarcely got into the milk stage 
 before the squirrels and coons discovered that as an edible green 
 corn was better and more toothsome than anything they had tasted 
 before. In consequence they came by thousands, uninvited, to the 
 tempting feast; the squirrels by day and the coons by night. 
 Worn out by desultory slaughter, the settlers joined forces for an 
 organized battle upon the invaders. For fifteen days all other pur- 
 suits were abandoned, and every offensive weapon in Clark town- 
 ship was directed upon the foe. The forces were divided into two 
 parties. The one making the largest bag was entitled to receive 
 one quart of whisky per capita from the 'other party, the evidence to 
 be the largest count of coons' tails and squirrel scalps. Never was 
 there such wholesale destruction. When the tales came to be 
 counted there' were more than 3,000 squirrel scalps, and nearly 1,500 
 ring-tails. The general result was a glorious spree and, what was 
 better, a good crop of corn. Charles Lewis tells of the killing of a 
 bear by some honey hunters on his father's land in the township. 
 His father was a professional hunter, and made sad havoc among 
 the furred and feathered denizens of the big woods. Wild honey 
 was abundant, and domestic swarms were not thought of in those- 
 days. Bee-trees were as easily found then as a lawyer is now. 
 Other sweetening came from the sugar trees in the shape of maple 
 molasses and i-ugar in an abundance commensurate with all of na- 
 ture's kindly gifts to the pioneer. 
 
 As an admirable picture of frontier life viewed by a boy's eyes, 
 we present the following extracts from an address writtt-n by Joel 
 Peffley, Esq., and road on the occasion of the golden wedding of 
 his parents, John B. and Mary Peffley : 
 
 "Our company emigrating from Botetourt county, Yirginia, was 
 made up of father's family (five persons, onu wagon, and four 
 horses) ; Jacob Harshbargerls family (nine persons, two wagons and 
 six horses) ; Samuel Britts' family (seven persons, one wagon, one 
 buggy and five horses) ; McCormic's family (ten persons, one wagon 
 and one horse) ; J. Fletcher's family (three person^, one waiion and 
 one horse), and J. Barber's family (three persons, one wagon and 
 one horse), making a little company of forty-one persons leagued to- 
 gether for safety and convenience. We traveled nearly three hun- 
 dred miles over the mountains, and about the same distance across 
 land where mud and water were equally distributed. In six 
 wcL-ks and five days we arrived one and a half miles east of La- 
 doga and occupied an old log cabin. In the spring of 1832 our 
 family moved into a log cabin that .still stands on the lot near our 
 29 
 
450 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 home ; it was then considered a tine and comfortable dwelling. It 
 was a regular Hoosii-r c.ibin, with clapboard roof, clapbo.ird door, 
 clapboard loft,* find puncheon floor. That spring we were obliged to 
 eat bread made from c irn so mouldy that even the horses refuseJ to 
 e.it it. We liad no meadows from which to procure hay, so we fed 
 our stock with bushes upon which the leaves had dried. I helped 
 to roll logs bj day, and made clearings by night lighted by the blaz- 
 ing log-heaps ; on one occasion I cut a small sapling across a large 
 mossy rock, thinking it was a big chunk of rotten wood, and ruined 
 my axe, which was then no insignificant matter. In 1834 we raised 
 some wheat ; we threshed and separated this, our first crop, by- 
 beating it out with clubs, and fanning the chaff with a sheet worked 
 by two men, while the third stood upon a bench, a^d dribbled it 
 down from a half bushel. John Myers built his mill at Ladoga in 
 1836, which saved us many a trip to Crawfordsville to get our grist 
 ground. During tliis year naovers were as thick as possums in a 
 pawpaw patch ; corn-huskings and gum-sucks began to be fashiouH- 
 ble. We raised flax,, pulled it, pounded off the seed, put it to rot, 
 broke, scutched or swingled it, and then mother Spun it and wove 
 our wearing apparel. The every-day clothing of boys of our age 
 (twelve years) was a long tow-linen shirt, and it was regular tor- 
 ture to break in a rougli new linen shirt. Our Sunday clothes were 
 tow trousers and vest, with home-made pewter buttons, and a buck- 
 eye hrtt ; for winter we wore linsey-woolsey clothes and untanned 
 coon-skin caps with tails flying to the breeze. For our pocket- 
 money we were allowed to dig ginseng, and manufacture wooden 
 pitchforks and hickory scrub-brooins. The sang we sold green for 
 six cents per pound, — ^if dried, for twenty-five cents per pound,^ 
 and our brooms and pitchforks brought us a shilling each. The 
 only hay-forks used then were made out of tlic fork of a bush. 
 Mother spun, wove and made all of our clothing, platted and 
 braided our straw hats, and made caps from giound-squirrel, mole 
 and coon skins. She raised silk-worms, and spun from their co- 
 coons all the sewing thread used in making up the garments for 
 the females of the family. We made in one season over fifteen hun- 
 dred pounds of sugar from 500 sugar trees on our place, which was 
 hard work, only relieved to us boys by our nightly horse-shoe pitch- 
 ing, egg-roasting and chicken feasts by the furnace fires, which, be- 
 ing illicit pleasures, were sweeter than the syrup we manufactured, 
 to our boyish tastes." 
 
 John N. Hays remembers quite distinctly a visit made by a surly 
 Indian of the Miami tribe to his father's house, when the family sat 
 
Cr.ARK; TOWNSHIP. 451 
 
 down to dinner with their savage guest. A favorite dish with young 
 John was a part of the menu consisting of sliced cucumbers and 
 onions dressed in vinegar. The presence of the noble red man had 
 completely paralyzed the tongue of the boy until he saw his beloved 
 dish about to be devoured by the Miami, when his stomach-courage 
 compelled him to enter a loud protest, against which not even the 
 stoicism of the Indian was able to stand. Mr. Hays heard the ec- 
 centric Lorenzo Dow preach a sermon upon the farm where he was 
 raised; Dow came, after the services were concluded, to his father's 
 house for dinner. He would not take time to dine like other men, 
 but ate in the smoke-house, bolting alternate hunks of break and 
 meat until his voracious appetite was satisfied, when he mounted his 
 horse and departed, as mysteriously and peculiarly as was his custom. 
 
 Jacob M. Harshbarger (now one of the board of county commis- 
 sioners) may justly claim the palm as a hard-working pioneer from 
 Clark township. When he came to the county he was only twelve 
 years of age. For eighteen years he engaged in that hardest of 
 pioneer labor, making clearings in heavy timber-lands. During his 
 life he has reclaimed from the forest, fenced with rails of his own 
 splitting, and set in blue-grass, nearly 400 acres of what is now the 
 best land in the township, and has, beside this herculean task, aided 
 to clear 400 acres of land belonging to his neighbors. 
 
 He mentions a singular fact concerning sheep that were killed in 
 early days. When the sheep were killed by wolves, if their slayers 
 had not time nor appetite to eat their quarry they would bury the 
 carcasses between trees and by the side of logs ; while if the sheep 
 had been killed by dogs, the carcasses would be left lying where they 
 were killed. 
 
 In gathering elder blossoms, while a boy, he was so badly stung 
 by hornets that were gathering- the honey from the flowers, that he 
 lay for two days at the point of death. His first school teacher was 
 John Barnet, after whom came William Nofsinger, Parker Howard, 
 and David Shannon, who were the pioneer pedagogues of the town- 
 ship. The first preachers to whom he listened in his boyhood were 
 Daniel Miller (Duflkard) and Jonathan Keeney (Methodist). He 
 never attended school after he became sixteen years old, but after 
 his years of toil, having accumulated an abundance of this wor'd's 
 goods, he is free to indulge his long repressed taste for reading, and 
 is much better informed than the majority of persons who have had 
 the amplest opportunities. Such indeed is the common characteris- 
 tic of the pioneer mind, and if they cannot themselves enjoy the full 
 luxuries of learning, they at least have honest pride and gratification 
 in viewing the attainments of their children. 
 
452 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 S. F. Ashby, grain dealer and farmer, Ladoga, was born in Shelby 
 county, Kentucky, December 25, 1828, and is the son of S. and 
 Ifancy (Radford) Ashby, who were natives of Shelby county, Ken- 
 tucky. The father was born in 1Y97, married in 1819, and died June 
 24, 1854 ; his wife was born in 1797, and died in 1855. They removed 
 to Indiana in 1829, and lived in Montgomery county for a short time 
 after settling in Putnam county, where they lived till their death. 
 The subject of this sketch was raised on a farm in Putnam county, 
 and is the owner of 216 acres of well improved land located within 
 two miles of the beautiful village of Ladoga. He is also quite an 
 extensive dealer in grain, the firm handling from sixty to seventy 
 thousand bushels of wheat yearly. He is an active business man, 
 and takes part in all improvements. He is a member of the Masonic 
 fraternity, No. 187, which meets at Ladoga. In 1860 he married 
 Miss Ella McNay, daughter of Samuel McNay, and a native of Ken- 
 tucky. By this union they have three children : Cora E., Eugene 
 0. and Edgar C. 
 
 S. S. Mills, farmer, Ladoga, is probably the oldest born citizen of 
 Clark township now living, where he has resided since his birth, in 
 1829. He is the son of Lewis D. and "Rebecca (Fitzpatrick) Mills. 
 The father was born in Fleming county, Kentucky, December 7, 
 1791, and was married August 6, 1812. His mother was born March 
 10, 1794. In 1827 they came to Montgomery county, Indiana, and 
 settled in Clark township near Ladoga. They both died in this county, 
 the father December 19, 1847, the mother July 22, 1843. The father 
 served in the war of 1812. Mr. Mills, the subject of this sketch, was 
 married July 29, 1852, to Miss Rebecca Stoner, daughter of Jacob 
 and Barbara (Gharst) Stoner, who were natives of Virginia. Mrs. 
 Mills was born October 28, 1831, and died July 22, 1866. May 18, 
 1871, he again married, this time to Lydia Stoner, sister of his first 
 wife. Mr. Mills' family by former wife are John "W,, Claria E., 
 Mary C, William M., Emma E., and two deceased, Sarah E. and 
 ^^ettie J. 
 
 Drake Brookshier, farmei", Ladoga, is one of the leading farmers 
 of .Clark township. He is a native of Randolph county, North Caro- 
 lina, and was born in 1819, and is the son of Joel and Sarah (Slock) 
 Brookshier. His mother was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, in 
 1790, and his father was born in Randolph county. North Carolina, 
 in 1782. They both died in this county, the latter in 1869 and the 
 former about 1856. They came to Montgomery county with their 
 
CLARK TOWNSHIP. 453 
 
 family as early as 1830, and' settled in Scott township. Mr. Brook- 
 shier has been a resident of the county since 1830, and was reared on 
 his father's farm till twenty-three years of age, when he married Miss 
 Sarah Graves, daughter of Leonard and Mary (Calicott) Graves. 
 She was born in Randolph county, ]!^orth Carolina, in 1823. Their 
 family are Andrew G., Allen, Alexander M., Mary E., Elizabeth V., 
 Joel, Thomas D., Calvin W., Lee, and one deceased, James. Mr. 
 Brookshier is the owner of a fine farm of 292 acres. He is an Odd- 
 Fellow and a democrat. 
 
 Jacob M. Harshbarger, farmer, Ladoga, was born in Botetourt 
 county, Virginia,. March 10, 1828, and is the son of Jacob and Sa- 
 lome Harshbarger. The father was born in Lancaster county, Penn- 
 sylvania, June 24, 1T92, and the mother in Botetourt county, Vir- 
 ginia, May 17, 1796. They moved from Virginia to Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, in 1831, and settled in Clark toWnship, where they 
 lived an honorable and respectable life. He died February 8, 1875, 
 and his wife about 1872. Mr. Harshbarger, the subject of this 
 sketch, is one of the energetic and respected citizens of the county, 
 and has taken an active part in its early improvements. April 13, 
 1848, he married Miss Mary Myers, daughter of Henry and Hannah 
 (Arnold) Myers. She was born in Botetourt county, Virginia, Octo- 
 ber 28, 1826, and came with her parents to Montgomery county in 
 1833, and settled in Scott township. They were among the respect- 
 ed pioneers of the county. The father departed this life February 
 ^5, 1875, in his seventy-eighth year, and the mother January 7, 
 1876, in her sixty-ninth year, both having died of paralysis. Mr. 
 Harshbarger' s family are Salome E., wife of H. Davidson; Aman- 
 da and George "W., and two deceased, Marion M. and Henry M. 
 Mr. Harshbarger is a member of the Masonic fraternity, and is a 
 stalwart republican. He owns 500 acres of land, and Mrs. Harsh- 
 barger owns 650. 
 
 G. W. Clark, farmer, Ladoga, was born in Shelby county, Ken- 
 tucky, in 1813, and is the son of William and Betsy (Blades) Clark, 
 who were natives of Kentucky, and removed to Parke county, Indi- 
 ana, in 1825 ; thence to Montgomery county about 1831, and settled 
 in Clark township, where they lived till their death. Mr. Clark was 
 born October 26, 1791, and died September 5, 1846. Mrs. Clark 
 was born February 20, 1793, and died about 1864. On December , 
 23, 1838, the subject of this sketch married Priscilla Manners, 
 daughter of James and Lettice (Hight) Manners. Her father was a 
 native of Maryland, and mother of Kentucky, and came to Monroe 
 county, Indiana, in 1819; thence to Putnam county, and about 1830 
 
454 HISTORY OF JIOKTGOMJiKY COUNTY. 
 
 they removed to Montgomery county, wliere they both died. Her 
 father was born March 30, 1793, and died March 19, 1871, and her 
 mother was born July 19, 1793, and died February 3, 1870. Mrs. 
 Clark taught school for a number of years in this county in an early 
 day. She has been a devoted member of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church for forty-two years, and Mr. Clark has been a life -long repub- 
 lican. 
 
 John Barnet, farmer, Ladoga, was born in Butler county, Ohio, 
 June 7, 1813, and is the son of James and fiannah Barnet, who 
 were natives of Washington county, Pennsylvania, and removed to 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1832, and settled in Clark town- 
 ship. Mr. Barnet now lives on the same farm, and has ever since 
 he came to the county. He has taken an active part in the early 
 improvements of the part of the county in which he lives. In 1841 
 he was elected to the legislature, and served in the session of 1841 
 and 1842. In 1832 he married Miss Jane Creason, a native of Pre- 
 ble county, Ohio, who was born in 1813, and departed this life in 
 1862. He married again, in 1863, Eebecca Gregg, formerly Re- 
 becca Watkins, daughter of George Watkins, who came to this 
 county in 1831. Mr. Barnet has thirteen children by former wife 
 and three by present wife. He is a stalwart republican. 
 
 J. B. Pefley, farmer, Ladoga, was born in Botetourt county, 
 Virginia, March 19, 1813, and is the son of Samuel and Annie Pef- 
 ley, the father being a native of Pennsylvania. They removed to 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1836, and settled on the farm where^ 
 Mr. Peliey now lives. Here they lived till their death, he dying 
 May 10, 1860, in his eighty-fifth year, and she died August 5, 1864, 
 in her eighty-second year. Mr. Pefley married, in 1834, Miss Sally 
 Mangus, a native of Botetourt county, Virginia, who was born De- 
 cember 10, 1816. Their family are Daniel, Isaac, David P., 
 Anna, wife of W. R. Harshbarger ; Samuel J. and George M. ; 
 three deceased: Mary F., Esther E., and one in infancy. 
 
 Z. F. Mahorney, farmer, Ladoga, was born in "Washington 
 county, Indiana, August 8, 1818. He is the son of Benett and 
 Mary (Fisher) Mahorney, who were natives of Shelby county, Ken- 
 tucky. Mr. Mahorney' s father was a ferry keep at Westport, Ken- 
 tucky, and was accidentally drowned when Mr. Mahorney was about 
 . seven years of age, after which Mr. Mahorney and mother removed 
 to Shelby county, Kentucky. Here he remained and received his 
 education, and in the meantime learned the tailor's trade. In 1836 
 he came to Montgomery county, Indiana, and worked by the day 
 until he earned money enough to buy eighty acres of land in Put- 
 
CLAEK TOWNSHIP. 455 
 
 nam county. In 1840 he married Miss Catharine Harshbarger, a 
 native of Virginia, and by this union has raised a family of eleven 
 children: Jacob W., Zachariah W., Sophia A., wife of D. Myers ; 
 Byron T., Jacob I., John C, James P., Phoebe L., David D., Mary 
 L., Martha J., Daniel M. . Mr. Mahorney is the owner of a fine 
 farm, with good improvements, located near the town of Ladoga. 
 He is a member of the I.O.O.F., and is respected by all who know 
 him. 
 
 JR. H. Lane, farmer, Ladoga, was born in Montgomery county, 
 Kentucky, in 1S18, and is the son of Robert G. and Elizabeth 
 (Hackley) Lane. The father was a native of Yirginia, and the 
 mother of Kentucky, and they came to Putnam county, Indiana, in 
 the fall 1842, and to Montgomery county in 1843, where they both 
 lived till their death. Mr. Lane,' the subject of this notice, was 
 raised on a farm and has been a resident of this county since 1843, 
 and by hard work and close attention to agricultural pursuits he has 
 become the owner of a fine farm containing 180 acres. In 1849 he 
 married Miss Sarah Ashby, daughter of Silas and Nancy (Kadford) 
 Ashby, who came from Kentucky to Putnam county, Indiana, in 
 1829. Mrs. Lane was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, in 1826. 
 Their family are Robert S., Bladen 0., Mary E., Dora B., Emma 
 C, Rosa H. and Minnie; three deceased: James H., Anna E. and 
 Nancy C. Mr. and Mrs. Lane are members of the Reformed church, 
 and Mr. Lane is a member of the Masonic fraternity, No. 187, which 
 meets at Ladoga. 
 
 A. W. Daugherty & Bro., proprietors of the Model Mills, La- 
 doga. There always seems to be room in any locality for wide-awake 
 business men in whatever line of business they may choose to en- 
 gage. A practical demonstration of this fact has been made by A. 
 W. & J. Daugherty, proprietors of the Model Mills, of Ladoga. 
 They were born in Gre.en county, Ohio, Andrew W. in 1831 and 
 Josiah in 1836, and are the sons of James and Mary A. (Cramer) 
 Daugherty, who were of Irish and German decent. They removed 
 with their family to Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1841, first lo- 
 cating at Darlington, thence rfemoved to Crawfordsville, and to La- 
 doga in 1844. The Daugherty brothers were raised to the milling 
 business, there father being a linseed oil maker and roll Carder, 
 which he followed in this county for a number of years. He died 
 in 1877, being about sixty-six years of age, and his wife died in 186"8 
 at the age of fifty-eight. The long experience the Daugherty Bros, 
 have had in the mill business enables them to know the wants of the 
 public, therefore they have added all the modern improvements to 
 
456 HISTOSY OF MONTQOMEKY COUNTY. 
 
 tbeir mill and are able to compete with other mills in the couuty. 
 They are prominent members of the fraternity of Odd-Fellows, and 
 are staunch republicans. Josiah married, in 1867, Miss Rachel 
 Kiser, a native of Wayne county, Ohio, and has two children: 
 Harry, aged ten ; Annie, aged six. 
 
 M. C. Drake, physician and surgeon, Ladoga. In every profession 
 there are those who by years of hard study, constant practice, and a 
 close attention to business, are the recognized in their profession. This 
 position has been honestly attained by M. C. Drake, M.D., of Ladoga, 
 who for years has been a practicing physician and surgeon. He was 
 born in Montgomery county, Ohio, June 19, 1834. He received his 
 early education at Delaware, Ohio, and in 1854 began the study of 
 medicine, and in the session of 1856-Y graduated at the Jefferson 
 Medical College of Philadelphia, and in 1872 graduated at Belleview 
 Medical College. He came to Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1854, 
 and began practicing at Fredericksburg, continuing until the break- 
 ing out of the rebellion, when he entered as a physician and surgeon 
 the 15th 111. reg. , in which capacity he faithfully served for three years. 
 In 1870 he came to Ladoga, where he soon entered into a lucrative 
 practice. He started in life with nothing but that of his profession, 
 but by close attention to business he has become the owner of a fine 
 home and a well-established drug business. He has attained a high 
 standing in Masonry, in which he is a York-Rite and Scotch-Rite 
 member, and has taken the thirty-second degree. In 1858 he mar- 
 ried Miss Jane J. Vanarsdall, a native of Harrisburg, Kentucky. 
 Their family consists of a son and daughter, James E., aged twenty, 
 and Fannie, aged eighteen. 
 
 T. H. Messick, grain dealer, Ladoga, was born iu Butler county, 
 Ohio, in 1818, is the son of Samuel and Hester Messick, who were of 
 French and German descent, but American born. The father was a 
 native of Maryland and mother of Kentucky, and moved to Preble 
 county, Ohio, where the father died in 1826, and the mother died in 
 Wayne count}', Ohio, in 1838. At the age of thirteen the subject of 
 this sketch went to Kentucky, where he served an apprenticeship at 
 the tailor's trade, which occupation he followed for seventeen years. 
 In 1855 he came to Montgomery county, Indiana. He served as mail, 
 agent three years on the Louisville, New Albany & Chicago rail- 
 road, and has been one of the most extensive grain dealers in this 
 part of the county, having handled over 2,000,000 bushels of grain. 
 He has been from his boyhood a strong advocate and worker in the 
 cause of temperance, and is one of the active business men of Ladoga. 
 
 J. B. Wilson, M.D., physician and surgeon, Ladoga, one of the sue- 
 
CLAKK TOWNSHIP. 457 
 
 cessfal physicians and surgeons of Montgomery county, is a native of 
 Montgomery county, Kentucky. He was born'January 29, 1830, and at 
 four years of age his parents removed to Putnam county, Indiana, and 
 located on a farm. His father, Henry Wilson,' came to this county, and 
 died in 18T6. At the age of nineteen the doctor began the study of 
 medicine- at Danville, Indiana, after which he cahie to Ladoga and 
 studied under Dr. Kelley, one of the pioneer physicians of the 
 county. Since 1855 the doctor has been one of the leading physi- 
 cians and surgeons of this part of the. county. He is a graduate of 
 Rush Medical College, of Chicago, also of the Eclectic Medical Col- 
 lege of Cincinnati, Ohio. He is a prominent Mason and staunch re- 
 publican, and is a man who has not only been successful profession- 
 ally but also financially. He is the half owner of a fine drug store, 
 and other property in the town of Ladoga. The doctor is of a social 
 turn, making and retaining friends without an effort. In 1859 he mar- 
 ried Miss Mary L. Young, daughter of John Young, formerly presi- 
 dent of thB Northwestern University of Indianapolis, Indiana. His 
 wife departed this life in 1879. 
 
 J. V. Coombs, principal of the Central Indiana Normal College^ 
 was born in Boone county, February 22, 1848. His parents were of 
 English and Grerman descent, and came to Indiana from North Caro- 
 lina. In 1865 Mr. Coombs lost his left hand by the explosion of a gun. 
 This accident caused him to turn his attention toward securing an 
 education. At this time he could scarcely read or write. In 1868 he 
 entered the Academy of Ladoga, and in his twentieth year he began 
 teaching in the country, and continued for thrde years. In 1871 he 
 entered Butler University, remaining two years. In 1873 he entered 
 Eureka College, but on account of the lack of means he left at the close 
 of the year, and began teaching at Blue Mound, Illinois. 1875 again 
 found him at Butler University. In 1876 he was elected principal of 
 the Alamo graded school. In 1 872 he graduated in the institution of 
 which he is now principal. In the fall of .1877 he was elected as prin- 
 cipal .of the Waveland schools, which position he held until he was 
 unanimously elected to the position which he now occupies. 
 
 B. H. Graves, livery and farmer, Ladoga, is a native of Ean- 
 dolph county. North Carolina, and is the son of Leonard and Mary 
 (Calicott) Graves, who came to Scott township, Montgomery county, 
 Indiana, in the spring of 1833, and resided on the same farm till 
 their death. The father died in 1860, and the mother in 1866. Mr. 
 Graves was raised on the farm where his father settled when he 
 came to this county. Farming has been his occupation all his life. 
 In 1856 he married Miss Sarah Brookshier, who was born in Mont- 
 
458 HISTORY OF MOKTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 gomery county, Indiana, in 1833. She is the daughter of Joel and 
 Sarah (Slock) Brookshier, who were natives of North Carolina, and 
 came to this county about 1830. Her father died about 1863, aiid 
 her mother in 1865. Mr. Graves' family are Homer P., Martin C, 
 Oary H. and Francis E. 
 
 William H. Utterback, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, son of 
 Martin and Elizabeth (McDowel) Utterback, was born in Henry 
 county, Kentucky, March" 3, 1824:. At the age of six years he, with 
 his parents, came to this county, and in 1832 his parents entered 
 land on Sec. 4 in Clark township, and immediately moved into the 
 green woods and started their home. Here "William grew to man- 
 hood and engaged in lihe sturdy duties of pioneer life. He thinks 
 that nine months of log cabin schooling will cover his early edu- 
 cational advantages. When twenty years old he commenced learn- 
 ing the carpenter's trade, which ke followed until 1860, when he 
 moved upon the old farm and became its manager on account of his 
 father's failing health. Since his father's and mother's death he has 
 become the owner of the old homestead. December 13, 1849, he 
 married Martha A., daughter of Thompson and Susan C. Ashby, a 
 native of this township, and was born December 9, 1830. They are 
 the parents of six children: Teressa B., wife of Isaac H. Click; 
 Martha L., wife of Decatur D. Ellis; Alonzo, in whom his fond 
 parents had centered every hope, at the age of nineteen fell a victim 
 to typhoid fever; Susan C. and Cora A. Mr. Utterback is -now 
 quite happy over his grandson, Montie E. Ellis. 
 
 Andrew J. Davis, farmer, New Ross, Indiana. His parents, Mr. 
 Hobert and Keziah (Mallet) Davis, came to this county and settled 
 in the northeast part of Clark township in the winter of 1830. They 
 moved here from Kentucky on pack-horses. He at once entered 
 land on a little creek called " Strap's branch," after an Indian chief 
 named Strap from wearing ' a strap on his nose on account of his 
 nasal organ being affected with something like a cancer. Here Mr. 
 Davis cleared up a farm. As he began in the green woods he drove 
 the deer from his- growing grain and the wolves from his door. 
 Here he reared his family, and here himself 'and wife died and are 
 buried in their own private family burying-ground on the farm where 
 they so long lived. His father is also buried here, though the first 
 man who found a last resting-place here was Mr. John Sumner. 
 A. J., the subject of our sketch, was born in Kentucky, September 
 22, 1829, and was about six months old when he came with his 
 parents to this county. He had only the advantages of the country 
 schools of this county's early history. In 1852 he married Miss 
 
CLARK TOWNSHIP. 459 
 
 Francis' E. Litton, a native of Lawrence county, Indiana. They 
 have six children : Jolm W., Joseph H. S., Oliver C, Elizabeth M., 
 Carrie B. and Charlie E.. Mr. Davis is one of those congenial kind 
 of men with whom it is a pleasure to meet, and a man well posted in 
 the early history of this township. 
 
 William N. Carman, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, is a mem- 
 ber of an extensive faniily in Long Island. His ancestors landed 
 in New England 250 years ago. His grandfather, Joseph Carman, 
 emigrated from New Jersey to Kentucky, and located where Louis- 
 ville now is, at a time in its history when there was but a few pole 
 tents in the district. On his way from New Jersey he stopped, 
 however, a couple of years iii Virginia. Soon after reaching Ken- 
 tucky he wa,s murdered by the Indians, near Bedford, in what is 
 now Tremble county. It was supposed by his relatives that he had 
 had some difficulty with one of the tribe, and that they for revenge 
 killed him. His body was cut in pieces and hung upon a tree by 
 the most savage and bloodthirsty of the tribe, indicating complete 
 and satisfactory revenge. William N., son of Isaac and Mary 
 (Hughs) Carman, was born in Shelby county, Kentucky, November 
 26, 1827, where his father had previously settled, and entered a farm 
 of 240 acres. Mr. Carman's mother died of Asiatic cholera when he 
 was but six years of age, and at the age of seven he emigrated with 
 his father to Montgomery county, where he has since resided. Jan- 
 uary 25, 1849, he was united in marriage with Miss Ann, daughter 
 of John and Mary (Ashby) Harrison, prominent families in Mont- 
 gomery county's history. She was born in Clark township in 1832, 
 and is the mother of three children : Priscilla A. , wife of John F. 
 Zimmerman, Benjamin F. and Sallie F. Mr. Carman is the owner 
 of a beautiful farm of 407 acres. 
 
 Lewis Ottennan, retired farmer, Ladoga, son of Lewis and Clara 
 (Null) Otterman, was born in Putnam county, West Virginia, in Sep- 
 tember 1 8 11. In the year 1830 he with his father's family emigrated 
 to Clark township,' where a farm was immediately .entered on the 
 frontier, and pioneer hardships began. Lewis remained at home 
 about two years after reaching this township, when he hired out at 
 $8 per month. By a judicious saving of his first year's wages and 
 what he received in advance upon his second year's work he was en- • 
 abled to enter two forties, upon which he is now very comfortably 
 spending his declining years. By an untiring energy and economy* 
 he increased the number of his acres to 1', 200, a good portion of which 
 he has recently divided among his children. In the summer of 1836 
 Mr. Otterman was married to Miss Hetty, daughter of Samuel Pefley. 
 
460 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 She is a native of Virginia, and was born July 21, 1818. They are 
 the parents of seven children : Ann Eliza, wife of Isaac H. Smith ; 
 Sarah J., wife of D. J. Bradley; Samuel H., John F., Lewis C, 
 James M. and George W. 
 
 Preston Hicks, farmer, Ladoga, was born January 28, 1830, near 
 Russellville, and is the son of Jefferson and Lucinda (Ragsdale) Hicks. 
 His father was born in Kentucky, June 11, 1810, while his mother 
 was born in th^ same state May 1, 1811. His father came here in 
 1831, and settled where his son Samuel now lives. April 9, 1854, 
 Mr. nicks was married to Martha A. Utterback, daughter of Martin 
 and Elizabeth Utterback, by the Rev. Mr. Baldwin. They have be- 
 come the parents of twelve children : William, Samuel, Melissa J., 
 Martin, Marietta,. Henry, Allen, Thos. J., Robert F., Jesse O. and 
 Charlie. His first farm contained forty acres, but now he is the 
 owner of 900 acres, and is considered one of the wealthiest men of 
 the township. 
 
 David Stoner, farmer, Ladoga. This highly esteemed and gen- 
 erous hearted citizen was born in Botetourt county. Virginia, May 
 25, 1806. His early years were spent in farming and attending in 
 the old hilly country of his native state the district school. In 1831 
 he came to Indiana and entered land in Clark township. In 1851 - 
 he was married to Miss Ann Deardorff, a native of Preble county, 
 Ohio, and became the father of six children : Catharine, wife of 
 William Higgins ; Benjamin, Caroline, Samuel, Christena, wife of 
 William Hicks ; Saloma A. Mr. Stoner' s life is an exg.mple worthy 
 of the following of many young men of our county : beginning life a 
 poor boy, but full of energy and a stirring will, heconstantly rose in the 
 estimation of friends and in the accumulation of this world's goods. 
 It was an invariable practice of his in his younger days to make one 
 shoe every evening after his day's work was done. Thus his start 
 in life was among hardships and industry, the fruit of which is 1,000 
 acres of fine farming land in this and in Boone county. Mr. Stoner 
 traces his ancestors on the paternal side to the English, and those on 
 the maternal side to the Germans. In 183Y he came with his step- 
 mother to this township from Virginia, and has since remained a 
 leading citizen. In an eariy day he erected a saw-mill, which did 
 good service in furnishing building materials to the pioneers. Oc- 
 tober 14, 1878, Mrs. Stoner died with a cancer. As honest labor (in 
 the slave state of Virginia) was considered dishonorable for a white 
 man, Mr. Stoner sought a home in a'free state early in life. 
 
 Huston McCrery, farmer, Jamestown. In 1790 Mr. James Mc- 
 Crery emigrated from Belfast, Ireland, to the United States, and set- 
 
CLARK TOWNSHIP. 461 
 
 tied in Virginia, bringing with him his wife, Frances (Huston) Mc- 
 Crerj, and two children. After settling in America he became the 
 father of seven other children, all of whom are dead save Huston, 
 the subject of this sketch, who was born in 1808, and came west to 
 "find a suitable location. In 1832, while prospecting, he came to this 
 county with the desire of establishing a tan-yard, but not finding a 
 suitable quality of black-oak bark for tanning purposes he and his 
 trother abandoned the project and returned to Virginia. In 1836 
 Mr. McCrery, having been pleased with the beauties of the country 
 as an agricultural district, returned and bought land on Sec. 11,T.17. 
 He began life for himself with but $16, but by hard work and close 
 attention to business he now owns 400 acres of excellent land under 
 a fine state of cultivation. In 1836 he was married to Miss Lucinda 
 Jorden, who was born October 16, 1814, in Bedford county, Virginia. 
 They are the parents of five children: James, Sarah E., John, Mar- 
 garet J. and Andrew J. Mr. McCrery is an Odd-Fellow, being a 
 member of Luther Lodiie, No. 227. 
 
 William E. Harshbarger, farmer, Ladoga, son of Samuel and 
 Elizabeth (Myers) Harshbarger, was born in Scott township, No- 
 vember 10, 1839, and was reai-ed on the farm and thoroughly edu- 
 cated in the pursuit of agriculture and affairs pertaining to practical 
 business. He received such an education as was obtainable in the 
 school-houses in the township's early history. November 12, 1863, 
 he was married to Miss Anna, daughter of John B. and Sallie (Man- 
 gues) Peffley. She was born in Clark township September 28, 1843. 
 They are the parents of five children: Emma E., Effla L., Daniel 
 W., John, and George F. Mr. Harshbarger is now engaged in 
 farming and general stock raising, making the higher grades of 
 sheep a speciality. Since 1867 he has been the pastor in the Dun- 
 kard church of Scott township. 
 
 John R. PeflSey. farming, Ladoga, son of John and Mary M. 
 (Robinson) Pefiiey, was born in West Virginia, April 9, 1830. In 
 1833 he came with his parents to this county and settled in the wild 
 woods of Clark township. His early education was- such as was af- 
 forded in the old log cabin school house with its split log benches, 
 its greased paper tacked over a hole in the logs through which the 
 light might pass, and its peculiar pedagogue, who would be a real 
 curiosity in this day of the free school system. His first vote was 
 cast for free schools. His practical education was complete espe- 
 cially as far as it related to the clearing of timber and hard labor. 
 October 6, 1 869, he married Miss Sarepta, daughter of Jacob Stoner. 
 She died in June 1866. In October, 1870, he was married to his 
 
462, HISTORY OP MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 second wife, Miss Eunice A., daughter of Il-a Hunt, an early settler 
 of this township. She was bom May 1, 1842. Mr. Peffley is the 
 father of three children: William H., by his first wife, and Lorena 
 D. and Dora M. by his last wife. He is now living on his farm, 
 one mile northeast of Ladoga. April 3, 18Y7, Mr. Peffley obtained 
 a patent for a fence post, which is an excellent thing of its kind, and 
 which should be generally known and used throughout the country. 
 Mrs. Peffley's mother, an intelligent and interesting old lady, is still 
 living, just east of Ladoga, and is well posted in the scenes and char- 
 acteristics of the early settlers' life. 
 
 - David D. Neely, farmer, Ladoga, son of Thomas and Laruhama 
 (Dryden) Neely,. was born in Lawrence county, Indiana, May 15, 
 1823. Very early in life he came to this county and has ever since 
 made his home within its borders. September 3, 1850, he was mar- 
 ried to Miss Martha E. , daughter of James and Sarah ("Wilcoxj 
 Hanna. She was born in Brown township, in this county, where her 
 father entered land in 1829 and soon opened a tan-yard. It is be- 
 lieved by many that this was the first enterprise of this kind in this 
 portion of Montgomery county. Mr. Neely learned the carpenter's 
 trade early in life, and has since followed that trade in connection 
 with his farming. He spent .one year in Iowa, and while there he 
 built the first frame house in Des Moines. February 15, 1864, he 
 moved to hiSipi^sent home, about three miles northeast of Ladoga,* 
 where he is comfortably situated engaged in farming. Mrs. Neely 
 traces her ancestry back to the distinguished pioneer, Daniel Boone, 
 who was an. uncle of her grandmother, this lady being a daughter 
 of Jonathan Boone, and was raised in the old fort built by the first 
 members of the Boone family. 
 
 Josephus Graybill, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, son of 
 Samuel and Lydia (Arnold) Graybill, was born in Scott township 
 September 10, 1837. His principal education was hard work, in- 
 dustry, economy and honesty, and a few leisure days in the winter 
 spent in attending the early subscription schools of his native town- 
 ship. December 12, 1861, he was married to Miss Mary J., daughter of 
 Samuel P. Frame. She was born in this township January 27, 1846, 
 and has become the mother of two children, Saloma A. (or Duck, 
 as she is more familiarly known) and Homer F. Mr. Graybill is 
 now living one half mile east of Ladoga, engaged in farming and 
 general stock raising. He received 160 acres of land from his father 
 to begin upon, but by an ever persistent energy, economy, and close 
 attention to business, he is now the happy possessor of 560 acres 
 
CLARK TOWNSHIP. 468 
 
 of good farming land, under a high state of cultivation. He is one 
 of the enterprising, wealthy and leading men of Clark township. 
 
 Thomas M. Rose, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, son of Alfred 
 and Mary (Morrison) Bose, was born in this township November 13, 
 1831, and is, with the exception of Smith Mills, the first born citizen 
 of Clark that is now living in it. He has been a citizen of no other 
 township since his birth. His education was such as an industrious 
 and eager boy might have obtained at the early schools. August 1 5, 
 1860, he was married to Miss Sarah, daughter of John and Mary 
 (Robinson) Peffley. They are the parents of two children : Mary E. 
 and Grant E. Mr. Eose traces his ancestry back to England. J lis 
 great-grandfather, John Hose, came from there early in the last cen- 
 tury, and landed in New York, where he was sold out to pay his 
 passage fare from his native country to America. Later in life he 
 settled in Shenandoah county, Virginia, where Alfred Rose was born 
 February 8, 1804. April -24:, 1825, he was married to Miss Mary 
 Morrison, and in 1829 he moved from Virginia to Montgoniery 
 cojmty, and settled in Clark township. Here they raised a family 
 of eight children, the fourth of whom is the subject of this sketch. 
 Mr. Rose's mother was born 'September 5, 180T, in east Tennessee, 
 and died November 3, 1868. Mr. Rose's farm is located on the 
 gravel road, about two miles east of Ladoga, from the highest point 
 of which can be had a fine view of the surrounding couiitry. Mr. 
 Rose is now turning his attention to tile-draining and other improve-, 
 ments, which will soon make his one of the finest farms in this town- 
 ship. His father, Mr. Alfred Rose, has recently (February 19, 1881) 
 met with a most distressing accident, the loss of an arm, caused by 
 bruising one of his fingers between two blocks of wood, January 1, 
 1881. 
 
 Zachariah Peffley, farmer, Ladoga, son of John and Mary M. 
 (Robison) Peffley, was born in this township September 24, 1834. 
 His education was received in the public schools of the county, and 
 consisted of a thorough training in the elementary branches. In 
 1857 he was married to Miss Sarah J., daughter of John Barnett. 
 She died in November, 1861, and September 11, 1862, Mr. Peffley 
 was man-ied to Miss Nancy, daughter of Samuel Parkhurst. She 
 was born in Henry, Indiana, June 23, 1837. Tliey have become the 
 parents of six children: Sarah A., Artie I., Emery A., Albert Z., 
 Lydia B. and Omer L. Mr. Peffley is actively engaged in farming 
 and stock raising on his farm one and a half miles northeast of La- 
 doga. His parents are still living, and are among tlie earliest set- 
 tlers now living in this part of the county, having located here in 
 
464 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 1831. They came from Virginia, and reached here when the county 
 was but sparsely settled. His father was born April 21, 1803, but 
 his mother not until January 11, 1808. On August 7, 1842, his 
 father, while returning home from a short distance west of his resi- 
 dence, in company with two of his sons, was badly crippled by a tree 
 falling on them from behind. He has since been unable to work 
 on account of the affair. One of the boys, aged seven years, was 
 killed outright. Mrs. Peffley has suffered much during the past two 
 years from a severe stroke of palsy, which has worried her watchful 
 husband and respecting children to an unmeasured degree. 
 
 William Frame, farmer, Ladoga, son of "William and Susan (Da- 
 vis) Frame, was born in Kentucky, November 27, 1817. In 1828 
 he came with his parents to Scott township, and settled a little 
 north of Parkersburg. Here young William received a good prac- 
 tical education while attending the various log-cabin schools, and 
 was well drilled in the requirements of the pioneer and their many 
 diflSculties. In 1838 he went to Iowa, ■ and while there was engaged 
 in various connections with his farmings until 1849, when he re- 
 turned to this county. In the spring of 1850 he came to Clark 
 township, and took charge of the farm of Mr. Jacob Ilarshbarger. 
 April 3, 1860, he was married to Miss Ann, daughter of Jacob and 
 Saloma (Amon) Ilarshbarger. She was born in Virginia, March 3, 
 1830. They have six children living: Marcus D.L., George W., 
 Mary E., Jane S., wife of Mi*. Jerry Gish ; John C. and Alice A. 
 Mr. Frame is now engaged in farming and general stock raising on 
 his farm adjoining the village of Ladoga on the north. 
 
 In September, 1838, Mr. Daniel Graybill came to this county, 
 and settled in Scott township. Here he bought a farm and engaged 
 in farming. In 1840 he built a saw-mill, and engaged in preparing 
 lumber with which the pioneers could replace the cabins with more 
 suitable and commodious houses. In about 1848 he added a grist- 
 mill to his enterprise. In September, 1880, he sold his farm and 
 came to Ladoga, and now lives a retired life. He was born in Vir- 
 ginia, November 13, 1810. February 9,, 1832, he was married to 
 Miss Elizabeth Frankebarger, also a native of Virginia, who died. 
 February 6, 1 873. August 2, 1873, he was married to Mrs. Eliza- 
 beth Masterson, a daughter of John F. Lane. Mr. Graybill is the 
 father of six children, one of whom, Samuel F., was born in Ohio, 
 May 5, 1837. In 1838 he came with his parents to this county. 
 His education was limited as far as school advantages were con- 
 cerned, but it was abundant when hard labor and practical affairs 
 are taken into consideration. September 20, 1860, he married Miss 
 
CLAKK TOWNSHIP. 465 
 
 Mary C, daughter of Daniel and Il^ancy (Myers) Arnold. She was 
 born in Scott township, January 19, 1839. They have four children : 
 Laurie E., Alice M., Manson, and Louie L. Mr. Graybill is now 
 engaged in farming and stock raising on his excellent farm of 190 
 acres northwest of Ladoga, which, with its beautiful growth of tim- 
 ber, its fine, undulating appearance, and its exquisite improvements 
 and surroundings, make it one of the most desired homes of Scott 
 township. 
 
 James Manners, farmer, Ladoga, son of James and Lettiee (Hight) 
 Manners, was born in Eussellville, Indiana, August 8, 182T, and in the 
 spring of 1830 came to his present home in Clark township. In a log 
 cabin one mile south of his home he learned his A EC's. sitting upon 
 the flat side of split logs for benches, and receiving the light through 
 greased paper stretched over holes in the sides of the building in 
 place of windows. He had much experience in the hard ways of 
 pioneer life, having many times followed the trail through the woods 
 to a point four miles north of Crawfordsville, on horseback, as the 
 nearest point to mill. January 4, 1849, he was married to Miss Sa,rah 
 A., daughter of Robert and Mary (Blades) Miller. , She was born in 
 Kentucky, April 30, 1831, but soon came with her parents to this 
 county, and became one of its pioneer citizens. They have five 
 children living : Robert M., Louisa L., Lettie H., PriscillaC, Janies 
 H. (died February 1877) and George P. Mr. Manners has, with the 
 exception of about six years spent in Iowa and about the same time 
 in Putnam county, spent his life in Clark township. He has been 
 engaged during life in farming, school-teaching, milling, and the mer- 
 cantile business. September 22, 1862, he became a member of Co. ' 
 F, 54th Ind. Vol. Inf., which participated in the siege and capture of 
 Vieksburg. He was discharged at New Orleans in September, 1863, 
 on account of disability. His faither was born in Maryland, March 
 30, 1793, and although his paternal parents were born in Ireland he 
 traces his maternal ancestry to England. His father died in Clark 
 township, after a life of usefulness and industry, in February 1871. 
 His mother died February g, 1870, after raising a family of eight chil- 
 dren, all of wliora were educated to be u eful men and women. 
 
 Thomas Peffley, farmer, Ladoga, son of John and Mary M. (Robi- 
 son) Peffley, was born in Clark township, March 2, 1883. Here he 
 grew to manhood, having actively engaged in many early frolics, and 
 received such an education as was furnished to the students of the 
 early schools. June 18, 1867, he was married to Miss Melvina, 
 daughter of Mr. Alfred Rose, one of the earliest settlers of this town- 
 . ship. She was born March 16, 1838. They have but two children liv- 
 30 
 
466 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ing, William A. W. and Lticinda E. One of tlie most sad and heart- 
 breaking accidents that any family are called to pass through in a life- 
 time was met by Mr. and Mrs. Peflley in the loss of a son, who was 
 shot by accident on May 23, 1879, and died May 24, 1879, in his twen- 
 tieth year. Mr. Peffley owns 120 acres of land, and is now living on 
 his farm, about three miles east of Ladoga. In October, 1862, he was 
 drafted into the army, but not being able to leave home he hired a 
 substitute, but October 24, 1863, he enlisted as corporal in Co. K, 
 126th reg., 11th Cav., and on account of disability he was discharged 
 September 7, 1864. 
 
 James F. Harney was bom March 1, 1824, in Shelby county, 
 Kentucky. The family were of Scotch-Irish extraction, and came 
 to this country just before the revolutionary war. He removed to 
 Indiana with his father, Q. T. Harney, in 1836. He was the eld- 
 est of the children, and while the father devoted a good share of his 
 time in preaching to the people iu the thinly scattered settlements, 
 it devolved upon the son to look after the interests of the family 
 and clear the farm. Of course his opportunity for an education was 
 limited, but by dint of close application he managed to acquire a fair 
 English education, and added to that by several terms attendance at 
 the Wabash College. At the outbreak of the Mexican war, in June 
 1S46, he enlisted in H. S. Jones' company, made up almost entirely 
 from this county, and was appointed on the staff of Col. I. P. 
 Drake, of 1st reg. Ind. Yols. . The vessel in which he crossed the 
 gulf was wrecked on the breakers of Padre Island, forty miles west 
 of the Brazos, on the morning of July 23. They were finally 
 rescued, and the 1st reg. took post at camp Belknap, on the Rio 
 Grande. In the latter part of August Mr. Harney received news 
 of the sudden and terrible death of his father and only brother, leav- 
 ing his mother and sisters without anyone to care for or protect 
 them. This caused his immediate return home, extinguishing all 
 desire for military life. At the August election, in 1849, he was 
 elected, on the democratic ticket, a member of the lower house of 
 the legislature. He was again elected in 1858 and 1862, and in 
 1872 he was elected to the state senate. In 1S64 hu was a candi- 
 date for congress in the eighth congressional district, but was de- 
 feated by his opponent, Hon. G. A. Orth. Mr. Harney was mar- 
 ried October 1851, to Miss America L. Harrison, j'oungest daughter 
 of Capt. Joshua Harrison. They have had five children : Sallie C. . 
 Mollie L., Carrie T. and George. John H. died January 9, 1880. 
 
 Gilbert T. Harney was born in Nicholas county, Kentucky, July 
 16, 1801. His parents died in 1816, leaving ten children. When 
 
CLARK TOWNSHIP. 467 
 
 eighteen years old he removed to Shelby county, Kentucky, where 
 he joined the Regular Baptist church, and was soon after admitted 
 to preach and ordained as a minister. In 1823 he was married to 
 Charlotte Kyle, of Lundoun county, Virginia. In 1830 he joined in 
 with the reformation, and was an active member in that order until 
 his death. In 1835 he removed to Indiana. He was the first 
 preacher of that order that lived in that part of the county, preach- 
 ing for the churches for an area of thirty miles. ' He was a man of 
 more than ordinary intellectual power, of fine physical constitution, 
 and urged on whatever pursuit he undertook with great zeal and 
 industry. July 23, 1846 , with his son John, then about nineteen 
 years of age, he undertook to repair a pump in the well on the 
 premises. John, not apprehending danger, went down in the well 
 to see what was needed, when he was stricken by the well-damp 
 and fell to the bottom. The father, without a moment's thought as 
 to the cause, or what would be the result, rushed down in the well 
 to the rescue, only to meet the same terrible fate. It was several 
 hours before the lifeless bodies were recovered. Gilbert Harney's 
 first wife, Charlotte, died August 4, 183Y, leaving five children. 
 About a year after Mr. Harney married Sarah Goodnight, formerly 
 from Lincoln county, Kentucky. She still survives, and is now past 
 eighty-three years old. His surviving children were James F., 
 Francis Mi, Susan L. and Mahal a T. 
 
 W. B. Gill, lumber dealer, Ladoga, was born in Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, July 13, 1845, and is the son of Jonathan and 
 Scyth (Ingraham) Gill, who are natives of Bath county, Kentucky. 
 The father was born May 30, 1810, and married September IT, 
 1837, and the mother was born December 16, 1817. They removed 
 to Montgomery county in 1837, and improved a large farm, where 
 they lived for many years. Through hard work the father's health 
 failed, since which time they have resided in Ladoga. W. B. Gill, 
 the subject of this, sketch, was raised on his father's farm, in the 
 meantime seeming a good business education. Since 1878 he has 
 been engaged in the lumber business. In 1870 he married Mrs. 
 Amanda J. Knox, formerly Miss Amanda J. Anderson, and daugh- 
 ter of C. H. K. Anderson, who is one of the old and respected citi- 
 zens of Montgomery county. Mr. and Mrs. Gill are members of 
 the Christian church, and are highly respected citizens of the county . 
 
 D. D. Nicholdson, farmer, Ladoga, one of the old and respected 
 citizens of Ladoga, was born in Jessamine county, Kentucky, De- 
 cember 1, 1811. His father, Benjamin Mcholdson, came from Vir- 
 ginia to Kentucky when a boy, and married Jemima Stars, and in 
 
468 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 1812 removed to Washington county, Indiana, where he was one of 
 the pioneers of that county. In 1813 and 1814 he was compelled to 
 live in a fort for protection from the Indians. He resided in that 
 county till his death, 1848. His wife died in 1830, in the same 
 county. The subject of this sketch was raised on a farm, receiving 
 a common school education, such as could be obtained in those days. 
 At the age of twenty-one years he started for himself, having learned 
 the blacksmith trade. He followed this occupation for a great many 
 years, and was the first of his trade that located in Ladoga. In 
 1839 he came to Putnam county, where he engaged in farming until 
 he removed to Montgomery county, 183Y, and has since been a per- 
 manent resident of Ladoga, there only being six families in the vil- 
 lage when he came. He has filled a great many offices of trust with 
 credit to himself and to his constituents, having served as justice of 
 the peace and township trustee for a great many years, and in 1848 
 and 1849 represented Montgomery county. In 1832 he married 
 Miss Elizabeth Fleenor, a native of "Washington county, Indiana, 
 who has proved a faithful wife and mother. Their family consists 
 of Benjamin H., Sarah V., John, William W., Oliver W., Eeese 
 D. and Amanda C. 
 
 John H. Harshbarger, farmer and stock raiser, New Ross, son of 
 Samuel and Elizabeth (Myers) Harshbarger, was born in Virginia, 
 January 5, 1832, and in 183T came with his parents to this county 
 and settled in Scott township, where John H. grew up, educated in 
 all the arts of early settling in a new country, and where the founda- 
 tion of affability and hospitality was early laid and strong. Febru- 
 ary 2, 1854, he was married to Miss Susan, daughter of Willis and 
 Hannah (Jones) Clark. She was born in Putnam county, Indiana, 
 March 30, 1837. They became the parents of four children : Oliver 
 W., Samuel M., William F. and Nannie E. Soon after his marriage 
 he moved upon his present farm, in the northeast part of Clark 
 township, and immediately began improving his new home with that 
 untiring energy which has characterized his every movement. By 
 dint of steady application, and a sturdy will that had been trained in 
 a persevering school, he is now enjoying the comforts furnished by 
 one of the best improved 200-acre farms in this beautiful portion of the 
 Hoosier State. Mr. Harshbarger traces his family genealogy back 
 to Germany, where his great-grandfather was born. Of Mr. Harsh- 
 barger' s own father the writer is able to say, of his own personal 
 knowledge, that to him is due the credit of rearing one of the families 
 in point of intelligence, industry and honor in this part of the county, 
 and a family that any father would have just reason to be proud. 
 
CLARK TOWNSHIP. 469 
 
 S. F. Kyle, merchant, Ladoga, is one of the active business men 
 of Ladoga. He was born in Montgomery county, Indiana, April 4, 
 1841, and is the son of George E. and Elizabeth (Ashby) Kyle. 
 The father, a native of Virginia, went to Kentucky when a young 
 man, and married, and removed to Montgomery county, Indiana. 
 Here he entered land in Clark township, where he was among the 
 first settlers. In IStlhe was accidentally killed at Ashby's Station, 
 while crossing the railroad, by a passing train of cars. Mr. Kyle's 
 mother died about 184Y. He was raised on a farm till eighteen 
 years of age, when he began the mercantile business by clerking for 
 the first three years, after which he embarked in the dry-goods 
 trade at Ashby's Station, and has been in continuous business ever 
 since, and since 1874 at Ladoga, where he keeps a full stock of dry 
 goods and millinery. When he first began trade he did a business 
 of $8,000 per year, and at present his average is from $4,000 to 
 $5,000 per year. He also does outside business of about $T5,000 
 per year, buying stock. In 1880 he was elected as township trustee. 
 In 1863 he married Miss Susanah McGinnis, daughter of Joseph L. 
 McGinnis, of Putnam county, Indiana. 
 
 J. C. Knox, postmaster, Ladoga, is a native of Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, born in 1842. He is the son of James Knox, who 
 came to this county about 1828 or 1830, and settled on a farm in 
 Walnut township, where he spent the bigger part of his life. He 
 died in Crawfordsville, this county, in 1869. J. C. spent the early 
 part of his life on a farm. At the beginning of the rebellion he was 
 among the first to respond to the call of his country, enlisting as 
 private in 11th Ind. Zouave reg., and reenlisted in the 58th Ind. 
 Vol. Inf., and was promoted to first lieutenant, serving also in the 
 4th Ind. Cav. as captain of Co. I. He participated in a great many 
 battles, — Pittsburg Landing, Chickamauga, Stone River; was cap- 
 tured at Buzzard's Koost, and was held as a prisoner, in different 
 prisons, for eleven months, being in Macon, Georgia, Savannah, and 
 Columbus, South Carolina. 
 
 M. B. Anderson, farmer and manufacturer of sorghum molasses, 
 Ladoga, was born in Montgomery county, Virginia, September 2,1822, 
 and is the son of Joseph and Christina (Britt) Anderson. In 183Y 
 they removed to Morgan county, Indiana. At the age of twenty- 
 one years our subject started in life for himself, and came to Mont- 
 gomery county in 1844, marrying, the same year. Miss Salome 
 Harshbarger, a native of Virginia, born in 1824, and came with her 
 parents, Jacob and Salome Harshbarger, to this county in 1831. In 
 1857, when sugar cane was first introduced in this part of the country. 
 
470 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Mr. Anderson was among the first to engage in the manufacture of 
 molasses. His first process being the old-fashioned wooden rollers, 
 and boiling the juice in iron kettles ; but by continued experiment- 
 ing, and a great desire to be foremost in his business, he has made 
 such improvements as to enable him to manufacture by steam, which 
 process makes a finer grade of molasses. With a few more im- 
 provements, he thinks the day is not far distant when he can pro- 
 duce a fine grade of sugar. Mr. Anderson is an energetic man, hav- 
 ing spent a great deal of time and money to accomplish his design. 
 
 John F. Byrd, farmer, Ladoga, was born July 24, 1848, in Clark 
 township, and has since lived upon the same farm upon which he 
 was born, save the three years he lived in Ladoga. His father, 
 James E. Byrd, came to this county with his parents, Abram and 
 Jane (Kandall) Byrd, about 1828. His wife Jane is still living, a 
 hale, vigorous old lady, and one of the oldest citizens in the county. 
 James R. settled in Clark township in 1841, on the farm located one 
 and a half miles east of Ladoga, now owned by his son. John F. 
 Byrd was married November 6, 18Y3, to Miss Jessie A., daughter of 
 James and Elizabeth (Forsythe) Ergenbright. She was born in 
 Johnson county, Indiana, October 5, 1856. They have one child 
 living, Estella Grace. They have lost two ; Oliver died November 
 10, 1880, and Wilter died February 11, 1881. Mr. Byrd's mother, 
 Sarah (Wilson) Byrd, is still living in Ladoga, and is the daughter of 
 Mr. Henry N. and Lucy (Badger) Wilson, early settlers of this 
 country. He has two brothers, Oliver W. and William T. Of Mr. 
 Byrd it may be said that he leads the rest of the family in the way of 
 enterprise and intelligence, and to him is due the credit of the per- 
 sonal sketch of the family appearing in this history. 
 
 George W. Corn, farmer, Ladoga, son of Williams and Sarah B. 
 (Alen) Corn, was born on the farm he now owns, ' in Clark town- 
 ship, February 20, 1841. He was raised among the hardships of 
 pioneer life, and received such an education as an industrious boy 
 might have obtained in the early schools of this portion of the 
 county. December 24, 1863, he was married to Miss Huldah J., 
 daughter of Bryant Williams. She was born in Union township 
 July 3, 1840. They have become the parents of one child, Valletta 
 L. Mr. Corn is now actively engaged in stock raising as well as 
 farming. He has recently completed a fine residence upon his farm, 
 and his general surroundings indicate thrift and enterprise. His 
 parents were among the earliest settlers of this county, having 
 reached here in 1830 from Kentucky. They are both dead, and with 
 them passed away two historical characters. 
 
CLAKK TOWNSHIP. 471 
 
 Daniel H. Himos, farmer, Ladoga, son of Daniel and Mary 
 (Wrightsman) Himes, was born in Virginia, April 17, 1823, and 
 when three years of age his parents moved to Ross county, Ohio, 
 where Daniel grew to manhood, thoroughly instructed in the art of 
 farming, but having a natural taste for tools and the mechanic arts, 
 at a proper age he turned his attention to learning the cooper's 
 trade, but later in life he became a carpenter. In the winter of 1846 
 he came to this state and located in Montgomery county, and became 
 engaged in his trade. May 16, 1860, he was married to Miss Mary 
 L., daughter of Jacob and Saloma (Amon) Harshbarger. She was 
 born in Clark township January 30, 1833. They are the parents of 
 eleven Kving children : Saloma A., wife of J. "Watkins, John C, 
 Lydia C, wife of John L. Minnich, Samuel H., Silas M., Mary E., 
 Daniel P. W., Sophia, Charlie C, Charity H. L. and Minnie A. 
 Mr. Himes is now engaged in farming and stock raising on his farm, 
 half a mile north of Ladoga. This farm was entered by Mr. Jacob 
 Harshbarger in an early day. He came from Virginia, where he 
 sold out a small property and invested his money in land, and be- 
 came the owner of about 1,400 acres of land in this county, valued 
 at $80,000. He died in this township at the home of Mr. Himes, 
 his son-in-law, February 6, 1866, in his seventy-fourth year. His 
 wife died June 6, 18Y1, in her seventy-sixth year. At the time of 
 her death she had sixty-eight grandchildren, and not an orphan 
 among them. Mr. Himes' father died February IT, 18T9, in his 
 eighty-fourth year, while his mother passed away October 19, 1866, 
 at the age of seventy. Both died at the home of their son Daniel. 
 
 William W. Ewing, school teacher and farmer, Ladoga, son of 
 James and Harriet (Bishop) Ewing, was born in Fleming county, 
 Kentucky, September 9, 1843. At about the age of nine years he 
 accompanied his parents to Indiana and settled in Parke county, 
 where he lived until the breaking out of the rebellion, when he en- 
 listed in Co. A, 85th Ind., in December 1863. Mr. Ewing did his 
 duty as a soldier with Gen. Sherman until the close of the war. He 
 was mustered out at Louisville, Kentucky, and upon his return to 
 Indiana found his father a citizen of Montgomery county. He soon 
 became a student after this time under Prof. Hopkins at the Ladoga 
 Academy, and followed teaching with splendid success in connection 
 with his studies. He is now engaged in farming and teaching. Au- 
 gust 19, 1868, he was married to Miss Sarah J. Goif, whose death 
 occurred February 26, 18Y6. April 1, 1877, he married for his second 
 wife Tilla Golf, daughter of Josephus Goff, of Owen county, Indiana. 
 Mr. Ewing and his wife are both school teachers. He is the father 
 
472 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 of one child by his first wife, Lora E. Mr. Ewing's parents are still 
 living in Union township, and enjoying a ripe old age. His mother 
 is the only remaining sister of Ex-Gov. Bishop, of Ohio. 
 
 Jesse Durham, deceased, was born in Mercer (now Boyle) county, 
 Kentucky, May 6, 1808. He was raised a farmer, and followed that 
 occupation through life. January T, 1834, he married Miss Isabel 
 D., daughter of John and Mary (Knox) Caldwell. She was born in 
 Mercer (now Boyle) county, Kentucky, October 12, 1814. In Sep- 
 tember, 1834, they located in Hendricks county, Indiana, where they 
 remained sixteen years, at the expiration of which time they came 
 to Montgomery county, and settled on Little Raccoon near the Hen- 
 dricks county line, where they lived about five years, after which 
 time they moved to Hendricks county a second time. In October, 
 1864, they arrived at Ladoga and permanently settled in the village, 
 where Mr. Durham led a retired life. March 31, ]875, he died after 
 a life of labor and usefulness, and like all good men and enterprising 
 citizens universally loved and missed by numerous friends and many 
 warm hearted neighbors. Mrs. Durham still lives in the old home 
 in Ladoga, well surrounded with the comforts of this life left. by her 
 honored husband. She is a consistent member of the Presbyterian 
 church. Mrs. Durham is thoroughly conversant upon the hardships 
 and trials of pioneer life, having braved the wilds of the frontier, and 
 built a home in Hendricks county when the advantages of mails, 
 roads, trading posts, to say nothing of the modes of travel of our 
 day, ahd conveniences of village trade and religious societies, were 
 all wanting. 
 
 Lewis 0. Otterman, farmer, Ladoga, son of Lewis and Hettie 
 (Peffley) Otterman, was born in Clark township June 20, 1845. His 
 home has always been in the limits of this township, and here he has 
 ever been engaged in agricultural pursuits and with good success. 
 His schooling was not quite as extensive as is now furnished the 
 youth of the county, for the reason none but subscription schools 
 were accessible, and those only at long distances. September 31, 
 1874, he was married to Ruama Ann, daughter of John and Mary 
 (Fordice) McKnight. She was born in Ohio, August 9, 1852. They 
 have one child, Edgar N., who was born May 17, 1876. Mr. Otter- 
 man is now living on his farm of 210 acres, two and one-half miles 
 southeast of Ladoga. He is an enterprising, thorough and affable 
 citizen, as is also his venerable father, of whom it is said by his neigh- 
 bors, that he added more to the material wealth of Clark township 
 than any other person residing within its borders. 
 
 J. C. Mahoney, physician and surgeon, Ladoga, was born in 
 
CLAKK TOWNSHIP. ■ 473 
 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1851, and is the son of Zachariah 
 F. and Catharine (Ashbarger) Mahoney, who arejprominent citizens 
 of the county, coming here in an early day. The doctor was raised 
 on a farm till twenty-four years of age, and at the same time, having 
 the advantages of a good education, he began the study of medicine, 
 his preceptor being A. E. Thomas, dean of the Hahnemann College, 
 of Philadelphia, and graduated at that time-honored institution in 18T8, 
 and began the practice of medicine at Ladoga the following year. By 
 •constant study and close attention to business he has already en- 
 tered into an extensive practice. In 1880 he married Mrs. Nina 
 Harshbarger, formerly Miss Nina Peffley. 
 
 A. L. Henry, hardware, Ladoga, was born on a farm in Scott town- 
 ship, Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1857, and is the son of M. M. 
 Henry, who was the first male child born in Scott township. Th-e sub- 
 ject of this sketch remained at home until in his fifteenth year, in the 
 meantime receiving a good business education, but on account of ill- 
 health he traveled for a number of years, one year for a wholesale 
 house of Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1880 he settled in Ladoga, embark- 
 ing in the hardware business, and by upright treatment to his many 
 customers and good business qualifications, he has established an ex- 
 tensive trade. In 1880 he married Miss Bell Hodshier, a native of 
 this county. 
 
 W. B. Herod, attorney, Ladoga, is a native of Pendleton county, 
 Kentucky, and was born in 1845. He is the son of Luther Herod, 
 who came to Putnam county, Indiana, in 1851, thence came to Mont- 
 gomery county in 1862. The subject of this brief notice spent the 
 early part of his life in educating himself. At the age of nineteen 
 he began teaching school, which he followed for a number of years, 
 spending his spare time in reading law. He has also attended the 
 Michigan University at Ann Arbor, Michigan, in preparing himself 
 for that of his profession. He served in the late rebellion in the Y9th 
 reg. Ind. Vols. He is well liked in the community wherj he lives, 
 and is a member of the Odd-Fellows lodge. In 1866 he married Miss 
 Mary Otterman, daughter of George Otterman, who came to this 
 county in about 1829, and died in 1880, in the seventy-sixth year of 
 his age. Mr. and Mrs. Herod are members of the Christian church. 
 Their family are John L. , Cordelia, and George W. 
 
 W. Bateman, proprietor of Ladoga water-mills, Ladoga. These 
 mills were the first built in Ladoga, about 1830, by a man by the 
 name of Myers. The building has been remodeled from time to 
 time by dilFerent owners, its present owner, W. Bateman, purchased 
 it about 1865. Mr. Bateman is a native of Hendricks county, Indi- 
 
474 HISTORY OF MONTGOMKRT COUNTY. 
 
 ana, born in 1832. He was raised in that county on a farm until 
 twenty-one yes^rs of age, after which he learned the milling business, 
 which has been his occupation ever since. By making the mill-busi- 
 ness a constant study, and close attention and industry, he has been 
 quite successful, having started in life with but little or nothing. At 
 the present time he is not only the owner of the mill property but 
 that of a fine home. He is an active business man, and is appreci- 
 ated by the public. In 1867 he married Miss Eebecca Smith, a native 
 of Putnam county, Indiana, and daughter of Kobert Smith, who was 
 one of the early settlers of that county. 
 
 A. M. Scott, merchant, Ladoga, is one of the self-made and lead- 
 ing business meii of Ladoga, where he began the mercantile business 
 in 1866 with a limited capital, which was of his own accumulation. 
 At first his business only amounted to $10,000 or $12,000 per year, 
 but by close attention and honorable dealing with his many custom- 
 ers, his trade has increased to over $50,000 per year. It may well be 
 said he is one of the successful business men of Montgomery county. 
 In 18T6 and 187Y he was elected as joint representative of Montgomery 
 and Parke counties,which office he filled with credit to himself and 
 his constituents. In 1861 he enlisted in Co. B, 43d Ind. Vol. Inf., 
 and was promoted to first lieutenant, but after serving for some time 
 he was compelled to resign on account of ill health. Mr. Scott is the 
 son of Alexander and Martha Scott, who were natives of Pennsylva- 
 nia and Kentucky, and removed to Putnam county, Indiana, in 1826, 
 where A. M. Scott was born, March 23, 1836. In 1866 he married Miss 
 Matilda Miller, daughter of Kev. John Miller, of Putnam county, Indi- 
 ana. Mr. Scott is a Mason and a member of the Knights of Pythias, 
 and an elder in the Presbyterian church. 
 
 H. S. Huntington, planing mills, Ladoga, was born in Wayne 
 county, York state, in 1832, and is the son of Samuel D. and Mary 
 (Howell) Huntington. Mr. Huntington came to Floyd county, Indi- 
 ana, in 1859. He served two years in the quartermaster's department 
 at Nashville during the rebellion. He came to this county in 1867, 
 and worked at the carpenter's ti-ade and stave business until he began 
 his present occupation. In 1858 he married Miss Sarah Gregg, a 
 native of York state. The issue are three children: Lizzie G., George 
 M. and Harry. 
 
 M. A. Eapp, carriage and buggy manufacturer, Ladoga. One of 
 the great improvements of Ladoga may be mentioned that of the 
 Ladoga carriage and wagon manufactory, of which the proprietor 
 and owner (M. A. Kapp) is a wide-awake and energetic business 
 man, having come to Ladoga in 1869, where he has since been en- 
 
CLAEK TOWNSHIP. 475 
 
 gaged in the manufacture of carriages and light spring wagons. He 
 not only makes the business successful financially, but gives general 
 satisfaction to his many customers. He gives employment to eight 
 and ten workmen. He is a native of Eockbridge county, Virginia, 
 and came west in 1859, first locating in Terre Haute, Vigo county, 
 Indiana, where he worked as a journeyman for some time. He is a 
 member of the Masons, Odd-Fellows and Knights of Pythias. He 
 married, in 1860, Emma Gillmore, of Putnam county, Indiana. 
 
 J. W. Nicholdson, dentist, Ladoga, is a native of Washington 
 county, Indiana, and was born in 1849. At the age of twenty-three 
 he began the study of dentistry at New Albany, and practiced in 
 Washington county from 1871 till he came to Ladoga, in 1873, 
 where he has since followed his profession. Already many proofs 
 of his handiwork exist throughout the county ; that assures the public 
 of his capability. He is a member of the Odd-Fellows and Knights 
 of Pythias. In 1874 he married Miss Ella Hendricks, daughter of 
 Dr. Hendricks. 
 
 E. L. Snodgrass, planing miller, Ladoga. In writing up the 
 industries of Ladoga we take great pleasure in mentioning the firm 
 of Snodgrass & Huntington, proprietors of the Ladoga stave and 
 planing mills, which was organized in 1876. E. L. Snodgrass is h 
 native of Botetourt county, Virginia, and was born in 1845. He is 
 the son of Robert and Nancy Snodgrass. Mr. Snodgrass served 
 two years in the confederate army, serving in the 2d Vir. reg., and 
 was in over fifty battles. He was severely wounded at the battle of 
 Milford in 1864. In 1868 he came to Boone county, Indiana, where 
 he worked at the carpenter's trade, and in 1876 came to this county. 
 He is a member of the Masons and Knights of Pythias, and of the 
 Presbyterian church. In 1868 he married Miss Virginia Mount, a 
 native of this county, and daughter of Alfred G. and Margaret 
 Mount. His family are Theodric, August O. and Maud G. 
 
 Clark & Carroll, harness and saddlers, Ladoga. In mentioning 
 the self-made men of Ladoga we find the firm of Clark & Carroll. 
 They began business with a limited amount of capital, but by close 
 attention to business, and only manufacturing the very best of ma- 
 terial, they have not only given general satisfaction to their many 
 customers, but have made their business successful financially. 
 Mr. Carroll is a native of Ireland, and came to America with his par- 
 ents when but a boy. At eighteen years of age he learned his trade, 
 which he worked at as a journeyman until he began business at La- 
 doga. He married in 1871 Mary Brier, a native of Ireland. Mr. 
 Clark is a native of Canada. 
 
476 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 The enterprising, careful and successful editor of the Ladoga 
 "Leader," D. C. Kinder, was born in Franklin, Warren county, 
 Ohio, October 9, 1847, and was the tenth child of George and Eliza 
 (Schuor) Kinder. His parents were among the early settlers of 
 southern Ohio, his mother being born in Warren county in 1806, and 
 is still enjoying life's blessings in excellent health. Mr. Kinder 
 came to Ladoga in December 18T9, and purchased the printing ma- 
 terial of the "Journal," and immediately started the Ladoga "Lead- 
 er," which has filled every expectation of the people, and is known 
 as a superior publication of its kind. In June, 1880, he was mar- 
 ried in Ottawa, Ohio, to Miss Mary E., eldest daughter of G. S. and 
 Hannah EoUins. 
 
 Clifton G. Hill, farmer and stock raiser, Ladoga, son of Collin B. 
 and Julia (McCrosky) Hill, was l)orn in Franklin county, Yirginia, 
 August 27, 1839. Here he grew to manhood, and in May, 1866, he 
 left liis native state for the "Great West," and settled in Putnam 
 county, Indiana, and began his successful career by working out by 
 the month. December 12, 1867, he was married to Hattie P., 
 daughter of Jesse P. and Eliza Hymer, who was born in Putnam 
 county February 28, 1845. After his marriage Mr. Hill busied him- 
 self in farming in Putnam county until 1878, when he purchased his 
 present home in Clark, and actively engaged in farming and stock 
 raising. In- his pastures may always be seen a high grade of cattle 
 and sheep. In April, 1879, Mr. Hill suffered a great loss by a fire, 
 which destroyed his dwelling and a considerable amount of property. 
 He has, however, since built a very beautiful house on an excellent 
 rise of ground, and his home at no distant day is destined to be one 
 of the most attractive in the township. He is the father of four chil- 
 dren : Eva L., Clemia W., Otro S. and Cecil A. Mr. Hill is a 
 gentleman of excellent tastes and ability, having a strong sympathy 
 with and belief in a thorough and systematic education. 
 
 COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 A creek running through the northern part of this township 
 gives to the section of country its name, Coal Creek. This creek is 
 so-called from the large quantities of coal on either side of it, which 
 occasionally crops from hillsides where the creek becomes larger in 
 Fountain county. The township contains all of T. 20, E. 5 W., and 
 the E. i of T. 20, R. 6 W. It is inclosed by Tippecanoe county on 
 the north, Madison township on the east, on the south by Union and 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 477 
 
 Wayne townships, and on the west by Fountain county. The 
 northel"n line is that rich prairie country that has made its possess- 
 ors wealthy, but this is but from one to two miles wide ; the rest 
 was early a heavy growth of timber. When the first settlers entered 
 this part of the sylvan wood they found but little small timber, such 
 as saplings, the forest fires having destroyed it. In its place was a 
 luxuriant growth of grass, and here was the pasture of the deer and 
 the favorite hunting-ground of the native American, "whose rights 
 there were none to dispute," fewer, far, than a hundred years ago, 
 It is said there is more small timber now thsn then, but '"how have 
 the mighty fallen ! " As constant droppings wear away the hardest 
 stone, so have the incessant chippings of the woodman's axe felled 
 ten thousand temples, whose maker and builder was not man. 
 While the larger part of the township is generally level, yet the 
 northern and central portions are beautifully undulating and invit- 
 ing. ITear the center of the township is Sec. 20, a high rise of 
 ground known as " Bristle Eidge. " This section of land was entered 
 by a Frenchman, it is said, who, upon beholding his purchase, has- 
 tily concluded he could not raise corn where there were so many 
 trees, so leaving his farm untenanted he returned to his sunny vine- 
 land. Ere long, people whom we call "squatters" took up their 
 abode on the hill in very small cabins they erected. These people were 
 poor and squalid, and came but to exist a while upon food prepared 
 for them. There were fifteen families on one Sec, 20. There were 
 immense quantities of moss in this region, which, after the early 
 settlement of the surrounding territory, became inviting to the swine 
 for miles around, and here the hog grew fat. But his fatness 
 proved his destruction, for these squatters, obeying the divine injunc- 
 tion, did kill and eat abundantly. To escape suspicion ihey stowed 
 away the bristles under the floors of their cabins. It is said that 
 Isom Royalty, an early settler, purchased a farm having on it a 
 cabin, under the floor of which, when he destroyed it, he found 
 twenty bushels of hog bristles. Whether this be true or not, it is 
 true that the squatters followed this plan of deception, and hence 
 the name, Bristle Bidge. The southwest part of the township is 
 known as "Kentuek," — not from any physical resemblance to the 
 "Blue-Grass" state, but because it was early settled almost wholly 
 by Kentuekians. The first entry of land was made about, three 
 years before any one permanently settled. On September 24, 1823, 
 James Morrow laid claim to the IST.E. J of S.W. J Sec. 30, T. 
 20 E. 5 W. In 1825 Jonas Mann secured the S.E. J Sec. 10, 
 same town and range, and David Shoemaker entered the W. i of 
 
478 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBBT COUNTY. 
 
 S.W. i Sec. 1, T. 20, E. 6 W., November 25, 1825, and Jacob Cul- 
 ver the S.E. ^ of Sec. 34, same town and range. In 1826 Elias 
 Eeea entered the W. i of S.E. i Sec. 1 ; Jacob Beedle, the E. ^ of 
 S.W. i Sec. 1 ; Simeon Beedle, W. i of IST.E. i Sec. 10 ; Abraham 
 and James Thompson, the N.E. i of ^ec. 15; Jacob Culver, the 
 E. i of KW. 1 Sec. 34; John Culver, the S.W. i Sec. 34, and 
 Alexander Logan the W. i of N.W. i Sec. 22, all in R. 6 W. In 
 this year Christian Beever is credited with the E. ^ of S.E. ^ Sec. 
 16, but he did not settle till about 1829. About 182Y came Elija 
 and Elizabeth Park, from near Lawrenceburg, Indiana. They set- 
 tled in the northeast part of the township, and there lived until 
 death. They lived for some time at first in a tent. On September 
 22, 1826, Noah Insley landed in Fountain county, Indiana. He was 
 a cabinet-make]' by trade, and spent his first year at Newtown and 
 Attica, manufacturing furniture directly from the forest. He prob- 
 ably was the first man who ever cut a stick of timber from Coal 
 Creek township for furniture purposes. He occasionally took ram- 
 bles through the western part of the township, and remembers the 
 first cabin and civilized family he saw in the township. The first 
 cabin erected in the territory was built by Bostick, a squatter, on 
 the land owned by Alexander Meharry, and occupied for a while by 
 Ellis Insley, whose father entered it. Bostick deserted the cabin 
 from fear of the Indians. The first permanent resident was Charles 
 Eeid, whom Mr. Insley discovered not far from the banks of Coal 
 creek. He stood amazed at first, and carefully examined to dis- 
 tinguish whether Indian or white man. An acquaintance was soon 
 formed with but little ceremony. Reid did not build till 1827, 
 which was the first actual improvement. In 1827 immigration 
 found its way more rapidly, leaving Reid no longer monarch of all. 
 Cn R. 5 W. Mathan Bull entered the N.E. i of N.W. J Sec. 31 ; 
 James Morrow became possessor of the E. ^ of N.E. J Sec. 10, R. 
 6 W. ; also John F. Clements of the E. f of S.W. J Sec. 10 ; Will- 
 iam Harris, the W. ^ of S.W. J Sec. 10 ; James Morrow also the W. 
 i of S.W. I Sec. 11 ; John F. Clements also entered the W. i of 
 S.W. i Sec. 15 ; and Henry Clements the E. i of S.W. J Sec. 15; 
 and Yezy Tracy the E. i of N.E. J Sec. 27 ; and John Tracy the W. 
 i of KW. i Sec. 35, all of R. 6 W. In the same year, town and 
 range Thomas Meharry entered the S.W. ^ Sec. 2, and the S. i of 
 N.W. J Sec. 2. He then returned to Ohio ; there married Emily 
 Patton, and February 16, 1828, landed at Attica, having come via 
 the Ohio and Wabash rivers." His pocket contained $50 for the im- 
 provement of his farm, and as a means of subsistence till a crop 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 479 
 
 should be raised. He also brought forty yards of jeans for clothing. 
 A house of slabs was erected, which was occupied two years, then a 
 frame house, 16 x 26, story and a half Success crowned the efforts 
 of himself and wife till he owned a large tract of land and a line 
 brick mansion. James Meharry is also credited with a land entry. 
 Hugh Meharry, perhaps the most successful man Montgomery num- 
 bers among her pioneers, entered, in 1827, the S.E. J Sec. 3, E. 6 
 W. Here in 1828 he brought a young wife, and Mr. and Mrs. Me- 
 harry became the occupants of a house of slabs and canvas, in which 
 they lived more than a, year. Their land was theirs, and to improve 
 and develop the farm they possessed $20 in money, one horse and 
 one ox. But' even this poor capital proved sufficient, when expended 
 by grit, energy and economy, to make Mr. Meharry the owner of 
 20,000 acres of land. He often carried his milling to Terre Haute, 
 being gone five days, while his wife, surely a heroine of the frontier, 
 remained in her tent alone, with no sound to cheer her, but the fierce 
 and hungry howl of the wolf would add to her longing for her com- 
 panion. "Women indeed were as brave and unfaltering in subduing 
 this wilderness as were the more frequently lauded heroes ; courage, 
 fortitude, bravery, valor, intrepidity and gallantry, were attributes 
 belonging to the one as well as the other. 
 
 " The uncleared forest, the unbroken soil, 
 
 The iron bark that turns the lumberer's axe, 
 The rapid that o'erbears the boatman's toil, 
 
 The prairie, hiding the mazed wanderer's tracks, 
 The ambushed Indian, and the prowling bear, — 
 
 Such were the needs that helped their youth to train — 
 Bough culture ! but such trees large fruit may bear, 
 
 If but their stocks be of right girth and grain." 
 
 Mr. Meharry's first entry is now a very fine farm and owned by his 
 son, Alexander Meharry. Christian Beever about this time entered 
 the W. i of S.W. i Sec. 14, also the E. i of N.E. i Sec. 15, T. 20, 
 N., R. 6 W. He brought a family of four children : Barbara, Nancy, 
 Catharine, and Matthias. Catharine, now Mrs. Chesnut, is the only 
 one of the family surviving. In 1828 George Marlow entered the 
 E. i of S.W. i Sec. 14, T. 20, K, R. 6 W. ; also Solomon Beedle 
 the E. i of N.E.i Sec. 22 ; Abraham McMorvins, the W. i of N.E. J 
 Sec. 22. James McKinney, prominent in the early work of the 
 Christian church and general development of the country, laid claim 
 to the E. i of N.W. i Sec. 22. Jesse Tracy obtained by patent the 
 W. i- of S.E. i Sec. 27, In the same year several settlements were 
 made in R. 5 W. John Alexander entered the S.E. J Sec. 3 ; Lewis 
 
480 HISTOKY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Bible, the north fraction of KE. i Sec. 5 ; David Oppy became 
 owner of the E. i of KE. i Sec. 8, and the E. i of JST.W. i Sec. 9 ; 
 Lewis Biddle received a patent for the "W. ^ of N.E. i Sec. 8, 
 and Stephen Biddle for the W. i of S."W. i Sec. 9 ; James Smith 
 entered the E. i of KE. i Sec. 11, also the E. i of S.E. J Sec. 11 ; 
 Joseph Parke secured the E. i of S.W. J Sec. 11, and James Taylor, 
 the W. i of S.W. i Sec. 11 ; John Chenoworth entered Sees. 13 and 
 14. John Alexander built a cabin on the farm now owned by John F. 
 Alexander, also the house in which John F. lives. He died in 1875. 
 Lewis Bible, with his wife Mary and four children, Sally, Mary, 
 John and George, came from Ohio and entered land in the southern 
 edge of Tippecanoe county as well as in Coal Creek township. Their 
 house stood in Tippecanoe county, and there the old folks died. 
 John married ; losing his wife by death he next married Mary, 
 daughter of Alex and Hessie May, who were early settlers in Mont- 
 gomery county. Mr. Bible dying Mrs. Bible assumed full control 
 of the farm, which she kept well stocked, riding after cattle, buying 
 calves, and selling her stock to an advantage, and is deserving of 
 honorable mention as a woman successful in the business of the farm. 
 The year 1828 also chronicled the arrival of Absalom Kirkpatrick, 
 afterward one of Montgomery's most useful citizens, not a man seek- 
 ing after oifice, but one of general usefulness, such as a new country 
 demands. George Kirkpatrick was at that time living in Tippe- 
 canoe county, and with him Absalom housed his family, consisting 
 of his mother, then an old lady, his wjfe, Elizabeth (Vanpelt), and 
 six children, John, Eachel, Samuel, Hiram, Cyrus Q. and Absalom 
 J., while he prepared a roof for them. He purchased 160 acres of 
 government land at $1.25 per acre, borrowing $60 to complete pay- 
 ment. He had sold a farm in Ohio, but received but little for it, 
 and, that partly in trade. He moved out with an ox team, driving 
 his stock before him. After purchasing his land he built a " camp " 
 with one side open, no floor but that of nature's handiwork, and roof 
 of clapboards. Into this retreat he moved, December 1, 1828. In 
 this the family lived till a better house was erected of hewn logs, 
 one room, 18x26, one story, stick and clay chimney, hewn-log floor, 
 clapboard roof, etc. This structure is still standing, but has changed 
 its appearance, being transformed by weather-boarding, etc., into a 
 house of the present age. In it Mr. Kirkpatrick died May 4, 1855, 
 followed on May 5, 1863, by his wife. His mother, Elizabeth, had 
 also closed her eyes in death, at the age of eighty years, in the same 
 log cabin. Absalom Kirkpatrick was magistrate for fourteen years 
 successively till he resigned.' He was employed to locate the public 
 
James McLaughlin 
 
 ^DECEASED J 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 481 
 
 road from Covington to Strawtown, which he did, a distance of sev- 
 enty miles or more, employing John Gilliland, of Crawfordsville, to 
 do the surveying. He was also the first incumbent of the office of land 
 appraiser. No one did more for the general development of Coal 
 Creek township than did Absalom Kirkpatrick. His son, Cyrus Q., 
 now a resident of Tippecanoe county, is an extensive farmer, and 
 perpetuates the principles of his father. The whole family has been 
 one of the most useful, whether in the material, intellectual or 
 spiritual growth of the section of country included in these notes. 
 
 1829 witnessed the arrival of others. Thomas Patton entered 
 part of Sec. 1, T. 20 IST., E. 6 W. ; Ann Cook, part of See. 2 ; Abner 
 Clark, Sec. 13 ; Joseph E. Hayden, part of Sec. 14 ; "William Foote, 
 160 acres in Sec. 15; Isaac Coon, part of Sec. 22. Besides original 
 entries, land began to change hands, and there was both going out 
 and coming in. 1830 brought David Clarkson, John Husted, Moses 
 Husted, Arthur Taylor, Abraham Beede, Solomon McKinzer, 
 Michael Stout, Elisha Grennard, Asa Eeeve, John Brown and others. 
 James Gregory bought the W. -J of S.E. J Sec. 1, R. 6, entered by 
 Charles Eeid, and added till he owned 540 acres of land. Lewis 
 Clarkson must have made his appearance about the same time. 
 
 Samuel Kincaid, a native of Ohio, emigrated to Crawfordsville, 
 Indiana, not far from 1826, where' he followed blacksmithing. 
 About 1880 he moved to Coal Creek township and secured the land 
 on which the hamlet of New Richmond is built, buying the land of 
 AUenJBfigzley. Here he opened a blacksmith shop, the first in this 
 region. He built his log cabin on the spot occupied by Squire Mc- 
 Comas' residence. He early laid out the town of New Richmond 
 and died in 1845 in Hamilton county, Indiana, where he had moved. 
 William Kincaid, son of Samuel, came to Indiana about 1829 or 
 1880, and secured a part of Sec. 4, R. 5. He died in 1846. 
 
 Jacob Dazey and his son Samuel made a trip in 1826, on horse- 
 back, and examined the country in this region. In 1 828 Jacob again 
 came to Montgomery county, and this time he entered 160 acres of 
 land in Coal Creek township. This time he was delayed somewhat, 
 so Samuel was started out to look for him, fears arising as to his 
 whereabouts. When Samuel had gained the Black Swamps he was 
 attacked by a couple of strange men who had followed him some 
 distance, but drawing his revolver he dispersed them. This is but 
 one of many such instances that occurred in those early days when 
 men traveled alone through the wilderness. Finding his father, 
 Samuel returned with him. In 1880 Jacob sold his premises in 
 Ohio and with his wife, Polly, and four children, Nillie, Samuel, 
 31 
 
482 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 Sarah, and Jacob Jr., moved with two yoke of oxen and one span 
 of horses to his new home. They built a shanty, and in 1831 
 erected a small frame house, floor and post and heavy timbers hewn, 
 while the lighter lumber they sawed with a whip saw. In the same 
 year John Gaines, born in an Indian trading post, came on foot, 
 when a young man, to Montgomery county. His first night's rest 
 in this county was in the attic of the Grain tavern, seven miles east 
 of Crawfordsville, between two sheets. Hardly sufficient covering 
 for January. He shook the snow from the cover before "climbing 
 in." Next morning, glad to rise from his wintry bed, he pushed on 
 to his uncle Allen Simpson's. His fortune was $110 in cash, 
 with which he entered eighty acres of land two miles north of 
 Crawfordsville. He worked for his uncle some time. He made 
 44,000 rails and 15,000 stakes, which he hauled with an ox team and 
 laid, fencing 400 acres of land into five lots. He has become one of 
 the successful men of the county. Thomas "Ward also ai-rived in 
 1830. His experience was full of hardships. Emigrating from 
 England with his young wife, in 1829, to New York; then, in 1830, 
 to Montgomery county by way of the lakes ; then up the Maumee 
 river in a canoe to Fort Wayne, sleeping in the woods, in caves, etc. 
 They brought their all in the canoe, as well as their infant, Thomas, 
 accompanied by a guide, who attempted to rob them by cutting their 
 boat adrift, then endeavored to convince them the Indians had robbed 
 them. Fortunately all were found. Under such circumstances they 
 reached Fort Wayne. Their travels were by no means over. Load- 
 ing their goods for conveyance on some wagons that happened to be 
 there, they themselves took horses, Mrs. Ward carrying her babe. 
 Twice she waded the Wabash river with her infant, in her dress skirt, 
 being somewhat fearful to ride across. Thus traveling through 
 thick woods, now in a scarcely visible Indian trail, now lost and 
 night coming on, all the time alone in a wilderness, they finally 
 reached La Fayette in August. They soon pushed on to Coal Creek 
 township. Disappointed and disheartened at the prospects, they set 
 out on their return, but were prevailed upon to remain. They 
 bought land and built a cabin, but in the following spring sold. Mr. 
 Ward returned to England to settle his business, then again set sail 
 for ISTew York. He arrived and started by canal for Indiana. The 
 canal freezing, he was obligedj to return to his starting place. Mr. 
 Ward then procured a team and sleigh and with this crossed the 
 country, being obliged at one stream to construct a bridge before 
 crossing. He arrived at Crawfordsville, Indiana, about January 31. 
 In the following February, 1832, he bought 160 acres of land in 
 
COAL CBEEK TOWNSHIP. 483 
 
 Coal Creek township, living in a small cabin, already built, till 1837, 
 when lie erected a small frame house, which is now the kitchen to his 
 brick residence erected in 1845. In their early days here they used 
 brush brooms, cracked corn in a stump hollowed out, using an iron 
 wedge for a pestle, killed any amount of wild game, fared without 
 bread for seven weeks at one period, and thus dragged away the 
 pioneer years. Mr. Ward purchased some potatoes, and to preserve 
 them from the frost covered them over in the cabin, but the oxen 
 searching for food broke into the house and devoured them. 
 Through all these experiences Mr. and Mrs. "Ward fought their bat- 
 tles until they became prosperous and wealthy farmers. 
 
 The few years following 1830 brought many more inhabitants to 
 Coal Creek. They clustered thickly around what is now Pleasant 
 ffiU till, as John McJimsey asserts, there were nearly as many in 
 this vicinity in 1834 as in 1880. In these years Isaac Montgomery 
 settled in Coal Creek township. His father, Alexander Montgomery, 
 came to Crawfordsville in 1 824 and open a shoe shop. "While living 
 there Isaac became the first mail carrier from Crawfordsville to La 
 Fayette. He made the trip requiring two days once a week, and 
 received for it 50 cents. He carried the mail one year, when his 
 brother Simpson secured the job of David Vance, the contractor. 
 Isaac Montgomery has been one of the most successful farmers, 
 owing his success to his own industry. In 1834 George "Westfall 
 rented the Gregory farm, and finally bought property. Jacob Dazey 
 entered, October 8, 1849, theKE. |of S.W. JSec. 8, T.20, R. 5 W., 
 and Isaac H. Montgomery made the last entry, the tract being the 
 W. i fraction of N.E. J Sec. 2, same town and range, his entry dat- 
 ing ]S"ovember 23, 1849. Limited space forbids the writer following 
 farther the general settlement of this township. 
 
 Coal Creek township has had four post-ofSces ; Pleasant Hill, 
 ITew Richmond, Boston Store, and Round Hill. The last has been 
 discontinued, and no sign of a town remains. Boston Store is but a 
 post-office, one store, blacksmith-shop, etc. !N"ew Richmond, laid 
 out by Samuel Kincaid as before maintained, has become a village 
 of three stores, a blacksmith-shop, several doctors, a church, and a 
 few dwellings. Dr. Manners was the first permanent doctor, and 
 here enjoyed large patronage. 
 
 About 1831 Christian Beever laid out the town of Pleasant Hill. 
 It immediately thrived, and promised to become a goodly town, but 
 having no railroad it has continued a place f^r country trade only. 
 In a very early day there were three saloons. "Wm. "Waddle open a 
 general-stock store, which he continued a short time, then James L. 
 
484 HISTORT OF MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 McKinney kept store. Quite a number of dwellings were erected, 
 and business became brisk, supporting three merchants. The first 
 postmaster was J. L. McKinney. David Shoemaker and brother 
 Leonard were the early blacksmiths. Mr. Beever donated a lot to 
 Carmon Layton, a carpenter, to induce him to settle here, and his 
 brother, Thomas Layton, was the first doctor. A Mr. Westfall kept 
 a tavern, having a sign out reading "Traveler's Kest." Two trav- 
 elers passing through one day, noting the saloons and general char- 
 acter of the town in its early life, met a couple of school-girls, of whom 
 they inquired the name of the place. . "When told "Pleasant Hill," 
 one of the travelers remarked, " Better have it called Present H — 1 ! " 
 The other traveler noticing the sign, "Traveler's Kest," jocosely re- 
 joined " Devil's Nest !" The tavern-keeper kept a bar, around which 
 liquor was freely flowing. But the days of saloons passed away, hav- 
 ing given place to schools and churches, and consequently a better 
 class of society has for many years controlled the affairs of the town 
 
 and vicinity. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 ■ The first school-house probably built in the region was erected 
 about two and a half miles south of where Pleasant Hill now is. 
 There Father Bingham, then a man of many snows, taught the very 
 few who attended that pioneer temple of education. There Catha- 
 rine Beever, now Mrs. Chesnut, of Pleasant Hill, was taught to read. 
 In about 1831 a log school-house was built a short distance southwest 
 of Pleasant Hill, where James L. McKinney became the first in- 
 structor. As candidates for education became more numerous, more 
 ample accommodations were supplied. A frame house was erected 
 just prior to the war, but immediately after its completion it ^as 
 burned by incendiaries. The loversjof knowledge and progress were 
 not to be daunted in their efforts to transmit to their children the 
 most princely of fortunes, an education, though it were limited. The 
 ruins were immediately obliterated by a new building, and there the 
 youth received instruction. Desirous of a more thorough system of 
 education the patrons, prominent among whom were Mathias, Alex- 
 ander, John and Hamilton McClure, M. Beever, John McJimsey, 
 John Ashenhurst, and others, decided to establish a graded, school. 
 In 1860 the present building was erected at a cost of about $1,800, 
 having two departments. C. H. Pease, the first principal in the 
 graded school, taught one year, and began a second, but from polit- 
 ical reasons resigned. A Mr. Spilman next wielded the birch, fol- 
 lowed by John Ellis, each having an assistant. From 1865 to 1868 
 W. C. and D. "W. Gerard had charge, under whose management the 
 
COAL CEEEK TOWNSHIP. 485 
 
 school became very efficient. In after years the school has not been 
 what it used to be. During the past six years Charles A. McClure 
 has had charge as principal, whose long term of service but indicates 
 his success. Daniel Murphy is his present assistant. Similar has 
 been the progress of education in other parts of the township. In 
 the Kirkpatrick district the education of the children was early looked 
 to. The house of logs gave way to the present comfortable frame 
 buildings, supplied with apparatus and competent teachers. 
 
 Pleasant Hill has also a lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, and 
 one of the oldest in the county. It is No. 63, and was known as 
 Pleasant. Hill Lodge. It was organized about 1850. Prominent 
 among the early members were JohnM. Thomas, W.M.; W. "W. Tif- 
 fany, S.W.; A. J. Royalty, J."W.; John Koon, Treas. The lodge met 
 with some reverses which rent it, but finally was reorganized on a sure 
 and permanent basis, and is in good condition. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 The Methodist church is certainly the first to have been planted 
 in Coal Creek township. As early as 1830 a class was organized at 
 the house of Absalom Kirkpatrick. The members were Absalom 
 Kirkpatrick, wife and children (John and Rachel), also William 
 Forbes, wife and children, Jeremiah Sherwood and wife, Alexan- 
 der May and wife, James and Samuel Kendall and wives. William 
 Forbes was either a local preacher or exhorter, and was the early 
 class-leader. Jere Sherwood was also class-leader. Prayer and 
 class meetings were generally well attended, and were often seasons 
 of great spiritual power. Mr. Kirkpatrick' s house was 18x26 feet, 
 with a fire-place in one end, at which the cooking was done. After 
 meeting closed the rude benches were carried out and dinner was pre- 
 pared, a goodly number of the congregation generally remaining to 
 partake of the hospitalities always extended them by host and host- 
 ess. The term " style" was foreign to their language, but " welcome" 
 they had understood since childhood. The first church built in the 
 neighborhood occupied a spot of Absalom Kirkpatrick' s land. It 
 was erected about 1885, and was about 26x40 feet. The walls were 
 brick. The pulpit was an old-fashioned box pulpit, and three steps 
 were necessary to. reach it. The minister when seated could not be 
 seen by those in front. All was plain, and cost about $900 ; a large 
 sum for that day. William Davis was the contractor. The church 
 was dedicated by Rev. Thomas Brown, then the presiding elder. 
 This church, known as the "Old Brick Church," was used until 
 about 1853, when the present frame was erected at New Richmond. 
 
486 HISTOBY OV MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Besides Mr. Kirkpatrick, Alexander May and Eli Elrod were promi- 
 nent in the erection of the "Brick Church." The early ministers 
 were James Armstrong, John Strange, Stephen E. Beggs, Hackaliah 
 Yredenburgh, Nehemiah GriflSth, Samuel Brenton, Samuel 0. Cooper 
 and Richard Hargrave. Cyrus Q. Kirkpatrick, in speaking of Rich- 
 ard Hargrave says, "he delivered the first temperance lecture in a 
 log barn belonging to his (Kirkpatrick' s) father, that there the first 
 temperance pledge was circulated and signed, and that there was 
 strong opposition to temperance at that day. Besides the class men- 
 tioned there was a Methodist class that met at Christian Beever's in a 
 very early day. The ministers mentioned above also worked here. 
 Prominent in the Beever organization were William Cosaboom and 
 wife, John Clements and wife, Elija Walden and wife, several families 
 of Canes from Fountain county, John Tatman and wife, George Sly and 
 Christian Beever. Mr. Cosaboom was class-leader for many years. 
 Christian Beever and' John Tatman were stewards. " Meetings were 
 held around", there in the brick school-house. A church was built 
 about 1853 and dedicated by Richard Hargrave. John Koon and 
 Levi Curtis were prominent in the preparations for building, and 
 William Brunsley, Alexander McClure and John McJimsey were 
 trustees. The house cost about $1,600. The church is about 
 46 X 55, two stories high, the second story being used by the Masons 
 and temperance societies, and owned by them. The church is now 
 in good condition, under the charge of Rev, E. R. Johnson. The 
 Methodist denomination have also a church at Boston Store, another 
 at Round Hill, and is the strongest denomination in the township. 
 
 Christian church. — Solomon and James McKinney and wives, 
 John and Mary Roll, Solomon Beedle and wife, Thomas Welch and 
 
 wife, Sargent and wife, were early settlers and believers in the 
 
 faith of this church. An organization was formed at Solomon Mc- 
 Kinney' s house, one mile northeast of Pleasant Hill. John Roll was 
 deacon, and the McKinneys filled the pulpit ; James McKinney was 
 pastor for over ten years. These people soon occupied the school- 
 house. They built a hewn-log church about 1837. All the neigh- 
 bors for five or six miles around turned out to aid in the " raising." 
 The house was about 24x36, the seats were sawed slabs, a plank 
 served as a temporary pulpit, and light at night was furnished from 
 candles in small pieces of board nailed to the wall. The church 
 rapidly enlarged in numbers till they were able to build a frame 
 house. This was burned about 1861 or 1862, after which they held 
 services in the Methodist church for two years. About 1864 the 
 present edifice was built at a cost of about $1,000. G-eorge Westfall, 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 487 
 
 Henry Palin, Samuel Gregory, and Dr. John M. Thomas, were 
 prime movers in the erection. The chnrch has continued prosperous. 
 General conference has occasionally convened here, the last time in 
 the summer of 1880. John T. Phillips is at present minister in 
 charge, and the church numbers about 150 members. 
 
 The Christian, or New Light, church was organized in 1866, and 
 consummated early in 1867. A band of nine persons pledged them- 
 selves to stand by the church through stormy weather and through 
 sunshine. Bros. Bannon and Carney formed part of this band, 
 and other earnest workers were Wm. Utterback and wife, Benj. 
 Roadhammel, James Morrow, Elisha Grennard, David Dazey, Gar- 
 ner Bobo, John Bennett, James Wainscot, and a few others. 
 Brother Lewis Bannon was the first preacher. Meetings were held 
 in Center school-house. A meeting-house had been urged, but no 
 definite steps taken to procure it. At a New Year's party given by 
 A. L. Carney, in the winter of 18Y9-80, after supper the church 
 question was sprung, whereupon up spake Wm. Utterback, stating 
 that he would subscribe twice as much as any one else toward a 
 house of worship. Mr. Roadhammel responded with the promise of 
 $100, whereupon Mr. Utterback doubled that sum. The needed 
 amount was soon raised. The contract for a building 35x4:5 was 
 let to B. Merrill, of Waynetown, promising $1,000 for said building. 
 The church was erected, furnished and finished at a cost of $1,200, 
 and dedicated on the first Sunday in September 1880, by Bro. A. L. 
 Carney, assisted by Thomas Quilben, Maxwell, and McCoy. Lin- 
 sey McCoy was minister in charge. The church numbers about 105 
 members. Wm. Utterback and James Morrow are deacons, and 
 David Dazey is clerk. A Sunday-school has been supported, with 
 David Dazy as superintendent. The church is located in Sec. 19, 
 T. 20 N., R. 5 W. Politically Coal Creek township has always 
 been democratic. In the early days no political lines were drawn. 
 A man was proposed for any simple office and voted in. In 1836 
 there were fifty-six houses in the township. Josiah Hutchison, a 
 strong and life-long democrat, decided that the people should be di- 
 vided. Making a trip to Crawford'sville, he secured Mayor Bryce, 
 a democratic attorney, to make a democratic speech for the Coal 
 Creekers. The time for the speech was set, and Mr. Hutchison, in 
 one day, carried the news to every house in the township. The 
 speech was made, an election occurred for justice of the peace, Da- 
 vid Clarkson was the democratic nominee, and Absalom Kirkpatrick 
 the choice of the whigs. The democrats carried the day by one 
 majority, and have continued the stronger party ever since. Clark- 
 
488 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 son, for some reason, dropped out in a short time, when the whigs 
 carefully, and by some means not known, put Absalom Kirkpatrick 
 in the office, which he held for fourteen years, till he resigned. 
 
 MEHARRY GROVE. 
 
 If there is one spot in Montgomery county more celebrated than 
 another (and there certainly is), that spot is Meharry Grove. Lo- 
 cated on Coal creek, one and a half miles north of Pleasant Hill, a 
 high and beautifully shaded place, it has been the favorite camp- 
 ground over thirty years. The grounds contain about forty acres, 
 a large number of seats are provided, and water is plentiful. Here 
 it has not been an uncommon occurrence for thousands of happy 
 faces to congregate. The eminent divines, Cyrus Nutt, Pres. Berry, 
 Bishop Bowman, Dr. Brenton, have preached to immense audi- 
 ences. Here was held a mammoth temperance rally about 1875, 
 addressed by the "Broad Ax," or M. D. Chance. Here, too, have 
 ex-Gov. Col. Kobert Hawley, of Centennial fame, Gov. S. M. Cul- 
 lom, of Illinois, Hon. G. S. Orth, Judge T. F. Davidson, and other 
 renowned statesmen, proclaimed American principles to vast con- 
 courses of people. In all these gatherings the prevailing character- 
 istic has been good order and universal enjoyment. The present 
 possessors of Coal Creek township are a successful and progressive 
 people, and many of them deserve honorable mention in the follow- 
 ing biographical pages. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 John Dewey, l^ew Richmond, was a native of Maryland, his 
 father having come from England to that state. John made a trip 
 west and settled on what was called White Water creek, then on 
 White river. In 1823 he entered land near Crawfordsville, and left 
 word for his family to follow him. He prepared a round log cabin, 
 18 X 20. The family not arriving he started to meet them, and found 
 the White river so high they could not cross. However he ferried 
 the family and goods across in a canoe, and then swam the horses 
 and cattlcj over. With wife and seven children, James, Richard, Job, 
 Polly, Susan, Washington and John Jr., he arrived in due time at 
 his frontier home. The first season, aided by his children, he 
 cleared twelve acres, planted it, and raised a good crop of corn. His 
 milling he carried to White Water, a distance of 100 miles. In 1849 
 he died, aged sixty-three years. His wife .died about 1852. They 
 were members of the Regular Baptist church. They left four chil- 
 dren, born in Montgomery county: Betsy, Margaret, Nancy, and 
 
COAL CKEEKTOWlfSHlP. 489 
 
 Eliza, who died before her parents. Mr. Dewey left to his chil- 
 dren 190 acres in the home farm and 280 acres in Coal Creek town- 
 ship. John Dewey, son of John Dewey, was born October 6, 1822, 
 near White river, in Indiana. He was six months old when his 
 parents moved to Montgomery county. He was married in 1848 to 
 Sarah Gannon, who died the following year. He next married, 
 June 12, 1851, Catharine Gannon, sister to his first wife, who was 
 born June 11, 1825, in North Carolina. After marriage Mr. Dewey 
 lived with his parents, caring for the home farm. One year after 
 his father's death he bought 160 acres in Coal Creek township, on 
 which he lived fourteen years. He sold this and bought 125 acres 
 in Sec. 4, and now owns 115^ acres. He had seven children, one 
 ■dead and six living : James, William, Charles, Joseph, Scott, How- 
 ard, and EUa. He has been a life-long democrat, and expects always 
 to belong to the same old party. Mr. and Mrs. Dewey belong to the 
 Christian church. 
 
 Charles Miller (deceased) was born in New Jersey, in 1794, and 
 moved with his parents to Ohio. There he was married to Nancy 
 Moore, who was born in Ohio in 1800. About 1824 Mr. and Mrs. 
 Miller emigrated to Montgomery county, Indiana, conveying their 
 few traps and one child, Eliza, now Mrs- Henry Stoneb raker, of 
 Wayne township, in a wagon drawn by a yoke of oxen. Mr. Miller 
 ■entered 160 acres of land in Wayne township, built the fashionable 
 log cabin, cleared his farm, improved it, and became a thrifty farmer. 
 He died in 1853, leaving wife and eight children : Eliza, Elias, Ellis, 
 Philander, Jasper, Irvin, Martha, and Mary, five of whom are liv- 
 ing. His wife died in 1878. Both were members of the Eegular 
 Baptist church. He was a life-long democrat. Jasper served three 
 years in the civil war, returned, and died in 1866. Irvin Miller, son 
 of Charles and Nancy Miller, was bom in Wayne township, May 30, 
 1827. September 4, 1851, he was married to Sarah A. Gunendyke, 
 daughter of Peter and Hannah Gunendyke, who came to Mont- 
 gomery county about 1827 and settled about six miles north of 
 Crawfordsville. Her father was a native of New Jersey, and died 
 in 1854. Her mother was born in North Carolina and is now living 
 at the age of seventy-seven years. After marriage Mr. and Mrs. 
 MiUer settled in Union township, but in 1853 they bought eighty 
 acres in Coal Creek township, where they live. They have added 
 till they own 200 acres, besides having given some to one child. They 
 are well supplied in their old days. They have six children : Dorothy 
 E., Martha H., James G., Susan A. (a teacher), Minerva, Mary, 
 Caroline (deceased). Mr. Miller has been a life-long democrat. 
 
490 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Isaac H. Montgomery, ]!Tew Richmond, is a son of Alexander and 
 Anna (Herrod) Montgomery. His parents were natives of Kentucky, 
 and about 1808 or 1810 removed to Indiana, during the Indian 
 troubles. Alexander Montgomery fought in the battle of Tippeca- 
 noe, and was engaged in the ranging service for a time. In 1824 he 
 moved his family to Crawfordsville, Montgomery county, Indiana, 
 where, in 1826, he buried his wife Anna. He then opened^ a shoe- 
 shop in Crawfordsville, which he continued four years, at which time 
 he engaged in farming. In his old days he suffered a stroke of 
 paralysis, and died about 1860, aged seventy-eight years. He was 
 three times married. In his first family were seven children, and 
 in his second family were three : Simpson, Archibald, and Isaac H. 
 He was a Methodist and strong republican at his death. Isaac H. 
 Montgomery was born March 24, 1814, in Jefferson county, Indiana. 
 He early learned the shoemaker's trade, which he followed for 
 twelve years. In 1835 he entered forty acres of land in Sec. 24, 
 Coal Creek township, R. 5, the last piece for entry. He was mar- 
 ried April 14, 1836, to Elizabeth Park, daughter of Elija and Evi- 
 line Park, early settlers. She was born October 18, 1816, in Dear- 
 born county, Indiana. They settled on the farm on which they now 
 live. A lou; cabin was "their first dwelling and which now stands 
 near the gravel road, one and a half miles north of Linden. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Montgomery toiled and saved, tilled the farm, raised and dealt 
 in stock, added to their farm till it comprises 2,000 acres of beauti- 
 fully rolling land, with a ve^ large dwelling. In politics he was a 
 whig, but is now a republican. Mr. and Mrs. Montgomery are 
 members of the Methodist Episcopal church. Their children are 
 four dead and seven living. Those deceased are Adda, Mrs. J. J. 
 Insley; Elija A., Alice and an infant. Those living: William H., 
 Eviline, Mrs. John Boyd ; Amanda, Mrs. Capt. T. "W". Durham ; 
 Samantha, Mrs. Col. R. Hallowell ; Mary, Mrs. Capt. T. P. Ander- 
 son; Wallace F., a graduate of Wabash College in class of 1879, 
 and Dora F. 
 
 Jonathan Plunkett was born, raised and married in Kentucky. 
 About 1825 he moved to Indiana and settled in what is now Clark 
 township, two miles south of where Ladoga stands. He brought 
 wife and one child, William. He moved from Clark township to 
 Mace, then to Pleasant Hill, and last near Covington, Fountain 
 county, where he died August 14, 1854, aged fifty-eight years. He 
 was a whig, also an elder in the Christian church. His father was 
 in the revolution. His wife now resides at New Richmond. She is 
 a native of Kentucky and a member of the Christian church. Mr. 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 491 
 
 Plunkett left seven children : "William, Josephus, Levi H. , George 
 "W., John "W"., Phebe A. (deceased), Frances E. and Doctor M. 
 John "W., son of Jonathan Plunkett, was born May 1, 1842, near 
 Ladoga, and lived with his parents till his father died. He then did 
 farm work and attended school till twenty years of age. He en- 
 listed July 5, 1862, in Co. E, 72d Ind., as a private, and was pro- 
 moted second lieutenant. He served in the battles of Chickamauga, 
 Lookout Mountain, Mission Eidge, Farmington, Hoover's Gap, the 
 campaign from Atlanta, also at Eesaca, and Kenesaw Mountain. After 
 the division of Sherman's army Mr. Plunkett served under Thomas, 
 taking part at Rome, Nashville, etc., also on the raid to Okolona, 
 Selma, Montgomery, and Macon. He was mustered out at Nashville 
 and discharged at Indianapolis, July 1865. He was neither wounded 
 nor captured. He then farmed for a while, and in 1867 he began 
 merchandising. He carried on the business with a bankrupt stock in 
 the interest of the creditors for some time, aiid is now managing 
 the business for W. B. "Walls & Co. , of Crawfordsville. Politically 
 Mr. Plunkett has been a republican, but of late years he has allied 
 himself with the national greenback labor party. He was married 
 March 28, 186Y, to Mary E. Billing, daughter of Joshua and Lu- 
 cinda Billing, of Coal Creek township. She was born in 1848 in 
 Coal Creek township, Montgomery county, Indiana. They have 
 five children : Elver, Adda, Gail E. , Nora, and Dallas. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Plunkett are members of the Christian church. He is a Ma- 
 son and a member of the G.A.R. 
 
 Noah Insley, farmer, New Eichland, was born March 13, 1807, 
 in Highland county, Ohio. His father, Job Insley, was born near 
 the eastern edge of Maryland. "When sixteen years old he was cap- 
 tured by the British, who attempted to force him to fight, but he 
 resisted. To escape them he dressed in woman's clothes, and was 
 engaged in watching over a sick woman, and was mistaken for a 
 nurse 'by his seekers. He soon made his way to North Carolina, 
 where he married Elizabeth Stafford, mother of Noah Insley. She 
 was bom near Guilford Court House, and was there when the battle 
 of Guilford was fought. Her ancestry came from Staffordshire, 
 England. Mr. and Mrs. Insley moved to Ohio, and there she died 
 in 1832, and he came to Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1836, and 
 died at his son's, in Fountain county, in 1836. He was steward and 
 class-leader in the Methodist Episcopal church for many years. 
 They had ten children, three of whom settled in Tippecanoe county, 
 four in Fountain county, and one in Montgomery county, Indiana ; 
 Elizabeth King, now of Attica, Indiana, and Noah. Noah Insley emi- 
 
492 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 grated to Fountain county, Indiana, in 1826 ; is a cabinet-maker, cut- 
 ting his material from the woods, and shaping it into furniture. He 
 probably cut the first timber for a given purpose ever cut in Coal 
 Creek township. He returned to Ohio, and while there bought his 
 present farm of John Greathouse, in 1832. He was married in 
 Ohio, April 9, 1833, to Sallie C. Terry, daughter of David and Eliza- 
 beth (Anderson) Terry, who were raised and who died in Ohio. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Insley moved in 1833 to their new home in the 
 west. In a round log cabin, with home-made furniture, lived 
 Mr. and Mrs. Insley. They toiled amid all the drawbacks and pri- 
 vations of early settlement. They added to their property till, they 
 owned 304 acres of land, a part of which they have sold. Both are 
 old and feeble, having given largely of their substance toward the 
 development of the country. Politically Mr. Insley, since his first 
 vote for Jackson, has been whig, and later a strong -republican. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Insley have been members of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church for over forty years. She was raised a Quaker, but on 
 account of marriage without the church she was dismissed. They 
 have had seven children: Elizabeth A., now Mrs. James Stallard, 
 and lives at home ; Maria, now Mrs. "William H. Ifeely ; David, 
 died at Murfreesboro in the civil war ; Mildred J. (Mrs. Utler), 
 burned to death by the explosion of a bottle of alcohol in 18Y8. 
 She left a family of four children : John, Mary E. and Harriet Q. 
 (deceased). Mr. Insley is widely known, and a successful farmer. 
 His settlement is further noticed in -the township history. 
 
 Isaac N Meharry, farmer and stock raiser. Pleasant Hill, is a 
 son of Thomas and Emily (Patton) Meharry, among the earliest set- 
 tlers of Montgomery county. Thomas Meharry was a native of 
 Adams county, Ohio. He was born April 27, 1799. When he was 
 thirteen years of age his father died, leaving the boy to fight his own 
 life's battles. The battle proved victorious to his arms of industry. 
 In 1827 he made a trip to Montgomery county, Indiana, and entered 
 the S.W. i Sec. 2, and the S. i of IST.W. i Sec. 2, K. 6 W., Coal 
 Creek township. Uninviting as were the surroundings, infrequent 
 as would be the visits of neighbors and friends, Thomas Meharry 
 and his wife, Emily, bravely set out for tlieir new home. They 
 landed in 1828 with $50 to expend in improvements, and forty yards 
 of jeans for wearing apparel. Toil and good management soon 
 changed their circumstances. The acres began to grow broader 
 until he became an extensive land-holder, owning land in Cham- 
 paign, McLean, and Shelby counties, Illinois, and Tippecanoe 
 county, Indiana, as well as at home. The slab shanty in two years 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. .493 
 
 gave place to a frame dwelling, 16x26. In 1842 this was displaced 
 by a brick two-storj residence covering forty feet square. Finan- 
 cially Mr. Meharry's life was a success. In politics he was intelli- 
 gently a republican. He was a Jackson man until the "Bank" 
 question drove him to the whig ranks. He and wife were members 
 of the Methodist church. She was born August 16, 1802, and is now 
 living with Isaac, their son. They had eight children : Jane, Mrs. 
 Eli Dick, of Champaign county, Illinois ; William, of same county ; 
 Ellen, Mrs. John Martin, of Fountain county, Indiana ; Jesse, of 
 Champaign county, Illinois ; Polly A. , Mrs. Calvin McCorkle, of 
 Tippecanoe county, Indiana; Abraham, a twin brother to Isaac, 
 now in Champaign county, Illinois ; arid Is^aac. Isaac Meharry was 
 born February 16, 1842, on the old homestead in Montgomery 
 county. His life has been that of a farmer and stock raiser. He 
 has remodeled the house his father built. Everything on the farm 
 has the appearance of toil well directed. He owns 440 acres in the 
 home farm, and 120 acres of timber. In politics he is a republican. 
 He was married September 17, 1863, to Mary E, Moore, daughter 
 of Henry "W. and Maria (Davidson) Moore, who came from Brown 
 county, Ohio, and settled in Coal Creek township, about 1840. Mrs. 
 Meharry was born in Brown county, Ohio, June 13, 1845. Mj-. and 
 Mrs. Meharry are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 They have four children : Effie, Anna, Jennie, and John A. 
 
 "William Utterback, Boston Store, was born November 5, 1817, in 
 Culpepper county, Yirginia, and is a son of Thomson and Eliza- 
 beth (Yon) Utterback, both natives of Virginia. The Utterbacks 
 are of German descent, while the Yons are of Scotch extraction. 
 William TJtterback's parents moved to Kentucky in 1818, and in 
 1828 they emigrated to Montgomery county, Indiana, bringing eight 
 children : Harmon, James, Martha, William, Yincent, Elizabeth, 
 Mary, and Henry ; leaving Yirinda in Kentucky. Their son Jackson 
 was born after their settlement here. They settled near what is 
 Wesley Chapel, in Wayne township, where they took a lease for two 
 years, then moved to northern part of Wayne township, where she 
 died in 1847.. He sold and went to Iowa, where he died in May 
 1862. Both were members of the New Light church many years. 
 William was married April 3, 1844, to Keziah Walton, daughter of 
 John and Susan Walton, of Montgomery county. She was born in 
 Ohio, November 6, 1826. They settled first in Wayne township, 
 where Mr. Utterback bought fifty-three acres of land. That he sold, 
 and bought eighty acres where he now lives, and now owns 157 
 acres. He received but $100 from his father's estate. The rest he 
 
494 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 has toiled for. Mr. Utterback is a strong democrat, a Mason, and a 
 prominent member of the New Light church. Mrs. Utterback is 
 also a member of the same church. They have seven children living 
 and three dead. Mrs. Utterback' s grandfather Von fought at the 
 battle of Bunker Hill. 
 
 Stephen Bunnel (deceased) was born in Ohio, October 21, 1821, 
 and was a son of Barten and Mary Bunnel. He came with his 
 parents, when a boy, to Montgomery county, Indiana, and lived near 
 Waynetown till his father died, and where his mother had died 
 several years before. Mr. Bunnel was married in 1840 to Nancy 
 Hendi-icks, daughter of John and Elizabeth (Smith) Hendricks. She 
 was born October 29, 1828, in Ohio, and moved with her parents to 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1836, and settled near Wayne- 
 town, where her parents also died. After marriage they bought 
 eighty acres of land in Coal Creek township, and have since added 
 till they owned 196 acres. Mrs. Bunnel has heired forty acres from 
 her father's estate. Mr. Bunnel served in the Mexican war, was a 
 life-long democrat, and a successful farmer. Mrs. Bunnel oversees 
 the farm of 236 acres. She is a member of the New Light church, 
 as was also her husband at the time of his death. 
 
 Absalom Franklin Kirkpatrick (deceased) was born in Adams 
 county, Ohio, May 3, 1824, and came to Montgomery county, In- 
 diana,' when only four years old, with his parents, Absalom and 
 Elizabeth (Vanpelt) Kirkpatrick, who figured prominently in its early 
 settlement and development. They are well noticed in the township 
 history. Absalom Kirkpatrick was born in Virginia, October 2, 
 1187, and Elizabeth Vanpelt was born in Nova Scotia February 15, 
 1Y85. The Kirkpatricks are of Scotch-Irish, and the Vanpelts of 
 Holland, descent. The father of Absalom served in the revolution, 
 and then moved to Ohio and died. Absalom F. Kirkpatrick grew 
 to manhood amid the wilds and experiences of pioneer life. He was 
 married to Hellen Smith, daughter of Miron and Julia Smith, who 
 came from New York. Mr. and Mrs. Kirkpatrick lived on the old 
 homestead and in the log house built in early days. February 2, 
 1857, Mrs. Kirkpatrick closed her eyes in death, aged twenty-seven 
 years nine months and twenty-two days. She was a member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal chut-ch. She left one son, Edwin J. Mr. 
 Kirkpatrick was next married to Celia K., daughter of Charles and 
 E. E. (Vickers) Hayward, of "Warren county, Indiana. She was 
 born in Monrovia, Morgan county, Indiana, December 5, 1839. 
 Her father was bom in Baltimore, February 18, 1811, and her 
 mother was born in Ohio April 19, 1816. March 4, 1879, death 
 
COAL CKEEK TOWNSHIP. 495 
 
 claimed as his victim Mr Kirkpatrick, thus depriving the county 
 of a good citizen, the Methodist church of a faithful member (who 
 had been steward, class-leader and Sunday-school superintendent 
 for many years) and supporter, and the family a guide. In all 
 movements for the good of humanity he was ready to lend his aid. 
 He was a decided and intelligent voter in the republican party. He 
 left a family of wife and. three children, Edwin J., Frank H. and E. 
 Alice. 
 
 The Oppys. David and Elizabeth (Edwards) Oppy were natives 
 of Virginia, and moved when young to Ohio. David's father died 
 ill the revolutionary war, and David sent a substitute to the war of 
 1812. In 1828 David entered 320 acres of land in Montgomery 
 county, in what is now Coal Creek township, and in 1830 moved his 
 wife and family of seven children to their new home, also leaving 
 two married children in Ohio, one of whom afterward followed. 
 Mr. Oppy soon entered 160 acres more and ' continued to add to his 
 farm. He died October 3, 1855, in his eighty-second year, and she 
 died March 13, 1866, in her eighty-fifth year. Both were at one 
 time members of the Methodist Episcopal church, but he joined the 
 Christian church some years before his death. To each of his boys, 
 Jesse E., Samuel, and C. J., Mr. Oppy gave a quarter-section of land 
 to start in life, and to each of his six daughters, Susanna, Nancy, 
 Catharine, Mary, Elizabeth, and Sarah, he gave $200 in cash, and 
 also each child received $1,000 as a final share of his wealth. With 
 labor, hardships and economy he had been able to garner for his 
 children. C. J. Oppy, son of David and Elizabeth, was born l^o- 
 vember 25, 1816, in Adams county, Ohio, and emigrated with his 
 parents to Montgomery county. He was married in 1843 to Eliza- 
 beth Whitlatch, who died January 9, 1863, leaving three children : 
 E"oah W., George A. and Mary J. She was a member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Oppy was next married, Novem- 
 ber 12, 1863, to Margaret Wilson, whose death occurred February 
 21, 18Y9. She was a Methodist. She left iour children by her first 
 husband: James, John C, Thomas F. and Edward T. Wilson. 
 Mr. Oppy's last marriage took place December 2, 1879, to Eachel 
 Hoff, of Union township, Montgomery county. She is a Presby- 
 terian. Mr. Oppy received a start in life from his father, and by 
 improving the talent added to his possessions till he owned at one 
 time 1,612 acres of land. Some of this he has sold. He has given 
 each of his own children a larm varying from 107 to 180 acres, ac- 
 cording to the value of the land, and now owns 410 acres in his 
 home farm. In the fall of 1880, having labored sufiicient, he moved 
 
496 HISTOBT OF MONTQOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 to Crawfordsville, wliere he owns a neat property and lives m re- 
 tirement. Mr. Oppy lias been a strong supporter of the democracy 
 all his life. His children are married and settled. 
 
 Noah W. Oppy was born in Montgomery county, Indiana, De- 
 cember 12, 184:8, on the old homestead. He received a common 
 school education. He was married March 20, 1879, to Alice Bell, 
 daughter of Jeptha and Sarah (Bowyer) Bell. She was born in 
 Tippecanoe county, December 31, 1858. Her parents were natives 
 of Indiana; her father died May IT, 1880, aged fifty-three, and her 
 mother died April 16, 1861. Both were Christians, and are buried 
 in Tippecanoe county. Mr. and Mrs. Oppy settled on their farm 
 and bid fair to be successful. They own sixty acres of the Oppy en- 
 try. They have one child, Charles 0., born April 16, 1880. Both 
 are church members. 
 
 George A. Oppy was born October 8, 1854, and is a farmer. 
 He owns 170 acres of land. He was married March 17, 1880, to 
 Martha J. Miller, daughter of Andrew J. and Nancy (Burres) Miller. 
 She was born November 30, 1859, in Montgomery county. Her 
 parents were natives of Ohio. Her parents came to Montgomery 
 county when quite small. He was born May 9, 1829, and moved to 
 Iowa and there died February 27, 1872. His wife still survives. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Gr. "W. Oppy are Methodists, and he is a democrat. 
 Mary J. Oppy was born February 13, 1857, and was married March 
 20, 1879, to George Westfall. They have one child, Dayton B. 
 
 Nicholas L. "Washburne (deceased) was born August 11, 1808, in 
 Brown county, Ohio, and was a son of Isaac and Rachel (Laycock) 
 "Washburne, natives of Ohio. His mother is still living at the ad- 
 vanced age of ninety-five years. Mr. "Washburne was raised a farmer. 
 In 1826, in Ohio, he was married to Jane Potter, daughter of Bar- 
 nabas and Jane (Kelly) Potter. She was born in Ohio, March 20, 
 1810. In the fall of 1829 Mr. and Mrs. "Washburne emigrated west- 
 ward, choosing as their home Montgomery county, Indiana. Mr. 
 "Washburne bought eighty acres of land one and a half miles west of 
 "Waynetown, and built a round log cabin with mud chimney, etc., 
 making that their habitation for a short time. Selling his farm, he 
 bought a grist and saw mill south of "Waynetown, controlling the 
 same for three years, when he sold, and bought about 300 acres, 
 mostly of prairie land, in Coal Creek township, but finally sold and 
 moved to Linden, where he bought seventy acres, and lived five 
 years. Selling out hp moved to New Richmond, where he died 
 May 24, 1877. Mr. Washburne was a prominent democrat, having 
 filled the oifice of township trustee, and taken great interest in polit- 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 497 
 
 ical matters. His father fought in the war of 1812. His grand- 
 father fills a grave in Round Hill cemetery, the only grave honored 
 by an occupant who aided in gaining American Independence, hav- 
 ing fought in the revolutionary war. Mrs. Washburne resides with 
 her son, Dr. Washburne, in New Richmond. She is a member of 
 the Regular Baptist church. Dr. D. M. W^rshburne, son of the 
 above, was born August 3, 1850, in Coal Creek township, and has 
 spent his life in Montgomery county, Indiana. He received a com- 
 mon school education, and a short course at Ladoga Normal. At 
 the age of seventeen he began the study of medicine under Dr. J. 
 S. McMurray, of Linden, with whom he read five years. In the 
 term of 18Y3-4 he attended Indiana Medical College. In April, 1874, 
 he located at New Riohmond for the practice of his profession, 
 where he has succeeded in building up a good practice. July 6, 
 1870, Dr. "Washburne was married to Sarah Simpson, daughter of 
 Samuel and Elizabeth (Wallace) Simpson, of Montgomery county,, 
 but formerly of Kentucky. Mrs. Washburne was born in Lexing- 
 ton, Kentucky, June 20, 1847. They have two children : Nicholas 
 L. and Musa. Dr. Washburne is a Mason, an Odd-Fellow, and a, 
 democrat. 
 
 John Gaines, Sugar Grove, Tippecanoe county, is among the 
 most prominent old settlers of Montgomery county. Born amid the 
 wilds of Indiana, and reared in the school of frontier experience, he 
 appreciates the many changes. His grandfather, Benj. Gaines, emi- 
 grated from England to America, and settled in Culpepper county, 
 Virginia. He served in the revolution. In Culpepper county was 
 born his son, Richard T., who went to Nashville, Tennessee, and 
 thence to Shelby county, Kentucky, where he married Catharine 
 Vincent, a native of that county. Her father, John Vincent, was a 
 colonial soldier in Braddock's defeat, and was first lieutenant 
 throughout the revolution, in which war he was wounded. A cane 
 spear picked up from the side of a hostile officer by John Vincent 
 is now in the possession of the Gaines family. After marriage 
 Richard and wife set out for the northwest territory, with one 
 John Conner, an Indian trader. They established a trading-post 
 in what is Franklin county, Indiana, about three-fourths of a mile 
 from Brookville. There they traded witli the Indians, and there, 
 August 27, 1807, John Gaines, subject of this sketch, was born. 
 The squaw of the Indian chief, John Green, was the family physi- 
 cian. In the spring of 1809 Richard Gaines started for Tennessee, 
 and- was never heard from after leaving Muscle Shoals. It was sup- 
 posed he had suffered violence. His wife remained in Franklin 
 32 
 
498 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 county, where she married Elija Barwick. She died in 1841, leav- 
 ing two sons, John and Eichard T. John saw the birthday of his 
 state and county, remaining in Franklin county till twenty-two years 
 of age. At that time he started for Montgomery county, Indiana, 
 to make his future home. His settlement is noticed in the history 
 of the township. "With $110 he has accumulated till he now owns a 
 fine farm of 160 acres, good house, barn, etc. In politics Mr. 
 Gaines has been loyal to whig and republican principles. In 1860 
 he was elected county commissioner, which office he filled three 
 years. He was again nominated but was defeated by four votes, 
 the republican boys being in the war. Mr. Gaines was first married 
 December 6, 1832, to Sarah Stewart, daughter of James and Eliza- 
 beth Stewart, of Tippecanoe county, Indiana. She was born in 
 Fayette county, Penns^^lvania, January 2, 1808, and died March 23, 
 1873, leaving four children: Ric!iard T., Elizabeth, Catharine and 
 Maria. She was a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 Mr. Gaines was next married to Mrs. Maria (Lee) ISTaylor, daughter 
 of Judge Henry and Priscilla Lee, old and prominent settlers of 
 Union township. Both are members of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church. One son, Richard T. Gaines, served as suttler in the civil 
 war and fought at Mission Ridge. 
 
 Dr. George Manners, New Richmond, was born January 29, 
 1816, in Mercer county, Kentucky, and is the son of James and Let- 
 tice (Hight) Manners, both natives of Kentucky. His parents emi- 
 grated to Monroe county, Indiana, then to Putnam county, and 
 finally to Montgomery county, in Clark township. She died Febru- 
 ary 3, 1870, in her seventy-third year, and he died March 19, 1871, 
 in his seventy-eighth year. Both were members of the Methodist 
 church. He was a whig and strong republican, and was a soldier 
 in the war of 1812. In the family were eight children, four boys 
 and four girls, four of whom now live in Montgomery county and 
 one in Colorado, and three are dead. George, the subject of this 
 sketch, was raised on the farm and attended the common school till 
 eighteen years of age. He then attended Wabash College in its in- 
 cipient days, when Pres. Baldwin presided. He also spent five 
 months at Asbury University when the present Bishop Simpson was 
 president. He worked his way by teaching and manual labor. 
 When twenty-two years old he began reading medicine, and when 
 twentj'-seven engaged actively in his profession. In 1843 Dr. 
 Manners located at New Richmond and established an extensive 
 practice.' In the term of 1845-6 he attended Louisville Medical Col- 
 lege, and in 1 846-7 Ohio Medical College. He holds a diploma from 
 
COAL CREEK TOWIJ-SHIP. 499 
 
 Louisville. In his profession Dr. Manners has been successful, and 
 equally so in his financial affairs. He started with naught but a sin- 
 ewy arm, active brain and will, and with this capital he has made 
 his fortune. He owns 665 acres of land, and is acknowledged to be 
 the wealthiest man in Coal Creek township. Dr. Manners was a 
 whig and later a thorough republican. He has identified himself 
 with the temperance cause from the old Washingtonian society to the 
 present. Dr. Manners was married June 21, 1846, to Barbara G. 
 White, daughter of Charles and Mary (Leah) White, who embarked 
 from Maryland to Ohio, then to Fountain county, Indiana, in 1828, 
 and in 1830 moved to Montgomery county, Clark township, and 
 ■finally to Madison township, Bjud there died, he September 2, 
 1855, in his seventy-seventh year, and she November 22, 1869, in 
 her eighty-first year. They were Methodists. Mrs. Dr. Manners 
 was born September 7, 1823, in Ohio. Both she and the doctor be- 
 long to the Methodist Episcopal church. They have no children. 
 Becoming old they are enjoying the fruits of their labors. 
 
 Joseph Alexander, farmer, came from Ireland to America and 
 Settled in Pennsylvania, then moved to Butler county, Ohio, and in 
 1830 came to Montgomei-y county, . Indiana, to live with his chil- 
 dren who had preceded him. They were Joseph, Richard,' 
 Hartly, and Mrs. Margaret Hanks. He died here. His son John 
 Alexander emigrated in 1828 to Montgomery county, and entered 
 160 acres of land in Coal Creek township. He was born in Penn- 
 sylvania October 31, 1794, moved with his parents to Ohio. He 
 was there married to Sarah Hatton, and came to Indiana bringing 
 six children: Francis H., James H., William H., Louisa J., Fran- 
 ces M. and Elizabeth S. (twins). He built a log cabin, then the 
 house that still stands, and otherwise improved his land. He was a 
 whig and warm republican. He enlisted in the war of 1812, but 
 was in no engagement. His father served in the revolution. He 
 died October 22, 1875. His wife died September 14, 1838, leaving 
 three children, born in Montgomery county : Joseph A. , John F. 
 and Margaret A. He was a Methodist. John F., son of the above, 
 was born in Montgomery county October 19, 1834, and has spent 
 his life on the old homestead. He was married August 18, 1868, to 
 Sarah Dewey, daughter of Washington and Bet>ey Dewey. She 
 was born in Coal Creek township September 24, 1847. They have 
 three children. He now owns fifty-three acres, of the old home of 
 160 acres, and twenty-six and two-thirds acres in Sec. 14. He is a 
 republican. 
 
 Thomas J. Ogle, Pleasant Hill, was born September 4, 1830, in 
 
500 HISTORY OF MOXTGOMERT COUNTY. 
 
 Eichland township, Fountain county, Indiana. His father was born 
 May 16, 1781, in Maryland, and his mother was born in Pennsylvar 
 nia, January 9, 1788. Both moved with their parents to Ohio, and 
 were there married. He started for the war of 1812, but on account 
 of ill health was sent home. Not far from 1825 he entered land in 
 Montgomery and Fountain counties, Indiana. He settled with his 
 family in Eichland township. Fountain county, after having stayed 
 awhile in Coal Creek township, Montgomery county, while he built 
 a cabin. His death occurred in January 1835, and she lived till 
 October 2, 1866. Both were Methodists, and the early class met at 
 their house. Thomas J. spent his life mostly in Fountain county. 
 He was married May 31, 1852, to Elizabeth Bradshaw, daughter of 
 Thomas and Nancy (Daly) Bradshaw, of Logansport, Indiana. Mrs. 
 Ogle was born in Logansport. Her father was a native of Ohio, 
 whither his father had come from England, and her mother was 
 born in Tennessee. After marriage Mr. and Mrs. Ogle settled on a 
 part of the old homestead, and added till he owned 43 acres. He 
 sold this, and in 1872 bought a farm of 160 acres in Coal Creek 
 township, Montgomery county. Has since sold some, and now 
 owns 110 acres. He is a republican and a Mason. He and wife are 
 Methodists. They have tw6 children, Thomas and Luretta. 
 
 Samuel Dazey, New Eichmond, was born on land belonging to 
 General (afterward President) Harrison, July 23, 1812. His parents 
 were early settlers in Montgomery county. His father, Jacob, was 
 born in November 1777, in Maryland, and died September 13, 1858. 
 His mother, Polly Dazey, was born in 1780, and died March 19, 
 1862. Both are buried in New Eichmond. His father came from 
 Germany, and fought in the revolution. Samuel Dazey made trips 
 with his father to the "far west" in 1826 and 1828, and then came 
 here in 1830, with the family. January 12, 1837, Mr. Dazey was 
 married to Sarah Zumalt, daughter of Philip Zumalt. She was born 
 in Kentucky, November 17, 1,817, and was left motherless when 
 eleven years old. Her father came to Fountain county about 1824 
 or 1825, and built the first mill erected in that county. The mill 
 still stands, although somewhat changed, at Hillsboro. He died 
 about 1838. Mr. and Mrs. Dazey settled on a pait of the land he 
 entered. They lived in a log cabin twenty-one years, and there all 
 their children but the youngest were born. They began buying out 
 the Kendall heirs, and then the Dazey heirs, till they owned between 
 600 and 700 acres. In 1860 they began dividing their land among 
 their children. In 1862 they built a brick house, two stories, 20x26, 
 with ell 12x14. They now have 200 acres in their home, and are 
 
COAL CREEK TOWKSHIP. 501 
 
 able to live their old years as they desire. Like his father, Mr. 
 Dazey has been pronounced in his opinions for whig and republican 
 principles. He has done a large share toward all public improve- 
 ments. His wife is a member of the New Light church. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Dazey have had eight children : Mahlon enlisted in the civil 
 war, and died in Knox county, Kentucky; Burton P., Mary Ann 
 (married to Wm. E. Brown, who served in the civil war, lost his 
 health, and returned home and died), William, who served six 
 . months in the same war, and returned with broken constitution ; 
 Charles A., Henry S., Albert, and Franklin H. Their children live 
 near them. The settlement of the Dazeys is further noticed in the 
 general history of Coal Creek township. 
 
 Thomas Ward, Linden, is a son of Thomas and Mary (Patrick) 
 Ward. His father was born in Leicestershire, and his mother in 
 Staffordshire, England. They were English farmers. In the fam- 
 ily Were three children : Thomas, subject of this sketch, Walter P., 
 who came to America, and Kichard, who died in England, and 
 wliose son, Thomas, is in Tippecanoe county, Indiana. Thomas 
 Ward was born June 23, 1803, in Leicestershire, England, and was 
 baptized in the Episcopalian church. Prior to his majority he 
 was in charge of his grandfather's farm. May 2, 1829, Thomas 
 Ward was married to EUzabeth Patrick, who was born in Stafford- 
 shire in 180T. About one week after marriage Mr. and Mrs. Ward, 
 bidding adieu to old England, set sail at Liverpool, in the vessel 
 New London, for a home in America. In June, 1829, they arrived 
 at New York. Mr. Ward lived in New York and New Jersey for 
 some time, gathering information concerning the country. In the 
 following season they made way, by way of the lakes and Maumee 
 river, to Fort Wayne, up the river in a canoe. At Fort Wayne they 
 shipped their goods on wagons, and themselves rode horseback, 
 to La Fayette, and the same year entered land in Coal Creek 
 township and settled. Becoming dissatisfied, they |started back, 
 but were induced finally to make a home here. Mr. Ward returned 
 to England to settle his business, and came back to New York. 
 He came overland to Montgomery county, Indiana. In 1832 he 
 bought 160 acres of land in Coal Creek township, and since that 
 time has added till he owns 1,130 acres. In 1845 he erected a large 
 brick house, 20x47- Mr. Ward has seen many changes in the 
 country, and relates his experiences forcibly, even in his old age. 
 Politically he has been whig and republican. He took out his natural- 
 ization papers in 1841, and again in 1843. In 1844 he cast his vote 
 for Henry Clay. Mr. and Mrs. Ward have two children : Thomas, 
 
502 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 born in New York in 1830, and Charles H., born in Montgomery- 
 county, Indiana, in 1832, and now Mrs. Clinton Wilkins. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Ward are further noticed in the general history of the town- 
 ship. 
 
 Ezra Thomas (deceased) was born in Frederick county, Maryland, 
 September 9, 1803. When he was about twelve years old his father 
 died, and his mother, with her children, moved to Butler county, 
 Ohio, where farming was carried on. There Ezra was married to 
 Kebecca Birk, who was born in New Jersey, January 12, 1808. In 
 1832 Mr. and Mrs. Thomas emigrated to Montgomery county, Indi- 
 ana, bringing three children : Levi, Harriet and Ezra Jr. Mr. 
 Thomas' mother and brothers and sisters also settled here. Mr. 
 Thomas settled on Black creek, northwest of Crawfor4sville. At 
 the end of twenty years he sold his 160 acres and bought a farm in 
 Wayne township, on the Covington road. He had, by good man- 
 agement and industry, accumulated wealth, till at his death, which 
 occurred April 23, 1869, he was worth about $20,000. His wife 
 died June 11, 1869. Both were members of the Methodist church. 
 He was township trustee for years ; an old whig, but later a thor- 
 ough democrat. They left six children living, and had buried eight. 
 Three children are yet alive. Levi and Philip are now in Dallas 
 county, Texas, and Margaret, now Mrs. E. Shankland. Levi Thomas, 
 son of Ezra and Eebecca Thomas, was born October 9, 1828, in But- 
 ler county, Ohio. He has devoted much time to stock raising, feed- 
 ing all his farm produce. As a result of his labor and economy, he 
 is worth from $16,000 to $17,000. Mr. Thomas has been somewhat 
 engaged in politics. In 1876 he was elected county commissioner, 
 and in 1879 was reelected. He is a staunch democrat; also a Mason. 
 Mr. Thomas was married September 7, 1854, to Elizabeth Davison, 
 daughter of Richard and Rachel (Webster) Davison. She was born 
 in Clinton county, New York, March 28, 1834. Her parents came 
 from the county of Armagh, Ireland, to New York, and afterward 
 moved to Fairfield, Ohio, and about 1848 to Montgomery county, 
 Indiana. They settled north of Crawfordsville, where he died, 
 September 7, 1866, aged fifty-seven years, while his wife still lives 
 on the old place. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas first rented a few years, 
 but soon bought 60 acres, and with that as a nucleus enlarged their 
 farm to 344 acres. They are members of the Christian church. 
 They have six children. 
 
 James Hanna, one of the early settlers of Montgomery county, 
 was bom in Washington county, Pennsylvania, March 31, 1791; 
 while in tender infancy his father removed to Scott county. Ken- 
 
COAl. CREEK TOWNSHIP. 503 
 
 tucky, where he lived for many years. Subsequently he moved to 
 Daytou, Ohio, and there spent the remnant of his life. His name, 
 also, was James, and he was a Scotch-Irishman. With his twin 
 brother, Eobert, he came to America during colonial days, the for- 
 mer locating in Washington county, Pennsylvania, the latter in what 
 afterward became Columbiana county, Ohio. The large family of 
 Hanna now residing in Columbiana and at Cleveland are the de- 
 scendants of Robert. They are a strong, aggressive, rich family .- 
 The descendants of the primitive James Hanna are also numerous, 
 and well known in Indiana in commercial and professional life. His 
 sons, James, Samuel, Joseph, Thomas and Hugh, and his daughters, 
 Elizabeth McCorkle, Sally Ward and Nancy Barnett, after removal 
 to Indiana, were domiciled respectively at Crawfordsville, Fort 
 Wayne, La Fayette, Richmond, Wabash and Thorntown. Mrs. Mc- 
 Corkle was the mother of William A. McCorkle, a graduate of Wa- 
 bash College, and now pastor of a church in central New York, and 
 Mrs. Ward was the mother of William L. and James H. Ward, suc- 
 cessful merchants at La Fayette; also of Thomas B. Ward, late judge 
 of the superior court of Tippecanoe county. James Hanna, of Craw- 
 fordsville, first came to Indiana in 1833, and with his brothers, Sam- 
 uel and Joseph, Leroy and Robert C. Gregory, purchased a stock of 
 general merchandise, and commenced business in a frame building 
 on the corner of Main and Green streets, where now stands the fine 
 structure known as the Fisher Block. In connection with his brother, 
 Samuel, Mr. Hanna also purchased a large tract of land situated in 
 Coal Creek township, now cut up into smaller farms, and owned bj" 
 his daughters, Martha and Mary Hanna, Levi Thomas, and the Pat- 
 ton and Jackson heirs. Mr, Hanna did not, however, bring his 
 family here until the fall of 1835, when they arrived with their 
 household effects in a train of old-fashioned Pennsylvania wagons. 
 He came from Troy, Ohio. He had there married Nancy Telford, 
 daughter of Alexander Telford, who, with his brother, William, had 
 emigrated from Virginia, and settled in Scott county, Kentucky. 
 His wife's maiden name was Mary McCampbell, a sister of the head 
 of the McCampbell family, now residing in Parke county. Mrs. 
 Hanna, who died in 1854, is still affectionately remembered by 
 many persons in Crawfordsville. She was a rare woman. Although 
 brought up in the midst of plenty and luxury, educated according to 
 the best methods of her day, and allied by birth to one of the weal- 
 thiest, most intellectual and cultured families in the country, she 
 came to Indiana with her husband, without regrets for that she had 
 left behind, and here, during the balance of her life, wrought the 
 
504 ■ HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 good work of faith, hope and charity in the church of her alh'giance, 
 and in the midst of the large circle of friends who knew her and compre- 
 hended her virtues. Alexander .Telford, the father of Mrs. Ilanna, 
 many years before his death removed to Troy, Ohio. James Hanna 
 had there for many years successfully carried on the business of tanner 
 and currier. His means were quite ample, and his immigration into 
 Indiana, as it seemed, was not so much influenced by hopes of a 
 more successful business as the desire to enjoy the educational facili- 
 ties of "Wabash College, then recently founded at Crawfordsville. 
 His commercial venture was not successful, and after a few years of 
 trial finally abandoned. In 1836 he built the large brick commercial 
 house on the corner now occupied by George Allen and owned by 
 William Newton. It was at this place he closed out his stock. He 
 had formed a singular aifection for Wabash College, and seemed to 
 think or care for little else. In the trying days of that institution, 
 now risen to such great and noble proportions, struggling as it was 
 with its mortgages, and still a little farther on with the ravages of 
 fire, he became its general traveling agent, and rode over almost the 
 entire state on horseback, soliciting subscriptions for its relief. He 
 was eminently Successful in his eflForts. During one of his soliciting 
 tours he was accompanied by Dr. Elihu Baldwin, the first president 
 of the college. They traveled by private conveyance, and canvassed 
 the northern portion of the state. While there, out of curiosity, 
 they visited a large range skirting lake Michigan, overgrown with 
 whortleberry shrubs. There they supposed they were sickened by 
 a noxious succulent closely resembling the berry now become a 
 commodity of general commerce. They were both taken sick at 
 once, and returned home as rapidly as possible. Mr. Hanna recov- 
 ered under medical treatment, but Dr. Baldwin, after protracted 
 and painful illness, died. Mr. Hanna was large, over six feet in 
 height, had sandy hair, a massive head, manly and well-defined fea- 
 tures, and was strong in frame and mind. He was a devout chris- 
 tian of the Presbyterian denomination, and for many years a ruling 
 elder of the church, both at Troy and Crawfordsville. His early 
 education had been limited, but he was remarkably gifted in the 
 natural graces of speech. He had a rare faculty of attracting to 
 himself the choicest men of talents and culture. Considered as a 
 man untrained in the classic schools, and as one who had only drank 
 at the natural fountains on his way, he was an orator of extraordi- 
 nary merit,— stately, clear, correct, impassioned and strong. On 
 Sunday night before he left home for the last time, and which proved 
 to be his last Sabbath on earth, at a monthly concert held in the 
 
. COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 505 
 
 interest of foreign religious missions, he delivered an appeal of sin- 
 gular power to the young men present, to get ready and go forth to 
 this work. His fiery words on that night will never fade from the 
 memory of any who heard him. He left home on the next Tuesday 
 to go as a lay delegate to the general assembly of the Presbyterian 
 church, that year convened at Philadelphia, and he died on Thurs- 
 day following. May 9, 1849, of Asiatic cholera, on the Ohio river 
 steamer Monongahela. He was temporarily buiied a few miles 
 above Blannerhassett Island, at Riggs Landing, but subsequently 
 his remains were removed to this county, and interred on College 
 Hill. So lived and died one of the purest and most useful of the 
 early settlers of Montgomery county. He had three sons and two 
 ■daughters : James, who died young, Alexander, who died in San 
 JFrancisco, Martha and Mary, still residing here, and Bayless W. 
 Hanna, ex-attorney-general of Indiana, now a resident of Terre 
 Haute, and for many years the general attorney of the Indianapolis 
 <fe St. Louis Railroad Company. 
 
 Jacob C. Campbell, New Richmond, was born in Northumberland 
 county, Pennsylvania, March 26, 1808. His parents, John B. and 
 Elizabeth (Shipman) Campbell, were natives of New Jersey and of 
 Scottish descent. They emigrated to Ohio, and in October, 1832, 
 moved to Montgomery county, Indiana, and settled in Coal Creek 
 township, bringing three boys and one girl: Jacob C, Sarah, Elisha, 
 and William. The eldest child, Jacob, entered eighty acres of land, 
 which he deeded to his parents. They afterward sold and moved to 
 Schuyler county, Hlinois, where he died aged seventy-four years, and 
 she died aged eighty-three years. Both were members of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal church. Jacob C. entered forty acres in Sec. 33 in 
 1832, which he afterward sold, and also 160 acres in Illinois. He now 
 owns property in New Richmond. Besides farming Mr. Campbell 
 has followed blacksmithing for many years. In 1848 he opened his 
 shop in New Richmond, and continues to do work for the surround- 
 ing country. He has also dealt largely in bees and honey, which 
 partly occupies his time now. He was married May 23, 1833, to 
 Mary Ann Pryor, daughter of Nicholas and Lucinda (Wilhite) J^ryor, 
 who came from Kentucky to Fountain county, and then to Montgom- 
 ery county. They died near Terre Haute. Mrs. Campbell was born 
 in Jeiferson county, Indiana, June 2Y, 1817. They have five chil- 
 dren: Mary E., Sarah J., Elisha, William, and Maria ; also four chil- 
 dren deceased: Lucinda, John, Robert C. and Emily. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Campbell are Methodists. His grandfather served under Gen. 
 Oreene in the revolution. Elisha C. Campbell, son of Jacob C. and 
 
506 HI8T0BY OF MONTGOMERY OOUNTT. 
 
 Mary Ann Campbell, was born March 16, 1843, in Coal Creek town- " 
 ship. He served six months in the civil war. Pie is a painter by 
 trade, and in politics a democrat. He was married January 14, 1876, to 
 Jennie E. Sibel, who was born September 30, 1846, in Columbus, Ohio. 
 They have three children: Frank E., William C. and Nelly L. She is 
 a Methodist and he is a Mason. William Campbell, also a son of 
 Jacob C. and Mary Ann Campbell, was born August 5, 1847. During 
 youth he worked at the broom trade, also followed barbering awhile. 
 In 1864 he embarked in the grocery trade, and in 1874 he lost every- 
 thing by fire, but receiving some aid from friends he again began, 
 business. He was married September 14, 1879, to Ella Beal, daugh- 
 ter of William and Jane Beal, of Tippecanoe county, Indiana, where 
 she was born June 7, 1864. He is a democrat. 
 
 Josiah Hutchison, farmer and stock raiser, Boston Store, was born 
 in Warren county, Ohio, May 15, 1812. His parents, James and Cath- 
 arine (Johnson) Hutchison, emigrated from Kentucky to Ohio, where 
 James Hutchison died, March 1812, of the cold plague, and his wife 
 lived until her death, September 15, 1847. Josiah was raised a farmer, 
 and received very little education. When about a year old he 
 was bound out until of age, to Alejf. BEamilton, of Warren county, 
 Ohio, but the death of Hamilton released him when eleven year.* 
 old. Josiah then lived with his mother, who had married again. 
 For many years he teamed to Cincinnati. January 6, 1832, Mr. 
 Hutchison was married to Catharine Hixon, daughter of James and 
 Abigail Hixon, of Warren county, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Hutchison 
 lived awhile in Ohio, where he farmed and followed huckstering. In 
 1835 they set out for Indiana, and February 18 arrived at their future 
 abiding-place, which he had spied out a few months before. They 
 rented for a short time in Wayne township. They brought two chil- 
 dren, Abigail and James (twins), two small horses, an old wagon 
 that cost him $5, and twenty-five cents in cash. Upon such a capital 
 the man without learning, but with muscle, grit and honesty, began 
 business in the wilds of Montgomery county. He borrowed a little 
 money, without giving his note, and entered forty acres, and the fol- 
 lowing year he entered forty acres more with borrowed money. Dur- 
 ing the first winter he made 7,650 rails for Joel Hixon, at twenty- 
 five cents per 100, making $1 per day, and cleared his first six acres 
 of land by laboring after night. That six acres he sowed in buck- 
 wheat, raised 300 bushels, hauled it to Chicago and sold it. Times 
 began to brighten, and Mr. Hutchison added to his farm 200 acres 
 more, in Coal Creek township, and 109 acres in Wayne township. 
 He also owned considerable land in Iroquois county, Illinois, and- 
 
CQAL GREEK TOWNSHIP. 507 
 
 still has 105 acres there. He has dealt largely in young cattle. His 
 credit has always been first-class at the bank, and he is a successful 
 man. He has been a life-long democrat, but not an office-seeker. 
 He and wife are members of the regular Baptist church. They have 
 had ten children: James and Abigail (twins), the latter Mrs. A. 
 Swank ; Sarah, married ,to Jobe Holms (both deceased) ; Mary, 
 (lire. J. McMuUen), George, John and mate (the latter a babe de- 
 ceased), Jasper, Melinda C. (in Hlinois), Irvin (controlling home 
 farm). They are all farmers, and four of them live on farms adjoin- 
 ing their father's place. 
 
 George Westfall, farmer, Waynetown, was born July 26, 1820, 
 in Darke county, Ohio. His parents, Jobe and Elizabeth (Terry) 
 Westfall, were natives of Ohio. His mother died in that state in 
 1829. His father married again, and in 1834 or 1835 taoved to 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, and rented in different parts of Coal 
 Creek township. He died in 1839, leaving a wife and family. He 
 and wives were members of the Christian church. He was a life- 
 long democrat, and had been a soldier in the war of 1812. The 
 burden of the family fell upon George. For one year he cared for 
 the home and family, when his stepmother marrying again relieved 
 him of the responsibility. He then worked by the month at $14, 
 high wages for the time. September 24, 1840, he was married to 
 Martha A. Houser, daughter of John and Nancy Houser, of Coal 
 Creek township. His marriage took place in the log cabin that 
 stood near Mr. "Westfall's present residence. After marriage .Mr. 
 Westfall rented for eight or nine years. About 1859 be began buy- 
 ing; the land of the Bingham heirs, and soon owned 64 acres. This 
 he sold and purchased 160 acres in Sec, 27. He again sold and 
 next secured his present farm of 238f acres at a cost of $9,550, 
 which now constitute his possessions, all under fence and fairly 
 stocked. He has been a life-long democrat, and in early times was 
 township trustee, and later township clerk for three years. He and 
 wife, with all the family but the little one, are members of the 
 Christian church. They have had nine children : James (deceased), 
 Thomas, William, John, Vezy, Enos, Columbus, Nancy E. and 
 Carrie E. 
 
 Nathan Beach was a native of Brown county, Ohio, whither his 
 parents had come from Pennsylvania. His ancestry hailed from 
 England. He was born and raised a farmer, and at the age of 
 eighteen years became a laborer on a flat-boat, and was afterward em- 
 ployed on a steam-boat, and later became captain, plying on the Ohio 
 and Mississippi rivers. Leaving the river about 1826 he engaged 
 
508 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUHTY. 
 
 in farming, also dealt largely in horses. About 1831 he was married 
 to Mary Meharry, only daughter of Alex Meharry, of Ohio, and lived 
 in Ohio till 183Y. He then shipped by way of the Ohio and "Wabash 
 rivers to Attica, Indiana, and soon after bought 480 acres of land in 
 Sees. 11 and 24, E. 6 "W., T. 20, or Coal Creek township, Mont- 
 gomery county, Indiana. He also bought^in Fountain county. He 
 was a man of good judgment and foresight. He dealt largely in 
 stock and was a successful farmer. He was the architect of his own 
 fortune. He died September 15, 1874, and was buried in the Me- 
 harry graveyard. He left 600 acres of land and other property to 
 his children. Mr. Beach was one of the foremost men in both 
 church and civil affairs. He was steward and trustee in the Method- 
 ist Episcopal church. He took a pride in public improvements, and 
 it was due to Ids untiring effort that the road from Pleasant Hill to 
 Shawnee Mound was made direct, thereby shortening the distance of 
 travel at least one and a half miles. For years he worked for a sys- 
 tem of schools supported by direct taxation, which the poor people 
 blindly fought. In politics he was whig and republican, and al- 
 though strong and outspoken, he was jovial and friendly even with 
 his political opposites. He was an ultra temperance man, and at 
 times was even refused a drink of cold water by some of the adverse 
 on account of his antipath}- to intoxicating liquors. Mrs. Beach 
 died April 9, 1868, aged sixty-seven years. She was a member of 
 the Methodist Episcopal church, a woman of large bible information 
 and a beautiful singer of hymns. She possessed an even temper 
 and good judgment, and managed her household affairs well, al- 
 though weakly from a cough contracted when young by over exer- 
 tion. Mr. and Mrs. Beach were the parents of six children, two of 
 whom died when young and two when grown. But two are now 
 living: Josiah, of Tippecanoe ,countv, and Stephen A. E., of 
 Montgomery county. Stephen A. E. Beach was born in Adams 
 county, Ohio, January 2, 1835, and came to Indiana with his parents. 
 His life has been that of a farmer and stock raiser. In "the latter 
 branch of business he deals extensively, feeding all his grain to hogs 
 and cattle. He owns the old home farm of 480 acres. Like his 
 father he takes an active part in political, temperance and progress- 
 ive movements. He is always on hand to aid the republican party 
 and champion its principles. He is ready with his pen and usually 
 fills the secretary's chair at meetings. He has been secretary in the 
 Masonic, lodge for over fifteen years. Mr. Beach was married Sep- 
 tember 8, 1859, to Margaret E. Carter, daughter of Samuel' Carter, 
 of Fountain county, where Mr. and Mrs. Beach lived twelve years 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. b09 
 
 after marriage. She died December 1, 1868, and is buried at Salein 
 graveyard, Fountain county. She left four children: Oorwin L., 
 Samuel J., Anna M. and Lizzie E. She, was a Methodist. Mr. 
 Beach was next married to Hannah E. (Collins) Espey, daughter of 
 James and Mary Espey, of Champaign county, Illinois. Her father 
 was a companion of Gen. Grant in his youth. He was killed by 
 lightning when sixty-three years of age. He was a strong abolition- 
 ist and a New School Presbyterian. Her mother was a member of 
 the same church and died at the age of forty years. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Beach are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. They have 
 five children : Alice C. "Willard A., "Walter J., and Martha F. and 
 George C. twins. 
 
 Charles A. McClure, teacher and farmer. Pleasant Hill, is a son of 
 Matthias and Abigail (Elmore) McClure. Matthias McClure was born 
 October 8, 1812, in Adams county, Ohio, where his parents had immi- 
 grated from Kentucky. His father, Nathaniel, was a native of Vir- 
 ginia, and his mother, Mary (Beder) McClure, was a Kentuckian. Mr. 
 McClure with his parents moved to Montgomery county in 1838, and 
 settled in Pleasant Hill, Coal Creek township, where he lived three 
 years. His mother died October 16, 1841, aged fifty-nine years, and 
 his father followed in 1851, quite old. They were earnest and consist- 
 ent christians, and members of the Methodist Episcopal church. When 
 he came to Montgomery county Matthias McClure purchased 113 acres 
 of laud close to Pleasant Hill, which he has continued to farm ever 
 since. On December 12, 1841, he was married to Abigail Elmore, 
 daughter of John and Abigail Elmore, of Crawfordsville, Indiana. 
 They then settled on their farm. About that time he erected their 
 present dwelling. They are both members of the Methodist Episco- 
 pal church. He has always been prominently connected with educa- 
 tional schemes, whether intellectual or moral. His energies were bent 
 to the securing the efficient graded school, which did honor to Pleas- 
 ant Hill for years. He was a whig, and then a republican. In the 
 home farm are 185 acres, Charles A., his son, having added seventy-two 
 acres. Mr. and Mrs. McClure have had five children ; Nathaniel, John 
 W., nowa merchant in Pleasant Hill, Charles A., Matilda, and Thomas 
 deceased. Charles A. was born May 1, 1855, on the old home farm 
 near Pleasant Hill. He received a common school education, pursuing 
 his studies for some time in the Pleasant Hill graded school. When 
 seventeen years old he secured a^license to teach. For six years he has 
 been employed as principal of the Pleasant Hill schools. His succe^ 
 as a teacher is apparent. He is a member of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church, and for two years has been recording secretary. Since sixtieen 
 
510 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 years of age he has been local correspondent to the Orawfordsville 
 " Journal," and is now notary public. In 1880 he was employed in 
 taking the census, and in the same year was a candidate for nomination 
 for county recorder in the republican convention. 
 
 Amos Ebrite, justice of the peace, New Richmond, is a son of 
 George and Mary (Wright) Ebrite. His parents were natives of Ohio. 
 They emigrated to Montgomery county, and settled ^in Coal Creek 
 township in 1839. Here he followed his trade as wagon maker, then 
 farmed, and also worked at carpentering for a time. He was a life-long 
 democrat, and served as township trustee. He was trustee in the 
 Christian church. He died March 1, 1864. His wife, also a member 
 of the Christian church, survives him, and lives with her son Daniel. 
 Araos Ebrite was born January 16, 1833, in Adams connty, Ohio, and 
 came with his parents to Montgomery county. His years have been 
 spent on the farm. October 22, 1857, he was married to Mary J. KeJ- 
 ley, daughter of Wm. and Mary Kelley, of Illinois. She was born in 
 Madison county, Indiana, August 21, 1837, and died May 10, 1866, 
 leaving ■ one child, Emma F. She was a member of the Methodist 
 church. Mr. Ebrite was next married October 25, 1868, to Mary E. 
 Thomas, daughter of Jacob Campbell, of New Eichmond, who is else- 
 where noticed. She was born in Coal Creek township, April 4, 1836. 
 Mrs. Ebrite has been twice married, and has one child by former mar- 
 riage, Flora Thomas, and one child by present union, Mar^' A. Ebrite. 
 Mr. Ebrite has ever stood in the ranks of the everlasting democracy, 
 and has been magistrate for over ten years. 
 
 William A. Krug, saddler and farmer, Pleasant Hill, w^as born 
 September 17, 1790, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. His parents, John 
 V. and Eve (Graff) Krug, were natives of the same city and state 
 whither their parents had come in an early day from Europe, — the 
 Krugs from Germany and the Graffs from Holland, tfohn V. Krug 
 died in 1817, in Adams county, Pennsylvania, and his wife died in 
 1801 in Lancaster. William A. Krug early learned the saddler's 
 trade, which he followed in Pennsylvania till 1821, in York and 
 also in Philadelphia. In York he was married to Elizabeth Jones, 
 daughter of Eobert and Elizabeth Jones, old settlers of Pennsylvania. 
 In 1821 Mr. Krug moved to Ohio, where, in Paris, he followed his 
 trade for four years, then located in Hamilton fourteen years. In 1839 
 he emigrated to Montgomery county, Indiana, bringing wife and eight 
 children. He had buried two infants, hence is the father of ten chil- 
 dren, five of whom were born in Pennsylvania and five in Ohio. 
 He bought the whole of Sec. 31, E. 6 W., Coal Creek township. In 
 1846 he moved to Pleasant Hill, where he opened a hotel. There he 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 511 
 
 became postmaster, which position lie held for ten years. March 17, 
 1860, his wife died. This was a severe stroke to Mr. Krug, already 
 seventy years of age. He quit business, and has since spent the years 
 in Pennsylvania, Kansas and Indiana, being much of the time with his 
 children. Mr. Krug is a member of the Episcopal church. In poli- 
 ties he was federal, and then a'whig, and later a stalwart republican. 
 He has never been very active in politics, yet was township clerk in 
 Paris, Ohio. He still owns eighty acres of land in Coal Creek town- 
 ship. The Krugs are noted for longevity ; John V. Krug's sister was 
 over one hundred years old when she died. William A. Krug is now 
 ninety years old, and still active, hale and hearty. He is almost as old 
 as the government he loves, and has seen it grow from infancy to its 
 present power. In 1876 he visited the Centennial Exposition and 
 noted the advancement in all the avenues of industry since that day of 
 mourning when he attended the sham funeral of George Washington 
 at Lancaster. 
 
 William Shepherd (deceased) was a native of Highland county, 
 Ohio, and moved to Tippecanoe county, Indiana, about 1840. He 
 settled in Sugar Grove, where he lived till death, which occurred De- 
 cember 27, 1876. He spent his life in tilling the soil. His father 
 came from Ireland and served in the revolution. His wife was born 
 July 23, 1819, in Ohio, and now lives on the Sugar Grove farm. She 
 is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, as was also her hus- 
 band. He left seven children: Thomas, Albert N., William F., Hale, 
 James K., Elwood, and Edwin. 
 
 Thomas was born in Tippecanoe county, Indiana, April 9, 1843. 
 He lived at home till 1862. In that year, September 16, he enlisted 
 in Co. E, 72 Ind. Yol. Inf., under Col. Miller. During the war he 
 was promoted corporal, and was also transferred to Wilder's brigade, 
 called by the rebels " Wilder's Hellians," so troublesome were these 
 boys in blue. Mr. Shepherd battled for his country at Hoover's Gap, 
 Chickamauga, Farmington, Tenn., all through the Atlanta campaign, 
 then with Thomas to Nashville and Franklin, on Wilson's raid and at 
 Okolona, Mississippi, and in many skirmishes. At Okolona he was 
 taken prisoner, but immediately escaped. July, 1865, he was discharged, 
 having done valiant work for his country. He returned to the quiet 
 and toil of the farm. September 17, 1867, Mr Shepherd was married 
 to Mary E. Kirkpatrick. She was born in Tippecanoe county, March 
 28, 1840. Her parents, John and Nancy Kirkpatrick, emigrated from 
 Ohio to Tippecanoe county about 1825. He died September 12, 1879, 
 aged sixty-nine years, and she died April 14, 1864, aged fifty-one years. 
 Mr. Kirkpatrick was steward, class-leader, Sunday-school superintend- 
 
COAL CREEK TOWNSHIP. 513 
 
 bought eighty acres, and has since added sixty, on which he now lives. 
 In business he has been successful ; in politics, abolitionist and repub- 
 lican, and is a Mason. His wife died March 24, 1877, leaving four chil- 
 dren: Joedith, Oassius Clay, Luella, and Jessie F. Mrs. Thomas was 
 a member of the Christian church. Mrs. Thomas' three brothers, Seth, 
 Kifer and Wm., were in the civil war. Kifer was in the command that 
 captured Jeff. Davis. 
 
 Abram Clough, Boston Store, was born March 23, 1805, in Ken- 
 tucky, and is a son of Thomas and Catharine (Thomas) Clough. His. 
 father was a native of Virginia, and his mother was a Kentuckian.. 
 Thomas served in the war of 1812, and Abram Thomas was in the war 
 of the revolution. Abram Clough spent his life till twenty-three years 
 old in Kentucky, working by the month, and also worked on the Cin- 
 cinnati & Dayton canal. In 1828 he went to Miami county, Ohio, and 
 March 12, 1830, was married to Mary Swailes. She was born March 
 2, 1815, in Miami county, Ohio. After marriage Mr. Clough rented 
 land, and in 1843 he moved to Montgomery county, Indiana, where he 
 bought 240 acres in Coal Creek township, on which he lives. His log 
 cabin was built from the remains of two cabins left by the squatters. 
 He soon cleared a small piece and planted an orchard. Mr. Clough 
 added to his farm till he owned 340 acres, most of which he has given 
 to his children. August 7, 1873, he buried his wife. She was a mem- 
 ber of the Christian church. She left five children living: Bluford, 
 Jasper, Drusilla, Boswell, and George W. Seven children are dead. 
 Mr. Clough has worked his own way through life, and not without 
 some degree of success. He voted first for Jackson, and still holds to 
 the democratic faith. He is a Mason of long standing. 
 
 Among the most successful of Indiana's pioneers is numbered Mr. 
 Hugh Me,harry. Mr. Meharry was born in Virginia in 1797. His 
 father, Alexander Meharry, was a native of Ireland, and emigrated to 
 Virginia, then Ohio, where he was killed by a tree falling on him. 
 Hugh Meharry, in 1827, entered a small quantity of land in Coal Creek 
 township, Montgomery county, Indiana. On May 29, 1828, he was 
 married in Highland county, Ohio, to Susanna Ambrose, who was born 
 April 18, 1812. Mr. and Mrs. M'eharry immediately emigrated to their 
 western home, where for the first year thej' lived in a slab and canvas 
 tent. Their privations and struggles are further noticed in the history 
 of Coal Creek township. Ere fortune smiled bountifully on this house- 
 hold Mr. Meharry was deprived of his co-worker, her death occurring 
 January 8, 1835. Mr. Meharry was soon after married to Margaret 
 Davidson, who was born December 3, 1808. As years passed, acres 
 were added to the Meliarry farm, stock was bought and sold, until by 
 33 
 
514 HISTORY OF MOJSTTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 close dealing and saving Mr. Meharry owned about 20,000 acres of 
 land. In bis later years be sold and gave to his children much of this. 
 His benevolences also have been large. He endowed a $10,000 chair 
 in the Bloomington (Illinois) Wesleyan University, donated an endow- 
 ment of $10,000 to Asbury University, Greencastle, Indiana, gave $10,- 
 000 to the Nashville (Tennessee) Colored College, A. H. Braden pres- 
 ent president ; he also donated $17,000 to the Nashville (Tennessee) 
 Colored Medical College, which he and his brothers, Samuel and Alex- 
 ander, founded. He was one of the organizers of the celebrated " Don- 
 avan's Tennesseean Minstrels." Besides these gifts he gave 1,280 acres 
 of land to the New York Methodist Missionary Society, and has aided 
 largely in building churches, etc. He is a member of the Methodist 
 church, and a warm republican of whig origin. His second wife, a 
 queen of the home and mistress of domestic duties, closed her eyes in 
 death February IT, 1871. She was a member of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal church from fifteen years of age. She was the mother of five 
 children : Maria, Harriet (dead), Mary, Alexander, Ethan (dead). Mr. 
 Meharry is (1880) a resident of Paxton, Illinois. Alexander Meharry, 
 the fourth child of Hugh, was born on the old homestead, June 20, 
 1843. He was educated at Asbury University, also received a complete 
 business course of instruction at Eastman Business College, Chicago. 
 Mr. Meharry owns the home farm of about 670 acres, with large brick 
 residence, etc. He is the patentee of a draft equalizer for cultivators, 
 a portable derrick for merchants, a railroad joint, and a crupper fastener 
 for harness, some of which are extensively used. He was married Feb- 
 ruary 14, 1866, to Miss Jennie Evans, daughter of O. P. C. and E. J. 
 Evans. She was born July 29, 1843, and died March 24, 1879, leav- 
 ing one child, Jennie Pearle. She was a native of Kingston, Eoss 
 county, Ohio, and a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. 
 Meharry was next married June 2, 1880, to Miss Lizzie Ambrose, 
 daughter of George and Margaret (Eizer) Ambrose, of Hillsboro, Ohio. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Meharry are Methodists. He is a Knight of Pythias. 
 A stronger republican Montgomery county has not. 
 
 Miron Smith, Pleasant Hill, was born in Pittstown, New York, 
 February 19, 1800, and is a son of Simeon and Ann (Lewis) Smith, 
 eastern farmers. His parents died in Canada, he August 5, 1828, 
 .•and she July 5, 1855. Miron Smith was one of a large fkmily, so was 
 -obliged to work from childhood. He was married April 5, 1825, to 
 -Julia A. Wilson, daughter of James "Wilson, and sister to Col. S. C. 
 "Wilson, of Crawfordsville. She was a native of Chcjrry Yalley, New 
 York, and after marriage lived in the house of her birth, where most 
 of her children were born. Mr. and Mrs. Smith lived in New York, 
 
COAL CREEK TOWlfrSHIP. 515 
 
 where they followed farming till 1844, when they started for Indiana, 
 arriving at Crawfordsville October 24, bringing three children ; Lu- 
 cina, born April 2, 1826, died November 8, 1845; Ann, who was 
 married to Ellis Insley, an old settler of Fountain county, who had 
 four children : Sarah E. (deceased), Achsah, Miriam, and Dr W. Ins- 
 ley (deceased). He died October 1, 1868, leaving his wife to survive 
 him. Ann was born November 30, 1827 ; Hellen, born April 10, 
 1830, married to Frank Kirkpatrick October 7, 1852, and died Febru- 
 ary 2, 1857; Phebe (deceased), was born February 8, 1832 ; Elizabeth, 
 born October 19, 1836, married January 24, 1866, to Dr. J. V. Ander- 
 son, now of Rossville, Illinois; James W. (deceased), was born Jan- 
 nary 8, 1840. Mr. and Mrs. Smith were almost penniless when they 
 arrived in Indiana, not even owning a team nor able to buy. Mrs. 
 Smith's brother. Col. S. C. Wilson, of Crawfordsville, furnished them 
 a team and bought some young cattle, and rented them his farm in Coal 
 Creek township. Mr. Smith entered zealously upon his work, and 
 after a while was able to buy 80 acres. This he sold and bought 160 
 acres, on which he now lives. He owns 240 acres, the fruits of in- 
 dustry and economy. August 18, 1873, death deprived him of his 
 helpmate. She was a member of the Methodist church, a faithful wife 
 and loving mother. Mr. Smith is a Methodist, and has always been a 
 democrat. Mrs. Ann Insley, since her husband's death, has made her 
 home with her father. 
 
 Levi Curtis, one of the wealthy and permanent farmers of Coal 
 Creek township, was born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1817. His 
 parents, Daniel and Charlotte (Pocock) Curtis, were natives of Mary- 
 land. They emigrated to Ohio, where they died, he in 1853, aged 
 sixty-one years, and she in 1852, at the age of fifty-eight. They were 
 Methodists, and he was a lifelong democrat. Levi was married in 
 1840 to Elizabeth Dick, daughter of Adam and Temperance Dick. 
 She was born in Maryland in 1821, and moved with her parents to 
 Ohio. Her people emigrated to Montgomery county, Indiana, in 
 1840, where he died in 1864, and she in 1874. They left 160 acres of 
 land, being the S.W. i Sec. 34, K. 6, Coal Creek township. They 
 were members of the United Brethren church. Mr. and Mrs. Curtis, 
 in 1845, moved westward and purchased ninety-two and a half acres of 
 land in Sec. 22, R. 6 W., Coal Creek township, Montgomery county, 
 Indiana. This land they improved and added to till they now have in 
 their home farm 334 acres of rich, well improved land. In 1855 they 
 bnilt a dwelling 18x40, two stories high, at a cost of $1,600. Their 
 place is neatly fenced, and wears the air of thrift. They also own the 
 160 acres formerly the Dick farm. They have long been connected 
 
616 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 with the Methodist Episcopal church, in which he has been an officer 
 for many years. He is also a member of the Pleasant Hill Masonic 
 lodge. He has been both township trustee and magistrate, and has 
 been a jnror many times. Their success is duo largely to perseverance. 
 They have had three children : Lucinda, married to John Biddle, and 
 died April 20, 1880, aged thirty-seven years, one month and twelve 
 days ; Catharine, now Mrs. Bever ; and Daniel, married. 
 
 George P. Tiffany (.deceased) was born in Onondaga county, New 
 York, October 1808. • He moved with his parents to Ohio, and there 
 married Mary Aldrich. They lived in Ohio until 1844, when they 
 emigrated to Warren county, Indiana, and in the spring of 1845 came 
 to Montgomery county. They bought land two miles south of Craw- 
 fordsville, where they lived till 1856. They then bought the present 
 property and moved to Coal Creek township. He owned 212 acres, 
 which he sold in 1866, and moved one mile east of Crawfordsville. 
 There he died in 1866. He had buried his first wife in 1848, and had 
 married Mrs. Calista (Fox) Thomson in 1850, whom he also buried. 
 His third wife was Mrs. Engle, who resides near Crawfordsville. Mr. 
 Tiffany dealt quite largely in cattle. He was whig and republican,, 
 and belonged to the Methodist Episcopal church. In his first family 
 were eight children. Wm. W. Tiffany was born January 13, 1833, in 
 Madison county, Ohio. His life has been that of a farmer. He came 
 with his parents to Montgomery county. March 6, 1862, he was mar- 
 ried to Sarah M. Thomas. She was born in Delaware county, Indi- 
 ana, March 19, 1843. Her parents, James and Joanna (Bobo) Thomas, 
 were natives of Ohio, and came to Montgomery county about 1847. 
 Her father died February 28, 1874, and her mother lives at Pleasant 
 Hill. They bought 85 acres of land in Coal Creek township ; sub- 
 sequently sold, and purchased 85 acres; sold again and bought 152 
 acres, and disposed of this and secured 240 acres, which they now 
 own. In 1876 they built a large addition to their residence. In poli- 
 tics Mr. Tiffany is zealous for republicanism. He is also a strong 
 member of the Masonic fraternity, having been worshipful master in 
 Ashler Lodge for years. He served one year in the civil war in Co. E, 
 72d Ind., and fought at Plantersville and Selma. He is a member of 
 the Methodist Episcopal church, and Mrs. Tiffany belongs to the Chris- 
 tian denomination. They have six children : "Whillie, Mary E., Char- 
 lie A., Georgiana, Maria, and Mertella. Mr. and Mrs. Tiffany have in- 
 dustriously toiled for what they have accumulated. 
 
 Cornelius A. Phillips, physician. Pleasant Hill, was born August 
 11, 1838, in Adkin county, North Carolina, and is a son of James and 
 Margaret (Vanterpool) Phillips. His parents were natives of North 
 
COAL CKEEK TOWNSHIP. 517 
 
 Carolina, and moved to Lincoln county, Kentucky, where they resided 
 ten or twelve years, then made their home in Crawfordsville, Indiana, 
 where he died in 1878, aged sixty-five years, and she in 1856, aged 
 forty-one years. Both were members of the Missionary Baptist church. 
 The fathers of both were in the war of 1812 and lived to be over one 
 hundred years old. The Phillipses are of Welsh descent, and the Van- 
 terpools of German extraction. Cornelius A. Phillips received but a 
 common school education, and early learned the carpenter's trade. In 
 1849 he came with his parents to Crawfordsville. When eighteen 
 years of age he began the study of medicine. He read in spare mo- 
 ments, and in the winter of 1860-61 attended a course of lectures at 
 the Cincinnati Eclectic Medical Institute. April 16, 1861, he enlisted 
 in Co. I, 11th Ind., being the seventh man to take his place from 
 Montgomery county. He served in the three-months service, then 
 reenlisted, July 29, 1861, in Co. B, 19th- U. S. Inf., for five years. 
 September 30, 1861, he was transferred to the general hospital, and for 
 over four years he served in that capacity. He gradually rose in posi- 
 tion till he became second assistant surgeon, which place he filled for 
 eighteen months. He took charge of the wounded, and distributed 
 them among the different hospitals of New Orleans, Philadelphia, 
 Baltimore, Nashville, Louisville, etc., also treating them. This was a 
 grand school for him. During his stay in Philadelphia, in 1864, he 
 attended the Jefferson Medical College. At the close of the war he 
 was discharged. He soon began the practice of his profession at Pleas- 
 ant Hill, in partnership with Dr. J. H. Crews, with whom he stayed 
 one year. He then practiced in Waynetown with Drs. Boss and 
 Steele, and next changed his location to Colfax. Bemaining there but 
 one year, he located at Pleasant Hill, where he is now the leading 
 physician. In 1872-73 hfe again attended Cincinnati Eclectic Medical 
 Institute. Dr. Phillips has met with unusual success in his practice, 
 not having lost, on an average, to exceed two cases per year since his 
 practice began. He is a great reader, and has a library worth quite 
 $1,000. He was married January 1, 1864, to Elsie J. Moore, daugh- 
 ter of P. Moore, of Wayne township, Montgomery county. They 
 have two children deceased and threel iving : Cameron A., Laura, and 
 Aurilla. Dr. Phillips is a Methodist, and his wife is a member of the 
 Christian church. He is thoroughly republican. 
 
 John McClure was a native of Adams county, Ohio, born in 1814. 
 In 1838 he came with his parents, Nathaniel and Mary (Beever) Mc- 
 Clure, and brother Matthias, to Montgomery county, Indiana, and 
 settled in Pleasant Hill. In 1840 John McClure was married to 
 Sarah A. Gregory, daughter of James Gregory, an early settler of Coal 
 
518 HISTORY OP MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Creek township. Mr. and Mrs. McClure lived three years on her 
 father's farm, and in 1845 settled on the farm of eighty acres, being 
 the W. i of S.W. i Sec. 1, K 6 W., T. 20, which was bought by Janiies 
 Gregory of David Shoemaker, and is almost the first land entered in 
 that township. Mr. McOlure added to the 80 till he owned 200 acres. 
 He died May 26, 1874, sadly missed by both family and neighbors. He 
 was a leading member of the Methodist church, having been class- 
 leader many years, frequently conducting class and social meetings in 
 different parts of the township. In educational affairs he took an 
 active part. In politics he was a strong republican. In his affairs 
 with men he was conscientious and exact. He was always jovial and 
 entertaining, and widely known, even by many who were strangers to 
 him. His wife, Sarah A. (Gregory) McClure, is now living with their 
 children. She is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. The 
 Gregorys have long been in America. It is said that Joseph Gregory 
 came from England with William Penn. A son of Joseph moved to 
 Virginia, where he was killed by the Indians, but left a son, Samuel. 
 Samuel married and moved to Kentucky. He then moved to Oliio 
 with his wife and two children, and settled seven miles north of Hamil- 
 ton, on a creek which took his name, Gregory's creek, from his being the 
 first settler. There he lived, and raised nine children, and buried his 
 wife. Two sons and one daughter died in Ohio, one son and one daugh- 
 ter in Iowa, three daughters in Fountain county, Indiana, and James 
 and Mrs. Charlotte Clarkson came to Montgomery county, Indiana, 
 where they also died. Samuel Gregory came in his old age, in 1834, 
 and died at his son .James' residence in 1843, aged eighty-four years. 
 He served in the revolution, and was at Yorktown when Cornwallis 
 surrendered. James Gregory was in the war of 1812, under Harrison. ' 
 He came to Montgomery county in 1830, and settled in Coal Creek 
 township, where he entered and bought land to the amount of 540 
 acres, which he deeded to his children. He died in April, 1869, aged 
 eighty-one years. His father was an elder in the Presbyterian church, 
 and he a member of the Christian church. He was a whig, republican, 
 and an abolitionist. He was county commissioner for many years. He 
 left three children : Mrs. Martha Thomas, Samuel, who died three 
 months after him, and Mrs. Sarah A. McClure. James A. McClure, 
 son of John and Sarah A. (Gregory) McClure, was born September 12, 
 1846, on the farm on which he now lives. He has spent his life on 
 the same farm which he now owns. He was educated in the common 
 school and Pleasant Hill graded school. When twenty years old he 
 secured a license to teach, which he successfully followed six terms. 
 September 12, 1875, he was married to Mary A. (Thomas) Hurt, 
 
COAL CREEK TOWKSHIP. 519 
 
 daughter of James and Joanna Thomas, early settlers of Montgomery 
 county. They have bad three children : two infants (deceased), and 
 Clarence D. Mr. and Mrs. McClure are members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal church, in which he is class-leader. He is a thorough re- 
 publican. 
 
 Clinton Wilkins, New Richmond, was born in Brown county, Ohio, 
 June 23, 1830, and is a son of Henry and Eachel (Slack) Wilkins. 
 His father is a native of Pennsylvania, and his mother of Kentucky. 
 Both moved to Ohio, and there married. In 1851 they moved to In- 
 diana and settled in the northern edge of Madison township, Mont- 
 gomery county. They then moved to Tippecanoe county, where Mrs. 
 Wilkins died about 1859. He has again married, both members of 
 the New Light church. He was a whig, and of late a republican. 
 July i, 1860, he was married to Charlotte E. Ward, daughter of 
 Thomas and Elizabeth Ward, whose sketch appears elsewhere. She is 
 a native of Montgomery county, Indiana. Mr. Wilkins was somewhat 
 associated with Mr. Thomas Ward (his wife's father) in the stock 
 business for. a number of years. He then bought 400 acres of land 
 and began business alone, dealing largely in stock. He is a thorough 
 republican. Mr. and Mrs. Wilkins have one son, Thomas, now a 
 member of the class of 1883 in Wabash College. 
 
 E. W. Perkins, New Richmond, was born December 4, 1831, in 
 Pittstield, Massachusetts. His parents, William and Lydia (Fitts) 
 Perkins, were natives of New England, and died in Massachusetts 
 when their son E. W. was about two years of age. The boy spent his 
 years from two to sixteen with his grandmother Fitts. He then trav- 
 eled in the jewelry business in the interest of his cousin. In 1850, in 
 company with his brother, Mr. Perkins started for California, but taking 
 sick on the wayiie remained in Indiana. He hired by the month in 
 Tippecanoe county for some years. In 1856 he was married to Mar- 
 garet Kincaid, daughter of William and Deborah (Kendall) Kincaid. 
 Mrs. Perkins was born in 1832, in Coal Creek township, Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, whither her parents had come in a very early day. 
 After marriage Mr. Perkins rented land for fifteen years in Tippecanoe 
 county. About 1871 he bought twenty acres in Coal Creek township, 
 to which he has since added forty acres. In polities Mr. Perkins is a 
 staunch republican, and has held a minor ofiBce. During the civil war 
 he oflGered himself to his country, but was rejected on account of ill 
 health. He is a Mason, having joined Linden Lodge, and then aided 
 in tbe organization of Romney Lodge, to which he now belongs. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Perkins have two children : Frank M. and Mattie E. Their 
 home is well supplied with papers, proving theirs to be a reading family. 
 
520 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 John K. Myers, New Richmond, is a son of John and Ruth (Smart) 
 Myers, the former born in Pennsylvania, and the latter in Kentucky. 
 John, the father of John K., early went to Kentucky, and there married. 
 In 1846 his wife died, and he afterward moved to Missouri, where he 
 died in 1858. Both were members of the Christian church. He served 
 in the war of 1812. In the family were ten children, four of whom are 
 living: George, in Kentucky; 'Sally, in Shelbyville, Indiana; Mahala 
 (now Mrs. Mahala Tribby), with John K., in Montgomery county. Her 
 husband is dead. John K. Myers was born April 5, 1822, in Nicholas 
 county, Kentucky, and lived at home till thirty years of age. At that 
 time in life he began for himself His life has been mostly confined 
 to the farm, yet partly in saw-milling. He left the land of liis birth 
 and came to Indiana, but soon returned to Kentucky. In 1863 he lo- 
 cated in Montgomery county, Indiana, buying, in partnership with his 
 nephew, Leander M. Tribby, eighty acres of land, which they farm to- 
 gether. Mr. Myers has never married. He has been a life-long dem- 
 ocrat, casting his first vote for James K. Polk. He and sister belong to 
 the Christian church. 
 
 Silas Hendricks, farmer, Waynetown, was born January 6, 1837, in 
 Morgan county, Indiana, and is a son of Ambrose and Clarinda (May- 
 neld) Hendricks, both natives of Kentucky. They moved to Owen 
 county, Indiana, then to Morgan county, where he died in 1838, and 
 she in 1878. Both are buried in Morgan county. She was a member 
 of the Missionary Baptist church. Silas continued to live with his 
 mother till twenty-two years of age. He was then married, Novem- 
 ber 10, 1859, to Sarah E. Stout, daughter of Wm. H. and Julia Stout, 
 of Morgan county, Indiana, where slie was born January 14, 1842. 
 Mr. Hendricks has devoted his life to the far(n. In 1866 he moved to 
 Montgomery county and bought 160 acres of land, being the E. i of 
 S.W. i and the W. i of S.E. i of Sec. 27, R. 6 W., Coal Creek town- 
 ship. He also bought forty acres in Sec. 34. In 1872 he built his 
 present large dwelling, 25x34, two stories in the main, with kitchen 
 12x24, at a cost of $3,500. Mr. Hendricks is a successful farmer, and 
 a democrat in politics. He and wife are members of the Missionary 
 Baptist church. They have had five children : Homer D. (deceased), 
 Beatrice M., Clara A., EflBe P. and Lulu M. Mr. Hendricks had 
 three brothers in the civil war : W. C. Hendricks, H. H. Newton, 
 and N. J. Newton. 
 
 Edward T. McCrea, New Richmond, was born April 20, 1836, in 
 Shelby county, Indiana, and is a son of John and Elizabeth (Temple- 
 ton) McCrea. John McCrea was a native of Saratoga county, New 
 York, and his wife of Virginia. They moved to Ohio, and in 1835 
 
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. , 521 
 
 to Shelby county, Indiana, where she died in 1852, and he in 1859. 
 He was a farmer, and also kept a tan-yard. In politics he was whig 
 and republican. There were ten children in the family, three boys 
 and seven girls, all of whom are living, the youngest being thirty-six 
 years -old. Edward T. was raised on the farm and in the tan-yard 
 when not at school. He entered Franklin College at sixteen, where 
 he remained three years. He then attended Hanover College in 
 Jefferson county, Indiana, one and a half years. Returning home he 
 raised a company of men in Shelby county for the civil war. His 
 company was known as Co. D, 33d Ind. Inf , of which he was captain. 
 For a long time he acted as colonel in place of Col. John Coburn, who 
 acted in a higher position. Mr. McCrea served in the battles of Wild 
 Cat, Ky., Franklin, Chickamauga, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, New Hope 
 Church, Dallas Woods, Kenesaw Mountain, Chattahoochee, Marietta, 
 Big Shanty, Peach Tree Creek, Rough and Ready, battles around At- 
 lanta, and many others. He was at Thomson's Station, where one- 
 half of his regiment was captured and taken to Libby prison. He was 
 neither wounded nor captured. He was discharged September 24, 
 1864, and returned home. In 1867 he settled in Coal Creek township, 
 Montgomery county, Indiana, where he now lives. Mr. McCrea is 
 foremost in the political affairs of his township, yet never seeks office. 
 He is an Odd-Fellow. Mr. McCrea was married July 30, 1867, to 
 Jessie L. Draper, daughter of Jesse Draper, of Monroe county, In- 
 diana. She was born in Monroe county, Indiana, February 2, 1845. 
 Both Mr. and Mrs. McCrea are Methodists. They have three chil- 
 dren : Edward H., William, and John. 
 
 FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Franklin township is situated in the east part of Montgomery county, 
 and is described as T. 19 N., R. 3 W. It is bounded on the east by 
 Boone county, on the south by Walnut township, on the west by Union 
 and on the north by Sugar Creek township. This township has been 
 changed fronj the original survey, which we give below. In 1831, at 
 the May term of the county commissioners' court, Franklin township 
 was set off as follows: Beginning at the southeast corner of Sugar 
 Creek township (T. 20 N., R. 3. W.); thence south eight miles; thence 
 west six miles ; thence north eight miles ; thence east six miles to the 
 point of beginning. And at the September terpi of the same year the 
 commissioners changed Franklin township to accommodate the survey 
 of a new township called Walnut. This left Franklin comprising T. 
 19 N., R. 3 W., in which boundary it stood until 1845, when that part 
 
522 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 of Sees. 34, 35 and 36 in Sugar Creek township lying south of Sugar 
 creek was taken from said township and attached to Franklin. 
 
 Fraijklin township in the original survey was an oblong six miles 
 east and west by eight miles north and south. In the formation of 
 Walnut on the south Franklin was changed to comprise T. 19 K, E.3 
 W., a perfect square, with an area of thirty-six miles. In 1846 that 
 portion of Sugar Creek township lying south of Sugar creek being at- 
 tached to Franklin, extended the eastern line one mile farther north to 
 said creek, to the north line of Sec. 36 ; and following Sugar creek to 
 the southwest through Sees. 34 and 35 to the middle of E. 3 W., on 
 the line between townships 19 and 20 JST., and west to the line between 
 ranges 3 and 4 W. This change in the northern line was made on the peti- 
 tion of the citizens residing in these sections because of their separation 
 from the township to which they then belonged by the waters of Sugar 
 creek, which frequently prevented them from attending the township 
 elections and meetings without much inconvenience. The township 
 embraces an area of thirty-eight miles of choice timber land now cul- 
 tivated by an industrious and frugal people, embraces two villages, and 
 is crossed by the Logansport, Crawfordsville & Southwestern railroad. 
 
 The physical features of the land in Franklin township are not so 
 varied, and therefore do not present as many points of interest to the 
 superficial explorer, as some other townships in Montgomery county, 
 but to the agriculturist it is not surpassed in its attractions. The land 
 is level, but gently rolling, so as to give the best drainage in most of 
 the township, especially in the eastern part. There is a tendency in 
 places to flat, marshy ground. There is a water divide extending across 
 the township, dividing the waters of the Walnut fork from those of 
 Sugar creek, and running parallel with the latter stream. It arises in 
 the eastern portion of the township to the north, and crosses south of 
 the middle of the western border to the junction of these waters north 
 of Crawfordsville. On either side of this ridge springs abound, whose 
 waters on the north flow to Sugar creek and those on the south to Wal- 
 nut fork. This part of the township presents attractions to the agri- 
 culturist. The banks of Sugar creek and Walnut fprk present irregu- 
 larities, from rugged and steep clifis to gentle declivities. The regular 
 undulations of the land in some sections breaks the monotony of the 
 more level portions of the country, adding beauty and attraction as well 
 as condition of land with proper ingredients of soil capable of the high- 
 est degree of cultivation. Under the surface soil is a subsoil of sand, 
 gravel, shales, and clays, intermixed with every variety of fertilizing 
 material. This is found in places reaching down to the depth of 100 or 
 200 feet, making an inexhaustible store-house of the most reliable soil. 
 
FKANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 523 
 
 The surface soil of Franklin is of dark or black fertile quality, and 
 differs but little in its composition from that of Sugar Creek township 
 on the north, or Walnut on the south. . The soil is strong, and well 
 adapted to the growth of most products of the land. Wheat is success- 
 fully grown, although it is not what wheat growers estimate as a special 
 soil for that grain, and may not be regarded as reliable as the more ele- 
 vated lands. It is, however, well adapted to the production of corn, 
 but not so strong as the prairies of the west. The same may be said of 
 rye, oats, barley, and buckwheat. Garden and all root products are 
 raised in an average crop. The general adaptation of the soil offers 
 special inducements to the husbandman. 
 
 The grass and clover yield is sufficient to induce heavy stock grow- 
 ing, especially in cattle. Fruit growing is sufficiently successful to se- 
 cure a supply for the home demand, and compares favorably with other 
 parts of the country of the same latitude. There are but few sections 
 but what present locations that are favorable to fruit growing. The 
 numerous brooks and creeks with a north and northwestern elevation 
 or grove to break the cold, bleak winds of winter, while the water be- 
 low protects from the frosts of spring, that, if well selected, a fruit or- 
 chard may be successfully cultivated. And if fruit growers would 
 appropriate the natural advantages of the situation selected, they would 
 find many localities favorable to horticultural products which other- 
 wise would fail. Many a young fruit orchard has been sacrificed in 
 this vicinity because tlie farmer has thought more of convenience of its 
 locality to his dwelling than to consult the comfort of growing fruit. 
 The reader will pardon us for the interpolation of suggestions into a 
 work purporting to be purely historical, for history is useless without 
 its practical adaptation to life, and we write not to amuse but to profit. 
 
 The drainage in this township is good, and the supply of water 
 abundant, through Sugar creek and its tributaries. The former bounds 
 the township from the northeast corner running southwest to the town- 
 ship line, dividing townships 19 and 20, where it enters the township, 
 crossing the northwest corner, and emerges into Union township one 
 and a half miles west of Darlington, a distance of eight miles from the 
 point where it reaches the township on the northeast. This stream 
 furnishes abundant water-power for all manufacturing purposes in the 
 state, and on its banks are found some of the finest mill sites. At an 
 early day in the history of the township the water supply was "much 
 greater than in modern days, since the forest has been cut away and 
 the land cultivated. The main tributaries to Sugar creek in Franklin 
 township are Hazel creek. Honey creek, and Middle fork. The former 
 enters the township on the east at the third section line north, two 
 
524 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMBET COUNTY. 
 
 miles north of Shannondale ; tlience nortliward two miles along the east- 
 «rn border to Sec. 1 ; thence northwest three miles, where it empties 
 into Sugar creek at its junction with the Congressional, between town- 
 ships 19 and 20. The numerous brooks that empty into this branch 
 on its course through the township give drainage and water supply to 
 the fertile farms on the east and northeast. Honey creek is a short 
 stream which arises in the central sections of the township, flows to the 
 northwest, passing Darlington on the northeast, and empties its waters 
 into Sugar creek llfty or sixty rods north of this village, while the west- 
 ern sections are drained by smaller branches running to the same stream. 
 Middle fork Sugar creek enters the township by two branches in the 
 southeast, the south branch half a mile west of the corner, and the north 
 branch one mile north at the village of Shannondale. These branches 
 meet as thej' meander westward through the southern sections, receiv- 
 ing the waters of Big Run at the central section line, which flow down 
 from the north draining the eastern center, then westward to the town- 
 «hip line, passing out one mile north of the southwest corner of the 
 township. 
 
 Along the waters and in the timber lands were found the loathsome 
 reptile. The turtles, of two or three kinds, are found in the marshes 
 and in the timber. Two or three species of rattlesnakes ; the large 
 rattlesnake of the woods was once very common ; the copperhead 
 was the most formidable, but is now rarely met with. The hoop and 
 whip snakes were among the native pests to the pioneer. 
 
 Timber of almost every species was represented in the wilderness 
 forest which covered this township half a century ago. Pine (white), 
 cedar, poplar, beech, sugar, maple and black walnut, oak of several va- 
 rieties — white, red, black, jack, chestnut, burr and shingle; hickory of 
 four or five species; elm — white, red, slippery and swamp; dogwood, 
 willow, alder, erabapple, thornapple, etc. When these stood in their 
 native grandeur formed the hunting grounds for the red sons of the 
 forest, where he found the bear, the wolf, the buffalo and the deer, 
 which have disappeared at the approach of the white man, who swept 
 away their haunts of safety, and left the fox, wild eat, lynx, raccoon, 
 opossum, rabbit, polecat, woodehuck, mink, squirrel, martin and weasel. 
 The birds of game may be mentioned as the wild turkey, wild geese 
 and ducks, the partridge and the quail. To the more useful we may 
 add the bluebird, the robin, the martin, the swallow, the woodcock, 
 the mocking-bird, the buzzard, the crow, the hawk, and occasionally 
 an eagle. Of the plants and flowers mentioned as indigenous to the 
 soil there are over 900 species, and 110 families. These bloom on the 
 banks of the streams and along the margin of the forest, in the fields 
 and morasses of the lowlands. 
 
FKANKLIN" TOWNSHIP. 52 & 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF THE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 The constitution of Franklin township dates from May 1831, be- 
 g a half century the coming May. In the May term of the co'mmis- 
 oners' court of 1831 it was ordered that the above township should 
 3 constituted ; and at the same session it was ordered that the first 
 ection for township officers should be held at the house of Aaron 
 tewarts, in said township, in the month of September, at which time 
 vo justices of the peace and two constables should be elected. The 
 leriff of the county was ordered to give public notice of said election. 
 . R. Robbins and Aaron S. Stewart were chosen overseers of the 
 Dor for the said township. 
 
 The fall election resulted in the choice of William Stewart and 
 saac Sutton as the first justices elected in Franklin township, and 
 ielding Betts as constable, who presented bonds to the board of com- 
 lissioners at the September term, and entered upon the duties of the 
 fice. Whether an associate constable was elected at this election 
 38S not appear from the records. At the September term of commis- 
 oners' court, of the same year, there being a change in the boundary 
 [ Franklin township, the board ordered the place of holding elections. 
 I be at the house of Joseph Stewart. The judiciary elected as above 
 srved a term of four years, at the expiration of which Mr. William 
 tewart was reelected to serve the second term, and Mr. Nathan Mor- 
 m was elected successor to Mr. Isaac Sutton. These were followed 
 I ofiice by William H. Endicott, John Test (two terms), and J. B. Low- 
 lan, who served • three terms. These men were atnong the early 
 tizens of the township, and were elected to the office before 1850, 
 vo of them continuing their office beyond that date. Still more re- 
 intly we find elected to this office Henry Huffman, Ambrose Droll- 
 iger, Alaxander Hoover, Jacob Thompson, and Alexander Harper, 
 he present board of justices are Samuel T. Miller, Jesse Riggins, and 
 /^illiam Armstrong. Constable for Franklin township, F. M. Betts. 
 
 In the time the township was constituted there was but one town- 
 lip trustee, in whom was imposed all the trust of the office, to which 
 See William H. Endicott was first elected. About twenty years 
 ter the townships were organized under an act of the legislature by 
 ecting three trustees, who were organized with president, treasurer 
 id secretary. The first board of trustees under the above act were 
 homas H. Mikles, James McClaskey and Nathaniel Booker. This 
 it, however, was repealed after a few years, and the original order was 
 stored, when Nathaniel Booker was elected to the office. The pres- 
 it incumbent of the office is Mr. John M. Hollingsworth. There are 
 
526 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 twelve school directors: No. 1, L. Cooper; No. 2, Thomas H. Mc- 
 Donnel ; No. 3, S. T. Miller ; No. 4, Thomas J. Nicely ; No. 5, H. 
 Trout ; No. 6, George LaFollett ; No. 7, J. Stewart ; No. 8, J. F. 
 Harris*; No. 9, Dr. T. J. Griifeth ; No. 10, William Decker; No. 11, 
 William Lynch ; No. 12, James Remley. 
 
 EA.RLY HISTORY. 
 
 Franklin township was occupied hy a people in a time so remote in 
 past ages that the memory of man or history " runneth not to the con- 
 trary." A people commonly called a "prehistoric race" held a primi- 
 tive right to these fertile lands. Of them there is no written history 
 found in ancient manuscripts or books, and but little, if any, engraven 
 on tablets of stone and clay, or handed down to us by tradition. They 
 have, however, left their " footprints in the sands of time," and of their 
 existence and habits there is abundant evidence. They are studded in 
 their mounds as tombs and temples of worship, as well as in their im- 
 plements of art and warfare. Two of those ancient mounds are found in 
 the southeast part of the township. One in Sec. 23 is located in the 
 neighborhood of an ancient lake bed, which is now but a pond, but, 
 doubtless, in the days of the builders furnished abundant water and 
 fishery supplies. When and how these people came to this vicinity 
 we will not attempt to say at this writing. They have not only left 
 their mounds as monuments of their occupation of the land in the ter- 
 ritory of this township, but have left their stone implements scattered 
 over most of the soil. These have been accumulated by some of the 
 citizens in interesting varieties and numbers, among whom may be 
 mentioned Dr. T. J. Griffeth, of Darlington. 
 
 The American Indians, who succeeded the mound builders, being an 
 unlettered and uncivilized people, have left but little to their memory 
 in this part of the county, although half a century has not passed since . 
 they wandered through the wilds of Franklin township. Here and 
 there may be found an old burying-ground, where they laid away their 
 dead to rest until summoned to the groves of " the happy hunting 
 ground." One of those old burying-grounds is found near Sugar creek, 
 some distance northeast of Darlington, on the Logansport, Crawfords- 
 ville & Southwestern railroad, located in a gravel bank, from which 
 large quantities of gravel have been removed for purposes of public im- 
 provements until the remains, which have rested undisturbed for cen- 
 turies, have been exhumed. The presence of the red men, however, 
 has been recognized in Franklin township as late as 1832, for up to 
 this date they held Thorntown in the adjoining neighborhood. The 
 citizens have recollections of their frequent visits to the neighborhood 
 
FEAKKLIN TOWKSHIP. 527 
 
 )f Franklin, but suffered no inconvenience or injury from them worthy 
 )f note, as after the treaty of peace in 1818 they were peaceable, when 
 ;he whites had settled in other. parts of the state, and at the beginning 
 )f the settlement of this township, in 1823, there were no fears of hos- 
 ;ility from them. 
 
 FIRST LAND SALES. 
 
 The first land sold by the government in Franklin township was 
 jntered by Luis L. Cooper March 7, 1822, in Sec. 33. In the fol- 
 lowing fall, on xsTovember 7, there were four purchases made : Samuel 
 Flanigan, in Sec. 3 ; Abner Crane, in Sec. 8 ; James Yentioner, in 
 Sec. 32 ; and James Scott, in Sec. 32. On the following day, Novem- 
 ber 8, 1822, James Abernathy entered a tract in Sec. i. On the fol- 
 lowing day, the 9th, Louis L. Cooper, who made the first purchase, en- 
 tered another tract in Sec. 33, where he made the first purchase. These 
 were followed by "Wm. B. Guthrie, who entered in See. 8 on the 16th 
 of the same month, and two days later, November 18, 1822, John Aber- 
 nathy made the last purchase for the year, in See. 8. In 1823 there 
 were six purchases made: William Pickett, Nathen Pickett, James 
 Abernathy, Joseph Cox, Abner Crane, and Thomas Pottenger. The 
 largest sale of public lands in Franklin township was on June 2, 1832, 
 when Sec. 16 was sold to Solomon Bigler, Daniel Willis, William Cox, 
 and Anthony Bowon. Mr. S. Bigler purchased 400 acres of the above 
 in the above sale, the largest tract entered by one individual in the 
 township. Prior to 1830 there were 109 purchases made from the gov- 
 ernment, and after that date, and up to 1837, there were 186 records 
 made of government land sales, which included all the public lands in 
 the township. The first purchase, as has been staied, was on March 
 7, 1822, and the last on October 3, 1837, by Thomas Gray, in Sec. 24. 
 
 In the year 1823 the first settlements were opened in Franklin 
 township. The homes, however, of 1823 and 1824 were few, among 
 whom were Henry Wiseheart, John Harland, Samuel FJannigan, ^nd 
 John Brewer. Henry Wiseheart came to the township in the first part 
 of tlie year 1823, and settled in the vicinity of Darlington and built 
 him a cabin house for his family, and cleared up a small lot on which 
 he raised his first crop. He was the first settler in this part of the 
 township. His only neighbors were the native Indians, who were 
 peaceable and inoffensive. Later in the season of the same year John 
 Abernathy settled in the limits of the present town, and built a small 
 cabin east of where the Christian church now stands. He soon ex- 
 perienced the saddest of pioneer life, in the death of his wife and one 
 child, whose remains he laid away in the early graveyard of the lonely 
 wilderness and returned home the same year. On October 7, 1824, " 
 
528 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 John Harland came with his family, and occupied the cabin vacated by- 
 Mr. Abernathy until he built on his own land, a short distance east of 
 Darlington, and became neighbor to Mr. Wiseheart. At this time Mr. 
 Wm. Harland, now of Darlington, was a child of five or six years, and 
 used to" play with the red children of the woods, learned much of their 
 language, and can tell many interesting- anecdotes of those primitive 
 days. 
 
 The same year (1824) Mr. John Brewer, an old bachelor, came to 
 the settlement and took a government lease and built a hut of rails, in 
 which he built his bed by driving stakes in the ground on which belaid 
 one end of the beams of his bedstead and the other end in the crack of 
 the building, then covered it with sticks, on which he laid his pallet of 
 straw. His fire was built upon the ground at the door of his hut to 
 afford him protection from wild beasts, at night, who might be prowl- 
 ing around for a morsel of food that might be thrown from the 
 door of his humble home. A more befitting manner of life could not 
 have been chosen by a man of bachelor habits than that in which this 
 hermit spent one winter of his life. During the following summer he 
 sold his lease to Mr. Brewer Blalock, who cleared up the land. In this 
 year (1825) Ruben Nickelson bought the farm vacated by John Aber- 
 nathy in 1823, and Samuel Flannigan entered and settled one mile 
 northeast of where Darlington now stands. There was a settlement 
 opening up in the south partof wliat is now Franklin township, on the 
 waters of Middle fork. Sugar creek. To these were added, before the 
 year 1830, Atwell Mount, Aaron Stewart, Samuel Flannigan, Joseph 
 Cox, Henry Wisehart, James Tribbett, Elisha Cox, Jacob Booker, 
 James Hopper, James McClaskey, Robert Craig, Enoch Peacock, Sol- 
 omon Bond, J. C. Remley, and a few others. The occupation of the 
 township was not as active as other portions of the county, and it was 
 not until 1831 constituted a township, while land was entered as late 
 as 1S37. Since 1840 great changes have been wrought on the face of 
 the country, while growth and enterprise have become characteristic of 
 Franklin. Many have sold farms in other parts of the county and 
 purchased within her borders, being attracted by the fertility of her 
 soil and other natural advantages. 
 
 EARLY IMPROVEMENTS. 
 
 In this township, as in most parts of the country, the first improve- 
 ments for the general interests of society consisted in the building 
 of mills, the first of which was built by Enoch and Benjamin Cox 
 about 1833, on Sugar creek, one mile west of where Darlington now 
 "stands. They erected a saw-mill the previous year (1832), in which they 
 
FEANELIN TOWNSHIP. 529 
 
 irepared the lumber for the building of the tlour-mill,^ — an important 
 nterprise to the eommunity, and was patronized by farmers from the 
 djacent townships .as well as a large home custom. The next flour- 
 lill was built by Enoch Cox on Honey creek, about half a mile below 
 )arlington, in 1844. This was not a lasting enterprise, as the water 
 upply was not sufficient to make' it a success and profitable in its re- 
 urns for the investments made, and has been abandoned. 
 
 The first woolen-mill in the township was built by Robert Cox. 
 ?his factory was located on Sugar creek, one and a half miles above 
 )arlington, and was run by water-power drawn from that creek. In 
 n early day an oil-mill was built by Benjamin Cox one mile below 
 )arlington. To this he afterward built a carding-mill, which was suc- 
 essfully run for a number of years. The building is now occupied as 
 farm barn. The present flouring-mills of the township are the Frank- 
 in mills, one mile west of the village of Darlington, on the site of 
 he first mill by Benjamin and Enoch Cox. This mill building is a 
 hree-story frame structure, built by Silas Kenworth in 1847. 
 
 The first hotel opened in the limits of Franklin was in the year 
 830, before the township was constituted. This was located wheire 
 )arlington now stands, and consisted of a hewed log house, built by 
 luben Nickerson, who sold to other parties some time after. The 
 uilding was occupied for public entertainment until 1837, when Mr. 
 *reston Beck moved his family into the neighborhood, and on the 15th 
 f April of the above year occupied it as a dwelling. This was the 
 rst village hotel, as it was occupied as such when the village was plat- 
 ed, on February 1, 1836. 
 
 The first store in the bounds of the township was opened by Robert 
 )ox in a frame building within the present limits of the town of Dar- 
 ington. The building is yet standing on one of the back streets, and 
 5 occupied as a dwelling-house. This brings us down to the time of 
 lie platting of the village of Darlingtpn, in the beginning of 1836, to 
 fhich we refer the reader in the following pages. 
 
 DARLINGTON. 
 
 This village is situated in the northwestern quarter of the town- 
 lip, within half a mile of Sugar creek, and on the Honey creek 
 ranch, which bounds it on the northeast; an appropriate situa- 
 ion for " Darlingtown." It is a station on the Logansport, Craw- 
 )rdsville & Southwestern railroad, nine miles northeast of Crawfords- 
 ille and ten miles southwest of Thorntown, the northern terminus of 
 le Darlington & Thorntown Pike. It lies about forty-five miles west 
 f Indianapolis, the capital of the state, and is surrounded by a fertile 
 34 
 
530 HISTOET OF MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 soil well adapted to agriculture. The farmers adjacent to the town are 
 an industrious and successful people, with beautiful farme and pleasant 
 homes. It was platted by Enoch Cox on February 1, 1836. At the 
 first survey of the village there were but few buildings within the 
 limits; the old hewed log hotel built by Euben ]S"ickelson, and a 
 notion store owned by Eobert Cox in a small frame building, which waa 
 afterward removed to a back street, and is now occupied as a dwelling 
 house. The same year in which the village was laid out Mr. Robert 
 Cox sold his store to "William Andrews. The next store was opened 
 by Mr. James Morrison, who afterward sold to Enoch and Robert Cox,, 
 who sold out the stock some time before 1840. 
 
 The year following the survey of the town (1837) Preston Beck 
 moved to Darlington and occupied the old hotel building, and in con- 
 nection with Enoch Cox established a tannery, in which they continued 
 until 1844. Mr. Beck then started a factory for himself, which he op- 
 erated until 1858. The manufacture of leather was then discontinued 
 in Darlington. At the time Mr. P. Beck took possession of the hotel 
 building, in 1837, Mr. William Andrew kept a house of public enter- 
 tainment in the same building in which he sold goods, and up to the 
 time he built the Central House, now kept by Robert C. Jackman. 
 Mr. P. Beck discontinued his connection with the tannery, and on 
 April 15, 1858, he bought this building of Mr. Andrews and called it 
 the Beck House, in which he gave public entertainment for twenty 
 years. 
 
 The first postmaster was William Armstrong, about 1842. This 
 gentleman held the office for a succession of years. During the adminis- 
 tration of President Buchanan Miss Caroline Beck held the office, was 
 assisted in the duties of the place by her sister, Margaret Beck. The 
 profits were about $100 per annum. After the establishment of the 
 daily mail Jacob Harnsbeck was appointed postmaster; was succeeded 
 by D. D. Dyson, then J. M. Hollingsworth, and T. B. McCune, and 
 lastly by R. C. Jackman, who is the present incumbent of the ofiice. 
 
 The village has within its limits four .church buildings, namely^ 
 Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, Christian, and Unitarian Christian. 
 The first church edifice was built between 1844 and 1850, a frame 
 building put up under the direction of the Presbyterians, with the un- 
 derstanding that members of other denominations should have the use 
 of said church when not occupied by the former. From this considera- 
 tion all contributed to the erection of this house of worship, and for 
 many years enjoyed the use of the same for their denominational 
 meetings. In 1860 the Christian church, in the east part of the town, 
 built a commodious frame structure. Some years later the Methodist 
 
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 531 
 
 Episcopal society erected their present house of worship. It is an at- 
 tractive modern frame edifice. In the same year the Unitarian Chris- 
 tian members raised and dedicated their place of worship according to 
 the usages of their society. Following them, in 1872, the Presbyte- 
 rians fabricated a new brick, to take the place of the old frame used in 
 the earlier years. The old building was moved down on main street and 
 refitted for a store-room, and is now occupied by Dr. Naylor for drugs. 
 These facts will indicate to the reader that the society of this vicinity 
 is not without restraining religious influences, which are so very essen- 
 tial for the cultivation of a well regulated community. 
 
 Towering above all is the academy, which stands on an eminence^ 
 on the south of the village. The Darlington Academy was built in 
 1866, at a cost of over $7,000. The appi'opriation was from tbe- 
 township, and private citizens who formed themselves into a stock 
 company for the purpose of instituting and perfecting the enterprise^ 
 The township appropriated $2,200 ; the greater portion of the amount, 
 was secured by the members of the association. Although it is called'. 
 Darlington Academy, it was designed for, and is occupied by, a graded' 
 school. There are four school apartments. It is a three-story building ;: 
 the first and second floors are occupied by the school, third floor is oc- 
 cupied as a Masonic hall. The building committee were Dr. John 
 Revens, Archabold Johnson, Alexander Harper, and James Carson. 
 The first principal employed was Prof. Orear. He was followed by 
 Prof. Abernanthy ; then the place was filled by Prof. J. M. "Wright, 
 who continued in charge of the youth of that section for a number of 
 years. Prof. A. B. Buckley is at present occupying the pbsitiouj 
 assisted by Miss Mary Barker and Miss Ella McNichol. 
 
 SHANNONDALE. 
 
 This village is situated in the southeast corner of Franklin township, 
 on the eastern line, which is also the eastern boundary of Montgomery 
 Bounty, forming the line between ranges 2 and 3 W., and on the main 
 branch of Middle fork, sometimes called Muskrat creek. It was 
 platted May 10, 1851, by Isaac Lane and George A. Woods. There 
 bas been one addition to the original plat. The first goods sold in the 
 rillage were by an old gentleman who carried his first stock and ad- 
 litional supplies in a pair of large leather saddle-bags, from Crawfords- 
 ^ille. The first store of a general assortment of goods was opened by 
 Messrs. Webster and Parny. The present dealer in general merchan- 
 iise is Nathan Shannon. There is a steam saw-mill in the neighbor-^ 
 lood, run by Mr. McClellen. There is an honorable representation of 
 he medical fraternity in the village. Doctors James Shannon, William 
 
532 HISTOET OF MONTGOMEUT COUNTY. 
 
 H. Burris, and Joseph A. Rudder. Mail matter comes but twice a 
 week. The office is under the supervision of Mr. Nathan Shannon. 
 
 The Independent Order of Odd-Fellows have established a lodge in 
 the village for the convenience of members in this vicinity. It was 
 organized under a charter from the Grand Lodge of the State of In- 
 diana. Many of the best citizens of the surrounding country have 
 become identified with this lodge, which is in a prosperous condition, 
 and stands favorably with adjacent lodges of the same order. 
 
 The Presbyterians have an organization here which was in good 
 healthy working condition in the early history of the village, and have 
 built a comfortable house for worship. 
 
 A short distancewest of the village is the noted mound of the pre- 
 historic days, the remains of an ancient lake, and the " Big Boulder," 
 the rural pulpit of the pioneer orators. This was a place of resort in 
 .early times where the people congregated on days of public celebra- 
 tions and listened to the oratorical strains that flowed from the lips of 
 eminent men whose feet pressed the flintj^ rostrum which nature had 
 provided in anticipation of American free speech and public conven- 
 tions ; and the speakers of the occasion had the satisfactory assurance 
 that, whatever element the speeches might lack, they had a substantial 
 foundation. It is quite evident that some mighty force has cleft the 
 rock in twain, but whether bursts of elocutibnary eloquence, or the 
 surges of natural forces has caused the rupture, the state geologist has 
 
 not informed ufe. 
 
 RELIGIOUS SECTS. 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal church has well sustained her reputation 
 for pioneering, by her early work in the forest of Franklin township. 
 There were but few families settled in this part of Montgomery county, 
 and when only a few clearings had been, made in the dense forest the 
 advance guard of Methodism was seen advancing to the great moral 
 " battle of the wilderness." The plainly clad and rugged circuit rider 
 with saddle-bags, carrying books in one side and a few necessary arti- 
 cles of clothing in the other, pushed his way manfully through the 
 heavy forests, forded streams, sometimes following a single path, at 
 other times lost in the wilderness, and had to travel many miles with- 
 out seeing a house, or a break in the dense forest. 
 
 The first preaching was in the small cabio houses that were usually 
 built as small as could be, to meet the demands of the family, one 
 room serving the purpose of kitchen, parlor, sleeping-room and meet- 
 ing house. Preaching was at different hours and days to accommodate 
 the convenience of the circuit rider; usually, however, on week days, 
 as he had to travel hundreds of miles around his circuit, preaching al- 
 
FEANKLIN TOWKSHIP. 533 
 
 most every day, sometimes twice and three times. The farmer would 
 walk for miles, in a path made by the blazing of trees in his way, to these 
 meetings, having left his work, taking gun in hand, that perchance he 
 might shoot a deer or wild turkey on the way. The rifles were 
 stacked in one corner of the room, often at the side of the huge fire- 
 place back of where the preacher stood. After preaching, would be 
 held the old-style class meeting peculiar to early Methodism. The 
 roll would be called, all were marked, the delinquents and sick reported, 
 for whom prayers were offered. After the class meeting, which was 
 mostly an enjoyable occasion, where experience was given, the brethren 
 buckled on their belts, with knife, powder-horn and bullet-pouch, 
 plunged into the tangled woods, and made the best time they could to- 
 ward the little log huts here and there in the forest, some on the 
 banks of a small stream, others near a fountain, where the families of 
 the rugged men were watching anxiously for the coming of the hus- 
 band and father. As related to the writer by an old minister, the win- 
 dows of these cabins were made by removing part of one log, and the 
 space filled with oiled paper held in place by slips of wood, which 
 served a double purpose, to prevent outsiders from looking in as well 
 as giving light to the inmates. But these windows did not give suffi- 
 cient light for the preacher to see to read. So in some of the homes 
 there was part of a log fixed to revolve ; when the minister was ready 
 to read he would turn the log, and the light would come in on his 
 book while reading. At the close of his hymn or chapter he would 
 turn round and close up hjs window to keep the cold out. In the 
 summer and autumn seasons meetings were held out of doors in the 
 shadows of the forest, and before the building of any house of wor- 
 ship within the boundary of Franklin township. A camp ground was 
 located not far from the center of the township, where yearly camp 
 meetings were held, to which many came with their tents and provis- 
 ions from many miles around the county. The influence of one of 
 these old-time camp meetings was felt upon society throughout all cen- 
 tral Indiana. This camp ground was abandoned about the year 1840, 
 IS the society had long since built a commodious house of worship. 
 
 The first Methodist preaching was probably done by Kichard Har- 
 jrave, in the cabin house of Ruben JSTickles, in the vicinity of Dar- 
 ington. The first society of the Methodist Episcopal church was 
 )rganized south of the center of the township some time before 1828. 
 imong the families who entered into this organization, or very soon 
 rfter became members, were Joseph Stewart and family, Isaac Willcox 
 md wife, Thomas Scott and wife, James McClaskey and wife, and 
 Fohn Venosdall and wife. The only member living who went intw 
 
534 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBBT COUNTY. 
 
 the society on its organization is Mrs. Stewart, the wife of Joseph 
 Stewart, who was among the first settlers of this township, and has 
 lived to see all of her associates in this first society pass away. This 
 society built the first Methodist meeting-house in this part of Mont- 
 gomery county in the summer of 1828, on Big Run, which is known 
 as the Salem Church. In the early days of this society the people 
 attended this place of worship from eight and ten miles around. There 
 have gone out from this society a number of young ministers who were 
 consecrated around her altars. Among these we have the pleasure to 
 mention Eev. "Wm. E. Mikles, of North Indiana conference, and Eev. 
 H. O. Hoifman, of the Illinois conference. They were licensed to 
 preach at the same quarterly conference, held at Hopewell church in 
 1856, Eev. John' L. Smith, P.E., and Eev. Wm. Campbell, preacher 
 in charge. There was another licensed at the same time whose name 
 the writer cannot give. Isaac Willcox entered the land on which the 
 house was built, and donated it to the society, of which he was one of 
 the first members. An amusing anecdote is told of this man in the 
 " Sketches and Incidents of Franklin Township," in the following 
 pages. About 1856 the old log house was superseded by a new frame, 
 which was built under the pastoral services of Eev. Wm. Campbell, 
 pastor, and Eev. John L. Smith, P.E., who dedicated the church ac- 
 cording to the usages of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 
 The society at Darlington was organized some time in 1830, and 
 worshiped in a log school-house until about 1841 or 1842, when by a 
 union effort of the New School Presbyterians and the Methodists, a 
 frame edifice was erected for religious purposes, and was occupied by 
 the two societies for nearly thirty years. In 1870 the present church 
 was built, and was dedicated by Bishop Bowman, under the pastoral 
 charge of Eev. James Sphinx. There were appointed as trustees and 
 building committee J. J. Banker, James Hall, E. P. McClaskey, Jack- 
 son Mobg, Henry Hoffman, and Wm. H. H. Smith. The present 
 board of trustees are Wm. H. H. Smith, Montgomery Custer, Dr. J. 
 E. G. Naylor and J. M. HoUingsworth. The present official board of 
 the society are W. H. H. Smith and James McMillan ; A. French, 
 class-leader ; W. H. H. Smith, superintendent of Sabbath-school, and 
 Eev. J. Harrison, pastor. 
 
 The first preaching in Franklin township by ministers of the Presby- 
 terian church was in an early day, in school-houses and private dwellings. 
 There was occasional preaching in the early settlements, of which we have 
 no definite account, and many of the older inhabitants having died whose 
 early membership was Union township, much interesting matter has 
 been lost. There were niembers of both the Old and New Schools of 
 
PKANKLIN TOWKSHIP. 535 
 
 resbyterians. In the northwest part of the township was^ organized 
 le first society, and was associated with the labors of Rev. James 
 3hnson, of Crawfordsville. Between 1845 and 1850 a movement was 
 laugnrated to unite the members of the Presbyterian church in the or- 
 mization of a society in Darlington, and to build a house of worship, 
 here was no church edifice in the village at the time, and it was proposed 
 lat if the community would assist in the erection of the proposed 
 ailding, all Ohris'tian denominations should have the use of the 
 ime. The church was dedicated about 1850, and was the only one in 
 le village until 1860. The Presbyterians and Methodists occupied 
 le same until 1870, when the Methodists built a house for their own 
 3e. The house was built and dedicated under the labors of Kev. 
 ames Johnson, of Crawfordsville. Among the families who entered 
 ito this organization may be mentioned Dr. Higgins and family, Cal- 
 in Armstrong and wife, William Buchanon and wife, M. Irven and 
 imily, Abraham Casner and wife, Robert Gordon and wife, and Mrs. 
 arali Carson. Elders appointed were Calvin Armstrong and Robert 
 rordon. Abraham Casner was made deacon. A union Sabbath-school 
 as organized and continued for two years. The church was served 
 J some eniinent ministers, while part of the time since the organiza- 
 on the pulpit has been vacant, but the church has continued its society 
 leetings. The first pastor who served the society was its founder, the 
 lev. James Johnson, of Ci-awfordsville, who served one year, and was 
 icceeded by Rev. Evens, who continued in the pastorate for one year, 
 'he next pastor. Rev. C. K. Thompson, preached for them five years, 
 'ter which Revs. John L. Martin and R. T. Patterson) rendered oeca- 
 onal service. The Rev. James Gilcrist filled the pastorate in 1872, 
 aring which time the' society built a new place of worship on the site 
 f the old one, which was removed into the business part of the village 
 id refitted for a store-room. The present house is a substantial brick 
 Tucture, finished in modern style. Since the building of the new 
 Duse the church has been under the pastoral care of Rev. James Gil- 
 'ist, as before stated, and Rev. John Hawks, Rev. "W". Loucks, and 
 iev. Steel, whose services closed September 1 880. 
 The church has a Sunday-school organization in good working order, 
 ith promising prosperity. John Hiatt is the present superintendent. 
 The first preaching in Franklin township, according to the prin- 
 ples and manner of teaching of Alexander Campbell, was done by 
 [ichael Combs in the house of John Harland about 1827. He was 
 "terward assisted by his brother. Job Combs, who also rode through 
 le wilderness visiting the homes of the piflneers, and preaching in 
 leir cabins to the few that could be called together to hear the word. 
 
536 HISTORY OF MONTGOMBRT COUNTY. 
 
 A few jears after the first preaching by Mr. Combs, Mr. John Ocane, 
 the great pioneer evangelist of this order of christians, came like a flame 
 of fire through the forest, and kindled a light on many a hearth-stone 
 that has never gone out. The establishment of this branch of christian 
 worshipers was largely through the early labors of this remarkable man. 
 He did his first preaching in this community at the house of John 
 Harland, and also at the house of Geo. W. Harland, in the village of 
 Darlington. Then came John New, the father J. C. New, proprietor 
 of the Indianapolis "Journal." After this came Joseph Gilbreth, 
 William Young, and George Campbell. In the meantime a society 
 had been constituted in Union township, to which those of the faith 
 about the village belonged. After their numbers increased until they 
 could sustain an organization a church was erected in Darlington, Jan- 
 uary 23, 1864, during the labors of Elder James Davis, of Thorntown. 
 The families who became members of the first society were William 
 Harland and family ; J. H. Ramey and family ; Daniel Daugherty and 
 family; A. Perkin and wife; S. Peterson and wife; Solomon Peter- 
 son and wife ; and Harrison McDaniel and wife. These, with some 
 others whose names we cannot give at this writing, were the constitu- 
 tional members of the Darlington society. 
 
 The first board of officers was composed of three elders, two dea- 
 cons, and clerk. Euling elder, Daniel Daugherty, assisted by Wm. 
 Harland, and Thomas Lackey, deacons ; John H. Ramey, acting church 
 clerk. 
 
 The place of worship was commenced in 1860, and finished in the 
 next year. It is a frame, 34x48, constructed by Willian G. Harland, 
 and dedicated by Rev. Samuel Auterman, under the pastoral labors of 
 Elder Joseph Galbreth. The board of trustees were Silas Peterson, 
 John H. Ramey, and William Harland ; board of elders, Wm. G. Har- 
 land (senior elder), Thomas Lackey, Wm. Hayes, and John Guntle; 
 deacons, George W. Booker, James Wisehart ; and Richard C. Jack- 
 man, clerk. 
 
 The Unitarian Christian church was organized and a house of wor- 
 ship built in 1856, three miles southeast of Darlington. This society 
 bad a commanding influence in the community among many of the 
 leading families of early settlers, and dates its origin to the labors of 
 Rev. John Ocane and others, who were the founders of the denomina- 
 tion above mentioned, for their rise was identical and associated with 
 the same causes and influences. The distinctive causes giving rise to 
 the church under consideration were of more recent origin in this 
 vicinity. During the rfebellion dissensions arose which resulted in a 
 division of the society. In 1864 the church building, which had be- 
 
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 637 
 
 jme a bone of contention, was burned, and the society left destitute 
 f a place of worship. That division known as the " Union party " 
 lade provisions for a new house. It was built in Darlington during 
 le summer of 1870, in which they reorganized and continued their 
 burch services. That part of the membership that remained at Center 
 rrove purchased the church building belonging to the United Brethren, 
 'his house stands in the neighborhood of the one burned. Here the 
 lembers still worship. 
 
 The Lutheran church was represented in this township before there 
 fas a local organization by Rev. Dr. E. Eudisill, who was the first 
 linister of this order who preached within the bounds of what is now 
 mbraced in Franklin township. He preached in a log school-house 
 wo miles east of Darlington. Then came Rev. Hinkle, who preached 
 1 the same house, and visited the families who had been educated 
 nder Lutheran teaching before emigrating to this township. We 
 3gret that we cannot give the exact date of the formation of the' first 
 3ciety, but it was at a very early day in the history of the township, 
 imong the families entering into the first organized society were 
 )und some of the old settlers of the neighborhood : John Booker and 
 imily, Jacob Booker and family, Gurdeanis Booker and wife, John 
 runtle and family, and Samuel Deck and family ; Samuel Hawton 
 od wife united soon after with others. This society was under the 
 ibors of Eev. E. Rudisell. The church has been served by Eev. Fair- 
 hild, Eev. John P. Livengood, and Eev. Stimwaltz. Eev. Lowery 
 I now serving the people as pastor. The society built a frame church 
 nder the services of the founder, and in that day was regarded as 
 ither extraordinarily fine. 
 
 The order of the Society of Friends constituted a church when the 
 )wnship was yet a wilderness. There were two neighborhoods of 
 'riends. The first was settled in the southwest corner of the town- 
 lip, on Sec. 30. The society was composed of pioneei' families who 
 ime from Yirginia, South Carolina and Kentucky. Among them are 
 )nnd the names of Peoples, Bradfords and Eice, Isaac Cadwalader, 
 Ir. Hudson, and Levi Middleton. Their place of worship was erected 
 )me time before 1830, some old citizens put it as early as 1826. A 
 :hool-house was built near the churdi, in which a denominational 
 jhool was founded, efficient teachers employed, and especial attention 
 iven to education. 
 
 The Darlington Society of Friends is associated in its formation and 
 istory with the descendants of Jeramiah Cox, who entered land in the 
 sction in which the village was afterward located, but died before 
 migrating to his new purchase. His sons, Enoch and Benjamin Cox, 
 
538 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 settled on the land. They, with other prominent families, organized 
 a society, and built a meeting-house one mile east of Darlington, a 
 frame, divided into two apartments, separated by a folding door, to be 
 opened in case of special need, with three doors in each room from the 
 outside. Connected with this movement were Enoch Oox and family, 
 Benjamin Cox and family, Jesse Ourzey and wife, Joseph Moffit and 
 family, and Henry Picket and family. The building is still standing, 
 and occupied for religious services of the society. It is beautifully lo- 
 cated on the gravel pike from Darlington to Thornton, one of the most 
 pleasant drives in the county, and is surrounded by a forest, grove, a 
 level and grassy plat. On the same plat a school-house was built and 
 used for a number of years, but is now dilapidated and abandoned. 
 
 The church of United Brethren was organized in this township 
 about 1857, in Sec. 12, and built their house of worship near the line 
 dividing Montgomery and Boone counties, known as the Brier Creek 
 Church. Among the prominent men of this society, in the first years of 
 its history, may be mentioned William A. Endicott and James Vale, 
 who are now dead, and William Booker and James Cooper. The 
 church is at present under the pastoral labors of Rev. Gleze. The 
 presiding elder is Rev. 'Hew. This society has been zealous in its 
 efforts for the general good of the community. 
 
 The same year (1857) in which this house was built, another so- 
 ciety was formed, and a house built near the center of the township, at 
 Center Grove. This was connected with the former as one pastoral 
 charge for a number of years. About 1864 or 1865 the Center Grove 
 building was sold to the Unitarian Christian Society, the members re- 
 moving their membership to the first, or Brier Creek Church, as the 
 distance between the two places of worship did not justify the continua- 
 tion of both bodies. The members of the United Brethren church, in 
 Franklin township, belong to the Brier Creek Society. 
 
 The Free Will Baptist church was formed in August, 1833, in the 
 cabin home of William Mikles, three miles south of east of where 
 Darlington now stands, at the place known as Center Grove. The 
 families who enlisted in this work were William Mikles and 
 family, Thomas Mikles and family, Joal Mikles and family, Abra- 
 ham Naylor and wife, William Sutton and family, and others. This 
 society was constituted a church by the ministration of Rev. J. 
 B. Austin and Rev. Swim. These ministers were probably the first 
 of the denomination who preached within the bounds of this town- 
 ship. At the same meeting when the church was organized William 
 Mikles was ordained minister in the church, and served in this capacity 
 for several years. This society never built a house for worship ; they 
 
PBANKLIlSr TOWNSHIP. 539 
 
 met in private cabins of the members until the Mikles school-house 
 was built, when they removed their services to this place, which soon 
 became known as the Baptist center for this part- of Montgomery 
 county. 
 
 After many years of prosperity the society declined, and on the or- 
 ganization of the Christian society, which was rather an oflFspring of 
 the same, they disbanded and have never since been known as a Bap- 
 tist society. There are good citizens of Franklin township who owe 
 much to the influences of this church in forming their characters in 
 childhood. 
 
 LODOES AND SOCIETIES. 
 
 There is a lodge of Freemasons- in the village of Darlington. 
 The regular communication is on the night of the second Saturday be-, 
 fore full moon. They have fitted up a commodious lodge-room in the 
 Academy building, which stands on an elevation on the south side of 
 the village, and, the hall being situated on the third floor of the build- 
 ing, the lodge occupies an exalted' and retired position, where none can 
 "molest or make afraid," while their light shines down upon the 
 peaceable villages below. The present officers are Alaxander Hai-per, 
 W.M. ; Mr. Smith, S.W. ; Mr. Deb. Deadham, J.W. ; J. H. Stewart, 
 Sec. ; Reuben Faust, Treas. ; and J. A. Booker, Tyler. We regret 
 that we are unable to give a satisfactory history of fclie origin and prog- 
 ress of this lodge, for it is worthy and is represented by some of the 
 best men in Darlington community. It was preceded by a former 
 lodge that was chartered about 1840 or 1845, but after a historic life 
 of some years it was discontinued. We have no facts respecting this 
 pioneer lodge. The present lodge is an independent organization from 
 the one of former days. 
 
 The Glenn Lodge, No. 149, of Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, 
 was organized under charter granted July 20, 1854. The following 
 gentlemen were the charter members to whom the above was issued, 
 and who entered into the formation of this lodge, which was effected 
 about August 1, 1854, namely : H. J. Webster, John J. Walker, G. D. 
 Rutledge, James Palmer, and G. W. Sutton. The officers elected for 
 the first term at the same meeting of the organization were H. J. 
 Webster, N.G. ; G. D. Eutledge, V.G. ; R. A. Williamson, Sec. ; G. 
 W. Sutton, Treas. The present officers are W. H. H. Smith, IS.G. ; 
 John McCaw, Y.G. ; W. S. Hubbard, Sec, and Taylor Hubbard, 
 Treas. There is also a lodge of the same order in the village of 
 Shannpndale, in the southeast corner of the township, that is in a 
 flourishing condition and sustained by many influential citizens of the 
 village and adjacent neighborhoods. These two orders or lodges have 
 
540 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 administered much to the relief of the suflfering of her members and 
 their families, and has well sustained the reputation she has long had 
 in other parts of the country. 
 
 A lodge of Good Templars was organized in Darlington in 1878, 
 but have -discontinued their meetings and left the community without 
 a temperance organization. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. ' 
 
 Kobert C. Craig, farmer and stock raiser, Mace, came to this county 
 in 1825, from Kentucky, when six years old, having been born in Har- 
 rison county, that state, on June 11, 1819. His parents, Kobert and 
 Ann (Newell) Craig, on coming here, settled in Franklin township on 
 the farm now owned by John Hutchings. His father was born in 
 South Carolina, and was of Irish descent, while his mother, who was 
 of Welsh parentage, was a native of Pennsylvania. Mr. Craig received 
 the rudiments of his education at one of the early schools, his teachers 
 heing Ben. Kistine and Robert Gordon. In 1843 he made a trip to 
 Lynn county, Iowa, after a wife, and there married Miss Mary E. 
 Downing, a young lady with whom he had become acquainted in this 
 county. They have had nine children, only four of whom are now 
 alive : Robert S., Armenia, Franklin T. and Henry A. His farm of 
 200 acres, which h% improved and worked for, he has divided among 
 his children, leaving himself 70 acres. He is a prominent man in the 
 township, and has filled the office of trustee for several terms, and at 
 present is candidate on the independent ticket for sherifi, he being one 
 of the leading members of that party in the county. He is also a 
 member of the Independent Order of Odd-Fellows, and through life 
 has been a consistent member of the Methodist church. 
 
 Robert A. Craig, farmer and stock raiser, Darlington. Among the 
 early settlers of this part of the county the Craig family ranks among 
 the first. The father of the subject of this biography having arrived 
 here with his parents in 1823, from Kentucky, settled on the Nobles- 
 ville road, and endured all the privations of pioneer life. Mr. R. A. 
 Craig's parents, Hugh N. and Lucy (Brockman) Craig, were both born 
 in Kentucky, and married in this county in 1826, their family consist- 
 ing of three children : Marshall H. (now deceased), Elizabeth A., now 
 living in Iowa, and Robert A. Mr. Craig received his education at 
 the old log school-house, and during his life has been engaged prin- 
 cipally in agricultural puruits, and is now one of the most enterprising 
 and extensive fanners in this township. During the war he was con- 
 scripted and went into camp for ten days, when he hired a substitute. 
 On January 8, 1853, he married Miss Lydia Martz, whose parents were 
 
BEANKLIN TOWKSHIP. 541 
 
 old settlers in this part of the county, the result of this union being a 
 family of six children : Vincent E., Alma C, Isaac W., Johnny W., 
 Mary E. and Eva A. Mr. Craig was born June 1, 1833, in this town- 
 ship, and for the last five years has been a member of the Presbyterian 
 church. In politics he is a member of the democratic party. His farm 
 residence is beautifully situated, and is 32x38 feet, with an L 15x52 
 feet, in height, one and a half stories. His barn, one of the largest in 
 the township, is 40 X 75 feet. 
 
 Dr. John H. Currie, physician, Darlington, is the son of Providence 
 M. and Amanda (Hill) Currie, the former a native of Pennsylvania, 
 the latter of New Jersey, who settled in Crawfordsville in 1822, at that 
 time consisting of onlj-^ two houses, on Main street. The doctor was 
 born there August 7, 1828, and is now the oldest native citizen of 
 Crawfordsville alive. He received his early education at the log 
 school-house, and later at Thorntown, under William Ferguson. His 
 preceptors in medicine were Doctors Thomas Currie and Mahlon 
 •Harrington, at Crawfordsville, the former, his uncle, being one of the 
 earliest physicians in the city, having succeeded Dr. Teaman, who was 
 the first. Medicine has been his lifelong study, beginning practice at 
 Pleasant Hill in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Iowa, where he attended 
 the medical school at Keokuk, and graduated in 1853-4. He removed 
 in the fall of 1856 to Missouri, where he engaged in practice until 
 
 1865, when he returned to Montgomery county, finally locating, in 
 
 1866, in Darlington, where he has since continued to reside, engaged 
 in his professional duties. In 1849 he married Miss Achsah Thomp- 
 son, daughter of Daniel and Lucy (Nicholls) Thompson, who came to 
 this county at an early date. The fruit of this union is a family of two 
 sons and one daughter: Thomas E.., born November 14, 1853; Lucy 
 A., born January 22, 1860 ; Sterling P., born February 14, 1865. The 
 Currie family is originally from Greece, from which country they re- 
 moved to Scotland at an early date, remaining for one generation there. 
 In 1768 four brothers, the originators of the family in this country, 
 emigrated to Philadelphia, and some years later his great-grandfather 
 returned to Scotland, leaving his son, the grandfather of the subject of 
 this sketch, in the eastern states. After the close of the revolutionary 
 war his grandfather came west, and settled at Columbus, Ohio, where 
 he married a widow, Mrs. Sarah Reagan, by whom he had a family of 
 ten children, Providence M. being the youngest. The average ages of 
 the ten members of this family is eighty-three years, one of the doc- 
 tor's aunts still living, at the age of one hundred and thirteen j'ears. 
 Grandfather Carrie served in the revolutionary war, his commission as 
 chaplain being now in the possession of Mr. Charles W. McCIure. His 
 
542 HISTORY OF MOHTTGOMBRT COUNTY. 
 
 father served, during the war of 1812, under Gen. Harrison, his uncle 
 having also served as sergeant under Zach. Taylor. In politics the 
 doctor affiliates with the democratic party, being the only one of the 
 family which does. 
 
 Jesse M'Oallister, farmer, Shannondale, was born on March 12,, 
 1810, in what is now known as Boyle county, Kentucky, it being 
 named at the time of his birth Mercer county. On December 24, 
 1829, he came to Crawfordsville, then only a small place, from Madi- 
 son, on foot, the snow being over two feet deep, and with only thirty- 
 seven and one-half cents in his pocket. He at once went to work, and 
 in the following spring (1830) rolled logs for thirty-one days in suc- 
 cession, Sundays not excepted. He helped to raise the first log court- 
 house at Crawfordsville, and also assisted in constructing the second log 
 school-house in the county, which was erected where Elmore's ware- 
 house now stands. During early life he cut great quantities pf wood 
 for twenty-five cents per cord, and split thousands of rails at thirty- 
 seven and one-half cents a hundred. On April 3, 1833, he married- 
 Miss Ruth M'Oafferty, daughter of Richard and Lydia M'Cafiferty, 
 who came to this county in 1818, being among the very first arrivals. 
 His wife was born in Ross county, Ohio, June 17, 1808. During the 
 greater portion of his life Mr. M'Oallister has engaged in farming, and 
 cleared off over 100 acres of land before he ever owned any, and has ac- 
 quired his property by ceaseless industry, close economy, and good 
 judgment. He has engaged largely in handling stock, and for the last 
 eighteen years has been employed in practicing law. His family con- 
 sists of three children : David V., born May 15, 1841 ; Marshall S., 
 September 29, 1842, and Sarah Ann, February 17, 1845. Of one 
 thing Mr. M'Oallister is particularly proud, that is of his first vote, 
 which he gave for Jackson, and has never varied from that since, never 
 having cast a vote for a republican in his life. He is a member of the 
 Darlington lodge A.F. and A.M., and his wife and daughter are 
 members of Salem Methodist Episcopal church. 
 
 William Cox, Darlington, was born in Richmond, "Wayne county, 
 July 23, 1814, his parents, Jeremiah and Catharine (Morrison) Cox, 
 being natives of North Carolina, and settled in Wayne county at an 
 early date, subsequently removing to Randolph county, this state, 
 where his father died in 1829. In the fall of 1829, the four boys, Rob- 
 ert, William, Samuel, and John, accompanied by their widowed 
 mother, emigrated to Montgomery county, locating on the present site 
 of Darlington, the land having been bought by their father, who made 
 a trip to this vicinity previous to his death. Here they endured all 
 the privations incident to pioneer life, and assisted largely in laying 
 
FKANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 543 
 
 the. foundation of the present prosperity of this part of the county. 
 The subject of our memoir received his education at the pioneer log 
 school-house of the period, and spent the greater part of his life in ag- 
 ricultural pursuits. The original piece of land left him by his father, 
 consisting of 160 acres, has been steadily added to, until now he owns 
 nearly 500 acres of splendid farming land in the county. He is also 
 owner of the large flouring-mill west of Darlington which stands on 
 the site of the first mill erected in this vicinity ; this occurred in 1831. 
 The present mill building is 30x50 feet, three stories in height, the 
 grinding being accomplished by two run of burrs driven by water 
 power. In 1835 he married Miss Hannah Pickett, a daughter of one 
 of the early pioneers, and has two sons, Ira and Albert, and one daugh- 
 ter Emily, a talented and accomplished young lady. Mr. Oox is es- 
 sentially a self-made man, and fitly represents that class of which this 
 county has so many honorable examples, starting out with little but 
 own strong arms, yet by persevering industry and good management 
 he has acquired a position in the front rank of business men. During 
 all his life he has been a member of the society of Friends, and has 
 taught his family the same practical Christianity and morality. In 
 politics he is attached to the republican party. It would be impossi- 
 ble to give a full history of this family without detailing the history of 
 all this neighborhood, so the further particulars will be found in the 
 general history of Franklin township. 
 
 Capt. E. P. M'Olaskey, farmer, Darlington, is a native of this town- 
 ship, and is now residing on the farm upon which he was born. His 
 parents, James and Nancy (Poague) M'Olaskey, are natives of Ken- 
 tucky, the former having come with his parents to "Washington county, 
 Indiana, when twelve years old. From there they removed to Mont- 
 gomery county, settling, in the fall of 1830, in Franklin" township. 
 Mr. M'Olaskey obtained his education at the early schools of the 
 neighborhood during the winter months until he reached his twenti- 
 eth year when he went to school-teaching, which he followed for five 
 or six years, educating himself at the same time. In the fall of 1863 
 he enlisted in the 120th Ind. reg., and was elected first lieutenant 
 of Co. B, and' shortly afterward was promoted to the captaincy. He 
 served with the regiment at Resaca, and in the Atlanta campaign, dur- 
 ing a hundred days the regiment was either engaged or within sound 
 of the firing ; at the battles of Franklin and Nashville, then from 
 "Washington to North Carolina, where they took part in the battle of 
 Kinston and met Sherman at Rolla. He stayed in North Carolina 
 until January 1866, when he was discharged. On leaving the army 
 he returned home and went to farming. On April 30, 1857, he mar- 
 
544 HISTORY OF MOKTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ried Miss Elizabeth Cox, daughter of Elijah Cox, on old settler in Dar- 
 lington. She died August 24, 1860, leaving one son, John, who died 
 of typhoid fever in Kansas, where he was engaged in making a farm. 
 In May, 1870, he married Miss Atlanta Harland, daughter of William 
 G. Harland, who located on the present site of Darlington in 1824; 
 the result of which union is a family of two sons, William and Joe. 
 Mr. M'Claskey represented the county in legislature during the ses- 
 sion of 1867, and since that time has served one term as township 
 trustee. He is a leading member of the I.O.O.F., and in politics is a 
 republican. 
 
 Russell B. Watkins, farmer and stock raiser, Darlington, is the son 
 of George and Rebecca (Kelly) Watkins. The family is of Welsh and 
 Scotch descent, three branches of it having come to this country at an 
 early period, one of which located in Pennsylvania, another on James 
 river, Virginia, and the third in Baltimore, Maryland. From the lat- 
 ter Mr. Watkins traces his descent. From Baltimore the family came 
 west, his grandfather locating at Maysville Station in the early settle- 
 ment of Kentucky, and afterward removed to Lexington Station, where 
 his mother was born. His uncle Charles, who was a hunter and well 
 known Indian j&ghter, was killed by the aborigines at Frankfort, Ken- 
 tucky. His father was born at Topseka Falls, Maryland, and here his 
 grandfather, who was a stone-mason, helped to build the Elicot mills, 
 at which the first steel forge was erected. On account of slavery his 
 parents left the south and settled in Montgomery csounty, Ohio, about 
 1805 or 1806, where they bought land of Judge Sims, of Cincinnati, 
 the government at that time only disposing of the land in large tracts. 
 While the family were resident in this state the subject of this memoir 
 was born in January, 1826, and the family remained here until 1831, 
 when they removed to Montgomery county, Indiana, settling in Scott 
 township. Tlie party which accompanied them from Ohio numbered 
 twenty-seven persons, and consisted of friends and relatives, among 
 them being Daniel Watkins, who was the pioneer preacher of the 
 Methodist denomination in this county, and conducted the first camp 
 meeting in Franklin township, and was the organizer and first/preacher 
 of the congregation now known as Salem Methodist Episcopal church, 
 of which a full history appears in the history of this township. In 
 1852 Mr. Watkins removed to this vicinity and married Miss Scott, 
 daughter of Mr. Thomas Scott, one of the pioneers of this neighbor- 
 hood, who arrived here in 1825 and entered the land upon which Mr. 
 Watkins now resides. The marriage ceremony was performed by 
 Rev. E. A. Hazen, at that time pastor of the Salem church. The re- 
 sult of this union was a family of two daughters, Evangeline 'and D. 
 
John Beard 
 
 foECEASEoJ 
 
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. , 545 
 
 Josephine, both of whom are now married and reside in Crawfords- 
 ville. Mrs. Watkins was born in this township, and here her father 
 died iu his fifty-seventh year. Mr.Watkins is a member of the I.O.O.F. 
 and has been connected with the Methodist Episcopal church all his 
 life, and is a prominent member of the republican party. 
 
 Isaac Booher, farmer, Darlington, came in 1834 from Sullivan 
 county, Tennessee, with his parents, John and Margaret (Zimerly) 
 Booher, their family consisting of Benjamin (deceased), John J., now 
 in Illinois ; William K., Nathaniel, Nathan, Isaac, Elkanah, Jonathan, 
 Sylvanus, Mary, Margaret, and Catherine, all of whom arrived at man- 
 hood and womanhood. Arriving hera, his parents settled in the green 
 woods, a short distance from his present residence, and made a farm 
 out of the wilderness, raising their children around them, the subject 
 of this history being only eight years old at the date of the settlemetit 
 here. His early education was acquired at the pioneer log school 
 house, which was situated on Isaac Cox's land, his teacher being James 
 D' Spain. Throughout his life he has been engaged in agricultural 
 pursuits, yet being a natural mechanic he turned his attention a good 
 xleal in that direction, during his spare moments, which were, however, 
 very few. His well improved farm of eighty acres is the result of »his 
 own labor, it being, when he bought it, covered with heavy timber, 
 all of which he has cleared and brought to its present high state of 
 cultivation, through unremitting toil. The house is of brick, and is a 
 neflt and commodious residence, comfortably furnished, while the 
 grounds around it are tastefully laid out, bearing evidence of careful 
 attention. The other farm buildings are substantial and in keeping 
 with the other improvements. In 1850 he was married to Miss Mary 
 Booher, daughter of G. Booher, another of the pioneers of this neigh- 
 borhood, the union resulting in the birth of pne son, Maroellus, who 
 is now married. Throughout his life Mr. Booher has been a consistent 
 member of the Lutheran church, and, like all the rest of the Booher 
 family, is a solid member of the old democratic party. 
 
 Silas Hiatt, farmer and stock raiser, Darlington, is the oldest per- 
 son now living who was born in the county. His parents, John and 
 Sarah (Kenworthy), were natives of North Carolina, where they were 
 married, and removed at an early date to Ohio, from which state they 
 came to Union township, Montgomery county, where the subject of 
 this memoir wajS born, August 5,1823. His maternal great-grand- 
 father came to America from London previous to the revolutionary 
 war, and served throughout the whole campaign, his grandmother, 
 hiding the valuables in the soap barrel to prevent the soldiers carrying 
 them off. During his youth the Indians were still in this part of the 
 35 
 
546 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 country, and when qnite a little fellow he can recollect of witnessing 
 the exodus of the aborigines, there being a body of over 300 horsemen, 
 beside the other members of the tribe, all dressed in gorgeous style, 
 and presenting a gay appearance. He received his early education at 
 the pioneer log school-house, his tutor being Jedediah Bowles. Col. 
 Clark was his companion, and sat on the same split pole bench. The 
 education here received was very limited, having only attended in all 
 nine months, but during his after life he has studied and* improved him- 
 self greatly. He has followed farming since he reached his eighth year, 
 and has just passed through his forty-third harvest. Ho married, in 
 1843, Miss Elizabeth Kashner, whose father was one of the early, set- 
 tlers of this neighborhood. His first wife having died, he, in 1848, mar- 
 ried Miss Elzira Booher, whose parents arrived here about 1830. By 
 the latter union there is a family of seven children : Eleanor, Ira, El- 
 vira, Clara, Lydia, Belle, and William. Mr. Hiatt now has a splendid 
 farm of 100 acres, well improved and in general good shape, the result 
 of his own industry and thrift. He is a member of the I.O.O.F., and 
 trustee of the lodge, and in politics is connected with the i-fepublican 
 party. 
 
 Jonathan A. Booher, farmer, Darlington, was born in east Tennes-' 
 see, March 3, 1833, and came to this county with his parents, John 
 and Margaret Booher, when quite a babe, in -November 1834. On 
 coming here the family settled in Sec. 3, on the farm which Mr. Booher 
 now owns, and here he was raised, receiving his education at the pio- 
 neer log school-house, which stood on Isaac Cox's land, his first teacher 
 being "William Miller. In 1854 he married Miss Phebe Martin, a na- 
 tive of Ohio. This union resulted in a family of seven children : Re- 
 becca Ellen, William S., Daniel Vorhees, Newton Alexander, Eeuben 
 E., Sarah Millina, and Minnie May. The old barn which was built in 
 1837 is still in use. Mr. Booher is a prominent member of the Lutheran 
 church, and also of the Masonic fraternity. Throughout his life he has 
 been attached to the democratic party. 
 
 Samuel T. Miller, farmer, Shannondale, the son of William and 
 Cassandra (Ross) Miller, was born in Bath county, Kentucky, in March 
 1829. The family is of Scotch and Irish descent. His parents came to 
 Wayne township, Montgomery county, in 1836, and here he spent 
 his youth and obtained his education in the educational establishments 
 of that period. In 1853 he was married, in the same neighborhood, to 
 Miss Harriet Applegate, whose parents were old settlers in the county, 
 having arrived in Crawfordsville when it only consisted of a few log 
 cabins. The result of this union is a family of nine children : Sylvanus 
 M., Mary O., John W., Eheni C, Willie C, Emma O., Samuel H., 
 
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 547 
 
 Otto L. and Charlie K. Throughout his life Mr. Miller has been en- 
 gaged in agricultural pursuits, and by his industry, perseverance and 
 energy has worked his way upward. His farm of ninety acres is in a 
 high state of cultivation, and well improved. His residence is situated 
 on one of the finest sites in the township, on the side of a large mound, 
 which has attracted the attention of many geologists. He has been a 
 life-long member of the Methodist Episcopal church, and is now one 
 of the leading members of Salem congregation in this township. In poli- 
 tics he is a prominent member of the republican party, and is connected 
 with the detective company of this township. 
 
 Dr. J. J. Shannon, physician, Shannondale, was born in Woodford 
 county, Kentucky, February 17, 1825, where his parents, David A. 
 and Nancy (Alexander) Shannon, were married, and removed with 
 them to Indiana in September, 1836, settling in Farkersburg, Scott- 
 township. His father occupied a prominent position in Kentucky ;:. 
 was a member of the convention in 1851 at which the constitu- 
 tion was amended. The town of Shannondale was surveyed ^by the- 
 doctor's father, and named after him. Dr. Shannon received his edu- 
 cation at the district school, and until eighteen worked on the farm.. 
 In 1845 be began the study of medicine, and spent two years with Dr, 
 H. Labarlee, of Ladoga. He then removed to Beckville, where he re- 
 mained three years, and at the end of that time settled in Shannondale, 
 where he has since continued to reside. He married Miss Hester E. 
 Falmer, and has a family of six children : Cornelia E., born March 20, 
 1853; George W., born August 3, 1855; Charles D., August 1, 1858 ; 
 Edward Z., February 23, 1861 ; Lizzie P., March, W, 1864 ; May B.,, 
 December 17, 1871. Mrs. Shannon was born April 25, 1834, in New 
 York. Her mother, Hester Falmer, died January 1, 1864. His father 
 died August 13, 1870, and his mother June 28, 1880. The doctor is a 
 member of the I.O.O.F., and takes great interest in Shannondale Lodge,, 
 of which, he was the originator and organizer, and still takes great in- 
 terest in its welfare. In politics he is a member of the democratic 
 party. 
 
 James "Wesley Tribbett, stock raiser (Maple Grove stock farm), Dar- 
 lington, is the son of James and Sarah (Gibbons) Tribbett, natives of 
 Virginia, who moved from Woodstock, where they were married, to- 
 Preble county, Ohio, where they remained for nine years. In 1826- 
 they came to Montgomery county, Indiana, by wagon, and located in: 
 Franklin township, and erected their cabin, which building is still' 
 standing on the old homestead, of which Mr. Tribbett is now the- 
 owner. In this old cabin the subject of this memoir was born, August. 
 11, 1836, and has continued to reside in this neighborhood. He re- 
 
548 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ceived his education at the log school-house one mile east of his resi- 
 dence, his teacher being "William Miller. During life he has been en- 
 gaged in agriculture, and for the last fifteen years has turned his 
 attention principally to raising stock, in which he has been very suc- 
 cessful. His residence presents a fine appearance from the road, situ- 
 ated in a beautiful park dotted with large forest trees, in the shade of 
 which recline his herd of deer. On September 1, 1859, he was mar- 
 ried to Miss Ehoda Booher, whose grandfather,. Elisha Ken worthy, was 
 one of the first settlers in Union township. They have one son, Clark, 
 who was born July 22, 1860. He takes great interest in obtaining all 
 kinds' of relics, and has a splendid collection of archaeological speci- 
 mens. Mr. Tribbett's farm now consists of 160 acres of splendid land, 
 and embraces the original homestead, all of which he has acquired by 
 his own efforts. His father was born September 18, 1788, and died 
 here September 7, 1866. His mother, who was born September 12, 
 1791, also died )iere October 28, 1872. His father's family consisted 
 of nine children, all of whom reached adult age. His brother, Robert, 
 who enlisted in Co. E, 87th Ind. reg., was killed at the battle of Chick- 
 amauga. Mr. Tribbett is a member of A.F. and A.M., and in politics 
 is republican. 
 
 Samuel Nelson, blacksmith, Darlington, is a native of North Caro- 
 lina, having been born in Guilford county, that state, in 1832. When 
 he was two years old his father, Peter Nelson, removed to Iroquois 
 county, Blinois, where they only remained a short time. He then re- 
 turned to Indiana, settling in Montgomery county, where he died in 
 1835. The subject of our memoir was bound out February, 1836, to 
 Isaac Kich, and with him remained until he reached his eighteenth 
 year, working on the farm. He then served an apprenticeship to the 
 blacksmith business in Clark township, and since has followed that 
 craft. On April 11, 1855, he married Miss Susan Ashby, a daughter 
 of one of the earliest settlers in Clark township, a full account of which 
 settlement will be found in the history of that township. His family 
 consisted of nine children, of whom four are now alive, Dulcina F., 
 Minneola, Thomas H. and Edmund W. Those deceased are Susan R., 
 John F., Henry L., Austin L. and Olily N., the last three dying within 
 three days of each other. Henry L., who died in his twenty-second 
 year, was a young man of fine natural ability, and gave promise of 
 making his mark in the world, but the Almighty saw fit to remove 
 him and take him to himself. In 1868 Mr. Nelson came to Darling- 
 ton, where he has since continued in the blacksmith business. He is 
 attached to the republican party. 
 
 Dr. I. E. G. Naylor, physician, Darlington. Prominent among the 
 
FBANKLIK TOWNSHIP. 549 
 
 early settlers and professional men stands the name of Dr. Naylor, 
 whose life has been a busy one, and the positions he has filled greatly 
 varied in character. Teacher, printer, editor, saw-miller, merchant, drug- 
 gist and physician, all have known him, and in all he has made his 
 mark. He was born in Charlestown, Clark county, Indiana, October 
 9, 1819, his parents, Charles B. and Lydia (Gano) Naylor, being natives 
 of Frankfort, Kentucky, who emigrated to Clark county in 1799. 
 When the subject of this memoir was seven years old his parents re- 
 moved to Salem, and there remained until 1832, and during his resi- 
 dence here he served an apprenticeship as printer with Ebenezer Pat- 
 rick. From Salem lie went to Danville, then after a four years' resi- 
 dence, to Crawfordsville, where he obtained employment in the "Rec- 
 ord " oflBce, at that time edited by I. F. Wade. In 1841 he came to 
 Darlington and remained there until 1843, having taught the second 
 school in town, at that time in its infancy. Next we find him back in 
 his native town, in 1843, editing the " Clark County Mirror," and en- 
 gaged in the practice of medicine. On leaving Charlestown the second 
 time he settled in Camden, where he practiced professionally for a short 
 period. His next removal was to Darlington, where he still resides, 
 engaged in the management of his large drug establishment, and at- 
 tending to the extensive and lucrative practice which he has built up 
 by his skill and industry. In 1845, while at a camp meeting, he became 
 acquainted with Miss Calista W. Huffman, a young lady, who, with her 
 father, Mr. Peter Huffman, had just arrived from New York. The ac- 
 quaintance thus formed soon ripened into love, and in the same year 
 he led her to the altar. The result of this union is a family of ten 
 children: Charles, who died at Bowling Green, Kentucky, while in 
 the 86th Ind. reg. ; George, Kossuth (deceased), Ida, Ellen, Fanny 
 (deceased), Tamson, Hattie and John, and one who died in infancy. 
 In 1848 the doctor edited the " Delphi Herald," and during the war 
 was active in raising recruits for the army, and served as assistant 
 surgeon in Col. Rice's regiment, which was raised at Lafayette to ope- 
 rate against Morgan. He is a member of the I.O.O.F., and of the 
 Methodist church, and in politics is independent. 
 
 Dr. Thomas J. Griffith, physician, Darlington, one of the leading 
 professional men in this part of the county, is a native of Clinton 
 county, this state, having been born there April 2, 1837. His parents, 
 Thornton and Mary (Hall) Griffith, were married in Montgomery 
 county in 1836, the latter having come to this county from South Caro- 
 lina in 1826. His father, who was a native of Pennsylvania, was a de- 
 scendant of an old Welsh family, as the name implies, the first mem- 
 bers of which arrived in this country about 1630. According to the 
 
550 HIBTOEY OF MOKTGOMBRT COUNTY. 
 
 family tradition two brother^ came from Wales about that time and 
 landed in Massachusetts, subsequently settling in Pennsylvania, where 
 their descendants acquired large landed and mill interests on the 
 Brandywine river, which were, however, lost to the family at the close 
 of the revolutionary war. After their marriage the doctor's parents 
 removed to Clinton county, where they continued to reside until 1846. 
 when they returned to Montgomery county and located at Crawfords- 
 ville for four years, when they moved to a farm northeast of the city. 
 Here they lived for sixteen years, then removed to Darlington, where, 
 on June 24, 1869, Mr. Thornton Griffith died. During his youth Dr. 
 Griffith worked on his father's farm, and received his early education 
 at Crawfordsville, and on the breaking out of the war enlisted in the 
 135th Ind. reg., where he served as commissary sergeant. On return- 
 ing from the war he studied medicine with Dr. J. S. McClelland, of 
 Crawfordsville, for some years, and graduated at Miami Medical Col- 
 lege, Cincinnati, in 1867, beginning practice at Darlington in May of 
 the same year. On October 4, 1871, Dr. Griffith married at Madison, 
 Jefferson county. Miss Martha E. Hutchings, M.D., daughter of John 
 and Elizabeth (Cravens) Hutchings, old settlers of Clark county. Mrs. 
 Griffith is a lady of fine education, a graduate of the Woman's Medical 
 College of Pennsylvania, and ranks high in the profession to which 
 she has devoted her talents. They have one son, James Barton, born 
 July 7, 1873. Mrs. Griffith is a member of the Christian church (Dis- 
 ciples). The doctor is a prominent member of the A.F. and A.M., 
 and in politics is affiliated with the independent party. He is an en- 
 thusiast in archaeology, and has one of the finest collections in the 
 county, comprising over 300 arrow-heads of various sizes and designs, 
 40 spear-heads, several- axes and other rare specimens of Indian imple- 
 ments. He also has an extensive cabinet of old and rare coins. 
 
 George Kashher, farmer, Darlington, is the son of Abraham and 
 Elizabeth Abernethy, the former a native of Pennsylvania, and the 
 latter of Ohio. They were married in the latter state, and removed to 
 Franklin township in 1830, where the subject of this sketch was born 
 in 1837. He received his education in the first school-house in this 
 neighborhood, which was situated on the Detrick farm. He married 
 in 1857 Miss Rhoda Booher, daughter of one of the old settlers in this 
 township, and has a family of six children : Sarah E., Orpha Mahala, 
 Alice, Birdie, Charlie and Chalmer. Mr. Kashner is one of the lead- 
 ing men in this part of the township, and is enterprising and industri- 
 ous. Through his efforts a gravel road is being constructed to Darling- 
 ton. His farm of 160 acres is beautifully situated and well improved. 
 His residence is of brick, 30 X 36 feet, a story and a half in height with 
 
FKANKLIN TOWNTSHIP. 551 
 
 a cottage roof; one of the neatest dwellings in the vicinity, and was 
 erected at a cost of $3,000. His barn is the largest and best in the 
 township if not in the county. It is 40x75 feet, 20-foot posts, 36 feet 
 to the comb, and has room for 70 tons of hay, stalls for 12 head of 
 horses, and a granary capable of holding 2,000 bushels of wheat. ' The 
 building is strongly constructed and tastefully painted. The total cost 
 outside of his own labor has been $1,700. There is a large sugar camp 
 on the farm. Mr. Kashner is a member of the Presbyterian church, 
 and all his life has been a member of the democratic party. 
 
 Ira and Cyrus Booher, liverymen and harness-makers, Darlington, 
 are the sons of Gardianus and Mahala Booher, who came to this county 
 in 1830, from Tennessee, and settled in the northeastern portion of 
 Franklin township. Here they erected a cabin in the green woods, 
 and hewed a farm out of the wilderness, enduring numerous trials and 
 privations incidental to pioneer life. Religious aflFairs were not neg- 
 lected. Though far removed from the borders of civilization we find 
 that the Lutheran church was organized, and a leading position occu- 
 pied therein by Mr. Booher until his death. Cyrus was born in 1837, 
 in this township, and raised on the farm, following agricultural pur- 
 suits until 1879, when he opened a large harness establishment in Dar- 
 lington. He married in 1859 Miss Lucinda Avery, which union has 
 resulted in a family of four children : Ella, Andrew, Edward, and EflSe. 
 He is also a member of the Masonic fraternity. Ira is also a native 
 of this township, having been born in 1848 on the old homestead, and 
 there spent his youth, receiving his early education at the log school- 
 house of the period. Throughout his life he has been principally en- 
 gaged in husbandry until 1875, when he removed to Darlington and 
 there erected a large livery and feed stable, to which he has since made 
 considerable addition. In 1862 he married Miss Frances Avery, of 
 Clinton county, and has now a family of three children: Anuel, Ber- 
 tha and Goldie. Mr. Booher is a member of the Christian (Disciples) 
 church, and is a prominent member of the democratic party, as is also 
 his brother Cyrus. They are now in partnership under the name of 
 Booher Brothers in the livery stable, and also in the harness establish- 
 ment, receiving in both businesses a large and constantly increasing 
 patronage. Their uniform aftd obliging attention to business is meet-' 
 ing with the reward it deserves. 
 
 Thomas M. Powell, farmer, Shannondale, was born in Bath county, 
 Kentucky, on March 10, 1834, his parents, John and Elizabeth L. 
 (Patrick) Powell being natives of the same state. In 1840, when only 
 six years old, his parents removed to Indiana, and settled in Scott 
 township, Montgomery county. Hbre the subject of our sketch spent 
 
552 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 his youth, and received his early education at the pioneer school-house 
 in Parkersburg, his teachers being David A. Shannon (father of Dr. 
 Shannon) and Thomas Bingham. The latter was considered one of 
 the best teachers of that period in the county. Mr. Powell was raised 
 on a farm, and followed agriculture until he reached his twentieth year, 
 when he engaged in clerking and bookkeeping, serving seven years as 
 deputy auditor of the county, and one year as deputy treasurer. On 
 the outbreaking of the war he enlisted in the 10th Ind. reg., and also 
 clerked in the ordnance department of the service at Nashville. In 
 186T he married Miss Elizabeth Miller, daughter of Henry Miller, one 
 of the early settlers of the county, and in the following year (1868) 
 owing to feeble health, returned to his farm, which now comprises 218 
 acres of splendid land, well improved, and showing the results of sys- 
 tematic and careful culture. Mr. Powell is elder of the Christian 
 church at Providence (Disciples) and is highly respected all over the 
 county. In politics be is republican. 
 
 I. G. McMechan, M.D., physician, Darlington, is a native of Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, his parents, John and Sarah (Gavin) McMechan, being 
 residents of that city at the date of his birth, July 24r, 1808. His 
 mother was a native of Virginia, his father of Irish birth, but was brought 
 to this country by his parents while very young. The doctor received his 
 primary education at the district school and afterward spent two years 
 at Oxford, Ohio. In 1840 he began the practice of medicine, and 
 studied with Dr. Winton, of Crawfordsville, afterward attending lec- 
 tures at Louisville, Kentucky, and in 1852 graduated at Chicago. He 
 has been engaged in the profession for over forty years, and with the 
 exception of four years spent at Dayton, Tippecanoe county, has been , 
 in Montgomery county all the time. In 1870 he removed to Darling- 
 ton, where he is now resident, engaged in his professional duties, his 
 practice extending over a wide scope of territory. In' 1833 he married, 
 in Crawfordsville, Miss Eliza Winton, sister of Dr. "Winton, his preceptor 
 in medicine, the ceremony being performed by old Father Thompson. 
 The union resulted in a family oi'five children : Laura E., Theodore, Eva, 
 Marcilla, Charles W. The doctor helped erect the first college building 
 in Crawfordsville, and is intimately connected with the early history of 
 . that city, having served in the city council. He is a prominent mem- 
 ber of the Masonic fraternity, and all his life has been connected with the 
 Presbyterian church. In politics he is. republican, and during the war 
 served as surgeon, being present at the battles of Shiloh and Yicks- 
 burg. 
 
 James A. Mount, farmer and stock raiser, Shannondale, is the son 
 of Atwell Mount, one of the early pioneers, and a man who made his 
 
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 553 
 
 mark, in this country as one of the great moral and religions teachers. 
 Atwell Mount was born in Farqubar county, Virginia, September 4, 
 1806, and removed to Shelby county, Kentucky, in 1815. November 
 1, 1827, he married Miss Lucinda Fullinwider, and two years after 
 emigrated to Montgomery county, Indiana, residing at the house of 
 Eyker Eobbins, until he got his cabin built. His family, which con- 
 sisted of six sons and six daughters^ were all raised and attained to 
 adult age on the old homestead, upon which Mr. James Mount now 
 resides. Their names are as follows : Thomas K.., Catherine "W"., Jacob 
 F., Elijah C, "William H., Ann Elizabeth, Mary Jane, James A., Har- 
 riet W., Arvenia F., and Samuel B. Ten of them, are still living and 
 have families. Atwell Mount died February 23, 1880. He had been 
 a life-long member of the Presbyterian church, and, for fifty years an 
 elder of the same. He was the originator of the first temperance effort 
 in the county, and shut down upon the use of whisky at the log-rollings 
 and raisings at which he officiated, and though strongly opposed was 
 successful in accomplishing the end he aimed at. He passed to his re- 
 ward respected and lamented by all who knew him. James A. Mount 
 was born March 23, 1848, obtaining his education at the district log 
 school-house, and remained employed upon the farm until 1862, when 
 he enlisted in the 72d Ind. Inf. On returning from the war he again 
 went to school and finished his education at the Academy at Lebanon, 
 Boone county. In 1867 he married Miss Katherine A. Boyd, whose 
 father'was a native of Kentucky, and mother of Dayton, Ohio. The re- 
 sult of this union is a family of three children : Hallie Lee, born August 
 18, 1868, and Harry JST. and Helen N., born December 24, 1871, the 
 two latter being twins. In 1866 Mr. Mount began farming on his 
 own account as a renter, and now, through his indomitable persever- 
 ance and energetic labor, owns the beautiful and handsomely improved 
 farm of 200 acres upon which he now resides. He is known and re- 
 spected throughout the county as one of the rising men of this neigh- 
 borhood. He has been a life-long member of the Presbyterian church, 
 and is clerk of the session of Bethel church, the records of which are 
 in splendid order. He is also a member of the Shannondale Coy of the 
 Horse Deftectives, and in politics is a prominent member of the repub- 
 lican party. 
 
 Joseph A. Utter, physician, Shannondale, is a native of Montgemery 
 county, having been born near Ladoga, in Clark township, on February 
 14, 1847. His parents, Abraham and Lettia (Swank) Utter, were both 
 early arrivals in Montgomery county. The former was born in New 
 Jersey, and settled in Ladoga about 1830, and traveled over most of the 
 county in his capacity as a pioneer Methodist minister, and also as one 
 
554 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 of the early school teachers. He was long resident in the Black creek 
 neighborhood, in Union township, and also was engaged in educating 
 the young pioneers in Coal Creek township. The subject of this biog- 
 raphy received his primary education at the district -school, and at 
 Danville Academy. In 186Y he began to read medicine with Dr. J. 
 S. McClellan, of Orawfordsville, and attended lectures at Miami Med- 
 ical College, Cincinnati. He began the practice of medicine in the 
 spring of 1870, following the allapathic system of treatment for three 
 years, at the end of which period he embraced homoeopathy. He was 
 engaged on the staff at the Homoeopathic Dispensary at Cincinnati for 
 some time, and on March 4, 1880, graduated from Pulte Medical 
 Homoeopathic College in the same city. The doctor began practice at 
 Frankfort, Indiana, removing to Pleasant Hill after a year's residence. 
 H«re he remained about eighteen months, and then took up his resi- 
 dence in Crawfordsville for two years. On leaving the latter city he 
 settled in Kankin, Illinois,- for a short time, then removed to Sugar 
 Grove, Tippecanoe county, from which place he came to Shannondale , 
 in 1874, where he is now engaged in attending to his large and con- 
 stantly increasing practice, which he has built up by his own talent and 
 professional skill. He has been three times married : first on No- 
 vember 21, 1867, to Miss Evelyn S. Mitchell ; the second time on 
 November 3, 1875, to Miss Virginia A. Seal, and to his present wife. 
 Miss Flora M. Frazer, in Cedarville, Ohio, October 18, 1877. He has 
 a family of four children : Charles Franklin, born November 11, 1868 ; 
 Carrie Adeline, March 18, 1870; Walker Seal, January 25, 1877; and 
 Alnetta Florence, born January 5, 1878. Dr. Utter is a member of the 
 Presbyterian church, and as a man and physician stands high in the re- 
 gard and estimation of the people. 
 
 C. T. Nicely, farmer, Shannondale, is the son of Isaac Nicely, a na- 
 tive of Sullivan county, East Tennessee, and was born July 9, 1808, 
 and removed with his parents to Union county, Indiana, when in his 
 eighteenth year, and continued to reside there until 1831, when he 
 came to Montgomery county. His father died the year after their ar- 
 rival here. On September 3, 1837, he married Miss Rebecca Lafol- 
 lette, by whom he had five children, four of whom are living : Mary 
 Jane, Martha Ann, Louisa Ellen, and Charles Thomas. In October, 
 1870, he married his present wife, Evelyn Burroughs. C. T. Nicely 
 was born February 1, 1849, and was raised on the farm, receiving his 
 education at the district school, and throughout life has been engaged 
 in farming. On February 13, 1870, he married, in Boone county, MisS 
 Sarah E. Baird, by whom he has a family of two children : Ora, born 
 November 25, 1870; Bessie, born February 22, 1877. He is a mem- 
 
FSAN^KLIK TOWNSHIP. 555 
 
 ber of the Presbyterian church, and in politics is attached to the repub- 
 lican party. 
 
 Abraham H. Bowers, grain merchant, Darlington, one of the lead- 
 ing men of this part of the county, was born in Tippecanoe county, 
 this state, December 3, 1842, and in 1849 removed to Montgomery 
 county with his parents, and located in Sugar Creek township. The 
 family is of German origin, his great-grandfather having come from that 
 ■country about 1720, and settled in Pennsylvania, removing in 1730 to 
 Yirginia, where his grandfather, Abraham Bowers, was born, and resided 
 until 1806, when he removed to?Eoss county, Ohio. In Eoss county, 
 Ohio, his father, Abner Bowers, was ushered into the world, June 28, 
 1812, and there resided until 1829, when Grandfather Bowers emigrated 
 to Tippecanoe county, Indiana, arriving there on November 21 of that 
 year. In 1832 his father married Miss Charlotte Huffman, by whom 
 there were four children : Adonijah, Christina Esther, and Abraham, 
 the subject of this sketch. Mr. Bowers obtained his early education at 
 the district school, and during life has been engaged in agricultural 
 pursuits in Sugar Creek township until 1864, when he removed to 
 Franklin township, locating on a farm near Darlington. In 1879 he 
 entered into partnership with Mr. James Tribbett in the grain and 
 stock business, he managing the former and Mr. Tribbett the latter 
 portion of the business. Their grain warehouse is a structure 36 X 38 
 feet, three stories in height, with a capacity of 15,000 bushels. By 
 close attention to the business, strict integrity, and affable manners, Mr. 
 Bowers is building a large and substantial business connection. In ad- 
 dition to carrying on this business he also devotes part of his time to 
 his farm, which comprises 160 acres of fine farming land adjoining the 
 town. On April 21, 1864, he married Miss Martha C. Booher, daughter 
 of Wm. Booher, one of the early settlers of the county, who resides 
 with him, and is in his eighty-second year. The result of this union is 
 one daughter, Ina. 
 
 Daniel Lewis, Darlington, is the son of William and Mary A. 
 (Larsh) Lewis, natives of Ohio, the former having come to this county 
 in 1851, settling in Kipley township ; the latter came to Montgomery 
 county with her parents when quite young, in 1829. Her parents 
 were among the early settlers in Ripley township, where they settled 
 in the green woods and formed a farm out of the wilderness. Mr. 
 William Lewis was engaged principally in sawing, having erected a 
 saw-mill in Ripley township on his arrival there. He was a mechanic 
 of fine natural ability. He remained in Ripley township until 1870, 
 when he removed to Franklin township, where he purchased a farm in 
 the vicinity of Darlington, where he continued to reside until his 
 
556 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 death, which occurred June 1879. The family consisted of three 
 daughters and two sons : Sarah C. Mulholland, Cynthia L. Seaman, 
 Milinda J. Gray ; "William, born January 26, 1859, and Daniel, born 
 March 15, 1862. The latter received his early education at the 
 academy at Darlington, and afterward attended school at Yalparaiso 
 nearly a year, and later spent one term at the Commercial College at 
 Painesville, Ohio. He resides with his mother on the farm adjoining 
 Darlington, the residence being situated on one of the finest building 
 sites in the neighborhood. He is now in the employ of Mr. A. H. 
 Bowers, grain merchant, Darlington. 
 
 William M. Hampton, farmer, Darlington, was born September 14, 
 1851, and is the son of Samuel and Phebe (Guntle) Hampton, one of 
 the earliest settlers in this part of the township. On their arrival in 
 this part of the county, about 1830, they settled in the green timber 
 and suffered all the inconveniences and vicissitudes incidental to pio- 
 neer life. The family drove through from Tennessee in the wagon, 
 and camped out until they got the cabin raised. Mr. Hampton re- 
 ceived his education at the district school, and during life has been 
 chiefly engaged in husbandry. In 1874 he married Miss Phebe 0. 
 Faust, daughter of Eeuben Faust, an early settler in this neighbor- 
 hood, and has one son, Lee, who was born November 21, 1878. He, is 
 a prominent member of the Lutheran church, being. clerk of St. James' 
 Evangelic Lutheran Church, in this township. In politics he is a dem- 
 ocrat. His farm of eighty acres is well improved, with good buildings, 
 and is in a high state of cultivation. 
 
 M. S. Hopper, physician, Darlington, is a native of this county, 
 having been born in Franklin township on October 30, 1851, and is 
 the son of James Alva and Lueinda (Scott) Hopper, the former being 
 a native of Kentucky, but arrived in Indiana when nine or ten years 
 old with his parents. The doctor received his early education at the 
 district school, and later at Stockwell College, Tippecanoe county, 
 graduating there in 1876. In 1870 he had the misfortune to lose his 
 father, mother and brother, by typhoid fever, within tHe short space 
 of four months. On October 12, 1876, he married Miss Lidia Wells, 
 a very talented young lady, the result of which union is one son, 
 Albert M. On April 2 of the following year (1877) he removed to 
 Darlington, where he began practicing medicine, and by his natural 
 ability, skillful treatment, and close application to the duties of his 
 profession, he has won the confidence of the people, and has established 
 a lucrative and steadily widening practice. Dr. Hopper is not one 
 of those professional men who think that when they leave college 
 they have acquired all the necessary knowledge, but keeps himself 
 
FRANKLIN TOWNSHIP. 557 
 
 posted by taking all the latest works -and magazines relating to med- 
 ical practice. He is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity, 
 and also of the I.O.O.F., and is a member of the Methodist church. 
 In politics the doctor is enrolled beneath the republican banner. 
 
 John Hutchings, -farmer and stock dealer, Crawfordsville, was born 
 in Butler county, Ohio, three miles from the Indiana state line, on 
 October 15, 1818. When he had reached his sixth year his parents, 
 William and Jane (McCain) Hutchings, removed to Fayette county, 
 Indiana, and here he passed his youthful years, and received his early 
 education in the vicinity of Connerville, on the west, fork of White 
 river. Until 1841 he engaged in farming, then for a short time he 
 run a saddlery establishment, and in the following year (1842) he was 
 employed selling goods. He afterward went into the stock business, in 
 which he has been eminently successful, and in this pursuit has become 
 well known over a great portion of western Indiana, and to-day is 
 looked upon as one of the most, enterprising and successful business 
 men in the county. On April 9, 1856, he purchased a farm in Frank- 
 lin township, this county, and has been resident here since that time. 
 In addition to managing his farm, one of the largest in the township, 
 now comprising 714 acres, he devotes a great deal of his attention to 
 handling stock of all kinds. He married in Bullet county, on Decem- 
 ber 1, 1842, Miss Martha H. Lemon, daughter of Elisha Lemon, who 
 came to Indiana from Kentucky at an early day. His family consists 
 of nine children : Louisa Jane, Mary M., William G., Martha Eugenia, 
 Euth M., John L., Eva E., Allie Ada, and Isabel M., all of whom are 
 still alive. Mr. Hutchings early identified himself with the greenback 
 party, and has worked hard for its success, and. this year (1880) is can- 
 didate on that ticket for representative. He is a member of the 
 I.O.O.F., and is a leading member of the Methodist church, being 
 class-leader and the main supporter of the congregation at Hurd's 
 school-house. His grandfather, Gabriel Hatchings, was a native of 
 Connecticut, and served seven years and seven months in the rev- 
 olutionary war, being severely wounded and bruised in an engagement 
 with the Indians, he lay in an unconscious condition for a long period. 
 During his sickness he was nursed by a widow lady whose husband 
 had been killed by the Aborigines, and upon his recovery he mar- 
 ried her. 
 
 John Nevin, banker, Thorntown. Prominent among the names of 
 those who have resided in this township is that of Capt. John Nevin, 
 whose career through life has been of the most checkered nature. He 
 was born in Failsworth, Lancashire, England, March 1816, and shortly 
 afterward removed with his parents, Eichard and Anna Mary N"evin, 
 
558 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 to their native country, Scot]and,.where, in the vicinity of Glasgow, was 
 spent his boyhood days. When fourteen years of age he went to sea 
 as an apprentice, continuing for several years in this calling. On return- 
 ing from the sea he studied medicine, and attended lectures at Glasgow 
 University, then returned to sea again, where he .rose through all the 
 grades to that of chief officer, in which capacity he made numerous voy- 
 ages to various parts of the world. In 1841 he spent six months in 
 company with Dr. Judson, the famous Baptist missionary, who was on 
 his way to India in the ship Ramsay, of which Mr. Nevin was in com- 
 mand. In 1842 he was baptized by Dr. Jndson in Burmah, and haa 
 now in his possession the certificate of his baptism, dated at Moulmain,. 
 January 30, 1842. He had as passengers, in 1846, Alexander Camp- 
 bell and Robert Dale Owen, and at other times numerous titled and 
 literary gentlemen. In 1852 he came to the United States, left the 
 sea, and came west to Tippecanoe county, where he engaged in farm- 
 ing, and in the winter taught school and read medicine. Here in 185T 
 he married Mrs. Summers, of the Wea, by whom he has two children ; 
 Anna May and Richard E. He removed from his farm in Tippecanoe 
 county in 1865, and settled in Darlington, where he practiced medicine 
 for five years very successfully. In 1870 he removed to Thorntown, 
 Boone county, where, after spending a year or two improving his res- 
 idence, he became a director and stockholder in the National Bank of 
 Thorntown, of which institution he is now the president. Mr. Nevin's 
 grandfather was Sir Hugh Nevin, who through his extravagance left 
 his family at his death in straitened circumstances. His father, Richard, 
 was a very studious boy, and on account of being constantly engaged 
 when a boy in experiments in chemistry acquired the sobriquet of 
 " Daft Dick." His knowledge, however, thus obtained enabled him to 
 acquire a large fortune, which at his death was equally divided among 
 his children. 
 
 W. H. H. Smith, undertaker and wagon maker, Darlington, is a 
 native of Cincinnati,[having been born in that city in 1800. His father, 
 George G. Smith, is still alive, in his eighty-fifth year, having been 
 born in 1796, his mother died in 1860, in her fifty-eighth year. He 
 received his early education in his native city, but left school at the 
 early age of thirteen years. We next find him filling a position as 
 shipping clerk in a chair factory, and later he learned the wagon mak- 
 ing and carpenter's trade. In 1866 he came to Darlington, where he 
 engaged in the grain trade, and for the last four years has been work- 
 ing at the handicraft which he learned in his youth, in which he ranks 
 as a talented workman. Previous to his arrival here the subject of this 
 memoir was located at Fredericksburg and Rockwell, and at the former 
 
FKAKKIilN TOWNSHIP. 559 
 
 place, in 1860, he married Miss Mary E. Kelsey, daughter of Mr. Enos 
 N. Kelsey, one of the early settlers in this county, by whom he has a 
 family of six children : George A., Thomas Edwin, Eva May, Florence 
 Belle, Mary Grace, and William Evarts. Mr. Smith fitly represents 
 that class of self-made men of whom this country contains so many. 
 Leaving school at an early age he has by his reading and study im- 
 proved himself greatly, and by his energy and industry succeeded in 
 building, up a splendid business connection. He is a prominent and 
 hard-working member of the I.O.O.F., and takes great interest in the 
 objects and purposes of that noble institution. As a consistent mem- 
 ber of the Methodist church he is well known, and in politics is a 
 staunch republican. 
 
 John M. Hollingsworth, merchant, Darlington, is the son of John 
 and Mary (Bell) Hollingsworth, natives of Ohio, who emigrated to 
 Clinton county, Indiana, at an early date, in which county the subject 
 of this sketch was born, at Jefferson, July 21, 1835. He received an 
 education such as was furnished at the primeval school-houses of those 
 times, and during his youth learned the blacksmith trade, "which busi- 
 ness he continued to follow till 1863, when he enlisted at the call of 
 his country in the 126th Ind. reg., and served under Gen. Hood through- 
 out the campaign, taking part in the battle of Nashville,^ and other en- 
 gagements in which the regiment participated during the seventeen 
 months of his service. At the close of the war Mr. Hollingsworth re- 
 turned to Boone county, where he had located in 1856, and after a short- 
 stay there removed, in 1866, to Montgomery county, and settled in Darl- 
 ington. Here he opened store in the dry-goods and grocery business, in 
 which he is still engaged. He has been a hardrtvorking, temperate 
 man, honest and upright in all his dealings, and by his energy and per- 
 severance has succeeded in building up a large and constantly increasing 
 business, his trade now amounting to over $20,000 per annum. Iri 
 1856, on removing to Boone county, he married Miss Nancy Adney, a 
 resident there, the result of which union is one daughter, Lucy. Mr. 
 Hollingsworth is one of the most popular men in this part of the county, 
 and has been twice elected on the republican ticket to the office of town- 
 ship trustee, the first time in October 1878, and again in 1880, which 
 office he continues to fill with satisfaction to all and with honor to 
 himself. 
 
 Joseph A. Marshall, lumber merchant, Darlington, is one of the 
 leading business men in town, his saw-mill helping the trade at this 
 point greatly. He was born in Knox county, Ohio, October 17, 1838, 
 his parents, Aaron S. and Sarah ("Walker) Marshall, being natives of 
 Pennsylvania and pioneer settlers of Ohio. He received his early edu- 
 
560 HISTOKY OF MONTGOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 cation in one of the log school-houses, under the tuition of his uncle, 
 Alexander Marshall. His father was a carpenter, and when the boys 
 were old enough to assist him he entered the nriilling business, which 
 Mr. Marshall has followed all his life. He enlisted on May Y, 1861, in 
 the 13th Ind. Vols., it being the first three-years regiment to go from 
 Indiana. He entered Co. E, Capt. Kirkpatrick, and served until 
 1864. During the time he was in the army he saw some hard fight- 
 ing, having taken part in the Kich Mountain fight, July 11, 1861 ; in 
 several skirmishes around Beverley, Virginia, Alleghany mountains, 
 Green Brier, Winchester, Virginia, and in numerous skirmishes and 
 minor engagements, and during his absence on a recruiting expedition 
 the regiment was engaged at Cold Harbor.. When the company, which 
 left Indianapolis with 100 men was discharged, there were only 17 
 of the original number left in it. On leaving the army he returned to 
 Howard county, Indiana, and in 1864 married Miss Nancy Jones, who 
 was a native of Switzerland county, this state. They have now a fam- 
 ily of three^ children, Elson, Foster, and Frank. Mr. Marshall is a 
 member of the Masonic fraternity and also of the Odd-Fellows, and in 
 politics is republican. On coming to Montgomery county, in 1868, he 
 put up a mill one mile south of Darlington, and afterward moved to a 
 point on the railroad where he remained two years, and finally came to 
 his present location in Darlington, in 1874. His mill building is 28 X 
 76 feet, the engine shed 14x40 feet, the machinery having a sawing 
 Capacity of 5,000 feet per day by a 25-horse-power engine, the whole 
 erected at a cost of over $3,500. 
 
 H. C. Hulet, attorney, Darlington, the son of John and Lavisa 
 (Johnston) Hulet, ^;fha born in Putnam county, Indiana, July 16, 1846. 
 His father, who was a native of Kentucky, came to that county at an 
 early day. His mother was born in Washington county, this state, and 
 removed with her parents to Putnam county, settling on the present 
 site of Greencastle, where grandfather Johnston erected his cabin, 
 which was the first and the nucleus of the present city, and county 
 seat. The subject of this memoir, like the majority of the pioneers' 
 children, only received a very limited school education, but having a 
 mother, who was a lady of fine educa£ion, to ground him thoroughly 
 in the elementary branches, thus enabling him to study and educate 
 himself in later years, when he took an academic course. During his 
 youth Mr. Hulet engaged in agricultural pursuits until he reached the 
 age of seventeen, when he obtained a certificate and began teaching 
 school, which profession he followed every winter (following farming 
 during the rest of the year) until he reached his twenty-fourth year. 
 In 1866 he came with his parents to Franklin township, and in 1870 
 
FRANKLIN' TOWNSHIP. 561 
 
 removed to Darlington and entered the mercantile business, opening 
 the first hardware store in that town. During the three years he was 
 in this business he occupied all his spare time in self-culture and-in 
 reading law, and at the end of that period began legal practice, in which 
 bis superior natural talent, close application to business, and. his ac- 
 knowledged integrity, have made for him an enviable name and repu- 
 tation. In 1876 Mr. Hulet was elected on the democratic ticket repre- 
 sentative from this district to the legislature, which office he held until 
 1878, with honor to himself and satisfaction to his constituents. His 
 election was considered a great victory, as the office had been held by 
 the republicans for many years, and all efforts to wrest it from them 
 had proved futile, until Mr. Hulet was adopted as the standard-bearer, 
 when he led the party to victory, defeating the republican candidate, 
 Oapt. McClaskey, who was also a I'esident of this township, by 139 
 votes. He married, April 21, 1869, Anna, daughter of John Kamey, 
 one of the oldest settlers of the county. Mr. Hulet inherits the enter- 
 prise and energy of his pioneer ancestors, and has done a great deal 
 toward building up and improving the town of Darlington, and has 
 recently erected a handsome brick block 48x60 feet, two stories in 
 height, in the under story of which are two commodious store-rooms, 
 while on the upper one are offices and a town hall. He takes great in- 
 terest in the temperance movement, and is a leading member of the 
 Good Templars Lodge at this place. 
 
 Dr. J. D. Hillis, physician, Darlington, was born on a farm in Put- 
 nam county, Indiana, September 15, 1854. His parents, James and 
 Elizabeth (Swift) Hillis, are now deceased. His maternal grandfather, 
 John Swift, was one of the early settlers near Putnamville, and also 
 cut the first timber at the public spring at Greencastle, at that time 
 only one or two families being there. Dr. Hillis received his early 
 education at the district school, and in 1869 went to Asbury University, 
 where he studied four years, next spent a year at the State Normal 
 fichool, and attended a course at the Commercial College, Terre Haute. 
 In 1875 he began to read medicine with Drs. Wilcox and Evans, of 
 Greencastle, and continued with them until 1877, when he went to 
 Philadelphia and attended at Jefferson Medical College during the 
 session of 1877-8. In March, 1878, he removed to Darlington, and 
 practiced medicine until October 1879, when he entered the University 
 of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, graduating there July 1, 1880. Dr. Hillis is 
 a. gentleman of fine presence and pleasant manners, and is rapidly 
 building up an extensive practice in the neighborhood, his skill and 
 brilliant education having won for him the confidence of the people. 
 He is a member of Cloverdale Lodge, No. 132, A.F. and A.M., also of 
 36 
 
562 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMBKY OOTTNTT. 
 
 the Phi-Kappa-Psi Society at Ann Arbor, and was president of the 
 alumni of the class of 1880 at the University of Michigan, medical de- 
 partment. 
 
 SUGAE CEEEK TOWNSHIP. 
 This is T. 20, R .3 W., located in the north-northeast part of the county, 
 bounded on the north by Tippecanoe county, on the east by Clinton 
 and Boone counties, on the south by Franklin, on the west by Madi- 
 son townships. Its area is thirty-three sections. The surface is varied. 
 On the south it is somewhat broken, but not hilly, the northern and 
 northwest portions consisting of what is known as Potato Creek Prai- 
 rie, a very fine body of farming land, most of which is owned in large 
 farms. Potato creek flows southwest across this prairie, affording 
 fair drainage. In the early settlement of this township, where the- 
 present channel of Sugar creek is now seen, was nothing more than a 
 large slough overgrown with tall grass, such as to hide from view a 
 man on horseback when but a short distance away, and seldom could 
 be crossed with loaded teams in safety. The prairie and creek both 
 took their name from the wild potatoes that then grew so luxuriantly 
 in this slough. It is said by some of the older citizens now living 
 that they grew in clusters similar to artichokes, and the wild hogs, 
 which were then very plenty in this country, not only subsisted upon 
 this wild vegetable, but became very fat ; but as civilization began to 
 encroach upon this favorite resort of the wild suidse both he and his 
 food disappeared, and for many years no trace of either has been seen. 
 This prairie part of the township possesses a deep black soil, better 
 adapted to the raising of corn and grass than other grain. The south 
 and southeast parts of the township produce excellent crops of wheat. 
 About three-fourths of the township is at the present time in a good 
 state of cultivation. In the central part of the township are some 
 very fine forests. Some of the oldest settlers tell us that when they 
 first located here this timber was only low brush, and that the' log 
 cabins could be seen for two abd three miles round. Now it would 
 be difficult to see a dwelling one-fourth of a mile away. 
 
 EAELT SETTLEMENT. 
 
 The township originally embraced thirty-six sections. Then Sugar 
 creek cut across the southeast corner. The territory belonging to Sugar 
 creek township upon its south bank was equal to about three sections. 
 This was given up to Franklin township that the road work might be 
 more equally proportioned between the two. It was along the banks 
 of this stream that the first emigrants located, as early as 1828 
 
SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 563 
 
 Among those were John Clouser, who built the first mill in the town- 
 ship, about 1828, on the south bank of the creek, opposite the present 
 mill now owned by his sons. This mill was constructed of round logs, 
 with neither chinking or daubing. Says his son Daniel, " yoii could 
 throw your hat through the mill most anywhere." The burrs were 
 what is usually termed . niggerheads, but known in science as granite. 
 This mill ground only corn for a number of years, when a new mill was^ 
 erected on the opposite side or north bank of the stream, which was- 
 operated till about 1850, when the present mill on the same site was 
 erected by the Clouser boys. Among others of the pioneer settlers of 
 this part of the township are the names of Elijah Kogers, G. W. Cook^ 
 "William Corns and others. North some three miles, between the 
 years 1828 and 1830, the following families located : Martin Bowers, 
 Abner Bowers, James Allen, William Rakestraw, Samuel Irvin, John 
 Butcher, Milo Waugh, George Kendal. In the northwest part of the 
 township Samuel and Solomon Peterson settled on Potato Creek 
 Prairie. By 1830 Sugar Creek township began to be sparsely settled. 
 At this date emigrants flocked here rapidly from every quarter,, the 
 greater part coming from Virginia and Ohio. These pioneers suffered 
 very greatly through the three successive hard winters of 1830, 1831 
 and 1832, but they were an energetic class of emigrants whom hard 
 winters and privation make more enterprising. Those who settled in 
 the timber soon had little farms cleared, and as well as their prairie 
 neighbors had a plentiful supply of such as they raise and manufacture 
 at home. Though they had but little money and the richest of them 
 able to afford but few luxuries, they were happy and content because 
 they felt their homes were their own. We have been told that the 
 first settlers of this township were very social and hospitable people; 
 the same is true of their offspring. 
 
 Till 1840 this part of the country had no markets nearer than 
 Louisville and Chicago. To reach either of these places and return re- 
 quired fourteen days. Stock was frequently bought and driven on 
 foot to Ohio, which at this time would seem impossible to accomplish, 
 but the hogs and cattle of that time were very different to those raised 
 here at present. They were better adapted to traveling than any- 
 thing else. Hogs rarely tnew what corn was until they were put in 
 the pen to be made fat for pork, and some did not even go to this 
 trouble, but would kill their meat or sell their surplus off the mast, 
 which was usually abundant. At the opening of the canal to La- 
 Fayette, produce of every kind could be exchanged either for joaoney 
 or goods at fair prices. Soon the homes as well as the pioneer settlers 
 themselves assumed a different garb. The rude round log hut was ex- 
 
564 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEBT OOUNTT. 
 
 changed for a cozy and neat frame, the tow-linen wearing apparel gave 
 
 way to the product of the sunny south. Their tables were no longer 
 
 supplied alone from their own field and glen. All felt that the time 
 
 had come when labor would procure not only the bare necessities of 
 
 life, but the comforts and a few luxuries. 
 
 ■ f 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The pioneer settlers of Sugar Creek township were men and women 
 who felt it a duty to educate their children. Many of them had 
 passed their youthful days in Ohio while that state was yet in its pio- 
 neer period, and as the result received but little and some no school- 
 ing, a thing which they now felt the need of very greatly. Hence they 
 were the more anxious that their children should not grow up as they 
 had. The fii'st school taught in the township was held in a private 
 dwelling on Sec. 16 in 1831. Eobert McKay was the teacher. It is 
 said he ended his days in the county house. The first house built for 
 school purposes was located on the old fa.rm of Solomon Peterson; this 
 was erected in 1832 or 1833. George M. Kendall taught the first 
 school here a term of three months at $1.50 per scholar, making a 
 salary of about nine dollars per month. Then only reading, writing, 
 spellingand arithmetic as far as the double rnle-of-three were required. 
 Blackboards were unknown in the schools of Sugar Creek township 
 prior to 1853. AH kinds of books were used, and each pupil formed 
 as many classes as he had studies. It was then customary for the 
 teacher to give each scholar a task just before dismissing, which was 
 to be mastered before coming to school the next day. The second 
 school-house built in the township was at what is now Bowers Station, 
 about the year 1833. The first teacher is not now known positively, 
 but it is thought to have been a gentleman by the name of Ilogers. 
 The early teachers were principally old men. The profession of 
 school teaching was considered by many fit only for those not able to 
 labor, and lazy young men. About 1860 the last of the pioneer log 
 school-houses disappeared, and the modern frame and brick school- 
 buildings took their places. At the present date the township is di- 
 vided into nine districts, each supplied with a comfortable house and 
 the necessary appurtenances to aid in the work of acquiring knowledge. 
 But few, if any township in the county, exclusive of those with 
 graded schools, will excel Sugar Creek in her school work. Her 
 schools for the past fifteen years have been under the supervision of 
 Dr. James A. Berryman as trustee. The 16th Sec. was sold quite 
 early and brought but little money compared with what it would have 
 brought a few years later. 
 
SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 565 
 
 ■CHURCHES. 
 
 • The great part of the pioneer settlers were men and women who 
 had been reared not only to respect religion and its teachings when it 
 came in their path, but to take an active interest in the fostering of 
 Christianity. In the early history of this people there came with them 
 the various creeds and sects to which they belonged in their native 
 state. It is an old saying, " birds of a feather will flock together," but 
 it is not more true of birds than of the people of the same religious sect. 
 "We might almost say they were scarcely housed before the few of each 
 sect there represented collected at some private house for public wor- 
 ship, thus the foundation of the various church societies and church 
 buildings at different intervals were laid. 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal church society, was the first to organize. 
 It held its first meeting at the house of Roley Kendall in 1832. Eev. 
 Hufiiiker was the officiating minister. The two ministers who came to 
 this society shortly after its organization were named Ball and Bell, 
 John Hamilton was appointed class-leader of this little band, consisting 
 of the following families : Holey Kendall and wife, John Hamilton, 
 George Kendall and wife, James and Liddy Parish, Milo and Elizabeth 
 Waugh, J ohn and Sarah Mitchell, Sophia Cooley, J"ohn Thurm an, 
 and Frazee and wife. The first of this class who fell by the hand of 
 death was John Hamilton in 1835. This people continued to hold 
 their meetings regularly at the residences of its members till 1835, when 
 they erected their first church-honse of logs, with its huge fireplacej 
 puncheon floor and seats. It was 20x30, and stood on Sec. 13. It 
 was built with no outlay in money beyond the cost of a few nails and 
 glass. This church-building was named " Bethel." This log church 
 continued to be used by the Methodist Episcopal people till 1860, when 
 this society erected its present church-house, a handsome frame house 
 38x45, at a cost of $867.81. Thomas D. Hart and John Mitchell were 
 the contractors ; building committee, George M. Kendall, Nathan Kious, 
 and John Mitchell. The trustees were ]!^athan Kious, Milo Waugh? 
 George Kendall. The first minister who 'officiated in this new church 
 was James Rickets. The house was dedicated by Richard Harwood. The 
 church officers at the present time are the same as in 1860. During 
 the fifty-eight years since this society was organized it has maintained 
 within its organization peace and prosperity. The society now num- 
 bers thirty-five active members of the first families of the vicinity sur- 
 rounding the church. 
 
 There has at all times been kept in connection with the church a 
 Sunday-school during the spring and summer months, which has been 
 
566 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEET COUNTY. 
 
 a means of doing much good, and diffusing much valuable informatiou. 
 The attendance numbers forty-five. Superintendent in charge is John 
 Mitchell. (For these facts of the above church we are indebted to Mr. 
 John Mitchell.) 
 
 The second Methodist Episcopal church of Sugar Creek township 
 is located on the N. i >f Sec. 19, half a mile from the west line of 
 the township. This society was organized in 1853, and held its meet- 
 ings for a number of years in a vacant house on the farm of James 
 Irons, a short distance across the township line in Madison. About the 
 year 1860 the present church was built. The society since its organi- 
 zation has enjoyed a reasonable degree of prosperity, and is now in a 
 flourishing condition. ' 
 
 The third society of the Methodist Episcopal order was organized 
 four years previous at the Fisher school-house in the southeast part of 
 the township by E.ev. Hill. Enoch Holway was made first class-leader. 
 Present minister in charge is Andrew Andress. The society is few in 
 number, but earnest in their work, and carry on a live and profitable 
 Sunday-school. 
 
 The Presbyterian church was organized in this township at a very 
 early date. For a time it held its meetings in the school-houses, and at 
 one time had obtained considerable of prominence and power. About 
 the year 1850 this society erected a neat frame church on Sec. 21, in size 
 32x36, at a cost of $1,000, which was occupied by the Presbyterian 
 people till 1870, when, from death and various other causes beyond 
 the control of the members, the organization ceased to exist. The 
 church building was sold to the German Baptist church society, more 
 commonly known as the Dunkards, for the sum of $75 ; they sold the 
 building to Benedict Burkhart, by whom it is now used as a dwelling. 
 
 The New Light christians made their advent into the township 
 some time between 1835 and 1840. Their meetings were held at the 
 residences of John Butcher, Adam Thomas, and James McKenney for 
 some time after their organization, then they occupied what is known 
 as the Bowers school-house for a number of years. The society not 
 being strong enough to erect a church house it was deemed advisable 
 to disband and unite with the society at Darlington, in Franklin town- 
 ship, where there is at present a strong society. 
 
 Lastly among the religious societies of Sugar Creek township is the 
 German Baptist, usually known as the Dunkards. For humility, truth 
 and honor they are excelled by none. This society was first organized 
 in this township in 1856. The prime leader of the organization was 
 Abner Bowers. After the organization had been effected Martin Bow- 
 ers, now deceased, came to the assistance of his cousin. Like other 
 
SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 567 
 
 sects they held their meetings in the school-houses and at the resi- 
 dences of the members, till they became able to build for themselves a 
 church house. At the outset this society had only ten adherents. It 
 now numbers thirty active working communicants, and is in a flourish- 
 ing condition. It built its first house for worship in 1876, which is 
 located on the northwest corner of Sec. 11. It is a commodious and 
 neat frame building, 42x46, erected at a cost of $800. The present 
 active ministers of this society are Abner Bowers, its founder, Martin 
 Bowers, and Lewis Dunbar. Within this society peace has ever reigned 
 
 triumphant. 
 
 INDIANS. 
 
 When the first settlers located here the Indians had not yet gone; 
 they were of the Pottawatomie and Miami tribes. The former were 
 warlike in their disposition and habits. Though they did not molest 
 the settlers they were far from friendly. The latter tribe were of a so- 
 cial and affable character, and lost no opportunity to befriend the 
 pioneers by supplying them, when in need, with meat and other food. 
 The Miamis made many warm friends among the settlers. They re- 
 turned each autumn to hunt the deer and turkey, which then abounded 
 in plentiful numbers in the fofest, till 1833. These Indians had their 
 special peculiarities; they would not consign their dead to mother 
 earth. Mr. William Corns tells us of a papoose that was buried in the 
 trunk of a fallen tree. They first cut into the side of the trunk and 
 split out a piece, which afterward served as the lid to this sepulcher, 
 then they hollowed the trunk sufficiently deep to contain the body, 
 wliich they then laid therein, covering it up with the part first split off. 
 On the farm now owned by Misner Irvin another body was buried in 
 a hollow poplar stump ; a little farther west another was interred in the 
 top of a tree by means of blankets. North of what is now Potato 
 ■creek, on a rising knoll, the Indians had a camp, in which resided the 
 medicine-man. This medicine-man had prepared a basin in the ground, 
 lining it with stones, for the treatment of those who were sick with 
 fever. The treatment was simple and good. He would first heat this 
 basin by means of fire ; when sufficiently hot the fire and ashes were 
 removed, a tent erected over the basin ; the patient went into the tent 
 and was subjected to the steaming process by water being poured into 
 the basin on the heated stones. A story is told of two chief's squaws. 
 One had a young squaw and no children, the other a squaw by whom 
 he had two children, well grown up lads. The first swapped his squaw 
 and lads, giving as boot $1,000, for the other's young squaw. The 
 one who received the boot was asked if he did not think he was 
 cheated. He replied, " Oh no, no ! when old squaw die, take $1,000 
 
568 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 and buy two, three young squaws, and have two papoose besides. 
 
 The only Indian relies found in Sugar Creek township are a few 
 
 arrow-heads. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS. 
 
 It is not positive who was the first child born in the township, but 
 is thought to be Wilson Kious, son of Nathan Kious. 
 
 The first person who died in the township was a man named Little.. 
 He was buried on the farm of Solomon Peterson. 
 
 The year 1844 is remembered as the wet year, when the wheat on, 
 the low land was reaped by hand, carried to the high ground, bound 
 and shocked. The winter of 1854-5 was very severe ; much snow fell 
 in many places, obliterating the roads and burying out of sight the- 
 fences. 
 
 Samuel Irvin is said to have killed a black bear not far from Potato- 
 creek. This was the only one killed in the township. 
 
 Good authority aSirms that when the wild hogs were plenty along. 
 Potato creek that they would attack the hunting dogs ; the dogs would 
 run for their masters. The only means the men had to save their lives 
 was to climb the nearest tree. E"o sooner were the dogs devoured than 
 the.hogs set to work to gnaw the tree down, that they might devour 
 the man. However pleasant or unpleasant as the lodging place might 
 be, the lodger was often compelled to remain treed for some time. 
 
 The oldest settlers now living in the township are William Corns^ 
 G. W. Cook, Mrs. Abbagail Butcher, Mrs. John Allen, Misner, Irvin,. 
 John Mitchell, Abner Bowers, and Edmund Bowers. 
 
 Sugar Creek township has two post-offices, one known as the Potato 
 Creek post-office, kept by Dr. J. A. Berryman, which has two mails- 
 a week. The second is at Bowers Station, the only village in the town- 
 ship. The business carried on at this place is considerable. The land 
 for the station was donated by Abner Bowers, hence its name. It is- 
 located on the S.W. ^ of Sec. 23 ,on the Yandalia & Logansport rail- 
 road. 
 
 During the war a number of the citizens of Sugar Creek entered the- 
 service as Home Guards, with John Mitchell as secretary and Milton B. 
 Waugh as captain. They were called out in 1863 to repel Morgan from, 
 the state. It was here that the women of Sugar Creek repeated the 
 heroism of our revolutionary mothers. It was then harvest, every 
 loyal man able to bear arms was gone, the year's subsistence must be 
 gathered from the fields. This situation the wife and mother fully un- 
 derstood, and hastened to the fields of golden grain with her prattling 
 infants; when their husbands returned the harvest had been cared for. 
 The only organization outside of the churches in the township is a 
 
SUGAK CREEK TOWNSHIP. SCO- 
 
 company for the mutual protection of the property of its members^ 
 This has served a good purpose, by lessening the number of horses 
 stolen in this locality since its organization. This organization is called 
 the " Ilorse-thief Conpany." 
 
 There has been in the history of Sugar Creek township but one- 
 distillery. This was operated by J. Sadolid, and was located near th& 
 old Ciouser mill. Joha D. Coiner operated the only tannery. 
 
 Mote's mill, located on the north bank of Sugar creek, is the onlj 
 mill now ninning in the township. It was built in 1846 by "William 
 Cops ; was bought in 1867 by Martin Mote, who still, in partnership 
 with his son, "William H., operates it, doing a good business. 
 
 The advancement in the use of all kinds of farm machinery is an 
 item worthy of notice in the history of this township. The first set- 
 tiers came with their reap hooks, and made their threshing machines 
 from the forest, each one having a contrivance of his own for shelling 
 corn. Before many years had elapsed the scythe and cradle and 
 ground-hog thresher came into use. These were the greatest improve- 
 ments of the age. Had the art of invention ceased here all would have- 
 been content ; the slow, laborious task of caring for a crop was now 
 overcome. The first reaping machine introduced into the township- 
 was bought by George Smith and Martin Bowers in 1848. It was of 
 the McCormick patent, and created more excitement than an ordinary 
 .circus would at the present. Separators for threshing were introduced 
 about 1846. The first steam thresher was introduced in 1864 by Peter- 
 son, Ball & Smith. In those days the terrors of the steam-engine were 
 great, which made it difficult to obtain employment for a machine. of 
 this kind. The people said they were liable to burst at any time and 
 burn their harvest, hence they were slow to endanger both life and 
 property ; but this prejudice has passed away, and with it the old horse- 
 power for threshing grain. Corn-planters were introduced in 1859 by 
 James Cay; the two-horse planter in 1865 by "William Bryant_ 
 With each advancement in the use of machinery the progress of the 
 township has been accelerated. " The few old men and women now 
 living only are able to look back over the past fifty-two years since 
 civilization dawned in the wilderness here and realize the great advance- 
 ment that has been made. Then the possessor of a few acres of the 
 forest, worth perhaps $2 per acre, with tools to fell the timber and dig 
 up the roots, a good buckskin suit, a peck of meal, and a cabin, was. 
 thought to be rich ; now such a one is considered the poorest of the- 
 poor, a fit subject for the bestowment of generous gifts. 
 
570 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERT OOUNTT. 
 
 CEMETERIES. 
 Among the most prominent cemeteries are the one at the Eed School- 
 house, laid out in the early settlement of the township, the one on the 
 farm of Silas Peterson, the Olouser burying-ground, and the family 
 graveyard of the Peterson family. The location of each and the 
 manner in which they are kept well indicate the great respect of the 
 citizens for those now at rest. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 George W. Cook, farmer and stock dealer, Darlington, born in 
 Maryland, Montgomery county, in 1808, is the son of Abraham and 
 Violet (Wilson) Cook, both natives of Maryland. They emigrated to 
 •Ohio in 1812 and settled in Clermont county, near Kichmond. Abra- 
 ham Cook was a farmer and shoemaker. George Ws paternal grand- 
 father was a native of Germany, and came to America in colonial 
 times. His great paternal grandmother emigrated to America and 
 died in Maryland. On his mother's side of the family his grandparents 
 were formerly from Ireland. Mr. Cook was married in 1830 to Mary 
 A. Corbin, of Ohio, daughter of Nicholas and E^ancy Inlose. The 
 former died in 1848, the latter is still living and is nearly a centurian. 
 By this marriage he has three living children : Eleanor, John I. and 
 Shederic. This first wife died in 1864, aged forty-eight years. He 
 was married a second time, in 1847, to Lucy A. "Winters, daughter of. 
 John and Elizabeth Winters, by whom he has three children : Eliza- 
 beth, Louisa J., Abraham L. Mr. Cook has lived in Sugar Creek 
 township on the same farm since 1834. In" 1830 he entered 160 acres 
 and now owns 600 acres, 200 of which are in Tippecanoe county. His 
 early education was very limited, but his practical education and busi- 
 ness judgment are good. He has several times been called to fill public 
 oSiees ; was once elected township trustee, and once elected county 
 commissioner against his will, which ofl&ee he resigned. Mr. Cook is a 
 republican of the 'first rank. His father, when fourteen years of age, 
 fought in the revolution. His son, John I., fought in the late rebellion 
 in the 11th Ind. Vols., three years, and was in the following battles : 
 Port Donelson, siege of Vicksburg, Shiloh, and was at New Orleans. 
 He regards the history of his people and country with great reverence. 
 
 John Butcher (deceased). Bowers, one of the early pioneer settlers 
 of Ohio, came to Montgomery county in 1847 and settled in Sugar 
 Creek township in 1849. ' He was born in Virginia in 1799, and is the 
 son of James and Mary Butcher, both of whom were natives of Vir- 
 ginia. John Butcher was married in 1828 to Abigail Moneyhom, 
 ■daughter of Peter and Silence Moneyhom, both natives of Pennsyl- 
 
SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 571 
 
 Tania, emigrating to tiiis state and county in 1828. Tlie former died 
 in 1836, aged seventy-two, and the latter in 1832, aged sixty-six years. 
 John Butcher by this marriage had twelve children, six boys and six 
 girls: James C, Cyntha, Joseph, Mary, John, Sarah, William, 
 Amanda, Martha, Margaret, Martin K. and Enoch H. James, Cyn- 
 tha, and Martha, are the ones now living. Mr. Butcher was a great 
 hunter. When he went to the field for grain he usually took his gun, 
 and it was not anything uncommon for him to return with a load of 
 ' corn and venison. In religion he and his wife were prominent work- 
 ers. Some of the first meetings of the New Light order of 
 •christians ever held in the township were held at their house. In 
 business he was successful, leaving his family in easy circumstances. 
 By his death Sngar Creek township lost one of her valued citizens, his 
 wife a dutiful and exemplary husband, his surviving children a father 
 and fi'iend, whose loss cannot be repaired, whose love and sympathy 
 cannot be restored. His widowed mother still resides on the old home- 
 stead. 
 
 Martin Mote, farmer and miller, Darlington. The subject of this 
 memoir is one of the pioneers who was here as early as 1824. The 
 Pottawatomies and Miami Indians still lurked in the forests. He was 
 born in 1818, in the State of Ohio, and is the son of Stephen and 
 Elizabeth (Sheets) Mote. Martin Mote's mother was a native of North 
 Carolina and his father of Virginia. They came to Yigo county in 
 1820, where they remained four years before coming to Montgomery 
 county. His paternal grandfather, James Mote, was a native of Georgia 
 and his grandmother of England. In 1839 he was marrifed to Charlotte 
 Poiner, of Ohio, daughter of Nathan and Nancy (Johnson) Poiner. By 
 this marriage he has four children : William H. H., Sarah E., Francis 
 E. and Cinderella J. Mr. Mote, in 1862, moved to Boone county, Indi- 
 ana. Remaining there three years he returned to Montgomery county, 
 and bought the old " Cops Mill " on Sugar creek, in 1867, now known 
 as Mote's mill. In addition to the mill he has a farm of eighty-four 
 acres well stocked. His wife died in 1879, aged sixty years, leaving a 
 fond family to mourn her loss. He is an old and tried member of the 
 Baptist church. He is a republican in politics, and formerly belonged 
 to the whig party. 
 
 Misner Irwin, farmer. Bowers, is a native of Ross county, Ohio, 
 horn in 1807, and pioneer settler of Sugar Creek township. He was 
 iere before the Indians were gone. His parents were Samuel and Es- 
 ter (Dean) Irwin, the former a native of Virginia, the latter a native 
 ■of Ohio. His father came to Ohio in 1800, where he was married, 
 then emigrated to Indiana, Montgomery county, in 1829. Mr. Irwin's 
 
572 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 father raised a family of fourteen children and died in 1834 in the 
 fifty-third year of his age, and his mother in 1865, in her eighty-fourth 
 year. In 1830 he was married to Margaret Blaine, daughter of James 
 and Mary Blaine, both natives' of Pennsylvania. By this marriage he 
 had eight children : James B. and Samuel (deceased), Mary, William 
 A., John W. and Ester. William A. was in the three-months service 
 during the late war. In 1868 his beloved wife and kind mother were 
 called from earth to heaven. She died firm in the religion of Christ.. 
 His grandparents, Jerod and Jane Irwin, came from Scotland. Hia- 
 mother's people are of Irish descent. Mr. Irwin began life poor and 
 now has a farm of fifty-six acres in good cultivation, and lives at his 
 ease, enjoying the fruits of a well-spent life. In politics he is a radi- 
 cal republican. 
 
 Samuel Peterson, farmer, Potato Creek, came to Montgomery county,. 
 Indiana, from Ohio, with his parents, in the year 1830. His parents 
 were Solomon and Magdalena (Bowers) Peterson. He was married in 
 1826 to Milly J. Smith, daughter of William and Mary Smith, born 
 in Kentucky in 1818. The former emigrated to this country from Eng- 
 land. The latter was a native of Virginia. They then nioved to 
 Louisville, where she was married. By this union Samuel Peterson had 
 fifteen children : Mary M., Elizabeth S., Alfred S., Silas, Milletus,. 
 Bithena J., Ann M., Henry O., William M., . Martha F., Solomon, 
 Milly M., Samuel M., John F. and Millard F. Mr. Peterson was 
 born in 1818 and died in 1864, leaving his family a good farm of 160 
 acres, which his own labor had wrought in a wilderness. His widow 
 still occupies the old homestead. Mr. Peterson was a member of the 
 Predestinarian Baptist church. His widow still holds to the same 
 faith. His political views were democratic. By his removal from 
 earth Sugar Creek township lost another of her pioneer heroes and a 
 valuable citizen, his wife a kind husband, his children a christian and 
 charitable father, to whom the highest tribute to his memory is due. 
 
 Silas Peterson, farmer and stock raiser, Potato Creek, was born in 
 Greene county, Ohio, in 1825. His parents were Solomon and Wil- 
 helmina Peterson. The former was a native of Virginia, the latter of 
 Germany. They were married in Virginia and emigrated to Uoss 
 county, Ohio, in 1802, then to Greene county, then to Montgomery 
 county, Indiana, and settled in Sugar Creek township in 1830, where 
 they died, the father in 1851, aged sixty-one years, his mother in 1831, 
 aged forty-five. Silas Peterson's grandfather, John Peterson, was born 
 in Virginia, and first moved to Ross county, Ohio, in 1831. He came 
 to Montgomery county, Indiana, where he died in 1839, aged seventy- 
 one years. His great grandfather, Martin Peterson, an early pioneer 
 
SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 573 
 
 -of old Virginia, was captured by the Indians while working in the 
 field, and held a captive by them for three years. The Peterson 
 family were originally from Switzerland. S. Peterson was married in 
 1848 to Lourinda Dain, daughter of Casson and Ester Dain. By this 
 marriage he had seven children : John Q., Clara (deceased), Wilhel- 
 mina P., Ester J., Charles C. and Wilson M. Mr. Peterson and wife 
 are members of the Christian church at Darlington. In politics he 
 has ever been democratic. In 1870 he was elected real estate ap- 
 praiser of Montgomery county, and twice elected to the state senate (in 
 1856 to fill a vacancy, in 1876 for a full term), which position he 
 filled with credit to himself and satisfaction to his constituents. He 
 now has a farm of 1,200 acres, after deeding away to his children 
 nearly 300 ; it is well improved and stocked with cattle and sheep 
 principally. He takes great interest in behalf of education. Among 
 the leading farmers of Montgomery county he ranks high, and not less 
 is his reputation among his immediate neighbors, and all know him for 
 iiitcgrity and honesty. 
 
 William Corns, farmer, Bowers, was born in 1808 in Poss county, 
 Ohio, and is the son of William and Nancy Corns. The foi-mer was 
 born in Ohio, near the mouth of the Scioto river, and was killed by 
 the falling of a burning tree while passing through a deadening ; the 
 latter was a native of Virginia. Mr. Corns, when four years of age, 
 moved to Champagne county, Ohio. His paternal , grandfather died 
 while on the road. Then he came in 1830 to Montgomery county, 
 Indiana. In 1832 he was married to Elizabetji Kodgers, daughter of 
 Jacob and Anna Rodgers. By this union he has ten children : Harri- 
 son, Nancy J., Milton, Eachel, Mary A., Sarah E., Joseph M., Jacob 
 F., William, and Amanda E-, all of whom, including their mother, are 
 deceased, but Joseph M. and Jacob F. Their mother died September 
 7, 1848, aged thirty-four years. Mr. Corns was married a second time, 
 to America Williams, daughter of Charley and Jane Williams, by 
 whom he has seven children : Martha J., Hannah M., Arminta E., 
 Civilla A. deceased; John W., Maria L. and Ida D. This second 
 wife died September 30, 1872, aged forty-seven years. He (as were 
 both his wives) is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church, in 
 which he has been steward. In politics he is a republican. In 1832 
 he settled on tlie farm where he now lives. He was constable for a 
 time in the early settlement of Sugar Creek township. He now has 
 a farm of 120 acres, 80 of which he entered in 1830, all of which is 
 under good cultivation. 
 
 John Mitchell, farmer and grain merchant, Colfax. Among the 
 early settlers of Sugar Creek township is John Mitchell. He was bol-n 
 
574 HISTOET OF MONTGOMEEY COUNTY. 
 
 in 1819, in Champaign county, Ohio, and emigrated to Montgomery- 
 county with his parents in 1833, and settled in Sugar Creek township. 
 His parents were William and Sarah Mitchell, the former a native of 
 Virginia and died in 1839, the latter of New Jersey »nd died in 1863. 
 John Mitchell's father's people were originally from England, his 
 mother's people from Holland. He was married in 1848 to Mary Kice, 
 born in 1824, and daughter of Roach and Eleanor Rice. Her father 
 was a native of Ohio and her. mother of Pennsylvania. Both died in 
 Montgomery county, the former in 1855, the latter in 1863. Mr. Mitch- 
 ell received but a limited literary training. He followed school teach- 
 ing four years when a young man, and lost no opportunity by which 
 he could improve his mind. He followed contracting on the Terre 
 Haute & Richland railroad for some time, nine miles of which he 
 graded. Through his energies and frugality he has amassed considera- 
 ble wealth. His farm of 523 acres, situated in the east part of Sugar 
 Creek township, has but few superiors even in the county. In addi- 
 tion to his farm he is engaged in buying and shipping, grain at Colfax. 
 Mr. Mitchell has filled every office in the Methodist Episcopal church 
 belonging to the laymen. Was justice of the peace twenty years, 
 trustee of the township under the old law, served as constable five 
 years, was appointed enumerator of his township in 1880, and is now 
 serving his second term as notary public. In politics he is a republican. 
 During the war he took quite an active part. He enlisted with the 
 Home Guards, was made secretary, and went with the company on the 
 Morgan raid. He is a member of the ancient order of Masoijs and 
 I.O.O.F. at Colfax. While few have been more frequently the recipients 
 of public favors, none have exercised greater zeal and fidelity in behalf 
 of his constituents. Many a hapless orphan has found a cheerful home 
 beneath his roof. 
 
 ,Jessee Anderson, farmer, Colfax, was born in 1815, in Greene 
 county, Ohio, and is the son of John and Martha Anderson, the for- 
 mer a native of North Carolina, the latter of West Virginia. They 
 came to Ohio in the pioneer days of that state, then came to Mont- 
 gomery county in 1836. J. Anderson was married in 1839 to Amanda 
 Bowers, daughter of Abraham and Elizabeth Bowers. By this mar- 
 riage he has seven children; Mary J., Roda A. and Christena are the 
 only ones living. His noble wife and pious mother were called to join 
 her children gone before, in 1877. He is now living with his second 
 wife, Mrs. Mary Royer. He and his wife are members of the German 
 Baptist church. His first wife died in the same faith. Mr. Anderson 
 is a republican in politics. His great interest in behalf of the welfare 
 of his children led him to part with all his land but fifty acres. His 
 
SUGAR CKEEK TOWNSHIP. 575 
 
 early education was very limited. He, like all of his faith, has a par- 
 ticular regard for the inward monitions of conscience, which, though 
 it does not make a man rich in houses and lands, it brings peace and; 
 tranquillity to the soul. 
 
 Henry Smith, farmer, Bowers, was born in 1837 in Montgomery 
 county. His education is such as he obtained in the district school.- 
 His parents, George and Sarah (Peterson) Smith, settled in Mont- 
 gomery county in 1831. Henry Smith's father first emigrated from 
 Maryland to Ohio, then to Montgomery county, where he was married 
 in 1833, at the age of twenty-seven, and settled in Sugar Creek town- 
 ship. Henry Smith's paternal grandfather, Jacob Smith, a native of 
 Maryland, came to Ohio in 1810 ; his maternal grandfather was John. 
 Peterson, a native of Virginia, and pioneer settler of Montgomery 
 county as early as 1829. Henry Smith was married in 1858 to Mary 
 J. Anderson, daughter of Jesse and Amanda Anderson, pioneer set- 
 tlers of Montgomery county. Mr. Smith is one of our neatest farmers,, 
 who thinks if a thing is worth doing at all it is worthy of neatness.. 
 He has a farm of ninety-five acres, well adapted to all kinds of grain. 
 He keeps a good quality of stock. In politics he is strictly republican. 
 
 Joseph Conrad, farmer and stock raiser, Colfax, was born in 1830- 
 in Eoss county, Ohio. In 1834 he came to Indiana with his parents, 
 Jessee and Mary Conrad. The former a native of Kentucky, born in 
 1805 and died in 1874 ; the latter a native of Maryland, died in 1850.. 
 Mr. Conrad was married in 1859 to Susan Clark, daughter of Robert 
 and Sarah Clark, both natives of Ohio, and pioneer settlers of Indiana. 
 By this union he has five children : Emma L., Lena A., Jessee H. and 
 Willie F. In politics he is a republican, and a zealous member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal church at Bethel. During the war he was a 
 member of the Montgomery home guards, and was called out on the 
 Morgan raid. His grandparents on his father's side were pioneers of 
 Kentucky, on his mother's side they were pioneers of Maryland. 
 "When he began life for himself his education was but little, and his 
 money still less. For several years he rented land. Now he has a 
 farm of 240 acres of good land, well improved and well stocked. 
 
 Milton B. "Waugh, farmer and stock raiser, Colfax, is the son of the 
 early pioneers, Milo and Elizabeth Waugh, the former a native of Ross 
 county, Ohio, born in 1804, and died in 1859 ; the latter a native of 
 Fayette county, Ohio, born in 1811, and died in 1864. They came to 
 Montgomery county in 1831, and settled on the farm where they spent 
 the remainder of their lives. The farm is now owned and occupied by 
 their son, Milton B. Milton B.'s grandfather Waugh lived to the 
 age of ninety-four, his grandfather Kious to the age of seventy years. 
 
576 HISTOKT OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Milton B. was born in 1837, and was married to Sarah Saulsberry in 
 1857. She is the daughter of James and Catharine Sanlsbcrry, both of 
 whom are natives of Ohio ; the former died in 1861, aged seventy-seven, 
 the latter in 1SC2. By this marriage they have seven children : James 
 M., Emma O., Mollie L., Clara B., John M., Martha M. and Frank 
 W. Mr. Waugh's early education consists of such training as he was 
 able to get in the common schools, and one term at the Farmer's In- 
 stitute at La Fayette. He is a member of the Grange at Colfax, and 
 also of the A.F. and A.M., Plumb Lodge No. 472, Colfax, Indiana. His 
 farm of 400 acres is second to none in the county as to location, and to 
 but few as to improvements. It is well stocked with sheep, hogs, and 
 cattle of an extra grade. Milton B.'s parents were zealous members of 
 the Methodist Episcopal church, and .took an active part in the funding 
 of the society at Bethel, and Milton B. and wife are no less zealous in 
 the cause of Christianity and maintaining that society to which their 
 parents did homage. 
 
 Martin Bowers, farmer and minister, Colfax, was born and reared 
 in this township in 1837. He is the son of Edmund and Charlotte 
 Bowers. His parents are both natives of Ohio, a;nd emigrated to Mont- 
 gomery county, Indiana, in 1829, with the first settlers of Sugar Creek 
 township. The mother, Charlotte (Dirlinger) Bowers, daughter of 
 Jacob Dirlinger, died in 186L His paternal grandfather was a native 
 of Virginia, and served in the war of 1812. Martin Bowers was mar- 
 ried in 1859 to Elizabeth Dunbar, daughter of Lewis and Mary Dunbar, 
 the former was a native of Pennsylvania, the latter of Virginia. By 
 this union he has four children : Mary C, Viola M., Martha S. and 
 Bobert M. He has a good farm of seventy-six acres, nicely located, 
 in good cultivation, and fairly stocked. In politics he is neutral. Mr. 
 Bowers is an energetic worker in the German Baptist church, having 
 officiated as minister in the same since 1863. His school education 
 amounted to but little, but through his energy, love of knowledge, and 
 the truth, he expounds the Scriptures to his people. 
 
 Thompson Conrad, farmer, Clark's Hill, came to Montgomery 
 county from Ross county, Ohio, with his parents in 1839. He was 
 born in Kentucky in 1817, and is the son of Joseph and Rachel Con- 
 rad ; the former is a native of Pennsylvania, and emigrated to Ohio in 
 1821, the latter a native of Virginia; her people were formerly from 
 Germany. In 1846 he was married. to Elizabeth "VVyant, daughter of 
 Absalom Wyant, who settled in Sugar Creek township near Bethel 
 church in 1831. By this marriage he has six children: Eliza A., 
 Joseph, Rachel, Jessec, Alice. Mr. Conrad and wife are members of 
 United Brethren in Christ, at the Red school-house. In politics he is 
 
''<^-^^€:^-^^ 
 
SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 577 
 
 a republican. He was schooled principally in the pioneer schools of 
 Campbell county, Kentucky, where his_ parents settled at a very early 
 date. He has a farm of 120 acres, fairly stocked, and in good cultiva- 
 tion. Mr. Conrad located on this farm in 1857. Alice, the youngest 
 of his children, is the only one remaining" at home, the rest, having 
 married, sought their fortunes elsewhere. 
 
 John D. Coiner, tanner and farmer, Colfax, was born in 1810. At 
 the age of six years he emigrated with his parents to Koss county, 
 Ohio. In 1831 he came to Clinton county, Indiana, remaining there 
 four years. He was married in 1835 to Delila "Wells, by whom he has 
 three children : George, Lushan D. and Martin P. He settled in 
 1840 on Sec. 11, where he has since lived. His wife died in 1844. 
 In 1847 he was married a second time, to Elizabeth Wyant, daughter 
 of William and Betsey Wyant, by whotti he has seven children : De- 
 lila, "William, Jacob, Seymore, David, Mary E. and Joseph. In re- 
 ligion he is a Presbyterian. His first wife was of the same faith, and 
 his present wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal church. He 
 ran a tan-yard on the farm for nine years. This was the only one ever 
 in Sugar Creek township. He has a fine farm of 300 acres nearly all 
 prairie, well stocked ; formerly he traded considerable in cattle. His 
 paternal grandparents were from Germany, his mother's people were 
 from Ireland. The parents of Mr. Coiner were Jacob and Mary (By- 
 ers) Coiner, both natives of Virginia. His early education was that of 
 the common schools only. In politics he is a democrat. His first vote 
 for president was cast for Henry Clay. 
 
 Jacob Hoober, farming, Darlington, was born in Ohio, in 1814, and 
 was married in 1837, and emigrated to Coles county, Illinois, in 1842, 
 where they remained but six weeks, then they went to Fountain 
 county, where they lived seven years, then they came to Montgomery 
 in 1850, and located where they now live. His father, "W. Hoober, 
 was a native of Virginia, and emigrated to Ohio, in pioneer times, 
 where he died aged sixty years. His mother, Elizabeth (Kiefer) 
 Hoober, was a native of Ohio, a descendant from German parents. 
 She died in her sixty-fifth year. Mrs. Jacob Hoober is the daughter 
 of Louis and Anna (Lookhart) Shriver, both natives of Maryland. 
 They emigrated to Ohio, Ross county, in 1821. The former died 
 in 1845, the latter in 1857. By this marriage Mr. Hoober has one 
 <!hild, Eliza A., married to Charles Shone. He. and his wife are 
 members of the Lutheran chnrch. In his boyhood he received hot 
 even the educational training of the common school. He is the pos- 
 sessor of a good farm of forty acres, which is in good cultivation and 
 well stocked. 
 
 37 . ■ 
 
578 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Joseph Corns, farming, Bowers Station, was born iu 1843 in Sugar 
 Creek township, Montgomery county, Indiana, and is the son of Will- 
 iam and Elizabeth (Rogers) Corns, both natives of Ohio, and pioneer 
 settlers of Montgomery county. Joseph Corns was educated in the 
 pioneer schools of this township, and remembers well the old log 
 school-house, with its big fire-place and benches of poles without 
 backs. He was married in 1868 to Martha Smith, born in 1843, 
 daughter of George and Sarah (Peterson) Smith, by whom he has five 
 children : Ini O., Lula' and Charles (deceased, twins), Florence and 
 Clara A. Himself and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal 
 church at Fisher school-house. In the beginning of the rebellion he 
 enlisted in the 72d Ind. Yols.,' in which he served six months, when 
 he was discharged because of sickness. In 1863 he again enlisted in 
 the 11th Ind. Cav., and served one year and nine months. In politics 
 he is a republican. Mr. Corns has a farm of ninety-two acres in good 
 cultivation, farily stocked and good improvements. Among men of 
 his age few have more promising future success. 
 
 John W. Allen, farmer and stock raiser. Bowers, is one of Sugar 
 Creek township's thrifty, enterprising farmers. He was born in 1843 
 on the farm, a part of which he now owns. His father, James Allen, 
 was born in Pennsylvania in 1803, and emigrated to Ohio with his 
 parents when quite young, and then came to Sugar Creek township in 
 1827, where he was married in 1831 to Lydia A. Kakestraw, a native 
 of New Jersey, she having emigrated to this township with her par- 
 ents as early as 1828. John W. received his education in the common 
 schools, and was reared a farmer. He was married in 1869 to Theresa 
 A. Sims, daughter of John and Margaret (Carson) Sims. They have 
 four children : Eobert F., Florence L., Laura E. and Esthel L. In 
 politics he is a republican. His farm is an undivided interest in the 
 old homestead, amounting to something over 100 acres, which is well 
 improved and in a high state of cultivation. All know him as a man 
 who takes a lively interest in everything which is for the country's 
 benefit, no matter whether it be in favor of progress, in wealth, or in- 
 telligence. 
 
 Abner Bowers, farmer. Bowers Station, was born in Ross county, 
 Ohio, in 1812, and is the son of Abraham aftd Elizabeth (Bryant) 
 Bowers, both of whom are natives of Virginia, and in Tippecanoe 
 county, Indiana, ended their pilgrimage on earth, the former in 1863, 
 aged seventy-six years, seven months and five days, the latter in 1868, 
 aged eighty-two years. Abner Bowers' paternal grandfather and 
 mother were natives of Germany, and emigrated to Virginia in 1730, 
 and, like his parents, were members of the German Baptist church. 
 
SUGAR CREEK TOWNSHIP. 579 
 
 December 21, 1832, Abner Bowers was married to Chalotte Huff- 
 anan, who died in December 13, 1842, aged twenty-six years, leaving 
 four children : Adonijah, Christena, Ester, and Abraham. He was 
 oaarried a second time, in 1842, to Elizabeth Baer, who departed this 
 life in 1879, aged sixty-five years, four months and twenty-four days, 
 leaving live children : William, Charlotte, Jessee, Silas, and Austin 
 [deceased). He was married a third time, February 19, 1880, to Cath- 
 erine Johnson (Hicks), with whom he now lives. She was born in 
 1827. By her first husband has two daughters, now citizens of Cham- 
 paign. Abner Bbwers settled in Sugar Creek township in 1844, on 
 160 acres. Mr. Bowers has been one of the leading members of the 
 German Baptist church in this township, ofiBciating as one of its minis- 
 ters, as well as bequeathing generously to its support. While he has 
 taken an active part in the moral culture of the people around him, he 
 has not been less active and observant of the financial interests of all 
 for whom it is his duty to labor. He rendered good service in se- 
 curing for them in Sugar Creek township, on the Logansport & Terre 
 Haute railroad, Bowers station, thus furnishing them a market at home 
 for their produce. This he secured by donating the la"nd for the sta- 
 tion which, bears his name. In politics he is a republican. By his 
 good management he has been able to send his children out from 
 home in good circumstances, and keep for himself enough of his 
 earnings to make him comfortable and happy. For his generosity, 
 integrity, and christian character he is highly esteemed by his neigh- 
 bors. 
 
 Samuel Marts, farmer, Darlington. The subject of this sketch was 
 born in Ohio in 1821, and is the son of Abraham and Cossa Marts, 
 both natives of Pennsylvania. The former was in the war of 1812 and 
 fought in the siege of Fort Meigs, and died in 1838, aged fifty-eight, 
 the latter died in 1862, aged sixty years. Samuel marts was married 
 in 1843, to Mary Baker, of Fairfield county, Ohio, daughter of Peter 
 and Elizabeth Baker, both natives of Maryland. By this marriage he 
 has five children : Jerome B., William H., Chancy N., Otis B. and 
 Mary A. His wife is a member of the Presbyterian church at Dar- 
 lington. In politics he is a republican of the first rank. His son, 
 Jerome B., served as a soldier in the late war, first enlisting in the 
 one-hundred-days service, then for three years. Mr. Marts is a mem- 
 ber of the order of Masons, in Darlington Lodge, No. 186, and has 
 several times held the office of treasurer in the same. Formerly he 
 was a member of the i.O.O.F., from which he withdrew, holding a 
 card of honor. Mr. Marts settled in Franklin township in 1846. He 
 bought land at $7.50 per aero. He now has a fine farm of 320 acresj 
 
580 HISTORY OP MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 located in the north part of Franklin township, well stocked and in 
 good cultivation. 
 
 Samuel Brown, saw-mill, Potato Creek, was born in 1822, in Frank- 
 lin county, Indiana, and is the son of Isaac and Margaret (Harald) 
 Brown. His father was a native of Kentucky, his mother a native of 
 Indiana. He was left an orphan at a very early age, to seek his own 
 living among strangers. He was married in 1845 to Elizabeth Hash- 
 barger, daughter of Isaac and Margaret Hashbarger, both of Virginia. 
 He first emigrated to Indiana, settling in Indianapolis, thence to 
 Wayne county; then he moved to Fayette county, and then to Mont- 
 gomery county, where he now resides. During his time of running 
 saw-mills he has several times met with losses by fire. By his mar- 
 riage with Elizabeth Hashbarger he has seven children : John L., 
 Franklin E., Charles H., William C, Ulmer E. and James A. The first 
 named served in the late war as a soldier, the last was in the service 
 three years, going through several hard fought battles. Notwithstand- 
 ing the many reverses Mr. Brown is in easy circumstances. He and 
 his wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal church. In politics 
 he is a radical republican. 
 
 J. A. Bowers, farmer. Bowers, is a native of Montgomery county, 
 Sugar Creek township, the son of Abner and Elizabeth Bowers, and 
 born in 1848. His father is yet living (1880), and is one of the oldest 
 pioneers in Sugar Creek township. J. A. was married in 1872 to Me- 
 lissa J. Doss, a native of Kentucky, and daughter of Elisha and 
 Susanna Doss, the former a native of Kentucky the latter of Ohio. 
 By this marriage he has three children : Perry L., Austin M. and Ab- 
 ner G. In 1878 his wife, Melissa J., bid adieu to earth, leaving a 
 devoted and kind family to mourn her departure. J. A. was married a 
 second time, in 1879, to Elvira Hiatt, daughter of Silas and Eliza Hiatt. 
 The former is said to be the first white child born in Montgomery 
 county. Mr. Bowers' school education was obtained in the common 
 district school and the Darlington Academy. He has been engaged 
 in the grain trade at Bowers. He now resides upon his farm of 120 
 acres, which is under good cultivation and well stocked. In religion 
 he leans toward the faith of the German Baptist, the church -of his 
 father's choice. Mr. Bowers, like each member of his father's family, 
 is highly respected for morality and integrity. In politics he is a re- 
 publican. 
 
 Joseph Butcher, farmer. Bowers, was born in 1821, in the State of 
 Virginia, and was reared in Nicholas connty, Ohio, and came to Mont- 
 gomery county in 1849. Joseph Butcher's parents were James and 
 Mary (Caldwell) Butcher, the former a native of Virginia, born in 
 
SUGAR CREEK TOWKSHIP. 581 
 
 1777, the latter a native of Kentucky. They moved from Ohio in 
 1849 to Montgomery county. They raised ten children out of twelve. 
 Of the number living Joseph and Cyntha still reside in Sugar Creek 
 township. Re was a soldier in the war of 1812, and died in 1869, 
 aged ninety-two years. Joseph and Cyntha's paternal grandparents 
 were John and Sarah (Cunard) Butcher, both of whom were natives 
 of Loudon county, "Virginia. The former was born in 1755, and lived 
 to the age of seventy-five, the latter was born in 1750, and died at the 
 age of seventy-seven years. Their great-grandfather, John Butcher, 
 came from Germany, and settled in Virginia at a very early period. 
 He and thirteen others were out viewing their fields of grain and were 
 attacked by Indians. All were killed but two. Joseph Butcher's ma- 
 ternal grandfather, Alexander Caldwell, was a native of Pennsylvania; 
 by trade a millwright. His great maternal grandfather, Alexander 
 Caldwell, was a native of Ireland,, and pioneer colonist of Virginia. 
 Joseph Butcher was married in 1860 to Maria Allen, daughter of James 
 and Lydia Allen, born in 1839. . By this marriage there are six chil- 
 dren: Lydia A., "William M., James E., Chester H., Peter H. and Ar- 
 thur C. Joseph Butcher received a common school education. He 
 has a good farm of 360 acres well stocked. Cyntha, his only surviving 
 sister, remains unmarried, and takes special delight in literature, few 
 being better posted as to the current topics of the day than she. The 
 Butcher family have, so far back as we are able to trace its his- 
 tory, paid special attention to Christianity. The grandparents and the 
 grandparents of those now living in Sugar Creek township were Qua- 
 kers. Those now living in Sugar -Creek township, and their immedi- 
 ate parents before them belong to the New Light order of christians. 
 In politics they are radical republicans. 
 
 Joseph M. Pitman, farmer, Darlington, is the son of Joseph and 
 Phoebe (Bowers) Pitman, both natives of New Jersey, the former was 
 born in 1782, the latter in 1785 ; they were pioneer settlers of Ohio, 
 and members of the Baptist church. Joseph M. was born in 1826, 
 and came to Montgomery county in 1853. He was married in 1848 
 to Rebecca Garrison, by whom he has nine children : John H., Charles 
 W., Eobert W., Lydia M., Daniel V., Caroline, James, Thomas G., 
 Joseph "W. He is a member of the democratic party. He served six 
 months in the 11th Ind. at the close of the, late war. His early educa- 
 tion was wholly neglected, and feeling sharply the great disadvantages 
 of this neglect he fails to use no means in his power for the intellectual 
 advancement of his children. He and his wife are faithful members 
 of the Methodist Episcopal church. 
 
 Paul H. Shawver, farmer, Potato Creek, was born in Virginia in 
 
•582 HISTOKY OF MOBTTGOMERT COUKTT. 
 
 1853, and is the son of George W. and Elizabeth M. Shawver, both of 
 whom are yet living in their native state, Virginia. Panl's paternal 
 grandparents lived to a good old age, — liis grandfather to the age of 
 seventy, and his grandmother died in 1860, aged sixty years. Paul H. 
 came to Montgomery county in 1871. In 1878 he returned to Yirginia 
 and was married to Mary 0. King, daughter of James and Eliza King, 
 by whom he has one child, Jessie. One thing remarkable of the family 
 of Paul H. is, on both sides, as far back as he is able to trace his gene- 
 alogy, all have been devoted advocates of Christianity in the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal church. In this he and his wife are faithfully following 
 in the footsteps of their ancestors. His education is that of the 
 common school. Paul H. has the respect of all who know him for 
 his industry and honesty. In every institution of benefit to the present 
 or future generation, he manifests a great interest. 
 
 George W. Tucker, physician and surgeon, Bowers, was born in 
 Parke county, this state, in 1844, and is the son of George and Mary 
 Tucker, the former a native of Providence county, Rhode Island, the 
 latter of Warren county, New York. They came to Parke county in 
 1831 and settled in Liberty township, whei'e they died, the former in 
 1870, aged eighty -three years, the latter in 1 852, aged fifty-three years. 
 Dr. Tucker was married in 1880 to Mrs. Rachel Raymond (Barnes), 
 daughter of Michael Barnes. She is a native of Ohio; her father 
 also of Ohio, her mother of ISew Jersey. The subject of this sketch 
 was educated by his own exertion in the common schools and the 
 academy of Bloomingdale, Parke county. In 1857 he went to Ver- 
 milion county, Illinois, to learn the art of farming, with a brother-in- 
 law, but disliking the business after a time returned to Parke county 
 and began the study of medicine with his brother, J. P. Tucker, at 
 Annapolis, where he remained three years, then completed the course 
 of lectures necessary for graduation in the Indiana Medical College at 
 Indianapolis with the class of '79. Not being possessed with the neces- 
 sary means to defray the expenses of graduation he deferred this part 
 till a future time. Then he went to Jacksonville, Fountain county, 
 this state, where he practiced till July 1880, when he located at Bow- 
 ers, Sugar Creek township. His wife is a member of the Methodist 
 Episcopal church. He is a member of the ancient order of Masons at 
 Annapolis. 
 
KIPLET TOWNSHIP. 583 
 
 RIPLEY TOWITSHIP. 
 
 This township, although the smallest in Montgomery county, a-nd 
 BFithout railroads, acts an important part in its history. Bounded on 
 the north by Wayne township, on the west by Fountain county, and 
 jn the south and east by Sugar creek, or more properly speaking, Rock 
 river; it presents the figure of a right-angled triangle, its greatest 
 length being seven and its breadth six and a half miles. It has an 
 irea of about thirty-one square miles, portions of three congressional 
 townships : that portion east of the center contains about thirteen sec- 
 tions of T. 18 N., R. 5 W. The western half contains the entire eastern 
 balf of T. 18 N., R. 6 W., while in the extreme south are portions of 
 Sees. 1, 2 and 3 of T. 17 IST., R. 6 W. The surface, with the exception 
 [)f that nearest the river, is generally undulating, afifording ample 
 Facilities for drainage, without the inconvenience attending land of a 
 more broken nature. There is much beautiful natural scenery on the 
 banks of Rock river, where it bounds Ripley, which occupies no 
 DQean place in the catalogue of places visited by Indiana artists ; clifis 
 rising almost perpendicularly to a height of seventy feet line the Rip- 
 ley side in many places ; in other localities the rise is more gradual, pre- 
 senting, if possible, a more pleasing appearance. This added to" the 
 beautiful grottoes, the miniature waterfall, and luxuriant vegetation, 
 sombines to bring new beauty to the eye of nature's lover with each 
 oew advance. The camera has been frequently made use of in this 
 vicinity, and many beautiful stereoscopic views are the result, which 
 need only to be labeled " Scenes in the Alleghany canyons " to ob- 
 tain a ready sale. Originally this township was one extensive forest, 
 svith scarcely an unshadowed spot, yet the woodman's axe has lain low 
 the most valuable portion of its timber, while five saw-mills within its 
 Dorders say, with stronger accent than human voice is capable of, that 
 In the near future its once valuable groves will be a thing of the past. 
 This question is now assuming a serious aspect with some of the more 
 Drovident landholders, who foresee the advantage of saving some, at 
 east, of the timber for future generations. 
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 The date of the erection of the first cabin within the present limits 
 )f Ripley township, though not positively known, may, according to 
 ;he most creditable authority noW^ obtainable, be placed at some 
 ime during the summer of 1820, tlms making it one of the pioneer 
 ownships of the county. This cabin was built by Wilson Claj'pool 
 
684 HisTOEY or Montgomery county. 
 
 upon the bank of Sugar creek, above what is known as " Indian tord^ 
 on land now owned by Mr. 0']!Teall. This was doubtless the " out- 
 side house " in this portion of the state. Olaypool, however, sold the 
 land with its "improvements" to John Swearengen, who settled here 
 in October 1822, coming from Butler county, Ohio, with his family, by 
 the then very toilsome overland trail. In June of this year Mickel- 
 berry Ham came with his wife and several children from Kentucky, 
 and built a cabin on Sec. 16, nearly at the mouth of Mill branch. 
 This was a very primitive affair : its floor the solid earth, its furniture 
 such as unskilled hands with a limited number of tools could fashion 
 of the green trees, and its windows paper saturated with the fat of the 
 deer and bear slain in the vicinity. About this time Daniel Hopkins 
 also took up his abode in the wilderness, living near where Younts- 
 ville now stands. From this time forward each year brought new ac- 
 quisitions to the settlement of sturdy backwoodsmen, many of them 
 seeking homes for themselves and growing families (chiefly from 
 Ohio), and others seeking to gain a livelihood by hunting the game in 
 which the woods abounded, the more numerous being deer, turkey 
 and the smaller varieties, while occasionally a black bear would be 
 slain by the hunter. 
 
 By 1825 there were quite a number of residents in this township, 
 many of whom being of that roving character which is always found 
 among the earlier settlers of any locality, after making a few limited 
 improvements, sold their, lands to those of a more settled disposition, 
 while they again took up the line of march westward. 
 
 In September, 1825, Joseph Swerengen, who is now an undertaker 
 at Alamo, came with his father from Butler county, Ohio, where he 
 was born in 1808, and settled near his brother John, who had preceded 
 him nearly three years. Mr. Swerengen's father had a few cabinet- 
 maker's tools, and having worked at • that trade in Ohio was called 
 upon by his neighbors for such articles of furniture as were most 
 needed, as well as repairs for the farming implements. By him was 
 made the first fanning-mill in the county, the wheat having been pre- 
 viously prepared for grinding by the primitive and tedious process of 
 throwing it into the air, in much the same manner that the children of 
 Israel adopted while in the Egyptian captivity, as attested by the rude 
 figures upon their historical tablets. 
 
 Cincinnati was for several years the " supply depot " of these pio- 
 neers. There they would take their bacon, sugar made from the trees, 
 in which this township was especially rich, and such of their grain as 
 was not needed for "home consumption," and exchange for the neces- 
 sities of life which their country did not produce. Their cattle 
 
RIPLEY TOWKSHIP. 585 
 
 grazed in the woods, only enough being kept as would supply the 
 needed products of the dairy. The hogs virtually were wild, living 
 upon nuts, roots, etc., the entire year, and receiving no thought from 
 their owners until " butchering time " came, when each settler was 
 . supposed to own as many of them as he could call home (with his 
 rifle), provided no one else interfered in the claim, which disputes 
 were quite frequent, though not often attended with very serious re- 
 sults, except to the animal in question, which was generally divided 
 between the diflferent claimants. The oldest " first settler " who still 
 lives in this township, is Alex. Thompson, who was born in Cumber- 
 land county, Pennsylvania, April 3, 1796, and came to this township, 
 building a cabin where his residence now stands, on Sec. — , in the 
 fall of 1827. He is a healthy old man, walking without the aid of a 
 cane and reading without glasses. To Patrick Ham, who resides near 
 Alamo, belongs the honor of living longer in this township than any 
 other, having been brought here by his parents in June 1822. 
 
 VILLAGES. ■ 
 
 Alamo was laid out in 1837, on land of Samuel Truax, and occu- 
 pies the S.E. i S.E. i of Sec. 23. The establishment of this vil- 
 lage was the result of an attempt at speculation made by Mr. Truax 
 and Boyce, a surveyor, who figured in the origin of several villages in 
 Indiana at that time. The plan was a simple one, and much the same 
 as is now being adopted in the west : to describe a village, with streets 
 named in honor of some revolutionary hero, blocks and lots, all regu- 
 larly numbered, and a " city square," say that it " is a promising loca- 
 cation for young men with energy," advertise it in the eastern papers 
 and wait until the greater portion of the lots are sold to persons who 
 think they have bought a good business location in a thriving western 
 village and watch their discomfiture as they view their lot, the only 
 recognizable feature of which is a small stake driven into the ground, 
 or a mark blazed upon a tree to designate its boundaries. This plan 
 did not succeed in Alamo, however, so that after much had been squan- 
 dered in advertising, the lots were sold at auction to any who would 
 buy, and at figures much lower than those dreamed of by the surveyor, 
 BoyceJ about a year after the imaginary city was first conceived by him. 
 The first store was built in 1840, by Noah Grimes, who figured largely 
 in the earlier enterprises of this little village ; Stubbins & Millegen 
 building one soon after. It now has three stores, one harness, three 
 blacksmith and two wagon shops, an undertaker, and saw-mill, the 
 business of each of which will compare favorably with other towns of 
 its size, though not so old. Barney Deets erected the first cabin in 
 this city. 
 
586 . HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Yountsville, lying upon the banks of Sugar creek, in tlie northeast- 
 ern portion of the township, dates its existence as an important busi- 
 ness place back to the year 1840, when Allen and Dan Yonnt began, 
 though on a small scale, the manufacture of woolen goods. Until 
 1849 they had facilities for carding only, when they began spinning 
 and weaving. The mill proper is a brick structure built in 1864, 
 measuring 60x75. To this, in 1867, was added a wing 50x84, three 
 stories in height. The business done by these mills is about $75,000 
 per year. Mr. Yount is an example of a business man who has suc- 
 ceeded without advertising. Scarcely ever losing a customer, he knows 
 no need of printers' ink. In 1875 Mr. Yount associated with him in 
 business his son, Andrew, and son-in-law, W. C. Whitehead, who still 
 remain with him, doing business under the firm name of D. Yount & 
 Sons. Here is also located J. Snyder's flouring mill, which does a good 
 
 business. 
 
 CHURCHES. 
 
 Methodism, the pioneer religion in many portions of the northwest, 
 V7as the first to be preached in this township. What is now Younts- 
 ville circuit was in 1836 included in the " Coal Creek mission," which 
 then had nearly twenty appointments. In July, 1843, the society at 
 Yountsville was organized by John C. Smith, presiding elder, and 
 Daniel Demont, circuit rider, — a result of a revival held during the 
 summer. A house of worship was built in which its society still 
 worships. At Alamo there are three church buildings: Presbyterian, 
 .Methodist Episcopal, and Union, the two former being the only ones 
 in which services are now held. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The first school-house in this township -was built on land now 
 owned by Levi Wilcox, in 1828. Since then the township) has kept 
 up with the spirit of advancement, and the school-houses within its 
 borders are good, substantial and roomy buildings. The first school 
 was taught by James Grilkey. In 1869 the Alamo Academy was built, 
 the trustees being James A. Gilkey, Thomas Elmore, J. M. Simpson, 
 Philip Sparks and John W. Copner. This school ran quite successfiilly 
 for a few terms, when a number of untoward circumstances combined 
 to break up the interest felt in it by the citizens, when the building 
 was bought by the township for common-school purposes. 
 
 This township claims that within its borders lived the oldest man 
 in the state, and one of the oldest in the United States, George Fruits, 
 who was born in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1762, and moved to Kentucky 
 during its early history, having been engaged in some of the earlier 
 
RIPLEY TOWNSHIP. 587 
 
 .Indian wars, and carrying in his thigh a bullet from some red man's 
 rifle, which he received at the battle of Blue Licks. He died August 
 •6, 1876, aged nearly one hundred and fourteen years, and was followed 
 to his grave by four generations of posterity. The fact that he did 
 not use stimulants or tobacco is another evidence that a man may live 
 without their aid and die at a ripe old age. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Wesley Roundtree, farmer, Alamo, a genial, well-to-do and intel- 
 ligent farmer, was born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1825, and moved to 
 Kipley in 1827 with his parents, Chas. and Sarah (Hayes) Roundtree. 
 Toung Wesley was given what education was afforded by the limited 
 ■common-school system of his day, and made use of all the means usu- 
 ally falling within the reach of a backwoods farmer's boy. He now 
 owns 280 acres of land, and is happy in company with his better half, 
 Florence S., the accomplished daughter of Dr. Brown, of Alamo, whom 
 he married February 5, 1872. They have no children. Mr. Round- 
 "tree has been a member of the Masonic fraternity since 1856 ; signed 
 the first temperance pledge he ever saw, and still is an uneompromis 
 :ing enemy of King Alcohol. In politics he is a republican. . 
 
 Abijah R. Bayless, liveryman. Alamo, son of William and Elizabeth 
 {Grant) Bayless, was born in Trenton, New Jersey, February 24, 1818. 
 His parents moved to Butler county, Ohio, when he was but one year 
 old, and in October, 1828, they removed to this township. At an early 
 period of his life Mr. Bayless was taught the shoe-making trade, at 
 which, together with farming, he worked until his marriage, Novem- 
 ber 1, 1838, to Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Jos. and Sarah Patterson, 
 "who was born October 22, 1817. He thpn gave his entire attention to 
 farming until 1843, when he came to Alamo, then a city of the woods, 
 where he followed his chosen trade for nine years. He then returned 
 to the farm, which he tilled until 1870, when, returning to Alamo, he 
 went into the dry-goods business, and two years later again went at his 
 trade. One year ago he began the business he is now in, and keeps a 
 fine stock of horses and carriages for the accommodation of the public. 
 Mr. Bayless' public educational advantages were limited, yet he im- 
 proved such as he had, and is now a thinking, reading man. Born and 
 raiserl a democrat, he voted that ticket until 1856, when, believing hu- 
 man slH\-c'ry to be nnjust, he voted for Fremont, and has since been a 
 radical republican. Eight children have been born to this venerable 
 couple: Mary A. (Sparks), Wm. T., John G. (both members of the 
 135tii Ind. Vol. Inf), Jas. F., Harriet A. (Craig), Alice E. (Riley), and 
 JSarali E., an infant liaving died. Mr. Bayless is a believer in man's 
 
588 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTT. 
 
 universal salvation, being one of the originators of that church here. 
 He has been township treasurer, and is a prominent member of the 
 Masonic order. 
 
 Joseph B. Taylor, farmer, Yountsville, son of Judge Robert Taylor^ 
 was born where he now resides in 1828, his father having moved here 
 in 1826. Mr. Taylor is now the proprietor of 240 acres of good farm 
 land, which his nephew, J. W. Taylor, is now working, and with whom 
 our subject is living. In his youth he was quite delicate, and his man- 
 hood is but what might be expected of a broken-down youth. Mr. 
 Taylor's political faith is democratic; is connected with no church or 
 other organization, and as yet has traveled this weary world alone. 
 
 John A. Clark, saw-mill. Alamo, son of Elijah and Elizabeth (Smith) 
 Clark, was born in Rockingham county, Virginia, March 21, 1832, both 
 parents being born in Virginia. In 1838 he came with his parents to 
 Ripley township, settling on Sec. 36, where he now lives. His father 
 being a miller, John was brought up to that profession. In 1864 he 
 took possession of the " Clark " mills on Sugar creek, where he re- 
 mained until 1874, when he moved to Alamo and built the " Alamo 
 Champion Steam Planing Mills," and ran them with good success un- 
 til June 5, 1876, when they were destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of 
 about $7,000. In November, 1878, he removed to Harveysburg and 
 took charge of the Bodine mills, and in 1879 he returned and is again 
 running the planing mill at Alamo, which has been rebuilt, while his 
 son, William E., takes charge of the old Clark mills. January 27, 1853, 
 Mr. Clark was united in marriage to Elizabeth A. Ammerman, who 
 was born January -27, 1837, in Hamilton county, Ohio. They have had 
 three chilc^ren : "William E., born November 18, 1854, was lately mar- 
 ried to Miss Ella Hurtt ; Elbert A., born May 25, 1861, died July 4, 
 1864, and another son dying in infancy. Mr. Clark was trustee of his 
 township for four years, commencing 1870, and is a prominent demo- 
 crat. He joined the Alamo Lodge, A.F. and A.M., March 31, 1858, of 
 which he is now an officer, and joined the I.O.O.F. January 11, 1868, in 
 which he has held all of the offices and has represented his lodge seven 
 times at the state organization. In 1857 he joined the New Light re- 
 ligious organization, which, succumbing to circumstances during the 
 rebellion, he united himself with the Disciples or Christian church, 
 where he nows acts as clerk and superintends two Sabbath schools. 
 
 Dan Tount, manufacturer of woolen goods, Yountsville, son of An- 
 drew and Eve (Sink) Yount, was born in Montgomery county, Ohio, 
 November 3, 1807, his ancestry coming from Germany about 1740, and 
 settling in North Carolina. At eleven years of age the subject of this 
 sketch began work in a woolen mill, then owned by his father, near 
 
KIPLBT TOWNSHIP. 589 
 
 Dayton, Ohio. In 1827 he came to Tippecanoe county, settling about 
 five miles south of Lafayette. In 1835 he removed to Attica, Indiana, 
 where, in company with an elder brother, he established a woolen fac- 
 tory, where he continued until 1839, when he purchased a farm in 
 Fort county, where he lived' for about one year. Early in 1840 he re- 
 moved to what is now Tountsville, erecting, in company with his 
 brother, Adam, a small carding-mill, which has since grown to its pres- 
 ent proportions. April 30, 1830, Mr. Yount was married to Sarah 
 Price (of Welsh descent), born in Maryland 1811. She died greatly 
 respected June 19, 1878. They had five children : Ehoda (Townsby), 
 born November 1832 ; Mary (Troutman), born June 1836; Andrew, 
 born January 11, 1838; John (deceased), born January 1840; Annie 
 (Whitehead), born April 14, 1845. " Uncle Dan,'' as he is familiarly 
 known, was brought up in the faith of the Societj' of Friends, but in 
 July 1842, there being no such organization here, he united with the 
 Methodist Episcopal church, a pillar of which he has since been. He has 
 led a very busy and usefuUife, having been- a class-leader and trustee of 
 his church since his connection with it, and is still found in the front rank 
 in all worthy objects, and commands the highest esteem of all who 
 know him. His politics are republican, and though public-spirited 
 he has held no office of the civil government, preferring rather to be 
 
 "a door-keeper" than to " dwell in the tents " 
 
 Frank Hammel, farmer, Yountsville, was born in Wayne county, 
 Indiana, March 5, 1834, and moved to this county in 1846. He is the 
 son of George and Susan (Merideth) Hammel, his father having emi- 
 grated from Germany about 1825. The subject of this sketch was 
 educated at what once M'as called •the "Farmers' Institute," but is now 
 only known in history and the memories of its students. At the age 
 of eighteen he began teaching, which he followed for several years dur- 
 ing the winter, working upon the farm in summer, his first school be- 
 ing taught in district 'No. 5 of this township. October 4, 1862, he was 
 married to Miss Sarah Gilkey. They have two children living: Will- 
 iam S., born November 24, 1866 ; Elizabeth (deceased), and Margaret 
 M., born August 20, 1872. Mr. Hammil is a member of the Masonic 
 fraternity, having for several years been secretary of the lodge at Ala- 
 mo. He owns 80 acres of land in Sec. 1, which is under a good state of 
 cultivation. Politics republican. 
 
 George W. Bowers, farmer. Alamo, at present the trustee of this 
 township, son of David and Catherine (Grimes) Bowers, was born in 
 Putnam county, November 3, 1840, where, December 6, 1866, he was 
 married to Miss Sarah J. Denman, of this township, born September 
 25, 1849. In 1867 he settled in Eipley township, and now owns and 
 
590 HISTOET OF MONTGOMERY COUSTTY. 
 
 tills eighty-eight acres of its land. Though comparatively young, Mr. 
 Bowers takes a lively interest in political issues, which fact was, at the 
 kst township election, recognized by his friends, and he was given the 
 place of honor which he now fills with general satisfaction. He is an 
 active member of the Eipley Grange, with which movement he has 
 been connected since its birth, and in which he has held the position of 
 master four terms. In religion Mr. Bowers follows the teachings of 
 Martin Luther. There are three bright boys in this family : Charles 
 A., born September 8, 1867; Homer D., February 23, 1870, and Pearl 
 O., April 24, 1877. Mr. Bowers is a man well spoken of by his- 
 acquaintances, and is now president of the Detective Association, which 
 was organized at Alamo last spring. 
 
 Allen Byers, farmer, Yountsville, son of James and Sophronia 
 (Barns) Byers, was born in Hamilton county, Ohio, September 18, 
 1847. At a very early age he was, by their death, deprived of both 
 parents, when he lived with his grandparents until his marriage, which 
 occurred February 10, 1870, when he was united with Miss Mary L^ 
 Little, daughter of Ellis and Naomi (Fletcher) Little. They have 
 three children : Estella, born September 6, 1871 ; James E., born 
 December 10, 1876, and Coral E., born July 2, 1879. Mr. Byers and 
 wife are each descendants of old Virginia stock ; the records of their 
 arrival in America are, however, lost. Mr. Byers arrived in this county 
 in March 1870, and has since lived upon his farm of 102 acres in Sec. 6., 
 He is a member of the I.O.O.F. His politics are democratic. 
 
 WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 This township, lying directly north of Kipley, was originally nearly,, 
 if not quite, all wooded, and where the native growth has been cut off 
 the land is as productive as any in the county. Its inhabitants are 
 industrious, and the many well built residences within its borders tes- 
 tify to their thrift. 
 
 Abram Heath and his sister, Mrs. Dennis Rusk, are among the 
 oldest settlers of the township, having settled here in 1823. These in 
 turn were followed by Silas Moore, J. Donahoe, Nathan Small, Samuel 
 Earl, Bazil Tracey and many others, who have all contributed, more or 
 less, to the conversion of the then howling wilderness into what it now 
 is, a thriving township. Those were they who felled the forest, and 
 with the material thus obtained built their rude cabins, while, from the 
 ground thus cleared, they raised their often stinted supply of vegetable 
 food, and with the ungainly yet precise rifle they called their venison 
 
WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 591 
 
 from the forest, with a voice, if not enticing, carrying with it a wonder- 
 ful " drawing " influence. 
 
 The reminiscences related by the few of these pioneers who are 
 left seem, to those who have had no such experience, to be the counter- 
 part of the tales told in the school-books of the early Puritans, yet 
 none doubt but simply wonder, and to-day the children and grand- 
 children of those who opened Wayne townsliip to civilization are 
 enjoying the fruits of their fathers' and mothers' labor. The history 
 of many of the hardships endured by these brave men and women 
 have long ago passed beyond the reach of the historian, or any one who 
 would write it for the benefit of those who follow. Many of those 
 who fought life's battle here, who braved the danger and hardship inci- 
 dent to pioneer life, now rest beneath the sod, over which, in their 
 younger days, they hunted,, plowed and reaped. Beneath the shadow 
 of the trees, where nearly three-quarters of a century ago they sat as 
 lovers, or perhaps rested for a moment from their toils, they now rest 
 from their labors, while the few who have not as yet crossed the dark 
 river look upon the result of their young life's labors and wonder 
 whether they have worked enough in this world. 
 
 Waynetown, the first village west of Crawfordsville, on the Illinois, 
 Bloomington & Western railroad, is a thriving place, where are lo- 
 cated nine stores, flouring-mill, wagon shops, planing-mills, two saw- 
 mills, besides a newspaper office, where the " Banner," a weekly paper, 
 is published, having been first issued in 1875, by Mr. Henry, under 
 whose management it continued for about nine months, when it was 
 for a time discontinued, but was resurrected by C. F. M'Cleary, who, 
 after continuing it several months, failed, when the present publisher, 
 R. Ranyan, took it in charge and has made it an honor to the town. 
 Besides these industries, five physicians and two lawyers are located 
 here, and all enjoying a good practice. The place contains three 
 churches and societies : Baptist, Christian, and Methodist, in each of 
 which services are regularly held, while their influence for good is at 
 least partially counteracted by three saloons which are located here. 
 The village also contains a lodge each of I.O.O.F. and F. and A.M., each 
 of which is in a flourishing condition. The village contains a public 
 school-building (frame), but are now preparing to build one of brick 
 which will be in keeping with its business interests. 
 
 At Wesley, a flag station on the Blinois, Bloomington & Western 
 
 railroad, in the eastern part of the townsliip, is located the Wesley 
 
 Academy, an institution which rose, flourished and fell soon after the 
 
 war. Here is also the Wesley cemetery, a thickly populated silent 
 
 ' city. At Waynetown is also located another, where many of those 
 
692 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 who have assisted in the upbuilding of the township now peacefully 
 
 slumber. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 F. J. Moore, farmer, Waynetown, is the oldest native of the town- 
 ship, if not of the county. He was born in Wayne township April 25, 
 1825, and is the son of Philip and Mary (Blackford) Moore. His 
 mother was a member of the Baptist church, and died about 1^53. 
 His father was a native of Pennsylvania, came from there to Butler 
 county, Ohio, settled in Wayne township in 1824, and died in 1872. 
 He was in the war of 1812, was a member of the Baptist church, and 
 a republican. When Mr. Moore came to this county they went to 
 Terre Haute to mill. The subject of- this sketch lived at home till he 
 was twenty-five years old, and had very poor advantages of education. 
 When he was of a school age the people in his commnnitj^ were en- 
 gaged in a quarrel that worked against the interests of education. He 
 was married the first time in 1850, to Mary A. Pierce. She died in 
 about 1858, and was a member' of the Methodist church. By this 
 marriage they had four children : Elizabeth A., Mary J., William H. 
 and Sarah E.; they are all dead but the last one. He was married 
 the second time, May 6, 1860, to Francis Colelasier. Their children 
 are Ida J. (deceased), George A., John B., Emma, Eva (deceased), 
 Albert E. (deceased), Lottie (deceased), and Jessie. Mrs. Moore was 
 born November 28, 1834, and is a member of the Baptist church. 
 Her folks came from Washington city. Mr. Moore began life with 
 nothing, and has been successful, now owning 200 acres of good land. 
 He is a member of the Baptist church, and in politics is independent, 
 being formerly a republican. He is a hard working, honest, indus- 
 trious farmer. 
 
 Abram Heath is the oldest living male settler in Wayne township, 
 and his sister, Mrs. Rusk, in Waynetown, is the oldest female settler 
 living in the township. They came with their parents to this town- 
 ship August 17, 1823, from Butler county, Ohio. Abram Heath was 
 born- June 11, 1820, in Brown county, Ohio, and is the son of William 
 and Rachel Heath. The latter was born in 1790, and died in 1868, 
 and was a member of the Methodist church. William Heath was born 
 in Maryland in 1794, and died in 1874. He was in the war of 1812, 
 was probate judge of this county for several years, a member of the 
 Christian Union church, and in politics democratic, voting first for 
 " Old Hickory." He was a great reader, and a man of extensive in- 
 formation. Mr. Heath, the subject of this sketch, has always lived on 
 a farm, and was married December 22, 1842, to Miss Saloma Ball, who 
 was born April 22, 1824, and is a member of the Christian Union 
 
WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 593 
 
 church. Tliey have four eliildren living, and one deceased : Mary A., 
 William D., Margaret J., John H., and Eachel N. (deceased). Mary 
 is married to James Gray, of this township. William was born Sep- 
 tember 11, 1845, and is married to Miss Sarah Ellis, of Fountain 
 county, and now lives with his father. They have one child, Howard, 
 born August 28, 1876. His wife is a member of the Christian church. 
 He is a democrat, voting first for Stephen A. Douglass in 1860. Mar- 
 garet is married to Dr. Stephen J. Simpson, of Portland, Fountain 
 county. John H. was married to Miss Emma Allen, is a graduate of 
 the Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, and lives at West Point, 
 Tippecanoe county, where he has done a large practice for the last six 
 years. Abram Heath has 130 acres of land where he is now living, 
 and 160 acres in Guthrie county, Iowa. He is a member of the 
 Christian Union church, and in politics is democi'atic, voting first for 
 James K. Polk, and has voted at every presidential election since 
 then. Mr. Heath has a very correct memory for one of his age ; and 
 to him we are indebted for much of the early history of Wayne town- 
 ship. 
 
 Bazzle Tracy, Waynetown, was born in Mason county, Kentucky, 
 in the year 1802, but was raised in Fleming county, and is the son of 
 John and Nancy Tracy. In October, 1826, Mr. Tracy, with two of 
 his brothers, came from Kentucky and settled in this township. They 
 were seventeen days making the journey. This country was then a 
 wild almost unbroken and xminhabited wilderness. In those days they 
 would have to go five miles to get help to erect a log cabin. The In- 
 dians were then plenty, but were peaceable. When Mr. Tracy settled 
 here there was no house in Waynetown, and only three between where 
 he lived and Crawfordsville. The first winter he was here he and his 
 wife, who has always been his helper and sympathizer, cleared the tim- 
 ber from eleven acres of land, which they planted in corn the next year. 
 For two years after they came here they had no wheat bread, but since 
 their crop that year the " staff of life " has always been plenty in thqjr 
 cupboard and on their table. They raised flax, and made their own 
 clothing, and made nearly everything they used, so that the outlay of 
 money was small : it had to be, because there was not much money to 
 lay out. When Mr. Tracy came here he bought eighty acres of land. 
 But making this $100 was a task that took labor and saving. When 
 he was married he had nothing. His wife worked out, and he worked 
 at anything he could get to do at which he could earn an honest penny. 
 He split rails for 15 cents per hundred and boarded himself, and broke 
 hemp for 75 cents per hundred. He even chopped and split 1,600 rails 
 for an axe. The young men of to-day would laugh at the idea of work- 
 38 
 
594 HISTORY OP MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 ing so cheap, but he saw it was better to work for something than to- 
 do nothing. He worked three months in a distillery for $3 per month. 
 He was four years in saving up the $100 to come to this country with.. 
 In buying his second eighty acres of land he had quite an interesting 
 time. It joined his first eighty, and he borrowed the $100 of a man 
 by the name of Fouts, and bought the land before any one knew of it. 
 There were others who were wanting it, and one man by the name of 
 Burrel was going to enter it the same day on which Mr. Tracy en- 
 tered it in the morning. Mr. Tracy bought calves and wintered them, 
 and would sell them the next fall. After he began to make money he 
 would buy cattle and break them to work, and sell them to settlers on 
 the prairie for teams. He sold pork in Chicago for $1.25 per hundred^ 
 and wheat 35 cents per bushel. Mr. Tracy and Jesse Grenard went 
 in partnership and bought a boat-load of goods and took to New Or- 
 leans, thinking they would realize a higher price for their own goods, and 
 niake a profit on what they bought. But instead of making they lost 
 $1,500. This was a hard blow upon Mr. Tracy, but he resolved to en- 
 dure it and push on harder than ever. He was five years settling up 
 the losses of this trip down to the mouth of the " Father of Waters.'^ 
 After this he made but one more trip to New Orleans, and cleared 
 about $600. From this time Mr. Tracy went on making money by 
 industrious effort and wise management. He has given each of his 
 children, who are married, eighty acres apiece, has paid $4,200 se- 
 curity debts, and has eight farms containing over 200 acres each. Four 
 of his farms are in Benton county, and he has about 900 acres here 
 where he is living. Much of his success and prosperity is due to the 
 labors and companionship of his wife, who was his helpmeet and in- 
 spiration during his early years of trial and hardship, and who now 
 helps him enjoy the wealth and comfort of his mature years. His wife 
 (Elizabeth Price) was born May 8, 1804, and is a member of the New 
 Light church. They were married March 14, 1822, and have had 
 eleven children, six of whom are dead. Their names are Ann (de- 
 ceased); Thomas, living in Benton county; Sarah, in Illinois; Eliza- 
 beth (deceased) ; William (deceased) ; Lyddia, the wife of James Pierce^ 
 Missouri ; the wife of Daniel Hawk, Mary (deceased) ; Martha, the wife 
 of John Biddle ; James (deceased); and John, living. There are two 
 of his grandchildren living with them, William R. Pierce, and the 
 other named Linnie. Mr. Tracy is a member of the Christian Union 
 church, and in politics is democratic, casting his first vote for that 
 stern, brave and patriotic statesman, the hero in New Orleans;' An- 
 drew Jackson. Many of the incidents and experiences in Mr. Tracy's 
 life will be mentioned in the history of the township. Mr. Tracy's 
 
WAYNE TOWKSHIP. 59S 
 
 career is one from which all who are battling against poverty and diffl- 
 culties can learn a useful and instructive lesson. 
 
 William Eider, hardware (Rider & Brant), Waynetowu, sou of 
 Gilbert and Emeline (Prettyman) Eider, was born in Tippecanoe 
 county, Indiana, September 12, 1829. At fourteen Mr. Eider came to 
 this township with his family, settling on a farm. The advantages- 
 enjoyed by him by which he received an education were those whicb 
 farmers' sons generally had at that time, the district school. When he^ 
 became of age he began business as a thresher, which he followed dur^ 
 ing its seasons for a number of years. In August, 1862, Mr. Eider 
 joined Co. L, 5th Ind. Cav., and he remained in the South during the 
 remainder of the war, participating in every action in which his regi- 
 ment was engaged. At the close of the war he returned to this county, 
 and February 14, 1869, married Miss Margaret Fields, whose parents 
 came to this state from Ohio in an early day. They have had two 
 children, a son who died in infancy, and a daughter, Minnie, born 
 March 29, 1878. For two years after his marriage Mr. Eider was en- 
 gaged in the building of the gravel road here. In 1873, with the Gray 
 Bros., he built what is now Brown's mill. January 15, 1875, he 
 bought the hardv^are store, when the stock invoiced $2,200, and in 
 February, 1877, sold an interest to H. H. Brant, having increased their 
 trade until they now do a business of over $100,000 per year. In 1878 
 Mr. Eider was elected trustee of this township, and in 1880 was reelected 
 by an increased majority of 141. He is a Mason and an Odd-fellow, 
 having filled all of the offices in the gift of each lodge. In political 
 sentiment he is a democrat. 
 
 Jacob Haas, Esq., retired, Waynetown, son of Daniel and Eve 
 (Eeed) Haas, is a native of ^Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, 
 where he was born April 15, 1815. His grandfather Haas came from 
 Germany several years before the revolutionary war, working his pas- 
 sage, and at the opening of the war enlisted in the Continental army, 
 where he served during the war. In 1844 the subject of this 
 sketch came west and settled in Fountain county, Indiana, where he 
 followed his trade, that of a carpenter, for several years, living at 
 Hillsboro. He had married in Pennsylvania to Miss Jane Campbell, 
 who died in July 1849, leaving five young children, which was a 
 serious loss to him, and which caused him to return to his native state, 
 where he arrived in December of that year. The spring following he 
 returned with a neighbor and settled at ISTewtown, where he lived until 
 1872, when he went to Jackson township, Fountain county, and settled 
 on a farm of 160 acres which he had purchased, where he remained 
 until 1876, when he came to Waynetown to enjoy the rest which he so 
 
596 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 fichly deserves, having, until lately, worked almost without ceasing. 
 In politics Mr. Haas is a democrat, and for sixteen years in succession, 
 after 1852, was a justice of the peace. In 1851 he was again married, 
 this time to Miss Amelia Hartman, by whom he has had five children, 
 four of whom are living. When in Pennsylvania Mr. Haas was a 
 member of the Lutheran church, but after coming to Indiana, as there 
 was none of that denomination convenient, and feeling it a duty to be 
 united with some body of christians, joined the Presbyterian church, 
 a member of which body he remained until 1858, when he became a 
 Baptist, to which denomination he has since belonged. He is a Mason, 
 being one of the charter members at Newtown. Mr. Haas is a man 
 of strictly temperate habits, and has given all of his children a good 
 •education, and has always by precept and example attempted to do his 
 part in making the world better for his having lived in it. 
 
 Isaac Davis, farmer, came with his parents to Brown township, 
 this^eounly, in 1826, from Butler county, Ohio, where he was born 
 October 17, 1821, his parents coming there from New Jersey, where 
 his ancestry settled at an early day. Mr. Davis remained upon the 
 farm until he was twenty-five years of age, when he returned to Ohio, 
 farming and dealing in real estate. He was married here to Jessie 
 Small, January 8, 1846, who died in October 1870. From Ohio^ie 
 again came to Indiana, and for twelve years lived in Franklin and 
 Shelby counties, when he returned to Montgomery county, settling 
 near Crawfordsville, where, in 1864, he, with a brother. Gen. M. D. 
 Manson, and Col. John Lee, he embarked in the grain trade, where 
 they kept in operation two warehouses, one of which is now Darler's 
 mill. In April, 1861, he joined Co. G, 10th reg. Ind. Inf , with which 
 he remained until his regiment was mustered out. He was sergeant 
 of his company, and the oldest man in it. In 1862 he was elected 
 sheriff of Montgomery county by the democrats, since when he has 
 been a strong republican. He now owns 1260 acres of land lying in 
 Wayne, Union and Eipley townships. January 4, 1872, Mr. Davis 
 was remarried, having three children by his second wife : Jessie, Julia, 
 and Carrie ; born January 10, 1873, July 1, 1875, and June 18, 1879, 
 respectively. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and a strictly 
 moral and temperate man, enjoying the respect and esteem of all who 
 know him. 
 
 Capt. William Marks, engineer, Waynetown, was born March 4 
 1829. His parents being poor, young William was early obliged to 
 work, and what education he has received he acquired by his own 
 exertions. At fourteen years of age he was apprenticed to a baker 
 where he remained eighteen months. At the breaking out of the 
 
WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 597 
 
 Mexican war he enlisted in the 2d Penn. veg. Inf., and with it started 
 to join Gen. Scott at Vera Cruz, December 26, 1846, and remained in 
 Mexico until the close of the war with tliat country, being among the 
 last who were called home. He was in the company of men who cap- 
 tured Santa Anna's carriage at Cerro Gordo at the time that personage 
 escaped, leaving his "private papers and cork leg," which item of his- 
 tory Capt. Marks corroborates. Upon his return, in the summer of 
 1848, he worked in a foundry for seven months, when he went on the 
 only railroad then leading into Indianapolis as fireman, and after two 
 years was given charge of an engine. In 1856 he settled on a farm in 
 Vermilion county, Illinois, where he remained three years, after which 
 he followed the profession of engineer until April 16, 1861, when he 
 answered President Lincoln's call for troops, but was rejected. How- 
 ever, at the next opportunity he enlisted, and was mustered into the 
 15th reg. Ind. Inf. At the battle of Stone Kiver he commanded Co. 
 E, at that time being second lieutenant, where, in a charge, eighteen 
 of his thirty-two men were killed, yet they took more prisoners than 
 the number of men engaged upon the Union side. . In May, 1863, he 
 received a captain's commission from Gov. Morton for " ability and 
 loyalty." He remained in the service until June 25, 1864, when he 
 was mustered out at Indianapolis, and has since resided in Montgom- 
 ery county. October 21, 1850, he married Lucinda "Whittsett, a native 
 of Jennings county, Indiana. They had eight children, four of whom 
 are living: Mattie E. (Mrs. David Pence), George E.., Minnie, and 
 John "W. At fourteen he united with the Methodist Episcopal church, 
 where he remained until the fall of 1857, when he joined the Baptist 
 denomination, of which his wife was a member. He is an active 
 Sunday-school worker, a member of the I.O.G.T., and since 1863 has 
 been a member of the A.F. and A.M. In politics he is a republican. 
 
 John C. Dwiggins, treasury elect of Montgomery county, Wayne- 
 town, was born in this county June 27, 1837, and is the son of Leuen 
 and Mary Dwiggins. His father was one of the pioneer settlers of 
 Montgomery county, settling first in Ripley township in a very eai'ly 
 day, and clearing a farm near Alamo. His parents are both living in 
 this township. Mr. Dwiggins has been very successful in life, now 
 owning 420 acres of land in this township. He has raised grass, grain, 
 and stock, and buys and sells stock to considerable extent. He was 
 married in 1858 to Miss Susan Foutts. Her parents were early set- 
 tlers in this county, and are both dead. Mr. Dwiggins has three chil- 
 dren living and one dead : Howard, born September 19, 1859 ; Charles, 
 November 29, 1861, and Walter, July 18, 1874. Mr. and Mrs. Dwig- 
 gins are members of the Christian church. Mr. Dwiggins cast his 
 
598 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 ' first vote for the immortal Lincoln in 1860. In April, 1880, he was 
 nominated by the republican county convention for treasurer ot Mont- 
 gomery county, and in October was elected by a majority of ninety- 
 five over a democratic majority of about 160 in 1878. In his own 
 township (Wayne) he ran thirty-four ahead of the state ticket, thus 
 showing the confidence and respect those have for him who know him 
 best. 
 
 John W. Blankenship, retired farmer, Boston Store, was born in 
 Lincoln county, Kentucky, September 7, 1804, and came to this county 
 in 1834 and stopped near Crawsfordsville awhile, then moved on to 
 where he now lives. He is the son of Noel and Amy Blankenship. 
 His father was a democrat, a farmer, and died in Kentucky. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch lived at home with his mother till he was twenty- 
 five years old. He has been married three times, the first time to 
 Elizabeth Hinds, 1828, the second time to Elizabeth Lorew, the third 
 time to Susan K. Nicholson. Mr. Blankenship has but one child, 
 Amy, by his first wife. She is married to Henry Utterback. Mr. 
 Blankenship has held many township offices. Assessor six years, con- 
 stable six years, and overseer of the poor, and has been administrator 
 and guardian for many estates and children. Mr. and Mrs. Blanken- 
 ship are both members of the Missionary Baptist church, the former 
 having been a member for fifty-two years. He began life poor, and 
 has been successful. He and his wife now enjoy the pleasures and 
 happiness of a ripe old age. Mr. Blankenship voted first for Andrew 
 Jackson, and last for Hancock. 
 
 Samuel John Green, M.D., the oldest physician in "Wayne town- 
 ship, was born in Washington county, New York, January 4, 1817, 
 and is the son of Thomas and Sarah Green, both natives of New York. 
 Thomas Green was a member of the Presbyterian church, in polities a 
 whig, and was in the war of 1812. Dr. Green lived on the farm till 
 he was eighteen years old, and then began the study of medicine in 
 Cambridge, New York. He studied medicine three years, taking his 
 first course at Castleton, Vermont, and the other two at the Jefferson 
 Medical College, Philadelphia, where he graduated in the spring of 
 1838. In the fall of 1839 the doctor came to Crawfordsville. After 
 coming to this county he was sick most of the time for two or three 
 years, part of which time he spent in the east. In 1842 he began the 
 practice of medicine in Waynetown, and for over thirty years he had 
 an extensive practice, he being the only physician in a large district of 
 country. Almost continual driving and the loss of much sleep for so 
 many years at least began to impair the health of a constitution which 
 had seemed almost impregnable. Since about 1870 the doctor has not 
 
WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 599 
 
 practiced any except among old friends and patients, who still regard 
 him as their hope of health in time of sickness. In 1839 the doctor 
 was married to Mary Abbott. She died in June 1859, and was a 
 member of the Methodist Episcopal church. By this marriage there 
 were five children, who are now all living. Sarah M., who attended 
 school at Ft. Wayne, is now the wife of John Hayden ; Thomas C, 
 who was in the army three years, in the 72d reg., fought in the battle 
 of Chickamauga, the battles under Kosecrans, and is now a physician 
 in Fountain county. George M. and Charles A., both attended col- 
 lege; William attended school at Ft. Wayne, and in, the spring of 
 1880 graduated from Rush Medical College, Chicago, and is now 
 settled at Brimfield, where he has a good practice. In September, 
 1862, the doctor was married to Miss Emma Newton, who was born 
 May 1830. By this union there are two children living and one dead : 
 John (deceased), Louan, and Nellie. The doctor is a nieniber of the 
 Methodist church, being the only member now living who assisted in 
 its organization. Mrs. Green is a member of the Congregational 
 church. The doctor had not much capital with which to begin life 
 except his education, but by hard work and good management has 
 amassed considerable property, now owning 280 acres of land where 
 he lives, some town property and 600 acres of land near Loda, Iroquois 
 county, Illinois. In politics he was formerly a whig, easting his first 
 vote for Gen. Harrison in 1840, and since the organization of the re- 
 publican party has been a firm supporter of its principles. Dr. Green 
 is now enjoying the peace and quiet of retired life, and can look back 
 over a long period of usefulness and labor in a country which he has 
 seen changed from a woody wilderness to a garden of beauty and 
 civilization. 
 
 Perry J. Miller, retired, Waynetown, was born Jan.uary 26, 1818, 
 and settled in Wayne township in 1835. He is. the son of William 
 and Cassandra Miller, and came here from Kentucky. His father was 
 born in Pennsylvania, and was in the war of 1812. He was taken 
 prisoner and taken to Canad, where he was paroled, and walked back 
 to Pittsburgh barefoot. When Mr. Miller came here the county was 
 sparsely settled. They hauled grain to La Fayette and Chicago, took 
 their pork to La Fayette, and would have to wait for it to be butch- 
 ered. The school-houses were log cabins with slab benches, and 
 greased paper for windows. Mr. Miller began farming for himself 
 when twenty-two years old, in limited circumstances. He was mar- 
 ried, the first time, February 17, 1840, to Miss Eliza Bean. She died 
 in about ten months after their marriage. He was married, the second 
 time, to Miss Sarah Ball, November 17, 1842. She was born Septem- 
 
600 HISTORY OF MONTGOMEKT COUNTY. 
 
 ber 14, 1822, and is a member of the Christian Union church. The 
 sketch of her parents will be found in the biography of James Ball. 
 Mr. Miller was justice of the peace in Kipley township fourteen years, 
 and assessor of Wayne township two years, and was engaged in the 
 drug business in Waynetown. In 1878 he had a very hard spell of 
 sickness in which he passed almost through the profound mystery of 
 death. Their children are "William M., James N., Eliza, ISTathan G., 
 David (deceased), Alonzo B. and Dora. Mr. Miller was originally a 
 whig, voting first for Gen. Harrison, but is now an independent, and 
 is a member of the Christian Union church. 
 
 Walter S. Brittoii, druggist, of the firm of Britton & Brewer, the 
 leading drug firm of Waynetown, was born in Montgomery county, 
 February 29, 1852, and is the son of John and Sarah Britton. His 
 parents came from Butler county, Ohio, and settled in this county 
 about 1835. Mr. Britton had the common school education, and at- 
 tended about one year at Wabash College. He first began clerking in 
 a drug store, in 1868, for the firm of Moffatt & Brewer, Crawfords- 
 ville, continuing there about eleven years, and spending one year with 
 his brother. Judge Britton, in real estate business. November 19, 
 .1878, he began the drug business at Waynetown with his present part- 
 ner. Mr. Britton has made his own way in the world, and has been 
 quite successful. He has made additions to his stock of goods every 
 year. He keeps a full stock of drugs, school books, wall paper and 
 druggist's sundries. He is a member of the Knights of Pythias, and is a 
 democrat. Mr. Britton is an industrious, energetic, respectable young 
 man, and deserves the continued and increased support of the people 
 of this community. 
 
 George D. Brown, miller, Waynetown, was born in Butler county, 
 Ohio, October 3, 1829, and is the son of Preserve and Margaret Brown, 
 his father being a Pennsylvanian, and his mother from Maryland. In 
 1836 he came with his parents to Fountain county, and at the age of 
 fourteen has worked at his present business in different parts of this 
 state and Illinois. At sixteen years of age he entered a mill at Terre 
 Haute, where, after being there eight months, he narrowly escaped 
 being burned to death while attempting to save the books of the mill, 
 which had taken fire. In 1858 he bought a half interest in a mill on 
 Coal creek, and in 1860 sold it and purchased a farm near Hillsboro^ 
 which, after five years, he sold, and since has given his entire attention 
 to milling, now owning and operating " Brown's Steam Mills," at 
 Waynetown. In April, 1855, he was married to Ann M. Simpson, 
 who was born in Ohio, and by whom he has had ten children, only 
 two of whom are living, the others having died in infancy : Elizabeth, 
 
WAYKB TOWNSHIP. 601 
 
 who is the wife of F. B. Borch, and Eachel E. In 1874 he joined the 
 Christian church, of which he is now a trustee and elder. He became 
 a Mason in 1859, and for several years has belonged to the I.O.O.F., 
 being a charter member of the lodge here. In polities he is demo- 
 cratic, and an upholder of the principles of temperance. 
 
 Abijah O'lSTeall, deceased. The first reliable history of the O'JSTeale 
 family begins with O'Neale of the Red Hand, an Irish nobleman who 
 is said to have been born with the impress of a large human hand upon 
 his breast, one of whose descendants built Castle Shane, county Antrim, 
 Ireland, where for many j'ears the family held a high position in the 
 ruling of that country. Early in the seventeenth century a descendant 
 of this family, a midshipman in the British navy, escaped from his ves- 
 sel while it was lying in the Delaware bay, and swam ashore, — the 
 origin of the O'Neale family in America. From fear of detection he 
 changed the spelling of his name from O'Neale to O'Neall. He settled 
 in Yirginia, where he raised two sons, William and Hugh, the latter 
 being the father of Judge John B. O'Neale, prominent in South Caro- 
 lina history. William also had two sons, Hugh and Abijah, the latter 
 of whom was married to Ann Kelly, of King's county. South Carolina, 
 and was the father of several sons, one of whom was Abijah O'Neale, 
 late of Yountsville, long and favorably known by the early settlers of 
 Montgomery county, and remembered by many of her sons to-day for 
 his sterling honesty, unwavering patriotism, and hospitality. He was 
 born in Newbury District, South Carolina, December 9, 1798, and 
 came with his father's family to Ohio in 1800. June 12, 1828, he was 
 married to Eleanor Hall, and for six years led a quiet farmer's life near 
 Waynesville, Ohio, when, in 1834, he removed to Montgomery county, 
 settling at Yountsville, where he purchased the Crooks' mill property 
 and carried on milling, and also kept a country store. He was justice 
 of the peace for several years, also representing his county in the state 
 legislature for a number of years. He was also a surveyor, and well 
 known in that capacity in this and adjoining counties. He died in 
 1874, at the advanced age of seventy-six years, leaving a wife and 
 eight children, by whom the memory of their father is held with that 
 sacredness which all should but few do show. Mr. O'Neale was a man 
 of refined manner, scholarl}', and a great lover of books. As a reader 
 he had few equals, and was perhaps one of the best posted men, polit- 
 ically, this county has ever had. Religiously he was a believer in uni- 
 versal salvation. His charity knew no bounds, and no beggar, however 
 unworthy, was turned from his door unassisted. He was strictly moral, 
 and ever ready to raise his voice in defense of right. His children, 
 who are now taking their places upon the stage of action, are moral 
 
602 HISTORY OF MONTaOMBRT COUNTT. 
 
 and honest, and have the respect of all their acquaintances, — the 
 grandest monument ever built to a parent. 
 
 Harmon Uterback, farmer, Boston Store, was born in Culpepper 
 county, Yirginia, October 9, 1811, and is the son of Thompson and 
 Elizabeth Uterback. His father was born in Yirginia, but moved to 
 Kentucky, and losing his farm there he came with his family to 
 Wayne township in 1828. The county was then very thinly settled, 
 and there were many wild hogs, deer, and other animals. In the year 
 
 1839 there were eighteen voters in Wayne township. From 1828 to 
 
 1840 the price of articles stood about as follows : corn, 25 cents ; wheat 
 from 35 cents to 50 cents; pork, $1.25 to $2.50; coffee, 20 cents, and 
 sugar, 8 cents. In 1835 Mr. Uterback began teaming to Chicago, and 
 has swam every stream between the Wabash and Chicago on an ox. 
 Flour was about $12. per barrel, and salt about $10. Mr. Uterback's 
 parents were members of the Christian church. His father started from 
 Kentucky with $7, and got here with 50 cents. In 1849 he moved to 
 Monroe connty, Iowa, where he died in 1856. His mother died about 
 1845. His father was a democrat, voting first for Tyler when he ran 
 for congress. Mr. Uterback began life for himself when twenty years 
 old with nothing but an axe, which he still has in the form of a wedge. 
 In 1832 he went with a man by the name of Bryant to " Door Prairie," 
 La Porte county, and was there six months. He was also a frontier 
 soldier in the Black Hawk war. Mr. Uterback has been very success- 
 ful, now owning 520 acres, and is worth about $30,000. He has raised 
 grass, wheat, corn, and stock. He has held the office of township 
 trustee, and in politics is democratic, and voted first for Andrew Jack- 
 son. He was married, the first time, to Miss Anna Wilson. She died 
 in 1850. They had eight children, four of whom are living: Syntha 
 A. Quick, Rhoda Mclntyre, Thompson, and Morgan L. He was mar- 
 ried, the second time, to Lois White. She is a member of the Meth- 
 odist church. They had six children, three of whom are living : George, 
 Mary E. Bomans, and Amy A. Hutchinson. His daughter Rhoda has . 
 a good education, and has taught school several terms. In 1838 Mr- 
 Uterback's house burned, with a loss of about $400. He had only three 
 weeks' schooling, bat by experience, observation and reading he has 
 become well informed and skillful in business. Mr. Uterback has a 
 good memory, and can relate the trials and experiences of pioneer life 
 with interest and ease. 
 
 Ambrose Remley, farmer, Crawfordsville, was born September 25, 
 1836, in Union township, Montgomery county. The biography of his 
 father will be found in the biographical portion of Union township. 
 Mr. Remley spent his boyhood on the farm and in a tan-yard, and had 
 
WAYNE TOWNSHIP. 603 
 
 a good common-school education. He enlisted in Co. E, 72d Ind. Vols., 
 August 4, 1862. He fought in all the battles of the Atlanta cam- 
 paign under Sherman, where for 100 days they were in almost con- 
 tinual fighting. He was at Hoover's Gap, Chickamauga, Farmington, 
 Sill's Tan-yard, Selma (Alabama), Kennesaw Mountain, Piatt Shoals, 
 Rome, and many skirmishes, being in all about fifty engagements. It 
 is noble and patriotic to fight and face death on the battle-field for one's 
 country, especially when it is a free country. December 25, 1866, Mr. 
 Remley received as a Christmas present Miss Minerva E. Shelly. She 
 was born December 25, 1844. They have had four children : Isaac F., 
 born April 19, 1868, died August 31, 1869; Frederic S., born January 
 10, 1871 ; Harvey C, June 14, 1873 ; Sarah J., August 11, 1876. Mr. 
 Remley has a good farm of 320 acres, upon which he has a nice two- 
 story house, with other improvements good. He votes as he shot, 
 with the republican party. He and liis wife are both members of the 
 Center Presbyterian church of Crawfordsville. Mr. Remley is an in- 
 telligent, enterprising, and well-respected citizen. 
 
 James Ball, farmer, Wesley, was born in'Butler county, Ohio, March 
 2, 1817. His father, Dennis Ball, was born in Pennsylvania in 1779, 
 and died in 1839. He was justice of the peace in Ohio for many years. 
 In 1825 the Balls settled in Montgomery county, Indiana, where they 
 entered 320 acres of land, the patent for this being signed by the " old 
 man eloquent," J. Q. Adams. They were fourteen days on their 
 journey to this county, which was then mostly a wilderness, covered 
 with woods, and inhabited by wild beasts and Indians. Dennis Ball 
 was county commissioner for several years, and was performing the 
 duties of that ofiice in the court-house at Crawfordsville when he died. 
 September 12, 1805, he was married to Margaret Lyons. She was born 
 in Pennsylvania in 1785, and died in 1866, and was a member of the 
 Baptist church. James Ball has lived on the place where he now re- 
 sides ever since his father came here, in 1825. He has 150 acres of 
 land,. and has raised stock and grain on his farm, having been quilje 
 successful. February 11, 1840, he was married to Miss Catherine Hoif, 
 who was born June 17, 1820, and is a member of the Baptist church. 
 Her parents came from New Jersey, and settled in this county in 1833. 
 They are both dead. Mr. Ball has had seven children : Nathanfel, 
 Dennis, Robert, Benjamin, Maggie, Jennie, and Drusilla (the last two 
 being dead). Was in the 5th Cav., 86th Ind. Yols., and was out three 
 years, and was sick much of the time. Mr. Ball is a democrat in poli- 
 tics, and has paid taxes ever since the very day he was of age. He 
 is a good citizen. 
 
 William Monroe, retired, Waynetown, was born in Sciota county, 
 
604 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 Ohio, October 2, 1812, and is the son of Jesse and Sarah (Gordon) 
 Monroe. His mother was a member of the New Light church, and 
 died in 1873. His father was a native of Maryland, and moved from 
 there to Virginia, and in 1828 with his family settled in Union township, 
 Montgomery county, "and in 1836 moved to what is now Pratt county, 
 Illinois, where he died in 1863. He was a member of the New Light 
 church, and a democrat. William Monroe, the subject of this sketch, 
 went with his father to Illinois in 1836, and remained there till Novem- 
 ber, 1865, when he returned to this county and settled in Wayne town- 
 ship. He was married January 28, 1835, to Miss Sarah J. Moore, 
 daughter of Allen Moore. Her folks came from the same county in 
 Ohio that Mr. Monroe did. She is a member of the Christian church. 
 They have had no children of their own, but have had thirty children 
 under their care at different times. They have schooled twenty-four, 
 and eight of the girls have been married at their house. These chil- 
 dren have all been orphans, or at least have had one parent dead. So 
 charitable have Mr. and Mrs. Monroe been in this direction that their 
 house has often been called the " Orphans' Home." Mr. Monroe used 
 to trade~some with the Indians, and in the early days he was quite 
 renowned as a hunter, especially of deer. He is now in comfortable 
 circumstances, and by reading and leisure enjoys with his wife the 
 happiness of a mature and well spent life. Mr. Monroe is a democrat, 
 voting first for Andrew Jackson. 
 
 liiley T. Runyan, editor and publisher, Waynetown " Banner," was 
 born at Mount Healthy, Hamilton county, Ohio., March 4, 1849, and 
 at the age of five years came to this cOunty with his parents, Johnathaa 
 and Sarah (Smith) Kunyan, and settled at Alamo, where he died in 
 1855, leaving two sons, Isaac and Eiley. In June, 1865, yoiang Kiley 
 went into the office of the Crawfordsville "Journal," where he learned 
 the art preservative. From here he went into the " Courier " office, at 
 Lafayette, from here returning to Crawfordsville, then to Louisville, 
 Kentucky ; then to Cincinnati, when he returned to Indiana, going into 
 the "Pioneer" office as business manager. June 1, 1873, he began 
 business for himself as editor of the Clay county "Enterprise," at 
 Kentsville, where he was burned out during the Miners' riot in the 
 fall of the same year. He was then obliged to return to the case, and 
 in the campaign of 1876 went to Xenia, Ohio, where he published a 
 republican campaign daily. He then returned again to this state and 
 purchased a half interest in the Colfax " Chronicle," and in five 
 months purchased the entire paper. While here he began the pub- 
 lication of the Thorntown "Leader," and selling out he went to 
 Kansas, expecting to start a paper there, but returned and began the 
 
WATNE TOWSSHIP. 605 
 
 publication of the Wnynetown " Democrat," in spring of 1879, which 
 had suspended some time before. Soon after he changed the name to 
 the " Banner," which he still publishes. December 15, 1879, he was 
 married to Catherine Colclazier. They have one child, Alton, born 
 November 14, 1880. 
 
 Nathan Small, retired farmer, Waynetown, was born in North 
 Carolina, May 4, 1808, and came with his parents to Waynetown, 
 Indiana, in 1811. In 1828, with about $200 in ready money and a 
 strong body, aided by a resolute determination to become independent, 
 he removed to this township, since when his history is contemporary 
 with that of those who by their untiring energy have made this country 
 what it is. "With this money Mr. Small entered land here, and by 
 dint of hard labor succeeded in clearing it, at the same time enduring 
 all the hardships incident to pioneer life. Whenever he became the 
 possessor of any money he invested it to the best advantage in real 
 estate, so that before dividing it with his children he owned 1000 acres 
 of land and was worth about $50,000. In 1830 Mr. Small was mar- 
 ried to Louisa Blackford, with whom he lived until 1859, when she 
 died. They had nine children, six of whom are living: Mary, who 
 married Charles Berry and with whom the subject of this sketch is now 
 living ; Phineas, who is a successful farmer in this township, owning 197 
 acres of land and giving considerable attention to stock-raising; John, 
 who is also a farmer of this township ; Louisa, the wife of Isaac Williams ; 
 Edwai-d and Nathan Jr., who are also following the occupation of their 
 father, that of a husbandman. In politics Mr. Small was at first a 
 whig, and upon the dissolution of that party, with the great mass of 
 its members, cast his lot with' the then infant republican party, a mem- 
 ber of which he has since been. He is now enjoying the sweets of 
 retired life, to which he seems doubly entitled when we consider the 
 hardships he endured in common with the pioneers, who are the most 
 important factor in the foundation of the principles upon which this 
 community now rests. 
 
 Capt. Harmon M. Billings, retired, Waynetown, son of Nathan and 
 Margaret (Higginbotham) Billings, was born in Warren county, Indi- 
 ana, January 29, 1842. His father followed the profession first intro- 
 duced by Abel, and dying when the subject of this sketch was but ten 
 years of age, left him with seven others to support their motlier and 
 themselves. Mr. Billings labored upon the farm until the winter of 
 1858-9, when he taught school in " Bean's Grove School-House," Iro- 
 quois county, Illinois, receiving as compensation $18 per month and 
 "boarded round." He again returned to the farm, until one week 
 after Fort Sumter was fired upon, when he offered his services to his 
 
606 HISTORY OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 
 
 couutry in the time of its peril, but was rejected. August 15 he again 
 oflfered, and was mustered into service in Co. D, 1st U. S. Mechanics. 
 Fusileers, organized at Chicago for the purpose of bridge building,, 
 where he first began work on the barracks at Camp Douglas. March 1 
 his company was disbanded, when he returned home, and attended 
 Wesley Academy during the spring term of 1862. At an exhibition 
 held on the last night of the term, June 6, with the principal, Wesley 
 Girrard, he raised in about half an hour a company of 100 men and 
 again offered himself to the Union. The quota being full the com- 
 pany was rejected, and Mr. Billings again went on to the farm. About 
 August 1, 1862, he again enlisted, and was mustered into Co. E, 86th 
 Ind. Inf. His first service was under Gen. Lew Wallace, at Cincinnati,, 
 to defend that city against Kirby Smith. From here they were ordered 
 to Louisville, Kentucky, where the regiment was placed in the 3d bri- 
 gade, 3d div., 21st Army Corps, under Gen. Buell. At Stone River 
 he was wounded in the ankle, captured and taken to Libby prison, 
 when, after two months, was paroled, and July 1, 1863, was exchanged, 
 when he again joined his regiment, then at Chickamauga, where he 
 fought in the center of what was known as " Thomas' horseshoe," a 
 most, dangerous position. The next action in which his regiment en- 
 gaged was that of Missionary liidge. He was twice wounded, in the 
 head and the fleshy part of the left arm, when he laid in the hospital 
 for two months. After his discharge from the hospital, 1864, he again 
 joined his regiment, and May 7, 1864, started with Sherman for Atlanta, 
 and was in every battle until that of Kenesaw Mountain, where, June . 
 17, 1864, he was wounded in the shoulder-joint of the left arm, which 
 again necessitated his being left in hospital, where he remained until 
 February 15, 1865, and again rejoined his regiment, remaining with it 
 until they were mustered out of the service at Nashville, Tennessee, 
 June 12, 1865. Now that his country did not need his services upon 
 the field, Mr. Billings again turned his attention to obtaining the edu- 
 cation which the war had interrupted. Going to Ann Arbor, Michi- 
 gan, he entered the law school, and returning to Warren county in the 
 spring of 1866, he was elected sheriff of the county on the republican 
 ticket, when, at the expiration of his term of ofiice, in 1868, he re- 
 moved to Williamsport, where he entered a law office, and practiced 
 with good success until July 1877, when he came to Waynetown and 
 practiced until the summer of 1879, when he retired to private life. 
 September 16, 1866, Mr.. Billings was married to Sarah M.Wood, 
 by whom he had three children, two having died in infancy, a son, 
 Harley De Hart, being the living one. His wife dying July 21, 1874 
 on September 15, 1875, he married Mrs. Amanda Woodward, who died 
 
WATNE TOWNSHIP. 607- 
 
 June 15, 1876. June 17, 1877, he again married, to Mrs. Lydia M. 
 Hartsock, daughter of L. Dwiggins, who was born in this county, 
 and by whom he has had two children, Samuel and Clara. His com- 
 mission as captain of Co. E, 86th Reg. Ind. Inf., is dated September 
 15, 1864. In June, 1866, he joined the Church of the Disciples, and 
 tor five years has exercised his gifts as a preacher of that order. Mr. 
 Billings is of Scotch-Irish descent, his ancestry coming to this country 
 at an early period, several members being engaged in the wars of the 
 revolution and 1812. In politics he is a republican, for twelve years 
 has been an Odd-Fellow, and has been a member of every temperance 
 organization to which he has had access. 
 
(3fe 
 
 Ctyf 
 
 yfof^A^ 
 
HISTORY OF FOUNTAm COUNTY. 
 
 By Judge Thomas F. Davidson. 
 
 TERRITORIAL AND STATE ORaANlZATION. 
 
 Prior to 1781 all that vast territory lying west and north of the 
 Ohio river, east of the Mississippi, and south of the British possessions, 
 belonged to the State of Virginia. "With the exception of the posts at 
 Kaskaskia, St. Vincent, and one or two other points, and the adjoining 
 settlements, the entire region was at that date an unknown and track- 
 less waste, inhabited only by the Indian and the wild beast. Its rivers 
 knew no commerce except the occasional venture of the fur trader, 
 who was usually a half-breed, and carried no vessels save the canoe of 
 the Indian and the pirogue of the trader or the French missionary. 
 Its vast forests had never been disturbed by the stroke of an axe, and 
 its broad expanse of prairie had never felt the touch of the plow. On 
 September 6, 1780, the congress of the United States asked the several 
 states of the Union " having claims to waste and unappropriated lands 
 in the western country" to make "a liberal cession to the United 
 States of a portion of their respective claims, for the common benefit of 
 the Union." In response to this request the Commonwealth of Vir- 
 ginia, in 1781, yielded to the United States all her " right, title and 
 claim" to the territory "northwest of the river Ohio." In 1783 con- 
 gress signified its desire for a modification of the act of cession, and in 
 December, 1783, the legislature of Virginia modified the act, and 
 authorized the delegates from the state, in congress, to make a deed to 
 the United States for the ceded territory, upon certain conditions, 
 prominent among which were, that the territory should be laid out and 
 formed into states, which should be "distinct republican states, and 
 admitted members of the Federal Union, having the same rights of 
 sovereignty, freedom and independence as the other states ; and pro- 
 viding for the protection of the inhabitants of the Kaskaskias, St. Vin- 
 cents, and neighboring villages, who had " professed themselves citizens 
 of Virginia," in their possessions and titles and in the enjoyment of 
 their rights and liberties, and reserving to " General George Bogers 
 1 
 
HISTORY OF FOUlfTAIN COUKTT. 
 
 Clarke, and to the officers and soldiers of his regiment who marched 
 with him when the posts of Kaskaskia and St. Vincent were reduced, 
 and to the officers and soldiers that have been since incorporated into 
 said regiment," one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be 
 laid off in one tract, in length not exceeding double its width, 
 in such place as a majority of the officers should choose, and to be 
 divided according to the laws of Virginia. This deed was made on 
 March 1, 1784, and was signed by Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Hardy, 
 Arthur Lee and James Monroe, the delegates in congress from Vir- 
 ginia. In the same year Mr. Jefferson submitted to congress a plan 
 for the government of all the territory from the southern to the north- 
 ern boundary of the United States, including, of course, the territory 
 north and west of the Ohio river. A prominent feature of this plan, — 
 more noticeable because proposed by a southern man, and a slave- 
 holder, and applying to all the territory south of the Ohio river, — was 
 "that after the year 1800 there shall be neither slavery nor involun- 
 tary servitude in any of the said " proposed " states other than in the 
 punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly con- 
 victed." This plan was not then adopted, and it was again renewed 
 in 1785, having been brought forward by Mr. Eufus King, of Massa^ 
 chusetts, and again failed in securing the necessary votes for its adop- 
 tion. The original act of cession by the State of Virginia required that 
 the ceded territory should be laid out and formed into states, not less 
 than one hundred nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square, 
 "or as near thereto as circumstances" would admit. In 1786 congress 
 indicated to the State of Virginia that a division of the territory into 
 states, in conformity with the act of cession, " would be attended with 
 many inconveniences," and asked a revision of the act "so far as to 
 empower congress to make such a division of the said territory into 
 distinct and republican states, not more than five nor less than three in 
 number, as the situation of the country and future circumstances might 
 require; and, mindful only of the interests and future prosperity of 
 the great region which she had given for the benefit of the Union, 
 Virginia, through her legislature, December 30, 1788, revised her act 
 of cession so that congress was authorized to create three states out of 
 the ceded territory, the western to be bounded by the Mississippi, the 
 Ohio and "Wabash rivers, and a direct line drawn from the Wabash 
 and Post Vincent due north to the territorial line between the United 
 States and Canada, and by that line to the Lake of the "Woods and the 
 Mississippi ; the middle state to be bounded on the west by the east 
 line of the western state, on the south by the Ohio river, on the east 
 by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miama 
 
TERKITOKIAL AND STATE ORGANIZATION. 3 
 
 to the Canada line, and on the north by the Canada line; the eastern 
 state to be bounded on the west by the middle state, on the south and east 
 by the Ohio river and the Pennsylvania line, and on the north by the 
 Canada line ; with power in congress to so far alter these boundaries, 
 if found expedient, as to form two states in that part of the territory 
 which was north of the east and west line, drawn through " the south- 
 erly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan." 
 
 It was an article of compact between the United States and Vir- 
 ginia, and between the original states and the "people and states" in 
 the territory, to remain forever " unalterable unless by common con- 
 sent," that these states should be created, and thereafter should remain 
 distinct republican states, with their boundaries unaltered, except as it 
 might be done within the terms of the grant, and with all the rights 
 and prerogatives provided for in the act of cession and in the ordinance 
 of 1787. 
 
 While the divisions made by the Virginia act of December 30, 1788, 
 and the fifth article of the ordinance of 1787, are therein spoken of as 
 states, they were in reality but proposed states, and never did become 
 states with those boundaries. 
 
 It was provided that whenever either of the three great divisions 
 contained sixty thousand "free inhabitants" it should be admitted into 
 the Union as a state, " on an equal footing with the original states in 
 all respects whatever." The first organic law for the government of 
 this ten-itory was adopted July 13, 1787, and is known as the Ordi- 
 nance of 1787. This ordinance constituted the territory one district 
 for the purpose of temporary government, reserving the power to divide 
 it into two, if circumstances should make that expedient. It provided 
 for the manner of settling estates and distributing property among 
 heirs, and for the disposition of property by will ; for the appointment 
 of a governor and secretary and three judges, with full common law 
 jurisdiction. The governor was required to be possessed of a freehold 
 estate, in the territory, "in 1,000 acres of land"; the secretary and 
 each of the judges in 500 acres. The judges were required to reside 
 in the district, and were to hold their ofiice during good behavior. Until 
 the election and organization of a general assembly the governor and 
 judges were empowered to adopt and publish so much of the civil and 
 criminal laws of the original states as in their judgment were suited 
 to the circumstances of the territory, as the laws of the territory, to b6 
 in force, unless disapproved by congress, until the organization of the 
 territorial legislature. 
 
 So tenacious were the American people, at that day, of the right of 
 having domestic matters regulated by a domestic legislature, that it 
 
HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 was provided that such a legislature should bo elected and organized 
 when the territory contained five thousand free male inhabitants, with 
 a representative therein for ever}' five hundred of such inhabitants. 
 After providing a plan for the territorial government, which left mat- 
 ters chiefly in the hands of the people themselves, it was ordained that 
 no one should ever be disturbed, in the territory, on account of his 
 mode of worship or religious sentiments, so long as he demeaned him- 
 self in a peaceable and orderly manner; that the benefits of the writ 
 of habeas corpus; of trial by jury; of proportionate representation in 
 the legislature; of judicial proceedings according to the course of the 
 common law ; of the right to bail, except in capital cases, when the 
 proof was evident or the presumption strong ; of freedom from cruel 
 or unusual punishments, and of all the rights of a free man, should be 
 enjoyed by each inhabitant of the territory. Recognizing the truth of 
 the saying of Burke, that " Education is the cheap defense of nations," 
 it was declared that schools and the means of education should "for- 
 ever be encouraged." Slavery or involuntary servitude " otherwise 
 than in the punishment of crimes, whereof the party " should be duly 
 convicted, was prohibited, in accordance with the original proposition 
 of Mr. Jefferson. The rightful authority, prerogatives, jurisdiction 
 and sovereignty of the United States were preserved by the fourth 
 article. 
 
 Thus was formed a government for this territory, modeled after 
 that true idea of a republic in which two forces are recognized in the 
 operation of its political machinery, the one pulling outward to pre- 
 serve the independence of the states in the control of their own local 
 affairs, and the other pulling inward to hold the states in their proper 
 orbit.; the one necessary for the protection of the rights of the states, 
 reserved to them by the constitution of the Union, and the other, 
 necessary to the integrity of the Union ; the one designed to prevent 
 disunion and anarchy, the other to prevent the destruction of the states 
 and the erection of sm empire. 
 
 These are the political centrifugal and centripetal forces. As in 
 nature, so in politics, the undue preponderance of either of these forces 
 will produce disorder, and, if long continued, disaster and ruin. It is 
 the business of the people to keep these forces so adjusted that neither 
 will completely preponderate. To accomplish this the people must be 
 intelligent and the masters of political agencies. Tfhey must recognize 
 parties as made for men^=— as agencies through which the people manifest 
 their power and will — and not as masters to be obeyed. Without edu- 
 cation the people are helpless. They must be able to understand the 
 principles which underlie their system of government, and to follow 
 
TEEKITOEIAL AND STATE OEGANIZATIOK. '5 
 
 the course of public officials and detect any deviation from principle 
 or rectitude. The rights of the people will never be free from danger 
 until that education is common which will enable the individual to 
 distinguish between the behests of party and duty to country, and 
 which inculcates the sentiment that public position is not a- purchas- 
 able commodity, and that social distinction is to rest upon education 
 and culture and not upon position or wealth. 
 
 No one thing is more necessary in a republic than independent, in- 
 telligent, individual thought and action. These, with purity of pur- 
 pose and a willingness to sacrifice private interests for the public weal, 
 will compel an uniform administration of public affairs in the interests 
 of the people. 
 
 When it shall come to pass that 
 
 "To hold a place 
 * * * * which was once eBteem'd an honor, 
 And a reward for virtue, hath quite lost 
 Lustre and reputation, and is made — 
 A mercenary purchase," 
 
 the end will not be afar off, nor the time distant when all that was 
 done and suffered to build up a government for a free people will be 
 lost. 
 
 Our form of government is the strongest ever devised by man, so 
 long as the people remain pure and sufficiently intelligent to under- 
 stand the principles upon which it is founded ; but if the people 
 become either ignorant or corrupt it is then the weakest of all govern- 
 ments, and the prey of ambitious, unscrupulous and daring men. Such 
 a people are easily blinded by the glitter of some great reputation, and 
 willingly resign their rights into any single hand that is stronger than 
 theirs. Understanding this, it has been the policy, in all ages, of those 
 who meditated usurpation of the powers and rights of the people, to 
 corrupt and debauch them, and the very tribute which the people, pay 
 to support their government is often the fund which is used to thus 
 destroy it. 
 
 These things were well understood by those who laid the founda- 
 tion for the government of that vast territory which has since become 
 the home of millions of happy, industrious, intelligent, prosperous and 
 free people, and they, therefore, emphasized the importance of educa- 
 tion, and made liberal provision for its encouragement, and took pains 
 to provide for the early exercise of the powers of government by the 
 people themselves through agencies chosen by themselves. This plan 
 of government was adopted because it accorded with the American 
 idea of " A government of the people, by the people, and for the peo- 
 
6 HISTORY OF FOUNTAINS' COUNTY. 
 
 pie," and for the expressed purpose of " extending the fundamental 
 principles of civil and religious liberty which form the basis whereon 
 these republics, their laws and constitutions, are erected," and "to fix 
 and establish those principles as the basis of all laws, constitutions and 
 governments which forever" thereafter might be formed in the terri- 
 tory. 
 
 After the adoption of our present constitution the ordinance of 1787 
 continued as the organic law of the northwest territory, modified only 
 as to the mode of appointing officers, by the act of August 7, 1789. 
 
 As permitted by the Virginia act of 1788, five states were created 
 out of the ceded territory, and these are Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- 
 gan and Wisconsin. It is hard to realize, in the midst of all that sur- 
 rounds us wherever we travel in either of these states, that less than 
 one hundred years ago the territory within each of their respective 
 limits was, in the significant language of the acts of congress and of the 
 Virginia legislature, " waste and unappropriated lands." May these 
 states continue to grow in intelligence, in morals, in wealth, in the love 
 of liberty, in men and women true to themselves and their country, 
 and devoted to the advancement of the best interests of humanity. 
 May no man ever be able to say, with truth, to their people, 
 
 " ' Tqu have not, as good patriots should do, study'd 
 The public good, but your own particular ends; 
 Factions among yourselves; preferring such 
 To ofiSces and honours, as ne'er read 
 The elements of saving policy; 
 But deeply skilled in all the principles 
 That usher to destruction,' 
 
 they have made your ofiBces and honours the instruments for the 
 accomplishment of their own ambition and for your downfall and 
 degradation." May their people ever tenaciously cling to all the 
 rights and prerogatives belonging to them under the deed which con- 
 veyed their territory, and the solemn agreement which guaranteed to 
 them the independence of a free people. May they always be students 
 of " the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty, which 
 form the basis " upon which their states, " their laws and constitutions 
 are erected." May they lay down only with their lives the right to 
 participate in the control of public affairs, as it has been handed down 
 to them. May they encourage that education which will fit men and 
 women for the work of life and make them superior to circumstances, 
 and as ready to yield to the rights of those beneath them as they are 
 to respect the rights of those above them. May they practice and 
 encourage broad and liberal and charitable views and feelings, and so 
 
TEEKITOEIAL AKD STATE ORGANIZATION. 7 
 
 educate their children that they will be free from the miserable preju- 
 dices, petty jealousies and personal bickerings which so disturb society 
 and endanger the public welfare and peace. May they always be 
 faithful in the discharge of all the personal duties of citizenship, and 
 diligent in the effort to acquire that knowledge which is essential to 
 the intelligent discharge of those duties. May they always " reverence 
 and obey the law ; be tolerant to all, whatever their creed or party, 
 and keep bright and strong" their faith in their country. May they 
 be true to that Union to whose grandeur they so largely contribute, and 
 to whose guaranty they owe their existence as "distinct republican 
 states." 
 
 On the 7th of May, 1808, the Indiana Territory was created, and 
 included all the territory west of a line drawn due north from the 
 Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky river ; and this was again 
 divided in 1809, and the western division was called Illinois Territory. 
 On the 19th of April, 1816, the act of congress was approved which 
 admitted Indiana into the Union as a state " upon the same footing " 
 as the original states. The boundary of the state was then fixed as it 
 is now, and must ever remain, unless altered by its own consent. The 
 act of 1816 authorized the calling of a convention to frame a constitu- 
 tion, and provided that when made it should be republican in form, 
 " and not repugnant to those articles of the ordinance " of 1787 " which 
 are declared to be irrevocable between the original states and the peo- 
 ple and states of the territory northwest of the river Ohio." Certain 
 propositions were also submitted to the people of the territory "for 
 their free acceptance or rejection," and which, if accepted, were to be 
 obligatory upon the United States ; these were : first, that the sixteenth 
 section in each townthip should be granted for the use of schools; 
 second, that all salt springs and the land reserved for their use, not 
 exceeding thirty-six sections, should be granted to the state, to be used 
 as directed by the legislature ; third, that five per cent of the net pro- 
 ceeds of lands sold by congress after December, 1816, should be reserved 
 for making public roads. and canals, three-fifths to be applied under the 
 direction of the legislature of the state, and two-fifths under the direc- 
 tion of congress; fourth, that one entire township, to be designated 
 by the President, should be reserved for the use of a seminary of learn- 
 ing; and fifth, that four sections of land should be granted to the state 
 for the purpose of fixing the seat of government thereon. On the 29th 
 of June, 1816, the convention assembled at Corydon ratified the boun- 
 daries fixed by congress, and accepted each of the propositions sub- 
 mitted by the act of 1816. And on the same day the constitution of 
 1816 was adopted and signed by Jonathan Jennings, president of the 
 
8 HISTOKT OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 convention, and by each of the delegates thereto, and Indiana took her 
 place as a state of the Union. 
 
 It is hoped that reference to the history of the territory prior to the 
 organization of the state will not be thonght uninteresting or out of 
 place, since it is to the transactions of this period tliat we not only 
 trace back our political rights, but our property rights also. Every 
 land title runs back in its Iwstory to the legislation and grants which 
 we have been considering, and we find here the foundation of many of 
 our most valued institutions. 
 
 On the 30th of December, 1825, the act of creating Fountain county 
 was approved. It is in the following language: 
 
 AN ACT FOK THE FORMATION OF A NEW COUNTY OUT OF THE COUNTEES OF 
 MONTGOMERY AND WABASH. 
 
 (Approved December 30, 1825.) 
 
 Section 1. Be it enacted hy the General Assemhly of the State of Indiana: That 
 from and after the first day of April next, all that tract of country included within the 
 following boundaries^ shall form and constitute a new county, to be known and desig- 
 nated by the name of the county of Fountain, to-wit: beginning where the line dividing 
 townships seventeen and eighteen crosses the channel of the Wabash river; thence 
 east to the line running through the center of range six, west of the second principal 
 meridian; thence north to where the said line strikes the main channel of the Wabash 
 river; thence running down with the meanderings of said river to the place of begin- 
 ning-'^^ 
 
 Sec. 2. The said new county of Fountain shall from and after the said first day of 
 April next enjoy all the rights, privileges and jurisdictions which to separate and inde- 
 pendent counties do or may properly belong or appertain. 
 
 Sec. 3. That Lucius H. Scott, of Parke county, William Clark, of Vigo county, 
 Daniel C. Hulis, of Hendricks county, Daniel Sigler, of Putnam county, and John 
 Porter, of Vermilion county, be, and they are hereby, appointed commissioners, agree- 
 ably to the act entitled "An Act for fixing the seats of justice in all new counties 
 hereafter to be laid off." The said commissioners shall meet at the house of William 
 White, in the said county of Fountain, on the first Monday in May next, and shall 
 immediately proceed to discharge the duties assigned them by law. It is hereby made 
 the duty of the sheriff of Parke county to notify said commissioners, either in person 
 or in writing, of their appointment, on or before the third Monday in April next; and 
 for such service he shall receive such compensation out of the county of Fountain as 
 the board of justices thereof may deem just and reasonable, to be allowed and paid as 
 other county claims are paid. 
 
 Sec. 4. The board of justices of said new county shall, within twelve months after 
 the location of the permanent seat of justice therein, proceed to erect the necessary 
 public buildings. 
 
 Sec. 5. That all suits, pleas, plaints, actions, prosecutions and proceedings, here- 
 tofore commenced and pending within the limits of the said county of Fountain, shall 
 be prosecuted to final issue, in the same manner, and the state and county taxes which 
 may be due on the first day of April next, within the bounds of said county of Foun- 
 tain, shall be collected and paid, in the same manner, and by the same officers, as if 
 this act had not been passed. 
 
EAELY SETTLEMEKT. 9 
 
 Sec. 6. At the time and place of electing the county ofiBcers for the county of 
 Fountain, under the writ of election from the executive department, the electors of 
 said county shall elect five justices of the peace in and for said county, who shall meet, 
 as a board, at the house of Robert Hatfield, in said county, on the first Monday in 
 May next, or as soon thereafter as they may be enabled to do after being commissioned, 
 and then and there proceed to transact all the business, and discharge the duties, here- 
 tofore devolving on county commissioners at the organization of a new county, as well 
 as all the duties required of boards of justices at such session. 
 
 The circuit and other courts of the said county of Fountain shall meet and be 
 bolden at the house of the said liohert Satfield until more suitable accommodations 
 can be had at some other place in said county. 
 
 Sec. 7. All that part of the county of Wabash lying north and west of the said 
 county of Fountain shall be, and is hereby, attached to the said county for the pur- 
 pose of civil and criminal jurisdiction. 
 
 Z This Act to take effect and be in force from and after its publication in the "Indi- 
 ana Journal." 
 
 These boundaries h.ive never been changed. Our view must here- 
 after be confined to the limits fixed by that far away legislature of 
 1825 ;. far away, because the world has traveled rapidly in the years 
 that liave come and gone since then. 
 
 With tlie brief resume of the facts connected with the organization 
 of [the territory and of the State of Indiana, prior to the birth of the 
 county, which has been given, we will now proceed with the history of 
 that particular territory known as Fountain county. 
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENT. 
 
 The limits to which the writer is confined, as well as the press of 
 other affairs, are such as to make it possible only to give a brief out- 
 line of the settlement and growth of Fountain county. It has for 
 some years been the design of the author of this sketch to gather up 
 the threads of personal history of the pioneer men and women of this 
 count}' and weave them into a memorial that would do justice to their 
 sterling worth, and perpetuate the story of their toils, their perils and 
 their virtues. This design cannot be carried out now, if ever it can be 
 done. Tlie hardships endured by the men and women who made the 
 first openings in tlie forest, and the courage and fortitude displayed in 
 meeting them, deserve to be permanently recorded. 
 
 Are these men and women 'forgotten ? Of all the busy, throng 
 which people Fountain county to day, how many can tell anything of 
 the first settlers ? How man^' can speak the names of half-a-dozen of 
 them ? A truthful answer would be " but very few, and they the old 
 men and women who personally knew them." Is it right that we 
 should so soon forget those who preceded us and made the paths 
 straight and the ways smooth ? If we forget them even while we enjoy 
 the fruits of their labors, shall we not ourselves be as soon forgotten? 
 
10 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 If the magic of a word would bring them back before us just as they 
 were the day they selected the spot for their cabin in the forest, who 
 is it that would not like to see them, and talk to them, and bear from 
 their own lips the story of their lives? Who would not like to see the 
 man who first penetrated the wilds of Fountain county to make his 
 home in the midst of her forests, and his wife who came with him, 
 bringing her little ones where tidings of kindred would seldom or 
 never come, and where hope of seeing them could scarcely exist? 
 How interesting it would be to hear her tell of her hopes and her 
 fears, and liow she bore the trials and hardships of her situation, and 
 what her feelings were when she fully realized that she was alone with 
 her husband and children, with a dense forest, extending miles on 
 every hand, shutting her out from kindred and friends, and no outlook 
 save toward the blue sky overhead ? 
 
 When this man and woman first came to their home in this region 
 "there was not a hearth-stone planted; no fenced fields; no roads; 
 not a sign of civilization though one journeyed from morn to dewy 
 eve. If the way led over the prairie, on the right hand and the left 
 a waste, in the summer rich with flowers, in the winter fields of snow 
 swept by merciless winds ; if the trail were through the woods, the 
 thicket was about like a wall, and the wanderer, his soul thrilling with 
 a sense of awe, caught the blue sk}' in briefest patches through the 
 trees above him — all was shade and solitude as became the inheritance 
 of savages." When the sun went down, and the shadows of evening 
 began to fade in the deeper gloom of night, what a sense of loneli- 
 ness and helplessness must have come to this family, who knew there 
 was not a friendly human being within thirty miles of them, and 
 whose ears were startled with the growl of the wolf and the human- 
 like cry of the panther. No ordinary courage and nerve was theirs 
 who thus, with a quiet determination and heroism worthy of remem- 
 brance, set themselves to the work of conquering nature and winning 
 a living and an inheritance for their children in the midst of a prime- 
 val forest. 
 
 If we could begin with the earliest settlement of the county and 
 trace its history until the present time, marking, as we progressed, 
 the influence of individual lives ; if we could collect and present all 
 the reminiscences of the life of the first settlers, which yet remain in 
 the memory of old people, we should have a story of thrilling interest. 
 
 It is unfortunate that this has not been done ; and it will be still 
 more unfortunate if it is not done before the " few who are left to 
 tell " the story shall pass away. 
 
 In the last ten years many of the first settlers of the county have 
 
BAKLT SETTLEMENT. 11 
 
 gone out from among us to return no more, and with them have gone 
 many things of intense interest connected with the history of this 
 county, never to be recovered. These early pioneer fathers and motliers 
 are with us yet, but we do not recognize their presence. We say they 
 are dead. But to die is not the end. They continue to live in the 
 forces and influences which in life were set in motion by them. No 
 human being was ever born into the world who does not thus continue 
 to live. The identity of individual force and influence is lost in the 
 changes and complications of the future, but the influence and force of 
 each individual life will continue to the end of time, and only the 
 hand of Omnipotence can unravel the web and point out the work of 
 each individual of the myriads who helped to weave it. 
 
 The present prosperity of the people of this county, their fertile and 
 well improved farms, their comfortable homes, their religious and edu- 
 cational advantages, and all they enjoy which serves to make life happy 
 and existence desirable, are largely due to the labors and the coumge 
 of the men and women who sought homes in the wilderness that they 
 might increase the heritage and better the condition of their children. 
 This was the strong motive which turned the face of the man and 
 woman to the setting sun in most instances. But there were others 
 who came impelled by that insatiable desire to penetrate the unknown 
 which prompts man to attempt even the rending of the veil of the 
 future. The desire to look into the beyond, — to uplift the horizon and 
 see what is on the other side, — this is the most powerful incentive to 
 discovery existing in man's nature. It was this that turned the prow 
 of the Santa Maria toward the Unknown, and held her to her course 
 through trackless seas for weeks, until, first a slight breeze from the 
 west, then a few small birds singing morning songs, and weeds and 
 pieces of wood floating in the water, began to revive hope and strengthen 
 expectation, until the cry of "Land ! Land ! " announced the fact that 
 a new world had been discovered, and a new name added to the roll of 
 those who deserve to be remembered throughout all time. Ah ! that 
 moment was worth an ordinary lifetime. 
 
 It is this in man's nature that has laid bare the secrets of earth and 
 sea ; that has explored the heavens, and mapped them out ; that has 
 penetrated the bowels of the earth and the depths of the sea ; that has 
 attempted converse with the spirits of the dead ; and that penetrated 
 the forest and mapped out the way to civilization in the land of the 
 savage. 
 
 All honor to these brave, unselfish and devoted men and women ! 
 Would that their names and personal histories could be collected and 
 written here ! If much of personal history and reminiscence is omitted 
 
12 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 from these pages, it is not from desire, but of necessity. Many tilings 
 of importance must be omitted from want of space, and many from 
 want of accurate information. But little space can be given to the 
 early history of the county; and for the material of what is given the 
 author is, in great part, indebted to manuscripts prepared by Hon. 
 Joseph Eistine and John M. McBroom, Esq. The earliest settlement 
 in the county was probably made in 1823. The first entry of real 
 estate was made in 1820 by Edmond "Wade, and was the W. i, N.E. i, 
 Sec. 28, T. 21, K. 6. In 1821, Eber Jcune entered land in T. 18, E. 
 9. In 1822, entries were made by David Strain, Leonard Loyd, James 
 Beggs, Daniel Tarney, Benjamin Hodges, John Shewy, William 
 White, Eobert Hetfield, John Bartlett, Jonathan Birch, Abner Crane, 
 Wm. Cochran, James Button, William W. Thomas, James Thomas, 
 Elijah Funk, Moses Jewett, Abner Eush, John Simpson, Jeremiah 
 Hartman, James Graham, Martin Harrold, Thomas Patton, William 
 Cloud, Alexander Logan, John Eusing, John Nugent, George Johnson, 
 Enoch D. Woodbridge, Jesse Osborn, Andrew Lopp, Daniel Eichard- 
 son, Isaac Colman, Isaac Shelby, Eezin Shelby, and Jonathan Crane, 
 and Isaac Eomine as " Trustees for the church of God." There is a 
 romantic history connected with more than one of these names, that it 
 would be a pleasure to give, did time, space and the materials at hand 
 permit. It is diflBcult now to say who was the first white inhabitant of 
 the JJcounty. Certain it is that Jonathan Birch and John Colvert 
 were settled upon the north fork of Cool creek, in what is now Van 
 Buren township, in the spring of 1823, and that farther down the 
 creek William Cochran and Thomas Patten had made "clearings" 
 and raised a " crop " during the same season. 
 
 On what is now known as Graham's creek, in Wabash township, 
 there were the Forbes and Graham families, who had come into the 
 county in the spring of 1823. Messrs. Forbes and Graham each raised 
 a "crop" in the summer of 1823. Mr. Forbes was probably the first 
 settler in the county. On what are yet known as Osborn's and Lopp's 
 prairies there were settlements made during this yeai". The families 
 of Col. Osborn and Mr. Lopp came into the county in the spring or 
 summer of 1823, and William Cade came in the same year. The gen- 
 tlemen named are the first who erected cabins and raised crops in the 
 county. In the fall of 1823 John McBroom, Edward McBroom, John 
 Cain and John Walker came to the county, bringing with them on 
 horseback the outfit that must serve them in the preparation of homes 
 for their families. This consisted chiefly of an axe, with which to fell 
 and hew timber for their cabins, and to clear the land for the next 
 year's crop, and a gun, upon the use of which much of their sustenance 
 
TEIIEITOEIAL AND STATE OKGAKIZATION. 13 
 
 depended. The experience of these men was in great part that of 
 every other of the pioneer settlers, and it will not be without interest 
 to quote from a manuscript account the manner in which they met and 
 overcame what, to most men of this age, would appear insurmountable 
 difficulties : 
 
 " They came by the way of Strawtown, on White river ; thence by 
 Thorntown, on Sugar creek ; these being Indian towns, with an Indian 
 trace from one to the other. From Thorntown they followed the 
 Indian trace down Sugar creek to Crawfordsville, which was laid off 
 in the spring of 1823. From Crawfordsville they followed the Indian 
 trace to the head-waters of Coal creek, from whence, following the 
 stream, they found the land of promise, — a land which, if it flowed not 
 with milk and honey, flowed with beautiful streams of pure water. 
 Neither was it destitute of honey, and' game of all kinds abounded, 
 while the creeks were filled with the finest of fish. Before choosing 
 their locations they took a pretty wide survey of the territory which 
 now is embraced within the limits of Fountain county. In their wan- 
 derings they came across the Birch and Oolvert families, who were 
 settled on the north fork of Coal creek, while farther down at the forks 
 of the creek they found the Cochran and Patten families. After some 
 time spent in looking at the country, and being warned by the falling 
 leaf and moaning winds that winter was approaching, they made their 
 selections of lands and began the erection of their first rude cabins. 
 And the reader can judge of their dimensions when he is told that four 
 men, separated by an unbroken wilderness, extending for many miles 
 in all directions, from their fellows, cut and carried the logs for these 
 cabins, and raised them to their places. They were rude and small, 
 yet they proved sufficient as a shelter for their little families until bet- 
 ter could be provided." 
 
 With these, and the many others who came in the spring of 1824, 
 the contest for existence was a hard one. " There were houses to build, 
 roads to blaze, forests to clear, rails to make, fences to build," and 
 every effort to make to win bread from the wilderness, " and to keep 
 the wolf from the door during the coming winter. With the utmost 
 exertion their crops must be light, as the forest was thick and green, and 
 it was impossible to get rid of the shade of overhanging trees during the 
 first year." All they had was a little clearing in the midst of a dense 
 forest, with a cabin on one side and a patch of blue sky above. "The 
 soil was rich and productive, however, and, blessed with rain and sun- 
 shine, they raised some corn and beans and potatoes, on which, with the 
 game that was plenty within easy reach, they lived through the winter 
 without suffering or destitution." 
 
14 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 At this time there was not a mill in the county, and the corn was 
 taken across a trackless forest to a mill situated somewhere in the 
 southwestern portion of what is now Parke county. This mill was 
 probably at the mouth of Raccoon creek. 
 
 In the fall of 1824 a mill for grinding corn — "a corn cracker" — 
 was built on Coal creek, at the point where the town of Hillsboro is 
 now located. This was built by two men named Kester and Mc- 
 Laughlin. It is said to have been the first mill put in operation in the 
 county. But this is not quite certain. The honor lies between this and 
 Corse's mill, lower down on Coal creek. The mill was a rude affair : 
 a little shed supported by round posts ; a brush dam across the stream ; 
 a wheel attached to an upright shaft, and stones for grinding rudely 
 shaped out of boulders. One whose recollection goes back to that 
 day writes : " A day of rejoicing was this among the settlers, when 
 they had not only corn of their own but a mill to grind it. They 
 felt that civilization had made a long stride in the direction of their 
 homes." The " corn cracker," grinding its four or fi!ve bash,els of 
 corn a day, was an assurance of bread. It opened up a vista to its vis- 
 itors and patrons adown which they saw farms opened, wheat fields 
 ripening, comfortable homes springing up, a dense population happy 
 in the enjoyment of all that makes life -worth living, with churches 
 and schoolhouses in every neighborhood. Many of them lived to see 
 all these things, and a few are yet among us who braved the dangers 
 of the wilderness to make a home for their children, and who have 
 seen all the wonderful changes which half a century has wrought in 
 this spot of earth which we call Fountain county. 
 
 It is probable that settlements were made in other parts of the 
 county in the year 1823, but no reliable information about them 
 has been obtained by the author, although earnest inquiry has been 
 made concerning them. The j^ears 1824, 1825 and 1826 brought 
 with them a great many families whom it would be pleasant to men- 
 tion particularly, if the limits to which this sketch is prescribed would 
 permit. Particular mention of those who came after the year 1823 is 
 left to the histories of the several townships, with the hope that all de- 
 serving of mention will appear there. The name of Absolem Men- 
 denhall ought to appear among those who found a home in the county 
 in 1823 ; he was a man of great influence and usefulness in the " set- 
 tlement." He was the first justice of, the peace in the territory which 
 is now Fountain county; he wrote all the deeds; settled all the dis- 
 putes, married all the people, cried all the sales, and in short did all 
 the public business of the neighborhood for years. Ho was possessed 
 of strong common sense, sterling integrity, an intuitive sense of justice, 
 
EARLY SETTLEMBKT. 15 
 
 and great good humor. His last public service was in representing his 
 county in the state senate. It was in his garden that the writer first 
 saw a tomato. This fruit was then called "Jerusalem Apples," and 
 was believed to be deadly poison. 
 
 Another leader among his fellow men at a very early period in the 
 history of the county was Joseph Glasscock, than whom no one man 
 did more, perhaps, to develop the resources of the country, and to 
 cultivate a law-abiding and peaceable spirit in its people. 
 
 While it is not possible, nor within the scope of this department of 
 this work, to name each of the many pioneers who deserve mention, 
 the writer cannot omit the mention of one known to him as a grand 
 woman in her simple purity of manner and character and strength of 
 mind and will ; and who has so recently passed away that she seems 
 to be with us still. Catherine Bever came to the county with her 
 husband in 1825, and they built their cabin about a mile east of the 
 present town of Hillsboro; and from that time until her death she 
 lived upon the farm which she and her husband there selected. For 
 forty years she lived a widow and in her eighty-eighth year she gave 
 up the life that had been so honorable and useful, to the God who 
 gave it. Her influence was always on the right side ; she was con- 
 siderate, kind and benevolent, but she made no compromises with 
 wrong; and in a matter involving a question of duty she was as firm 
 as adamant. She was a christian in the highest acceptation of the 
 term ; her faith was a part of her being, and it entered into her daily 
 life so that she not only professed Christianity, but lived it. This per- 
 sonal tribute is due to one who stood as a fitting type of a class of 
 women fast passing away. Of women who were brave and self-re- 
 liant, yet gentle and affectionate, firm in adherence to duty, yet com- 
 passionate in dealing with the faults of others ; who braved the perils 
 of the wilderness and endured the discomforts of a frontier life that 
 we might have homes surrounded by the advantages which their toil 
 and self-denial made possible. 
 
 The life of the pioneer women is graphically described by Mrs. 
 Rebecca Julian in a communication published in a Centreville, Wayne 
 county, paper in 1854, and quoted by Judge Charles H. Test in his 
 address before the Pioneer Association of Indiana at its first meeting, 
 in 1878. The following is an extract from the communication : 
 
 " There were many serious trials in the beginning of this country^ 
 with those who settled amid the heavy timber, having nothing to 
 depend upon for a living but their own industry. Such was our situa- 
 tion. However, we were blessed with health and strength, and were 
 enabled to accomplish all that was necessary to be done. Our hus- 
 
16 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 bands cleared the ground and assisted each other in rolling the logs. 
 We often went with them on these occasions to assist in cooking for 
 the hands. "We had first-rate times — just such as hard laboring men 
 and women can appreciate. We were not what would now be called 
 fashionable cooks. We had no pound cakes, preserves or jellies, but 
 the substantials prepared were in plain, honest, old-fashioned style. 
 That is one reason why we were so blest in health. We had none of 
 your dainties — nicknacks and many fixings that are worse than nothing. 
 There are many diseases now that were not heard of thirty or forty 
 years ago, such as dyspepsia, neuralgia, and others too tedious to men- 
 tion. It was not fashionable at that time to be weakly. We could take 
 our spinning-wheel and walk two miles to a spinning frolic, do our day's 
 work, and, after a first-rate supper, join in some innocent amusement 
 for the evening. We did not take very particular pains to keep our 
 hands white. We knew they were made to use to our advantage, 
 therefore we nev^r thought of having hands just to look at. Each set- 
 tler had to go and assist his neighbors ten or fifteen days, or there- 
 abouts, in order to get help again in log-rolling time. This was the 
 only way to get assistance in return." And Judge Test, himself sev- 
 enty years a resident of Indiana, thus speaks of the habits and customs 
 of the women of the first settlements : " The women at that time, and 
 for many years after, not only spun and wove the fabrics for their own 
 garments, but for those of the whole family. They were their own man- 
 tua-makers, and did the tailoring for the father and the sons. I have 
 to-day a pleasing remembrance of their white and well-fitting dresses, 
 with a stripe of blue or red woven in the fabric out of which they were 
 made. As to the tailoring, I often thought the waist of the coat too 
 short by six or eight inches, and the breeches rather scant in material. 
 Twelve " cuts" was a good day's work, and if there was any surplus of 
 the woven material, after supplying the wants of the family, it found a 
 ready sale at the nearest store. It was a high commendation in those 
 days that a young lady was an adept in spinning and weaving. When 
 I was a young man, some fifty-five years ago, I occasionally visited the 
 daughter of an old friend. The mother took me round the cabin and 
 showed me the bundles of yarn her daughter had spun, and the beauti- 
 ful coverlids she had woven. Of course I was charmed, but I soon 
 found my visits were far more agreeable to the mother than to the dangh- 
 _ter." It is scarcely necessary to say that the young lady married some 
 other man. 
 
 How charming a book it would be in whose pages the pioneers of 
 Indiana could tell the story of their lives in their own language ! 
 
 Among the discomforts and the dangers which are common to the 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENT. 17 
 
 settlement of any wild country, the first settlers of this county were 
 subjected to one that was uncommon and terrible in its manifestation. 
 As is usual with the settlors of a new country, the people who first 
 inhabited this county liad no pastures for their cattle except those 
 which the "woods" furnished. This left their '• stock " exposed to 
 the depredations of the wild beasts and the thieves — for there were 
 thieves even at this early day. It was extremely annoying to a family,, 
 whose cow furnished the chief sustenance of the children, to have her 
 stolen, or to become a prey to some savage beast. But a new andl 
 more dreadful danger soon made its appearance, which threatened alike: 
 the human and the brute. People became sick with a strange disease, 
 which usually ended in death in about nine days. The medical skill 
 of the country — such as it was — was baffled ; and the medical assist- 
 ance was- sometimes of more help to the disease than to the patient. 
 After much study and investigation, and after many lives had paid the 
 penalty of ignorance, it was discovered, as was believed by most people, 
 to have its origin in the use of beef and of milk ; and soon the term 
 milk-sickness was ajaplied to a plague as dreadful as any that people 
 ever suffered from. A fierce controversy arose as to the cause of this 
 disease, many people denying that it was in any way attributable to 
 the use of meat or milk, and others denying that it was peculiar to the 
 locality. What increased the doubt was the fact that of a family, all 
 of whom used the milk from the same cows, some would be taken with 
 the disease while others would escape. 
 
 It is related of one family that the members of it used the milk from 
 a cow whose calf was sick with the " slows," as it was called, without 
 any bad results; but after the calf was weaned it was killed, and the 
 first time the family used the meat they were all taken violently sick, 
 with all the symptoms of " milk-sickness," and all died in a very short 
 time. Another family were all sick with the disease, except a babe, to 
 whom the milk from the family cow was given regularly without any 
 ill effects ; yet when the same milk was given to a dog he was imme- 
 diately attacked with the "slows." All sorts of opinions were enter- 
 tained and stoutly maintained. A very prevalent opinion was in the 
 supposed existence of poisonous springs. This was based chiefly upon 
 the observed fact that people and animals were frequently taken sud- 
 denly sick with the strange disease after drinking water ; and when 
 this occurred the well or spring from which the water came was imme- 
 diately labeled poisonous. It not infrequently occurred that cattle 
 would be so suddenly attacked with the disease after drinking that 
 they could not get away from the water, but would die near it, and the 
 ground about a spring would sometimes be covered with the bones of 
 2 
 
18 HISTOKY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 dead animals. It is not wonderful, then, that the idea of poison in the 
 water took a strong hold upon the people. But time has demonstrated 
 that these waters are as pure and healthful as those of any other locality. 
 The most reasonable explanation of the phenomenon of sudden sickness 
 after drinking is that the drinking of a large quantity of water in some 
 way developed the disease that was until that time latent. Specula- 
 tion as to the cause of this disease would be out of place here, and 
 besides it would be useless. Many efforts have been made to discover 
 the cause, but none have been so far successful as to set the matter at 
 rest. About all that can be said is that observation and experience 
 have demonstrated that cattle kept upon tame pastures were never 
 affected by it ; and as the country grew older, and improved farms and 
 cultivated grasses took the place of the forests and wild herbage, the 
 disease gradually disappeared, until it is seldom heard of now. 
 
 Another source of annoyance, if not of danger, to which the early 
 settlers of this county were subject, was the great number of venomous 
 serpents which were found everywhere. A chronicler of the time tells 
 of them thus : 
 
 "And as to snakes, there was no end to them; like Pharaoh's frogs 
 of old, they were everywhere, — in the forest, in the yard, in the house, 
 and among the children — everywhere you turned you met them. 
 * * * When the first warm days of spring came they would begin 
 to crawl forth from their dens in the crevices of the rocks, and here 
 they were often met by ' willing hands and welcomed to hospitable 
 graves ' ; and were often killed by hundreds in one day." 
 
 But if dangers, hardships, annoyances and privations were the lot 
 of these early settlers, they had pleasures also. There was a pleasure 
 then in the meeting together of neighbors and families of which we 
 know nothing at this day. Hospitality was then a pleasure; and those 
 of us who remember the eagerness with which we watched for news 
 from the front during the war of the rebellion can form an idea of 
 the welcome with which these pioneers received the stranger who 
 came to them with news from the great world from which they were 
 shut out, — often from friends and relatives from whom they had not 
 heard for months and sometimes years. 
 
 In these early days " every house was an inn, where all were wel- 
 comed and feasted." In the very simplicity of their life, and in the 
 generous hospitality which they practiced, there was a pleasure which 
 no wealth can purchase, no luxury produce, and which is unknown to 
 a more advanced condition of society. 
 
 Then the corn huskings, the " raisings," the woOd choppings, and 
 the quiltings ! who that has ever attended one of these can forget its 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENT. 19 
 
 royal fan? And then there was the muster, with all its parade, and 
 the pomp and circumstance of mimic war. Speaking of these things, 
 upon the occasion before referred to, Judge Test said : . 
 
 "In this crowd of old settlers, who is there that cannot give us a 
 description of an early corn husking, when the corn heap, being equally 
 divided, the captain and the men on each side selected, and the party 
 who first finished their portion of the heap carried their captain in 
 triumph on their shoulders into the ranks of the opposition, in ridicule 
 of the latter's tardiness? "What venerable mother is here who cannot 
 detail the particulars of a sewing match or quilting in which they par- 
 ticipated in early life, when, after their day's work was finished, their 
 husbands and neighboring young men joined them at the house,' spent 
 the evening, and sometimes to the small hours of the morning, in 
 playing ' Sister Phoebe,' or, if a violin could be had, in dancing an old- 
 fashioned 'reel'? There are but few of this association who could not 
 tell us something aboat the old regimental musters in Indiana, at which 
 most of the voters of the county attended, and after passing through 
 the various military evolutions, with clubs and corn-stalks in place of 
 guns, the regiment was addressed by their distinguished commanders, 
 and often the afternoon was occupied with political speeches. About 
 the last muster at which I was present, I recollect the colonel of the 
 regiment was noted for a squeaking voice. When the corps was ready 
 to receive him he rode up in front of his regiment, the only man in 
 the field dressed in uniform, and in his squeaking voice called out, 
 ' Attention ! Battalion ' ! A boy, two hundred or three hundred yards 
 distant, cried out in imitation of the commander's voice, ' Children 
 come out of the branch or you will get snake bit.' Of course it raised 
 a huge laugh, and I never heard of that regiment being called out 
 
 It would be instructive as well as interesting to present in detail 
 all the manners and customs of the first years of the country — to pre- 
 sent a complete and perfect picture of its childhood, and to follow the 
 changes which occurred inthese as well as in the phyerical features of 
 the country, as the years rolled by, until the present day of railroads and 
 telegraphs and labor-saving machines ; of school-houses and churches ; 
 of comfortable homes more completely supplied with luxuries than 
 were the cabins of the pioneers with necessaries. The visible re- 
 minders of these early days are fast passing away, and the unwritten 
 history of them ought to be gathered up and recorded. Each town- 
 ship ought to have its historical society, and it ought to keep a record 
 of current events for the use of the future historian, and should gather 
 up and preserve all that can be procured of the history of former years; 
 
20 HISTORY OF FOUNTAm COUNTY. 
 
 every incident and story of the life of the dwellers in the wilderness ; 
 all that can be learned of their trials, their dangers, their manners and 
 their customs ought to be garnered and preserved. 
 
 The men and women who first settled in this county were not 
 wholly uneducated, and they had a lively sense of the value and neces- 
 sity of schools; and scarcely was the cabin built until the question of 
 school-house and schoolmaster began to occupy the thoughts of the 
 Fountain county pioneer. As soon as a settlement could muster a 
 dozen or fifteen families, the little log school-house, with its expansive 
 fireplace in one end, its long, narrow, greased-paper window in the 
 other, and its uncomfortable puncheon seats ranged around the walls 
 made its appearance ; and here, during the winter months, the school, 
 master sat enthroned during the day and " boarded around " the rest 
 of the time. The branches taught were usually confined to spelling, 
 reading, writing and arithmetic, and the "rule of three." As indicative 
 of the educational acquirements of the first settlers, an anecdote fur- 
 nished by Mr. Win. Robb, an early settler in this county, now living 
 in Warren county, may be given : 
 
 "In the year 1826 Mr. Jesse Evans came to Fountain county from 
 Virginia, and located about six miles east of Covington. The next 
 year a man from Ohio settled in the same neighborhood.. After these 
 two men became acquainted,, Mr. Evans asked liis neighbor what his 
 object was in leaving an old settled country and coming to the wilds 
 of Indiana. His neighbor replied that he came to secure a home for a 
 growing family,, and for no other purpose. Mr. Evans then said that 
 he had no such object in view, that he was well fixed in the country he 
 came from, had a saw-mill in the mountains, and could sell all the 
 lumber he could cut ; was well respected by his neighbors ; had the 
 confidence of all his acquaintances, and, as he was the only English 
 scholar for miles around, he had to do all the writing, such as articles 
 of agreement, etc. He went on to say that he expected to find just 
 such a people in Indiana as he left in Yirginia, and be elected governor 
 of the state or to a seat in congress. ISTow, said he, I have become 
 acquainted with the people of Fountain county, and I find that I am 
 the most ignorant man among them." 
 
 One of the first marriages in the county, if not the first, was that of 
 James C. Davis to Sallie Johnson, in April 1824. Miss Johnson was a 
 daughter of Archibald Johnson, who came to the county in 1823. Mr. 
 Davis was the son of Enos Davis, who also settled here in the fall of 
 1823. The license was obtained in Tei-re Haute, and young Davis 
 walked from Terre Haute, coming by the house of John Hibbs, a 
 minister of the gospel, who had shortly^before taken up his residence 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENT. 21 
 
 in the south part of what is now Wabash township, and procuring his 
 services to celebrate the marriage ceremony, the two made their way 
 to the house of the bride on foot. Perhaps in these days young men 
 would think this was getting married under difficulties. This married 
 pair lived long together and reared a large family of children, some 
 of wliom are yet citizens of the county. 
 
 A wedding in those days was the occasion of a frolic. A writer 
 upon this subject says : " The wedding was an attractive feature of 
 pioneer life. For a long time after the iirst settlement * * * the 
 people married young. There was no distinction of rank and very 
 little of fortune. On these accounts the first impression of love gen- 
 erally resulted in marriage. The family establishment cost but a little 
 labor, nothing more. A description of a wedding in the olden time 
 will serve to show the progress made in society, as well as preserve 
 an important phase of history. The marriage was always celebrated 
 in the house of the bride ; and she was generally left to choose the 
 officiating clergyman " or the " squire." " A wedding, however, en- 
 gaged the attention of the whole neighborhood. It was anticipated by 
 both old and young with eager expectation. In the morning of the 
 wedding day the groom and his intimate friends assembled at the 
 house of his father, and after due preparation departed e?i masse for 
 the ' mansion ' of his bride." The journey was usually made on horse- 
 back. "It was alwaj'S a merry journey. * * * On reaching the 
 house of the bride the marriage ceremony took place ; and then din- 
 ner or supper was served. After the meal the dancing commenced, 
 and generally lasted until the following morning. The figures of the 
 dances were three and four handed reels, or square sets and jigs. The 
 commencement was always a square fonr, which was followed by what 
 the pioneers called 'jigging'; that is, two of the four would single 
 out for a jig, and were followed by the remaining couple. The jigs 
 were often accompanied with what was called ' cutting ont ' ; that is, 
 when either of the parties became tired of the dance, on intimation the 
 place was supplied by some one of the company without any interrup- 
 tion of the dance. 
 
 " In this way the reel was often continued until the musician was 
 exhausted. About nine or ten o'clock in the evening a deputation of 
 young ladies stole off the bride and put her to bed. In doing this 
 they had to ascend a ladder," the pioneer stairway, " from the kitchen to 
 the upper floor, wliich was " usually " composed of loose boards. Here, 
 in this pioneer bridal chamber, the young, simple-hearted girl was put 
 to bed by her enthusiastic friends. This done, a deputation of young 
 men escorted the groom to the same apartment and placed him snugly 
 
22 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 by the side of his bride. The dance still continued ; and if seats were 
 scarce, which was generally the case, ' every young man, when not en- 
 gaged in the dance, was obliged to ofler his lap as a seat for one oi the 
 girls; and the offer was sure to be accepted.'" This last statement 
 needs a little qualification. The acceptance of the offer generally de- 
 pended upon the question whether the right young man made it. 
 
 The next day, or in a day or two, after the wedding an infair was 
 had at the house of the groom's father. And here the same order of 
 exercises were observed, except the escort to bed was usually dispensed 
 with. 
 
 It is to be hoped that the young woman of to-day who may read 
 this description of her grandmother's wedding will not be shocked at 
 what may seem to her an indelicacy. These things belonged to the 
 custom of the country ; they were a part of its social laws ; and it is 
 not too much to say that the men and women who were married thus 
 were as chaste in deed and thought, and as true to their marital vows, 
 as any that can be found now. The times and the manners have 
 changed, and it is no more to be expected that people of this day 
 should follow the habits and customs of their parents and grand- 
 parents than that they should have their clothing made of the same 
 material, and cut in the same fashion, as tliat worn by their ancestors. 
 But while we are putting off oM habits and customs we should take 
 care that we do not drift away from that old-fashioned honesty, and 
 lose that indomitable pluck and energy that fitted these early dwell- 
 ers in the forest to be the founders of all that prosperity that surrounds 
 us now. 
 
 A short time before his death, Hon. Joseph Ristine, so long and 
 well known to the people of this county, wrote down his recollections 
 of its early settlement, and as nothing of more interest could probably 
 be given here, liberal use of his manuscript will be made, using his own 
 language in the main. After speaking of the fact that he had fre- 
 quently been solicited to write down his recollections concerning the 
 early history of the county. Judge Ristine says : " Feeling my inca- 
 pacity for the task of putting in the shape of written reminiscences my 
 recollections, snch as would be proper to go before the public, I have 
 hesitated. Coming here in my eighteenth year, with no other advan- 
 tage than that afi'orded by an old-fashioned log school-house, such as 
 southern Ohio afforded in those early days, I have felt my attainments 
 would not warrant an undertaking of the kind. Perhaps now that 
 after passing the years allotted man, that vanity which age is apt to 
 bring has led me to undertake the task. I hope it will not be ex- 
 pected that I will give as graphic descriptions of men and things as 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENT. 23 
 
 conld be done by those whose better training in the walks of literature 
 and science could do, and shall only say to those who have desired this 
 that such as I can will I give unto you. 
 
 The pronoun I, in a matter of this kind, must necessarily be often 
 used ; as it is-obnoxious generally, it shall as far as possible be avoided. 
 
 As I shall have to draw largely upon memory for dates, mistakes 
 may occur, but what is written as facts will be given as they occurred 
 within the knowledge of the writer. My conclusions must be taken 
 for what they are worth. In June of 1826 my father entered the 
 lands about six miles east of Covington, to which he removed from 
 Brown county, Ohio, and arrived at those lands on December 6, 1826, 
 that day being my eighteenth birthday. It was a rainy, gloomy day. 
 Providence, however, smiled upon him, and, used to western life, sup- 
 plied with axes, augers, saws and other essentials necessary to the 
 commencement of life in the woods, work was commenced by the erec- 
 tion of a double-faced camp, leaving a space between wide enough to 
 drive a pair of horses, in order to haul in logs to make fires. Here let 
 me say this preparation was for the accommodation of two families, 
 neither of them small, the two comprising, in men, women and chil- 
 dren, about eighteen persons. On our journey to our new home in 
 the wilderness, and while stopping for the night on the bank of White 
 river, west of Indianapolis, a family by the name of Evans, from Au- 
 gusta county, Virginia, was encountered. Here, of course, an acquaint- 
 ance was made. Mr. Evans had never been out of the Old Dominion 
 until he started west, and knew not where he would go or where would 
 be his stopping place. This family was pretty well prepared. Mr. 
 Evans had a good fonr-horse team and comfortable clothing, etc., and 
 $400 or $500 in money. After the interview of the night Mr. Evans 
 concluded that where my father went he would go, and these cairips 
 were built for the comfort of both families. Although in December, 
 the weather became settled, clear, and (for that month) warm. My 
 father at once set about the erection of what was known as a double 
 log cabin. Mr. Evans, with three boys, and my father with three, 
 went to work, and by Christmas we had our cabin so near complete, — 
 with clapboard roof, puncheon floors, chinking and daubing done, — 
 that we got out of camp into what was regarded as a pretty respectable 
 dwelling. My father aided Mr. Evans in the selection of land which 
 he entered adjoining our land. Mr. Evans, after abiding comfortably 
 in the camp all winter, built a cabin in the spring of 1827 on his own 
 land, where for years after the two families lived as kind neighbors. 
 "Within the range of three miles there were settled Abiier Bnsh, John 
 Simpson, William Cochran, Hiram Jones, Benjamin Kepner, Joseph 
 
24 HISTUUY OF I'OUNTAIV COUNTY. 
 
 Glascock, Tlioinas Pattoii, Capt. Wliite and Leonard Loyd, all of whom 
 gave us a kind greeting and hearty welcome. While at this point the 
 pecnliarities of my old friend Jesse Evans will be noticed.. As has 
 been stated, lie had never been out of Virginia imtil he made his break 
 for the west. Mr. Evans was not a man wholly without education. 
 He could read, wrote a good, legible hand, with a fair common arith- 
 metical knowledge, such as to tit him for the ordinary business of life. 
 He had no fixed political ideas, and his association with my father, I 
 think, had much to do in making hitn a democrat. He had pretty 
 exalted ideas of old Virginia, with but a slight conception of the char- 
 acter of the men of the west. In the presidential contest of 1828 he 
 was a very ardent "Jackson man," and although he was about fifty- 
 five years of age he was confounded upon the question of voting for 
 electors instead of voting directly for Jackson or Adams. Although I 
 was not quite twenty years of age, I understood sufficient to explain 
 the mode so that he comprehended it, and in the honesty of his heart 
 he gave me his ideas of himself before starting west. These were, that 
 he would go west and stand among his fellows a head and shoulders 
 above them all ; " but now," said he, " I have been here only about 
 two years, and, 'tis a fact, J now find it out that nine out of ten know 
 more than I do." Mr. Evans continued a democrat until the mantle 
 of the democracy, under the shield of Gen. Jackson, fell upon Martin 
 Van Buren. The hue and cry of the ills arising from the sub-treasury 
 system, the extravagance inaugurated at the White House by the little 
 sly nabob from Xew York, accompanied with the gold spoon stories, 
 bewildered the old man, until his first conception of himself returned. 
 He turned his back upon democrats, and his regrets were that he had 
 not money enough to go to Washington, or he would, go, as he knew 
 that he could in twenty minutes convince Mr. Van Buren of the errors 
 of his policy, and thereby save the country from ruin. He became an 
 idolater of the old whig party, and died in that faith, withal an honest 
 man. Having disposed of Jesse Evans, a return will be made to our 
 startoff' — to prepare bread for the future. Wild game was so plenty 
 there were no fears but we would have plenty of meats. Father, hav- 
 ing to return to Ohio that winter on account of business, marked off 
 what he de.-igned as fifteen acres, to clear up for corn planting in the 
 spring; gave ns three boys directions to cut all under eighteen inches, 
 and hare the brush piled and burned, and the logs cut and prepared 
 for rolling upon his return, mother to take general supervision of our 
 attention to bu-iness in his absence. I can give assurance that no 
 kinder mother lived than we had, and a watchfulness over her trust 
 was kept such as would be a good example to many mothers of the 
 
KABLY SKTTl.EMKNT, 25 
 
 present duv. Rails were to be made to t'oiice tlio land, and, hy the 
 way, my brother next younger than I and myself were rail-makers, 
 and beini:; about the ago of the lamented Lincoln, could have competed 
 with him in rail-splitting. 1 don't know but some of the walnut rails 
 are on the promises yet. We completed the task and log-rolling time 
 came. With tlic aid of our kind noigbbors this was a short job, and 
 the fifteen acres wore planted in corn and produced an abundant yield. 
 Corn, potatoes, beans, turnips and pumpkins made good returns for 
 the labor bestowed. Tiic s\igar-making season came on, and this had to 
 be attended to. Not having vessels to care for the molasses, a trough 
 made from the trunk of a poplar tree, large enough to hold fifty or 
 sixty gallons, was nicely hewn out as the receptacle for them. Another 
 noeessity had to bo supplied. A block was prep:ircd to make hominy. 
 This was done by sawing off of the trnnk of a good solid oak tree a piece 
 about three feet in length, and about eighteen or twenty inches in 
 dimueter; scalloping out one end by cutting and burning a hole, in the 
 shape of a bowl, large enongh to hold a halfbushel or more of corn ; 
 then, with an iron wedge banded in the end of a stick, the corn was 
 pounded uutil the outer coating of the grain was beaten oil'. This, by 
 long boiling, made a good substitute for bread; aiul, with cornmeal 
 to be had at White's mill, ground on stones prepared from the large 
 boulders found in the forests, — these, with wild meat, furnished our 
 first winter's food. We had milk and butter from our cows, and, with 
 corn bread made into "dodgers," pones and Johnny-cakes, with basted 
 turkey and venison for nu>rtts, and plenty of hard work as an appetizer, 
 we lived well and slept soundly. 
 
 The mode of basting a turkey, a young pig, a ground hog or an 
 optissnm was this: The turkey, or whatever it was, was hung by a 
 cord to a nail oi- a wooden pin placed in the log over the front of the 
 fire-place, while a mixture for the seasoning was placed in a pan under 
 it. By twisting the cord it was set in motion before the blazing fire, 
 and kept well satiirated with the condinuuit from the pan beneath, 
 until thoroughly cooked. 
 
 Thus we lived, and thus did most of our neighbors. Most sleeping 
 apartments were u^iiquely fiirnislied; a Wabash bedstead ornamented 
 most of the log cabins of those days. This consisted of an upright 
 )H>st about three or four feet long, cut from a sapling four or five inches 
 in diameter, through which were bored several one-and-a-half or two- 
 incii augei- holes in transverse oi-der near each other; opposite to these 
 were bored, in the logs of the cabin, like holes: into these holes in the 
 logs of the cabin ami the post set out on the puncheon floor, w'ere 
 inserted poles or mils of sutficient strength to bear the burden of two 
 
26 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 or three grown persons, on which were placed poles, or split slats; 
 upon these were thrown ticks filled with dry grass, or straw, where it 
 could be had. This gives a pretty fair description of the architecture 
 of an early Wabash bedstead with its furniture, which with some 
 blankets, and sometimes coverlets, often aided by buffalo robes and 
 wolf skins, fitted out a bed for winter. For summer sleeping, a buf- 
 falo robe and coverlet spread upon a puncheon floor made good sleep- 
 ing quarters for the sturdy boys that swung the axe, wielded tbe maul, 
 or followed the plow. Amusements were not as plenty then as now ; 
 but as the enjoyments were rare, they were more highly prized ; leisure 
 once in a while would occur, and a day spent in hunting or fishing 
 gave as much comfort then as now. There were fiddles in the country, 
 and often, after a hard day's work of rolling logs, where all the boys 
 and girls of the neighborhood, which generally included a circuit of 
 two, three or four miles, were congregated, there would be, after the 
 supper was over, a good old-fashioned dance of French fours, opera 
 reels and games of hunt the squirrel, etc. etc., which would be kept 
 up until the small hours of the morning, when all would repair to 
 their homes, the girls attended by the boys, and when morning came 
 all would be ready again for the labors of the dajj^. I must here relate 
 an incident of the first winter. While clearing up the land I have 
 spoken of, my brother Wright and I were busily engaged chopping; 
 there was no underbrush, and objects could be seen as far as the eye 
 could reach, obstructed only by forest trees ; in the distance an ob- 
 ject was seen approaching us, and we ceased our work to observe what 
 it was. We were not long in discerning that the object was a man 
 carrying a gun, with the accoutrements of a hunjter. He had been at^ 
 tracted to us by the noise of our axes. Upon his approach we gave 
 him a kind, cordial greeting, and found his name to be Nathan Gil- 
 lam. He was about our own age, and his father lived on Coal creek 
 about two miles below White's mills. We found him a very interesting 
 young nimrod, whose apparel especially attracted our attention. From 
 his toes to his neck was buckskin; moccasins for his feet, buckskin for 
 breeches, fitted closely with strings at the ankles over the tops of his 
 moccasins, a buckskin vest — what his shirt was I don't remember — a 
 buckskin hunting shirt, a fox-skin shot pouch, and a coon-skin cap, 
 with the tail ornamenting the rear; thus, with his powder horn, a 
 butchers knife, a rifle, of course of the old flint-lock style, gives a fair 
 account of his apparel. Our curiosity was excited ; my brother's so 
 much so that he, in the language of this day, interviewed him on the 
 subject of the comforts of such a dress. " Oh ! " said he, " I never 
 suffer from cold only in the morning ; when I stick my legs in it is 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENT. 27 
 
 hell. Just imagine," said he, " running your naked leg through a hole 
 cut in the ice of Coal creek and you will get an idea of that part of it ; 
 but when I get them on," said he, " and warmed up, then all is right 
 and I never suffer." We often with pleasure met him afterward. 
 His father about 1829 or 1830 removed to Carroll county, where, after 
 the office of county auditor was created, Nathan was elected auditor, 
 and made a good, faithful officer. Nature wisely provides sustenance, 
 or the means to procure the same, for all living creatures. Here the 
 forests, unbroken by the hand of man, were loaded with nuts and fruits, 
 and the earth with herbage sufficient to well supply the herds of deer 
 and all other wild animals roaming in them. 
 
 " While my father was in Ohio he promised my eldest brother, who 
 was a bricklayer, that I_ should come back to Ohio and learn the trade 
 wilii him as soon as our corn was planted. I had already worked at 
 the trade with my brother until I had learned pretty well how to lay 
 bricks. When the time came for me to go I was fitted out with a 
 horse, saddle and the old-fashioned saddle-bags, and $5 in money. 
 Thus equipped I started on my journey to a point on the eastern 
 edge of Brown county, Ohio, about fifty-five miles above Cincin- 
 nati. No anxiety existed as to the sufficiency of the outfit; and it is 
 enough to say that I safely made the trip, stopping, when I could, at 
 the proper time to get something to eat for myself and my horse,, 
 paying all bills charged me, and on my arrival at my brother's I had 
 $1.50 left. On the morning of my departure from home, Andrew In- 
 gram, well known afterward to .the people along this portion of the 
 Wabash, who had but a short time before completed his study of the 
 law with Calvin Fletcher, and who had been to Covington, which had 
 just been laid out, looking for a location to commence the practice, came 
 along on his way back to Indianapolis, and to that point I had his 
 company through an almost unbroken forest. He finally located at 
 La Fayette, where, after a long and successful practice, with an un- 
 sullied reputation, he died. Through all tiiese years, from onr trip to 
 his death, our relations were those of friends. After spending the sum- 
 mer with my brother I started for the Wabash in company with two 
 families emigrating to this county, and to the neighborhood of my 
 father's; one of which was the family of my estimable friend William 
 Robb, wlio with his good wife, at the time of this writing, are yet in 
 their old days living in comfort in Warren county, Indiana. Robb 
 had a brother about my own age, and he and I, both on foot, drove 
 the stock, and in due time, without any incidents except a good deal of 
 boys' fun by the way, arrived safely at my father's. I have failed to 
 say tliat I cannot I'ecall on my trip to mj' brother's the payment of 
 
28 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 scarcely anything until I passed Connersviile. Stopping at log cabins 
 the traveler was greeted as a friend. No odds how ill-prepared the 
 tenants were, the best they had you were sure to get, and in the 
 morning, without charge, were bade to go your way with a good, 
 hearty, friendly adieu. The most generous hospitality this region ever 
 witnessed was found in those cabins. "Whenever the wayworn and 
 weary traveler fell upon a habitation, such as is described by some 
 practical genius, he had a guarantee of kind treatment. I regret I 
 cannot recall the whole effusion; here, however, is a part, such as I 
 
 now read : 
 
 ' A stranger riding through the West, 
 Fell upon a Hoosier'a nest, 
 In other words a buckeye cabin, 
 Just large enough to hold Queen IVUb in. 
 A rifle hung up o'er the door, 
 Two doga lay stretched upon the floor. 
 One side was hung with divers garments, 
 Another strung with skins of varmints.' 
 
 These ornaments to a log cabin were very common ; indeed were seen 
 in almost every one. On my return I could but observe the change 
 one summer and fall had made. Cabins were dotted here and there 
 through the woods, and up and down Coal creek, showing how busy 
 emigration had been. I had been at home but a few days when a 
 large, good looking man appeared at ray father's on the hunt of a 
 bricklayer. I soon found out that it was a Mr. Ignatius Morris, who 
 had settled in the bend of the river above Covington. He wanted a 
 chimney built to a one-story h«wed log cabin ; this was about nine 
 miles away, and for so small a job it was declined ; but he urged that 
 on building his. Judge Nebeker, of whom I shall have occasion to 
 speak, had a two-story house, and that he also wanted a chimney, and 
 he said if I would go and build his the other job would be had also ; 
 this consideration was sufficient; this was about the last of November 
 1827. Finishing the Morris chimney the Judge Nebeker one was un- 
 dertaken. Here, to supply me with brick and mortar, I found for my 
 attendants Richard M. Nebeker and George, his brother ; the former 
 at this time postmaster at Covington, the latter a banker and farmer; 
 and from thence until now nothing has disturbed our friendly relations 
 except an occasional political wrangle. The chimney was commenced 
 with the two boys, Dick, as we familiarly call him, aged 1 should think 
 about fourteen, and George about two years younger, as assistants, and 
 with the old gentleman as regulator and supervisor. Generally, when 
 the day's work was done and night came on, I sat and listened to the 
 life-long experience of the old chief of the family. He had an excel- 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENT. 29 
 
 lent lady for a wife, and a family at home of two young ladies and 
 three boys : Richard, George and Lucas, the latter now a Methodist 
 preacher of some distinction ; there were also, as I remember, two 
 daughters, who were then small children. 
 
 "I had a pleasant time here, although the weather was so cold boil- 
 ing water had to be used to make the mortar. The incidents and dan- 
 gers of our new homes were all canvassed; wolves, Indians, (least 
 harmless of all), snakes, wild hogs and mad dbgs, all had their place; 
 fevers and ague had their share in our talk. On the day before the 
 chimney was completed, the news reached us that a dog belonging to 
 a man by the name of DeHart had gone mad, but that he was chained 
 up. On the next morning, before I left for home, the news reached the 
 Nebaker family that the dog had broken his chain and was at large. I 
 had a horrid fear of mad dogs. Here I was on foot ; I dared not make 
 manifest my fears so that the young ladies might know it, for I was 
 impressed with the idea tliat ladies had a contempt for the coward ; 
 yet I am willing to admit when I bade them an adieu that morning 
 with the hope that we should meet again they were not filling my 
 head half so much as was old De Hart's dog.- 
 
 " Alarmed as I was, and on foot, I took my departure armed with my 
 trowel and plumb-bob, afraid to get a good shilalah to fight a dog lest 
 I should be laughed at. A road wound its way along where ' Nase ' 
 Morris lived, and where I had built the chimney, and from thence 
 across through hazel and other underbrush for about three-quarters of 
 a mile to Mr. George Steely's. Mad dog was uppermost in my mind, 
 and just about the midst of this hazel thicket a slight hog-path crossed 
 my track. My eye, on the lookout for mad dog, espied a dog with 
 his head bloody, no doubt from some sheep transaction ; every hair on 
 my head, I think, must have given the appearance of a porcupine's 
 quill. I hailed his dogship, and he wheeled, and with tail between his 
 legs fled. Which was frightened most I don't know, but think I was, 
 as it was not before my arrival at Covington that my shock was re- 
 moved. It was some time before the story was told, through fear of a 
 laugh at my cost. 
 
 " Covington, although laid out as a town in the summer of 1826, had 
 not yet become a county seat. The peculiar geographical situation of 
 the county, as may be seen by the map, which has remained unchanged, 
 led to a rivalry for the location of the seat of justice, which was not 
 determined until 1828 ; Portland, lying on the river about seven miles 
 north and east of Covington, on a high, commanding, rocky bluff, pre- 
 senting, from its facilities for boating purposes, with a magnificent 
 country for agricultural and grazing purposes, strong claims to the 
 
30 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 honor of tlie county seat. The proprietors were Maj. Whitlock, the 
 receiver of public money of the land office at Crawfordsville, and 
 William Miller, a most excellent, quiet Presbyterian gentleman, who 
 located as a farmer out east of Portland on the north fork of Coal 
 creek. Miller was a quiet, easy-going man. Maj. Whitlock, although 
 a man of great force, was occupied with his official trusts too deeply to 
 engage in the contest for a county seat. The other point was what 
 was urged as nearest to the geographical center of the county, which 
 was insisted to be in the vicinity of the forks of Coal creek. No town 
 was laid out in that region, although along the two branches of the 
 creek, extending up from the forks, was perhaps the strongest popula- 
 tion then in the county. This point had for its advocates, as leaders, 
 Jonathan Birch and William Cochran, who made a strong and deter- 
 mined effort to secure it. Both were men of force and capacity. 
 
 " Isaac Colman, an early Wabash man with much sagacity, looking at 
 the situation, entered the land, eighty acres, where the old plat of Cov- 
 ington now is, and laid out a town ; he temptingly offered handsome 
 donations to the public in the way of lots and public grounds. There 
 were in Covington at this time but few inhabitants. Mr. Joseph L. 
 Sloan, a young man of pleasing manners, sent to Covington with a 
 small stock goods, under the auspices of Daniel Yandes, of Indianapo- 
 lis; David Rawles, who had just started out in life as hotel-keeper, 
 both of whom have passed over the river, and Dr. John Hamilton, all 
 active men, with many others in the surrounding country, were all 
 active, and were successful in inducing the commissioners to locate the 
 seat of justice at Covington. The ill-shaped boundary of the county, 
 taking all the then surroundings, made most eligible the location of 
 the county seat at Covington. To almost all the people of this day it 
 is a matter of surprise that our county should have been located with 
 its present boundaries. We who were here at the time, and for many 
 years afterward, did not think it strange, as the Wabash was regarded 
 a navigable stream, and an obstruction to the convenient intercourse 
 of the people on the opposite sides of the river. Such was the fact ; 
 the Wabash was a navigable stream, so declared by the federal govern- 
 ment, and the thought of bridging the river was about as little dreamed 
 of by the people as tlie idea of building railroads. It is true, the gen- 
 eral government, with a view to opening up a great public thorough- 
 fare, connecting the federal capital with the great father of waters at 
 St. Louis, commenced and constructed a large portion of what was 
 known as the Cumberland road. Much work was done in Indiana in 
 the construction of this road. It was contemplated by the govern- 
 ment to bridge the Wabash at Terre Haute, wliere this road was to 
 
EAKLT SETTLEME2ITT. 31 
 
 cross the river. About this time the bridge over White river at Indi- 
 anapolis was built, which was regarded as a great feat by the Hoosiers. 
 
 " Much preparation had been made for the construction of a bridge 
 across the river at Terre Haute. The government, about 1828, saw 
 proper to change its policy, and the work was abandoned. Under these 
 circumstances, impressed with an improper conception of the magni- 
 tude of the river, the decision of the commissioners was in favor of 
 the location at Covington. 
 
 " The proprietor, Mr. Isaac Colman, granting one block or square of 
 the town for a court-house, one for a seminary, and one for church pur- 
 poses. 
 
 " Notwithstanding the county had been organized in 1826, and the 
 town of Covington laid out with the foregoing inducements, the oppo- 
 sition made by such men as Jonathan Birch, "William Cochran, John 
 Corse, and others of less note, was strong, enough to delay a final loca- 
 tion until 1828. This connty, when organized, fell within, and consti- 
 tuted a part of, the judicial circuit over which the Hon. John R. Porter 
 presided as presiding judge. The first election held for this county 
 was in August, 1826, at which election Lucas I^ebeker Sr., and Evan 
 Hinton were elected associate judges. Neither of them were learned 
 in the law, but under the old regime it was thouglit that the determi- 
 nation of facts were more safely entrusted for conclusion with three 
 than with one. Porter was an educated gentleman, learned in the law, 
 with an equanimity of temperament such as well fitted him to be an 
 arbiter of others' troubles. His associates were both farmer gentlemen 
 of integrity and sound, practical judgment." 
 
 This narrative ends abruptly at this point, and soon after its last 
 lines were written its author went to sleep with that " sleep that 
 knows no waking." Any further account of the early settlers of the 
 county is impossible, by reason of limitation of time and the space 
 into which the general history of the county must be compressed. 
 There are many incidents and features connected with the life of the 
 early inhabitants of the county which would be highly interesting and 
 instructive, and in some cases amusing, if they could be collected and 
 presented in a readable form ; and it is to be regretted that adequate 
 time and information are not at command to thus present and preserve 
 them. The age of the county is not yet that allotted to man by the 
 scriptures ; and what a wonderful transformation has taken place in 
 the fifty-four years of its existence. From a wilderness with a few 
 dwellers in log-cabins scattered here and there in the midst of dense 
 forests, struggling for an existence, there has grown a county rich in 
 her farms, in her productions, in her schools and public institutions; 
 
32 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 with railroad and telegraph lines crossing her territory, and elegant 
 homes, where comfort, peace and plenty reside in sight of each other 
 from boundary to boundary. The log-cabin has given way to conven- 
 ient, and in many cases elegant, brick and frame residences ; the 
 rnde school-house and church building have disappeared, and com- 
 fortable houses, supplied with modern seats and heating and ven- 
 tilating apparatus, have taken their places. The side-saddle and riding 
 behind have been discarded by the women, and buggies and carriages 
 are to be found upon nearly every farm ; the old wooden " mould- 
 board " has been supplanted by plows whose beauty of proportion, 
 finish and action are enough almost to charm the earth into fertility. 
 The sickle and the cradle have given way to the reaper and binder, 
 and the scythe to the mower, and the farmer can now harvest his 
 wheat and barley and rye and oats and hay with nearly as much ease 
 as he can ride to town in his carriage, and with far more pleasure if 
 his visit to town is to pay his taxes. The flail is a thing so much of 
 the past that it is doubtful whether many of the younger readei's of 
 this can at once tell what kind of an instrument it was. The flail 
 gave way to the "ground-hog" thresher, and that to the machine that 
 has been so improved and perfected that the grain can be taken direct 
 from it to the mill or the market. And are not all these but the prom- 
 ise of what is to be ? May not our children and grandchildren fifty 
 years hence look back to this time and commiserate the condition of 
 their parents and grandparents who had so few of the conveniences 
 and facilities which they shall then enjoy? 
 
 BOARD OF JUSTICES. 
 
 The first meeting of the board of justices was held July 14, 1826. 
 The proceedings of that session were recorded in the following 
 language : 
 
 " Special Session, July 14, 1826. 
 
 " At a special meeting of the board of justices of Fountain county, 
 convened at the house of Robert Hetfield, in said county, on July 14, 
 1826. Justices present,— Absalom Mendenhall, James Miller, David 
 Rawles, Thomas Gillam, Thomas Clawson. 
 
 "The said justices, being duly commissioned and qualified, pro- 
 ceeded to the election of a president, and, on motion, Absalom Men- 
 denhall was appointed for one year. 
 
 " Whereas the election of William B. White to the ofiices of clerk 
 of the circuit court and recorder of Fountain county has been con- 
 tested by Peleg Babeock, an elector of said county,— now at this time 
 
BOARD OF JUSTICES. 33 
 
 come the parties aforesaid, and there not being sufBcient time to deter- 
 mine said case, it is considered that the cause stand continued. 
 " Ordered that the court adjourn to meet at 4 p.m. to-morrow. 
 
 "Absalom Mendenhall, President." 
 
 On the next day the court heard the evidence in the contested 
 election case, and, after " taking time to consider the same," adjudged 
 " the election of the said William B. White to the offices of clerk of 
 the circuit court and recorder of Fountain county null and void." 
 
 And it was ordered " that said offices are and will remain vacant 
 until said officers can be duly elected and qualified, and that the clerk 
 give notice to the governor of said vacancies as soon as may be con- 
 venient." 
 
 It cannot now be ascertained what were the grounds upon which 
 Mr. White's election was held to be "null and void." It could not 
 have been because he had been elected to both offices named, for one 
 person could legally hold both the offices then, and Mr. White did 
 hold them for years after. It is probable that the election took place 
 before the act organizing the county became a law, or before the time 
 fixed in the law for the beginning of the existence of the county, and 
 that this was the reason for the judgment of the court. 
 
 At this session the letters " L. S.," with a scrawl around them, were 
 adopted as " the common seal of the circuit and justice's courts of 
 Fountain county." 
 
 The next meeting of the board was at the house of Isaac ^. 
 Spining, July 24, 1826. 
 
 At this meeting the county was divided into five townships, which 
 were named Shawnee, Richland, Troy, Wabash, and Cain. 
 
 It was ordered that the elections in Shawnee should be held at the 
 house of Joseph Collier ; in Richland, at the house of Ezra Rowley ; 
 in Troy, at Covington ; in Wabash, at the house of Thomas Gillam ; 
 and in Cain, at the house of Mathew Walls. 
 
 James Whitley was appointed constable for Troy township, and 
 James Gregg a constable in Ricbland township, and these were the 
 first constables in the county, so far as appears from any public record. 
 
 Daniel Yandeventer was appointed agent of the county, and James 
 Prevo treasurer. 
 
 The first act of the justices at this meeting was to grant Leonard 
 Keep a license to " vend foreign merchandise " for one year, for which 
 he was required to pay $10, and their next act was to grant the same 
 man a license to "retail spirituous liquors" for one year, for which 
 they charged him' $5, and required him to give a " bond in the sum of 
 3 
 
34 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 $500, with Stephen Taylor and Joseph Collier as his sureties." This 
 was the first liquor license granted in the county. 
 
 On the second day of this session the following orders were made : 
 " Ordered that the seat of justice of Fountain county be known and 
 designated by the name of Covington." * * * « Ordered that the 
 agent cause the seat of justice of Fountain county to be surveyed, and 
 a correct plat made out, so as to be returned to this board at their next 
 session." 
 
 This location of the county seat was not secured without a struggle ; 
 nor did it settle the controversy ; and it is not certain that it is settled 
 yet. The question of removing the county seat has occupied the 
 thoughts and attention of the people of the county at several periods 
 since the original location was made, and has more than once played 
 an important part in elections. 
 
 This controversy, like " freedom's battle," has been " bequeathed 
 Ijy * * * gjj.e to son," but whether it shall be " ever won " is a 
 question that many yet hope to see answered in the affirmative. The 
 increasing facilities for travel and the location of railways affording 
 easy and quick access to the present county seat will probably go fur- 
 ther toward the final settlement of this long and, at times, bitter con- 
 troversy than anything else. The chief objection to Covington has 
 always been that it was situated at one side of the county, and' was not 
 convenient to some of the most populous and wealthy portions of it ; 
 thus making it inconvenient and unnecessarily expensive to those who 
 were compelled to attend the county seat upon either public or private 
 business. 
 
 Richard Hicks was appointed, at this session, collector of state and 
 county revenue for the year 1826, and the rate of taxation was fixed as 
 follows : 
 
 On each horse, etc $ .37^ 
 
 On stud horses, once the rate of season 31^ 
 
 On each work ox 18J 
 
 On each two-wheeled carriage 1.00 
 
 On each four-wheeled carriage 1.50 
 
 On each brass clock l.OQ 
 
 On each silver or pinchbeck watch 25 
 
 On each gold watch 100 
 
 On each poll 25 
 
 Isaac Colman was allowed $5 for sending election returns to In- 
 dianapolis. 
 
 The September session, 1826, was occupied principally in making 
 
BOARD OF JUSTICES. 35 
 
 allowances to various parties for listing townships, and other public 
 service, in granting licenses to vend foreign merchandise and spirituous 
 liquors, in exempting' various persons from payment of poll-tax, on 
 -account of " age and infirmity," in appointing trustees to lease public 
 lands, and in considering petitions and appointing viewers for the 
 location of highways. 
 
 The viewers to view the highway now known as the Covington 
 and Crawfordsville road were appointed at this session. They were 
 "William White, Benjamin Kepner, and Edward McBroom ; and they 
 were ordered to " view a road beginning where the road leading from 
 ■Crawfordsville intersects the line of Montgomery and Fountain coun- 
 ties, in Sec. 16, T. 19, E. 6, called the Coal creek road ; thence the 
 nearest and best way to Absalom Mendenhall's ; thence the nearest 
 and best way to William Cochran's house ; thence the nearest and best 
 way to Covington." 
 
 This road was afterward permanently marked out and located as a 
 " state road " by George Steely, Jonathan W. Powers and Caleb Brown, 
 ■commissioners appointed by the legislature. 
 
 They were assisted by William Crawford, surveyor of Montgomery 
 •county. They first started at the west end of Market street in Craw- 
 fordsville, and ran a straight line "!N". 76 degrees 20 minutes west to 
 ■Covington," but finding this route impracticable, they located it in the 
 main where it is to-day. 
 
 In looking over the early location of roads in the county, it is easy 
 to see that there was very little system about it, and that not much 
 could be expected in the way of good or convenient roads from the 
 course that was pursued. The roads were laid out from one "im- 
 provement " to another, and from one settlement to another, without 
 much regard being had to the future growth and development of the 
 county. The points of the compass and dividing lines were not con- 
 sidered, and the roads were made to run in all directions. Crude and 
 imperfect as such a road system was, it may be doubted if we have 
 very much improved upon it to this day. 
 
 Not much can be said for the roads of Fountain county, unless we 
 adopt the poetic and romantic view of George Sand's heroine, Con- 
 suelo, and say the road " is the symbol and image of a life of activity 
 and variety. * * * Why should my feet seek to reach that which 
 my eyes and thoughts can at once embrace, while the free road, which 
 turns aside and is half hidden in the woods, invites me to follow its 
 windings, and penetrate its mysteries ? And then it is the path for all 
 human kind — it is the highway of the world. It belongs to no master 
 to close and open it at pleasure. * . * * To the right, to the left, 
 
36 HISTOET OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 woods, fields — all have masters; but the road belongs to him to whom 
 nothing else belongs." 
 
 At this session the rates of ferriage were fixed as follows : 
 
 On each four-horse wagon .... 75 On each footman ^i 
 
 On each two-horse wagon .... 50 Cattle, each 4 
 
 On each man and horse 12^ Hogs and sheep, each 2 
 
 The rate for wagons appears at this time to be pretty high, but it 
 is not recorded that any one got rich by keeping a ferry in those times. 
 
 The commissioners who located the county seat were Daniel 0. 
 Hults, Lucius H. Scott and Daniel Sigler, and they were each allowed 
 $33 for their services, at the November session 1826. 
 
 At this session the county was divided into road districts, and 
 supervisors were appointed in each district. 
 
 A number of reports from road viewers were received at this term, 
 and they were allowed sixty-two and a half cents each per day for 
 their services. 
 
 The first fence viewers were appointed at the January term 1827. 
 It was the duty of these oflBcers to settle diiFerences as to the charge 
 for maintaining or building partition fences, and to determine whether 
 any fence complained of was a lawful fence. 
 
 At this session the following order was made : " Ordered that the 
 clerk give notice that proposals will be received in Covington, at the 
 next term of this court, for building a court-hoiise." 
 
 At the March session, 1827, the first report of receipts and expendi- 
 tures of county revenue was made. At this term " James Prevo, for- 
 mer treasurer of the county of Fountain, now produces his report, 
 which is as follows : ' For money received from Daniel Yandeventer 
 
 * * * fifty-four dollars forty-three and three-fourth cents ; from 
 Leonard Keep, for license to retail spirituous liquors, five dollars ; from 
 Leonard Keep, for license to vend foreign merchandise, ten dollars, 
 from William Cochran,' merchant's license, 'five dollars, and five dollars 
 and fifty cents donation money ; making in all * * * seventy- 
 nine dollars ninety-three and three-fourths cents. Money paid out 
 
 * * * to satisfy orders * * * fifty-eight dollars ninety-nine 
 and three-fourth cents.' " The treasurer was allowed |1.84J as his 
 commission for collecting and disbursing the revenue of the county 
 for the year 1826. William Hopkins had been appointed treasurer 
 in January 1827, and to him Mr. Prevo paid over the residue in his 
 hands. 
 
 It is interesting to compare this report with the last one made by 
 the treasurer of the county: in 1826, $79.93f ; in 1880, $39,068.63. 
 
BOAED OP JUSTICES. 37 
 
 The growth of the county in many respects is indicated by these 
 figures. 
 
 In March, 1827, the board of justices ordered the building of a 
 court-house on lot ISTo. 120 in Covington " to be a frame building, 
 twenty feet wide and twenty-six feet long, two stories high, lower^ 
 story ten feet in the clear, second story eight feet in the clear, three 
 openings in front and back in each story, weather-boarding planed, and 
 to show six inches to the weather. One door in the back and front of 
 said building in the lower story, two windows in the back and front 
 in the lower story, two windows in the back and front also in the 
 second story, with single architraye-casings, also a solid cornice, the 
 cant-mould to project four inches, the facia to project ten inches, the 
 bed-mould to project four inches ; there shall be two panel-doors, six 
 panels in each; the windows in the lower story are to be fifteen 
 lights, eight by ten each ; the windows in the upper story twelve 
 lights in each. There shall be two good and sufficient floors, laid on 
 good solid sleepers ; the plank of said floors not to exceed nine inches 
 in width, and one and one-fourth inches thick ; also good and sufficient 
 joists. The windows in the lower story shall be completed ; good and 
 sufficient window-sash and glass." 
 
 It was ordered at this session that " the undertaker or undertakers 
 of the court-house enter into bond and security " to complete the same 
 by the first Monday in September 1827, and that he or they would re- 
 ceive the donations which were then made or promised in money, or 
 material, or labor, to aid in the erection of the house, in compensation 
 in whole or in part for building the same. 
 
 It was reported at this session that Abraham Griffith was the 
 lowest bidder for the construction of the court-house, and the contract 
 was let to him for $335. Under this contract Mr. Griffith erected 
 the first temple of justice owned by the county. 
 
 The lot No. 120, upon which this first court-house was erected, is the 
 one for so many years occupied by Mr. James G. Hardy, in the busi- 
 ness of a merchant and grain and produce dealer. All the older cit- 
 izens of the county will well remember the " Indiana Store," where for 
 years they found a market for their wheat, and corn, and pork, and all 
 else they had to sell, and where they purchased their needed supplies. 
 It was here, upon this lot, now familiarly known as "Hardy's Corner," 
 that the first court-house was built, and it was in this house that Judge 
 Porter decided causes, and such men as Law, Ingrarti, Huntington; Han- 
 negan, McGaughey, "Wright, Bryant, Wallace and Evans practiced law. 
 
 At the May session, 1827, Robert Hetfield was appointed collector 
 of state and County revenue. His duties were to collect from the 
 
38 HISTOET OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 owners of property in the county the specific tax levied thereon by the- 
 board, and pay it over to the treasurer. Taxes were not levied then, 
 as now, upon property according to its valuation, but, as we have seen, 
 a specific tax was levied upon certain kinds of property, without re- 
 gard to its value. Thus, if the collector found a man owning a horse^ 
 he collected, if he could, 37i cents, and from the owner of a "two- 
 wheeled carriage" he collected $1, and so on through the list. As 
 money was scarce, the collector often had a great deal of difficulty in 
 getting together the revenue of the county. 
 
 A few years ago there was a great deal of dissatisfaction with the 
 stationery account of the county, and it may be interesting and satis- 
 factory to know that the first stationery account was in favor of Sloan 
 & Yandes, and that it was liquidated with the sum of $1.37^. 
 
 At the July session, 1827, the board of justices were of the opinion 
 that the county needed a jail, and they accordingly provided for build- 
 ing one upon the following plan : " The walls to be of good sound oak 
 timber, fourteen inches square, to be raised on a foundation of good 
 stone-work. The wall to be dovetailed at the corners and petition 
 (partition) ; the timber to be let down close. Said jail to have two 
 rooms; one ten feet by twelve in the clear, the other eight feet by 
 twelve in the clear; the lower floor to be of the same timber, twelve 
 inches thick, strongly fastened to the sills. The upper floor, of the 
 same timber, twelve inches thick, let down two inches on the wall ;. 
 one round of timber to be raised on the upper floor. The roof to be 
 raised on the same, of good joint shingles ; the doors to be of double 
 timber, six inches thick, and well spiked with good iron spikes, to be 
 hung with good and sufficient hinges, and barred and locked with good 
 and sufficient bars and locks ; to have one window in each room, nine- 
 by eighteen inches in the clear ; to be grated with iron grates one and 
 one-fourth inches square, the spaces one inch square." 
 
 Peter H. Patterson became the " undertaker of said jail " for the 
 sum of $181.50. 
 
 And these — the court-house and the jail — were the first public 
 buildings erected in Fountain county, and together they cost $516.50. 
 There was not much chance for the contractor to get rich from the 
 profits of the undertaking. 
 
 At the November session, 1827, Abraham Griffith was licensed ta 
 keep a tavern in Covington, and this appears to be the first tavern 
 license granted in the county. 
 
 The report of the treasurer in January, 1828, shows collections, 
 $632.78 ; disbursements, $624.82. The treasurer's percentage was 
 $18.68. 
 
BOARD OF JUSTICES. 39 
 
 Joseph L. Sloan was appointed treasurer, and John Hamilton col- 
 lector, for the year 1828. 
 
 The first order made at the January session, 1828, was that the 
 board adjourn from the court-house " instanter to the house of David 
 Kawles, * * * in consequence of the inclemency of the weather." 
 
 There's more in this than meets the eye. To understand the full 
 meaning of that order it must be kept in mind that the season was 
 January ; the justices had, many of them, just come into town, and 
 were cold and tired from a long ride over rough and difficult roads ; 
 and the vision of a cozy room with a roaring fire, and something to 
 warm the inner man, was sufficiently tempting to justify an adjourn- 
 ment " instanter to the house of David Rawles." 
 
 The first bridge built in the county by public authority was across 
 Coal creek, "at or near White's mill," and William White, Thomas 
 Gillam, and John Simpson were appointed superintendents " to 
 build" it. 
 
 In July, 1828, the board determined that it was necessary for the 
 court-house to have a chimney, and it was ordered that a brick chim- 
 ney, with " two fireplaces, the lower one to be well flared and four 
 feet in the back," should be built. 
 
 At the September session Samuel Eush entered into a contract 
 with the board to move the court-house, " according to the direction 
 of the agent," for $4. !No previous order directing the removal of 
 the court-house has been found, and it is wholly a matter of conjecture 
 whether the removal was to another lot or to a diiferent spot on the 
 same lot. 
 
 The treasurer's settlement sheet in January, 1829, shows collec- 
 tions, $1,069.34; expenditures, $930.50. 
 
 In March, 1829, the board concluded that the county was wealthy 
 enough to have a brick court-house, and they authorized the county 
 agent to contract for 120,000 " good bricks for a court-house." 
 
 The first clerk's office was erected at a cost of $40, and was built 
 by the clerk upon his own lot, with the understanding that when a 
 clerk's office was built upon the public square he was to refund to the 
 county the $40, and keep the building erected by himself as his own 
 property. 
 
 The last meeting of the board of justices was in July 1829. The 
 business of the county from that time to the present has been managed 
 by a board of commissioners. 
 
 The first commissioners were Frederick 0. Paine, Samuel Archer 
 and Isaac Colman. 
 
 It would be gratifying if we knew more of the personal history of 
 
40 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN OODSTTT. 
 
 each of the men to whom the management of the business of the 
 county, in its early days, was committed. It is hoped that the bio- 
 graphical sketches which are to form a feature of this work will not 
 omit any of the names of these or other men of the county, of that 
 time, worthy of remembrance. 
 
 BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 Under this head it will not be possible to do more than give the 
 names of those who have been chosen to serve the county in this most 
 responsible and important position. 
 
 The first board of commissioners, as we have seen, was composed 
 of Frederick C. Paine, Samuel Archer and and Isaac Oolman. 
 
 These served until November, 1832, after which the board con- 
 sisted of Jacob T. WikofF, James Frazier, and Isaac Colman. 
 
 And the following are the names and terms of service of each of the 
 gentlemen who have served the county in this capacity since Novem- 
 ber 1832 : 
 
 September 1833. James Frazier, J. T. Wikoff, Daniel McMillan. 
 
 March 1834. Jacob T. Wicotf, Daniel McMillan, Stephen Phil- 
 pott. 
 
 November 1884. Daniel McMillan, Barnet Kistine, "Wm. McClure. 
 
 September 1835. Barnet Ristiue, Wm. McOlure, Ormsby Green. 
 
 November 1836. Barnet Ristine, Ormsby Green, Jonathan Birch. 
 
 May 1837. Barnet Ristine, Joseph Glasscock, James Orr Jr. 
 
 September 1839. Joseph Glasscock, Solomon Hetfield, Solomon 
 Clark. 
 
 September 1840. Solomon Hetfield, Joseph Glasscock, Martin 
 Briggs. 
 
 This board, upon a petition of the citizens of the township, changed 
 the name of Yan Buren to Centre, at their January session 1841 ; and 
 changed it back again to Van Buren at the March session 1841. 
 
 September 1841. Joseph Glasscock, Solomon Hetfield, "William 
 S. Crain. 
 
 December 1841. Joseph Glasscock, William S. Crain, George 
 Ridge. 
 
 September 1842. Joseph Glasscock, Wm. S. Crain, Daniel Myers. 
 
 September 1845. Joseph Glasscock, Wm. S. Crain, Joseph G. 
 Pollock. 
 
 September 1847. Joseph Glasscock, Joseph G. Pollock, John 
 Ward. 
 
 September 1849. Joseph Glasscock, John Ward, George Ridtre. 
 
 June 1850. Joseph Glascock, John Ward, William Trullino-er. 
 
BOARD OF COMMISSIOKERS. 41 
 
 Mr. Trullinger was appointed by the associate judges to fill a vacancy 
 -caused by the resignation of Mr. Ridge. 
 
 September 1850. Joseph Glasscock, William Trullinger, Henry 
 Cooper. 
 
 September 1851. Joseph Glasscock, Henry Cooper, Stephen 
 Xennedy. 
 
 December 1852. Henry Cooper, Stephen Kennedy, John D. 
 Mnrdock. 
 
 March 1854. Stephen Kennedy, John D. Murdock, Benedict 
 Morris. 
 ' June 1854. Stephen Kennedy, Benedict Morris, Joseph Glasscock. 
 
 Mr. Glasscock was appointed to fill vacancy caused by resignation 
 •of Mr. Mnrdock. 
 
 December 1854. Stephen Kennedy, Benedict Morris, Thomas 
 Lyons. 
 
 December 1855. Stephen Kennedy, "William Furr, John Nebeker. 
 
 Mr. Nebeker was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the death 
 of Benedict Morris. 
 
 December 1856. William Furr, John Nebeker, William Trullinger. 
 
 Mr. Trullinger was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the 
 ■death of Stephen Kennedy. 
 
 March 1857. William Furr, William Trullinger, Octavius A. 
 Ci'owley. 
 
 November 1859. William Furr, William Trullinger, John ITebeker. 
 
 December 1860. William Furr, John Nebeker, Harley Greenwood. 
 
 November 1861. John Nebeker, Harley Greenwood, Henry 
 Moffitt. 
 
 December 1862. Harley Greenwood, Henry Moffitt, Geo. Eidge. 
 
 November 1863. Henry Moffitt, George Ridge, William Swank. 
 
 August 1864. Henry Moffitt, George Ridge, John R. Campbell. 
 
 Mr. Campbell was appointed to fill a vacancy caused by the death 
 of William Swank. 
 
 November 1868. John R. Campbell, Jacob Rhoads, Henry Cade. 
 
 December 1868. Jacob Rhoads, Henry Cade, William Trullinger. 
 
 Mr. Trullinger was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the resig- 
 nation of John R. Campbell. 
 
 December 1870. Jacob Rhoads, William S. Coon, John B. Teager. 
 
 December 1871. William S. Coon, Jno. B. Teager, Oliver Shelby. 
 
 April 1872. William S. Coon, Oliver Shelby, Jesse Marvin. 
 
 Mr. Marvin was appointed in the place of John B. Yeager, who 
 was removed by the judgment of the circuit court of Tippecanoe county, 
 to which court the proceeding against him was taken, by a change of 
 
42 HISTORY 01? FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 venue. The cause for the removal was, that while he was a commis- 
 sioner he had been appointed superintendent of the county asylum for 
 the poor. 
 
 December 1872. Oliver Shelby, William S. Coon, James Orr. 
 
 October 1873. Oliver Shelby, James Orr, Brazilla M. Kerr. 
 
 December 1874. James Orr, Brazilla M. Kerr, William M. Osborn. 
 
 October 1875. Brazilla M. Kerr, William M. Osborn, John B. 
 Yeager. 
 
 October 1878. Brazilla M. Kerr, Hiram Funk, Peter A. Guy. 
 
 April 1879. Hiram Funk, Peter A. Guy, James Frazier. 
 
 Mr. Frazier was appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the death 
 of B. M. Kerr ; and at the succeeding election was elected. The last 
 named gentlemen are the commissioners at this time. 
 
 At the October election, 1876, Joseph Allen was elected to succeed 
 William M. Osborn, but died before he had qualified, and Mr. Osborn 
 held over until the election in 1878. The date given, preceding the 
 names of each board of commissioners, indicates the first session, regu- 
 lar or special, at which each incoming commissioner served, and not 
 the date of his election. 
 
 In looking over the names of those who have served the county in 
 this honorable and useful oflSce, it will be noticed that they were of its 
 best citizens — honest, upright men, who, in the main, were satisfied to 
 do what they could, and strove earnestly to act well their part. A 
 close and critical examination of all the transactions of the various 
 boards of commissioners of the county would doubtless disclose many 
 errors and mistakes, and in a few rare instances, perhaps, something 
 worse. But it is the lot of man to make mistakes; and it would be 
 too much to expect men, inexperienced sometimes, and surrounded by 
 those who, having their confidence, are willing to betray it, not to fall 
 into error. The wonder, to one fully acquainted with the difficulties 
 which usually surround a county commissioner, is, that these men have 
 done 80 well. The county commissioners hold the purse-strings of 
 the county, and it is their duty to pay all honest claims; and when it 
 is remembered how like an honest claim a dishonest one can be made 
 to be, and how hard it is to suspect those whom we have known as 
 friends, it will not surprise us to find that plain, honest, straightfor- 
 ward men, sitting as county commissioners, have sometimes been im- 
 posed upon. But, after all, who would not rather be one of these men, 
 with the record of an honest life behind him, than that man who, 
 under the guise of friendship, took advantage of his honest and unsus- 
 pecting nature and cheated him into the doing of a wrong act ? 
 
AUDITOR AND TEEASUEER. ,43 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS PEIOR TO 1847. 
 
 During the early years of the county there were two officers un- 
 known to our system now. These were the county agent and county 
 collector. These, with the treasurer, were appointed, first by the 
 board of trustees, and afterward by the commissioners. The duty of 
 the agent, in general, was to take conveyances for land given for the 
 purpose of aiding in the erection of public buildings, or inducing the 
 location of the seat of justice, and to lay the same off into town lots, 
 etc., under the direction of the county board ; to make sales of the lots 
 and deeds to purchasers, and to perform many of the duties that now 
 belong to the office of county auditor. The duty of the collector was 
 to collect the taxes and pay them over to the treasurer. 
 
 The county agents, in the order of their appointment and service, 
 were: Daniel Vandeventer, appointed July 24, 1826; Andrew Ingram, 
 March 1827; Daniel Eodgers, September 1827 ; and John Hamilton, 
 January 1829. Mr. Hamilton was reappointed from year to year, and 
 served until in June 1850, when William Hoffman was appointed, and 
 he continued in office until the office was abolished, in 1852. 
 
 The county collectors, in the order of their appointment and ser- 
 vice, were : Kichard Hicks, appointed July 1826 ; Robert Hetfield, 
 May 1827 ; Eichard Hicks, May 1830 ; Robert Hetfield, May 1831 ; 
 L. B. Hughes, November 1832 ; Moses Carr, January 1833 ; Robert 
 Wright, May 1834 ; John F. Wright, May 1835 ; H. S. Scott, June 
 1836; Abner Rush, May 1837; William R. Orr, September 1839; 
 Henry W. Cade, May 1840. 
 
 AUDITOR AND TREASURER. 
 
 In 1841 the office of auditor was created and the office of treasurer 
 was made elective in this county. William Lamb was elected auditor 
 and Baker Spence treasurer in August of that year. Prior to that 
 time the duties that have since belonged to the auditor's office were 
 performed by the clerk of the circuit court and the county agent. 
 With Mr. Lamb's entry into the office of auditor began the system of 
 keeping a separate account of the expenses of each department of the 
 public service. The treasurers of the county, prior to the election of 
 Baker Spence, in the order of their appointment, were : James Prevo, 
 appointed July 1826; William Hopkins, appointed January 1827; 
 and Joseph L. Sloan, appointed January 1828, and reappointed each 
 year until 1841, serving from January, 1828, to August 1841, receiv- 
 ing for many of these years the munificent sum of $20 per year for his 
 services. It may be truthfully recorded of him that he was an honest 
 man, and faithful in the discharge of the duties of his office, and while 
 
44 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 he died poor in this world's goods, he was rich in the esteem of those 
 who knew him, and took with him to the life beyond the grave more 
 than will many another who has been successful in accumulating 
 wealth at the expense of the public, and by prostituting official position. 
 
 RECORDER. 
 
 The first recorder of the county was Robert Hetfield, who was 
 elected in 1834 and served until 1841, when he was succeeded by 
 "William Hoffman. Mr. Hatfield had before that time been sheriff of 
 the county. Both these gentlemen were honored and respected citi- 
 zens, and faithful and efiicient officers. 
 
 SHERIFF. 
 
 The first sheriff of the county, whose name appears in the records 
 of the circuit court, was John Corse, although it appears from an entry 
 in the minutes of the board of justices that Isaac Colman was sheriff 
 before Mr. Corse, and it is probable that he was the first sheriff of the 
 county. The only official mention of his conduct as sheriff is found in 
 the minutes referred to, in an allowance to " Isaac Colman, former 
 sheriff of the county, for services " in the contested election case of 
 Babcock vs. White, in July 1826. 
 
 John Corse served until August 1830, when Robert Hetfield was 
 elected, and he served imtil August. 1834; Lawson B. Hughes suc- 
 ceeded Mr. Hetfield, and served until August 1836; John Bodley 
 succeeded Mr. Hughes, and served until August 1840 ; John Bowman 
 was elected in August 1840, and served until August 1842, when he 
 was succeeded by John Bodley, who served until August 1846 ; Geo. 
 Ridge succeeded Mr. Bodley, and remained in office until August 1848. 
 
 CLERK. 
 
 The first clerk of the circuit court was Daniel Rodgers. Mr. Wm. 
 B. White had been elected, but, as we have seen, his election was suc- 
 cessfully contested, and Mr. Rodgers was appointed to serve until another 
 election could be had. He served until March 1830. William B. 
 White then took the office by virtue of an election, and held it until the 
 latter part of 1839 or early in 1840, when he resigned, and Marshall 
 M. Milford was appointed to fill the vacancy. Mr. Milford served 
 until ]S"ovember 1840, and was succeeded by Joseph Ristine, whose 
 first term reached to 1847. No citizens of the county were better 
 known or respected during their lives than these gentlemen. They 
 did much to build up and forward the interests of their county. They 
 were faithful and efficient in public service, and it would be a pleasure 
 
REPRESEKTATIVES AND SENATORS. 
 
 4,5 
 
 to speak at length of their lives and characters if it could be permitted 
 here. The last two have been dead but a little while. They lived to 
 be of the present generation, and to-day no names are more familiar to 
 the people of Fountain county than those of Marshall M. Milford and 
 Joseph Kistine. The one died but recently, after a long illness, and 
 the other, but a year or two before, was stricken down instantly in the 
 court-room in Warren county, while engaged professionally in the trial 
 of a cause, and without warning the life went out of a body in the full 
 vigor of manhood and left to the view of his mute and terrified friends 
 but a lump of clay, and to their senses a vivid illustration of the brit- 
 tleness of the thread upon which life hangs. Both were, at the time 
 of their deaths, members of the bar of this and "Warren county, and 
 appropriate memorials will be found of record in the order-books of 
 the circuit court — of the one in Fountain county, and of the other in 
 Warren county. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES AND SENATORS. 
 
 The offices of representative and senator in the state legislature are 
 not strictly county offices; but as it will be of interest to know who 
 have served the county in these capacities, their names are given, with 
 the year of election : 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES. 
 
 1826. 
 
 Henry Ristine. 
 
 1837. 
 
 Thos. J. Evans and 
 
 1827. 
 
 John Beard. 
 
 
 James P. Carleton. 
 
 1828. 
 
 Eobert Taylor. 
 
 1838. 
 
 Thos. J. Evans. 
 
 1829. 
 
 John Beard. 
 
 1839. 
 
 James P. Carleton. 
 
 1830. 
 
 John Beard and 
 
 1840. 
 
 Davis IvTewel and 
 
 
 Abram Olaypool. 
 
 
 Solomon Clark. 
 
 1831. 
 
 William Crumpton and 
 
 1841. 
 
 Edward A. Hannegan. 
 
 
 Thomas Clawson. 
 
 1842. 
 
 Joseph McCormick and 
 
 1832. 
 
 Edward A. Hannegan and 
 
 
 John Stewart. 
 
 
 Abram Claypool. 
 
 1843. 
 
 John R. Jones. 
 
 1833. 
 
 Thomas J. Evans and 
 
 1844. 
 
 John R. Jones. 
 
 
 Lawson B. Hughes. 
 
 1845. 
 
 John Bowman. 
 
 1834. 
 
 Robert Mclntyre and 
 
 1846. 
 
 George May. 
 
 
 Thos. J. Evans. 
 
 1847. 
 
 Solomon Hetfield. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Thos. J. Evans and 
 
 1848. 
 
 Finley L. Maddox. 
 
 
 William Templetop. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Andrew M. Carnahan. 
 
 1836. 
 
 Thos. J. Evans and 
 Robert Mclntyre. 
 
 1850. 
 
 William K. Marquis. 
 
46 
 
 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIlir COUNTY. 
 
 C. V. Jones. 
 C. Y. Jones. 
 C. V. Jones. 
 Joseph Coats. 
 Joseph Coats. 
 Joseph Coats. 
 Eobert W. Lyon. 
 Solon Turman. 
 Harris Keynolds. 
 Isaac N. Rice. 
 Henry Campbell. 
 Joseph "W. Newlin. 
 Samuel F. Wood. 
 "William P. Rhodes. 
 Francis M. Dice. 
 Arnot R. Owen. 
 
 SENATORS. 
 
 1826. Amos Robertson. 1843. 
 
 1827. James Blair. 1844. 
 
 1828. James Blair. 1845. 
 
 1829. James Blair. 1846. 
 
 1830. James Blair. 1847. 
 
 1831. Benjamin F. Wallace. 1848. 
 
 1832. Benjamin F. Wallace. 1849. 
 
 1833. Frederick C. Paine. 1850. 
 
 1834. John Hamilton. 1852. 
 
 1835. John Hamilton. 1856. 
 
 1836. John Hamilton. I860. 
 
 1837. Jesse Bowen. 1864. 
 
 1838. Jesse Bowen. 1868. 
 
 1839. Jesse Bowen. 1872. 
 
 1840. Absalom Mendenhall. 1876. 
 
 1841. Solomon Hetfield. 1880. 
 
 1842. Solomon Hetfield. 
 
 The senators are given to the present time. The other officers of 
 the county who have served since 1847 can be ascertained by consult- 
 ing what appears under the following title of " elections." The vote 
 of the county at elections prior to 1847 cannot be given, because no 
 record of it has been kept. 
 
 ELECTIONS. 
 
 Under this head the reader will find the names of the gentlemen 
 who have filled the various county offices since 1847, except county 
 commissioners, and the names also of the defeated candidates, with the 
 votes received by each. The vote of the county at each presidential 
 election, and its vote for governor and members of congress, will also 
 be found under this title. The vote for representative and the various 
 county officers is first given ; the vote for governor and members of 
 congress next, and lastly that for president. 
 
 August election 1847. 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 
 Solomon Hetfield, 
 
 1305 votes. 
 
 Baker Spence, 
 
 1567 votes. 
 
 Davis Newell, 
 
 482 " 
 
 Harris Reynolds, 
 
 247 " 
 
 H. S. Scott, 
 
 23 " 
 
 For Recorder : ' 
 
 
 For Clerk : 
 
 
 Wm. Hoffman, 
 
 1582 votes. 
 
 Joseph Ristine, 
 
 1332 votes. 
 
 Vickers, 
 
 290 " 
 
 Scott, 
 
 628 " 
 
 
 
ELECTIONS. 
 
 47 
 
 For Probate Judge : 
 
 David Rawles, 1160 votes. 
 
 Harley Greenwood, 727 " 
 
 Sopes, 17 " 
 
 For Associate Judge : 
 
 Stephen Eeed, 1267 votes. 
 
 Jonathan Birch, 557 " 
 
 August election 1848. 
 For Eepresentative : 
 
 Finley L. Maddox, 1092 votes. 
 
 Isaac Cohnan, 840 " 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 Thomas McComas, 1181 votes. 
 
 Samuel Inlow, 
 
 764 
 
 August election 1849. 
 For Representative : 
 
 A. M. Carnahan, 1051 votes. 
 Philip Myers, 933 " 
 
 August election 1850. 
 For Senatorial Delegate to Con- 
 stitutional Convention : 
 
 Joseph Coats, 1608 votes. 
 
 For Representative Delegate : 
 
 Joseph Ristine, 1123 votes. 
 
 David Brier, 1049 " 
 
 For Coroner : 
 
 Z. Ferguson, 1809 votes. 
 
 S. Butler, 132 " 
 
 E. Pearson, 3 " 
 
 For Auditor : 
 
 "William Lamb, 2104 votes. 
 
 August election 1851. 
 For Representative : 
 
 Jacob Dice, 1165 votes. 
 
 E. A. Hannegan, 997 " 
 William Piatt, 80 « 
 
 For Assessor : 
 WillianLFurr, 
 "Wm. Trullinger, 
 Sidney Butler, 
 David Bell, 
 
 1381 votes. 
 378 " 
 
 1 " 
 
 2 « 
 
 For School Commissioner : 
 
 Albert Hend'erson, 980 votes. 
 
 George Kelly, 921 " 
 
 For Coroner : 
 
 Zach. Ferguson, 1093 votes. 
 
 John Scott, 824 " 
 
 For Assessor : 
 Wm. Furr, 
 
 1338 votes. 
 
 Thomas Glasscock, 402 " 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 Wm. K. Marquess, 1052 votes. 
 
 J. W. McKinney, 959 " 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 T. T. McComas,* 1656 votes. 
 
 Chas. L. Moore, 354 " 
 
 G. Parnell, 9 " 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 Baker Spence, 1411 votes. 
 
 David Bell, 646 " 
 
 George Shockey, 9 " 
 
 For Assessor : 
 
 Wm. Furr, 1316 votes. 
 
 Isaac Myers, 216 " 
 
 O. A. Crowley, 534 " 
 
 John T. Blackburn, 135 " 
 
 * Mr. McComas died during this term, and George Sangster waa appointed to 
 fill the vacancy. 
 
48 
 
 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 October election 1852. 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 John Stephens, 1159 votes. 
 
 Joseph Poole, 865 " 
 
 For Common Pleas Judge : 
 
 David Rawles, 
 
 1067 votes. 
 
 David Brier, 
 
 978 " 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 
 James W. King, 
 
 1126 votes. 
 
 J. L. Sloan, 
 
 917 " 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 
 Zach. Ferguson, 
 
 1166 votes. 
 
 Anderson Sandford, 879 " 
 
 October election 1853. 
 
 For Recorder : 
 
 
 Chas. L. Hansicker, 487 votes. 
 
 October election 1854. 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 
 Isaac M. Coen 
 
 1590 votes. 
 
 Jesse Marvin, 
 
 1206 " 
 
 For Clerk : 
 
 
 Elias C. Wilcox, 
 
 1592 votes. 
 
 Joseph Ristine, 
 
 1192 " 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 
 Moses Fowler, 
 
 1517 votes. 
 
 Z. Ferguson, 
 
 1232 " 
 
 October election 1855. 
 
 For Auditor : 
 
 William Lamb, 1300 votes. 
 
 October election 1856. 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 E. M. McDonald, 1643 votes. 
 
 Wm. A. Young, 1642 " 
 For Common Pleas Judge : 
 
 Charles Tyler, 1663 votes. 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 David S. French, 1655 votes. 
 
 James W. King, 1633 " 
 
 For County Surveyor : 
 
 John J. Taylor, 1159 votes. 
 
 George Shanklin, 895 " 
 For Coroner : 
 
 R. H. Landers, 1216 votes. 
 
 Thos. Rowland, 814 " 
 
 For Common Pleas Prosecutor : 
 
 H. R. Claypool, 1235 votesw. 
 
 John N. McGiffort, 819 " 
 
 John H. Johnson, 366 votes.. 
 R. Hunnings, 85 " 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 David French, 1518 votes. 
 
 J. W. King, 1262 " 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 George Shanklin, 1581 votes. 
 
 D. L. Case, 1201 " 
 For Common Pleas Prosecutor : 
 
 John J. Taylor, 1567 votes. 
 
 John M. McBroom, 1206 votes. 
 
 For Coroner : 
 
 Ebenezer Halstead, 1645 votes. 
 
 Robt. H. Landers, 1628 " 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 Geo. S. Shanklin, 1656 votes. 
 
 Jos. H. Nelson, 1629 " 
 
ELECTlONSr 
 
 49 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 Thomas Lyons, 
 George Glascock, 
 
 Common Pleas Prosecutor : 
 1660 votes. Jas. M. Carpenter, 1642 votes. 
 
 1625 " H. R. Claypool, 1631 " 
 
 The election for treasurer and sheriff for this year was contested ; 
 the contest resulting in the election of Messrs. King and Glascock. 
 
 October election 1857. 
 For Recorder : 
 
 David Webb, 1413 votes. 
 
 John E. Eobinson, 1394 " 
 
 October election 1858. 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 
 For Coroner ; 
 
 
 H. E. Claypool, 
 
 1632 votes. 
 
 Eobt. H. Landers, 
 
 1607 votes. 
 
 John Adkins, 
 
 1577 " 
 
 Ebenezer Halsted, 
 
 1542 " 
 
 For Clerk : 
 
 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 
 E. C. "Wilcox, 
 
 1625 votes. 
 
 John W. ]S"ewlin, 
 
 1632 votes. 
 
 Joseph Ristine, 
 
 1578 « 
 
 Geo. S. Shauklin, 
 
 1556 " 
 
 
 
 Jos. H. Nelson, 
 
 1 " 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 
 For Common Pleas Prosecutor: 
 
 James W. King, 
 
 1644 votes. 
 
 William McFall, 
 
 1836 votes, 
 
 Joseph L. Sloan, 
 
 1570 " 
 
 David Shaffer, 
 
 1 " 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 
 Alex. A. Rice, 
 
 14 " 
 
 Thomas Lyons, 
 
 1618 votes. 
 
 
 
 George Glascock, 
 
 1582 " 
 
 
 
 October election 1859. 
 For Auditor : 
 
 William Lamb, 1430 votes. 
 Robert B. Hanna, 1313 " 
 
 October election 1860. 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 Thomas Lyons, 
 Joseph Reed, 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 Caleb V. Jones, 
 Wm. Rice, 
 
 For Representative : 
 James Fraley, 
 F. J. Glascock, 
 3 
 
 1681 votes. 
 1537 " 
 
 1633 votes. 
 1621 " 
 
 1639 votes. 
 1585 " 
 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 Geo. S. Shanklin, 
 Jos. H. Nelson, 
 
 For Coroner : 
 Alfred Wilson, 
 Robert Landers, 
 
 1634 votes. 
 1597 " 
 
 1643 votes. 
 1602 " 
 
50 
 
 HISTOEY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 October election 1861. 
 
 For Auditor : 
 
 For Recorder : 
 
 
 David Webb, 1575 votes. 
 
 S. F. Miller, 
 
 1529 votes. 
 
 Samuel "Walker, 1273 " 
 
 John Hamilton, 
 
 1264 " 
 
 October election 1862. 
 
 
 
 For SheriflF: 
 
 For Eepresentative : 
 
 
 Wm. TruUinger, 1697 votes. 
 
 Solomon Hetfield, 
 
 1699 votes. 
 
 T. M. Worthingtori, 1506 " 
 
 Henry M. Bacon, 
 
 1537 " 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 For Coroner : 
 
 
 James W. King, 1655 votes. 
 
 Robert H. Landers, 
 
 , 1704 votes. 
 
 Caleb V. Jones, 1559 " 
 
 John B. Young, 
 
 1541 " 
 
 For Olerk : 
 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 
 W. D. Kerr, 1716 votes. 
 
 G. W. Glover, 
 
 1695 votes. 
 
 James Martin, 1519 " 
 
 Geo. S. Shanklin, 
 
 1544 " 
 
 October election 1863. 
 
 
 
 For Eeal Estate Appraiser : 
 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 
 James W. Glover, 1462 votes. 
 
 Allen Boggs, 
 
 1642 votes. 
 
 Henry La Tourette, 1357 " 
 
 Geo. S. Shanklin, 
 
 1357 " 
 
 October election 1864! 
 For SherifF: 
 
 Wm. TruUinger, 1831 votes. 
 
 John T. McKnight, 1595 « 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 James W. King, 1822 votes. 
 
 Caleb V. Jones, 1590 " 
 
 October election 1865. 
 For Auditor: 
 
 David Webb, 1619 votes. 
 
 Geo. W. Rhodes, 1562 " 
 For Recorder : 
 
 Samuel F. Miller, 1605 votes. 
 
 John Hamilton, 1574 " 
 
 October election 1866. 
 For Representative : 
 
 Wm. B. Carter, 2023 votes. 
 
 Daniel W. Starns, 1892 " 
 For Clerk : 
 
 W. D. Kerr, 2031 votes. 
 
 B. F. Hegler, 1885 " 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 Henry L. Roach, 1812 votes. 
 
 Luther C. Slavens, 1612 " 
 For Coroner : 
 
 Rob't H. Landers, 1832 votes. 
 
 Alfred Wilson, 
 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 Geo. S. Shanklin, 
 Allen Boggs, 
 
 1595 
 
 1594 Votes. 
 1580 « 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 John C. Brown, 
 
 Prier Cotes, 
 For Coroner : 
 
 Rob't H. Landers, 
 
 Alanson Savage, 
 
 1994 votes. 
 1906 « 
 
 2019 votes. 
 1858 « 
 
ELECTIONS. 
 
 51 
 
 For Treasurer: 
 "William Lamb, 
 Thomas Lyons, 
 
 2037 votes. 
 1875 " 
 
 October election 1867. 
 
 For County Surveyor : 
 
 William Blair, 1398 votes. 
 
 Geo. S. Shanklin, 
 
 1307 " 
 
 
 October election 1868. 
 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 
 For Eeal Estate Appraiser : 
 
 John C. Brown, 
 
 1984 votes. 
 
 Wm. C. Ward, 2080 votes, 
 
 Jacob H. Bush, 
 
 1850 " 
 
 Samuel Mclrvirin, 1758 " 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 
 For Coroner : 
 
 "William Lamb, 
 
 2060 votes. 
 
 Kob't H. Landers, 2040 " 
 
 Samuel E. Watson, 
 
 1792 « 
 
 Barnabas Brown, 1794 " 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 D.W. Cunningham, 2023 votes. 
 A. L. Claypool, 1810 " 
 
 In March, 1869, a special election was held to elect a representa- 
 tive to fill the place made vacant by the resignation of Daniel W. 
 Cunningham, and resulted as indicated below : 
 
 Dan'l W. Cunningham, 1582 votes. 
 
 James Coops, 1 vote. 
 
 John H. S pence, 1 
 
 ti 
 
 Wm. Coops, 
 
 1 " 
 
 Richard M. Nebeker, 1 
 
 a 
 
 Wm. Shaffer, 
 
 9 " 
 
 Wm. Flake, 5 
 
 li 
 
 Frank Patterson (color'd), 1 "^ 
 
 George W. Vinson, 46 
 
 n 
 
 Alice Haas, 
 
 4 " 
 
 George Glasscock, 2 
 
 a 
 
 Blank, 
 
 1 " 
 
 Jacob Hushaw, 1 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 October election 1870. 
 
 
 
 
 For Representative: 
 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 
 D. W. Cunningham, 1993 votes. 
 
 Lewis Hanes, 
 
 2126 votes, 
 
 Isaac M. Coen, 1861 
 
 it 
 
 James Ira Jones, 
 
 1741 " 
 
 For Clerk: 
 
 
 For Recorder : 
 
 
 Elliott N. Bowman, 1982 votes. 
 
 William Tounts, 
 
 1965 votes. 
 
 Monroe M. Milford, 1816 
 
 a 
 
 Hiram C. Wyand, 
 
 1884 » 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 
 For Coroner : 
 
 
 George W. Boyd, 1945 votes. 
 
 Robert Landers, 
 
 2069 votes 
 
 John Sheridan, 1893 
 
 a 
 
 Barnabas Brown, 
 
 1827 " 
 
sa 
 
 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN- COUNTY. 
 
 For Auditor : 
 
 Enos H. Nebeker, 1931 votes. 
 
 James W. King. 1843 " 
 
 October election 1872. 
 For Representative : 
 
 H. R. Claypool, 2128 votes. 
 
 Joseph Poole, 1884 " 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 Geo. "W. Boyd, 2035 votes. 
 
 J. J. Rice, 1941 " 
 For Treasurer: 
 
 Henry La Tourette, 2041 votes. 
 
 Lewis Hanes, 2028 " 
 
 October election 1874. 
 For Representative : 
 
 Jesse Marvin, 2216 votes. 
 
 James McClure, 1733 " 
 For Clerk: 
 
 Elliott N. Bowman, 2394 votes. 
 
 Murphy Lewis, 1872 " 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 Joseph J. Rice, 2303 votes. 
 
 Andrew Marshall, 1773 " 
 
 Barnabas Brown, 85 " 
 
 For Auditor : 
 
 Lewis Hanes, 2302 votes. 
 
 Geo. W. Mentzer, 1891 " 
 
 October election 1876. 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 Joseph J. Rice, 2225 votes. 
 
 Wm. H. Spinning, 1794 " 
 
 Prior Gates, 539 " 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 James 0. Claypool, 2458 votes. 
 
 Alex. Bingham, 1898 " 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 Arthur W. Nelson, 
 
 W. F. W. C. Ensminger, 
 
 Allen Boggs, 
 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 Joseph H. Nelson, 2072 votes. 
 Levi Ooffman, 1752 " 
 
 For Real Estate Appraiser : 
 
 Wm. C. Ward, 2167 votes. 
 
 Newton Boord, 1882 " 
 For Coroner: 
 
 Robert H. Landers, 2145 votes. 
 
 Barnabas Brown, 1912 " 
 For Surveyor: 
 
 Arthur Nelson, 
 
 3894 votes. 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 
 Henry La Tourette, 2772 votes. 
 
 Henry L. Roach, 
 
 1378 " 
 
 For Recorder : 
 
 
 Wm. Tount, 
 
 2225 votes. 
 
 Thomas Lyons, 
 
 1950 " 
 
 For Coroner : 
 
 
 And. J. Williams, 
 
 2119 votes. 
 
 John Slack, 
 
 1969 " 
 
 For Surveyor: 
 
 
 James Glasscock, 
 
 2153 votes. 
 
 Levi Coffman, 
 
 1953 " 
 
 For Assessor : 
 
 
 Robt. H. Landers, 
 
 2010 votes. 
 
 Wm. Hessler, 
 
 1993 " 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 
 Isaac Haupt, 
 
 2223 votes. 
 
 Wm. H. Young, 
 
 1939 " 
 
 Martin Schoonover, 457 " 
 
 For Coroner: 
 
 
 Zach. Ferguson, 
 
 2547 votes. 
 
 Jacob McLean, 
 
 2063 " 
 
 
 2208 votes. 
 
 
 1932 " 
 
 
 466 " 
 
ELECTIONS. 
 
 53 
 
 Soon after this election Joseph J. Eice died and Isaac Rice was 
 appointed to fill the vacancy in the Sheriff's office caused by his death. 
 
 October 1878. 
 
 
 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 
 Joseph S. Nave, 
 
 2027 votes. 
 
 Isaac Haupt, 
 
 2132 votes. 
 
 Marshall Nixon, 
 
 1912 « 
 
 Thos. M. Rinn, 
 
 2104 " 
 
 Samuel D. Landon 
 
 , 962 " 
 
 Caleb Waterman, 
 
 680 " 
 
 James McCabe, 
 
 1 " 
 
 For Recorder : 
 
 
 For Clerk : 
 
 
 Murphy Lewis, 
 
 2127 votes. 
 
 James L. Allen, 
 
 2212 votes. 
 
 Samuel I. Beckley, 
 
 1812 " 
 
 James G. Moffatt, 
 
 1790 « 
 
 Prier Cates Jr., 
 
 960 " 
 
 Wm. A. Tipton, 
 
 894 " 
 
 For Coroner : 
 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 
 Zach. Ferguson, 
 
 2393 votes. 
 
 John M. Bailey, 
 
 1920 votes. 
 
 Samuel G. Weldon, 
 
 2242 " 
 
 Wesley Hinds, 
 
 1885 " 
 
 Samuel Mclrwin 
 
 2 " 
 
 Joseph A. Dubois, 
 
 1090 « 
 
 Conrad Williamson, 
 
 4 u 
 
 For Auditor : 
 
 
 For County Surveyor 
 
 
 Lewis Hanes, 
 
 2051 votes. 
 
 Matthias Bever, 
 
 2061 votes. 
 
 Henry B. Jones, 
 
 2024 « 
 
 Geo. S. Shanklin, 
 
 1883 " 
 
 H. R. Claypool, 
 
 829 " 
 
 Levi Coffman, 
 
 942 " 
 
 James Allen, 
 
 1 " 
 
 
 
 October 1880. 
 
 
 
 
 For Representative : 
 
 
 For Surveyor : 
 
 
 Andrew Marshall, 
 
 2247 votes. 
 
 Matthias H. Bever, 
 
 2197 votes. 
 
 Wm. E. Baker, 
 
 2218 " 
 
 Joseph Williams, 
 
 2079 " 
 
 Wm. H. Cox, 
 
 694 " 
 
 Levi Coffman, 
 
 857 " 
 
 For Treasurer : 
 
 
 For Coroner : 
 
 
 Henry P. Nixon, 
 
 2345 votes. 
 
 George Rowland, 
 
 2218 votes. 
 
 Wm.H. Miles, 
 
 2331 " 
 
 Thos. M. Powell, 
 
 2200 " 
 
 0. A. Crowley, 
 
 472 " 
 
 Zach. Ferguson, 
 
 738 " 
 
 For Sheriff: 
 
 
 
 
 Thomas M. Rinn, 
 
 2213 votes. 
 
 
 
 George W. Boyd, 
 
 2028 " 
 
 
 
 Martin Schoonover, 875 " 
 
 The record of the vote of the county for members of congress and 
 for governor, from 1847 to this time, is as follows : 
 
 For Congress : 
 John Pettit, 
 
 1847. 
 
 1075 votes. David Brier, 
 
 909 votes. 
 
54 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 1849. 
 
 For Governor : 
 
 Joseph A. Wright, 1218 votes. J. A. Matson, 784 votes. 
 
 For Congress : 
 
 J. E. McDonald, 1167 votes. H. S. Lane, 876 votes. 
 
 1851. 
 For Congress : 
 
 Daniel Mace, 1173 votes. David Brier, 1086 votes. 
 
 1852. 
 
 For Governor : Nicholas McCarty, 803 votes. 
 
 Joseph A. "Wright, 1267 votes. Andrew L. Eobinson, 12 " 
 
 1854. 
 For Congress : 
 
 Daniel Mace, 1576 votes. James Davis, 1195 votes. 
 
 1856. 
 For Governor : 
 
 Oliver P. Morton, 1669 votes. Ashbel P. Willard, 1623 votes. 
 For Congress : 
 
 James Wilson, 1657 votes. D. W. Yoorhees, 1633 votes. 
 
 1858. 
 For Congress : 
 
 John W. Blake, 1626 votes. James Wilson, 1580 votes. 
 
 1860. 
 For Governor : 
 
 Henry S. Lane, 1655 votes. Thos. A. Hendricks, 1607 votes. 
 For Congress : / 
 
 Albert S. White, 1632 votes. Samuel C. Wilson, 1621 votes. 
 
 1862. 
 For Congress : 
 
 John Pettit, 1688 votes. Godlove S. Orth, 1541 votes. 
 
 1864. 
 For Governor : For Congress : 
 
 Jos. E. McDonald, 1823 votes. James F. Harney, 1833 votes. 
 
 Oliver P. Morton, 1606 « Godlove S. Orth, 1592 " 
 
 1866. 
 For Congress : 
 
 John Purdue, 2094 votes. Godlove S. Orth, 1812 votes. 
 
ELBCTIOIJ-S. 55 
 
 1868. 
 For Governor : For Congress : 
 
 T. A. Hendricks, 2045 votes. M. D. Manson, 2066 votes. 
 
 Conrad Baker, 1811 " Godlove S. Orth, 1764 " 
 
 1870. 
 For Congress : 
 
 M. D. Manson, 2089 votes. Lewis "Wallace, 1794 votes. 
 
 1872. 
 
 For Governor : For Congress : 
 
 T. A. Hendricks, 2161 votes. M. D. Manson, 2197 votes. 
 
 Thos. M. Browne, 1932 • " Thomas J. Cason, 1897 " 
 
 1874. 
 For Congress : 
 
 L. J. McClurg, 2216 votes. Chas. J. Bowles, 128 votes. 
 
 Thomas J. Cason, 1885 " 
 
 1876. 
 
 For Governor : For Congress : 
 
 Jas. D. Williams, 2061 votes. Michael D. White, 2040 votes. 
 
 Benj. Harrison, 2082 " Geo. McWilliams, 2019 •' 
 
 H. W. Harrington, 502 " Leroy Templeton, 609 " 
 
 1878. 
 For Congress : 
 
 James McCabe, 2087 votes. Leroy Templeton, 991 votes. 
 
 Godlove S. Orth, 1833 " 
 
 1880. 
 
 For Governor : For Congress : 
 
 Albert G. Porter, 2253 votes. Eobt. B. F. Peirce, 2176 votes. 
 
 Franklin Landers, 2237 " B. W. Hanna, 2206 " 
 
 Richard Gregg, 675 " John W. Copner, 782 " 
 
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS. 
 
 1848. 
 
 Cass electors, 1343 votes. YanBuren electors, 138 votes. 
 
 Taylor electors, 901 " 
 
 1852. 
 
 Peirce electors, 1496 votes. Hale electors, 64 votes. 
 
 Scott electors, 1023 " 
 
56 
 
 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 1856. 
 
 Buchanan electors, 1588 votes. Fillmore electors, " 36 votes. 
 Fremont electors. 1606 " 
 
 Lincoln electors, 
 Douglas electors, 
 
 1860. 
 1656 votes. Breckenridge electors, 269 votes. 
 
 1360 " Bell electors. 
 
 1864. 
 
 Grant electors, 
 Greeley electors, 
 
 Hayes electors, 
 Tilden electors, 
 
 26 
 
 McClellan electors, 1818 votes. Lincoln electors, 1562 votes. 
 
 1868. 
 Seymour electors, 2059 votes. Grant electors, 1795 votes. 
 
 1872. 
 
 2014 votes. O'Conor electors, 17 votes. 
 
 1672 " 
 
 1876. 
 
 2247 votes. Cooper electors, 220 votes. 
 
 2203 " 
 
 One vote was cast in Richland township and one in Cain for the 
 " American ticket." 
 
 1880. 
 
 Hancock electors, 2261 votes. Weaver electors, 544 votes. 
 
 Garfield electors, 2257 " 
 
 In addition to the foregoing, there have been elections in the county 
 to take the sense of its voters upon the following questions : 
 
 August 1848. 
 
 For free schools. 
 Against free schools, 
 
 August 1849. 
 
 For constitutional convention, 
 Against constitutional convention. 
 For school law, 
 Against school law, 
 
 1134 votes. 
 
 781 
 
 a 
 
 1109 votes. 
 
 540 
 
 a 
 
 1339 
 
 li 
 
 540 
 
 n 
 
114 
 
 votes. 
 
 2017 votes. 
 
 101 
 
 a 
 
 1653 
 
 a 
 
 165 
 
 u 
 
 517 votes. 
 
 1911 
 
 a 
 
 ELECTIONS. 57 
 
 1851. 
 Upon question of removing seat of justice : 
 Eor Covington, 951 votes. For Chambersburg, 
 
 August 1851. 
 Por new constitution, 
 Against new constitution, 
 
 For exclusion of negroes, 
 Against exclusion of negroes, 
 
 October 1859. 
 
 For constitutional convention, 
 Against constitutional convention. 
 
 As it will be a matter of interest to know who has represented the 
 •districts, of which this county has formed a part, in congress, the names 
 of the gentlemen who have had that honor will be given. 
 
 In January, 1831, the counties of Orange, Perry, Spencer, Warrick, 
 Vanderberg, Posey. Gibson, Pike, Dubois, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Sul- 
 livan, Vigo, Parke, Monroe, Lawrence, Greene, Owen, Morgan, Clay, 
 Putnam, Yermilion, Hendricks, Montgomery, Tippecanoe, Clinton, 
 I''ountain,W nrren and Carroll were formed into the first congressional 
 district, and at the first election thereafter Katcliff Boone was elected 
 to congress. Mr. Boone had served for two previous terms, being first 
 •elected in 1825 and again in 1829. He was reelected from the first 
 •district in 1833. 
 
 In Jamiary, 1833, Fountain county was joined with Vermilion, 
 Parke, Montgomery, Warren, Tippecanoe, Clinton, Carroll, St. Joseph, 
 Elkhart and La Porte, and formed with these into the seventh congres- 
 sional district. At the first election thereafter Edward A. Hannegan 
 was elected to represent the district in congress. Mr. Hannegan was 
 again elected in 1837. Albert S. White succeeded Mr. Hannegan, and 
 was himself succeeded by Tighlman A. Howard in 1841. Henry S. 
 Lane was the next representative in congress, and he was succeeded 
 by Joseph A. Wright. 
 
 The district was then changed to the eighth, and was represented 
 in congress successively by 
 
 John Pettit, for 3 terms. James Wilson, for 2 terms. 
 
 Joseph E. McDonald, " 1 " Albert S. White, "1 « 
 
 Daniel Mace, " 3 " Godlove S. Orth, " 3 " 
 
58 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 The district being again changed to the seventh, it was represented 
 
 by 
 
 Godlove S. Orth. Thomas J. Cason. 
 
 Mahlon D. Manson. M. D. "White, and 
 
 Godlove S. Orth, the present representative. 
 
 The legislature of 1879 again changed the number of the district 
 to the eighth, and at the October election in 1880 Eobert B. F. Pierce 
 was elected its representative in congress. 
 
 COURTS. 
 
 The act creating the county provided that the circuit court should 
 be held at the house of Eobert Hetfield, until suitable public buildings 
 could be erected. Accordingly, on the 14th day of July, 1826, at the 
 house of Eobert Hetfield, near where Strader's station, on the Chicago 
 and Block Coal railroad, now is, the first court in the county was held. 
 The court was convened and held by Evan Hinton and Lucas Nebe- 
 ker, associate judges. Neither of these gentlemen were lawyers, nor 
 was it required under the old system that the associate judges should be 
 lawyers. Both were men of ability and good judgment, and after- 
 ward served the people of the county in more than one public ofiice. 
 The only business done at this term was to appoint Daniel Eodgers 
 clerk, who at once qualified and gave bond, with Isaac Colman and 
 Jonathan Birch as his sureties. 
 
 The September term, 1826, was held at the same place, with Hon. 
 John E. Porter, president-judge, and Lucas Nebeker and Evan Hinton,. 
 associate judges, on the bench. This term continued but one day ; no 
 cases were tried. The recognizance bond of Frederick Wachtel and 
 Archibald Coons was forfeited, and Hiram Farmer and John Wood 
 were put under bonds for their appearance before the grand jury at 
 the next term, as witnesses. John Law, Thomas H. Blake, Joseph 
 Van Mater, John B. Chapman, Andrew Ingram and James Far- 
 rington were admitted to practice as attorneys and counsellors at law. 
 
 The only case on the docket was that of Luther Tillotton v. Will- 
 iam B. Lamb and William Kent, and this was continued. 
 
 At the April term, 1827, the grand jurors drawn in September 
 before were discharged^ because not drawn according to law, and they 
 were generously allowed fifty cents each for their attendance. The 
 court met at the house of Eobert Hetfield, and adjourned on the same 
 day, to meet for the next term at " the town of Covington." 
 
 The September term, 1827, was held at the court-house in Coving- 
 ton. This term lasted two days, and in its proceedings are found the 
 
COUKTS. 69 
 
 first petition for a divorce ever filed in the county. The cause is entitled 
 "Eliz. Barnes v. John Barnes," and the defendant being a non-resi- 
 dent, notice was ordered by publication in the " Western Register," 
 of Terre Haute. 
 
 Ignatius Morris was enriched by an allowance of $2 for his services 
 as bailiff to the grand jury, and John Cox in the same amount for ser- 
 vices as bailiff to the petit jury. 
 
 At the April term, 1828, Edward A. Hannegan and Daniel Eodgers 
 were admitted to the bar of the county. 
 
 On the docket of this term there were several cases, nearly all of 
 which were for assault and battery and like offenses. 
 
 At the March term, 1830, the first indictment for murder was re- 
 turned. The title of the cause was " The State of Indiana v. John 
 Eichardson." The grand jurors who found the indictment were 
 "William Cochran, Samuel Trullinger, Alexander Logan, Benjamin 
 Wade, Jacob Bever, Robert Miller, David Sewell, Jesse Osborn, Caleb 
 Abernathy, James Stewart, Stephen Harper, Samuel Garver, Conrad 
 Walters, John Ralston and Bennet Seibird. Edward A. Hannegan 
 was the prosecuting attorney. The defendant was arraigned, and put 
 in a plea of not guilty on the same day the indictment was returned. 
 On the next day an affidavit for a continuance was made by Daniel 
 Richardson, the father of the defendant, which was sustained, and an 
 order was made for the confinement of the defendant in the Vigo 
 county jail until the next term. The case came on for trial at the 
 September term, 1830, before Hon. John R. Porter, president-judge, 
 and associate judges Nebeker and Hinton. The jurors were John 
 Miller, Joshua Sherrill, John Orr, Henry Campbell, John Helms, Asa 
 Smith, Elijah Ferguson, Rhodes Smith, Abraham Gabriel, James 
 Snow, Job Orrahood and Hiram Funk. 
 
 The jury returned a verdict of guilty on the third day of the term, 
 in this language : 
 
 " This jury has found a verdict of guilty. John Miller, foreman." 
 On the following day the record says: " The counsel for the prisoner 
 moved the court for a new trial, which, being submitted without argu- 
 ment, was overruled. Therefore it is considered by the court that 
 the prisoner at the bar be removed to the custodj^ of the keeper of the 
 jail of Fountain county, there to remain until the twelfth day of next 
 November, and that upon that day, between the hours of twelve and 
 two, the sheriff of said county shall take the said John Richardson 
 from thence to the place of public execution, and there hang him by 
 the neck until he be dead, dead, dead. Signed, 
 
 " September 30, 1830. John R. Poetee." 
 
60 HISTOKT OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 And on the twelfth day of November, 1830, John Richardson ex- 
 piated his supposed crime upon the gallows, erected near the place 
 where the Grawfordsville road, leading from Covington, crosses the 
 Indiana, Bloomington & Western railway track. How fallible are 
 thy judgments, O man ! John Richardson tried to-day, in the light 
 of our improved knowledge, would be acquitted of all intentional 
 crime, and, instead of receiving the condemnation of the law, would 
 be the subject of its tender care, as one with reason overthrown. Yet 
 we cannot censure those who judged him ; they were conscientions, 
 and were doubtless guided by the law as it was then understood. 
 They did their duty as they understood it, and if they committed a 
 mistake, they did no more than men have done in all ages in the most 
 momentous affairs. 
 
 It has been said that associate judge Nebeker was in favor of grant- 
 ing a new trial in the cause, but the record does not disclose the fact. 
 
 It is not possible to follow the proceedings of the court through its 
 various terms until this time. To indicate the growth of the business, 
 it will suffice to say that all the proceedings up to September, 1834, 
 are recorded in 444 pages of an ordinary sized order-book, while the 
 proceedings of two terras require more space than that now. 
 
 JUDGES, CIRCUIT COURT. 
 
 The judges who have held the courts in the circuits of which Foun- 
 tain county has formed a part, are : 
 John R. Porter, from 1826 to 1837; 
 Isaac JSTaylor, from August 1837 'to 1852 ; 
 William P. Bryant, from JSTovember 1852 to 1858 ; 
 John M. Cowan, from November 1858 to 1870 ; 
 Thomas F. Davidson, from November 1870. 
 
 These are all dead except the last two. A brief mention of these 
 men will not be out of place, though but little space is allowable for 
 personal mention. 
 
 Judge Porter was a native of Berkshire county, Massachusetts, and 
 read law with Judge Dewey, of the supreme court of Massachusetts. 
 He came to Indiana in 1820, and settled at Paoli, in Orange county. 
 Afterward he moved to Vermilion county, near Eugene, where some 
 of his family still reside as honored and respected members of society. 
 He was a lawyer of much ability, and administered his office with 
 purity and good judgment. He served twelve years, and would have 
 been continued upon the bench if he had consented. 
 
 The following notice of Judges Bryant and Naylor is taken from 
 
JUDGES, CIRCUIT COURT. 61 
 
 the address of Gen. Wallace at the laying of the corner-stone of the 
 present court-house in Montgomery county: 
 
 " Isaac ISTaylor followed Judge Porter. He was a Virginian, born 
 in 1792 ; brought to Kentucky, and, when seven or eight years old, to 
 Ciiarleston, Clarke county, Indiana; read law with Supreme Judge 
 Scott; served as a soldier in 1811; practiced law in Charleston until 
 the spring of 1833, when he moved to Crawfordsville ; was first a 
 partner of Thomas J. Evans, and then associated himself much more 
 congenially with Henry S. Lane ; was elected circuit judge by the 
 legislature in 1838 ; served seven years ; was reelected ; held second 
 term of six years ; was then elected by the people judge of the court 
 of common pleas, and continued such for six years. He died, full of 
 honors, in June 1873. He was thoroughly imbued with the principles 
 of the system of pleading yet found in Chitty. In the early time 
 his contemporaries called him familiarly ' Old S. D.' — ' Special De- 
 murrer.' " 
 
 " "William P. Bryant succeeded Judge ISTaylor. He was born in 
 Garrard county, Kentucky ; read law with Judge Robinson, chief 
 justice of the court of appeals of that state; came to Parke county in 
 1827 ; served first as prosecuting attorney, and in 1852 was elected 
 circuit judge, in which capacity he served a full term of six years. Off 
 the bench, he was all geniality ; on the bench, no Roman exceeded him 
 in severity or genuine dignity. !No one ever questioned his ability. 
 He died in 1861.". 
 
 John M. Cowan came upon the bench in November 1858, with but 
 little experience in the practice of the law, and at a time when the 
 business of the courts of the circuit promised a great increase. Judge 
 Cowan was a careful, painstaking judge in many respects, and when 
 he gave close attention to a cause, his judgment was usually correct. 
 He was an estimable and exemplary man in his private life, and was 
 pleasant and agreeable on the bench. He was much criticised during 
 the latter years of his service for what was called his partiality to 
 particular attorneys, but it is the writer's belief that if such par- 
 tiality existed, it was unconscious, and not from design on the part 
 of the judge. The only criticism that deserves to be made is, that the 
 judge was usually unwilling to sit and patiently listen to all the details 
 of a cause when it was tried by a jury ; and this is made in the spirit 
 of kindness, and for the benefit of the young reader who may hereafter 
 be a judge. Inattentiveness is a bad quality in a judge. Aside from 
 this. Judge Cowan's administration of the business of the court was 
 without blemish. He was pure and upright, and did not consciously 
 do any wrong. He meant to be impartial, and, in the main, was so. 
 
62 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 He still lives an honored citizen in our sister county of Montgomery, 
 in the enjoyment of family and friends, and enough of this world's 
 goods to make him comfortable, and free from the cares of poverty. 
 
 Of the present occupant of the office it is becoming only to say 
 that he has endeavored to do his duty " without fear, favor or affec- 
 tion," and to so conduct the business of the court that the true object 
 of trials — the ascertainment of truth — might in all cases be secured ; 
 and to the end that justice might " be administered freely, and without 
 purchase ; completely, and without denial ; speedily, and without 
 delay." How far he has succeeded in this endeavor it is the preroga- 
 tive of others to judge. 
 
 The associate judges continued to be a part of the court until 1852, 
 and those who served in that office were Evan Hinton, Lucas 
 Nebeker, Robert Milford, John Corse, Benedict Morris, James Orr, 
 and Stephen Heed. 
 
 These are all dead, but they have left memories behind them of 
 which their children need not be ashamed. Nearly all of them have 
 descendants who are now honored and useful, and, in some instances, 
 prominent citizens of the county. Until 1829 the associate judges 
 were ex-officio judges of the probate court, and the first letters of ad- 
 ministration and of guardianship granted in the county were granted 
 by associate judges ]!Tebeker and Hinton. 
 
 PROBATE COURT. 
 
 The probate court was established in the county in 1829, and the 
 probate judges, in the order of their terms of service, were : 
 
 Jonathan Birch, 1829 to 1833. 
 Mitchell C. Black, 1833 to 1840. 
 Jonathan Birch, 1840 to 1841. . 
 I- Joseph Coats, 1841 to 1846. 
 David Rawies, 1846 to 1852. 
 
 COMMON PLEAS COURT. 
 
 In 1852 the probate court was abolished, and the common pleas 
 court took its place. The judges of this court were : 
 
 David Rawies, 1852 to 1856. 
 Charles Tyler, 1856 to 1860. 
 Isaac Naylor, 1860 to 1868. 
 Joseph Ristine, 1868 to 1872. 
 Albert D. Thomas, 1872 to 1873. 
 
PROSECUTIJTG ATTORNEYS. 68 
 
 The court was abolished in 1873. Biographical sketches of many, if 
 not all, of these gentlemen will probably appear in another portion of 
 this work, and nothing further will be said of them herej except that 
 no one ever charged either with unfaithfulness in office. 
 
 . PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS. . 
 
 CIRCUIT COITRT. 
 
 John Law, 1826 to 1830. 
 Edward A. Hannegan, 1830 to 1832. 
 Andrew Ingram, 1882 to 1834. 
 William P. Bryant, 1834 to 1838. 
 Joseph A. Wright, 1838 to 1840. 
 Samuel C. Willson, 1840 to 1843. 
 Joseph E. McDonald, 1843 to 1847. 
 Davis Newell, March to October, 1847. 
 Avery D. Babcock, 1847 to 1850. 
 David Newel], 1850 to 1851. 
 Lewis Wallace, 1851 to 1853. 
 Daniel W. Voorhees, 1853 to 1854. 
 Isaac Naylor, 18.54 to 1855. 
 James M. Allen, 1865 to 1856. 
 Henry Shannon, 1856 to 1857. 
 Thomas N. Eice, 1857 to 1859. 
 R W. Harrison, 1858 to 1862. 
 Samuel F. Wood, 1862 to 1868. 
 E. B. F. Peirce, 1868 to 1873. 
 Kobert Sears, 1873 to 1874! 
 Thomas L. Stillwell, 1874 to 1878. 
 Aaron P. Harrell, 1878 to 1880. 
 Eobert B. Jones, 1880 to . 
 
 COMMON PLEAS COURT. 
 
 John J. Taylor, 1854 to 1856. 
 James M. Carpenter, 1856 to 1858. 
 William McFall, 1858 to 1860. 
 Hiram H. Stillwell, 1860 to 1864. 
 Wm. Eggleston, 1864 to 1866. 
 Wm. T. Brush, 1866 to 1868. 
 George D. Hurley, 1868 to 1870. 
 Thomas L. Stillwell, 1870 to 1873. ' ' 
 
 In the list of the earlier prosecuting attorneys are found names 
 which have since become of national reputation. Tliere are the names 
 
64 HISTOEY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 of judges and governors, of senators and congressmen, of men who 
 have won honor on the bench and in the fornm, in the legislative hall 
 and at the courts of foreign capitals ; who have served their country 
 in the ofSces of civil life and on the field of battle. Some are dead^ 
 two are representing their states to-day in the senate of the United 
 States, and another is the governor of one of the great territories. 
 Truly it is enough to make an ordinary man feel small to be in a line 
 with such a head. It would not be the truth to say that all these men 
 had the ability required to discharge the duties of the office, but it is 
 the truth to say that most of them had, while many of them were men 
 of a high order of talent. There is food for thought in the foregoing 
 roil of names, and it is hoped that they will be studied with profit. 
 
 The office deserves and requires the best talent of the bar, and it 
 ought to be put upon a footing to command it. 
 
 It will be proper, in this connection, to speak of the bar of Foun- 
 tain county. The names of some of those who were its earliest mem- 
 bers have already been mentioned. It is not possible to give a complete 
 list of all who have been admitted to practice law in the county, and 
 no attempt to do so will be made. Suffice it to say that the list would 
 embrace the names of men of the highest talent and greatest worth. 
 As a rule, the bar of this county have endeavored to comport them- 
 selves as men should " who have the varied and important duties to 
 perform which devolve upon " lawyers, and "whose assistance may be 
 required by the greatest as well as the meanest individual in the most 
 critical juncture of his life; who are the depositaries of the confidence, 
 and the defenders of the lives and liberties, the reputation and fortunes, 
 of their fellow citizens." 
 
 The opinion, often half seriously expressed, that lawyers, as a class, 
 are not honest, is unjust in the highest degree. If this were true, no 
 man would be safe in his property or his liberty. No court could ad- 
 minister justice if the majority of its bar were unworthy of confidence. 
 The oath of a lawyer requires fealty to the law of the land and respect 
 to the courts. It imposes on him the obligation to counsel that only 
 which appears to be legal and just; to employ such means only as 
 are consistent with truth, and to never seek to mislead court or jury 
 by intentional artifice or trick ; to maintain inviolate the confidence of 
 his client at all hazards ; to abstain from all offensive personality ; to 
 encourage neither the commencement or the continuance of an action 
 from any motive of passion or interest, and never to reject, from any 
 personal consideration, the cause of the defenseless or oppressed. And 
 it is rarely the case that one who has made the study of the law a 
 matter of conscientious labor is anything else than a man of integrity. 
 
PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 65 
 
 While it may be true, and doubtless is, that a rascally client can al- 
 ways find a rascally lawyer, and generally does, and that there are 
 some of more pretension than learning, more impudence than skill, 
 more cunning than honesty, and more capacity to practice tricks than 
 to practice law ; it may be justly said that, taken as a whole, the law- 
 yers wiio have practiced and who are now practicing in the courts of 
 this county are equal in professional attainments, bearing and conduct 
 witii their brethren of any other county in the state. 
 
 The true lawyer is a hard working man, and always endeavors to 
 return an equivalent for his fee; he is willing to let his work speak for 
 him. and is not disposed to attract business by falsely pretending to be 
 what he is not. 
 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 The first court-house and jail have already been mentioned. 
 
 The purchase of brick for the second court-house was ordered by 
 the board of justices in Marcii 1829. In November, 1830, the com- 
 missioners adopted the plan and specifications for "anew court-house," 
 to be constructed of brick, with a stone foundation ; the house to be 
 erected "on the center of the public square"; and the county agent 
 was authorized to receive "proposals unto the first Monday in January 
 next." Notice was to be given in the " Western Register" and " Free 
 Press." 
 
 In 1831 an act of the legislature was passed providing for the relo- 
 cation of the county seat, upon certain conditions, among which was 
 the payment of the damages caused by the relocation, and Thomas 
 Brown, Peter Hughes and Peter Rush were appointed to " value the 
 town lots in the town of Covington, and to make an estimate of how 
 much less value said property will be by the removal of the seat of 
 justice therefrom." Their estimate of damages was |9,721, and it 
 was returned to the board in May 1831. 
 
 By this act of the legislature commissioners were appointed with 
 power to examine the situation of the county and report upon the 
 same. They made the following report, which settled the county-seat 
 question for that time: 
 
 To the HonouraMe the County Commissioners of Fountain County : 
 The undersigned, Reuben Reagan, Joseph Potts, George W. Bene- 
 field and Zabina Babcock, a majority of the commissioners appointed 
 by an act of the General Assembly of the State of Indiana, entitled 
 "An act to provide for the relocation of the seat of justice of Fountain 
 county," approved January 29, 1831, ask leave to report that they did, 
 on the first Monday of June, a.d. 1831, convene at the town of Cov- 
 5 
 
66 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 ington, and after first taking the several oaths required by law, pro- 
 ceeded to examine the situation of the county, until Wednesday the 
 8th day of said month. They unanimously agreed that the town of 
 Covington be and remain the permanent seat of justice of said county, 
 and that the plat of said town heretofore recorded be and remain the 
 plat of said county seat, and that the said place in all respects remain 
 as it was previous to the passage of the act above mentioned. 
 
 In testimony whereof we have hereunto set our hands and seals 
 
 this 8th day of June, a.d. 1831. 
 
 Reuben Reagan, [seal] 
 
 Joseph Potts, [seal] 
 
 George W. Benefield, [seal] 
 
 Zabina Babcock. [seal] 
 
 The building of the new court-house was retarded by the contest 
 under this act about the location of the county seat, and the house was 
 not completed until 1833. Who the builder was, or what was the 
 contract price, is not disclosed by the minutes of the board of commis- 
 sioners. 
 
 In March, 1842, the order was made for the erection of a building 
 for the use of the clerk, recorder and auditor, on the public square, east 
 of the court-house, to front east, 38 feet long and 25 feet wide. This 
 building was erected, and will be remembered by many of the older 
 citizens of the county. It was occupied for a great many years by the 
 county officers. What it cost is not now known. 
 
 In May, 1856, the commissioners contracted with James G. Hardy 
 and Albert Henderson for the delivery of 300,000 brick, at $5.85 per 
 thousand, to be used in the building of new court-house; and in June, 
 1856, they employed Isaac Hodgson as the architect. 
 
 In September, 1856, a further contract was made with Messrs. 
 Hardy and Henderson to furnish all the brick necessary to be used in 
 the construction of the building, at the same price, and the contract 
 was let to Lewis Toms, for the erection of the house, at $28,785.50 ; 
 and he was to accept and pay for the brick to be furnished under the 
 Hardy and Henderson contract. The architect was to have four and 
 a half per cent upon the cost of the building for his services in super- 
 intending its construction. 
 
 In March, 1857, Mr. Toms notified the board that he could not 
 fulfill his contract, and he was released therefrom upon the payment of 
 $150. 
 
 The contract was then let to Mr. James G. Hardy for $33,500. 
 Several changes were made in the plan of the building while it was in 
 
PUBLIC BUILDIlfGS. 67 
 
 the process of construction, and it was finally completed in the fall of 
 1859 at a cost of about $36,500. In January, 1860, on the first day of 
 the sitting of the circuit court, the house took fire and was partially 
 destroyed, nothins; being left except parts of the walls and the founda- 
 tion. Measures were at once taken to rebuild, and a contract was 
 made with John H. Thomas to do the work and furnish the materials 
 for $14,800 ; this was increased, by changes and extra work, to 
 $18,124.05. 
 
 Joseph H. JSTelson was the superintendent, and Mr. Hodgson the 
 architect. The house thus built is the one now occupied. Its total 
 cost, including cost of first structure, was $54,624.05. It was finished 
 and first occupied in January 1861. 
 
 The county has built four prisons and three sheriff's residences. 
 The first has been mentioned. 
 
 In January, 1837, the commissioners decided to build the second, 
 and adopted plans and ordered notice of a letting on the second Mon- 
 day in February following, to be published in the " "Western Constel- 
 lation." 
 
 The contract was let to Wm. Titus for $1,700. The jail was com- 
 pleted for that sum, and was accepted in January 1838. 
 
 In June, 1842, a contract was made with "William S. Patterson to 
 build a sheriff's residence in front of and adjoining the jail, 18x20 
 feet in dimensions on the ground, and two stories high. This building 
 was .completed at an expense of $397.50. 
 
 In December, 1850, it was decided that a new jail was needed, and 
 an order was made to build one of dressed stone, one story high, 
 25^^X27 feet on the ground, with three cells 6x10 feet, and a hall in 
 front of the cells 8 X 24 feet. There was also a dwelling-house, to be 
 attached to the jail, provided for, and this was to be 20 X 25^ feet on 
 the ground, one story in height, and to contain three rooms. The 
 contract for building this jail was let in March, 1851, to Joseph L. 
 Sloan ; and it was provided that he should not begin work until after 
 the first Monday in the following April, when the vote upon relocation 
 was to be taken. This vote resulted in favor of Covington, and Mr. 
 Sloan completed his contract at a cost to the county of about $3,129. 
 The exact sum cannot be given, but this is within a very few dollars 
 of it. 
 
 In April, 1873, the commissioners met in special session and adopted 
 specifications for a new prison and sheriff's residence, and in May, 1873, 
 the contract for building the same was awarded to John McManomy 
 at $49,399.95. At the same session the board required the architect 
 to change the plans so as to reduce the cost to $37,500. To meet the 
 
68 HISTOKT OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 expense of this building, an issue of $100,000 of ten per cent ten- 
 years bonds was authorized. Tliese bonds found a ready market, 
 and were sold before any attempt to prevent their issue was made. 
 An effort was afterward made to have the action of the board, author- 
 izing their issue, set aside and held illegal, but it failed, because, among 
 other reasons, the bonds had been sold and the county had gotten the 
 money, and it was therefore too late to complain of irregularities in 
 their issue. , 
 
 In September, 1873, in a suit brought to annul the contract for 
 building the jail, the circuit court held it illegal, and enjoined the 
 further prosecution of any work or the payment of money under it. 
 At this time the work had progressed far toward completion, and the 
 county had paid the contractor about $38,000. Of course the ques- 
 tion at once arose as to the rights of the parties, and as to the manner 
 in which the county could secure itself for the large sum of money 
 which she had paid the contractor, and which he claimed was all in- 
 vested in the work done and the materials on hand. The foundation 
 and the superstructure, so far as completed, was on lots owned by the 
 county, and the materials in the building could not be taken out of 
 it without lessening their value. The contracting parties could not 
 proceed any further under the contract, and in this dilemma they 
 adopted the plan of accepting the materials furnished and work done 
 as things voluntarily furnished the county, and under a statute which 
 gave the commissioners the discretionary power to pay for things .thus 
 furnished, and prohibited an appeal from their decision, the board made 
 an allowance, based upon the architect's estimate of $41,900, in pay- 
 ment of the work and materials, deducting therefrom the sums previ- 
 ously paid under the contract. This done, the county had an unfin- 
 ished jail on its hands, with nearly all the materials on the ground to 
 finish it. The original contract had been held to be void, on the 
 ground that the proper notice of the letting had not been given, as 
 required by a statute which made it unlawful to make a contract for 
 the construction of a public building until after six weeks' notice had 
 been given. As this statute said nothing about contracts to complete 
 a building already begun, the board concluded it had authority, with- 
 out notice, to make a contract for the completion of the buildiiig, and 
 accordingly made a contract with the same party to complete the jail 
 and sheriff's residence, agreeing to pay him for the work and material 
 necessary for this purpose at the same rate as that which was observed 
 in making him [the allowance for materials, etc., voluntarily furnished. 
 
 The building was completed under this last arrangement at a cost, 
 including the sum paid under the contract, of $106,889.08. That this 
 
ASYLUM FOB THE POOR. §9 
 
 great sum was largely in excess of what the county ought to have ex- 
 pended in such a building will scarcely admit of dispute ; but upon 
 whom the responsibility ought to rest is a question not so easily an- 
 swered, and one which it is not the province of this history to answer. 
 Any attempt to fix the responsibility would revive questions and dis- 
 putes that are better left buried in the past which covers them, and it 
 would serve no useful purpose now. 
 
 It would probably be found that the responsibility took a wider 
 range, and included more people, than the face of the proceedings indi- 
 cates, and it certainly would result in nothing better than a bitter 
 controversy. The more sensible course is to profit by what has been 
 done in avoiding similar consequences in the future. 
 
 ASYLUM FOR THE POOR. 
 
 How to provide for its poor is always a question of perplexing diflS- 
 cnlty for any state or community to answer. This question has occu- 
 pied the attention of the greatest and best men and women in all ages 
 from the very earliest period. Alms-giving was, at an early period of 
 the world's history, inculcated as a religious observance. 
 
 Among the Greeks it was provided that those who were maimed 
 in battle should be supported at public expense, and in the legislation 
 of all modern countries laws for the relief of the poor have a conspicu- 
 ous place. 
 
 The duty of providing for the helpless poor has never been dis- 
 puted, but the difliculty has been to distinguish between the poor who 
 would maintain themselves if they could aild the poor who could main- 
 tain themselves if they would, and to found public charities so that 
 they will be efficient in relieving the deserving poor, and yet not de- 
 structive of the independence, industry, integrity and domestic virtue 
 whicii is as necessary to one condition of life as another. The most sen- 
 sible idea seems to be that which makes relief, in all cases where there 
 is ability to work, temporary, and to cease as soon as the recipient of 
 the charity can be put in a position to support himself; effoi-t being 
 made in the meantime to find employment for all who are able to 
 work. There is but little doubt that the ordinary county asylum is 
 as often the home of the voluntary mendicant as of him whose necessi- 
 ties and misfortunes compel him to seek its shelter. The idle and 
 vicious as frequently find a retreat there as the unfortunate. 
 
 It is therefore no place for the children who have become wards of 
 the state through poverty to be brought up in. These ought to be 
 provided with the education and training to fit them for lives of use- 
 fulness, and not left to grow up in an atmosphere of idleness and pau- 
 
70 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 perism to become themselves idlers and paupers, and the progenitors 
 of idlers and paupers. Pity and charity are the noblest of emotions, 
 and misfortune always appeals to both, and its appeal ought never to 
 be in vain ; but that is the truest help which puts the unfortunate in 
 the way of helping himself, and it is the help which will be most 
 grateful to the deserving poor, for while it relieves their necessities it 
 preserves their independence. There is but very little to be said of the 
 public buildings erected for the relief of the poor in this county. 
 
 The first house was completed in March, 1837, and there is nothing 
 of record to indicate its size or cost ; but it is known that it was a very 
 plain and inexpensive building, which stood northeast from Covington 
 about two miles away. 
 
 In 1862 or 1863 the county became the purchaser of the present 
 farm occupied by it, lying three miles north of Covington ; and in 
 1863 the contract for building the asylum now standing thereon was 
 let to Nathaniel Morgan, of Crawfordsville, for $8,700. The house is 
 well and substantially built, and will be sufficient to meet the wants 
 of the county for a long time to come. 
 
 The only other building the county ever owned which needs be 
 mentioned was the county seminary, built under the law of 1843 pro- 
 viding for the erection of a county seminary in each county of the 
 state. This law took effect in 1843, and in June, 1844, the board of 
 commissioners appointed John Hamilton, Benedict Morris and William 
 Hoffman a committee " to superintend the building of a county sem- 
 inary," with power to adopt a plan for the same. The committee 
 adopted a plan, and the contract was let to "Wm. S. Patterson and 
 John Billsl'and, their bid being $1,064.08. The county seminary plan 
 was a failure, and this building was, until it burnt down, used for the 
 common schools of Covington. 
 
 SCHOOLS. 
 
 The people of Fountain county may justly be proud of their record 
 upon the question of education. From the very earliest period in her 
 history, the people of this county have been the friends of education. 
 Many of the first settlers were possessed of a very limited education, 
 but all of them had enough to feel the need of more ; and to her 
 credit be it ever said. Fountain county has never recorded her vote 
 against any proposition looking to the advancement of the cause of 
 education. 
 
 The first schools taught in the county were not of a very high order, 
 and the rod was as conspicuous in them as the spelling-book, while the 
 principal idea of the teachers wouW be appropriately expressed by the 
 
POPULATIOlH, EESO0KCES, ETC. 71 
 
 formula, "No lickin' no larnin'"; yet from these schools have come 
 men who would have done credit to any station in life, and from this 
 beginning we have steadily advanced until our county takes, front rank 
 with her sister counties in schools and educational advantages and 
 facilities. We have much room to grow in yet ; we have not yet 
 learned to pay a woman for the same work in the school-room the same 
 wages we give to a man ; nor do we yet fully appreciate that teaching 
 school is one of the highest of employments, requiring the best talent 
 in the land, and that the position of teacher should be made one ot 
 such honor and emolument as to attract the best in'tellect of the world. 
 We need also to have more fully developed the idea that the chief pur- 
 pose of education is to elevate men and women in the scale of life, 
 to increase their power and capacity, and to make them more useful to 
 their fellow creatures. We need also to have continually present to 
 the minds of teachers and pupils the fact that there is nothing that so 
 completely destroys all true independence of character as that form of 
 education which disposes the individual to avoid all occupations re- 
 quiring manual labor; and that there is nothing that makes a man so 
 self-reliant as the knowledge that he has, within himself, the ability 
 to earn a living, whatever may happen. It belongs to the school to 
 encourage that true independence and self-reliance which should char- 
 acterize the American citizen, and to teach that no one, no matter 
 what his station is or may have been, is disgraced or does an unbecom- 
 ing thing by engaging in honest labor. 
 
 Fountain county has $131,650 invested in school buildings, and a 
 permanent school fund of $47,750. 
 
 She expends upon her schools each year $ , and has nearly 
 
 seven thousand children entitled to admission into the schools. Her 
 schools are improving each year, and there is no county in the state that 
 presents a fairer prospect to those who have children to educate, and who 
 desire a home where this education can be had in the common schools. 
 
 The schools of Attica and Covington are a source of pride to the 
 
 citizens of these places, and deservedly so; they are really first-class in 
 
 every particular. 
 
 POPULATION, RESOURCES, ETC. 
 
 The last census gives Fountain county a population of 21,503, dis- 
 tributed as follows : 
 
 Jackson township, 
 
 1,272 
 
 Fulton township, 
 
 1,128 
 
 Cain " 
 
 1,806 
 
 Davis " 
 
 798 
 
 Troy 
 
 3,986 
 
 Logan " 
 
 2,609 
 
 Shawnee " 
 
 1,105 
 
 Wabash " 
 
 2,266 
 
 Van Buren " 
 
 2,111 
 
 Mill Creek " 
 
 1,830 
 
 Kichland " 
 
 2,592 
 
 
 
72 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN" COUNTY. 
 
 The census of 1870 gave to Fountain county a population of 15,441. 
 The county has 250,120 acres of land within her boundaries, very little 
 of which is w&ste. Rich in timber, in coal, in water and productive 
 lands, Fountain county oifers a healthy climate, with cheap food, cloth- 
 ing and fuel, and a good market, to the farmer, the mecnanic, the mer- 
 chant and the manufacturer. 
 
 In 1879 the average wheat yield per acre in the county was 
 22^ bushels,; the average corn yield was 28§ bushels; the average 
 oats yield was 25^ bushels. In wheat yield the county ranked as the 
 sixth in the state. In 1878 the assessor's returns gave the county 6,763 
 horees, 1,260 mules, 14,670 cattle, 15,364 sheep and 31,208 hogs. The 
 county ranked as the thirty-second in the number of horees owned; as 
 the tenth in the number of mules, the twenty-third in th« number of 
 cattle, the fourteenth in the number of sheep and the twenty-ninth in 
 the number of hogs owned. In the same year there was grown in the 
 county 474,114 bushels of wheat from 29,374 acres; 1,424,888 bushels 
 of corn from 46,878 acres, and 141,091 bushels of oats from 6,294 acres. 
 
 The rank of the county in this year was: wheat ■ acreage, twenty- 
 eighth ; in wheat yield, nineteenth ; in corn acreage, nineteenth ; in 
 corn yield, sixteenth; in oats acreage, forty-fifth; in oats yield, thirty- 
 third. 
 
 The aggregate yield of potatoes for 1878 was 25,055 bushels; of 
 fruits 21,975 bushels ; and, there was produced in the county, in the 
 same year, 585,000 pounds of bacon,. 227,670 pounds of- bulk pork, and 
 161,869 pounds of lard. There was grown in 1878, by the farmers of 
 Fountain county, 46,410 pounds of wool, 3,237 pounds of tobacco; and 
 there was manufactured 2,595 pounds of maple sugar, 7,061 gallons of 
 eider,, 5,866 gallons of vinegar, 768 gallons of wine. 8,27d gallons of 
 sorghum molasses, and 5,166 gallons of maple molasses.- 
 
 In 187'9 the county had 2O59.ll- acres of wheat and a yield of 469,- 
 163 bushels; 33,979 acres of corn and a yield of 967,770 bushels; 
 3,648 acres of oats and a yield of 92,841 bushels ; 407 acres of ry.e 
 and a. yield of 7,490 bushels; and 735 acr«s of potatoes yielding 
 28,766 bushels. 
 
 In the same year there were in the county 8,623 acres of meadow 
 land, producing 11,979 tons of hay and 168 bushels of seed; 3,500 
 acres of clover, and 26,229 acres of pasture. 
 
 The people of the county own 136 pianos, 205 melodeons and 
 organs, and 1,772 sewing machines. There are only fifteen out of 
 ninety counties that own more pianos than Fountain ; twenty-two out 
 of eighty-nine that own more organs and melodeons, and eighteen out 
 of ninety that use more sewing machines. 
 
POPULATION, RESOURCES, ETC. ?S 
 
 The rank of the county in 1879 was: wheat acreage, thirty-tlwrd ; 
 wheat yield, twenty-first; corn acreage, twenty-third; corn; yield, 
 thirty-third; oats acreage, sixty-second; oats yield, fifty-fourth ; .rye 
 acreage, thirtieth; rye yield, twenty-fifth; potato acreage, thirty- 
 ninth ; potato yield, fiftieth. The county has 3,688 real estate holders, 
 and in this respect ranks very high among the counties of the state. 
 
 There are 637 miles of wagon roads in the county, upon which 
 there is annually expended $16,956. The county owns fourteen 
 bridges, erected at a cost of $49,000. The estimated cost of .the 
 present wagon roads of the county is $5^54,800. 
 
 There are fifty-one miles of railroad in the county, the estimated 
 cost of construction of which is $2,780,585. 
 
 The estimated amount of money invested in roads of all kinds, in 
 school-houses, churches, public buildings, bridges, etc., including 
 permanent school fund, is $3,035,385. 
 
 In point of population Fountain county ranks as the forty-fifth 
 county in the state ; in the number of acres of land within her 
 boundaries she is the forty-sixth; in the value of lands, the twentieth ; 
 and in the value of personal property, the fiftieth connty in the state. 
 There are seventy-four counties in the state that expend more 
 money annually in payment of jurors and court bailiffs than Fountain 
 county. The foregoing statistics" are taken from the excellent report of 
 Hon. John Oollett, chief of the bureau of statistics for. Indiana. The 
 figures are mostly taken from assessors' returns" and are consequently 
 imperfect. When our people come to know the immense value, of 
 correct statistical information they will cooperate with the assessors 
 and other officers in having correct and full reports given. The fol- 
 lowing statement shows the amount of count}' revenue collected for 
 the periods indicated : . , 
 
 The revenues of the county collected for county purposes in each 
 year of the first ten years after its organization are given in the 
 following table : 
 
 For the period ending March 1827 . . . . . , $79 34f . 
 
 « " " 1827 632 78- 
 
 . January 1829 1,069 34 
 
 " "• " 1830 ., 1,169 .66 
 
 " 1831 .....•-... 1,270 24 
 
 " " •' 1832 ■. 1,775 71 
 
 " 1833 2,321 63 
 
 " 1834 ;.-..-. 1,686 61 
 
 " " " 1835 ■.'•..•. ...-. 1,817 06 
 
 " 1836 -...:.:.:...■ :.. 1,854 87 
 
74 HISTOET OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 And the following table gives the aggregate revenue collected for 
 county purposes in each period of ten years since 1837 : 
 
 1837 to 1846 inclusive : $34,929 51 
 
 1847 to 1856 " 66,099 65 
 
 1857 to 1866 " 259,046 39 
 
 1867 to 1876 " 526,973 04 
 
 For the remaining five years— 1877 to 1880 inclusive— the total 
 revenue collected for county purposes was $272,797.21. 
 
 The greatest amount of collections for any one year was in 1876, 
 when the sum was $106,341.34. 
 
 In 1874 the collections were $45,207.27, and from this they rose in 
 1875 to $99,481.28. 
 
 In the second period of ten years the collections began with 
 $4,487.36 in 1847 and ended with $11,536.34 in 1856 ; in the third 
 period the collections began with $12,855.28 in 1857 and ended with 
 $28,598.37 in 1866 ; while the fourth period began with $27,654.01 in 
 1867 and ended with $106,341.34 in 1876. The last period of five 
 years begins with $95,044.66 in 1877 and ends with $39,068.63 in 
 1880. 
 
 Accurate information as to the coal product of the county has not 
 been obtained, but it is estimated that 300,000 tons of coal are annually 
 mined in the neighborhood of Snoddy's mills, and that the pay-roll 
 of the several companies will reach very nearly an average of $20,000 
 per month. This product will be greatly increased in the course of 
 two or three years by the opening of new mines and the building of 
 new lines of road for the transportation of the coal. For a great 
 many years Fountain county people were almost wholly dependent 
 upon the Wabash and Erie canal for transportation, but with the build- 
 ing of railroads the canal began to go down and finally was entirely 
 abandoned as a line for transportation, and at this time a line of rail- 
 way is being constructed upon its tow-path from Attica southward. 
 The completion of the canal was followed by what was known as the 
 Attica war, in which the citizens of Covington and Attica engaged, 
 over the question of opening the lock at Attica and letting the water 
 into the level below, which reached to Covington. This event was 
 important enough, and the consequences following it serious enough, 
 to justify an extended account ; and this would be given but for the 
 fact that it has been undertaken by the gentleman who is writing the 
 history of Logan township. 
 
 With its present railroad facilities, and those which it will have 
 when the Chicago and Block Coal railway and the Attica, Covington 
 
MILITAET EECOED. 
 
 75 
 
 and Southern railway, each reaching from the northern to the soutliern 
 
 extremity of the county, are completed, and the proposed extension of 
 
 the Lake Erie and Western railway to St. Louis is made, and the 
 
 Frankfort and State Line narrow-gauge railway is built. Fountain 
 
 county will be as favorably situated as any county in the state, and 
 
 will have as many inducements to offer to enterprise and capital as can 
 
 be found anywhere. 
 
 MILITARY RECORD. 
 
 The people of Fountain county have always proved themselves 
 true to the obligations which their citizenship imposed upon them, 
 and when their country has had need of men to do battle in its be- 
 half, they have always responded to the call. When soldiers were 
 wanted for the Mexican war, the following names were enrolled 
 from Fountain county : 
 
 1. R. M. Evans, captain. 
 
 2. Bob Lyons, 1st lieutenant. 
 
 3. James McMarguy, 2d lieu- 
 
 tenant. 
 
 4. Phin. Mattox, lieutenant. 
 
 5. J. Lyons. 
 
 6. George Warren. 
 
 7. Wm. Donaldson, orderly ser- 
 
 geant, afterward major. 
 
 8. James Rodipher. 
 
 9. James Stanton. 
 
 10. Napoleon Lyons. 
 
 11. William Knowles. 
 
 12. John Ottar. 
 
 13. Pleas. Williams. 
 
 14. Amos Gustin. 
 
 15. Jacob Bauckman.- 
 
 16. John Westly McBroom. 
 lY. John Bodine. 
 
 18. William Brewer. 
 
 19. Elis Theurnidt. 
 
 20. Elijah Thurman. 
 
 21. Daniel Davis. 
 
 22. George P. 0. Runells. 
 
 23. Christy Eofferty. 
 
 24. John Wilson. 
 
 25. James Reagan. 
 
 26. James Ryan. 
 
 27. John Gillaspie. 
 
 28. William Mattson. 
 
 29. Clark Potier. 
 
 30. Rufus Prebble. 
 
 31. John Galbreath. 
 
 32. Charles Hansicker. 
 
 33. William Keep. 
 
 34. William K. Miller, drummer. 
 
 35. Dudley Lemon. 
 
 36. Zacliariah Lemon. 
 
 37. Samuel Ward. 
 
 38. MckHolstein. 
 
 39. Miller Mosses Crane. 
 
 40. Mart Phebus. 
 
 41. Ed. Mallory. 
 
 42. Lyfort Miller. 
 
 43. Caleb Y. Jones, drummer. 
 
 44. James T. Sharon. 
 
 45. John H. Sharon. 
 
 46. Jake Murray. 
 
 47. Ike Harbart. 
 
 48. Thorns S. Thompson. 
 
 49. William Vandorn. 
 
 50. Mike Snyder. 
 
 51. Caleb Hoops. 
 
 52. Robert Jones. 
 
 53. Henry Elliott. 
 
 54. Henry Updyker. 
 
76 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 55. 
 
 Adam 'Soop. 
 
 68. 
 
 Weslej Lopp. 
 
 56. 
 
 Eeuben R. Pe^. 
 
 69. 
 
 Jos. Longmier. 
 
 57. 
 
 Abram "Williams. 
 
 70. 
 
 Samuel Downey. 
 
 58. 
 
 William Davidson. 
 
 71. 
 
 Jas. Jones. 
 
 59. 
 
 Abner Hetfield. 
 
 72. 
 
 Chas. Gallagor. 
 
 60. 
 
 Thomas McGraw. 
 
 73. 
 
 Isaac McCollaster. 
 
 61. 
 
 Isaac Hale. 
 
 74. 
 
 John Hall. 
 
 62. 
 
 Jas. Phillips. 
 
 75. 
 
 Trimble Wilson. 
 
 63. 
 
 Jiio. Morgan. 
 
 76. 
 
 Obidiah Merlatt. 
 
 64. 
 
 Jno. Sanger. 
 
 77. 
 
 Wra. Cox. 
 
 65. 
 
 Nat Henderson. 
 
 78. 
 
 Jos. Evans. 
 
 66. 
 
 Isaac Smith. , 
 
 79. 
 
 Daniel Bohaun. 
 
 67. 
 
 David Penny. 
 
 80. 
 
 Frank McKinney. 
 
 Many of these sleep their last sleep upon Mexican battle-fields ; 
 others returned to die at home, among friends and kindred, and' a 
 few remain with us yet. When the great struggle began which 
 threatened the existence of the republic, Fountain county responded 
 promptly to her duty, and upon nearly every battle-field of the great 
 war of the rebellion her sous were to be found fighting for their 
 country. The people of the county contributed $387,000 to the pay- 
 ment of bounties to those who volunteered or were drafted to fill the 
 various quotas of the county under the calls of the President. 
 
 It is almost impossible to give the exact number of men that 
 went into the service from Fountain county, and it is impracticable 
 to give an account of the regiments, and their service, in which Foun- 
 tain county men were enlisted. To do this would require a pretty 
 full history of the war of the rebellion. The 63d reg. probably con- 
 tained a greater number of Fountain county men than any other, 
 and the brief mention of its service and operations found in the re- 
 port of Adjutant General Terrell will be inserted here : 
 
 " The 63d reg. was authorized to be raised on December 31, 1861, 
 and its place of rendezvous fixed at Covington, with James McManomy 
 as commandant of the camp, and John S. Williams as adjutant. A 
 detachment of rebel prisoners having been quartered at La Fayette, 
 the enlisted men at Covington were ordered there to guard them, and 
 on February 21, 1862, companies A, B, C and D were organized 
 as a battalion, with John S. Williams as lieutenant-colonel. Soon 
 after, this battalion was transferred to Indianapolis and placed on duty 
 at camp Morton, guarding prisoners. On May 27 the battalion was 
 ordered east, and on August 30 was engaged in the ba-ttle of Manassas 
 Plains (or second Bull Run). Returning to Indianapolis on October 
 
MILITARY RECOKD. 77 
 
 3, the regimental organization was completed by the addition of com- 
 panies E, F, G, H, I and K, raised under the call of July 1862, and 
 Lieut.-Col. "Williams promoted to the colonelcy of the regiment. 
 
 " The regiment remained at Indianapolis, on duty, until December 25, 
 and during that time companies E, F, G and I were detached for duty 
 as provost guards. On December 25, 1863, the other six companies left 
 Indianapolis, under the command of Lieut.-Col. James McManomy, 
 and proceeded to Shepherdsville, Kentucky, arriving there on the 28th, 
 From that time until January, 1864, these companies were engaged 
 in guarding the line of the Louisville and ISTashville railroad, and the 
 Lebanon branch thereof. While engaged in this duty, detachments of 
 the command had several skirmishes with the enemy. About the 
 middle of January, 1864, the several companies were concentrated at 
 Camp Nelson, Kentucky, under command of Col. Israel JST. Stiles, and 
 on February 25 marched toward Knoxville, Tennessee. That place was 
 reached on March 15, after a march of one hundred and eighty-five 
 miles, over almost impassable roads. After a day of rest the regiment 
 moved on to Mossy creek, from whence, on April 1, it marched to 
 Bull's Gap, and was assigned to the 2d brigade, 3d division of the 23d 
 Army Corps. On April 23 it moved in the direction of Jonesboro, 
 marching one hundred miles in four days, and burning the bridges and 
 destroying the tracks of the Tennessee and Virginia railroad for many 
 miles. Returning to Bull's Gap on the morning of April 28, the 
 regiment, on the sanie afternoon, commenced its march toward 
 Georgia to join the army of Gen. Sherman, then about to enter upon 
 the Atlantic campaign. 
 
 " The 23d corps effected a junction with that army at Red Clay, 
 Georgia, on May 4, and on the 9th and 10th the 63d occupied a 
 position on the left of the line during the action of Rocky Face Ridge, 
 losing two killed and four wounded. After this battle it moved 
 through Snake Creek Gap to Resaca, and in the engagement at that 
 place on the 14th the brigade to which the regiment was attached, 
 with the 63d in the front line, charged across an open field mxjre 
 than half a mile, under a terrific fire from the enemy, taking a portion 
 of the rebel works. Its loss was eighteen killed and ninety-four 
 wounded ; total, one hundred and twelve. On the 16th the regiment 
 moved from Resaca, wading the Ostanaula river and crossing the 
 Coosawattee, overtaking the enemy at Cassville on the 18th. It drove 
 the enemy during all the next day, and on the 20th reached Carters- 
 ville, remaining there until the 23d. Crossing the Etowah river and 
 Pumkin Vine creek, it moved forward and went into an intrenched 
 position on the Dallas line on the 26th, behind which the 63d lay, 
 
HISTORY OP FOUNTAIN COUNTY. 
 
 under fire of three batteries (the skirmish line being constantly 
 and hotly engaged), until relieved on June 1. Its loss at this place 
 was sixteen wounded. u v." /I 
 
 "After this it lay in line of battle from June 3 to June 6, behind 
 works of its own construction, losing one killed and one wounded. It 
 was then held in reserve until the 15th, when it was placed in the 
 front line near Lost Mountain, losing six killed and eight wounded. 
 On the 17th it moved forward to the Kenesaw line, under a brisk fire, 
 but without loss. It crossed Noses creek on the 20th, under a heavy 
 fire, losing two in missing. On the 27th it made a flank movement 
 on the left of the enemy's line at Kenesaw, losing two killed and one 
 captured. The regiment then remained in its iutrenchments until 
 July 1, losing two wounded, and on the 3d made a reconnaissance, dis- 
 covering a long line of rebel works along Nickajack creek. On the 
 6th it crossed this creek, passed through the abandoned rebel line, and 
 crossed the railroad below Marietta. On July 8 it forded the Chatta- 
 hoochee river, wading the stream neck deep, with a rapid current, 
 without losing a man, and being the first troops across. Moving for- 
 ward toward Atlanta on the 17th, it came in sight of that city on the 
 20th, and on the 22d, in the engagement in which the lamented Me- 
 Pherson fell, the division to which it was attached moved to the left 
 in support of the army of the 'Tennessee. On the 23d it went into 
 position on the right of the 17th corps, in the front line, and fell back 
 on the contraction of our lines on July 26. On the 28th it made a 
 reconnaissance, losing one killed and one wounded, and on the night of 
 August 1 moved to Utoy creek. On the 6th it supported Reilley's 
 brigade of the 3d division of the 23d corps, losing three wounded. 
 On the 9th the regiment was transferred to the 3d brigade, 3d division 
 of the same army corps. Col. Stiles taking command of the brigade, 
 and from that time until August 18 was in various positions along the 
 Sandtown road. From the 18th till the 28th it was on duty along 
 the Campbelltown road, making daily reconnaissances to the Newnan 
 road. 
 
 " On the 28th of August it moved out toward the Atlanta and Macon 
 railroad, striking the West Point road on the 30th and the Atlanta and 
 Macon railroad on the 31st at Eough and Eeady station. The next 
 morning the regiment engaged it, destroying the railroad, and in the 
 afternoon marched toward Jonesboro. On the 2d of September it 
 marched to Lovejoy's, and was held in reserve on the 3d and 4th. On 
 the night of the 5th the regiment started back to Decatur, reaching 
 that place on the 8th, where it made an intrenchment and well-forti- 
 fied camp, in which it rested from the labors of the Atlanta campaign. 
 
Mll.lTAKY RECOHl). 79 
 
 " The (>;U1 remained in this camp until the 4th of October, when 
 its corps moved \vitl\ the other forces under Sherman to moot Hood's 
 attempt upon or communications, and from that time until the 7th 
 of Novemlior it marched rapidly and constantly almost every day. 
 It then lott Dalton for. Nashville by rail, and on reaching that 
 place moved to Pulaski, arriving; there on the 15th. On the 22d it 
 fell back before Hood's advancing army, reaching Franklin on tJie 
 morning of November 80, skirmishing with the enemy on the march, 
 and losing at (,\)lumbia three killed and three wounded. On the SOtli 
 it participated in the battle of Franklin, its position being on the left 
 of the line, behind well constructed intrenchments. The regiment, 
 though repeatedly assaulted, lost but one killed and one wounded. At 
 midnight it crossed the llarpoth river, and reached jNashville the next 
 morning, where it remained in position until the 15th of December. 
 On that and the following day it participated in the operations on the 
 right of our lines wititont loss, the forces on its let^ and right having 
 con\pelled the enemy to retire before its brigade was ordered to ad- 
 vance. On the ITtli the regiment joined in the puisiiit of Hood, going 
 as tiu" as Olifton, on the Tennessee river, from whence it started for 
 Ale-vandria, N'irginia, on the Ititli of January, lS(i5. Sailing from 
 Alexandria on the 8d of February, it arrived near Fort Fisher, North 
 Carolina, on the 7th, and landed on the t>th. On the I'ith and 14-th of 
 February it participated in the difficult but >in successful attempt to 
 turn Hoke's position, and on the l(>th crossed to Smithfield. The next 
 day it moved up to Fort Anderson, and engaged the enemy on the 
 ISth, losing one num wotmded. On the 19th itpursuod the retreating 
 army, having one man wounded on the march, and overtook it at sun- 
 set at Town creek. C^n the 20th it fought the rebels, losing one man 
 killed and one wounded, and on the '21st advanced to within sight of 
 Wilmington. Marching into Wilmington on the 'J.'hI. it remained in 
 camp until March li, when it nu)ved toward Kingston, reaching that 
 place on the I'ith, after a severe march of one hundred miles through 
 swamps and mud, the men wading Trent river before daylight on the 
 morning of the 11 th. 
 
 " On ^rarch '20 the regiment started for Goldsboro, reaching there 
 the next day. Here the regiment remained until April 10. when it 
 moved to Raleigh, where it remained until May 5, when it moved by 
 rail to Greensboro. At the latter place the regiment remained until 
 June "21, I8(i.'>, when the companies still in service were mustered out; 
 the battalion of fonr companies. A, B, and 0, having been mustered 
 out on May 20, 1865, at Indiaufipolis. On returning to Indiana, the 
 regiment was present at a public reception given it in the capitol 
 
80 HISTORY OF FOUNTAIN COU-NTY. 
 
 oTounds at Indianapolis, and soon after was finally discharged from 
 service." 
 
 It is a matter of regret that the names of those men who proved 
 their devotion to their country by service upon the battle-field cannot 
 be preserved in this record ; but to obtain efen an approximately cor- 
 rect list would require a vast deal more time than is at the writer's 
 command. It is not right that the name or service of the humblest 
 should be forgotten, and means of collecting and preserving their 
 names ought to be adopted at once. It is a duty to see that 
 
 "Each soldier's name 
 Shall shine untarnished in the rolls of fame, 
 And stand the example of each distant age, 
 And add new lustre to the historic page," 
 
 for " ours are no hirelings trained to the fight," but men who volun- 
 tarily went forth from all the walks of life at the call of their country, 
 and who gave up their lives in its service, or returned again to their 
 peaceful occupations when the war was over. 
 
 EARLY SETTLERS. 
 
 Imperfect as it is, this sketch of Fountain county must now be 
 broue-ht to a close. It has heen written under the most serious disad- 
 vantages and with a haste that has not admitted of corrections, much 
 less of revision. There are many things omitted that ought to have 
 been noticed, and that under other circumstances would have been 
 noticed. Prominent among these are the pulpit and the press. At 
 some other time it is hoped that opportunity may come to take up 
 this work again and to complete it in a manner worthy of the subject. 
 Appended are some matters connected with the personal history of a 
 few of the early settlers, for which the writer is in the main indebted 
 to Mr. Cyrus Rush, of Van Buren township. 
 
 It was not the intention originally to embrace matter of personal 
 mention like the following in this part of the history of the county, 
 but the fear that it would not appear elsewhere in any form has 
 induced its production here. The writer has secured a pl-etty full list 
 of the names of the settlers of 1823 and 1824, but has been unable to 
 procure any of their personal history except that furnished by Mr. 
 Rush, and that which appears elsewhere under the head of biography. 
 
 William Cade was one of the earliest settlers in the county. He 
 came to the county in 1823. His wife was a sister of Joseph and 
 Samuel Campbell, both for a long period prominent and valuable citi- 
 zens of the county. Mr. Cade settled in Yan Buren township, and 
 died in 1846, leaving two children, Samuel and Jane, the latter the 
 
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