I OS 15 : : .a ^ 1 tX J..* £ I Jt £% 3UX CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 031 300 514 olin.anx Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031300514 PARALLEL EXTRACTS. PARALLEL EXTRACTS ABBANGED FOB TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH AND LATIN, WITH ^ofcsi on Rjioms:. BY J. E. NIXON, M.A. FELLOW AND CLASSICAL LECTUKEK OF KING'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. PART l.-HISTORICAL AND EPISTOLARY. SECOND EDITION. Honiron : MACMILLAN AND CO. 1876. [All Rights reserved.] Cambrftige: PBINTBB BY C.J. CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. PKEFACE TO FIEST EDITION. In lecturing on Latin Composition I had often felt a want of some collection of English and Latin passages, to put into the hands of my pupils, that I could refer to for illustration, and some summary of general rules to which I might refer the peculiarities of idiom in any passage that I discussed with them. I have tried to supply this want, and at the same time to provide passages suitable for translation from and into English, selected and arranged as parallels to some extent in subject or in style — in a few cases almost exact translations^-and so as to be in- teresting as well as useful. It is hoped that the small numerals in the extracts (which refer to the Notes on Idioms, and represent my own method of helping my pupils) will rouse the student to observe and classify for himself other peculiarities of diction besides those referred to, and encourage thought more effectually than foot-notes or adaptations ; and that generally the book may help the teacher to teach directly and systematically much that students are often left to absorb unconsciously by a process of saturation or infiltra- tion in writing out ' fair copies.' I feel much indebted to Mr Potts' admirable little book (Hints on Latin Composition), and also to Mr E. A. Abbott's on Latin Prose through English Idioms. They satisfy a real want that has long been felt. Both I have made use of, though my line and method of teaching had been adopted before I saw either, and part of the book was in print before I saw the latter. I am also much indebted to Professor J. B. Mayor and other friends for valuable hints and corrections in the proof-sheets. n. b vi Preface. The Second Part will contain a selection of Oratorical, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Passages : and I hope to be able shortly to provide a selection of easy passages for Greek Prose Composition arranged on the same principle. Suggestions and corrections will be gratefully re- ceived. J. E. NIXON. Kino's College, Cambridge, Jan. 1874. PEEFACE TO SECOND EDITION. In the Second Edition some corrections and additions have been made in the Notes on Idioms, and some easier pieces — translations, or adaptations of letters (in one or two cases borrowed from Melmoth's Pliny) — added at the end, with a general Index. A few references have also been added to Nagelsbach's Stilistik, a book invaluable for its copious examples, which I have lately compared throughout, and regret that I did not consult it for my first edition. It can and should be used even by those who have little or no knowledge of German, for the pur- poses of illustration. The numeration of the Notes, the numerical references, the numbering and paging of the Extracts have been left unaltered, to avoid confusion in the case of classes, using both editions. It is hoped that the improved side-summaries of the notes will help to make the small numerical references more practically useful. Kino's College, Cambridge. May, 1876. Translations of some of the passages have been printed in such a way as to be readily distributable to a class. Application for these should be made direct to the Author. CONTENTS OF NOTES ON IDIOMS. PAGES Order and connexion of ideas, §§ 1 — 9 .... xi — xvii Compound terms, § 2. Qualifying words and clauses, § 3. Emphasis and antithesis, § 4 (see also § 8). Chronological order, § 4 (see also § 9 7). Relatives, their position, § 5. Change of subject, § 6. Passives replaced by Actives, § 7. Co-ordinate by subordinate clauses and period, § 9. Substantives, §§ 10 — 14 xvii — xx Repetition of subject and object, § 10. Pleonasms, § 11. Substantives replaced by verbs, <&c, § 12. Abstract by concrete expressions, § 13. Realism, § 14. Pronouns, §§ 15—17 xx— xxii Definite and indefinite Articles. Is, hie, ille, iste, idem, ipse, aliquis, &c. Adjectives, §§ 18—24 xxiii— xxv Attributives or epithets, § 18. Participial, § 18 7. Pleonasms, § 19. As clauses, § 20. Replaced by adverbs, &c, §§ 21, 22. As predicates, § 23. Interchange of positives, comparatives, and superlatives, % 24. Participles, §g 25, 26 xxvi— xxviii Usage of Present active and passive. „ of Past „ „ „ Vlll Contents of Notes on Idioms. Verbs, §§ 27—33 . .... Tenses. Inexact use of present, &c, § 27. Pleonasms, § 28. Strict use of past tenses, § 29. Moods. — Subjunctive Mood, § 30. Conjunctions with moods, § 30 S. Subjunctive tenses, § 30 e, f, d, <.. Sequence of tenses, § 30 ij. The Infinitive, § 31. Verbals, §§ 32, 33. Particles, Adverbs, &c. §§34—36 . Connecting particles. Intensive. Adverbs replaced by substantives, ing Ce and the agents subordinate, that they use the active " sen ' c2 xvi Periods, Subordinate Clauses. [§§ 7—9. instead, with the agents as subjects and things subordi- nate. The so-called impersonal verbs, tcedet, &c. occur frequently, but as a rule they shrank from personifying things or ideas as subjects or agents, where not necessary. Cf. (11) 14; (17) 12, &o. § 8. Te rogo. ' It is you that I ask.' In English to Emphasis emphasize an object we make it the subject of an auxiliary in English r J _ ' requires use c ] a use, or of a passive, that it may precede the verb. In of passives ' r ' if a n or auxiliary Latin the object may be placed first, bo, generally, position in Latin answers the effect of our underlining (with voice or pen), our auxiliaries ' do,' &c, or other tricks of emphasis; and therefore auxiliary verbs and relatives (English) will often be suppressed in translation. Cf. § 5. e . 7, 28; (7) 7 ; (8) 6; 10, 13; (10) 12; 39, 3, 8. § B § 9. a. The simple copula is oftener omitted than in Connection English, e.g. redit juvenis, rem narrat, implorat opem (cf. Omission cf 1, 2 — 9; (1) 2—9), and is often replaced by the relative j Sja lec °" sometimes by adversative antithetical particles, autem, vero, &c. Cf.%5; 43, 11; 45,5. But a loose aggregation of sentences as in English is avoided, and clauses must (cf. § 47) be connected by emphasis of repetition, or particles, &c, cf. §§34, a; 47. Co-ordinate fi- Co-ordinate (English) sentences must constantly reptececPby be replaced by (Latin) subordinate clauses (the frequent sabordi- repetition of ' and ' being thereby avoided) ; the ablative absolute, deponent and passive past participles, relative ; temporal, and other clauses will be' used instead. Cf. 2, 5; (2) 25; 4, 3, 5; (7) 44; 11, 11; 25, 11, 18. keeping the These clauses will as far as possible keep the same sub- ject and ob- ject and object, so that our repetition of pronouns ('him,' «/?§6. 'iV ^ c w ^ be avoided; e.g. Tunc convocatos quum breviter adrnonuisset, paullisper moratus secum eduxit. C/.§6; (4)5,28; (6)4,7; (7) 25, See. §§ 9, 10] Substantives. xvii § 9. y. They will be grouped (subordinate^ to the p^if in he main idea or action) in natural logical order of time, aim, ££*[£ ^°J cause and effect, connected by relatives, or antithetically by ^j^™ 1 position alone, autem, quidem, vero often coming in where <^-§* e> we use 'and' or 'while.' Cause, object, qualification or manner (causal, final, modal clauses) generally precede the main action, consecutive clauses follow, comparative follow or precede ; except where the order is changed for emphasis or connexion of ideas, or where the object of an action is identical with or suggests its consequent result ; e. g. faces admovit ut aedem accenderet. Cf. §4e; 3,8—11; 5,16—20; 15,1—5; 17,4—7. Long sentences thus grouped, with the main verb The period, reserved till the close, are called periods, and are commoner in history than in oratory or letters. Cf. Livy I. 6 and i. 16, &c. S. In parenthetical clauses, where we use a relative Parentheses clause, or a clause in apposition without a verb [e. g. one ' a PP.°- of them named (or who was named) Manus: &c, Vnus English: v . distinct co- ex his, Manus ei nomen eratl, a co-ordinate sentence ordinates in J . Latin, without or with a copula is often found in Latin. Cf. 3, 1, 4; 7, 30; 24, 15; 25, 28; 33, 10; 34, 12; 39, 23. For other parentheses cf. 14, 5; 24, 5, 27; 43, 17; 44, 23; 48, 8 ; 54, 14. For converse cf. §5 8. § 10. A proper name, as subject or object, is oftener |™" stan . repeated in English than in Latin. We often vary the ti™s, §§ 10 repetition by a periphrasis, ' the old man,' ' the general,' ^P^° t n &c. In both cases is, iUe (if anything is wanted) will be found generally sufficient in Latin. Cf. (4) 30; (25) 4, 22, 26; (45) 19. "Where the proper name is so used in Latin it gene- ^me^e- rally comes first, and is emphatic or distinctive. emphai° r Cf. 1, 14; 4, 11; 15, 1; 18, 17. gS&i! 11 xviii Substantives. [§§ 10, 11. Descriptive So to ° when > in En g lisn > descriptive nominatives are Nomina- tacked on to relative clauses, the relative alone will be tives omit- ' ted - used in Latin. 'The sailors who had jumped down = qui desiluerant. Cf. 13, 21, 31. And the same rule holds in the case of other subjects and objects repeated in English to round the sentence, or balance it antithetically. Cf. (2) 12, 15, 17, 25, 29; (3) 8, 17, 22; (15) 9; (16) 23. Allusive When however, as in § 18, a new idea is thus thrown expressed in allusively, it may be expressed in Latin, but directly, clause.*" 11 " by a separate clause ; e. g. ' the veteran general was not to be deceived so easily:' cf (14) 7. §n. §!!• a - Double phrases to express single ideas are vafpieS-' 1 " often used in English, single terms in Latin. 'A feeling Double °f shame' =pudor quida/m. phrases. ^ ^ g _ ^ ^ 2g _ ^ g _ ^ 2g _ ^ g ^ g ^ gg EnRiish ft. Effete metaphors, needless synonyms and repe- al peri- " titions, and conventional periphrases (English) will be replaced in Latin by the simplest terms, or omitted. As instances may be given the words object, point, feature, circumstance, instance, capacity, relation, terms, person, expression, elements, incident, purport, idea, substance, theory, step, view, department, sphere, contingency, emergency, consideration, issue. Latin stock A few stock terms or phrases are found in Latin : the various p rases. meanings of ars, res, locus, studium, genus, ratio, vis, sententia, may be compared. Cf. Nag. § 8. The frequency of them in English is due partly to the want of genders in adjectives, which necessitates the use of neuter substantives, partly to the love of variety, partly to the composite elements of the language, which provide synonyms in abundance. The want of such synonyms in Latin often makes it impossible to reproduce some of our finer shades of thought and expression ; and words like res, ratio, &c, become too vague and indefinite. Cf. 2, 1, 12, 22; (2) 2, 14, 24; (4) 3, 16; (6)4, 6; (7) 48; (11) 2, 7, 17, &c. §§ 11 — 12] Substantives. xix §11. y. The repetition, in comparisons and otter Eepetition connexions, of the substantive or its equivalent, or of the and equiva- , . , , , . . T ,, lentsavoid- word 'one/ 'ones, is unnecessary in .Latin; e.g. magnae ed. majora sunt vitia quam parvce urbis; such substantive ■when referring to two adjectives, &c, generally comes after the second, in the singular if the two ideas are singular and separate, in the plural if they are joined as a plural idea ; cf. 16, 15. Gf. § 16 e. 5, 12; 25, 30; 26, 41, 62; 44, 3. § 12. Substantives are not used so much in Latin as § 12. Xj6SS frG - by us, and must often in translation be (a) taken into the quent use of verb, repliced by (/8) adverb, (y) adjective, (8) participle, tives in ' (e) gerundive, relative or other verbal clauses. In such cases the qualifying adjective will often become an adverb. Cf. (2) 9; (11) IT; (25) 6. o. Facta quae imperavit. Cf. 1, 26; 7, 19; 9, 22. p. Haeo saepius dicta, ' the frequent repetition of these remarks.' Cf. (2) 27; (3) 7; 7, 37. y. Trepidi coeunt, ' in alarm.' (7/. (4)5; (6)3; 7,9; 8,9. 8. Pauca locutus, ' after a few words.' C/.(l)10; (5)26; 7,11; 8,26. e. Nescis quid possint, quid sit agendum, ' their power,' ' line of action ;' quanti esset, emerit, ' value,' ' puichase-money.' Cf. Nag. §§ 36 — 9. So also the 'site,' ' scene' = qua; 'the question , = -ne,nwm; 'the reason for' = eur ; ' amount '^quantum; ' time '=qwwm; 'limit,' ' marimum' = quo ne longius, pluris, &c. or quoad with verb. Cf. (6)2; (12)15; 23,8. [t should he specially noticed that the English substantive is usel for definite times of action without expressing it, where a tense form must therefore be used in Latin: e. g. ' non-payment 'may he quod nan solvitur, solvebatw &e., ne solvatur &c. in any tense. XX Articles, Pronouns. 13, 14. Person pre- ferred to thing as subjeot. cf. §5 7, 14. § is. 8 13. In Latiu substitute the concrete reality for the Abstract ° replaced by abstract idea ; the thing or person (qualified or not) for concrete , , ' . .... 7 , nouns. the quality or characteristic of it; e.g. aperte aauumtem nemo non odit, 'open flattery all hate,' and, generally, matter-of-fact phrases for idealisms or mental concep- tions: as the 'top of the mountain,' summus mons ; 'the capture of the city,' capta wrhs; 'the rest of the booty,' reliqua prceda; 'all of us/ 'three hundred of us,' nos omnes, nos trecenti; 'city of Rome,' urbs Roma; 'Rome,' Romani ; ' the hour of nine,' hora nona ; sometimes on the contrary we find vox voluptatis, ' the wordj pleasure,' &c, but rarely; cf. Madvig, §286. Cf. (2) 10, 23; (4) 12; (5) 3; (6) 11; (7) 53. I The nominative case will often have to be clanged to avoid making an idea the subject ; cf. § 7. Cf. (3)10; (17)19; (19) 9; (25)9. Cf. Nag. §§ 9—19, on the usage of the Speeies for tl e Genus. § 14. The same tendency to realism and natter of fact is shown in such direct personification oi ideas as aures for 'ear,' oculi the 'eye,' corpus for ' self.' Cf. scri- bere sua manu, 'to write one's self.' Cf. 2, 11; 15, 12; 17, 13; 26, 53; 52, 10. "Write Marcus fertur dixisse, rather than fertur War- cum dixisse, thereby making a person rather than ^sen- tence or idea the subject. Cf. 8, 9; 17, 7; 20, 26. \ The (English) tendency to the use of substantives appears in prepositional terms : in spite of, tamen, nihildaii- nus; in consequence of, ob, ex, propter; in the midst of, inter; in accordance with, ex, secundum; in return tor, pro; on condition that, ita ut; in proportion as, pro\t; by the side of, propter; as we often use present participles also (e.g. 'owing to,' 'respecting,' 'pending,' 'touchink' 'according to') as prepositions, cf § 25 (3. Realism of Latin. cf. I IS. Substan- tival prepO' sitions rarer in Latin. cf. §60. §§ 15, 16] Pronouns. xxi §15, a. The so-called indefinite article 'an' (un, ein, §15. . . , . , ' . Articlesand uno) is sometimes expressed by unus m early Latin; pronouns, §§ 1E>~""17 • often by quidam; sometimes by aliquis, or is (a man) 'an,' qui- , . . , „ , . , . ., dam,&c. qui; mostly it is left unexpressed; e.g. vnest hominibus vis quaedam ('a power'). Cf. 21, 11; 31, 14, 24. j8. The English 'one' (except as numeral, cf. 3, 4) indefinite is rarely unus, but quidam, (is) qui, quis, aliquis, some- 'some.' times alius — alius; in some senses tu, or rather the verb in the 2nd person ; and it is often left untranslated as in § 11 y, as also the indefinite 'some;' e.g. is erat qui, 'he was one of those men who;' sunt qui, &c; Dama ex servis (quidam), ' one of his slaves.' Cf. 3, 16; 9,24. y. The = that (cf. le, la, il, h, le from iUe) is a weak #Kj *k demonstrative, omitted in Latin where the definiteness is omitted, otherwise expressed ; or translated by hie, ille, is, iste, or the relative. Cf. 1, 15, 18; 25, 28; 32, 12. § 16. a. Is takes up the subject of a previous sentence j^ proper where we repeat a proper name (§ 10); often = a, the, "I 1 ?®-,, such as, such. Cf. 1,7; 9, 21; 29, 27; 31, 26. 'ii'='s'uch.- p. Ille points to a new or different subject ; and so nu. illud generally = toSe (or kK&vo), that which follows. It is often used also of celebrities of the distant past, of the ancients (esp. in oratory), as hie of the moderns, Cf. 39, 19; 45, 26; 54,4; 55,8. y. "With hie, ille means generally the more remote, Hie, ille. i. e. the former, hie the nearer, the last or latter. Hie, in the sense of 'this last,' often takes up the subject of a preceding sentence, like is. Cf. 5, 4; 31, 5, 18. Sic is used frequently in Cicero of Rome — the Roman world, as if 'this that you see before your eyes;' just as we- say 'our government,' 'our army.' Cf. Cic. Cat. iv. 4. 7 ; Att. xii. 19. 1 ; p. Gael. vi. 14, &c; Nag. § 44, xxii Pronouns. [§§ 16, 17. ate. 8. Iste refers to the second person, as Me to third, and hie (this near me) to the first. Omission of £ . 'That' is omitted (cf. § 11 y) in sentences like 'them,"it,' «my wish and that of Cicero,' or the substantive is re- peated as in 1, 24. So also the personal pronouns 'them,' 'it,' when mere repetitions of an object before expressed; cf. § 9 p, § 10 ; but not always. Cf. 13, 14, 19; (15) 10; 21, 17 ; (36) 13. §17. § 17. a. Pronouns in Latin when emphasized or con- Jr6rS0tl8iI , pronouns, trasted must be expressed, and then sufficiently repre- pressed. sent our additions of 'for my part,' 'on the one hand,' &c. Sometimes quidem, vero, &c. are added. Cf. § 47, &c. Cf. 26, 31; (26)47; 45, 8, 21. idem; P- Idem will often express our 'all the same,' 'on the other hand,' 'at once,' 'again,' 'very,' &c.j and ipse, our 'very,' 'the fact of,' 'of itself,' with numerals 'exactly:' e.g. hoc ipsum terret, iriginta dies erant ipsi, hunc ipsum, turn ipsum. Cf. 21, 10; 30, 3; 32, 7; 34, 15. Nemojquis- y, Nemo and quisquam are substantival, the latter lusjuius. being used in negative sentences, or questions implying negation. Nullus and ullus are generally used for their genitive and ablative ; e. g. nullo cogente ; nullius te mi- seret ; nullius avari ; nee prohibente ullo (Livy), not quo- quam ; est ne quisquam 2 Otherwise nullus and ullus are adjectival and used in the same kind of sentences. Nemo and quisquam are also used adjectivally with homo, vir, parens, mulier, and other appellatives. Aliquis; 2. aliquis, aliquid, substantival \~ e U UD " dam.'&c. aliqui, aliquod, adjectival ), ' v e called v definite indefinites. So nonnullus also and nescio quis. §§ 17, 18] Adjectives, Participles. xxiii quidam, substantival and adjectival, is definite. quivis, adjectival and substantival, quilibet, adjectival, quis, substantival, qui, adjectival, after ln e L e " si, ne, or relatives ; alius = aXXos, other and different, of many. alter = crepos, other, second, of two, as neuter, uter, uterque; so quisque of many, uterque of two. § 17. t. The suffix que (orig. quel, indefinite ablative from qui) seems to give the force of ' soever, ' otherwise given bj repetition ; as ubiubi=ubicunque=ubique ; utut=utcunque=utique, 'howsoever;' so quisquis=quicunque = quisque (cf. Tacitus for this usage of quisque), the adjunct being enclitic and indefinite. The force then of primus quisque is not 'each first, ' but ' the first whoever he be,' and so ' all the first ; ' prime- quoque tempore, 'the first opportunity whatever it be ; ' cf. 13, 6 ; 26, 53 ; 43, 16. The usage of quisquis and quicunque for ' every ' is noticeable in phrases such as quidquid progredior, ' at every step ;' quidquid increpat, ' at every noise ;' cf. Nag. § 36. § 18. o. In English, adjectives or participles (or Adjectives, other words) are prefixed to substantives for pure word- At'fcribu- painting, as attributives, or to suggest allusively class, thets, when quality, cause, condition, &c. In Latin either omit them or express the cause, condition, &c, separately and di- rectly, by participle, adjective, or verbal clause, placed after the substantive; e.g. 'the disappointed adventurers murmured,' milites elusi fremere. The participle is also omitted in such expressions as ' a man named Cotta,' Cotta quidam. 8. Where in English they are artificial or meta- Simplified - „ ™ Latin. phorical, simplify. Cf. (9) 18; (15) 2, 8, 11; (16) 23; (25) 15, 18,20; (42) 2. v. The English participial adjective must be ex- Participial ' ... adjectives, pressed by a simple adjective ; or treated separately as rarer in a verbal predicate, as above ; or expressed by a relative. xxiv Adjectives, Participles. [§§ 18 — 20. clause. There are but few participial adjectives in Latin, as prudens, sapiens, amans, potens, tutus, doclus, expeditus (found with comparative and superlative forms and adjectival usage). In English most participles (pre- sent act. and past pass.) are used as adjectives; e.g. 'a lost cause,' ' a dazzling sight.' For instances of Lat. ad- jectival participles, cf. Nag. § 72. Cf. (2)11, 27, 29; (3)7; (31)1; (32)5; (48) IS. ah"' f 1 § 19. c The practice, common in many "English pleonasms, authors, of giving each substantive its epithet, or group- ing substantives, adjectives, or verbs in couples, (cf. § 28 p.) must generally be avoided in Latin, though occa- sionally it occurs, especially in ornate oratory; cf. 32, 5— 15; (32)4— 16. Antithetical /}. g too antithetical repetitions of synonvms to repetitions. ' r j j balance clauses. Cf. % 11 y; 28 j3. Cf. (2)10— 13, 23, 29; (9)12; (10)6; (12)13,15,18; (17)8. poubiead- y_ Where (in English) several adjectives are prefixed to substantives without copula, connect them (in Latin) and place them after their substantives ; e.g. oculos habuit claros ac nitidos, but also nigris vegetisque oculis, 20, 27; 21, 41. Cf. (9)3; (13)8; (18)6; 22,2; (32)1. Adjectives § 20 - °~ ^ e (L a ti n ) adjective or participle, as in as clauses; English, may often represent a minor clause by itself, as the Greek adjective with u>v, especially in Tacitus (where it often stands for a main clause) ; e. g. inops ac desertus quid poterat facer c ? Cf. 2, 1, 10; 4, 22; 5, 12; 11, 7, 17; 13, 14; 24, 36; 49, 38. replacedby p. However the relative or some other verbal clause VBrDSil clause. will often have to be used instead ; e. g. ' naturally cruel and passionate he now gave full play to his passions,' quum (ut qui) natura scevus et impotem esset, libidi- nibus se totum dedidit. §§21 — 24] Adjegtives, Participles. xxv §21. The adjective or partieiple in one language §21. often replaces the adverb in the other ; e. g. Invitus veni, adjectives ' I came unwillingly;' sero veni, 'I was late in coming.' ^frKoJ Simple Latin adjectives, especially those in -osus, are tires!*" 1 ' used for English substantival expressions; e.g.difficUis, periculosus, &o., 'attended with difficulty, danger,' &c; saevum, 'marked with cruelty;' cruentus, 'stained with blood.' Cf. (4) 24 ; 8, 9 ; 36, 25, 27. § 22. Many (English) adjectives, like ' useless,' ' pos- §,22. . ile,' 'impracticable,' 'usual,' have to be rendered by adjectives verbal clauses ; e. g. qua soles lima, ' with your usual or substan- criticism ; ' rem et posse et debere fieri, ' that the measure was both practicable and expedient ; ' and -Latin adjec- tives, also, by English substantival or verbal clauses; e.g. impotens, capax, &c. So also English participles when equivalent to clauses; As also par- #§18. §25. (49)32. tIClpleS - Cf. (14)20, 21; (20)4, 15; (22)7. § 23. The adjective is constantly used as the main f 23. . Latin predicate with verbs in Latin ; e. g. Primus abiil ; no- Adjectives vissima exuitur laudis cupido. cates. § 24. a. Superlatives in one language replace com- § 24 paratives in the other ; tives, com- e. g. Uter horurri doctior ? ' Which of these is the andposl-' cleverest V Prior ego, ' I was first to speak.' changed? 1 " quo nihil iniquius, ' a most unfair course.' Cf. 3, 16; (6) 5; (32)2; 36, 2. /3. The Latin comparative is often rendered by our Lat - <-° m - ' too,' as in ' too great,' magus quam quod fieri possit; ' too rendered great for lightning,' majores fulguribus, or quam fulgwra, | rather/ (26, 27) ; often by our 'rather' or 'so:' or by a simple positive ; e.g. in the Latin, fortior quam felicior. Cf. 7, 13 ; 19, 32 ; 22 ; 2, 16 ; 33; 14 ; 36, 2 ; 45, 26 ; 51, 15, xxvi Participles. [§§24, 25. superlative § 24. y. The positive replaces the superlative, espe- y posi ive, c j a jjy j n jj U gij s ] 1) olir superlative being often awkward in form, and less used; Cato vir justissimus, ' That just man Cato." Cf. 21, 8—11; 33, 3; 37, 49; 38, 16. or by inten- 8. Latin superlatives mean not only ' most' but 'very;' qf. §85. optimus = 'best,' ' one of the best,' ' very good,' or simply 'good.' Cf. 36, 1; 43, 4; 45, 23; 48,9. Compari- *'. Comparisons are made in Latin usually by simple co-ordinate clauses, the copula or copulative relative replacing our 'as,' 'than,' &c; tantus ille qucmtus ego means strictly 'he is so great, and I am so great;' ille deque atque ego, 'he equally, and I equally.' §25 _ § 25. a. The Latin present participle active is not so pS"i P ies fre ely used as in English, cf. §§ 18, 22, 31 ; the "English usedia not P ar ticiple being often replaced (i) by the infinitive; e.g. Latin. (26) 39, cf. 26, 23 ; or by (ii) the historic imperfect or infinitive, as in descriptions, cf. (26) 15, and 26, 40; (iii) or by prepositions, cf. § 14 ; or (iv) by a co-ordinate clause, as in 31, 19 ; e. g. (i) mutari omnia videmus, ' we see all things changing.' (ii) pars arma eapere, alii fugere, plerique metu tor- pebant, ' some seizing arms, others running away, most standing paralyzed with fear.' (iii) ob Jiaec, de hoc, ' owing to this, concerning this.' (iv) caelum est mitissimum: oleas et vites profert; 'the climate is mild, producing both the vine and olive.' Present (3. The Lat. pres. part, is strictly present and marks strictly pre- simultaneous action ; loose English participles, present in tf§29 a. form onl y> must be translated by past participle, quum with past subjunctive, postquam with indicative, &c.j §§ 25, 26] Participles. xxvii e.g. 'so saying, lie left the house,' quum haec dixisset e doino exiit. Cf. 2, 1, 6, 14 ; 3, 19, 21 ; 8, 5, 13, &o. 'Pendent' impersonal participles, like ' considering,' § 95. 'excepting,' 'counting,' and even strictly present parti- pendent- ciples, may have to be translated by duja (mostly with pres " par6 ' pres. indie), si (mostly with fut. perfect), quum and a verb, past, part., ablative absolute, &c. Cf. 24, 40, 41; 31, 3. § 25. y. Siibject to these rules the pres. part, may j^ pre8 . be used in temporal, causal, conditional, modal, concessive p^ used senses. Cf. 2, 14, 24 ; 3, 4, 22 ; 7, 29 ; 8, 21 ; 13, 14, 39; 20, 35 ; 22, 34—6; 24,35,40; 29,30; 47,2. 8. It is frequently used in oblique cases where we esp. in use verbal clauses, cogitanti saepe occurrit. cases, Cf. 3, 9; 38, 30; 39, 15. t. It is constantly used in oblique cases (rarely in and for the nominative), especially in the genitive plural (as in men or Greek with the article), for classes of men or things. gs ° Cf. §§ 41 (speaking, &c.) is not sufficient; or by adverbs like ' constantly,' ' often,' ' still,' 'gradually;' generally by oua loose aorist. Cf. 7, 33—6 ; 25, 3, 5, 15, &c. (25) 4, 21, &o. ; (26), 13. 5 30 § 30. u. Wherever a fact is stated directly, or referred tiieand'in- to objectively, the indicative must be used; where it is ttofrone alluded to merely as an idea of the mind, or stated leadingidea. i n( jirectly as in oratio obliqua, the subjunctive. All mere All mere conceptions, then, belong to the subjunctive, and a mental be"o < n >P to nS conception is implied in all its uses. Aims and objects subjunctive. are conceptions : so also causes not realized as facts : and ■wishes, and conditions — (though a condition may form such an obvious fact that it is expressed as such, e.g. si lucet, lucet). Cf. 1, 20; 3, 6; 27, 8, 15; 37, 40; 46, 5. So-called Of the six so-called pure uses of the conjunctive junctives (Potential 1 , Conditional, Concessive, Optative, Dubitative, cafandmere Hortative, cf. the Primer, p. 141), five are strictly ellip- concep ion. ^ ca ^ dependent on verbs (as fac ut, suadeo ut, &c.) suppressed: such dependent clauses as mere conceptions naturally belong to the subjunctive. The ' conditional pure use' (as in 19, 14 ; 26, 38) is of course also a con- ception (vellem ire) dependent on a condition often un- expressed. Cf. 19, 14; 40, 1, 4, 33; 44,10; 53,19. in what . P- The future too it may be said is strictly pure rutureindic. conception, and should belong to the subjunctive. It conception. mav be seen indeed that etymologically it is closely connected with the subjunctive ; both the future and fut. 1 The subjunctive has never the sense of possibility or poten- tiality. ' What can I do V is only an inexact interchange of idiom for quidfaciam? 'Petunt ut eant' no more proves a latent idea of licet or potest in the subj. than 'placet ire,' ' censeo esse,' shew a latent debar e in the infinitive. § 30] Subjunctive, Conjunctions. xxxi perf. indie, are often almost identical in form with the pves. and perf. subj., and might almost as well be classed with the subj. tenses', which they often replace, or are replaced by ; but it is also true that the future may be stated as a fact (just as much as the past, though belong- ing to the region of fact, may be treated as a conception or hypothesis) ; though, even then, the ideality or uncer- tainty of the future often leads to the use of the sub- junctive, the certainty of the past even in hypothesis to that of the indicative ; e. g. si veils for si voles ; manebo donee redeat (redierit) ; ausim/ haud facile dixerim; fecit si potuit, cf. 27, 14. § 30. v. Frequency (with temporal conjunctions, § so y. ■ i \- \ • ,»., t - ''Frequen- or si, or relatives), as an indefinite conception, may reason- oy.' amn- ably take the subjunctive, and does so generally in Livy ception. and Tacitus. See Madvig, § 359. Cf. 9, 5 ; 16, 33 ; IV, 13 ; 21, 10; 22, 25. 8. Conjunctions have no inborn predilection for conjunc- indicative or subjunctive. We shall find that most may ^$1 either be used with either, and there are good reasons for the ™din|°a]s exceptions. We, must not take then for our guide arbi- ceptionTs 1 ", trary rules, that they rejoice in this or that, but examine ex P ressed - the idea of the sentence, and see whether it is a concep- tion or fact stated. The facts about their usage may be summarized as follows : reasons for the usage are added below : of course all (except sometimes dwni) are found with subjunctive in oratio obliqua or dependent sentences. 1 It must not be forgotten that, chronologically, tense-forms precede the existence of moods: that in fact moods and the classification of tenses under them are arbitrary though useful fictions of grammarians, and though in the main based on truth, are still open in some details to question and possibly to subse- quent revision. 0,2 XXX11 . Subjunctive, Conjunctions. [§30. Conjunctions, (i) Causal. (ii) Temporal. Sometimes or always found with Subjunctive. Quum. Quum, antequam, priusquam. (Hi) Final, implying object. (iv) Concessive, im- plying attendant circumstances. (v) Conditional, im- plying hypotheti- cal qualifications. (vi) Consecutive, im- plying result. (vii) Comparative. Ut,ne (=Mine 1 ), quo, quin, quominus. Licet, quamvis, ut. Dum, modo,dummodo. Si. Ut. Generally with Indicative (but also with Subjunctive). Quod, quia, quoniam, quandoquidem, si- quidem. Quum,quando,ut, quo- ties, ante (prim-) quam, postquam, simul, dum, donee, quoad. None.. Quanquam, ut ut, si, nisi, etsi, etiamsi. Si. None. Ut, &o. Tanquam, velut, ut, quasi. Moods used i. Cause, as a statement of fact, is generally expressed by the «miunc" Sal i n| li oatrTe > causal conjunctions then are mostly found with the tions. indicative — compounds of quidem (which means ' in fact,' e. g. siquidem, quandoquidem; cf. Eoby, §§ 1747, 1988,) nearly always ; but cause in your own mind or' the mind of another is conception, not fact, and takes the subjunctive with quum (a kind of tem- poral conception implying sequence and so cause), or with any of the causal conjunctions given above. It should be remarked that si, like quando, quum, only incidentally expresses cause, and that siquidem is generally purely hypothetical not causal ; cf. pro Mil. xvin. 48. Cf. 7, 7, 15, 41 ; 22, 3, &o. ii. All temporal conjunctions are found both with indicative and subjunctive. Simple juxtaposition of facts co-ordinately ar- 1 Ne is used to negative final, imperative, optative, and some conditional clauses ; non all other clauses, and all subordinate parts or fractions even of imperative clauses. Zumpt's (p. 361), Madvig's (§ 456, obs. 2), and Heindorf 's (Horace, Sat. n. 5, 91) instances to the contrary from the poets are only apparent exceptions. It is not till Quintilian's time that instances occur like non dixeris, non perdamus^ with tem poral, § 30] Subjunctive Clauses. xxxiii ranged requires the indicative; therefore use quum, postquam with the indicative where you wish to state two facts in some temporal connexion; but as soon as you get to pure conception (as often of a fact never realized, e. g. priusquam rex veniret aMit) or inchoate and incomplete actions, these particles take a subjunctive ; post- quam very rarely, because it refers mainly to complete past actions. Cf. 3, 6 ; 7, 33, 34; 9, 24 ; 16,' 14 ; 23, 7, 35, &c. N.B. Notice that dum is found mostly with the pres. indie. § SO. even in oblique narration (as vividly descriptive) ; ante quam, prius- ^avum, quam (if with the indicative), and postquam, with the perfect rather guvm, than pluperfect ; e.g. postquam venit = alter he had come; the point of time to mark (after which the other event happened) is venit not venerat. Where we wish to mark strongly a previously com- pleted fact, and not merely to use it as a point of time, the plu- perfect is found, e. g. postquam occiderat; 'after he had first killed.' Cf. 24,40; 47,2,7; 51, 16. Quum however (as marking chronological sequence with causal connexion more or less implied, or as stating facts allusively and not directly) takes the subjunctive in connexion with historic tenses. iii. An aim must be a conception, and these particles are only with final, found with subjunctives. Cf. 3, 6; 9, 4, &c. iv. Concessive, as conceding either a fact or a hypothesis, will with con- take accordingly indicatives or subjunctives. Elliptical forms like cesslve ' licet (ut) — (fac) ut, really introduce dependent sentences which come under another rule, and are only apparent exceptions. Quamvis and quantumvis are, strictly, not conjunctions but adverbs qualifying an elliptical dependent clause, e. g. quamvis sit, &c, be it as much as you like, &c. Cf. 29, 19 ; 47, 9. In Tacitus quamvis is usually found with indicative, quamquam with subjunctive, as also sometimes in Livy. v. You may take either a certain fact or a conception as a with con- condition. These particles therefore are found with both moods. datl0nal - Cf. 37, 21, 24, 39; 52, 6, 24, 28. vi. Consecutive clauses are found invariably in the subjunc- with con- c pcii ti V6 tive, as merely qualifying preceding statements and not stating ' (otherwise than allusively) a fresh fact. (The Greeks often seem to treat their Oare as a mere copula =itaque.) Cf. 7, 20; 20, 4. vii. Comparison also takes indicative or subjunctive accord- with com- .... parativo. ingly as you compare conceptions or facts. Cf. 7, 50; 28, 3; 39, 27. xxxiv Subjunctive Clauses, Tenses. [§ 30. fse. Subjunctives, preceded by ut, often stand alone parenthetic- Pinalorcon- „ or as sub j ecta apparently of fit, abest, accidit, restat, &c - Especially in the favourite parenthetical use of incertum an (dolo), or sive — sive. Sive verum istud sive ex in- genio principis fictum, Cf 24, 49. Cf.2,3, 9, 12; 4, 9, 13; 11,17. 8. Frequent use of ablative absolute both before ^^^j. and, more frequently, after the main verb, as co-ordinate nate- clause (stating a fresh fact), or as attendant circum- stance, &c.; e.g. lubrieo statu, attritis opibus, H* I. 10; of the gerund in do, 24, 35, similarly ; of the gerundive (e.g. An. xi. 32, dissimulando metu digreditwr) in modal or final sense, cf. 22, 12; of the ablat. absol. used im- personally, e. g. explorato, nuntiato, cf. 4, 3, But cf. Tac. An. xv. 24, 28 with An. xi. 32. Cf.2, 6; 4, 12; 11,12,17- e. Use of quamquam with subjunctive, and with g^J- for participles, e.g. H. I. 19 (and quamvis with indicative); more frequent use of the subjunctive generally, wherever a fact can be stated subjectively or where the indefinite idea of frequency justifies its use; on the other hand, occasional interpolation of the indicative in obliqua oratio, and freqiient use of the construction, cirevmveniebatur ni...se opposuissent. Cf.% 3, 18; 4 22; 8,29; 16,14,33. xlvi Tacitean Idioms. [§42. Asyndeton. Zeugma, &c. Infinitives substanti- vally, epexc getically. Tacitean imitations of Greek and poet, forms. Brevity: Ellipse: verbs in special § 42. £. Omission of conjunctive and disjunctive copulas. Of. 11, 7, 15, 17. ij. Union or confusion of incongruous ideas and con- structions. Cf. 2, 10; 8, 10, 16; 9, 7; 10, 14; 11, 10—12; 16, 5, 37; 18, 17 ; 22, 27. 6. Free use of infinitives (i) as substantives both as . subject and object (as in Greek with the article), (ii) epexegetically as in Greek; (iii) with ellipse of verb, to express habit, inception, &c, even after quum, ubi; e.g. legionibus cum damno labor, et fodere rivos. An. xi. 20. auferre, trucida/re, rapere, falsis nominibus imperium... appellant. Agr. 30. i. Imitation of Greek and of poetical forms, as in the use of the genitive (for ablative), of the objective, genitive, of the subjective dative for ablative; of adjec- tives or participles for substantives and for adverbs : in the use of the positive for the comparative ; in the variety of periphrases for common ideas (as death, suicide, &c.) : e. g. volgus mutabile subitis ; adrogans minoribus; t&rrnonis nimius; vehementius quam caute, dtc. Cf. 2, 2 ; 22, 11, 14, 23 ; 23, 28. k. General tendency to brevity, condensation, and ellipse of prepositions and nouns as well as verbs (as in •y) ; frequent usage of verbs in peculiar senses, e. g. agerq, to continue, live, stay ; tendere, to encamp ; impu- tare, expedire, &c; or with peculiar constructions, e.g. fungor, potior, with accusative. Cf. i, 14; 10,8; 11, 2, 11; 22,4, Generally it will be seen that most of the peculiari- ties involve, either imitation of Greek — often as if the (Greek) article or participle £>v were understood — or an affectation of brevity, or a preference for a subjective §§ 42, 43] Oratio Obliqua. xlvii turn of thought suggestive rather than explicit, or, lastly, a desire for singularity or variety of expression. § 43. a. In English we often follow the train of I 43 -.. . thought in another's mind, his reasonings, or statements, "T?** and state them directly with or without a prefatory 'he said,' 'he advised,' &c. This is our oratio obliqua, marked only by the use of the past for the present, pluperfect for perfect (would, could, &c., for will, can). Ambiguities often occur in consequence. Cf. (6)12; (7)10; (8)15; (11) 5, &c; (15)7,17. B. In Latin the verb cannot be thus left in the in- Latin . . ... oratio dicative mood, but is thrown into the infinitive or sub- obliqua. junctive. The subject becomes an accusative, the verb an infinitive, both in the main and in the co-ordinate clauses ; while subordinate or dependent verbs, become or remain subjunctives, in present or past tenses accordingly as the original main verb is present, past, or historic present. § 30 y, vi. § 41 u. Cf. 4,10— 19; 6,5—21; 11,3—7; 12,15. y. Words introducing this oratio obliqua, ' urging,' Ellipse of 'saying,' 'he exclaimed,' 'he continued,' are omitted generally ; dixit, respondit, videbatur, apparebat, fereba- tur, &c, are sometimes used; Commands and exhortations, dependent on monet, monuib ut, &c. suppressed, are put in the present or im- perfect subjunctive. Cf. 1,6; 8,15; 11,3,14; 12,15; 24,20. S. Independent questions when put in oratio obliqua, Questions as other main clauses, are expressed by the accusative obliqua. with the infinitive (being dependent on dicit, &c. not on rogat, &c), e.g. Quern non videre ? except where the second person of the oratio recta has to be expressed, when to avoid confusion the subjunctive is mostly used, as if it were a dependent clause. So nonne vides e2 ted, xlviii Oratio Obliqua. [§§ 43 — '45. becomes nonne videret; but nonne video, videmus ? become nonne (se) videre f and nonne videt, vident ? nonne videre eos? &c. See Madvig, § 405. Gf.%,\\; 10, 3, 4; cf. also Cic. p. Rosa. Am. 23. 64. !*>•. The indirect interrogative however approximates to a interroga- simple dependent clause (when attached to a main verb expressed), and is treated as such (see j8) ; quaerit ubi esset Goto, ubi tu esses, ubi ipse esset. Questions § 43. e. Questions originally in the subjunctive (like "ubo'rdina- other dependent clauses) when put in oratio obliqua re- main in the subjunctive with a change of tense according to yS, or § 30 £; e.g. utri pa/ream 1 becomes utri pareret ? or utri parendum esset ? in oratio obliqua,- in both cases equally a main governing verb or a condition being suppressed. Here, as in § 30 f, the rule holds good that the subjunctive cannot do double duty. Quid faceres ? (conditional) becomes quid facturus esset ? Qui copula- £• The relative qui is often treated as a copula n'vewit m ' (= et is) and followed by the infinitive mood, the relative sentences being then co-ordinate and not dependent. However the subjunctive is oftener found, so that the sentence becomes a qualifying clause. See Madvig, § 402. E.g. esse illi pecuniam et eloquentiam queis multos an- teiret (or antevre). 44. . § 44. Short speeches in English are generally ex- oratio pressed in oratio recta ; in Latin by oratio obliqua : but obliqua. no( . jj^yg,. eg 2 6, 35; (15) 18; 30, 2. As a rule oratio obliqua is oftener used in Latin than in English for all speeches. Cf. (1)26; (7)37; (10)4; 16,26; (28)7; (30)1. Metaphors: § 45, °" Meta P nors are less frequent in Latin than § 45] Metaphors. xlix English, and where used are used more consciously and consistently 1 . Cf. 3, 15; (4) 18; (9) 23, &c. § 45. 0. English is thickly strewn with buried §4s. metaphors^-fossils of bygone ages, Greek, Roman, Saxon, reproduced: Norman; they need not be reproduced in Latin, if dead and unmeaning in the English, and will otherwise often require simplifying; e.g. 'agony,' 'afflicted,' 'redundant,' ' redound,' ' affluence,' ' inured,' ' despond,' ' astonished.' Cf. § 11 /?. On the other hand, their Latin originals can often no longer be expressed in English by such effete derivatives, but will require the substitution of other words and more lively metaphors. y. Metaphors may often in translation be shifted Shifted from the verb or adjective to the noun, or vice versa ; verb to e. g. magna vis telorum volabat ; defluxit salutatio; signa nonfucata sed domesticis inusta notis veritatis. The most ordinary Lat. metaphors it will be noticed Sources of come from the ideas of gushing and flowing, burning, flame or heat. In attempting to translate a metaphor Rule for ,. 7, . nn translating first grasp the mam leading idea or it, whether extent, metaphors. swiftness, rest, development, &c, discarding at first inci- dentals. Then choose an essential equivalent suiting the idiom of the language, afterwards working in the inci- dentals harmoniously, 8. Where we use similes taken from nautical (as in Metaphors N from nation- Greek) or commercial matters, or our old national pur- ai habits, suits, as archery, the Romans take theirs from legal or military matters, and from their own peculiar habits, 1 Not always however: cf. Cio. in Catilin. it. 3, 6. Latins opinione disseminatuwi est hoc ynalum; manavit non solum per Italiam, verum etiam tramcendit Alpes; et obscure serpens multas provincias occupavit. Id opprimi sustentando et prolatando nulla, pacto potest. 1 Metaplwrs. [§§ 45 — 47- pursuits, and institutions; they will often use similes where we do not, and vice versa/ e. g. Epicuri castra ; tirocinium; in ordinem cogi ; vita mancipio nulli datur ; columen reipublicae ; 'two strings to one's bow;' 'to hit, miss, overshoot, &c, the mark;' 'to draw the long bow,' &c, 'mainstay,' 'to launch a scheme,' 'to tack,' 'to weather,' 'to draw upon the imagination,' 'to endorse,' ' to credit with,' &c. more mate- § 45. e. English similes and figurative expressions m a ' are more idealistic, Latin more material and matter-of- fact : e.g. cedant arma togae ; nervi reipublicae; succus et sanguis oratorum. See Cic. de Oratore, in. 38, 153 sqq.; Quintil. Inst. Orat. Bk. vni. Cf. 6, 7; (10) 9, 15 ; (14) 14; (15) 10, 19; (22) 4; (32) 5, 7; (35) 16; (36) 10; (39) 9, 16; and 14, 6; 22, 7 ; 26, 34, 50, 72; 37, 36, 60; 46, 12; 49, 14—19; 53, 7; 55, 5, 11. §46. §46. Jubesme venire; veniam, 'you ask me to come; rfrorb in" 8 I wil1 ' ( c f- § 28), is a difference of idiom due to the use ^jjj' of auxiliaries in English and not in Latin, and to our 1! . The 7 air is in the hottest season constantly refreshed by cool breezes from to the sea. The vales produce excellent wheat, but are mostly covered with vineyards, intermixed with fruit-trees. The hills are the greater part covered to the top with vines, some with chestnut-groves. The fields in the northern side are divided 7 by hedge-rows of myrtle. Several fountains and rivu- 15 lets add to the beauty of this landscape 11 , which is 7 likewise set off by the variety of some barren spots 11 and naked rocks. The inhabitants of this delicious 18 isle, as they are without riches "and honours, so they are 28 without the vices and follies that attend them : and 9 were they but as much strangers to revenge 20 as they are to avarice and ambition, they might in fact answer the poetical notions 12 of the golden age. But they have got, as an alloy 12 to their happiness, an ill habit 12 of murdering one another on slight offences. Bishop Berkeley to Pope. (32.) "We now came to a short rocky pass, from which you descend into the valley of Campana, the most enchanting spot 11 1 have ever seen 5 ; it is 9 like a 15 boundless garden, covered entirely with plants and vegetation as far as the eye can reach. On one . side are the blue outlines 13 of the sea, on the other an undulating 13 5 range of hills above which snowypeaks project 28 ; and at a great •y peal distance Vesuvius and the isjjps, bathed in blue vapours, start up on the level surface ; lamp avenues of trees intersect the vast space, and a verdant grWth forces its way from under every stone. ' Everywhere you seelgrotesque aloes and cactuses, 10 and the fragrance and vegetation are 6 quite unparalleled. The pleasure 5 we enjoy in England through men, we here enjoy through nature; and as there is no corner there, however small,, of which some one has not taken possession 12 in order to cultivate and adorn it, so here there is no spoflC which Nature has not 15 appropriated 28 , bringing 25 forth on it floVers and herbs, and all that is beautiful. "' Mendelssohn. 50 Epistolary. 33. Mane lectulo continetur, hora secunda calceos posoit, ambulat milia passuum tria nee minus animum quam corpus exercet 12 . Si adsunt amici, honestissinri sermones explicantur : si non, liber legitur; interdum etiam praesentibus 12 amicis, si 5 tamen illi non gravantur. Deinde considit, et liber rursus aut sermo libro potior 12 : mox vehiculum ascendit, adsumit uxorem singularis 11 exempli vel aliquem amicorum, ut me proxime. Peractis septem milibus passuum iterum ambulat mille, iterum residit vel se cubiculo ac stilo reddit. Ubi hora balinei nun- io tiata est (est autem hieme nona, aestate octava), in sole, si caret vento, ambulat nudus. Deinde movetur pila vehementer 8 " et diu : nam hoc quoque exercitationis genere pugnat cum senectute. Lotus 20 accubat et panlisper cibum differt: interim audit legentem 13 remissius aliquid 12 et dulcius. Per hoc omne l i tempus liberum 12 est amicis vel eadem facere vel alia, si malint. Adponitnr cena non minus nitida quam frugi in argento puro et antiquo : sunt in usu et Corinthia, quibus delectatur nee ad- ficitur 32 . Frequenter comoedis 13 cena distinguitur, ut voluptates quoque studiis condiantur ". Sumit aliquid de nocte et aestate : to nemini hoc longum est 28 ; tanta 8 comitate convivium trahitur. Inde illi post septimum et se'ptuagensimum annum aurium oculorum 14 vigor integer, inde agile et vividum 13 corpus solaque ex senectute prudentia. Pliny. 34. C. Plinius Fosco Suo S. — Quaeris quemadmodum in Tuscis diem aestate disponam. Evigilo cum libuit 27 , plerum- que circa horam primam, saepe ante, tardius raro: clausae fenestrae manent. Mire enim silentio et tenebris ab iis 12 quae 5 avocant abductus", et liber et mihi relictus", non oculos animo sed animum oeulis sequor, qui eadem quae mens vident, quo- tiens non vident alia. Cogito, si quid in manibus, cogito ad verbum scribenti 25 emendantique similis, nunc pauciora nunc plura, ut vel difficile 30 vel facile componi tenerive potuerunt. io Notarium voco et die admisso quae formaveram 27 dicto: abit rursusque revocatur rursusque dimittitur. Ubi hora quarta vel quinta (neque enim cerium dimensumque tempus), ut dies suasit 87 , in xystum me vel cryptoporticum confero, reliqua me- ditor et dicto. Vehiculum ascendo. Ibi quoque idem quod 15 ambulans aut iacens 25 . Durat intentio mutatione ipsa refecta: paulum redormio, dein ambulo, mox orationem Graecam Lati- namve clare et intente, non tarn vocis causa quam stomachi lego; pariter tamen et ilia firmatur 12 . Iterum ambulo, ungor, Epistolary. 51 (33.) In this season I rise not at four in the morning but a little before eight ; at nine, I am called from my study to breakfast, which I always perform alone, in the English style. Our mornings are usually passed 7 in separate studies ; we never approach each other's door without a previous message, or 5 thrice knocking 32 , and my apartment is already sacred and for- midable to strangers. I dress at half-past one, and at two (an early hour 11 , to which I am not perfectly reconciled,) we sit down to dinner. After dinner, and the departure 18 of our com- pany, one, two, or three friends, we read together some amusing 10 book, or play at chess, or retire to our rooms, or make visits 12 , or go to the coffee-house. Between six and seven the assemblies begin, and 9 1 am oppressed only with their number and variety. Between nine and ten we withdraw 28 to our bread and cheese, and friendly converse, which sends 28 us to bed at eleven ; but 15 these sober hours are too often interrupted 7 by private or numerous suppers, which I have not the courage to resist, though I practise a laudable abstinence at the best furnished tables. Such 18 is the skeleton of my life. Gibbon. (34.) a. During your stay 12 in London, my hermitage, such as it is, is at your service 11 , and you will be expected 6 in it 9 . I am a single man, turned of seventy; but as far from melancholy 13 as a man need be. Hour of dinner, six ; tea, between nine and ten ; bed, a quarter before eleven. Dinner and tea in society 13 ; 5 breakfast, my guests, whoever they are, have at their own hour 11 , and by themselves ; my breakfast, of which a newspaper, read to me to save my weak eyes, forms an indispensable part, I take by myself. Wine I drink none, being, in that particular", of the persuasion of Jonadab the son of Kechab. At dinner, 10 soup as constantly as if I were a Frenchman, an article 11 of my religion 5 learnt in France : meat, one or two sorts, as it may happen ; ditto sweet things, of which, with the soup, the prin- cipal part of my dinner is composed. Bentham. b. Your notions 12 of friendship are new to me : I believe 15 eveiy man is born with his quantum ; and he cannot give to one without 32 robbing another. I very well know to whom I 4 would give the first places in my friendship, but 9 they are not in the way; I am condemned 9 to another scene", and therefore I distribute it in penny-worths to those about me, and who 20 displease me least; and 9 should do the same to my fellow- 4—2 52 Epistolary. exerceor, lavor 12 . Cenanti 12 mihi, si cum uxore vel paucis, liber 5o legitur : post cenam comoedus aut lyristes 13 : mox cum meis ambulo, quorum in numero sunt eruditi. Ita variis sermonibus vespera extenditur, et quamquam longissimus 20 dies cito conditur. Non numquam ex hoc ordine aliqua 12 mutantur. Nam si diu iacui vel ambulavi 12 , post somnum demum lectionemque non •25 veHculo sed, quod 6 brevius 11 , quia velocius, equo gestor. Inter- veniunt amici ex proximis oppidis partemque diei ad se trahunt interdumque lasso mihi opportuna interpellatione stibveniunt. 35. Peropportune mihi redditae sunt litterae tuae, quibus flagitabas 38 ut tibi aliquid exscriptis meis mitterem, cum ego id ipsum destinassem 88 . Addidisti ergo calcaria sponte eurrenti 13 . Petiturus sum enim ut rursus vaces sermoni quern apud muni- 5 cipes meos habui 28 bibliothecam dedicaturus 20 . Memini quidem te iam quaedam 12 adnotasse, sed generaliter : ideo nunc rogo ut non tantum universitati eius attendas, verum etiam particnlas qua soles lima persequaris. Erit enim et post emendationem liberum 12 nobis vel publicare vel continere. Quin immo fortasse 10 hanc ipsam cunctationem nostram in alterutram sententiam emendationis ratio deducet, quae 9 aut indignum editione, dum saepius retractat 88 , inveniet aut dignum, dum id ipsum experi- tur 12 , efficiet Quamquam huius cunctationis meae causae non tarn inscriptis quam in ipso materiae genere 11 consistunt 28 . Est 15 enim paulo quasi gloriosius et elatius". Onerabit 12 hoc modes- tiam nostram, etiamsi stilus" ipse pressus demissusque fuerit, propterea quod cogimur cum de munificentia parentum nostro- rum turn de nostra disputare. Anceps hie et lubricus locus est, etiam cum illi necessitas lenocinatur. Plint. 36. Tristissimus 11 haec tibi scribo, Fundani nostri filia minore defuncta 9 , qua puella 5 nihil umquam festivius, amabilius, nee modo longiore vita sed prope immortalitate dignius vidi. Nondum annos quattuordecim impleverat, et iam illi anilis 5 prudentia, matronalis gravitas erat, et tamen suavitas puellaris cum virginali verecundia. Ut ilia patris cervicibus inhaerebat ! ut nos amicos paternos et amanter et modeste complectebatur ! ut nutrices, ut paedagogos, ut praeceptores pro suo quemque officio diligebat ! quam studiose, quam intellegenter lectitabat ! Epistolary* 5$ prisoners if I were 39 condemned to jail. I 4 -would describe to you my way of living, if any method could be called so in this country. I choose companions 4 out of those of least con- sequence 12 and most compliance 12 : I read the most trifling 5 25 books I can find ; and whenever I write, it is upon the mo°t trifling subjects 11 ; but riding, walking, and sleeping, take up eighteen of the twenty-four hours. I procrastinate 28 more than I did twenty years ago ; and have several things to finish, which I put off to twenty years hence; Hcec est vita solutorum, &c. 30 Swift. (35.) I send for your edification 12 , a Defence of Usury and some other enormities. Abuse it 9 and keep it, or abuse it 9 and print it, as to your wisdom may seem meet. Don't let Trail see it or hear it (the blasphemous 14 th letter I mean) till he has 29 submitted to have his hands tied behind him, for fear of 5 mischief. Douglas's phlegm 13 might be 7 trusted, but he is Attorney-general by this time 34 , and has not time. Don't let any very flagrant absurdities 12 go for want 12 of correction or erasure : false or dubious law I don't so much care about, provided you correct it or clear it up in a note. "What I send 10 you at large is only the middle; the condemned head and tail I send you only the contents of: somewhat of their history 11 you will find in margin of said contents. The chapter on Blackstone I give you full power over. Sam, as often as he considered it in the abstract 11 , was for suppressing it, because Blackstone is 15 dead, and it is 30 harping on the old string, /u.ei/(os scriptae: quod ipsum TrpoKoirqv 10 aliquam significaret : itemque caeteri praeclara 11 scribunt 37 . Leouidas tamen retinet suum illud "Adhuc:" summis vero laudibus Herodes 40 . Quid quaeris 39 ? vel verba mini dari facile patior in hoc ; meque libenter praebeo credulum. Narro tibi 39 ; haec loca venusta sunt, abdita certe, et, si 15 quid scribere velis, ab arbitris libera: sed, nescio quomodo, oikos t\o<;. Itaque me 7 referunt pedes in Tusculanum. Tu (quaeso) fac sciam, ubi Brutum nostrum, et quo die, videre possim. c. Obsecro te, quid est hoc? Formiani, qui apud me coe- 20 nabant 38 , Plancum se, aiebant, hunc Buthrotium, pridie quam hoc scribebam, id est iv. Nonas, vidisse demissum, sine pha- leris: servulos autem dicere, eum et agripetas ejectos a Buthro- tiis. Macte ! Sed (amabo te 39 ) perscribe mihi totum negotium. Epistolary. 67 June 3, 1787 53 . (43.) Dear Sir, It is no encouragement 12 to be good 4 , -when it is so profitable to do evil: and I 17 shall 48 grow wicked upon principle, and un- grateful by system 19 . If I thought that not answering 33 one letter 5 would always procure me two such, I would be as silent as ingratitude, bad taste, and an unfeeling heart 13 , can cause the most undeserving to be. I did 4 , indeed 34 , receive your first 37 obliging letter, and intended, in the true spirit 11 of a Bristol trader, to have sent you some of my worthless beads and bits 10 of glass, in exchange for your ivory and gold dust; but a very tedious 19 , nervous headache 12 has made me less than ever quali- fied 28 to traffic with you in this dishonest way 11 . I am now better 33 , and would not have named being sick at all, if thera were 8 any other apology in the world that would have justified 15 my not writing 33 .... I am become a perfect outlaw from all civil society 13 and regular life. I spend almost my whole time in my little garden. From 'morn to noon, from noon to deVy eve,' I am employed 23 in raising dejected pinks, and reforming disorderly honey- 10 suckles. Yours, dear Sir, very faithfully, Hannah More. (44.) a. Dearest Gee, Nothing could exceed the beauty of the grapes 37 , except the beauty of the pine-apple. How well you understand the clergy 40 ! I am living, young and lively as I am, in the most profound 5 solitude. I saw a crow 4 yesterday, and had a distant view 28 of a rabbit to-day. I have ceased to trouble myself about 4 com- pany 11 . If anybody thinks it worth while to turn aside to the Valley of Flowers, I am most happy 23 to see them; but I have ceased 28 to lay plots, and to toil for visitors. I save myself by 10 this much disappointment . 6. Dear Dickens, Excellent! nothing can 40 be better! You 17 must settle 40 it with the Americans as you can 27 , but I 17 have nothing to do with that. I have only to certify 28 that the number is full of wit, 15 humour, and power 11 of description. I am 38 slowly recovering drom an attack 11 of gout in the knee, and am very sorry to have missed 23 you. Sydney Smith. 5—2 68 Epistolary. 45. (a) Cicero Beuto S. — Breves tuae literae : breves dico? immo nullae. Tribusne versiculis his temporibus Brutus* ad me 81 1 nihil scripsissem potius. Et requiris meas. Quis un- quam ad te tuorum sine meis venit? Quae autem epistola noD 5 pondus habuit] Quae si ad te perlatae 39 non sunt, ne domestieas quidetn tuas perlatas arbitror. Ciceroni scribis 37 te longiorem daturum epistolam 38 . Recte id quidem : sed haec quoque debuit" esse plenior. Ego autem, cum ad me de Ciceronis abs te 3 discessu scripsisses, statim extrusi tabellarios, literasque ad io Ciceronem; tit, etiam si in Italiam venisset, ad te rediret. Nihil enim mihi jucundius, nihil illi honestius. Quamquain aliquoties ei scripseram, sacerdotum comitia, mea summa con- tentione, in alteram annum esse rejecta: quod at te etiam scripseram. Sed videlicet, cum illam pusillam epistolam tuam 15 ad me dabas, nondum erat tibi id notum. Quare, omni studio a te, mi Brute, contendo, ut Ciceronem meum ne dimittas tecumque deducas. / (b) C. Plinius Paulino. — Irascor, nee liquet mihi an ' debeam, sed irascor. Scis quam sit amor iniquus interdum, 20 inpotens saepe, /xncpatrios semper. Haec tamen cau^a magna est, nescio an iusta: sed ego 17 , tamquam non minus iusta quam magna sit, graviter irascor quod a te tarn diu litterae nullae. Exorare me potes uno modo, si nunc saltern plurimas et longis- simas miseris. Haec 3 mihi sola excusatio vera, ceterae falsae 25 videbuntur. Non sum auditurus 'non eram Bomae' vel 'occu- patior eram.' Illud enim nee di sinant 40 , ut ' iufirmior.' Ipse ad villam partim studiis partim desidia fruor, quorum utrum- que ex otio nascitur. Vale. f 46. Curius M. Ciceroni Suo S.- S. V. B. 39 Sum enim Xpifo-ei ply tuus, KTjJcr« Se Attici nostri 16 : ergo fructus est tuus, mancipium illius: quod quidem si inter senes coemptionalea venale proscripserit 27 , egerit non multum. At ilia nostra praedi- 5 catio quanti est, nos, quod simus, quod habeamus, quod homines existimemur 33 , id omne abs te habere ! Qua re, Cicero mi, per- severa coustanter nos conservare et Sulpicii successori nos de meliore nota" commenda, quo facilius tuis praeceptis obtem perare possimus teque ad ver lubentes videre et nostra refigere 10 deportareque tuto possimus. Sed, amice magne, noli 40 hanc epistolam Attico ostendere: sine eum errare 12 et putare me virnm bonum esse nee solere 38 duo parietes de eadem fidelia dealbare 45 . Ergo, patrone mi, bene vale Trionemque meum saluta nostris verbis 39 . Dat. a. d. IV. Kal. Novembr. Epistolary. 69 Lyons, Sept. 18, 1739 ra . (45.) Savez vous bien 39 , mon cher ami, que je vous hais, que je vous d6teste 1 voila des terrnes un peu fortes ; and that 5 will save me, upon a just computation 12 , a page of paper and six drops of ink ; which, if I confined myself to reproaches of a s more moderate 11 nature, I should be obliged to employ 28 in using 33 you according to your deserts. What ! to let 31 any body reside three months at Bheims, and write but once to them 1 Please 39 to consult Tully de Amicit. page 5, line 25, and you will find it said in express terms, "Ad amicum inter Eemos relegatum jo manse uno quinquies scriptum esto ;" nothing more plain, or less liable to false interpretations 13 . Now 34 because, I suppose, it will give you pain to know we are in being 28 , I take this opportunity 28 to tell 48 you that we are at the ancient and cele- brated Lugdunum, a city situated 5 upon the confluence of the 15 Rhone and Saone (Arar, I should 49 say), two people, who 5 , though of tempers 13 extremely unlike, think fit to join hands here, and 9 make a little party " to travel to the Mediterranean in company "; the lady 10 comes gliding along through the fruitful plains of Burgundy; the gentleman 10 runs all rough and roaring down 20 from the mountains of Switzerland to meet her ; and with all her soft airs 12 she likes him never the worse ; she 17 goes through the middle of the city in state 12 , and he passes incog, without the walls, but 9 waits for her a little below. Gkay. (46.) Lucy, Lucy, my dear child 39 , don't tear your frock ; tearing 33 frocks is not of itself a proof 12 of genius ; but write as vour mother writes, act as your mother acts ; be frank, loyal, affectionate, simple, honest ; and then integrity 13 or laceratiou of frock is of little import. 5 And Lucy, dear child, mind your arithmetic. You 47 know, in the first sum of yours 5 I ever saw, there was a mistake. You had carried two and you ought 49 , dear Lucy, to have carried but one. Is this a trifle 1 What 47 would life be without arithmetic, but a scene 11 of horrors 1 10 You are going to Boulogne, the city of debts 18 , peopled by men who never understood arithmetic; by the time you e- turn 27 , I shall probably have received my first paralytic stroke, and shall have lost all recollection 12 of you ; therefore I now give you my parting 18 advice 12 . Don't marry anybody who has 30 15 not a tolerable understanding and a thousand a year, and God bless 39 you, dear child. - Sydney Smith. 70 Epistolary. 47. (a) Cicero Attico. — Undecinio die postquam a te discesserani 33 , hoc literularum exaravi, egredieus e villa ante lucem : atque eo die cogitabam 30 in Anagnino, postero autem in Tusculano ; ibi unum diem. V. Calend. igitur ad constitutum : ? atque utinam continuo ad complexum meae Tulliae, ad osculum Atticae, possim currere ! quod quidem ipsum scribe, quaeso, ad me ; ut, dum consisto 41 in Tusculano, sciam, quid garriat : sin rusticatur, quid scribat ad te : eique intei - ea aut scribe salutem, aut nuntia 39 , itemque Piliae : et tamen, etsi continuo congres- io suri sumus, scribes 40 ad me, si quid habebis 27 . Cum complicarem banc epistolam, noctuabundus ad me venit cum epistola tua tabellarius : qua lecta", de Atticae febricula scilicet valde dolui. Reliqua, quae exspectabam, ex tuis Uteris cognovi omnia. b. Ego me 17 spero Athenis fore 27 mense Septembri. Tu- 15 orum 4 itinerum tempora scire sane 34 velim. Evrideiav Sempronii Rufi cognovi ex epistola tua Corcyraea. Quid quaeris 1 invideo potentiae Vestorii. Cupiebam 33 etiam nunc plura garrire ; sed lucet ; urget turba : festinat Philogenes. Valebis igitur ; et valere Piliam et Caeciliam nostram jubebis literis. Salvebis a 20 meo Cicerone 39 . 48. C. Plinius Curio. — Officium consulatus iuiunxit mihi ut u rei publicae nomine principi gratias agerem. Quod 6 ego in senatu cum ad rationem et loci et temporis ex more fecissem 33 , bono civi convenientissimum credidi eadem ilia spa- S tiosius et uberius volumine amplecti. Cepi autem non medio- creni voluptatem quod, tunc librum cum amicis recitare volu- issem 33 , non per codicillos, non per libellos, sed 'si commodum ' et ' si valde vacaret ' admoniti (numquam porro aut valde vacat Eomae aut commodum est audire recitantem la ), foedissimis in- (o super tempestatibus, per biduum convenerunt, cumque modestia mea finem recitationi facere voluisset, ut adicerem tertium diem exegerunt. Mihi" bunc honoretn habitum putem an studiis? studiis malo, quae" prope extincta refoventur. Ad cui materiae" hanc sedulitatem praestiterunt 1 nempe quam in senatu quoque, 15 ubi perpeti necesse erat, gravari tamen vel puncto temporis solebamus 36 , eandem nunc et qui recitare et qui audire triduo velint inveniuntur. Ego cum studium audientium turn iudicium mire probavi : animadverti enim severissima 11 quaeque vel maxime satisfacere. Habes acta mea tridui ; quibus cognitis 20 volui tantum te voluptatis absentem et studiorum nomine et meo capere, quantum praesens percipere potuissses 49 . Vale. Epistolary. 71 (47.) a. My dear Friend, Come when you will, or when you can 27 , you 47 cannot conie" at a wrong time, but we shall expect *° you on the day mentioned. I scratch 38 this between dinner and tea ; a time 5 when I cannot write much without 34 disordering my noddle, and bringing a 5 flush into my face. You will excuse me therefore, if through respect for the two important 18 considerations 11 of health and beauty, I conclude myself, Ever yours, "William Cowpee. Oct. 31, 1779. b. I wrote my last letter merely to inform 39 you, that I io had nothing to say 37 , in answer to which you have said nothing. I admire the propriety 12 of your conduct 11 , though I 17 am h loser 12 by it. I will 47 endeavour to say something now, and shall hope for something 17 in return. I have been 7 well entertained 28 with Johnson's biography, for i-, which I thank you 37 : with one exception I think he has ac- quitted 28 himself with his usual 36 good sense. His treatment 12 of Milton is unmerciful to the last degree I could talk a good while longer, but I have no room 38 ; our love attends you 39 . Yours affectionately, Wm. Cowpeb. 20 We are sorry 37 for little William's illness. We are sorry too for Mr 's dangerous condition. But he that is well prepared for the great journey cannot enter on it too 24 soon for himself, though his friends wjlj. weep at his departure 13 . (48.) My lectures are gone to the dogs 45 , and are utterly forgot- ten. I knew nothing of moral philosophy 4 , but I was thoroughly aware 1 * 8 that I wanted £200 to furnish my house. The success !2 , however, was prodigious ; all Albemarle-street blocked up with carriages, and such an uproar as I never remember to have 5 been excited by any other literary imposture 7 . Every week 53 1 had a new theory " about conception and perception, and sup- • ported by a natural manner a torrent of words, and an impu- dence scarcely creditable in this prudent 18 age. Still, in justice 12 to myself, I must say there were some 17 good things in them. 10 But good and bad are all gone 4 . I think the University 13 uses 28 you and us very ill, in keeping 33 you so strictly at Cambridge. If Jupiter could 49 desert Olympus for twelve days to feast with the harmless Ethiopians, why may 49 not the Vice-Chancellor commit the graduating 18 , matriculating world for a little time 15 to the inferior deities, and 9 thunder and lighten at the tables of the metropolis ? Our kind regards to Mrs Whewell 39 . Sydket Smith. 72 Epistolary. 49. (a) Cicero Teebatio. — Nisi ante Roma profectus esses, nunc earn certe relinqueres. Quis enim tot interregnis jure consultum desiderat? Sed heus tu, quid agis? ecquid fit? Video enim te iam iocari per litteras. Haec signa meliora sunt 5 quam in meo Tusculano. Sed quid sit scire cupio. Consuli quidem te a Caesare scribis 37 , sed ego tibi ab illo 17 consuli mallem. Audi, Testa mi: utrum 8 superbiorem 35 te pecunia facit an quod te imperator cousulit 33 1 Moriar 88 , ni, quae tua gloria est, I io puto te malle a Caesare consuli quam iuaurari. Si vero utrum- (jue est, quis te feret praeter me, qui omnia ferre possum ll Sed, nt ad rem redeam, te istic invitum non esse vehementer gandeo, et, ut illud erat molestum, sic hoc est iucundum. Tan- tum metuo, ne artificium tuum tibi parum prosit. Nam, ui J 5 audio, istic non ex iure manum consertum, sed mage f err o rem repeiunt. Sed, ut ego quoque te aliquid admoneam de vestris cautionibuB, Treviros vites censeo : audio capitales esse : mallem auro, aere, 20 argento essent. (6) Accepi a te aliquot epistolas uno tempore, quas tu di- versis temporibus dederas 89 . Sic habeto 3 ", non tibi maiori esse curae, ut iste tuus a me 3 discessus quam fructuosissimus tibi sit, quam mihi. Itaque, quoniam vestrae cautiones infirmae sunt, '5 Graeculam tibi misi cautionem chirographi mei. Sed, ut ad epistolas tuas redeam, caetera belle, illud 18 miror : quis solet eodem exemplo plures dare, qui sua man u 14 scribit 1 Nam quod 33 in palimpsesto 4 ", laudo equidein parcimouiam. Sed miror quid iu ilia chartula fuerit, quod delere malueris quam haec non 3° scribere, nisi forte tuas formulas. Non enim puto te meas epistolas delere, ut reponas tuas. An hoc significas, nihil fieri, frigere te, ne chartam quidem tibi suppeditare ? Iam 34 ista tua culpa est, qui 33 verecundiam tecum extuleris et non hie nobiscum reliqueris 27 . Tu, si intervallum longius erit" mearum litterarum, 35 ne sis admiratus : eram 38 enim abfuturus mense Aprili. Cura ut valeas. vi. Idus April, de Pomptino 63 . Epistolam tuam, quam accepi ab L. Arruntio, conscidi in- nocsntem 30 : nihil enim habebat quod non vel in connectione recte legi posset. Sed et 34 Arruntius ita te mandasse aiebat et tu 4° ascripseras. Verum illud esto. Nihil te ad me postea scrip- sisse demiror, praesertim tarn novis rebus. Cicero. Epistolary. 73 (49.) a. My dear Manning, — The general scope" of your letter afforded no indications of insanity, but some particular points 11 raised a scruple 28 . For God's sake don't think; any more of " Independent Tartary." Think what a sad pity 12 it would be to bury such 35 parts in heathen countries, among nasty 5 unconversable, Tartar-people! Some say, they are Cannibals; and 34 then, conceive 31 a Tartar-fellow eating my friend, and 9 adding the cool malignity of mustard and vinegar! I am afraid 'tis the 13 reading 33 of Chancer has misled you; his foolish stories about Cambuscan, and the ring, and the horse of brass. 10 Believe me 39 , there are no 48 such things. The Tartars, really 34 , are a cold, insipid set. You'll be sadly moped 4 (if you are 27 not eaten) among them. Pray try and cure yourself. Take helle- bore. Shave yourself ofcener. Accustom yourself to write familiar letters, on common subjects 11 , to your friends in 15 England, such as are of a moderate understanding 12 . I supped last night 52 with 50 Hickman, and met a merry captain, who pleases himself vastly with once having 33 made a pun at Otaheite in the O. language. Eickman is a man "absolute in all numbers." I think I may one day bring you acquainted, 20 if you do 27 not go to Tartary first; for you'll never come back. Have a care, my dear friend, of Anthropophagi! their* sto- machs are always craving. 'Tis terrible to be weighed out at fivepence a-pound; to sit at a table not as a guest, but as a meat. God bless you: do 39 come to England. Air and exercise may 49 25 do great things. Your sincere friend, C. Lamb. b. Dear Miss H., — Mary has such 35 an invincible reluctance to any 17 epistolary 18 exertion, that I am 38 sparing her a mortifica- tion by taking 33 the pen from her. The plain truth 12 is, she writes such a mean detestable hand, that she is ashamed of the 30 formation of her letters. There is an 15 essential poverty and abjectness in the frame of them 9 . They look like begging 22 let- ters 9 . And then she is sure 38 to omit a most substantial word in the second draught 39 , (for she never ventures an epistle with- out a foul copy 39 first,) which is obliged to be interlined 7 ; 35 which spoils the neatest epistle, you know 39 . Her figures, 12 3 4, &c, where she has occasion 12 to express numerals 11 , as in the 'date 12 , (25th April, 1823,) are not figures, but 34 figurantes; and 9 the combined posse 10 go staggering up and down shame- lessly, as drunkards in the daytime. It is no better 40 when she 40 rules her paper. Her lines 9 are not less erring than her words. C. Lamb. 74 Epistolary. 50. (a) Cicero Vareoni. — Xlcpi Bwariov me scito 30 Kara Aio- Swpov Kpwuv. Quapropter, si venturus es, scito necesse esse te venire: sin autem non es, t£>v dBwdriav est te venire 33 - Nunc vide utra te Kpiors magis delectet, Chrysippi an liaec, quani 5 noster Diodotus non 28 concoquebat. Sed de his etiam rebus, ociosi quum erimus 37 , loquemur: hoe etiam Kara Xpvcrt7rrrov 8wo.t6v est. De Coctio mihi gratum est: nam id etiam Attico mandaram. Tu si minus ad nos 2B , nos accuiremus ad te. Si hortum in bibliotheca habes, deerit nihil. io 6. Marcus Q. Fratri S. — Calamo et atramento temperato, charta etiam deutata, res agetur 28 - Scribis 37 enim, te meas literas superiores vix legere potuisse : in quo 6 nihil eorum, mi frater, fuit, quae putas : neque enim occupatus eram, neque perturbatus, nee iratus alicui : sed hoc facio semper, ut, quicum- 15 que calamus in manus meas venerit, eo sic utar, tamquam bono. 51. (a) Q. Cicero S. P. D. Tironi Suo. — Verberavi te cogitationis tacito dumtaxat convicio, quod fasciculus alter ad me iam sine tuis' w litteris perlatus est. Non potes effugere huius culpae poenam te patrono 13 . Marcus 1 est adhibendus; 5 is 16 que diu 3 et multis lucubrationibus commentata oratione vide ut probare possit te non peccasse. Plane te rogo, sicut olim' 18 mati'em nostrum facere memini, quae lagenas etiam inanes obsignabat, ne dicerentur 14 inanes aliquae fuisse, quae furtim essent 30 exsiccatae, sic tu, etiam si' quod scribas non habe- 1° bis 27 , scribito tamen, ne furtum cessationis quaesivisse videaris. Valde enim mi semper et vera et dulcia tuis epistolis nun- ciantur 12 . Ama nos et vale. (6) Cicero S. D. M. Mario. — A. d. ix. Kal. in Cumanum veni cum Libone tuo vel nostro potius: in Pompeianum sta- 15 tim 40 cogito, sed faciam ante te certiorem 39 . Te quum semper valere cupio turn certe, dum hie sunrus. Vides enim, quanto post 8 una futuri simus. Qua re, si quod constitutum cum podagra habes, fac 3 " ut in alium diem "diiferas. Cura igitur ut valeas et me hoc biduo aut triduo 53 exspecta. 20 c. Dii immortales? quam me couturbatum 12 tenuit 7 epis- tolae tuae prior pagina ! quid autem iste in domo tua 3 casus armorum? sed hunc quidem nimbum" cito 3 " transiisse laetor. Hoc tempore, quod scriberem, nihil erat 38 ; eoque minus, quod dubitabam, tu has ipsas literas essesne accepturus: erat enim ti incertum, visurusne te esset tabellarius. Ego luas literas vehe- menter exspecto. Cicero. Epistolary. *ja (50.) a. My dear fellow, — For me to come to Cambridge now is one of heaven's 13 impossibilities. Meta] hysicians tell us, even it can work nothing which implies a contradiction. But for you 17 to come to London instead 1 . — muse upon it, revolve it, cast it about in your mind, think upon it. Excuse the paper ; 5 it is all I have. 6. Ecquid meditatur Archimedes ? What is Euclid doing ? What hath happened 39 to learned Trismegist? Doth he take it in ill part, that his humble friend did not comply 28 with his courteous invitation 12 ? Let it suffice 39 , I could not come. Are io impossibilities nothing? — be they abstractions of the intellect? — or not (rather) most sharp and mortifying realities 12 ? Ob- serve the superscription 12 of this letter. In adapting 33 the size of the letters, which constitute your name and Mr Crisp's name 11 respectively 4 , I had an eye 12 to your different stations in life. '5 'Tis truly 84 curious, and must be soothing to an aristocrat. I wonder it has never been 7 hit on before my time 11 . C. Lamb. May 10, 1790. (51.) My dear Mrs. Frog, You have by this time, I presume 2S , heard 87 from the Doctor, whom I desired to present 28 to you our best affections, and to tell 48 you that we are well. He sent an urchin, expecting that 5 he would find you at Bucklands, charged with divers articles 11 , and among others with letters, or at least with a letter, which I mention, that if the boy should be lost, together with the dis- patches, past all possibility of recovery 12 , you may yet know that the Doctor stands acquitted of not writing 33 . That 47 he is utterly io lost (that is to say, the boy, for the Doctor being the last ante- cedent, as the grammarians say, you might 49 otherwise suppose that he was intended) is the more probable, because he was never four miles from his home before, having only travelled 26 at the side of a plough team ; and when the Doctor gave him 15 his directions 12 to Bucklands, he asked, very naturally, if that place 11 was in England. So what has become 89 of him Heaven knows ! . . . I cannot learn from any creature whether the Turnpike Bill is alive or dead; — so ignorant am I, and by such igno- 10 ramuses surrounded 7 . But if I know little else, this at least I know, that I love you, and Mr Frog; that I long for your return, and that I am, Ever yours, Wm. Cowpeb. 76 Epistolary. 52. (a) Tullics Tironi Suo S. P. D. et Cicero et Q. Frater et Q. F. — Varie sum adfectus tuis litteris: valde priore pagina perturbatus, paullum altera recreatus. Qua re nunc quidem non dubito quin, quoad 30 plane valeas, te neque 5 navigationi neque viae committas. Satis te mature videro, si plane confirmatum videro 27 . . .Sic habeto 39 , mi Tiro, neminem esse qui me amet quin idem 1 ' te amet, et quum 34 tua et mea maxime interest te valere, turn multis. est curae. Adhuc, dum mibi nullo loco deesse vis 12 , numquam te confirmare potuisti. Nunc io te nihil impedit: omnia depone, corpori 14 servi. Quantam dili- gentiam in valetudinem tuam contuleris 27 , tanti me fieri a te iudicabo. Vale, mi Tiro, vale, vale et salve. Lepta tibi salutem dicit et omnes. Vale. vu. Idus Novembr. Leucade 39 . (6) Sollicitat 7 , ita vivam 39 , me tua, mi Tiro, valetudo, sed 15 confido, si diligentiam quam instituisti adhibueris 27 , cito te fir- mum fore. Libros compone: indicem, quum Metrodoro lube- bit", quoniam eius arbitratu vivendum est. Cum olitore 40 , ut videtur. Tu potes Kalendis spectare gladiatores 13 , postridie redire, et ita censeo. Verum, ut videbitur 27 . Cura te, si me 16 aulas, diligenter. Vale. (c) Tullius S.P.D. Tironi. — Quid igitur 39 ? non sic oportet? Equidem censeo sic: addendum etiam 'sua' Sed, si placet, invidia vitetur: quam 5 quidem ego 17 saepe contempsi. Si me amas, quod quidem aut facis 46 aut perbelle simulas, indulge vale- 25 tudini tuae, cui 9 quidem tu adhuc, dum mihi deservis 33 , servisti non satis. Fac bellus revertare : non modo te, sed etiam Tus- culanum nostrum plus amem. Horologium mittam et libros, si erit sudum. Sed tu nullosne tecum libellos? an pangis ali- quid Sophocleum? Fac opus appareat. Cura te diligenter, 30 Vale. Cicero. 53. M. Cicero S. D. Volumnio. — Quod 38 sine praenomine familiariter, ut debebas 49 , ad me epistolam misisti, primum addu- bitavi num a Volumnio 2 senatore esset, quocum mihi est magnus usus, deinde evrpaireXLa. litterarum fecit, ut intelligerem tuas 5 esse. Quibus 6 in litteris omnia mihi periucunda fuerunt praeter illud, quod parum diligenter possessio salinarum mearum a te 18 procuratore defenditur. A is enim, ut ego discesserim, omnia, omnium dicta, in his etiam Sestiana, in me conferrL Quid? tu id pateris? non me defendis? non resistis]? Equidem spera- Epistolary. 77 A Paris, vendredi 11 join 1677. , (52.) II me semble que pourvu que je n'eusse mal qu'a poitrine, et vous qu'a la tSte, nous ne ferions qu'en rire ; mais votre 4 poitrine me tient fort au cceur, et vous 17 etes en peine de ma tSte ; he bien ! je lui ferai, pour 1'amour 12 de vous, plus 5 d'honneur qu'elle ne merite ; et, par la meme raison, mettez bien, je vous supplie 39 , votre petite poitrine dans du coton. Je suis fachee que vous m'ayez ecrit une si grande lettre en ar- rivant 33 a Melun ; c'etait 8 du repos qu'il vous fallait d'abord. Songez a vous, ma chere enfant; songez a me venir acbever votre ro visite. Votre sante 13 est plus propre a executer ce project que votre langueur; et comme vous voulez que mon coeur et ma tSte soient libres, ne croyez pas que cela puisse Stre, si votre mal augmente 27 - Si vous voulez done me faire tout le plus grand bien que 5 je puisse desirer, mettez toute votre application 12 '5 a sortir de cet etat. Adieu, ma tres-chere; je me trouve toute nue, toute seule, de ne plus vous avoir. II ne faut regarder que la Providence dans cette separation : on n'y comprendrait rien autrement; mais e'est peut-etre par-la que Dieu veut vous redonner votre sante. Je le crois, je l'esplre, vous nous en avez quasi repondu; donnez-y done tous vos soins, je vous en con- 10 jure. Mme De Sevigne. Kensington, 22nd November, 1850. (53.) My dear William Allingham, — For I think we know and regard 23 one another by this time sufficiently to drop the " Sir ;" and by-and-by, I hope, we will drop all addressing 33 whatsoever inside our letters, like two friends talking 25 who are S sure of one another's affection 11 — an admirable ancient custom still observed 28 in some countries, and 9 which 5 1 have long wished to see introduced 28 into this. I should have thanked you imme- diately both for your congratulations and your poem, which of course 34 is also welcome 39 , but I wanted to say what I could not io say till now ; nor, indeed, can I say even that as precisely as I wish till I have 27 had another talk 12 with my fellows in the Journal. This 16 much, however, forthwith, that you must be paid for your verses, and will (that 5 is a sine-qua-non), and that I want you very much to try your hand at some prose i$ tales — also, of course, to be paid for 50 . Do you feel inclined 23 to this? and do you think you could send me a specimen before the month is out? Pray " try for me if you can 27 , and believe me, ever affection- ately yours, Leigh Hum. 20 78 Epistolary. 10 bam ita notata me reliquisse genera" dictorum meorum, nt cognosci sua sponte possent. Sed quoniam tanta faex est in urbe, ut nihil tarn" sit aKvOrjpov quod non alicui venustum esse videatur pugua, si me amas, nisi acuta d/j.if3o\ia, nisi elegans virepPoXrj, nisi Trapdypa/jifia bellum, nisi ridiculum irapd wpocr- 15 SoKiav, nisi caetera, quae sunt a me in secundo libro DE ORATOB.E per Antonii personam disputata de ridiculis h/rtyya. et arguta apparebunt 27 , ut Sacramento contendas mea non esse. Nam de iudiciis quod quereris 12 , multo laboro minus. Trahantur per me 39 pedibus omnes rei, sit vel Selius tarn eloquens, ut possit 20 probare se liberum : non laboro 3 . Urbanitatis 34 possessionem, amabo 39 , quibusvis interdictis defendamus: in qua te ununi metuo, contemno caeteros. 54. Ciceeo Paeto. — Dupliciter delectatus sum tuis litteris, et quod ipse risi et quod te intellexi 33 iam posse ridere. Me autem a te, ut scurram velitem, malis oneratum 27 esse non moleste tuli. Illud 18 doleo, in ista loca venire me, ut consti- S tueram, non potuisse: habuisses enim non hospitem, sed con- tubernalem. At quern virum ! non eum, quern tu es solitus 30 promulside conficere. Integram famem ad ovum adfero : itaque usque ad assum vitulinum opera perducitur. Ilia mea 11 , quern solebas antea laudare, "0 hominem facilem ! o hospitem non io gravem !' abierunt. Proinde te para: cum homine et edaci tibi re3 4S est et qui iam aliquid intelligat: 6ij/ip.a.()€is autem homines scis quam insolentes sint. Dediscendae tibi sunt sportellae et artolagani tui. Nos iam etiam artis tantum habemus, ut Ver- rium tuum et Camillum — qua munditia homines 13 ! qua ele- 15 gantia ! — vocare saepius audeamus. Sed vide audaciam: etiam Hirtio cenam dedi, sine pavone tamen. Haec igitur est nunc vita" nostra: mane salutamus 39 domi et 34 bonos viros multos, sed tristes 19 , et hos laetos victores, qui me quidem perofficiose et peiamanter 36 observant 12 . "Dbi salutatio defluxit 45 , litteris me co involvo 45 , aut scribo aut lego. Veniunt etiam qui me audiunt 12 quasi doctum hominem, quia paullo sum quam ipsi doctior. Inde corpori 14 omne tempus datur. Patriam eluxi iam et gra- vius 3 " et diutius quam ulla mater unicum filium. Sed cura si me amas, v.t valeas, ne ego te iacente bona tua comedim. 25 Statui enim tibi ne aegroto quidem parcere. Epistolary. 79 (53.) b. Not a sentence, not a' syllable of Trismegistus shall be lost through my neglect 12 . I am his word-banker, his store- keeper of puns aud syllogisms. Tou cannot conceive the strange joy which I felt at the receipt 13 of a letter from Paris. It seemed to give me a learned 18 importance, which placed me above 5 all who had not Parisian correspondents 11 . Believe 39 that I shall carefully husband every scrap, which will save you the trouble of memory 12 , when you come back 27 ... Your letter was just what a letter should be 48 , crammed, and very funny. Every part 13 of it "pleased me till you came to Paris ; then^your 10 philosophical indolence, or indifference, stung me. You cannot stir from your rooms till you know the language 43 ! Are men all tongue and ear ? Have these creatures, that you and I profess to know something about, no 48 faces, gestures, gabble, no folly, no absurdity, no similitude nor dissimilitude '5 to English ? Lamb. Mons. de Coulanges d Madame de Sevigne. A Saint-Martin, le 16 fevrier 1696. (54.) Mais pourquoi ne pas ecrire 40 quelquefois in-folio, quand on trouve un beau 49 et bon papier, qui vous y invite 30 ? J'ai recu ici, ma tres-aimable gouvernante, la grande et la petite 5 lettie que vous avez bien 2 " voulu m'ecrire en meme jour pour repondre a toutes les miennes; et je Suis 7 toujours charme de votre style et de votre bon et loyal commerce. II y a tant6t quinze jours que 8 je suis ici auprSs de cet adorable cardinal; et il y a tant&t quinze jours que je suis 1'homme du monde le plus jo heureux; bonne compagnie 13 ; par-tout de grands feux, bonne symphonie, table bien servie, vins delicieux; enfin, Madame, voici le pays de cocagne au pied de la lettre 45 . Les officiers meme de cette maison ont une 15 rage de toujours apprendre 33 quoiqu'ils soient maitres passes; en sorte qu'ils nous feront 15 crever a la fin ; ils possedaient au supreme degre tous les ragouts les plus exquis de France et d'ltalie : les voila devenus apprentifs sous le meilleur officier de cuisiue d'Angleterre, pour etre bient6t en ragouts anglais beaucoup plus savants que lui; nous ne savons done plus ou nous en sommes; tous nos ragouts 20 parlent des langues drfferentes; mais 9 ils se font si bien entendre que nous les mangeons, sous quelque figure et dans quelque sauce qu'ils se presentent. Yous voyez bien, Madame, que ce seul article 11 de la bonne chere demandait un in-folio. 80 ' Epistolary. 55. Cicero S. D. L. Papirio Paeto. — Accepi tuas litteras plenissimas 18 suavitatis, ex quibus iutellexi 88 probari tibimeum consilium, quod, ut Dionysius tyrannus, quum Syracusis pulsus esset 83 , Corinthi dicitur ludum aperuisse, sic ego sublatis 12 iudi- 5 ciis, amisso 33 regno forensi, ludum quasi habere coeperim 88 . Quid quaeris 39 i me 7 quoque delectat consilium : multa enim consequor : primum, id quod maxime nunc opus est, munio me ad haec tempora. Sequitur illud 16 : ipse melior fio : primum valetu- dine, quam intermissis 12 exercitationibus amiseram: deinde ipsa io ilia, si qua fuit in me, facultas orationis, nisi me ad has exerci- tationes rettulissem, exaruisset. Extremum illud est, quod tu nescio an primum putes : plures iam pavones confeci quam tu pullos columbinos. Tu 4 istic te Hateriano iure delectas, ego me hie Hirtiano. Veni igitur, si vir es, et disce a me irpoAeyo/xe- '5 vols, quas quaeris : etsi sus Minervam 46 . Sed quoniam, ut video, aestimationes tuas vendere non potes neque ollam dena- riorum implere, Romam tibi remigrandum est, Satius est hie cruditate quam istic fame 40 - Video te bona perdidisse : spero idem istuc 40 familiares tuos. Actum 46 igitur de te est, nisi pro- 20 vides. Potes mulo isto, quern 5 tibi reliquum dicis esse, quoniam cantherium comedisti, Romam pervehi. Sella tibi eiit in ludo tamquam hypodidascalo proxima: earn pulvinus sequetur. 56. Cicero S. D. Paeto. — Accubueram 88 hora nona 52 , quum ad te harum [litterarum] exemplum in codicillis exaravi. Dices, ubi? apud 34 Volunmium Eutrapelum et quidtm supra me Atticus, infra Verrius, familiares tui. Miraris tarn exliilaratam 5 esse servitutem nostram? Quid ergo faciam] te consulo, qui philosophum audis. Angar 43 ? excruciemne me 1 ! quid adsequar? Deinde quern ad finem 1 Vivas, mquis 28 , in litteris. An quid- quam me aliud agere censes 1 aut possem vivere, nisi in litteris viverem 46 ? Sed est earum etiam non satietas, sed quidam 16 i o modus. Convivio 4 delector 8 : ibi loquor, quod in solum 45 , ut dicitur, et gemitum in risus" maximos transfero. An tu id melius, qui etiam in philosophum irriseris? quum ille, si quis quid quaereret, dixisset, cenam te quaerere a mane dixeris. Ille 15 baro te putabat quaesiturum, unum caelum esset an innumera- 15 bilia. Quid ad te? At hercule cena num quid ad te, ibi prae- sertim 1 Sic igitur vivitur : cotidie aliquid legitur aut scribi- tur: dein, ne amicis nihil 28 tribuamus, epulamur una non modo non contra legem, si ulla nunc lex est, sed etiam intra legem et quidem aliquanto. Qua re nihil est quod adventum nostrum 20 extimescas. Non multi cibi 4 hospitem accipies, multi 34 ioci. Epistolary. 81 55. My dear Arthur, — I was much pleased with your kind letter". So 9 you approve, I see, of my last venture in retiring 33 from the Bar and stumping the country as a lecturer. To tell the truth, I like it myself; it has a good many advantages — first, increased influence 12 , the thing I most want just now : next, 5 better health 12 ; for want of practice, means want of exercise, and my natural flow of eloquence would have been quite dried up, had it not found a vent for itself in these new channels* 5 : lastly, what you, of course, would put first, with improved appetite, improved dinners also; instead of dining 33 like you 10 on a chop at the Cock, I now feast like a turkey-cock, study- ing digestion instead of Digests. You had better follow my example 13 , especially as, you know, you haven't a chance of a brief 13 — far better to die of apoplexy than starvation 12 . Come while you can; it's all up with you if you wait. That last 15 sovereign in your purse which 5 you talk of, will just pay for your ticket. You shall have one of the front seats at all my lectures, cushion included 9 . 56. My dear friend, — I write 38 this hurried scrawl just before dinner to catch the 6 o'clock post. "And where pray?" At 60 my friend Vincent's, where I am staying with two or three friends of yours. "Indeed!" you will say, "enjoying yourself at such a time as this?" Well what am I to do, my 5 good fellow? You're a philosopher 9 , — I put it to you. Am I to afflict and torment myself? What for? What good shall I get by that ¥' "Devote myself to literature then?" Can you imagine me doing anything else? In fact could I have lived 29 till now, except in such pursuits? Still, there is such a thing 10 as having enough, if not too much, even of literature. Now in a dinner there is something I like. There, you may say what you like, chatter any nonsense, and all my sighs turn into loud guffaws. However, what has this got to do with you? How can you be expected to care about such sublunary things as 15 dinners? — especially where you now are. Such then is my course of life — a little reading 33 or writing in the morning: a little dinner in the evening; neither to excess. So you needn't be afraid of my promised visit. You will find me more of a gabbler than a gobbler; more fond of cracking jokes than wal- 10 nuts. Yours ever, C. H. E. k. 6 82 Epistolary. 57. C. Plinius Tacito Suo S.— Proxime cum in patria mea fui, venit ad me salutandum municipis mei filius praetexta- tus. Huic ego 'studes?' inquam. Respondit 'etiam.' 'Ubi?' 'Mediolani.' 'Cur non hie i' Et pater eius (erat enim una atque 5 etiam ipse adduxerat puerum) 'quia nullos hie praeceptores habemus.' 'Quare nullos? nam vehementer intererat vestra, qui patres estis,' et opportune conplures patres audiebant, 'liberos vestros hie potissimum discere. Ubi enim aut iucun- dius morarentur quam in patria aut pudicius continerentur ro quam sub oculis parentum aut minore sumptu quam domi? Quantulum est ergo collata pecunia conducere praeceptores, quodque nunc in habitationes, in viatica, in ea quae peregre emuntur inpenditis adicere mercedibus? Atque adeo ego, qui nondum liberos habeo, paratus sum pro re publica nostra, quasi 15 pro filia vel parente, tertiam partem eius quod conferre vobis placebit dare. Proinde consentite, conspirate maioremque ani- mum ex meo sumite, qui cupio esse quam plurimum quod debeam conferre. Nihil honestius praestare liberis vestris, nihil gratius patriae potestis. Educentur hie qui hie nascuntur statimque 20 ab infantia natale solum amare frequentare consuescant. Atque utinam tarn claros praeceptores inducatis ut finitimis oppidis studia hinc petantur, utque nunc liberi vestri aliena in loca, ita mox alieni in hunc locum confluant!' Pliny iv. 13. 58. C. Plinius Septicio Claro Suo S. — Heus tu promittis ad cenam nee venis ! Dicetur ius : ad assem inpendium reddes, nee id modicum. Paratae erant lactucae singulae, cochleae ternae, ova bina, alica cum mulso et nive (nam hanc quoque 5 computabis, immo hanc in primis, quae periit in ferculo), olivae, betacei, cucurbitae, bulbi, alia mille non minus lauta. Audisses eomoedos vel lectorem vel lyristen vel, quae mea liberalitas, omnes. Ad tu apud nescio quern ostrea, vulvas, echinos, Gaditanas maluistL Dabis ' poenas, non dico quas. 10 Dure fecisti: invidisti, nescio an tibi, certe mihi, sed tamen et tibi. Quantum nos lusissemus, risissemus, studuissemus ! Potes apparatius cenare apud multos, nusquam hilarius simplicius in- cautius. In summa, experire, et nisi postea te aliis potius ex- cusaveris, mihi semper excusa. Vale. Pliny i. 15. Epistolary. 83 (57.) Being lately at Como, a young lad, 3on to one of my neighbours, made me a visit. I asked him whether he went to school, and where? he told me he did, and at Milan. Arid why not here? Because (said his father, who came with him) we have no masters. "No ! said I, surely it concerns you who 5 are fathers (and very opportunely several of the company were so) that your sons should receive their education here, rather than anywhere else. Upon what very easy terms might you, by a general contribution, procure proper masters, if you would only apply towards the raising a salary for them, the extra- io ordinary expense it costs you for your sons' journey, lodgings, &c. Though I have no children myself, I will willingly advance a third part of any sum you shall think proper \o raise for this purpose. I would take upon myself the whole expense, were I not apprehensive that my benefaction might hereafter be abused 15 and perverted to private ends. The single means to prevent this mischief is, to leave the choice of the masters entirely in the breast of the parents, who will be so much the more careful to determine properly, as they shall be obliged to share the expense of maintaining them. Let my example then encourage 20 you to unite heartily in this useful design; and may you be able to procure professors of such distinguished abilities, that the neigh- bouring towns shall be glad to draw their learning from hence; and as you now send your children to strangers for education, may strangers in their turn flock hither for their instruction." 25 (58.) What does this mean, Sir? Engage to dine and break your engagement? But you shall pay for it: I'll have the law of you. You shall pay for the dinner that you missed, to wit, consommee aux ceufe, two chops apiece, one lettuce ditto, cucumber, cheese, and a hundred other dainties equally 5 sumptuous, especially some ice for your wine which above all I shall charge to your account, as a rarity that would not keep. You should likewise have been entertained either with a private penny reading, a rubber of whist, or some music, as you liked best; or (such was my liberality) with all three. But the IO salmon and port of some Lord or other, were, it seems, more to your taste. An, well, you may dine, I confess, at many places more splendidly; but you will find nowhere, believe me, more unconstrained cheerfulness, simplicity and freedom: only make the experiment; and if you do not ever afterwards prefer 15 my table to any other, never favour me with your company again. 84 Epistolary. 59. C. Plinius Acilio Suo S. — Rem atrocem nee tantum epistula dignani Largius Macedo, vir praetorius, a servis suis passus est, superbus alioqui domiiius et saevus et qui servisse patrem suum parum, immo nimium meminisset. Lavabatur ia 5 villa Formiana: repente eum servi circumsistunt : alius fauces invadit, alius os verberat, alius pectus et ventrem atque etiam, foedum dictu, verenda coutundit; et cum exanimem putarent, abiciunt in fervens pavimetum, ut experirentur an viveret. Ille, sive quia non sentiebat, sive quia se non sentire simulabat, immo- io bilis et extentus fidem peractae mortis implevit. Turn demum quasi aestu solutus effertur, excipiunt servi fideliores, concubinae cum ululatu et clamore concurrunt. Ita et vocibus excitatus et recreatus loci frigore sublatis oculis agitatoque corpore vivere se, et iam tutum erat, confitetur. Dift'ugiunt servi; quorum j ; magna pars conprehensa est, ceteri requiruntur. Ipse paucis diebus aegre focilatus non sine ultionis solacio decessit, ita vivus vindicatus ut occisi solent. Vides quot periculis, quot con- tumeliis, quot ludibriis simus obnoxii; nee est quod quisquam possit esse securus, quia sit remissus et mitis: non enim iudicio 20 domini sed scelere perimuntur. Verum haec hactenus. Quid praetereanovi? quid? nihil; alioqui subiungerem: nam et charta adhuc superest et dies feriatus patitur plura contexi. Pliny hi. 14. 60. C. Plinius Suetonio Tranquillo Suo S. — Scribis te perterritum somnio vereri ne quid adversi in actione patiaris, rogas ut dilationem petam et pauculos dies, certe proximum, ex- cusem. Difficile est, sed experiar : «ai yap r ovap Ik Au>? lenw. 5 Eefert tamen eventura soleas an contraria somniare. Mihi re- putanti somnium meum istud quod times tu egregiam actionem portendere videtur. Susceperam causam Iuni Pastoris, cum mihi quiescenti visa est socrus mea advoluta genibus ne agerem obsecrare. Egi tamen Xoyicrd/j.evo'i illud i° ets oloivos apicrros d.fx.vvacrdai irepX waTpijs. Nam mihi patria et si quid carius fides videbatur. Prospere cessit, atque adeo ilia actio mihi aures hominum, ilia ianuam famae patefecit. Proinde dispice an tu quoque sub boc exem- plo somnium istud in bonum vertas, aut si tutius putas illud 15 cautissimi cuiusque praeceptum 'quod dubitas ne feceris,' id ipsum rescribe. Ego aliquam stropham inveniam agamque cau- sam tuam, ut ipsam agere tu, cum voles, possis. Vale. Pliny 1. 18. Epistolary. 85 (59.) A horrid barbarity has lately been committed upon a person of high rank by his own servants. They surrounded him as he was bathing, beat him about the face and head, trampled upon his breast, and when they imagined they had thus completed their intentions, they threw him upon the burn- 5 ing pavement of the hot bath, to try if there was any remaining life left in him. He lay there stretched out, and motionless, either as really senseless, or counterfeiting to be so; upon which they concluded him actually dead. In this condition they brought him out, pretending that he had fainted away by the 10 heat of the bath. Some of his more trusty servants received him, and the alarm spread through the family. The noise of their cries, together with the fresh air, brought him a little to him- self, and he gave signs (as he now safely might) that he was not quite dead. The murderers immediately made their escape; 15 but the greater part of them are taken, and they are in pursuit of the rest. By proper application he was, with great difficulty, kept alive for a few days, and then expired; having however the satisfaction before he died of seeing just vengeance inflicted on his assassins. So much for this piece of news : and now 20 you will ask, "Is this all?" In truth it is; otherwise, you should have it; for my paper and my time too (as it is holiday with me) will allow me to add more. (60.) I gather from your letter that you are extremely terrified with a dream, apprehending that it threatens some ill success to you in the case which you have undertaken; and therefore desire that I would get it adjourned for a few days, or at least to the next. I will use all my interest for that purpose, for "dreams descend from Jove." S In the meanwhile it is very material for you to recollect whether your dreams generally represent things as they after- wards fall out, or quite the reverse. The truth is, as an emi- nent critic has observed with great good sense, there seems to be as much temerity in never giving credit to dreams, as there 10 is superstition in always doing so. The true medium between these two extremes, is, to treat them as we would a known liar; we are sure he most usually relates falsehoods, however, nothing hinders but he may sometimes speak truth. Consider then whether your dream may not portend success. Or after all, 15 perhaps, you will think it more safe to pursue this cautious maxim :' "Never do a thing of which you are in doubt!" if so, write me word. INDEX. Grammatical notes are referred to by sections. The other references are to the pages of the extracts. Ablative Absolute, §§ 42 5, 9 /3. Abruptness of Eng., § 47. Abstract and concrete, § 13. Adjectives, § 18. participial, § 18 y. as clauses, § 20. • for adv. &e., §§ 21—22. • Tacitean use, § 42 /3. Adverbs, §§ 36; 21; 22; 12; & 3. Ambiguities, § 48. Antithesis, § 4. Apposition, § 5 7, 10. Articles, § 15. Attributes substantival, § 2. adjectival, § 18. Attraction, § 5 /3, 20. Auxiliaries, § 49. Battlefield, 24. Battles, 4, 20, 22. Causal conjunctions and moods, §30 8. Characters, 28—33. Chronological order, 4. Colloquialisms, §§ 36, 39. Comparatives, § 24. Comparison, § 30. Concrete and abstract, § 13. Connecting clauses, § 9 a. particles, § 1 p. Conjunctions, §§ 30, 34. Coordinates for subord. and vice versa §, 9 /3, 3. Conditional clauseB, § 30 S (v), f. Copulas, §§ 9 a, 34, 42 7, f. Days and months, § 53. Descriptive Passages, 36—43. Dreams, 84. Bum with pres. §§ 30 S (ii), 41. Earthquakes, Eruptions, 38 — 43. Ellipse of verb, §§ 37, 40, 41 7, 42 7, 9, 43 7, 47. Elliptical constructions, § 30 S (iv) and (vii). Emphasis, §§ 4 & 8. Epistolary extracts, 44 — 85. idioms, §§ 37—39. imperf. § 38. Fires, 36. Fractions, § 51 e. of time, § 51 f. Funeral, 26. Fut. Pert § 30 0. Gerund, §§317; 32,33. GrsBcisms, § 42 t. Historical Passages, 1 — 27. idioms, §§ 41—2. Hist. Infin. § 41 /S. Hist. pres. as Aorist § 41 a. Hour, the, § 52. Imperfect, §§ 29 o, 7 ; 30 e. Indicative, § 30 a. Infinitive, epexegetic, final, &c, §§ 31, 32. Infin. periphrastic fut. § 30 k. Inf. for verbal, §§ 32, 33. Intensives, § 35. 'May,' 'might,' &c. §49. Metaphors, §§ 11 j3 and 45. Index. 87 Multiplicatives, § 51 8. Negatives, p. xxxii. note. ' No,' 'not,' nullus, § 48 y. Nominatives descriptive, § 10. Numerals, § 51. Omission of sum, est, &c, § 41 y. Omnis, § 48 a. ' Once,' § 48 /S. Oratio obliqua, §§ 30 £ 43 — 4: pp. 8: 14—17. Order of words, §§ 1 — 9. Parentheses, § 9 5. Participles, § 25 o, § 36 and § 18 y. Tacitean use of, §42 a. Particles, § 34. connecting, a. enclitic and accentuated, fi. Ct§9a;§47;§50 7 . Passives, § 7. Percentage, § 51 p. Perfect, §§ 27 0, 29 /S. Period, § 9 y. Periphrases, § 11 /3. Periphrastic nom. § 10. Phrases, §§ 11 /S, 39. Pleonasms, § 11. substantival, § 11. adjectival, § 19. verbal, § 28. Pluperfect, § 30 5 (ii)', ij. Positives, § 24. Postquam, § 30 5. Predicates, §§ 5 e; 20; 21. Preface to History, p. 34. Prepositions, § 50. repeated, § 50 /S. for subst. § 14. Present, §§ 27, 41. Pronouns, §§ 15 — 17. Qualifying words, § 3. Quamquam, Tacitean use, § 42 e ; also § 30 8 (iv). Que suffix (ubique &c.) § 17 e. Questions in or. obliq. § 43 8. Qui in oratio obliqua, 43 J. — copulative, 9 a, 34, 43 f. Quisque (primus, &c.) § 17 c . Eealism, § 14. Belatives, § 5. consecutive, § 5 J . double, § 5 r\. EepeMtions, §§ 10, 11. Eepetitions of verb, §§ 28, 46. Scenery, 48, 49, 69. Schools public, 82. Sieges, 6, 14, 18, 20, 22, 24. Speeches in mat. obi. § 44. Subjunctive, § 30. strict meaning, a. neverpotential.anote. pure use, a. r- future sense, /S. iadef. freq. y. with causal, temporal, &e. conj., 5. meaning of tenses, c. depend, cond. f. ' sequence of tenses, c. fut. subj. B, i. Substantives, §§ 10—14. Superlatives, §§ 24 S; 35. Synonyms, §§11/3 ; 28 y. Tacitean idioms, § 42. Tenses, §§ 27, 41, 42. - strict use of, §§ 29, 30 <■— k. Time, §§ 51—52. Towns, 14, 15, 18, 19. Tumults, 4, 62—65. Ut, fit, restat, &o., § 30 8 (viii). Verbals, §§ 32, 33. Year, the, § 53. Zeugma, § 42 ?j. CAMBRIDGE : PEIITTED BY C. J. CLAT, MX AT THE T7MIVEESITY PEES3.